I I I - N I I %. " "s'l ".- I -v Or t 1-14 i.4rl; 7 L-,,, i I Mt i i I 0 I t I.e I " 11 "p., I,,, I 11 , I I, 1, I,,, KIi — milililluji.,illil THE GIEFT OF "j, - - o, 6- e,-d o In "..,. rfillitifillITIRM M I I I I t J lintercoilleoate Classical Series T HE AENEID O-F VEB GlIL BOOKS I-VI. SELECTIONS VIT-XII WITH AN INTRODUCTION, NOTES, IND)EX AND VOCABUIARY BY CHARLES KNAPP, PH.D., DJ3.UNCT PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY, B kRNARD COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. CHICAGO SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 190'3 O "flA 4 '~L7 COrYRIGHT, 1900, BY SCOTT, FORFRSMAN AND COMPANY TYPO(IRAPHY BY MARJIT, AJIKEN,- & CUNJAS8 COMPANY CRIICA~lio HOOT 0 LAW CO, RWILMB ANU DINlERt$ CHICA~oQ PREFACE This book aims to supply the student of Vergil with materials out of which he may construct one consistent interpretation of the Aeneid, and from which he may gain an adequate appreciation of its purpose, its relation to the times in which it was composed, its merits and its demerits. The addition of selections from the latter half of the Aeneid is in line with the wellknown recommendations of the Committee of Ten of the National Educational Association. These selections are confined closely to the story of the conflict between Aeneas and Turnus. It is hoped that the selection of topics in the Introduction will commend itself to all students and teachers of Vergil. Certainly, a right understanding of all these subjects is of profound importance to the interpretation and appreciation of the poem. The Introduction is thus a vital part of the book. It should be repeatedly read in sequence by the student and should be constantly employed in detail by him as he works through the notes. For convenience I have adopted the text of W. KlouSek (second edition, Freytag, Leipzic, 1891), except in three or four places where this text seemed to me impossible. I have, however, declined to follow Kloucek in bracketing certain verses and in making some transpositions of verses. I have also determined the punctuation throughout for myself. In matters of orthography I have followed the principles laid down in a report of a Committee on Latin Orthography of the American Philological Association, printed in the Proceedings of that body for July, 1896. In the marking of vowels I have in the main followed the system of Professor Bennett as laid down in the Appendix to his Latin Grammar. The marking of the PREFACE vowel quantities ought to commend itself without the need of argument. A marked text puts the modern boy in the position in which an intelligent Roman boy was when he began his study of Vergil. It is perfectly possible for any teacher who uses this book to drill his pupils as thoroughly as he pleases in the rules for quantity. In one particular, at least, i.e. the marking of the vowel before a mute and a liquid, the practice of this book ought to be most helpful in bringing out facts often imperfectly understood. In the Commentary the references to parallel passages in Latin authors have been confined to passages from the Aeneid and such parts of Cicero and Caesar as have been read by all pupils. References within the Aeneid itself are made to parts already read by the student. In the Vocabulary I have tried to indicate the fundamental meanings of words and the line along which their meanings were developed. In writing the Commentary my fundamental reliance has been upon my own study of the poem. The first draft of the notes was written out with little direct reference to other commentaries. This done, I compared my notes with those of all the more common English and German editions. American editions I have put aside entirely while preparing my book; any resemblances between them and this book are due to use of the same authorities, ancient or modern, or to the use of the texts in class work as a student or teacher during the past. To Professor Harold W. Johnston, of Indiana University, I owe, in large measure, the selection of the topics treated in the Introduction. Again, Professor Johnston and Professor Edward Capps, of the University of Chicago, have read all the proofs and have made many important suggestions and criticisms. To my sister, Miss Adeline Knapp, A.B., I am under especial obligations for valuable help in all parts of the book. CHARLES KNAPP. BARNARD COLLEGE, September 1, 1901. CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 3. TENNYSON'S To Virgil....... 9 INTRODUCTION...,.. 11 A. The New Empire........ 11 I. Events from the Death of Julius Caesar. 11 II. Augustus's Policy of Reconciliation. 5. B. The Augustan Age and Vergil..20 I. Poetry and the Empire... 20 II. Styles of Poetry. Leading Poets 21 III. Vergil......23 1. His Life and Studies...23 2. His Works...... 28 (1) The Eclogues..... 28 (2) The Georgics.... 28 (3) The Aeneid....29 a. Its Composition and Publication 29 bI. Its Story....30 c. Its Purpose.... 33 1. The National Element 33 2. The Personal Element 35 3. The Religious Element. 36 d. Its Sources...37 e. The Aeneid as an Epic Poem 41 f. Merits of the Aeneid 42 I. Its Fame...42 C. The Grammar and Style of Vergil.... 45 I. Inflectional Forms...46 1. Forms of Declension...46 2. Forms of Conjugation. 49 3. Miscellaneous Forms..50 II. Syntax....... 50 1. The Noun....... 50 (1) The Genitive.... 50 (2) The Dative... 51 2 CONTENTS (3) The Accusative (4) The Ablative 2. The Verb... (1) In General.. (2) The Infinitive. (3) The Participle III. Style... 1. The Use of Words. (1) Nouns.. (2) Adjectives (3) Verbs. (4) Miscellaneous 2. The Order of Words 3. Miscellaneous. D. Prosody of Vergil...... I. The Dactylic Hexameter II. The Metrical Licenses of Vergil. III. Miscellaneous... E. The Mythology of Vergil I. Introductory.. II. The Olympian Gods. III. Other Deities...... IV. The Relations of the Gods to Men F. The Manuscripts of Vergil. G. A Brief Bibliography. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES AND VOCABUL. rHE AENEID... Book I....... Book II. Book III........ Book IV..... Book V. Book VI....... Book VII. Book VIII. Book IX........ Book X. Book XI.. Book XII. Index.... VOCABULARY PAGE 53 57 e 57 58. 61 62 62 62 65 67 67 68 70 73 73 '7y 82 84 84 88 93 99 102 103 Y. 108 109. 109 167.221 265. 306 354 406 419. 431 456.482 496. 519 All LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGIB 1. IUPPITER OLYMPIUS........... From a coin of Philip the Great of Macedon (359-336 B.c. ). The head is probably a copy of that of the famous statue of Jupiter by Phidias, the great Athenian sculptor (about 490 -432 B.C.). 2. IUNO LACINIA.................. 89 From a coin of Croton (which lay near the Lacinian promontory) of the fourth century B.c. 3. MINERVA....9. From a coin of Heraclea, in Lucania, Italy, of the fourth century B. c. As dea armipotens, Minerva wears a helmet. On the helmet, just over the crown of the head, is a figure of Scylla (iii. 424-428). 4. VENUS.............. 90 From a coin probably struck by Julius Caesar in Greece, with which to pay the troops who had fought for him at Pharsalus. 5. APOLLO.............. 90 From a coin of Rhegium, Southern Italy, of the fourth century B.C. Apollo is crtintus (cf. iv. 147, ix. 638). 6. DIANA AS HUNTRESS.............. 91 From a coin of Syracuse, Sicily, of about 215 B.. The goddess is straining her bow: at her back is a quiver, by her side runs a hound. 7. DIANA AS MOON GODDESS.............. 91 From a coin struck at Rome, about 62, by Faustus Sulla, son of Sulla the dictator. Over the head of the goddess is a crescent; behind her, at the lower left hand corner of the cut, is a lituus, or crooked staff such as the augurs carried. 8. MARS......... 91 From a series of Roman coins minted in Campania, Italy, in the latter part of the fourth century B.C. The war god is appropriately pictured as wearing a helmet. 3 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 9. VULCANUS...........91 The god is seated on an anvil; in his right hand he holds a hammer and a shield, which he has just made. At his feet lie a helmet, with long sweeping plume (crista), a spear, and spearheads, together with a pair of forceps. Tie cut thus well illustrates viii. 416-453. 10. NEPTUNUS.................. 02 From a coin by Demetrius Poliorcetes, one of the successors of Alexander the Great. The coin was struck to commemorate a naval victory gained in 306 over Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Neptune is wielding his trident: a chlamys (iii. 484) is wrapped round his left arm. 11. MERCURIUS................ 92 The cut well illustrates iv. 239-244. It showb the winged cap, the tdldria, and the virga or cdduces. 12. CERES...................93 Froll a coin of Messenia, Sicily, of the fourth century B.c. 13. IANUS..................... 95 The god is bifrons (vii. 180); lie carries a key as the guardian deity of gates, especially those of the temple of war. 14. PROSERPINA............... 97 From a coin of Syracuse, Sicily, of the third century B.c. The vittae which confine the goddess's hair show plainly. Behind the goddess is a bee. FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS 15. JUNO.................112 A copy of the Barberini Juno, formerly in the possession of the Barberini family at Rome, now in the Vatican Museum, Rome. 16. NEPTUNE......... 120 The original is in the Central Museum, Athens. Note the symbols of the sea-god, the trident (i. 145), and the dolphin, at the right foot of the god (cf. v. 594, 595; viii. 673, 674). 17. DIANA.............. 134 The original (commonly known as the Diana of Versailles, because it was long kept at Versailles) is now in the Museum of the Louvre, Paris. The goddess appears as a huntress, running with a hind (the hind is perhaps a famulus or attend LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5 PAGE ant spirit: see on v. 95). Hearing some sound near by she is reaching back to draw an arrow from her quiver. The cut will illustrate i. 314-320; see also on Phoebi soror, i. 329. 18. AN AMAZON................. 147 The original, representing a wounded Amazon, is now in the Vatican Museum, Rome. A quiver hangs by the Amazon's side: originally, the bow hung below the quiver. By the Anlazon's right foot may be seen a pelta liindta (i. 490), and a bipennis or battle-axe. The figure also illustrates cxsertae.. manmmae, i. 492, unu)n exserta latus, xi. 649. 19. VENUS.................... 160 Bust of a statue now in the Vatican Museum, Rome. This statue is a copy of the famous statue known as the Venus of Cnidus, by Praxiteles, an Athenian sculptor of the fourth century B.C. 20. LAOCOON................182 See on ii. 233. The group when found was somewhat mutilated; in some respects the restoration is erroneous. For example, the right hand of Laoco6n ought to be resting on the back of his head. The group was the work of three sculptors of the island of Rhodes, about the end of the second century B.c. The elder son has still a chance to escape, but he seems more concerned with his father's fate than with his own; Laocoon is still struggling, though he has been forced down to the altar and is putting forth his last strength; the younger son has already succumbed, and his hand rests helplessly on the head of the serpent that has caused his death. The moment seized by the sculptors, it will be seen, does not correspond in all respects to the account given, a century later, by Vergil. 21. MINERVA.................... 208 The original is now in the Vatican. It was formerly in the possession of the Giustiniani family, and so is known as the Pallas Giustiniani. It is probably a work of Roman art, modelled on a Greek original. The goddess wears a helmet and carries a spear. The aegis (cf. ii. 616, with notes) is plainly visible. A snake is coiled at the feet of the goddess (cf. ii. 227, with note). 22. APOLLO.............. 226 This statue is known as the Apollo Citharoedus (the Harper) or Musagetes (Leader of the Muses). The god is crinZtus. 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE See ~ 281. In his right hand the god is holding a pecten or plectrum, i.e. a pick or quill (see on pectine, vi. 647). The suspended figure on the right arm of the lyre represents Marsyas, who attempted to rival Apollo in musical skill, but was defeated and flayed alive by the god. 23. THE WRESTLERS................ 238 A copy of a Greek work of the fourth century B.c. The original is now in the Uffizi Gallery, in Florence, Italy. The cut well illustrates iii. 281, 282, exercent... socil. 24. MERCURY................... 27 A copy of a bronze statue now in the Naples Museum. This statue is a product of a famous Greek school of sculpture of the fourth century B. c. The god is for the moment resting. The cut will thus serve to illustrate iv. 252, 253, hie... constitit, though there the god is resting on balanced pinions. The cut shows the tdldria. 25. A BOXER.................... 328 A copy of a bronze statue of a professional pugilist: the original is now in the Museum of the Baths of Diocletian, at Rome. The boxer is represented as resting after an encounter. Note the swollen ear (see on auris, v. 435), the caestifs (cf. crutdo... cuesti, v. 69, with note; cf. also v. 404-408, and see caestus in the Vocabulary). The massive limbs of the boxer represented by the cut will illustrate such passages as v. 368-377, and v. 421-423. 26. JUPITER................... 344 A copy of a very famous original, called the Jupiter of Otricoli, because it was found at Otricoli, north of Rome, at the end of the eighteenth century. The original is now in the Vatican Museum, Rome. This is the finest of all the extant representations of Jupiter; it conveys admirably that impression of calm and conscious power which one derives from passages like i. 229-296, or from the epithets so frequently used of Jupiter. See & 276. 27. AUGUSTUS............. 398 The original was found north of Rome in 1863; it is now in the Vatican Museum. Augustus is represented as a deity or at least as the world conqueror. The cut thus admirably illustrates such passages as vi. 792-805, and viii. 678-728. Observe the elaborate lorica or breastplate. In the center is Mars (on the left) receiving a standard from a conquered LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 PAGE Parthian (see on super... Indos, vi. 794, and cf. viii. 721, with notes). At the top of the breastplate Heaven is portrayed, with the Sun God riding in his chariot. At the right foot of Augustus is a Cupid riding on a dolphin; the Cupid is symbolical of Augustus's kinship with Venus, mother of the Aeneadae, and especially of the Julian line. 28. MARS............. 410 The original is known as the Mars Ludovisi, because it was formerly part of the collection in the Villa Ludovisi at Rome: it is now in the Museo Boncompagni at Rome. The statue originally formed one of a group, representing Venus with her right hand on the left shoulder of Mars and entreating him not to enter the battle (in some stories Venus was wife of Mars). The god is yielding to her entreaties. Note the sword in his left hand, with an animal's head forming the hilt, and the clipeies by his right side. At the feet of Mars is Cupid. The original group was a Greek work of the fourth century B.C. TO VIRGIL (A poem written by Tennyson, at the request of the people of Mantua, on the Nineteenth Centenary of Vergil's death.) Roman Virgil, thou that singest Ilion's lofty temples robed in fire, Ilion falling, Rome arising, wars, and filial faith, and Dido's pyre; Landscape-lover, lord of language more than he that sang the Works and Days, All the chosen coin of fancy flashing out from many a golden phrase; Thou that singest wheat and woodland, tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd, All the charm of all the Muses often flowering in a lonely word; Poet of the happy Tityrus piping underneath his beechen bowers; Poet of the poet-satyr whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers; Chanter of the Pollio, glorying in the blissful years again to be, Summers of the snakeless meadow, unlaborious earth and oarless sea; Thou that seest Universal Nature moved by Universal Mind; Thou majestic in thy sadness at the doubtful doom of human kind; Light among the vanish'd ages; star that gildest yet this phantom shore; Golden branch amid the shadows, kings and realms that pass to rise no more; Now thy Forum roars no longer, fallen every purple Caesar's domeTho' thine ocean-roll of rhythm sound for ever of Imperial Rome - Now the Rome of slaves hath perish'd, and the Rome of freemen holds her place, I, from out the Northern Island sunder'd once from all the human race, I salute thee, Mantovano, I that loved thee since my day began, Wielder of the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man. INTRDOBUJOCTO A. THE NEW EMPIRE I. EVENTS FROM TH I DEATh OF JULTUS CAESAR The Aeneid and the Empire. - The Aeneid stands in most 1 intimate relation to the new Rome which began with the supremacy of Octavianus and to the policies by which that supremacy was distinguished. A brief resume of Roman history between the death of Caius Julius Caesar in 441 and the battle of Actium in 31, and an outline of the purposes of the administration ushered in by the latter event will therefore form a fitting beginning of this Introduction. The Liberators. - The high hopes based by the conspira- 2 tors on the death of Caesar were frustrated by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Caesar's magister equitunm, and Marcus Antonius, better known as Mark Antony, a warm friend of Caesar and consul for 44. The Liberators - so the conspirators called themselves - were glad to make terms with the Senate whereby they were allowed to go free, and all appointments made by Caesar were confirmed. These included the assignment, for 43, of Macedonia to Marcus Brutus, of Gallia Cisalpina to Decimus Brutus, and of Syria to Cassius. Octavius. - When Caesar's will was read, it was found3 that he had adopted Caius Octavius, grandson of his younger sister, and had made him his chief heir. In March, 44, 1 Unless otherwise stated, B. C. is to be understood with all dates in this book. 11 12 INTRODUCTION Octavius was at Apollonia in Illyricum, whither Caesar had sent him for training in military affairs. On hearing of Caesar's death Octavius set out at once for Italy. He was then in his nineteenth year, having been born September 23, 63. On his arrival in Italy, he received a copy of Caesar's will, and at once boldly called himself Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus.1 He then notified all parties in Rome that he would claim to the full his inheritance. Moving slowly through Italy he constantly gained new adherents, and on reaching the city succeeded in winning the favor of the people, who had always been friendly to Caesar. 4 The Situation in Rome. - Meanwhile all power had come into Antony's hands. Determined to push his advantage, he obtained at first the province of Macedonia and the control of five out of the six legions gathered by Caesar for an attack upon Parthia. Later the people gave him the Gallic provinces instead of Macedonia and suffered him to transfer the Macedonian legions to Italy on the ground that they were needed against Decimus Brutus, who had gone to his province (~ 2), and was, so Antony declared, menacing the state. 5 Cicero.- The famous orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero, had hailed Caesar's death as the dawn of a new era of liberty, but when time revealed the incapacity of the Liberators and the real designs of Antony lie began again to despair of the commonwealth. After some hesitation, however, he boldly opposed Antony and denounced him in the strongest terms. Popular opinion and the Senate both now turned against Antony; Decimus Brutus was declared the rightful claimant to the government of Cisalpine Gaul. As a further means of checking Antony all Octavianus's acts were, on Cicero's motion, approved by the Senate. I Among the Romans a person adopted took the full name of his ad, pter, adding thereto a second cognomen formed out of the clan namle of his natural father. When it is said that Caesar adopted Octavius, it is meant that Caestar made Octavius his heir, on condition that Octavius assumed his name. THE NEW EMPIRE 13 The Rise of Octavianus. - By January, 43, Antony was 6 besieging Decimus Brutus at Mutina (Modena). The Senate sought to relieve Brutus, at first by diplomacy, later by force. Antony finally withdrew across the Alps, intending to meet Lepidus (who had been in Spain fighting Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompey the Great), and to enlist him against the Senate. In this he was successful. Meanwhile Decimus Brutus, having assumed control in Cisalpine Gaul, had ordered Octavianus to oppose Antony. This Octavianus refused to do. The Senate in consequence turned against him, calling Sextus Pompeius to command all its naval forces, and directing all Roman officials between the Ionian Sea and the Euphrates to obey the orders of Marcus Brutus and Cassius. In self-defence Octavianus put himself in secret communication with Antony. Finally, when an order reached him to fight Antony and Lepidus, he moved with his army to Rome to demand for himself the consulship. Finding opposition useless the Senate made him guardian of Rome, with power to appoint any one he chose to represent him in this capacity whenever he was absent from the city. He was created consul also, with his cousin Quintus Pedius as his colleague. The Second Triumvirate. - Octavianus, now supreme in 7 Italy, at once caused the Liberators and Sextus Pompeius to be condemned as criminals and outlaws. In September, leaving Pedius (~ 6) in charge of Rome, he went north, ostensibly to oppose Lepidus and Antony, but really to open negotiations with them. Presently, at the suggestion of Pedius, the Senate restored Antony and Lepidus to favor, and in October or November Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, after a conference of three days, came to an understanding. They called themselves henceforth Triumviri Re_ Piiblicae Constituendae, i.e. a board of three commissioners for settling the affairs of the state, and claimed for themselves official stapding, decreeing that their office should continue for five years and be equivalent to the consulship. Finally, they 14 INTRODUCTION divided among themselves all the provinces not actually in the possession of the Liberators (~ 2). 8 The Battles of Philippi. -Brutus and Cassius, who had established their authority in Macedonia and Sylia, now met in Asia, to make preparations against the Triumvirs. The hostile forces met in two battles near Philippi in Macedonia, in November, 42. Brutus and Cassius were defeated and committed suicide. Most of their followers went over to the Triumvirs, but some fled to the forces of the Liberators in Asia. These Antony undertook to conquer, and Octavianus returned to Italy. 9 The Passing of Lepidus. - On reaching the East Antony came under the spell of Cleopatra's charms, and gave himself up to idleness and pleasure. In 40 Octavianus and Antony were on the point of open rupture, but a collision was averted by the treaty of Brundisium, by which the East, from the Adriatic to the Euphrates, was given to Antony, the West to Octavianus. The latter was to crush Sextus Pompeius, the former to subdue the Parthians. Antony married Octavia, sister to Octavianus. Lepidus received Africa. In 38 the Triumvirate (~'7) was renewed for five years. 10 The defeat of Pompey was accomplished at last by Octavianus in 37, largely through tile help of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, his school-companion and friend, who had been with him at Apollonia (~ 3). The victory had one very important result. While Lepidus andl Agrippa were besieging Messana, held by Plennius, one of Pompey's lieutenants, Lepidus began to intrigue with the Pompeians, and finally set himself up against Octavianus. His own troops, however, deserted him and he was forced to beg for mercy. ITe was, of course, deprived of his share in the Triumvirate. Pompey fell into Antony's hands in 35, and was put to death. 11 The Overthrow of Antony. - Octavianus was now sole leader of the Caesarean party, and this party, by reason of Antony's relations with Cleopatra, had come to be regarded THE NEW EMPIRE 15 as the champion of all that was for the best interests of Rome. Popular disgust at Antony's conduct was increased by the disastrous failure, in 36, of his expedition against the Parthians. Meanwhile Octavianus had won public esteem not only by establishing a firm government in Italy, but also by winning successes in defence of Roman soil, either personally or through his lieutenants, in Dalmatia, Illyria, and on the Alpine frontier. By 33 it was plain that war between Octavianus and 12 Antony could not long be averted. When the second term of the Triumvirate (~ 9) expired the agreement was not renewed. Finally, when Titius and Plancus, officers of Antony, deserted him and revealed the fact that in his will he had bestowed upon Cleopatra and his children by her the treasures and the domain of Rome, popular feeling forced Octavianus into a declaration of war. With consummate skill, however, Octavianus caused this declaration to be made against Cleopatra, thus putting himself into the position of one defending his country against a foreign foe, and Antony into that of one supporting a foreigner against his fatherland. The opposing forces met at Actium, September 2, 31. The result of the naval fight there is well known. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Alexandria, and, finding resistance hopeless, shortly afterwards committed suicide. Octavianus reduced Egypt to the form of a province, which he kept under his own direct control. He was now undisputed master of the Roman world. He did not at once return to Rome, but spent nearly two years in the east, arranging its affairs, especially those of Judea. II. AUGUSTUS's' POLICY OF RECONCILIATION Octavianus's Aims. - The problem now before Octavianus 13 was to make his power secure by reconciling all classes to the 1 The name Auqustus was not bestowed upon Octavianus until 27, but may be used here as having been his through nearly the whole ot the period covered by this part of the Introduction. 16 INTRODUCTION new order of things. He had the faculty of making and keeping friends, and of using them to further his purposes. Working, then, partly himself, partly through others, he sought to commend his sovereignty by (a) satisfying the general craving for peace, (b) emphasizing the grandeur of Rome and the continuity of the state, (c) reviving the worship of the national gods, and (d) encouraging arts and literature. 14 Maecenas. - His most efficient helper was Caius Cilnius Maecenas, a noble Etruscan, born about 70. Twice Maecenas had represented Octavianus in negotiations with Antony, and while Octavianus was in the East before and after the battle of Actium the administration of affairs in Italy had been in his hands. He was a man of consummate ability, tactful, resourceful, and farsighted. The success of Octavianus's administration, at least in the years immediately following Actium, was largely due to him. 1. Augustus Ermnphatsizes Peace and Security 15 Octavianus's Clemency. - The conduct of Octavianus after his victory at Actium had greatly strengthened his hold upon popular favor. He had, indeed, put some of his opponents to death, but the number of these was insignificant compared with the multitude proscribed before in similar cases, e.g. by Marius and Sulla. As time showed that the civil strife which had begun with the agitations of Tiberius Gracchus was at an end, honors without stint were conferred on Octavianus; it was even decreed that when the priests offered up prayers for the safety of the Senate and the people they should pray also for him. 16 The Temple of Janus Closed. - In 29 a ceremony occurred which must have profoundly impressed the popular imagination. An old practice bad decreed that the gates of the temple of Janus should be closed in times of 'peace won by victory', but stand wide open in times of war. Only twice before, so tradition said, had these gates been shut. In 29 THE NEW EMPIRE 17 the Senate ordered that since Octavianus had restored peace everywhere he should have the honor of closing the gates for the third time. Twice later he performed this ceremony. His Rule of the Provinces. - The provinces especially 17 profited by the supremacy of Octavianus. Some he governed himself, others he left to the rule of the Senate, though even in these he exercised a general supervision, being a court of last resort to which any provincial who thought himself wronged could appeal. The opportunities for extortion and oppression in the provinces were thus small as compared with those of former days. The dream of years was a reality; peace and its blessings were universally enjoyed. Hence we need not be surprised that when, on January 1, 27, he offered to lay down his office and to retire to private life, the Senate implored him to retain the powers it had entrusted to him for the good of the commonwealth. His position thus became more secure than ever, and a new distinction — the title of Augustus - was conferred upon him. 2. Augustus Empnhasizes the Grandeur of Rome The Beautifying of Rome. -Augustus devoted much energy 18 and money to beautifying Rome by building or rebuilding numerous temples, and by erecting many public structures of great beauty and usefulness. Among the latter was a Forum, graced by semicircular colonnades and a splendid temple to Mars. In the colonnades he set up statues of the heroes who had made Rome the mistress of the world. The series began with Aeneas and ended with the time of Augustus himself. These statues he erected that the patriotism and high character of the heroes they represented might form the standard by which his own acts and those of all succeeding heads of the state should be judged. On the Palatine a magnificent temple, with libraries for Greek and Latin books, was built to Apollo, who was believed to have aided Augustus substantially at Actium, thereby indicating that to the gods 18 INTRODUCTION the cause of Augustus was the cause of Rome itself) The friends of Augustus followed his example. Thus, fgrippa (~ 10) erected numerous structures, among them the Pantheon, which still stands preeminent among the memorials of the bygone grandeur of Rome. Splendid private houses and palaces sprang up on every side. In every way the external aspects of the city became more beautiful and impressive; Augustus boasted that he had found Rome a city of brick, but left it a city of marble. 19 Revival of National Feeling. - One important result of this policy was a revival of national feeling and a deeper consciousness of the true greatness of Rome. The patriotic mind dwelt with pride on the thought that never before had the Roman domain been so extensive or so well governed, never before had the city been so beautiful and so well fitted to impress the imagination. The very establishment of the Empire, by embodying visibly in a single person the majesty and greatness of the state, made men realize more fully that majesty and greatness. Pride of empire was far stronger in the poets of the Augustan age than it had been in their predecessors. 3. Augustus Revives the National Worship 20 The Religious Revival.- n seeking to revive religious enthusiasm, Augustus restored numerous temples which had fallen into decay; others, destroyed by fire, he rebuilt. He increased the number of priests, and enlarged the rewards of their offices. Certain old rites and practices which had fallen into disuse he restored. He sought also to effect by legisla. tion an improvement in morality, by restoring the simpler and better life of the olden times. 21 Literature and the Revival. -To further this part of his policy he availed himself of the services of the literary leaders of the nay, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid. In a certain ode Horace ascribes the degeneracy of the times to the neglect THE NEW EMPIRE 19 of religion; he sees no hope for the state until religion is again honored as of old, and tottering temples and begrimed images of the gods are rebuilt or replaced. The ode stands in a series, perhaps written at the request of Augustus, in which the aims —social, political, moral, and religious — of an ideal government are reviewed, and the suggestion is made that these ends are all to be attained through the rule of Augustus. / 4. Augustus Encourages Letters Literature under the Republic. -Throughout the Repul)- 22 lie literature played but a subordinate part; it might be a plaything for a man's leisure moments, or an addition to the solid employments of his serious hours, but it was not regarded as in itself of sufficient dignity to form the main business of a man of ability. Such a man had to seek a career in war, statecraft, or the law, all purely practical means of gaining substantial advantages; in fact, with agriculture, they formed the only occupations whose respectability was beyond question. Literature under the Empire. -- Under the Empire, how-23 ever, there was no chance of a (career in the army, in politics, or at the bar. The Emperor was commander-in-chief, and all successes were ascribed to him. The freedom of speech necessary to the development of the highest oratory was no longer possible, either in the Senate, the Forum, or the courts. A natural result was that higher honors were accorded to literary pursuits. Under an absolute monarchy, at least under a monarchy conducted by so wise and politic a ruler as Augustus, such pursuits constitute a reasonably safe form of activity; besides, they can be readily pressed into the service of the government. This possibility Augustus and his advisers were quick 24 to perceive. Augustus was a good orator and a writer of skill, both in prose and verse, and was thus qualified to be a 20 INTRODUCTION liberal and discriminating patron of men of letters. At a critical period Vergil received substantial help from him. In his patronage of men of letters, Augustus was ably seconded by Maecenas (~ 14), a man of culture, whose house was a gathering place for the leading writers of the day. Vergil, Horace, and others were deeply indebted to him; his name has ever since been a synonym for a generous patron and friend of letters. In those days a patron was more important than he would be at present, for then there were no copyright laws, and authors received little, if anything, from the sale of their works. Hence, one who devoted himself wholly to literary pursuits was bound to rely on some patron for support, unless he possessed an independent fortune. Another patron of letters was Marcus Valerius Messala, a member of an illustrious patrician family. Chief among those who gathered about him were Tibullus and Ovid. 25 The talents of all these men of letters were, in greater or less degree, at the service of the government. They helped to reconcile the people to the new order of things, by sounding the Emperor's praises, and by contrasting the existing peace and security with the civil strife and chaos of other days. It may well be that the encouragement given by Augustus to literature was due more to his perception of its practical utility to himself than to any regard for letters. He is not the only absolute monarch who has encouraged literature from somewhat mixed motives. B. THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL I. POETRY AND THE EMPIRE 26 The Decline of Prose.- The very causes which gave greater prominence under the Empire to literary pursuits (~~ 23, 24) tended also to make poetry more prominent than prose. The Romans employed prose chiefly in connection TIHE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 21 with oratory and the writing of history. The highest oratory was no longer possible (~ 23). Nor did the writing of history offer a safe or attractive field. Livy, an historian of the time of Augustus, refers to the danger attendant upon any attempt to write, under an absolute monarchy, the history of contemporaneous events. On the other hand the past history of Rome had been written so often that any one might well have hesitated to attempt the task again. During the whole reign of Augustus but one prose writer, Livy, gained any great degree of fame. Poetry Favored by Augustus. — To poetry, however, con-27 ditions under the Empire were distinctly favorable. The poet appeals primarily to the imagination; hence he could be made most useful in furthering the great object of Augustus, namely, to impress the imaginations of his subjects with the superiority of the new order of things to the conditions which had prevailed under the Republic. It was for this that he had sought to beautify tne city (~ 18), to revive national feeling (~ 19), and to quicken the conscience of the people (~ 20). Though prose writing languished, save for the brilliant work of Livy (~ 26), thanks to the encouragement given by Augustus and Maecenas poetry flourished, and gave to the Augustan age its brightest distinctions II. STYLES OF POETYt. LEADING POETS Horace.- All departments of poetry were cultivated by28 the Augustan poets. In lyrical poetry Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8), better known to-day as Horace, was without a rival. Born near Venusia in Apulia, he was early brought to Rome that he might attend the best schools there. He fought under Brutus at Philippi (~ 8), but took no further part in the war. On his return to Rome he gave himself up to literary pursuits and soon won the favor of Maecenas. He owes his fame chiefly to four books of odes, on a variety cf subjects. 22 INTRODUCTION 29 Varius. -In epic poetry Vergil was preeminent. Conspicuous also was Lucius Varius Rufus, a warm friend of Vergil, and later one of his literary executors. His tragedy called Thyestis was highly praised in ancient times. 30 Pollio. - In tragic poetry Asinius Pollio gained distinction. Pollio was also a soldier, historian, orator, and statesman. He established the first public library at Rome, and introduced the practice whereby authors before publishing their works read them to a select circle of friends in order to profit by their criticisms. He was Vergil's first patron and life-long friend. 31 Gallus; Tibullus; Propertius. -Another form of poetry much cultivated in Vergil's day is the kind known as elegiac. Strictly, the term elegy denotes a short mournful song, accompanied by the flute. Later, it was applied to a wide variety of songs, grave or gay, written in a certain meter, and later still to sentimental love poems. Writers of elegies, in this last sense, in the Augustan age, were Cornelius Gallus, Albius Tibullus, and Sextus Propertius. Like Pollio, Gallus was a man of affairs as well as a poet; he served under Octavianus at Actium, and later was governor of Egypt, but lost the favor of Augustus and committed suicide. Tibullus lived from about 54 to 18. Four books of elegies are extant under his name, but some of the poems in them were certainly not written by him. Propertius, too, wrote four books of elegies. 32 Ovid. - Publius Ovidius Naso was born among the Paeligni, at Sulmo, in 43. He was well educated and early began to show his poetical powers. His chief works were Mletamo)lphoses, 'Transformations', a long array of stories, especially such as involve a change or transformation from one form of existence to another, and Fasts, in six books, a calendar in verse, describing the nature and origin of the festivals celebrated on various (lays. We have also a number of love poems written by hill. lie outlived Augustus, dying A.D. 18. THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 23 III. VERGI r 1. His Life tad Sttudies Sources of our Knowledge. - Vergil tells us little about 33 himiself. Some information is derived from casual notices ill other writers, especially Horace (~ 28). Horace makes clear, for instance, the depth of Vergil's devotion to his friends and his power of inspiring in his contemporaries a warm love for himself. We have also several biographies by later Roman writers, chief of which is that by Aelius Donatus, a grammarian of the fourth Christian century, and author of a commentary on Vergil's poems. Donatus's Biography. - Donatus's narrative goes back, in 34 part at least, to authorities contemporary with Vergil himself, being based on a work entitled De VirTs Illstribus, ' Lives of Famous Men', by Caius Suetonius Tranquillus, a noted biographer of the first century of the Christian era. Though portions of this work are extant, the account of Vergil has not come down to us. We know that there were authorities contemporary with Vergil himself to which Suetonius could appeal, had he so desired, in writing his life of the poet, and we know that he was careful to consult such contemporary records whenever they were accessible. We may feel sure, therefore, that Donatus's biography goes back through Suetonius to authorities of Vergil's own time and that it should rank high among our sources of information. Though short, it tells much of importance concerning the poet's parentage, his birth and death, his education, and his literary career. Vergil's Birth. - Publius Vergilius Maro (P. Ver gilis 35 Maro) was born October 15, 70; his birthplace was in the township of Andes, near Mantua, north of the Po. The names which stand out most prominently in the history of Latin literature are the names of provincials. Horace was born in Apulia, Gallus in Gallia Narbonensis, Ovid among 24 INTROD)UCTION the Paeligni, and Propertius in Umbria. Gallia Transpadana did not obtain Roman citizenship until 49; hence Vergil was not by birth a member of the state whose praises he sang in the Aeneid. It was his good fortune to be born in a time of peace. The repose of his home near far-off Mantua was no doubt but little disturbed by the events which led to the struggle between Pompey and Caesar; at any rate there were no scenes of blood in Mantua or its neighborhood to leave their impress for evil on his sensitive spirit. 36 Influence of his Birthplace. - Passages in his poems show the deep influence upon Vergil's mind of the scenes amid which his boyhood was spent and demonstrate the affection with which he remembered his early hone. His love of nature was fostered by the surroundings of his early years. To these he owed also the deep moral and religious temperament everywhere reflected in his writings; even at the end of the first century of the present era the austere, virtuous life of the people of Gallia Transpadana was proverbial..37 His Parentage.- The poet's parents were obscure and humble. One story describes his father as a hired assistant of a certain Magius, a viator or official courier of the magistrates. By his industry he gained the favor of his master, who gave him his daughter Magia Pollia in marriage. To increase his income he applied himself to buying up tracts of woodland and to the culture of bees. In his Georgics Vergil dwells on bee culture, and describes the husbandman's lot as the happiest assigned to man. We see here, probably, the effects of his father's occupations and the associations amid which he was reared. Vergil never lost a certain appearance of rusticity; his detractors often taunted him with his rural origin. 38 His Education. - Fortunately his parents, though humble, were keenly alive to the value of education. He studied at first either at h11o)l or in antltua, later at Cremona, an old Latin colony about fifty mliles west of Mantua. On his fif THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 25 ceenth birthday he assumed the toga vitalis, or man's toga. About this time he went to Mediolanum (Milan), the capital of Gallia Transpadana, to prosecute his studies, remaining there until in 53 he removed to Rome. The educational curriculum of that day comprised three stages, in which grammar (including reading, writing, composition, and the study of literature), rhetoric, and philosophy were respectively the chief subjects of study. Vergil's training in grammar was obtained in Mantua, Cremona, and Milan. At Rome he studied rhetoric and philosophy; also mathematics, natural philosophy, and medicine. He attempted a lawyer's career, for which, however, he was ill-fitted, being slow of speech and without the physical vigor essential to success. Early Poems. - Tradition declares that the fourteen poems 39 in the collection called Catalepton, ' Minor Poems', were written by. Vergil in his youth; some, however, are certainly not from his hand. Ancient authorities mention four other poems as written by Vergil in his youth - the Moretum, the Salad'; the Copa, 'Mine Hostess'; the Culex, 'the Gnat'; and the Ciris. Poems bearing these names are extant, but scholars are divided in opinion as to whether they were written by Vergil or by some one who sought to imitate his style. It would seem that in his youth Vergil cherished an ambition to write an epic on Rome's career. If this is so, when at last he began his Aeneid he was but fulfilling his youthful ideal of his life work. The Loss of his Farm. - In 42 Vergil was living in his 40 native district, busy with his Eclogues. The quiet of his home was, however, rudely interrupted. After their victory at Philippi (~ 8) Octavianus and Antony disbanded part ot their armies and rewarded the soldiers by allotments of land, confiscating the domains of cities and districts which had taken sides against them. Cremona was thus treated, and, since its territory did not suffice, that of its neighbor Mantua (~ 35) was taken also, at least in part. Among the lands 26 INTRODUCTION forfeited was Vergil's estate. Vergil went to Rome, and, aided by Pollio (~ 30), Gallus, and Maecenas, obtained from Octavianus its restoration. 41 Vergil and Maecenas. - These events led to the formation of a friendship between Vergil and Maecenas, or, if that relation already existed, they gave it a new impulse. By 39 Vergil's position in the favor of Maecenas was so secure that he was able successfully to recommend Horace to his kind consideration. In 38 Vergil, Horace, and others accompanied Maecenas part way on one of his missions to Antony (~ 14). 42 The Georgics; the Aeneid. - After completing the Eclogues Vergil spent seven years (36-29) on the Georyica, 'The Georgics'. During this time he lived much in Campania, especially at Naples or in its neighborhood. He visited Tarentum, too, and perhaps also Greece. The last ten years of his life were devoted to the Aeneis, 'The Aeneid'. By 25 the work had assumed definite shape; in 23 parts were read by Vergil to Augustus and his sister Octavia. We know that Vergil was a splendid reader and so may believe the story that when he read the fine verses of Book VI (860 -886) which recite the praises of the young Marcellus, son of Octavia, whose death had occurred but a short time before, Octavia was completely overcome by her emotions. 43 His Death. - In 19, having worked out a draft of the whole Aeneid, the poet set out for Greece, intending to spend three years in polishing the poem, and then to devote his remaining days to philosophy. At Athens Augustus, then returning fromn a visit to the East, met him and persuaded him to return to Italy. On the journey he fell ill of a fever and died a few days after reaching BrundisiUm, September 21, 19. He was buried at Naples. 44 Personal Characteristics.- Donatus (~ 34) describes Vergil as large-framed, with a swarthy complexion, and a certain air of rusticity (~ 37). He suffered lmuch, too, so the sailme authority declares, i'romn ill health, especially from THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 27 weakness of the throat and stomach, and from headaches. Partly out of regard for his health, partly that he might have leisure for his studies, he spent most of his time away from Rome, in Campania and in Sicily (~ 42). He was a gentle, lovable soul, modest, retiring, capable of warm affection, and fitted also to win in return enduring esteem (~ 33). To his love of ease and quiet and his bent tor study is to be attributed the lack of stirring incidents in his career. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 70 Vergil born, near Mantua, October 15 (~ 35). 45 65 Birth of Horace at Venusia. 63 Birth of Augustus. Catiline's conspiracy. Cicero's consulship. 60 Formation of the first Triumvirate. 59 First consulship of Caius Julius Caesar. 58 Vergil goes to Cremona, to study there (~ 38). 55 Vergil assumes the toga virtlis (~ 38). 53 Vergil studies rhetoric and philosophy at Rome (~ 38). 43 Composition of the Eclogues begun (~ 40). 42 Battles of Philippi. Brutus and Cassius fall, Octavianus and Antony triumph. 41 Confiscations by the Triumvirs. Vergil evicted from his farm (~ 40); his friendship with Maecenas (~ 41). 40 Vergil's estate restored (~ 40). 39 Vergil commends Horace to Maecenas (~ 41). 38 Vergil accompanies Maecenas to Brundisium (~ 41). 37 Eclogues published. Georgics begun (~ 42). 31 The battle of Actium. 29 The Georgics published. The Aeneid begun (~ 42). 23 Death of Marcellus. Portions of Aeneid recited (~ 42). 19 Vergil's journey to Greece. His death (~ 43). 28 INTROI)UCTION 2. His Works (1) THIE ECLOGUES 46 Pastoral Poetry. - The term cdlogae, Eclogues, usually applied to the ten pastoral poems, signifies merely 'Selections'; the other name often given to them, Bucolica, means 'Pastorals.' The poems belong to that department of poetry which professes to pictmie the life and ways of shepherds, goatherds, and the like. The Eclogues are a close imitation of the idyls of Theocritus, a Greek poet of Sicily in the third century B.c., who described in the main actual shepherd life. Vergil, however, does not write of real shepherds, but introduces himself and his friends in the guise of shepherds, talking of the matters which concerned them, not of the themes which would naturally form the conversation of real shepherds. In a word, the pastoral form is merely a picturesque setting for the poet's ideas, not a reality. The Eclogues have been much admired, in ancient and modern times alike, especially on account of the smoothness and grace of their language and the music of their verse. Pastoral poetry of the Vergilian type has often been attempted by English poets — e.g. by Spenser in his St1pJ1erd's Calendar, by Milton in his Lycidas, and by Shelley in his A7dowis, inspired by the death of Keats. (2) Tnl: GEonRGCS 47 Didactic Poetry. - Vergil undertook the Georgics (~ 42) at the suggestion of Maecenas, in hope that the poem might rekindle the old Roman enthusiasm for agricultural pursuits. On this theme Vergil wrote not only with genuine interest, but with full knowledge, gained in part through practical experience in early life, in part through careful study of the numerous works, Greek and Latin, bearing on this subject. The poem is a sort of Farmer's Ma nual in Verse.' Among the topics treated in the four books are the cultivation of the THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 29 cereals, tree raising, especially the culture of the vine and the olive, the care of the domestic animals, and bee culture. Poetical digressions from the main theme abound. Thus, in treating of bee culture, Vergil tells how a certain Aristaeus produced bees by artificial processes, a feat of whose possibility the ancients were fully convinced. The telling of this story involves the telling also of the fable of Orpheus and Eurydice. The Georgics is Vergil's most finished production. (3) THE AENEID a. Its Composition and Publication Its Composition. - Vergil was a slow and careful worker. 48 While he was composing the Georgics it was his habit to dictate a number of lines early in the morning to an amanuensis and then to spend the rest of the day in refining them and reducing them to the smallest possible compass. After devoting ten years to the Aeneid he intended to spend three more simply in revising it (~ 43). Another evidence of care is the fact that he was never engaged on more than one work at a time; he gave his undivided powers in turn to the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid. Donatus (~~ 33, 34) declares that Vergil, having drafted49 the Aeneid in prose, and arranged the story so that it fell into twelve books, then worked out various parts of it in verse, as the fancy seized him, without regard to their order. This explains what might otherwise be a sore puzzle, that is, the presence in the Aeneid of numerous inconsistencies, especially between accounts of the same events. We have no data whereby to determine the order in which the books were composed. Donatus states also that, in order that the flow of his inspiration might not be hampered, Vergil was wont to leave parts of his work unfinished, inserting temporarily the best verses at his command, however unsatisfactory. These stopgap verses he jokingly described as ' slender props designed 30 INTRODUCTION to bear the weight of the poem until the solid columns should arrive.' It has been thought that the numerous half-verses are examples of such stop-gaps, though as a matter of fact these half-verses are usually in no way defective. 50 Its Publication. - There is a story that before Vergil left Italy in 19 (~ 43), he begged Varius (~ 29) to destroy the Aeneid, if harm should befall its author. This request arose out of his consciousness of the incompleteness of the poem. In his last illness he called for the manuscript of the poem, intending to commit it to the flames, but his attendants, of course, gave no heed to his wish. He then bequeathed all his writings to Varius and another friend, the poet Plotius Tucca, begging them not to publish anything save what he had himself given to the world. With the endorsement of Augustus, however, Varius and Tucca published the Aeneid, leaving it, save for slight corrections, as it had come from Vergil's hand. b. Its Story 51 Troy and Aeneas. -In the twelfth century before Christ there was in northwestern Asia Minor, close to the shore of the Hellespont, the powerful city of Troy. Its ruler was the aged king Priam. One of his fifty sons, Paris by name, while on a visit to Greece, made love to Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, and carried her off to Troy. To punish this breach of hospitality forces gathered from various parts of the Greek world at the port of Aulis on the east coast of Boeotia. Thence they sailed to Troy, and after a siege of ten years captured and destroyed the city, and either killed its 52 inhabitants or carried them off into captivity. Among those who escaped was Aeneas, son of the goddess Venus and the Trojan prince Anchises; with him went comrades enough to fill twenty vessels. Long they wandered about the Aegean and the Mediterranean seas, seeking a new home. Oracles and warnings from heaven made it plain at last that in Italy was to be the abode fixed by the Fates, and so to that coun THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 31 try they pressed on, spite of all discouragements. After spending the winter of the sixth year in western Sicily they set sail again for Italy, which they might reasonably have hoped to reach, if all went well, within a day or two at most. Aeneas and Dido.- It is at this point that the Aeneid53 begins. The prows of the Trojan ships are pointed toward Italy, and the hearts of Aeneas and his followers beat hign with hope. This hope, however, is destined to cruel disappointment. Juno, the wife of Jupiter and queen of the gods, had long hated the Trojans, for reasons which may be briefly stated. Some time before the siege of Troy began, a dispute arose between three goddesses, Juno, Minerva, and Venus, as to which was the fairest. The gods, cautiously declining to decide the question, referred it to Paris (~ 51), then dwelling as a shepherd on MAt. Ida, near Troy. Before him, therefore, the goddesses appeared, each seeking to enhance the charm of her beauty by dazzling promises of favors to come if he would decide in her favor. Minerva offered him wisdom, Juno wealth and power, and Venus the most beautiful woman in the world as his wife. He decided in favor of Venus and received his reward in Helen. Juno, angered by her defeat, 54 henceforth pursued the whole Trojan race with relentless ~hatred. She gave the Greeks substantial aid in the siege of Troy. Now she induces Aeolus, king of the winds, to cause a mighty storm, which destroys one of Aeneas's ships and scatters the others far and wide. Aeneas with seven vessels finds refuge at last in an unknown harbor. Learning that he is within the realm of Dido, queen of Carthage, he sets out to seek an audience with her. On reaching Carthage he finds there messengers from the missing ships, bound on the same errand as himself. Dido welcomes the Trojans, offers them a home in her city, and entertains them at a splendid banquet. Venus's Plot. - Venus, mother of Aeneas (~ 52), fearful 55 that harm may come to Aeneas in Carthage, a city dear to Juno, persuades her son Cupid to overwhelm Dido with love 32 INTRODUCTION of Aeneas. This result is readily achieved at the banquet already mentioned, which the queen, out of her growing interest in Aeneas, uses every means to prolong. Finally she begs him to give her an account of the fall of troy and of his sub, sequent wanderings. He consents, and his narrative occupies the whole of the second and the third books. 56 Aeneas leaves Carthage; Visits the Underworld.- As Aeneas lingers in Carthage, the queen's infatuation irsreases, and lie in some measure returns her love. At last, at the command of Jupiter, Aeneas prepares to continue his journey toward Italy, the promised land, and departs, spite of Dido's tears and entreaties. As he sails away he sees the flames of a funeral pyre on which Dido had slain herself with a sword which he had given her. Her last prayer is that there shall be lasting enmity between her people and Aeneas's descendants. Aeneas makes his way to Sicily again, and keeps there with appropriate ceremonies the anniversary of his father's death. These performed, he sets sail once more and comes to anchor at Cumae in Campania, whither his father had bidden him go to propitiate the Sibyl, or priestess of Apollo, and through her to gain admission to the world of spirits. This he was to do that he might hold converse with his dead father and learn from him the future of the Trojan race. This object he accomplishes. The story of Dido's love and pathetic death occupies the fourth book. The fifth describes the ceremonies commemorative of the death of Anchises; the sixth narrates' Aeneas's appeal to the Sibyl and his visit to the lunderworld. 57 Turnus. - The seventh book opens with an account of Aeneas's peaceful voyage from Clumae to the mouth of the Tiber, and his arrival at the shores of the promised land. The prophecy that this land would not be gained without a struggle is speedily fulfilled. latinus, king of the adjoining territory, does indeed greet Aeneas in friendly fashion, going so far even as to formn an alliance with him and to promise him THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 33 his daughter Lavinia in marriage. But Lavinia's hand had been earnestly sought by Turnus, king of the Rutuli, who now in wrath prepares to make war on the Trojans. Juno again interferes and involves the Trojans in a war with the Latins, the people of Latinus. Latinus, finding himself overruled by his people, surrenders the government and shuts himself up in his palace. Turnus now organizes a powerful confederacy against the Trojans. The latter secure the aid of king Evander, an Arcadian who had founded a city called Pallanteum on the site afterwards occupied.by Rome. The fortunes of the war vary, but at last the Trojans prevail, and Turnus is slain by Aeneas. These events occupy the last six books, the twelfth appropriately closing with the triumph of Aeneas and the death of his rival Turnus c. Its Purpose General Remarks. - In the policy of Augustus (~~ 13-25) 58 three main elements were distinguished: (1) the personal, seen in the Emperor's efforts to satisfy in his own career the general craving for peace (~~ 15-17); (2) the national (~~ 18, 19); and (3) the religious (~~ 20, 21). In the Aeneid the same three elements appear, and form the very essence of the poem. We shall consider them in the order of their importance. 1. THE NATIONAL ELEMENT The Aeneid a Glorification of Rome. - In ~~ 51-57 was out- 59 lined the simple story whose narration forms the ostensible purpose of the Aeneid. The real purpose is revealed by what the telling of that story involves. Everywhere Aeneas is represented as the destined founder of a mighty empire, Rome itself; everywhere the Romans are described as the lineal descendants of Aeneas and his comrades. In Book I Jupiter foreshadows the history of Aeneas and his descendants in terms of the history of Rome. The crowning moment of that history is the coming of 'Trojan Caesar of goodly lineage', 34 INTRODUCTION i.e. Augustus. He is to conquer the East, revive the virtues of the golden age of the world, and after his death to dwell in heaven as a god. In Book VI Anchises unfolds the glorious career of Aeneas's descendants by naming prophetically the great men who, in Vergil's day, had places on the muster roll of Rome's heroes. Dido's last prayer (~ 56) supplies a poetical explanation of the long feud between Rome and Carthage. 60In Book YIII we have a description of a shield made for Aeneas by the god Vulcan. On it is wrought in detail the story of Rome; one might see there Romulus and Remus, nursed by the wolf, the rape of the Sabine women, Horatius at the bridge, the Gauls working their way up the steeps of the Capitol until their presence is revealed to Manlius by the cackling goose, and, to crown all, the great fight at Actium and the gorgeous threefold triumph Octavianus had cele61 brated at Rome after his return from that war. In the last six books especially the poet dwells lovingly on countless names of mountains, lakes, rivers, cities, and districts famous in the history of Rome and Italy. In Book VIII Aeneas is escorted over ground where later were the sacred places of Rome itself. Many of these names were laden with rich reminiscences of the glories of Rome; all spoke, with varying voices, of the one theme, the steps by which Rome had become the mistress of the world. Thus, in a multitude of ways, Vergil brings the story which forms the groundwork of his poem into vital connection with the career of Rome; he reminds his countrymen of the glorious past, emphasizes the blessed present, and hints of a richer development yet to come. His poem is an expression, in an imaginative and idealized form, of one great aim of the policy of Augustus. His contemporaries recognized this national and representative character of the Aeneid by calling it the Gesta Popul RoClmdlT. 62 Aeneas an Embodiment of the Spirit of Rome. - To illustrate further what has just been said let us consider Vergil's THIE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 35 conception of the character of his hero Aeneas. The term pius, so frequently applied to him, suggests the careful performlance of duty in all the walks of life. As an individual Aeneas shows his pietds in his devotion to the gods and his obedience to their collmands, in his care for his aged father and his youthful son, and in his solicitude for his comrades. But Aeneas has also a representative capacity; he is a type of the future Roman race, embodying in himself, like that race, the qualities of a warrior, a ruler, and a civilizer of men. In Book I Jupiter speaks of Aeneas in terms identical with those in which, in Book VI, Anchises apostrophizes the coming Roman race. In a word, Vergil pictures Aeneas as accomplishing the very things which the Roman race is destined to achieve, and as earning immortality by the very qualities which made Rome herself illustrious. Turnus as the Foil to Aeneas. - Aeneas is a man with a 63 mission, namely, the conquest and civilization of the rude tribes of Italy. The opposition to the fulfilment of this mission centers in Turnus (~ 57), whom Vergil describes as violins, 'headstrong,' 'ill-balanced.' He laughs at an aged priestess, calling her a dotard incapable of telling the truth. His chief associates are the Etruscan king Mezentius, a contemptor dvlTun, and Messapus, who seeks to break a truce between Aeneas's forces and those of Turnus. In a word, Aeneas typifies the higher civilization of Rome, before which the semibarbarous tribes of Italy, represented by Turnus, Mezentius, and Messapus, are constrained to give way. 2. THE PERSONAL ELEMENT -A 1~- aa The Aeneid a Glorification of Augustus.- Thea rsnSifiW9 64 the national elements of the Aeneid are \v J 'yoyi0eVei - woven; side by side with the glorlicatffon 1 oP lond i another theme, the greatness of{ udut i As. 01Jsoer aiVAe} (~ 59) describes the coming of ugust;uls,, 'roi esf W goodly lineage,' as the consmiatio3 ~ ailldtsaofjious 36 INTRODUCTION destiny of Aeneas and his descendants, in other words, of Rome. The Julian race, be it remembered, claimed direct descent from Ihils,l the son of Aeneas. In the account of Aeneas's shield (~ 60) everything leads up to the story of the victory at Actium and the triumph subsequently celebrated by Augustus. Anchises prophesies (~ 59) that Augustus will restore the Golden Age of the world, and by his conquests will compass a wider expanse of earth than was covered even by the wanderings of Hercules. After death Augustus, like Romulus of old, is to dwell in heaven as a god. 65 Since Vergil's object was to praise the whole glorious career of Rome (~ 61) it was inevitable that he should dwell with especial emphasis on the age of Augustus, an age which to many must have seemed the brightest epoch in that career. In the twelve years between the battle of Actium and the death of Vergil Italy and the provinces had abundantly experienced the benefits of the rule of Augustus (~~ 16, 17). When we remember that for a hundred years civil war, with its attendant horrors of bloodshed and proscriptions, had been almost incessant, we can readily forgive Vergil and his contemporaries for characterizing as more than human the man through whose masterful rule war had been replaced by peace, and chaos by law and order. In their inmost hearts, no doubt, there was n., small measure of true feeling back of the language of a ulation in which they so often address Augustus. 3. THE RELIGIOUS ELEMENT 66 The Aeneid and the Religious Revival. - Vergil's religious temperament (~ 36) led him to support most heartily the Emperor's attempt to revive religious enthusiasm (~~ 20, 21); hence, the religious element of the Aeneid is all-pervasive. It shows itself, for instance, in the emphasis everywhere laid on the thought that in all his wanderings, sufferings, and wars 1 Vergil calls this son Ascanius, but gives him a cognomen uilus (originally Tlus). THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 37 Aeneas is under the guidance of the gods and of the fates. The opening verses of the poem tell us that Aeneas's purpose was to bring his country's gods into Latium and to lay the foundations of the Roman state. Aeneas ever seeks by prayer and sacrifice to appease the gods and to learn their will. From first to last the destinies of Rome are moulded by the gods. Nowhere does this religious element manifest67 itself more strikingly than l 'l, description of the shield of Aeneas (~ 60). Augustus is pictured there as leading to battle not only all classes of Rome's loyal subjects, but the gods as well; Apollo especially fights for him (~ 18). On Antony's side fight 'monstrous forms of gods of every birth.' The battle thus has a double meaning as a struggle not merely for the preservation of the Roman state but for the defence of the Roman gods as well. At his triumph Augustus consecrates to the gods 'a votive tribute of deathless gratitude, three hundred fanes the city through.' The allusion to the Emperor's activity in building and restoring temples (~ 20) is plain. In every temple, continues Vergil, one sees blazing incense, sacrifices of thanksgiving, and rich presents! offered by all the nations of the earth to Apollo. The spirit of the whole description is identical with that pervading the ode of Horace referred to above (~ 21). Important, too, in this connection are the constant refer-68 ences to religious customs, sacred places, and the like. Vergil is fond of tracing Roman rites and ceremonies back to ancient and impressive origins. Thus, Aeneas's visit to the Sibyl, made in accordance with a warning from supernatural sources, supplies an effective poetical explanation of the importance ascribed in Roman history to the famous Sibylline books. d. Its Sources Epic Poetry. - No intelligent account of the sources of the 69 Aeneid can be given until we have defined epic poetry, the department of literature to which the Aeneid belongs, and have 38 INTR()DUCTION very briefly traced its history among the Greeks and the Romans. An epic poem is a narrative poem, one that tells a story, usually of considerable length. The story must be dignified in character, and must be told in noble, impressive language, and in sonorous, majestic verse. An epic poem ought to possess unity, that is, the events of the story should form a connected series and conduce to a common end. An epic thus differs from a history, whose business it is to include all the events of a given period, even though many of tlhem are in no way related to one another. Originally, epic poems were concerned only with the gods, praising their power, reciting their exploits, and relating various myths concerning them. Later, their scope was broadened so as to include the deeds of demigods, and finally those even of mortals. 70 The Homeric Poems. - At once the earliest and the most perfect specimens of Greek epic poetry are the so-called Homeric poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The former deals with certain events of the last year of the siege of Troy\ (~ 51), but does not describe the capture of the city. In tlhe Odyssey the capture is taken for granted, and the Greek chieftains are on their way home. The only leader, however, whose fortunes are followed in detail is Odysseus (or Ulixes, as the Romans called him); everything has to do with his safe return to his home and his restoration to his kingdom. 71 The Cyclic Poets; Apollonius Rhodius. - Next in importance among the epic poets of Greece are the cyclic poets, so called because their works, being introductions to the Homeric poems or supplements thereto, formed, with the Iliad and the Odyssey, a complete cycle of the legends connected with the siege of Troy and the events following the capture of the city. Tlese poets lived in the eighth to the sixth centuries before Christ. Of the later Greek epic poets tlhe most important was Apollonius ]Thodius, bo)rn at Alexandria about 260. His Argotllnattica described the expedition of the Argonauts in THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 39 search of the Golden Fleece, and included the story of the loves of their leader Jason and Medea, daughter of the king in whose territory the Golden Fleece was treasured. This poem was very popular with the Romans. Livius Andronicus; Naevius; Ennius. —The first epic poet 72 of Rome was Livius Andronicus (about 240), a Greek prisoner of war brought to Rome after the war with Pyrrhus. After gaining his freedom he became teacher, actor, and author; besides tragedies he wrote a very rude translation of the Odyssey. (naeus Naevius, a Campanian by birth, dealt in his BellUm? P7iniCutIn with the First Punic War. By way of preface there was an account of the early history of Rome, the starting-point of which was Aeneas's flight from Troy. But the greatest epic poet of Rome prior to Vergil was Quintus Ennius (239-169). His Annale.s, in eighteen books, traced the history of Rome from the days of Aeneas down at least to 181. It was the first Latin poem of any considerable length to be written in hexameter verse, the meter of the Homeric poems and of the Aeneid. Though very popular among the Romans, the poem has come down to us only in fragments. Sources of the Aeneid. - To nearly all the writings men-73 tioned in ~~ 70-72, as well as to others not there named, Vergil was more or less deeply indebted while composing his Aeneid. His heaviest obligations are to the Homeric poems; to them he owes the general groundwork of his poem and many of its details. Thefirst six books of the Aeneid recount the wanderings of Aeneas, and so correspond to the Odyssey, the story of the wanderings of Odysseus (~ 70); the last six books, like the Iliad, deal chiefly with war. In many places Vergil is doing little more than translate Homer. To his Roman predecessors in epic poetry Vergil owed much. Naevius and Ennius 'had established the mythical connection of Rome with Troy, and had originated the idea of making Rome itself... the central interest, one might almost say, 40 INTRODUCTION the central figure of the story.' In the Iliad Achilles, in the Odyssey Odysseus — in a word a man-is the central thought; in the Aeneid, on the contrary, it is not in Aeneas as a man, but in the Rome that he represents that interest is concentrated. This altered point of view Vergil owes to Naevius and Ennius. 74 Vergil as an [mitator. - Whenever we think of Vergil's indebtedness te preceding writers we should keep certain considerations firmly in mind. First, in Vergil's time the close study of all existing models, especially Greek models, was the fundamental law of poetical composition. Secondly, many of the resemblances between the verses of Vergil and those of this or that Greek or Roman predecessor were probably accidental or due to unconscious reminiscence. We may compare the fact that more than once critics and reviewers pointed out resemblances between what Tennyson had written and works which, as it happened, he had never read. Tennyson is said to have complained that there were critics who seemed to imagine that the same idea could not occur independently to 75 two men looking on the same aspects of nature. Thirdly, the statement that Vergil imitated the writings of others is not of itself a condemnation or a reproach. If it were, we should have to condemn much that is best in modern literatures. No one, however, refuses to acknowledge the greatness or the originality of Shakspere or Milton, even though he knows that both poets borrowed freely from writers in more than one language. Vergil borrowed much, it is true, but, like Shakspere, he gave in many cases a new and more splendid form to what he had borrowed. We may recall with profit, also, the declaration of Lowell that those are entitled to borrow who are able to lend. If this is so, then surely the poet of the Aeneid, who has lent so much - e.g. to Milton and to Tennyson -was himself entitled to levy tribute upon others. Finally, we might apply to Vergil the comment made by Dryden on Ben Jonson's tragedies: ' He invaded authors like THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 41 a monarch, and what would be piracy in others was only victory in him.' e. The Aenzeid as an Epic Poem General Remarks.- It is time now to consider the charac- 76 ter of the Aeneid as an epic poem. It conforms closely to the definition given above (~ 69); it is impressive by its very length, its story is lofty, and its language and verse reach imposing heights of dignity and grandeur. Tennyson called Vergil the Wielder of the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man. The unity of the story is, in general, faithfully preserved. The Two Types of Epic Poetry. -There are two distinct 77 types of epic poetry, the one primitive and original, the other late in origin, artificial and imitative, the result of an attempt to apply the primitive epic to changed conditions. To the former type belong the Homeric poems, to the latter the Aeneid. In the primitive epic the story is told for its own sake; there is no trace of any moral, of any one idea as the thought of the poem, no hint of any special purpose for the advancement of which the story is told. In the imitative epic, on the contrary, the story is merely a means tp an end; so in the Aeneid the story of Aeneas is a means of glorifying Rome (~~ 59-63) and Augustus (~~ 64, 65). Again, the primitive epic belongs to an early and simple age of the world; the imitative epic is the product of an advanced civilization, the work of a learned poet. Lastly, the two types differ widely in language and style. In the primitive epic these are simple and straightforward; the imitative epic is apt to be learnedly elaborate, prone to suggest ideas by allusions more or less definite instead of saying plain things in a plain way. Its language is often artificially subtle. Even a superficial acquaintance with Paradise Lost will suffice to illustrate these points. 42 INTRODUCTION f. Merits of the Aeneid 78 Appreciation of poetry, like appreciation and enjoyment of the masterpieces of music, painting, or of sculpture, to be deep and valuable, must be instinctive. If this instinctive power of appreciation be lacking in a reader, no amount of fine writing about a great poem will supply its place. On the other hand this faculty of appreciation may be strengthened. It is with this thought in mind that a hint of the merits of the Aeneid is here given. Prominent among those merits is the fidelity with which the Aeneid embodies the spirit of the times and reflects the attitude of Vergil's contemporaries towards their fatherland - in a word, the profoundly patriotic spirit which pervades the poem. The other special merits of Vergil -his mastery of language and meter, his power of minting All the chosen coin of fancy flashing out from many a golden phrase, the majestic 'ocean-roll' of his rhythm, are finely set forth by Tennyson, his profound admirer and frequent imitator, in the poem printed (p. 9) before this Introduction. g. Its Fame 79 The Success of the Aeneid Immediate.- The success of the Aeneid was immediate and lasting; there are few discordant notes in the chorus of admiration with which, in all ages, Vergil's poem has been greeted. Within a decade of his death the Aeneid was quoted by Latin writers as familiarly as acknowledged masterpieces of our own literature, like the plays of Shakspere, are quoted to-day. Three inscriptions on the walls of Pompeii (destroyed in 79 A.D.) give part of the first verse of the poem; on yet another wall we find part of the first verse of the second book. 8o The Success of the Aeneid Permanent. - With the lapse of time Vergil's fame became ever more secure. His writings TIlE AUGUSTAN AGE AND VERGIL 43 were imitated by numerous poets; they influenced profoundly, also, the whole subsequent development of Latin prose. Almost at once the Aeneid became the leading textbook in Roman schools of grammar and rhetoric. Through this use of his poem Vergil gained in time a reputation for profound learning and as a final authority in all departments of human wisdoml. This conception soon caused his works to be regarded not simply as a storehouse of information concerning the past but as a depository of the secrets of the future. A natural development of this view is seen in the Sortes Vergilidane (~ 82) and in the stories of the M\iddle Ages which picture Vergil as a marvelous magician. Nor was the enthusiastic study of his works confined to heathen writers; his poems were more read and loved by the leading men of the Church than those of any other non-ecclesiastical writer. There were Church dignitaries who knew Vergil better than they did the Bible. Vergil after the Revival cf Learning. -- With the revival 81 of learning Vergil's place in ti.~ world of culture, instead of becoming narrower or less secure, became, if possible, larger and firmer. In the Divina Commedia Dante takes Vergil as his Master and his Guide through the Inferno and the Purgatorio; the Inferno shows careful study of Aeneid VI. Ariosto, in his Orlando Furioso, and Tasso, in his Jerusalem Delivered, both show deep traces of Vergilian influence. The Portuguese poet Camoens, in writing a history of Portugal in epic form, took Vergil as his model. In Germany, to take but a single example, Schiller was a profound admirer and close student of Vergil and translated parts of the Aeneid. In France and England the poet's fame has ever been secure. One of the publications of Caxton, the first English printer, was a translation of Vergil. Since that time there have been innumerable translations into English both in prose and verse. From the time of Chaucer to the present day it would be hard to name an English poet whose writings have not 44 INTRODUCTION been more or less influenced by Vergil. In this connection Spenser, Shakspere, Milton, and Tennyson deserve special mention. 82 The Sortes Vergilianae. - One curious testimony to the unique position of Vergil in Roman estimation is to be found in the so-called Sortes Vergilidnae, i.e. the practice, in vogue as early as Hadrian's time, of seeking to learn the future by opening at random a 'volume of Vergil and taking the first line on which the eyes fell as an omen of coming events. Even emperors consulted Vergil in this way and the custom lasted many centuries. Aside from the famous Sibylline books only two other books -the Homeric poems and the Bible -have been thus venerated. It is said that Charles I. of England once experimented with the Sortes Vergilidnae, opening at the passage in Aeneid IV (615-621) in which Dido is praying that wars, defeat, and death may be the lot of Aeneas. 83 Vergil as Magician and Prophet. - In the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries there gathered round the name of Vergil an array of legends which pictured him in part as a magician, in part as a prophet who had foretold the birth of Christ. The traditions concerning his magical powers revolve about Naples and Rome. For example, it was believed that he had set up on one of the gates of Naples a bronze fly which, while it lasted, drove all other flies away from the city. The idea that Vergil had foretold the birth of Christ was due in part to his fourth Eclogue, in part to his association with the Sibyl (~ 56), who was also believed to have predicted this event. In the fourth Eclogue Vergil predicts the birth of a child under whose reign the world is to be regenerated and the virtues of the Golden Age are to flourish anew. It is impossible now to determine with certainty what child Vergil had in mind, but as early as the fourth century Christian writers identified this child with Christ. In the religious plays of the Middle Ages and in ecclesiastical art Vergil often appears in this character of prophet of Christ. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 45 Recent Criticism. -It has been said (~ 79) that there have 84 been few discordant notes in the chorus of praise which has welcomed the Aeneid. As a matter of fact the poem, on its publication, was severely assailed by certain critics, but these attacks were speedily silenced. Thereafter, down to the beginning of the present century, the world's admiration for Vergil went practically unchallenged. Since that time, however, numerous critics, especially in Germany, have sharply attacked the Aeneid. The main charge brought against it is lack of originality. The answer to this is contained in ~~ 74, 75. It remains to notice very briefly one reason for this modern 85 depreciation of Vergil. The writers and scholars of the Middle Ages and those of the first centuries of the revival of learning knew no Greek. The spread of Greek learning, opening up as it did such marvels of creative power as the Iliad and the Odyssey, was certain ultimately to work unfavorably to a poem so largely imitative as the Aeneid. It was natural that the palm should be given to the older and more original work. But even German criticism is coming once more to do Vergil justice, by recognizing the fact that the Homeric poems and the Aeneid cannot be directly compared, since they are types of different forms of art (~ 77), and that therefore the attempt to compare them is unscientific and sure to lead to wrong results, and finally that the Aeneid is as easily supreme in its sphere as are the Homeric poems in theirs. C. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL General Remarks. —The aim of the following pages is86 to group together the most striking characteristics of the grammar and style of Vergil, and to illustrate those points by appropriate examples from the Aeneid. The presentation does not claim to be in any sense exhaustive; considerations 46 INTRODUCTION of space forbid even an attempt to cover the whole subject. Under the head of grammar attention is called chiefly to those points in which Vergil's usage differs from that of the best prose. The student should not think that the points here noticed are peculiar to Vergil; most of them find illustration in the usage of other poets and even in the works of postclassical' prose writers, whose style resembles that of Vergil and the poets in general (cf. ~ 80). Matters of style are proverbially difficult of treatment, yet it is believed that the student who thoroughly masters these pages will have a good working knowledge of the style of Vergil and of the technique of Latin poetry in general. I. INFLECTIONAL FORMS 87 Archaisms; Grecisms. - The differences between the inflectional forms used by Vergil and other poets and those current among prose writers of the best period fall under two main heads, archaisms and Grecisms. Archaisms are reproductions of forms (and idioms) once in vogue, but no longer current. Poets of all ages have employed archaisms freely to give an air of stateliness and dignity to their verses; the unusual always arrests attention. Grecisms are imitations of Greek usage. These are to be expected in Latin poets, in view of their close study of the works of the Greek masters (~ 74). 1. Forms of Declension 88 First Declension. - The genitive singular occasionally ends in -u7, an archaism; atula iii. 354; aur.al vi. 747; pirt77 ix. 26. This form had disappeared from speech a century before Vergil's time. The genitive plural at times ends in -,m instead of -arum; Aeneadum i. 565; Dardanidunm ii. 242. This form is made on the analogy of that next considered. 1 The post-classical period of Latin literature begins with the death of Augustus in 14 A.i. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 47 Second Declension. - The genitive plural is made in-urn, 89 not -5osrnm, very frequently in nouns, rarely in adjectives; deum i. 9; Danacin i. 30; Arygvum i. 40; slperuln i. 4; mdgnanimum vi. 307. The form in -urn is the older; that in -'rumr was made after the pattern of forms in -arum in the first declension, and did not win general acceptance until Cicero's time. In fact, in some words, chiefly words connected with trade, like nmmnus, it never displaced the older form in -In. Third Declension. - The accusative singular of certain corn- 90 mon nouns borrowed from the Greek ends in -a, the accusative plural in -as; dera i. 300; aethera i. 379; crdtera iii. 525; lebetas iii. 466. These forms are Grecisms, being modeled on the normal forms of the accusative in the Greek consonantal declension. Fourth Declension. - The dative singular ends in -a instead 91 of -uz; meti i. 257; porti iii. 292; curri iii. 541. - The genitive plural ends in -um instead of -uum; currum vi. 653. Pronouns. - In pronouns a few forms deserve notice: (1) 92 oll, oll7s for ill, ill7s, an archaism, i. 254, iv. 105, vi. 730; (2) u7s == quibus, i. 95, v. 511. This form is not uncommon in poetry, but in prose belongs to early or colloquial style; (3) mz == mihi, vi. 104, 123. GREEK PROPER NAMES General Statement. - The proper names in the Aeneid are 93 mostly Greek in origin. In Latin prose such names are usually declined after Latin models; the poets, however, frequently prefer Greek modes of declining such words. In Vergil, on the whole, the Latin forms predominate. For a general survey of the declension of Greek words and names see A. 37, 43, 63, 64; B. 22, 27, 47; G. 65, 66; H. 81, 89, 109, 110. Some one of these accounts should be carefully studied; that in G. is especially convenient. A few points may be emphasized here. 48 INTRODUCTION 94 Greek Names of the First Declension. - Feminines make the nominative singular both in -a and -; Deiopea i. 72; Cymothoe i. 144. Those in - make the accusative singular in -er; Hernmionsn iii. 328; Barcsn iv. 632. In the other cases the forms, in both classes, are like those of mensa. - Masculines make the nominative singular both in -as and -es; Pelids ii. 436; Aletes i. 121. Both classes show -ae in the genitive and the dative singular. In the accusative -en and -an are found, the former more frequently; Gyan i. 222; Acesten i. 558; Acl /aten i. 644. In the vocative and ablative singular both -e and -a are found; Tydide i. 97 (voc.); Achate i. 459 (voc.), i. 312 (abl.); Aenea iii. 41 (voc.), vii. 310 (abl.). NOTE. -See ~ 97, Note. 95 Greek Names of the Second Declension. -These usually show true Latin forms. Occasionally in the nominative and the accusative singular we find Greek forms in -os, -on; Tenedos ii. 21; Tityon vi. 595. 96 Greek Names of the Third Declension. - Names which show an increment in the oblique cases often make the accusative singular in -a, the nominative plural in -es, and the accusative plural in -as (cf. ~ 90); Hectora i. 483; Szdona i. 619; Thraces iii. 14; Troas i. 30; Cyclipas xi. 263. 97 Third declension names in -es make the genitive singular in -is or -Z, the accusative singular in -en, the latter form being a Grecism. For the genitive in -e cf. Achilli i. 30; Ulixz ii. 7; for the accusative in -en cf. Dareln v. 456. NOTE. - Some names in -,s of the first declension sometimes make the genitive in -Z, Oronti i. 220. - Dares makes also a genitive DarPtls, an accusative Dareta, see v. 483, 460. Cf. ~ 100. 98 Third declension names with the nominative singular in -is usually make the accusative singular in -im; Irim iv. 694; Pristim v. 116. Those in -ys make the accusative singular in -yn; Capyn i. 183. 99 Greek Names in -eus. - Names in -eus usually make the genitive singular in -et (or -), the dative in -e, the accusative in THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 4 49 -ea or -ea, the vocative in -eu; O7lec i. 41; Ilionez i. 120; Minesthe (dat.) v. 184; Ilionea i. 611; Idomenea iii. 122; Anthea i. 181; Mnesthea iv. 288. These forms are for the most part Greek. A Latin ablative in -eo occurs; Eurystheo viii. 292; MInestheo x. 129. Varying Declensions of Greek Names. - That the poet al-100 lowed himself great freedom in the treatment of Greek names will be seen by comparing, e.g. Dareta v. 460 with Daren v. 456; Pariden v. 370 with Parian x. 705. 2. Forms of Conjugation We have to note here: (1) Transfers of conjugation, usually from the second to lOl the third; this is an archaism, the third conjugation being the most ancient of the four. Cf. strzdunt ii. 418; fervere iv. 409, 567; fulgere vi. 826. Considerations of metrical convenience prompted the use of this archaism. In i. 436 we havefervet, a second conjugation form. (2) Archaic forms in present infinitive passive; accingier 102 iv. 493; domindrier vii. 70. (3) Archaic forms in -Jbat, -ibant, instead of -iebat, -iebant, 103 in conjugation four; lenibat vi. 468; nutrzbant vii. 485. (4) The third person plural, perfect indicative active, often 104 ends in -ire; tenuere i. 12; latuere i. 130; etc. This was the plebeian form, found chiefly in old Latin, the poets, and postclassical prose. Vergil, of course, frequently uses the form in -erunt. (5) Certain short forms, of uncertain origin, in the per-105 feet and pluperfect; accestis (= accessistis) i. 201; exstZnxtz (= exsttxisti) iv. 682; exstinxem (= exstinxissem) iv. 606; traxe (= trdxisse) v. 786.-Similar are two forms which count as future perfects, faxo ix. 154, xii. 316; and iusso xi. 467. INTRODUCTION 3. Miscellaneous Forms 106 Here again (cf. ~ 101) metrical considerations were at work. We note: (1) Forms like vinclum i. 54, ordacliu iii. 143, periclum ii. 709, instead of the familiar vinculiim, ordclium,perlcalum. Vergil is using the older forms; the u in vinculum, etc., is a late insertion for phonetic reasons. 107 (2) Syncopated, i.e. abbreviated, forms, due to the loss of a short vowel after an accented syllable; reposteam (= repositum) i. 26; compostus (= compositus) i. 249; szJpposta vi. 24; asprzs (= asyperis) ii. 379. 108 (3) Contracted forms like taenes (= taeniZs) v. 269. 109 (4) ast, an archaic form of at, occurs several times, i. 46, 116, ii. 467, etc., always, except in one place, before a vowel. In these cases ast is metrically convenient, since it gives the required heavy (~ 228) syllable. 110 (5) stscipio appears occasionally as succipio; succepit i. 175. These are the older and more correct forms: sub is usually assimilated before c, as in succdo6, succendo, succenseo, etc. IT. SYNTAX 1. The Noun (1) THE GENITIVE 111 Genitive of Definition. - This genitive, instead of some form of appositional expression, is more freely used than in prose. It is found: (1) In general expressions; i. 27 spretae iniiuria formae, 'the wrong done in the slighting of her beauty '; i. 399 pulbes tuorun (= the prose piubes tua), ' the warrior company formed by your people'; vi. 408 venerdbile dnumr fdtdlis virrgae, 'the awe-inspiring gift formed by (consisting of) the fateful branch.' 112 (2) With geographical names; i. 247 arbem tPatati7; vii. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 51 714 flumen Himellae; viii. 231 AventTlh montem. In prose we should have trbem Patavium, Aventtmnuz monterm, etc. With Adjectives. - The genitive is very freely used with 113 adjectives and with participles having the force of adjectives; in many cases the genitive becomes practically one of specification. The usage is in part a Grecism, in part an extension of certain Latin constructions, common in prose, especially the objective genitive. We may distinguish: (1) Objective genitives, dependent on adjectives or parti-114 ciples suggestive of a transitive verb; ii. 427 servantissimus aequz; x. 610 patiens perzclh. (2) Genitives of reference with adjectives or participles 115 expressing knowledge, skill, mastery, or the opposite; i. 80 nimborum... tempestatum.. potentem; x. 225fandT doctissirma. (3) Genitives of reference with adjectives of plenty and 116 want; i. 14 dwves opum; i. 178 fessf rerum, 'having had too much of trouble '; i. 343 dztissimus agrz; v. 73 aeve maturus. (4) Genitives of reference with other adjectives; ii. 638117 integer aevi. Genitive with Verbs. - By analogy with the use noted in 118 ~ 116 verbs of plenty and want are construed with the genitive; i. 215 implentur veteris Bacch7; ii. 586 animu... explesse... ultrgcis flammae. Objective Genitive with Nouns. - The objective genitive is 119 rather freely used with nouns; i. 28 Ganymedis honores, 'honors paid to Ganymede'; iv. 178 Tra deorum, 'anger at the gods.' NOTE. -Both in prose and verse the objective genitive is not infrequently used with adjectives and nouns whose corresponding verbs govern some case other than the accusative or govern no case at all: irdscor, for instance, corresponding to ira, takes the dative. (2) TII I)ATIVE The Dative of Personal Interest stands at times where we 120 should expect a possessive genitive. This is especially true in 52 INTROI)UC(TION connection with the pronouns; Roman writers regarded the genitive of these words as prosaic. For this dative cf. i. 429 scaens... futurs; i. 448 aerea cui gradiblus surgebant lzmina; i. 477 huic cervxqeue comaegue trahuntur per terrat n. 121 Dative of the Agent. - The poets couple this dative freely with any passive form; i. 39 quippe vetor Fatts; i. 440 neqtc cernitur illM. 122 Dative of Limit. - A construction found only in verse (at least in classical times) is the use of the dative to denote a person or place towards which motion is directed. Some call this an extension of the dative of personal interest, others,rd it as the fundamental meaning of the dative. Tt is very 'oommon in Vergil; i. 6 Latio (= in Latium); ii. 398 Orco (= ad Orcum); i. 112 vadis (= ir vada); i. 377 o&rs (= ad orais); v. 451 it clamor caelo (-= isque ad caelum). 123 Dative of Purpose. -A natural outcome of the dative of limit is the dative of purpose; a man's purpose is the end or limit toward which his activities are directed. This dative is found in prose, e.g. in military expressions, and in the double dative construction (cf. mllitFs oppido auxilio mTsit). It is much more freely used in verse; i. 425 optare locum tecto; iii. 540 belle armantur equ7; vii. 482 bello animi7s incendit. 124 Dative of Association. - In poetry the dative is freely used with verbs meaning to mix, unite, compare, resemble, or the opposite. Prose usually has some prepositional form, a, ab, or curm with the ablative, in or contra with the accusative. For Vergil's usage cf. i. 107 firit ('struggles furiously with') aestus harenss; i. 408 dextrae iungere dextram; i. 440 miscet v irs. 125 The dative of association is freely used with adjectives corresponding to the verbs considered in ~ 124, i.e. with adjectives of likeness, fitness, nearness, friendliness, etc., and their opposites; ii. 794 par leibuls ett~fs; iii. (;21 nee vmsufacilis nec dicta adfdbilis Uill; v. 320 prcoximuns huic; vi. 602 cadentT... adsimilis. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 53 Dative with Compound Verbs.- The dative is more freely 126 used with compound verbs than in prose. In prose, inl local relations, the preposition which forms the prefix to the verb is usually repeated with the appropriate case, but in poetry the dative is used even here; i. 45 scopulo... TnfTxit (= in scopulo Ynflxit); i. 112 inltditque vadts (= in vada; cf. also ~ 122); i. 49 dris inponit; i. 84 incubuere marl. (3) THE ACCUSATIVE Accusative of Limit - For the accusative of limit of mo- 127 tion in prose see A. 258, b; B. 182, 1, 2; G. 337; H. 418, 419, 1, 2. The poets employ this construction even with names of countries and persons, and with many common nouns denoting places. The usage is an archaism. Cf. i. 2 Italiam... ltora; i. 512 alias... rds; ii. 742 tumulum...demque sacrdtam; iii. 440fon7s Italos. In these cases a prose writer would have used a preposition (in or ad) with the accusative. Accusative of 'Affect'and 'Effect.'-Two types of the 128 accusative of the direct object are to be recognized: (1) that of the person or thing affected, (2) that of the thing effected by the action of the verb. In the former case the person or thing exists before the action begins, in the latter the thing has no existence till the action of the verb is finished. Most accusatives are accusatives of affect. Examples of the accusative of effect are ' I tore a rent in my coat,' 'I broke a hole in the ice.' The accusative of effect is more freely used in poetry than in prose. A good example is i. 328 nec vox hominemn sonat, ' nor does your voice send forth a mortal sound.' Accusative with Verbs properly Intransitive. - Largely as 129 the result of this use of the accusative of effect (~ 128), many verbs properly intransitive come to take an accusative, especially in poetry. These verbs are hard to classify,, but we may distinguish: (1) Verbs denoting vocal expression, emotion and its utter- 130 54 INTRODUCTION ance, such as sono, fleo, gemo, tremo, horresco, erzbesco; i. 328 nec vox hominem sonat; i. 465 mztlta genens; ii. 541 iiira fidemque supplicis erubuit; vi. 50 mortale sonctis; v. 614 Anchzsen flibant; vii. 451 verberaque Tnsonuit; viii. 296 te Stygiz tremuere lacas; ix. 632 horrendunt strldens. 131 (2) Verbs expressive of haste, strife, and energetic action in general, such as celero, festzn, propero; i. 137 malturdte fiugam; i. 357 celerdre fagam; iv. 575 festindre fagam; viii. 454 haec pater properat. 132 (3) Verbs denoting some physical act or state: (a) in figurative connections; i. 44 exspirantem trdnsfixo pectore flammas; i. 403 odremr... spzravere; (b) in literal sense; i. 67 ndvigat aequor; i. 524 maria onnia vectl; iii. 191 currimus aequor; iv. 468 bre viam; v. 235 aequora curro. NOTE. - The accusative with vecti and curro might be explained also, (1) as an imitation of a Greek use of the accusative to denote the route over which motion proceeds, or (2) as an extension of the Latin accusative of extent of space. 133 (4) Verbs which become transitive in the process of composition; i. 201 accestis scopulgos; iii. 282 iuvat evasisse tot urbes; ii. 730 videbar evasisse viam; v. 438 tl/a... exit; vi. 134 bis Stygigs inndre lacus; vi. 563 nalli fds (est).. insistere lmen. 134 Adverbial Accusative. - The neuter forms of adjectives, singular and plural, are freely used in adverbial senses. Sometimes the construction is akin to the accusative of extent of space; i. 3 multcin... iactdtus; vi. 481 multum fleti; iii. 610 haud multa mordtus; vi. 401 aeternum ldtrdns. Sometimes this adverbial accusative is really an accusative of effect (~ 128); vi. 467 torva tuentem; ix. 632 horrendum stridiens. 135 Greek Accusative of Specification. - By a Grecism the accusative is often coupled with an adjective or a verb to denote the particular point in which the quality denoted by the adjective or the act expressed by-the verb holds good. The Latin construction here is the ablative. For the accusative THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE )OF VERGII, 55 in Vergil cf. i. 320 nada genii; i. 589 os umterosque deo similis; v. 97 nigrantfs terga iuvencos. Accusative with the 'Middle' Voice. - (1) An accusative 136 is often coupled with a perfect passive participle which is construed, plainly, as a middle voice (~ 152) with a direct object; i. 228 lacrimis oculos suffusa, 'having dyed her eyes with tears'; i. 320 sinus collecta flentis, 'having gathered her streaming robes'; i. 481 tuinsae pectora palmis, ' beating their breasts.' (2) In the preceding cases the expressions 37 describe an act voluntarily performed by the subject, i.e. they are substantially transitive. For the first two an ablative absolute might be substituted. In a few passages, however, this form of expression is used to denote that the subject, against his will, suffers some act to be performed pn himself; ii. 273 per pedes traiectus lora tumnentss, 'having had thongs passed through,' etc.; ii. 57 manais...post terga revinctum. (3) A similar accusative is found with finite forms of the 138 passive, especially of verbs meaning to clothe; ii. 392 clipee znstgne decorum induitur, 'he puts on his shield with its fair device '; ii. 510 inutile ferrurn cingitur; ii. 721 umeros...nsternor pelle leonis, ' I spread o'er my shoulders,' etc. Ellipsis of Accusative. - The poets and later prose writers 139 often apparently treat as intransitive certain verbs which in the best prose are transitive. This phenomenon is due to the ellipsis of a pronoun, usually the reflexive se; i. 104 avertit; i. 402 avertens; ii. 235 accingunt omnes operi (but i. 210 illW se praedae accingunt). (4) Tiuli AILA rIVE Ablative of Separation and Place from Which. - The poets 14o use the ablative very freely to denote the source or startingpoint of motion, as well as separation in general. For the prose use see A. 243, 258, a; B. 214, 229; G. 390, 391; H. 461-465. For the 'ablative of the place whence' in Vergil cf. i. 31 arcebat... Latio (= a Latio); i. 38 Italia (=ab Italid)... vertere; i. 44 exspirantem... pectore (= ex 56 INTROD)UC'ITION pectore); i. 126 7m7s stagna refisa vadils (= ab 7nlts vadis); i. 223 aethere sumnmo (= de aethere summot). NOTE.- This construction is used with verbs signifying hang, tie, fasten; i. 318 umerzs.. suspenderat arcunm; ii. 236 vincula collo intendlunt. The nature of the construction is proved by iii. 75 quam (tellirem)... Mycon? e celsd... revinxit. 141 Local Ablative. - The poets use the ablative very freely to denote place where, disregarding entirely the limitations to the use of this ablative observed by prose writers, for which see A. 258, c; B. 228; G. 385-389; H. 483, 484. In Vergil we have the simple ablative: 142 (1) In literal, physical expressions of locality; i. 3 terrns et alto; i. 52 vasto... an tro; i. 56 celsd... arce; i. 97 Iliacds campls. In many places, however, the ablative is instrumental rather than local; i. 40 submergere ponto; i. 60 speluncrs dtrls. 143 (2) In figurative expressions of locality; i. 26 altd mente; i. 50.fammnzto... corde; i. 227 tadls iactantempectore cuards. 144 (3) This ablative sometimes carries with it the accessory idea of extent of space; i. 29 aequore toto; i. 70 disice corpora ponto. 145 Modal Ablative. - The simple ablative, without either an adjective or a qualifying genitive, denotes manner, with the force of an adverbial expression; outside of a limited number of words the usage belongs only to poetry. Cf. i. 83 tlrbine peflant; i. 105 cumulo; i. 320 ndo sinius collecta fluentls. 146 Ablative of the Route. - Vergil often uses the ablative to denote the way or route by which action or motion proceeds; i. 155 caeld... invecfts ape'rtJ fl etit equos; i. 363 portanttur... opes pelayo; i. 394 (per'to tlrbabat caelo. The construction appears in prose, though more often per or trdns with the accusative is used. 147 Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.- An ablatival phrase, consisting of adjective and noun or genitive and noun, sometimes without cumn, sometimes with this preposition, is effectively used to picture some circumstance that attends or THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 57 accompanies the main action; i. 55 magno curm murmure montis circan claustra fremunt. The echo of the mountain (see note) accompanies the furious roaring of the winds. The Locative.- In the first declension the locative is found 148 even in names of countries, a poetic use; iii. 162 Cretae; iv. 36 n6o Libyae, non ante Tyro (note locative and ablative together).- anizni, an old locative, is found several times with an adjective, twice with a verb; ii. 61 fzdens anima; iv. 203 Cdenzs anim; x. 686 itvenem1que aninm miserata repressit. 2. The Verb (1) IN GENERAL The Tenses. - (1) The ordinary tense of narration in Latin 149 poetry is 'the present of vivid narrations,' a natural result of the poet's effort to impress as profoundly as possible the imaginations of his readers. For examples see i. 83-94. - (2) The perfect of instantaneous action suggests that an150 action takes place so quickly that we merely note its occurrence without forming any idea of its duration. We can not view the act in process of accomplishment (it passes too rapidly); we can only look back on it after it is past. Cf. i. 84 incubuere; i. 90 intonuere; i. 130 latuere. Our translation uses the present or the perfect definite. - (3) Sometimes 151 the present of vivid narration and the instantaneous perfect are effectively combined; see i. 83-94. The Middle Voice. - The voices picture the relation of the 152 subject to the verb; the active represents him as doer, actor, the passive as the recipient of the action of the verb, sufferer. The Greeks had a third voice, the middle, whose proper function was to represent the subject as both doer and sufferer, i.e. as acting on himself. 'He killed himself' could be expressed in Greek by one word, a verb in the middle voice. In Latin prose we should say occzdit se. Latin poets, however, often use passive forms as middles: 58 INTRODUCTION 153 (1) With reflexive force, i.e. as equivalent to the corre. sponding active with a pronoun object, or to an active with omitted object accusative (see ~ 139); i. 158 vertuntur = vertunt se or simply vertunt; i. 215 implentur = implent se; ii. 749 cingor == eingo me. 154 (2) In verbs meaning to clothe; see ~ 138. 155 (3) In perfect passive participles; see ~~ 136, 137. NOTE. - I the cases belonging under ~~ 154, 155, the middle, as very often in Greek, is virtually a deponent verb, capable of taking a direct object. The middle in Greek not only represents the subject as acting directly on himself, but as acting for his own interest or on something belonging to himself. For another deponent middle cf. i. 713 expleri mentem n equmt. 156 The Imperative. - Contrary to the best prose usage the imperative with ne occurs in prohibitions; ii. 48 equo ne credite; vi. 544 ne saev. The best prose form in such prohibitions would be nolite credere, nol7 saevzre, or lor (obsecro) ne credatis (saevids). (2) THE INFINITIVE 157 Historical Infinitive. - The historical infinitive (A. 275; B. 335; G. 647; H. 610) is common; ii. 97-99 lixs... terrere... spargere... quaerere. It is frequently coupled with indicative forms; iii. 140-142 linqlebant... trahebant... sterilis exurere Sirius agros, drebant... negdbat; iii. 666-668. 158 Infinitive in Exclamations. - The infinitive occurs at times in exclamations, in passages expressive of deep emotion; i. 37 mene incepto desistere... nec posse? 'shall I yield my purpose and be unable?'; i. 97 mlne...occumbere v0n potitisse, 'why could I not have fallen? ' NOTE. - An enclitic -ne, perhaps interrogative, is usually found in this construe tion, which was perhaps originally that of a wondering question. 159 Infinitive of Purpose. -This construction is not infrequent in early Latin, especially after verbs of motion, but is virtually unknown in classical prose. The poets employ it to some extent, following Greek usage; i. 527 non nos aut... THE GRAMMAR ANT) STYLE OF VERGILr 59 populdre... venimus aut... vertere; i. 319 dederatque comam diffundere ventzs. The prose constructions in these cases would be n6n venimus... ut populemus; dederatque comare diffiundendam ventzs. NOTE. -The complementary infinitive often virtually expresses purpose, especially in the cases grouped under ~~ 162, 164. The Complementary Infinitive. — Even in prose many verbs 160 take an infinitive to complete their meaning. Such are (1) verbs expressing power, duty, inclination, purpose, effort, beginning, and their opposites(possum, quej, neqiteo, void, n51, conor, incipi6, coepj, debej), and (2) verbs denoting willingness and permission, or the opposite ideas of hindrance, prevention (patior, sino, iatbej, cogo, veto, prohibe6). The poets go much further, making the infinitive depend on many verbs which do not properly require any complement, or which, if in a given instance they should require one, would naturally find it in some form of expression other than the infinitive. The poets were here in part extending constructions familiar in prose, in part imitating Greek syntax, in which the infinitive was more freely used than in Latin. Even in prose, equivalent expressions take the same construction; when dc -= ' to command' (cf. impero, liortor) it is followed by the subjunctive. So in poetry, when drde6 = vehementer vol6, it is followed by the infinitive. The verbs used in Vergil with the complementary infinitive in a way to require attention may be roughly classified as follows: a. Expressions of Will, Desire, EffIort, or the Opposite (1) Willingness or unwillingness; i. 66 mulcere dedit flue- 161 tis; ii. 637 abnegat (' refuses')... vtam produacere... exsilunmqve patT; iv. 192 cui se... d7gntaur (' condescends ') iungere DTdo; vii. 433 nT dare coniuqium et dictd pdrare fattetur (' agrees,' ' consents '). (2) Preference, concern, desire, passion, and the opposite; 162 i. 514 avidT coniungere dextras drdebant; ii. 105 drdemus U( UU ~~~INTRODUCTION scitdri et quaerere causdis; iii. 451 nee revocaire sitiis aut iungere carm~ina cairat; ii. 451 instaurdti aniniT (' our hearts were fired anew with eagerness to').-.. succurrere tjct~s. 163 (3) Delight, pain, regret, fear; ii. 239 fAnernique m ar Fteontingere gattdeit; ii. 12 animus meminisse horret (' is loath'); vi. 613 nec veriti (Suntt) domininrumn faliere dextrdis. 164 (4) Effort, struggle; i. 17 hgc rignuim... esse... iam turn tendit; ii. 220 tendit d~vellere ngd3s; iii. 31 convellere..nsequor et... temptare; v. 194 nequte vincere certJ. In prose some form. of purpose clause, e.g. ut with the subjunctive, would replace these infinitives. b. Expressions of Power, Mastery, Capacity 165 (1) Power; ii. 491 nec ipsi ecistudis sufferre valent; iii. 415 tantum~... valet rniddre vetustds; v. 21 nee nis obnMt contra... sufficlimus (= possumus). 166 (2) Skill, knowledge, or the opposite; i. 62 qui et premere et laxds sciret dare iussus habinds; i. 630 miseris succurrere disco5; viii. 316 nec iungere taurJs aut componere opes nirant aut parcere parti. NOTE. -The complementary infinitive is of ten virtually the direct object of the verb on which it depends. This is especially the case with dare; cf. i. 66 mulcire dedit fluctils et tollere; i. 79 dds... accumbere; v. 247 terniis optdre suvenc~s dat, ' he gives them the right to choose.' 167 Other Uses of the Infinitive. - The infinitive is used also with certain other classes of verbs, which follow the analogy of ceiy, doce,9, iube3. These are: (1) Verbs signifying to ask, encourage, advise, bid; i. 357 celerare fagyam, patr~ique excidere sttddet; ii. 33 diicT intrd mfiris hortdtur et arce locdr7; v. 342 reddi sibi poscit hon~grem. 168 (2) Verbs signifying to command, require, compel; i. 9 tot volvere cdsiiis... tot adire labor~s..intpulerit; iv. 575 festindre fagamn tort~isque incidere fiinis.. stirnulat; Il. 682 metus deer agit qud9cumque rtidentis excutere. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 61 Infinitives with Adjectives. - In prose but one adjective, 169 pardltus, is freely used with the infinitive. In verse, largely again as the result of Greek influence, the infinitive is freely used with the participles of the verbs considered in ~~ 161 -168, with adjectives derived from those verbs, and, lastly, with any adjective expressing will, desire, capacity, skill, fitness, or the opposite. The infinitive is often virtually an ablative of specification with the participle or adjective. Cf. vii. 806 adsuleta... proelia virgo diaa pat7 cursuique pedum praevertere ventos; vi. 164 quo n on praestantior alter aere ciere viros (erat); ix. 772 quo non fel/cior ('more skillful') alter unguere tela mani ferrumque armdre venenJo; xii. 527 nescia vincI pectora. Infinitive with Nouns. — Vergil freely uses the infinitive 170 with nouns, especially with verbal nouns of meanings akin to those of the verbs with which the complementary infinitive is joined; ii. 10 s' tantus amor (est) cdsas cognoscere nostros; ii. 575 subit Ira cadentem ulcsci patriam, ' the angry desire sweeps o'er me,' etc. So with amor iii, 298; potestas iii. 670; cara vi. 654, 655; spes v. 183; cup7d6 vi. 133. Prose would have used the genitive of the gerund instead of the infinitive. (3) THE PARTICIPLE Past Participles with Present Force. - Vergil at times 171 seems to use the past passive participle, especially of deponent verbs, with the force of a present, i.e. as expressive of contemporaneous, not antecedent, time and action. This use seems in part an imitation of the Greek present participle middle (~ 152), in part the result of an attempt to replace the missing present participle passive. Cf. i. 155 invectus, 'riding'; i. 481 tunsae, 'beating'; v. 766 complext inter se, embracing one another'; vi. 335 vectos, 'as they were sailing'; v. 708 soldtus, 'comforting.' Some prose formulas approach this use, e. g. servos allocatus dexit. 62 INTRODUCTION III. STYLE 1. The Use of Words (1) NOUNS 172 Collective Singular. - Words which in themselves denote but a single thing are at times used as collective nouns, with plural force; i. 449 foribus cardo stridebat aenus; i. 400 pleno subit dstia vexl. This singular occurs especially in proper names; vi. 851 Rimane; viii. 706 omnis Arabs, side by side with omnes... Sabaez. 173 Plural for Singular. - Much more common is the use of the plural where in prose we should have the singular. This is often a matter of metrical convenience or due to a striving for rhetorical effect. Often, too, the plural is used because the idea is essentially plural, as suggestive of parts, or of separate units making up a whole (cf. the familiar arma, castra), or of repetition. We may note: 174 (1) Plural for metrical convenience; i. 61 mont7s 7nsuper altos; i. 730 silentia; ii. 706 incendia; vi. 377 soldcia. In these cases the singular would not scan. 175 (2) Plural for rhetorical effect; i. 78 sceptra (~ 174 also applies here); i. 206 reqna; i. 348-350 Sychaeum impius ante drds... superat. So especially bella, certdmina, proelia. The plural magnifies and so emphasizes the importance of the single thing spoken of. 176 (3) Plural of abstract nouns; i. 11 7rae, ' angry passions'; i. 41 fur is, ' mad deeds'; iv. 623 odia, ' consuming hatred.' These uses are closely akin to that in ~ 175, since the plural emphasizes by giving the idea of repetition, abundance, or intensity. In some cases the idea, though represented in Latin prose as in English by a singular, is after all essentially plural. Thus Vergil uses the plural: 177 (4) In local names and words designating places, to describe THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 63 the places with all their accessories, or in words denoting things consisting of many parts; i. 14 ostia; i. 466 Pergama; iii. 61 classibus; iii. 84 templa. So, often, tecta, e. g. iii. 83, i. 627. (5) To express repetition; ii. 163 auxiliis, ' aid often 178 given'; iv. 407 morass; ii. 118 reditus (returns of individual chiefs); iv. 454, 455 latices... vna (of repeated sacrifices). (6) To express distribution into parts; i. 195 vmna (we 179 think of the wine in various vessels); i. 432 mella (we think of separate cells of honey). (7) Generalizing plural, used in common nouns where Eng- 180 lish would use the singular and the indefinite article; i. 183 in puppibus... Cabc; ii. 626 montibus; ii. 631 iuges. Love of Variety. - Like all poets (and the more artistic181 prose writers) Vergil is fond of using varying words and expressions to denote one and the same thing or to present the same idea. This feature of his style is best seen in the different names employed to denote the Greeks and the Trojans; i. 30 Troas; i. 38 Teucrozrum; i. 157 Aeneadae; i. 30 Danaum; i. 40 Argovum. The poet uses these names without distinction of meaning, simply to avoid monotony. Epic Fullness of Expression. -Epic (~ 69) style, both 182 Greek and Latin, was always marked by a certain fullness of expression. In Vergil this shows itself: (1) In the use of synonyms, at times with alliteration; vii. 238 et petiere sibi et voluere adiungere gentes; ii. 169 fluere ac retro subldpsa referrz; iii. 236 tectosque per herbam disponunt enses et scata latentia condunt. (2) In the addition of ore, voce, manu, ocuils, animo, or 183 mente to verbs capable by themselves of expressing the required idea of action, speech, or thought; i. 559 ore fremebant; iv. 680 vocdvi voce deos. Metonymy. - By the figure of speech called metonymy, there 184 is substituted for a given word another of closely kindred 64 INTRODUCTION meaning. The figure is common in all speech, but is used with special effectiveness in poetry. The examples in Vergil involve the substitution of: 185 (1) Cause for effect; iv. 120 nimbum (properly 'stormclouds') = imbrem, 'rain'; viii. 196 caede (' slaughter ' for the blood shed thereby). 186 (2) Effect for cause; i. 25 dol6ors, ' affronts '; i. 49 honorem, 'that which confers honor,' a sacrifice; i. 461 lauds, ' praiseworthy conduct'; i. 92 frzgore, ' chilling fear '; v. 433 vulnera, ' wound-dealing blows.' 187 (3) Material for thing made; so aes = a brazen prow, i. 35; a shield, ii. 545; brazen weapons, ii. 734; brazen cymbals, iii. 111; a trumpet, iii. 240. 188 (4) Part for whole or conversely; so puppis = ndvis, lUmina dotmus. 189 (5) The name of a deity is often substituted for a common noun denoting the particular element or sphere in which the activity of the god is chiefly manifested or the thing which is most closely associated with the god; i. 177 Cererem = frumentunm; i. 215 Bacchg = vnT; ii. 311 Vulcd2 = 7gn; viii. 123 Pendtibus =- tects. - Poetry gains by substituting for the colorless common noun the deity name with its wealth of suggestions and memories. 190 Localization. - Poets appeal primarily to the imagination, and so seek to present pictures as vivid and clear cut as possible. Hence, instead of using general terms like mare, ventlus, or tgnunm, they commonly name some particular sea or wind or specify some one kind of wood. In this way a concrete picture is substituted for an abstract conception or a name rich in suggestions is presented to the reader's thought. This usage, common in all -Latin poets, we may call localization. In i. 51 instead of the prosaic ventis we have Austres (strintly ' south winds '); cf. Aquiil6nibus i. 391; Eluro i. 383. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 65 (2) ADJECTIVES Adjective instead of Genitive of Noun. -An adjective, espe-191 cially one derived from a proper name, is sometimes used instead of the genitive of a noun or instead of some phrase or clause; i. 665 tela Typhoia, 'the weapons wherewith Typhoeus was slain'; i. 200 Scyllaeam (= Scyllae) rabiem; vii. 1 Aeneia (- Aeneae) nitrTx. Formulaic Epithets. - In imitation of the Homeric usage 192 certain standing epithets are attached to the names of certain persons; thus Aeneas is pils or mdgnanimus; Iulus is pulcher; Achates is fzdus; Messapus is ecum (= equorum) domitor. Proleptic Epithets. - An epithet attached to a substantive 193 sometimes anticipates the action of the verb with which the substantive is associated as subject or object; the epithet really gives the result of the action of the verb. Such epithets are called proleptic, 'anticipating.' Cf. i. 658-660 ut.furentem incendat regznam, 'that he may fire the queen to mad passion'; ii. 135 obscurus... delituS, 'I hid myself and remained screened from view'; iii. 141 sterils exirere... agros, 'burned the fields to barrenness.' In none of these passages is the adjective or participle in place till the action of the verb is completed. Transferred Epithets. - Instead of appending an epithet to 194 a word denoting a person or thing poets often attach it to a word denoting some part of that person or thing, or something intimately associated therewith, or some act of the person which exhibits the quality in question. Sometimes an epithet is applied to an object which denotes not any quality of the thing itself but rather the effect it produces in other things or in persons. In studiss asperrima belli i. 14, asperrima belongs in thought with studies, not with Carthago; in i. 224 mare velivolum, the adjective is one properly applied to ships, not to the sea; in iii. 44 crudelss terrs... Itus 66 INTRODUCTION avarunm, the cruelty and the greed are really those of Polymestor. So ini. 202 maestunu timorem, the timor is not itself sad; it is so called because it saddens the Trojans. 195 Adjective in Adverbial Sense. - Adjectives are freely used in the predicate of a sentence where English employs an adverb or adverbial phrase. Cf. i. 296 fremet horridus ore cruento; iii. 529 sp~rdte secund. - Vergil is especially fond of using an adjective in this way in connection with an attributive participle; iii. 70 lenis crepitdns... Auster; v. 278 s7bila colla arduus attollens; v. 764 crlber... adsp7rdns... Auster; viii. 559 inexpletus lacrimans. 196 Participles and Adjectives as Nouns. - (1) Vergil often uses the neuter of the perfect passive participle as a noun; i. 37 incepto; i. 136 commissa; i. 142 diet6; i. 302 iussa. This use belongs chiefly to poetry and post-classical prose. (2) The substantival use of neuter adjectives is far commoner in prose than that of participles, but even here the poets go beyond the limits kept by prose; i. 308 inculta, ' wastes'; i. 110 ab alto in brevia; i. 219 extrema; iii. 422 in abruptun, 'into the abyss '; vi. 241 supera convexa, ' the vaulted heavens o'erhead.' 197 The poets often couple a partitive genitive with neuter participles or adjectives thus used as nouns; i. 422 strata viarum/; ii. 332 anglsta viaraim; ii. 725 opaca locorum; v. 695 ardua terra), um; vi. 633 opdca vidrum; i. 384 Libyae deserta. Often by this device the characteristic quality of an object is brought into greater prominence; strdta viarumn, opdca loroe)nrm, anyi.sta.iarcrtt are more effective phrases than the prosaic st rdt(l$ s i,opsca lo'r, '( i arnstas iias. 198 Et,-que, ac, atque. -Three uses of these conjunctions deserve attention. These are: (1) The explicative or explanatory use; in this the particles introduce some particular or detail illustrative of a general word or statement, and mayv be rendered, ' and in particular.' Cf. i. 2 Italiam... Ldvlniague Iztora; i. 30 Danaum atque inmmtis Achillz. THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 67 (2) The consecutive use, 'and as a result.' Here the par-199 tides add the result of* a preceding act or statement; i. 31 miultosqle per annos er')dbant; i. 143 sole)mque redacit; i. 211 et viscera nudant. (3) The temporal use, ' and lo,' 'and forthwith.' Here the 200 particles show that a given act or state is intimately associated with that described in the preceding clause or phrase; i. 82 imnpulit.... ac vent... raunt (the two acts are virtually simultaneous); i. 227 atqie illum... adloquitar; i. 302 ponuntque; iv. 663 dixerat atque illam... conldpsam aspiciunt. (3) VERBS Simple Verbs for Compound. -Like other poets Vergil very 201 often uses a simple verb instead of the compound current in prose. This is in part an archaism, in part the result of the avoidance of exact, prosaic expressions which the poets show in many ways. Further, the reader has room for the play of his imagination, supplying for himself what in prose is presented to him ready-made, so to speak. Cf. i. 9 volvere = evoluere; i. 35 rae(bant = eruebant; i. 83 rutnt = prorucent; i. 85 ruunt = er2unt; i. 173 po aun t = depoInunt; i. 203 mittite = d-wmittite; i. 246 it = exit. Dare, in Periphrases. -Vergil often uses periphrastic ex-202 pressions consisting of some part of dare and a noun, the phrase being usually a substitute for a verb of kindred meaning with the noun; i. 485 gemitum dat = gemit; i. 398 cants.. dedere = cantdaere; ii. 243 sonitune... dedere = resonuere; iv. 370 lacriwds... dedit = lacrimdavit; iii. 566 cldmoreme. de(dre = clamanuere, resonuere. A favorite phrase is dare ruinamb, ' to fall in ruins.' (4) MISCELLANEOUS Vergil's Love of Elaborate Language. -A very important 203 trait of Vergil's style is his love of elaborate language. He avoids commonplace and familiar words of everyday life; for 68 INTRODUCTION friamenturn he writes Cererem i. 177; for pdnema he uses Cererer again, i. 701 (cf. ~ 189). Por aqua he writes lympha i. 701, latex iv. 512, unda vi. 229. A mill for grinding corn he calls Ceredlia arma i. 177; 'to strike a fire' is semina flammae abstrisa in vOELs silicis quaerere (cf. vi. 6). - Vergil loves, also, to substitute for familiar phrases, modes of expression, and constructions, more or less obvious modifications or inversions thereof. So in i. 195 we have vr7 a... qae... cadis onerdrat instead of the prose v~ita quiblts cads onerdrat. Cf. also i. 314 sese tclit obuvia; i. 562 sol/7ite corde metuin; vi. 229 socios circnmtulit tinda. The prose phrases here would be sese tulit obviam, solvite corda ecetu, socios circumttlit aquac. Examples are very numerous; many will be discussed in the notes. 2. The Order of Words 204 Free Order of Words in Poetry. - Everywhere in Latin the order of words is less stereotyped than that which is usual in English sentences, partly because a Latin sentence is a word picture, in which the meaning is developed stroke by stroke, the various parts being introduced in the order of their importance, partly because Latin loves to keep the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word completes both the form and the meaning of the sentence. The inflectional system, which alone makes this freedom possible, helps to relieve the very difficulty it creates, since a competent knowledge of inflectional forms usually suffices to tell us what words belong together. In verse the order of words is often more intricate even than that of prose; the poets, by artistic placing and grouping of words, secure the happiest effects. The most emphatic places in a verse are the beginning (except for the subject, unless this precedes an introductory particle) and the end (except for the verb). In general, any wide departure from the normal order arrests attention and gives emphasis to the word not in its normal place. In Vergil's usage we may note the following points: THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL 69 (1) A noun and its modifier or a verb and its object are205 set at opposite ends of the verse, the emphatic places; i. 50 Talia... volutdns; i. 74 omns... annos; i. 353 ipsa... imdgo. (2) The word bearing the chief emphasis is often set at the 206 end of its clause and the beginning of a verse; this is especially true of verb forms. Cf. i. 11 impulerit; i. 20 audierat; i. 49 praetered; i. 62 inposuit; i. 493 belldtrzx. Examples occur on almost every page. (3) Special cases. -A good example of the effect to be207 gained by placing words out of their normal positions is i. 195 vbna bonus quae... onerdrat Acestes... dederatque.. hes; the separatill of bonus, Acestes, and heros gives each word unusual wlight by forcing the mind to dwell on each to determine its function. Cf. the place of dea i. 412, and of improba ii. 80. (4) In prose an attribute of two or more substantives usu-208 ally stands before or after them all; in verse it is often set between the nouns; iv. 588 ltora et vacuos sensit.. portais; vii. 332 ne noster honss infrdctave cedat fdma loco (here the idea of noster and of -nfrdcta belongs with both nouns). Postposition of Conjunctions. -In prose a connecting par-209 tide or conjunction usually stands first in its phrase or clause. In poetry the striving for emphasis is more constant and so we frequently find such words postponed; et especially is often so treated. Cf. i. 262 longius et volvens; i. 413 cernere ne quis posset; i. 195 vina bonus quae deinde, etc. Position of Prepositions. - The preposition, especially if 210 dissyllabic, frequently follows its noun in poetry; in prose this use is confined to certain prepositions and certain combinations. Cf. i. 32 maria omnia circum; i. 466 Pergama circum. Unrelated words sometimes stand between the preposition and its noun; ii. 278 circum plarima muros; iv. 233 super ipse sud moiltur laude laborem. - A preposition having two or more objects is sometimes set between them; i. 13 Italiam contrd Tiberinaque longe ostia. 70 INTRODUCTION 211 Tmesis. - Compound words are sometimes resolved into their elements, which are then separated by an intervening word or words; i. 610 quae ime camrute uocant terriae; v. 603 hdc celebrdta tenns... certdmina; x. 794 pedem referens (' dragging') et initilis inque ligatus cedebat. Cf. ' the love of God to us ward.' 212 Juxtaposition. - Words which express contrasted ideas (less often those expressing related ideas) are frequently set side by side; i. 184 nlllatm, tres; i. 243 penetrare.. intimza tiitus rjena; i. 349 impius ante drds. 3. Miscellaneous 213 Ellipsis. -Ellipsis, i.e. the omission of words necessary to the grammatical structure of the sentence, is common in Yergil, partly out of considerations of metrical convenience, partly because the good taste and fine aesthetic sense of the poet led him to omit words in themselves slight and unemphatic and easily supplied from the context. Note: 214 (1) The omission of pronoun forms, especially from is, er, id. The omission occurs (a) in the predicate; i. 12 TyriZ tenulzre colomn (sc. earn); i. 63 plremere (sc. eos); i. 62 inplosuit (se. e7s ); i. 79 tia dds (sc. mtild); i. 80 fais (sc.?ne) potentenm. -- (b) in the subject, before an infinitive; i. 218 sel (sc. eos) criere credant. 215 (2) The omission of parts of esse, whether this verb is used independently or as an auxiliary. Even in prose est, sulnt,and esse (especially with the future infinitive) are freely omitted and examples of such omission in Vergil need not be given. The poets, however, even omit snum, sum2us. es, estis, and the parts of eramn; i. 558 adrect7 (sumi1s); ii. 651 efTfsi (sumus); i. 237 pollicitus (es); v. 192 msa (esfis). A striking case is the ellipsis of es in a question, i. 329 an, Phoeb7 soror? an nymphdrurm san7guinis ina? 216 (3) The omission of verbs of speaking or answering (ait, dicit, respondet), common in all poetry; i. 37 Iawer secum (ait, dTcit); i. 76 Aeolus haec contrd (ait or respondet). THE GRAMMAR AND STYLE OF VERGIL (4) For the ellipsis of the reflexive pronoun and its results 217 see ~ 139. Parataxis. - In the earlier and less artificial stages of a218 language clauses are arranged side by side either without conjunctions or with coordinating conjunctions, no attempt being made to indicate their logical relations. This arrangement is called parataxis (coordination). Latin prose in the main prefers hypotaxis or subordination, clause being subordinated to clause in such a way as to bring out with the nicest care their logical relations. The poets, partly as a matter of convenience, partly from love of the archaic, often use paratactic forms. In Vergil we recognize several forms, effected: (1) By the use of parenthetical sentences; i. 12 Urbs antiqua 219 fiit —Tyri tenuere coloni (instead of quam Tyri7, etc.); i. 150 iamquefaces et saxa volant -futror arma ministrat (instead of furore arma ministrante, or cum arma furor ministret); i. 530. (2) By the use of clauses arranged asyndetically, i. e. with- 220 out conjunctions; i. 159 est... locus: 'nsula porrtuam efficit (instead of locus ubi insula, etc.); ii. 172 Vix positzum casters simuldcaumn: crsere... flammae (instead of cu... yfammae). (3) By the use of clauses closely connected by et, -que, ac, 221 atque (cf. ~~ 199, 200); ii. 692 Vix ea fdtus erat subitoque.. intonuit (for cum subito, etc.); iii. 8 Vix prima inceperat aestds et pater... iublbat (for cum pater... iubebat). Parallelism. -Vergil frequently expresses an idea twice 222 within the limits of a single verse or of adjacent verses. using slightly varying forms of expression. Such parallelism is characteristic of Hebrew poetry, e. g. the Book of Proverbs and the Psalms. Cf. 'Rebuke me not in thy wrath, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure.' In Vergil the use is probably an outgrowth of his love of epic fullness of expression (see ~~ 182, 183). For examples see i. 19-22, 27, 41, 201, 216, 219, 282, iii. 718. Alliteration. - Alliteration, i. e. the repetition of the same 223 INTRODUCTION letter, usually a consonant, at the beginning of successive or adjacent words or syllables, is highly characteristic of the native Italian poetry. That poetry was fond of jingles and -assonances of all sorts; to some extent it employed rhyme. In some prose writers, too, alliteration is not uncommon. The Augustan poets, however, following Greek practice, use alliteration sparingly. Many good examples, nevertheless, are to be found in Vergil; i. 55 ma-gno cum? mturnmre montis; i. 81 cavein conersa cuspide montem impaulit; i. 124 magno miseri maurmlure; i. 214 tunm vcta revocant vTrTs. 224 Onomatopoeia. Like all true poets Vergil repeatedly acts in the spirit of the rule that in poetry the sound should seem an echo of the sense, for often he is plainly seeking by the sound of the words he employs to impress an idea more forcefully upon the reader's mind. We must not forget that Latin poetry, thanks largely to the practice of public recitations (~ 30), was addressed as much to the ear as to the eye. Onomatopoetic verses are to be found everywhere in Vergil; cf. i. 55, 87, 105, 147; ii. 313; viii. 596 quadrupedante putrem soniti quatit ungula campum. 225 Vergil's Indirection. - In many cases Vergil does not directly convey information or supply all the details which go to make up a picture or which belong to a given event, but allows the reader to draw inferences or supply details for himself. This is part of the poet's art; in a long poem a full narration of details would often be most wearisome. Besides, there are many matters of detail which Vergil might well have despaired of treating with the dignity proper to an epic poem. In i. 130 Vergil does not say explicitly that Neptune attributed to Juno the storm which has just harassed the Trojans, but one feels instinctively that such is his meaning. For other instances of this trait - which for want of a better name we may perhaps call 'indirection'- see the notes on i. 187, 194, 438. PROSODY OP VERGIL 73 D. PROSODY OF VERGIL I. THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER Meter or Rhythm. - Meter or rhythm is the distinguishing 226 mark of poetry. Once three arts -poetry, music, and dancing -were very closely united. All three had to do with relations of time; all three were governed by the same principle, harmony. 'Harmony consists in repetition, just as two or more parallel lines agree or harmonize because one repeats the conditions of the other. So in poetry, or music, or dancing, a certain succession of accents, or notes, or steps is repeated, thus establishing the relation of harmony.' This use of harmony, when reduced to a system, is called rhythm or meter. The Origin of Meter. —We know that dance and march227 alike are divided into equal measures and that each of these measures begins with a movement of the body slightly more vigorous than those which accompany the remaining parts of the measure. Hence, in the days when song and dance and march were intimately associated (~ 226), it was of course necessary that the song too should be divided into equal measures and that the beginning of each measure should be more forcibly intoned, to correspond to the more vigorous movement of the body in the dance or march. In this way was developed the fundamental requirement of rhythmical or metrical composition, namely, that what is said shall be divided into equal measures, the first part of each measure having a special stress or ictus. Latin Rhythm Quantitative. - In seeking to secure harmony 228 or rhythm all peoples deal, of course, with precisely the same material, sound; they differ in the way they arrange sounds to secure metrical effects. In English, for instance, rhythm depends on the proper succession of accented and unaccented sounds; among the Greeks and the Romans rhythm depended INTRODUCTION on the proper succession of heavy and light syllables.l In other words, English rhythm is accentual, the classical rhythm was quantitative. 229 Syllables.- In Latin rhythm the unit of measurement is the light syllable. Bearing in mind the relations once existing between poetry, the march, and the dance (~~ 226, 227), we may fairly represent this by the musical character,. The heavy syllable has twice the time of a light, and so may be represented by j. In Vergil these are the only syllable values to be considered. 230 Feet.- As in ordinary speech syllables are combined to form words, so in verse syllables are combined to form versewords, called measures, or, more often, feet. In Vergil we have two kinds of feet, the dactyl and the spondee. The dactyl consists of a heavy syllable followed by two light syllables, the spondee of two heavy syllables. In musical notation the dactyl = g, the spondee =. The two feet are thus completely equivalent, each to the other. 231 Ictus; Thesis; Arsis. - The first syllable of the dactyl and the spondee is always more strongly intoned (stressed) than the others (cf. ~ 227). To this stress the name ictus (literally, 'stroke') is given. The part of the foot which bears this ictus is called the thesis; the unaccented part is called the arsis. The names thesis and arsis are Greek in origin, and mean respectively 'a setting down ' and ' a lifting up'; thesis refers to the setting down of the foot in beating time or in marching or to the downward stroke of the hand in beating time, arsis to the raising of the foot or the hand. 232 Verses; the Hexameter. — As words in ordinary speech are combined into sentences, so in poetry verse-words or feet are 1 Vowels are best distinguished as short or long, syllables as light or heavy. A light syllable is one whose vowel is short, by nature or position, a heavy syllable one whose vowel is long, or whose vowel is followed by two consonants, not a mute and a liquid. For syllables containing a vowel followed by a mute and a liquid see ~ 250. Note carefully that a syllable may be heavy though its vowel is short. It is assumed that the student is familiar with the rules of quantity. PROSODY OF VERGIL 75 grouped into lines or verses. In the form of verse used by Vergil six feet are grouped in each line; the verse is therefore known as hexameter, ' six-measured.' In consequence of the prominence of the dactyl in this verse, at least in its Homeric forms,' the verse is known also as dactylic. Thus the full title of the verse is dactylic hexameter. Infinite variety is possible in the grouping of the dactyls 233 and the spondees which go to make up the verse. Some restrictions, however, are to be noted. The last foot is regularly a spondee; the fifth foot is usually a dactyl. The dactyl and the spondee may be used at will in the first four feet. The scheme of the dactylic hexameter will thus be as follows: — jk. k.) __.. -- _ k. k. -- - k.Y or or or or seldom or, _, _ ' _- ('- _) ', u(~ 234) A verse with a spondee in the fifth foot is called spondaic; such verses are rare and end usually in a word of four syllables. A preponderance of dactyls gives to a verse a light, graceful, rapid movement; a preponderance of spondees gives a slow, solemn, stately movement. Syllaba Anceps. - In theory (~ 233) the last syllable should 234 be heavy, but in practice many hexameters end in syllables which are in themselves light, but are treated as heavy to suitthe requirements of the verse. Since the last syllable may, apparently, be heavy or light at the poet's will, without regard to the theoretical requirements of the metrical scheme, it is commonly known as the syllaba anceps, ' the doubtful (unfixed) syllable.' The symbol for the syllaba anceps in the dactylic hexameter is v; the lower marking indicates the syllable theoretically required, the upper the permissible substitute. The Caesura. - In a long line like the hexameter the voice 235 1 In the Homeric poems dactyls form 68 % of all the feet, in Vergil they form but 44 %. The difference arises from the preponderance of long vowels in Latin. INTRODUCTION naturally seeks a rest at or near the middle of the verse. Hence the hexameter is usually broken into two nearly equal parts by a pause, called the caesura1; this verse-pause comes regularly within the limits of a foot. When this foot is a dactyl, the caesura is said to be masculine if it comes after the heavy syllable, feminine if it comes after the first light syllable. Roman poets greatly prefer the masculine caesura. Caesuras are named also from their position in the verse, as follows: trithemimeral, occurring after the third half-foot, penthemimeral, occurring after the fifth half-foot, hephthemimeral, occurring after the seventh half-foot, etc. The commonest is the masculine penthemimeral; next in order of frequency is the hephthemimeral. Less often the principal verse-pause is the feminine penthemimeral. Examples of these in order are: i. 12 Urbs antIqua fdit TyriJ tenuere colon 2 i. 6 inferretque deos Lati6o 1 genus unde Latinum iv. 486 spargens umida mella 11 sop6riferumque papaver. Sometimes there are two distinctly marked caesuras. 236 One other matter, of great importance, requires attention. Though in very many verses the caesura corresponds to a sharp break in the meaning (cf. i. 1, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 22, 26, 31), in many other cases there is a caesura though in point of sense all the words of the verse are to be taken closely together; cf. i. 9, 1,5, 21, 23, 25. A good way to appreciate such verses is to read and reread similar lines in Longfellow's Evangeline. Cf., for instance, these: List to the mournful tradition 11 still sung by the pines of the forest When in the harvest heat I she bore to the reapers at noontide Caesura is frequently defined as the break made in the rhythm of a verse when a word ends within a foot. Every verse contains several such breaks, since words end more often within a foot than with one. In this book, however, the term caesura is applied only to pauses, more or less distinctly marked, by which a verse, in form or in sense, is divided into two (sometimes three) parts. A convenient sign to mark the place ot the caesura is 11. 2 The dots beneath the lines mark the places of the m:etrical accents. PROSODY OF VERGIL 77 In these and many others there is absolutely no break in the sense, yet the verse-pause is clearly defined. The reading of an hexameter verse has well been likened to climbing a hill, resting a moment on the summit, and then descending the other side. The Diaeresis. - Sometimes the verse-pause comes at the237 end of the fourth foot; this is called the bucolic diaeresis,l because it is most frequent in pastoral poetry (~ 46). It is not common, however, in any Latin poet. Further, the bucolic diaeresis is usually accompanied by a penthemimeral caesura (~ 235). Word Accent. - In the last two feet, word accent (i.e. the 238 accent which a word has in common speech) and the verse accent or ictus usually coincide. In the other feet they are commonly different. The Romans in such cases carefully brought out both accents. We do this often in English verse. In the following couplet the dots beneath the line mark the ictus, the marks over the words the word-accent. Hl does well too who keeps that clue the mild Bfrth-goddess and the austere Fates first gave. Here the two accents repeatedly stand side by side; in the second verse the juxtaposition in one case is the more noteworthy because it is due to an intentional change in the pronunciation of austere. In reading Vergil's hexameters, therefore, we must respect both the word accent and the verse accent or ictus. As helps toward the attainment of skill in such reading we should minimize the stress given to the verse accent and pay the most careful attention to the quantity of the various vowels and syllables. The attempt to preserve the two sets of accents is not easily successful, but all possible effort should be made in this direction.2 1 The term diaeresis is applied to any break made by the simultaneous ending of a foot and a word. 2 See a suggestive pamphlet, 'The Quantitative Reading of Latin Verse,' by Joseph H. Howard (Scott, Foresman and Company). 78 INTRODUCTION II. THE METRICAL LICENSES OF VERGIL 239 Licenses Defined. - The exigencies of metrical composition are such that Latin poets, like English writers, frequently decline to be bound down by a rigid adherence to the general laws of versification or pronunciation. These departures from normal usage are commonly spoken of as licenses; some are in fact archaisms. Vergil allows himself no licenses beyond those to be found in other Latin poets.1 240 I and U as Consonants. -Vowel i and vowel uz are sometimes treated as consonants (i.e. as equivalent to English y consonant or w), and then help to make the preceding syllable heavy. Cf.: ii. 16 aedificant sectaque intexunt abiete costas v. 432 genua labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. So too aries ii. 492, paries ii. 442, and omnia vi. 33 count as dissyllabic words, with a heavy penult. 241 Diastole. - Certain syllables that are light in prose are sometimes treated as heavy by Vergil. Sometimes he is permitting himself an archaism in retaining the original vowel quantity. We may note: (1) Lengthening of the enclitic-que, in the thesis (~ 231); see iii. 91, iv. 146, vii. 186, etc. In such a case as iv. 146 CretesQuE Dryopesqlte fremunt pict7que AgathyrsT, we have to recognize a license, since a final syllable whose vowel stands before a mute and a liquid in the next word does not usually count as heavy. 242 (2) Retention of the original quantity; this occurs in nouns, adjectives, and verbs; (In Mto xi. 323; Num litor vi. 768; pater v. 521; pulves i. 478; videt i. 308; peteret i. 651; amittebdt v. 853. Vergil lengthens final syllables in -t in verb-forms only in the second, third, and fourth theses. 243 (3) Lengthening before the caesura; this occurs in nouns 1 Teachers ^ ill find a much more detailed treatment with discussion of difficult verses in ' The Metrical Licenqes of Vergil,' by Harold W. Johnston (Scott, Foresman and Company). THE PROSODY OF VERGIL 79 and verbs; domus ii. 563; nemus iii. 112; iactetur i. 668; obruimur ii. 411; dater v. 284. (4) Syllables properly light treated as heavy before a Greek 244 word; canIT hymenaeos vii. 398; languentIS hyacinthli xi. 69. (5) Miscellaneous examples; petit EuandrS ix. 9; gravia245 iii. 464. Vergil regularly makes the first syllable of reliquiae long. This was a metrical necessity; a word of three or four successive short syllables is impossible in hexameter verse. V/Systole. - Occasionally a vowel ordinarily long appears as 246 short. This is a matter of metrical convenience, but may also represent a pronunciation current in popular speech. The few examples belong to one class, showing -erunt in the perfect indicative active, third plural; steterunt ii. 774, c5nstiterunt iii. 681, for steterunt and constiterunt. Synizesis. - Often two vowels which properly belong to 247 different syllables are amalgamated, i.e. pronounced together in one syllable. This happens: (1) In the forms of proper names with nominatives in -eus (~ 99). In the oblique cases these words are naturally cretics or end in cretics (a cretic = - - -). This combination is, of course, utterly impossible in hexameter verse. The synizesis removes all difficulty; cf. Ozle i. 41; Ilionez i. 120; Eurystheo viii. 292. (2) In words which are in themselves cretics (~ 247), or248 which, taken in conjunction with the preceding word, make a cretic. Such are aerei (twice), alveo (four times), aurea (twice), aureas (thrice), eadem (x. 487). eodem (xii. 847), ferrei (vi. 280). (3) In miscellaneous examples; cf. dehine i. 131, 256, etc.;249 scio iii. 602; semianimis (five times); semnustus (thrice). The last two words really fall under ~ 240, the i before animis and aistus being consonantal. deinde is regularly of two syllables. Vowel before Mute and Liquid. -A syllable containing a250 vowel standing before a mute and a liquid (I or r) Vergil made 80 INTR )DUCTION heavy or light according to the needs of his verse. So in iii. 647 we have Cjclopas, but in vi. 630 CYclgpum1; cf. also Atrudae ii. 104, Atridae ii. 415; sacram ii. 167, SAcrum ii. 230; Trinacria iii. 440, TrINAcria iii. 554. In ii. 663 we have patris, PATrem side by side. NOTE. — These variations result naturally from the two possible ways of pronouncing the mute and the liquid. (1) They may be pronounced together, with the following syllable. Since a mute and a liquid blend so easily as to take, practically, but the time of a single consonant, there is then nothing to make the preceding syllable heavy. (2) They may be pronounced separately, one going with each of the syllables involved. This separation makes the preceding syllable heavy; see footnote to ~ 228. In ii. 663 the pronunciation was pa-tris, pat-rem. Note carefully that whether the syllable containing a vowel before a mute and a liquid is treated as heavy or light, the quantity of the vowel itself is unchanged. When the mute and the liquid occur in separate words or in different elements of a compound word, they are to be pronounced separately; the first of the two syllables involved is then heavy. A final syllable ending in a vowel which stands before a mute and a liquid is usually treated as light. 251 Varying Quantity of Proper Names. - Latin poets allow themselves great freedom in the metrical treatment of proper names, especially those derived from the Greek. In some cases the quantity was evidently not fixed by common usage; in others the quantity was such that the name could not be used in verse unless the quantity was arbitrarily altered by the poet. In short the poet used the form of the name best suited to his verse. Cf. Asiae iii. 1, Asia vii. 701; Dt1)7na i. 499, D)iCa xi. 582; L,]r7nia i. 2, Lan 7 i. 258; Sfyctaeus i. 343, S,/eiaetm i. 348. This last change within six verses is especially significant. 252 Elision; Echthlipsis. -The coming together of two vowels not forming a diphthong, called hiatus, was objectionable to Roman ears, whether the vowels were in the same or in different words. Within a word hiatus was often removed by 1 The syllables in capitals are heavy, the corresponding syllables in italics light. THE PROSODY OF VERI(IL 81 contraction. Hiatus between words was usually removed in poetry by elision (' crushing out') of the final vowel of the first word. Similarly, a vowel before h was elided; h necessarily stands between vowels and since it was virtually not sounded the one vowel really came directly before the other. If a word ended in mi preceded by a vowel, both mn and the vowel were elided. This form of elision is sometimes called echthlipsis. Its explanation is simple; final m was but lightly pronounced, so that a word ending in qm practically ended in a vowel sound. Examples of elision are as follows: (1) Of simple vowel; i. 3 mult1u, ille et terrisTs; i. 5 mullt 253 qzoque et bello passzus; i. 7 atque ultae moenia RIomne. (2) Of m and the preceding vowel; i. 3 multum ille; i. 22 254 ventarum excidio Libyae. (3) Of a vowel, or m and preceding vowel, before h; i. 332 255 igndrz hominum; iii. 658 monstrum horrendum. NOTE. - Authorities are not agreed as to how the elided part is to be treated in reading the verse. Some think that the two words were slurred together in some way, others that the elided part was entirely omitted. The former method can not be employed at all in the many cases involving elision at a decided caesura. Hypermetric Verses; Synapheia. - Vergil occasionally closes 256 a verse with a syllable ending in a vowel that must be elided before an initial vowel in the following verse. This linking together of two verses is called synapheia. In one case the verse ends in m preceded by a vowel, both of which are elided before the following verse. Such verses, since they seem to have one syllable too many, are called hypermetric verses. In most cases the hypermetric syllable is the enclitic -que; see i. 332, 448; ii. 745; iv. 558, 629; v. 422, 753; vi. 602. The other example is vii. 160 Iamque iter emensi turris ac tecta Latin6rum ardua cernebant iuvenes. ~, O. t 82 INTRODUCTION 257 Hiatus. - In some forty cases in his various poems Vergil does not elide (~ 252) a final vowel. Most of these fall into certain well-defined classes, thus: 1 (1) At a marked pause in the verse; i. 16 posthabita coluisse Sam6 t: hic illius arma i. 405 et vera incessu patuit deat. Ille ubi matrem iii. 74 Nereidumn matri t et Neptuno t Aegaeo iv. 235 quid struit? aut qua spe t inimica in gente moratur In the last two cases the hiatus is at the caesura, which is of the sort discussed in ~ 236. 258 (2) Between proper names, or when the vowel not elided belongs to a proper name, especially a Greek name. The final syllable of a Greek word is seldom elided. Cf. i. 617 Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardani6 t Anchisae iii. 74 Nereidum matri t et Neptuno t Aegaeo 259 (3) Miscellaneous cases; cf. iv. 667 lamentis gemituque et femine6 t ululatu. 260 Semi-hiatus.-In a very few cases a long final vowel or diphthong loses half of its quantity before an initial vowel, and is treated as if short. This is called semi-hiatus. Cf. iii. 211 insulae * Ionio in2 magno, quas dira Celaen6 v. 261 victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio * alto III. MISCErLLANEOUS 261 Monosyllabic Ending to the Verse. -A verse seldom ends in a monosyllable; in such cases the thesis (~ 231) of the last foot is commonly also a monosyllable, or there is elision before the monosyllabic verse-ending. Of the remaining examples some occur in verses borrowed in whole or in part 1 In the following examples hiatus is marked by an obelisk, t, semi-hiatus (~ 260) by an asterisk, *. X The first o of Ionii is short, though marked long in our Latin-English diction aries and in most vocabularies. THE PROSODY OF VERGIL 83 from older poets, others in onomatopoetic verses (~ 224), the poet aiming at some particular effect. Examples are: (1) Imitations of older poets; i. 65 Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque hominum rex iii. 12 cum sociis nat6que Penatibus et magnis dis The latter part of each of these verses goes back to Ennius (~ 72). (2) Onomatopoetic; i. 105 dat latus, insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae m6ns v. 481 sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos In the first passage the abrupt ending helps to bring out the thought of the sudden fall of the heavy mass of water; the other verse seems to collapse at the end, and so to picture more effectively the fall of the ox in death. Incomplete Verses. - There are in the Aeneid fifty-four 262 incomplete verses. Two explanations of their presence have been offered: (1) that they are due to the fact that the Aeneid was left in an unfinished condition (~ 50); (2) that they are intentional variations from metrical uniformity. In favor of the latter it is urged that in general these lines are complete in sense. Examples of incomplete verses are i. 534, 560, 636; ii. 66, 233, 468, 614, 623, 640. Metrical Treatment of Repeated Words. - In cases where a 263 word or varying inflectional forms of a word are used twice or more in the same verse or in adjacent verses, the tendency among Latin poets seems to be to give such words and forms different metrical treatment unless some special effect of emphasis, exultation, pathos, or the like is to be gained through repetition with the same metrical value. Sometimes both methods are combined. Examples are: (1) Different metrical treatment; 264 ii. 709 quo res cumque cadent, anum et commune periclum, auna salus amb6bus erit ii. 733 prospiciens, 'Nate,' exclamat, 'fuge, nate; propinquant.' 84 INTRODUCTION In the first passage we might have expected similar treatment, to give greater emphasis to i2tnumm una. 265 (2) Similar treatment; i. 421, 422 mirdtur, molem Aeneas, magalia quondam, mrdtuir portas strepitulmque et strata viarum. The repetition effectively portrays the growing astonishment of Aeneas as he notes marvel after marvel. In i. 222 fortemnqlle Gya Jforteriagqe Cloanthlit, the repetition adds to the pathos (' both were gallant men, yet both have perished'); ilriii. 4:35 Rnal illud tibi, nate dea, proque omnibus ununm, the repetition of aunmt makes still more emphatic the admonition of the seer. In iii. 623-627 vZ7dl egomet... r7d, atro cum membra fluentia tabo manderet, the repetition of vdi with precisely the samie metrical treatment emphasizes the truth of the narrator's story. 266 (3) Similar and different treatment combined; iv. 138 cui pharetra ex acro, crines nodantur in aurrum, aurea purpuream stbnectit fibula vestem. By this arrangement harmony and variety are secured side by side. E. THE MYTHOLOGY (F VERGIL I. INTRO D UCTOIRY 267 General Remarks. - No one can fully understand and enjoy Vergil's poetry (or indeed any Latin poetry) without a thorough knowledge of the mythology of the Greeks and the Romans. The role whiclt this mythology plays in the Aeneid is due in part to Vergil's careful study and imitation of the Homeric poems (~ 73), in part to his profound knowledge of the myths and legends of Italy. Vergil's object seems to have been twofold: (1) to reproduce in mythology, as in other matters, the spirit of the HTomeric poems, and (2) to give the Aeneid a truly national character by making it the THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 85 repository of all that was worth preserving of the myths of Rome and Italy. The names he uses- e. g. of divinitiesare chiefly Roman, but the spirit of his mythology is mainly Greek. Myths. - A myth is a story, in reality fictitious but ac-268 cepted as true, dealing with supernatural beings and events, < or with natural beings and events influenced by supernatural agencies. The myth belongs to a very primitive stage of man's mental and spiritual development. The myths of the Greeks and the Romans, as set forth in their writings, are a survival in widely' altered form from a much cruder period than that represented by any of their historical or literary records. Greek versus Roman Mythology.- Since Vergil's mythol-269 ogy is partly Greek, partly Roman, we must consider the differences and the resemblances between the native mythologies of the two peoples. The Greek temperament was in the highest degree poetic, imaginative, and given to speculation. A feeling for beauty and symmetry was innate. The Roman mind was unimaginative, practical, and matter of fact; its sense of beauty, at least in the early times, was undeveloped. The Greeks gave bodily form and substance to every creation of their fancy, and from the earliest times made images of their gods. The Romans were slow to give theiT deities a definite personality. Later, they worshiped abstract conceptions like Salts, Fides, Spes, Concordia. The legends woven by the Greeks about the names of their deities were picturesque in the extreme; the few legends current among the Romans were bald and prosaic. The Romans were more interested in the ritual by which a deity could be propitiated than in the personality of the deity himself. Yet, 270 spite of this difference in the temperaments of the two peoples, there were many resemblances in their respective schemes of mythology. They were descended from the same parent stem, and so possessed by inheritance not only the same language, 86 INTRODUCTION or to speak more accurately, closely related forms of the same language, but the same customs and the same fundamental modes of thought. The Romans were thoroughly alive to these resemblances, and came in course of time to identify all their more important deities, at least, with those worshiped in Greece. 271 The Gods in the Aeneid.- One reason for the importance of the gods in the Aeneid has been given (~ 267); the prominence assigned to them is part of its epic character, a reflex of the Homeric poems, which were written in an age of unquestioning belief in the existence of the gods and their interest and intervention in human affairs. Again, Vergil was seeking to bring about a religious revival, and to create among his countrymen the conviction that their fatherland had ever been under the special care of the gods (~~ 66-68). 272 In the following paragraphs an attempt will be made to give some sort of systematic account of the more important deities in the Aeneid. Considerations of space enjoin brevity; hence much of interest and importance will necessarily be omitted. The student should own (or at least have access to) a good classical dictionary, and constantly consult it to supplement the brief outline here given. 273 The Pre-Olympian Gods. —In the developed Greco-Roman mythology the important deities are represented as dwelling peacefully together either in heaven or on Olympus, a high mountain in northeastern Thessaly. Prior to this quiet stage is a long history, involving many changes, the story of which is variously told. One tradition was as follows. In the beginning earth, sea, and air were all mixed together. Over this confusion reigned a deity Chaos, with his wife Nyx (Night). Their son Erebus (Darkness) dethroned his father and married his mother. Erebus and Nyx were succeeded by their children Aether (Light) and Hemera (Day), who, aided by their son Eros (Love), created the sea, Pontus, and earth, called Ge or Tellus. Ge was married to Uranus (Heaven), TIHE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 87 whom she had herself created. They had twelve gigantic children, called the Titans (Tftzfaes), whom Uranus feared so greatly that he imprisoned them in a dark abyss beneath the earth, called Tartarus. Presently, however, one of the Titans, 274 Crones, aided by his mother, overpowered Uranus and dethroned him. Ile then released the Titans and gave them portions of the universe to govern. Cronos married his sister lRhea (also called Cybele), but was soon dethroned by his son Jupiter. Some of the Titans, led by Cronos, fought aga inst Jupiter, but were defeated. Cronos now withdrew to Italy, and founded there a prosperous kingdom over which he reigned in peace for many years, under the name Saturn. Various giants now assailed Jupiter, amo(ng them Typhoeus, from whose eyes, mouths (he had a hundred dragon heads), and nostrils flames flashed. Another was Enceladus, who, on his defeat, was imprisoned in a burning cave beneath Mount Aetna. Henceforth Jupiter's supremacy was unquestioned. IHe and his brothers now divided by lot the dominions of Cronos; Neptune secured the sovereignty of the sea and all waters, Pluto of the underworld, Jupiter of heaven, together with a general supervision over the provinces of his brothers. Of these traditions we get some echoes in the Aeneid. In 275 iv. 166 Tellus is described as pri ima, which is usually taken to mean 'oldest of the gods.' In iv. 178 Terra is par,.ns. In vi. 580 the Titans are called genlius antiacumn Ter'r,, 'sons of earth born in days of old.' Elsewhere Vergil makes Rhea mother of the gods, calling her wdI.na dei;m. g('euc'Tx ii. 788, Cybebei ( -Cybele) x. 220, and Borceryntia matfer (from IBerecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele or Rhea) vi. 784. According to iii. 11 ff. her worship was brought to Troy from Crete. There are references to Typhoeus (i. 665, ix. 716), and to Enceladus (iii. 578 ff.). The Italian god Saturnus is identified by Vergil with Cronos; his rule in Italy and the Golden Age inaugurated by him there are more than once referred to (i. 569, vi. 793, vii. 178 ff., 203, viii. 319 ff.). 88 INTRODUCTION II. THE OLYMPIAN GODS 276 Iuppiter. - Chief of the Olympian gods (~ 273) is Iuppiter, son of Cronus or Saturnus and hence called Sdturnius (iv. 372). He is pater omnipotens (i. 60), dvum2pater atquce hominure rJx (i. 65). He sways the affairs of gods and men alike with never-ending power, and frightens by his lightnings (i. 229). The chief seat of his worship was Crete, where as a child he had been hidden from his father's fury, protected by the Curetes, e O s ~the aborigines of the island; see iii. 131. luppiter Olympius. On Mount Ida near Troy there was a grove sacred to him; hence he is called Idaeus (vii. 139). In accordance with the practice whereby the gods were honored with epithets formed from the names of places where they were especially worshiped, Iuppiter is called Anxurus (vii. 799) from Anxur in Latium. In Africa he was worshiped under the name Iuppiter Hammror (iv. 198). lquppiter Stygius (iv. 638), however, is not luppiter, but Pluto. 277 luppiter's weapons are the lightning and the thunderbolt, which are fashioned for him in the workshops of Vulcanus (~ 284): see viii. 424 if. Iis armor-bearer is the eagle, which is often seen on coins grasping a thunderbolt in its claws; see v. 254 praepes (bird)... lotis armiger. For the eagle as Iuppiter's favorite bird, see also i. 394 louis ales. The eagle also carried from earth to heaven Ganymedes, the favorite of Iuppiter, that he might be the cupbearer of the gods in place of Hebe, daughter of Iuno (~ 278); see i. 28, v. 254-257. 278 Iuno.-Next in rank to Iuppiter is his sister and wife, Iuno (cf. i. 46), called Saturnia, as daughter of Saturnus (i. 23). As luppiter is d:vunm patecr, so she is re(/aw, (deumlt (i. 9, i. 46). For her friends she is able to win the favor of 1 In the following sections the names of the gods are consistently given in their Latin forms, THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 89 Iuppiter (i. 78-80). She is described as cruel and vengeful, hating the Trojans on account of the judgment of Paris, and is characterized as saeva (i. 4), aspera (i. 279), and atrox (i. 662). In iv. 59 and 166 she appears as the goddess of marriage. Her special messenger is Iris (iv. 694 ff.) who makes her way back and forth from heaven on the rainbow (v. 609 ff.). Her favorite places were Argos (i. 24, iii. 547), Carthage (i. 12 ff.), Samos (i. 16). In iii. 552 she is called dica Lacinia, from the famous temple in her honor on the u cinia.,uno Lacinia. Lacinian promontory on the southern coast of Italy. In vi. 138 Iuno Inferna is Proserpina, wife of Pluto, just as in iv. 638 ltppiter Stygius is Pluto himself. Minerva (Greek Pallas Athene). -Minerva is the maiden 279 goddess (innupta ii. 31) of war and of wisdom. In the former capacity she is armisona (iii. 544), armipotens (ii. 425), andpraeses belle (xi. 483), and wears as a breastplate the aegis, or famous shield of Iuppiter, bearing in the centre the baneful head of the Gorgon Medusa (ii. 616, viii. 354, 435 ff.). As goddess of wisdom she helps the Greeks to build the wooden horse by mieans of which they capture Troy (ii. 15); for her friendship for the Greeks during the siege of Troy see also ii. 162, 163. At the games celebrated in honor of Anchises (~ 56) one Minerua. of the prizes is a slave girl operum haud ignara Minervae (v. 284), i.e. well skilled in spinning and weaving; cf. vii. 805. According to one story she was born near Lake Tritonis in Africa, and so is often called Tritonia or Tritonis (ii. 171, 226, 615, xi. 483). She alone of the gods is permitted by Iuppiter to wield his thunderbolts (i. 42 ff.). Venus. -Venus, the goddess of love (iv. 33, xi. 736) and 280 beauty, was the daughter of Iuppiter (i. 250, 256) and of 90 INTRODUCTION Dione (iii. 19). Her son Aeneas (i. 231, 585, 590) therefore himself declaims descent from Iuppiter, saying (vi. 123) et ms genus ab love sumnzmo (est). She was believed to have risen from the foam of the sea near Cythera, an island off the southern coast of the Peloponnesus, and so was called Cytherea (i. 257, 657, etc.). Other places loved by her were Paphos and Idalium in Cyprus (i. 415, 681, x. 51 ff.). In i. 720 she is called Aczldalia, after a fountain named Acidalius, in enus Boeotia, a province of central Greece. As the mother of Aeneas, and on account of the judgment of Paris, she is always deeply interested not only in Aeneas's welfare, but in that of the whole Trojan race (cf., e.g. i. 229-253, i. 657 ff., ii. 589 ff.). 281 Apollo (Greek Phoebus Apollo). - Apollo is the god of light, of oracles, of music, of the healing art, and at times, also, of war. He was born on the island of Delos and hence is called Delius (iii. 162, vi. 12). Other places frequented by him were Thymbra, near Troy, and Patara, a seaport town of Asia Minor in Lycia, where he had a famous oracle; hence he is called Thymbraeus (iii. 85), and his Lyciae sortes, 'Lycian oracle,' is mentioned iv. 346. From Grynium, another small town in Asia Minor, he is called Gr'yneus (iv. 345). It is as a god of oracles that Apollo figures most largely in the Aeneid (iv. Apolo. 376); the seats of his chief oracles are Delphi (ii. 114) and Cumae in Campania (vi. 9 ff.). He not only has the gift of prophecy himself but can bestow it upon others (xii. 39'3 ff., vi. 11, 12). As a god of war he is called arcitenens (iii. 75); arms rattle on his shoulders as he walks (tela sonant umeris iv. 149); he helps Octavianus at Actium (viii. 704; cf. ~~ 18, 67). He is god of music (xii. 394) and leader of the dance (iv. 145). He is described as beautiful (pulcher iii. 119), with long, flowing locks (cri'Ritus ix. 638; cf. fluen THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 91 ten... crV..C e iv. 147). He can teach others also how to play the lyre (xii. 394). He is god, too, of the healing art (x. 315), and father of the physician Paeon (vii. 769). As sun-god (iv. 119, xi. 913) he is called Ssl (i. 568, vii. 11), andi TDtan (iv. 119), since according to one account the sungod was son of Hyperion, one of the Titans (~ 273). Diana. - Diana, the goddess of hunting and sister of Apollo 282 (cf. i. 329), is called Ldtosaia (xi. 534), as being the daughter of Latona (cf. i. 502). Her attendants are the Thracian forest nymphs, the Oreades (i. Dianas 500). As Apollo was the sun-god, so Diana was Huntress. the moon-goddess; in ix. 405 she is called astfrolrum decus, 'brightest glory of the star-land.' She is identified also with Hecate (iv. 511), a goddess especially of the underworld and of witchcraft, but regarded also as a moon-goddess; see x. 537. Hecate was the goddess also of crossroads and so called Trivia (vi. 13, etc.). She is called Diana as also tergemina (iv. 511), 'triple-formed,' and is Moon-goddess. represented in works of art frequently by three statues standing back to back. Mars.- Mars is the god of war (armipotens ix. 717), who 283 decides the issue of all battles (xii. 179), and goes forth to war with giant strides (Gird-muits ]Kater iii. 35). The Cyclopes, or workmen of Vulcalus, build for him the war- chariot with which 'hle rouses Mars'. men, yea, whole cities to martial fury' (viii. 433, 434). His favorite haunt is Tlnacs (iii. l)). Vulcanus. - Vulcanus, the husband of Venus 284 (viii. 372), was the lord of fire and so called Vulcanus. I/zfipotens (viii. 414). He was brought up on the island of Lemnos and so was called Lemnii, s (viii. 454). His skill in the working of metals is described in viii. 425 ff. 92 INTRODUCTION In particular he fashions, with the aid of the Cycicpe: (Brontes, Steropes, and Arges), the thunderbolts of Iuppiter; and the shield of Aeneas (~ 60). His workshop was situated on Lipara, an island off the north coast of Sicily (viii. 417 ff.). 285 Neptunus. - Neptunus, brother of Iuppiter and Iuno (i. 130), was lord of the deep (i. 138; cf. ~ 274); he calms the sea (i. 142), and rides over its waves at will in his chariot (i. 147, 155). He has a palace in the waters of the Aegean sea, and so is called Aegaeus (iii. 74). The symbol of his sovereignty was the trident (i. 138, Neptunus. 145). 286 Mercurius. - Mercurius, son of Iuppiter (iv. 223) and Maia, daughter of Atlas (i. 297), was born on Cyllene, the highest mountain in the Peloponnesus, and hence is called Cyllenius (iv. 252; viii. 139). He is the messenger of the gods, conveying and interpreting their will to men (i. 297 ff., iv. 238 ff., etc.). To aid him in his duties as messenger he has wings (i. 300, 301), and wears the tallri-a, winged sandals (iv. 238 ff.). It is his function, also, to conduct the souls of the dead to their final ercurius resting-place; he carries a wand which enables hiin to do as he will with such spirits. He can also, by means of this wand, give sleep or take it away (iv. 242 ff.). His appearance is described in iv. 558 if. See Shelley's delightful translation of the 'Homeric Hymn to Mercury.' 287 Bacchus. - Bacchus, the god of the vine and its product, was born on Nysa, a mnountain of unknown location, identified by classical writers with various places in Europe, Asia, and Africa (vi. 805). Ile was especially fond of Naxos (iii. 125) and Cithaeron, a mountain in Boeotia, near Thebes (iv. 300 -303). His worship was conducted in wild and orgiastic fashion, in the woods or on mountain slopes, especially by THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 93 women, called Bacchantes or Maenades (cf. iii. 125, vii. 385 — 405). As the god that makes men unbend and frees them from care he is called jpater) Lyaeus (iv. 58). Ceres. - Ceres was the goddess of agricul- 288 ture; hence her name is used both for fri- mentum and for panis (~ 203). A temple in her honor at Troy is mentioned in ii. 713. ceres. Ceres was worshiped, too, as a giver of laws to men: cf. the epithet legifera applied to her, iv. 58. III. OTHER DEITIES Minor Water Deities.- Ancient writers represent the waters 289 of the sea, of rivers, and of fountains, the fields and the forests, as all alike peopled with numerous gods and goddesses. Attendants of Neptunus are Glaucus, Palaemon the god of harbors (v. 241, 823), Nereus and his daughters (the Nereides), and 1'horcus, brother of Nereus (v. 240, 822 ff.). Of the Nereides Thetis, Doto, Galatea, and others are mentioned (v. 825, ix. 102); their mother Doris is referred to in iii. 74. Cymothoe, too, and Triton appear in Neptunus's train (i. 144), and help him in his work; Triton is famed for the skill with which he blows his snail-shaped horn (x. 209). Portunus (v. 241) is identical with Palaemon, being in fact the Roman counterpart of the latter deity. The deities of certain streams are also mentioned, e.g. of the Tiber (viii. 31 if., 64), and of the Crinisus in Sicily (v. 38). The Nymphae. - The deities dwelling in springs and foun- 290 tains were called nymphae (i. 167, 168). Of these Iuturna, mother of Turnus (xii. 138 ff., especially 146) and Albunea, the nymph resident in one of the sources of the Tiber, are especially mentioned (vii. 83 ff.). In the grove about the spring of Albunea was a famous dream-oracle. The deities of the waters are conceived of as completely personal. 94 INTRODUCTION 291 Deities of Forest and Field. - Not only the waters but the forests also were peopled with deities; in fact, every place had its own peculiar god or goddess. Nympha is the general name for such deities, as well as for the fountain goddesses (~ 290). In iii. 34 Aeneas worships the nymphae agrestes, in consequence of the strange happenings attendant upon his attempt to gather the shafts of cornel and of myrtle. On reaching the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily, the Trojans worship the numina magna loci (iii. 697). A significant passage is vii. 136 ff. The Trojans are come at last to Italy; an incident, trifling in itself but important as fulfilling in innocent fashion a prediction which had sadly disturbed them, has made their hearts beat high with hope. Gratefully, therefore, they invoke the gods in prayer, among others the nymphae and the genius loci, i.e. the god under whose 292 special care and patronage this place was. The genius loci was regarded as concealed under divers forms. For example, in v. 77 ff. we have a description of a sacrifice of milk and blood to the spirit of Anchises. A great snake glides out from the foot of the funeral mound on which the offering was laid and consumes the milk and the blood. The Trojans scarce know whether to consider the serpent the genius loci or some special spirit attendant upon Anchises. Nymphs mentioned by name are Ida, mother of the Trojan warrior Nisus (ix. 177), Egeria, a nymph in the grove of Diana by Aricia (vii. 763), Feronia, at Anxur (vii. 800), Carmentis, a nymph of prophetic powers (vates fatidica viii. 336 ff.), mother of Evander, the Arcadian hero who founded the city of Pallanteum (~ 57), and Marica, a nymph at Laurentum, wife of the woodland god Faunus and mother of Latinus (vii. 47). 293 Saturnus; Faunus. - Deities of forest and field, of more importance than those named in the preceding paragraph, were Saturnus and Faunus. Saturnus, as has been said above (~ 275), was identified by Vergil with Cronos. Faunus, grandson of Saturnus (vii. 48 if.), is described as a god that THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 95 loved the woods (silvicola x. 551). In xii. 766 ff. he appears as the national god of the Italians. He is called fatidicus genitor and his oracle is described at length in vii. 81 ff. Ianus.- Ianus was an Italian god of beginnings and of 294 gateways. In the latter capacity he is bifrons, 'two-headed' (vii. 180), since gates face two ways, and is especially the guardian of the gates of the temple of war (~ 16); see vii. 607 ff. He is mentioned, too, as founder of a city called Idniculum, on the hill of that name (viii. 357, 358). lanus. Vesta; The Penates; the Lar. - Vesta was 295 the goddess of the fireside and of the fire burning there. As one of the oldest of Roman deities she is called cana, literally 'hoar,' 'hoar-headed' (i. 292, v. 744). Vergil represents Aeneas as bringing her statue and her worship from Troy (ii. 296); her temple in Troy is mentioned in ii. 567 ff. Im- 296 portant deities in the Aeneid are the Penates, properly friendly house-spirits who secured to the family its daily bread. The name seems to be connected with penus, ' food,' 'daily bread'; penus is itself connected with penitus, penetro, penetralia. The Penates are thus the gods of the inner and more sacred portions of the house. Closely associated with the Penates 297 was the Lar or Ldr Familidris. The Lar, with the two Penates, presided over all the fortunes of the house, standing in the most intimate relation to all its experiences, its joys and sorrows, its good fortune and its misfortune, and all events of importance to the family circle, births, deaths, marriages, departures on journeys and returns therefrom. Since the hearth was the centre of the family life it was especially sacred to the Lar and the Penates (as well as to Vesta); here their images were set up and here sacrifice of food and drink was made to them at each meal. The Romans always conceived of their state as a great298 family, a large household; hence the state, like the individual 96 INTRODUCTION home, had its Vesta, its Lar, and its Penates. In the Atrium Vestae at Rome a fire was kept always burning by the Vestal Virgins. In Vergil's time the belief was current that the Penates of the Roman state had been brought by Aeneas from Troy to Lavinium. Representations of the Penates similar to these were sacredly kept in a special shrine in the Atrium Vestae. At the very outset of the Aeneid (i. 5) Aeneas's purpose is described as twofold, to build a city and to bring his gods into Italy. In ii. 296 the spirit of Hector brings to Aeneas 'Vesta and Vesta's never-dying fire.' Aeneas (iii. 11), speaking of his departure from the land of Troy, says '1 move out upon the deep, an exile with my comrades, my son, the Penates, and the mighty gods.' 299 In this connection it is worth while to dwell a moment on a point of importance to a right understanding of the ancient conceptions concerning the gods. The ancients found it extremely difficult, in fact, impossible to separate the statue of a deity from the deity itself. Where the statue of the god was, there was the god. Language is used, therefore, naturally enough, of the statue which, strictly speaking, is appropriate only to the god (ii. 172 ff). The loss or destruction of the statue meant the loss of the favor of the deity which it represented. From this brief statement we can understand at once why Aeneas sought to carry the statues of Vesta, the Penates, and the other gods with him in his flight from Troy. The permanence of Trojan destinies was thought to depend on the preservation of these statues. The transference of the statues to the new home of the Trojan race was the one sure means of securing the favor of the gods they represented for the career which the race was to enjoy in the promised land. 300 The Gods of the Underworld. - The underworld is variously called Orcus (ii. 398), Acherin (vii. 312), JErebus (vi. 247), and Arernis (vi. 126). Its ruler is called PlitSo (vii. 327), or l)7s (iv. 702), the brother of luppiter: he is called lupViter's Stygias frater (ix. 104, x. 113). In iv. 638 he is TIlE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 97 luppiter Stygits. Iis palace was built by the forges of the Cyclopes (vi. 630). His wife, is Proserpina (vi. 142). Ordinarily she cuts from the heads of the dying a lock of hair as a kind of offering to the powers of the underworld. The fundamental thought here is that the dying are victims offered up to death and the other world; it was customary to begin a sacrifice of an ox, sheep, or similar victim, by cutting some hairs from its forehead. In iv. 698 if., however, Proserpina. Iris is sent by Luno to cut a lock from the head of the dying Dido; see notes there. Certain other superhuman personages find residence in the 301 underworld. To these luno alludes when she cries: 'If I can not prevail on the powers of heaven, I will move those of Acheron' (vii. 312); cf. too, iii. 211 ff., especially 214. To be mentioned especially are the three Furies, Allecto (vii. 324 ff.), Tisiphone (vi. 555), and Megaera (xii. 846). They are called collectively Ftriae (vi. 605) or Etumenides (iv. 469, vi. 250, 280). These Furies are subject to the will of the gods of Olympus; Allecto, for instance, aids Iuno in her plan of involving the Trojans in war with the Latins (vii. 341 ff.). Their presence within Olympus (~ 273), however, was not countenanced by Iuppiter (vii. 557). The Fates. - Only three deities exercise an important influ- 302 ence upon the course of the events described in the Aeneid. These are Venus, Iuno, and Iuppiter. Venus is the mother of Aeneas and her interest in events is therefore natural. luno was of old the arch-enemy of Troy (~ 53). She opposes Aeneas now in consequence of her love for Carthage (see notes on i. 12 ff., i. 24). Above these two goddesses stands Iuppiter, father of gods and men, charged with the government of the world and all its affairs. Above these three gods there is still a fourth power, Fate, which is sometimes identified with the gods, sometimes distinguished from them. 98 INTRODUCTION 303 This mysterious power is characterized by various names. A common term is Fdta (i. 32, 205, iii. 375, etc.). Others are Fortuna (x. 49), Fortuna, omnipotens et ineluctabile Fiatcmr (viii. 334), Parcae (i. 22, iii. 379). In the sense of 'it is fated' we find such expressions as fds est (ii. 779), yostquam visUm superTs (iii. 1, 2), and dGs aliter vmsum (ii. 428). 304 In seeking to determine Vergil's conception of the Fates, we note at once that no definite inferences can be drawn from the terms in which the human actors in the Aeneid speak of them. On the other hand these mortals constantly pray to the gods as the givers of all good things, with the thought, apparently, that their own destinies rested entirely in the hands of the deities whom they address. From the terms, however, in which the gods themselves speak of Fate, it is clear that all the deities, even luppiter, are subject to this mysterious power. We get a hint of this at the very outset. Iuno designs to make Carthage a world power, sa qudu Fatt sirant (i. 18), 'if in any wise the Fates permit.' Iuppiter is the personal representative of the Fates, charged with executing their will. It is this fact which makes it possible for the poet to call Iuppiter omnipotens (i. 60), and to speak of him as 'swaying the affairs of gods and men with never-ending might' (i. 229). The inconsistency is apparent rather than real; since Tuppiter was the viceroy of the Fates, the executive power by which their will was carried out, it was easy and natural for the poet to speak of him as all-powerful, and to represent him at times as a power coordinate with the Fates or even superior to them. 305 We may note finally that though the gods couldl not set at nought the will of the Fates they might delay, even for a long time, its accomplishment. This appears very clearly from the words of Iuno herself (vii. 313 ff.): ' Granted that I shall not be able to keep Aeneas from the throne of Latium... T can at least retard events so momentous and add delays thereto.' Cf., too, viii. 398, 399. THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 99,IV. THE RELATIONS OF THE GODS TO MEN General Statement. - Vergil follows Homer in representing 306 the gods as coming in various ways into close contact with mortals. He makes Evander (~ 57) say that his subjects believe that they have repeatedly seen luppiter himself, shaking his aegis (~ 279) and setting the storm in motion (viii. 352). The gods have favorite haunts on earth which they love to visit; thus Iuno loves Carthage (i. 15 ff.), Venus Paphos (i. 415 ff.). To certain favored mortals the gods reveal themselves and their will by (1) personal intercourse, (2) signs, such as oracles, omens, and dreams. Personal Intercourse of the Gods with Men.- In ii. 589 ff. 307 we read that Venus appears to Aeneas 'more clearly than e'er she had revealed herself heretofore, in the guise and in the greatness which are hers among the dwellers in heaven.' She takes away the mist from before his eyes and enables him to see divers gods - Neptunus, Iuno, Pallas, and luppiter himself actively engaged in the work of destroying Troy. Later, Venus appears to Aeneas as he goes forth to explore the land of Carthage (~ 54); this time she is disguised as a huntress, yet her divine nature is not wholly concealed. Her son, however, does not recognize her till she turns to leave him (i. 402 ff.). Later still Venus brings in person to Aeneas the arms which Vulcan had fashioned for him (viii. 608). No other instance of her appearance to Aeneas is recorded, but her care for his interests does not cease. When he is wounded, she speedily cures the hurt; she puts into his mind the plan which brings his struggle with Turnus to a triumphant close. Apollo comes down from heaven to congratulate Ascanius on his first warlike achievement; he assumes the form of Butes, once armor-bearer to Anchises, but the Trojan chiefs recognize the god (ix. 644-660). In other cases the gods deal with mortals through messengers, Mercurius (~ 286) being the messenger of Iuppiter, Iris (~ 278) of Iuno. 100 INTRODUCTION 308 Omens and Portents. - The second way in which the gods conduct their dealings with mortals is through omens and portents. The terms employed to denote these manifestations of the divine will are,ortentcta, iO&nstruiZt 6oment, atugurium. The practice of attaching importance to various phenomena, especially unusual phenomena, receives endorsement from the words put into the mouth of Venus (i. 390-400), when she makes predictions to Aeneas concerning the welfare of his fleet from the actions of a flock of swans, declaring that she can assure him of the safety of his ships, ' unless her foolish parents have taught her augury to no purpose.' Of the many omens and signs mentioned in the Aeneid only a few need be noted here. Dido and her followers, on reaching the site of Carthage, dig up there the head of a spirited charger and know at once, from something Iuno had told them, that this was the place where they were to build their city (i. 441 ff.). The snakes which destroy Laocoon and his sons, after Laocoon has darted a spear into the side of the wooden horse, are regarded as a monstrum, as proof of the anger of the gods at the act of Laocoon (ii. 199 -231). WVhen Anchises is firmly set in his purpose not to flee from Troy, a ro6nstrum makes him waver; bright flames play about the head of his grandson Ascanius, without, however, harming the boy (ii. 680-686). 309 We may note in connection with the last named m lonstruar that it is not regarded as constituting in itself a sufficient indication of the divine will. Anchises, though favorably impressed, yet hesitates, and cries to Iuppiter, Da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec 6mina firma. So, at the grave of Polydorus, Aeneas, troubled by the sight of the blood that trickles forth from the myrtle shafts, begs Mars and the woodland nymphs to 'give a favorable turn to the sight and to lighten the omen' (iii. 34-36). Often, however, the omen is at once intelligible, having been anticipated by some utterance or prophecy of the gods or their human spokesmen. THE MYTHOLOGY OF VERGIL 101 Prophecies and Oracles. - Originally the knowledge of 310 future events was possessed only by Iuppiter. He bestowed it, however, upon other gods, and they in turn upon their offspring or upon favored mortals. All this is set forth by the Harpy Celaeno, who declares (iii. 251) that she reveals the secrets which Iuppiter had unfolded to Apollo and Apollo in turn had communicated to her. The terms for'prophet are azugr (iv. 376, ix. 327) and, more frequently, vates (e. g. ii. 122). The seers mentioned are Calchas, prophet of the Greeks before Troy (ii. 122 ff.), Cassandra, prophetess of the Trojans, inspired by Apollo, but by him condemned to have her utterances disregarded by her countrymen (ii. 246 ff., iii. 182 if.), Nautes, inspired by Minerva (v. 704 ff.), and the nymph Carmentis (viii. 336 ff.; ~ 292). The seers possessed their gift of prophecy only in limited 311 measure, many things being concealed from them. So Helenus says to Aeneas (iii. 377), pauca tibi e multis... expediam dictts, prohibent nam cetera Parcae scare Ifelenamn fariqte vetat Sdturnia Iauo. The gift of prophecy was possessed also by all mortals to whom immortality was vouchsafed or who became divine beings after their removal from earth, and by the spirits of the dead, the Manes. So Aeneas's wife Creusa, who does not die but becomes an immortal attendant of the magna deum genetrTx (Cybele, ~ 275), gives Aeneas, immediately after her translation from earth, a brief outline of his destiny (ii. 780 ff.). From the spirit of his father Anchises, Aeneas learns in detail the glorious history of his descendants (vi. 756-886). Oracles. - As seats of oracles mention is made of Delphi, 312 described simply as oracula Phoebz (ii. 114), of Delos (iii. 79 ff., especially 88, 89), and Cumae (vi. 9 ff.). On arriving at Delos Aeneas goes at once to the temple of Apollo, and questions the god about the further course of his voyage. Cumae is the seat of the Sibyl, the priestess of Apollo. The utterances of the oracles were proverbially dark and myste 102 INTRODUCTION rious, often misunderstood by those to whom they were delivered; an instance is found in Book III, where Anchises misinterprets the answer to Aeneas's prayer. The god's answer was: antzquam exqulrite mdtrem, Seek your ancient mother,' i. e. Seek the cradle of your race; see iii. 96. The god had Italy in mind, Anchises thought of Crete (cf. iii. 103 ff. with iii. 180 ff.). 313 Dreams. -Another means whereby mortals learned the will of the gods was formed by dreams and visions. Vergil mentions two gates, one of horn, the other of ivory, by which dreams make their way from the underworld to this (vi. 893 -896). By the former gate real spirits issue, to appear to mortals in sleep, by the other misleading apparitions come forth. Here Vergil is following Homer. When the Greeks have forced an entrance into Troy through the stratagem of the wooden horse, Hector appears in a vision to Aeneas and bids him flee, at the same time commending to him his country's gods (ii. 270 if.). When the Trojans, misunderstanding the oracle delivered to them at 1)elos (~ 312), settle in Crete, they suffer grievously in consequence of their mistake. Presently, the Penates (~~ 296-298) appear to Aeneas as he lies in sleep, and tell him that Italy, not Crete, was the land meant by Apollo (iii. 147 ff.). After Aeneas had at last resolved to quit Carthage, a figure, like in all respects to Mercurius, appears to him in his sleep, to urge him to instant departure (iv. 556 ff.). A dream-oracle is described at length in vii. 81 ff. Here the priest makes a sacrifice of sheep and lays him down to sleep on the skins of the victims; as he slumbers 'he sees strange sights and hears various voices and enjoys converse with the gods.' F. THE MANUSCRIPTS OF VERGIL 314 For the text of Vergil, as for that of all other Greek and Latin authors, we are compelled to rely ultimately on copies of the poet's works written by hand on papyrus or parchment; A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY 103 such copies are called manuscripts. Vergil's poems, especially the Aeneid, became text-books in the Roman schools almost immediately after his death (~ 80); hence the text of his works was repeatedly copied, and as a result it exists to-day in more copies (i. e. in more manuscripts), perhaps, than does that of any other Latin author. Further, the manuscripts of Vergil are not only very numerous, but some of them, at least, are very good, by reason of the fact that they go back to very early times. Manuscripts dating back of the tenth century of our era form the exception rather than the rule; yet three at least of the Vergilian manuscripts antedate 500 A.. These are (1) the Codex Mediceus, preserved at Florence, and belonging to the fifth century; (2) the Codex Palatm 2us; and (3) the Codex Rjodnus. The last two are in the library of the Vatican at Rome, and were written in the fourth or the fifth century. None of these manuscripts is complete. There are several important fragments of good and early manuscripts. Of these one is specially interesting, known as the Schedae (leaves) Vaticnae. Though only seven leaves of it are preserved, four at the Vatican, three at Berlin, it is a very important manuscript, being one of the very earliest Latin manuscripts extant. All these manuscripts were written in capitalletters. There is also a host of manuscripts written in what are called minuscule characters, i.e. in small letters. These are all late, and are descendants of a common original. G. A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY In this section is given a very brief list of books of 315 importance and interest to the average student of Vergil. Books in foreign languages have for the most part, for obvious reasons, been excluded. No American editions of the Aeneid are here named, because during his work on this book the author has scrupulously refrained from examining such editions. He has therefore no familiarity with their 104 INTRODUCTION contents, and is not prepared to speak of their respective merits. 316 General Criticism of Vergil. F. W. H. Myers. Essays Classical, pp. 106-176. (The Macmillan Co., New York, 1897.) This is probably on the whole the most instructive and suggestive discussion of Vergil's poetry. W. Y. Sellar. The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age: Virgil. (The Clarendon Press, Oxford, third edition, 1883.) A very elaborate and valuable work (423 pages). W. Y. Sellar. The article Virgil in the Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. xxiv, pp. 248-255. H. Nettleship. Suggestions Inlroductory to a Study of the Aeneid, in his Lectures and Essays (first series), pp. 97-142. (The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1885.) H. Nettleship. Ancient Lives of Vergil. (The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1879.) The pamphlet contains also an Essay on the Poetry of Vergil in Connection with His Life and Times. H. Nettleship. Vergil. (D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1880.) John Conington. The Works of Virgil, edited in three volumes. (George Bell & Sons, London.) Fourth edition, revised by H. Nettleship, 1881-1884. See Introduction to vol. ripp. xix-lxviii; also vol. i, pp. xvii-cxv. A. Sigwick. P. Vergili Maronis Opera, edited in two volumes. (The Macmillan Co., 1890-1894.) See the Introduction to vol. i, pp. 3-76. R. Y. Tyrrell. Latin Poetry, chap. 5, pp. 126-163. (Houghton, Mifflin. & Co., Boston, 1895.) J. W. Mackail. Latin Literature, pp. 91-105. (Scribners, New York, 1895.) Domenico Comparetti. Vergil in the Middle Ages, translated from Italian into English by E. F. M. Benecke. (The Macmillan Co., 1895.) This is a very elaborate study, espe A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 cially of the legends which in the Middle Ages gathered about the name of Vergil. J. S. Tunison. Master Virgil. (Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati, 1890.) This book is similar in subject and contents to the work by Comparetti, but is much less elaborate and exhaustive. Editions.- Beside the editions by Conington and Sidgwick 317 named above, the following may be noted: B. H. Kennedy. (Longmans, Green & Co., London and New York, 1895.) The notes are rather meager, but often very good. The Appendix gives valuable collections of material, though the references are untrustworthy. T. E. Page. (The Macmillan Co.: Books I-VI, 1894, Books VII-XII, 1900.) On the whole a useful book; the notes are often very suggestive. Of the German editions, the most helpful, at least for ordinary students, are the following: Oskar Brosin. (F. A. Perthes, Gotha, 1890.) The Appendix contains much useful matter on Vergil's language and style. Th. Ladewig. Eleventh edition revised by Paul Deuticke. (Weidmann, Berlin, 1891.) Karl Kappes. Fifth edition. (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, 1893.) Mythology.- On the general subject of classical mythology 318 the following English works will b, of service: The Classic Myths in English Litrature, by C. M. Gayley. (Ginn & Co., Boston, 1894.) Myths of Greece and Rome, by I. A Guerber. (American Book Co., 1893.) An Outline of Greek and Roman Mythology, by Francis W. Kelsey. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 18 3.) Greek and Roman Mythology, by 'i. P. Harringtea and H. C. Tolman. (B. H. Sanborn & Co.. Bostop, 1897,) it 106 INTRODUCTION Murray's Manual of Mythology, revised by W. H. Klapp. (Altemus, Philadelphia, 1898.) Smith's Classical Dictionaries are invaluable. A very useful book is Harper's Handbook of Classical Literature and Antiquities, edited by H. T. Peck. (American Book Co., New York, 1897.) P. VERG ILI MARONIS AE N E IDOS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES AND VOCABULARY In the grammatical references A. =Allen and Greenough; B. = Bennett; G. = Gildersleeve Lodge; H. -= Iarkness. (In each case the latest revision has been followed.) abl. = ablative. abs. = absolute, absolutely. acc. = accusative. act. = active, actively. ad.3 = adJectlve, adjectively. adv. = adverb, adverbial, adverbially. advers. = adversative. allit. = alliteration. antec. = antecedent. apod. = apodosis. appos. = apposition, appositive. asynd. = asyndeton. Caes. = Caesar. cf. = Latin conrfer. i.e. compare. char. = characteristic. Cic. = Cicero, cl. = clause. coll. = collective. comp. = comparative. cond. condition, conditional. conj. conjunction. constr. = construction. dat. = dative. delib. = deliberative. dem. = demonstrative. dep. = deponent. dim. = diminutive. e.g. = for example. Eng. = English. esp. = especial, especially. excl. = exclamation, exclamatory. f., ff. = following (after numbers). fem. = feminine. fig. = figurative, figuratively. freq. = frequentative. fut. future. gen. = genitive. Gk. = Greek. hist. = historical. imp. = imperative. impers. = impersonal, impersonally. impf. = imperfect. indef. =indefinite. indic. = indicative. infin. = infinitive. instr. = instrumental. interrog. = interrogative. intrans. = intransitive. lit. = literally. masc. = masculine metr. = metrical, metrically. n. = note. neg. = negative. neut. = neuter. nom. = nominative. obj. - objective. 0. 0. =oratio obltqua, indirect discourse 0. R. = orctio rgcta, direct discourse. p., pp. = page, pages. pass = passive, passively. pers. = person, personal, personally. pf. = perfect. pi = plural. plpf = pluperfect. poss. = possessive. pred. = predicate. prep. = preposition. pres. = present. pronl. pronoun. prot. = protasis. prtcpl. = participle, participial. ref. = reference. rel. = relative, relatively. rhetor. = rhetorical. sc -= Latin scilicet, i e. supply. sing. = singular. spec. = specification. subj. = subjunctive. sup = superlative. temp. = temporal. trans. = transitive, transitively. V. = Vergil. voc. = vocative. Vocab. = vocabulary. vs., vss. = verse, verses. 108 P. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIBER I Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris Italiam fLto profugus Lflavniaque venit litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto vi superum saevae'memorem Ifunnis ob iram, multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet nrbem 1-7. The theme of the poem is the making of Rome. 1. Arma.. can6: the character and contents of the poem are at once clearly indicated: arma points to a story of wars, an epic poem (~ 69), virum to a story dealing chiefly with a single hero. 3-7 show that we shall learn also of this hero's wanderings and sorrows till he accomplished his divinely appointed mission of founding the city whence Rome ultimately sprang. His wanderings occupy Books I-VI, his wars Books VII-XII. The hero's name is not given till 92; the story of Aeneas had long been familiar to the Romans. Troiae: ~51. oris: in poetry ora often suggests distance; render, 'from Troy's far-distant shores. ' 2. Italiam.. litora: for case see ~ 127. LZvinia... litora defines and restricts the general name Italiam; cf. ~198. V. of necessity often refers to places by names not given to them until long after Aeneas's time. For scansion of Lavinia see ~240. fato: causal abl., =fitorum decreto, with both venit and profugus. Fate (~~302-305) willed not merely that he should lose one home but also that he should gain another. 3. multum: for case see ~134. ille emphatically repeats the subject qui, 1, a use not uncommon in poetry. Render, 'much tossed he.' terris... et alt6= the common terrax marique; poets avoid stereotyped expressions of prose. For case see ~~ 141, 142. 4. superum: the gods of heaven, as opposed to those of the underworld; ~~ 273, 300. For form see ~ 89. memorem: transferred epithet, ~194; it was Juno that never forgot. Iunonis: ~ 278. 5. Join quoque with multa passus, et, ' also,'' even,' with bello. The climax of Aeneas's woes was the war he had to wage on reaching the promised land; ~57. dum... inferret: A. 328; B. 293*3\ (DO III., 2; G. 572; H. 603, II., 2. The cl. o gives the purpose of the Fates; see on ' fato, 2. urbem: Lavinium. 6. deos, 'his gods,' the gods of his country, the Penates; for these see ~~ 295-299, esp. ~ 299. 109 110 AENEIDOS [6-16 inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum A4banique patres atque altae moenia Romae. Misa, mihi causas memora, qno numine laeso quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casus 10 insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae? r Urbs antiqua fuit (Tyril tenuere colopi), Carthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli, 15 quam Ilun fertur terris magis omnibus iunam posthabita coluisse Samo; hic illius arma, 6, 7. Lati6: for case see ~ 122. unde: sc. fuit, 'sprang.' The antec. is to be found in the acts expressed by 3-6; the establishment of the Latin race, etc., was the result of all Aeneas's experiences. genus... R6mae: after the death of Turnus (~57) Aeneas married Lavinia, founded a town (cf. urbem, 5), and called it Lavinium in her honor. Having succeeded Latinus as king of both Latins and Trojans, he bound the two peoples together by giving them a common name, Latini. Thus arose the genus Latinum. Ascanius, son of Aeneas, led a colony from Lavinium to Alba Longa, whence later Romulus and Remus founded Rome. patr6s, 'senators.' altae: a standing epithet of cities, probably as built on high ground. A Roman reader would think of Rome's many hills. 8-11. Vergil begs the Muse to relate the causes of Aeneas's sufferings. 8. Mesa: Gk. and Latin poets often profess to be merely the mouthpieces of the Muses. qu... laes6: lit., 'what heavenly will (of hers) having been outraged,' i.e.' in what respect her godhead was outraged.' 9, 10. quid, 'on what account'; for case see on multum, 3. The interrogs. really belong only with the participles, but are made to introduce the whole cl. ending with impulerit. More correct but less vigorous would be quod nimen lae sum sit quidve doluerit ut... impulerit. regina deum = Juno; cf. 4. For form of deum cf. superum, 4. volvere.. adire: for mood see ~ 168. volvere=evolvere (~ 201), 'undergo'; lit., 'unroll,' like a book or scroll. pietate: see ~ 62. 11. impulerit: subj. in dependent question; see on quid, 9. animis: sc. sunt. lrae: for pl. see ~ 176. tantae... irae is really an exclamation, ' Strange that,' etc. 12-33. The answer to 8-10 is now given, to quo... laeso in 12-22, to quidve dolens in 23-33. The causes are Juno's love for Carthage and her hatred of the Trojans. 12. antiqua, 'in days of old'; ~ 195. tenuere: sc. earn; ~214. For the form see ~ 104. 13. contra, 'facing,' governs both Italiam and ostia; ~ 210. longe: an adv. standing between an adj. and a noun, or associated in thought with an adj. and a noun, has adj. force; longehere=tonginqua, 'distant.' Carthage lay almost due south of the mouth of the Tiber, distant about two days' sail. Tiberina.... stia defines Italiam; cf. n. on Italiam... litora, 2. 14. 6stia: for pl. see ~177. opum: gen. with dives, which = plenus; ~116. studiis.. belli, 'devoted to the stern pursuits of war.' asperrima is a transferred epithet; see on memorem, 4. 15, 16. fertur = dicitur. omnibus LIBER I 111 hic currus fuit; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, si qua Fata sinant, iam turn tenditque fovetque. Progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine dfci audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces; hine populum late regem belloqne superbum ventirum excidio Libyae; sic volvere Parcas. Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli, prima quod ad Troiam pro caris gesserat Argis (necdum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores exciderant animo; manet alta mente repostum ifdicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae et genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis honores) 20 25 here = ceteris. Note juxtaposition of contrasts in omnibus unam; ~ 212. posthabiti Sam6: freely, ' yea, more even than Samos.' For the hiatus /at Samo hie see ~ 257. arma: some ancient statues show Juno armed with a spear. 17. hoc refers to urbs, 12, but is attracted into the gender of the pred. noun regnum, the normal usage. A. 195, d; B. 246, 5; G. 211, R. 5; H. 396, 2. esse -ives the purpose of tenditque fovetque, 18; ~~159, n., 164. 18. qua: sc. vif, ratione. sinant: O. O., representing hoc regnum gentibus erit, s qua Fcta sinunt. Even the gods are subject to the Fates; ~ 304. 19. pr6geniem = genus Lattnum, 6. sed enim, 'but of a truth,' i.e. 'however'; enim is often thus affirmative cather than causal. This is its earlier ase. duci, ' was (at that very moment) springing.' The very exile and wasiderings of Aeneas were contributing to the birth of this new race; see on f(to, 2, and unde, 6. 20. Tyrias: 12 shows how this word came to = 'Carthaginian.' quae verteret, like dmz... nferret, 5, expresses the purpose of the Fates, 18. 19, 20 foreshadow the great conflict between Rome and Carthage. 21, 22. hinc=hae ex progenie. lat qualifies regem, which suggests the verbs rego and regno, and virtually= regnantem. excidi6 Libyae: A. 233, a; B. 191, 2; G. 356; H. 433. volvere: Is in 9. Parcas: the third ref. to the Fates in 22 vss. 21, 22 repeat the thought of 19, 20; see ~ 222. 23. id sums up 19-22. metuens = a causal cl. with arcebat, 31; so too memor and accensa, 29. veteris here=antiqui, prioris; strictly, it = 'longstanding.' Saturnia: Juno; ~ 278. 24. prima, 'first and foremost'; for position see ~ 209. Argis: from Argi. Even in prose the name of a people is found for that of a city or country. Juno's love for Argos played the same part in the war against Troy as her regard for Carthage is to play in the Aeneid. 25. etiam, 'besides'; necdum.. exrcidrant is really affirmative in sense, 'the causes were still lingering.' irarum: cf. Irae, 11. dolores, 'affronts'; ~186. 26. alt8 mente, 'in the depths of her soul'; for case see ~ 143. repostum = repositum; ~ 107. 27. spretae... f6rmae: for case and meaning see ~ 111. The phrase repeats and defines iudicium Paridis; ~ 222. For the matters referred to see ~ 53, and Tennyson's ' Oenone.' 28. genus invisum: the Trojans 112 AENEIDOS [2940C \h1s accensa super iactatos aequore toto 30 Tr6as, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos errabant acti Fatis maria omnia circum. Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem, Vix e c6nspectfi Siculae telluris in altum s5 vela dabant laeti et spumas salis acre ruebant, cum luno aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus haec s4eum: 'MCane incepto desistere victam nec posse Italia Teucr6rum avertere regem? Quippe vetor Fatis. Pallasne exfrere classem 4o Argivum atque ips6s potuit submergere ponto were sprung from Dardanus, son of Jupiter by Electra, daughter of Atlas. June hated them therefore because they reminded her of Jupiter's unfaithfulness. Ganymedis: for case see ~ 119. Juno hated the Trojans on three accounts: (1) their origin; (2) the act of Paris; (3) because a Trojan, Ganymede, was preferred to her own daughter Hebe. 29. his, the matters of 25-28. accensa: see on metuens, 23. super, 'besides, ' i.e. in addition to the causes noted in 12-22; but for this word hzs could be referred to all the matters in 12-28. aequore tot6: for case see ~ 144. 30. Troas: for form see ~96. r6liquiias... Achilli, 'the niserable remnant left unslain by,' etc. The gens. are subjective. For scansion of rlhquius see ~ 245. With Danaum cf. superimn, 4, deum, 9. For the form Achilli set ~ 97. 31. Latio: for case see ~140. multosque: for -que see ~ 199. 32. acti Fatis: the Fates forbade them to rest till they reached Italy. circum: for position see ~ 210. 33. tantae molis: pred. gen. see A. 214, c, d; B. 198, 3; G. 366; IH. 439. The vs. sums up all that has preceded. Two elements of the Aeneid have been prominent thus far: (1) the national, 5-7, 12-22, 33; (2) the religiolls, esp. in the frequentrefs. to the Fates; ~~ 59-63, 66, 67. 34-49. Juno reproaches herself for having failed to destroy the Trojans. 34, 35. vix.. Slculae: for the situation see ~ 53. altum: often used, like Eng. 'deep,' of the sea. laeti: they fancied their wanderings at an end. aere, 'their brazen prows'; ~187. ru6bant = ruiebant; see on volvere, 9. 36. aeternum is illustrated by 25-28. sub pectore = alti mente, 26. sub, 'under cover of,' is often used where we say 'in' or ' within.' 37, 38. haec: sc. ait or dicit; ~216. secum: Latin regularly says secum or curm aliis dicere (loqli). desistere... posse: for nood see ~158. incept5 is explained by 31 and 38. ne = et non, as often. Often, too, the non belongs to one word of the cl., as here to posse. Italia: for case and meaning cf. LZtio, 31. 39. Quippe... Ftis gives a sarcastic explanation of her failure. In her rage and disgust Juno talks as if the decrees of the Fates were of little moment. For case of Fdtis see ~ 121. Pallas: ~ 79. exurere: in compounds ex often suggests success; here it'utterly.' 40. ips6s: i.e. the crews as distinct from the ships. pontS: for case see ~ 142, end. JIUNO LIBER I 113 finlis ob noxam et furias Aiicis Olel? Ipsa Ibois rapidum iaculfta e nfubibus ignem disiecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis, illum exspirantem transfix5 pectore flammas tubine corripuit scopuloque infixit acfuto, ast ego, quae dlvflm incedS regina Iovisque et soror et conifnx, fina cum gente tot annos bella gero. Et quisquam numen Iunonis adorat praeterea ant supplex aris inponit honorem?' Talia flammato sdum dea corde volftans nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus Austris, 45 50 41. Ulnius: sharply contrasted with Iesos, 40, and gente, 47. There was but l sinner (see Aidx in Vocab.), yet all rished. The whole Trojan race, not merely one man, had sinned against Juno, yet she is powerless. et... Ollei explains unius ob noxan; ~ 222. furias, 'mad deeds'; see on irae, 11. Aiacis Oilel: lit., ' Oileus's Ajax,' i.e. Ajax, son of Oileus. For the form Oelei see ~~99,247. Pallasne... Otlel, 39-41, is highly rhetorical. Smarting under defeat Juno speaks as if she can hardly credit her recollection of these familiar facts. 39-47 thus = 'Can it be that, though Pallas avenged herself, I have failed so ignominiously?' 42. ipsa: she not only caused but wrought the ruin. Jupiter suffered no deity save Pallas to wield his thunderbolts; this was a sore trial to his jealous spouse. ignem: the lightnings; see ~ 277. 43. -que... -que: often in poetry (cf. 18) instead of et... et, or a simple et; only once in Cic. rates: often in poetry for nivess; see on terris... et alto, 3. 45. scopulo: dat. after infLxit; ~ 126. Cic. has in and abl. after inflgere. ipsa... acit, 42-45, breaks into two equal parts, between which there is advers. asynd. (lack of connecting conj.). This is relieved by the contrast implied between illum and rates; asynd. is common in enumerations and contrasts. 46. ast: ~109. ego: contrasted with ipsa, 42. incedo: a picturesque substitute for sum. The verb denotes slow, stately movement, as of a deity or an army. 47. iun: emphatic by contrast with tot annos; the queen of heaven might reasonably have expected to destroy a single race at once. tot....ger, ' have been... waging and still am waging.' Cf. the force of a pres. with iam dig, etc. 48. Iunonis: an emphatic substitute for meum; the name has associations and suggests thoughts beyond the power of any pronominal word to express. The usage is common in Gk., Latin, and Eng. 49. praeterea, 'thereafter,' i.e. after this feebleness, these seven years of fruitless efforts against the Trojans; a very rare sense. The expected answer to the question is neg. aris: dat., for the prose in aras; see on scopulo, 45. honorem: here that which confers honor, 'an offering'; see on dolores, 25. 50-80. Juno enlists Aeolus, king of the winds, against the Trojans. 50. talia... volftans: for the order see ~205. flammat... corde may be local abl. or modal abl., 'excitedly.' 51. patriam: the poets picture the winds not merely as natural forces but as persons; hence they have a native 114 AENEIDOS [52-66 Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antr6 luctahtis vent6s tempestatesque sonoras imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 55 III indignantes magno cum murmure montis circum claustra Iremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce sceptra tenens mollitque animms et temperat iras; ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras.;^ao Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris hoc metuens molemquelet montis insuper altos inposuit egemque dedit, qui foedere cert6 et premere et axas sciret dare iussus habenas. Ad quem turm Ilun supplex his v6cibus fsa est: 65 'Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque hominum rex land. f6ta, as an adj. of fullness, is construed with the abl.; contrast dives opum, 14. Austris = ventis; ~ 190. 52-54. antro may be either local or instr. abl.; cf. ponto, 40. The winds are in the cave, Aeolus outside. luctantis continues the personification in patriam, 51. frenat: the figure changes; the winds are now high spirited steeds. 55. magno... montis: freely, 'while the great mountain echoes loudly'; see ~ 147. 56. claustra: the doors of the career, 54. fremunt: this verb is used of confused noises of all sorts, esp. of expressions of rage. arce: distinct from the mountain of the winds; see on antro, 52. 58. ni faciat, 'should he fail to do this.' See A. 307, b; B. 303; G. 596, 1; H. 576. at denotes an exception rather than a cond.; the meaning is, ' under all conceivable conditions save the present, the winds would,' etc. maria... profundum = 'the universe.' Like altus, profundus = both ' high' and 'deep.' 59. quippe: as in 39, but without the sarcastic force. 60. pater omnipotens: Jupiter; ~ 276. speluncis: for case see on antro, 52. 61. hoc sumsup 58 59; af. AtE ue of id, 23. molem is explained by the rest of the vs. montis: metrical pl.; ~ 174. In 55 we had the sing. of the same barrier. 62. qu... sciret: a purpose cl. foedere certo, 'in accordance with a fixed compact'; there was to be no room for misunderstandings. B. calls this abl. the abl. of accordance; it is a species of modal abl. 63. et... et emphasize the infinitives. Aeolus was to be as skilful in loosing the winds at the right time as in restraining them at others. For the infin. after sciret see ~~ 160, 166. iussuS: an important word here; sc. a love. For the figure in laxis habenas see on frenat, 54. Sc. e6s with premere, els with dare; ~ 214. 64. quem: Latin loves to tie its sentences closely together, and often uses the rel. pron. where the Eng. is content with a dem. or a pers. pron. 65. The namque cl. does not give the cause of anything expressed in the sentence, but rather tells why Juno comes to Aeolus. Render, 'Aeolus (to thee I come), for.' Such ellipsis is common with namque. divum... r6x =pater omnipotens, 60. For the monosyllabic ending of the vs. see ~ 261. 66-80] LIBER I 115 et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento, gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penatis; incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppis aut age diversos et disice corpora ponto. Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea, conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos exigat et ptllchra faciat te prole parentem.' Aeolus haec contra: 'Tuns, o regina, quid optes, explorare labor; mihi iussa capessere fas est. Tu mihi quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Iovemque concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divum nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.' 70 75 80 66. mulcere... tollere: objects of dedit; ~166, n. vent6: join with mulcere as with tollere. The winds soothe the waves by ceasing to blow. 67, 68. gens inimica: cf. genus invsum, 28. Penatis: see ~~295-298. Cf. n. on deos, 6. 69. submersas... obrue: we should say, 'o'erwhelm and sink'; Latin more logically subordinates one verb to the other. Coordination of verbs is avoided by means of (1) a pf. pass. prtcpl., as here and in iactatos, 29; (2) an abl. abs.; (3) a cum cl.; (4) a pf. prtcpl. of a dep. verb. 70. diversos gives the result of age (sc. eos); see ~ 193. disice: by reason of its etymology (dis+iacio) the first syllable of this word counts as heavy (~ 228). 71. praestanti corpore, 'preeminently lovely.' See A. 251; B. 224; G. 400; H. 473, 2. Such an abl. or gen. of char. usually = a compound adj., or an adj. modified by an adv. nymphae: ~~ 290, 291. 72. quarum... Diopea: this vs. would naturally run, quarum (illam) quae formia pulcherrima (est), Deiopeam, but Deiopea has been incorporated within the rel. cl., and so attracted into the case of quae. quarum is partitive gen. with quae. 73. iungam: sc. tibi. Juno was goddess of marriage. propriam is very effective, since it denotes something which only one person can have; suus denotes what only one person at a given moment happens to own. In different contexts proprius is used of all three persons. 74. omnis... annos, ' forever'; the nymphs were immortal. For the order see ~ 205. 75. pulchra.. prole: freely, 'by bearing thee a lovely offspring'; instr. abl. 76, 77. haec: as in 37. tuus... mihi: strongly contrasted; 'You command, I obey.' quid opt6s = optata tua. Why the subj.? Cf. quo... impulerit, 8-11. explorare: i.e. as to its rightness or wrongness. mihi: note final I inmihi before initial i-consonant. This is the regular usage. fas est: a strong phrase. Aeolus, in accepting the bribe, speaks humbly, as if he were but a mortal. He throws all responsibility on Juno. 78-80 give the reasons for mihi... 116 AENEIDOS [81-92 Haecubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem impulit in latus, ac venti velut agmine facto, qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Incubuere mari, totumque ii sedibus imis 85 fina Enrusque Notusque ruunt creberquejprocellis Africus et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctfis; insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nuibes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis; pontO nox incubat atra. 90 Intonuere poll, et crebrls micat ignibus aether, praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra; est, i.e. they = a nam cl. or a causal curn cl. tu mihi: Latin likes to emphasize contrasted prons. by putting theli together at the head of a sentence. For the repeated tF (anaphora) see A. 344, f; B. 350, 11, b; G. 682; H. 666, 1. quodcumque... regni, 'every atom of sovereignty I possess.' hoc here, as often, = 'this of mine,' neurn. regns is partitive gen. with quodctnmqee. sceptra: for the pi. see ~ 175. For the a see on mihi, 77. Iovem = gratiar lovis. accumbere: object of dids; see on mulcere, 66. Sc. mihi 'with das, mne with facis; cf. the ellipses in 63. For the gen. with potentenL see ~115. 81-123. Aeolus causes a great gale, which scatters the Trojan ships. One sinks. 81, 82. conversa cuspide: the direction in which Aeolus turns his spear is indicated by the position of the abl. abs. beteen cavum and nmotemn, and by in latuS; in = ' agaillst.' Render, ' turning his spear toward the mountain he striuck it full upon its side.' He pushes the claustra, 56, inward. ac, 'and forthwith'; ~ 00. velut... factS, 'like a marshalled host.' HIow lit.? velut apologizes for the fig. language, which represents the winds as soldiers falling into line. quasi is sllilarly used. $3. qua (sc. paste) =ubi. data: sc. (st. ruunt =prreuunt; ~201. turbine: modal abl.; ~ 145. 84. incubuere, 'instantly they swoop down on.' For the tenses in 83-94 see ~~ 149, 150. With incubuere (from incuimbo) sc. se, and see ~ 139. 85. ruunt = eruunt, 'upheave'; cf. ruebant, 35, and contrast ruent, 83. Latin writers often repeat words, even with changed meaning. creber... procellis, 'gusty'; procell/s is abl. with ci Uber treated as an adj. of fullness. Cf. fita... Austris, 51. Poets, ancient and modern, often make all four winds blow at once; they are poets, not scientists. 87. insequitur... rudentum: read this vs. aloud, and then see ~ 224. ins(quitur is sing., agreeing with the nearer subject, instead of with both together; so regularly in prose. virum = virorul; in prose this form occurs only in compounds like triutmvir. 89, 90, atra: a nhe epithet, since it denotes a dull, lustreless black. Not a gleam of light relieves the darkness intonuere: instantaneous pf.; cl. incubetre, 84. ignibus, 'lightning flashes,' cf. rapidurrn... gnem, 42. 92. Aeneae: the vir of 1; see n. there. solvuntur: the Greeks and the Romans thought of the limbs as normally in a state of tension, like a bowstring ready for action. frigore, 'chilling fear'; ~ 186. 93-105] LIBER I 117 ingemit et duplicis tendons ad sidera palmtis talia vOce refert: '0 terque quaterque be-ti, quis ante cra patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis contigit oppetere! o Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide! meneo liacis occumbere campis non potuisse tuaque animam hane effundere dextrA, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Iector, ubi ingens Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis scuta virum galelsque et fortia corpora volvit?' Talia iactanti stridens Aquil6ne procella velurn adversa ferit fluctfisque ad sidera tollit; franguntur rimi; trnm prora avertit et undis dat latus; insequitur cumul) praeruptus aquae mons. 95 100 105 93. duplicis merely = duo, a common poetic usage. palmas: in praying, the Greeks and the Romans stretched their hands, palms upwards, to heaven. 94. talia, ' the following words'; contrast talia, 50, and cf. haec, 37, 76. terque quaterque: i.e. 'many times,' 'greatly.' 95, 96. quis... contigit, 'whose happy lot it was.' For qis =quibus see ~ 92, contingo is commonly used of good fortune, accido of bad. ante ora... oppetere: sc. mortemn; by itself oppetere simply = 'to meet.' The old heroes did not fear death in itself; what they dreaded was a death without glory or burial. 97, 98. Tydide: for form see ~94. mene.. effundere: for mood see 158. tua... dextra: Diomede wounded Aeneas in a fight before Troy, and would have killed him had not Venus rescued him. hanc = meam; see on qzodcumue... regyn, 78. 99. saevus pictures the feelings with which Hector was regarded by his Gk. foes, not those of his countryman Aeneas; it is thus a compliment. Contrast saevae, 4. t1eo: instr. abl. with iacet, which = percussus or prostratus est. Latin writers often picture the re suit of an action rather than the action itself. ingens: the Homeric heroes were regarded as of larger stature than the men of later times. 100, 101. ubi: for the repetition see on the triple tf, 78, 79; here it gives a pathetic effect. correpta belongs with all the nouns in 101, but gets its gender irom the nearest. The pf. pass. prtcpl. often = a rel. cl.; so correpta = quae corripufit. volvit: in his emotion Aeneas speaks as if the river were still buffeting the bodies of those slain seven years before; cf. tacet, 99. He forgets the intervening years; a fine touch. 102. iactanti (sc. ei), 'as he was wildly uttering'; for case see A. 235, and N.; B. 188, 1; (G. 350, 2; H. 425, 2, 4. stridens... procella, 'a howling blast from the north.' stridns is onomatopoetic; see on 87. Aquilone is instr. abl. 103. adversa: adv. in sense, 'full in front.' The sails of ancient ships were square, setting across the mast. 104. avertit, 'swings round'; for the intrans. use see ~ 139, comparing incubugre, 84. 105. dat latus: the blast stops all headway; the ship will not answer the helm, and so falls into the trough of the 118 AENEIDOS [106-11S Hi summo in fluctf pendent, his unda dehiscens terram inter fluctfis aperit; ]unt aestus haremns. Tris Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet (saxa vocant Itali medils quae in fluctibus Aras, lo dorsum immane mari summo), trls Eurus ab alto in bitevia et syrtis urget (miserabile visfiu)', inliditqu06'adts atque aggere cingit harenae. < Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, n,,l ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus 115 in puppim ferit; excutitur pronusque magister volvitur in caput; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem torque tagens circum et rapidus vorat aequore vertex; apparent rLri pantes in gurgite vasto, arma virum tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas. sea. cumulo: for case see on turbine, 83. mons: a huge wave, due to the blast of 102, comes down on Aeneas's ship. For the monosyllabic ending of the vs. cf. 65. 106, 107. unda: here simply 'the water'; contrast undis, 104. furit... harenis, 'the seething waters struggle madly with the sands,' i.e. with those at the bottom of the deep. The phrase explains hs....aperit. For the case of harens see ~ 124. 108. tris: sc. navis. abreptas... torquet: see on szbmersas... obrue, 69. The prefix in abrept0s = 'out of their true course.' 109. This vs. is in appos. with saxa latentia, 'rocks which, (lying) in the midst... the Italians call.' For the involved order of words see ~ 209. Join mediis in fluctibus closely with quae; a prosewriterwould say quae sita in. The double saxa has pathetic effect; see on ubi, 100. 110. dorsum immane describes the normal appearance of these rocks, and so emphasizes the greatness of the storm which now hides them from view. 111, 112. brevia: here a noun; see t196, 2. miserabile visi: gram. in appos. with trs... urget, but in thought an independent excl., 'O piteous sight.' V. is fond of such pathetic phrases. For visu see A. 253, a; B. 340, 2; G. 436. NN. 1, 2; H. 635, and 1. vadis: dat.; ~126. 113. Oronten: for form see ~94. 114. ipsius: Aeneas. ipse is often thus used of the chief person or leader of a group. To realize the pathos here think of the pietas of Aeneas, 10. a vertice = an adjective, 'overhanging,' 'combing.' With unam.. in puppim ferit cf. montem... latus, 81. 115,116. excutitur:'sc. ex nave. pronus... in caput: a circumlocution for praeceps. -que properly belongs with volvittr,but is joined topronus to emphasize that word. The magister is thrown overboard, and the ship is left helpless. illam: the ship, as distinct from the helmsman. 117. circum: join with both torquet and agens. The billow makes the ship spin round like a top. 118. apparent rari, 'here and there men are seen.' rarus, when used of single things, emphasizes the distances between them. 119. Sc. apparent and participles cor 120-134] LIBER I 119 lam validam Ilionel navem, iam fortis Achatae, et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, vicit hiems; laxis laterum compagibus omnes accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt. Interea magn6 misc6er murmure pontum ' emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis stagna refusa vadis graviter commotus et alto prospiciens summa placidum caput extulit unda. Disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruina; nec latu6re doii fratrem Ifunnis et irae. Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehTi6 talia fatur: 'Tantane vos generis tenuit fidficia vestri? Iam caelum terramque me6 sine numine, venti, miscere et tantas audetis tollere moles? 120 125 130 responding to nantes. arma: wicker shields, leather helmets. 120, 121. ilionel: for form see ~~99 and 247. Achatae: for form see ~94. qua... Abas: vehi with or without equo or nav = ' sail,' 'ride.' Note the pathetic iam.. iam, qua... quat; cf. n. on the triple ubi, 99, 100. 122. laxis... compagibus: instr. abl., 'through the starting timbers of their frames.' 123. imbrem: properly, 'rain-water,' but here = aquam or undam; inimicum personifies imbrem. rimis: modal abl. 124-156. Neptune ends the storm and rescues the ships. 124. magnS... murmure, 'was confounded and in grievous uproar'; for the abl. see ~ 147. misceri is in itself indefinite, but is defined by 125, 126. 125. Neptunus: ~285. imis: zmus is often best rendered by an intensifying adj. or adv., 'even,' 'very.' 126. stagna (cf. sto, stare): properly quiet, standing waters, here the waters at the bottom, which are commonly unmoved by the winds that sweep the surface. The word thus pictures the terrible character of the present storm; cf. 106, 107. refusa, 'upheaved.' alt6 = in altum; see on Latio, 6. 127. placidum: the god is outwardly calm, though graviter commotus. There is a fine contrast between his serenity and the fury of the elements. 129. ca eli ruina, 'heaven's downfall,' a strong phrase. The Trojans are between two dangers; the seas run high, and the sky threatens to crush them. 130. latuere: cf. tenuere, 12. With a non-personal subject lateo is often trans. in poetry, in sense of, 'to be hidden from,' 'to be unknown to.' Neptune takes in the situation and, knowing his sister's feelings towards the Trojans, at once attributes it to her. See ~ 225. 131, 132. dehinc: for scansion see ~~ 247, 249. generis... fidlcia, ' confidence in your lineage'; a contemptuous phrase, the winds being inferior deities. For the obj. gen. see A. 213, 2, 217; B. 200; G. 363, 2; H. 440, 2. 133, 134. iam... audetis, 'has it come to this, that ye dare?' iam emphasizes the closing moment of a series 120 AENEIDOS [135-147 135 quos ego-! sed mrnots praestat componere fluctfls. Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. Matfrate fugam regique haec dicite vestrS: y' non illi imperium pelagi saevumqun tridentem, sed mihi sorte tnum. Tenet ille imnthiia saxa, 140 vestras, Eure, dornos; illa se'iactet in aula Aeolus et claus6 ventorum carcere regnet.' Sic ait et dict6 citius tumida aequora placat,.collectasque fugat nfubes solemque redficit.' Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acfut 145 detrufdunt navis scopulo; levat ipse tridenti et vastas aperit syrtis et temperat aequor atque rotis summnis levibus perlabitur undafs. r. ^ 0'-C, (like 'already,' 'by this time'); nunc gives a single moment absolutely coincident with the time of writing or speaking. meo... numine, i.e. though you have no orders from me. moles: either 'disturbance' or 'massive waves.' 135. quos ego: the rest Neptune leaves to the imagination of the winds. So parents sometimes seek to frighten disobedient children by the very vagueness of their threats. The antec. of quos is vos, 132, implied also in 133, 134. motos... fluctus, 'the turmoil of the deep.' The main thought lies in the prtcpl.; cf. annd urbis conditae, etc. Latin was strong in verbs, but weak in abstract nouns like 'movement,' 'founding.' componere: often used of settling wars, and so very appropriate here. 136. n6n simili = longe dissimill. By a usage called litotes, i.e. (studied) plainness or simplicity of speech, writers often, instead of affirming a given thought, deny its opposite; so we call a good thing 'not bad.' 137-139. fugam: for case see ~ 131. regi: Aeolus; cf. 62. saevum, 'awful,' as the symbol of Neptune's power, dis played below, 145. sorte datum (esse), 'was allotted'; see ~ 274, end. 140. vestras: since neither vos nor vester is ever used of a single person, vestrfs... domis must = 'your home, Eurus, and that of your fellows.' domos is pl. because all the winds are addressed; note the pl. throughout 132 -137. se iactet, 'give himself airs'; cf. Cic. Cat. i. 1, Quem ad finem sese. iactabit audctcia. 141. clauso... regnet is contemptuous. Aeolus's sovereignty would amount to little if he were never at liberty to loose the winds. Jupiter had not so willed it; see 61-63, and notes. carcere: as in 54. 142, 143. dicto citius, 'ere his speech was done.' Even as he spoke he was calming the waves; he undoes instantly the work of the storm. With 143 contrast 88. 144. Join simul with adntxus; it= una, 85. The prtcpl. belongs with botl subjects; see on correpta, 100. For Cymothoe and Triton see ~ 289. 145. navis: the three of 108. ipse: Neptune; see on ipsius, 114. 146. aperit, 'makes a way through.' syrtis; see ll, 112. 160] LIBER I Ac veluti magn5 in populo cum saepe coorta est seditio saevitquie animis ignobile vulgus, iamque faces et saxa volant-furor arma ministrat-, turn pietate gravem ac meritis sl forte virum quem conspexere, silent arrectisque auribus adstant, -ille regit dictis animos et pectora mulcetsIc cunctus pelagi &cfdt fragor, aequora postquam prospiciens genitor cael6que invectus aperto flectit equos currfque volans dat lora secundo. Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu contendunt petere et Libyae vertuntur ad bras. Est in secessfi longo locus: Insula portum efficit obiectf laterum, qnibus omnis ab alto 121 150 155 160 148. ac joins the whole simile, 148 -156, to what precedes; veluti is balanced by sic, 154. magn6: an important word; the greater the throng, the greater the achievement of the man who checks the riot. cum.. est: we should say, 'when, as often happens.' We might have had cum, ut saepe fit, coorta est, but the condensed formula of the text is very common. 149. animls: local abl., ='inwardly'; ~ 143. At first the rioters keep their passions concealed. 150. lam, 'presently'; the second stage, open violence. furor... ministrat: see ~~ 218, 219. arma properly = defensive armor, but here = tela, 'missiles,' the faces et saxa. 151. turn, 'in such a crisis'; join with the si cl. pietate... meritis: i.e. whose devotion to duty and noble deeds lend weight to what he says 152. c6nspex6re:for form cf. latuere, 130, tenudre, 12. silent... mulcet is the conclusion to veluti... conspexere. arrectis, 'straining'; lit., 'pricked up.' The word is properly applicable only to beasts, but Latin writers freely compare men with beasts. 153. In thought this vs. = a causal cl. with silent.. adstant. 154, 155. sic... fragor balances silent.... adstant, 152. In this simile the winds and the rioters correspond, as do Neptune and the vir pietite... meritis. aequora... prospiciens: the acc. with prospicio denotes the object looked at, the dat. (cf. alto, 126) the goal or mark towards which one looks. genitor: like pater, a complimentary title of gods. caelo... aperto: for case see ~ 146. aperto gives the result of 143. For the force of invectus see ~ 171. 156. curri, 'team.' For form see ~91. dat lora: cf. laxas... dare.. habEnis, 63. secund6, 'swiftly gliding'; lit., ' following,' i.e. opposing no bar to progress. 157-179. The Trojans reach land, light a fire, and begin to prepare a meal. 157, 158. defessi: the prefix, as often, gives the idea of thoroughness; cf. n. on exurere, 39. Aeneadae = TroiinT; see ~181. quae... litora: sc. sunt. vertuntur= vertunt sJ see ~~152, 153. Contrast the normal prose form, scindit sese, 161. 159. secessi, 'estuary.' SeeVocab. longo pictures the estuary as it appears to one entering it. 160. obiectui laterum: the island 122 AENEIDOS frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur in caelum scopuli quorum sub vertice late aequora tfta silent; tur silvis scaena coruscis 165 desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra. Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum, intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, nympharum domus. IlIc fessas non vincula navis filla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. lies across the estuary and so serves as a breakwater. For the form of this passage see ~220. omnis ab alto... unda belong closely together, 'every wave that rolls in,' etc. For the prep. phrase with adj. force cf. n. on a vertice, 114. 161. inque... reduct6s: sinus, properly, any curve or bend,was the technical term for a gulf or bay; reductos= 'retired,' or, as we should say. 'retreating.' The whole thus = 'parts (and) flows on into the retreating curves of the shore.' scindit sese suggests motion and=scindit seut ~nfluat in. The wave, broken by the sides of the island, flows by harmlessly on either side, till it works its way into every curve of the shore. 162, 163. hin... hinc: i.. on either hand as one entered the harbor. Prose says hinc atque illinc. rupesthe continuous cliffs encircling the harbor. scopuli - peaks, standing like watch towers, one on either side, at the seaward end of the cliffs. 164. turn, 'besides,' introduces a fresh series of particulars. silvis... coruscis, 'a bright-wooded background.' coruscis suggests the gleam of the sunlight on the waving trees. For the abl. see on praestanti corpore, 71. In the Roman theater the stage was bounded at the back by a permanent wall of masonry, the top of which was on a level with the highest seat in the auditorium. In front of this wall the simple scenery was arranged. The wall, which was thus in a double sense a background and completely cut off the view of the spectators, was called scaena. V., thinking of this, neatly calls the woods that shut off the view of any one entering this harbor a scaena. 165. desuper: i.e. on the rupes. horrent... umbra: V. seems to have evergreen trees in mind. horrenti well describes the rough, shaggy appearance of such trees when untrimmed, and thus has much the same force as vivo, 167; the trees are in their natural state, a fact that would appealr to a naturelover like V. Titrum well describes the dark hue of evergreen trees. umbra, 'shade trees.' With imminet sc. portti (dat.; cf. currY, 156). For the sing. see on insequitur, 87. 166. fronte: so. rupium. We still talk of the 'brow' of a hill. adversa, 'facing (the entrance of the harbor)'; the point of view is the same as that in longo, 159. pendentibus: the Romans poetically applied this word to the sky, the roofs of houses or of caves, to bridges, etc. They regarded such things as suspended between heaven and earth. The abl. here and in vivz... saxo, 167, is either one of quality, or one of material without ex, a poetic iie chiefly. 167. aquae dulces: sure to be welcome after wanderings by sea. vivo. i.e. natural; cf. n. on horrenti, 165. 168. hic=-lhc inportu. hic... morsat well pietures the absolute security of the harbor; cf. lte... silent, 163. 169. ancora: in Trojan times ships 170-180] LIBER I 123 Huic septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni ex numero subit, ac magno tellfiris amore egressi optata potiuntur Troes harena et sale tabentis artis in litore ponunt. Ac primum silici scintillam excfudit Achates suscepitque ignem folils atque ~arida circum nfitrimenta dedit rapuitque in fomite flammam. Tur Cererem corruptam undis Cereliaque arma expediunt, fessi rerum, frfugsque receptas et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo. Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit et omnem 170 175 180 were moored with the help of large stones. This importation of the customs of an age later than that which he is describing, called anachronism, is common in V. morsu: properly 'bite,' but here of the thing that bites, the fluke or tooth of the anchor; unc5 is therefore appropriate. In 159-169 V. has no actual harbor in mind; he is drawing upon his imagination. 170. htlc=hunc in portum. 171. numerS: this is given later as twenty. 172. optata = quam tam vehementer optdrant; see on correpta, 100. The word repeats the idea of miagno telluris amore. harena: why abl.? 173. tabentis, 'dripping'; strictly, the word is far stronger, suggesting decomposition. 174. silici: for the dat. of pers. interest counting practically as one of separation see A. 229; B. 188, 2, d; G. 345, R, 1; H. 428, 2. 175. suscepit... foliis has been finely rendered, 'received the fire as it dropped in a cradle of leaves,' since suscepit suggests the Roman custom whereby a father, raising a new-born child from the ground, acknowledged it as his own, and pledged himself to its sapport. The figure is continued in i nutrmrenta, 176; Achates feeds the fire as one feeds a child. 176. rapuit in: literally, 'snatched (quickly caught) on,' i.e. made the flame quickly find lodgment in. rapio denotes quick, energetic (often unceremonious) action. f6mite: materials more substantial than the folia and the nutrimenta. Note the double climax: scintillam, zgnem, flarnmam (a vigorous blaze), and folis, nutrimenta, fomite. 177. Cererem = frizmentum; see ~~ 184, 189. corruptam, 'damaged,' not 'spoiled'; they use it. Cerealia arma: i.e. the implements needed to prepare the grain for use, the mill, the sieve, and the kneading-trough. For the expression see ~ 203. 178. rerum, 'troubles.' For the gen. see ~ 116. fruges = Cererem, 177. receptas, 'rescued'; sc. ab undis. 179. et... et: to be taken only with the two intins. torrere: grain was roasted before grinding to make it less tough and more easily reducible to meal. Here the parching was esp. needed, since the grain was wet. saxo: a stone mill; ~ 187. 180-222. Aeneas seeks in vain traces of the missing ships. He sees, however, a herd of deer, and kills seven, one for each ship. His comrades enjoy a feast. 180. While the others are preparing a meal, Aeneas. the chief, is busied with weightier cares. scopulum: cf. 165 124 AENEIDOS [181-191 pr6spectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quem iactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremis, aut Capyn ant celsis in puppibus arma Caici. Navem in conspectiu nullam, tris litore cervos 185 prospicit errantis; hos tota armenta secuntur a tergo, et longum per vallis pascitur agmen. Constitit hic arcumque manu celerisque sagittas corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates, ductoresque ipsos primum capita alta ferentis 190 cornibus arborels sternit, turn vulgus, et omnem miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam omnem: ' in every direction': see on antiqua, 12. 181. pelago = in pelagus, the dat. being used with prdspectmn, as with prospiciins, 126. Anthea si... videat, 'if, haply, he may see Antheus anywhere,' i.e. in the hope that he may see, etc. In this common idiom the si cl. virtually expresses purpose; the subj. is used because we have a person's thought quoted in O. O. With Anthea quem, lit. 'any Antheus,' cf. omnemn prospectunm, 180. For the form Anthea see ~ 99. 182. Phrygi&s = Troidnas; see Vocab. biremis: an anachronism (see on ancora, 169). Ships with more than one bank of oars were not known in the Trojan times. 183. Capyn: for form see ~98. puppibus: of a single ship; contrast puppim, 115. The stern was higher than the main body of the vessel; besides, the stern of a ship with several tiers of oars would sit well out of the water; hence celsis. arma: shields were hung on the poops of the vessels, partly for defence or for show, partly, as here, to indicate, by the device they bore, what warrior was on the ship. 184. nallam, tris: advers. asynd. (see on scopule, 45), and juxtaposition (~ 212) of contrasted words. 185. secuntur: the common spelling sequuntur is wrong, since quu seems not to have been written by the Romans. 186. a terg6: cf. a fronte, 'in front.' So Caes. B. G. i. 2 says that the Helvetians are hemmed in fund ex parte flumine Rheno, etc. vallis: the poetic pl. suggests the two sides or slopes of the vale. The vale evidently ran down to the shore. The opportune appearance of the deer was both a present comfort and an omen of future good fortune. 187. constitit, 'he halted.' V. is telling us indirectly (~ 225) that Aeneas has been moving about to get every possible view (180) of the sea. 188. Achates: though his presence is now first noted, he has doubtless been with Aeneas from the start; so no direct mention is made of their descent from the rock. See ~225. For the epithet fldts see ~ 192. Like the Homeric heroes, Aeneas has an armor-bearer. 189. ductores: the tris cervos of 184. ferentis: we often similarly use ' carry,' e.g. 'he carries his head proudly.' 190. sternit: this verb is often used of the overthrow of armies or warriors. agmzn, 186, and victor, 192, show the same figure. vulgus: seldom of beasts, but here fittingly used of the rank and file. so to speak, of the deer. 191. turbam: join with both miscet and agFns. The word commonly = 'a dis 192-202] LIBER I 125 nec prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor corpora fundat humi et numernm cum niavibus aequet. Hinc portum petit et socios partitur in omnis. Vina bonus quae deilde cadis onerarat Acestes litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros dividit et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet: '0 socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum), o passi gravi6ra, dabit deus his quoque finem. Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa I expert!; revocate animos macstumque timorem 195 200 orderly throng'; it makes a fine contrast with agmen, ' an orderly line,' 186, 82. 192, 193. prius... quam... fundat: the parts of postquam, anfequeam, and priusquarn are often thus separated, both in prose and verse. For the subj. see B. 292, b; G. 577; H. 605, I. humi: loc.; cf. the common dormi,? iri. cum navibus: we should say, 'nith the number of the ships,' or 'with that of the ships.' But Latin has no word corresponding to our 'that' in such cases, and so must either use the short form of the text, or say curn ndvizu numero, and the like. 194. hinc: correlative toprimum, 189, turn, 190. partitur: sc. cervos. Nothing is said of the removal of the carcasses to the camping ground; see ~ 225. 195. deinde introduces dividit, 197, and so ought to stand first in the sentence (but see ~ 209); it marks Aeneas's fourth act since leaving the rock. For scansion of deinde see ~249. cadis: dat. with onerarat which here = dederat. See also ~ 203. 196. abeuntibgs: sc. eis = Troianis. They had just parted from him; cf. 34. h6ers: emphatically placed at the end of the vs. and of its cl.; see ~207. Render, 'with a true hero's generosity.' 197. dictis... mulcet: cf. 153. 198. neque enim: elliptical, like namque, 65. See n. there. The thought is: 'and (such I call you), because together,' etc. neque = et non, the non belonging with iqn7Tri sumrus; cf. n. on nec, 38. ante: join with igndri sunmus, which really ='we have had knowledge of.' V. has again given us the result rather than the process; see on tel5, 99. malorum: with igniri; ~ 115. 199. passi=qui passi estis, 'ye (sturdy heroes) who have suffered.' The prtcpl. here = an antec. and a rel. cl.; cf. n. on correpta, 100. 200. vos... experti illustrates neqve... ralorum and dabit... f nem; 'you have suffered before, yet each time a way of escape was provided.' The repeated vos is encouraging; 'it is you (you, who are now cast down), no others, who escaped Scylla,' etc. Contrast the pathetic effect of repetitions in 99, 100, 120, 121. Scyllaeam Scyllae; see ~191. penitus... sonantis... scopul6s explains Scyllaeam rabiem; for the parallelism cf. 41. penitas... sonants.... scopulis = 'echoing throughout their cavernous depths' (literally, 'deep within', i.e. to their centers) with the cries of Scylla's dogs. 201. accestis: i. e. approached unharmed; for form see ~ 105. Cycl6pia saxa: the cave of the Cyclopes. 202. experti: sc. estis; ~~213, 215. maestum: a transferred epithet; ~194. 126 AENEIDOS [203-217 mittite; forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit. Per varios casfs, per tot discrimina rerum 205 tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi Fata quietas ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae. Dirate et vosmet rebus servate secundis.' Talia voce refert curlsque ingentibus aeger spem vulta simulat, premit altum corde dolorem. 210 Ill1 se praedae accingunt dapibusque futiris; tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nfldant, pars in fruista secant veribusque trementia figunt, litore aena locant alil flammasque ministrant. Turn victu revocant viris ffisique per herbam 21s implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae. Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae, amissos long& socios sermone requirunt 203. mittite = dimittite; ~201. et, 'even.' A much quoted line. 204. tot really='so many as we have in fact endured,' but may best be rendered by 'many,' or the like. So in 100. discrimina rerum, 'crises.' 205. tendimus: through constant ellipsis of iter, viam, cursum, tendere came to = 'go,' 'proceed.' sedes: properly as here, of settled, lasting abodes. 206. ostendunt: sc. nobis. fas (sc. est),'heaven wills.' regna: for pl. see ~~ 173, 175. The sing. would have been unmetrical. 207. ov6smet: strong form of vos; cf. egomet, tutermet, sibimet. rebus.. secundis, ' brighter days '; contrast res adversae. 208. talia... refert:cf. 94. aeger, 'though heartsick.' An adj., or prtcpl., or even a noun, often does duty for a whole cl., temp., causal, advers., or cond. 209. vulti, instr. abl., and corde, local abl., are contrasted virtually as 'openly,' 'inwardly.' altum may be 'intense,' 'all - absorbing,' or it may = an adverb, 'deep,' 'far down.' In the latter case ct.. for the thought, altd mente, 26, with n. 210. se... accingunt: i.e. theyget themselves ready by laying aside superfluous garments, etc. 211. viscera belongs also with the verbs in 212. 212, 213. pars... alii=aliz... alit; pars, as a coll. noun, often takes a pl. verb. trementia, 'quivering,' as fresh raw meat always does when handled. aena (sc. vasa): brazen caldrons. Some roast portions of the meat, others boil pieces. The ref. to boiled meat involves an anachronism; cf. n. on ancora, 169, on biremis, 182. ministrant, 'furnish'; sc. aenis. 214, 215. fusi, 'stretched'; the word suggests ease and comfort. implentur ==implent se; see on vertuntur, 158. Bacchi = vi2; see on Cererem, 177. For the gen. see ~118. ferinae: prop. an adj.; sc. carnis, 'flesh.' So agnzna and porcna = ' lamb,' ' pork.' 216. rem6tae: sc. sunt; mensas removere or auferre is a standing phrase, ' to end a feast. Here, of course, there 218-231] LIBER I spemque metu que inter dubii, seu vivere credant sive extrema pati nec iam exaudire vocatos. Praecipnu pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, nune Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum fata Lyci fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. Et iam finis erat, cum luppiter aethere summo despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentis litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli constitit et Libyae defixit liimina regnis. Atque illum tails iactantem pectore cuiras tristior et lacrimls oculos suiffisa nitentis adloquitur Venus: '0 qui res hominumque deumque aeternis regis imperils et fulmine terres, quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum, 127 220 225 230 were no tables.,mensae might be taken as 'dishes.' 218, 219. inter: for position see on contra, 13, circum, 32. seu... sive: often in poetry instead of utrum or -ne.. an. vivere: as subject sc. eos =socios; see ~ 214, b. This ellipsis is rare in the best prose. credant: in the O. R. we should have had a delib. subj.: see A. 268, 334, b; B. 277, 315, 3; G. 265, 651, R. 2; H. 559, 4, 642, 3. sive: sc. credant. extrema... vocat6s: parallelism; both phrases simply = mortuos esse. extrema denotes the last thing man can suffer, death. 220. pius: see on pietate, 10, and ~ 192. Oronti: for his fate cf. 113; for the form cf. Achilli, 30. 221. secum repeats the thought of corde, 209; he does not talk of his grief as the others do, 217. 222. fortemque.. fortemque: for the repetition see ~ 265. 223-253. Venus points out to Jupiter the contrast between the present plight of the Trojans and the high destiny he had promised them. 223. finis: sc. to their mourning. 224. despiciens is trans., like prospiciens, 155, 185, in its literal physical sense; a rare use. velivolum: see ~ 194. iacentis, 'outspread.' 225. sic, 'in this attitude,' gathers up the description aethere.. populos. 226. regnis: dat., = in regna; ~ 122. 227. atque: see ~200. tils... curas: the thoughts suggested by what he saw in Libya, esp. the plight of the Trojans. iactantem, ' pondering deeply'; cf. tlia... volutans, 50. 228. tristior, ' in dire distress'; lit., 'sadder (than common).' Beside its true force, the comp. has at times intensive, at times dim. meaning. Our 'rather,' with proper intonation, then makes a good translation. lacrimis...nitentis, 'her bright eyes bedewed with tears.' For case of oculos see ~ 136. For Venus, see ~280, esp. at the end. 229. rs... deumque: i.e. the whole universe. Venus treats Jupiter as the world's supreme power; see ~ 304. 231. quid... tantum, 'what grievous crime,' etc. With Aeneas sc. potuit. For committere used of wrongdoing cf. commissa, 136. For tantum, 'grievous,' cf. n. on tot, 204. 128 AENEIDOS [232-244 quid Tr6es potuere, quibus tot ffinera passis cuinctus ob Italiam terrarnm clauditur orbis? Certe hinc R 6omans 6lim volventibus annis, 235 hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, qui mare, qul terras omni dicione tenerent, pollicitus-quae te, genitor, sententia vertit? Hoc equidem occasum Troiae tristisque ruinas solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens; 240 nunc eadem fortina viros tot casibus actos insequitur. Quem das finem, rex magne, laborum? Antenor potuit mediis elapsus Achivis Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tftus regna Liburnorum et fontem superare Timavi, 232. quibus: dat. of interest. finera, 'deaths,' an exaggeration for ca-sus or pericula. 233. cunctus... orbis: exaggeration again. Sicily at least was open to them; cf. 195, 196. The poet's own statement in 31, arccbat... Latio, is more temperate. For the order cuctus... orbis cf. that of omnis... annso, 74. ob Italiam: i.e. just because they are seeking to reach Italy; cf. 205. 234, 235. hinc: i.e. from the TrSes of 232 (cf. 21). It is defined here by revocfto... Teucrl, 235. In the Romans the Trojans were to live again; cf. 19-22. Note the rhetor. effect of the double hinc; see other examples in 99, 120, 121, 200, 201, 222. Romanos: i e. a new race, with a new name, and a new and more glorious destiny. 236. omni dicione, 'with absolute sway'; lit., 'with every (kind of) sway.' Cf. omnemprospectum, 180. 237. pollicitus: sc. es; ~215. quae. vertit: an energetic way of saying, 'Why art thou not keeping that promise9' The abrupt language pictures the speaker's emotion. genitor: as in 155. 238. h6c: i.e. by this promise; instr. abl. occasum Troiae: note the figure, 'the setting of Troy's sun.' tristis: here act., 'sorrow-causing'; ~ 194. 239. fatis... rependens: 'off-setting adverse fates by (other) fates,' i.e. by fates of a more auspicious kind. fyiTts = Jupiter's promise, fata contruria = the fall of Troy frats needs no adj.; their character has been clearly indicated in 234-237. rependens is fig., suggesting a balance, in the opposite plates of which Venus was wont to put the present sufferings and the promised glories of the Trojans. 240, 241. nunc: advers. asynd.; the contrast is with the past as represented by solabar. actos insequitur: both words suggest relentless pursuit; the Trojans are hunted like wild beasts. 242. Antenor potuit: when V. wrote prmuss in 1, he seems either to have disregarded this story or to have meant the emphasis there to fall on taliain... Laviniaque.. ltora, 2. Gallia Cisalpina was not till later a part of Italy; ~35. 243. titus: contrasted with viros ~...ctos, 240. It gains force by juxta position (~ 212) with intilma, lwinch suggests distance. Latin writers often describe the navigation of the Adriatic as dangerous. 245-253] LIBER I 129 unde per 6ra novem vast6 cum murmure montis it mare prbruptum etpelag6 premit arva sonanti. Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit Teucrbrum et genti n6men dedit armaque fixit Tr6ia, nunc placida compostus pace quiescit; nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem, navibus (infandum!) amissis finius ob iram prodimur atque Italis long6 disiungimur oris. Hie pietatis hon6s? sic nos in sceptra rep6nis?' 245 250 245. unde = ex quo. This substitution of unde for a prep. and a rel. pron. is common, except when the antec. represents a person. vsto... montis: cf. magn... montis, 55, with n. 246. it= exit; ~201. The subject is Timrnvus; mare proruptum, 'a rushing sea,' is a pred. nom. prrrupttum lit. = 'bursting'; the prtcpl. has middle force: ~ 152. The river of which Timavus is a part becomes subterranean sixteen miles from its source. Eighteen miles further on it emerges from the mountain through numerous springs, V.'s novem ora. The fons Timdav is only a mile from the sea. pelago... sonanti pictures the force with which the river bursts forth; it is this force which makes the mountain reverberate. 247. tamen: i.e. spite of all the difficulties of 242-246. Patavi: for case see ~112. sedes: as in 205. 248. gentL... dedit contains two statements; (1) he established a nation, and (2)he gave it a name. lie thus secured the very blessings promised to Aeneas, 234, 235. fixit: sc. on some temple wall. The Romans dedicated to the gods implements, etc., for which they had no further use. fixit is thus a picturesque way of saying, 'he laid aside,' as no longer necessary. His wars and dangers were over; Aeneas's were yet present and to come. 249. placid... quiescit: the words bring out the contrast with the scenes of toll and danger in 242-248. compostus: for form see on repostum, 26. 250. n6s: advers. asynd. Venus naturally identifies herself with the Trojans. tua pr6genies: Venus was daughter of Jupiter and mother of Aeneas. Her point, then, is the hard lot of Aeneas, an immediate descendant of Jupiter, as contrasted with that of Antenor, a mere man, or at most but remotely related to the gods through Dardanus (see on genus invfsum, 28). caeli... arcem: exaggeration; cf. notes on fiinera and cunctus... orbis, 232, 233. Venus declares that Jupiter had promised to make Aeneas a god; Roman tradition said that Aeneas, like Romulus, was translated living to heaven. 251. infandumn, 'o woe unspeakable.' The Word is really in appos. with niTvibus... amissis. The case is acc.; see G. 324. finlus: Juno; cf. saevae... Innis, 4. 252. prodimur: sc. a te, 'you are false to your promises to us.' 253. hic: for gender see on hoc, 17. sceptra: as in 78. The framework of 242-253 really = 'Antenor could do thus and so: why can not we?'; cf. the structure of 39-47. Venus's speech is diplomatic. She everywhere reminds Jupiter of his power (cf. 229, genitor, 237, rex magne, 241), then of his promise, thus hinting that if he only will he can 130 AENEIDOS [254-267 0111Oi subridens hominum sator atque deorum 255 vultu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat, oscula libavit nitae, dehinc talia fatur: 'Parce metf, Cytherea; manent immota tunrum fata tibi; cernes urbem et promissa Lavini moenia sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli 26o magnanimum Aenfen; neque me sententia vertit. Hie tibi (fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet, longius et volvens Fatorum arcana movebo) bellum ingens geret Italia populosque ferocis contundet moresque viris et moenia ponet, 265 tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis. At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iul) 254-296. Jupiter renews pastpromises and makes still more inspiring predictions of the glories of the Trojan race. 254. oll = illI; ~ 92. From a still older form comes olim, lit., 'at that time,' i.e. in days gone by, but often used of any time except the pres. We had it of the fut. in 20, 203, 234. 256. llbavit, ' kissed lightly.' lboM, properly, to take a little of anything, e.g. to taste food, sip wine, or pour out a small offering of wine to the gods; libavit thus expresses Jupiter's affectionate gentleness. dehiun...fatur: cf. 131. fatur, as hist. pres., may rightly be coupled with thbivit. 257. metu: for form cf. curri, 156. 258. Lavini, like promissa, belongs with both aces. See on urbem, 5, and genus... Romae, 6. For scansion of Lavlnl see ~ 251. 259. sublimem.. caeli: for the thought cf. cael... arcern, 250, with n. 260. neque... vertit answers quae... vertit, 237. 261: tibi: freely, 'I promise you'; dat. of interest (see on iactanti, 102) with the verbs in 263, 264. 262. et: for position see ~209. volvens: as in 9. movebo: the idea is that of disturbing the secrets of the future or routing them out from the place where they now rest and where they should continue to rest until the fullness of time is come. For Jupiter's relation to the fates see ~ 304. 264. mores suggests political institutions, the whole social system. viris, 'his own warriors.' The nations he conquers must, of course, conform to the laws he lays down for his own viri. For the character ascribed here to Aeneas see ~~ 62, 63. He is to be both conqueror and law-giver. moenia: in V. often ' a city,' ' a walled town.' 266. tera... hiberna (sc. castra), 'three winters spent in camp'; these precede the founding of Lavinium. We have terna, not tria, because with nouns found only in the pl. the distributive numerals, not the cardinal, are used. Rutulis subactis: either abl abs. or dat of interest, like tibi, 261. For the Rutuli see ~ 57. 267. at, always strongly advers., introduces the second stage of Trojan history in Italy. Ascanius: Aeneas's son. Iulo is attracted into the case of 268-282] LIBER I 131 additur (Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno), triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbis imperio explebit regnumque ab sede Lavini transferet et longam multa vi mfniet Albam. Hie iam ter centum totos regnabitur ann6s gente sub Hectorea, donec regina sacerdos Marte gravis geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus ROmulus excipiet gentem et Mavortia condet moenia Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pon6i imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Iuno, quae mare nunc terrasque metf caelumque fatigat, consilia in melius referet mecumque fovebit Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam. 270 275 280 cui;A. 231, b; B. 190, 1; G. 349, R. 5; H. 430, 1. 268. res=respiblica, as often. stetit... regno, 'was secure in its sovereignty.' regno is abl. of spec. The purpose of 267, 268, is to connect the Julian gens, esp. Augustus, with Troy (~ 64). A gens was believed to derive its name from that of its founder. 269. orbis, in itself indefinite, like 'cycles,' is defined by the abl. of char. volvendis mensibus, 'made up of circling months.' Cf. volventibus ants, 234. volvendus is one of a few gerundives occasionally used like pres. prtcpls. act. 270. sede Lavini is to be construed like urbem Patavz, 247. V. is telling us indirectly (~225) that Ascanius is to rule in the city, not in the camp. 272. iam, 'in turn,' marks the third stage. totos, like magnos, 269, emphasizes the idea of the length of time. V. gives but 333 years between the coming of Aeneas and the founding of Rome; the ordinary account gave over 400. 273. Hectorea = Hectoris; see on Scyllaeam, 200. regina = an adj., 'of royal blood.' 274. Marte gravis, 'pregnant by Mars.' geminam... prolem: Romulus and Remus. partu dabit = pariet or edet. 275. inde: the fourth stage. laetus, 'proudly wearing.' 276, 277. excipiet, 'will take under his care,' as a host greets his guests. Mavortia... moenia: Rome, city of Mars, father of Romulus and Remus. dicet: sc. eos, suggested by gentem and moenia; a town implies townspeople. Ro5mTnos... dicet answers 234-237. V. evidently connected Ro]mta, Romannus with!Romlus; cf. n. on stetif... regno, 268. Modern scholars reject this etymology, but offer nothing certain in its stead. 278. ego: emphatic; the speaker was pater omnipotens, 60. rerum, 'destinies'; with both accs. 279. imperium... dedi: note the climax; first three years, 265, 266, then thirty, 269, then three hundred, 272, then a reign without end. quin, 'nay more'; in this sense quin etiarn is more common. 280. metu: i.e. in her fears for Carthage; see 12-23. 281, 282. in... referet: i.e. will 132 AENEIDOS [283-293 Sic placitum. Veniet lfistris labentibus aetas, cum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas 285 serviti5 premet ac victis dominabitur Argis. NascStur pulchra Tr6ianus origine Caesar, imperium Oceano, filmam qui terminet astris, Ifilius, a magn) demissum nomen Iulo. Hunc tu olim caelo spoliTs Orientis onustum 290 accipies scfira; vocabitur hic quoque votis. Aspera turn positis mitEscent saecula bellis; cana Fides et Vesta, Reemn cur fratre Quirilnus iuira dabunt; dirae ferro et compaigibus artis change for the better. rerum, 'the world.' Note the different sense in 278, and see on ruert, 85. togatam: the toga marked the Romans as clearly ta the plaid and the tartan mark the Scottish Highlander. There is parallelism here; ~ 222. 283. placitum: sc. dis; cf. senatfl placuit, 'the Senate decreed.' lustris labentibus = volventibs aczns, 234. ltbor is often used of the easy, noiseless passage of time. 284. domus Assaraci: the Trojan race. So Phthiam... Mycnas... Argis stand for all Greece; Phthia and Mycenae were the homes respectively of Achilles and Agamemnon, leaders of the Greeks before Troy. 285. servitio premet: cf. imperin premit, 54. This prophecy was fullhlled by the capture of Corinth in the year 146. 286. Tr6ianus... Caesar: cf. n. on stetit... rgqno, 268, and ~ 59. 287. imperium: with terlminet; for position see ~ 209. Ocean6: thle river that flows round the whole earit. The power of Augustus is to be world-Nwide. The rel. cl. gives the purpose of the Fates that preside over the birth of Augustus; see on dlum conderet, 5. 288. Iulius: emphatic both by its separation from Caesar, 286, and its place in the vs.; ~ 206. a magn... Iulo: for the condensed comparison see on te6n nveibets, 193; for the thought cf. 267, 268. demissum, 'derived.' 289. olim: as in 203; see on olli, 251. cael6: either dat. =in caelum, ~122, or instr. abl.; a host might be said to wel come a guest with his house. spoliis... onustum: there is a ref. to Augustus's victory at Actium and his con quest of Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor; possibly also to his recovery of the standards captured by the Parthians from Crassus in 53. 290. s6ecra: i.e. with your present anxieties (257, 261) all gone. vocabitur... votis: 1 e. he, too, like Aeneas, 259, 260, will be deified. Divine honors were indeed paid to Augustus, even before his death. 291 contains two statements: (1) tern bella ponenter and (2) tbui aspei a saI c!ea mntescent. positis = depositis; cf. po6nnt - dFpinunt, 173. 292. cana: 'hoar-headed'; i.e. time honored. Vesta: typical of family life and the domestic virtues; ~ 295. Rem 6.. Quirinus: tradition said that liOm ulus slew emnus in a quatrrel, but V pictures them as working together for Rome's good, thus implying that in tlhe time of Augustus fraternal and civil strife is to cease. 293. iura dabunt: i.e. will be supreme; cf. 264. V. usually repre 294-305] LIBER I 133 claudentur belli portae; Furor impius intus saeva sedens super arma et centum vinctus a6nis post tergum nodis fremet horridus 6re cruento.' Haec ait et Mtia genitum demittit ab alto, ut terrae utque novae pateant Carthaginis arces hospitiC Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido finibus arceret. Volat ille per aera magnum remigio alarum ac Libyae citus adstitit oris, "t iam iussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni corda volente de; in primis regina quietum accipit in Teucr6s animum mentemque benignam. At pius Aenieas per noctern plfIrima volvens, 295 800 305 sents the lawmaking power as a royal right. ferro.. artis, 'with closelywelded bars of iron,' belongs closely with claudentur; the gates are awful, to be sure, but are to be securely fastened. With conmpugibus artis contrast laxis... compFqgibus, 122. 294. Furor is irmpius, as causing civil strife. intus: emphatic; he is no longer free to roam abroad. 295. saeva... arma: he has no more use for his weapons. sede5 often suggests inactivity, feebleness. vinctus, ' his hands bound.' aenis: i.e. enduring. aes is often a type of indestructibility. 296. fremet... cruent6: Furor is helpless to do aught save vent his rage in dread cries 291-296, when finally interpreted, mean: In the time of Augustus there will be a return of integrity, the domestic virtues, brotherly love, and peace. dirae.. cruento refers to the closing of the temple of Janus; ~ 16. V. may have had in mind here some work of art. 297-304. Jupiter sends Mercury to Carthage to prepare its people to welcome the Trojans. 297. Maia genitum: Mercury. For case of Maia see A. 244, a; B. 215; G. 395, and N. 1; H. 469, 2. alto, 'sky.' 298. novae: gen. sing. V. prob. had in mind the etymology of CarthCgo, which = nova (veitts. pateant: the agency of heaven is needed to effect this result, for, as we le1rn below, the founders of Carthage were treating all strangers as foes. 299. hospitio Teucris: for constr. see on excsdid Libyae, 22. 300. arceret, 'might try to bar.' The hist. pres. (demiftit, 297) may take either primary or secondary sequence; hence pateant, 298, but arcr6et here. The pres. and impf. often denote attempted action, and are then called conative pres., etc. aera: for form see ~90. 301. remigio alarum: i.e. propelled by his wings. adstitit, 'alights'; for tense see on incabuere, 84. The pres. volat. 300, pictures a lasting act. See ~151. 302. iussa: for the prtcpl. as noun ct. commissa, 136. ponuntque: for -que see ~ 200. ponunt = deponant cf. 173. 303. regina: Dido. 305-401. A e n e a s reconnoiters. Venus, disguised as a huntress, meets him, tells him of the missing ships, and directs him how to proceed. 305. volvens: sc. animo; cf. corde volutiss, 50. volvens violates the rule that the pres. prtcpl. denotes only time coincident with that of the main verb; plurima volvens = the prose cam pllurima volvisset. 134 AENEIDOS [306-317 ut primum lufx alma data est, exire locosque explorare novos, quas vent6 accesserit oras, qui teneant (nam inculta vid6t), homiinsne feraene, quaerere constituit sociisque exacta referre. 0lo Classem in convexo nemorum sub rupe cavata arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris occulit; ipse fun graditur comitatus Achate bina manu lat6 crispans hastilia ferro. Cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva 315 virginis 6s habitumque gerens et virginis arma, Spartanae vel qualis equls Threissa fatigat Harpalyce volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum, 306. ut... est = a simple ortii luce, with constituit, 309. 307. quas... teneant depends on quaerere, 309. vento: instr. abl. with accesserit, which = appulsus sit; see on telo, 99. 308. inculta, 'wilderness'; for the adj. as noun see ~196, 2. videt: for scansion see ~ 242. hominsne feraene: -ne... -ne for tfrun or -ne... an is almost entirely confined to poetry. 309. exacta: lit., 'the things gathered,' i.e. the information secured. 310. convexo nemorum: i.e. under overarching woods; cf. 165. cavata: i.e. by the action of the sea. sub... cavctad throws light on scopulis pendentibies, 166. 311. clausam gives theresultof occelit; cf. n. on diversos, 70. horrentibus umbris: cf. horrenti... umbre, 16), with n. 312. Achate: even in prose conmtzfri is often used with an abl. denoting a person which is sometimes instr., sometimes one of accompaniment. Here comitdtus is virtually a strengthened cum. Note, too, that it is a pf. prtcpl. of a dep. verb in full pass. sense, a use found also in prose 313. lat... ferr6: abl. of char. with hastilia; only the heads were of iron. crispans: i.e. swinging as he walked. In 188 Achates carries the weapons; here Aeneas probably carries a second set, this expedition being fraught with greater chance of danger. 314. cui: with obvia, 'across his path.' Adjs. compounded with a prep. are often construed with the dat. sese tulit: fero with a pron., pers. or reflexive, as object, often = 'go,' 'proceed.' On sese tulit obvia see also ~ 203. 315. gerens: gero and fero, used with words denoting parts of the body as their objects, often = ' have' or simply 'with.' Cf. capita... arboreis, 189, and n. 316. vel is connected with volo, and so often, as here, = 'or if you like,' i e. it is used when the difference between things is of slight consequence. qualis; as antec. sc. talis virginis, ' such a maiden as Thracian Harpalyce (is when she) tires.' In similes introduced by querlis there is usually great condensation of language. Spartaae... Harpalyci = vel tSpartanae vel Threissae. 317. volucrem... Hebrum; in Gk. and Latin literature rivers are a common type for swiftness. fuga, ' by her fleetness,' goes with fatigat also. z 318-333] LIBER I 135 namque umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum venatrix dederatque comam diffundere ventis, nuda genfu nodoque sinus collecta fluentis. 320 Ac prior 'Heus,' inquit, 'iuvenes, monstrate, mearum vidistis si quam hic errantem forte sororum succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis ant spfmantis apvi cursum cla1im'e prementem.' Sic Venus, et Veneris contra sic filius orsus: 325 'Nflla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum, — quam tE memorem, virgo? namque hand tibi vultus mortalis, nec vox hominem sonat; o dea certe! an Phoebi soror? an nympharum sanguinis fna? Sis felix nostrumqne leves, quaecumque, laborem 330 et, quo sub caelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris iactemur, doceas; ignari hominumque locorumque erramus vent huic vastis et fluctibus acti; 318, 319. umerls: for case see ~140, n. venatrix, ' in true huntress fashion '; emphatic by position. See ~206. diffundere: for mood see ~ 159. 320. genu: for case see ~ 135. sinus...collecta: for the constr. see on oculos suffisa, 228. The garments were gathered up to permit easy and rapid motion. 321. prior, 'takingthe lead.' monstrate: sc. earn (=sororem meam), tobe gathered from the si cl. 323. maculosae... lyncis: cf. lupae... laetus, 275. 324. aut, unlike vel, 316, points to an important contrast, here to that between aimless wandering and eager pursuit of definite game. 325. Veneris... filius: pathetic; Venus's own son talks to her, yet knows her not. orsus: from irdior. 326. mihi: for case see ~121. 327. memorem: delib. subj.; see on credant, 218. The ancients believed that the gods took offence if addressed by wrong titles. Aeneas looks on the stranger as more than human; hence his care as to her identity and name. For personal intercourse of the gods with men see ~~ 306, 307. namque: as in 65; 'I ask you this question, for,' etc. 328. hominem: for case see ~128. The gods, try as they might, could not wholly conceal their supernatural character. 329. an.. an: properly 'or... or,' but best left untranslated. They mark Aeneas's second and third attempts to find the right title for the stranger; the first is represented by virgo. Phoebi soror: Diana or Artemis, an ardent huntress; ~ 282. Aeneas naturally thinks of identifying with her this strange huntress, of whose supernatural character he is convinced. For the ellipsis of es in these questions see ~ 215. 330. felix, 'propitious.' The subj. here express a wish or prayer. quaecumque: sc. dearum es. 331. tandem in questions gives an emphasis, usually of impatience or astonishment; cf. Cic., Cat. i. 1, Quousque tandem, etc. oris: cf. n. on this word, 1. 332, 333. iguari... acti: gram. in 136 AENEIDOS [334-347 multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra.' 335 Tum Venus: 'Hand equidem tali me dignor honore; virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram purpureoque alte sfiurs vincire cothurno. Pfinica regna vid6s, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem, sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. 340 Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta germanum fugiens. Longa est inifria, longae ambages, sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. Huic coniiunx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri Phoenicum et magno miserae dilectus amore, 345 cui pater intactam dederat primisque iugarat 5mninibus. Sed regna Tyri germnanus habebat Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnis. dependent, but really the reason for the appeal in docetSs. locorumque: for scansion see ~ 256. 334. multa... dextra: join closely with 330-332; the whole = 'Help us... for if thou doest that, many a victim,' etc. Classical writers often represent the worshiper as bargaining with the gods. Cf. esp. the word votzn2, which denotes a gift promised to the gods on condition that they grant the worshiper's prayer. Modern parallels to this attitude are not wanting. dfetr iiis instr. abl. with cadet, which = sternetur or occidetur; see on accesserit, 307. 335. honore: why abl? 336, 337. virginibus... cothurno: Venus means, ' No goddess am I, only a simple Tyrian maid.' 338. Punica: the name is thought of as familiar to Aeneas; so also Libyct, 339. 339. With fines sc. sunt. genus... bello is in appos. with Libyci. A more accurate expression would be sed J InFs Libycorum, generis intrdctUbilis bello. 338, 339 answer the question of 331. 340. 340-368 explain how it is that Tyrii are dwelling in domains belonging to the Libyci. Tyri... urbe: Tyre itself. regit, ' wields'; lit, 'directs.' 341. iniuria, '(the story of) her wrongs.' 342. summa... fastigia rerum: i.e. the main points of the story. fastigium properly ='a gable end,' but is used fig. as we use 'pinnacle.' V. thinks of some points of the story as standing out as roof tops stand above the ground. 343. huic... erat: pathetic, 'she once had.' ditissimus agri: cf. dives opum, 14, with n. 344. miserae, ' by his hapless wife'; for case see ~ 121. 345, 346. intactam, 'in her maiden bloom.' primis... ominibus: freely, ' for the first time in wedlock.' Since the Romans regularly consulted the omens in connection with marriage, as on all other important occasionS, prina omnina, reinforced by the context, may stand for ' a first marriage.' The abl. is instr. Note the parallelism. Tyri justifies the n. on Tyria urbe, 340. 347. ante... omnis: a strong expression, due to a combination of ante omn8s alios immn is and aliis ofinibus irnlmnirior, 348-361] LIBER I 137 Quos inter medius vynit furor; ille Sychaeum impius ante aras atque auri caecus amore clam ferro incauturm superat securtus amorum germdnae factumque dif celavit et aegram multa malus simulans vana spe lusit amantem. Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imag6 coniugis ora modis attollens pallida miris; cridelis aras traiectaque pectora ferro nuidavit caecumque domuis scelus omne retexit; tunm celerase fugam patriaque excedere sutdet auxiliumque viae veteres tellfire recludit thesauros, ign6tum argenti pondus et aurl. His commota fugam Did6 sociosque parabat. Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crfidele tyranni 350 355 360 348. quos: i.e. Dido, Sychaeus, and Pygmalion. A pl. word referring thus to persons of different sexes is regularly masc. For position of inter see ~210. medius=an adv.; after inter it is really pleonastic. For Sychaeum after Sychaeus, 343, see ~ 251. 349. ante aras stands far from its verb, and next to imrpius for the sake of effect. The place of the crime, an altar, a place of sanctuary, adds to its wickedness in Gk. and Roman feeling. For the pl. dras see ~ 175 350. amorum: obj. gen.with securus, which = irnmemor. 352. multa... simulans gives the means of lusit. Pygmalion invented many stories to account for the absence of Sychaeus. In malus simu7lans note the juxtaposition of cause and effect; ~212. 353. ipsa... imago, 'nothing less than the very semblance.' The words are emphasized by their separation; ~ 205. sed, like et, is often postpositive in poetry; ~ 209. inhumati: an important word. The spirits of the unburied dead, it was thought, were not admitted to the underworld. They were forced to wander about the Styx, the boundary line of that world, for 100 years, or until the body was duly buried. The spirits of those who died by violence hovered about the scene of the crime until due burial was given to the body. Pygmalion's failure to bury Sychaeus thus aggravated his crime. 354. modis... miris, 'strangely'; join with palhda. 355. crudelis: a fine epithet; the altar is called cruel because it did not prevent the crime. 356. caecum, 'hidden'; the word often thus-=' unseen' rather than 'unseeing.' domuls locates the aras of 349. 357. celerare and excedere depend on sutadet, which practically = iubet; see ~ 167. Sc earn = Didonem as subject, and see on virere, 218. With celerire futqam cf. mitulraltefugam, 137. 360. parabat: note the tense, 'set about preparing.' 361. odium crudele, 'relentless hatred,' the sort of hatred which would have led them to work his ruin had they been able. crudile is emphasized by its position next to tyranni. The 138 AENEIDOS [362-375 aut metus acer erat; navis, quae forte paratae, corripiunt onerantque auro; portantur avari Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti. 365 Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernes moenia surgentemque novae Carthaginis arcem, mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo. Sed v6s qui tandem quibus aut venistis ab orIs 370 quove tenetis iter?' Quaerenti talibus ille suspirans imoque trahens a1 pectore vocem: '0 dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam et vacet annalis nostrorum audire laborum, ante diem claus5 componet Vesper Olympo. 375 Nos Troia antiqua, si vestras forte per auris conduct of a tyrannus is usually such as to inspire crudele odium. 362. acer, 'harrowing.' 363. avari carries us back to aurZ... amore, 349. The thought is: he committed murder in his greed, and yet his greed was balked, and by a woman, too. 364. Pygmalionis is sarcastic, 'that Pygmalion fondly thought his own.' opes = aur, 363. pelago: abl. of the route; ~ 146. dux.. facti: a famous phrase. 365. locos: for case see ~ 127. 366. novae... Carthaginis justifies the n. on novae, 298. 367. facti: fromfactum(~ 196, 1); it is explained by the next vs. Byrsam, '(called) Byrsa.' The Carthaginans called their citadel Bosra. This the Greeks made into Byrsa, a name identical with the common noun byrsa, 'a hide.' Out of the confusion of these words arose the story of the text. 368. quantum possent: 0. O. The Tyrians said to the Libyans: solum (ground) mercibimdlr quantum possumus, etc. The story was that they cut the hide into thin strips out of which they made a rope long enough to enclose a large district. 369,370. vos: emphatic. The thought is: 'but leaving now these matters and coming to you yourselves.' vos includes Achates; cf. n. on vestras, 140. With qui sc. estis; cf. the ellipsis of es in 329. aut.. -ve: the Romans usually separated questions by aut, -ve, or vel. talibus (sc. verbis): join with quaerenti, and with that word sc ait or respondet. 372. dea: he still believes her divine in spite of 335-337. 373. vacet: sc. tibi, 'you should have leisure'; the verb is impers. 374. ante, 'ere my tale is done.' claus... Olympo, ' will close the gates of Olympus and lay the day to rest.' To Gk. and Roman poets the sky is a palace; out of its gates the day issues in the morning, to return within them at night. componere is often used of preparing a body for burial, then of the actual burial; note then the figure here. The indic. compdnet expresses the certainty of the result under the assumed circumstances, si....acet. 375. nos balances vos, 369; join with it vectos, 376. vestras (cf. 140) must 376-389] LIBER I 139 Troiae nomen iit, diversa per aequora vectos forte sua Libycis tempestas appulit oris. Sum pius Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penatis classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus; Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab Iove summo. Bis denls Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor, matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus; vix septem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt; ipse ignotus, egens Libyae deserta peragro, Europa atque Asia pulsus.' Nec plufra querentem passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est: 'Quisquis es, haud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras vitalis carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem; perge modo atque hinc te reginae ad limina perfer. 880 385 mean 'yours and those of your fellowcitizens.' per auris... it = the more common but less picturesque venit ad auris. The sZ cl. is the prot., not to appulit but to some thought to be supplied, like Troiam dico, 'I mention Troy, as a means of identifying myself, on the chance that,' etc. 377. forte sui: freely, 'by themerest accident.' Aeneas wants to emphasize the fact that he has no designs on the people of Libya. 6ors: case? 378, 379. sum... notus: V. is here making Aeneas imitate the frankness of speech that marks the Homeric heroes; Achilles calls himself 'the bravest of the Greeks.' Pentis... veho: see on deos, 6. fama... notus: stronger thanf.imam qui terminet astris, 287. For the form aethera cf. n. on tera, 300. 380. patriam: i.e. where my fathers used to dwell. According to tradition, Dardanus, the founder of Troy, came from Italy. genus... summo is explained by the n. on genus invisum, 28. 381. bis denis: in expressions of multiplication the distributive numerals are used, by reason of the idea of repetition involved. Phrygium... aequor =the sea near Troy. See on Phrygiafs, 182. conscendi: the ancients thought of the sea as higher than the land. 382. matre dea: Venus. This scene in which Aeneas unknowingly tells the story of his sorrows to his mother, who knows them all, is finely conceived. Cf. 325, with n. For dea?=an adj. cf. regina, 273. fata: Aeneas speaks of himself as V. spoke of him in 2, fito profugus... venit. 383. vix: join with supersunt. Eur6 is used like Austris, 51; see n. there. 384. Libyae... peragr6: he had just learned this from Venus, 339. deserta, 'wastes,' is stronger than inculta, 308. Cf. also ~ 196. 385, 386. nec.. passa... interfata... est: a prose writer would have said, nec... passa est, sed interfitta (est). For the acc. plura see ~ 130. 388. carpis: freely, 'breathe.' carpo is used (1) of plucking flowers, etc., (2) fig. of enjoying kisses, pleasures, etc. In (2) the thought is that of laying hold on quickly ere it is too late; so probably here carpis is meant to suggest the quick coming and going of the breath. adveneris: subj. in causal rel. cl. 389. modo: often used as we use 'just' or ' only' with the imper. 140 AENEIDOS (390-401 890 Namque tibi reduces soci~s classemqne relittam nftnti6 et in ttitum 'versis Aquiloiiibus actain, nii frifistri- augurium vnita docu~re pareiit~s. Aspice bis s~n~s laetantis agmine cycn6s, aetheriii qu6s lapsa plaga Jovis ales apertO s-9 twrbdbat eaeIb; niinc terrids 6rdine long6 ant capere ant captdis iam d&spectdre videntur: nt reduces jillT lIidnnt stridentibus Hill~s et coetft cinx~re polum cantftisque ded~re, hand aliter pupp~sqtie tuae pflb~sque tu~rnm 400 ant portumn tenet aut p1~n6 subit 6stia v~1lO. Perge modo et, quni t6 d-acit 'via, dirige gressum.' 390. namcfue: elliptical again, I'I, speak thus confidently, for.' reduces..rel~tam, 'the return of thy comrades and the escape of thy fl~et.' So versis Aquildnibus, 391, =' by a cb snge in the wind.' See on mnotos... fluetiis, 135. With reil~tain sc. ab alti ad terram. 392. MI: the supposition is plainly meant to be regarded as utterly groundless; prose would ue nisiforte. vanI= an adv., ' lyingly,' i.e. with deliberate intent to deceive. With (locy~ere sc. )nj. parentes: Venus keeps up the fiction of 335-137. 393. bis senft: cf. tie dFins, 381, and n. The number is that of the missing ships. laetantis agmine: i.e. chistaring joyously togethcr. This is the most important touch iii the description. 394-396. Iovis al1es: the eagle, often pictured on coins as holding a thunderbolt. apert6... cael65: as in 1,55. nune is related to hturbO t, as niar, '2)40, is to s~tr 2:19. terras... capere, Ito be alightiiig,' to be coming safely to earth; hence capitis... (lEspecitare~= Ito be looking down on the swans that have already alighted.' videntur is, true pass. of vide5, i e. it does Iiot — Ice. Render, 'one sees that they are alighting,' etc. 397. reduces: i a. from their flight before the eagle, 391. 398. et... ded6re: freely, 'having swept round the sky together with joyous cries.' Logically, canti-s dfedere is subordinate to cinxtire, being in effect an adv. phrase. Latin poetry, however, often prefers coordination to subordinatioii. Contrast n. on sabmersds obrue, 69. For cant its dedtire see also ~ 202. 399. hsaud aliter= sic; a case of litotes. See on n~n sinili, 136. pfib~s *.. tu~rum: for case of tudruma see ~11l. Since p~ibtis - 'adults,' esp. men of lightiiig age, pit-be's... tosdrum = 'your warrior followers.' juens and iuvent itsare similat'ly used. 400. portum tenet corresponds to terri-s... cajpere, Subilt 6stia to captffg..ditspectd're, 395, 1196. 393-400 throw interestiiig light on Roman augury. The swans correspond to the ships;, the eagle to the storm, the aper-toe caelain to the open sea, the t~rrae to the pornts. Lately the swans, were, flying betore the eagle as the ships were driving befcire the stormn. Siiice the past experience of the ships and the swans is identical. one may assume, the argument runs, a similar correspondence between their present aiid their future fates. TIhe swans are now safe; joy has followed fear. So it is with the ships. 402-417] LIBER I 141 Dixit et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertic6odorem spiravere; pedes vestis defluxit ad imos, et vera incessu patuit dea. Ille ubi matrem agnovit, tali fugientem est voce secfitus: 'Quid naftui totiana, crfiudlis tf quoque, falsis ludisimaginibus? cur dextra6 iungere dextram non datur ac veras audire et reddere v5ocs?' Talibus incuisat gressumque ad moenia tendit. At Venus obbcfiur gradientis aere saepsit et multo nebulae circum dea ffidit amictu, Ceaerin quis eos neu quis contigerosse molirive moram aut veniendi poscere causas. Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit ssdesque revisit laeta suas, ubi templum illi centumque Sabaeo tuire calent rrae sertisqne recentibus halant, 405 410 415 402-417. Venus leaves Aeneas, revealing her divine character as she goes. Aeneas moves on to Carthage, Venus making him and Achates invisible. 402. avertens: see on avertit, 104. rosea: roseas in poetry often= a strengthened pulcher. In prose cervix is used chiefly in the pl. 403. divinum... od6rem: classical poets often associate the idea of fragrance with that of the presence of a deity. For the ace. odorerm see ~ 132. 404. pedes... ims: contrast 320. Statues regularly show goddesses in long, flowing robes. 405. vra... dea: pred. nom. to patuit, which = ostenta est, ' was revealed a very goddess.' See 6n accesserit, 307. With incessu cf. incdSo, 46, and n. dea. Ille: for the hiatus see ~ 257. 407, 408. totiens, 'time and again'; see on tot, 204. There is nothing in the Aeneid itself to justify this reproach. tii quoque: i.e. like the other gods. falsis.. imaginibus, 'by misleading guises,' i.e. by assuming forms that mislead. imago = ' a counterfeit presentment' of anything; Venus had lately played the role of a huntress. dextrae... dextram: sc. proper forms of manus; this omission is common in prose. For dat. dextrae see ~ 124. 409. vras... voces: i.e. to speak and reply without disguise. veras is opposed to falsis, 407. Had Aeneas known that he was talking to his mother his words would have been far different. 411. obsciur: properly 'dark,' but here ' obscuring'; the aer is described in terms of its own effects; ~ 194. V. borrowed this device of an enveloping cloud from Homer. gradientis: sc. eos. 412. circum... fuidit: tmesis; ~ 211. dea: in appos. with Venus, 411. Its unexpected introduction in this late place gives it a strong rhetor. emphasis; render 'by her goddess power.' Cf. ~ 207. In 411, 412 we have parallelism. 413. contingere: here in its primitive sense of ' touch,' ' lay hands on.' 415. sublimis = an adv., 'through the air.' 416. laeta: contrast tristior, 228. She had received fresh assurances from 142 AENEIDOS Corripuare viam interea, qua semita monstrat. Iamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi 42) imminet adversasque aspectat desuper arces. Miratut molem Aeneas, magalia quondam, miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. Instant ardentes Tyril, pars ducere muros molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, 425 pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulc6; iura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum; hic portius alii effodiunt, hic alta theatri fundamenta locant alii immanisque columnas ripibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futfris: [418-429 Jupiter, 257-296, and had herself declared the safety of Aeneas's fleet, 393-400. 111i = Veneri; sc. est. centum: often, as here, of an indefinitely large number. Sabaeo: i.e. Arabian. To the Romans Arabia was a land of fabulous wealth, rich in gold, silver, ivory, and perfumes. The last are still famous. 418-440. From a high hill Aeneas and Achates gain a view of Carthage and its busy people. 418. corripuere viam, 'they pressed quickly forward': see on rapuit... in fimite, 176. viam is the way in general, semita is the actual path followed. 419. pluirimus=an adv., 'with huge bulk.' 420. adversas: freely, ' that face it'; see on adversd, 166. 421. molem, 'the mass (of buildings),' i.e. the stately structures. migalia, 'mere huts.' The word gives V.'s own thoughts. Note the alliteration in this vs. 422. miratur: the repetition pictures the variety of impressions which crowd all at once upon Aeneas. Ct. ~265. strata viarum, 'the paved streets'; see ~ 197. V. has in mind the conditions of life in Rome. Its noise and bustle are often mentioned by Roman writers; its streets were well paved. 423-425. pars... pars: in distrib utive appos.with Tyrif. ducere muroS: cf. Caes. B. G i. 8 miururn.. fossamqueperdiicit. For the infin. see ~164. subvolvere, 'to roll up,' i.e. to their places in the miur or the arx. Compounds of sub often denote motion from a lower to a higher level. tecto: dat. of purpose; ~ 123. sulco: the trench for the foundations. 426. legunt, to our feeling, fits its two nearer objects, but not the other, iilra; modern grammarians call this zeugma. A Roman, reading the vs. straight ahead as a whole, would not be sensible of any impropriety. The vs. means that the Tyrians have a complete government. It seems out of place, however, between 425 and 427, which are closely allied in theme. 427. portts: Carthage had two harbors, both artificial. alta, 'deep' and so strong, solid. theatrl: V. is describing Carthage in terms of the developed city of his own times, in which a theater was accounted a necessity, second in mnportance only to the Forum. 429. scaenis... futuris, 'lofty ornaments of the 'stage that is to be.' For case of scaenis see ~ 120 or ~ 123: for meaning see on siis... coruscsi, 164. The repetition ot alta after 427 is effective; the foundations go down deep, the columns rise equally high in air. 430-4441 LIBER I 143 qualis apes aestate nova per florea rira exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos educunt fetus, ant cum liquentia mella stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas aut onera accipiunt venientum aut agmine facto ignavum ficO.s pecus a praesaepibus arcent; fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella. '0 fortiinati, quorum iam moenia surgunt!' Aeneas ait et fastigia suspicit urbis. Infert se saeptus nebula (mirabile dictu) per medios miscetque viris neque cernitur f1ll. Lficus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae, quo primum iactati undis et turbine Poeni eff6dere loco signum, quod regia Iuno mnnstrarat, caput acris equl; sic nam fore bello 430 485 440 430-432. qualis... exercet, 'such labor is theirs as tries to the utmost,' etc. See on quafis, 316. gentis....fetus: some see a ref. to the swarming of the bees, others to the efforts made to teach the young to fly and to gather honey. 434. venientum: i.e. of those that come to the hive from time to time. This use of a pres. prtcpl. as equivalent to a noun, or an antec. plus a rel. cl. belongs largely to poetry and postclassical prose; it is found chiefly with the pl. agmine facto: see on velut agminefacto, 82. Here we have actual warfare: hence velut would be inappropriate. 436. redolent... fragrantia: the words go closely together, ' are redolent with the fragrance of.' 430-436 correspond, in whole and in detail, to 423 -429. The comparison involves two points: (1) ceaseless activity, (2) multiplicity of tasks. Each half has seven vss.; qudlis... labor corresponds to instant... Tyriz, cum gentis... frigrantia mella to pars ducere... futiurs. 437. 5.. surgunt: as has been well said, 'The want of a city is the Keynote of the Aeneid.' Cf. Aeneas's words, 204-207, Venus's contrast of Antenor's lot with that of Aeneas, 241-253, Jupiter's assurance, 258, and 4-7, esp. dum conderet urbem. 438. suspicit, 'looks up at'; cf. n. on subvolvere, 424. We infer that Aeneas has left the hill, 419; see ~ 225. 439. saeptus nebula: cf obscuro... saepsit, 411. mirabile dictu: cf misercbile vfsu, 111, with n. 440. miscet: sc. se from thepreceding vs. viris: for case see ~ 124. ulli: for case see ~ 121. The constr. is easy here, since cernitur practically = appdret. 441-493. Aeneas comes to a grove in the heart of the city. Here, in Juno's temple, he sees a series of pictures detailing the course of the Trojan war. 441. umbrae: with laetissimus, which = plenissimus; see ~ 116. 442-444. qu6... loco = ubi. primum belongs with effodere; it implies that they dug fruitlessly in other places. iactati =postquam iactdti sunt. undis et turbine: cf. undzs Euroque, 383. quod... monstrarat, 'of whose existence Juno had told them,' in some oracular utterance, perhaps. monstr-. 144 AENEIDOS i445-454 445 egregiam et facilem victf per saecula gentem. Hic templum Ifin6ni ingens Sldnia Dido condebat, d6nis opulentum et numine divae, aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexaeque aere trab~s, foribus cardo stridebat aenis. t 450 Hoc primurn in luco nova res oblata tim6rem 1eniit, hic primum Aeneas sperare salitem ausus et adflictis melius confidere rebus. Namque sub ingenti lstrat dum singula templ1 reginam opperiens, dum, quae fortina sit urbi, rat must not be taken too lit. For Juno's interest in Carthage see 15-18. equi: the head of a horse was common on Carthaginian coins. Ucer ecus often ='a charger,' 'war horse.' sic, 'on this condition,' i.e. sZ caput.. eff6dissent. fore depends on dixerat, to be supplied out of mdnstrUlrt. bello egregiam: cf. bello... superbum, 21. 445. facilem vietu, lit., 'easy in respect of sustenance,' i.e. easily sustained, wealthy. facili ('easily-gained') victu would be a more natural phrase, but would not so neatly balance bello egregiam. victu is the noun, as in 214. For military prowess and wealth as the characteristics of Carthage see 14. 446. Sidonia: since Tyre and Sidon were the chief cities of the Phoenicians, before Carthage was built, Sidznius and Tyrius often = 'Phoenician.' V. uses them also as ='Carthaginian'; cf. 12, and n. on Tyrias, 20. For the various names for one people (cf. too Poeni, 442), see ~ 181. 447. dnis... nimine divae: the two ideas were closely associated in Roman thought. The gifts were there either in payment of favors already received from Juno, or as a means of putting the goddess under obligations and so inducing her to grant further blessings. See on multa... dextrii, 344. 448. cui: dat. of iiterest, ~120, the temple being personified. cui... trabes - 'whose rising steps are crowned by,' etc. nexae... aere is parallel to aerea, 448, and aenis, 449, and so must itself = 'brazen.' Lit. it ='fastened together (i.e. strongly fashioned) of bronze,' aere being abl. of material. The trates are the jambs, made of plates of brass closely riveted together. For scansion of -que see ~ 256. 449. foribus... aenis: i.e. the doors with their grating hinges were of bronze. The pl. foribus is natural, since Roman doors were usually in two leaves. foribus may be either local abl. or causal abl. cardS: see Vocab.; for the sing. see ~172. stridebat emphasizes the size of the doors, which makes it impossible to open or close them without noise. 450. oblata: sc. e = Aeneae, 'greeting his eyes.' timorem: his anxiety as to his reception by the Carthaginians. 452. adflictis... rebus, 'to put surer trust in his shattered fortunes,' i.e. to feel that, adverse as fortune had hitherto been, he was after all a man destined to better things. For case of rebus see A. 254, b, 1; B. 219, 1, and a; G. 401, N. 6; H. 476, 3. 453. sub... templ5: from these words we infer that Aeneas has stepped within the temple; see ~ 225. singula, 'the various sights.' 454. reginam opperiens seemshard? ly consistent with 389 (see ~ 49), nor does V. tell us how Aeneas knew that the queen was to come to the temple. quae 455-468] LIBER I 145 artificumque manis intra se operumque laborem 455 miratur, videt Iliacas ex 6rdine pugnas bellaque iam fama t6tum vulgata perorbem, Atridas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Achillem. Constitit et lacrimans 'Quis iam locus,' inquit, 'Achate, quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris?j 460 En Priamus! sunt hic etiam sua praemia-Taidi, sunt lacrimae rPrum et mentem mortalia tangunt. Solve metfus; feret haec aliquam tibi fanma saliitem.' Sic ait atque animum pictfura pascit infni - — "fiulta gemens largoque fmectat fllimine vultum. 465 Namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum hac fugerent Gri,; premeret Troiana iuventis, hac Phryges,iinstaret curru cristatus Achilles. i~ii.. urbl: Aeneas's thoughts turn to the future of Carthage; its present magnificence is an earnest of greater things to come. In 455 his thoughts come back to his surroundings. 455. mants: not the hands themselves, but the product of the hands, 'handiwork,' 'skill.' intra se =secum or tacitus. operum: subjective gen., 'the toil occasioned by the work they had wrought.' 456. ex ordine: briefly put for ex ordine expressas. 458. saevum... Achillem: for his hostility to Troy cf. reliquis... Achilli, 30. In consequence of a quarrel with Agamemnon, the leader of the Grecian host, Achilles refrained from fighting for some days, during which the Greeks suffered grievous losses. 459. constitit: he had been moving about hitherto. See on this word in 187. lacrimans: the Greeks and the Romans saw nothing unmanly in the free expression of emotion. Achate: for form, see ~ 94. 461. en: regularly without influence upon the constr. sua apparently violates the rule that the reflexives stand only in the pred., referring back to the subject. Logically, however, sunt... latdi = hic etiam sua praemia habet laus. Similar clauses are common, even in prose. laudi: here, that which begets praise, 'merit'; ~ 186. So culpa often= 'misconduct.' 462. lacrimae... tangunt: sc. etiam hie from 461; ' even here tears are the standing tribute to misfortunes and man's lot touches man's heart.' rerum is possessive gen. with sunt, the lit. sense being, 'tears belong to,' i.e. are accorded to. 463. metis: cf. timorem, 450, with n. Aeneas is talking as much to cheer himself as to comfort Achates. aliquam, ' some measure of.' Full safety was to be theirs first in Italy. 464. pIctura... inani: instr. abl. Note the juxtaposition of contrasts in pdscit inmz (~ 212); food usually consists of things substantial. Paintings belong to an age later than Homer; see on ancora, 169. 465. multa: for case see ~130. 466. uti, 'how.' circum: for position see ~ 210. 467,468. hac... hac=the commoner hic (parte)... illac. premeret: sc. eos = Grais. iuventus =pubes, 399, 146 AENEIDOS [469-480 Nec procnl hine Rhesi niveis tentoria velis 470 agnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno Tydides multa vsstabat caede cruentus, ardentisque avertit equos in castra, priusquam pabula gustassent Troiae Xanthumque bibissent. Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis, 475 infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli, fertur equis currfique haeret resupinus inani, 1ora tenens tamen; huic cervIxque comaeque trahuntur per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta. Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant 480 crinibus Iliades passis peplumque ferebant Phryges: note the variety (~ 181), Phryges after Troiana iuventus, AchillVs after Graz. Achilles, foremost champion of the Greeks, stands for the Greeks in general. cristatus: V. is thinking of Homeric passages in which ref. is made to the waving plumes of the warriors' helmets as one source of the terror they inspired in their foes. 469. nives... velis, 'white-can vassed,' involves another anachronism. For case see on praestanti corpore, 71. 470. primo... somn6 may be either temp. or instr. abl.; the attack took place on the very night of his arrival. 471. vastabat: note the tense. In 466-493 the impf. and the hist. pres. picture the scenes actually represented in the paintings. cruentus: for position see ~ 205. 472, 473. ardentis: cf. acris, 444. avertit: the pf. shows that the poet is telling a story independent of the picture, not describing what Aeneas saw. castra: sc. sua. priusquam.. bbibssent: the cl. expresses purpose, ' to keep them from,' etc. Rhesus came from Thrace to help the Trojans. An oracle had declared that Troy could never be taken if his horses tasted the grass and the waters of the Trojan plain; hence the attack by Diomedes. The cl. gives a statement by V. himself this point could not have been represented in the painting. Xanthum: like the Simois, 100, a river of Troy. 474. parte alii throws light on the constr. of hfc.. ic.., 467, 468. 475. impar = cu ('although') impar esset; cf. n. on aegeTr 208. The thought in atque... Achilli is really subordinate to that in infelix, being in effect a causal cl. 476. curri: perhaps dat. with haeret; 124. Others take it as local abl. 477. huic: for case see on cui, 448. 478. versa, 'trailing.' Troilus was killed as he stood in his chariot, holding the reins in his left hand and his spear poised in his right. In.death he still holds the spear so that the butt of it makes lines in the dust as his body is dragged along by the horses. pulvis: for scansion see ~ 242. 479. interea: i.e. while the events of 467-478 were taking place. non aequae describes Pallas from the point of view of the Trojans. 480. crinibus... passis (pando): a standing token of grief among women; at such times men let their hair and beards grow. peplum: as offering to the goddess. The Athenians annually adorned the statue of Pallas with a splendid peplus, on which were wrought the great deeds of the goddess. -A-N -AM 4A ZONI 481-493] LIBER I 147 suppliciter tristes et tfnsae pectora palmis; diva solo fixSs oculos aversa tenebat. Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. Turn vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore abmom, ut spolia, ut currus utque ipsum corpus amici tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermis. Se quoque prIncipibus permixtum agnovit Achivis Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma. DIcit Amazonidum lunatls agmina peltis Penthesilea furens mediisque in milibus ardet, aurea subnectSns exsertae cingula mammae, bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo. 485 490 481. tunsae... palmis: for constr. see ~136; for force of tunsae see ~171. 482. diva: advers. asynd.; they were doing all they could to propitiate the goddess, but she remained unmoved. This picture of the appeal to Pallas is in place after the three accounts of reverses suffered by the Trojans, 468 -478. 483. raptaverat: the pluperfect sets forth something which had occurred prior to the past moment seized by the painter, represented by vendebat, 484; see on vastabat, 471. The body was represented in the picture, no doubt, as sadly mangled. 484. vendebat: Priam, guided by Mercury, went by night to Achilles to ransom Hector's body. 485. gemitum dat: for the phrase see ~ 202. 486. ut... ut... Ut: see on the triple ubi, 99, 100. 487. inermis: in all ages suppliants have been unarmed. 488, 489. principibus: for case see ~124. Eos... arma: parallelism; ~222. The ref. is to the Ethiopians of India, who, under their chief Memnon, came to Troy. 490. linatis... peltis, 'the crescent-shielded lines.' The Amazons fought for Troy. The cultured Roman reader would remember that Achilles slew both Memnon and Penthesilea. 491. fur6ns: i.e. fullof martial fury. furo and furor always denote strong feeling, often, too, lack of self-control. The nature of the feeling must be determined from the context. 492. aurea... mammae, 'a golden girdle bound 'neath her bared breast.' How lit.? exsertae: i.e. of the folds of her garments. 493. bellatrix: for position see ~ 206, and cf. that of venatrix, 319. concurrere: a military word, 'to meet the shock of.' Note juxtaposition of contrasts in concurrere virgo. For case of viris see ~ 124. The allit. virzs... virg6 emphasizes an already strong vs. In 466-493 we have eight pictures, arranged in pairs: (1) a Trojan victory, 467, (2) a Gk. victory, 468; (3) the death of Rhesus, 469-473, (4) the death of Troilus, 474-478; (5) the appeal to Pallas, 479-482, (6) the appeal to Achilles, 484-487; (7) Memnon's fight, 489, (8) Penthesilea's bravery. Only the first picture could stir any feelings other than those of sorrow in a Trojan heart. 144 t-trr AENEIDOS [494-508; ~ Haec dum Dardani6 Aeneae miranda videntur, 495 dum stupet obtfitfique haeret dcfixus in ufno, regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, incessit, magnia iuvennm stipante caterva. Qualis in Eurotae ripis ant per iuga Cynthi exercet Diana chorOs, quam mille secutae woo hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades,-illa pharetram fert umer5 gradiensque deas superiminet omnis; /Latonae taciturn pertemptant gaudia pectus,talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat per medios instans operl regnisque futfris. t5 Turn foribus dlvae, media testfidine templi, saepta armis solioque altR stibnxa resedit. Iura dabat legesque viris opernmque laborem partibus aequabat iistis aut sorte trahebat, 494-519. Dido enters the temple, followed soon by a delegation containing members from all the missing ships. 494. Dardanio: a very appropriate epithet for Aeneas now, when his heart is racked by Trojan memories. As a Trojan he has good reason to take a deep interest in the pictures. Aeneae: in part with miranda, in part Wlth videntur, which is a true pass., as in 396. 496. forma pulcherrima: cf. 72. V. is fond of sup. adj. with proper names. 497. incessit: cf. incedo, 46, with n., incessiT, 405. 498, 499. qualis... chor6s: for the form of the comparison cf. 316, 430, with notes, mille: used like centum, 416. 500, 501. hinc atque hinc: cf. 162. illa... umero: see on Ph/oebi soror, 329. Cf, too, the description of Venus, 318. deas: the Oreades. For the Nymphs see ~~290, 291. supereminet: V. is following a passage in Homer. The Greeks regarded tallness as an essential element of beauty. 502. Lat6nae: mother of Diana and Apollo, in classical literature the type of perfect mother love. 504. per medios: i.e. through those engaged on the A orks described in 425 -429. The point of 498 504 is the preeminent beauty and majesty of Dido. 505. foribus: local abl. Dido sits at the entrance to the cella or shrine of the goddess; such a cella corresponded roughly to the chancel of a modern church. media... templi: local abl. testFido, properly a ' tortoiseshell,' is used of anything rounded or vaulted like such a shell, e.g. of a certain military formation, and here of the vaulted roof of the temple. The phrase, 'vault of the temple,' stands for 'the vaulted temple.' At Rome the Senate not infrequently met in some temple. 506. armis by metonymy, ~184,= armnftis nmlttibus. 507. ira... legesque: a common expression for the whole body of law; see lx in Vocab. This vs. is inconsistent with 426, where the people itself performs these actions. There V. seems to have thought of Carthage as a republic, here he viel s it as a monarchy. virls -= clibus; cf. 264. 508. The queen assigns the work in equal portions, when that is possi 509-521] LIBER I 149 cum subito Aeneas concursfi accedere magno Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum Teucrbrumque alibs, ater quos aequore turbo dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras. Obstipuit simul ipse, simul percussus Achates laetitii'que metfque; avidi coniungere dextras ardebant, sed res animos incognita turbat. Dissimulant et nfube cava speculantur amicti, quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant, quid veniant, cunctis nam lectl navibus ibant orantes veniam et templum clambre petebant. Postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit: 510 515 620 ble; when that can not be done, she resorts to the drawing of lots, as the fairest method of distributing these unequalburdens. An appeal to the lots was, in Gk. and Roman feeling, an appeal to heaven itself. sorte trahebat: sc. operum laborem or lab6ris partis. Each sors was a bit of wood or the like, having on it marks corresponding to one of the tasks; hence to draw a lot was to draw a laboris pars. 510. Anthea: cf. 181. Cloanthum: see 222. 611. ater: transferred epithet (~ 194), the storm being described in terms of its effects, for which see 88, 89. 612. penitus: i.e. far out of their course. alias... 6ras: why acc.? 513. obstipuit: cf. stupet, 495. simul...simul: a strong but illogical expression, 'himself and Achates, both alike.' One simul would suffice. 514. avidi goes closely with irdebant, 'burned with eagerness to.' coniungere: for the infin. see ~ 162. 615. res, 'state,' 'condition.' incognita is the main word of this sentence. It was the uncertainty that distressed Aeneas and Achates. 516- dissimulant, 'they feign indifference';' lit, they disguise their in terest in what is going on before them. They act exactly as they would if they knew nothing of the obsckrio aere (411, 439). simulo is to pretend that such and such is the case; dissi7nulo is to conceal the truth, 'dissemble.' cava, 'enshrouding.' amicti: from amicio; cf. mulf... amictt, 412. 517. virls, 'their comrades'; sc. sit. The omission of the subj. is not very common, and usually occurs only when, as here, other subjs. in the same constr. are expressed in the cl. or sentence. 518. caLnctis: put first as the important word; every ship has escaped, even as Venus had predicted, 399, 400. lecti, 'delegates.' 519. clamore: it appears below that Antheus, etc., have been put under arrest. We may imagine them as crying out against the injustice of this act. 520- 560. Ilioneus explains how they came to Didoes domains, and begs her to permit them to refit their ships that they may sail on to Italy or to Sicily. 620. Sc. sunt with introgressi, est with data. coram: freely, 'in the queen's presence.' 521. maximus: sc. natF, ' the eldest'; cf. the common maiores (naft), 'ancestors.' md-aimus = a causal cl. placido: 150 AENEIDOS [522-535 '0 regina, novam cui condere Inppiter urbem ifistitiaque dedit gentis frenare superbas, Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vectl, 525 5ormus: prohib6 infandos a navibus iguis, parce pio generl et propius res aspice nostras. Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penatis venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas; non ea vis animo nee tanta superbia victis. 530 Est locus (Hesperiam Gril cognomine dicunt), terra antiqua, potens armis atque fibere glaebae; Oenotri coluere viri; nunc fama minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem. Hie cursus fuit, 535 cum subito adsurgens fluctf nimbosus Orion his calmness is the calmness that befits the wide experience of age. 522, 523. novam... urbem: cf. Aeneas's cry, 437, ofortindti, etc. See n. there. cui... dedit gives the reason for ordnmus, 525, 'you have it in your power to help, hence,' etc. cui thus=tibi enimn. For the infin. condere and fre7nare see ~ 166, n. gentis... superbas: the Libyans, called genus intractdbile bello, 339. fr6nare: cf. carcere frenat, 54, and n. 524. Tr6es... miseri: note contrast with the good fortune of 522, 523. maria omnia: for constr. see ~132, and n. 525, 526. prohib6... parce... aspice: in ordinary prose we should have oramnus ut prohibecs, etc. The constr. here is due to the speaker's passionate earnestness, the independent imp. being the strongest possible expression of an appeal. pio: i.e. one that has done no wrong. propius: lit., 'from a nearer point,' i.e. more closely, more carefully. From 525, 526 we learn indirectly (~ 225) that Ilioneus and his comrades are under arrest and that their guards have threatened to burn their ships, i.e. to treat them as pirates. 527, 528. populare... vertere: for the infin. see ~ 159. Penatis: properly gods of the home (~~ 296-298), but here 'hearth,' 'home'; see on Cererem, 177. ad lltora vertere: i.e. to carry off in our ships. 529. animo... victis: possessive dat.; sc. est. Sc. also nostro with animo, nobis with victis. He says in effect. ' We are a duty-doing race, hence violence is not in our line; we are a defeated race, hence we have not the presumption to raid the domain of a strong people like yours.' 530. For the form of this vs. see ~219. 531. potns... glaebae: the abls. are partly causal, partly abls. of spec. 532, 533. Oenotri... viri: it is im plied that the land was once called Oen6tria. fama: sc. est. minores, 'a younger generation'; cf. n. on minximus, 521. italiam... gentem: cf. Romininos,.. dicet, 277. ducis: Italus. gentem: a poetical variation for terram. 534. hic: for the gender cf. hoc, 17, and n. We might have had huc. For the incomplete vs. see ~ 262. 535. subit....flutu, 'with sudden swell'; modal abl. with adsurgens. 536-547] LIBER I 151 in vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus Austris perque undas superante sal5 perque invia saxa dispulit; huc pauci vestris adnavimus 6ris. Quod genus hoc hominum? quaeve hune tam barbara morem permittit patria? hospiti6 prohibemur harCnae; 540 bella cient primaque vetant consistere terra. Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, at sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi. Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo ifistior alter nec pietate fuit nec bello maior et armis. 545 Quem si Fata virum servant, si vescitur aura aetheria neque adhuc crtdelibus occubat umbris, adsurgens suggests at once the rising of the star and the rising of the wave. Both therising and the setting of Orion are described as attended by storms. 536-538. in vada caeca: cf. in saxa latentia, 108. penitus... dispulit is a double statement, ' drove us far out of our course... and scattered us,' etc.; cf. 511, 512. procacibus Austris, 'with the help of,' etc; instr. abl. with dispulit, 538. Austris: localization; ~190. perque... perque: for the metrical treatment see ~264. pauci: pathetic, 'a sorry remnant.' vestris... oris defines huc. For case see on Latio, 6. 539. -ve: see on aut... -ve, 369, 370. hunc... mrem: said with a gesture toward the guards; see on propius, 526. It is explained also by 540, 541. 540. hospitio... harenae: Aeneas had fared far better; see 172. 541. cient: the subject would be made clear by a gesture; cf. n. on hunc.. morem, 539. prima... terra: lit., 'on the first (part of) the dry land,' i.e. even on the land's edge. 542. temnitis = contemnitis; temno is rare, and is found chiefly in poetry. 543. at, like Eng. 'yet,' is often used in the apod. of a cond. sentence. spe rate: properly 'look forward to,' 'anticipate,' but here, by a not uncommon shift of meaning, 'have an eye to,' 'fear.' memores: pred. adj. after sperdte deos, 'bethink you of the gods as mindful,' etc., i.e. bear in mind with fear and trembling that the gods are, etc. fandi is practically gen. of fas, nefandi of nefds. Why is the gen. used here? 544, 545. erat: used much as in 343; see n. there. Ilioneus, of course, does not know whether Aeneas is alive or dead; cf. 218-222. qu6... fuit, 'who had not his superior in every good work,' etc. Note alter, which = 'the other of two.' We compare or contrast one man with any other man (alius), but Latin generally uses alter, as here, comparing one definite individual with a second. Join pietdte with iustior, which practically = ' more perfect.' 546. quem: as in 64; see n. there. aura: abl. with vescitur; see A. 249; B. 218, 1; G. 407; H. 477, 1. aurla aetheria is the air of the upper world; cf. auras vittlis, 387. 547. umbris here = ' the place of the shades.' This place is called 'cruel' from its connection with death. The abl. is local. 152 AENEIDOS [548-561 non metus, officio nec te certasse priorem paeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes 550 arvaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. Quassatam ventis liceat subdficere classem et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos, si datur Italiam sociis et rege recepto tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus, 555 sin absfmpta salus et te, pater optime Teucrum, pontus habet Libyae nec spes iam restat Iull, atre&ta Sicaniae saltem sedesque paratas, ^.i'ninde huic advecti, regemque petamus Acesten.' Talibus Ilioneus; cuincti simul ore fremebant 560 Dardanidae. Tum breviter Dido vultum demissa profatur: 548-550. n6n metus: sc. nobis est. The poets often omit the pers. pronouns. even when, as here, they are really emphatic. See also ~214. offici... paeniteat = nec tul paeniteat si offici prior certdris (pf. subj.), 'nor would you ever regret it should you take the lead in vying with us in courtesy.' The cl. contains a delicate suggestion to Dido. This is reinforced by 549, 550, which = 'we can reward our friends.' sunt... Acest6s =surt eniez, etc. With sunt sc. nobis again. et... regionibus: i.e. in Sicily, as well as in Italy, mentioned in 530-533. et = 'also,' 'even.' a sanguine: briefly put for a sanguine naits. Acestes: cf. 195, 196. 551. liceat: for mood cf. sis, etc., 330-332, and n. subducere: ancient ships were small and were frequently drawn up on land, esp. by voyagers about to make a long stop; so, too, in winter. 552. aptare = to fit the trabes to the proper places. Render by 'hew.' trabes, 'timbers,' required to repair the breaches in the sides of the vessels; cf. 122, 123. stringere remos: i.e. to fashion oars by stripping boughs of their leaves and twigs. stringere here = ' to make by stripping'; remos is acc. of effect (~ 128). 553, 554. si... tendere: this cl. belongs in thought after ut. 555. sin balances si, 553. s... sin are regularly used to introduce alternative conditions. te... Teucrum: the apostrophe to the missing Aeneas shows Ilioneus's deep emotion. 556. Libyae = Libycus. The gen. of a noun often thus = an adj. In fact, the geI. is the adj. case, as distinct from the abl., which is largely adv. Iftl: subjective gen. with spas, ' the hope once engendered in us by Iulus.' Aeneas and Iulus were on the same ship; if one was lost, the other was, too. 557. at: used as in 543; see n. there. sed6s: as in 205. 558. advecti: sc. sunmus; ~215. petamus is to be construed here as in 554. 559. fremebant: see on fremunt, 56. Here the ref. is to applause or approval. 561-578. Dido replies, promising all possible help. 561. vultum demissa, 'with downcast look.' For constr. see on oc5uOs suit8as, 228, 562-574] LIBER I 153 'Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite cfras. Rcs dira et regni novitas me talia cogunt molirl et late finis cufstode tueri. Qais genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem virtfutesque vir6sque aut tanti incendia belli? Non obtinsa ade6 gestamus pectora Poeni, nec tam raversus equos Tyria S1l iungit ab urbe. Senl vs Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva sive Erycis finis regemque optatis Acesten, auxilio tfuts dilittam opibusque iuvab6. Vultis et his m cum pariter considere regnis? urbem quam statuS, vestra est; subdfcite navis; Tr6s Tyriasque mihi nfllo discrimine agetur. 565 570 562. solvite... metum: see ~203. Note the parallelism in this vs. reinforced by double allit. 563. res dira (sc. mea), 'the trying position in which I find myself'; see 339. She may have feared, too, an attack by Pygmalion, 363, 364. talia: sc. qudliafeci, i.e. ~he things of which you complain as so unusual; see 539 if. 564. moliri: a much stronger word than facere, always implying that the thing done is one of magnitude and difficulty, or is in some way out of the common run. tilia moliri = 'to adopt such stringent measures.' cist6de: coll. sing.; ~ 172. 565. genus Aeneadum = Aeneadas= Trilanos. Tr6iae.. urbem: cf. urbem Patavi, 247, with n. nesciat is cond, a cl. like ' should the question be put to him,' being implied. 566. virtfuts, 'the valiant deeds'; see ~ 176. All the accs. in this vs. belong with belli. tanti, freely, ' that awful'; see on tot, 204. 567, 568. ade6: join with obtunsa. nec... urbe: this vs. = 'We are not so far out of the world as not to hear of its great events,' just as 567 = 'We are not so unfeeling as not to be moved by what we hear.' The track of the sun symbolizes the habitable, civilized world. 569-571. Hesperiam: see 530. Note the parallelism in this vs. and in 570. Saturnia... arva: Italy. See ~~274, 275. Erycis finis = Sicily. auxilio: instr. abl. with tdtos, which is here the full prtcpl. of tueor. The cl. auxilio.. dimittam, short as it is, contains three promises: 'I will help you,' 'I will let you go,' 'I will give you safe conduct.' 572. vultis... rgnis? The question forms a prot. to urbem... est, 573. We have this idiom in Eng. For et we should say 'or.' It joins the new promise of 573 ff. to those of 571. mecum pariter, ' on equal terms with me.' 573. urbem... est = urbs quam statuo vestra est. The antec. is here attracted into the case of the rel. This attraction is not uncommon in prose, but there the antec. is set within the rel. cl.; cf. Deiopea, 72. subdfuclte answers the request of 551. 574. nuill discrimine: modal abl. This vs. has become proverbial as a pledge of strict neutrality and impartiality. agetur: this pers. pass. constr. of ago, 'deal with,' is poetical. In prose we should have cum Troi5no Tyrioque nullo discrimine equidem agam. 154 154 ~~~AENEIDOS [7-9 [575-591 575 Atque utinam r~x ipse Nota compulstis e6dem adforet Aen~ds! equidem per litora cert6s dimittam et Libyae 1fistrdre extr~ma iub~b63, si quibus ~iectus silvis aut urbibus errat., His animurn arr~ctl dictis et fortis Aclhiftt~s 580 et pater Aen~ds iam d-ftdum e-rumpere nfibem ilrd~bant. Prior AenU~n compellat Achtiits: 'N.lte def-t, quae nune anima3 sententia surgit? omnia tfita vid~s, classem soci6sque recept~s. liCnus abest, medi6 in fluctft quem viclimus ipsI 1585 submersum; dictis respondent cetera inatris.' Vix ea f~tus erat, cum circumfftsa repente scindit s~ nftb~is et in aethera pfirgat apertum. IRestitit Aen~,qs chi-ri-ique in Iice refulsit 6s umer~sque de6 similis; namque ipsa dec~ram 590 caesariem niWt genetrix liimenque iuiventae purpureum et 1aet~s oculls adflarat hon~ri~s, 575, 576. utinam... adforet: an example of what i', commonly called a wiswh contrary to fact. A. 267; B. 279, 2; G. 260; H. 558, 1. It is not really a, wish at all, but rather the utterance of a vain regret. Note... e6dem: sc qui vCisipsos ad Jrais nosrrds applulit. NoW replaces~ Atistris, 536. cert~s, 'trusty messengers.' certus is always 'assured,' Ispecific,' never 'certain' as in the phrase ' a certain lawyer.' That sense is conveyed by qetidam.577. dimittam: note the force of the prefix, ' hither and thither.' extr6ma, 'the remotest parts.' 578. s!... errat: the thought, fully expressed, would be 'that they may tind~ 1dm if,' etc. ~ifectus, 'shipwrecked'; sc. ndcvibtas or lWore. 579-612. The cloud enveloping Aeneas and Achates disappears, and they stand forth to view. Aeneas thanks Dido for the help promised by her. 579. animum arr6ctl: freely, ' pro. foundly moved.' For case of animiviii see ~ 135. 580, 581. lam dildum.. d. bant, ' had long beeii eager'1; ct. n. on tot... gero, 47. For the infin. jrernpere cf. conlitnyere... o-r(leb~ant, 514. For the acc. n~iibemn see ~ 133. Jruinpere is here a strengthened relinquiere. prior: as in 321. 582. nite de&: cf. Mi~id genittrnt, 297, and n. 583. recept~s:at. rece~td8, 178, anddn. 584. tanuB: emphatic, 'only one,' i.e. Orontes; see 113-119. quem: for the position of this word see ~ 209. 585. dictls... mitris: they are given in 399, 400. 586. circumfissa: we should say 'enveloiping, ' 'eiicirc'ling'; cf. 41,2. 587. Me-: join with both scindlit and I)~Frqat; piuryat si = 'clears,' i.e. vanishes,, melts,. 'The (leiise dark cloud (41 1) becomes thinner aiid finally vanisihes-. 588. restitit is emphatic by positioii, giving the result of 586, 587. The vs = ' And 1o, there stood Aeneas, gleamiiig,' etc. Cf. 402. Note the instantaneous pf.; ~ 150. 589-591. 6s umer~sque: for case cf. anfiliiinal, 579, and na. ipsa.... gene 592-602] LIBER I 155 quale manis addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. Turn sic reginam adloquitur cfinctisque repente inprovisus ait: 'Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum, Tro6is Aeneas, Libycls ereptus ab undis. O s6la infand6s Troiae miserata labores, quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium egenos, urbe, domo socids, grates persolvere dignas non opis est nostrae, Dido, nec quidquid ubique est gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem. c00 trix: cf. ipsa... imago, 353, with n. dec6ram caesariem, 'beauty of locks.' The emphasis is on the adj.; see on miotos... fluctus, 135. lumen... purpureum, 'the bright radiance (flush) of youth.' In the poets purpureus often loses the suggestion of specific color, and merely = 'radiant,' ' lustrous.' Cf. rosed, 402, and n. laets... honores, 'joyous graces,' i.e. beauty and gladness. Venus was not only the mother of Aeneas, but also the goddess of beauty. 592, 593. quale... decus is briefly put for tile decus Aeneae addidit qudle, etc. ebori: ivory was sometimes merely polished, sometimes set in valuable woods, whose colors would contrast with that of the ivory, sometimes set in gold. aut: sc. quale manis addunt. flavo argentum: mark the contrast of colors. Latin poetry revels in suggestions of color, esp. in contrasts. Parius... lapis = marble. In V.'s day the Romans got marble from all parts of the world; Parian marble was the whitest and the most famous. circumdatur, 'is enchased.' 594, 595. cunctls.. inpr6visus, 'to every one's amazement.' cLnctis is dat. of agent (~121) with inprovisus. which contains a pf. pass. prtcpl. c6 -ram: freely, 'in person'; cf. 520. 597. sola... miserata: voc. The vs. = ofemina quae sola misercta est. Since Acestes had helped the Trojans (195, 196, 557, 558), sola is an exaggeration. 598-600. quae ns... urbe, dom6 socias (sc. tecum), 'who dost miake us thine allies by (sharing with us) thy city, yea, thy very home.' socias = socios reddis. We might say, too, that it = a strengthened dninas, which could take an acc. of the person and an instr. abl. reliquias Danaum: as in 30. omnium: for the case see ~116. urbe, dom6: instr. abl.; dome makes a climax. Words of kindred or strongly contrasted meanings are often set together without a conj. (asynd.), esp. in vs. For asynd. between clauses see on scopulo, 45. The most important phrases in 598-600 are reliquias Danaum, omrnibus... caisibus, omlnium egtnos. The poor, weak remnant of a people can not force a stronger power to respect its needs. Voluntary generosity to such a people, such as Dido has shown, deserves, therefore, heartfelt praise and gratitude. 601, 602. opis.... nostrae: pred. gen.; opis has its fundamental sense here, 'power,' 'ability.' quidquid.. Dardaniae: this cl. really makes a gen. dependent on opis, and so = gentis Dardaniae quidquid eius gentis ubique est (' survives'). The cl. is thus in constr. 156 AENEIDOS [603-616 Di tibi, si qua pi6s respectant nilmina, si quid fsquam iftstitia est et mens sibi conscia recti, 605 praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulsrunt saecula? Qui tanti talem genuere parentes? In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet, semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, 610 quae me cumque vocant terrae.' Sic fatus amicum Ilionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum, post alios, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. Obstipuit primo aspectu Sldonia Dido, casu deinde virl tanto, et sic ore locuta est: 615 'Quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus insequitur? Quae vis immanibus applicat oris? parallel to nostrae. magnum... orbem: there were at this time Trojan exiles in Crete, Epirus, and Sicily. 603, 604. tibi: with ferant, 605. si quid... est, * if just dealing and conscious rectitude are anything,' i e. are held in any esteem (sc. by the gods). sibi: with conscia. It need not be represented in the translation. rectl (see ~ 196) practically = pietdtis, and is obj. gen. with conscia. Dido has shown pietds by performing fully the duties of hospitality to the Trojans; she has been just in setting free shipwrecked mariners, wrongly arrested by her watchmen (see on 525, 526). 606. saecula: for the rhet. pl. see ~ 175. tanti, 'illustrious'; so tMlem = 'noble,' 'godlike.' Cf. n. on tot, 204. As in tantae... irae, 11, we have in qteae te.. parentes exclamations rather than questions, ' Happy the age, glorious the parents that,' etc. 607, 608. montibus... convexa, 'the arches on the mountains,' i,e. the arched slopes of the mountains. montibus is local abl. 607, 608= 'So long as nature endures.' dum... pscet: some of the ancients believed tlat the stars were fed by fiery particles that floated in the aether or upper air. V. may also have had in mind the comparison of the stars to cattle grazing in 'the infinite meadows of heaven.' 610. quae m... terrae, 'Whatever the land whose call I must obey.' For quae... cumqte see ~ 211. 611, 612. Ilionea: for form see ~99. petit, 'greets.' fortemque... Cloanthum: cf. 222. The spirit here, however, is different; the repeated fortem helps to bring out the joy with which Aeneas greets each tried and trusted comrade safely restored to him at last. 613-642. Dido, deeply moved, welcomes Aeneas, and prepares to entertain him fitly in her palace. 613. primo has adv. force. Sid6nia Dldo: cf. 446, with i. 614. casu... tant6: we should say, more fully, 'the thought of his stupendous woe.' 6re locuta: for the epic fullness of expression see ~ 183. 615, 616. nate dea: cf. 582. insequitur: see on dctds insequitur, 240. immanibus: Dido puts herself into the position of the Trojans and voices their feelings; cf. 539 ff. 617-631] LIBER I 157 Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam? Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem auxilio B1ei; genitor turn Belus opimam vastabat Cyprum et victor dicione tenebat. Tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Troianae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi. Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat. Quare agite, o tectis, iuvenes, succdite nostris. Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores iactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra; non ignara mall miserls succurrere disco.' Sic memorat; simul Aenean in regia dfcit 620 625 630 617,618. Dardanio Anchisae: for the hiatus see ~ 258. alma is connected with alo, and so = ' lfe-giving,' ' quickening.' Cf. lux alma, 306. Venus was the genetrix Aeneadum; one Roman poet declares that to her all living creatures owe their being. Simoentis: cf. 100. 619. Teucrum: the ref. (see Teucer, 2, in Vocab.) is to the son of Telamon, brother of Ajax (not the Ajax of 41). He was nephew of Priam, but fought against Troy. Sldona: for form see ~ 96. venire: the pres. infin. is the usual constr. after memini, when the one who remembers is an eye-witness of the things remembered or is contemporary with them. 620. expulsum = cum expulsus esset. So petentem = cum peteret. 621, 622. Bel: Dido's father. The name seems purely Phoenician, akin to the familiar Baal. opimam... Cyprum: note the tense of the verb, 'was even then wasting.' The point of the el. lies in the fact that Belus helped Teucer to found the town of Salamis in Cyprus. dicione tenebat: cf. qu... dicione tenerent, 236. 623. iam, properly 'straightway,' strengthens tempore... ex dllo; the four words = ' from that very moment.' The time referred to was shortly after the fall of Troy, six years or more before Dido's meeting with Aeneas. 625, 626. hostis = quamquam hostis erat; cf. n. on aeger, 208. ferebat, 'extolled.' In this sense ferre or efferre laudibus is commoner. se.. stirpe: see on Teucrum, 619. volebat, 'claimed,' 'asserted.' Cf. Eng. 'would have it that.' In this ssese vooi is really a verb of saying, and so is construed like dicd. 627. agite: aqe, aqite and agedum, like Eng. 'come,' often prepare the way for a second imp. tectis: for the pl. see ~ 177. iuvenes, 'warriors,' 'heroes'; see onptbFs... tudrum, 399. 629. c6nsistere, ' to come to rest,' is the foil to iactatam; cf. primd... consistere terr(7, 541. 630. n6n ignara mall gives the cause of disco; it = quod non ignara sum mali. Note the modesty of disco, 'I am beginning to learn' For the infin. after disco see ~ 166. This vs. is very famous. 158 AENEIDOS [632-645 tecta, simul divum templis indicit honorem, Nec minus intereas socils ad litora mittit viginti tauros, mrgn6rum horrentia centum 635 terga suum, pinguis centum cum matribus agnos, mfnera laetitiamque dil. At domus interior regall splendida luxii instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tlctis: arte laboratae vestes ostrOque superb6, 640 ingens argentum mensis caelataque in auro fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum per tot ducta viris antiquae ab origine gentis. Aeneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem passus amor) rapidum ad nifvis praemittit Achaten, 645 Ascanio ferat haec ipsumque ad moenia ducat; 632. templis: local abl. The abl. belongs in thought with honorem. The latter word is used as in 49. V. has in mind the Roman supplicdtio, or thanksgiving to the gods on occasions of good fortune; cf. Caes. B. G. ii. 35, iv. 38; Cic. Cat. iii. ~~15, 23. Dido's act is a compliment to the Trojans; the good fortune for which she is thanking the gods is their coming. 633. nec minus: since parum is a weak neg. and minime a very strong neg., minus, standing between the two, often = a simple non. Hence nec minus = nec non, i.e. 'furthermore,' the two negatives destroying each other. 634, 635. magn6rum... suum = centum madgnos sues horrentibus tergoribus. The inverted expression (~203) emphasizes a certain characteristic of the swine by making the words that picture it the most important. The examples in ~ 197 are similar centum: as in 416. 636. mtnera... dii, 'as gifts wherewith to enjoy the day.' How lit.? laetitiam... dii gives the purpose of Dido in making such gifts. dii: old form of the gen. of dies. The gen. is one of possession. 637. domus interior, 'the palace within.' interior is to be construed like primd, 541. splendida is in the pred., and = an adv., 'gorgeously'; ~ 195. 639. arte, ' artistically,' 'cunningly.' With vestessc sunt. Thevestes are the coverlets of the couches on which the guests are to recline. ostro... superbo: abl. of material with sunt to be supplied. It is briefly put for (ex) ostro superbo factae, and so is adj. in force. It may therefore be joined by -que to arte labordtae. 640-642. argentum, 'silver plate'; a common meaning. See ~187. caelata... patrum of course ='vessels of gold whereon were chased the gallant deeds,' etc. ducta, 'traced.' 643-656. Aeneas sends Achates to the ships to bring Ascanius to Carthage with presents for Dido. 643. consistere: as in 629. mentem: properly the intellect, but often, as here, the emotions, ' heart.' 644. rapidum, 'with all speed.' praemittit: the prefix reinforces rapidum; one sent in advance is sent usually to make all possible speed. V. may have thought also of this visit as anticipating Aeneas's own return to the ships. 645. ferat... dicat: in O. 0. after praemittit, which, beside the idea of 646-661] LIBER I 159 omnis in Ascanio cari stat'cfra parentis. Munera praeterea Iliacis erepta rninis ferre iubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho, ornatuis Argivae Helenae, quos illa Mycenis, Pergama cum peteret inconcessosque hymenaeos, extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum; praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim, maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile bacattm et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. Haec celerans iter ad navis tendebat Achates. At Cytherea novas artis, nova pectore versat consilia, ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido pro dulci Ascanio veniat dOnisque furentem incendat reginam atque ossibus implicet ignem: quippe domum timet ambiguam Tyriosque bilinguis: 650 655 660 sending, contains that of 'bidding.' The subjs. represent imp. of the 0. R. Cf. the subj. without ut after hortor. 646. i.... stat, ' is centered in.' 648. ferre: sc. eum = Achiten, as subject; ~214, 2. signis... rigentem: i.e. stiff with figures wrought in gold (thread). 649. acantho: the acanthus was a shape much used in embroidery and in sculpture; it is seen on the capital of the so-called Corinthian column. 650, 651. Mycenis Pergama: the juxtaposition gives an effect like 'when she was quitting her old home in Greece for her new home in Troy.' Mycenzs = Graecia; Helen lived at Sparta (~ 51). peteret: for scansion see ~242. hymenae6s, 'marriage.' In the sing. the word usually is the name of the god of marriage; for the meaning here see ~ 189. 653. sceptrum: contrastthepl in78, 253. In each case there is but one sceptre. 654, 655. maxima: cf. maximus, 521. co115: dat. of interest; there is personification. monile bacatum: a necklace of gems in the form of berries (bdcae), e.g. a necklace of pearls. The Romans prized pearls above all other jewels. duplicem... coronam: the crown had a circlet of gems above a band of gold, or resting on (i.e. outside) such a band. 656. haec: acc. with celerZfns; ~131. 657-694. Venus plans to substitute her son Cupid for Ascanius, that he may be brought to Carthage and set Dido aflame with love for Aeneas. 657. novas... nova: see ~264. artis, 'schemes.' versat, 'is revolving,' i.e. all through the time occupied by 521-656, but esp. while Aeneas is doing the things described in 644-656. 658. faciem... ora: for case cf. n. on oculos suffisa, 228. faciem = 'figure,' ora = ' the features.' 659, 660. furentem... rglnamis explained in ~193. ossibus: dat. with implicet; ~126. The marrow is often spoken of by Latin writers as the seat of feeling. ignem, ' his fire,' i.e. the fire of love. 661. quippe, as often, introduces an explanation, like Eng. 'you see.' am 160 AENEIDOS [662-675 firit atrox Ifno, et sub noctem cura recursat. Erg6 his aligernm dictis adfatur Am6rem: 'Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus, 665 nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoia temnis, ad te confugi6 et supplex tua nilmina posco. Frater ut Aeneas pelag6 tuus omnia circum litora iactetur odiis Ifinonis iniquae, nota tibi, et nostro doluisti saepe dolore. 670 Hune Phoenissa tenet Did6 blandisque moratur vocibus, et vereor, quo se Ifunnia vertant hospitia; hand tanto cessabit cardine rerum. Quocirca capere ante dolls et cingere flamma reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mftet, 675 sed magn5 Aeneae mecum teneatur amore. biguam, 'treacherous.' The word is here, as usual, pass. in sense; see Vocab. bilinguls: i.e. lying; we call such people' two-faced ' PUlnicafides is a standing sarcasm for' treachery.' 662. urit: sc ear^-= ytherFam. atrox Iuno, 'Juno's savagery'; the main thought is in the adj. sub noctem, reinforced by the freq. recursat, = ' as night after night comes round.' Night is the season when trouble and care weigh most heavily upon men. 663. Amorem = Cupzdo, 658 V.'slove of variety appears here; ~ 181. 664. meae... solus = quZ solus es nzeae vires, imea 7,fugna potentia. Since the words thus = a rel. cl., the nonm. is natural enough, even after the voc. n'7te. 665. tela Typhoia: the weapons with which Jupiter slew the giant Ty. phoeus; ~~ 274, 275. The weapons are called after the giant they killed as Roman generals were called after the nations they subdued; cf. Aemilius Macedonicus, Scipio Africanus. 667. Ut, 'how'; cf. uti, 466. 668, lactetur: for scansion see ~ t13. odiis: for the pl. see ~ 176. iniquae: cf. saevae, 4, atrux, 665 669. nota: sc. sunt; V. is imitating a familiar Gk. idiom whereby a neut. pl. adj. stands in phrases like 'it is possible.' 671. et, 'and so'; ~199. quo vertant, ' what will be the outcome of.' The pres. subj. often has fut. force. Iinonia: spoken with great bitterness; cf. 662. Venus sees Juno's hand in everything done at Carthage; to her Dido's hospitality is merely a trick of Juno to harin the Trojans. 672. baud... r6rum gives the cause of vereor... hospitia. cessabit: sc. Iins, to be derived from liunonia. cardine r6rum = the prose discrlmine 7Trunm; we speak of 'pivotal' moments. 673. ante, 'betimes,'i.e.beforeJuno can work harm to Aeneas. flamma: cf. tgnemr, 660. The vs. contains two figures, both borrowed from military strategy. 674. quo... namine: freely, 'through the influence of any power'; causal and instr. abl. Venus has Juno in mind, of course. 675. mecum, 'even as I am myself.' teneatur, ' nay be imprisoned,' carries out the figure of 673. V-7EC*TJS 676-692] 676-692] ~LIBER I16 161 Quh facere id possis, nostram nune accipe mentem. IR~gius accit-ft ca-r- genit~ris ad u~rbem Sicloniam, puer ire parat, mea mixima fi~ra, dt~na fer~ns pelag6 et flammis restantia Trbiae. Hunc ego s~pitum somn6 super alta Cyth~ra aut super lklalium sacrata skle recondam, n6 qu5, scire dolbs mediusve occurrere possit. T-ft faciem filluns noctem. n~n amplius finam falle do16 et n~t~s pueri puier indue vultfis, ut, cum t6 gremib accipiet Iaetissima Did& r~ghlls inter n~nsats Iaticemque Lyaeum, cum dabit ainplexits atque bscula dulcia figet, occultum Inspires ignem faI1~sque ven&iM. Paret Amor dictis carae genetricis et Alas exuit et gressfi gaudI~ns inc~dit hI-ll. At Venus Ascanib placidam per membra qui~tem inrigat et fhtum gremi,5 dea tollit in altois 680 685 690 676. qu5, (sc. vift, rat ijne), ' how.' Cf. the indef. quiZ, 18. 677. accitii... genit6ris= accitus (prtcpl.) ft genitfire. 679. pelag6... flammls: cf. Iliacis &repta ruinis, 647. 680. Cyth6ra: cf. Cytherfta, 657; note the quantity of the second syllable in the two words. See ~ 251. 682. medius is proleptic (Q 194); lit. 'to happen on them so as to be in the midst of them,'I i. e. to interrupt and thwart. With occurrere sc. eis = dolis. 683. noctem... tinam: afterpl~s, minus, longius, and amplius, quam is often omitted, even in prose, without influence upon the constr. The whole expression here is one of duration of time. 684. falle, ' imitate deceitfully,'I 'counterfeit,'I an extension of the commonimeaning, 'cheat,' cajole.' n6t6s, 'familiar'; sc. omnibus. puer = 'the boy,' Ascanius. puer = a causal cl.; see on aeger, 208, hostis, 625. Render, 'with the help of your experience as a boy.' Venus intimates that the task she is setting before Cupid is easy. 685. laetissima, ' at the full flush of her joy,'I i.e. when she is most fully alive to every influence of the banquet. 686. rEgalis... Lyaeum, 'at the royal table, while the wine goes round.' inter is more strictly applicable to the nearer of its two objects. inter... laticem... Lyaeum = the pros;einferp~cula, inter vina. Lyaeum: the poets often convert proper names like Lyaeus, Dardanus, bodily into adjs. 688. occultum... venft6: two ways of saying (~ 222) ' that thou mayest inspire in her a f atal passion for Aeneas.'I With ignem cf. ignem, 660;./tammff, 673. 689. c~rae genetricis is the fem. to cffri genit~ris, 677. ilis: cf. dligerum..Amirem, 663. 690. gaudfus pictures Cupid's mischievous pleasure in the ride he is playing. 691, 692. Ascani6: for case see ~120. placidaml... inrigat: inrigg is 162 AENEIDOS [693-704 Idaliae lfiucs, ubi mollis amiracus ilium fl6ribus et dulci adsptrans complectitur umbra. Iamque ibat dicti pirens et dona Cupidui regia portabat Tyrils duce laetus Achate. Cum venit, aulaeis iam sc regina superbis anrea composuit sponda mediamque locavit; iam pater Aeneas et iam Troiana iuventfis conveniunt, stratoque super diocumbitur ostr). Dant manibus famuli lymphas Cereremque canistris expediunt tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis. Quinqiuginta in ins famulae, quibus 6rdine longam cura penum struere et flammis adolere Penatis; I 695 700 construed here with ace. of effect (~ 128), 'sheds sleep like gentle dew,' lit., 'bedews gentle sleep.' It commonly takes an ace. of "affect" (~ 128); that which bedews or moistens is usually the subject, not, as here, the object. 694. dulci adspirans... umbra helps to express the means of amnaracus... complectitur, and so may be joined by et to the instr. abl. floribes; et and -que often in poetry unite expressions which, though unlike in form, are alike in meaning and function. 695-722. Cupid, in the guise of Ascanius, reaches Carthage, and the banquet proceeds. 695. dicto: sc. Aeneae, his supposed father; see 644, 645 696. laetus goes closely with dlce.. Achate, 'rejoicing in the leadership of Achates.' 697. aulaeis.. superbis: aniara were hangings or curtains for decorative purposes, spread over the dining table, or on columnls about the table, or on the walls of the dining room. The phrase, therefore, seems to be a very free, almost slipshod use of the abl. of attendant circumstances (~ 147), 'amid the gorgeous hangings.' 698. aurea: dissyllabic; see ~ 248. mediam merely = 'in the midst of the campany.' 699. Troiana: for a final see on mihi, 77. 700. strt... ostr6: i.e. coverlets of purple; cf. 639. The Tyrian 'purple' was a mixture of red and blue, the crimson usually predominating. discumbitur (sc. ab eis): impers. pass., a constr. esp. frequent when the personality of the actors in a given scene is not to be emphasized. The prefix brings out the picture of the guests separating to their appointed places. 701. Cererem, 'bread.' In 177 it= 'grain'; see n. there. 702. For expediunt cf. 178. t6nsis.. villis: abl. of char. with mranteia, 'short-napped towels,' i e. fine towels, with the nap cut close and even. 703. intus: in the cullna or kitchen. Sc slnt ilth famulae, est with cura, 704. longam, unstinted ' Strictly, lonam,... penuim = a store that will last a long time. V may also have been thinking of the long procession of dishes carried out to the banqueters. His phrases often suggest several ideas at once. 704. struere combines here the ideas of providing and arranging, i.e. making them ready to be carried out. Since quibus... ciira (est)= quicurant, thein 705-719] LIBER I 163 centum aliae totidemque pares aetfite ministri, qui dapibus mensas onerent et p6cula ponant. Nec non et TyriT per limina laeta frequientes convvenire torns iussi discumbere pictls. Mirantur dona Aeniae, mirantur Ifilum fiagrantlsque del vultfis simulfttaque verba pallamqne et pictum croceo v0elmen acantho. Praecipue infelix, pesti devota futfirae, cxpleri mentem nequit firdsscitque tuend6 Phoenissa et pariter puero donisque movetur. Ille nbi complexft Aeneae colloque pependit el magnum falsI implevit genitoris anmrem, reginam petit. Haec oculis, haec pectore toto haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia DIdo, insidat quantus miserae deus. At memor ille 705 710 715 fins. in this vs. are natural; see, too, ~ 170. flammis... Penatis, 'to keep the fire duly alight,' i.e. for cooking purposes. Penatis, properly the hearthgods, stands by metonymy (~189) for hearth, fire, and the whole phrase (lit., 'magnify the hearth with flames') is an inverted expression (~ 203) for 'pile high the fire on the bearth.' 705. aliae: sc. famulae. pares aetate: etiquette permitted only those of royal rank to have slaves all of one age. 706. ponant = imponant (sc. m7nsis, ~126); see ~ 201. The rel. cl. expresses purpose. 707. nec n6n et: this combination is used several times by V.; see on nee minus, 633. frequentes, 'in throngs.' 708. pictis (pingo), 'embroidered.' 709. mirantur... mirantur: see 264. IMlum is put for variety after Ascanio, 691. 710. flagrantis, 'flushed,' even as are the faces of his victims; a transferred epithet (~ 194). Another good explanation reminds us that a radiance not of earth is regularly associated by classical writers with the presence of a deity. Cf. the similar idea mentioned in then. on divinum... oddorem, 403. del comes in well after IMlum; it reminds us that a god is masquerading as Iulus. 711. plctum: cf.pictis, 708. For the robe and the veil see 648, 6i9. 712. futurae, 'inevitable.' The fut. prtcpl. often pictures something as on the very point of happening and so as certain to occur. 713. explerl mentem: for the constr. see ~~152, 155, n. tuend6, 'with gazing'; abl. of gerund to express means, ardescif being really 'she is set ablaze.' See on telo, 99. 715. complex&t... collo: for case see ~ 140, and n. We should say 'in the embrace and on the neck.' 716. falsi may be an adj., 'supposed,' or a true prtcpl., 'tricked,' ' cajoled,' in that a god was palmed off on him as his son. 718. Dido is very effective, helping, with the double haec, 717, to fix our thoughts on the queen alone. 719. insidat is probably meant to suggest both the physical idea of 'sitting upon' and the fig. sense of 'assailing'; see on longam, 703. miserae: sc. S2bi. 164 164 ~~~AENEI1DOS [2-3 (720-733 72o ma-tris Acidaliae pauldtim. abol~re Syclhaeum incipit et viv6 temptat praevertere ani~re iam. pridem. resid~hs ailim6s d~snutaque corda. Postquam. prima quiks epuilis m~,nsa-equ6h i~em~tae, crf-t~riis m~grn~s st atLiunt et vina cor~nartt. 725 Fit strepitus t~etis, vuicemque per ampla volfitant aitria; dependent lychnil aquedtribus aurels ininsi, et noetem. flaimmi, nffintlia viincnit. Ile rCeglna gravem genimis atirov(ue poposcit, iniplvitque mer6 pateram, quam. BU'us et o-mne-s 730 a~ BW16 soliti; tum. facta silentia t~ct~s: 'Juppiter, liospitibus narn t6 dare i~ira loc'untur, hunc l~tum Tyriisque diem Trolaique profectis esse vells nostr~squie hliuils memiiiisse minP~r~s. 720. AcIdaliae =Ven~ris, see ~280. 721. viv6... am~re:i e. a love for a Ii-\ iug person as opposed to her love for ne dead Sychaeus, for which see esp. 311, 3152. praevertere, 'to o'erwhelmn,'I 'engage(.' The force of the prefix is not clear; it may mean (I) before Dido realizes what is happening or (92) before Juno can interfere to thwart Cupid's schemes. For the infin. after temnptet see ~ 164. 722. d~su~ta (sc. amrnDf, 'loveless.' flow lit.? corda: here pl doubtless merely to correspond to anhnos. 723-7 56. The banquetbeing ended, there is a song by the bard Iopas, then general talk among the guests Dido asks Aeneas to describe The fall! of Troy and his owrn wanderings. 723. epulis: poss. dat. wvith e0 to be supplied. m~nsae... rem~tae: cf. 216, and n. 724. mign~s: in Boo0k TX is mniitioned a erdt~ra behuid which a, xii rior seeks to hIde fromn his foe. statuunt, set in p~lace,' iiidicates effort, and -50 fits in xwell with crCW-r,7s fleaT(Ins. vina cor~nant: iLe. by wreathing the ci OFti-rae. 725. strepitus is, the noise of conversation; see next ci. 726. aureis, 'gilded,' or ' inlaid with gold.' The laeqeeffria were often made of expensive woods. For scansion of coo-ifs see on wiooeoo, 698. 727. inc~nsl, 'blazing.' V. naturally describes this banquet in terms suitable to those xxith which he was familiar in the elaborate society if Ronme. 728. gravem: with Paferam, 729, xwhich is obj. of poposut as well as of ooopl5vit. The poets often distribute xi ords which belong together between the parts or clauses of a sentence. For go cuenim.. - aoorf cf. cloopficem.a..roorqooe, 6155. 729, 730. M~us: see 621. omn~s A. M,'all of ~ellus's line.' soliti: sc. erunt 71ele 6 neopl-re. 731. hospitibus, ' to those bound by ties of hospitality ' liospes = both host and guest. Here the two meanings are combined. nam: elliptical, '(I addre~ss thee), fcii,' etc. Cf the use of nai)oqae, 65. 732, 733. hunc... veils, 'may it he thy will thattlin-slshall be,' etc. For the subj. here and in 734 cf. those it 3.30-332. profectis, 'those who are comie.' The substantival use of the pf. Iortc-pl. is coninoneir than that of the ilres, for xi hich see on 4ednoe,434. nostrbs... minftr6s, 'our children's children.' h~ius3: xi by gen.? 734-745] LIBER I 165 L-4 _ i 165 Adsit laettiiae Ba'cchuTs dator et bona Ifino; et vos 6 cdetum, Tyni, celebrate faventes.' Dixitt th mensam laticum libavit honorem prmaqute libato siTmmo tenus attigit ore; tumrn Btiae dedit lncrepitans; ilel npiger harisit spumantem pateram et pleno se proluit auro; post alii proceres. iCthara crinitus Iopas personat aurata, docut quem maximus Atlas. Hic canit errantem linam solisque labores, unde hominum genus et pecudes, unde imber et ignes, Arctiurum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, quid tantum Ocean6 properent so tinguere s61es 735 740 745 734. bona is spoken from theCarthaginian point of view. For the Trojan view see9-11, 251, and cf. saevae, 4, atrox, 662, inbquae, 668. 735. celebrate bears here its lit. sense, 'throng,' ' attend in numbers.' 736. mensam: the altar, so to speak, of Jupiter, god of host and guest, 731. laticum = vl; cf. laticem... Lyaeum, 686. The gen. is one of definition; ~ 111. 737. prima: cf. n. on primto, 613. It is correlative with tum, 738. libat = postquam ltbdtum est, 'when the offering had been made.' lbtUto is a pf. pass. prtcpl. used impers. in the neut. as abl. abs. The constr. is not uncommon, esp. with auspictoi, augurtoS. summo tenus...re, 'with her lips only.' For summo...ore cf. n. on prima. terra, 541. 738. increpitans, 'with a chal lenge,' i.e. to drink deep. This was a Graeco-Roman way of drinking a person's health. 739. proluit is a strong contrast to summo... ore; it is one of the few bits of humor in the Aeneid. auro, 'goblet.' 740. proceres: the drinking, following the prayer of Dido, 731-735, was a pledge to abide by the laws of hospitality. This explains why the cup is passed to Carthaginians; it was from them that such pledges were most needed, or, at least, most valuable. With proceres sc. pleno se auroi proluunt, or simply bibunt. crinits, ' with flowing hair,' like his patron god Apollo (~281). 741. personat (sc. tecta), 'makesthe hall ring.' Atlas, identified in late stories with the African mountain, is a fitting teacher for a Carthaginian bard. For the sup. maximus see on formapulcherrima, 496. 742. errantem lunam, 'the wanderings (i e. the revolutions) of the moon'; see on motos... fluctus, 135. labores: a poetical expression for ' courses'; the word corresponds to errantem. 743. unde... unde: sc. sit or sint to fit the several subjects (cf. properent, 745); see on viris, 517. 744. pluvias reproduces in Latin the meaning of Hyadas, which is from a Gk. root meaning 'to rain.' Cf. the n. on novae, 298. Arcturum, Hyadas and Triones stand for the stars in general. 745. This vs.='why the winter days are so short.' The ancients often thought of the day as rising, like the sun, out of the ocean in the morning, and descending into it again at night. For a different view see on clauso.. Olympo, 374. 166 AENEIDOS [746-756 hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. Ingemlnant plalisui Tyri, Troesque secuntfr. Neb non el varlo noctem sermone trahebat infelix Dido longumque bibebat amorem 750 multa super Priamo rogitfUs, super IHectore multa, nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset fllius armis, nunc, quales Diomedis equi, nunc, quantus Achilles. 'Immo age et a prima die, hospes, orlgine nobis insidias,' inquit, 'Danaum casusque tuorum 755 err6orsque tuos; nam te iam septima portat omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.' 746. This vs. =' why the winter nights are so long.' For V.'s interest in natural philosophy see ~~ 38, 43. 747. ingeminant plausf: variation for ingenminant plausum. 748. nec non et: asin707. vari6... sermine: cf. longo... sermnne, 217. 749. infelix: cf. miserae, 344, 719, said of Dido. 750. multa super.. super... multa: for the metr. treatment see ~266. The emphasis is on the repeated multa; super here = de 'concerning,' as often in verse and later prose. 751. Aur6rae... filius: Memnon, for whom see 489. armis: his armor had been made by Vulcan (~ 284). 752. Diomedis equi: Diomedes had hores famed for swiftness, which he had captured from Aeneas. Many have thought a ref. to these horses by Dido most unhappy, as likely to offend her guest by reminding him of something he might naturally desire to forget. But Aeneas himself, without a trace of shamefacedness, refers in 97 to his encounter with Diomedes. See notes there. The loss of these horses was one phase of Aeneas's sorrows. quantus may refer to stature (see on ingens, 99), or to prowess, or to both; see on lonyam, 703. 753. immo, ' nay,' regularly corrects or amends. Its force here can only be given by a paraphrase; 'Nay, dwell not on the separate points, but tell the whole story.' age: cf. agite, 627, with n. a prima... origine: cf. 373. 754-756. tuorum: as in 399. tubs, 'your personal.' nam... aestas in effect = 'for the story is a long one, and so can best be told if you set it forth systematically.' For Dido'sknowledge of the story of Troy see 619 ff. The book is skillfully made to end with the expectation of an interesting tale. LIBER II Conticuere omnes intentique ora tenebant. Inde toro pater Aeneas sic 6rsus ab alto: Infandum, regina, iub6s renovare dolorem, Tr6ianas ut opes et lamentabile regnum eruerintDanai, quaeque ipse miserrima vidi et quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fand6 MyrmidonumDii olopumve aut duri miles Ulixi temperet a lacrimis? et iam nox fumida caelo praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos. Sed si tantus amor casfis cognoscere nostros et breviter Troiae supr6mum audire laborem, (quamquam animus meminisse horret luictfque refugit, 5 10 1-12. Aeneas begins; 'Painful though the story is, I will tell it.' 1. conticuere... tenebant: the instantaneous pf. pictures the sudden hush, the impf. denotes a lasting state. ora ten6bant: the direction of their gaze is easily gathered from the context; sc. therefore in Aenedn conversa. 3. infandum: a strong word (cf. i, 251, i. 525), emphatic also by position. renovare = ndrrando renovare, 'to renew by telling'; sc. me as subject; ~214, b. 4. ut: used as in i. 667. lamentabile: proleptic (~ 193), ' in piteous ruin'; it belongs with both accs. 5, 6. quae... fui, 'both the sights that.. and the deeds of which,' etc. The rel. clauses are in appos. with dolorem, 3, which = ' the story of my woe.' -que...et, 'both.. and'; this usage is unknown to Cic. and Caes. The roughness of the syntax in 3-6 shows Aeneas's emotion; his feelings render smooth utterance impossible. talia fando in thought = s tdlia ndrret, For case of fand5 see ~ 147. The adj. usually found with this constr. is replaced here by talia; the phrase = 'during such narration.' 7. duri, 'ruthless.' The nature of the general gives a hint of that of his soldiers. With miles sc. qui, the interrogative adj. quis... Ulixi ='what man, however hostile to Troy, however unfeeling, if he were to tell,' etc. 8,9. nox... praeclpitat: i.e. midnight is past. Night, like the day (i. 745), rises from the ocean, mounts the heavens, and descends into the ocean again. With praecipitat sc. se and see ~ 139. ufmida: night is the time of the dew. 3-9 give two reasons why the story should not be told; it is too sad, and the hour is too late. 10. si... amor (sc. est tibi) = si tanto opere cupis; for the infin. cognoscere see also ~ 170. 11. supremum, 'last.' The day of a person's death was called his dies supremus. 12. horret = odit, and so can be construed with the infin.; ~ 163. reftugit: a true pf. The vs. = 'though my soul shudders, as it always has, at the very thought of those pains.' 167 AENEIDOS [13-24 incipiam. Fracti bell6 FItisque repulsi ductores Danaum tot iam labentibus annis 15 instar montis ecum divina Palladis arte aedificant sectflque intexunt abiete costats; votum pro reditu simulainti ea fiama vagatur. fic del'ecfa virlpn soiftibrpora furtim inelfiduIt caeco aterl pemtusque cavernas 20 ingentis uterumque armaito milite complenx Est in conspectfi Tenedos, notissima fiama insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant, nune tantum sinus et static male fida carinis; Ihfi s6 pr6yecti deserts in litore condunt. 13-39. 'The Greeks, hopeless of taking Troy by force, try strategy. They build a wooden horse, calling it a gift to Minerva, and then pretend to depart forever.' 14. tot... annis: causal abl. abs. The emphasis is on tot; nine full years had passed. 15. instar.. ecum, 'a horse towering mountain-high.' Aeneas's emotion makes him exaggerate. For the gen. with instar see A. 223, e; B. 198, 2; G. 373, and R. 1; H. 446, 4. For the spelling ecum cf. secuntur, i. 185, with n. divina... arte: see ~279. For case cf. procdcibuis Austlrs, i. 536, with n. 16. secta... costas: i.e. they form the sides by making the ribs proper and the planks of fir cross at right angles as the threads of the warp and the woof cross. intexunt = i form by interweaving,' and costas is acc. of effect; cf. n. on stringere rmnos, i. 552. For scansion of abiete see ~ 240. 17. votum: briefly put for ecum votum esse. For the meaning of the word see on i. 334. Here payment is made to the gods in advance. ea: emphatic, 'such is the report that,' etc. Ancient writers say that an inscription on the horse declared it to be a gift to Minerva. 18. hutL = h unc in ecum; it is further defined by caeco laterl. delecta virum... corpora = delctos viros corporibus validis; see on meyagnorin... sutum, i. 634. sortiti here merely ='having selected.' There can be no ref. to the use of lots; one could not choose delecta... corpora in that way. 19. caeco lateri = in caecum latus (~ 122), 'into the secret depths of its side.' 20. milite, 'soldiery'; for the sing. see ~ 172. 21, 22. in conspectu: sc. Troiae. Tenedos lay about four miles off the coast. dives opum: as in i. 14. dum... manebant: cf. dum res stetit lUia regn6, i. 268. The pl. regna is metr. convenient. 23. sinus, 'a bay'; see on inque... reductos, i. 161. stati6: see Vocab. Here, helped by carinis, it= a 'roadstead.' male... carinis, 'none too safe for ships.' male is often used with adjs., in the sense of 'poorly,' 'wretch edly.' It negatives adjs. of complimentary sense, intensifies those of uncomplimentary meaning. carinis here = navbibus; see ~ 188. Cf. the Eng. ' a fleet of twenty sail.' 24. provecti: see on quR vectus Abds, i. 121. desertS: the change in the fortunes of the island was already begun. Its inhabitants, no doubt, were LIBER II 169 Nos abiisse rati et vento petiisse Mycenas. Ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria lucti: panduntur portae; iuvat ire et Dorica castra desert6sque videre locos litusque relictum. Hic Dolopum manus, hic saevus tendebat Achills; classibus hic locus; hic acie certare solebant. Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae et molem mirantur equi; primusque Thymoetes dfci intra mfiros hortltur et arce locari, sive dolo sen iam Troiae sic fata ferebant. I,At Capys et quorum melior sententia menti'" aut pelago tianITr m insid' suspectaque dona01'^`wkI\ praecipitare iubent subiectisque irere flammis 80 85 Trojans, who had removed to Troy when the siege began. 25. rati: sc. sumus. As subject of the infin sc. eos=Danaos. Mycenas: as in i. 650. 27. panduntur portae: the gates were of course closed in times of war and siege. ire = exire (sc. urbe); cf. it = exit, i. 246. As subject of ire and videre sc. eos = Troidnos, easily derived from omnis... Teucria, 26. Dorica, 'Grecian.' The Gk. race was divided into Ionians, Aeolians, and Dorians. The adj. Doricus is rare in V., and is used here, probably, merely f9r the sake of variety; see ~ 181. 29, 30. hic... hic... hic... hic: we are to think of the Trojans as pointing out to one another these famous spots. tendebat: sc. tentoria (i. 469), 'used to tent.' classibus: the Gk. force consisted of contingents and fleets from many separate states (~51). locus: the vessels had been drawn up on shore; see on subducere, i. 551. solebant: sc. Grai or Danal, not classes. The vs. gives two points: (1) the place where the vessels had been beached; (2) the place where the land battles had been fought. 31. stupet = admirutur, ' gazed bewildered at,' and so takes an acc.; cf. ~~129, 130. innuptae: the Athenians called Pallas (Minerva) Parthenos, ' the Maiden,' and her temple the Parthenon. donum... Minervae, 'gift to Minerva.' The gen. is obj. The Greeks had J offended Minerva by carrying off her \ statue from Troy's citadel. They now gave it out that the horse was meant as a substitute for this statue This would seem to the Trojans a natural proceeding; hence the success of the Gk scheme to get the horse and its occupants into the city. exitiale: sc. Troidnis. The adj. fits Aeneas's feelings as he tells his story, not those with which the Trojans first saw the horse. 32. molem mirantur: cf. mtratur roilem, i. 421. Note the pl. with the coll. noun pars after the sing. in stupet; similar shifts are common. 33, 34. duci... locari: for theinfin. see ~167. dolo: sc hortdtur from the preceding vs. Thymoetes had a grudge against Priam, and so might naturally be suspected of helping Priam's enemies. iam, 'at last'; see on iam... audetis. i. 133. ferebant, 'were setting that way'; sc. se, and see ~139. 37. subiectisque: we should say 'or,' etc., since 36, 37 contain two dis 170 AENEIDOS [38-50 aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. 40 Primus ibi ante omnis magna comitante caterva Laocoon ardens summi decurrit ab arce et procul: '0 miseri, quae tanta insania, civs? Creditis avectos hostis ant ulla putatis dona carere dolls Danaum? sic notus Ulixes? 45 Aut hoc inclfus ligno occultantur Achivi aut haec in nostros fabricata est machinaunfiros inspectfira domos ventfraque desuper urblj aut aliquis latet error; equo ne credite, Teucrl. Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentis.' 50 Sic fMtus validis ingentem viribus hastam tinct plans for the destruction of the horse. -qee and et may often be thus rendered. With subiectis sc. es =- nsidiZs d6nsque. We may render by' consuming.' 38. terebrare and temptare,'probe,' are parts of the one process; hence they are properly joined by et. In suspecta, 36, and in 38, as in 18-20, Aeneas speaks with the knowledge of after days. 39. scinditur... vulgus: freely, 'uncertainty reigns among the crowd and men array themselves eagerly on either side.' studia: here 'opinions zealously held'; see ~ 176. 40-56. 'Laocoon, priest of Neptune, declares that the horse cloaks some scheme of the Greeks.' 40. ibi, 'at this (critical) moment,' when a very little would determine the action of the crowd. 42. procul: sc. climat; see ~216. 43. avectos (esse): cf. pr6vecti, 24. lla: illuus and quisquam are used in sentences directly or indirectly neg. The answer to the questions in 43, 44, is neg.; hence the questions = neg. assertions or commands. 44. dona... Danaum, 'gifts made by Greeks (to Trojans).' Since the Greeks gave the horse to Minerva as a deity of Troy (see on dcnum... Mine-rae, 31), Laocobn may fairly speak of them as giving it to the Trojans themselves. He is speaking against the proposal of 33, and for those of 36-38. Ulixes: to Laocobn all Greeks are tricksters; to V. Ulixes is the embodiment of guile. In the Homeric age trickery was not reprehensible; Homer everywhere praises Ulixes. But V., the poet of the Trojans and their descendants, the Romans, naturally views him with different feelings. 45. hoc.. lign6: contemptuous, 'this lump of wood.' lign5 may = in lignumn (~ 122), or may be local or instr. abl. 47. inspectura... ventra: the fut. prtcpl. often thus expresses purpose, esp. in poetry and later prose. V. has in mind the attacking towers so often mentioned by Caesar. urbi: dat. of personal interest (disadvantage). 48, 49. error: here that which causes error, 'mischief,' 'trick'; ~186. ne credite: for this form of prohibition see ~ 156. timeo... ferentis: a much quoted phrase, in the sense that an enemy's gifts are to be viewed with suspicion. et = 'even.' ] LIBER II in latus inque feri curvam comp gibus alvum contorsit. Stetit illa tremens uter6que recuss6 insonuire cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae. Et si fata deum, si mens n6n laeva fuisset, impulerat ferr5 Argolicas foedare latebras, Tr6iaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta maneres. Ecce manfis invenem interea post terga revinctum pastores magno ad reem clamsre trahebant Dardanidae, qui se ignbtunienientibus ultro, hoc ipsum ut streelTroiamque aperiret Achivis, obtulera idens animi atque in utrumque paratus, seu versare dolos seu certae occumbere morti. Undique visendtluai liroiana iuventis circumffisa ruit, certantque inlfidere capto. 171 55 60 51. curvam... alvum: freely, 'the jointed arch of its belly'; compUgibus is instr. abl. or abl. of spec. For the word see i. 122, i. 293. 52. stetit: sc. in alvo. uter... recusso: causal abl. abs., 'because the womb was shaken' by the force of the blow. The prefix in recusso does not = ' back' or 'again,' as usual, but merely intensifies (as con- often does) the meaning of the verb, which is connected with quatio. 53. cavae is pred. to insonuere, ' rang hollow.' gemitum... dedere (see ~ 202) explains tnsonuere. This vs. is onomatopoetic; ~ 224. 54. sifata deum: sc. non laeva fuissent. deum is subj. gen., 'ordained by the gods.' laeva = 'adverse,' withfata; with mens it = 'warped.' 55. impulerat: after 54, a cond. contrary to fact, we should expect the plpf. subj. The indic. here strongly emphasizes the inevitable certainty of a given result, had the proper conditions been realized. The indic. is esp. common in periphrastic expressions made up of sum and either the gerundive or the fut. act. prtcpl. foedare: for the infin with impulerat,cf. i. 9, 10. 56. arx: vocative. For the apostrophe as a token of emotion see on te... Teucrum, i. 555. 57-76. 'Trojan shepherds now appear with a Greek prisoner. We bid him give an account of himself.' 57. manus... revinctum: for constr. see ~ 137; for the expression cf. centum.. tergum, i. 295, 296. 59. ign6tum belongs in thought with iuvenemn, 57. Latin often places in the rel. cl. a word which really modifies the antec., esp. when the antec. has another modifier. venientibus: with obtulerat, 61. When the gates were opened (27), the shepherds had set forth with their flocks. See ~ 225. 60. hoc ipsum: i.e. to be brought into Troy and so to get a chance to tell his plausible story. strueret: struo, like molior, is used of difficult tasks. -que, 'and as a result'; ~ 199. 61. animi: for the case see ~148. utrumque is explained by 62. 62. versare, 'ply,' 'work out'; lit., 'shuffle.' The suggestion is of carrying one's point by trying scheme after scheme. occumbere morti: cf. occumbere alone in this sense, i. 97. 64. circumfusa is a middle, 'stream 172 AENEIDOS [65-78 65 Accipe nunc Danaum insidias et crimine ab iun disce omnis. Namque ut conspectfi in medio turbatus inermis constitit atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit, 'Heu, quae nunc tellfs,' inquit, 'quae me aequora possunt 70 accipere? aut quid iam mis ld mihi denique restat, c li neque apud Danaos ufsquam locus, et super ipsi Dardanidae ihfensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt?' mquo gemitu conversi animi compressus et omnis impetue. Hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus 75 quidve ferat; memoret, quae sit fidfcia capto. Ille haec deposita tandem formidine fatur: 'Oincta equidem tibi, rex, fuerit quodcumque, fat6bor vera,' inquit, 'neque m6 Argolica de gente negabo; ing round'; ~ 171. certant: sc. inter se. The pl. certant suggests the action of numerous individuals, the sing. ruit expresses the act of the whole body of iuvenes in hastening from every side as a unit; cf. n. on nolem mnrantur, 32. Inludere: with certant; see ~161. capto, 'the captive'; the prtcpl. a noun. 65. insidias: cf. die... insidiats, i. 753. crimine: properly 'charge,' but here 'crime,' ' guilty act.' 66. disce omnis: i.e. learn the nature of the whole Gk. race. 67. c6nspectu, properly 'sight,' 'vision,' is used here of those who exercise sight or vision, 'the onlookers.' turbatus: his emotion is a pretence; cf. fidens animi, 61. inermis is full of pathos. The Trojans were doubtless armed as Laocobn was (50); at any rate they were numerous and his foes. 69, 70. nunc and lam are rightly used; see on iam... audetis, i. 133, 134. Further, iam and denique strengthen each other; denique more often = ' finally,' as preachers or lecturers use that word. 71. cul... locus: sc. est. After et sc. quenm. A rel. pron, is seldom repeated in a different case form from that in which it has occurred in the sentence. ipsi, 'even'; the Trojans ought to be friendly to one hated by the Greeks. 72. infens = an adv., 'relentlessly.' cum sanguine = et sanguinem. cum with the abl. often = et with a case parallel to that just used. 73, 74. omnis impetus, 'every (act of) violence.' fiari: for the infin. after hlortor cf. dtcZ...locdrz, 33, with n. cr6tus: a dep. prtcpl. of cresco; see B. 114, esp. 2. With crtus sc. sit, and see on virus, i. 517. 75. quidve ferat, 'what his errand is,' represents quid fers of the 0. R. memoret: subj. in 0. 0., representing an imp. of the 0. R. The Trojans said: FUre qu5 sanguine cr-tus (sis). Qutidvefers? Jfemoord quae sit fducia tibi capto. capto (sc. ei) is a prtcpl.; contrast capto, 64. 77-104. 'Sinon's story. "I am a Greek. When Ulixes compassed the death of Palamedes, my kinsman, I swore vengeance against him. He in turn sought my ruin." ' 77. fuerit quodcumque: the fut. pf. gives a force like 'whatever I shall find to have been the result.' 78. vera = an adv.; for position see ~ 206. LIBER II 173 hoc primum; nec, si miserum Fortuina Sin6nem finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama gloria, quem falsa sub proditione Pelasgi insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, dcmisere neci, nunc cassum lumine lfgent, m comitem et consanguinitate propinquumr pauper in arma pater primis hfic misit ab annis. Dum stabat regno incolumis regumqrue vigebat-0^ conciliis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusqueKCxoN gessimus; invidia postquam pellitcis Ulixi (haud ignota loquor) superls concessit ab oris, 80 85 90 79. hoc primum: sc. fatibor. Sinonem = me; see on idnonis, i. 48. 80. improba, 'shameless though she is,' emphatic by position, like dea, i. 412; see n. there. imnprobus often describes persons or things as utterly lacking in moderation and respect for the rights of others. finget: a fine verb here, since it is properly used of the potter who molds the clay at his own will. 81. fand6, 'as men talked'; lit., 'through talk'; a gerund in instr. abl. 82. n6men, 'mention.', With si... nrnmen cf. si... it, i. 375. incluta fama, 'spread abroad by the voice of fame.' 83. falsa sub pr6ditione, 'swayed by misleading information.' sub, 'under cover of,' suggests treachery, underhand work; a common use, esp. in compound verbs. For this sense of proditi/ne cf. memoriae prodere='to hand down,' 'to state.' 84. insontem infando indici6: the allit. helps to express Sinon's indignation. infandb indici: his enemies hid a letter and some money in his tent and then used them, when discovered, as evidence of his guilt, saying that they had come from Priam. In quem... indicio... neci, V. suggests indirectly that Palamedes was tried by the whole Gk. force, and formally condemned to death; 225. 85. neci = ad necem; ~122. nunc: advers. asynd. as in i. 240. lumine: abl. of separation with cassum; cf. the abl. with carere, 44. 86. illi begins the apod to the si cl., 81-85; it is dat. with comitem. See on cui, i. 314. 87. pauper=quod pauper erat. Sinon is apologizing to the Trojans for his presence in the ranks of their foes. primis.. ab annils: freely, 'in my tender youth'; the phrase ='I was too young to be responsible.' In expressions of time and place Latin often uses c or ab where we should expect in; cf. 2 pueris, -in childhood, ii tergo, i. 186. 88, 89. dum... vigebat: sc. Pala, meids; cf. Priami dumn regna mawnbant, 22. regum... conciliis: the council of war, consisting of the leaders of the several contingents. et nos, 'I also.' 90. pellacis, 'that prince of schemers.' Sinon speaks of Ulixes as his Trojan hearers would; see on Ulixes, 44. 91. superis... ab oris, 'from this upper clime.' superus is often applied to persons and things still in the upper world of light and life; so inferus is used of things in the underworld of darkness and death. 174 AENEIDOS [92-105 adflictus vitam in tenebris luctfque trahebam et casum insontis mecam indignabar amicl. Nec tacui demens et me, fors sT qua tulisset, 95 Si patrios umqnam remeassem victor ad Argos, promisl ultorem et verbis odia aspera movi. Hinc mihi prima mall labes, hinc semper Ulixes criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces in vulgum ambiguas et quaerere conscius arma. 16o Nec requievit enim, donec, Calchante ministro,sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolve quidve mororo, si omnis flno ordine habetis Achlvos idque audire sat est? am dfdum sumite poenas; hoc Ithacus velit et magno mercentur Atridage. 105 Tuam vero ard;emus scitari et quaerere causas, 92. adflictus: lit., 'dashed down,' i.e. from the high estate hinted at in 89. 93. mecum, 'in my secret soul'; cf. secum, i. 221. 94, 95. et = 'but.' After a neg cl. et and -que may often be so rendered. tulisset, 'offered'; sc. se and cf. fiata feribant, 34,with n. tulisset and remesssem are in O. O., dependent onprSmisi, 96. Sinon said to himself: fors si qua tulei it, s... r. remWro, ultor erl/. Arg6s: see on Argis, i. 24; here it = Graeciam. Sinon hailed from Euboea. 96. ult6rem: in the pred with rnm (94)... pro/msz; lit., 'I promised myself (as) an avenger,' i.e. I swore to be his avenger. In prose we should have promisi mwbultorem fore. 97. labes, 'avalanche'; the word is used esp. of the collapse ot houses or the settling of the earth. 98, 99. criminibus, 'charges'; see he n. on cramune, 65. spargere... ambiguas: note the figure. Ulixes is a sower; the seed he scatters is slander, the rabble is the ground in which he plants. For the infinitives in 98, 99 see ~ 157. vulgum: here masc., a rare use. quaerere... arma: a fig. expression for, went to extremes ' conscius, 'con scious (of his guilt),' gives the cause of quaerere. 100. enim, 'indeed'; see on sed enim, i. 19. 101. sed... autem is pleonastic, since both words have advers. force. The phrase comes from the older, more colloquial Latin in which such pleonastic combinations are common. ingrata, ' without interest'; sc. vobis. 103. id: i e. that one is a Gk. iam dudum... poenas: iamdidurn refers to the past, and so ought not to be joined to a pres. imp., which invites to an action yet to be done. This lack of logic gives weight to the phrase. Sinon is, or pretends to be, a sorrow-stricken man, only too eager to die; he is not a grammarianl. His cry suggests; ' Slay me: ye should have done so long ago. ' 104. Ithacus: Ulixes. velit... mercentur: cond.; the prot. is contained in hoc which = si hoc feceritis. magno: se. pretio. 105-144. ' We bid him speak further. He details the scheme whereby Ulixes had sought to work his ruin.' 105. causas: i.e. the explanation of the strong statement of 104. V. does not 106-121] LIBER II ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae. Prosequitur pavitans et ficto pectore fatur: 'Saepe fugam Danal Troia cupiere relicti molri et longo fessi discedere bello (fecissentque utinam!), saepe illos aspera ponti interclusit hiems et terruit Auster euntis; praecipue, cum iam hic trabibus contextus acernis i staret ecus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi. Suspensi"Eurypylum scitantem 6racula Phoebi mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat: "Sanguine plicastis vent6s et virgine caesa, cum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras; sanguine quaerendi redituis, animaque litandum Argolica." Vulgi quae vox ut venit ad catris, obstipuere animi, gelidusque per Tma cncurrit ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quem poscat Apollo. 110 115 120 12I0 say directly that any questions are put to Sinon; see ~ 225. 107. prosequitur: intrans., 'proceeds,' a very rare use. pavitans marks the result of the emotion of 101 -104; cf. turbctues, 67. fict6 pectore: modal abl., 'hypocritically.' 108-110. saepe... saepe: the placing of saepe at the head of the two clauses brings out their real connection, thus: ' often they sought, but as often,' etc. fugam... moliri: much stronger than a simple fugere. See on mol6rt, i. 564. fecissent... utinam: see on utinam... adforet, i. 575, 576. 111. interclfsit: sc. from sailing. hiems: here 'storminess,' 'inclemency.' Auster: here in its strict sense; the soutlh wn ould be in the very teeth of voyagers seeking to make Greece from Troy. In Homeric days ships could make little progress against head winds. After the Gk. ships had assembled at Aulis in Euboea head winds for days prevented their departure for Troy. euntis, 'as they sought to go'; conative pres. See on arceret, i. 300. \112. acernis: contrast abiete, 16. Both are simply poetic ways of saying, 'wooden,' 'wood'; see ~ 190. 114. scitantem: lit., ' as one (in the act of) consulting,' but virtually expressing purpose; the supine scZtatum, or a future prtcpl., might have been used. 6racula Phoebi: the oracle at Delphi; see ~ 281. 116. virgine caesa, 'by the slaying of a maiden.' The main thought is in the prtcpl.; see on m6ots... fluctus, i. 135. The Greeks could not leave Aulis (see end of n. on Auster; 111) till they had appeased the gods by the sacrifice of Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon. 118, 119. sanguine: cf. sanguine, 116. The repetition gives the same effect as that of saepe, 108-110, 'As by blood, so by blood.' reditius: for pl. see ~178. anima... Argolica: i.e. 'to sacrifice successfully, you must offer up a Grecian life.' Argolica: emphatic by position; ~ 206. 120,121. gelidus.. tremor; cf. frigore, of fear, i. 92. ima: as in i. 84, i. AENEIDOS [122-134 Hie Ithacus vatem mag 15 Calchanta tumultfi /j protrahit in medios; quae sint ea numina divum / fligitat. Et mihi ian'm u-ETcr-i lee canebant t2~_.jtificis soelus et taciti ventura videbant. Bis qunlos silet ile asFrfque recusat pr6dere voce suil quemquam aut oppSnere morti. Vix tandem magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, \composito rumpit v6cem et me destinat firae. 130 dssensere olnles et, quae sibi quisque timEbat, inius in miseri exitium conversaTTUre. Iamque dies Infanda aderat; mihi sacra pagjri / ' et salsae frfiges et circum temapoa-vittae. Eripul, fateor, leto me et vincula rftpi 125. ossa: see on ossibats, i. 660. parent.. poscat: subj. in question dependent on tremor, which suggests the idea of anxious and fearful questioning. fata = mortem, exitium; parent is a delib. subj. (see on credant, i. 218). Its subject is the Grceks in general, but is purposely left indefinite. Men shrink from naming those who are to cause the death of another. 122. Ithacus: cf. 104. 123. numina: lit., 'wills'; we should say, ' intimations of the will.' 124. canebant, 'were prophesying'; cano gains this meaning from the faat that originally prophecies were delivered in verse. 125. artificis: see on pellacis, 90. The juxtaposition with scelus shows in )what Ulixes was a craftsman. et: we should expect aut; but see on sutbitisque, 37. Instead of mnllti... videbant we ought to have aii... canebant, alii... vidbant, i.e. some openly told of, others silently foresaw.' V. has, however, combined the two alii into wulti, and then united the verbs of their respective clauses by et. ventuira: see on fuEtzrae, i. 712. 126. bis quinos: see on bis d~-ius, i. 381. ille = Calchas. tectus, 'keeping his tnlt.' 127. v6ce sua: i.e. by any utterance of his own, as distinguished from the command of the oracle. 128. vix tandem: a favorite phrase with V.; in like sense we find in prose tandem aliquand6. 129. composito: for case see on foedere certo, i. 62. In prose we should have e or de compositi. rumpit vocem, 'he breaks into speech'; lit., ' he makes speech break forth,' vocem being acc. of effect, ~ 128. 130. timebat: note the tense, 'once feared. ' 131. conversa tulere, ' they bore, now that they were turned to (i.e. brought to bear on).' timerbat, 130, and tulere gain force each from the other; tirnbat = 'found unbearable,' even in thought, tulere = 'cheerfully bore.' Sinon speaks in bitter sarcasm. 132. parari: for infin. see ~ 157. 133. salsae friiugs: the salted meal which prior to the sacrifice was sprinkled on the victim's head. fruges is used as in i. 178. 134. fateor seems strange, until we reflect that Sinon represents himself as a sacrificial victim, offered to the gods, in obedience to the divine comni1aid, 116-118; he had, therefore, no right to attempt an escape. vincula: 135-148] LIBER II 177 lin6osoque lacu per iiotemi obscfrus ill ulva 135 delitui,(dum vela darent, si forte dedissent. Nec mihi iam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi > nec dulcis niitos exoptatumque parentem, L quos illi fors et poeiats ob nostra reposcenlt -- effagia et culpam hane miserorum mnrte pibut. 140 Quod te per superos et conscia nimlna vtr. <' 3per siqua est_quae restat-urdhuc mortilibus fsquam / intemerata fides, oro miseree laborum tianmt irm, n siercre animi jn digna ferentis.'; His lacrimls vitam damns et miserescimus ultro. 145 Ipse vir6 primus manicis atque arta levari vincla iubet Priamus dictisque ita fatur amicis: 'Quisquis es, amissos hinc iam obliviscere Graios; Sinon was bound as victims were before the altar. 135. obscurus, 'so that I was concealed'; see ~ 193. 136. delitui: a strong verb, 'to skulk,' used esp. of beasts, serpents, etc. It harmonizes with the tone of eripui... me, 134. dum o.. dedissent: 0. O. dependent on delitui. Sinon's thought was: Delit-scam dum ('until') vela dent si forte dederint. Sinon might well doubt whether they would depart; his own escape had prevented the fulfillment of the condition necessary to such departure, as stated in 116-119. 138. natos, 'my children,' adds to the pathos, but is inconsistent (~49) with prmzs... a aannis, 87. 139. fors et together = 'perchance.' The phrase is a survival from the days when parataxis (~218) was the rule. fors et reposcent thus =fors (est) et reposcent, 'there is a chance, and,' etc, instead of 'there is a chance that.' 140. culpam: see on fateor, 134, delitu, 136. hanc = meam, as in i. 98. 141. quod: often used idiomatically in entreaties like Eng. 'but.' In such cases it is really the rel. pron. with its antec. implied in the context; here the antec. is to be got from Sinon's whole speech, esp. 134-140. quod thus = ' as to all of which.' te: with oro, 143. Note the sing. Sinon is talking to Priam; see 77. super6s: as in i. 4. 142, 143. per governs the cl. s... fides; Sinon is speaking rhetorically. A simpler expression would be per fidem si qua est quae adhuic restat mortilibus usquam intemerata. laborum: gen. with miserere. See A. 221, a; B. 209, 2; G. 377; H. 457. 145-198. 'Sinon tells us that the horse is a gift to Minerva and that if we set it in our city we shall win her favor and injure the Greeks.' 145. ultro, 'besides.' The Trojans might out of sheer indifference have suffered Sinon to live. 146,147. vir6: dat. of pers. interest (advantage) with levari. A more usual constr. would be virum manicts... vinchs levriz iubet. For the manicae and the vincla see 57. 148. amissos... obliviscere = amitte et oblzvtscere; see on subrnersas obrue, i. 69. The pers. ace. with obliviscor is rare, the gen. being the ordinary case with words referring to persons, 178 AENEIDOS [149-163 noster eris, mihique haec edissere vera rogantl: 150 quo molem hanc'immanis equf statuqre? quis auctor~J' quidve petunt? qua ejliS aut bulae machina bellf?' dixerat. Ille dolls instrfictus et arte Pelasga sustulit exftas vinclis ad sidera palmas: 'Vbs, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum 155 testor numen,' ait, 'v6s, arae ensesque nefandi, quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi: fais mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere ifra, fas odisse viros atque omnia ferre sub auras, sil aitegunt, teneor patriae nec legibus ullis. i60 Tu modo promissis maneas servataque serves Troia fidem, sl v'ra feram, si magna rependam. Omnis spes Danaum et coepti fidficia belli Palladis auxilils semper stetit.' Impius ex quo 149. noster eris, 'be one of us.' Cf. Dido's invitation, i. 572-574. The fut. indic. in familiar address (here the superior is speaking to the inferior) often = an imperative. Since eris = an imperative, it may be joined to edissere by -que; see on dulcL adspzL ns.. uznbra, i. 694. 150. molem... equi: for the expression see on mUgn6rum... suum, i. 634. 151. religio, 'sanctity,' 'religious significance.' quae... belli = quae religio equi est ('belongs to') aut quae machina bellW est ecus? 152. arte Pelasga: cf. artis... Pelasgae, 106. 153. exatas vinclls: an important phrase; he cheats the very men to whom he owed life and liberty. 154. ignes: i.e. of the heavenly bodies. 156. vittae... gessi: cf. 133. 157. Graiorum... ira, ' to sever the hallowed rights of the Greeks.' V. thinks of the Greeks as having taken an oath like the Roman sacrament un, whereby soldiers swore to be faithful to their general and to one another. Thenceforth the qreeks had idra, 'rights,' in one another, e.g. the right to loyal help. 158. ferre sub auras: i.e. to reveal. 159. nec: for position see ~209. Of 157-159 it has been well said: 'Sinon disclaims all obligations as a soldier, as a friend (odisse viros), as a colleague and confidant (si qua tegunt) and as a citizen (patriae, etc.).' 160, 161. modo: as in i. 389. The subjs. here virtually = impera tives. promissis: implied in noster eris, 149. The word is local abl. with mnanees, as we say, ' abide by your promises.' servata... TrSia is voc.; servata is causal in force, 'since you have been yourself preserved, preserve faith (with me),' i.e. extend to me the joy of preservation which you have just experienced. magna rependam, 'I shall make thee a great requital,' i.e. for your good faith; the requital is the information of 162 -194. 162. belli: obj. gen. with fidUcia. 163. auxiliis: instr. abl. with stetit, which = 'was kept firm'; see on telo, i. 99. For the pl. see ~ 178. ex quo is balanced by ex illo, 169 With both phrases sc. tenmpore. 164-178] LIBER II 179 Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes fatale adgressi sacrato avellere templ1 Palladium, caesis summae cflstodibus arcis, corripuere sacram effigiem manibusque cruentis virgineas at s divae contingere vittas, ex illo fluele ac ietro subliapsa ikeferl'l spPs Danaum, fractae vires, aversa deae mens. Nep dubils ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris. Vix positum castris simulacrum: arsere coruscae fiminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus stfdor iit, terque ipsa solo (mirabile dictfi) emicuit parmamque ferens hastamque trementem, Extemplo temptanda fuga canit aequora Calchas nec posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, 6mina ni repetant Argis nuimenque reducant, 166 170 175 164. sed enim: as in i. 19. 165. adgressi -= conUti, and so can take the infin. Uvellere. templo: within the citadel of Troy. 166. Palladium: see Vocab. It is.fltale, 'fatefulT,'because the loss of it meant the loss of the favor of the deity whom it represented; ~ 299. Aeneas refers but briefly to this story, omitting details, as if Dido were fully acquainted with it. V.'s readers knew the story well. 167, 168. cruentis virgineas: juxtaposition of contrasts. virgineFts is a transferred epithet; the fillets are virgin because they are worn by a virgin goddess. See on innulptae, sl. 169. retr... referrl defines juere, and definitely suggests the idea of the receding tide. By itself fluere might merely = 'disappear,' 'lose permanence.' fero and its compounds in the pass. often = ' move,' 'proceed.' 170. fractae... aversa: note indic. after hist. infin. in 169; see ~ 157. 171. ea signa=jius ref signa, i.e. tokens of her hostility to the Greeks. ea refers back to aversa.. mens, 170. Trit6nia: Pallas; ~279. 172. vix.. arsere: for the parataxis see ~ 220. 173. luminibus... arrectis, 'her staring eyes.' arrectis really ='uplifted' (i. 152), and is applied to the eyes either as (1) raised in fury from the ground (contrast i. 482), or (2) as wide open. In (2) the epithet would apply really to the eyelids. salsus: we might say 'real'; the adj. emphasizes the significance of the portent. The statue is apparently alive; it sweats as a living mortal might; see ~ 299. 174. ter: three was to the Romans a sacred number. ipsa, 'unaided.' 176. canit: see on canebant, 124. 178. 6mina ni... Argis: i.e. unless they go back to Greece and start afresh. V. is thinking of a Roman custom whereby a general, if'bad luck overtook his expedition, returned to Rome to consult the omens afresh, and to begin his operations anew, in hope of better fortune. numen, 'the favor of heaven.' V. is again thinking of Roman custom. No Roman general would set out till the omens became favorable, i.e. till he had the nimen. By the theft of the Palladium the Greeks lost (163-175) ISO AENEIDOS [179-195 quod pelag6 et curvis s~cum iAvexi~re carinis. 180 Et nune quod patridis vent6 peti~re Mycanas, arma deasque paraut comit~s pelagaque rernenso inpr~visi aderunt; ita digerit bmina Calchas. Hauc pr6 Palladi6 moniti, prO nfimine laes6 effigiern statue-re, neffts quae triste piaret. i85 Hane tarnen inm~nsamn Calebi-is attollere m~lem r~boribus textis cael~que Mdi~cere iussit, in~ recipI portis aut dichi in moenia posset ieit populum antiqnul sub r~lligi~ne tu-riT, -narn si vestra manus violasset d~na Minervae, 190 ttrn mndgnurn exiti urn (qunod di prius Omen in ipsum convertant!) Priam! irnperiO Phrygibusque futitrurn; sin manibus vestris vestrain ascendisset in urberm, ultrO Asiam niftgnO5 Pelop~a ad moenia bellO ventfirarn, et nostr~s ea fVita man~re nep~ts.' W'JP Tiflibus insidjis peritfirIque arte Sin~nis the nqmen they had brought to Troy. They are seeking now a frcsh nrnten, in order to renew the attack. 180. quod... Mycft5as, so far as their departure... is concerned' For quod, 'as to the fact that,' cf. Caes. B. G. i. 14 quod... gqjriirentur. 181. comit~s: freely, 'to come with them.' See on unirnen, 178. rem,6ns6; in pass. sense; see on Achaji, i. 312 -182. ita goes back to 17A-179; 180, 181 contain a side remark. digerit, 'inlterprets'1; lit., ' marshals,' so as to give them sequence and meaning. 183. moniti1: sc. a Caichante. ntumine laes6, ' the outrage done her divine majesty'; the prtepl. carries the main thought. Cf. quo n~iiine lacesF, i. 8. 184. nef-as... piiret: a rel. el. of purpose. triste: as in i. 238. 185. tamen carries us back to prF) Palladij, 183; it =' though this horse is a substitute for the (small) Palladium.' inm6nsam: proleptic; ~ 193. m~lem: as5 ill liO. 186. r~boribus textis, 'interwoven planks of oak.' See on acernis, 112. 187. portis... moenia, ' your gates... your city.' 188. populum... tufri: freely, 'guard the people as of old with the bulwarks of religioni.' sub, 'under cover of.' The motive of n,~... tuiri is set forth in 189-194, esp. 192-194. 189. s!... violasset: 189-1-91 give Caichas's words in 0. 0. He said: si Trdidna manus... violiiverit (indic.), t~m... erit: sin ascenderit... v'eniet.. moanet. d~na Minervae: cf. 31. 191. convertant: subi. as in i. 733, 734. Priam!... Phrygibus: Sinon might have said vestril- impet-M vestro-que populti, but he is quoting Calchas. 192. sin: as in i. 555. 193. ultr6, 'actually'I Study this word well in Vocab. 194. man6re: the pres. is striking afterfutibrami, 191, andventdram, 194; it pictures the certainty of the fut. pre dicted by the seer. The eye of prophecy 196-209] LIBER II 181 credita res, captlque dolls lacrimlsque coactis, quns neque Tydides nec Larissaeus Achilles, non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae. Hie aliud maius miseris multoque tremendum obicitur magis atque inprovida pectora turbat. Laocoon ductus Neptfun sorte sacerdos sollennis taurum ingentem macta)bat ad aras. Ecce autem gemini aR Tenedo tranquilla per alta (horresco referens) inmonsis orbibus angues incumbunt pelago pariterque ad litora tendunt, pectora qu6rum inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque sanguineae superant undas, pars cetera pontum pone legit sinuatque inmensa volfumine terga. Fit sonitus spumante salo, iamque arva tenebant ay X 200 205 enables him to see the fut. as if actually materialized before him. 196. res, 'his narrative.' captl... dolls: cf. i. 673, with notes. 197. Tydid6s: cf. i. 96, 97. Larissaeus: properly 'of Larissa,' a town in north Thessaly, but since Achilles came from Phthia in south Thessaly, it must stand by localization (~ 190) for 'Thessalian.' 198. mille: a round number, often used of the Gk. ships before Troy. carinae: as in 23. 199-249. ' While Laocobn is sacrificing, two serpents destroy him and his sons. We think his death due to his assault upon the horse, and so with rejoicing bring the monster into our city.' 199. miseris (sc. nobis): freely, 'to our trembling eyes.' 201. ductus, 'drawn,' i.e. chosen. In ' draft' times we ' draw' men for the army. See on i. 508, esp. on sorte trahibat. Through the lots the gods had indicated Laocobn to be their choice for the priesthood; his death now while he is engaged in his priestly duties shows that by some act he has forfeited the divine favor. 202. aras: of a single altar, as in i. 319, 355. 203. ecce autem, 'butlo,' 'whenlo.' autem marks a change of scene, ecce calls attention to the new scene. gemini: simply 'two,'as often in poetry. Cf. the use of duplicis, i. 93. Tened6: cf. 21-23. The coming of the snakes from Tenedos symbolized the later coming of the Greeks from the same quarter. 204. orbibus, 'coils'; inmensis orbibus is an abl. of char. angues: artfully separated from gemini, 203, and postponed to a late place in the sentence. 205. incumbunt, 'are breasting.' 206. iubae: hairy crests are often given to snakes by Gk. and Roman writers. 208. legit, 'skims.' Study lego carefully in Vocab. sinuat... terga = an adv. of manner with legit; the vs.= 'their hinder parts skim the deep in mighty sinuous folds.' volumine: modal abl., 'in coils.' 209. fit: here true pass. of facio. iam, 'presently'; lit., 'already.' The word is often thus used to denote the quick development of events. arva: the fields inside the beach. 182 AENEIDOS [210-226 210 iArdentisq e ~culhs suffecti sanguine et Ignil sibila 1amb~bant linguls vibrantibus bra. Diffugimus visfi exsangues. JIIl agmine cert6 Liioco6nta petunt, et prim-Lm parva duornlm corpora natruin Serpens amplexus uterque 215 implicat et miseros morsut d-pilscitur artfts; post ipsum aLAMiL' s~ibeuntem et t~la ferentem corripiunt spirlsque ligant ingentibus et iam bis medium amplexi, bis collo- squamea circum terga dati superant capite et cervicibus altis. 220 Mle simul manibus tendit divellere n~d~s perfitsus sani6 vittfils ditr~que veiino-, clani~r~s simul horrend6s ad sidera tollit, V' 5V~-11 4.V' T S qulsmgts ~f fgit cum sauc s tram taurus et incertam excussit ce'#vie secftrim. 22,5 At geminI laipsil dEUfbra ad summa drac~n~is diffagiunt saevaeque petunt TrIt~nidis arcem 210. ocul~s suffeeti: cf.- ocu~is suff lisa, 1. 228. 212. diffugimus: the prefix (= dis) suggests the scattering of the Trojans. agmine cert6, 'with course unerring.' agmnen suggests here ( 1) the, long, trailing bodies of the snakes, which remind one of an army, and (2) the movement of those bodies. 213. Liiocobnta: for form see ~ 96. 214. uterque: note the exact force, 'each of the two.' 216. auxili): sc. eli; see on excidi6 Libyae, i. 22. 217. iam: as in 209. 218. medium (sc. ewrn), 'his wais;t.' co116: dat. with ciircurn... daft, which belong togethcr; for the separation see ~ 21 1. Note too that ci rcan...dati is a middle, and governs terya. 219. superant: sc. erni, and cf. superant undffs, 207. 220. n~d~s =spiris, 217, orbi bus, 2,04. 221. perffisus... vittis: for constr. see ~~ 136, 137. Even his priestly char acter could not save him. 5.tr6.. vendn6: poison is so called either because of its effect on the body (it often makes the body turn black) or because it works death. The poets apply titer to all things connected with death. 222. horrend~s, ' agonizing'1; lit., 'at which one ought to tremble.' This use of the gerundive implies a transitive use of 7iorneO; cf. ~ 130. 223. qu~is mfgigtrs (est) goes closely with clefirn~ns, 222, 'cries like unto the bellowing one hears when,' etc.Note that V. does not directly describe or even mention the actual death of Laocobn and his sons; the best GrwncoRoman art, plastic or literary, was unwilling to dwell oil painful scenes or themes. See also ~225. 225. gemini: as in 203. d~ltbra... summa: the shrines situated on the swiana arx (41, 166). dracft~s: cf.- serpiuns, 214, and anguifs, 204. 226. saevae... Trit6nidils: cf. sat ae....Thirinis, 1. 4. With Tritiin~idis cf. Trdt&nia, 171. Minerva was esp. in-/ terested in the horse; cf. 31. L-AOCOON 227-242] LIBER II 183 sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur. Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse merentem LaocoBnta fernnt, sacrum qui cuspide robur laeserit et terg6 sceleratam intorserit hastam. Ducendum ad sedesssimulacrum 6randaque divae nimina conclamant. Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis. Accingunt omnes operi pedibusqe rotarum subiciunt lapsuset stuppea vincula collo intendunt. Scandit fatalis machina muros feta armis. Pueri circum innuiptaeque puellae sacra canunt fufieique manli contingere gaudent; illa subit mediaeque minlans inlabitur urbi. 0 patria, o divum domus Ilium et incluta bello moenia Dardanidum! quater ipso in limine portae 230 235 240 227. pedibusque: we should have expected subque pedibus.. subque orbe. The order in the text may be due to metrical necessity; besides, classical Latin to some extent avoided joining -que to a monosyllabic prep. In statues of Pallas snakes are sometimes found coiled at the feet of the goddess. 229. insinuat: intrans., through,ellipsis of se; see ~139. scelus expendlsse is briefly put for sceleris poenUs expendisse. merentem = an adv., 'deservedly.' 230. r6bur: cf. roboribus textis, 186. 231. laeserit... intorserit: subj. in causal rel. cl. Laocoon's fate would seem to the Trojans to fulfill Sinon's statement in 189-191. tergo... hastam: cf. valdis... contorsit, 50-52, noting again V.'s love of variety. 232. sedes: i.e. the place the gods apparently meant it to occupy. 233. numina, 'the majesty.' The goddess, of course, is Minerva. conclamant: note force of the prefix, 'they agree in declaring.' Contrast 39. The group of statuary known as the Lao coon (see cut) was discovered in Rome in 1506, near the ruins of the Baths of Titus. It stands now in the Vatican. 234. dividimus mfurs: ancient cities had small gateways. Besides, the walls were carried over the gateways. The only way, therefore. to get the huge horse into Troy was to open up the walls, either by enlarging a gate or by making a breach elsewhere. moenia: here 'the buildings'; see on i. 264. 235, 236. accingunt: sc. se. Contrast ill se... accinunt, i. 210. rotarum... lapsts, 'smoothly gliding wheels'; see on magnorum... suum, i. 634. collb: for the abl. see ~ 140, n. 238, 239. feta armis: cf. loca feta... Austris, i. 51. puer... gaudent: a fine example of the irony of fate; the Trojans exultingly do the very thing that in a few hours is to work the ruin that nothing else (197, 198) had been able to accomplish. 241, 242.... Dardanidum: this outburst is wrung from Aeneas as he thinks how fully warned his country 184 AENEIDOS [243-257 substitit, atque uter6 soniftim quater arma ded~re; insta-mus -famen inmemor~s caeclque fnr~re 245 et monstrum infelix sacrita sistimus arce. Turic etiam. fais aperit Cassandra futfiris ara de! iusst Rnll umquamn cr~dita Teucris; n~s dli~bra deum. miser!, qiuibus ultimus esset ille dies, f~sta v615mus frotide ~er urbem. 250 wo"'ertitur interea caclum, et ruit (Jceanb nox involv~ns umbra magna terramque polnrnqe Myrmidonumquie dol6s;;fsi per moenia Teucri couiticu~rwl; soppr fess6s complectitur artfi's. Et iam. Argiva phalanx instrfi~tIS Dnavibus!bat 255 a Tened6 tacitae per amica, silentia Iltnae 1itora n~ta pet~ns, flammas enm regia puippis extulerat faisque deum, d~fenstis iniquis men were and how blindly they ignored all hints of danger. portae: the breach was made at one of the gates; see on dividimus m~iris, 234. 243. substitit, 'stuck fast.' Mere stumbling on a threshold was ominous. uter6... ded,6re: cf.- and yet contrast uteri... cavernae, 52. 245. m6nstrum: see Vocab. The horse is a nmonstrtan (1) because it is of enormous size, (2) because it was oninnous of evil to the Trojans. Read ~~ 308, 309. inf~lix sacr5tU: juxtaposition of contrasts; the last place -in the world for an infilix mdnsfrum is an arx sacrdfa. 246. fa.tes... futitris: briefly put for 'with -utterance of fates,' etc., instr. abl. 247. de!: Apollo, whom Cassandra )had offended. He could not take back the prophetic power which he had given her, but he decreed that her prophecies, should never be believed. cr~dita: since crid5- takes, a dat.. iLe is not a f ully trans. verb, it ought not to be used )('rs,. lii the pass., as it is here. The Ronians, however, found this nisuse convenient. 248. quibuis.. esset, ' though,l etc For the subj. in advers. rel. clauses see A. 320, e; G. 634; H. 593, 2. 249. fronde: coll. sing.; cf. mi life, 20. 250-267. 'That night, while all in Troy are asleep, the 0k. fleet returns from Tenedos. Sinon opens the horse, and lets out the warriors shut therein. These open the gates to others from the ships.' -25.vertitur: a reflexive middle; ~ 1l13. The heavens are said to revolve, just as we speak of the sun's movement across the sky. ruit 6cean6: for the opposite thought cf. nox iiinida caeli praecipiftof, 8. 252. IftsI per moenia: cf.f~si...per lierbam, i.214. The Trojans were caught completely off their guard. 254. lnstrtictis ni.vibus: cf. the common aciJ instricWOO. 256. flamm~.s: here a fire-signal. Signals by light, beacon tires, and smoke were much used by the ancients. cum seems to= posfq?iaoi. r6gla puppis, 'the king's ship,' i e. the ship of Aga meninon. Here puppis = ship,' as cartnae dIoes in 21.3, 179 257. fWt8_.deui: cf..fda de urn,54, 258-273] LIBER II 185 inclfisos utero Danaos et pinea furtim laxat claustra Sinon. Illos patefactns ad auras reddit ecus, laetique cav5 se robore promunt Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces et dirus Ulixes demissum lapsi per finem Acamasque Thoasque Pelidesque Neoptolemus primusque Machaon et Menelaus et ipse doll fabricator Epeos. Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam; caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnis accipiunt soci6s atque agmina conscia iungunt. Tempus erat, qn6 prima quies mortalibus aegris incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit. In somnis ecce ante oculos maestissimus Hector vlsus adesse mihl largosque effundere fletus, raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento pulvere perque pedes traiectus lora tumentis, 260 265 270 and n. defensus: i.e. from discovery and punishment. 258. utero: sc equz; cf. uterum.. complent, 20. pinea: contrast abiete, 16, acernis, 112, roboribus, 186, and robur, 230, all said of the horse. 259. laxat is joined by-que (257) to Mbat, 254; cf. n. on dehinc... fdtur, i. 256. Sinon could easily see a signal displayed at Tenedos; cf. 21, with notes. 260. r6bore: contrast pinea, 258, and see n. there. 261. dirus Ulixes: cf. dur... Ulixi, 7 262. demissum, 'hanging'; lit., 'lowered.' 263. primus ought to = (1) 'first in order of exit,' or (2) 'first in importance,' ' peerless.' To both views objection is made, to (1) that it is extraordinary to mention seventh the man who came out first, to (2) that neither in Homer nor in V. does Machaon play a great part, at least in war. In Homer Machaon is a physician and son of Aesculapius, the god of medicine. Perhaps, therefore, V. calls him 'peerless,' in compliment to his art and his lineage. 265. sepultam: an exaggerationfor victarn or superdtam, used to heighten the pathos. The wine was drunk in connection with the festivities hinted at in 248, 249. 266. caeduntur vigiles: cf. caesis..arcis, 166. portis... patentlbus: abl. of the route, 'through,' etc. See ~ 146. 267. socios: the force from the ships. conscia, 'confederate'; properly, knowing, as they themselves knew, what was on foot. 268-297. 'As I lie asleep, Hector appears to me in a vision, and bids me fly with the gods of Troy.' 269. gratissima = an adv., ' with all its charms.' serpit (cf. serpens) well suggests the quiet approach of sleep. 271. largos... fletus: cf. largo.. vultum, i. 465. 272. raptatus... quondam: briefly put for 'mangled as he was in the days of old after he had been dragged.' Cf. i. 483, 484. 273. perque... tumentis, 'his swollen feet pierced through and 186 AENEIDOS t274-289 -Ei mihi, qualis erat, quantum mftatus ab ill1 275 Iectore, qui redit exuvias indftus Achilli vel Danaum Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis, squalentem barbam et concretOs sanguine crinis vulneraque illa gerens, quae circum plfrima mTlr6s accepit patrios! ultro flens ipse videbar 280 compellare virum et maestas expromere voces: '0 lfix Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum, quae tantae tenuere morae? quibus, Hector, ab oris exspectate venis? ut te post multa tuorum ffinera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores 285 defessi aspicimus! quae causa indigna serenos foedavit vultis? aut cur haec vulnera cerno?' Ille nihil nec me quaerentem vana moratur, sed graviter gemitfis im6 dE pectore dfucns 'lieu fuge, nate dea, teque his,' ait, 'eripe flammis: through with thongs'; see ~ 137. trdiectus pedes loris would have been simpler. tumentis shows that V. thought of Hector as dragged round Troy while still living; dead limbs do not swell from violence. 274. el, 'alas,' commonly construed with a dat. of interest. illo, 'the famous,' 'the glorious,' a common meaning of ille. 275. redit, 'whom I see returning'; hist. pres. Aeneas talks as if he saw Hector returning; cf. n. on volvit, i. 101. exuvias indutus: for constr. see ~~ 154, 138. Hector won these spoils by killing Patroclus, while the latter was wearing the arms of Achilles. 276. Danaum Phrygi6s: juxtaposition. While Achilles refrained from fighting (see on i. 458) Hector drove the Greeks back to their camp, and set fire to the ships. puppibus: dat. of interest, the ships being personified, or dat. =in puppis, ~ 122. 277. concretos, 'matted'; see on eret8s, 71. 278, 279. vulnera: received while be ing dragged around the walls of Troy. Note the splendid effect obtained by interrupting the description of Hector's sorry plight, as given in 270-273 and 277 -279, to dwell on the contrasting picture of his appearance in the full flush of victory and triumph. ultro, 'without waiting for him to speak'; lit., 'of my own motion.' 281. lux Dardaniae: i.e. deliverer or savior of Troy. The figure is that of a beacon light or star, and is common in Latin writers. 282, 283. tenuere: sc. te. Hector... exspectate: for the separation of the parts of the voc. phrase, cf. serata... Trdia, 160. oris: as in i. 1. Ut, in itself simply 'how,' gains from the context the force of qwzrm libenter, ' how gladly.' 285, 286. quae... cern6: Aeneas talks as if he had forgotten all about Hector's death. 287. nihil: sc. respondet. moratur, 'heed.' See Vocab. 288. graviter... ducens: cf. suspirins.... vucem, i. 371, and Eng. ' a long-drawn sigh,' ' to heave a sigh.' 290-8051 LIBER II 187 hostis habet mfirs; ruit a1lto a culmine Troia. Sat patriae Priamoque datum; si Pergama dextra defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia Penitis: hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere, magna pererrato statues quae deuique ponto.' Sic ait et manibus vittas Vestamque potentem aeternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem. Diverso interea miscentur moenia lucti, et magis atqu mmagis, quamquam secreta parentis Anchisae domns arboribusque obtecta recessit, clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror. Excutior somno et summi fastigia tecti ascensu supero atque arrectis auribus adsto, in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris incidit ant rapidus montano ftimine torrens 290 295 300 305 290. ruit... Troia: a fig. way of saying, 'Troy is utterly lost'; alto, by dwelling on the distance through which Troy falls, emphasizes the completeness of its ruin. 291. sat... datum (sc. tfE): i.e. 'you have done your full duty,' etc. dextra (sc. nanE) stands for human strength in general. 292. etiam hac, 'by mine too (even as, were the chance at hand, it would still be by thine).' 293. sacra: emphatic, 'it is her holy rites... (not her walls) that Troy,'etc. The Penates and Vesta (~~ 295-298) are evidently represented here by statues or images that could be easily carried; cf., then, ~ 299. 294, 295. moenia... ponto contains a prophecy. See on 5 fortTinafz, etc., i. 437. For the position of ndqana, 295, see on ignotum, 59. denique: as in 70. 296, 297. vitts... potentem, ' a filleted image of mighty Vesta.' Hector's ghost actually gives to Aeneas the images and the fire. 298-317. 'On awaking I climb to the roof of my house to reconnoiter. I find the city all ablaze. I resolve to make for the citadel, to fight and to die there.' 298. diverso: lit., 'widelysundered,' but best rendered as an adv., 'in divers quarters,' 'everywhere.' miscentur: cf. m7isceri... pontum, i. 124. 299. secreta, 'apart,' 'out of the beaten paths.' 300. recessit, 'stood back,' lit., 'withdrew,' personifies donus. 301. ingruit: sc mihiorinme. 302. summl fastigia tecti, 'the highest point on the roof.' For a different expression cf. sulmma....fastigia rerum, i. 342. Since fastigia tecti is a compact phrase expressing a single idea, it matters not whether summus be put withfastigia or with tecti. 303. arrctis... adsto: cf. i. 152. 304. furentibus Austris: cf. i. 51; instr. abl. with incidit which =fertur, 'is borne.' See on teWo, i. 99. 305. montan6 filmine: instr. abl., 'with its mountain-flood.' 188 AENEIDOS [8306-319 sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores praecipitesque trahit silvas; stupet inscius alto accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor. Turn vero manifesta fides Dananmque patescunt 0%2Linsidiae. Ilam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam u Vlcano superante domus, iam proximus ardet Ucalegon, Slgea igni freta lata relucent. Exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum. Arma amens capi6; nec sat rati6nis in armis, 315 sed glomerare manum bell et concurrere in arcem cum sociis ardent animi; furor iraque mentem praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis. Ecce autem telis Panthfis 5lapsus Achivum, Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos, 306. sternit... sternit: the repetition serves to tie the clauses closely together; cf. saepe... saepe, 108-110, sanguine... sanguine, 116-118, and notes there. laeta: often used of crops, 'bounteous.' boumque lab6ors: the results of the oxen's toil, rather than the toil itself; cf. ~ 185. 307, 308. stupet inscius: juxtaposition of effect and cause; ~ 212. stepet corresponds to arre(ts.. adstS, 303, and alto... saa... vertice to Swllti... ticti, 302. 309. fides: freely, 'truth'; strictly, 'proof,' that which causes faith. 310. dedit... ruinam: see ~202, end. ruzna in the sing. denotes the actual collapse of anything; the pl. rujnae gives the result of such collapse. \311, 312. Vulcan5, 'the fire'; cf. the use of (ere(rem, i. 177, Bacchi, i. 215. iam... Ucaleg6n: a short way of saying, 'the house of Ucalegon, his neighbor,' etc. Sigea.. relucent: amipla, 310, paved the way for this statement; the burning of a spacious house produces plenty of light. 313. exoritur... tubarum: cf. i 87. Notice that the verb is here of the third conjugation. 314. arma...armis: parataxis (~218); the vs. = 'frenzied I seize my arms, senseless though such action is.' nec = et non; the et in turn = et tamen, as often. With armis sc. capiendis, out of capio. 316, 317. sociis: the members of the nianus, 315. mentem praecipltant, 'set mny mind awhirl', 'dethrone my reason'; amZII == the 'emotions,' 'heart,' rnLns = the intellectual powers. pulchrum... armis: sc. esse with palchruin and uLhi with stccurrit. The whole = 'the thought rushes over me that it is glorious to die in arms.' morl inR ar'/ls i, sulble(t of 1p)d/lfirA (esse) and the whole phrase pultlhrien (esse) morl in Cr ( es is subject of succurrit. 318-369. 'Learning from Panthus, priest of Apollo, that all is lost, I rush out prepared to die. A few valiant spirits join me.' 318. ecce autem: as in 203. 319. arcis Phoebique = Phoebi in arce; see on vitt(is... potentenm, 296. 320-332] LIBER II 189 sacra manfi victosque deos parvumque nepotem ipse trahit cursuque amens ad limina tendit. 'Quo res summa loco, Panthu? quam prendimus arcem?' Vix ea fatus eram, gemitfi cum talia reddit: 'Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus, Dardaniae. / Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens gloria Teucrorum; ferus omnia Iuppiter Argos transtulit; incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans fundit ecus, victorque Sinan incendia miscet insultans. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, milia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis; obsedere illi telis angusta viarum 120 125 330 320, 321. sacra... deos... trahit: cf. sacra... Penatis, 293, also the notes on 296, 297. Panthus probably gives)] the images, etc., to Aeneas; see ~225. ipse strengthens mari; the two thus = sua ipsius mnaniu. trahit fits nepotem better than it fits sacra or deos; see on legunt, i. 426. The lad can not keep up with his grandfather's wild strides. Panthus, by coming to Aeneas's house, marks the latter out as a recognized leader among the Trojans. 322. quo... loco: i.e. how fares the commonwealth? rcs is used as in 1. 268. summa res = summa salus reZ publicae, for which cf. Cic. Cat. i. ~11. prendimus: pf. tense. quam... arcem (' stronghold') = 'where have we made our stand?' That Pergama, the arx proper of Troy is lost, is clear from the fact that Panthus, arcis... sacerdos (319), was in full flight; see ~ 225. 324. summa dies: for meaning see on supremum, 11. 325. fuimus... Ilium: i.e. Troy and the Trojans are things of the past; the emphasis is on the tense of the verb forms. The pf. of sum is often used in this way; cf. too, n. on huic... erat, i. 343. 326, ferus....uppiter: cf. saevae Tritonidis, 226, saevae... Iunonis, i. 4, and non aequae Palladis, i. 479. 327. incensa: as in i. 727. dominantur, 'are lords and masters'; a strong verb, since dominus suggested to the Romans the thought of master and slaves. Cf. dominabitur, i. 285. 328. armatos mediis: juxtaposition of contrasts. The last place for armed (Greeks) is the heart of Troy. Cf. n. on infelix sacrita, 245. 329. incendia miscet, 'spreads fire and confusion.' For miscet cf. 298. 330. bipatentibus: lit., 'twice opening.' Here, probably, we are to think of a two-leaved door (see on foribus... aenis, i. 449) flung wide open. The word thus emphasizes the defenceless state of the city. 331. Note the exaggeration. Vss. 328, 329 emphasize the numbers already in the city, 330-332 those still crowding through the gates. 332. angusta viarum = angust2s viis; see ~ 197. V. probably thought of Troy's streets as he did of those of Rome, which were much narrower than the streets of modern capitals. 190 AENEIDOS [333-349 oppositis; stat ferri acies mfcrone corusc6 stricta, parata neci; vix primi proelia temptant 335 portarum vigiles et caeco Marte resistunt.' Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divum in flammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys, quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. Addunt se socios Ripheus et maximus armis 340 Epytus oblati per lfinam Hypanisque Dymasque et lateri adglomerant nostro iuvenisque Coroebus Mygdonides; illis ad Tr6iam forte diebus venerat insano Cassandrae incensus amore et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat, 345 infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis audierit. Quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi, incipio super his: 'Iuvenes, fortissima frfistra pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido 333, 334. stat..neci: ahighly poetic expression, meaning lit., 'the edge of the gleaming-pointed steel stands unsheathed,' etc.; freely, ' full in place stands a battle line of swords, gleaming-pointed, unsheathed, ready for deeds of blood.' mucrone corusco is abl. of char. with ferr. 335. caeco Marte: modal abl., 'aimlessly.' For Marte = proelio, cf. Vulcano =igni, 311. 336. numine divum: i.e. by the will of the gods that Troy shall perish. When his city is perishing, a warrior's place is in the ranks fighting for its defence. Hence the gods that decree a city's fall may well be said to drive the patriot warrior in flarnmais et in aria. eneas now leaves his house. 337. Erlnys: here 'the war-fiend.' 340. oblatl per lunam: sc. mihi, 'revealed to my eyes by the moonlight.' per with an acc. often = an instr. abl. 341. adglomerant: sc. se from 339. luvenis: added to increase the pathos. Coroebus is in the prime of life. His death is described below, 424 ff. 343. insano: because it caused his death. 344. gener... ferebat, 'was rendering a son's aid.' gener lit. = 'as a son-in-law.' Since Coroebus did not marry Cassandra, an Eng. writer would say less boldly, ' he was helping Priam as loyally as if he were in truth his sonin-law.' ferebat: note tense; venerat gives one act, ferebat a series. 345, 346. qui... audierit: a causal rel. cl. explaining why Aeneas calls Coroebus inflzx. For Coroebus's disregard of Cassandra's prophecies cf. 246, 247, and notes there. furentis, 'raving,' 'frenzied,' because inspired with the gift of prophecy. See on furens, i. 491. 347. audere in, 'to be all daring for.' 348. super: as in 71, and i. 29. The thought is. 'they were brave enough, yet I seek to inflame them still more.' 350-365] LIBER II 191 certa sequi (quae sit rebus fortfna, videtis; excessere omnes adytis atrisque relictis di, quibus imperium hoc steterat; succurritis urbi incensae)-moriamur et in media arma ruamus. Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem.' Sic animis iuvenum furor additus. ( Inde lupi ceu raptores itra in nebulai, quos improba ventris exsgit caecos rabies catulique relicti faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostis vadimus haud dubiam in mortem mediaeque tenemus urbis iter; nox ftra cava circumvolat umbra. Quis cladem illius noctis, quis ffinera fando explicet ant possit lacrimis aequalre labores? Urbs antiqua ruit multos dominata per annos; plfrima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim corpora perque dom6s et religiosa deorum 350 355 360 365 his = his verbis; instr. abl. iuvenes: for meaning see on pubes... tudrur, i. 399. 350. sequi depends on cupid) (~ 170), as an infin. might depend on a form of cupio. rebus, 'our (i.e. Troy's) interests.' 351, 352. excessere... di: note the order; 'gone are they, every one... the very gods through whose aid,' etc. For the thought cf. ~ 299. Aeneas is exaggerating; some of the gods were still with him. See 293-297, 320. quibus: instr. abl. steterat: for meaning cf. n. on auxiliis, 163. The plpf. ='had been kept intact' ere it hastened to its fall. 353. moriamur.. ruamus: parataxis; ~ 221. In prose we should have moriumur in media arma ruendo. This sentence is the apod. to si... sequi, 349. quae sit... incensae, 350-353, gives the reasons for the entreaty moriimur.. rucmus, i.e. it = 'since, as you see, the gods are gone, the city... is in flames.' 355. furor: here the frenzy of despair. 356-358. raptores: practically an adj., 'plundering,' 'ravenous'; cf. the use of ref7gia, i. 273. improba: as in 80. ventris... rabies: a strong expression for ' hunger.' caecos: see ~ 193. It ='to prowl blindly,' with no settled object. Note juxtaposition of effect and cause in caecos rabies. catulique.. exspectant: we should look for quorumque catuli, etc.; but see on cui... locus, 71. relicti, ' at home,' in the den.' siccis: here 'hungry.' The food of young wolves would be mixed with blood. 359, 360. mediae... urbis iter, 'the road that leads to the heart of our city.' urbis is a simple poss. gen. nox atra: in 255 and 340 V. has described the night of Troy's capture as brightened by a moon. If there is any inconsistency, cf. ~ 49. V. is not an historian, bound to be accurate and consistent, but a poet. To the poet, nox is naturally atra as distinct from the day. cava: as in i. 516. 361, 362. fandS: as in 81. With qui8.. possit as a whole cf. quis tMliafandd.. temperet, 6-8. Note allit. in 361, 362. 363. ruit: as in 290. 364, 365. perque vias... perque domos: these phrases have the same metrical value, and the caesura (~ 235) 192 AENEIDOS [366-379 1imina; nec s611 poenas dant sanguine Tenorn; quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtfis, vict~5rsque cadunt Danal; crfid~ls ubique Iicltus, ubique pavbr, et pl~ftrima mortis ima-go. 870 Primus s~ Danaum magnii comitante catervat Androge~s offert nabis socia agmina crMcIns inscius atque ultrO5 verbis compellat amicis: 'Festindte, virl. Nam qnae tam sara moriitur s~igniti~s? alil rapiunt inc~nsa feruntquie 875 Pergama; v~5s celsis nunc primum ~d ndvibus Itis?' Dix-it et extempl6 (neque enim resp~nsa dabantur fidarsatis) S~nSit medi~s d61flipsus in hostis. Obstipuit retrdque pedeni cum vdce repressit, inpr4.vlsum aspris velutI qui sentibus anguem falls after each. sternuntur inertia: freely, ' lie helpless in death.' znertia is proleptic; see ~ 193. 36GO. nmin a: '"e, are to think of persons slain as they were seeking sane tuary. poenfls: i.e. for being foenien. With poenals... sanguine cf. poenlas eaun sanyuineposeunf, 72. 367. quondam, ' at times'; an uncommnon meaning. 368, 369. crZAd51is. letus: sc. est. We talk of ' killing grief.' pav6r: for the & see ~ 243. pltsrima corresponds to ubique. 1m8.g6, 'guise,' 'form.' 370-401. 'Some Greeks mistake us for their comrades. Ere they learn their error, we slay them. We put onl their armor, and so surprise and kill many of our foes.' 370-372. s6... offert nabis: cf.- qui seF... obtiderat, 59-61, cid... s~'sj tault obvia, i. 314. cr~dfns: se. na58. For the juxtaposition ci-Zd~7ns inscius cf, stapet inscius, 307. ultra... compellat: cf. ultir6... cornpelliiretPram. 279. 373. nam... mor&tur, 'pray, what laggard delay,' etc. In Its original affirmati ve sense, 'indeed,''I verily,'I nam, is often used, in verse and prose alike, to emphasize questions, much as tandem is. Generally narn is attached to the interrog. pron. but occasionally precedes it,. s~ra: transferred epithet. It is Aeneas and his men who are late. 374. rapiunt... feruntque, ' are plundering and pillaging'; the phrase suggests the actual carrying off of the spoil itself. 375. celsis... n~vibus: see on celsis inpappibas, i 181. 377. sensit... d,616psus (esse): strict Latin usage would require sinsit si djldpsum (esse). V. has followed a Gk. idiom by which, if the subject of an infin. is identical with that of the verb whereon the infin. depends, it is omitted, and all pred. adjs. belonging with the infin. are attracted into the nom. case. 378. retr6... repressit: briefly put for 'retreating backwards, he checked voice and foot alike.' pedem cum v6ce =pederntetvrdcem. See on cum sanguine, 72. 379. aspris = asperz8; ~ 107. sentibus: partly local abl., partly causal abl with inpr~eiiumn. 380-395] LIBER II 193 pressit humi nitens trepidusque repente reffigit attollentem iras et caerula colla tumentem; baud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat. Inruimus densis et circumfundimur armis ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos sternimus; adsplrat prinm fortfna labori. Atque hIc successf exsunltns animisque Coroebus '0 socil, qua prima,' inquit, 'fortuna salutis monstrat iter quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur; mutemus clipeos Danaumque insignia nobis aptemus. Dolus an virtfs, quis in hoste requirat? arma dabunt ipsl.' Sic fatus iinde comantem Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum induitur laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. Hoc Ripheus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque iuventfis laeta facit; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 380 385 390 895 380. nitens, 'as he works his way,' by implying effort, suggests the man's heavy tread, and the violence of his contact witl the snake. trepidusque... reftgit: the swift rhythm and the instantaneous pf. picture the man's sudden backward jump. 381. attollentem iris effectively brings out (1) the serpent's wrath, (2) the display of that wrath. colla: acc. of spec.; ~ 135. 382. haud secus = sic, bylitotes; see on non simili, 1. 136. 383. circumfundimur: middle; ~ 153. As object sc. eos = Grdzos. 384. ignaros and capt6s = causal clauses with sternimus. 385. adspirat, 'favors' The figure is from a favoring breeze that helps a ship on its way. 386. successf... animisque: both abls. are causal; animis = natural courage. 388. dextra agrees with the subject of ostendit, and = an adv., propitiously'; ~ 195. ostendit se virtually = apparet. In prose we should have ostendit se dextram. 389. insignia: lit., 'marks of distinction,' but here the accoutrements or armor of the Greeks, thought of as means to distinguish them from the Trojans. 390. dolus... requirat, 'who, in dealing with a foe, would stop to ask whether it (i.e. such a transfer) is trickery or high courage?' With dolus an virtus sc. sit, subj. in dependent question. Its subject is omitted for effect; the abrupt character of Coroebus's utterance gives it added power. The prot. to quis... requirat is contained in the phrase in hoste. 391. comantem: see on cristatus,i.468. 392. galeam...nsigne: forconstr. and meaning see ~ 138. Cf. exuvias indUftus Achillz, 275. insigne: the device on the shield which distinguished its bearer from the other warriors; cf. Danaum... insignia, 389. 394. ipse, 'too,' 'also'; a not uncommon meaning. 194 AENEIDOS [396-410 Vadimus inmixti Danais haud niimine nostr6 multaque per caecam congressI proelia noctem conserimus, mnltos Danaum demittimns Oreo; diffugiunt alii ad ntvis et litora cursft 400 fida petunt, pars ingentem formidine turpi scandunt rursus ecum et nota conduntur in alvo. Heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis! Ecce trah6batur passis Priameia virg6 crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae 405 ad caelum tendens ardentia limina frfstrfi, limina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. Non tulit hanc speciem furiata mente Coroebus et sese medium iniecit peritfrus in agmen; consequimur cfinctl et densis incurrimus armis. 410 Hic primnm ex alto delubri culmine tllis 396. haud numine nostr6, 'attended by a divine favor not our own,' and so not lasting. For case see ~ 147. The uinimen (cf. 178) is that of the gods of Greece. In assuming Gk. armor, 392 -395, the Trojans are seeking to make Greeks of themselves and so to get the heavenly favor which the Greeks are manifestly receiving. The words contain another suggestion. One can not cajole the gods; hence the conduct of the Trojans in seeking to divert to themselves the divine favor meant for others is sure to work them woe. Thus the words contain a hint of the coming disaster. 397. multa and congressl =advs., 'over and over again,' 'in hand to hand conflict.' caecam... noctem: see on nox atra, 360. 398. mult6s Danaum: in prose we should have multos Danads. Such a partitive gen. dependent on an adj. is, however, common enough in poetry and later prose. Orco = ad Orcum; ~ 122. 402-468. 'This good fortune soon deserts us, and many of my comrades fall. I make my way to Priam's palace, where I find a terrible struggle in progress.' 402. heu... divis ushers in the account of the calamity hinted at in haud... nostro, 396. See n. there. nihil: with fus (est). The Trojans, in seeking the favor of Gk. gods, were putting faith in them. But those gods desired Gk., not Trojan, victory; hence the Trojans in trusting them were running counter to their will. divis: dat., withfidere. J'do and confido regularly take the dat. of a person; see B. 219, 1, a; G. 401, N. 6. For the abl. with these verbs see on confidere rebus, i. 452. 403. Priameia virg6, 'Priam's maiden daughter.' 404. temp1l... adytisque: note the climax; femplum is the whole temple, adytum is the holy of holies. It was for this violence to Carsandra that Pallas punished Ajax as described in i. 39-45. 405, 406. lumina.....lmina: as in i 226, ii. 173. The repetition of lumnina is rhetor., 'her eyes, I say.' tendons... lirmina is a rhetor. and unusual phrase, after the model of tendere palrnls. 408. et, 'but,' as in 94. periturus, 'rushing into certain death'; see on,futdrae, i 712. 410. delfbri: the temple of 404. 411-424] LIBER II 195 nostrorum obruimfr, oriturque miserrima caedes armorum facie et Graiiarum errore iubarum; tum Danal gemitu atque ereptae virginis Ira undique collecti invaldunt, acerrimus Aiiax et gemini Atridae Dolopumque exercitus omnis, adversi rupto cen quondam turbine ventI configunt, Zephyrusque N(tusque et laetus Ebis Eurus equis; stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti spfmeus atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo. Illi etiam, si quos obscfura nocte per umbram ffdimus insidiis t6taque agitavimus urbe, apparent; primi clipeos mentitaque tela agnoscunt atque ora sono discordia signant. Ilicet obruimur numero, primusque Coroebus 415 420 411. obruimur: for the u see ~ 243. 412. errore iubarum, 'the misunderstanding caused by our Gk. crests.' For the crests see on comantern, 391. 413. gemit...ira: freely, 'with a cry of rage at the rescue of the maiden.' ereptae virginis is a subjective gen; see also on otos... fluctus, i. 135. 414. acerrimus: because specially interested; see on tenplo... adytisque, 404. 416. adversi = an adv. with conflizgmt, 'clash face to face'; see on creber... procellis, i. 85. rupt... turbine (sc i dis), 'when a storm has burst'; lit., 'when a storm has been made to burst forth.' The abl. abs. implies an act. rumpere turbinern, for which cf. rtampit vocem, 129, with n. quondam: as in 367. 417,418. laetus... equis, 'in all the pride of,' etc. Cf. tegmine laetus, i. 275, duce laetus Achate, i. 696. The steeds of the wind gods are the winds over which they preside. stridunt (' whistle').. saevitque: the hissing sound of these words pictures the hiss of the storm (~224). For the form stridunt see ~ 101. 419. spumeus: proleptic; 'Nereus rages till he foams.' The word fits equally the god and the sea over which he presides. The point of 413-419 is the confusion which reigns in the two cases compared. 420. si qu6s = quoscumque. per umbram, 'aided by,' etc. See on oblUti per linalem, 340. 421. insidiis: the change of armor, 389-395. agltavimus: a hunter's term; cf. agens, i. 191, and Eng. 'hounded.' 422, 423. primi... agn6scunt: in the confusion the Greeks with Ajax had not detected the fraud. mentita = quae sic mentita erant (see on correpta, i. 100), 'lying.' 6ra... signant, 'they brand our tongues, differing in sound (from their own).' This difference would show itself in the battle-cries, orders, etc. V. probably thought of the Greeks and the Trojans as using different dialects of Greek. signant: by a cry of rage or the like. 424. numer6: Aeneas and his comrades had now three sets of opponents. primus: Coroebus is the first to fall by the crisis he had precipitated (386); a kind of poetic justice. 196 AENEIDOS [425-436 425 Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram procumbit; cadit et Ripheus, ifstissimns fnns qui fuit in TeucrIs et servantissimus aeqli (dis aliter visum); pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque confixi A socils, nec te tua plirinla, Pantlhi, 430 labentem pietas nec Apollinis infula texit. Iliaci cineres et flamma extrema meorum, testor in occasui vestro nec tela nec illas vitavisse vices Danaum et s! Fita fuissent nt caderem mernisse manf. Divellimur inde, 435 Iphitus et Pelias mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo iam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi; 425. divae armipotentis: Minerva; cf. 404, and ~ 279. "426. unus: often used to strengthen a superlative. 427. aequi: obj. gen. with servantissinus, a constr. regular with pres. prtcpls. when, as here, they have the force of adjectives. 428. dis alitervisum (sc. est): lit., 'the gods resolved (sc. to deal with Ripheus) otherwise'; a pious formula of resignation. aliter is the impor tant word, getting its meaning each tlne from the context. Here it = ' otherwise than we mortals should expect in the case of one so just.' 429. Panthii: we infer that Panthus has been with Aeneas ever since he left his father's house (336, 337). See ~ 225. For the apostrophe as the result of increasing emotion cf. i. 555, ii. 56. 430. labentem, 'in your fall.' infula, 'fillet'; cf. vittae, 133, 296. See Vocab. for the proper distinction between the words. Fillets were worn by victims (133), by deities (296), and, as here and in 221, by priests. 431. flamma extrema, 'funeral fire.' 432. testor: sc. vos. The Romans often swore by the bones or the ashes of their kin. 433. vitavisse: sc. trm as subject. vices must = 'hand to hand encounters,' since tela = 'missiles.' Strictly, vicns suggests reciprocity, interchange betwseen persons and things. Here it pictures the give and take, the blow and counterblow of close combat. s... fuissent: prot. of a cond. contrary to fact; the apod is in neruisse. 434. ut caderem: partly subj. of purpose with Fata fuisstnt, M hch = Fata di'crcrissent, partly dependent on meruisse manli; hence it stands between the two. meruisse: in 0. O. after testor, 432. The 0. R. would be nmerit, for which see on impulerat, 55. The ordinary form here in 0. R. would be meriturum fuisse; A. 337, b.; B 321, 1, 2; G. 597, R. 4; II 617, and 1. divellimur: a strong word; Aeneas left the scene sorely against his will. 435. mecum = et ego; see on cuns sangeine, 72. Iphitus... mTcum together form the subj. of divelliniur. 436. gravior: i.e. rather slow of movement; see on tristior, i 228. Ulixi: subj. gen. with vulnere, ' a wound dealt by Ulixes's hand.' 437-452] LIBER II 197 protinus ad sedes Priami clamSre vocatl. Hic ver6 ingentem puignam, ceu cetera nusquam bella forent, nfilli tOta morerentur in urbe, sic Martem indomitum Danaosque ad tecta ruentis cernimus obsessumque acta testfidine limen. Haerent parietibus scalae, postisque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus clipeosque ad tela sinistris protecti obiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris. Dardanidae contra turris ac tota domorum culmina convellunt (his se, quando ultima cernunt, extrema iam in morte parant defendere tclis) auratasque trabes, veterum decora illa parentum, dcvolvunt; alii strictis mficr6nibus imas obsedere fores; has servant agmine denso. Instaurati animi regis succurrere tectis auxiliSque levare viris vimque addere victis. 440 445 450 437. vocati: sc. sumus. 438, 439. ceu: here in a comparison Involving an hypothesis, in 355 and 416 in similes involving facts. ntsquam... forent, ' had no existence.' For the form forent see A. 119, b, N; B. p. 57, footnote 2; G. 116, N. 1, c; H. 205, 2. 440. Martem indomitum repeats ingentem pugnam, 438. The introduction of ceu... urbe has disturbed the constr. With Martern cf. Marte, 335. 441. acta,'advancing'; lit., 'broughi into play (against them).' Cf. Caesar's phrase vineas agere. For the testudo cf. Caes. B. G. ii. 6. 442. parietibus: for scansion see ~240. scalae, 'scaling ladders'; much used in V.'s time, but unknown in Homer's day. postis... ipsos: i.e just where the defence would naturally be strongest. 443. nituntur gradibus: freely, 'are forcing their way (up) step by step'; gradibus is abl. of the route: s- & 146. ad, 'against,' i.e. to meet, to intercept. sinistris: with obiciunt. 444. protecti: middle, 'in self defence.' See also ~ 171. 445. dom6rum=tecta,440,and sedes,437. 446, 447. his... t6lls, 'with such things as their missiles.' Note the pathos. ultima = extrema, i. 219. extrema... morte is causal, 'since they are already,' etc., and so= quando... cernunt; ~ 222. Latin feels here the lack of a pres. prtcpl. to sum, to agree with the subject of parant. 448. decora ilia: cf. decora alta, i. 429. illa is used as in 274. 451, 452. instaurati... victis: i.e. our spirits rose, as we saw this vigorous defence. For the infin. here see ~ 162. In 440-452 V. has touched upon the two phases of the assault, (1) the attack by scaling ladders, near the main gate, (2) the attack on the gate itself. The former of these is pictured at greater length in 458-468, the latter in 469 505. 198 AENEIDOS [453-466 Limen erat caecaeque fores et pervius flsus tectorum inter se Priami postesque relicti 455 a1 tergo, inflTx qua se, dum regna manebant, saepius Andromach6 ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros et avo puerum Astyanacta trah6bat. Jgvado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde tela manu miserl iactabant inrita Teucrl. 46o Turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra eductam tectis, unde omnis Tr6ia vid6ri et Danaum solitae naves et Achaica castra, adgressi ferro circum, qua summa labantis iuncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis 465 sedibus impulimusque; ea lapsa repente ruinam cum sonitfu trahit et Danaunm super agmina late 453-455. limen... a terg6, 'an entrance there was in the rear (a tergo), with secret doors, and a familiar thoroughfare from part to part of Priam's palace, a postern gate (at this time) abandoned, though by this way Andromache,' etc. pervius... inter se, lit. = 'thoroughfare intimacy, the one with the other, of Priam's dwellings '; it belongs to the type of expressions seen in rngnojSlrum... suln, i. 634. inter se, with its suggestion of reciprocal action (here of movement back and forth between two points), helps to make clear the meaning of pervius. a tergo: the gate was far removed from the point of the Gk.attack; hence Aeneas could by it enter the palace unnoticed. infelix: she lost her husband. and her boy, and was herself taken prisoner by the Greeks. 456. incomitata emphasizes the privacy and security of this passage. 457. socerOs, ' her husband's parents,' Priam and Hecuba. puerum... trahebat: cf. parvrm... tralhit, 320, 321 458. summi... culminis: cf. summifastigia tectf, 302, with note. 460, 461. turrim is governed by adgressi, convellinus, and impulirnus, 463 -465. in praecipiti, 'flush with the outer edge of the palace.' The phrase compares the wall of the palace to a sheer precipice. summis... tectis, 'springing starward from the surface of the root.' 463-466. ferr6, 'axes,' or 'crowbars ' summa... dabant, ' the ends of the floor timbers offered yielding joints.' The tower was perhaps built after the war began, as a lookout place (461, 462). Its flooring, or the flooring of its lowest story, rested directly on the roof of the palace proper. smnima = extreima; for the constr. c. in snmm5 mnonte, in extrFnm libro. The whole passage, like 453-455, exemplifies one of the weaknesses of V.'s style. He can not explain a simple thing in a simple manner; ~203. convellimus: the pres pictures the repeated efforts to hurl down the tower. altis sedibus: an important phrase. The greater the height from which the tower falls, the greater the damage it would do to the Greeks: cf. alto... c. lmine, 290, with n. impuli 467-482] LIBER II 199 incidit. Ast alii subeunt, nec saxa nec illum telorum interea cessat genus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus exsultat telis et lfice coruscus aena, qualis ubi in lficem coluber mala gramina pastus, frigida sub terra tumidum quem brfima tegebat, nunc positis novus exuvils nitidusque iuventa luibrica convolvit sublato pectore terga arduus ad solem et linguis micat ore trisulcis. Una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis, armiger Automed6n, ina omnis Scyria pftbes succedunt tecto et flammis ad culmina iactant. Ipse inter prim6s correpta diura bipenni limina perrumpit postlsque a cardine vellit aeratos; iamque excisa trabe firma cavavit robora et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram. 470 475 480 mus: instantaneous pf., giving the final result of their efforts. ruinam... trahit, 'it falls... a trailing ruin'; cf. dedit... ruinazn, 310. The top of the tower would fall first, of course, and draw, or at least, seem to draw, the rest with it. The swift rhythm helps to picture the sudden final toppling of the tower; ~ 224. 467. nec... nec = et non.. nec, i.e. they are not correlative. 469-505. 'Presently, the Greeks, led by Pyrrhus, force the main entrance of the palace.' 469. vestibulum: here 'entrance.' primo... lmnine defines it more <closely; -q'e = ' and in fact'; cf. ~ 198, Pyrrhus = Neoptolemus, 263. 470. luce: sc erunz = fftelS)rm. 471. qualis ubi... coluber - tllis quailis coluber est ubi; cf. n. on qaUlis, i. 316. in lucem belongs with convolvit, 474, but is brought to the front because the gleam of light on the snake's new skin is the main part of the cl.; in lCeem thus helps to connect 471-475 with 469, 470. pastus = qut pUstus est; a dep. prtcpl. like crltus, 74. 472. tumidum quem, 'whose swollen body.' The body of the hibernating snake is swollen at first with the mala grimina, later with the poisons brewed therefrom.. 473. novus gives the result of positis.. exuvizs. We get light here on exavids... Achilli, 275. The dead war rior loses his armor, as a snake sheds its skin. 475. arduus ad s6lem, 'towering high against,' etc. We might have ex pected FerFcfus, but here again the Latin pictures the result, not the process The use of ad solem) after in lNcemn in 471 spoils the syntax, but is effective because it makes the simile end as it began, with the idea of brightness. 476. ingens: as in i. 99. 478. flammas, 'brands,' 'embers'; perhaps fire-darts, like the malleoli of Cic. Cat. i. ~ 32. 479-482. ipse: Pyrrhus; see on ipsius, i. 114. perrumpit... vellit: 200 AEN EIDOS [483-496 Apparet domus intus et atria longa patescunt, apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum, 485 armatosque vident stantis in limine prime. At domns interior gemitft miseroque tumultu miscetur, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes femineis ululant; ferit aurea sidera clamor. Turn pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant 490 amplexaeque tenent postis atque oscula figunt. Instat vi patria Pyrrhus; nec claustra nec ipsi ~fstodes sufferre valent; labat arieto crCbr6 'inna, et emoti procumbunt cardine postes. Fit via vi; rumpunt aditfs primosque trucidant 495 inmissi Danai et late loca milite complent: n6n sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spfimeus amnis conative pres.; see on arceret, i. 300. Below in 481, 482, cavffvit and dedit describe the completed and so successful act. The pres. and the pf. are often thus distinguished. lato... 6re, 'wide-mouthed,' 'gaping'; abl. of char. Perhaps ingentem refers to the length, I to... ore to the breadth of thefenesti a. 483,484. apparet... apparent: cf. saepe... saepe, 108-110, and sanguine... sanguine, 116-118, with notes. The repetition forces us to dwell on the ruthless invasion of the sacred privacy of the palace. veterum... r8gum: cf. veterum... parenturn, 448. 485. armatos: those mentioned in 449, 450. vident: sc. Grai. 486, 487. gemitu... miscetur: cf. 298. penitus: cf. n. on penitus... sonantis... scop6uos, i. 200. cavae, ' vaulted,' suggests the echoing of the cries and shrieks. plangoribus, 'lamentations.' Strictly, the u ord refers to the beating of the breast by the hands; cf. tinsae pectora palins, i. 481. 488. ululant: V. has used of the aedes, 'rooms,' a verb that more properly applies to the women by whom they were occupied aurea: i e bright and glittering; the word also as has been well said, marks the tragic contrast between ' the glorious bright world above' and the scene of ruin and woe on which that world looks down. 489. errant suggests aimless, frenzied movement. 490. oscula: i.e. of farewell. 491. vi patrila, 'with all the force of his father (Achilles).' 492. labat... crbro, 'is started by the tireless ram.' labat = rumpitur, incipit rumpz, or the like, and so the instr. abl. (ariete) may properly be joined with it. The ref. to the ram here is an anachronism; see on scalae, 442. 493. emoti... cardine, ' wrenched from their pivots (sockets).' The door proper must now collapse, even if the panels were intact, and the heavy bar (claustra) which, resting in the jambs on either hand, was let down behind the door, still held fast. Here the fenestra, 482, would make it easy to cut through the bar. 494. aditus: acc. of effect; ~ 128. Cf. Eng. ' break a path.' 495. mllite: as in 20. 496. non sic belongs with fertfr... furens, 498, 'far less furiously does a river sweep.' For the litote9 see on non 497-509] LIBER II 201 exiit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles, fcrtur in arva furens cumulo camposque per omnis cum stabulis armenta trahit. Vidi ipse furentem caede Neoptolemum gemin6sque in limine Atridas, vidi Ilecuban centumque nurus Priamumque per aras sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignis. Quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum, barbaric6 postes aur6 spoliisqne superbi, procubuere; tenent Danai, qnua deficit ignis. Forsitan et Priami fuerint quae fata requires. Urbis uti captae casum convulsaque vidit limina tect6rum et medium in penetrallibus hostem, arma diu senior desneta trementibus aevo 500 simile, i 136. aggeribus, like mnols, 497, brings out the fury of the stream by picturing the strength of the barriers it destroys. 497. exiit: sc. ex alveo. oppositas, 'set to bar its way.' Inundations, e.g. ot the Tiber and the Po, were common in Italy. In 304-308 we had a ref to a mountain current. Roman poets display great interest in rivers 498. furens gives the main point of the simile. Note its late position. For a different mode of bringing out the main point of a comparison see on in Iecem, 471, and ad sdlem, 475. cumulo: as in i. 105. 499. furentem, after furens, 498, helps to emphasize the point of the simile in 495-498. 501. nuris: render by 'daughters.' Priam had but fifty sons; hence nurus must include also his fifty daughters. per, 'amid.' 503. illi: as in 274, 448. thalami, 'bridal chambers,' occupied by Priam's sons and their brides. spes tanta nepotum, 'that gave such promise of,' etc. nepotum may be (1) obj gen., or (2) gen. of definition (~111) showing in what the spes consisted. 504. barbarico: i.e. won from foreigners. V. makes Aeneas speak as would a Roman or Gk. of his own time. See barbarus in Vocab. The doors that mark Trojan victories now themselves fall. superbi personifies postes. 505. procubu6re: cf. procumnbunt, 493. 506-558. 'Priam's fate. He sees his son Polites fall dead at his very feet, and in wrath hurls a spear at his slayer, Pyrrhus. The latter thereupon stabs Priam at the altar.' 506. forsitan =fors sit an: fors sit is properly cond., 'it would be problematical'; an='whether.' The subj. after forsitan is thus one in a dependent question. et, too,' 'also.' This whole passage, 506-558, expands the hint given in vidi. Priamum... foedantem, 501, 502. 508. limina, 'doors.' medium in penetrilibus: a variation (~ 203) from the normal mediis in penetralibus, which would here be unmetrical. The penetrdlia of a house were ordinarily entered only by the members of the family. Note then the juxtaposition of contrasts in penetrilibus hostem. 509. senior desueta: juxtaposition of cause and effect. The comp. in senior 202 AENEIDOS [510-524 51c circumdat nequiquam umerls et infitile ferrum cingitur ac densos fertur moriturus in hostis. Aedibus in mediis nfudque sub aetheris axe ingens ara fuit iuxtaque veterrima laurus incumbens irae atque umbra complexa Penatis. 515 Hic Hecuba et natae nequiquam altaria circum, praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, condensae et divum amplexae simulacra sedebant. Ipsum autem sfmptis Priamum iuvenitlibus armis ut vidit, 'Quae mens tam dira, miserrime coniunx, 520 impulit his cingi tells? aut qul ruis?' inquit. 'NSn tali auxilio nec defensoribus istis tempus eget, n6n, si ipse mens nunc adforet Hector. Hftc tandem concede; haec ara tuebitur omnis, aut moriere simul.' SIc ore effata recepit is intensive, ' the old, old man'; see on trtstior, i. 228. 510, 511. ferrum cingitur: for constr. see ~~ 154, 138. moriturus = peritiTrus, 408. 512. aetheris axe: freely, 'the heavens,' 'sky'; for the revolution of the heavens cf. vertitur... caelum, 250. In nido... axe V. seems to have in mind a Roman house, one room at least of which was open in the center to the sky. 514. incumbens, 'drooping o'er'; lit. 'flinging (itself) on.' umbra... Penatis: by the altar, under the laurel, stand images of the Penates of Priam's house. complexa has the force of a pres.; see ~ 171. 515. natae = nurdis, 501; see n. there. nequiquam anticipates the conclusion of the story; the altar did not protect them. 516. praecipites, '(driven) headlong. ' 517. condensae, 'huddled together.' divum: the Penates of 514. amplexae: cf. complexa, 514, with note. 518. iuvenalibus armis, 'the arms of his youth'; cf arma di... desue-ta, 509. 520. cingi telis: contrast the constr. inferrurn cingitur, 510, 511. 521. defensoribus istis refers to the tela of 520. The only possible defenders now are prayers and the altar; see 523. As hic = mels (e.g. in i. 98) so iste refers to the person addressed and = teus or vester, often with an accessory notion of scorn or contempt. So here, 'those sorry defenders of yours.' We may account for the scorn here by recalling iuvenitlibus armis, 518, and arma... desuita, 509. For the abl., which goes with eget, 522, cf. that with carere, 44. 522. eget: for the indic. beside s... adioret see on impelerat, 55. non,.. Hector: for the spirit cf. that of s... Jlissent, 291, 292. 523. tandem with the imp. expresses impatience; cf. its effect with a question, seen in qu6... tandem, i. 331. Cf. also iam diddam sumite poenfs, 103, with n. 524. moriere simul (sc. nobiscum) is in thought parallel to haec... omnis; 'we shall all escape together or all die together.' 525-540] LIBER II 203 ad sese et sacra longaevum in sdce locavit. Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polltes, fnus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis porticibus longis fugit et vacua atria lustrat saucius. Illum ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus insequitur, iam iamque manui tenet et premit hast,. Ut tandem ante ocul6s 3vaLsit et ora parentum, concidit ac multo vitam cam sanguine ffidit. Hie Priamus, quamquam in media iam morte tenetur, non tamen abstinuit nec voci iraeque pepercit. 'At tibi pro scelere,' exclamat, 'pro talibus ausis di, si qua est caelo pietas, quae talia cftret, persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant debita, qui nati coram me cernere leturn fecisti et patrios foedasti finere vultfis. At non ille, saturn quo tO mentiris, Achilles 525 530 535 540 525. sede: a seat or bench by the altar. 526. Pyrrhi de caede: freely, 'from Pyrrhus's murderous onset'; cf. vulnere.. Ulixi, 436, with note. 528. porticibus... fugit and vacua... lstrat express the same thought; see ~ 222. V. seems to be thinking esp. of the peristylium of a Roman house. In this the opening to the sky (see on aetheris axe, 512) was very large, and the surrounding roof was supported by many columns. The spaces between the columns and the sides of the peristylium are the portices. V. uses atria as freely as we use 'halls' of any room in a mansion. porticibus is abl. of theroute; ~146. 529. saucius: the most important word in the sentence; see ~ 206. infestb vulnere, 'with levelled weapon'; lit, 'with hostile (levelled) wound,' a daring variation (~ 203) of the common infestW hasta, nfesto telo, or the like; the wound is substituted for the spear that makes the wound (~ 186). 530. iam iamque: i.e. again and again he nearly grasps. premit, 'presses him sore.' premere is often used of the jostling and the crowding of people in the streets, a sense akin to that shown here. 534. non... abstinuit: sc. se; see ~139. 535. at: often thus used at the beginning of a curse. The thought is: '(I have contained myself thus far) but (now I can not), may,' etc. 536. pietas: practically, 'pity,' the regard which the gods ought to have for dutiful worshipers. That the gods were under obligations to mortals we have seen in the n. on donis... n. mine divae, i. 447. 537, 538. persolvant... debita (sc. tibi): cf. gr8tes persolvere dignest, i. 600, and di tibi... praemra digna ferant, i. 603-605. cernere depends on ficisti, which here = coigisti; ~ 168. In prose we should have ut cerneremfecisti or effecisti. 540. satur (esse)... mentiris, 'whose son you falsely boast yourself.' mentiris =' lyingly state,' and so is properly construed with the'infin. Pyrrhus's 204 AENEIDOS t541-555 talis in hoste fnit Priam6, sed ifira fidemque supplicis ~ru buit corpusque exsangue sepulcr65 reddidit ilectoreum -mique in mea re-gna remisit.' Sic fatus senior t~lumque inbelle sine ictfi 545 con~icit, rauc63 quodl pr6tinus aere repulsum et stimm65 clipei n~qttlquam umbo-ne pependit. Cui Pyrrhus: 'Refer~s ergi3 haec et ufintins ibis PNlidae genitarl; illi mea tristia facta d~geueremqrie Neoptolernum ndirr,5re mementb; 550 ilnu morere.' IHoc dlc~ns altiiria ad ipsa trementem traxit et inl multO lipsantem sanguine nati implicuitque comam laevii dextraque coruscum extulit ac later! capulO5 tenus abdidit 6nseni. Haec finis Priam! faOrum, lIce exitus iliutm 5srs sorte tulit Tr~iam inc~nsam et praldpsa videnitem conduct throws doubt on his statement that he is Achilles's son. With saturn qttj cf. MCdIi qeniturn, 1. 297, with note. 541. t~1is... Priam6, ' dealt so with Priamn, foe though Priam was.'I in is used as in 390. fidem: the suppliant's ('onfidence that Achilles would do what was righ t, i e spare his life. 542, 543. ibrubuit ='Iblushed at' the thought of violating, etc. For its trans. torce see ~~ 129, 130. corpusque... reddidit explains tuimr... Crubttit. For the thought cf. exnitt'airne... Achil IWs, i. 484, with ii. sepulcr6 reddidit: I.e. gave up for burial. Hectoreum = Ilectoris; ~ 191. m6.. remisit: i.e. he did not detain me as a prisoner as he might treacherously have donie. 544. t~lum... inbelle: for the thought see on d~fihAs~ribiis istis, 521. sine ict%, 'fruitlessly.'1 545. quod = id enirn; the rel. cl. explains sine Oilti. 546. summ6... umb6ne: Priam's weapon does not go through to injure 1Pyrrhus. sine icfi, 544, sunund... urnbone, and n~qtfiqaarn strengthen one another. 547. refer~s and ibis = imperatives; see on noster erns, 149 Logically, ndinties ibis should precede referis, but in such cases V. is wont to set first the verb containing the more iniportant idea. mzoridmnur... i ttitrnus, 353, can be explained in this way. 548. tristia, 'cruel,' 'awful.' Pyr. rhus for the moment inockingly views his own conduct with Priam's eyes. 549. diigenerem... Neoptolemum, 'the degeneracy of Neoptolemus.' 550, 551. ad... trixit: during the scene described in 533 ff. Priam had of course advanced from his seat (525). enzaa; cf. n. on dextrae... dext? aem, i 408. Homer represents the Greeks as long-haired; V. probably thought of the Trojans, too, as wearing long hair. 553. extulit, ' raised on high.' lie had slain Polites with his spear; cf. 530. later! = in lutes, 554, 555. finis: here fern., an archa. isim; cf. - 87 Priam! fit~rum: cf. Praniem. fiite, 506. exitus (sc. vitae) often== 'death.' illum... tulit: lit., 'bore him away.' 8556-570] LIBER II 205 Pergama, tot quondam populls terrisque superbum regnatorem Asiae. Iacet ingens litore truncus, avulsumque umeris caput, et sine nomine corpus. At me tur primum saevus circumstetit horror. Obstipui; subiit cari genitoris imago, ut regem aequaevum crideli vulnere vidi vitam exhalantem; subiit deserta Crefsa et direpta domis et parvi casus Iull. Respicio et quae sit me circum copia lustro. Deseruere omnes defessi et corpora saltu ad terrai misere aut ignibus aegra dedere. Iamque adeo super inus eram, cam limina Vestae servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem Tyndarida aspicio; dant clara incendia lucem erranti passimque oculos per cfncta ferenti. 560 565 570 556-558. tot... Asiae, 'though once on a time proud ruler of,' etc. populis terrisque is dat. of interest with regndtorem; ~ 120. V. seems to have in mind a Gk. use of the dat. with certain verbs of guiding, ruling, governing. iacet... caput: V. implies that Priam's body was decapitated and flung unburied on the shore. truncus, caput, and corpus are all alike pred. nom. to iacet. For the tense see on volvit, i. 101, redit, ii. 275. ingens: cf. ingens Periphas, 476. 559-566. 'At this sight I thought of my aged father, my wife, and my son. I am now alone on the palace roof.' 560. subiit: sc. me, 'stole over me,' i.e. filled my thoughts. 561. aequaevum: sc. ei. 563. direpta: the house had not yet been plundered; direpta thus simply pictures the wild fancies to which in his excitement Aeneas gives way. 564. c6pia: sc. militum or iuvenum. lustro, ' I seek to learn'; conative pres. 665, 566. deseruere (sc. me) is emphatic by position; ' gone they were, yea, every one.' corpora... dedere: two sets are distinguished; (1) those who sought to escape by leaping to the ground, (2) those who consigned themselves to the flames. With ref. to (1) defessi = 'weary of the struggle,' with ref. to (2) it = ' in sheer exhaustion,' i.e. in one case it pictures a mental attitude, in the other a physical condition. aegra, 'fainting,' 'exhausted.' They were too weak to do anything but die. The perfects = 'I found that they had,' etc. 567-623. 'Catching sight of Helen, I am about to slay her, when my mother appears. and bids me think of my family. She shows me the gods destroying Troy.' 567. iamque.. eram: briefly put for 'matters were come to such a pass (adeo) that I,' etc. super, 'above,' i.e. on the roof of the palace. limina, ' temple'; cf. the use of carinae or vela = naves. 568. servantem, 'clinging closely to'; a strong expression like ' hugging.' s6de, 'corner,' 'recess.' Note the repetition of the one idea in servantem, tacitam, secreta, latentem. 569, 570. Tyndarida: for form see ~ 96. dant (mihi)... ferenti explains how he was able to see Helen; it = dant enim, etc. erranti: i.e. on the roof. 206 AENEIDOS [571-585 lila sibi inf~st~s ~versa ob Pergarna Tencr6s et poenas Danaum et d~sert! coniugis irds praemetu~ns, Tn~iae et patriae commftnis Erinys, abdiderat s~s~ atque rins in'visa sed~bat. 57.5 Extirs~re lgn~s /anim&; subit Ira cadentem uilcisci patriamn et scelerdtits sflmere poentis. 'Scilicet hac Spartam inicolumis patritisque Myc~niis aspiciet part~que ibit regina triumph6 coliugiumque domumque, patr~sn&Oitsque vidbit, 580 Iliadum turbti et Plirygils comittita ministris? occidenit ferr6 Priamus? Tr~ia tinserit igni? Dandanium toti~ns siidddrit sanguine litus? N~n ita, namque etsI niillum memortibile n~men f~mineti in poenii est nee babet vicitbria laudem, 585 exstinxisse nef as tamen et sfimpsisse merentis 572. Dauaum, ' at the hands of the Greeks'1; subjective gen. coniugis: Menelans, brother of Agamemnon; ~ 51. 573. praemetufns expresses not only fear, but also precautions taken to avert the dangers of the thing feared. Helen's precaution here is the care with which she is hiding, 567, 568. Er~inys: here 'scourge,, 'curse.' With Trdiae *.. Erinys cf. saevum ambbbus Achillemn, 1. 458. 574. inavisa, 'a hated thing.' 575. subit Ira: sc. mj,; cf. subiit imag5, 560. The phrase = ird iirdins cupid; see also ~ 170. 576. scelerltas: an extreme case of transferred epithet (~ 194); the punishment Is accursed only as exacted from an accursed sinner. 577. 577-587 constitute a soliloquy. sellicet belongs with 577-582. It often, a,, here, ironically emphasizes something strange or absurd. The thought is, ' Shall she, the guilty cause, escape, though Priam and his city are fallen"'' Such a question =a neg. assertion Myc6n[LB: as in 25. Helen had come Iroin Sparta. 579. conlugium, ' husband'1; properly 'wedlock.' So at times seritum= servus, mniftriminium = uxor. patr6s = parentes; cf. socerds, 457, 'parents-inilaw. 580. turbi ministris: instr. abl.; see on AchjtF, i. 312. The ref. is to the Trojan captives treated as slaves. ministris is used as in i. 705. 581, 582. The states expressed by occiderit, 5arserit, and starit are all conceived of as existing prior to those denoted by the three fut. verbs in 577 579. 583. n6n ita: sc. erit 584. f~mlnei = an obj. gen. fPminae. Sc. femninea (nom.) with et'ic74a, in the same sense 585. exstinxisse and siimpsisse depend on lauddbor, which is felt to= dicar or omn~s cum laude dicent rnij nefis here = 'a guilty creature,' much as conbi - gium, 579,= conicrnr. merentis, ' deserv lug,'I rather than 'deserved'; transferred epithet. See on scelerata8, 576. In ancient feeling a warrior was perfectly justified in slaying a guilty or wicked woman like Helen, 586-600] LIBER II 207 laudabor poenas, animumque explesse iuvabit ultricis flammae et cineres satiasse me6rum.' Talia iactabam et furiata mente ferebar, cum mihi se, non ante oculis tam clara, videndam obtulit et pfra per noctem in liice refulsit alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum continuit roseoque haec insuper addidit ore: 'Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras? Quid furis? aut quonam nostri tibi cfira recessit? Non prius aspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem liqueris Anchisen, superet conifinxne Crefsa Ascaniusque puer? quos omnes undique Graiae circum errant acies et, ni mea cura resistat, iam flammae tulerint inimlcus et hauserit ensis. 59u 595 600 586, 587. animum... flammae: i.e. to have given full rein to the vengeful impulse that urged me to slay Helen. For expltsse with a gen. see ~ 118. sati&sse: i.e. with vengeance. The thought that the dead took delight in punishment dealt out to those who had slain them or wronged them is common in Greek and Roman writers. 588. talia iactabam: cf. talia iactanti, i. 102. fer6bar: sc. in Tyndarida. 589. nn... clara: i.e. with less disguise than on former occasions, e g. that in i. 314-401. Cf. Aeneas's reproaches on this point, i. 407-409 videndam: the gerundive, as often, expresses purpose. 590. pUra... luce: the bright light inseparably connected with deities; see on flagrantis, i. 710. Cf. too, rose... refulsit, i 402. 591, 592. confessa deam, 'confessing the goddess,' i.e. revealing fully her divine nature. The phrase is explained by qulis...solet, ' in the guise and in the stature in which she is always seen,' etc. Cf. the description of Diana, 1. 501, with notes. caelicolis: dat. of the agent with videri, which is a true pass., as in i. 396. prehensum: sc. imn Venus seizes Aeneas by his sword hand. 593. rose6: as in i. 402. 595. qu6nam: for -nam see on znam.. mordtur, 373. nostri: Venus identifies herself with Aeneas's household. nostri is regularly obj. gen., nostrum partitive. 596, 597. non for nonne occurs in indignant questions both in prose and poetry; cf. Cic. Cat. ii. ~ 19, non vident id sF cupere, etc. The question here a command. prius: i e before you think of anything else. ubi: since Aeneas had left Anchises at home, ubi must = 'in what plight,' unless ubi... l.queris is briefly put for 'where he is whom you deserted.' superet, ' survives.' In this sense supersum is commoner. coniunxne: the interrog. -ne is not necessarily, either in prose or poetry, attached to the first word of the clause. 599. ni... resistat: cf. n... faciat... verrant, i. 58, 59, with note. 600. tulerint... hauserit: instan 208 AENEIDOS [601-616 Non tibi Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae culpatusve Paris, divum inclementia, divum has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Troiam. Aspice (namque omnern, quae nunc obducta tuenti 605 mortalls hebetat visfis tibi et fumida circum caligat, nubem eripiam; tfu ne qua parentis iussa time neu praeceptis parere recusa): hic, ubi disiectas m6ols avulsaque saxis saxa vides mixt6que undantem pulvere fumum, 610 Neptfinus mfurs magnoque em6ta tridenti fundamenta quatit totamque a sedibus urbem eruit; hic Ifun Scaeas saevissima portas prima tenet sociumque furens a navibus agmen ferr6 accincta vocat. 615 Iam summas arcs Tritonia (respice) Pallas insPdit nimb6 effulgens et Gorgone saeva; taneous pf.; for meaning of tulerint see on ilurml.. talit, 554, 555. hauserit: sc. eos, ' drain their life-blood.' 601. tibi: as in i. 261. 602. divum... divum: for the rhetor. repetition cf. that of limina 405, 406. Note the effective adversative asyndeton here. 603. has... opes: Priam's palace. a culmine: cf. ruit alto Ui culnine Troia, 290. 604-607. obducta tuenti... tibi, 'drawn like a pall over thy sight' iumida... callgat: freely, 'hangs dank and dark and thick about (you).' tu ne... recasa is to be taken closely with aspzce; it was not accounted safe to behold the gods in their divine form and brightness. For ne with the imp. see ~ 156. tu gives a tone of urgency to the command, as if Venus meant, ' Don't you, whatever others may do.' 609. mixt5... pulvere: instr. abl. with undanten, ' eddying.' The force of the dust-clouds that rise from the falling A alls gives a waving motion to the smoke. 610. Neptanus: Neptune and Apoll built the walls of Troy for its king, Laomedon. He who built the walls would be best able to destroy them. We gain another point in that the builder and so the natural preserver of the walls is destroying them. emota = quLae enovit; it belongs also with mnros. The prefix here and in eruit, 612, = out of the places in which they formerly lay. tridenti: cf. Neptune's use of his trident in i. 145. 612. Scaes... portas: the best known and strongest gate of Troy This fact gives force to sae'issima. As Troy's most savage foe, Juno assall' Troy's strongest defences. For the pl of one gate cf. the use of foribus, i. 449 613. prima: as in i. 24. furens: as in i. 491. 614. ferr6 accincta: see on arma i. 16. accincta, 'equipped'; cf. accin gunt, i. 210, ii. 235. 616. insedit: here in sinister sense: see on insidat, i. 719. Pallas was conlmonly the preserver of fortresses and citadels. This reversal of her usual MINEMRVA 617-631] LIBER II 209 ipse pater Danais animos virisque secundas sufficit, ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma. Eripe, nate, fugam finemque inpone labori. Nisquam abero et tfutum patrib te limine sistam.' Dixerat et spissis noctis se condidit umbris. Apparent dirae facies inimicaque Tr6iae nimina magna deum. Tur vero omne mihi visum considere in ignis Ilium et ex imo verti Neptfinia Troia, ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum cum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant eruere agricolae certatim; illa fisque minatur et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nlitat, vulneribus donec paulatim evicta supremum congemuit traxitque iugis avulsa ruinam. 620 625 630 functions emphasizes the completeness of Troy's overthrow; see on Neptunus, 610. nimb6... saeva, 'bright with her storm-cloud and grim with her Gorgon.' V. has in mind the aegis, for which see ~279. This when shaken wrought terror and dismay among the wearer's foes; the shaking was accompanied by thunder and lightning Strictly, the aegis was a symbol of the whirlwind that drives the storm-cloud, ascribed to Zeus as his shield because he was god of the weather. Here the aegis which is the shield proper is confused with the storm-aegis which is visibly represented on the shield. 619. eripe... fugam: i.e. snatch flight out of the obstacles that threaten to make it impossible. lab6ri: sc. pugnandi pro patria. 620. patrio = patris tuf. 621. spissis... umbris: see on nox atra, 360. The disappearance of the light of 590 would intensify the general darkness. 622, 623. apparent... deum: these words do not picture new sights seen after Venus departs, but are a commentary on the whole scene, 604-620. 624-654. 'I go home, determined first to seek my father. He, however, refuses to depart, declaring that he will not survive the fall of his city.' 625. Neptfnia: see on Neptunus, 610. Aeneas's thought is that a god-built city should have endured forever. 626. ac joins the whole simile veluti.. ruinam, 626-631, to ex imo. Like ex Zlno the simile is in effect an adv. of manner. 627, 628. ferr6... bipennibus: freely, 'assailing it with steel and blow on blow of their axes.' instant 6ruere: cf. instant.... dcere, etc., i. 423-425. minatur: sc. 'to fall.' 629. comam: forcasese ~135. Note that nuitat is intransitive. 630. supremum is an adj. used as noun, in the ace. of effect, 'has groaned its last,' as we say; see ~~ 128-130. 631. traxit... ruinam: see on rumam... trahit, 465, 466. iugis = mon. tibus, 626. Strictly, the tree is severed from its stump and roots, but since these bound it to the montes and the iuga, the poet may fairly speak of the tree as severed from the heights. The tree is antiqua (626) like Troy itself; it 210 AENEIDOS [632-645 Descendo ac dicente de6 flammam inter et hostis expedior; dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt. Atque ubi iam patriae perventum ad limina sedis 635 antiquasque dom6s, genitor, quem tollere in altos optabam primum montis primumque pet6bam, abnegat excisa vitam prodficere Troil exsiliumqle pati. 'VOs 6, quibus integer aevi sanguis,' ait, 'solidaeque suo stant robore vires, 640 vos agitate fugam. Me si caelicolae voluissent dficere vitam, has mihi servassent s6eds. Satis fina superque vidimus excidia et captae superavimus urbi. Sic, o sic positum adfati discedite corpus. 645 Ipse manf mortem inveniam; miserebitur hostis settles slowly but surely to its fall even as Troy is sinking into flames. 632. descend6: i e. from the roof of Priam'spalace. de6: i.e. Venus; cf. her promise in 620. 633. expedior: freely, 'I thread my way'; a middle voice. 635. antiqu4s: an epithet of affection; 'the dear old.' tollere: briefly put for tollere et portare, or subl/tum portare. 637. producere: for the infin after abnegat see ~ 161. 638. integer aevi, 'untainted by age.' For the gen. aevi see ~~113, 117. integer really implies a lack of fullness; cf. then ~ 116. 639. su... robore, 'through its own power,' i.e. in and of itself, without the need of the helps (staff, etc.) required by old age. The words thus practically = per se. 640. vSs: for the pron. with the imp. see on ti n.e.. recFsn, 606. agitate fugam: cf. eripe.. f. gam, 619, mantiritefugarn, i. 137. 641. ducere vitam = vitam prOdiicere, 637; see ~ 201. 642, 643. satis... vidimus: briefly put for satis sepqerque est vidisse or satts sperque est quod idirnus. una goes in thought also with captae... urbs, ' one downfall-one capture of my city.' Anchises is alluding to the capture of Troy by Hercules in which Laomedon and all his sons save Priam had been killed. excidia: the phrase una... excidia well shows the poetic fondness for the pl.; see ~~ 173-175. superavimus has here the meaning and the constr. of superfuimus; cf. note on superet, 597. 644. positum, adfati, and corpus all suggest the idea of one dead and laid out for burial. Anchises is lying on a couch or bed, and so, thinking of the resemblance between his appearance and that of a body ready for burial, he bids Aeneas treat him as one dead. adfitl suggests the cry vale, thrice made at the funeral pyre as a final farewell to the dead. 645. ipse... inveniam: i.e. 'I shall not tamely wait to be slain, but shall bring on my own death '; he will do what Priam had Just done. maani = 'by my prowess.' miserebltur is said $46-6601 LIBER II 211 exuviRsque petet. Facilis iactfura sepulcri. Iam pridem invisus divis et inftilis annos demoror, ex qu6 m6 divum pater atque hominum rex fulminis adflavit ventis et contigit igni.' Talia perstabat memorans fixusque manebat. Nvs contra efffisi lacrimis, coniunxque Crefisa.Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secun cfincta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet. Abnegat inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem. Rfrsus in arma feror mortemque miserrimnus opto, nam quod consilium ant quae iam fortfina dabatur? 'Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto sperasti, tantumque nefas patrio excidit 6re? Si nihil ex tanta superls placet urbe relinqui et sedet hoc animo peritfiraeque addere Troiae 650 660 with great bitterness; to Anchises death is so welcome that the enemy's act will seem one of mercy and pity. 646. facilis... sepulcri: the thought is, ' the enemy, to be sure, will not bury me, but that is a trifle,' a sentiment so utterly at variance with ancient feeling, which counted the loss of burial a grievous evil (cf. n. on inhumiti, i. 353), as to betray its own insincerity and to show the depth of feeling which Anchises is trying to hide. 647, 648. invisus divis is explained by ex quo... igni, 648. inutilis: because crippled. ann6s d6moror: the thought is, ' the passing years have been eager to bear me away, but I have thwarted their will and kept them waiting by lingering here, in a half dead and alive existence.' ex quo: as in 163. divum. rex: cf. i. 65. 649. fulminis...gni: see Anchises in Vocabulary. 651. nos = ego. effusi (sumus) lacrimlis = lacrimantes 6rdmus, and so can be construed with the purpose cl. ne... vellet, 652, 653. lacrirms is dat. = in lacrimins. 653. pater, ' seeing that he was our father'; emphatic by position. See on improba, 80. fat... incumbere: sc. se, 'to fling himself on the fate o'erwhelming (us),' i.e. to make yet heavier our already heavy sorrows. 654. incepto: sc. in eodem; see ~ 210. The combination incept... et sedibus is appropriate; his maintenance of the same physical position is the outward, visible sign of his unchanged purpose. 655-670. 'I resolve to enter thebattle again.' 655. feror: note the tense, ' I am in the act of rushing.' 656. quod... dabatur? = quia utllumn consilium et iam nulla fortuna dabatur; nam is the conj., not the nam used with interrogatives (373, 595). fortilna = ' chance of safety,' ' deliverance.' 657. efferre pedem: sc. e dom6. 658. tantum... nefas: Aeneas has in mind esp. 638-640, 644-646. 660. sedet, 'is firmly established.' animo: dat. of interest with sedet; animo (tuo) practically = tibi. 212 AENEIDOS [661-675 teque tuosque iuvat, patet isti ianua leto, iamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, gnatnm ante 6ra patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis 665 eripis, ut medils hostem in penotralibus utque Ascanium patremque meum ifixtaque Creftsam alterum in alterius mactat6s sanguine cernam? Arma, viri, ferte arma; vocat lfix ultima vict6s. Reddite me Danais, sinite instaurata revisam 870 proelia. Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti.' Hinc ferro accingor rfirsus clipeoque sinistram insertabam aptans meque extra tecta ferebam. Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine coniulnx haerebat parvumque patri tenebat Tflum: 675 'Si peritfrus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum; 661. isti... lto, 'the death you so crave'; see 644-646. For meaning of isti see on defensoribus istis, 521. 663. gnatum... patris: cf. Priam's cry, qut... vultus, 538,539. patris, patrem: for the scansion see ~ 250. obtruncat: note the tense, ' makes a business of butchering.' Aeneas is referring directly to Anchises's words, miserebitur... petet, 645,646, drawing the picture of death by an enemy's hand in widely different colors. 664. hc.... quod, ' was it for this.. that'; lit., 'was this the thing for the sake of which?' quod is adv. acc., as in the idiom non est quod, 'there is no reason why.' 665. eripis: note the tense. Aeneas believes that his mother is keeping him safe now as she did before, 632, 633. medis... penetrilibus: cf. medium....hostem, 508, with n. utque is improper, since ut... penetrdlibus contains no verb. The repetition of ut, however, keeps the purpose character of the whole clause clearly before the reader's mind. 668. arma... arma: Aeneas had laid aside his arms on returning home. virl: Aeneas is probably addressing his house-servants; he had come home alone (see 564-567).,ux: ultima = summa dies, 324. 669. sinite... revisam: the imp. of sin6 is regularly followed by a subj. without at, the subj. being in its origin an independent subj. of command, having nothing to do with sino. In other words, the constr. was paratactic; ~218. So here sinite... revisam could well = 'let be, let me take my way back.' 670. numquam, like 'never' in colloquial Eng., is often used by excited speakers as a vigorous non,. The emphasis here is on omnes; the thought is, 'I at least will sell my life dearly.' 671-704. ' My wife will not let me go, when lo, an omen, from Jupiter himself, powerfully affects my father. A second omen overcomes his opposition.' 672. aptans, 'duly': lit., ' fitting (my hand to the shield).' Across the inner face of the shield were two straps; the warrior, thrusting his left hand under one, grasped the other firmly. 675. et, 'also.' 676-691] LIBER II 213 sin aliquam expertus sfmptis spem ponis in armis, hanc primum tfitre domum. Cui parvus Ifnns, cui pater et coniiunx quondam tua dicta relinquor?' Talia vociferans gemitni tectum omne replebat, cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. Namque manuis inter maestorumque ora parentum ecce levis summo de vertice visus TIll fundere lumen apex tactfique innoxia mollis lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasci. Nos pavidi trepidare metfi crinemque flagrantem excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignis. At pater Anchis6s oculos ad sidera laetus extulit et caelo palmas cum voce tetendit: 'Inppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris illis, aspice nos hoc tantum et, si pietate meremur, da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma.' 680 685 690 676. expertus: sc. arma from armis. sUimptis... in armis, ' in an appeal to arms'; the emphasis is on the prtcpl. 678. coniunx... dicta: since Aeneas no longer takes thought of Creusa's safety he in~ effect no longer accounts her his wife. relinquor: the force of the tense is easily seen if we turn cui parvus, etc., into its equivalent in the active voice: cui parvum Iulum... relinquis? The pass. is the more effective because it brings out sharply the helplessness of Creusa; Aeneas does what he will with her. 681. mantis....ra: Creusa is on her knees holding out Iulus to Aeneas (673, 674); hence the light which plays about the head of Iulus (683, 684) is actually manUs... ora. 682. vertice = capite. 683, 684. apex in itself is indefinite, but its position between lumen and tactiU.. comas shows that it = a cone or tip of flame. The omen here described was always interpreted to imply future distinction, esp. elevation to a throne. V. probably has in mind the story that the hair of Servius Tullius blazed thus when he was a boy. He was then obscure, having been with his mother a prisoner of war, but he later became king. 685, 686. trepidire... restinguere: hist. infin. in conative sense. crinem... excutere: a variation (~ 203) from Zgnem de crini(bus) excutere. sanct6s: because sent by the gods and so full of meaning. fontibus = aquzs, with the added idea of abundance. 687. laetus: because he knew that the sign was a token of good; through his relationship with Venus Anchises had received the gift of divination. 688. cael = ad caelum. The dat. after ad sidera, 687, is instructive; ~ 122. palmas... tetendit: cf. pedem curn voce repressit, 378, duplicis... palmas, i. 93, tendens... mina, ii. 405. 690-691. hoc tantum, 'just this once'; lit., 'thus far only.' For case see ~134. hoc is explained by et... firma. mer6mur: sc. auxilium from the next vs. deinde, 'then,' 'in that case,' 214 AENEIDOS [692-70' Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragbre intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbras stella facem dficens multal cum llce cucurrit. 695 Illam summa super labentem culmina tecti signantemque vias claram se condere silva cernimus Idaea; turn longo limite sulcus dat lficem, et lat1 circum loca sulpure flmant. Ihie vero victus genitor s6 tollit ad auras 0oo adfaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat: 'lam iam nlflla mora est; sequor et qua, diucitis adsum. Di patrii,servate domum, servate nep6tem; vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in nfmine Troia est. Codo equidem nec, natte, tibi comes ire recuso.' 705 Dixerat ille, et iam per moenia clarior ignis auditur, propiusque aestis incendia volvunt. 'Ergo age, care pater, cervici inponere nostrae; repeats the idea of si... meremur. For Anchises's attitude toward Jupiter see on i. 334. For his prayer see ~309. haec.. firma: i.e. by a second sign. 692. vix... subitoque: parataxis, ~221. 693. intonuit laevum: freely, 'it thundered on the left.' laevum is a neut. adj. used as noun in ace. of effect; see ~~ 128-130. To the Gk. and the Roman augur signs in the east were of good omen The Roman faced south, the Gk. north; hence the one counted signs on his left, the other those on his right, auspicious. 694. facem: i.e. a torch-like train. 695, 696. labentem... signantemque: the prtcpls. are used like volvens, i. 305; see n. there. teCti: sc. nostr. vias, ' its path.' In 70 7070, we see that this path indicates also the way the TroJans are to take to safety. The first omen had given token of their escape: see on apex, 683. The second confirms this and supplements it by pointing out the way of escape, i.e. it suiggests Ida;1s their refuge. 697. long....sulcus, 'a long-lined furrow.' The sulcus divided the heavens into two parts as a Ines, ' boundaryline,' separates two fields. longo limits is abl. of characteristic, and so = an adjective. 699. hie vero = the coinlmon etum vero, found e.g. in 624. ad auras: a stately way of saying ' up,' 'erect.' 700. sanctum sidus: cf. sancts... ignis, 686. 702. domum, 'family,' 'race.' nepotem: i e. Ascanius. He is singled out partly because he has just been the subject of the omen, partly because he is the hope of the race's future; cf. i. 556. 703. in: lit., 'in the midst of,' i.e. protected by. Troia: i.e. all that remains of Troy's destinies. 705-751. 'Carrying my father and leading Ascanius I quit my home. As we near the city gates, my father cries that the Greeks are coming. In the flight that follows my wife is separated from me.' 706. aestas: ace., fiery volumes.' The flames are now so near that they are felt as well as heard. 707. inponere: imp. )lpas. in middle sense. 708-722] LIBER II 215 ipse subibo timeris, nec me labor iste gravabit. Quo res cumque cadent, finum et commune periclum, fina salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus Ilflus sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conifinx. Vbs, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris. Est urbe egrcssis tumulus templumque vetustumr disertae Cereris ifixtique antiqua cupressus religi6ne patrum mult6s servata per annos; hanc ex divers6 sedem veniemus in finam. Tui, genitor, cape sacra manfi patriosque P'enltis; me bello i tanto digressum et caede recenti attrectiare nefas, donec me flfmine vivo ablnero.' Haec fatus latts umeros subiectaque colla veste super fulvIque insternor pelle le6nis 710 715 708. subib6: sc. te. labor iste, 'the labor you thus cause me'; see on def'ensoribus istis, 521, isti.... eto, 661. 709. qu6... cadent = fuerit quodcumque, 77. tnum et commune: we say 'one common,' but the Latin regularly connects adjs. by et when, as here, they are coordinate in importance. 711. servet vestigia: sc. mea. servet is used much as servantern is in 568. 712. animis... vestris = the prose animadvertite. V. uses adverto practically as = ' note,'' observe.' 713. egressis: dat. of interest with est; see also on profectis, i. 732. To native Trojans specific statements as to the location of the tumulus Cereris would be superfluous and at such a crisis a waste of time. tumulus templumque: the temple stood on the tumulus. 714. desertae, 'lonely,' a transferred epithet. V. has in mind the Roman custom of building temples to Ceres in unfrequented spots outside the city gates. 715. r6llgi6ne, 'religious awe,' 'revereace'; causal ablative. 116. ex divers6: i.e. by different paths. This vs.= a command, 'go ye,' etc. By dividing his company Aeneas hoped to diminish the chance of detection by the Greeks. longe servet, 711, prepares us for the news of Creusa's disappearance which greets us in 738. 717. sacra... Penatis: received by Aeneas from Hector, 293-297. 718. digressum = cum ('since') digressus sim. 719. vivo: in Roman ritual the use of running water was necessary to purification. Such water alone, in fact, is itself clean and so able to cleanse. When Aeneas received the sacra, etc., he had not yet taken part in the fight; had he touched the sacra after fighting he would have been guilty of the very sin imputed to Ulixes and Diomede in 163-168. 721. lat6s umer6s: for Aeneas's use of such words concerning himself, see on sum... nots, i. 378, 379. The words suggest the security and comfort of Anchises's support subiecta (sc. patri): freely, 'bowed,' 'bended.' For case of umeros and colla see ~ 138. 722. veste and pelle denote the same thing, a robe fashioned from a lion's skin; cf. lupae... laetus, i. 275. 216 AENEIDOS L723-738 succMd~qne onerl; dextrae s~ parvus TIffls implicuit sequittirque patrem. n~n passibus aequis; 72.5 p~We subit conifinx. Ferimur per opdica loc~5rum, et m~, quem, dfidum. n~n filla iniecta mov~bant tdla neque advers6 glomerat! ex aginine Gra-1, nuno omn~s terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis susp~nsum et pariter comitique onerique timentem. 730 Iamque propinqu~bam. portis omnemque vid~bar ~Vdtsisse viam, subitO cum. cr~ber ad aurls visus adesse pedum. sonitus genitorque per umbram. pr~spici~ns 'INate,' exclatmat, 'fuge, ndte; propinquant; drdentis clipe6s atque aera micantia cernV. 7.35 Hic mihli nesci6 quod trepid6 male nfimen amicum. c~nffisam ~ripuit mentem. Namque iftvia cursft dum. sequor et n~tAt exc~dYr regi~ne viaYrum, lieu! miser6 coniftux FdtO est ~repta Crefisa. 723, 724. dextrae s6... implicuit: cf. and yet contrast implicut... laevii,.552. The phrase pictures the child's fright and his clinging trust in his father. nan... aequis: sc. to those of his father. Cf. parvum,... trahit, 320, 321 with note. 725. opica loc6rum, I'the darkest quarters'; see ~, 197 726, 727. diadum: commonly (except when joined with iern) used of time but little removed from that of writing or speaking. ex: we should say, I in.' The edversurn eqmenz. however, was the source whence came the dangers that threatened Aeneas. In writing ada We11. rati V. was thinking of the, two ways of fighting, Fminas' and conminiets. 729. suapftsum and timentem give the causes of terrent and excitat. comiti: Ascanlus; cf. mihi...comes, 710, 711. 731. Fiv~se = l-istrtt~ss, and so takes an ace.; see ~133. 732. adesse has here the meaning and the constr. of veaire; see on MMl, 1. 9.9. For visus est so soon after vidde-br, 730, see on ruest, i. 85. 733. nite.. WMt: for scansion see ~ 264. propinquant: sc. Grifi, the only 'they' the Trojans had to fear. 734. i.rdentis: a strong expression for 'highly burnished.' aera: spears, sbuelds, and swords; see ~ 187. 735. mihi: for case see on silici, i. 174. nescl6 quod: nescid quis is practically a compound indefinite pron., lit, ':I I-don't-know-what.' For scansion see ~248 male... amicum = iisimicissiimen; see on mele... eerini8, 23. 736. cOnftsam isripuit = cdafttdit et ierij)#ot 737, 738. n6t5.. viirum restates R-via... 8equor, 'I leave the beaten pasths.' regibe has here its primary sense of 'line.' 'direction.' 6repta: sc. mildi; cf. nihi... Fripuit, 735, 736. Note eFripiit, 736, ~Frppta, 738, the one in fig sens-e, the other in lit, physical sense. See on ristis est, 732. 739-754] LIBER II 217 Substitit erravitne via sen lassa resedit, incertum; nec post oculis est reddita nostris, nec prius amissam respexi animumve reflexi, quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam venimus; hic demum collectis omnibus fna de;fuit et comites natnmque virumque fefellit. Quem non incusavi Tamens hominumque deorumque ant quid in eversa vidi criudelius urbe? Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penatis commend6 socils et curva valle recondo; ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus armis; stat casfs renovare omnis omnemque reverti per Troiam et rursus caput obiectare periclis. Principio muros obsciraque limina portae, quai gressum extuleram, repeto et vestigia retro observata sequor per noctem et flmine lfstro; 740 745 750 739, 740. substitit erravitne: in disjunctive questions, when the particle is omitted with the first member, an, not -ne, is used with the second. The use of -ne here is hard to parallel. For seu in a dependent question cf. seu... sve... vocdats, i. 218, 219. The phrase substitit... resedit was felt by V. in part as a question dependent on incertum (est), as is shown by seu, in part as an independent question. To the latter view, as giving the more rhetor. flavor, he naturally inclined, and hence wrote the verbs in the indicative. 741. animum...reflexi: a substitute for the common anin... adverti; sc. ad earn. 742. tumulum antiquae Cereris: it is instructive to compare this phrase with tumulus templamque vetustum desertae Cereris, 713. antiquae is here plainly a transferred epithet. 744. fefellit, 'disappointed '; lit., 'tricked.' 745. de6rumque: for -que see ~256. 749. cingor.. armls: cf. ferr6 accingor, 671. To our feeling cingor should precede repeto; but see on refers... bis, 547. 750, 751. stat: sc. mihi, 'I am resolved.' The subject of stat is casus... periclZs; the lit. meaning thus is, 'to renew... and to return... and to expose... are things that are for me fixed and irrevocable.' sedet... animi, 660, is a similar phrase. caput, 'life,' a common meaning. obiectare: a strong word; note its etymology. Cf. opponere mortt, 127. 752-794. ' I search for Creusa everywhere. At last her specter appears to me, and tells me that heaven has decreed our separation. After giving me a hint as to my destiny the apparition vanishes.' 752. principi... inde, 756, = primum... deinde. obscuira: cf. opaca locorum, 725. There the darkness helped Aeneas, now it makes his search more difficult. 753. gressum extuleram: cf. efferre pedem, 657. 218 AENEIDOS [755-773 755 horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, me refero. Inruerant Danai et tectum omne tenebant. Ilicet Ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad aurais. 760 Procedo et Priami sedes arcemque reviso. Et iam porticibus vacuis Ifiunnis asylo cfistodes lecti Phoenix et dims Ulixes praedam adservabant; hfiu undique Troia gaza inc6nsis erepta adytis, mensaeque deorum 765 crateresque aur6 solidi, captivaque vestis congeritur; pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres stant circum. Ausus quin etiam voces iactare per umbram implevi clamtre vias maestusque Crefsam 70o nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Crefisae visa mihi ante oculos et nota maior imago. 755. anim6: sc. est, which we may render ' besets,' ' assails.' 756. si forte... si forte: the repetition pathetically pictures the waning ot his hopes. For the subj. si... tulisset see on Anthea si... videat, i. 181. tulisset is plpf. because it precedes in time me refero, which itself, being a histor. pres., is past in value. 757. me referS: cf. Caesar's common phrase, se cdnferre. 758. ilicet: freely, 'e'en while I gaze.' edax: often used of fire by the poets. 759. furit... auras, 'the fiery mass mounts furiously upwards.' For ad auraYs see 699. 761. asylo: local abl.; the word severely condemns the use to which the Greeks are putting the temple. The shrine was built to preserve fugitives from captivity, not a a; military gual lhouse. 766. congeritur: note the tense. Fresh booty is constantly coming in 768. vSocs iactare: a strong phrase for 'to send my voice.' Cf. talia iactanti i. 102. 770. nequiquam ingeminans, 'in fruitless iteration.' 772. infelix: there is nothing in this passage to prove Creusa unhappy Hence the word gives the feeling with which Aeneas himself looked on thl specter. To his mind, every ghost, corn pared with a living soul, waI unalllpl)l simulacrum: a broad word, applicable to any counterfeit presentment of any thing. 773. not... imag6: i.e a form larger than she had possessed in life. The dead are regularly represented in this way by Gk and Latin writers, probably because they were thought of as superhllllan and iIilllortal. For the stature of the gods ct lquata,;oflet,, 59, and i. 501 774-788] LIBER II 219 Obstipui, steteruntque comae, et v6x faucibus haesit. Turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis: 'Quid tantum insano iuvat indulgere dolori, o dulcis conitunx? non haec sine niumine divum eveniunt, nee te comitem hinc portare Crefsam fas ant ille sinit superi rognator Olympi. Longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum, et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva inter opima virum lIni fluit agmine Thybris. Illic res laetae regnumque et regia conifunx parta tibi; lacrimas dilectae pelle Crefsae. Non ego Myrmidonurn sedes Dolopumve superbas aspiciam aut Grais servitum matribus ibo, Dardanis et divae Veneris nurus, sed me magna deum genetrix his detinet oris. 780 785 774. steterunt: for the short penult see ~ 246. 775. adfari... demere: histor. infin.; as subject sc. imago, out of 773. 776-778. indulgere: sc. te as subject. nn.... veniunt: for the general thought cf. haud credo... carpis, i. 387, 388. 779. fas may be subject of est to be supplied, or one of the subjects of sinit. le... r6gnator: Jupiter. ille is often used of Jupiter. Originally, we may suppose, ile luppiter was said with a gesture toward the heavens, ' Jupiter yonder,' ' Jupiter who reigns enthroned on high.' From this use ille came in this phrase to ='exalted,' 'majestic.' We may compare, too, the cases where mile = ' the famous,' 'the well-known.' 780. exsilia: for the rhetor. pl. see ~175. arandum fits only the nearer subject; see on legunt, i. 426. In translating sc. some general verb like 'face,' 'endure,' with exsilia. 781, 782. Lddius = Etruscus, through the tradition, commonly accepted by the Roman poets, that the Etruscans were Lydians from Asia Minor, who, driven from home by long-continued famine, had finally settled in Italy. arva... virum: i.e. the rich fields whereon sturdy yeomen toil. agmine, 'movement,' 'current'; see on agmine certo, 212. With leni... agmine cf. Caes. B. G. i. 12 Arar.. nfluit incredibili lenitdte, etc. 784. parta (sc. est): from pario, 'are already in being.' For the sing. see on insequitur, i. 87. For the pres. tense or its equivalent in a prophecy see on manere, 194. Crefusae: objective gen. 785-788 contain the reason for the command lacrimds... C'reiesae. 786. servitum, 'to be a slave to.' The use of the supine in -urm to express purpose after verbs of motion should be familiar from Caesar. 787. Dardanis... nurus: inappos. with ego, 785. This vs.= a causal cl. with non ego. ibo. 788. magna... genetrix: Cybele; ~ 275. V. probably thought of Creusa as translated directly from life to a divine or semi-divine state, much as Aeneas himself was later, and later still Romulus. 220 AENEIDOS [789-804 Iamque val1 et nAti serva commfinis amOrem. 790 Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem dicere deseruit tenuisque recessit in auras. Ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum; ter frfistra comprensa manis efffigit imago par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno. 795 Sic demum socios consfmpta nocte reviso. Atque hic ingentem comitum adfluxisse novorum invenio admirans numerum, mdatresque virosque, collectam exsili6 pfibem, miserabile vulgus. Undique convenere animis opibusque parati, 800 in quascumque velim pelago dedficere terr,as. Iamque iugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae dficebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant limina portarum, nec spes opis illa dabatur; cessi et sublato montis genitore petivi. 789. natl.. communls, 'your son and mine.' nutt is obj. gen. with amonrenm. 792. conatus: sc. sum. coll... circum: see on bis colt... circum... dati, 218, 219. 794. par levibus ventis: par is in itself vague, since it can be used of equality of any kind, but is made clear by lervibtis; the i&Y(iyo is equal to the winds (air) in lightness. somno: here 'dream.' volucri gives the point of resemblance between the imnago and the vision; the whole vs. = a causal cl. 795-804. 'I return to my comrades and find a goodly company prepared to go whithersoever I may lead. proceedto Ida.' 795. sic sums up 749-794. 798. exsilio: for case see ~123. pubem: as in i. 399. Aeneas uses the word bitterly; the putbes here is a warrior host that has gathered-to run away I 799. animis... parati: sc. r sequl. They have reconciled themselves to the thought of flight and have provided themselves with means to help them in such flight. 800. in.. terras is really cond., its force being, 'to this land should I wish to lead-or to that other land, should I prefer that.' deducere, the technical term for leading forth a colony from a metropolis like Rome, is most suggestive here, for it makes Aeneas speak of his settlement in Italy, and so by implication of the results of that settlement, Lavinium, Alba Longa, Rome itself, as a colony from Troy. Cf. i. 5-7. 804. cessi... petivi: before V. suffers his hero to state his final act on the night ot Troy's fall, he makes him set forth (801-803) two sound reasons which make that act inevitable: (1) the dawn of day makes the neighborhood of the Greels dangerous, (2) the continuous success of that foe makes further conflict hopeless. sublato: sc. umrerls; cf. 721-723. montis: i.e. Ida. We must assume, though V. does not say so, that the whole company ot 796 800 went with Aeneas; ~ 225, LIBER III Postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem inmeritam visum superis ceciditque superbum Ilium et omnis hum6 fumat Neptunia Troia, diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras auguriis agimur divum classemque sub ipsa Antandro et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae incerti, quo Fata ferant, ubi sistere detur, contrahimnsque vir6s. Vix prima inceperat aestas et pater Anchises dare Fatis vela iubebat, litora cum patriae lacrimans portusque relinqun et campos, ubi Tr6ia fuit. Feror exsul in altum cum socils natoque, Penatibus et magnis dis. 5 10 1-12. 'We build a fleet and sail from Trojan shores, not knowing whither destiny will lead us.' 1. Asiae: as in ii. 556, 557 Aeneas exaggerates, using Troy and Asia as equivalent terms. 2. inmeritam: only Paris had sinned. 3. humo: local abl.; the loc. humi is far commoner. fumat: the pres. pictures the lasting effects of the single acts evertere and cecidit, 1, 2. The ruins would smoke for days. Neptunia Tr6ia: as in ii. 625. 4. diversa exsilia, 'places of exile widely sundered'; sc. inter se. Aeneas speaks in the light of the knowledge gained by six years of wandering. desertas: they felt unable to dispossess any people. -5. auguriis... divum: V. does not explain what these omens were. Cf. however, matre... viam, i. 382, Hector's warning, ii. 293-295. and Creusa's words, ii. 780-784. 7. sistere = consistere or conszdere. In 4-7 Aeneas forgets the very definite hint given to him by Creusa in ii. 780-784; see ~ 49. 8, 9. Vix.... et: ~~200, 221. prima.. aestas: tradition had it that Troy was taken in the summer. Hence the ref. here is to the summer of the following year. The first of the seven years of exile (i. 755) was spent in preparations for departure from Ida. dare Fatis vela: a variation (~203) from the familiar dare vela ventZs, suggesting the absolute dependence of Aeneas on the guidance of heaven. 10,11. litora... portus... camp6s: pathetic. To one loved sight after another he bids good-by. fuit: as in ii. 325. 12. sociis... dis falls into two portions, each of which itself has two parts. Between the main portions there is asynd. magnis dis: the higher deities like Jupiter, Neptune, Vesta, etc. That Aeneas brought such gods with him appears from ii. 296. 221 222 AENEIDOS [13-28 Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis (Thraces arant) acri quondam r6gnlta Lycurgo, 15 hospitium anticum Tr6iae sociique Penates, dum fortuna fuit. Feror hic et litore curvo moenia prima loco Fttis ingressus iniquis Aeneadasque me6 n6men de n6mine fingo. Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam 20 auspicibus coeptorum operum superoque nitentem caelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurum. Forte fuit ifuxt tumulus, quo cornea summo virgulta et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus. Accessi viridemque ab humo convellere silvam 25 conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras, horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum, nam, quae prima solo ruptis radlcibus arbos vellitur, huic atro licuntur sanguine guttae 13-68. 'In Thrace we begin to build a city. An ominous event, however, makes us desist and causes us to set sail with the first fair wind.' 13.' procul, 'at a little distance.' vastiS... campis: abl. of char., 'widestepped.' Mavortia: i.e. loved by Mars; see ~ 283. 14. regnata: for the pers. pass. from an intrans. verb see on credita, ii. 247. 15. hospitium... Penates, 'an ancient friend and god-bound ally of Troy.' hospitium and Penates are in appos. with terra, 13. hospitium here = amicus; cf. the use of coniugium, ii. 579, and of nefus, ii. 585. socilque Penates: an alliance between houses, families, or states involved an alliance between their gods, the Penates. 18. Aeneadas: in appos. with nSmen. With nmen... flng6 sc. virls meis out of 8; cf. Rzmno6s... dccet, i. 277. 19. mitri divisque: matri, by singling out Venus, makes her most important. 20. auspicibus: in appos with mStri dzvisque, ' as favorers'; freely, 'that they might bless,' etc. The auspex, who, in connection with some work, secured favorable omens (cf. n. on nmanen, ii. 178) was naturally looked upon as a supporter of that work. 21. caelicolum: gen. pl.; ~88. 22. qu... summo, ' on the top of which.' 23. densis... myrtus, 'myrtle bushes bristling with thick-crowding spears.' myrtus is a coll. sing., a fact shown by virgulta. The myrtle meant by V. is a shore-loving plant, with spearlike stem, eight to ten feet high, and so is quite different from the creeping plants now commonly but erroneously called myrtle. 24. silvam pictures well the dense growth of the myrtle. Aeneas naturally sought to gather some of the myrtle, for the plant was sacred to Venus. 27, 28. Join quae... arbs... huic closely together: 'from that tree which.' huzi is dat. of interest, the tree being personified. atro... sanguine: modal abl. with licuntur, or abl. of char., 'black-blooded,' with guttae. Iicuntur: from liquor; for the spelling see on secuntlr, i. 185. LIBER III 223 et terram tAbo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror membra quatit, gelidusque coit formidine sanguis. Rfirsus et alterius lentum convellere vimen Tnsequor et caussas penitus temptare latentis;.Lter et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. Malta movens animo nymphas venerabar agrestis (;radivumque patrem, GeticIs qui praesidet arvis, rite secundarent visfs omenque levarent. Tertia sed postquam maiore hastilia nisf adgredior genibusque adversae obluctor harinae, (fMloquar an sileam?) gemitus lacrimabilis imo auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad auris: 'Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? iam parce sepulto, parce pias scelerare manis. Non me tibi Troia externum tulit ant cruor hic de stipite manat. IIeu! fuge crfudels terras, fuge litus avarum; nam Polydorus ego. Hie confixum ferrea texit tSlorum seges et iaculis increvit acutis.' 35 40 45 31, 32. convellere... temptare: for mood see ~ 164. temptUre is used as Jn ii. 38. 33. et alterius corresponds metricallyto et alterius, 31. See ~265. ater, too, repeats dtro, 28. 34. nymphas... agrestis: see ~291. Aeneas prays to the deities in whose special care this place is. 35, 36. Gradivum.. patrem: Mars; see ~283. Geticis, 'Thracian,' though the Getae really lived far to the north of the Thracians. Roman writers, esp. the poets, show much carelessness and even ignorance in matters geographical. This vs. illustrates Mavortia, 13. rite... levarent, '(imploring them) to give a favorable turn to what I had seen,' etc. Aeneas is giving his own prayer in 0. 0.; he said secundate levIte. 39. eloquar an sileam? subj. of dellb. question; see on credant, i. 218. 40. reddita: cf. reddere voces, i. 409. reddita = 'returned by way of answer,' the groan being conceived of as a reply to Aeneas's repeated attempts to tear up the myrtle. 41. iam, 'at last,' i.e. after this third attempt. For its use with the imp. cf. huc tandem concede, ii. 523, with n. sepulto, 'one who has been buried,'; see on profectis, i. 732. sepulto does not denote burial proper, but merely the covering of the body with sand, 38 (cf. tumulus, 22), due to the action of wind and wave. 42. n6n: very emphatic; its force extends through the whole sentence. 'It is not true that Troy-orrthat,' etc. 44. criudlis... avarum: transferred epithets; ~ 194. The adjs. are explained by 45, 46 and 49-52. 45. confixum... txit = (me-) confixit et texit. texit, like seges, 46, points to the number of the tela. 46. laculis.. acutis: modal abl., 'with,' etc.; we should say, 'into,'etc. With iaculis cf. hastilia, 37, hastilibus, 23. acitfis hints at Polydorus's suffering 224 AENEIDOS [47-61 Tur vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus obstipui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. Hunc Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno 5o infelix Priamus furtim mandfirat alendum Threici6 regi, cum iam diffideret armis Dardaniae cingique urbem obsidione videret. Ille, ut opes frfictae Teucrum et fortufna recessit, res Agamemnonias victrlciaque arma secutus 55 fas omne abrumpit, Polyd6rum obtruncat et aur6 vi potitur. Quid n6n mortalia pectora c6gis, auri sacra fames! Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, delectos populi ad proceres primumque parentem monstra deum refero et, quae sit sententia, posco. 60 Omnibus idem animus, scelerattf excedere terra, linqui pollfitum hospitium et dare classibus Austr6s. during the process represented by increvit. The story that the myrtle shafts of the spears took root and grew into myrtle bushes would be far less strange to ancient ears than to ours; there was a story that Romulus's spear was fixed in the Aventine and grew there. 47. ancipiti, 'irresolute'; another transferred epithet. It was Aeneas that was anceps. mentem: ace. of spec. (~ 135) with pyrsses, which = oppressus. 48. steterunt.. haesit = ii. 774. 50. alendum: cf. videndam, ii. 589, with n. 51. regi: Polymestor. 52. obsidi6ne is inconsistent (~49) with the narrative in Book II; nothing is said there of a regular siege. Blockades belong to a period later than Homer. 55. fas omne: i.e. every sacred tie. Polymestor was bound by treaty with Priam and Troy, 15, by the confidence Priam had reposed in him (cf. mandrrat, 50), and by the laws of hospitality, since Polydorus was an inmate of his house. 66. potitur: the verb here follows the third conjugation; cf. ~ 101. The details of 49-52, were, of I course, known long before this by Aeneas Those given in 53 56 were probably furnished to Aeneas by Polydorus, though V. is silent on the point, quid... cogis, 'to what lengths do you not drive the souls of men?' For quid see ~ 134; it is really an ace. of extent of space. 57. sacra, 'accursed.' See Vocab. Aeneas's words would remind Dido of her own sufferings through the avarice of Pygmalion; see i. 346-364, esp. 363, 364. 58, 59. ad proceres... refero: V. has in mind the custom whereby disturbing prodigies were referred to the Roman Senate. Cf. referre ad senkternm. 60, 61. excedere... dare: the infins. depend on omnibus... amnznms, which = omnis idem cupiunt. linqui: the pass. after the act. exclere is due to V.'s love of variety (see ~ 181), or perhaps to the demands of the meter. Eng. would prefer three act. infins. hospitium: here 'guestland.' dare.. Austros: i.e. to suffer the winds to reach our fleet, a poetic substitute for the common dare veWlta eents. Austros = ven tis (~ 190); the Aeistri proper would not have helped the Trojans from Thrace to Delos, their next stopping plai e. 62-75] LIBER III 225 Erg6 instauramus Polyd6r6 ffinus et ingens aggeritur tumu1o tellus; stant Manibus arae caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso et circum Iliades crinem de m6re soluitae; inferimus tepid6 spumantia cymbia lacte sanguinis et sacri pateras animamque sepulcr6 condimus et magna supremum voce ciemus. Inde, ubi prima fides pelago placataque venti dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum, deducunt socil navis et litora complent. Provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque reccdunt. Sacra mari colitur medi6 gratissima tellus Nereidum matri et Neptfin Aegaeo, quam pius Arcitenens oras et litora circum 65 70 75 62. instauramus, ' we solemnize'; properly, 'perform anew.' Polydorus had not been duly buried; a murderer seldom gives his victim a full f inus. See on sepulto, 41. V.'s phrase is therefore wrong, and is due to a confusion of thought; the present rites constitute the beginning of the true fPnus, but are also a renewal of the process of covering the body from sight. ing6ns = an adv., ' to a great height.' 63. tumulo: cf. 22, 40. stant: i.e. 'are set up'; see on telo, i. 99. 64. caerulels: here simply 'dark.' atra: cypress was burned on the funeral pyre and planted before the tomb. See also on atro... v.eneno, ii. 221. 65. crinem... soltae: for constr. see ~ 136. For the act cf. crinibus... passis, i. 480. 66. inferimus suggests the noun inferiae, the technical term for offerings to the dead. New milk, blood, wine, oil, honey, and water were thus offered. The spirits were supposed to partake in some way of these things. tepido: i.e. fresh, newly-drawn. 67. sanguinis..sacri: i.e. the blood of victims devoted to the gods. 68. condimus, 'we put to rest'; see on inhumfati, i. 353. The Romans thought that the spirit, when thus quieted, became a spirit of good instead of evil. supr6mum: adv., 'for the last time'; cf. hoc tantum, ii. 690, with n. ciemus, 'invoke.' For the thought see on ii. 644. 69-71. pelag6: abl. with fJdes (est nobis); cf. abl. with diffidere, 51, and with confidere, i. 452. placata... maria: i.e. by blowing gently. Cf. mulcere... uent5, i. 66, with n. lenis crepitans... Auster, 'the wind's gentle rustle.' lenis = an adv.; ~ 195. Auster: see on dare... Austros, 61. ddfucunt (sc. in mare) is the opposite of subdicere, i. 551. 73-120. 'We sail to Delos and consult Apollo. He bids us seek the land where first our nation dwelt. My father explains that we must sail for Crete.' 73. colitur... tellus: cf. 13. 74. Nereidum matri: Doris, wife of Nereus. For the double hiatus in this vs. see ~~257, 258. Neptuno Aegaeo: see ~ 285. 75. Arcitenens: Apollo; ~281. 226 AENEIDOS [76-90 errantem Mycono e celsa Gyaroque revinxit imm6tamque coli dedit et contemnere ventos. Huc feror, haec fessos tfut placidissima port ft accipit. Egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem. 80 Rex Anius, rex idem hominum Phoebique sacerdbs, vittis et sacra redimitus tempora laur6 occurrit. Veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum; iungimus hospitio dextras et tecta subimus. Templa del sax& venerabar structa vetusto: s5 'Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum, da moenia fessis et genus et mansuram urbem; serva altera Troiae Pergama, reliquias Danaum atquie immitis Achilll. Quem sequimur? quove ire iubes, ubi ponere sedes? Da, pater, augurium atque animis inlabere nostris.' 90 Vix ea fatus eram: tremere omnia visa repente, 76. e... revinxit: for constr. see ~140, n. celsa: Myconos is anything but lofty. See on Geticis, 35. Latin poets were apt to call all islands high, thinking, no doubt, of the way in which the sides of some islands rise boldly from the sea. 77. coll = esse, with the further notion that henceforth the island was habitable; cf. colitur, 13, 73. dedit has the meaning and the constr. of passus est; ~ 161. 75-77 mean simply that Delos was a floating island, until Apollo made it immovable. pius, 'grateful,' 75, is important, giving the ground for Apollo's act. Delos had sheltered Latona (i. 502) when she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. 79. egressi: as in i. 172. 80. rex idem... sacerdos, 'at once king... and priest.' The old Roman kings had this double character but under the republic the two functions iiere d(istinct. Augustus united them again iil his own person V. is probably alluding to that fact. 81. redimitus tempora: for constr. cf. ~136. lauro: sacred to Apollo and hence at times called Delian. 84. templa: i.e. the god and all that belonged to him. Between 83 and 84 some time has plainly elapsed, the two scenes being quite distinct. 85. da... da: i.e. by telling us how to procure them. With the prayer for a city cf. i. 437. propriam: see the n. on this word in i. 73. 86. genus: i e. a line of descendants. The prayer was fulfilled in the qenwP. Latinumr, i. 6. altera, 'second,' as often Of this second city Aeneas has learned from Hector, ii. 294, 295. Here by faith he speaks of it as already existing 87. Pergama: as in ii. 177, ii. 291, ii 375, etc. r6liquias... Achilll: ct. i. 30. Here the phrase emphasizes the Trojan need of divine protection. 88, 89. quem sequimur: we might have had the subj., as in eloquar an sileam, 39. In all periods of Latin, however, we occasionally find the indic. in such questions. animis inlabere: i.e. inspire our minds with knowledge of the future, that we may know what to do. 0 0 91-108] LIBER III 227 liminaque laurusque del, totusque movcri m6ns circum et mufgire adytis cortina reclfisis. Summissi petimus terram, et v6x fertur ad auris: 'Dardanidae dufri, quae vos a stirpe parentum prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ibere laet6 accipiet reduces. Antiquam exquirite matrem. Hie domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur 6ris et nati nit6rum et qui nascentur ab illls.' Haec Phoebus, mixt6que ingens exorta tumultf laetitia, et ciacti, quae sint ea moenia, quaerunt, qu6 Phoebus vocet errantis iubeatque reverti. Tur genitor veterum volv6ns monumenta vir6rum 'Audite, 6 procer6s,' ait, 'et sp6s discite vestras. Creta lovis magni medi6 iacet insula ponto, mons Idaeus ubi et gentis cunabula nostrae. Centum urb6s habitant magnas, utberrima regna, maximus unde pater, si rite audita recordor, Teucrus Rhoeteas primum est advectus ad 6ris 95 100 105 91, 92. limina denotes the temple, laurus a grove outside. For the quantity of the -que appended to limina see ~241. mons: Cynthus by name. mugire... reclusis: V. has in mind Apollo's temple at Delphi. There a tripod was set over a fissure in the rocks whence issued with a roar (nmugire) mephitic vapors which were believed to aid in the inspiration of the prophetess. On this tripod rested the cortzna, i e. something shaped like a caldron, which formed the actual seat of the priestess. Render corttna by 'tripod,' or 'the seat of the priestess.' 93. summissi, 'reverently'; lit., 'bended (low).' 95. ubere laet6= (1) 'with joyous breast (heart),' (2) 'with fruitful sustenance.' (1) was probably more in V.'s thoughts (note tulit just preceding, and mdtrem, 96), but it of course involves (2), the mother's breast being the children's sustenance. 96. antiquam... matrem: on this oracle see ~ 313. 100. ea moenia: i.e. the walls of whose erection Apollo's reply had in effect given them assurance. 101. errantis, 'the wanderers'; see on venientum, i. 434. 102. veterum: as in i. 23. volvens: as in i. 305. monumenta, ' traditions.' The word may be used of anything that helps to perpetuate the past. 104. Iovis magni: with irsula. Jupiter was said to have been born in Crete. 105. mons Idaeus: emphatic; hence its position. It is because there is a Mt. Ida in Crete as well as one near Troy that Anchises believes Crete to be the antiqua mafter meant by Apollo. 106. habitant, 'men dwell in.' uberrima recalls iUbere taets, 95. 107. maximus, 'eldest' (i. 521), in the sense ot 'earliest.' pater, 'sire,' 'ancestor.' 228 AENEIDOS [109-123 optavitque locum regn6. Nondum Ilium et arces no Pergameae steterant; habitabant vallibus imis. Hinc mater cultrix Cybelae Corybantiaqne aera Idaeumque nemfs, hinc fida silentia sacris et iuncti currum dominae subiere leones. Ergo agite et, divum dicunt qua iussa, sequamur; 115 placemus ventos et Gn6sia regna petamus. Nec longo distant cursu; modo Iuppiter adsit, tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in orls.' Sic fatus meritos aris mactavit honoress taurum Neptfin, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, 120 nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam. Fama volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis Idomenea ducem desertaque litora Cretae, hoste vacare domos sedesque adstare relictas. 109. optavit... regn6: cf. Caes. B. G. ii. 18 locum nostri castris delegerant; see ~ 123. 110. steterant: for meaning see on stant, 63. habitabant: cf. habitant, 106. 111. hinc: i.e. from Crete. mater: of goddesses, as pater of gods, 35, 89. We should say, 'the rites in honor of the mother.' Cybelae: obj. gen. with cultrix; the ref. is to the goddess Cybele. See ~~ 274, 275. aera: cymbals of bronze; ~187. 112. Idaeum... nems: i.e. all that this grove stands for. Cf. silvt... Idaea, ii. 696, 697. Cybele's grove on the Trojan Ida is thought of as set apart by Teucer to be a counterpart of that in Crete. For scansion of nemus see ~ 243. sacris: dat. of interest with venit or erat to be supplied. 113. dominae, 'their queen.' subiere: we should say, 'hence, too, came the custom whereby yoked lions take their places beneath,' etc. In ancient times draught animals were yoked as oxen are to-day, and so were almost literally beneath the vehicle to which they were harnessed. 115. placemusvent6s: i.e. that they may allow us to sail. Cf. ii. 108-118, esp. placastis ventos, 116, with notes. 116, 117. nec... cursu: the distance was about 150 miles. modo... sistet: lit., 'only let Jupiter stand by us, the third day,' etc., i.e. if only Jupiter stands by us, etc. 118. honores: as in i. 49, i. 632. 120. nigram.. albam: black vic tims were regularly offered to destructive powers, white to auspicious forces. In the one case the object was to avert the baneful influence of the powers, in the other to win their favor. Hiemi: the storm-god. Zephyris: properly the west winds, which were usually gentle and helpful, but here 'zephyrs' in the modern sense. The west wind would not help one much in a voyage from Delos to Crete. 121-146. 'We go to Crete and begin a city. Soon a pestilence assails us, and Anchises bids us go back to Delos to consult the oracle again.' 122. deserta: sc. esse. 123. sedes... relictas, 'the seats its people had abandoned stood ready to our hand.' 124-138] LIBER III 229 Linquimus Ortygiae portuis pelagoque volamus bacchatamque iugis Naxon viridemque Donysam, Olearon niveamque Paron sparsasque per aequor Cycladas et crebris legimus freta concita terris. Nauticus exoritur vari6 certamine clamor; hortantur socil, 'Cretam proav6sque petamus.' Pr6sequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis et tandem antiquis Crettum adlabimur oris. Erg6 avidus muros optatae molior urbis Pergameamque voc6 et laetam cognomine gentem hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis. lamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes, conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus, iura domosque dabam, subito cum tabida membris corrupto caeli tractf miserandaque venit 125 130 135 124. Ortygiae: here the old name of Delos. 125. bacchatam... Naxon, 'Naxos, on whose heights the Bacchantes held their revels'; lit., ' Naxos, reveled over on its heights.' For the dep. prtcpl. in pass. sense see on Achate, i. 312. The use here is somewhat strained since bacchor is not a trans. verb; but see on credita, ii. 247. viridem: on account of its foliage. 126. niveam: the island is rich in marble; ci. i. 593. 127. Cycladas, 'the rest of the Cyclades'; the islands of 125, 126 belong to that group. legimus, 'we skim,' a sense derived from the root meaning 'pick,' 'cull' (flowers, etc.), through the idea of the quick, light touch for which such action calls. concita (from concieo), 'roughened'; the channels between the islands mike race ways for the waves. 128. nauticus = nautarum. vario certamine: coll. sing. in causal abl. The ships break into little groups, the members of which strive to outdo one another. 129. socil suggests mutual dependence and makes hortantr =hortantur inter se. Cretam... petamus gives the means of hortantur, ' they exhort one another with the cry,' etc. 130. pr6sequitur: a fine word, often used of complimentary escorts, e.g. in Cic. Cat. ii. ~1. euntis: sc. nos. 133. Pergameam: others give the name as Pergamum. With voc6 sc. urbem or earn. cognomine here = nomine; so often in verse and later prose. The name reminds them of old Troy and its once glorious history. 134. t6ctis: dat. of interest, 'for their dwellings' sakes,' i.e. to guard their dwellings. 135-137. iam... cum (137): common correlatives in V.; cf. 11. 567, 730, 731. Here the thought is, 'Just about (fere) the time that the acts of 135-137 were completed, suddenly a pestilence set in.' operata (est) has the sense and the constr. of operam dedit. tra... dabam: cf. the account of Dido, i. 507. tabida: with lues, 139. For position see ~207. Note juxtaposition in tabida mermrbris; human bodies and wasting 230 230 ~~~AENEIDOS [3-5 [139-155 arboribusque satisque 1u~s et 1htifer aninus. 140 Linqu~,hant dulcis animas aut aegra trah~bant corpora; turn sterilis exf~rere Sirius agro3s; dr~lbant herbae, et victum seges aegra negabat. lifirsus ad ~rdclum Ortygiae Phoebumque rern~nso_ hortdtur pater ire mar! veniarnque precari, 145 quarn fessis finem r~lbus ferat, unde lab~rum temptare auxilium inibeat, quai vertere cursfis. iNox erat, et terris anirndlia somnius hab~bat; effigi~ls sacrac divum Phrygiique Penats, qu~s m~curn a Tr~iA medilsque ex ignibus urbis 150 extuleram, vlsi ante oculos adstare iacentis in somnis multa mnanifesti limine, qua s6i plna per insertats fund~bat lhna fenestras, turn sic adfari et ciiras his de-mere dictis: 'Quod tibi d~lWt Ortygiarn dictfirits Apoll6 est, 155 hic canit et tua n~s Cm ultra ad limina mittit. pestilence have nothing in common. membris: freely, 'upon our limbs'; strictly, a dat. of interest (disadvantage), ' to our bodies' hurt.' 139. annus, ' season.' 140-142. aegra... corpora: ef. hi. 565, 566. sterirls: proleptic; 193. extirere... 5.rdbant: for the hist. infin. beside the indic. see ~157. 143, 144. rursus... 6riclum: for the first visit see 84ff. remiins6 marl: ef. pelaq5& -. - remi,~as6, ii. 181, with n. veniam: properly ' favor,'I 'indulgence'; the nature of the favor must be inferred from the context. Here it is an answer to the questions of 145, 146. veniam... precfiri = ' to beg him grac-iously to make plain.' 145, 146. fessis... rebus, 'our wearied fortunes': a case of transferred epithet. It is the 'Trojans that are weary. finem: feni. as; in ii. 554. lab~rum.. auxilium: freely, 'the hielp1 our troubles need.'I labnWi'ei is obj. gen., see ~ 119, a. temptire, ' search for,'I a meaning that comes out of the idea of 'probing' seen in 32. 147-191. 'The Penates appear to me by night and bid me make for Italy. We depart.' 148. -que: for use see ~ 198. 149, 150. qu~s... extuleram: cf. ii 293-297, ii. 717. iacentis agrees A ith a gen. (mzei = mds to be supplied with oculis, ' mine eyes as I lay.' 151. mainfst: a strong word (s,,ee Vocab.), treated here as=p1dnj mdnstrdti. See on t8W, i. 99. 152. insertis: sc. in parietis; freely, 'in the walls.'I Romaii houses had fe-v windowNs, sometimes none at all. Light came from the open courts, round which the rooms were built. To Roman readers, therefore, inse?-tes would carry an emphasis, ' through the windows-for such there were.' 1153 = ii. 775, though its constr. is different. 154. ddli.t6 (~wi dildtes eris. 155. Il~c: adx, emphatically con 156-1721 156-172] ~LIBER III 31 23 N~s tU Dardanii-i itc~nsid tuaque arna secfiti, uiis tumidum. sub t, perm.Ensi classibus aequor 1dem ventfir~s to~lmus in astra nep~t~s irnperiurnque urbi dabimus; tft moenia ma-gniis mfigna pard longumque fuigae, nE, lirique labbrem. Mfitandae s~d~s;j n~n haec tibi Miora sudsit Dclius ant 5r~tae iussit c~nsldere ApollO. Est locus (ilesperiam. Grd-1 cognomine dicuint), terra antiqua, pot~ns armis atque fibere glaebae; Gen~trI coln~re virn; nunie f Ama min~r~s Italiam. dixisse ducis d& n~mine gentem. IHae n~bls propriae s~ld~s, lino Dardanus ortus Jiisiusque pater, genus ii qu6 prnucipe nostrum, Surge age et haec lactus longaevo- dicta parenti haud dubitanda refer; Corythum. terra-sque requirat Ausonids. Dictaea negat tibi Juppiter arva.' Talibus attonitus visis et v~ce de~rum. 1S0 165 170o trasted with dillitj Ortygiamn. et... mittit in thought=per nostra dra. tua n6s: see on tf mild, i. 78. Cf. nbs Pt, 156. 156. 157. secftl and perm~nsl==rel. clauses, qui seci-tti sunmus, etc. sub t6= tj duce. 158. 1dem, ' likewise.' For this semiadverbial use of idem cf. Cic Cat. i. ~ 7, dixi eqo idem in 8enati7.t to~llmus in astra: i.e. we shall give them superhuman glory; cf. Caesar... aslris, 1. 286, 287. In feris ad sidera, i. 259, the ref. is to the actual deification of Aeneas. 159, 160. imperium, ' might, ma-,jesty, and dominion'; a very broad word. With imperi urn... dabimus cf. Jupiter's words, imperium.... dedf, i. 279. urbl, 'your (promised)city,' repeats ea mioenia, 100. ttL balances ads, 157. moenia.. migna, 'a mighty city for the mighty.'I mifgafs refers to the nep~tjs and the urbs of 158, 159. longum: cf. Creusa's warning, longa... arandumn, ii. 780. 161. u~n goes with both verbs in 161, 16-2. Cf.- nin... rnFiaat, 42, 43, with note. 162. DMius... Apo1l6: for the distribution see on gravem, i. 728. We get in effect separate subjects to suffst and iussit. Cr~tae: for case see ~ 148. 163 -166 = i. 530-533. See Johns;ton's Metrical Licenses of Vergil, ~ 16, note 2. 167. n6bis: the Penates count themselves and Troy one. propriae: cf. propriawn, 85. 168. pater: as in the phrdsse paler AenFFT3. genus... nostrum (est) do. scribes Jasius as the founder of th( Trojan race. Everywhere else V. gives that honor to 1)ardanus. For the inconsistency see ~ 49; bear in mind, too, V's love of variety (~181). principe: to be construed like auspicibUs, 20. 169. laetus: because at last you know your allotted home. 170. refer: cf. ref eri, 59. 171. Ausoniis =Jtalicdis. Strictly, the Ausones were but a single tribe on the coast of Latium. See ~ 188. By the samne figure Dictaea = Crltica. 232 AENEIDOS [173-187 (nec sopor illud erat, sed cbram agnbscere vultus velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar; 175 turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor) corripi6 e stratis corpus tendoque supinas ad caelum cum voce mantis et mfinera libo intemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore Anchisen facio certum remque ordine pando. iso Agnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentes seque novo veterum d6ceptum errore locornm. Tum memorat: 'Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis, sola mihi talis casfis Cassandra canebat; nunc repeto haec generi portendere debita nostr6 185 et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventfuros litora Teucros crederet? aut quem turn vates Cassandra moveret? 173-175. nec... sudor gives the reason for attonitus, 172; nec thus = neque enim, i. 198, ii. 376. sopor, 'a (mere) dream'; so somnus at times =somnium. illud: an exception to the rule laid down in the n. on hoc, i. 17. c6ram: i.e. 'fully.' vultus: sc. divum Penatiumnqze (cf. 148). velatis: sc. vittis; see on vittas... potentem, ii. 296, and on infula, ii. 430. praesentia, by repeating the idea of coran, emphasizes the substantial character of the vision. The word is esp. used of manifestations of the divine presence; cf. Cic. Cat. in. ~ 18 i a praesents, etc. turn, ' besides'; the marked effect of the vision is proof of its reality. 176, 177. tend... cum v6ce manas: cf. cael... tetendtf, i. 688, also peiem...repressif, ii. 378, with n. suplnas: freely, 'reverent.' For the exact idea see on palmfas, i. 93. munnera: sc. vimi. 178. intemerata: a strong word for 'choice.' focis: dat., =in focos; cf. in menaam....libavit, i. 736. The hearth was the altar of the Penates. 179. certum: Caesar would have written certiorem. 180. prolem ambiguam and gemn - nos... parents correspond. For the Cretan-Trojan line see 103-113, for tne Italian-Trojan see 163-171. 181. nov6, 'strange'; virtually 'absurd.' It was absurd to mistake the relation borne to the Trojan race by lands known as long as Crete and Italy had been known. The juxtaposition novd veterum is bad, since the words are not opposed to each other as simply ' new' and ' old.' For the gen. loc6rum see ~ 119, especially the note. 184. repeto: sc. memoria, ' I recall.' haec sums up the speech of the Penates, 156-171. portendere: sc. eam as subject. debita: in pred. appos. with haec, ' a a debt owed,' i.e. by the Fates. 185. vocare, 'named,' 'had on her tongue. 186, 187. quis... crederet, 'who would have believed,' looks to a neg. answer. For the thought cf. ii. 246, 247. For the form of the question cf. quis... temtperet, ii. 6-8, quis... possit, ii. 361,362. The questions cited above from Book II refer to the fut., those in 186, 187 to the past; hence the difference in tense. 188-204] LIBER III 233 Cedamts Phoebo et moniti meliora sequamur.' Sic ait, et cuncti dicto paremus ovantes. Hanc quoque deserimus sedem paucisque relictis vela damus vastumque cava trabe currimus aequor. Postquam altum tennere rates nec iam amplius ullae apparent terrae, caelam undique et undique pontus, turn mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imberN noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Continuo venti volvunt mare, magnaque surgunt aequora; dispersi iactamur gurgite vasto. Involvere diem nimbi, et nox fmida caelum abstulit; ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. Excutimur cursfiet caecis erramus in undis. Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo nec meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda. Tris adeo incertos caeca caligine soles erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes; 190 195 200 188. Phoeb6=Apollin; he had spoken through the Penates (154, 155). moniti (sc. ab eo) is causal. 190. quoque: i.e. as well as Thrace, 69 72. paucis... relictis: i.e. to people the newly-founded city. 191. cava suggests the idea of ' frail.' trabe, 'ships'; ~187. Note the coll. sing. aequor: for constr. see ~132, and note. 192-277. 'On the fourth day we come to the Strophades Islands. There we have an encounter with the Harpies. We depart and sail along the coast of Greece till we land at Actium.' 193. caelum, 'only the sky'; sc. appar,et. Note the advers. asyndeton. 194. caeruleus: as in 64. imber here = nimbus; see ~ 186. 195. inhorruit... tenebris, 'the waves shivered at the darkness'; tenebrzs is causal abl. The whole expression is an elaborate way of saying, ' the seas grew rough and dark.' 196. vent... mare: cf. vdstos... fluctFls, i. 86. 197. gurgite vasto: as in i. 118. 198. nox umida practically ='rain and darkness.' 199. lgnes: as in crebrls micat ignibus aether, i. 90. ingeminant, ' flash incessantly,' corresponds to crebris in that passage. It will be interesting and instructive to compare in detail V. 's accounts of the two storms. 200. caecis: here 'unknown.' 201. ipse: with PalinUrus. He was chief pilot of Aeneas's fleet. 202. nec = et non; sc. ait or dicit out of negat. In prose we should have se expressed as subject of discernere and meminisse. 203. adeo emphasizes trZs, giving a force like 'three long and weary days.' incerts... caligine, 'obscured by sightless gloom.' The days were incerti because one could hardly tell whether it was night or day; cf. 198, 201. 234 234 ~~~AENEIDOS [0.2 [205-221 2,05 quarto terra die- pri-mum se attollere tandem visa, aper~re procul monti-s ac volvere fimum. Y&Ia cadunt, r~mis Itisurgimus; haud mora, nautae adnixi torqnent spfimds et caerula verrunt. Servatitm ex undis Strophadum m~~ litora primumi 210 accipiiint. Strophades Gr~i6i stant n~mine dictae insulae ioni6 in mdgn6, quils, dira CelaenO5 Jlarpyiaeque colunt aliae, Phinla postquam elausa domus m~iisfsque metft liqu~re pri~r~s. TrIstius haud illis m~nstrum, nec saevior filla 215 pestis et ira deum Stygiis s~s6 extulit undis. Virginel volucrum vultfis, foedissima ventris pr651uvi~s, uncaeque manfis, et pallida semnper F5ra fame. Mue uabi d~ltiff portfis intr~vimus, ecce 220 lacta bourn passim campils armenta vid~mus ea-prigennmque pecus, nflIV) cfustode per lierb~s. 205. s,6 attollere: sc. JTmart. 206. visa (se. est): true pass-. as in i. 396, ii. 461, ii. 591. volvere flimum, ' to send up wreaths of smoke'1; the land was inhabited. 207, 208. rhmis insurgimus, ' we bend to the oars'1; lit.. 'we rise on,'I etc., i.e. we rise from our seats with each stroke and throw the whole weight of our bodies~on the oars. haud... torquent is paratactic (~~ q218. 220) for sinp morU szautae... torqutent. caerula: adj. used as noun, 'the azure deep' ~ 196, 2. verrunt, 'lash to foam,' 'churn'; properly 'sweep,' 'drive before (onae),' as oars; seem to drive water. 210. stant = stnt, with the added idea of permanence. Render, 'Strophades is the name, got from Greece, of isles that lie forever.' 211. Insulae ioni6: for scansion see ~260. With Ionij sc. 7mari. dOra, ' ominous.' The Romans derived this word fromt deasand 0(1. 212. aliae: there were three Harpies,. PhInmia = a gen. PAtnet,~ 191. postquam = ex qu6, ' ever since.' 213. clausa: sc. est eis, ' was shut against them.'I The Harpies were driven away from Phineus's house by Zetes and Calais, sons of Boreas, who pursued them as far as the Strophades. m~ns~s: i.e. of Phineus. inetti: i.e. of Zetes and Calais. 214. m6nstrumn: sc. est. 215. ira deum: a magnificent phrase, 'incarnate anger of the gods,'; cf. ~ 185. Stygils... undis: emphatic, ' even from,' etc. 216. virglnel... vultfis: i.e. the Harpieq are birds with the faces of maidens. 217, 218. pallida... fame is powerful; they are ever gorging themselves, yet are ever hungry. 220. laeta, 'glad,' as making~ glad the hearts; of those who saw them; cf,sata Meta, ii. 300. 222-239] 222-239] ~LIBER III23 235 ITnrimus fe-rrb et divas ipsumque vocitmus in partem praedarnque lovern; turn litore curv6 exstruimusque tor6s dapibusque epuldrnur opimlis. At subitae horrificO 1laps-fi d montibus adsunt Ilarpyiae et ma-gnlis quatiunt elang~ribus alias diripitintque dap~s contactifique omnia foedant immund,5; turn v,5x taetrum dira inter odarem. Rfirsurn in s~eess-5 long6 sub r-fipe cavAtfi arboribu s clausit circum atque horrentibus umbris instraimus m~nsds arlsque rep~nirnus Tignem; rfirsurn ex divers65 caell caecisque latebris turba sonauns praedarn pedibus circurnvolat uncis, polluit bre dap~s. Socils tune arma capessant 3dlc6 et dirfl bellurn curn gente gerendum. Haud Isecus ac iuss-1 faciunt ~t~ct~sqne per herbam disp~nunt Ens~ls et scfita latentia condunt. Erg6 uabi d~la-psae sonitum per curva ded~re litora, dat signum specula Mls~nus ab alta, 2.'30 2-3'S 222. ipsunjque: -queisusedasin 145. 223. in... praedam, ' to shbare our plunder,' gives indirectly (~ 225) the result of inruirnusferr5. The Romans,et as-ide for the gods a portion of the spoils of war or of lucky finds, like that of the cattle here. 224. tor~s: doubtless of turf. epul5,mur has the force and the constAr. of vescimur, for which cf. i. 546. 225. subitae= an adv., subit&. 228. tum... od~rem: freely, 'then came hideous cries,' etc. Sc. est with vax. 229, 230. in skcesstz long6: cf. and yet contrast i. 159. sub... umbris: cf. i. 310, 311, with notes. 231. rep6nimus: the prefix= 'anew.' They make a second sacrifice; the first was implied in divds... lovem, 222, 223. 232. r-Orsum... caeli answers, 'foot for foot, to riirsum... long6, 229. dfivers6 is here a noun, ' a different quarter.'I 233. turba soniins, 'the noisy crew.' Like vulgus, turba is often an uncomplinmentary term for a gathering. Pedibus... uncis: contrast uneae marn ~s, 217; see ~181. 234, 235. arma capessant and bellum... gerendum (esse) are both in 0. 0. after 6dic&. Aeneas said, Arma capessite: belium... gerendum (est). 236, 237. haud secus = haud alit er, 1. 399. ac, ' than'1; this meaning is found chiefly in poetry, after neg. phrases containing a comp. tUts... disp6nunt, ' they place here and there (dis-) in hiding.' latentia: proleptic (~ 193), giving the result of conedunst. 238. sonitum. ded~re: cf. midgnis... &kf, 226, vbx... dira, 228, and sonffe, 233. 238-244 give the result of the third attempt to feast. 239. speculi: Misenus, the trumpeter, is posted like a sentinel or scout. 236 AENEIDOS [240-256 240 aere cavo; invadunt socii et nova proelia temptant, obscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres, sed neque vim plumis fllam nec vulnera tergo accipiunt celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae semesam praedam et vestigia foeda relincunt. 245 Una in praecelsa consedit rfpe Celaeno, infelix vfats, rumpitque hanc pectore vocem: 'Bellum etiam pro caede boum straltisque invencis, Laomedontiadae, bellumne inferre paratis et patrio Harpyias insontis pellere regno? 250 Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta, quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima pand6. Italiam cursuf petitis ventisque vocatis ibitis Italiam, portfsque intrare licebit: 255 sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus nrbem, quam vos dira fames nostraeque iniuria caedis 240. nova, 'strange'; cf. novo, 181. It is explained by 241. 241. pelagi.... volucrs: the Harpies were described as daughters of Electra, whose father was Oceanus. foedare depends on the idea of effort involved in nova... temptant; see ~ 164. 242, 243. vim... accipiunt: the blows glance from their feathers and their backs. celerique: -que is used as et is in ii. 94. 244. vestigia foeda: i.e. the viands their feet had defiled; cf. praedam. uncis, 233. 246. rumpit... vocem: as inii. 129. 247, 248. bellum... bellumne: note the emphasis, both of position and of repetition. For position of -ne see on coniuinxne, ii. 597. etiam belongs with the whole question, having much the same force as tandem has with a ques tion (cf. i. 331). prB, 'in payment for.' boum: sc. nostrlram. Celaenlo means that the Harpies had done the Trojans a favor in letting them slay their cattle. For this the Trojans are making poor requital. stratis... iuvencis: for meaning see on sternit, i. 190. For constr. see on motes... flucts, i. 135. Laomedontiadae: a taunting title; Laomedon was a notorious trickster. 249. patrio, 'hereditary'; an exaggeration; the Harpies had but recently come to the Strophades. 250. animis: with both verbs. 251, 252. quae... praedixit: see ~310. Furiarum: here 'avenging powers' in general. The Harpies had been created to punish Phineus. The word adds to the horror of Celaeno's prediction. 253. italiam... petitis: this knowledge of their present purpose leads the Trojans to believe more readily her prediction. ventis... vocatis = cumr ventSs vocdritis; sc. 'to your aid.' The Trojans had done this recently; cf. 120 with 115. See also ii. 116-119. 255. datam: i.e. by the Fates. 256. nostrae... caedls: cf. spretae.. f'rnae, i. 27, with n. caedi = ' at 257-274] 257-274] ~~~LIBER IIl 23 237 amb~s~s subigat mMlis absfimere m~nsids.' Dixit et in silvam pinnis ablAta ref tigit. At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis dkriguit; cecidhre animi, nec iam amplius armlis, sed v~itis precibusque liubent exposcere piicem, sive deae sen sint dirae obsc~naeque vollucres, et pater Anchls~s passis d6 litore palmis -niimina m~gna vocat rnerit~sque hidicit boii~r~s: 'Di, prolifibke mind~s., di, tiAlem avertite cftsurn et placid! servaite pi~s!' Turn litore fftnemn d&ripere excusso-sque iubet laxa-re rudentis. Tendunt v31a NotI; fugimus spanirantibus Ufllds, qua5 cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabat. Jam medi6 apparet fluctft nemor~sa Zacynthos Dihchiumque Same-que et iN~ritos ardua saxi1s; effugimus scopulas Ithacae, Ld~rtia r~gna, et terrain altricem saev! exsecramur Ulixi;mox et Leucatae nimbasa caciimina montis 26 2 70 - tempted slaughter'1; the Trojans had not been able to harm them. See 242. The vs. = ' hunger due to the injury,'I etc. 2 57. m~lis: note the U. Dire as thi4 prediction is, it contains encouragemen t in the implied assurance of a coming city, 255. 259, 260. gelidus... d~iriguit: cf. gelidus... sanguts, 30. nec et n~n, the nin 1)eing correlative to sed, 261. 261. picem contains a special ref. to bellem in 235, 247, 248. 262. sint: subj. in 0. 0.; iubent, 261, implies speech. volucr6s: i.e. 'merely birds.'1 263. palmls: cf. supin~s..manmis, 176, 177. 264. n~mina mi.gna: i.e. gods able to overrule the Harpies. merit6s honfr6s: cf. 118. 266. fMnm= i.e. the ropes that bound the ships to the shore; coll. sing. 267. d6ripere implies the utmost haste; see on rapuit... in, i. 176. excuss~s... laxire rudentis, ' to uncoil and ease off the sheets,'I i.e. to crowd onl all sail. When a vessel was in port, the rudenti's were coiled up on deck. The hoisting of the sails would involve the uncoiling of the ropes. excutere lit. = ' to shake out straight,'I as one shakes out a garment or a blanket; it betokens hasqte. 270. nemor6sa: the 4 shows an exception, modeled, perhaps, after G k. usage, to the rule that a vowel is long before a double consonant. Note, however, that the double consonant is in a different word and cf. n. on mihd, i. 77. 271. ardua saxis: cf. Mycon6 ceOi, 76, with note. 272. scopulft Ithacae mockingly calls attention to the wretched character of the Lfertia r~gna. 273. altcem... UliX-1: for expression and constr. cf. cultrix C'ybelae, Illt. 238 AENEIDOS [275-288 275 et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. Hunc petimus fessi et parvae succedimus urbi; ancora de prora iacitur, stant litore puppes. Ergo insperata tandem tellfre potiti lustrimurque Iovi votisque incendimus iiras s80 Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora fldis. Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras nudati socii; iuvat evtsisse tot urbes Argolicis mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostis. Intere~ magnum sol circumvolvitur annum, 285 et glacialis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas; aere cavo clipeum, magni gestamen Abantis, postibus adversis figo et rem carmine signo: 'AENEAS HAEC DE DANAIS VICTORIBUS ARMA.' 275. aperitur: middle, 'looms up to view.' For the sing. see on ~nsequitur, i. 87. Apollo is briefly put for ' the height whereon Apollo's temple stands'; cf. Ucalegon = Ucalegontis domus, ii. 312. V. has in mind the promontory of Actium. 277. puppes: ships were anchored so that theni prows pointed seaward, or were drawn up on shore stern first; cf. sbductae... puppps, 135. 278-293. 'At Actium we sacrifice and hold games. After spending the winter there we move on to Chaonia.' 278. insperata: they had been sailing among islands full of their foes; cf. ivat... hostis, 282, 283. 279. lastramur: they had been defiled by contact with the Harpies. Iovi, ' out of deference to Jupiter'; dat. of interest. TheHarpies, being gifted with prophetic powers, were his minlisters (ci. ~250-252; ~ 310); the wrong done then ('256) was a wrong to him, for which atonement must be made. votis: i.e. 'the sacrifices we had vowed to offer.' incendimus: part of every victim was burned on the altar. 280. celebramus, 'throng,' i.e. honor. V. is finding a Trojan precedent lor the games established at Actium by Augustu s aft er hls i ctory there; ~ 68. 281. exercent, 'ply,' i.e. practice with might and main. patrias: an important word; the games are represented as of great antiquity. oleo labente: instr. abl., 'with the help of,' etc. The oil made the wrestler's own limbs more supple and his opponent's hold less secure. labente is a transferred epithet; it v as the wrestler's hands that slipped. 282. urb6s: on the islands of 270-273. 284. magnum... annum: cf. mdgnos.. orbis, i. 269, with n. annum is governed by the prefix of circemvolfiitur. V. simply means that the year draws to a close. They spend the winter at Actium; cf. 285. 286. magni... Abantis, 'once borne by,' etc. Abas is some Gk. warrior, identified sufficiently by the epithet ml ltqfl?. 287. postibus adversis, 'on the portal's front.' adversis lit. = ' trotng (those who approach)'; cf. fronete seb) adcerstf, i. 166, with n. The postis are doubtless those of Apollo's templle. '275. rem... signo, 'I give meanilng to my act by this verse.' signd gets this sense from the idea of making a d(,cumlent valid by signiug and sealing It. 288. arma: sc. dat, or dfdicat. The verb' is ()I tlen omitted in in.scriptions. TEHE WRvnESTLERS 289-3051 289-305] ~LIBER III23 239 Linquere turn portfis iube6i et cfnsidere trdnstrlis; certattim, soci! feriunt mare et aequiora verrunt. Pratinus iAerids Phaeacum abscondimus are~s 11toraque Epirl legimuLs portfique subimus Chilonia' et celsam BfithrAti acc~dimus urbem. Hie incr~dibilis r~rum fMma occupat aurls, Priamid~n ilelenum Grdi~s r~gndre per urb~s eoniugi6f Aeacidae Pyrrh! sc~ptrisque potitum et patri6 Andromaeh~n iterum cessisse marRt6. Obstipul, mir~que -inc~nsum peCtu —,s am~rc compelldre virum et e~sfis cognoscere tant~s. Pr~gredior portfi classis et litora linqu~ns, sollemnis cuim forte dap~s et tristia dana ante urbem in 1ftcb fals! Simoentis ad -undam hTbitbat cineri Andromach6 Mdnisque vocAbat ilectoreum ad tumuium, viridi quem caespite inilnem et geminds, causarn lacrimis, sacraverat idrds., 290 295 300 1305 289. linquere: as subject sc. ed~s= socids meds. 290. feriunt: sc. r~rnis- aequora verrunt: cf.- caerula verrunt, 208, with n. 291. abscondimus: i.e. by passing far beyond; freely, 'we leave far astern.' 292, 293. legimus: as in 127. portFi ChdoniJ and celsam Bi7thr5Uti. urbem denote the same place. For form of portit see J 91. With celsam cf. altae, i. 7. 294-355. 'I find that Helenus, son of Priam, is king of Epirus and husband of Andromache. Presently I see Andromache and later Helenus himself.' 295-297. Priamidft... marit6 is in appos. withfama; hence the infin. coniugiM = con~iuge, as in ii..579. patri6, 'ofther own race.' She had been wife of Hector; cf. ii. 455-457, with notes. cessisse, ' had passed into the possession 298, 299. am~re compellfire: for constr. see ~ 170. 301. cum forte, ' at the very moment when, as it happened.' 302. falsi, ' mimic'; this Simols reproduced that at Troy (i. 100). 303. 1-1bibat: for offerings to the dead see on inferirnus, 66. omnern -. - Minis by themselves merely = 'his ashes,'I 'his spirit,' but the position of AndromacM- makes clear the ref. to Hector. Man-is... vocibat: the tomb here contains no body; hence Hector's spirit must be summoned hither, from its res.ting-place in the tomb near Troy, to partake of the dap~s and the ddna, 301. 304. inanem really belongs with tumrnala; for its position see on igte6 -turn, ii. 59. 305. geminis... Aris: cf. stant M,7nibus arae, 63. causam lacrimis, gives the purpose of sacraverat; lacrimis is dat. of interest; she helps her tears by giving them a chance to flow. geminais...?irds is really no part of the rel. cl., which was begun to describe turnuilum only. We ought to have viridi 240 AENEIDOS [306-321 Ut me conspexit venientem et Troia circum arma amens vidit, magnis exterrita m6nstris dEriguit visfi in medi6, calor ossa reliquit: labitur et long -vix tandem tempore fatur; 310 'Verane te facies, verus mihi nufntius adfers, nate dea? vivisne? aut si lix alma recessit, Hector ubi est?' Dixit lacrimasque effidit et omnem implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti subicio et raris turbiatus v6cibus hisco: 315 'Viv6 equidem vitamque extrema per omnia dico; ne dubita; nam vSra vides. Hen! quis te casus deiectam coniuge tanto excipit, aut quae digna satis fortfna revisit? Hectoris Andromache Pyrrhin c6nfbia servis?' 320 Deiecit vultum et demissia voce locita est: 'O fllix fina ante aliis Priameia virgo,... ininen exstrixerat et ad geminds ara-s quas sacraverat, or the like. 307. monstris: the unexpected coming of Trojans. 309. labitur, 'totters,' ',falls.' longo... tempore: abl. of measure of difference with vix tandem, which is to be regarded as a strengthened post. The phrase results from a combination of vix tandem and longo post tempore. 310. facies... nuntius: in the pred. after te... adfers, which = venis or a strengthened es. Andromache's first thought is that she has merely seen a vision. 311. recessit: sc. a te. 312. Hector ubi est: the question implies a belief that the spirits have knowledge of one another's doings and is a compliment to Aeneas, since it implies that Andromache thought of Hector and Aeneas as inseparable in life and so naturally pictured them as inseparable in death. 313. furenti (sc. el), 'while her excitement lasts.' 314. subici6, 'I fling in.' raris, 'faltering.' His words stand far apart; see on apparent rfari, i. 118. 315. extrema, 'hazards.' The vs. = 'I am alive, though,' etc. 317. deiectam... tant6: a powerful phrase. Andromache's union with Hector is spoken of as a height whence she was forcibly dislodged. 318. excipit, 'greets,' with a suggestion of hostility, as often. digna satis: sc. te. qnae... revisit (sc. te) = ' or is some brighter lot coming back to you ' 319. Pyrrhin = Pyrrhine. The interrog. -ne is often thus shortened, esp. before a vowel. For its position see on coniiWnxne, ii. 597. This pathetic question carries us back to 317. Aeneas is excited (314); his first query is based on his conceptions of Andromache's fate before he heard the fma of 294-297. The second is based on that rumor. Then his mind reverts to the thought which prompted his first inquiry. This is natural; the mind dwells most on the thoughts it has longest entertained. 321. felix... ante alias = friicis 822-334] LIBER III 241 hostilem ad tumulum Troiae sub moenibus altis iussa mori, quae sortitfis non pertulit fillos nec victoris eri tetigit -aptiva cubile! Nos patria incens& diversa per aequora vectae stirpis Achilleae fastus iuvenemque superbum servitio enixae tulimus; qui deinde secutus Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoni6sque hymenaeos me famul famulamque Helen6 transmisit habendam. Ast illum ereptae magno inflammatus am6re coningis et scelerum furiis agitatus Orestes excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad &ars. Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit pars Helen6, qui Chaonios cogn6mine campos 325 330 sita; the addition of una makes the phrase resemble iustissimus unus, ii. 426. virg6 = virgofilia; the ref. is to Polyxena, slain by the Greeks on the tomb of Achilles. 322. hostilem = a gen., hostis. 323. iussa=a causal cl. For the thought of felix.. morl cf. Aeneas's cry, i. 94-96. sortitis: i.e. of the spoil and the captives. 325. n6o = ego; note the advers. asyndeton. 326. stirpis Achillae: Pyrrhus. fastus... superbum: parallelism. To a mature woman like Andromache the youth of Pyrrhus made his whims harder to bear. 327. servitio enixae, 'having born child, too, in slavery.' enitor is seldom thus used without an object likepuerrnm. servitio is temp. abl. without a prep., though it has no modifier. In classical prose this use is confined to certain words like nocte, die, hieme, which themselves express time. 328. Lacedaemoni6s: i.e. with the Spartan maid Hermione. hymenaeos: as in i. 651. 329. m... habendam: we should expect mefamulo Heleno famulam transmnsit habendam. Andromache describes the one act of Pyrrhus in terms more properly suited to an account of two acts. rne and famulam twice describe Andromache, as famul5 and Helen6 twice identify Helenus. For the separation of these words cf. n. on Delius... Apollo, 162. transmisit: a scornful substitute for in m(atrimonium dedit. 330, 331. illum: Pyrrhus. ereptae...coniugis: Menelaus, not knowing that Hermione had been secretly betrothed to Orestes, gave her to Pyrrhus. coniugis, like gener, ii. 344, expresses the desired, not the actual, relation. scelerum: see Orestes in Vocab. furis: the ancients hardly distinguished the frenzy born of remorse from the Furies proper. Roman readers would think of a famous Gk. tragedy in which the pursuit of Orestes by the Furies was portrayed. Orestes murdered Pyrrhus because he had suffered from him a personal injury and because he was not himself. 332. excipitcw m: cf i ncam: cf. icautum superat, i. 350. 333. cessit: as in 297. The cultured Roman reader, remembering that Pyrrhus, warned by Helenus, had returned from Troy by land and so had escaped the dangers which beset the other chiefs, 242 AENEIDOS [335-385 335 Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaone dixit Pergamaque Iliacamque iugis hanc addidit arcem. Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae Fata ded6re? ant quisnam ignarum nostris dens appulit oris? Quid puer Ascanius? superatne et vescitur aura? 340 quem tibi iam Troia. Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cura parentis? Ecquid in antiquam virtfutem animosque virilis et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector?' Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat 345 incassum fletis, cum sese a moenibus heros Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus adfert, agnoscitque suos laetusque ad limina dficit et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. Proced5 et parvam Troiam simulataque magnis 850 Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum would suppose that Pyrrhus left his realm to Helenus in gratitude. 335. Chaoniam.. dixit: briefly put for 'called the whole region Chaonia.' 336. Pergama... arcem: reproductions of those at old Troy; cf. fal8s Simoentis, 302. 338. quisnam: cf. quonam, ii. 595, nam quae, ii. 373, with n. ignarum gets its meaning from its position beside nostrs... orls; it =' without knowing that you were so soon to see friends.' 339. quid... Ascanius, 'what of the lad,' etc.; an idiomatic expression in which originally some verb like aqit orfacit was employed. superat: as in ii. 597, ii. 643. vescitur aura: as in i. 546. 340. quem... Tr6ia: perhaps V. purposely left the vs. incomplete, preferring merely to suggest his meaning. Tr6oi is, perhaps, part of an abl. abs., 'when Troy was already.... ' 341. amissae = qzuamquamr earn imLisit. How Andromache knows that Creusa is dead V. does not indicate. 342. ecquid, 'at all'; in same constr. as rmultumn, i. 5. virtatem: sc. TI didnorum. 343. pater... Hector: i.e. the fact that he has Aeneas for a father, etc. avunculus: Creusa was sister of Hector, the first husband of Andromache. 345. incassum: because tears could not alter the past. 347. suos, 'his countrymen.' 348. multum, 'copiously.' verba...singula: an extravagant and incorrect phrase. The vs. means that the meeting affected Helenus as it had Aldromache (312, 344) and Aeneas (314) The tears are in part due to Joy, in part to sorrowful recollections inspired by the meeting. With fine taste V. suppresses the words of Helenus. Two speeches might weary the reader; besides, Andromache had said all that could be said. 349. simulata, 'made like unto,' a rare sense; for the dat. with it see ~~ 124, 125. With magnis sc. Pergames. 350. arentem' i.e. half dry, tiny; it corresponds to parwvat, 349. H)tnmc 351-365] LIBER III 243 agnOscO Scaeaeque amplector llmina portae. Nec non et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuntur. Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis; aulal medio llbabant pocula Bacchi inpositis auro dapibus pateraisque tenlbanlt. Iamque dies alterque dies processit, et aurae vela vocant, tumidoque inflatur carbasus Austr6. His vatem adgredior dictis ac talia quaeso: 'Troiugena, inteipres divum, qui numina Phoebi, qui tripodas, Clarii laurus, qui sidera sentis et volucrum linguas et praepetis omina pinnae, fare age (namque omnem cursum mihi prospera dixit religiO, et cfincti sutasrunt nlmine divi Italiam petere et terras temptare repostas; sola novum dictfique neffas Harpyia Celaeno 360 365 describes the Trojan Xanthus as 'whirling.' Xanthi cogn6mine involves an abl. of char.; see on praestanti corpore, i. 71. 'Xanthus-named' would give the force of the constr. 351. Scaeae.. portae: cf. ii. 612, with n. With amplector limina cf. amplexae.. tenent, ii. 490. This embrace is one of recognition, that of farewell. 352. Teucri: they had gone forth with Aeneas (300); see ~ 225. socia... urbe, 'the city's friendship'; the emphasis is on the adjective. 354. aulai medi6 = the prose in media aula. medio is adj. = noun, in local abl. For aulaz see ~ 88. V. perhaps uses aulai here as he does atria in ii. 528. He may, however, have in mind the Gk. house, in which, in Homeric times, there was a court (aula) before the house, surrounded by colonnades. 355. aur6, 'platters of gold.' dapibus: i.e. offerings of meat to the gods (cf. 301). Of the feast referred to in 353-355 only the libations are described. For this sacrifice see on templis, i. 632. 356-462. 'Helenus declares that I can reach Italy safely only by going round Sicily. He bids me visit the Sibyl at Cumae, to learn my future in Italy.' 356, 357. dies...dies properly denotes but two days, but must here = 'day after day.' aurae... vocant: cf. lenis... vocat Auster, 70. 358. quaeso: here trans. like quaero. It is generally used parenthetically. 360. tripodas: see on mgire... reclusis, 92. lauris: cf. 81, 91, with notes. sidera: astrology was popular in V.'s time, but unknown in the Trojan days. sentis, 'dost understand.' 361. volucrum... pinnae: the ref. is to the two kinds of augury, from the notes and from the flight of birds. In i. 393-400 both kinds are exemplified, though greater stress is laid on the lat ter. praepetis: a technical term of augury, applied to birds whose flight gave omens. 363. religio, 'revelation,' agencies of religion rather than religion itself e.g. the oracle, 94-98, the visit of the Penates, 147 ff., the vision of Hector, ii. 268 ff., and the auguzria divum, 5. 364. repostas: i.e. out of the beaten tracks. 365. nefas: hereanadj.,= nefandum. 244 AENEIDOS [366-382 pr6digiim, canit et tristis d~nifintiat irds obsc~namque famem): quae prima pericula vit6 quidve sequ~ns tant~s possim superfitre lab~r~s?' file ilelenus caesis primum d6 m~3re iuvencis 370 ex~3rat palcem divumn vittftsque resolvit sacrdt! capitis m~que ad tua 1imina, Phoebe, ipse manfi mult6 susp~nsum nfimine dficit, atque haec deinde canit divin,5 ex 6re sacerd6s: 'Niite des, nam. t6 mfii~ribus ire per altum 375, auspiciis maniftsta fid~s (sic f~ta deum r~x sortitur volvitque vices, is vertitur 6rd6), pauica tibi 6 multis, qu6 tfitior hospita lflstr~s aequora et AusonlO posses c~insidere portfi, expediam dictis; prohibent nam cetera Parcae 380 scire Helenum, fdrique vetat Saturnia Jfln6. Principi,5 Italiam, quam tfi iam rare propinquam. vicin~sque, ignore, pardis invddere portfis, 366. pr6digium = m6nstrum; ~ 308 For the ref. see 253-257. 367. obsednam... famem: cf. Celaeno's phrase, dira fanW8, 256. vit6: for mood see on quem sequimur, 88. 368. sequifts contains the prot. to possim; it = si sequiar. la~b6rds: i.e. of a journey to Italy and terrae repostae, 364. 370. resolvit: Helenus wore the vittee as priest; see on inf ela, ii. 430. He removes them that he may be free to yield himself to the influence of Apollo. The physical condition of those about to receive inspiration is regularly described as abnormal. 372. mult6... nilmine, ' uplifted by the, all-pervading power of the god.' 374, 375. nam, 'since.' m~iiiribus *.. auspicils, I'nader no common auspices'1; for case see ~ 147. manifftta Aidds: as in ii. 309. 376. vicfs: the changes and chances of this mortal life, is... 6rd6: sc. if r~ge deum. The emphasis is on is, as on ea, ii. 17. &r-dd - Jrd6 rjrum. Destiny is here a revolving wheel, which in time brings to each man his lot. For the power accorded here to Jupiter see ~ 301 377-379. pauca... expediam: see, ~311. qu6... 1istrds: a purpose cl. When is qu6 used instead of ut in such a ci.? AusonW~ the harbor is that of Cuinae. 380. rairique: we should have expected ant fifri; Helenus is not privileged even to tell all he knows. 381. principi6: as in Ri. 752. ttL implies a contrast;I yoa think it is near, 1 know better.' 382. vicin~sque... port~s: we should have expected cdiebsqee vicinds, etc.; see on cui... locus, ii. 71. vicinds is, pred. to invddere portU8, 'in the thought that they are near.' In V.s time ships reached Italy from Gk. waters by crossing from Dyrrachium, just north of Eipirus, to Birundistum. 383-398] LIBER III 245 longa procul longis via dividit invia terris. Ante et Trinacria lentandus remus in unda et salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor infernique lacufs Aeaeaeque insula Circae, quam tUta possis urbem componere terra. Signa tibi dicam, tf condita mente teneto. Cum tibi sollicito secreti ad flfminis undam litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sils triginta capitum fetfs enixa iacebit alba, solo recubans, albi circum ibera nati, is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum. Nec tu mensarum morsfis horresce futuros; FFata viam invenient, aderitque vocatus Apollo. Has autem terras Italique hanc litoris 6ram, proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu, effuge; cuncta malls habitantur moenia Grais. 385 890 395 383. longis... terris: instr. abl., 'by long stretches of land,' is explained by 384-387. via... invia: such a combination of contradictory words is called oxymoron. dividit: sc. a te, 384. ante belongs with quam... poss8s, 387. See on pris... quam... fundat, i. 192, 193. lentandus: i.e. must be vigorously plied. 385. salis Ausonil: the Mare Inferum, between Sicily and Latium. 386. lacs... insula: sc. proper forms of tlstrandam (est), in the sense of 'must be skirted.' The lachs are a group of lakes in Campania, the chief of which was called Avernus or Averna. N<ear this was the fabled entrance to the lower world. Aeaeae... Circae: the promontory of Circeii, on the coast of Latium, once an island, so tradition said. 388. signa: i.e. that you have reached your destined home. 389. tibi: with inventa, 390. 390, 391. litoreis: i.e. that grow on the banks. litus, whence litoreus comes, properly= ' seashore' but sometimes = 'pa, 'riverbank.' inventa... iacebit: we should say, 'shall be found lying.' triginta capitum: gen. of definition (~111) with fetus, 'a litter.' Cf. Eng. 'head' as applied to cattle. 6nixa: cf. and yet contrast eixae, 327, with note. 392. nati: sc. inventl iacgbunt. 394. nec.. horresce: nec, instead of ne or neu, occurs with the imp. in poetry and later prose. m6nsarum morsis: predicted in 255-257. For case of morsus see ~ 130. 395. vocatus: cf. ventzs... vocatis, 253, with note. 396. has.. hanc, 'yonder'; said with a gesture. 6ram, ' stretch.' 397. proxima: for position see on ignotum, ii. 59. nostri.. aequoris: the Adriatic. 398. Grais: for case see ~ 121. Southern Italy was called Magna Graecia from the number of Greeks resident there. Gk. is still largely spoken there. 246 AENEIDOS [399-414 Hic et Narycil posuerunt moenia Locri 400 et Sallentinos obsedit milite campos Lyctius Idomeneus, hic illa ducis Meliboei parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia mfiro. Quin, ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes et positis aris iam vota in litore solves, 405 purpureo vlare comas adopertus amictfi, ne qua inter sanctos ignis in honore deorum hostilis facies occurrat et 5mina turbet. Hunc socii morern sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto; hac casti maneant in religione nepotes. 410 Ast, ubi digressum Siculae te admoverit orae ventus et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori, laeva tibi telluis et longo laeva petantur aequora circuitu; dextrum fuge litus et unudts. Haec loca vi quondam et vasta convulsa ruina 399. hic: see on has... han, 396. 401, 402. idomeneus: for his expulsion from Crete see 121-123. illa... parva together ='that small, but famous'; cf. n. on illo, ii. 274. subnixa, ' supported by,' 'secured by.' To Aeneas subnixa... mtroj would contain a menace. V. is probably alluding, however, by way of compliment, to the fact that Petelia bravely withstood Hannibal. The places mentioned are not given in geographical order; the Locri, first named, were furthest south. 403. quin: as in i. 279. steterint, 'shall have come to anchor'; cf. stant... puppes, 277, with note. 405. velare: imp. pass., in middle sense, with acc.; ~ 138. To cover one's head while praying was a Roman custom; the Greeks prayed with head uncovered. V. is supplying in the command of Helenus an ancient and dignified origin for the Roman practice; see ~ 68. 406. ignis: i.e. on the altar; cf. vots.... ars, 279, with n. in... deorum, 'while thou ait worshiping,' etc. 407. hostilis facies, 'untoward sight'; lit., 'sight hostile (to the sacl] fice).' occurrat: sc. tibi. omina: these were taken before the sacrifice and prayer and might be nullified by subsequent mishaps. 408. teneto: the so-called fut. forms of the imp. are more formal and archaic than the pres., and so are better suited to a solemn passage like this. 409. casti = an adv. religione, 'holy observance.' 411. angusti... Pelori: i.e. the strait between Pelorus and Italy: its claustra, 'shutters,' are the headlands on either side. rarescent: i.e. shall open as you approach. Cf. rtirus, as used in i. 118. 412. laeva.. laeva: the course to the left will take them, longo... circuitu, round Sicily. The course to the right would be the most natural one; hence the repetition of the command to take a different course, and the full statement of reasons for that command, 414-432. Note the alliteration in 412. 414. ruinS: we should say 'upheaval. ' 415-429] LIBER III 247 (tantum aevi longinqua valet mftare vetustas) dissiluisse ferunt, cum protinus utraque telluls funa foret; venit medio vi pontus et undis Hesperium Sicunl latus abscidit arvaque et urbes litore diductas angusto interluit aesti. Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum inplacata Charybdis obsidet atque im6 barathri ter gurgite vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctis rfirsusque sub auras erigit altern6s et sidera verberat unda. At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris 6ra exsertantem et navis in saxa trahentem. Prima hominis facies et pulchro pectore virg6 pfibe tenus, postrema immani corpore pistrix delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. Praestat Trinacril metas lustrare Pachyni 415 420 425 415. tantum... vetustas: freely, 'such vast changes can be wrought by,' etc. 416. pr6tinus, ' continuously'; with una. utraque tellus: Italy and Sicily. 417. medio: dat.,=in medium, i.e. into the gap thus made. vi,' furiously.' 418. Siculo: sc. lateri; for case see on silica, i. 174. 419. litore diductas: freely, 'standing each on its own coast.' lItore is abl. of spec.; the pl. would be more natural, but V. is thinking of the cities standing each on its own shore-line. angusto.. aestt recalls angust... Pelori, 411. 420. dextrum: i.e. as one rounds Italy from the Adriatic. For the sake of variety V. dwells most on the activity of Charybdis, most on the appearance of Scylla. 421. imo... gurgite: localabl.; freely, 'seated deep down in her pit, amid the swirling waters.' ter: Homer says thrice daily. V.'s conception here is not clear. 422. in abruptum, 'sheer downwards.' abruptum properly= a (broken off, i.e.) precipitous cliff, then the abyss which such a cliff overhangs. For the prtcpl. = a noun see ~ 196, 1. 423. altern6s, 'in turn,' makes a pleonasm with rursus, 422. 425. 6ra... trahentem: in prose we should probably have unde 6ra exsertat, etc. 426. prima: freely, 'in front'; it is to be construed with facies as summd is in in summo monte. hominis, 'human being,' without regard to sex, as in i. 328. facies is not only subject to est to be supplied, but also one of its two predicates. pulchro pectore: abl. of characteristic. 427. pabe, 'the waist.' postrema: sc. facies. 428. delphinum... lup6rum, 'uniting dolphins' tails to,' etc. The uterus is formed, or, as we should put it, encircled by wolves. caudts is object of commissa, which is to be taken as a middle. 429. praestat: as in i. 135. meta&.. Pachyni, 'to double round Pachynus.' For case of Pachyni see ~ 11. V compares the ships of Aeneas as they round Pachynus to racing chariots as 248 AENEIDOS [430-445 40 cessantem longos et circumflectere cursus, quam semel informem vasto vidisse sub antro Scyllam et caeruleis canibus resonantia saxa. Praeterea, si qua est Heleno prfdentia vati, si qua fides, animum si veris implet Apollo, 435 finum illud tibi, nate dea, proque omnibus finum praedicam et repet6ns iterumque iterumque monebo: Iunonis magnae primum prece nimen adora, Ifinoni cane vota libens dominamque potentem snpplicibus supera donis; sic denique victor 440 Trinacria finis Italos mittere relicta. Hfic ubi delatus Camaeam accesseris urbem divin6sque lacus et Averna sonantia silvis, insanam vatem aspicies, quae rfpe sub ima fata canit foliisque notas et nomina mandat. 445 Quaecumque in foliis dOscripsit carmina virgo, they round the turning-posts (nmetae) in the circus. 430. cessantem: freely, 'making haste slowly.' circumflectere here= 'to trace by rounding' (sc. metus Pachyni); freely, 'trace.' curses is acc. of effect; ~128. 432. caeruleis, 'sea-hued.' canibus = lItprum, 428; for the variety cf. ~181. Note how much light 424-432 throw on vos... scopuls, i. 200, 201. 433. Helen = mnihi; see on ldnonis, i. 48. prUdentia: here in its lit. sense, 'foresight.' viti is in pred. appos. with Heleno, 'as a prophet.' pridentia by itself may denote merely the foresight of common sense or experience. The threefold repetition of the one thought in si qta est... Apollo is noteworthy. There is, of course, no element of doubt here. The meaning is, 'So surely as I am a prophet, so surely must you do one thing above all others' (435). 435. illud, 'the following'; a common meaning. omnibus: as in i. 15. 437, 438. Inlnis... Iilnoni: note the triple emphasis of position, repetition, and metrical treatment (~265). libens: an important word; the Trojans might well have been loath to honor her at all. V. is suggesting an explanation of the high honor always paid to Juno at Rome; see ~ 68. 439. superS: a strong word; saeva lirtnh (i. 4) will not readily befriend the race she hates (i. 28). victor keeps up the figure. d6nique: as in ii. 70, ii. 295. 440. mittere: sc. a linone dtvssqte. 442. dvinos... lacus = inferni... tacws, 386. The lakes are divini, as belonging to the powers of the underworld. et: see 198. Averna is pl. to Avernus, as Pergama is to Pergamnus. We use the singular. 443. insanam: cf. furens used of Cassandra, ii. 345. The ref. is to the Sibyl; ~56. ripe... ma: a strained expression for ' within a cave at the foot of a rocky cliff.' 444. natas et unmina: i.e. the signs and symbols by means of which her prophecies are expressed. 446-463] LIBER III 249 digerit in numerum atque antr6 seclusa relinquit; illa manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt; verum eadem, vers6 tenuis cum cardine ventus impulit et teneras turbavit ianua frondes, numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo nec revocare sitfs aut iungere carmina curat; inconsulti abeunt sedemque 6odre Sibyllae. Hie tibi n1 qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti, quamvis increpitent socii et vi cursus in altum vela vocet possisque sinus implere secundos, quin adefLs vatem precibusque oracula poscas ipsa canat vocemque volins atque Ora resolvat. Illa tibi Italiae populos ventfiraque bella et quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem, expediet cursiusque dabit venerata secundos. Haec sunt quae nostra liceat ti voce monerl. Vade age et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Troiam.' Quae postquam vatis sic ore effatus amico est, 450 455 460 446. numerum, 'order,' 'sequence.' antro = ripe sub img, 443. 448. eadem (folia): object of prendere, 450. vers6 tenuis.... cardine ventus, 'the gentle breeze due to the opening of the door' when some one comes to consult the Sibyl. cardine = foribus ~ 188. 449. ianua: i.e. the swinging of the door. 450. cav... sax6: the third expression for the Sibyl's cave; see 443, 446. 452. inconsulti, 'uncounseled,' a very rare sense. They are obliged to select leaves at random and so get little help. V. is perhaps thinking of the mode ot consulting the Sibylline books; see ~ 82. 453-456. n... tanti... quin... poscas, ' let not any loss delay may impose be rated so high by you that as a result you will not visit.' fuerint: the pf. in a subj. of command or exhortation gives a tone of urgency. tanti: A. 252, a; B. 203, 3; G. 380, 1; II. 418, 1. cursus.. vocet: cf. aurae vela vocant, 356, 357. secundos: proleptic, 'so that they will help you on your way.' quin... poscas: see A. 319, d; B. 284, 3; G. 554, and N. 3; H. 594, II., and 2. 457. ipsa: i.e. with voice, not with leaves, 444. canat... resolvat: in 0. 0. after poscis. They represent the imp. of 0. R. volens, 'graciously '; esp. used of the favor of the gods. Cf. libens, 438, of the worshiper. 460. venerata: in pass. sense. For the thought cf. vocdtus, 395. 461. quae... liceat: for the thought cf. prohibent....Ino, 379, 380. nostra... voce: other tongues-e.g. that of the Sibyl-will tell Aeneas more. 462. vade age, 'go, speed thee.' See on agite, i. 627. ingentem: proleptic, 'in glory.' The command is also a prophecy. 463-505. 'Helenus and Andromache bid us farewell.' 250 AENEIDOS [464-478 dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto 465 imperat ad navis ferri stipatque carinis ing6ns argentum Dodonaeosque leb6tas, 16ricam c6nsertam hamis auroque trilicem et conum insignis galeae cristfisque comantis, arma Neoptolemi. Sunt et sua dona parenti. 470 Addit equos additque duces; remigium supplet, soci6s simul instruit armis. Interea classem velis aptare iubebat Anchises, fieret vent6 mora ne qua ferenti. Quem Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore: 4. 'Coniugi6, Anchlse, Veneris dignate superb6, cftra deum, bis Pergameis 6repte ruinis, ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus; hanc arripe vel1s. Et tamen hanc pelago praeterlbare necesse est; 464. gravia: i.e. richly adorned with. For the final a see ~~ 241, 245. secto... elephantS: i.e. with plates ot ivory; cf. sect... abiete, ii. 16. See on ebori, i. 592. 466. Dodonaes... lebetas: wondrous stories were told of certain caldrons which hung from the oak trees at Dodona; hence Dod6naeus in effect = ' magnificent.' For the form lebetas see ~90. 467. loricam... trilicem, 'a breastplate of links of gold, delicately interwoven.' hamis and auro denote the same thing, the gold links of a breastplate of chain-mail. trilicem: a weaver's term, describing the way in which the more elaborate patterns were woven. 468. c6num... comantis = qaleam cono tnsqgnz cristisque comnintibus; the text gives greater prominence to the cenus and the cristae. 469. sua: used as ini. 461. parenti = patri meo. 470. duc6s: i.e. pilots. 471. remigium, 'oarsmen'; cf. conyieiur = conifiLx, O96. Aeneas had lost some of his people by pestilence, 140, some he had left in Crete, 190; hence his numbers needed replenishing. 472,473. classem... Anchises: cf. 9. vento... ferenti (sc. naves), 'a speeding (i.e. favorable) wind. 475. Veneris: obj. gen. with conicgid; cf. Pyrrhin conubia, 319. dignate: in pass. sense. 476. bis... ruinis proves the truth of the statement cura deum: for the thought cf. the words of Anchises himself, satis... arbi, ii. 62, 643, with note 477. ecce... tellus, 'lo, yonder lies before you'; said with a gesture, like hls... terrafs, etc., 396-401. hanc... velis might be construed as a modification of the command in 396-398; hence Helenus corrects himself in tamen ~..est, 478. 478. praeterlabare: the subj. without ut is often used with necesse est; it is really an independent command, thus: 'glide by: you must.' Cf. n. on sinite... revzsa, ii. 669. 477, 478 ='Make for the east shore of Italy, but only to coast along it.' 479-499] LIBER III 251 Ausoniae pars ila procul, quam pandit Apoll.6 Yade,'I ait, '& fMix ndti pietate. Quid ultra 480 pr~vehor et fand65 surgentis d~moror Austr~s?' Nec minus Andromach6 digressfi maesta sapremo fert pietfirAtAs aunn subtmille vest~s et Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem. nec c~dit hon6re textilibusque onerat danis ac tAlia fatur: 48:i 'Accipe et haec, manuum, tibi quae monumenta mearuim Sint, puer, et long-Lm Andromachae testeutur am6rem, coniiigis Hectoreae. Cape dana extr~ma tu~rum, 5 mihi s~la me! super Astyanactis imAg6. Sic ocuhas, sic ille manuts, sic ora fer~bat 490 et nunc aequAll t~cum pf-b~sceret aev35.' II6s ego dlgredi~ns lacnimis adfabar obortis: 'VTivite fM1ic~s, quibus est fortftua perafcta iam sua; nos alia ex alils in fdta vocilmur. V 6b~s parta quips, n~fillum manis aequor arandum, 495 arva neque Ausoniae semper c~dentia retrO5 quiaerenda. Effigiem, Xanthl Tr~3iamque vidktis, quam, vestrae f~c~re manfis meli,5ribus, opta, auspiciis et quae fuenit minus obvia Grals. 479. procul (est): cf. 381-383. 481. pr6vehor: used here of talk, like our 'Proceed,' 'go on.' d~moror Anstr6s: for the idea that the winds are waiting impatiently for the sailing of the ships cf. lefli8... altum, 70, and qIsmvs... vt... vocet, 454, 455. 482, 483. nec... fert... vest~s is, briefly put for nee minus (quamn Helemis) Andromach~ d~ne dat, fert enim...?'estes. subt~mine: here I'thread,,.' 484. et: as in 442. c~dit hon6re (sc. JielenJ): i.e. she vies with Helenus iu doing us honor. 485. textilibus: freely, 'fruits of the loom.' 486. et, ' also,' i.e. beside those of 164-470, in which, of course, he had an interest. 489. 6... imjg6: freely, ' o solo, surviving image,'I etc.; lit., 'o (lad), surviving as the sole image,' etc. s tper = an adj.; see on longF, i. 13. Astyanactis: after the capture of Troy the Greeks hurled him to death from its walls. 491. pitibsceret: sc. si viveret. 493. Ml1ics: pred. nom., 'live as blessed mortals.' 494. sua: as in 469. As possessors, of a city (cf. 295, 302, 333-336, 350-352), Helenus and Andromache have, to Aeneas's mind, all that heart can crave. Cf. his own longing as voiced in i. 437. 495. nfilum... arandum: contrast ii. 780. 498. meli~ribus: sc. than those under which old Troy was built; cf. mnlOribus... auspieiis, 374, 375. 499. fuerit: as in ii. 77. 252 252 ~~~AENEIDOS 00S [500 5w 500 Si quanda Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva intrdro gentique meae data moenia cernam, cogndtdis urb~s Olim popul,5sque propinqu~s Fplr6, Jiesperia, quibus idem iDardanus auctor atque Idem. cdsu-s, uinaani faci~,mus utramque 505 Tr~iam animls; maneat nostrils ea efira nep~ts.' Pr~vehimur pelagO5 vicina Ceraunia ifixta-, unde iter Italiam. carsu sque brevissimus undids. S,5l ruit interefl, et inont~s uinbrantur opaci. Sternimur optatae gremi6 teliftris ad undam 510 sortit! r~m~s passimque in 11tore sicco) corpora efirfimus; fess~s sopor inrigat artfts. Necdum orbeni medium Nox Haris i-tcta subibat: baud s~glnis strAWt surgit Palinfirus et oninnis explorat vent~s atque auribus dera captat; 515 sidera etincta notat tacitO labentia caelO5 Arctfirum plu vii squie Ilyadas gemin~sque TriCn~s, 500. vicina: here a noun. v~icintis, when aii adj., take,, the dative. 502. cognitis has, been finely rendered ' sisters.' urb~s: i.e. the city you already have and that which I am to build. propinqu~s.: freely, ' one kin.' 504, 505. cisfis: iLe. 'story o1 dis,asters,' 'sad history.' utramque Tr6 -Jam repeats urb~s, 5022. Augustus lounded a city called Nicopolhs in Epirus, in memory of his victory at Actium. To this V. is probably alluding. ea ct~ra= pius rei ci-ra; cf. easina ii. 171, with note. 506-569. 'We set sail, and next day, at dawn, get our first view of Italy. Passing Tarenturn and Aetna, we land at evening in the country of the Cyclops.' 506. M~xta: here a preposition. 507. unde... undis: see on vicTndsqae... porti-s, 3821. brevissimus: an important matter to the aiicient mnariner, who had ito c0nipASS anld SO was loath to lose Sight ot Lcud. 508. ruit: sc. in &ceawnurn contrast rait &ceart& nox, ii. 250. opicI: proleptic, giving the result of umibrantur, ' are wrapped in darksome shadows'1 509. optitae: the time so pleasantly spent with Helenus would make this first day's, work seem all the harder. 510. sortitl: because the upper oars were harder to wield thaii the lower; cf. oper,,it... ti-atbt, 1. 507,508, with notes. The allotment was intide by night that all niight be ready for an early start. 511. corpora cfir&mus: a phrase which covers all means-rest, food, re~creation-of keeping in trim for duty. fess6s... artfis: cf. V~enqis... inrigat, i. 61)1, 6912, with note. 512. H6rls icta, ' driven onward by the Hours,'; the passiiig of the hontis ialkes the iiiglit ads-atice aiid finially depart. 514. auribus...captat: iLe. his tens with the hope of hearing a I avorable t,1-eeze optatIs conlati) e. 516 =.i- 744. 517-536] 517-536] ~~LIBER III25 253 armdtumque aur6 circum spicit Orlana. Postquam cftncta videt caelO constdre sereno, dat clhirum 6 pupp! signum; n~s castra mov lmus temptamisque viam et v~16rum pandimus Jiias Iamque rub~sc~bat stellis Aur~ra fugatls, cumi procul obsefir~s collis humilemque vidrnius italiam. italiam primus conclamat Achaltts, italiam laetO socil clamore salfitant. Turn pater Anchls~s maignum critWra corona induit impl~vitqne mer6 divo-sque voctavit Stans celsa in puppi: 'Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potent~ls, ferte viam ventb facilem et spirate secundi!' Cr6brscunt optatae aurae, portusque pat~scit iam propior, templumque appalret in arce Minervae. V~a legunt socil et pro-ra-s ad 11tora torquent. Portus ab Eur66 fluctfi curvatus in arcum; obiectae salsd spilimant aspargine caute-s; ipse latet; gemin6 d~lmittunt bracchia m&6r turrit-1 scopul, refugitque ab 11tore templum. 520 525 530 535 517. aur6, I'his belt of gold.' V. has In mind the bright stars that form the s~o-called belt and sword of the constellation Orion. Note parataxis in 512-,517; in 513 we should expect curn heud se-gnis, etc. 518. ctincta...c~nstire: i.e. that everywhere there is prospect of calm and settled weather. ciinst~re lit. = 'stand together,' instead of being,scattered, as the stars seem to be in threatening weather. 519. dat... signum: no doubt by a trumpet, as in 239. 522. obsciir6s, ' dimly outlined.' 525, 526. mignum... induit: cf. crdt~r~is... cordnant, I. 724, with notes. 527. celsi in puppi: cf. 1. 183. Here were carried the images of the special gods under whose protection the ship sailed. 529. ferte= offerte; sc. ndbis. vent6: instr. abl. with facilem, ' made easy by the wind's help.' 530. pat~sclt: cf. rffPgscent, 411. 531. arce Minervae: known in V.'s time as Castrum Minervae; in the very heel of Italy near it was the portus Veneris. 533. abIs used becausefluet~ is fully personified. 534. obiectae: sc. Eurjiftuctui; free. 535. 1ipse: the portus. That latet 'lies snugly,' rather than 'is hidden,' is shown by portus... propior, 530, 531. gemin6... miir6: modal abl. d~mittunt: sc. in mfare. 536. turriti, ' tower-like,' not 'towercrowned.' scopuli: as in i. 163. The bracehia run down from these high rocks. The cautis, 534, are the ends of 254 AENEIDOS [537,551 Quattuor hMc, primum 6mren, equ~s in gramine vidi tondentis campum hl~ cai~d~re niv~ll. Et pater Anchis~s: 'Bellum, 6 terra hospita, portds; 540 bella armantur equl, bellum haec armenta minantur. Sed tamen idem O1im currfi succ~dere su~tl qjuadruped~s et fr~na iugO5 concordia ferre; sp~s et pacis,' ait. Turn nfimina sancta prec~aniur Palladis armisonae, quae prima acc~ipit ovantis,,4 et capita ante aras Phrygi6 v~,lfmur amietft praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maixima, rite Ihunan Argivae iussr~s adol~mus hon~r~s. Hand mora, continu.O perfectis 6rdine v~tis cornua v~1tdrum obvertimus antemnndrum;A (raiiugenumque domes suspectaque linquimus arva. liime sinus IHerculel, s! v~ra est fima, Tarerit! the bruechia. Cf. in general i. 159-163. refugit, 'stands back'; lit., 'recedes.' At first the temple seems to stand at the edge of the water; presently one sees that it stands far back. In such a case a temple would, to the eye, actually sepem. to recede. 540. be116: for case see ~ 123. 541. 6lim here - n~nnwriquan?, saepe,. su~itl (sc. spent): a prtcpl. of sae-se&;' see on erttss, ii. 74. 542. fl'~na...ferre: freely, 'to bear the rein and the, yoke in harmony.' ieiqU is local abl. - in iuqd or sub iugFd; cf. n. on subi~re, 113. Concordia is a transferred epithet. The whole phrase suggests (1) submission, (2) fellow-,hip and concord, and (3) the arts of peace, horses being used in plowing, etc. 543. spi~s... p~cis gives the inference to be drawn from 541, 542. Cf. tile, omen in 1. 442-445. et, 'also.' 544. armisonae: Pallasis called diva (0/niipotenAs, ii. 425. quae ccaenim. acc~pit (sc. nd~s): i.e. by suffering us to land unharmed near her temple. V. probably meant to suggest that in this sacrifice, thus naturally made, began the worship by the Romans of a deity as opposed to Troy as, Minerva had been; cf. n. on 17ni)ni... I~i~ndn, 437. 545. capita... vd1~mur: ci. 405 -409. 546. maxima belongs in thought with praeets. 547. iussbs: cf. 43.5-440. adol1imus, 'we render generously.' The exactmeaning cannot be determined, because the history of the verb aelolcdF is obscure. 548, 549. haud mora... obvertimus: cf. 2907, 208,with notes. vi1atiirum: a picturesque expression for ' sail-clad.'I obvertimus (sc. v~entd): i.e. we trim our yards (i.e. sails) to meet the breezes as we set sail again. 550. Grilugenum... arva: Aeneas is thinking of what Helenus said, 398-402. 551. hino, ' next,' not 'hence.' The bay of Tarentum can not be seen from Castruin Minervae. s!... fa-ma belongs closely witlh Ilercetlei. The exact connection of H-ercules with Tarentum is not known. o 552-569] 552-569] ~~LIBER III25 255 ce-rnitur; attollit s~ diva Lacinia contra (Jaul6nisque ar~s, et navifragum Scylac~um. Turn procul ~ fiuctii. Trinacria cernitur Aetna, et gemitum. ingentem, pelag! pulsfitaque saxa audirnus long~ frdcta-sque ad litora vac~s, exsultantque vada, atque aestfi miscentur har~lnae. Et pater Anchls~s: 'Nimirum. haec illa Charybdis; h~s Helenus scopul~s, haec saxa horrenda can~bat. Eripite, 6 socii, pariterque insurgite r~mls.' Haud minus ac iuss! faciunt primusque rudentern contorsit laev~ifs pr6ram. Palinfirus ad undits; laevam cfincta cohors r~mis ventisque petivit. TIolli mur in caelum curvat6 gurgite et ideni subduetii ad Milnis imas d&s~dimus unda; ter scopuli cldm6rem inter cava saxa ded~re, ter spflmam 01isam et r6rantia vidimus astra. Interefa fess6s ventus cum s6le reliquit, ignftrique viae Cyclopum adlabimur C6ris. 555 560 56.5 552. attollit &6: ef. r&,, attollere, 205. diva Lacinia: used like Apolld, 27.5; see zn. there. contra: i.e. on the further or we',tern side of the gulf. 553. Caul~nis... SeylaeCaum: as in:399-402, the geographical order is disregarded; Caulon is further south than Scylaceum. Still, since it stood on a height, it would be sooner seen. nivifragum: by reason of the gales frequent there. Such compound words are very unusual in Latin, though common in Greek. 555. pulsita... saxa (sc. pelaqii), 'the pounding of the sea on the rocks.' 556. frbctfis... v~c~s: a fine expression. for ' the intermittent booming of the breakers.' 557. aesttL... har~nae: cf. furit aestus 1iar~is, i. 107, with note. 558. lila: i.e. that of 'which ilelenus spoke, 420-423. 560. Cariplte: se. v08 ~ perfculis, or the like. insurgite r~amls: cf. remF8 in~surgirnuts, 207, with note. 561. baud... faciunt: cf. 236. rudentem expresses the swash of the waves against the ship as the steering oars are suddenly turned. 562, 563. laeviis... laevam (sc. manurn): cf. the command of Helenus, 412, 413. cohors, 'company.' r~mls ventisque: i.e. with all possible means of making headway. 564. idem: as in 158. 565. subduct&, 'removed,' 'withdrawn.'1 566. inter... saxa, ' amid their rocky hollows.'I The emphasis is on cava, and the contrast between this vs. and the next shows that the saxa must be at the bottom of the sea. 567. The repeated ter throws light on 421-423. V. means merely that when Charybdis:is in operation, three convulsions follow one another; how often 256 AENEIDOS [5,70-587 570 Portus ab accessi ventorum immotus et ingens ipse; sed horrificis iuxta tonat Aetna rumnis interdumque atram pr6rumpit ad aethera nfbem turbine fumantem piceo et candente favillfi attollitque globos flammarum et sidera lambit, 575 interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera montis erigit erfictans liquefactaque saxa sub auras cum gemitf glomerat fundoque exaestuat imo. Fama est Enceladi semiufstam fulmine corpus urgeri mole hac ingentemque insuper Aetnam 580 inpositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis et fessum quotiens mfitet latus intremere omnem murmure Trinacriam et caelum subtexere ffimo. Noctem illam tecti silvis immania m6nstra perferimus nec quae sonitum det causa videmus, 585 nam neque erant astrorum ignes nec licidus aethra siderea polus, obscfir sed nibila caeli, et lufnam in nimbL nox intempesta tenebat. this happens daily he does not say. rorantia,' wave-washed,' is in the pred., not a direct epithet of astra. 570-587. 'We are disturbed by the sights and sounds due to Aetna, though we can not see the mountain itself.' 570. imm6tus, ' sheltered'; the word really means much more than this since it gives the result of such shelter. 571. ipse: i.e. apart from its nearness to Aetna. ruinis: we should say, 'eruptions'; causal ablative. 572. 573. atram... favilla, 'causes a cloud black with whirling eddies of pitchy smoke and hot ashes to burst forth.' With pr6rumpit.... nbem cf. rumpit vocemn, 11. 129, ii. 246. 574. lambit: as in li. 684. The mountain is said to do what is done by the tongues of flames it sends forth. This usage is closely akin to that called transferred epithet (~ 194). 576. erigit... sub auras: cf. 422, 423. 577. glomerat: here not merely 'gathers,' as in i. 500, ii. 315, ii. 727, but 'gathers and hurls,' a fact shown by sub acr(Fs, 576 579. -que: see ~199. The fires that issue from Aetna come from the giant's,still burning body. 580. ruptis = abruptis, 199. caminis: a picturesque expression for 'craters.' 581, 582. fessum... latus: i.e. 'when, in his weariness, he shift s trom side to side.' He is weary fronm carrying the weight of Aetna. intremere.. murmure: i.e. there is an earthquake. subtexere, 'curtains.' 583. m6nstra: the mysterious noises of Aetna. The knowledge indicated by 570 582 was not gained till later, 586. nubila=the conluonelr niubs. 587. in... tenebat: the moon is like a prisoner, fast in bonds or in jail. 588-605] LIBER III 257 Postera iamque dies primo surgebat E55, umentemque Aurora polo dimnverat umbram, cum subito e silvis macic confecta suprema ignoti nova forma viri miserandaque cultu proc6dit supplexque manus ad litora tendit. Respicimus. Dira inluvics, inmissaque barba, consertum tegumen spinis; at cetera Graius et quondam patrils ad Troiam missus in armis. Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit arma procul, paulum aspectfi conterritus haesit continuitque gradum; mox sese ad litora praeceps cum fletf precibusque tulit: 'Per sidera testor, per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lufmen, tollite me, Tencri, quascumque abducite terras; hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus finum et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penatis: pro quo, si sceleris tanta est iniuria nostri, spargite me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto; 590 595 600 605 nox intempesta, 'profound night.' The phrase is common, esp. in the earlier writers, but its exact meaning is not clear. 588-654. 'Next day a man appears on the shore, and asks to be taken with us or to be put to death. He tells us that for three months he has suffered terribly, in the country of the Cyclopes.' 589. umentem... umbram: cf. nox Fimida, li. 8. 691. nova, 'strange,' 'startling.' cultu, ' dress.' 593. respicimus: when the stranger appeared, the Trojans were facing seaward, making ready to depart. inmissa, 'long,' 'tangled.' inmittere (or promittere) barbam = to allow the beard to grow. In V.'s time long hair and beard were tokens of grief or of unwillingness or inability to care properly for one's person. Cf. barbam... gerens, ii. 277, 278. 594. cetera: for case see ~ 134. 595. patrils = Grais. V. gives no hint as to how at this point the Trojans could know the fact expressed by quondarn... armts. Perhaps they had seen and ndted him at Troy. 599. testor (sc. vos) = vo obsecro, vos imploro, a meaning which readily springs from that seen in ii. 155. For this appeal cf. ii. 154, 155. 600. hoc: used like has and hanc, 396. hc... lumen, 'yon light of heaven that we breathe,' indicates a belief in the identity of light and air, a view found elsewhere. 601. tollite: sc. vobiscum navrbus. quascumque... terras: as in ii. 800. 602. scib: for scansion see ~ 249. 603. Penatis: this word (see ~~295 -298) puts his offence in the worst possible light. 604. qub: the antec. is the thought of scio... Penatis. 605, spargite = in partis dividite easque spargite, 'fling me piecemeal.' 258 258 ~~~AENEIDOS t0-2 t606-625 s! pered, hominum manibus perfisse iuv~bit.'I Dixerat et genua amplexus genibusque volfitdns haer~bat. Qul sit far!, qu6 sanguine crktus, hortamur, quae deinde agitet fortfina, fat~ri. 610 1,'se pater dextram Anchls~s ha-Ld multa morfiitus dat iuven! atque animum praesenti pignore firmat. Lie haec d&positft tandem formidine faur: 'Sum patriA ex Ithaca, comes inf~1icis Ulixi, n~mine Achaemenid~s, TrL~iam genit6re AdamastM 61.5 paupere (mdnsissetque utinam, fortfina!) profectus. Hile m6, dum trepidi crfid~1ia limina lincunt, inmemor~s socil vdsti Cycl~pis in antr6 d~seru~re. Domus sani6 dapibusque cruentis, intus opdca, ing~ns. Ipse arduus altaque pulsat 620 sidera (di tdlem terris Avertite pestem!) nec visfi facilis nec dictift adfqbilis -full; visceribus miser5rum. et sanguine vescitur atro. VidI egornet, duo d& numer6 cffmn corpora nostr5 pr~nsa manfi mdgnd media resupinus in antr6 625 frangeret ad saxum sani~que aspers'a natarent 606. pere6, hominum: for tfie hiatus see ~ 257. hominum manibus: iLe instead of by the hands of the Cyclops, who had killed and eaten some of his companions. 607-609. Sc. nostra with genua, sets with genibus, a~isi with haer~bat; he grovels 'first to one, then to others of the Trojans. qul0... fat~tl1: cf. ii. 74, 75, noting the differences in the constr. For qui we should expect quis, since the interrog. qui is properly an adj,quis a noun. but V., following the practice of old Latin, at times ignores this distinction. deinde belongs with fatiFri; for its displacement cf. i. 195. 611. Praeseut-1, 'strong,' 'comforting,'I a meaning which comes from the use of prae8em8 in connection with deities; see on praesentia, 174. 612. ile... fitur = ii. 76. 613. lnf~11cis: V. is translating one of Homer's epithets for Ulixes. Note that a Greek is speaking. 614, 615. genit6re... paupere: caus~al abl. abs.; cf. Sinon's statement, pamper... misit, ii. 87. minsisset... fortfina: i.e. would that I had never exchanged this lot for the apparently more promising career of a soldier. 616. 1lmina: sc. fiyclpi8 from 617 618. sani6... cruentis: abN. of char. with the usual adiective force. 619, 620. alta... sidera gives tbe result of ardetus (est,). 621. facilis: here ' agreeable.' WUil: dat. with both facdw8 and adffdbif i8; ~ 1235. 624. resupinus emphasizes the power of the Cyclops. He could do all this without rising from the ground. 626-645J ~~26-645J LIBER III 5 2159 limina: vidi atrT), cum membra fluentia tab6 manderet et tepid! tremerent sub dentibus artfis; haud inpiine quidem, -nec talia passus Ulix.is oblitusve sul est Ithacus discrimine tantO. Nam simul expl~tus dapibus vino-que sepultus cervicem inflexam posuit iacuitque per antrum inm~nsus saniem Clrftictans et friista cruent6 per somnurn commnixta merb, nbs mftgna precdti n-ftmina sortitique vices findt undique circum fundinmr et t~lb1-flimen terebrdmus aefitt ingiis, quod torvii s~Ium sub fronte lat~bat Argolici clipel ant Phoeb~ae lampadis instar, et tandem laeti sock~rurn ulciseimur umbras. Sed fugite, 0 miseri, fugite atqne ab litore ffinem rurupite, iiam, qualis quantusque cava Polyph~lmus in antr6 hinigerds claudit pectid~s atque fibera pressat, centum alil curva haec habitant ad Miora vulgohifand! Cyclbpes et altis montibus errant. Tertia iam Ifinae sE, eornua Ifirniii~e complent, 630 635 640 645 627. tepidl: i.e. not yet dead. tepidits can be used either of things that are, becoming warmn or, as here, of things that have parted with mnuch of thenr heat. tremerent: ci. trernentia, i. 212, with note. 628, 629. haud inpiine: sc. baefiif. nee... tant6 explains fiaud npifne and so nawqite nin Whai, etc. Ulixds... Ithacus: for position sco on IDius... ApollO, 1621. 630. siMul sirnul atque, a,, often, bo0th in prose and verse. vinb. sepultus: cf. ii. 265. 631. 1nflexam, 'drooping';hlt, bent on (his breast).' 632. frftsta: sc. coals, 'flesh.' 634. vic6s: iLe. our several parts. 636. lat6bat: the eye was deep-set, the forehead and eyebrows seemed to ovet hang it a:-,d hide it from view. 637. ArgolicI... instar: ei. instar iiantis ecete, ii. 15,with n. Pitoebide lain. padis is, of course, the sun. The Argive s!hield was round and large, protecting the whole body. Both objects, the sun and the shield, glitter and glare. The eye of the Cyclops is round, large, adu glaring. 639, 640. ffnem rumpite: cif.J/vnrn diripu?,e, 266, 267, with note. 641, 642. qualis... pressat: qiiiln refers to charac-ter (621), qeianN6I to si/is (619, 620); cf. ii. 591, 592. For the conwlr see on qttiis, i. 316. Polypb~,mus: V. has been talking about the Cyclops since 616, yet here first gives his name. Cf. the postponement of Aeneas's name in Book I, 1-92; see on 1. 1. Roman rea~ers kniew the Homeric story which V is here following. 643. afil: sc. IOies et tonti, vulg6: here in it-, physicn 1 seilse, = PasOh. 6415. tertia. = an adv., I lr the third 260 AENEIDOS (646-663 cum vitam in silvis inter d~serta ferdtrum lustra dom6sque trah6 vasto-sque ab rflpe CJyclbpas pr6spicia sonitnmque pedum v6cemque trem~sc6; victum inf~icem, bacfts lapidasaque corna, 650 dant rdmi, et vulsis piscnnt riddicibus herbac. Omnia con~ftstriins hanc primum ad l1tora classem praspex! venientem. iluic me-, quaecumque fuisset, addixi; satis est gentem effttigisse nefandarn. VWs animam hanc potius qubcumque absfimite MOt.' 655 Vix ea f Atus erat, summb cam monte vid~mus ipsum inter peend~s viistd sC, mble moventem patst6rem Polyph&mum et litora n6ta petentem, [turn. m~nstrum horrendum, lnf~rme, ing~ns, cui Ifimen ad~mpTrunca manft pinus regit et vestigia firmat; 660 Idnigerae comitantur Ove3s; ea s~la voltiptais s~lamenque mall. Postquam alt~s tetigit fluctfts et ad aequora v~nit, Ifiminis effoss! fluidum lavit inde cru~rem time. cornua: the ends of the crescent moon; cf. the use of this word in 549. 646. cum=- ex qud, ii. 163; in this sense It regularly takes the indicative. 647, 648. traMa... trem6sc6: these presents get the value of perfects from 64.5, which in sense is an acc. of duration of time and = tris adeo5 mqnso~s. riipe: coll. sing. tremdscO: here trans.; see ~ 130. 649. lapid6sa: i.e. with large stones or pits, and so with little meat. 650. dant: sc. mild; so sc. mnF with pdscnt. p~scunt: properly of the feeding of animals. It fits in here with vif em Wffl~icem, 649. r~dlicibus: instr. ablative. 652. quaecumque fuisset: 0. 0. He said to himself huzc mi qeaecunmquefuerit (indic., as ia it. 77) addict3. 653. addixi: a strong verb, used esp. of decisions by which the praetor handed over property to the f all possession of the man adjudged by him to be the lawful owner. 654. animam hanc: as in i. 98. potins: i.e. instead of leaving me to parish as my comrades did. qu6cumque here =qeo~ilibet or quOvis. 655 - 691. 'Suddenly Polyphemus appears and we depart in haste. We begin our voyage round Sicily.' 658. cui... addmptum: a strong way of sayitig ccicm. ldmen may =oc'i Iisv, as in i. 2.26, etc., or the light of day. 655. trunca is construed as if it were tr~incdta, Ilopped'1; it gives the re sult rather than the process. manii: n" ith trunca. Ile broke off the tree with his hands and now uses it as a cane. 660. ea refers to the ovF8; why Is it siisgular" 662. alt6s... vdnlt: parallelism. aequora = the open (deep) seas. 663. inde: iLe. from the waves; 664-683] 664-683] ~~LII3ER 11T26 261 - (Tettius nfrnd~ns end,11graitrquie pet' aeqnor tarn Meodiani n, edunm iluteiu.; atera ar-dna tinxit. N~s ~' I i~d~firgatt I 'eidi c letre t'eeept 511 ic rncrite6 tacitly(:1 itteideroe fitttern v et pr'6mt certant ibus aequtora nis ad Isottitnii v~cis vest igha torsit,1 bi nifilla (lattn' dextrni- adfeetiire potestas, f~ onbis) fIletfis aequft-' senid, c1IIe inmrn&'nslun tollit, qu&) ponitis, et omni~s o mui~re mid~ae penttitsqute exterri'ta telitis I t ervisque iu trgiit' Aetna aeus A nts esilvis Cyelipunm et monotibtis altis. 0 murn mit ad porttis et, Miora complent. iimuis adstantis i~iquiquan lim~ine t-orv6 nae6s friattrfs caoIl6 capita alta fci'ent is8, neulium horrendum, qufdks cum vertice cels6 riae qtiercuts a-Lt c6niferae cypairis.si )flstiterunt, silva alta Jovi1- Ificiisve lDiui-nae. raecipit~s metu s Jtcer' agit quoctiumqit r'tideiit is cutere et velntis intendere v~la secundils'. 670 675 660 A 1 biut f o with water from- the le I raerit6: 51. tP n hiw s, N who h~ ved1 so wvelt of us,,, i.e. had putlt U& such ohligations to lFio. toy W u11 concerning the Cyclops. hd ftinem: cf. fuinem;'uinpitc, 639, 64, ote. 84errimus: cf. 2108, 290. Note the~ Inide the hist. infin, in 666, 667. et nect as in i. 2162. pr6n!: the, attit is that (tes(Tihed by rinoa inur207. certantibus, 'rival.' ensit: SC. Po/uyphi 0(18. 7 dfectd.re (se. ao-s): with J)of(.i; 4 This verb comntonly = tint to -achieve, Sonte, cherisiedt V. stretches the sense her'e ~n o. ch, 'grasp.' 87. urvis. cavernis: ie.e thirough every usook andI corn''r of it,~ caverns. ciiritiin thought corresponds to penitas', 673. 676. ruit... complent: for the change of numbter' of. ruil... cer/ant, ii. (it, with note'. 679. quili~s: briefly put, of ('otti";O. for fUPis' (ju dem, q I/,btut virttuatly, aoftet1 its cotnpariSOTuS, a 'otsj_, e cti a-,' -ias. vertice: here 'nvtountain-top01 681. c6nstit~runt: for scansion sec ~: 216. We have here the so-(calledt gnotric. uf tsed not of a single past act, bitt of frequently trecttrring actions or statle,, the Etsg. rendering ustes' the pres. It is COrTtttio1t inl SittileS. silva... Dianae: then oaklis atea sacred, to ~Jupiter, t he cypr1es,-ses to Diana= Hecate (~, 282), a goddess ot death anld the underwo~rld; ef. ni. 682, 683. agit: ii'. one. qufcumque AENEIDOIS5[8-9 [684-694 Contra, iussa monent Heleni Scyllam antque Chas'ybdlim 6s9i inter, utramque viam 1leti discrlimine parvd, iii teneant cursifis; certum est dare lintea retr~ Ecce autem Boreas augusta ab s~de Pelkri, muissus adest; viva praetervehor 5stia sax6 Pantagiae Megar~5sque sinds Thapsumque iacef"OtO6i, wio Talia m~hnstralbat releg(~ns erralta retrdrsuls ao liora Achaemnenid~s, comes inf~1icis Ulixi. Sieani65 praetenta sinfi.i acet insula contra P16myrium iind()sum; n10mon dix~reo priore-6 Ortygiarn. Alph~3um fama est hftc, Elidis amnetjr secondis: it is implied itt 683-686 sharply to the opportune veer~g of the that the wind at this time, was from the wind to the north, which enab1s thunt south; such a wind would drive them to carry out the decision just nmide, 686. down on Scylla and Charyhdis. qtt6- angust&.. Pel~r!: cf. 41 1. ceoiee~qwiil~t, no matter whither,' 688. vIv6. sax6: cf.?'riv1 - se - i.e. even down upon Scylla and Charyb- didja sadv, i. 167. There is a aturAl dis. rudentis excutere: cf. excass5ds breakwater at the mnouth of two panl*..rezdenlis, 267, with note.tais 684. contrii, etc., gives the soher 689. iacentemn= mn/1cot, 5i~e1 on second thougist of the Trojans. iussa of thre places enittiotted It a *... Helen!: cf. 410- 413. fotiidd tll lonig after Aeneas' -ti'me; 685. inter: for lpositiott see 2t,10. theittention of themininvolves aw g ach- i utramnque...parv6: litt.. 'was, both toitismt. of them of hut a narrow (livision fronm 690. relegrns: cf. lt'qoiii 22. death,' ie. wtays -.. hut narrowly errata, -by which hie had x drd divided from death. The whole phrase aforel hue.' For thsis pass. p Inf u =a causad ci with??oPoecef. sic both1 anl intranls. \SO'l see on ('~i'O~f ways,' etc- ltet...parv6 i-~ in abl. 691. comes... Ulixi: Aq- SIS of char., with Adj. force, ' highlylauiger- quoting, A(. temieuides.63 otts.' tItt is an extension of the obj. 692-715. 'WTe pass by ma wu genu with discroit)ise (k, I 19), tini. prtc- of Sicily till -vre reachDr'am tically 0 ~~~~~~~there my father dies. Thn sai, 686. n!l... curst~s, that mien shll;0 sor0,es dienb som u not seok to hold 1 heir couse I 692. sina: ilat. 'Ihe harbor at of' an archaism. 'rho subject, of teneontui Syracuse.( sems to he ' men' in general1; c f /w/Hib - 69.und~sum tratislates I` IC. feant, 106, he/H/f/bent, 110. certum est: name IP/Foy'i/oe, which - 'th(" bifoN'y sc. n~b/i, ' therefore we resolve.' dare headland'; see on noee, i. 298,' riels, l..retr6: a stereotyped expression for 74.Peyiu so h ot sd to retrace (our) course,' whether by the harbor. For the part playe4 by the actual sailing or by rowing alone, island cf. iasole porte/n Qflic'itl etc., i. 687. ecce autem calls attention 1 59, 160. 695-709] LIBER III 263 occultas egisse vias subter mare, qui nunc ore, Arethfisa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis. lussi nlmina magna loci veneramur, et inde exsuper6 praepingue solum stagnantis Helorl. Hinc altas eautes proiectaque saxa Pachyni radimus, e '-'.tis numquam concessa moveri apparet C;.mrn1orTr procul campique GeloT immanisq,' (. '1' fluvil cognomine dicta. Arduus inde Aci 'as ostentat maxima longo moenia, magnanimu n quondam generator equbrum, teque datis linquo veius, palmosa Selinus, et vada dfira lego saxis Lilybcia caecis. Hinc Drepani me portas et inlaetabilis ora accipit. Hie pelagi tot tempestatibus actus heu genitorem, omnis curae casisque levamen, 695 695, 696. egisse: i.e. made for itself by force. qui... undis: the 0. 0. stops at mare. 6re... tuo: abl. of the route, 'by way of thy mouth.' Cf. 5ra novem used of the fons Timavi, i. 245. The fons Arethusae lay very close to the sea. Arethusa: apostrophized as a nymph, i.e. a goddess. 697. iussi: perhaps by Anchises, as in 189, 267, 472, 558. nutmina... veneramur: cf. nymphias... arvis, 34, 35, with n. V. may intend a compliment to the great part played by Syracuse in Roman history. 698. exsuper6: ef.fonfenm,sperare Timfvi, i. 244. solum, 'bottom-lands.' 699. Pachyni: cf. 429. 700. radimus: this verb,,oftpn nsed of passing so close to a goal or turningpost as almost to touch it. concessa, 'permitted,' another pass. prtcpl. from a verb not fully transitive. 701. Camarina, in defiance of an oracle, removed a marsh which made the city unhealthy; presently through the space thus opened the enemies of Camarina advanced and captured the city. campi... Gel6i: i e. the plains about Gela as distinct from the city itself, 702. 702. immanis, 'cruel,' ' dangerous.' Ovid (~ 32) calls the stream 'unapproachable' by reason of its eddies. Gela: the a V. derived from the Gk. form of this name. fluvii: in V. 's time nouns in -ius, -ium usually made the gen. in -, not -il. 703. arduus: contrast iacentem, 689, ihurnilem, 522. 704. magnanimum: gen. pi.; see ~89. quondam, 'once on a time.' V. forgets himself here, and writes from the standpoint of his own tinme. The fame of the Agrigentine horses belonged to the fifth century B.C., 600 years after Aeneas's times. 705. palm6sa: the dwarf (not the date) palm is said to be still common about the site of Selinus. 707. inlaetabilis: the shore is a desolate salt marsh. Aeneas is thinking much more, however, of the sorrow he endured there, 708-714. 708. actus = postquam actus sum. 264 AENEIDOS [710-718 710 amitto Anchisen; hie me, pater optime, fessum deseris, heu tantis nequiquam erepte periclis! Nec vates HIelenus, cum multa horrenda mon6ret, hos mihi praedixit lfctfs, non dira Celaen6. ISec labor extremus, longarum haec mc6t viarum; 715 hinc me digressum vestris deus appulit oris. Sic pater Aeneas intentis omnibus inus fata renarrabat divum cursfisque docebat. Conticuit tandem factoque hic fine quievit. 710. fessum: i e. though I am in need of every possible help and solace.. 711. tantis.. periclis: cf. bis... ruinf,,, 476, said to Anchises, with n. The present passage includes both the sufferings in Troy itself and those experienced since the fall of the city. nequiquam: because after all he did not reach the promised land. 713. n6n: we ought to have neyue or nec after nec, 712. 714. hie.. haec: to what do these words refer? Explain their genders. 715. vestris: Aeneas is addressing the whole company; the vs. constitutes a leave-taking after his long narrative. 716-718. The poet speaks now in his own person: 'So Aeneas ended his narrative and all was still.' 716. intentis omnibus: abl. abs. intenths recalls intenti, ii. 1. All through his narrative Aeneas kept the attention of his audience. Note juxtaposltion of contrasts in omnibus inus; he alone spoke, all the others lis tened. 718. conticuit.. quievit: an effective parallelism, emphasizing the lasting hush that.followed Aeneas's exciting story. V. says nothing of the breaking up of the banquet and the separation of the guests; see ~ 225. LIBER IV At regina gravi iam dfidum saucia cfirR vuinus alit v~nls et caec5 carpitur igni. Multa virl virtfis anima multusque recursat gentis hon~s; haerent infix! pectore vultfis verbaque, nec placidam. membris dat fi~ra qui~tem. Postera, Phoeb~f 1fistrdbat lampade terrAs ftmentemque Aur~ra polO5 dimbverat umbram, cum sic -finanimam adloquitur male sana sor~rem: 'Anna soror, quae m 6 susp~nsam insomnia terrent! Quis IoIOVs hic nostris successit s~dibus hospes, quem s~s6 Ore fer~ns, quam forti pectore et armis! CredO5 equidem, nee va.na fid~s, genus esse de~rum. D~gener~s anim~s timor arguit. lieu, quibus ille iactdtus fMMs quae bella, exhausta can~bat! SI mihl n~n anima fixum imm~tumque sed~ret, n6 cui m&, vinclO vellem socidre iugiill, postquam prinius amor d~ceptam rnorte~fefellit, si nOn pertaesum thalami taedaeque frisset, ro 10 15 1-30. Dido addresses her sister Anna: ' What a wondrous man is this stranger guest! Could I love again, I could yielid myself to him.' 1. at marks the transfer of the main interest of the poem from Aeneas to Dido. Clira: i.e. of love. 6. Phoebefi... lampade: cf. Mi. 637. Mistribat =jnliistrlibat, 'was lighting'1; ~ 201. 7. tLment em... imbram = iii. 589. 8. tinanifrsam: sc. sikeum. male sina: cf. male... carinis, ii. 23, with -note. 10. hie is the pron.; the vs. = who is this wondrous guest that is come,' etc. 11. quem... fer~ns: freely, 'what a face, what a carriage he posses,,es.' sFsg tire ferins emphasizes two points, as shown by this rendering. qUaM, 'how.'I fort!... armls: modal abl. with sese fer~'ns. armis: the narrative of Book II had much to do with Ae. neas's, prowess; cf. his own words, qutirum pars mtignafui, ii. 6. 12. genus: here of one person; a poetic use. 13. d~geuer~s, 'base-born.' arguit: the thought is, Aeneas nowhere showed fear; therefore he is not dlFgener. 15. si... sed~ret = s! mihi ada animi fir'miter di~riium esset; cf. sedet hie animti, ii. 660, stat, ii. 750. cFpit sat et fefellit. 18. pertaesum... fuisset (sc. mF): see A. 221, b; B 209; G. 377; H. 457. 265 266 AENEIDOS (19-33 huic fini! forsan potui succumbere cuilpae, -20 Anna, fatibor enim, miser! post fita Sychae! coniugis et sparsC)s, fri-ternh caede Penfitis, s~lus hie inflexit s,~r fLt atnimumque labantem iinpul it. AgnP~scb veteris vestigia fiaminae. Sed mihi vel telifis optem prius lina dehi-scat, 25 vel pater omnipotcns adigat rn~ fulmine ad umbrfitQ, pallentis nmhriis Erebi noctemque profundarn, anite, pudor, quam tU viola aut tua idra resoWv). Tile me6s, primus qn! mC, sibi imuxit, am6r~s abstulit: ifle babeat s~curn serxetque sepuler6.' i0 Sic effAta sinum lacrirnli itnpl~,vit obortis. Anna refert: '() Iite mnagis di1~eta sor~ri,.sblane perpetnui. mae i6ns cai pcif, ii vortfi. nec dulcls nirids Veneris nec praemia n~ris? taedae: i.e. the marriage-torch, carried in the procession which (among the Romans) escorted the new-made bride, from her father's house to her husband's. 19. potul: for mood see on imfpalte-ra/, ii..55. The indic. is esp. common in c pressions like this, of obligation, neces,sity. or propriety. culpae: the sin (1 loving another, alter vowing fidelity to Sychaeus. 20-22. fat~bor... inflexit: parataxis,; we should have expected faet-bor h.lane s&tm injtexisse. spars~s... Penitis, 'the spattering of the Penates,,' etc. Cf. i. 348-350. fraterni. caede= Irfftris crulie; for effect Dido calls Pygmalion and Sychaetis brothers instead of brothers-in-law. hic: the i is short, as occasionally in classic poetry. labantern: proleptic, ' till it totters'; cf. furent~ern... reginam, i. 6,59, 660. 24, 2 5. optem: subj.- becanse the idea of wish or prayer dominates 24,25, 'May earth open,'I etc. dehiscat... adigat: really independent wishes (cf. n. on sinite,... reriqarn, Hi. 669.), but felt by V' s readers as purpose cl auses dependent on uipte-m. 27. ante repeats prbie, 24, apleonasm hardly noticeable, by reason of the separation of prias and arete, and the distance of the former from qaam. pudor ti as been finely rendered, ' my womain's, heono-.'I See Vocab. The best Roman feeling condemned second marriages. tua Hima cf. Grdidrta.saer~ta.. iira, ii. 157, with note. 29. abstulit: iLe. carried with him to the tomb. sepulcr6: the soul is, thought of here as, abiding in the tomb, cf. animaemque seputeril condhinus, iii. 67, 68. 31-53. Anna's reply: ' Why not yield? Kee p him here, for the present at least. 31. sor~rli: dative (see ~ 121) with dldleta. 32. W~ane.. maer~us carp~re, 'shall you waste yours-elf in loneliness~ and sorrow'?' perpetua=totU; the temi). abl. here denotes duration of time, a constr. common in phrases involving f~tcs or its equivalent. 33. Veneris... praernia: ILe. the jovy' 4el wedded life. '34-49] LIBER IV 267 id cinerem aut Mi-nis cr~lis Th1''sepultbis? Esti6, aegrain uidflh quondatt fihx~re inariti, unun Libyae, nan ante TyrO5, dtspectns Iarbils (inctorsque alil, quas Africa terra triumphis (lives alit: placit~ne et,..-m pfigni-lbis am~ri? nee veliit ill menitem, qubrum c~ns~lderis arvis?lifie Gaetilae iirhis, genius hisuperii1bile beflOi, et Nurnidae infrr-nT cingunit et inhospita Syrtis, hinc dserta sit! regi6 ldt~que ftirent~s Barcaei. Quid bella Tyrb surgentia dicarn germdnique minfis? Dis equidem auspicibus reor et Ihurnie secundif hunc cursuin Ilacus ventO tenuisse carinfits. Quam HfI urbein, so-ror, bane cern~,s, quae surgere r~gria (tOningits tili! Teucruim comitantibus armis Pujnica se quantis attollet gl~ria r[~'busl, 315 40 45 34:. id: i.e. your refusal to marry again. cizierem denotes the material part of one, who is dead, M12nls his s-pirit. Both are in the tomb; cf. animami c ondimas, iii. 67, 68. 3 5. est6: lit., ' let... be so.' Itssuibject is in aeqi-aat... a/it, 35-38; the v% hole = ' granted that no suitors,', etc., i.e. 'though no suitors.' aegram (se. (W): i.e. in your days of mourning for Sychaeas. marit-i: used as generis, ii. 344, and coniagis, iM. 331. 36. Libyae: for case see ~I 18. 37. triumplils: the character of the African peoples (i. 339) gave abundant chatice for these. Roman readers would think of the victories of the Scipios in Africa. 38, 39. placit6, 'I'elcome'; dep. part. iciple of placet. amfri: tor case see ~ 124. venit: the subject is qutirum... arvfs. 41. infrgni: here of bold riders, whose horses go unbridled. V. perhaps meant to suggest also the other sense of 'unbridled' in passions. cingunlt: sc. tF. Syrtis: cf. i. lii. There was danger both from the sea and the barbarous people along I he (oast. 42. d~aserta... regis is not in place in an account, of dangerous peoples,,, since a desert would help Carthage by preventing attack. Anna is, however, recounting allI the drawbacks of life in Africa. The desert lay north of Lake Tritonis. The desert and the Barcaei are not, as itne... hilac implies, on a side of Carthage distinct from that on which lay the Numidae, etc. See on (At/cuei, iii. 35. 43. quid... diceam, 'why should I mention?' i.e. there is, no reason why I should mention. The subj., as often, expresses obligation or propriety. 44. germiu-i: Pygmalion. For dangers besetting Carthage at. i. 563, 564. 45. dig... secundl, ' guided by the, gods and favored by Juno.' For case see ~ 147. Cf. divi8-... auspicibu8, ii. 19, 20, and, for the thought, i. 387, 388. Juno is s.ingled out here as patron of Carthage and goddess of niarriage. 48. comitantibus: se. earn, referring 268 268 ~~~AENEIDOS [06 1 [50-66 50 TfIi modo posce de,5s veniam sacrisque litdtis indulg6 hospitiO5 causdsque innecte morandi, dum pelag6 d~saevit biems et aqu~su's OrR~n quassd~taeque rates, dum non tri-tctabile caelum.' His dictis inc~nsum animum inflammavit am~re 5.5 spemque dedit dubiae menti solvitque pud~rem. Principi6 d~dlabra adeunt pidcemqule per drds exqiuirunt; mactant 1etas d~ m~re bidentis If~giferae CererI Phoeb~que patrique LyaeO, IThn~ni ante omnis, cui vincla iuigdlia ctirae; 60 ipsa ten~ns dextra paterani puicherrima D~d6 'candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit aut ante 6ra deum pinguis spatihitur ad flrds instauiratque diem do-ni-s pecudumque recifisis pectorifixs inhidns spirantia c~nsulit exta. 65 Hen viittum igndrae ments! quid vbta furentem, quid dM1tlbra iuvant? est mollis flamma medul h-ts to P~inica gbdria. The abl. abs. is con ditional. 50. veniam: iLe. escape from the mislortunes suggested by the dreams,, 9. sacris... lit~tis: Utidre is here trans., a poetic use. Contrast anhnna... litandum, ii. 118. 51. innecte: the cautsae mnorandi are to fit into one another like the links of a chain. 52. d~saevit: the prefix dF- often= 'out,' 'to the very end.' OrI~n: a stormy constellation, as in i. 535-537. 53. quassi~tae: cf. 1. 551. There has been no chance as yet to make repairs,. n6n triictiibile: iLe. hopelessly unfit tor sailing. 54-89. Dido's scruples are laid to rest; she yields to her love. 51. inflammivit: stronger than incenASUI/. 55. pud~rem: i.e. the restraints her sense of honor had imposed; cf. 27. 57. exquifrunt: 5(-. D)01 et Anna. 58. Lyae6 = Ilac-Ui6: ~ 287, end. Cf. laticevique Lyaceun, i. t.86, with note. 59. vincla luglia: cf. 16. Sacrifice is made to Ceres becaus~e, as lawgiver, she will have much to do with the union of Tyrians and Trojans (47-49), to Apollo, as the god who knows the future, and to Bacchus, as giver of happines~s (i. 734). 61. media = an adv., ' midway'1; cf. inter- rnetdus, i..348. 62. 6ra: i.e. statues. pinguis: i.e. richly laden with the sacrifices she has offered. 63. instaurat: freely, ' makes memorable'; it suggests repeated offerings. See on ns~taurairnes, iii. 62. 64. pectoribi~s: for the Ft see ~ 242. inhians pictures the queen's eagerness. spirantia: i.e. still quivering with life. 65. Vitum: they have no doubt been with Dido from the first; ~ 2t5. ignirae: had they known the future they would not have aided Dido's love in any way. furentem, 'oiie crazed with loA e';, cf. 1. 659, and ni. on vententain, 1. 434. 66. quid. iuvant9? nihil enim 67-86] 67-86] ~~LIBER IV26 269 intereR, et taciturnm vivit sub pectore vulnus. UGritur inkhix Didb t~taque vagdtur urbe fur~ns, quifis coniectia cerva sagittd, quain procul incautam nemora inter Cr~sia fixit pi~stor ag~ns t~lis liquitque volhtile ferrum nesciuls; illa fugd- silvas saltfmsque peragrat Dictaeos; haeret lateri 16t:1is harund&3. Nune media Aen~in s~cum per moenia dficit Sidbnhisque ostentat op~s urbemque paratarn incipit effiar! mediaque in v~ce resistit; nune eadern hIbente di~ convivia quaerit Iliac~sque iterurn d&mns audiro lab6r~,s exposcit pendetque iterum nfirrantis ab are. Post, ubi digress! lu-menque obseilra vicissirn lfina premit su~iidentque cadentia sidera somn~s, s~la dom6 maeret vacual str~itisque relictis incu~bat. Ilum abs~ns absentem auditque videtque ant gremid Ascanium genit6ris imagine capta dktinet, infandum s! fallere possit am~3rem. Nan coeptae adsurgunt turres, n~n arma iuventfis 80 85 juvant. est: from Med. medulI~s: see on ossibuis, 1. 660. 69. qui.lia., as in iii. 679. coniectU *.. sagitti: freely, 'arrow-pierced'; temp. abi. abs. The target is indicated by the position of cerva; cf. n. onl conve-sd cuspide, I. Si. cerva: sc. vaqgftur. 70. Cr~sia: localization; ~ 190. The Cretans were famous archers. 72. rlescius: i.e. of the success of his shot. 73. Dictae6s: see on Dictaea, Wi. 171, and note variety after Crisia, 70. harund6: in 69-73 we have four terms for the weapon; ~ 181. 75. op~s urbemque: powerful temptations to one who could describe his own people as omnium eg~ns (i. 599), and who yearned so for an abiding city (1. 437, iii. 493-505). 77. eadem: i.e. in the topics discussed and in their effect on Dido; cf.- 78, 79. 78. d~mi~ns appropriately repeats fizr~ns, 69, since a second recital of the liacds... Zlabiris would be sure to increase her interest in the hero of the story. 81. su34ent. somn6s: cf. it. 9. 82. dom6, ' hail.'I rellctis: sc. ab Aen~j. 83. abs~ns absentem=two adversative clauses. 84. Ascanium = the real Ascanius; so everywhere henceforth. Of his return from Idalium (i. 691-694) V. says nothing; see ~ 225. genltbris imigine: I.e. his likeness to his father. 85. si.. possit: for constr. see on Anthea si. i videat, 1. 181, 182. 82-5 do not describe consecutive actions but 270 270 ~~~AENEIDOS[8-0 [87-103 oxercet portfisve ant pr~pftgnitcula bel1&6 t-fta parant; pendent opera ititerrupta mninaeque mfir~rum ingent~s aequataque mdchina caeIlO. 90 Quam simul ac tilI pers~nsit peste tenderi ciira Jovis conifinx nee f Amam obstdre fur,5rT, talibtis adgreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis: 'Ligregiam v~r,5 laudem. et spolia ampla refei'tis tfique puerque tuus; maignum et memoriftbile nfimen, 95 fina doI6 dIvum. si ftmina 'victa du~rum est. Nee m6 adeb fallit veritam t6 moenia nostra suspectds habuisse dom~s Carthaginis altae. Sed quis, erit modus, ant qu6 nune certamine tant6? Quin potins pacem aeternam pact~sque hymenaeas 100 exerc~mus? Hab~s, tOtdi quod mnente petisti: ardet amdns Didb traxitqne per ossa fur~rem. Commftnem, hu-ne ergo populim paribusque regfimus, auispicils; Itceat Phrygib servire maritb rather different ways by which Dido tries to satisfy her love. 87. exercet: as in Wi. 281. 88, 89. pendent... interrupta: the rendering ' are interrupted and su, spended'I will preserve the figure in pendent, opera covers both the military preparations and the efforts to stimulate commerce (port i-s, 87). minae... ingent~s: freely, ' huge frowning walls.I For case of viin~-rdrm see ~ Ill. aequita: i.e. towering up to. michina: a military machine as in Ri. 46; hence part of the defences of the city. With the picture in 86-89. contrast those in i. 423-436 and 1. 505-508, esp. the latter. 90-104. Juno suggests to Venus a union between Dido and Aeneas and the latter's settlement at Carthage. 90. qua~m = DIdi)neti; see on qtemi, i 64. 91. fM~am: i.e. whiat people -might say. 93. 6gregiam and ampla carry the euiphabis, one of scorn. 94. puer: Cupid; cf. i. 684. uniMen: i.e. display of superhuman power. 98, 97. ade6: i.e. as completely as you fancy. fallit: the subject is veritamn - - (ifftae, ' the fact that you,' etc. suspectis habuisse emphasizes the continuance of the distrust; suspexisse mright denote a momentary suspicion. 98. qu6... tant6: sc. prdqredi~rntir, suggested by quis... motdu, which = 'how far are we to go- quO ='whither.I ' to what length,,.' certimine tant6: either modal ahl. o)r abl. according to 147. 99, 100. quin... exereCamus, ' why do we not rather,' etc., a passionate ques~tion which really =a command; a common us.e, in which quin (= qui, abI, ~nF) has its original force. exerc~mus: as in 87. 101. amins gives, the cause of Wd~vet;, it virtually (Waiiil e. ossa = ileditl~is, 66. 102, 103. commimnem = c(,inoindii iinPei i5, and so mnay iii,,btly be joined by 104-121] 104-121] ~LIBER IV27 271, h1fitlisque tnae Tyri~s permittere dextrae.' (jill (s~,jisit enimi sirnilthta inente loefitarn, qu6 r~gnum ltaliae Libycals averteret 6rals) sic contrat est ingressa Venus: 'Quis talia dItme~ls,abuntat ant t~cum nialit coiitendere be~l&~e s1 inodo, quod mernoras, factuni fortfina sequa-ttir. Sed Ftils incerta feror, s! Juppiter ftiiam esse velit Tyrils urbern Tro-iaque profectis.. misc~rive probet popuI~s aut foeder rT~t conjitux; tibi fifas animu P~ergg, styna'r.' Ti-m c~nflerf p0 Vniattn in nenlins its extulerit ~i r His ego nigrant n nldlibumlI dumn trepidant al inda-giiie ciiigunnt, 115 -t/ae to patrieies... attspoieis, *~ thle tiote on dairi adspirain. 8 umnbra, i. 694. auspicils, 'power,' 'authority,' a meauiug which easily comes from the fact that the right of taking the aiispices was largely a nmagister ial finiction. liceat: sc. DW5,ni. servire: a snreastic substitute for ni~hbere.lhere is a sneer, too, in Pluggri5-, which to a GUk. (and so to Juno) denoted effemiinacy. Juno caii not hide her bitterness; even while she is trying to coniciliate Veints.. 104. d6t~is: proleptic, -='t piais d~i/is Stat, I as a do~wry.' 105-128. Venus replies cautiously. Juiio explains how the union of' Aeneas and Dido canl be accomplished. 105, 106. OMl: as in i. 254. qu6 iverteret: since there is,. no conip., as in M.i. 377. at would be tiore comirect. italiae Libyc~s: Jiixtaposition of trasts. 109. sequitur, 'shoifld atteiimi (Ic. eecwidii8, l avoratd,' 45,i. 207, ii. 617. 110. incerta: inltimel)re(t. after f./erarii. which = (ac/a stmi. si, I whethier.'I 111. Tyrils... Tr6iique profectis: as inl i. 732. 112. foedera iungi: the prose expression is Joedeis icere or ferire; see Oih telst... et (I/tO, i. 3. 113. conifinx: sc. Ioris..114. exci~pit (sc. earn): how does ecnipiere come, to ==eslObod/ee f 115. m~cum... labor m i/rii cdarae et-i isle tabat. 116. c~nflerl: compounds oIf facifil susially inake the lass. regularly, coimYcior, etc. paucis (sc. verbis): a standing) (Expressioi for I tbrietty.' adverte: see on aeians... rrst,-u, ii. 712. 119. Titin here = A$6/. For the TItans see, ~ 273 (end~). The nanie is giveut also to dleities descend~ed from Titanis; ifyperion, fathier oif the Sitm, was a TIi tan. orbem: se. feri-rinoa; cf. i. 233. 120. nimbum: fo)r meatdtug see ~185. 121. 41ae: norte the ntilitary frtigne. The trot o inl thle (i/at' were Chiefty 272 AENEIDOS [122-138 dT~super infundam eit tonitrfl caelum omne ci~biM Diffugient coinit~s et nocte tegentnr opidcii; Sp~4uncam Did6 dlux et Tr~ia-nus eandem 12,5 dvenient. Ader65, et, tua si mihi certa voltintals, conuhibi irimgain stabili propriamque dictbC); hie, Hymenaeus erit.' N~in adversatta peteriti i*4nuit atque dolls risit Cyther~~a repertis. jmintereat surgitjs, Aur~ra relyiqit. 130 It i xortC) dICeta iuventfis;,-a canurn vis,. Viina priniui stat soilii Sidoniarn pict&~ eui pharetra ex cavalry; so the ref. here is to mounted beaters who surround part of a forest and with cries and noises drive the game therein down to the point, where the huntsmen proiper are in waltinhg. 1ndiglne: freely, 'by a circle of niets and men'1; see Vocabulary. 123. noete... opiac: i.e. darkuesis like, that of night. 126. c~nubi... dieib6= i. 73. Here sc. JDodinem Aei~ae with jiiiiyani, ((0/ with dicdib5. The ellipses seem harsh. but Venus would readily understand Junio's meaning. 127. hic refers to the description in 1201-126. Explain its gender. Hymenaeus, ' bridal.' Elsewhere V. has the pi. in Ibis sense, but here the pi. would be unmetrieal. 128. dolls... repertis repeats thIe thought of &Fnsit...locitftion, 105 in view of Jupiter's assurances, i. 263 29,, Venus could afford to laugh at Juino's presenit scheme. 129-159. The hunt and the marriage. 129. Oceanum...reliqult: -ontirast i. 745, with note. 130. portis: abi. (If the route; ~. 146. iubare: sc. Anrdrae. 131. rira, 'wide-meshed.' When used of a single thing Fr/uis emphasizes the distance, between its parts. 1&t6... ferr6: ef. hif)... kastilia ferr6, i. 313. 132. ruunt tits only the last two of its live subjects; see on leyunt, i. 426. od6ra... v~s: freely, ' keen-scented, sturdy hounds.' The imhrase canliU/L tus is formied like r-oftorvein Idipidi, Hi. 235, 2:36, etc. odlo/lis elsewhere = givinig forth a smiell.' 133. 11mina: I.e. (If the palace. 135. sonip~6s (sc. euis): onomatopoetic; ~ 224. 137. circumdata: freely, ' wearing.' For As constr. cf. coll&. f erga daeti, ii. 218, 219I, with note. 138. cul: we should say 'her'; see 139-1531 LIBER IV 273 aurea purpuream subnecti t fibula vestem. Nee n~n et Phrygii comites et laettis iftiuis incodunt; ipso ante aliO5, pulcherrimus omnis infert sO socium Aen~iTs atque agmina iungit. Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthifque fluenta deserit ac D~Ium materniam invisit ApoMl instauratque chor~s mixtique altaria circuni Cr~tesque Dryopesque fremunt pectique Agathyrsi, ipse iugis Cynthi graditur mollique fluentem fronde premit crinem fin gfns atque implicat aurb, t~la sonant umeris, hand illO s~gnior ibat An stantum Elgregib decus 6nitet Ore. Postquam alt~s ventum in montis atque invia lustra, ecce ferae saxi dGiectae vertice caprae dkcurr~re iugis; alift dO parte patentis 140 145 150 on quem, 1. 64. crinds... aurum: a strained way (Q 203) of saying that her knotted tresses are held in place by golden fastenings. 139. aurea: note the effect of the fourfold repetition of 'gold' in 134-139; cf. the repetition of ' bronze'I in i. 448, 449, and see also ~ 266. 140. et laetus Ililus, ' and in particular,' etc.; ~ 198. 141. ante... omnis: the strongest possible sup.; cf. the strong comp. in i. 347. 142. sociumn: sc. r~ginae. agmina iungit: sc. agminibus raginae. agmina refers to Phrygii... lilles, 140. 143. qulils: as in Iii. 679. It is balanced by haud... segni or, 149. hibernani Lyciam: iLe. his winter quarters in Lycia. Xanthi: here a river in Lycia. 144. miternam: explained by iii. 75-77; see n. there on pius. 145. Instaurat: the dances have been interrupted since the preceding year. 146. Crites... Agathyrsi:, these peoples typify the wide variety of re gions from which Apollo's worshipers came. For scansion of -quJ with Cirete8 see ~ 241. fremunt, 'shout aloud.' p~ictil: probably 'tattooed.' However remote or however strange a people is, it nevertheless worships Apollo. 147. ipso: Apollo. This picture of Apollo is parallel to that of Diana, i. 498-502; cf. the two closely. 148. fronde: the laurel; for the connection of the laurel with Apollo cf. iii. 81, iii. 91. premit... fLngdns, 'confines and moulds into shape.' For Apollo's long locks see on crf nit us, i. 740. aur6: cf. aarum in the same connection, 138. 149. tdla... umerlis: Apollo is arcitenens, iii. 75. Cf. ie. a. humner6, of PDiana, i. 500, 501. 150. tantum... 6re: for Aeneas's beauty cf. i.588-593. 151. ventum: sc. est; see on discuinbitur, i. 700. 152. saxi. vertice: both singulars are coll. ddilectae, 'dislodged,' 'started,' by the beaters, 1,21; cf. the military phrase diicere host em loct3.. 274 AENEIDOS [154-170 transmittunt cursft campos atque agmina cervi 155 pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relincunt. At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri ' gaudet equo iamque hos cursf, iam praeterit il6s spfmantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis optat aprum aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. 160o Interea magno misceri murmure caelum incipit; insequitur commixta grandine nimbus; et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana iuventfis Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros tecta metf petiere; ruunt de montibus amnes. 165 Speluncam DiC~e dux et Troianus eandem deveninnt. Prima et Tellfs et pronuba Iluno dant signum; fulsre ignes et conscins aether conubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice nymphae. Ille dies primus letl primusque malornm170 causa fuit; neque enim specie famave movetur 154. transmittunt, 'scud across'; sc. s (~ 139). cervi: for deer in Africa see i. 184-193. 155. glomerant, 'mass.' 156,157. puer, 'boy though he is.' Ucri.. equ6, 'in the mettle of his steed.' 158. dari... votis, 'may be vouchsafed in answer to his prayers.' pecora... inertia, 'such spiritless game'; a contemptuous designation of the caprae and the cervi, 152, 154. 160-172. A storm comes on; Aeneas and Dido take shelter in the same cave. The marriage is consummated as Juno had planned. 160. magno.. caelum: cf. i. 124, with notes. 161. commixta... nimbus: cf. Wigrantem... nimbum, 120.; 163. nep6s Veneris: Iulus. 164. tecta, 'places of shelter.' petiere: for tense see ~151. amn6s: due to the rain. 166. prima, 'primal.' Earth is the oldest of all the deities and ultimate source of all the rest; cf. ~~273, 275. pr6nuba: freely, 'bride-escorting.' V. is thinking of the married women who escorted the new-made wife to the chalmber in which her husband awaited her cording. *167, 168. signum: i.e. for the marriage. Its nature is not indicated. Note parataxis in prima... ignes. conscius... cnubiis, 'witness to the bridal.' For the dat. after conscius see on cui, i. 314. vertice: as in 152. The ignes, 167, correspond to the wedding - torches (taedae, 18); the cry of the nymphs suggests the wild cries of rejoicing and congratulation which greeted the bride as she passed to her new home. Tellus and Aether appear, perhaps, because the descent of the fertilizing showvers of heaven into the lap of mother earth was in antiquity the type of wedlock. The phenomena noted are in themselves neither of good nor of evil omen. The sequel shows that they were really ominous of evil. 169, 170, dies is to be taken in both 171-186] LIBER IV 275 nee iam furtivum Didc meditItur amorem; coniugium vocat; hoc praetexit nomine culpanm, Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbeSs, Fima, malum quar non aliud v6elcius fllum.Mobilitate viget virisque adquirit eundo; 175 parva metfi primS, mox sese attollit in auras ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit. _ Illam Terra parenls ira inritata deornm, cxt rmam, ut perhibent, Coeo Euceladcque sororem pr6genuit pedibus celerem et pernicibus alfs, -- 180 mnonstrum horrendum, ingens, cui, quot sunt corpore plutot vigilcs oculi subter (mirabile dicti), [mae, tot linguae, totidem 6ra sonant, tot subrigit duris. — Nocte volat caeli medio terraeque per umbram strldens nec dulci declinat lfimina somno; 185 luce sedet custos aut summi culmine tecti subject and pred.: cf. the use of facies, iii. 426. primusque... causa: a harsh phrase, a combination ofprlmusque (dies) inalorum futt and causaque malorunmfuft. specie, 'regard for appearances.' fama: as in 91. 171. Dido: the subject of two clauses is often set in the second; cf. position of cervi, 154. 172. vocat: the object is the thought of 166-168, i.e. the events that marked their stay in the cave. 173-197. Rumor, a loathsome goddess, spreads the story of Dido's love. She goes at last to Iarbas, a rejected suitor of Dido. 173. Fama: the goddess of scandal. 175. mbbilit&te... eund6: instr. abl. Note how fully substantival the gerund is. 176. metu: V. is thinking ot the way in which those who first spread a bit of gossip do so stealthily, as if in fear. 178. deorum: obj. gen. with ira; see ~ 119, n. Earth, angered by the treatment of the Titans (~ 273), in re venge bore the giants (~ 274). Rumor has just been described as a giant, 177. 179. extremam =an adv., 'last of all ' Rumor is the last of Earth's children. Coeo Enceladoque: the former was a Titan, the latter a giant. V., like other classical writers, confuses the two classes of beings. 181, 182. cui... subter (sunt): there is an eye for every feather, and the eyes are beneath the feathers. Fama is a monstrous bird; in the description of her eyes V. may have the peacock in mind. 183. subrigit, ' pricks up'; as subject sc. Fama. subrigo is an old form of surge; we have had arrigo in this sense, e.g. i. 152. 184. caeli.. terrae, ' twixt heaven and earth'; literally, 'in heaven and earth's midspace.' medid is a neut. adj. used as a noun, in the local abl. 186. luce, in thought and meter both, balances nocte, 184 custos, 'sentinellike.' Latin often uses a metaphor where we use a simile. summl... 276 276 ~~~AENEIDOS~[8-0 [187-201 turribus aut altis et mnignias territat urb~,s tarn ficti pr~vique tenftx quamn nirntia v~ri. Haec turn multiplici populhs serm~rne rep~biat i-166 gaudfns et pariter facta atque infecta can~bat, venisse Aen~An Tr6idn6 sanguinle crkutun, cui s6 pulclira vir6 dignktur iunigere Did6; mnuen hiernern inter s6 If~xfi, quarn longa, fov'~re r~gn6rum innernor~s turpique cupidine capt~s. i96 Haec passirn dea foeda virtim diffundit in 6ra. Pr~tlinus ad r~gern cursfis d&torquet Jarban incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat irds. 11e ilamm~ne satuis rapt,! Garamantide nymphal templa lov! centurn Iftis irmnrniia r~gnis, 200 centurn Aras posuit vigilemqtue sacraverat ignem, excubifts divum aeternas; pecudumque cru~re WMct: cf. 8ummifa8qigia tMcti, ii. 302, with n. Fama takes care to have as wide a view as possible of men and affairs; cf. turrib'u8, 187. 188. ficti privi.. v~ri: obj. gen. See also ~ 196, especially 2. 189. turn: i.e. in the days of our story. multiplici, ' ever-changing.'I She never told the same tale twice. 190. gaudfns: she enjoyed the mischief she wrought as did Cupid, i. 690. facta corresponds to viri, infecta to ficti pr~vique, 188. 191. TrMiiu: here contemptuous, equivalent to ' foreign.'I cr~tum: as in ii. 74. 192. -vir6, 'Iin wedlock'1; literally, 'as her husband,'I a common sense of vir'. lungere: for infin. with digntetr see ~ 161. 193. quam longa (sc. s~it): literally, 'how long it is,' i.e. regardless of its length. The subj. is due to the 0. 0. kiemem... quam longa together = an ae. of duration of time, tWiant hiemem. fovfre: as subject sc. ej8=Didei nein et A~enefn; both have just been mentioned. 194. r~gn6rum: Dido is forgetting Carthage (86-89), and Aeneas is forgetting his destined realm in Italy. 1.97. aggerat 1ris: so we talk of a 'towering rage.' 198-218. Iarbas begs Jupiter to note how Dido is requiting the favors she has received at his hauds. 198. Hamm6ne satus: cf- 8aturn qtO, ji. 540, with -note. 199. centum... r~gnis: the size and the number of the temples were commensurate with the extent of his realm. 200. centum iris: one for each temple. posuit pictures an act done at some undefined time in the past. sacraverat pictures an act of the same time defined with ref. to another past moment, ILe. that at which Fama came to Iarbas.' ignern: V. has in mind Vesta's fire at Rome. 201. excubI~s, I'sentry'1; see Vocab. The fire guards the honor of the gods. 202-2171 2O~~-217) LIBER IV27 277 pingue soluim, et vranTs fl~rentia limina sertis. Isque Atm~ns animi et, Him~re acc~nsus amArb dicitur ante arais media inter nfimina divum multa Iovem man ibus supplex 6rdsse supinis: 'Luppiter ominipotns, eui inun Maurftsia pictis g~ns epulalta torls L~naeum lihat hon~rein, aspicis haec? an tU, genitor, cum fulmina torques, nt~quiquam horr~mus, caeciqne in nfibibus gignts ferrificant animbis et ini-nia murmura miscent? F'Nmina, quae nostris errf~ns in finibus nrbemn ei~x ~4ni p~etU` po'suit, eui litus arandum cuique loci Mg~s, dedimus, c6nflbia nostra repputlit ac domimiim Aen~in iiin r(iga recepit. Et nune ille Paris- cum s~mivir6 comit~tt Maeoniai mentum mitra crinemque madentem subnexas rapto potitur, n,5s muinera templis 205 210 215 * 202. solum: the spaces before the altars (200); coil, sging. va~riis.. sertis: cf. Jrae sertis..hilant, i. 417. 203. -quo, ' and so'1;~ 199. larbas's devotion gives him a claim upon the god. imfts animl: cf. fidins animni, ii. 61, with note. 204. media inter: as in 61. utimina: ILe. as represented by their statues; cf. ante 5ra deum, 62. 205. manibus... supinis: cf. supinffs... mantis, Wi. 176, 177. 206, 207. nunc: i.e. since I introduced your rites. The ci. is a hint to the god of his debt to the speaker. Maurasia = Africa or Africtina; ~ 190. picitis... torns: cf. 1. 708. epul~ta= po~stquans epetlita est; the wine and the libation come after the feast proper, ass in i. 723-736. LUnaeum... honftem: i.e. an offering of wine. Cf.- Bacchi = vini, 1. 215, and laticem... Lyaeum, i. 686. 208. haec is explained by 211-217. The thought is, ' If thou seest, why dost thou not punish them, if thou hast the power?'1 209, 210. caeci and in3knia carry the emphasis, 'are the lightning fires that frighten... aimless,' etc. miscent: sc. eels =anwne8. 212. exiguam preti6: juxtaposition; small as the city was Dido had to pay for it. pretit posuit = 'bought the right to build.' litus: i.e. only the sandy land on the coast. 213. loci ldgds: i.e. laws governing her use of the site, I'the conditions of tenure.'I nostra= an obj. gen., I'with me.' The thought is, ' the little she has she owes to me, yet she rejects me.' 214. dominum: see on dominant ur, ii. 327; cf. servire, 103, with note. 215. i11e Paris, 'this (second) Paris.' Aeneas is a Paris, Jarbas means, because he is carrying off another's (Iarbas's) bride (~51). s6mivir6 cf. Phrygit, 103, with note. 216. madentem: contemptuous for 'Perfumed.' Note allit. in this verse. 217. subnexus: a middle, with acc.; ~~136,138. rapt6 potitur, ' is master of his prey.' For rapt6 cf. ~ 196, 1, for short i in potitur cf. iii. 56. Both words suggest unfeeling, brute force. 278 AENEIDOS [218-236 quippe tuis ferimus famamque fovemus ilanlem.' Talibus orantem dictis arasqiue tenentem 220 audiit omnipotens ocul6sque ad moenia torsit regia et oblit6s famae melioris amantis. Tum sic Mercurium adloquitur ac talia mandat: 'Vade age, nate, voca zephyros et labere pinnis Dardaniumque ducem, Tyrifa Carthagine qui nunc 225 exspectat Fatisque datas non respicit urbes, adloquere et celeris defer mea dicta per auras. Non illum n6bis genetrix pulcherrima talem promisit Graiumque ide6 bis vindicat armis, sed fore, qui gravidam imperils belloque frementem 230 Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucrl proderet ac tOtum sub liges mitteret orbem. Si nfilla accendit tantrurnm gloria rerum nec super ipse sua molitur laude laborem, Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arces? 235 Quid struit aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur nec prolem Ausoniam et Liavinia respicit arva? 218. quippe: used here like sczlicet, ii. 577. fMmam: i.e. that Hammon is a mighty god. 219-237. Jupiter sends Mercury to Carthage to bid Aeneas think of Italy, his appointed home. 219. aras... tenentem: this act was intended to give greater solemnity and weight to an entreaty, an oath, or the like. 221. amantis, ' the lovers'; see on venlentun, i. 434. 222. adloquitlr: for the i see ~ 243. 223. vade age: as in iii. 462. pinnis: cf. volat... alrum, i. 300, 301. Here Mercury is to make all speed and so is to use the winds too. 225. exspectat: intrans., = manet, a rare use. urbes: an exaggeration; Aeneas is to foLund but one city. See i. 264, ii. 294, ii. 3P 'Uhat city is to be in Italy, not in Africa. 227. talem: i.e. such a sluggard; sc. fore from 229. 228. Graium... armis: non, 227, must be carried over into this cl. ide6: i.e. that he may be a laggard. bis vindicat: once from Diomede (cf. i. 96-98, with notes), and again when Troy fell (ii. 620). The latter rescue will not be complete till Aeneas comes to Italy; hence we have the present tense. 231. pr6deret: i.e. to future generations. totum... orbem: i.e. through the victories of his successors. 232. nulla: with adverbial force, - nUlllo niodo. 233. super: a'sini 750. 234. Ascanione pater: juxtaposi tion; 'does he find it in his father's heart to begrudge?' 235. spe inimica: for the hiatus see 257. MER]-PCUREY T __ / 237-255] LIBER IV 279 Naviget! haec summa est, hlc nostri nfintius est).' Dixerat. Ille patris magni parere parabat imperio et primum pedibus talaria nectit aurea, quae sublimem alis sive aequora supra seu terram rapido pariter cum flamine portant. Turn virgam capit; hac animas ille cvocat Orco pallentis, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit, dat somnos adimitque et lfimina morte resignat. Ilia fretus agit vents et turbida tranat nfibila. Iamque volans apicem et latera ardun cernit 240 245. praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. tlic primum paribus nitons Cyllenius Als ( —.. - constitit; hinc toto praeceps s6 corpore ad undas misit avi similis, quae circum litora, circum piscosos scopul6s humilis volat aequora ifixta. 255 237. summa, 'my will; lit., 'the sum. and substance' of what I have to say to him. nostri: gen. pl. of ego, with possessive force; a rare use. 238-278. Mercurygoes to Carthage; he rebukes Aeneas, gives him Jupiter's message and departs. 239. pedibus: dat.; ~ 124. 240. sublimem alis, 'upborne by their pinions'; sublimis is often treated as if it were a pass. participle. 241. pariter cum, 'with the speed of.' 242, 243. virgam: commonly called caddceus; see cut, ~286. animas... alias: briefly, put for alias animas..., alias. Orc6... Tartara: i.e. the underworld in general pallentis: cf. imag,.... ra modis... pallida mnris, i. 353, 354. For Mercury's functions here see ~ 286 244. morte: abl. of separation with resignat, which here = liberat. limina... reszgnat repeats the thought with which the parenthesis begins, namely, Mercury's mighty power over the souls of the dead. For this arrangement cf. that in iii. 317-319, as explained in the note there on Pyrrhin. 245. agit, 'puts to rout,' i.e. outstrips, a variation from the thought in rapid.o....flmine, 241. turbida: i.e. by the winds; freely, 'rolling.' 247. duri, 'rugged,' 'patient,' is explained by caelum.. fulcit. vertice= capite. For Atlas see on i. 741. 250, 251. nix... inftsa: freely, 'a mantle of snow.' men6... barba: V. writes thus because he thinks of Atlas as a demigod transformed into a mountain. praecipitant: as in ii. 9. 252. paribus nitens... alis, 'poised on balanced wings.' 255. humilis volat: V. has in mind i i AENEIDOS (5-7 [256-275 Hand aliter terras inter' caelumque voliibat litus har~n~sum. ad Libyae Vent~sqtie s e c;Itba t mdYtern6 venihns Ab av6 Cylhnia prahCs. Ut primum 51Aftis tetigit mutgiglia plautis, 260 Aen~in fundantem arce ac t~,cta novantem c6nspicit. Atqiie Hii stelihitns iaspide fuilva~ i~nsis erat, Tyri~que fflrd~bat mnfirice la~ena d1(-missa ex umeris, dives quiae mfinera IDWdo f~,cerat et, tenui t~lfts discrf~verat aur6. 265 Continu6 invadit: 'Tft nune (Carthifginis aitae - r, entuf et tr~ i nie np~ i7o pse haec ferre iinbet celeris mand~ia per arw quid struis anit quft spf Libycis tenis 0-tia ferris? Si t4 ilfdla movet tanit~rum gl~ria r~,rum nec super ipse tual m,5liris lauide labarem, Ascanium suirgentern et sp~s hl~r~dis IMPh 275 respice, cm regnum Italiae Mhmainaque telitis a gull or cormorant flying close to the water in search of food. 257.. ad: for~position see ~-2,10. 258. mite=n... av6: Atlas. Mercury was son of Maia, daughter of Atlas. Cy11fnia prMlds: cf. C/yUlnius,252. 259. migilia: sc. Uarthdqinis;, apparently the suburbs as distinguished, from the better portion of the city. 261. atque, ' and 1o'; see ~200. The 'Trojan leader's garb is in keeping with his strange occupation. ste~lltus'. i.e. on the hilt. iaspide: coll, singular. 263. ddmissa, 'draped.' quae mftnera, ' a gift which.' Ie?nera probably inclutdes both the nsis and the laena, though the rel. cl. applies only to the latter. 264. tenult... aur6: iLe. with thin threads of gold. discr~verat, 'had varied,' ' had worked'; the cloak is not onle broad expanse of (rilusoti, hut is- divided into different lields bythe threads that work out the pattern. 265, 266. nunc: emphatic, ' at so critii-al a time as this.' altae.. pulchram: Mercury suggests to Aeneas that Carthage is h igh enough and] lo~rely enough without his alid. ux~rius: freely, 'for a woman's sake.' 267. r~rum... tuirum, I'your real dlestiny.' 269. torquet,I guidles.' literally with cwaebnm, in the sense of 'causes to revolve' (cf. ii. 2,50), fig. with terriis. 271. 6tia, ' hours of idleness.',272, With 272, 273, cf. 232, 233. 274. Ascanium... IMR: for V. 's love of variety see ~ 181. surgentem= adoesceentent. 275. cul = et enirn. 276-2951 278.295] ~LIBER IV25 231 debentur.' TOi Cy1Jinius 6re loefitus m~rt1is visfis medi65 serm~ne reliquit et procul 'in tenuent ex oculis &vi~nuit auram. At v~r6 Aen~ds aspectft obinfituit ante-ns, arr~ctaeque horr~re comae, et v~x faucibus haesit. Akrdet abire fugil dulcisque relinquere terr~ts attonitus tant6 monitfi imperi~que de~3runi. Heu quid ag~at? qHi riune r~ginam ambire furentem audeat adfi-ati? quae prima ex~rdia s~mat? atque, animum nunc hfie celeremi, nune dividit ill-dc in partisque rapit varias perque oninia versat. Hlaec alternauti potior sententia visa est: Mn~sthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque S;erestum, classem aptent taciti socio-sque ad litora co-gant, arma parent et, quae r~bus sit causa novandis,_ dissiniulent; s~s~ intereft, quand.6 optima Did&~ nesciat et tant~s rump! n~n sp~ret amrnores, temptidtitrum aditfis et, quae mollissima fandi tempora, quis rdbus dexter modus. - Ocius omn~s imperib laet! pa~rent et itissa facessunt. 280 285 290 295 277. media serm6nie: an exaggerated phrase, akin to dict6 citius, i. 142; see note there.I 279-295. Aeneas bids his corn-.panions make ready for sailing, hoping, to find some favorable opportunity of announcing his purpose to the queen. 280. arrifctae... haesit: cf. it. 774, iii. 48. 2 83, 284. agat...sfimat: subj.- in 0. 0., representing delib. questions of the 0. RI. ambire, ' approach.'I V. has in mind the use of the word to denote the tactics employed by politicians to 'get round'I voters. 285. dividit: i.e. he parts his mind (thoughts) and then dispatches the parts in quest of some way out of his dilemma. The vs. is explained by 286. 286. partlsque: for position of -que see on pedibusque, ii. 227. per -... ver sat, ' makes it range over the whole hield,' i.e. of ways to obey Jupiter's coinmand. 289-291. aptent.. dissimuleut: subj. in 0. 0. after vocat, 288, regarded as =vocat et imperat. arma parent: so as to be ready for any developments. rl~bus o ens~ifis the plans of 260. Mad8 temptitiiruni (293): with vocat, 288, which now= vocat et dicit (eli). 292. spdret, 'expect'; the verbis used of anticipating evil as well as of hoping for good. 293, 294. temptittirum aditfls contains a military metaphor; aditits is used of the approaches to a fort. quae. modus: se. sintf with tempora sill with modus. Cf. n. on v)iris, 1. 517. mollissima, ' happiest,' 'Ifairest.' rdbus dexter, ' propitious to his interests'1; for case of ribus see ~ 125. 282 AENEIDOS [296-314 At regina dol~s (quis fallere possit amantem?) praes~nsit mn~tftsque exc~3pit prima futfir6s, omnia tfita tim~ns; eadem impia Fama f urent! dktuht, armdr! classem cursumque parari. -- iiou Saevit inops anim! ta3tamque inc~nsa per urbem. bacchatur, quails commatis excita sacris Tbyias, ubi audits3 stimtilant triet~rica Bacchi5 orgia nocturnusque vocat clam~re Cithaer~3n. - Tandem hIs Aen~in compellat v6cibus ultrC6: 805 'iDissimulare etiam sp~rdstl,.perfide, tantum posse nef as tacitusque inea d~c~dere terra? - nee t~ rioster amor nec tU data dextera quondam nec moritiira tenet crftd~l ilftere DiDd6?Quin etiam hibern63 m6liris sidere classem. 310 et medils properas Aquil6nibus I-re per altum, crfid~lis? Quid? Si nan arva ali~ria dom~sque ignotats peter~s et Tr~ia antiqua, man~ret, Tr~la per und~sum peter~tur classibus aequor? M~ne fugis? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam t6 297. exe~pit: exetpere riiniirjs, v6c~s, sermOisern are standing phrases. 298. tMUt: acc. p1., ' safe though they were'1; she was therefore doubly fearful of aught that threatened harm. omnia... thifens = a causal cl. impla foeda, 195. 300. anim-1: for case see ~ 116. 301L. qualis: as in Wi. 679. 302. Thyias: sc. Sacelei-tur. In Bacchic rites the sacra seem to have been brought out of the temple and shaken violently. At the sound of this shaking tbe Bacchantes start up to join iii the rites, stimulant: sc. earn. Bacch6, ' the Bacchus cry,' 10 Bache, mnuch used by the Bacchantes. 303. orgia: the great festival of Bacchus, held in and about Thebes, in Boeotia. nocturnus: ad v., 'by night,' the usual time for Bacchic orgies. vocat..Cithaer6n: the mountain is said to do what is done by the revelers on its slopes; cf. n. on lambit, iii..574. 305. dissimuliare etiam: i.e. to cloak as well as to form. 306. d~cddere: ~join directly with sp-Frfsti. 308. morit~ra... DWd: we should say, 'the thought that Dido,' etc.: se. ii you desert her. Dido's use ot her Qwil name has a pathetic effect. 309. mbliris: ani exaggeration (cf. iii. 5, 6); Aeneas was merely repairing his fleet. sidere: a poetical substitute ior tempore. The ancieiits seldomn sailed. in winter. 3 11. quid?: often thus used, esp. in prose, to call attention to a following question. ali~na: i.e. those belonging to the Italians. 313. Trbia: emphatic, ' even Troy.' peter~tur: se. at lids season. 314. t~a: with 6trd, 319. 315-332] 315-332] ~LIBER IV28 283 (quando aliud mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui), per c~nfibia nostra, per incept~s hymenae~s, s1 bene quid dh tc6 merul funit aut tibi quicquam dulce meum, miser~re domfis labenitis et istam, OrO, s1 quis adhac precibus locus, exue mentem. %6 propter Libycae gent~s Nomadumnque tyranni 3dore, inf~nsl Tyril; tU propter eundem exstinctus pudor et, qua s~1a sidera adibam, fmna prior. Cui m6 moribundam d~seris, hospes? h~c salum n~men quoniam d6 coniuge restat. Quid moror? an mea Pygmalifn dum moenia frfiter d&stfrat aut captain dficat Gaetiaius Jarbas? Saltem sI qua rnih! d6 t~ suscepta fuisset ante fuigam suibol~s, s! quis mihi parvulus aulA Itideret Aen~ds, qul te tamen. 6re referret, h~n equidem omnnin,5 capta ac d~serta vid~1rer.' Dixerat. [Me Iovis ruonitis imm~ta ten~bat Ifimina et obnixus cfiram sub corde prem~hat. 315 820 325 330 316. c6utibia =the union in the cave, 165-172, hymenae6a = the tormal marriage to which that union seemed to point. 317, 318. slI... merui: cf. sic merit0i, iii. 667, with n. fuji... meurn = cut si quicquam tibiplacui. si... nmearn is one of the objects of per, 314, 'by whatever favors,' etc.; cf. n. on per, ii. 142. 15,b~errtis: Dido anticipates the result of A&eneas's departure. 320, 321. tyrann! od~re (sc. mF): cf. 36, 37. inf~nsi: i.e. on account of Lhe neglect of their city; see 86-89. 322. pudor: as in 27. qua... ad!barn: i.e. by which I was winning inimortality. Cf. toll&nus in ast ra, iii. 153, with note. 323. fMma, 'my good name'; cf. fllTnam, 91. cul.. d~seris: cf. M.. relinquor, ii. 678. hospes contains a hint that she deserves better treatment at htis hands. 324. quoniarn... restat expliins why she calls him hospes. coniuge~ briefly put for coniugis atimine; cf. n. on curn1 nifvibus, i. 193. 325. quid moror: sc. to die. After an sc. morer, ' shall I delay?'I quid moror (note the indic.) has to do with her actual conduct; (morer) deals with her mut. conduct, and is a delib. question. 327. suscepta, fuisset: i.e. had been born to me by you and had been reared; cf. ii. onl suscipit... fo~ls, 1. 175. 329. qul tOx... referret, 'who reproduaced you.' The cl. is; an integral part of salt em.si... Aeu~rs, the a condition contrary to subj. tamen, ' at le ancing phrase lil way.'m 33~-361. I rememnber bids me go t 332. obn 284 AENEIDOS [333-350 Tandem pauca re~fert: 'Ego t~, quae pltarima fandb 6numeridre va1-6s, numquam, reglna, inegabo 3n5 prameritam, nee m~ meminisse pig~lbit Elissae, darn memor ipse mei, durm spiritus hi~s regit artfis. Pr6 r~ pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abscondlere ffi~rt spc~rfqv (n6 finge) fugam nec coniugis urnquam praetendi taedids aut haceo in foedera v~nl. 340 MW s! Fiita meis paterentur dficere vitam auspicils et sponte meit compo nere ciiras, Lirbem Trfidnam primum, dulcisque me~iruin M~iquhis colerem, Priamni te-cta alta man~rent, et recidiva manfl posnissem Pergama victis. 345 Sed nunc Italianm magnam GJr-neus Apoll, Italiam Lyciac iuss~re capessere sortes; hic amor, hac patria est. ST tL& Carthaginis arcas Phoenissam Libycacquie aspectus d~tinet urbis, quae tandem Ausonia Teucr~s c~nsidere terrd ziro invidia est? et nC~s fits extera quaerere r~gna. against his anguish as against a foe. cibram... prem~bat: cf. prefteit doldremn, 1. 209. 333-335. t3... pr~meritam (sc. esse di mrF) answers si bene...?nerui, 317. quae... valis is the object of prdmieritamn; pidriina =Iin long array.'Im...pig~bit: for constr. cf. si ss~n per. taesum... fuisset, 18, with n. The gen. which we have there is replaced by the infin. phrase here; cf. nee. paenifeaf, 1. 548, 549. 336. dum... mel: sc sumn. 337. pr6 r6, ' in defense of my conduct.' 343, 344. man6rent, ' would (still) be standing,' pictures the result rather, than the process; posuissem gives the process. With the text cf. Prianmi inanFris, II. 56. recidiva: freely, ' a sec ond'1; see Vocabulary. 346. Lyciae... sort6s: iLe. of Apollo; see 143 and ~ 281. iussdre: V. has nowhere given the words of this command; the only utterance from Apollo pointing to Italy is that given in iii. 94-98, and interpreted by the Penates, iii. 161-168. 347, 348. t6 d~tinet: I e. from going elsewhere. Phoenissam=a caus al clause. 3 50. invidia, 'ground for envy'; see ~186. n6s: i.e. for us as well as for you As Dido came from Tyre to Carthage, so the Trojans have a right to go from Troy to Italy. He is, evading Didos, charge, which was, not that he was seecking to settle elsewhere, but that be was trying to desert her. 339. nC, tinge: sc. anI~nFd, 'fancy taedbs: a nig. way of evrseek to become in~~~h taeddis cf. tuedae, inl~ ~ia. The foedera in r~ ~~ed were tho',e rrlage. ';cf. n. on aiias In 1.35. 351-03691 ~351-369] LIBER IV28 28-5 _M__ patris Anchisae, quoti~ns fimentibus umbris n~x operit terrfts, quoti~ns astra lignea, surgunt, admonet in somnis et turbida terret imag6, m~ prier Ascanius capitisque inifiria earl-, quem r~gn6 llesperiae fraud6 et fi~t~ibus arvis. INunc etiam interpres divum. love missus ab ips6 (testor utrnmque caput) celerls mnanddita per aurds d&ttiit; ipse de-Lm manif~stO in lIlmine vid! intrantem mfdr6s vC~cemque his auribus hausi. D~sine ml~que tuis incendere tUque querEfls; italiam n~n sponte sequor.' TidIia dicentem iamdfidum dversa tu~tur h-ac ill-dc volv~ns oculis t~tumque pererrat ifminibus tacitis et sic aco~nsa profdtur: 'Nec tibi diva parens generis nec Dardanus auctor, perfide, sed dfiris genuit t, cautibus horr~ns Cauicasus; Hyrcanaeque admbrtunt fibera tigr~s. Nam quid dissimuIk aut quae mn~ ad mdi~ra reserv6? num flitf ingernuit nostrb? num lIdmina flexit? 355 860 865 351. Anchiisae: with im~iq5, 353. 353. turbida: i.e as to the consequences of Aeneas's stay in Carthage. imag6: for position cf. u. on Didd, 171. 354. puer... inillria: i.e. the thought of mny boy and the wrong I am doing, etc.; from cdmionet and terret, 353, sc. some general verb like coinmovet. 355. f-atalibus=qutae F~ta eidedgrunt. 357. utrumque = et rneumn et tuurn. 359. miir6s: sc. urbis or Cartliffginis. v6cem.., haus! involves a figure familiar in English. 361. n6n sponte (,sc. meU): i.e. in obedience to a will higher than mine own. The brevity of this vs. is in marked contrast with the wordy rhetoric of the rest of the speech. 362-392. Dido rdplies: 'No son of a goddess, no Trojan art thou, but a heartless traitor. Go, make for Italy, and let my curse go with you.' 362. fiversa: as in i. 482; freely, 'askance.'1 363. t6tum (sc. eurn), Ifrom head to foot.'I 364. ijminibus: here, ' glances,' as distinguished from ocul68, 363. 365. generis... auctor: i.e. no true Troj an could do what you are doing. 366. cautibus: with horr~ns. 367. adm6runt: sc. fibi, ' put to your lips.'1 368. nam:. as in ii. 373. dissimul6: i.e. cloak my feelings. The questions in this vs. are like quid moror, 325. See a. there. mMibra, 'direr wrongs.' Dido, means, ' Am I to wait to suffer worse things ere I speak out?'1 369. From this point to 37 Dido talks to herself, forgetting Aeneas's presence numt... fiexit Illustrates tile... liimina, 331, 832. 2,cG AENEIDOS [370-385 n70 num lacrimas victus dedit aut miseratus amantem est? Quae quibus anteferam? iam iam nec maxima Iiun nec Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aequis. Nisquam tfita fids. Eiectnm litore, egentem excepi et regni demens in parte locavi, 875 amissam classem, socios a morte redfixi. Heu furiis incensa feror! nunc angur Apollo, nune Lyciae sortes, nunc et Iove missus ab ipso interpres divum fert horrida iussa per auras. Scilicet is superis labor est, ea cfra quietos 880 sollicitat. Neque.te teneo neque dicta refello; i, sequere Italiam, ventis pete irgna per undas. Spero equidem medils, s1 quid pia numina possunt, supplicia haubrlumn scopulls et nomine IDTdc saepe vocaturum. Sequar itris ignibus absrns s85 et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artis, 371. quae... anteferam: literally, what shall I put before what?' a delib. question meaning really, 'I know not what to do or say.' 372. Saturnius... pater: Jupiter; ~276. haec, 'this world of ours'; said with a gesture. aequis, 'just,' 'impartial.' Even the gods are now biased; for the reproach cf. the speech of Iarbas, 206-210. 373. egentem: cf. Aeneas's own words, omnium egeno, i. 599. 376. amissam... reduxi: an exaggeration; Dido had nothing to do with the coming of Aeneas's fleet to Carthage. socios... redUxi, however, may be taken literally; cf. n. on clamiore, i. 519, and on proprius, i. 526. Dido charges Aeneas with ingratitude even as Iarbas had charged her, 211-214. 376-378. nunc augur... auras scornfully refers to Aeneas's words, 345, 346,356. Dido's triple nunc finely mocks Aeneas's nunc...nunc etiam. et= etiam, 356. 379. is... ea both refer to the thought of nunc augur... aurTs, the giving of oracles and the sending of messages to bid men play the part of traitors. quiet6s (sc. eos): freely, ' their quiet existence.' 381. sequere Italiam mockingly repeats Aeneas's Ttaliam... sequor, 361. ventis... undas: while ostensibly giving him permission to depart, Dido makes two of her five words suggest the perils his going involves. 382. pia: cf. sZ... caelo pietas, ii. 536, with n. there onpietds. 383. hausuirum: a rare form, in place of hausturun. Dido: acc., according to a Greek form of declension. 384. ignibus, 'firebrands,' atrfs suggests death; see on atro... venenO, ii. 221. absens: as in 83. While she lives Dido is to be a sort of Fury, ever with Aeneas to torture him for his treachery. The Furies of mythology-carried torches. 385. anima...artus: the ancients 886-4011 ~~86-4O1] LTABER IV 287 om-nibus umibra locis ader6. Dabis, improbe, poenas. Audiam, et haec Mftils veniet mihi fama sub lmcis.' Ills mediuim dietis serm~nem abrumpit et auri~s ae(Cg i a fugit s~'qne ex oculis avertit et ailfert hnqtt~'us mnuilta mnetil- cunctantem et nitilta volentem(I There. Susei piunt famulae conlapsaque membra mrnarore6 referunt thalanii6 striftisq ne r-epo-nunt. At pins Aene-s,, quamquam kvnire tiolentem i~o1andoT cupit -et dictis Rvertere cards, innita geinflns magn~que animum labefactus am~3re lussa tarnen divim exsequitur classemque revisit. Tim v~,r) Teuenr! incumnbunt et Mtore celsas (ldlilcunt t~it5 niavis. NNatat Lincta carina, frotidentisque ferunt r~3m~s et rr~bora silvs Thfabrifi~ta fugae studi6. Mligrantis cernfis tota-que ex urbe ruentis, 890 895 400 often defined death as the separation of the soul from the body. With art?78 sc. mredus. 386. umbra= anl advers. cl. ader6: se. tibi. 387. Mitnis. sub 1m6s = ad Mdtnts irmo8, iii. 565. The spirits received news of events in this world from the newly dead or from living visitors. In Book Vt we shall read of Aeneas's journey to the underworld. 388. auris: we should say, ' the light.'1 389. s... 5,vertit: contrast Uvertit, i. 104, Uvert~as, i'. 402, both without 8e. 390. multa... cunctantem: incita is probably adv., as in haud... rnordtus, iii. 610. met-UL: i~e. of offending Dido still more. et = et tamen. 391. conlipsa, 'nerveless.' membra: with all three verbs. 392. thalam6... stritis: dat.; ~122. 393-415. Aeneas still prepares to.depart. Dido determines to try en treaties a second time, making Anna her mouthpiece. 393. pius: though apparently false to Dido, Aeneas is doing his highest duty, that towards the gods; at. 361, 396. 397. incumbunt: for one object sc. sF (~ 139.); the other object is contained in litore... nR-vis, ' they press on the launching of their ships.' 398. tincta: i.e. with pitch or tar. So to-day boats and ships are blackleaded or painted to make themn slip more readily through the water.~ carl — na: coll. singular. I 399. frondentis... riem6s: iLe. branches with the leaves still on, to be made into oars. See on stringere rein8, i. 552. r~bora = tralds, i. 552. For the condition of the ships at. 53. In their haste they do not stop to make repairs. 401. cernis: cond.; se. si ad8i8 or the like as the prot. We might have had cerner,~s, 'one might have seen,' but the pres. corresponds exactly to the histor. pres. in 397-400. 288 288 ~~~AENEIDOS (0-2 (402-420 Ac velut ingentem, formlcae farris acervum curn populant hiemis rnemor~s t~ct~que rep~nunt: it nigrum campis agmen, praedamque per herbils 4105 convectant calle angust6; pars graudia trfidunt, obinixae frftrnenta urneris, pars agmina c~pgunt castigantque moras; opere omnis se'ifta fervet. Quis tibi turn, Dld6, cernent! tiftia s~nsns, qucsve dabiis gemitfis, cum 11tora fervere 1IU6t 410 prispicer~s arce ex summia totumque vid~lr~s rnisc~r! ante ocul~s tantis clarnoribus aequor! Improbe amor, quid n~n mortfilia pectora c~gisl Ire iterum in lacrirnas, iterurn temptAire precand,5 c~gitur et supplex animn5s summittere am~r-i, 415l nC quid inexpertum. frftstrif moritfira relinqu~at. 'Anna, vids t0t properd~r! 11tore circum; uindique convenere; vocat iarn carbasus aurf-s, puppibus et Iaet! nautae inposu~re coranfis. I1unc ego si potul tantum sperf-re dol6rern, 420 et perferre, soror, poterC3. Miserae h~c tamen finum. 402. ac: sc. some general verb like instant or incumbont (397). 405, 406. calle angustM ants, regularly move in this way along a single narrow track. pars... pars: some are workmen, some overseers. grandia: i e. as compared with the ant itself. fr~menta, ' grains of corn.' 407. With opere... fervet cf. ferret opus, 1. 436, in the simile of the bees, 1. 4.30-436, which is to be compared genserally with this. s~mita: the caltis angutstus of 405. 408. sftsus: sc. erat. 409. Mlora fervere effectively repeats the thought of semita fervet, 407. For the formn ferv~re see ~ 101; contrast forvet in 407. 412. quid... c6gis: as in iii. 56. 413. temuptre precand6: sc. AenWiT, and cf. aniinumt temiptilre precandi3, 113. 414. anlmds: here,, pride.' 415. n6... relinquat: briefly put for ' that she may not leave aught untried and so (thanks to that neglect) die in vain.' frizistrdl morittira is contingent upon inexpertum... relinquat, ' being (in that event, i.e. if she leaves aught untried) sure to die and that too fruit. lessly.' Cf. Dido',s talk of death, 31.)5. 416-436. Dido'Is appeal to Anna. Bid Aeneas wait till hie can go more safely. Ask him to tarry till I can better endure the thought of his departure.' 416. Anna: Anna lhas doubtless been with Dido since her return to her chamber, 392; see~ 225. 417. vocat... auris: contrast atirae v~la vocant, iii. 3,56, 357. 418. puppibus... cor6nis: sailors placed garlands on their vessels both on entering and on leaving a port. 419, 420. hune... poter6 ' II shall 421-4381 421-438] ~LIBER IV29 289 exsequiere, Anna, mihi; s~lam nam perfidus jill t~ colere, arcdn~s etiam. tibi cr~dere s~nsfts; s31a vinl mollis aditfis et tempora n6rils. 1, soror, atque hostem. supplex adfAre superbum. N~n ego cum Danals Tr~idnam exscindere gentem Aulide iftrAv! classemve ad Pergama mis! nec patris Anchisae cinerem. MatnIsve revel~l; cur mea dicta negat dfirds d~mittere in aurls? Qu6 ruit? extr~mum li~c miserae det mfinus amatiff; exspectet facilemque fugam. vent~sque ferentis. N~n iam coningium, anticum, quod pr~didit, 6r6 nec puilihrO ut Lati6 careat r~lgnumque relinquat; tempus minae petO, requiem spatiumque fur~ri, dum. mea m6 victam, doceat fort-ftna doh~lre. Extr~mam hanc 6r6 veniam (miser~re sor~ris); quam, mihi cum dederit, cumulimtam morte remittam.' Timlibus 6rimbat, timllsque miserrima fltfts fertque refertque soror. Sed nfillis iMe mov~tur 425 430 435 be as well able to endure... as I was to foresee It.' Dido is dissembling in order to deceive Anna and through her Aeneas. sp~rre: as in 292. 422. colere... cr6dere: these hist. infins. are noteworthy. (1) because they stand in a causal ci., (2) because they denote repetition, custom, and so = cotere... cridere solet. See G. 647, N. 2. 423. mollis... tempora: cf. 293, 294, and note again V.'s love of variety. 424. hostem: once Dido called him comainx, 171, 172, 324, then simply hospes, 32,13, a word combining the ideas of stranger and guest; now she calls hin hostis. 426. Aulide: for Aulis as the gathering-place of the Gk. forces see ~ 51. 427. cinerem Minleve: cf. cinerern aut Mdnis, 34, with note. 428. negat has the force and the constr. of abrnegat, ii. 637. 430. vent,6s... ferentis: see on vent6... ferenti, iii. 473. 432. pulchr6... Lati contains a sneer. 433. tempus in~zie, ' an idle season'; cf. ifia, 271. inane: i.e. freed from the preparations Aeneas is now making for departure. requiem spatiumque, ' a breathing-spell.'1 435. 6r6 sc. eum. miserere soi-6ris: i.e. by telling him how slight a favor I crave from him. 436. quam: see on qiiem, 1. 64. cumulitam (sc. earn)... remittam: freely, 'I will repay it a hundredfold by dying.' For Dido's allusion to her death cf. 325. Anna gives no special heed to Dido's wild utterances, thinking them natural enough under the circumstances. 290 AENEIDOS [439-455 fl6tibus aut vbc~s fillds tractdbilis audit; 440 Fdta obstant, placidatsque virn dens obstruit auris. Ac velut ann~3s, validam cum r6bore quercum AlpfinI Boreae nuno hinc nunc flatibus iWine 63ruere inter s6 certant, it stridor, et altae c~nsternunt terrain concuss6 stipite frond~s; 445 ipsa haeret scopulls et, quantum vertice ad aurils aetherids, tanturn rddice in Tartara tendit: hand see-Ls adsiduis hinc atque hime v~cibus h~r~s tunditur et mdon6 persentit pectore cilrds; mnans imm6ta manet; lacrimae volvuntur indn~s. 450 Tunm v~r6 infdix Fdtis exterrita DId6 mortem 6irat; taedet caeli convexa tWMr. Qu.6 magis inceptum peragat lIfcemque reliriquat, vidit, tfiricrernis cum d~na inpo-neret dris, (horrendum dictfi) laticE-s nigre-scere sacros 455 f utsaque in obsc~num s~ vertere vina cru~rem. 437-449. Anna plies Aeneas with appeals, but in vain. 439, 440. aut is inaccurate. V. writes as if he had said in 438, n~n Me mov~tur. For ntm... aut cf. iii. 42, 43. Here we mnust borrow a neg. for act from WIPlis; this neg. ~ act= neque. placidiis, ' gracious, ' ' ready to yield.'I yir deus: j uxtaposition of contrasts; deu8 'heaven,' as often. 441. annoso... r~bore: causal abl. with valirlant. 442. Alpini in thought an adv.o location. 'on some Alpine height ' Bo-_ reae = Aquiltmnis, ' stormy winds'; see 443,444. it, 'ensues.' stridor is the creaking of the tree its it slways iii the wind. altae... frond~s, 'layers of leaves.' concussd stipite: sc. U Borei8. 446. in Tartara: an extravagant way of saying, ' down into the earth.' 447. v6clbus, 'appeals,.' 448. mfigun.. cflris corresponds to altae..-. frondis, 443, 444; like the oak. Aeneas suffers, hut he does not yield. So adsidats... veicibu8, 447, corresponds to nanco... ftiftibas iffine, 442; means.. manet, 449, balances ipsa... scoputes, 445. 449. lacrimae: sc. Annae; cf. 437, 438. inin~s = an adv., ' without result.' 450-473. Dido prays for death, then plans to secure this boon herself. Strange sights and omens confirm this resolution. 450. Fatls: briefly put for ' the manifest will of the Fates.' 451. taedet: sc. earny; for constr. see on me~... piq~5it, 33-5. 452, 453. qu6... relinquat gives the purpose of idWU, which = 'she was niade to see,' i.e. by the Fates (450). vidif gives the result rather than the process; see on M16, i. 99. peragat.... relinqu~at, Vidit: the sequence is not accurate; the pres. subj. is due to the histor. pres. 5rat and taedet in 451. 454, 455. latic~s..sacr~s and 456-4731 4~~6-473] LIBER IV21 291 HMc visum nfifli, n~n ipsi effata sor~rl. Praeterea fuit in t~ctls d63 marmore templum coniugis antiqui, mir6 quod hon~re col~bat, velleribus nivels et f~stfd fronde revinctum; line exaudirl v~c~s et verba vocantis visa virn, nox cum terrils obscfira ten~ret, s~laque culminibus f~rdiU carmine b-ObO saepe quer! et longf-ts in fl~turn dficere v-ce-s; multaque praetereii vatum praedicta pri~rum terribili monitfil horrificant. Agit ipse furentem in somnis ferns AenOds, semperque relinqui sola sibI, semper longam incomitata vidtur ire viam et Tyrids d~sertii quaerere terra, Eumenidtim veluti d~lm~ns videt agmina Pentheus et s~lem geminum et duplicis s6 ostendere Thobas aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitiitur Orest~s, armdtam -facibus mAtrem et serpentibus atris cam fugit ultric~sque sedeut in l1mine Dirae. 460 465 470 fissa... vina denote the same thing, i.e. the libation. obsc~num = both 'loathsome'I and ' ominous.' 458. coniugis antliqui: the custom of dedicating chapels to the dead was common in V.'Is time. 459. velleribus: here, probably, 'woolen fillets'; cf. dire... vittis. c?lpresso, iii. 63, 64. Contrast the adjs. in the two passages, caeruleis with nive~is, and ft~rd with ftstd. Dido honored Sychaeus with the signs of joy and life, because, though dead, he lived in her love. 461. virl = coniugis, 458; cf. vir5, 192, with note. 462. culminibus: sc. tdcffrum. With bMMb sc. visa est from 461. 463. in fltum dficere: a flue way of saying, ' prolong till they die in a tearful wail.' 464. prl6rum: their predictions hnve the sanctity of hoary antiquity. 466. ferns, 'wildly.' 'ruthlessly.' 468. Tyri~s... terra.: in 321 Dido described her subjects as estranged from her. d~serta... terr&, ' in a land where no people are'; a picturesque substitute for'I fruitlessly.' semper... terrU thrice expresses the same thought. 469. Eumenidum = Furiis, 376; cf. ~301. velutla... Pentheus: briefly put for Didi agitur veluti Pentheus curn dirnins videt agmina Eurnenidam, etc. agmina: i.e. as pictured in some tragedy in which the chorus represented the Furies. 471. soaenis... Orest~e: sc. i7 Furiis; cf. sceleru... Orestis, iii. 311, with notes. scaenis, 'over the stage,' is abl. of route. 4672. facibus... &tris: cf.- sequar Utris ignibus, 384, with n. Orestes is in some apartment, perhaps a temple, pursued by his mother, while the Furies sit ast the door to prevent his Iescape. 292 AENEIDOS [474-489 Erg6o ubi concepit furias evicta dolore 475 decrevitque morl, tempus secum ipsa modumque exigit et maestam dictis adgressa sororem consilium vultuf tegit ac spem fronte serenat: 'InvSni, germana, viam (gratare sorori), quae mihi reddat eum vel eo me solvat amantem. 480 Oceani finem iuxta solemque cadentem ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi maximus Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibns aptum; hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerd6s, Hesperidum templi cfistos epulasque drac6ni 485 quae dabat et sacros servabat in arbore ramos spargens umida mella sop6rifernmque papfiver. Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes, quas velit, ast allis duras inmittere curas, sistere aquam fluviis et vertere sidera retro, 474-503. Dido bids Anna build for her a lofty pyre, on which she may burn everything that might remind her of Aeneas. 475. secum ipsa: i.e. secretly. Though Dido has twice spoken of her death (325, 436), her resolve to die by self-destruction is only now fully formed. Her secrecy henceforth is thoroughly in accord with human nature and conduct. 477. spem... serenat: i.e. she makes hope shine bright on her brow; an inversion (~203) of spe frontem gerenat. 479. eum... e6: Dido will not now give Aeneas any name or title; cf. n. on hostem, 424. 480. Oceani: for constr. see ~t1l. sblem... cadentem defines Ocean7 f inem. 482. axem... torquet: ie. sup ports on his shoulders the revolving heavens; cf. 247. aptum: lit., 'joined to,' i.e. fitted with, studded with. 483. m6nstrata (est), 'has been reeommended. 484, 485. epulas... ramos = 'sometime giver... and keeper,' etc., and so may be joined by -que to custos; cf. the use of et, i. 694. epulas... dabat really gives the means of servabat; she guarded the branches by feeding the dragon, thus keeping him willing and able to discharge his duty. 486. spargens: sc. on the epulae. soporiferum: poppy oil, mixed with honey, was a Roman substitute for sugar. V. first thought here of the poppy as a dainty, like the mella. Then he thought of the use of the poppy as'a soporific. This suggested the tales in which poppy-cakes are given to hostile dragons to put them asleep. It was but one step more to introduce this thought into our passage, though soplriferunm ls here sadly out of place, since the poppy was given to this dragon, not to put it asleep, but to keep it awake and faithful to its duties. 487. promittit: here, 'declares,' 'gives it out that.' solvere: sc. c4ris from 488. 488. aliis: sc. mentibus, 490-507] 490-307] ~LIBEIR IV23 293 nocturn~sque movet Matnfs; mfigire vidlbis su)b pedibus terrain et d&scendere montibus orn~s. Testor, ciara, deos et t~,, germdna, tuuimque dulce capuit magic~its invitam acchigier artis. Tfi s~crkta pyram t~ct6 interi6re sub aurz-ts ~rigye et arma virn, thalam6 quae fixa reliquit impius, exuVi'aisque omnis lef-tumque iugillem, qnu5 perii, superinp~n~is; abolere nefandi cfinecta virn monumenta iuvat, m~nitratque sacerd~s.' Haec eff~ita silet; pallor siniuil occupat 6ra. N~n tamen Anna novis praetexere ffinera sacris germanam crudit nec tant~s mente fur~~s concipit aut gravi~ra timet quam morte SychaeI. ErgO itussa parat. At regina pyrd penetriali in s-;Me sub aurii&~r~ctff ingenti taedis atqtie f1icc secad intendlitque locum sertis et fronde corfmat fui~ered; super exuviz-v t-nsernqte relictuni 490 495 500 490, 491. nocturn6s: used like norfermisi, 303. The Manes visited them earth chiefly by night. movet: i e. from their resting place. vid6bis is used with mii-gire of mnental perception, with dWscendere ofplhysical 'ight. mfqir'e... orn5ds means. of course, that the priestess, can bring such things to pass. 492, 493. testor... caput: as in 357. invItam: the best Roman feeling.strongly condemned witchcraft and magic. accingler (sc. rni as subject).literally, I Igird on myself, i e. I employ. For Jhe verb form see i0RY2; for the constr. aiccifqior arf is cf. galtawn.. indstitur, ii. 392,. 393, fe'rroinm cingiter, Ui. 510. 51 1, with notes. 494. ader6ta = an adverb 495. thalam6 (sc. nosfrui) as in ii 503 Here and in lectelfl... vlqffoprn. 496. Dido adheres to her declaration (cf. 172, 3,24) that she had been duly married to Aeneas. 496. impius: a sneering allusion to the phrase pius AenN&s. exuviis,, relics.' I menior-ial-,,' consisting of artidles of dress or armior put off by Aeneas. Ancient magicians worked their spells, on an limage of a person, or on something belonging to him, believing that whatever was done to such an image or possession was done to the person himself. To destroy every memodal of Aeneasvwill thus be equivalent to ilestroying Aeneas himself. When he no longer exist-, Dido can no Ivngcr love him. 500. tamen: i.e. in spite of her emotion.% ihich is not in keeping with her word-,. 502. quam: -c quao'farfaxswn.i "'04-521. The pyre is built and the priestess performs the rites. Dido makes a last appeal to the gods. 504. Penetr~i In sede = fkfd ieJ'rb~ro, 494. Note the different constructions in the two passages. 505. taedls, ' pine-beamns.' Ilice secti: cf. secti.... abiete, ii. 18.. 506, 507. Intendit.-.. sectle: at 24 2~~~4 ~~AE1r4EIDOS effigiemque tor6 locat- haud ign~ira furfiri. Stant it rae circum, et crinis efffisa sacerd~s >,I( ter ceritun -tonat Ore de~s, Ereburnque Cbaosque terzceminarnque Hecahn, tria virginis (ira Dianiae. Sparserat et latic~s sirnu1it~s fontis Avern,111 falcibus, et rnessae ad liuani qtuieruntur a~nis pflbent~s herbae nigri cumn lacte ven~ni; 315 quaeritur et nifscentis equl d~ fronte r'evulsus et indtiti prlaereptus arnor. Ipsa nmohi ranaibusque pils alitaria jiixtil itnurn exftta pedem viticlisi in vesite r-CiCticu testiltur nioritfura dle~s et c~nscia fa,(i.5:y) midera; turn. sI quctd n~n aequ6 foedere amnantis inversion ($ 2113) of the natural phra-.e tor() gerta inb-wh1t; s-o we might sax-, hangs, the 1)l15cc with garlmnds fronde f. nerei: esp. the cypress,. ezuviis: ef. 496. 508. effiiem: -c. Aep~ai'; cf in on i1'irii. 496 tore: the Ie-rfwe viqftts of 496. haud... futfiri: i e. didng everything %N itli a se-ttled purpose. and knowing well it,,, outeomle 509. stant: as iii ill 631 crlnis efMmsa for conistrtuctioni wec 136. For the act cf.?i~ti-i~qao resob it Wi. 37. xx ith niote. 510, 511. ter: -is in ii 174; join with fltifO. de6s =?wlfiflO dounz; ace. of effect; - if-'. Erebumque, 'and in particuilar,' etc. IllS. Erebu-,, Chaos. and Hm-cate are, god- of the uinderworld. to xx Iomn specmil appeal wvaN niadle in wvitchcraft. tria... Diinae explains tergeM Ionemmfill? i-Heibin: for the expressioli see on milqrarnore somnn 1 634. For the relation of Diana to Hecate see ~282. 512. uimulat6s... Averni: iLe. which she pretemided to have brought from Avernius. 013. ad 1finani.m. adnls: iLe. cut at the right niomoent andl with the right ilnpleienets, Irouiie implements wer, ii-,ed in sacrifice- long before those of iron were noxx n: th- use lingered lbug aniong the Romans. especially in magic rites. 514. venfti: geti of (eihnitlon (~ I11) mixith hif t P. - s. 515. u&sceutis, Inew bo(rn' 516. amor: her-e.- au~se of love,' - ove chariu' The ancients heliexed that a black fleshy substance was on the forehead of a new-born colt: this the mother sought at once to bite off If one could forestall her and secure the growth for himself, he would find it an effective love-eharm-. 517. ipsa: Dido: see on ipsvis. 11II$ 518. extita pedem: ftor consir. sinohl exa;R i( ndq-I,,s, ii. 17.5- vinclis: v of her satidal. The %% orshiper often hilt tote foot or both bare. veste recincti: a comnion observance in sacrihces cf the loosened hair of the priestess. 5th. 519, 520. cOnscia... sidera: con trast the dat. in cdnscilts - -- cdei)niiis 167, 163- For the thought cf. n on 8ldera, iii 360. sl quod = quodcuniqie. n6n.. amantis: literally, ' those who love in accordance with an unfair conipact - i e t hose whose loN e niects nos f air t et itin. Por ca;se 4f OtOin dt st oil fut dei e i-rf5, I it: 521 5391 LIBER IV Of) - - a C~irai nim tien lhabet ifisturnque mernory ie, precit (1r. 'N~ox erat, et placiduni carpebant fessa sopo-rem Corpora per terrdis, silvaeque et saeva quierant aequora, cuni medi6 voil-untur sidera Liipsfi, cunm tacet ominis ager, pecudas plctaeque vo1ucr1,(";, quaeque lacfls liftt~ liquid&.s quaeque aspera dIfim-1i; rfira tenent, somn6 positae sub noete silenti. L~nibaiit efti'-is et corda oblita lab~runi. At n~m hif~lix animi Phoenissa nec umquam solvittir in somnlos'oeulisve ant pectore noctern accipit; ingeininant cftrae, ruirsusqne resurgens I-.cvit amor, miitgPi~que irdrum fluctuat aestft. Sic ae6) hisistit s~cunlque ita corde volfittat: 1'Lii quid ag6? rfirsusne proc~s inrisa prh~i's uwriar Nomadumque Ipetam c,5nft1bia supplex, qutis ego sini toti~ns iami ddIgni-ita marit~s? liacils igitur classis atque ultima Teucrunt iiusui sequar? quiane auxili6 iuvat ante levat6.l~) et betie apudi meinor~s veteris stat gri-itia facti? 5 Z: 53, 521. cfLrae: prt'd. dat. with habd (sc. 522-553. Dido finds no rest from the torture of her love. 522. carpdbaut, -'nereenjoyiug' s&et on Carp)i8. i. 38. 523-525. silvae... quliran aequora: because the winid fell at stinset e-f iii 56. cum medid... ager, ' the" hour when. ete dependfI- on no'x - at, 522, felt now ats =tenipsi serat. volvuntur: i.e. with the heavens (ii. 2.5). pictae, 'gay-plumnaged ' 526. quaeque... quaeque:.quie -pe= I bth.. atnd.' 528. hIulbant: for formn see ~ 103. As suObject sc. hi oyw mg, iLe men, beasts, birds. obMt: proleptic, I'into forgetfulness of.' 529. at u6n: sc. Unmit ci~rits. infilix animi: ef 4(lining anind, 203, M ith note. 530. solvitur in, does-he iirrender her being to noct~em: I e the rest i t brought to o)thers., 52!-4528. 533. Insistit: i.e. presses (in in her purpos)~e to dile. 534. quid ag6? for mood see on l/ao yfl s.-quun',r, iii. S8. proo~s... pri6rds: cf..36.35. inrisa is used like uw (tOii. 574, 'shall I try... and be laughed at for 1113 pain,,"' 535. experiar... petam: a deith. question of the usual type;- see- on err' dean, i ~118. The Answer to this question is of coutrse negative. 536. qu~s... marit6s: an adver; rel. cl., like quilbns.. e88et. it. 348. -See note there. 538. qulane: briefly put for seqaarpwbriefty put for e~s htratf mned- aoeilid x inde lerltW~i elue. 539.' bene piroperly belongs with fac. b~ ut is set first to make it influence 296 296 ~~~AENELDOS ~4-5 [540-555 MO Qnis m& autem, fac velle sinet ratihnsve snperbis invisam accipiet? nescis lieu, perdita, needum Ldomedonitae sent is periuiria gentis? Quiid turn? s~la fuigh noitiis comitabor ovantlis? an Tyrils omnique ma'iui stipa:ta mebrum!i45 inferar et, quibs Sidonid vix urbe revelli, rfirsus again pelag~l et ventis dare v~1a iubAbO Qanin morere, tit merita es, ferroqu Averte dok~rem. Tft lacrirnis ~Svicti meisI tfi prima fureuitetn bis, gerlniina, ma is one/As atqtue obie'cs hosti. ws N~)n licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitamn d&gere m6re ferae tAlis nec tangere cfir-As! N~n servilta fi'des cineri pr~missa Sychae6!' Tant~s illa su6 rumpebat pectore questfis.Aen~ids celsal in 'ppi iam certus eundi sss carpfbat somnals r~hus iain rite pariitli;. rn-Pnoor~s and stat as well; b5ene stat =.stands firmly.' aPUd memor6a (se. eois) = in e~romi nfeniorid; literally. ' with (among) them, as men of memories.' facti: se. mei: subj. gen. Note the irony in these verses. 540. m6... sinet: sc 8seq'i iiiacdfs rtsi. bsRse. froui 537, 538 fac velle: briefly put for fac (,suppose') ine relle seqiti. etc. Hi1. perdita: she is addressing herself. H42. LUomedontfae: a scornful epithet; see on LFIOnmedontiad',. Mi. 248. 543. nautis: sc. Tri~iiins. comit,&bor: i e. in a seliarate ship. Out of 5M1).54t sc. here si Ydn "Vn ratihoits g0 (i(ci'perint- ovantis: because they are leaving Carthage for Italy; cf lop(i coronds, 118, with note. 545. Inferar: sc. 5?5: Trdetns. I'shaill l fling myself on (I e. attack) themn?' qu6s: as antec. se sos ipslO$. 547. quin morere: ('f qon~..xsTrc.irnes 99. with n Since qu1n with the indic. = a command. quin naturally came to be useduwith the imp. itself. Dido is addressing herself. as in 541. 549. onerks... obicis: by thes slpeech in 31-5-3. Cf. esp 38, 45, 46. 505.3. and V 's comment,.54, 5-5. 550. ni~a iCUit (sc euni). we should say, I~ b y was I not allosiN ed ' thalami: with experfesn. which contains the noun parsq sine crimine: cf culpam, 19. w%.ith note. 551. m6re ferae: I e. like some wild creature of the woods that knew nothing of marrying and givitng in marriage nee = et w~n: this vl~n belongs closely with tangsprs; the two = 'to be free from ctirks: those of the thatarns. 55( 552. servita: sc. estnmi/a. Sychae6: here ati adj.. see on Lyaesem-. i. 686 By Its position next to 550. 551. this v-i. comies to ='Ailts.why did I not keep. etc 553. rump~bat.. questifts: cf 1554-570. While Aeneas is sleeping, Mer~cury appears to him a second time6, bidding hun depart at once. 554. eundi: ob.). gen. with rerfeis, which Is here, a dep. prtcpl. of rerue3.I 'to decide.' Cf., too. 5 115 555. carpdbat somn~s: cf. carp-Tbant i 0) so 55 en 522 556-5741 550-574] ~LIBER IV29 297 iluic s~3 fir~ma de! vultfi redeuntis e6dem obtulit in somnis rfirsusque ita visa mon~re est, omnia Mercuri6 similis, v~cemque col6remque et crinis fldivs et membra dec6ra iuventa: 'Nate ded, potes h~c sub cfisfi dficere somn~s50 nec quae t~l circum, stent deinde pericula, cernis, d&mnns, nec zephyros audis spirdre secund~s? 11la dol~s dirumque nefds in pectore versat certa morl vari~que rirarum fluctuat aesifi. N~n fagis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitilre pote'sts? We lam mare turbfinr trabibus saeva-sque vid~bis conlfic~re faces, iam fervere 1itora flammis, s! t~ hits attigerit terris Aurbra inorantem. Heia age, rumpe morAs! varium et m-dtAbile semper f~mina.' Sic faltus nocti s~ inmiscuit attrae. - 57 0 Turn v~rb Aen~iis subitis exterritus umbnis corripit ~ somn6 corpus soci~sque fatigat: 'Praecipit~s vigilate, vinl, et c~nsidite transtris, solvite v~1a citi. Dens aethere missus ab altO5 556. O~r= de!: the phrase seems to show that flow only a phantom appears to Aeneas. vulttL... e~dem: sc. as he had borne before, 239-275. 558. omnia... similis: for constr. cf. eitera Ordius, iii. 594, with n. col6 -remque: properly, 'complexion,' but here virtually = faciemn; for hypermetric -que cf. ii. 745, and see ~ 256. 560. h~c sub casil: literally, ' under such hazard,' i.e. while such peril overhangs. diicere: as in ii. 641. 561. deinde, ' thereafter,' i.e. if you prolong your slumbers. 563. Wmla Dido. dol6s... versat: cf. versire dol0s, ii. 62, with note. 564. certa morl, ' because,' etc.; for the infin. see ~ 169. Being ready to die Dido will have no fear of the consequences of her acts. vari6... aestUL: cf. magnu.. aesftii, 532; vari& shiftIng.'I 565. n~n fugis: Mercury speaks as if be can hardly believe his senses. praecipit~re: sc. t~hinc. 566. turbnir = misc~ri, for which cf. i. 124, etc. trabibus = nilvibus; cf. cavii trabe, iii. 191. 567. fervere: for the form cf. 409. The ships and the torches are those of the Carthaginians; for the hint cf. 544 -546. flammis: sc. tudrurn ndtvium. 569. varium... Mttitbile: note the gender, ' a fickle and a changeable thing'; the use is not uncommon. 571-583. Aeneas rouses his men and puts to sea. 571. umbnls, ' apparition'1; for the p1. see ~ 175. 572. corripit... corpus: cf. Wi. 176. fatlgat: i.e. makes them move vigorously, even to weariness. 574. solvite, 'unfurl.' The ships were afloat (cf. 398), all ready to sail. 298 AENEIDOS [575-591 s ')-festiniire fugam tort~sque incidere f ftnis ecce iterum stimulat. Sequimur t~, sdncte der~rum, quisquis es, imperi~que iterum parmus ovants. Adsis & placidusque iuv~ls et sidera caeI6 A dextra ferdis.' Dixit vdgindique 6ripit Unsein 150fulmineum strict~que ferit retinacula ferr6. idem omnis sirnul airdor habet; rapiuntque ruuntque; i~tora d~seru~re: latet sub classibus aequor; adnixi torquent spflmas et caerula verrunt. Et iam prima novo- sparg~bat Iftmine terriis 585 Tithi~ni croceum linqu~,ns Aur~ra cubile. RegIna, ~ speculls ut primum alb~scere Ilircem vidit et aequ~tis classem pr~c~dere v~hs 1itoraque et vacu~s s~nsit sine rai~rige portfis, torque quaterque manuft pectus percussa dec~rum 590o Ildventisque abscissa coma~s 'Pr6 luppiter! ibit jbic, ait, 'et nostris inhserit advena regnis? 575. tort6s: iLe. made of ',trands twis-ted together. incidere funls: see oul inciderefdnenm, iii. 667. 576. de6rum is a partitive gen., dependent on sanete, in accordance with a usage common in Gk Note, too, that in classical pros.e the voc. sing. of dea8 does not occur. 577. quisquis es: freely, ' whatever thy name.' Cf. in. on mzemorem, i. 327. 556 559 show that Aeneas could have no doubt of the identity of the god. iterum pir6mus: for the first occasion cf. iicus.facessunt, 294, 295. 578, 579. sidera... dextra: iLe. as, guides by which we can direct our course; virtually. ' favorable weather.'I Cf. the use of caelum, 53; also iii. 515-518. feris, ' vouchsafe.' 580. retinicula =fWWi, 575. 581. rapiuntque ruuntque: freely, 'all is hurry and bustle'-; rapiunt means that they quickly hurry aboard whatever hinders their sailing (cables, etc.); ruunt pictures their eager, hasty movements. 582. dfterufte: instantaneous pf. 583. adnix!... verrunt = iii. 208. 584-629. At dawn Dido sees the fleet sailing off; she curses Aeneas and prays that between his people and hers there may be undying hate and warfare. 585. croceum: the hue of the couch is like that of the morning sky. 586. 6 speculis = arce ex summa, 410; cf. speculd.... ab alt&, iii. 239. ificeM, 'day,' 'Idawn.' 587. aequiitls... v6llis: modal abl.; 'wing and wing.' The wind is favorable (562); hence the square sails set evenly across the mast (cf. n. on adeierse, 1. 103). 588. vacu6s is a pred to both accusatives. 589-591. torque quaterque: as in I. 94. percussa... altscissa: the prtcpls. are middles, governing direct objects; for their time cf. S 171. fliventIS... COMis: Cf. O'ini8 JW&68, 5.59. Yellow or golden hair is regularly given by Hom-er to his chief heroes and by 592-606] LIBER IV 299 Non arma expedient totaque ex urbe sequentur, deripientque rates alii navalibus? ite, ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos! Quid loquor aut ubi sum? quae mentem insania muitata 595 Infelix Dido, nune te facta impia tangunt? Turn decnit, cum sceptra dabas. En dextra fidesque, quem secum patrios iiunt portftre Penatis, quem subiisse umeris c6nfectum aetate parentem! Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis e00 spargere, non socios, nion ipsnm absfumere ferro Ascanium patriisque epulandum ponere mensls? Verumn anceps pufgnae fnerat fortfuna. Fuisset; quem metui moritfira? fac(es in castra tulissem implessemque fords flammis, nturnque patremque 6,5 cum'genere exstinxem, meinet super ipsa dedissem. /.... most Latin poets to their heroines. ibit... inluserit: tor constr. see on scilicet, ii. 577, and on occiderit... stdarit, ii. 581, 582. inlserit: i e. by escaping unscathed. advena: scornful, like our ' adventurer.' 592. non = none, as in ii. 596. The question = an affirmative command. expedient: as subject sc. mei, 'my people.' 694. impellite: a vigorous way of saying, ' ply with all speed and power.' 695. mutat, 'warps,' 'distorts.' 596. nunc: emphatic, 'only now,' 'now for the first time.' facta impia: i.e. in proving false to your dead husband. 597. decuit: sc. impia facta te tangere. dabas: sc. Aeneae. Dido virtually proffered Aeneas her sceptre when she accounted him her husband, 172. dextra: the visible sign and pledge of the fides. 598. quem: sc. as its antecedenteius; for its omission see ~214. s6cum... Pen/tis: cf. i. 378, 379. aLunt: Dido hints that Aeneas's pietas is known to her by hearsay only. 599. subiisse umeris: cf. ii. 708. ^.600, 601. n6n: as in592. abreptum.. spargere: cf. the story of Medea and Absyrtus as given in the classical dictionaries (under the heading ' Iason'). 602. epulandum: i.e. to serve as a feast; see on videndarm, ii. 589. This form of vengeance is more than once mentioned in ancient stories. ponere: as in i. 706. 600-602 = 'Why did I not use the power I had to do him harm?' 603, 604. verum is used here, as at is more commonly, to introduce an objecVion which the speaker himself brings uponly to refute it, i.e. it = 'but, you may tell me.' fuerat, 'had most surely been'; for constr. see on impulerat, ii. 55. The prot. is in pugnae, which = sZ pUgnassem. fuisset... moritara, 'true: but what of it?' answers verum.. Jortuna. For quem metui we should say, 'whom had I to fear.' moritura is causal, ' since (in any event) my doom was certain.' The thought is like that in certa mori, 564. 606. exstinxem: for the form see ~105. faces... exstinxem is a highly exaggerated statement for 'I should at 300 AENEIDOS [607-620 Sl1, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia luistras; tuque, hlirum interpres cuirarum et conscia Iuno, nocturnisque Hecate trivils ululata per urbes 610 et Dirae ultrices et di morientis Elissae, accipite haec meritumque malls advertite numen et nostrias audite preces. Si tangere portlus Infandum caput ac terris adnrire necesse est et sic fata lovis poscunt, hic terminus haeret, 615 at bello audalcis populi vexatus et armis, finibus extorris, complexi avulsus Ifll auxilium inp]lret videatque indigna suorum ffinera nec, cum sP sub leges pacis iniquae tradiderit, regno ant optata lice fruatur, 620 sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus harena. least have done him great damage.' memet: cf egomet, iii. 623. dedissem: sc. in ignei or ad mortem. 607. listras: cf. lustrUbat, 6, with note. 608. interpres... et conscia, 'the agent (= cause) and the witness.' To the reader who recalls Juno's words in 99-104, and 115-127, interpres here will mean more than it could have meant to Dido, but Dido's own knowledge (cf. prima... signurm, 166, 167) justifies her language. 609. triviis: terqemina Hecate (511) was naturally worshiped at the triviae. ululata: this pass. implies a trans. use of the act. lululre, in the sense of 'to honor with wild cries.' 610. Diraeultrices: cf. 473. di... Elissae: i.e. the gods who are specially interested in her fate. 611. accipite, 'mark'; sc. animns. malls: with both reritlum, here a true pass., and advertite; note, then, its position. nimen, ' the divine attention.' 613. infandum caput, 'that unspeakable wretch.' caput, as denoting a vital part of a man's physical nature, stands often for his whole being or existence, usually with an indication of strong feeling, affection or the opposite. terris adnare: ct. vestris adndvimus oris, i. 538. 614. hlc... haeret, 'if this is his firm-fixed goal.' 615. at: as in i. 543, i. 557. 616. finibus: abl., due to the idea of separation and deprivation in extorris. 618, 619. funera: Dido's prayer, as artfully framed for her by V., is largely fulfilled, esp. in the war waged by Turnus; see ~57. Aeneas has to leave Ascanius to go in search of aid against Turnus. nec: in a wish, as in a command, we ought to have neve or neu; see on nec... horrisce, iii. 394. s... tradiderit: a strong phrase; sub leges was perhaps meant to suggest sub iugnm. This wish was fulfilled, from Dido's point of view, when Aeneas gave up the name Trtlni and called his people Latini; see on genus... Rvmae, i. 6, 7. From the Roman standpoint this was a master stroke of policy, as tending to unite the two peoples more closely. 620. ante diem, 'prematurely.' According to one tradition Aeneas reigned but three years in Italy (cf. i. 265). After a certain battle he was no longer seen. In one sense, therefore, he was inhum,'e 621-686] LIBER IV 301 Haec precor, hanc vocem extr6mam cum sanguine fundo. Tur vos, o Tyril, stirpem et genus omne futfrurm exercete odiis cinerique haec mittite nostro mfinera. Nillus amor populis nec foedera sunto; exorire aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, 6.5 qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos, nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires; lltora lltoribus contriria, fluctibus undas inprecor, arma armis; pugnent ipsique nep6tesque.' Haec ait et partis animum versabat in omnis 630 invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. Turn breviter Barcen nfitricem adfata Sychaei (namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat): 'Annam, cara mihi nitrix, hfic siste sororem; dic corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha 635 et pecudes scumn et monstrata piacula diucat; tus, since his body was never found or buried. Dido prays that Aeneas's end may be like Priam's; see ii. 557, 558. This passage, 615-620, is the one referred to in ~ 82. 622. stirpem et genus: sc. Aeneae. 624. populis: i.e. my people and his. 625. exoriare aliquis... ultor: freely, 'arise, thou unknown avenger' aliquis practically = ignotus; see Vocab. We have here combined a prayer for the coming of an avenger and an address to that avenger, as if he were already come and his identity fully known. 627. nunc... vires, 'to-day, hereafter, or whenever,' etc. On ntlleus... vires, 624-627, see ~ 59 (end); ultor is, of course, Hannibal. 628, 629. contraria goes with all three accs. and expresses the main thought; the sense is I pray down on their heads the hostility of shore to shore,' etc. With imprecor sc. eis. nepotesque: for -que cf. 558, and see ~ 256. 630- 662. Dido, having sent her attendant in search of Anna, then mounts the funeral pyre, and stabs herself with Aeneas's sword. 630. partis... omnis: cf. animum... ersat, 285, 286. 632. nuitricem: in Gk. and Roman families the nurse was a person of great importance. 633. suam: this cl. really = namque stiam (nutricem) aimiserat; cf. n. on sua, i. 461. cinis... habebat: since the ashes are those to which her body had been reduced, V.'s phrase is a strange one; it is due, apparently, to a confusion of two distinct expressions, sua (ntrx)... cinis Uter ersat, and suam nutricem... tellus habebat. 634. siste, 'fetch,' 'bring,' a mean ing esp. common in legal connections. 635, 636. die has here the meaning and the constr. of imperd. properet.. ducat: felt by V. as dependent on dic, but really independent commands; see on sinite... revisam, ii. 669. fuviili... lympha: i.e. to purify herself before participating in the rites (494-498); cf. me... abluero, ii. 719, with n. moan 302 302 ~~~AENEIDOS [3-5 [637-654 sic veniat, tfique ipsa pia tege tempera vittd; sacra Iov! Stygi6, quae rite incepta par~vi, perficere est animus finiemque hipanere cOtris (i40 Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae.' Sic ait. lla gradumn studio celerdbat anileiii. At trepida et coeptIs immianibus effera DIdC) sanguiuleam volv~ns aciem mnacullsque trementis interf fisa genas et pallida morte f Ltfird~ 645; interi~ra domtfis inruinpit limina et altos conscendit furibunda rog~s ~nsemque reclfidit Dardaniuni, n~n h~s quaesitum mfinus in {Ysfis. Hic, postquam ifiacas vest~s n~tumque cub~le c~nspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente moriitta 650 incul)uitque tor6 dixitque novissima verba: 'lDnucs exuviae, dum Fata deusque siiP~lbat, ztccipite hanc animam mqehis exsolvite carls. VixI et quem dederat cursuim fortftna per&~gi, et nuno mdgiia me! sub terri-ts Ibt himagO9. strita, ' appointed,' probably by the priestess mentioned in 483-486. 637. sic, ' thus only'1; i.e. after she has fulfilled the command of 635, 636. 638. lovI Stygi6: Pluto; ~ 300. The rites are sacra... Stygid to Anna and the nurse as involving the symbolic death of Aeneas (see on exuvids, 496), to Dido, as involving her own death. 639. flunem... colris also has ai double meaning. 640. rogum: ambiguoius. The nurse and Anna undcrstand it of the 1 etus bii.1/flis, 496; Dido is thinking of the fatct t hat the couch will be to her a funeral couch or pyre. oapitis, -%Nreteh'; see o i yaJnfdluin ccqpat, ti13. 643. aciem, 'eye.' See Vocab. 644. interffisa has the, meaning anid the constr. of suffitsa, i. 228. The bloodshot eye and spots on the cheeks are elsewhere reckoned among the sign~s of insanity'. 645. l1mina: here'apartiment. 'For the place cf. 494. ])ido makes her way from her watchi-place (586) down to the pyre. 647. n~n h~s =longi alids. Dido, a warrior queen (i. ' 364), naturally desired the sword of the warrior she loved. With quaesitum sc. ab (' from') A enjW. in 507 the sword is described as left behind by Aeneas; V'1s present accountt, that Dido kills herself with a sword that Aeneas had given her at her own re — qu(net, is by far the more poetic. 648. iliacis vest~s = extiviiihs omnia?, 496. cublie: the lechi- ieqfflih of 4946, the?'oqns ot 640. 649. lacrimis et mente: causal at.; zod thoughts.' 651. dum...isnCbat goes closelvy with dulces. 653. vixi, 'mny life is done.' The force of the tense is like that in fiuimrms Trops, tad I/iotn, ii. 3235. 654. me!: isiss. gen. with hilaqO; see on ionrti, iv,. 237. With hiuiayO cf. I cambt a... tondiy5, ii. 7721, 773. The 655-672] LIBER IV 303 Urbem praeclaram statui, mea moenia vidi, ulta virum poenas inimico a fratre recepi, felix, heu nimium fielx, si litora tantum nurmquam Dardaniae tetigissent'nostra carinae!' Dixit et os inpressa toro 'Moriemur inultae, sed moriamur,' ait; 'sic, sic iurat ire sub umbr;is. IIauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto Dardanus et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.' Dixerat, atque illam media inter talia ferro conlapsam aspiciunt comites ensemque cruore spfmantem sparsasque manus. It clamor ad alta atria; concussam bacchatur Fama per urbem. Lfimentis gemitfque et femineo ululati tecta fremunt, resonat magnis plangoribus aether, non aliter, quam si inmissis ruat hostibus omnis Carthaigo aut antiqua Tyros flammaeque furentes culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum. Audiit exanimis trepidoque exterrita cursu 655 6GO0 665 670 dead of the lower world had no bodily substance, but Were mere shadows of their former selves. Dido means, 'I shall pass 'neath theearth, no common shade.' For the self-gratulatory tone see on sum pius Aen~eas, i. 378. 655, 656. urbem... recepi justifies the statement in 654. poenas... recepi: an emphatic variation (~203) from the common poenas sumere. Dido punished her brother by carrying off the wealth for which he had murdered Sychaeus; see i. 349, i. 363, 364. 659, 660. 6s,.. tor6: i.e. in a farewell kiss. Cf. ii. 490. moriemur... moriamur: the Greeks and Romans regarded the exacting of vengeance as a solemn duty. sic, sic: with each sic, perhaps, Dido stabs herself. 661. hauriat... oculis: for another fig. use of haurire cf. vocemque...hausi, 359. 662 mortis: subj. gen., ' the omens suggested by,' etc. 663-692. Dido sinks back dying. Wails of sorrow spread through the palace and the city. Anna hears them and rushing to Dido's side takes her in her arms. Dido lingers between life and death. 663. atque, 'and on the instant'; ~200. 664. comites =famulae, 391. V. does not account in any way for their presence. At 642 Dido was alone. 665, 666. ad... atria: i.e. towards the front or street part of the palace. For the place of Dido's death see 645. bacchatur: lit., 'revels as madly as do the Bacchantes' (see 300-303); a strong word. The tone is like that in gauden.s 190; see n. there. Fama: as in 173 ff. 667, 668. lamentis... aether: cf. cavae... clamor, ii. 487, 488. Mark.'s skill in varying his descriptions of the same phenomena; see ~181. For the hiatus at femineo ulullat, see ~~257, 259. 669. non aliter, quam... ruat Is a"' AENEIDOS t87B-O88 unguibus Ora soror foed~ns et pectora piignis per medi~s ruit ac morientem n~mine clamat: 675 'HMc illud, germnina, fuit? M~ fraude pet~bds? HMc rogus iste mihli, h~c ign~s draeque pardbanit? Quid primum d&serta querar? Comitemne sorC~rem spr~visti mori~ns? eadem m~ ad fata vocassMs idem ambais ferr6 dolor atque eadem h~ra tulisset. os His etiam strfixi manibus patri~sque vocaiv! v~ce debs, sic t6 ut posita crudelis abessem! Exstinxti t~ m~que, soror, populumque patr~sque Sidoni~s urbemque tuam. Date vulnera, lymphis abluam et, extr~mus si quis super halitus errat, 685 i3re legam.' Sic fata gradfis (viserat alt~s s~mianimemque sinfi germanarn amplexa fov~bat cum gemitfi atque atros siccabat veste cru~rs. lila gravis ocul~s conata attollere rfirsus briefly put for nmn aliter quam... fremnaet, resonet... si inmi8sis reaf, etc. 673. unguibus... piiguis: common signs of grief. For the latter cf. tensae pectora patmi8, i. 481. 675. Ii6c Mlud... fuit? 'was this that thing you were planning? I Cf. dc erat...quod, etc., ii. 664. pet6bis: petere Is used of the lunges and feints made by fencers. Cf. petitid in Cic. Cat. I. ~ 15. 676. Ignds: on the altar. Anna now sees that they are funeral fires. Formerly (494-498) she thought their purpose widely different. 677. comitem... sor6rem: freely, 'the company of your sister.'1 678. 679. vociss6s: for the mood see on utinamn... adforet, 1. 575, 576. This ci. serves as the prot. to ident... tudiaeet, 679. Expressions of vain regret are often thus used as protases in contrary to fact cond. sentences. vociss~s and tuidiset may also be explained as subJunctives used to express unful filled past obligation; see A. 266, e; H. 559, 6. 680, 681. *trflxl: se. pyram, compar ing 494-498. vocivi... de6s: iLe. joined in these rites. td... positA, ' when you lay thus'1; sc. by your own hands. Anna can not bring herself to call Dido's act by its proper name. Cf., also, sic positum, ii. 644, with note. 682. exstlnxtil exstimzxisti; cf. exstinxem, 606, with note. 683, 684. date has here the meaning and the constr. of smite as used in ii. 669; see n. there. abluam: Anna has seen from the first that Dido's condition is hopeless. This is shown by 676, esp. rogus and igl~s, by 677-679 as a whole, and by 682. Her thought is simply to do for Dido the little that could be done for one In her state. super = an adJ., ' lingering,'I as in iii. 489; see on longj, I. 13. 685. 6re legam: the ref. is to the Roman custom of catching in one's mouth the last breath of a dying friend or kinsman. gradfils... alt6s: i.e. or the pyre, called clt5s... rogds, 645, 646. For Jvdaerat with acec. cf. Wed2sise tot urbiFs, tiit. 282. 686. esmianimem: for scansion see ~249. LIBER IV 305 deficit; infixum stridit sub pectore vulnus. Ter sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit; ter revolfta toro est oculisque errantibus alto quaesivit caelo lucem ingemuitque reperta. T Tum Ifino omnipotens longum miserata dolorem difficilisque obitfis Irim demisit Olympo, quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artis.Nam quia nec fato merita nec morte peribat, sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem abstulerat Stygioque caput damnaverat Orco. Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pinnis mille trahens varios adverso sole colores devolat et supra caput adstitit. 'Hunc ego Diti sacrum iussa fero teque isto corpore solvo': sic ait et dextra crinem secat; omnis et fun dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 690 695 700 705 689. d6ficit: literally, 'fails,' i.e. swoons. For a similar sense cf. qua deficit ignis, ii. 505. stridit, 'gurgles,' 'sobs.' strido is a verb of wide meaning, applicable to a variety of sounds, esp. to hissing or whistling; cf. stridor... rudentun, i. 87. Here the ref. is to the sound of the blood coming from the wound. The vutnus is described in terms of its own effects; cf. ~ 194. For the form strgdit cf. ~ 101. 692. reperta: sc. luce. 693-705. Juno sends Iris down from heaven to sever the thread of Dido's life. 693, 694. longum... obitus, 'the length of-the difficulty of.' Irim: see ~278. 695. nexos: freely, 'clinging thereto'; sc. animae. resolveret, 'separate,' 'part.' For the ancient definition of death see on 385. 696. fato: i.e. by a natural death. merit&... morte, 'by a death that she had earned,' i.e. a violent death brought on by some act or some folly of her own, such a death, for example, as Aeneas declared that he had earned, ii. 432-434. 697. ante diem: as in 620. 698. flavum... crinem: see on flaventis... comas, 590. Pr6serpina: see ~ 300. 699. Stygio... Orco: theneg. of* ndum, 698, belongs also with this clause. 701. trahens, 'trailing.' adverso sole: freely, 'in the glare of the sun'; instr. abl. with trahens, which gives the result rather than the process; trahens colores really =' kindled into a thousand colors by,' etc. adverso accurately pictures the way in which a rainbow always stands out over against the sun; if the sun is in the east, the rainbow is in the west, and vice versa. 702. hunc: sc. crinem; this appears from dextra.. secat, 704. 705. ventos... recessit: vita is here the 'life-giving principle,' 'the soul' (cf. anima, 695), which was thought of as breath. Hence V,'s phrase is natural enough. LIBER V Interea medium Aeneas iam classe tenebat certus iter fluctisque atros Aquilone secabat moenia respicicns, quae iam infelicis Elissae conlficent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignetn 5 causa latet; dfirl magno sed amore dolorEs pollfitt notumque, furens quid femina possit, triste per augurium Teucrorum pectora dfcuut. Ut pelagus tenuere rates nec iam amplius ulla occurrit tellfis, maria undique et undique caelum, o olli caeruleus suprfa caput adstitit imber noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebrls. Ipse gubernator puppi Palinfrus ab alta: - 'Heu! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi? quidve, pater Neptfine, paras?' Sic deinde locfitus is colligere arma iubet validisque incumbere remis obliquatque sinus in vcntum ac talia faltar: 1-34. Aeneas sees the flames of Dido's pyre and guesses their meaning. To avoid a tempest he puts into the harbor of Eryx in Sicily. 1, 2. medium... ten6bat... iter here merely = 'was well on his way.' certus, 'unwaveringly.' Aquil6ne: inconsistent with iv. 562. 4. flammis: how or by whom the pyre was lighted V. nowhere says. fitctus... flam7mis, 2-4, throws light on certus, 2. Around Aeneas are rough waves, behind him is Dido whom he loves; yet on he goes. 5. dirl... dol6ors: i.e. the thought of the pangs that arise when, etc. 6. polliit: lovers make a sacred compact with each other (cf. foedere, iv. 520); to be false to love therefore involves pollution. n6tum: the nelt. adj. here = an abstract noun, 'knowledge,' a usage not common -Jtil we come to later Latin prose. quid... possit depends on notun. 8-11 are nearly identical with iii. 192-195; see notes there. 12. ipse... Palinurus: cf. lii. 201, 202. 13. quianam: archaic for quddnam; narn is used as in ii. 373. The first part of the word is the neut. pl. of quis (cf. the old abl. sing. qui; both forms follow the third declension), and so practically = qid, 'why.' 15. colligere arma, 'to make all snug,' before the storm breaks. armea and trmriment em often denote the entire tackle of a ship. Cf., too, armalri classerm, iv. 299. 16. obliquat... ventum: cf. cornua... lnte/mnFl etn, iii. 549, with n. sinfis: as in iii. 455. in = 'to meel.' Palinurus has been trying to make head for Italy against an adverse wind; he 17-34] LIBER V 307 'Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi Iuppiter auctor spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere caelo. MfItatl transversa fremunt et vespere ab atro consurgunt venti, atque in nfbem cogitur air, nec nos obniti contra nec tendere tantum sufficimus. Superat quoniam fortuna, sequamur quoque vocat vertamus iter. Nec litora longe fida reor fraterna Erycis portfsque Sicanos, si modo rite memor servata remetior astra.' Tur pius Aeneils: 'Equidem sic poscere ventos iam dfdum et frfistra cerno te tendere contra. Flecte viam velis. An sit mihi gratior ulla quove magis fessas optem demittere niavis, quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten et patris Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa?' Hlaec ubi dicta, petunt portfis, et vela secundi intendunt zephyri; fertur cita gurgite classis, et tandem laeti notae advertuntur harenae. 25 25 80 now tacks and runs before the wind. In 17-25 he explains his action. 17. auctor, 'as surety,' a use of the word common in legal connections. 18. h6c... caelo, 'while this weather holds'; see ~147. For caelum = 'weather,' cf. iv. 53. 19. transversa,'athwart our course'; for the adv. acc. see ~ 134. 20. c6gitur, 'is thickening.' Contrast scindit... apertum, i. 587, where the disappearance of the cloud is due to rarefaction. 21. contra: with tendere; it corresponds to the prefix of obniti. tantum = tantum quantum opus dot. 22. sufficimus =possumus, and so may take the infin.; ~ 165. 24. fida: as the home of Acestes, i. 195. fraterna picturesquely ascribes to the lttora the affection for Aeneas felt towards him by his half-brother Eryx. 25. serv&ta=quaeservavi ('watched'), i.e. on their former visit to Sicily, iii. 692-715. 26. pius: Aeneas is ever heedful of his people's welfare; cf. ~ 62. 28. an: used here, as often, in a single question, i.e. no alternative question with utrurn or -ne can be supplied before it. In this idiom an often equals num, as here; less often it equals nonne. sit: cond.; sc. if you were to put me to the test, or the like. illa: sc. tellus from 30. 29. qu =ad quam, ' a land to which'; the rel. adv. quo often thus = a prep. plus the proper form of the rel. pron. demittere: here of bringing home to shore. In verbs the prefix de- often= 'homewards.' 31. Anchisae... ossa: see iii. 707-714. 32, 33. v1la. o. Zephyri: cf. iv. 562. The maneuver indicated in 16 makes the west wind (cf. vespere... venti, 19, 20) favorable; the seas are thus 308 AENEIDOS [35-52 35 At procul ex celso miratus vertice montis adventum sociasque rates occurrit Acestes horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae, Troia Crinis6 conceptum flumine mater quem genuit. Veterum n6n inmemor ille parentum 40 gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agresti excipit ac fess6s opibus solatur amicis. Postera cum prim6 stellas Oriente fugarat clara dies, socios in coetum litore ab omni advocat Aeneas tumulique ex aggere fatur: 45 'Dardanidae magni, genus alt6 a sanguine divum, annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis, ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras. Iamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum, so semper honoratum (sic di voluistis) habeb6. Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibus exsul Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe Mycenae, less trying. gurgite here = und7, aquc; in i. 118, iii. 421 the sense is different. 35-41. Acestes welcomes them royally. 35. mlratus: because it was winter (see on sidere, iv. 309), and because he did not expect them so soon again. 37. horridus in, 'roughly clad in,' fits pelle better than it does iaculis. 38. Crinils... filumine: for constr. cf. Mlaid genitltm, i. 297, with n. See also ~ 289, end. mater: Egesta or Segesta by name. Her father sent her to Sicily to escape a monster which was ravaging the Troad. 39. veterum... parentum: i.e. his mother's Trojan ancestry. 40. gratatur reduces: sc. eos esse; qratdtur is here treated as a verb of speech, 'comments with joy on the fact that.' gazi... agresti: i.e. with the best the fields afford. 42-71. Aeneas points out that it is the anniversary of his father's burial, and announces games to be held nine days later. 42. prim... Oriente =primo.. Eoo, iii. 588. 44. tumuli is a needed gen. of definition (~ 111) with aggere, which is applicable to heaps of divers kinds. Aeneas speaks from a mound, as Roman generals did in later days. 45. genus... divum: cf. n. on genus inUisam, i. 28. 46. orbis: as in i. 269. 47, 48. reliquias... terra: cf. animam... condimus, iii. 67, 68, with note. divini: Aeneas thinks of his father as deified since his death. maestas: i.e. that gave token of our sorrow. Cf. stnt... cypresso, iii. 63, 64; also iii. 305. 52. With mart deprensus = 'caught' by a storm, with urbe it = ' imprisoned.' For et we should say 'or,' but et is correct, since the vs. has to do with a single class of evils, perils from the Greeks, as 53-68] LIBER V 309 annua vota tamen sollemnisque ordine pompas exsequerer strueremque suis altaria d6nis. Nunc ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis (hand equidem sine mente reor, sine numine divum) adsumns et portufs delati intramus amicos. Ergo agite et laetum cuincti celebremus honorem; posFimns vcntos atque haec me sacra quotannis urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. Bina boum vobis Troia generatus Acestes dat numero capita in navis; adhibete Penatis et patrios epulis et quos colit hospes Acestes. Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum Aurora extulerit radiisque retexerit orbem, prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis; quique pedum cursuf valet et qui viribus audax aut iaculo incedit melior levibusque sagittis 55 60 65 distinct from perils in Africa, 51. Myc6nae: a very rare singular. 54. exsequerer with vota = fulfill'; with pompds it has its literal sense. At Rome bodies were buried or burned outside the city. suis, 'meet,' 'proper.' 55. ultro: as in ii. 145. It adds the coincidence noted in 55-57 to the statement of 51-54. 56. haud... divum: for the thought cf. i. 387, 388, ii. 777. 57. delati: sc. eo, 'thither'; cf. iii. 219, iii. 441. 58. laetum: because the coincidence proves heaven's care for us. 59, 60. poscamus: sc. eum = Anchisen; see on dvinia, 47. vent6s: i.e. to help us when we sail again. me.. velit, 'may it be his desire that,' etc. sacra... ferre: V. probably has in mind the parentalia, a festival held annually in Rome, February 13-21, at which offerings, esp. of flowers, were made to the dead (cf. iii. 66). Games were sometimes celebrated on the anniversary of a funeral. urbe.. posita = cum urbein meam posuero. 61, 62. bina... numerS: cf. oppida.. numero ad duodecin, Caes. B.G. i. 5. Tr6ia generatus: freely, 'like a true son of Troy.' The phrase is called forth by his gift, which exceeds that of Aeneas himself, i. 193. adhib6te, 'invite,' as Dido invited Jupiter, etc., i. 731-734. 63. patriSs: those of Troy as opposed to any whose worship Acestes might have learned in Sicily. 64. si: a religious impulse often bids men speak with hesitation of future events. 65. extulerit, 'shall have ushered in'; lit., 'shall have raised aloft,' a natural expression since the day (light) seems to climb the heavens. radiis. orbem: cf. iv. 119. 66. prima: freely, 'first of all.' 67. qui... qui both = quicumque, or s8 qui8. 68. incedit: a picturesque substitute for est; cf. incedo, i. 46. 310 AENEIDOS sen crfitd fidit puignam committere caestf, 7t cfinctl adsint meritaeque exspectent praemia palmnae. Ore favete omnes et cingite tempora ramis.' Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto. Hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi matfrus Acestes, hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pfibs. 5 Ille e concilio multis cum milibus ibat ad tumulum magna medius comitante caterva. Hic duo rite mero libans carchEsia Baccho fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro, purpureosque iacit flores ac talia fatur: so 'Salve, sancte parens, iterum salvete, recepti nequiquam cineres animaeque umbraeque paternae! Non licuit finis Italos fataliaque arva nec tecum Ausonium, quicumque est, quaerere Thybrim.' Dixerat haec, adytis cum lufbricus anguis ab imis 69. seu is used because V. feels fully the conl. force of qe... qui, 67. crud6: transferred epithet; it is the hide of which the cestus is made that is raw (i.e. hard, hornlike). fidit = audet. 71. ore favete: lit., ' favor (the ceremony) with,' etc.; an appeal to worshipers to help the rites by speaking only words of good omen. The surest way to avoid ominous words was to say nothing; hence ore (or lingus) fdavure usually = 'to keep silence.' Here the meaning is broader, like 'help on the rites.' 72-103. Aeneas makes offerings at the tomb of Anchises. These a snake tastes and then returns harmlessly to the tomb. Joyously Aeneas renews the rites. 72. materna = in tri sacr,'; see on silvam, iii. 24. Myrtle was frequently used in rites in honor of the dead. 73. aevi maturus: for case of aevi see ~ 116. 75. lle: Aeneas. 76. tumulum: not as in 44, but as in ii. 304. 77, 78. duo.. duo.. duo: cf. the triple hIc, 73, 74. mero... Baccho: here and in 78 we have a free use of the abl. of char. For Baccho = vino cf. i. 215, iii. 354. lacte... sanguine: cf. the offerings in iii. 66, 67, iii. 301. 79. purpureos: probably as in i. 591; see n. there. 80, 81. recepti... cineres: briefly put for 'ashes of him whom I rescued,' etc.; cf. pater.. peniclzs, iii. 710, 711. Of course Aeneas rescued his pater, not his cineres... paterni, from Troy. The poet, however, after making Aeneas say sancte parens, naturally thought of the fact that this sunctes pater was at the moment but cineres, and makes Aeneas apostrophize those ashes. animae =vita, iv. 705; see n. there. 82. non licuit = non enim ticuit, etc. fatalia... arva: as in iv. 355. 83. quicumque est, 'whatever that name may mean.' 84. adytis: Aeneas thinks of his father as a god (47, 59, 60); hence the tomb is a shrine. 85-103] LIBER V septem ingens gyros, septena voliumina traxit amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro squamam incendebat fulgor, ceu nfibibus arcus mille iacit varios adverso sole colores. Obstipuit visu Aeneas. Ille agmine longo tandem inter pateras et levia p6cula serpens libavitque dapes rfrsusque innoxius imo successit tumulo et depasta altaria liquit. Hoc magis inceptos genit6ri instaurat honores incertus, geniumne loci famulumne parentis esse putet; caedit binas d5 m6re bidentis atque sues, totidem nigrantis terga iuvencos vinaque fundebat paterls animamque vocabat Anchisae magni Manisque Acheronte remissos. Nec non et socil, quae cuique est c6pia, laeti dona ferunt; onerant aras mactantque iuvenc6s; 6rdine aena locant alii fusique per herbam subiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent. 85 90 95 100 85. ggr6s pictures the coils proper, volumina the dimensions of each coil. sept6na here merely = septem; the number seven, like three (see on ii. 174), was sacred among the Romans. 86. aras: see48. 87, 88. notae: sc. some general verb like distinguebant, 'adorned.' maculoSus... fulgor: aside from the caeruleae notae, the snake's body is all bright, its glitter being made more intense here and there by spots of gold. 89. mille.. colores: cf. iv. 701, with notes. 90. agmine long6, 'with long trailIng march'; cf. agmine certo, said of snakes, ii. 212. long = 'trailing'; the snake is now uncoiled. 91. serp6ns: here the participle. 92, 93. dap6s: the milk and blood, 78. 1im6.. tumulo = adytis... zmis, 84. 95. -ne... -ne: as in i. 308; seen. there. For the genius loci see ~~ 291 (end), 292. famulum, 'attendant.' Particular deities were believed to have special attendants; Creusa was such a farnulus of Cybele, ii. 788. The famulus was frequently in animal form, as here. Anchises, as a god, may well have a famelus. If so, the act of the snake in eating the dapes indicated that the rites were acceptable to him.96, 97. bidentis... iuvenc6s: sacrifices of swine, sheep, and oxen were common in certain connections and were called suovetaurtlia. terga: acc. of spec. (~ 135) with nigrantts. No doubt all the victims were black, because the sacrifice had to do with death, i.e. with the underworld. 99. remiss6s,' freed,' i.e. that it may partake of the feast in its honor. Cf. MAis.... tumulum, iii. 303, 304, with note. 100. quae.. copia: briefly put for ea copia quae est cuique. 101-103. mactant., torrent: cf. AENEIDOS [0-2 [104-120 Exspectifta, dies aderat, nanamque ser~na 20.5 Atirbram Pha~thontis equi 'lam Ifice veih~ant, famaque finitim~s et clar! n~men Acestae excierat; laet6 eompl~bant litora coet-ft visfirln Aeneadas, pars et certa-re parati. M4ftnera pr!Dcipi6 ante oculis circ~que locantur 110 in medhi, sacri tripodes viridsque coronae et palmae, pretium vict6ribus, armaque et ostriff perffisae vest~s, argent! aurique talentum, et tuba commiss~s medib canit aggere Iftd~s. Prima pars ineunt gravibus certamina, r~mls 115 quattuor ex omnI d~lkctae classe carinae. Y616cem Mn7e-stheus agit acri r~mige Pristim, mox Italus Mn~stheus, genus A qu,6 n~mine Memmil, ingentemque Gyas ingentI m~le Chimaeram, urbis opus, triplici pflb~s quam Dardana, versii 120 impellunt (terna c~nsurgunt 6rdine r~mi), carefully the longer description in I. 210-215, with notes. V. has plainly aimed at variety; ~ 181. 104-113. The ninth day arrives; the games begin. 104, 105. ser~n&.. Meie: abl. of cbar. with aurdrdrn, 'clear-lighted,' i.e. cloudless. Phailthontis = sdf1is or P/toebs; see Vocab. 107. excierat: sc. J domibus. Note the tense; the spectators had assembled even before daybreak, as they often did at Rome to witness similar games. 108. et, I'also.' certire: for constr. see ~ 169. For the agreement of parftfti with pars see on pars... alit, i. 212, 213. 109. circ6 = coet i, 107. 110. sacrii: tripods were frequently offered to the gods. 111. palmae: the victor in the great Gk. games received such a branch. The Romans borrowed the custom; cf. palmnae = viete~riae, 70. 112. talentum: here simply ' a great weight'; see Vocab. 113. et 'and forthwith'; ~ 200. corn miss6s... Ifid~s: cf. pilqnam commniteter, 69. mnedJ6, ' central,' i.e. in the midst of the circus. 114-285. The first event is a race between four of the ships. 114. pares, 'well-matched'; contrast imnpar, i. 475. gravibus: an important epithet; the race is no holiday. 116. Ucri r~rnige: coll. sing. in the instr. ablative. 117. mox... Mu~stheus; ile. destined ere long to play a part in Italy. genus... Menmmi shows a confusion of two expressions: (1) ft qu6 (est) genus Menimi, and (2) cilius ft nimine genus Atemm! n~men Itabet, or the like. The great Roman families sought to trace out for themselves a Trojan lineage; cfnotes on i. 267, 2,68. V. 's etymologies are no worse than many given by other Roman writers. 118. GyUs: sc. agif. ingentl rn6le (modal abl.) corresponds to ftcri r,~mige, 116; mfile = ' trouble,' 'Ieffort.' 119, 120. urbis opus: an extravagant phrase, ' a city's work,' ILe. a work LIBER V 313 Sergestusque, domus tenet a qui Sergia nomen, Centauro invehitur magna Scyllaque Cloanthus caerulea, genus unde tibi, Romane Cluenti. Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra litora, quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim fiuctibus, hiberni condunt ubi sidera Cauri; tranquillo silet immotaque attollitur unda campus et apricis statio gratissima mergis. Hie viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice mOtam cOnstituit signum nautis pater, unde reverti scirent et longos ubi circumfiectere cursis. Turn loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro ductores longe effulgent ostroque decori; cetera populea velatur fronde iuventis nudatosque umeros oleo perfusa nitescit. COnsidunt transtris, intentaque bracchia remis; 125 130 1115 so huge that it would take a city to build it. versa: literally, 'line,' 'row,' i.e. tier. triplic.. versu refers to the three tiers of oarsmen within the ship, terno... o.rdine to the three tiers of oars without. Triremes were not known in the heroic age; thus we have another anachronism. 122. Scyll: the vessels probably derived their names from figure-heads, which represented a shark, etc. 123. caerulea: V. calls the four ships pares, 114. Then, yielding to his love of variety, he emphasizes single points in connection with each ship (cf. velocemi, ingentem, mrgnd, caeraled); cf. n. on dextrum, iii. 420. No doubt each ship possessed all the qualities noted. 125. submersum is proleptic (~ 193), giving the result of tunditur. 11om: as in iii. 541. 127. tranquillo, ' but in still weather'; a temp. abl.; for the substantival use see ~ 196, 2. Note the triple contrast, submersum and attollitur, tumidis... fluctibus and immoti... unddc, ~(auri and tranquillo. 128. apricls, ' sun-loving'; properly 'sunny'; the adj. suits better the place on which the birds stand. stati6, 'haunt.' 130, 131. nautis pater: the juxtaposition gives an effect like 'for the sailors whose thoughtful ruler he was.' unde = ut inde; so ubi, 131, = ut ibi. reverti.... circumflectere: the actions are given in the order of their importance in Aeneas's thoughts, not in their strict chronological sequence. Cf. n. on refers... ibis, ii. 547. ubi: sc. scirent. 133. ostro... decori, like auro, 132, gives the means of effulgent; hence the two may be joined by -que. Cf. the use of et in i. 694. 134. cetera... iuventus: i.e. the rest of the crew. p6pulea: the poplar was sacred to Hercules, the god of athletes. 135. oleo: cf. iii. 281, with notes. 136. intenta... remis: freely, 'their arms are set, with every muscle strained, to the oars'; for the actual constr. cf. ~ 140, and n. The handles of 314 AENEIDOS [137-153 intenti exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haurit corda pavor pulsans laudumque arrecta cupido. Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes, 140 haud mora, prosilu6re suis; ferit aethera clamor nauticus, adductis spfmant freta versa lacertis; Infindunt pariter sulcos, totumque dehiscit convflsum remis r6strisque tridentibus aequor; noSn tam praecipites biiugo certamine campum 145 corripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currfs, nec sic inmissis aurigae undantia lora concussere iugis pronique in verbera pendent. Turn plausft fremituique viram studiisque faventum consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volfitant iso litora; pulsati collCs cl~Lmore resultant. Effugit ante a]ios primisque elabitur undis turbam inter fremitumque Gyas; quem deinde Cloanthus consequitur melior remis, sed pondere pinus the oars are well forward and the blades \ ell back, ready for a stroke. 137, 138. intenti: intentional repetition of intenta; every power of body and mind is bent on the race. haurit corda: i.e. robs them for the moment of strength; literally ' drains' (sc. ot blood). pulsans, 'throbbing.' arrecta, ' consuming'; literally, ' uplifted,' 'exalted.' 139. finibus: i.e. their respective starting places. V. has in mind the carceres, closed stalls within which chariots were confined till the trurmpet sounded for the race to begin. 140, 141. clamor nauticus: as in iii 128. adductis, 'straining '; literally, 'drawn home to' (sc. the breast), as is done in rowing. 142. sulcos: acc. of effect; ~ 128. 144. biiug6 certamine: i.e. in a contest of two-horse chariots. 145. corripuere: instantaneous pf. effisi: middle, 'pouring,' 'springing.' carcere = fnibufs, 139. 146, 147. sic inmissis..iugis: lit., 'with horses so urged forward,' i.e. 'so furiously.' iugis stands by metonymy (~ 184) for equis. concussere balances corripuere, 145; it expresses the eager shake of the reins with which the auriqae start their horses. The chariot race is described with full reference to the two sets of participants, horses and minen. 148. virum, 'spectators.' studils: here 'enthusiastic cheers.' faventum, ' supporters'; see on venzenrttm, i. 434. 149. nemus and inclusa, 'pent in.' point to wooded hills encircling the coast; cf. 150. 150. colles... resultant gives a process the % ery opposite of the truth, an echo behig due to the rebounding ot sound from what it strikes. 151. primis...undis: abl. of the route; the waves are ' first ' because the leader is cleaving his way through thenm. 153. pinus = nUis pinea; see ~ 187. 154-175] 154-175] ~LIBER V35 315 tarda tenet; post h6s aequi6 discrimine Pristis Centtaurtisque locuim tendmit superare priarem, et nuno Pristis habet, nuno victam praeterit inge-ns Centaurus, nunc finf! ambae iunntisque feruntuir frontibus et longft sulcant vada salsa carlna. Janique propinqu Tbant scopulO mRntarque ten~bant, curn princeps medi~que Gyas in gurgite victor rMc6rem nAvis compellat v~ce Menoetn: 'Qii6 tantum mihi dexter abis? hiic dirige gressum; litus amd et laevds stringat sine palmula caut~s; altum alil teneant.' Dixit, sed caeca Menoets saxa tim~ns pr~ram. pelagI dktorquet ad undas. 'QuO diversus ahs?' iterum 'pete saxa, Menoet~! cum cldmo5re GyAs revocdbat, et ecce Cloanthum, respicit instantem terg6 et propi,5ra tenentem. Ille inter -navernque G-yae scopul~sque sonantis rildit iter laevurn interior subit~que pri~rem praeterit et m~tis tenet aequora tfita relictis. Turn v~,rO exarsit iuveni dolor ossibus ing~lns, nec lacrimis caru~,re genae, s~gnemnque Menoetn oblhtus decorisque sul socin mque salfitis ini mare praecipitem puppi d~turbat Ab altat; 155 16 -It11) 17d 17.5 154. tenet= dFtiaet; sc. euwi. aequ6 discr-imine: i.e. from the leaders,. 155. locum.-.superare pri~rem: V.'s phras.e represents the lead as an obs~tacle to be overcome. 156. habet: sc. pridrem locum. 157, 158. iunnt1s,... frontibus is a modal abi., and can so be joined by -que to Tibi. longi... carin;%: coil. sing. With sulcant sc. FtUd; foot by foot, throughout their whole length, the two vessels are even. 160. media... in gurgite victor: i.e. who had led the way over half the course. 162. mihi: dat. of interest,I to my hurt.' dexter =an adv., 'to the right. I rThley were turning the rock trom right to lef t. 163. amai: we say I'hug.' string,%t sine: for constr. see on smite re Pvisamn, ii. 669. 166. diversus, ' wide of the course,' corresponds to dexter, 162. quo.. Menoeti explains, cldnelre, 167. 168. propri6ra (sc. seopuWU), 'the inside course.' 170. ridit: us-,ed here much as in iii. 70(1. 171. m~tis: contras;t the sing., 129. 172. ossibus: as in i. 660. 174. socium: gen. p1.; ~ 89. The vs. means that he ran the risk of losing both the prize and his ship. 316 AENEIDOS [176-198 ipse gubernacl rector subit, ipse magister hortaturque vir6s clavumque ad litora torquet. At gravis, ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est, iam senior madidaque flnens in veste Menoetes 18o summa petit scopull siccaque in rupe resedit. Illnm et labentem Teucri et rlsere natantem et salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus. Hic laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus, Sergesto Mnestheique, Gyin superare morantem. 185 Sergestus capit ante locum scopuloque propinquat, nec tota tamen ille prior praeeunte carina, parte prior; partem rostr6 premit aemula Pristis. At media socios incedens nave per ipsos hortatur Mnestheus: 'Nunc, nunc lnsurgite remis, 190 Hectorei sociil Troiae quos sorte suprema delegi comites; nunc illas promite virIs, nanc animos, quibus in Gaetulls Syrtibus tsi loniOque mart Maleaeque sequacibus undis. 176. subit: i.e. takes under his charge. 177. clivum... torquet: V. is writing loosely here, his meaning being merely that Gyas turns the boat's head towards the scopulrs, as he had ordered Menoetes to do. The stearing-gear of a Roman ship consisted of one or llore broad-bladed paddles or oars, not of a rudder proper. 178. gravis, 'laboriously,' is explained by itm... ve ste, 179, ' since lie was,' etc. fundo... lmo: as in ii. 419. 179. fluens, ' dripping'; he seelled, so to speak, to be running away. 181, 182. risere... rident: the repetition hits off the several bursts of laughter. For the touch of humor cf. ii. on proluit, i. 739. Pleasantry is perfectly in order in this account of games and diversions. 184. Mnesthei: for fornl see ~~99, 247. At last accounts, 15[6-158, Mnestheus and Sergestus were racing neck and neck. 185. locum, the (desired) place,' the lead. 186. tta... praeeunte carina: the emphasis is on the prtcpl., ' through the passing ahead of his whole keel (i e ship's length).' ille repeats the subject Sergestius; cf. n. on ille, i. 3. 187. parte: emphatic, 'by a part only'; note the advers. asynd. premit, ' overlaps.' 188. media.. nave: a gangwal ran between the two sets of oarsmen. 190. Troiae... sorte suprema, 'at Troy's last gasp' At such a time one would choose for is comnrades only mlen tried and true. 192. USi: sc. estis; ~215. The ref here is perhaps to the storli of i. 81-123; see esp. i 111. 193. Ioni... mari: through this they sailed on their say from Crete to 194-211] LIBER V 317 Noln iam prima peto Mnestheus neqne vincere certo (quamquam — sed superent, quibus hoc, Neptune, dedisti); extremes pudeat rediisse; hoc vincite, cives, 19s et prohibete nefts.' Olli certamine summo J -' " procumbunt; vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, subtrahiturque solum; turn creber anhelitus artfis aridaque ora quatit, sfdor fluit undique rivis. 200 Attulit ipse viris optatumn casus honorem, namque furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburget interior spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo, infellx saxis in procurrentibus haesit; concussae cautes, et acuto in mirice remi 205 obnixi crepuere, inlisaque prora pependit. Cbnsurgunt nautae et magno clamore morantur ferratasque trudes et acfta cuspide contos expediunt fractosque legunt in gurgite remos. At laetus Mnestheus successfique acrior ipso 210 agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis Buthrotum, iii. 190 ff. (cf. esp. 211), and again on their way from Buthrotum to Sicily, iii. 506 ff. (cf. esp. 671). sequacibus,' ravenous'; literally, ' prone to pursue' passing ships, as Scylla did, iii. 425. 194. Mnestheus (instead of ego) contains a certain mixture of'pride and humility; he says in effect, ' victory is not for such as I.' 195. quamquam 6: sc. how I wish I could win, or the like. The sudden breaking off of the sentence is effective; cf. qu6s ego..., i. 135. 196. h6c vincite: i.e. at least do better than to come in last. For the language cf. locum.. superdre priorem, 155, with note. 197. nefas: i.e. of coming in last; Mnestheus is excited and uses strong language. olli: nom. pl., not dat. sing., as in i. 254, etc. 198. aerea: the bronze was only on the prow (cf. aere, i. 35); hence puppis = naUs. 199. subtrahitur... solum: freely, 'the (watery) floor flies out from beneath them.' One who has stood on the platform of a swiftly moving car will appreciate V.'s phrase. 203. iniquo: here 'dangerous.' The danger was of his own making; in his eagerness to win he had cut inside Mnestheus and so had not left himself sufficient room. 206. obnixi: freely, 'striking violently'; lit., 'striving against (the murex).' crepu6re: so we say'cracked' = 'broke.' inlisa: sc. miurici. 207. consurgunt... morantur: the thought would naturally be, ' springing up,the sailors shout loudly at (curse) the delay,' but since the delay, coming at this time of supreme effort, would be the main thought, V.'s phrase puts the emphasis exactly where it belongs. 211. agmine, 'movement,' 'play.' V. is thinking of the long line of oars moving in unison. 318 318 ~~~AENEIDOS [1-3 [212-230 pr~na petit maria et pelag6 d~currit apertb. QuAlis sp~1unciA subit6 cormmata columba, cui dornus et du~cs latebrbsb in pfimice ilidi, 2.15 fertur in arva voldins plausumque exterrita pinnis dat t~ct6 ingentem, mox iiere lapsa quiRt6 rfidit iter liquidum celeris neque commovet idifis, sic Mn~stheus, sic ipsa fugfa secat ultima Pristis aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantemn, 220 et primum. in scopul65 luctanteut d~serit alt65 Sergestum brevibusque vadis frtistra-que vocantem auxilia et fri-Ietis discentem currere r~mls; inde Gydn ipsamque ingentI m~5le Chimaeram c~nsequitur; cidit, quoniam spoliiita magistrC) est. 225 S6Aus, iamque ipsO5 superest in fine Cloanthus, quem petit et summis adnixus viribus -urget. Turn v~rO ingeminat chimor, cfinctique sequentem instigant st udjils, resonatque fragaribus aeth~r. HII propr~im decus et partum indignantur hon~rem. 230 ni teneant vitamque volunt pr6 laude paciiscl; 212. pr6na... apert6 he rounds the rock into the safer waters beyond; et. nalis... relictis, 171. prdna properly =Idown-sloping,.' and so, when used of a road, ' easy,' 's~mooth.' This seems, to be its meaning here. di~currit: cf. n. on d~inittere, 29. 214. nidI: poetically put for I'nestlilgs'; cf. ~ 184. 217. r&dit: as, in 17(1. The smooth liquid movement of this vs. helps to picture the smoothi, easy flight of the dove; ~ 224. 218, 219. ultima... aequora: i.e. the home-stretch. The first startled movements o1 the dove correspond to the spurt of 197-200. This took theni rounid the rock. The quieter flight of the bird corresponds to the easier, niore settled progress of the ship through the poa...twinai, 2121. 221. frt~str&: no one would turn his back on victory to go to his rescue. 222. frctis... r'~mls: another touch of humnor; cf. ii. on ris~re.. d1(ft, 181, 18-2. 223. ingentl m6le: as in 118. 224. spolI~ta: a fine word here; the loss of the pilot was an outrage against the ship. 225. iamque: placed as in iii..588. 228. studils: as in 148. 229, 230. hi: the sailors of Cloanthus. proprium.. u teneant: lit., ' are indignant., should they (by any possibility) not retain'; we should say I'are indignant at the mere thought of losing.I With ni teneant cf. nifaciat, i. 58, with n. pacISCI, ' to barter'; the word means, 'to miake a covenaiit concerning a thing, either, as here, to surrender it, ori to se('ure it. 231-2511 231-251] ~LIBER V31 319 h6s successus alit; possunt, quia posse videntur. Et fors aequi-ttis c~pissent praemia r~strils, ni palmiis ponOi tendons utrdisquie Cloanthus f fidissetque prec~s dlv~sqne in -vta vociasset: 'Di, quibus imperium est pelagi, qu~rurn aequora currb, 235 v~b~s laetus ego h6c candentem in Miore taururn ci~nstituam ante rar~s v~t! reus extaque sals~s pr~iciam in flnctfis et vina liquentia fundarn.' Dixit, enunque Wms sub fluctibris audiit omnis N~reldum Phorciquie chorus Panopeaque virgo, et pater ipse manfi ma-gna- Portfinus euntern impulit; illa NotO citius volucrique sagittii ad terrain f ugit et port-d s6 condidit altO5. Turn satus Anchisii cfinctis ex more vocdtls vict~rem mdgnA praec~nis v~ce Cloanthum24 d~cli-Irat viridfique adv~lat tempora laura intineraque in ni-vis tern~s optare iuvenc~s vinaque et argent! mhignum dat ferre talentum. Ipsis praecipu~s duct~ribus addit hon~rs: victori chlamydemn aurditam, quam pludrima circum 250 purpura maeandr6 duplici Meliboea t~ucurrit 231. 116s: the rowers of Mnestheus,. With hils.... alit cf. saccessili... ticrior ips, 210. We say, 'nothing s~ucceeds like success.' videntur: sc. sibi, ' they believe.'1 232. fors, ' perchance.' This adv. use of the noun is due to ellipsis; cf. n. on fors et, ji. 139,jorsitan, ii. 506. aequit-Is... rostras = ii-incts... fr-ontibus, 157, 158. 234. in v6ta: i.e. to hear and so to grant his prayer. 235. aequora curr6 cf. currimus aequor, iii. 191, with note. 236. hi6c, 'yonder.' 237. v6t-1 reus, ' held by my vow'; sc. 'if I win.'I reus properly = one bound over to appear in court when wanted; it also== one bound in the penalties fixed by the court after conviction. in the latter case it = damunlitus (so here) and naturally takes the constr. of that word, i.e. the genitive. 238. pr6iciam.... fundam: natural actions, since the bull and the wine belonged to the di... pelagi, 235. 242. jill: the ship. The rhythm of the vs. helps to picture the swift movement of the ship; cf. 217 and see ~ 224. 244. satus AnehIsA = AeniUis. For the abl. with satus cf. 11. 540, iv. 198. 247, 24:8. in nivis: as in 62. optl.re..ferre: for mood see ~~ 161, 166, n. talentum: as in 112. 250, 251. pltrima... purpura, 'a wealth of purple.' maeandr6 duplicI: coll. sing, I'in two winding~lines'; modal ablative. 320 AENEIDOS [252-267 intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida velocis iaculo cervos cursfque fatigat acer, anhelanti similis; quem praepes ab Ida 255 sublimem pedibus rapuit Iovis armiger uncis; longaevi palmas nequiquam ad sidera tendunt cfstodes, saevitque canum latratus in auras. At, qui deinde locum tenuit virtfte secundum, levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem m2o l6ricam, quam Demole6 detraxerat ipse victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto, d6nat habere vir6, decus et tuitamen in armis. Vix illam famuli Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant multiplicem conlxi umeris; indfitus at olim 2 S5 Demoleos cursui palantis Tr6as agPbat. Tertia d6na facit geminos ex aere lebetas cymbiaque argent6 perfecta atque aspera signis. 252. intextus: we should expect et cui intextus, but see on cui... locus, ii. 71. puer... rtgius: identified with Ganymedes by quem praepes, etc., 254. He was son of Tros, king of Troy. 253. iaculo... cursuque: i.e. with strength of arm and speed of foot. 254, 265. quem... rapuit, 'the very boy whom,' etc. praepes = an adv. Ida corresponds completely to Ida, 2.52; the emphasis thus given to it makes ab Ida-=' from that self-same Ida.' sublimem pedibus: see on sublimem ills, iv. 240. lovis armiger: see ~277. This picture is, of course, entirely distinct from that described in per... similis; Ganymedes could hardly have been (&cer.. similis, when in the eagle's talons. 257. saevit, 'rises savagely'; the dogs are barking at the disappearing eagle. 258. qui: the antec. is huic, 259. deinde belongs with donat, 262; for its position cf. i. 195. 259. hamis.. trilicem: ef. iii 467, with notes. 261. Ili: for scansion see ~ 260. 262. habere vir6 gives the pur. pose of ddnat (see ~ 159, n.), 'to possess it as a hero should'; viro is dat., and denotes the same person (Mnestheus) as huic, 259. 263, 264. illam... multiplicem: the thought is in the adj., 'its manifold bulk.' The ref. is to the row upon row of links in the lorbca. cSnixi umeris: cf. obnixae... umeris, iv. 406. 265. pilantis: proleptic (~ 193), 'used to drive in full flight.' inddtues... agebat brings out the superior physical prowess of the heroic warriors (see on ingens, i. 99) and so glorifies Aeneas. who conquered such a champion. The emphatic word is curse, ' swiftly ' 266. lebetas: in iii. 466 Doddnael lebetes are gifts. 267. aspera signis: i.e. chased or embossed. signis is used as in i. 648. The first prize receives eight lines of description, 250-257, the second seven, 259 -265, the third two, 266, 267, i.e. the amount of description is pr.portional to the value of the prizes. 168-28S] LIBER V 321 Iamque ade6 donati omnes opibusque superbi piiniceis ibant evincti tempora taenis, cum saev6o scopulo multa vix arte revulsus amissis remis atque 6rdine debilis fun inrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus ag6bat. Qualis saepe viae d6prensus in aggere serpens, aerea quem oblicum rota transit aut gravis ictf semiuecem liquit sax6 lacerumque viator, neiqulquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus parte fer6x ardensque oculis et sibila colla arduus attollens; pars vulnere clauda retentat nixantem nodis seque in sua membra plicantem: tali remigio navis se tarda movebat; vela facit tamen et plenis subit ostia velis. Sergestum Aeneas promisso mfnere d6nat servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos; 270 275 280 268. iam... cum (270): as in iii. 135-137. 269. ibant = abibant. taenis stands for taeniis; a rare contraction in first declension nouns in -ia. The ref. is to wreaths of laurel adorned with ribbons; cf. coronae, 110. 270,271. multa... revulsus: briefly put for 'with difficulty wrenched, spite of all their skill.' ordine: abl. of spec. By itself ordo merely = ' arrangement'; here it must = the whole arrangement of oars on one side (contrast 120), otherwise the simile in 272-281 would be ludicrously extravagant. 272. ag6bat is conative. 273. viae... aggere, 'on some highway'; cf. tumuli... aggere, 44, with n. Roman roads were kept absolutely level, being carried across valleys on solid masonry or on tall arches. 274. aerea: i.e. with bronze tire. oblicum: adj. = adv.; it is really superfluous. gravis ictu: literally, 'heavy in respect of the blow' he strikes. gravm icti would have been unmetrical. 276. longs... dat... tortis: with this expression our phrase' give a start,' 'give a wriggle,' has been well compared; cf., too, ~ 202. fugiens: conative. 278. arduus: for constr. see ~ 195. 279. nixantem n6dis: freely,' working its way onward with its coils.' nixantem is used much as nmtens is in li. 380; see note there. 280, tarda in sense 'and in position in the vs. balances clauda, 278. 281. rvelafacit=vela datventis. plenis... vels: cf. pleno... vglo, i. 400. The repetition vela... velis makes the vs. mean, ' Sails she tries, and with sails does what she can not do with oars.' 282. promisso manere: V. is telling us indirectly (~225) that Aeneas had promised a prize to every competitor. meritae... palmae, 70, does not prove this, as some maintain; coming in last in a race is hardly a case of merita palma. 283. servatam... reduct6s: cf. reducs... relatam, i. 390, with n. The emphasis is on the participles. 322 AENEIDOS [284-3, olli serva datfir operum haud ignara Minervae, 285 Cressa genus, Pholoe, geminique sub fibere natl. Hoc pins Aeneas misso certamine tendit gramineum in campum, quem collibus undique curvis cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri circus erat; quo se multis cum milibus heros 290 consessum in medium tulit exstrfictque resedit. Hic, qui forte velint rapido contendere curs&, invitat pretils animos et praemia pOnit. Undique conveniunt Teucri mixtique Sicani, Nisus et Euryalus primi, 295 Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa, Nisus amore pio pueri; quos deinde secuftus regius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores; hunc Salius simul et Patron, quorum alter Acarnan, alter ab Arcadio Tegeaeae sanguine gentis; 300 tur duo Trinacrii iuvenes, Helymus Panoposque, adsuSti silvis, comites senioris Acestae; multi praeterea, quos fama obscufra recondit. Aeneas quibus in mediis sic deinde lociitus: 'Accipite haec animis laetasque advertite mentes. 284. datfir: for the W, see ~243. Minervae: she was goddess of handicrafts in general, but esp. of weaving, spinning, and embroidery. 285. sub, 'at,'' clinging to.' 286-361. Thefootrace. Nisusleads till by accident he falls. Though he loses the victory himself he helps his friend Euryalus to win. 286. missO, 'dispatched.' missio or missus was the technical term for a 'turn' or 'event' at games held in Rome. 287-289. collibus... silvae: an inverted way of saying 'winding hills, forest-crowned, girdled,' etc. theatri circus: for case of theatrl see ~ 11l. The Roman theater was semicircular in shape; the seats rose in almost unbroken line from the lowest to the highest level, i.e. there were no galleries or balconies. A valley surrounded by hi] might well then, be called 'a theat( like (semi-) circle.' 290. exstruct6, 'on a throne'; li 'on something raised.' 291. qul=sz qui; cf. qri, 67. 293. mixti: sc. cum eis. 296. pi6, 'pure,' 'honest.' puer Euryalus. 301. adsuetl: dep. prtcpl.; lit., 'wl had trained themselves to.' They we thus good runners; cf. the picture no16cis... faatga, 353, and in spulmalt...prernentem. i. 324 302. recondit, 'whom rumor hid, in darkness.' obsclr7a is a transferr epithet; famc is so called because tt men with whom it is for the momei dealing are obscure. 304. advertite: sc. ad hale. 3 0 5 432 2 1 3O~i-322] LIBER V33 323 N~m6 ex h~c ntumer6 mliii n~n don~t-ts abibit. Gn6sia bina dab6 le-vJi6 lIficida ferrd spicu.1a caelh-tamque argenti ferre bipeniein; omnibus hoc erit finus hon6s. Tr~s praemia prim! accipient flvav-que caput nectentur ollva. Primus ecum. phaleris Insignem victor habktb, alter Amdzoniam pharetram. plhlnamque sagittis Thr~icils, late quarn circum amplectitur aur6 balteus et teretI subnectit fibula gemmd; tertius Argolicia hac galeiil contentus abitVi. Ilac ubi dicta, locum capiuint sign~que repente corripiunt spatia audit,5 limenque relincunt efftisi nimb6 similhls; simul ultima signant. Prirnus abit long~qne ante omnia corpora iNisus ~micat et ventis et fulminis 6cior alis; proximus huic, longL' seci proximus intervallo-, inseqnitur Salius; spati6 post deinde relict,5 tertius Euryalus;.305 310 315 32 305. n~m6... abibit: V. is now more explicit; see on pr~nmissli miz-nere, 282. 306, 307. Gn6sia: i.e. Cretan. The Cretans were faimous archers. dab6... ferre: cf. optffre... datferre talentam, 247, 248, with a. caelitam: probably on the wooden handle. 308. praemia: here 's~pecial prizes,.' 309. flivi: the leaves,of the olive ire, yellowish green. caput nectentur: for constr. see ~ 138. _ 311-313. Am5,zoniam... Thr~icils: localization (~ 1901), the wea5poii are the best of their kind. The Thra cians, like the Cretans, (see on Gnlisia, 306), were famous archers.- 1lA.. aur6 balteus: for constr. cf. 0id/li liastilia.terrd, i. 313, with n. The belt was probably merely embossed with gold, V. 's language being somewhat extravagant. teret!... gemma: iiistr. abl.; in some way the gem acts as a clasp to hold the buckle in place. 314. Argolica: iLe. captured from the Greeks-, like the 15/inca, 260. 316. corripiunt spatia: cf. camnpurn corripuodre, 144, 145. spatia merely = - the course.' li1men =carcer, 145, and f inds, 139. 317. efftsi: cf. effdsf cancers, 145. nimb6: here ' rain-drops'; see ~ 183. The point of the comparison is the number of contestants; this would be most impressive at the start when they were still Well hunched together. 'ultima signant (sc. ocalis): freely, 'they fix their eyes on the goal.'1 318. abit, ' gets away.' 319. fulminis... Alls: on coins the thunderbolt is often pictured with wings. 320. proximus... proximus: proxsinus means far less than secundus, which=-following close on the heels of the first.'I The thought here is,'I Salius is next, but next in this case means little.'I Notice spondee in fifth foot. 324 AENEIDOS [323-338 Euryalumque Helymus sequitur; quo deinde sub ipso ecce volat calcemque terit iam calce Diores 325 incumbens umerO, spatia et si plfira supersint, transeat elapsus prior ambiguumve relinquat. Iamque fere spatio extrem6 fessique sub ipsam finem adventabant, levi cum sanguine Nisus labitur infelix, caesis ut forte iuvencis 330 ffisus humum viridisque super madefecerat herbas: hic iuvenis iamn victor ovans vestigia presso hand tenuit titubata solo, sed pronus in ipso concidit immundoque fimo sacroque cruore, non tamen Euryali, non ille oblitus amorum, 335 nam sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens; ille autem spissa iacuit revolutus harena. Emicat Euryalis et mftnere victor amici prima tenet plausfque volat fremitufque secundo; 323. sub, close behind.' 324. calcem... calce: loosely used for pedemn... pede. iam, 'presently,' marks still closer approach. 325, 326. incumbens, 'grazing'; calcem... zumer =' heel grazing heel and shoulder shoulder.' si... supersint... relinquat: V. writes from the point of view of a spectator speculating on the possibilities of the yet unfinished race. Cf. the hist. pres. in 318-324. Had his point of view been that of a mere reporter, he would have used the plpf. subj. ambiguumve relinquat, 'or at least leave an uncertainty,' sc. as to which was the winner; i.e. the race would end in a tie. 327, 328, fessi suggests that there was little prospect now, barring accident, of a change in the order of the runners. ipsam finem: for the gender cf. ii. 554. 329. ut: freely, 'where.' Strictly, tt denotes a comparison, 'he falls, even as, it so chanced, blood has soaked.' 330. fisus: sc. sanugus. super is not wholly superfluous; with madefecerat it gives a force like ' had soaked the ground... over which it flowed.' 331, 332. press... so16: freely, 'when he reached the spot.' titubata: a dep. prtcpl. of titzub, with pres. force, 'tottering'; see ~ 171, and n. on cretus, ii. 74. 334. ille: as in 186. 335. lubrica, ' the slippery ground.' 336. autem: i.e. in his turn. spissa. harena: V. has in mind the sand floor (harena, arena) of the circus or amphitheater at Rome, closely packed and pounded down to afford a better flooring. In view of 287 the phrase can hardly be called happy here. spissd has point in that a fall on a firm floor would be apt to disable a man, esp. when he was going at top speed. iacuit suggests the result, not the process; see on telo, i. 99. 337. Euryalus: for the u see ~ 243. 338. prima: as in 194. plaus... 339-358] LIBER V 325 post Helymus subit et, nune tertia palma, Diores. Hic totum caveae consessum ingentis et ora prima patrum magnis SaliusBclam6ribus implet ereptumque dol6 reddi sibi poscit hon6rem. Tutatur favor Euryalum lacrimaeque dec6rae gratior et pulchr6 veniens in corpore virtus; adiuvat et magna pr6cl&mat v6ce Diores, qui subiit palmae frfistraque ad praemia venit ultima, si primi Salio reddantur hon6res. Tur pater Aeneas 'Vestra,' inquit, 'munera vobis certa manent, pueri, et palmam movet 6rdine nemo; me liceat casus miserari insontis amici.' Sic fatus tergum Gaetfili imm&ne leonis dat Salio villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis. Hie Nisus 'Si tanta,' inquit, 'sunt praemia victis et te lapsorum miseret, quae miinera Nis6 digna dabis, primam merui qui laude coronam, iii me, quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset?' et simul his dictis faciem ostentabat et fido turpia membra fim6. Risit pater optimus olli 340 345 850 385 secund6: for case see ~ 147. For the applause given to the act of Nisus cf. n. on Ulixes, ii. 44. 339. palma: literally, ' victory,' 'prize,' for 'victor,' 'prize-winner.' 340, 341. caveae, 'the ring'; V. has in mind the same image as in spissa... harena, 336. So in 6ra prima patrum, 'the gazing sires in front,' as it has been well rendered, he is thinking of the fact that in Rome the seats nearest the stage of the theater or nearest the arena were allotted to the senators, the patres. 343. favor, 'the popular voice.' 344. gratior: with veniens, as arduus with attollens, 278; see n. there. veniens: freely, 'that shows itself'; lit., 'coming forward,' 'presenting itself,' so to speak, for the popular approval. 345. proclamat, 'lodges an appeal'; a technical sense often borne by this verb. 349. palmam: collective singular. 352. aureis, 'gilded'; for scansion see ~ 248. 354. laps6rum, ' of those who have tumbled.' There seems to be a touch of humor here, as infrctis... remis, 222, see n. there. There is a humorous con ceit, too, in Nis6, as a substitute for mihi. He hints playfully that Nisus is 'some great one' and deserving of a large prize. 355. merul: we ought to have meruit, since the antec. is Niso. The first person, however, is natural enough, since 2Niso really = mihi. For the mood of merui see on impulerat, ii. 55. 356. tulisset, ' had undone me '; cf. hic... tult, ii. 554, with note. 326 AENEIDOS [359-377 et clipeum efferr!injssit, Didyma-onis artis, 36o NeptfinI sacr6 Danais 4l~ poste refixum; h~c iLivenem &gregium praestanti mfiriere d6itat. Post ubi cainfecti cursfts et d6na per~git, 'Nunc, si cui 'virtiis animusque in pectore praes~rns, adsit et ~vinctls attollat bracehia palmis.' 365 Sic ait et gemiiuin puignae pr6p6nit hon~rem, victorI v~1atum aur6 vittisque iuvencum, 6nsem atque insignern galeam s6ldcia vict6. Nec mora; continub vdstis cum viribuis effert 6ira Dares mAgn~que virum s6 murmure tollit, 370 s6lns qui Paridem solitus contendere contraiidemque ad tumulum, quo maximuis occuibat Hector, vict~rem Bfit~in, immdni corpore qui s63 Bebrycid venikns Arnyci d6 gente fer~bat, perculit et fulva moribundum extendit harc~nd~; 375 tttlis prima Dar-es caput altum in proelia tollit ostenditque umer,5s 1at~s alternaque iactat bracchia praitend~ns et verberat ictibus auras. 3 59. artis, ' the workmanship.'1 360. Danalis: dat. of the agent, = U Danais. refixum: freely, I'stolen.'I There is no hint as to the location of the temple of Neptune nor of the way in which the shield came into Aeneas's hands. The shield is a fine one, a worthy present to the gods; besides, it has a history. 361. 6gregium praestanti: juxtaposition of like ideas (~ 212); the youth deserves the prize, fine a', it is. d5nat: contrast the construction in 260-262. 362-386. Aeneas calls for volunteers to engage, in a boxing match. Only one, the Trojan Dares, appears. 363. praes~ns: i.e. standing by one in every emergency, ' ready,' ' resolutte'1 364. dvinctis: i.e. with the raestoo, (69). 365. geminumn.. lio6rem =dihondr.Fs. 366. v~litum, 'decked,' fits ff(tis better than it does cur5. The gold was, doubtless, on the horns; the horns of victims were often gilded. 368. effert: sc. out of the crowd. 369. 6ra: a picturesque substitute for sF virum: as in 148. For constr. of 27?grti... unoirmre cf. plauisJ.. cuzndj, 338, with note. 371. idem: as in iii. 1,58. qu6 izinoF 372, 373. vlet~rem, 'peerle',,s. 'champion ' immi.ni corpore.. fer~bat, I'who advanced in all tb', pride of his strength, N~hat titne fi, caine,' et('. immn/iua corpore is ino'el abi. with s~... f.kraf; (f. inegenf ndle, 118, edFsffs... efferf, 368; also iv 11I. venifns... gente combines ts o ideas, (I) that of the lineage of Biite',, (2) that of the place whence lie came. With (1) vsenmios ' -springing,' with (2) it has its usual sense. (2) is the dominaiit idea. 376,377. alterna...aurfis: he 378-396] LIBER V 327 Quaeritur huic alius; nec quisquam ex agmine tanto audet adire virum manibusque indtfcere caestfis. Ergo alacris cfinctosque putans excedere palma Aeneae stetit ante ped6s nec plfira moratus; ' turn laeva taurum cornui tenet atque ita fatur: 'Nate dea, si nemo audet se credere pugnae, quae finis standi? quo me decet fsque teneri? Dficere d6na iube.' Cfincti simul ore fremebant Dardanidae reddique viro promissa iubebant. Hic gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acest6s, proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbae: 'Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frfstrfa, tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli dona sines? ubi nunc nobis dens ille magister nequiquam memoratus Eryx? ubi fama per omnem Trinacriam et spolia illa tuis pendentia tectis?' Ille sub haec: 'Non laudis amor nec gloria cessit pulsa metf, sed enim gelidus tardante senecta sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae in corpore vires. 3SI 385' 399 puts himself into the most approved pugilistic attitudes. 378, huic: freely, 'to meet him.' 380. alacris: here masc., for the usual alacer. excedere palma: i.e. were letting the prize go by default. 383. n6m6... pugnae: cf. cr-fd6..caestU, 69. 384. finis: fer. as in 328. quo... fsque: note the tmesis; ~ 211. 385, 386. dicere: se. meas subject. cuncti... Dardanidae = i. 559, 560. 387-484. Urged on by Acestes, Entellus, a Sicilian champion, at length comes forward. In the fight Entellus prevails, and Aeneas stops the contest. t 387. gravis=adv., 'roundly.' 388. ut: used much as in 329; see n. there. The thought is that his rebuke was entirely na tural in view of his place beside Entellus. For 388 we should use a parenthesis, ' he had taken a seat, it so chanced,' etc. 389. fristra: i.e. if he allows this prize to go by default. n6bis (sc. est): dat. of interest; ~ 120. The whole question = ' what has become of.' 392, 393. n6quiquam =fritstra, 389. memoratus (sc. tibi): lit = ' spoken of,' etc, but the speaker's scorn gives it the force of 'boasted.' per... Trinacriam: Entellus was a Sicilian. His place by Acestes, 387, 388, showed that. 394. sub, 'immediately after.' gloria: briefly put for gl0riae amor or cupido. 395, 396. gelidus... vires: the parallelism brings out finely the pathetic way in which a one-time champion contrasts his present with his former state. 328 328 ~~~~AEENEIDOS [9-1 (397-416 Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat quaque improbus iste exsuitat fidns, si nunc foret Ril iuventds, hand equidem prefib inductus puichr~que iuvencb 400 v~nissem, nec d6na mnoror.' Sic deinde iocfttus in medium gemin6s immani pondere caestfis prbi~cit, quibus acer Eryx in proelia su~tus ferre manum dfir6que intendere bracchia torgo-. Obstipu~re animi; tanh~rum ingentia septem. 405 terga boum piumbC6 insftto ferro-que rigebant. Ante omnis stupet ipse Dares long~que recftsat, maignanimusque Anchlsiad~s et pondus et ipsa hfic ilac vinclbrum inm~nsa voiftmina versat. rfum senior talis refer~bat pectore v6c~s: 410 'Quid, si quis caest-fts ipsius et Herculis arma vidisset, tristemque h~c ips6 in Miore pfignam? llaec germainus Eryx quondam tu-us arma ger~bat (sanguine cernis adhftc sparsoque infecta cerebr6), his magnum Alcidn contra stetit, his ego su~tus, 415 dum melior viris sanguis dabat aemula necdum <lemporibus geminis cdn~bat sparsa senectfis. 397. improbus iste, ' yonder braggart'1; see on improba, iR. 80, and on istis, ii. 521. 398. sI, 'if, Isay,' repeats si, 397. illa luveutfis, 'the famous youth (I once had)'; for this sense of Mle see on ill5, ii. 274. 399. haud...inductus, ' without regard to-' 402, 403. quibus: abl. with in proelta.. ferre nmanure, which virtually = pigndre. ferre manuin suggests two ideas: (I) that of the phrase cdnferre iran'er, used of fighting at close quarters; (2) the actual advancing of the hands which constitutes the essence of prize-fighting; cf. alterna... pr~tendi~n8, 376, 377. dfir6... terg6: cf. intenditqie lourn sertis, iv. 506, with n. We should have expected quoiruneque di-urd... tergi-i (#uitu8 erat), but cf. cui... locus, Hi. 71. 404. tant6rum =tandrum? quanta foiti~F runt; it may be rendered by ' monstrous.'1 406. longd... reciisat: sc. pffqnanm: he refuses combat, and backs away from his adversary. 407. 408. pondus... versat: we should say ' feels (tests) the weight and turns over and over,' etc. vincl6rumcaestris-,401; the gauntlet's received thv; name because they closely envelop the hands. 409. senior: Entellus; cf. 395, 396 411. tristem: in the fight referred to Eryx was slain by Hercules. 412. tuus: Entellus is addressing Aeneas. With germinus cf. Miora fr~terna, 23, 24, with note. 414. his... su6tus: sc. fui, and cf. adsutti sitvis, 301. 415,416. dum.... sene Mmi: cf. in gen .Hifxoci -V 417-434] LIBER V 329 Sed si nostra Dares haec Troi's arma recusat idque pio sedet Aeneae, probat auctor Acestes, aequemus pfgnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto (solve metas), et tf Troianos exue caestis.' Haec fatus duplicem ex umeris reiecit amictum et magnos membrorum artfs, magna ossa lacert6sque exuit atque ingens media consistit harena.. Tur satus Anchisa caestus pater extulit aequos et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis. Constitit in digitos extempli arrectus uterque bracchiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras. Abdixere retro longe capita ardua ab ictfi inmiscentque manuls manibus pfgnamque lacessunt, ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa, hie membris et mole valens, sed tarda trementi genua labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artu-s. Multa viri nequiquam inter se vulnera iactant, multa cavo laterl ingeminant, et pectora vastos 420 425 430 eral quibus... vres, ii. 638, 639. aemula is the emphatic word of the sentence (note its position); it gives the cause of cinebat. Old age is the jealous rival of youth, ever seeking to do it harm. senectus: here old age as shown by outward signs, 'hoary locks.' 417. recusat: cf. 406. 418. Id: i.e. the opposition to the Sicilian caestus. pio: Entellus courteously gives Aeneas his characteristic epithet. sedet: as in ii. 660; it virtually =placet. auctor, 'as surety'; cf. 17. auctor is full of deference to Acestes and so corresponds to pio. 419. tibi... remitt6, 'out of deference to you, I waive my right to use'; this is said to Dares. 422. For thehypermetric versesee ~256 423. exult: here, 'stripped.' Its proper object is a word denoting the garment, etc., removed; with our passage cf. exutds vincls.. palmds. ii. 153, exilta pedem, iv. 518. 424. satus Anchisa: cf. 244. pater suggests Aeneas's thoughtful care for his countryman Dares; cf. n. on 130. 426. in digit6s... arrectus, 'raised on tiptoe,' to secure the greatest possible reach. 427. extulit: contrast extulit, 424; see on ruunt, i. 85. 429. They spar at first; each feints, seeking to induce the other to lead. 430. pedum... motu, 'agility,' 'nimbleness. ' 431. trementi (sc. ei): dat. of interest; see ~120. 432. genua: for scansion see ~240. aeger, 'labored.' With vastos... artus cf. crber... quatit, 199, 200. 433. vulnera, 'deadly blows'; cf. infesto vulnere, ii. 529. 434. lateri, 'ribs.' ingeminant, plant'; lit., ' heap up.' The verb is here virtually a verb of giving, and so takes the dat, lateri. 330 AENEIDOS [435-452 435 dant sonitfts, erratque aurls et tempora circum cr~bra manuLs', d&t6 crepitant sub vulnere mdlae. Stat gravis Entellus nisuique immotus eadem corpore t~la modo atque oculls vigilantibus exit; Mle, velut celsam oppfignat quil moilibus urbem 440 aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis, nune h~s, nunc ill~s aditfis omnemque pererrat arte locum et varils adsultibus inritus urget. Ostendit dextram lnsurg~ns Entelhus et alt6 extulit: iMe ictum venientem at vertice vC,16x 445 praevidit celerique ~Idpsus corpore ces~it; Entellus virls in ventum efffidit et ultr5 ipse gravis graviterque ad terrain po-ndere vafstO concidit, ut quondam cava concidit aut Erymanth5) aut ida in magna radicibus ~ruta pinus. 4zo Cansurgiint stndils Tencri et Trinacria pftb~s; it clamor caeI6, primusque aeccurrit Acest~s aequaevumqute Ab hum6 miseralns attollit amicumn. 435, auris: in statues of boxers wbich have come down from classical timies the ears are often represented as, Veaised and misshapen. 436. cr~bra manus: cf. ar~bris.. bipensnibus, ii. 627. 437. ulaji: a good term for the position of a boxer whose every sinew is strained to the ntmost. 438. corpore... modo: i.e. by merely bending his body; cf. Cic. C/at. i. ~ 15 teds p,6titiOje8 (' thrnsts-')... corpore effdqi. t~la: like valnera, 433, vulnere, 436, a strong expression for ictids. exit, ' escapes'; for the acc. with a verb comi3)ounded with exr see on Fvdsisse tot urbF-s, iii. 282. 439. ille: Dares. velut: sc. pererrat and darget from 441, 442, with the antec. of qui as its subject. A simple faeit might also be supplied; so in Eng. ill sucih cases ' do'I may replace any verbal expressloii. molilbus, 'towers,' 'ranm parts'; abl. of spec with celsamn. 441. pererrat is adapted to the neares.t object. Like a besieging army Dares Itries' every approach and ' circles round'I every point. 443. insurg~ns: i.e. to give his blow greater force. Cf. in digitos... arr&ctu8, 426. Entelins iiow assumes the offensive. 444. 4 vertice, ' from above'; cf. i. 114. Note icturn here after tila, 438, vutnere, 436, and vulnera, 433. 445. cessit, 'gave way,' before the 1)10w, instead of standing his ground, as Entellus had done, 437, 438. 446, 447. ultr6 ipse: i.e. without any exertion oii thle part of his oppo. neiit. gravis and graviter niay be coupled by -gee,,iiice gravis is really adverbial in sense. 448, 449. quondam: as in ii. 367, iH. 116. cava: i.e. old, like Entellus,. Erymauthb: note the simple abl. beside MId in mdfgn~t, 449. 451. caeWb for case see ~122. 03-473) LIBER V 331 At n~n tardAtus cAsfi neque territuis hl~r& aicrior ad pfignam redit ac vim suscitat Ira: turn pidor incendit viris et c~inscia virtfis praecipitemque Dar~n Ard~ns agit aequore tbt&, nune dextra ingeminilus ictfis, nunc ille sinistrA. Nec mora nec requi~s; quamn muiltf grandine nimbi culminibus crepitant, sic d~nsis ictibus h3r~s, cr~ber Litraque manfi pulsat versatque Dar~ta. rrum pater Aen~as pr~c~dere longius irds et saevire animis Entellum. ha-Ld passtis acerbis,.sed finem inposuit pfi:gnae fessumque Dar~ta,ripuit mulc~ns dictis ac tAlia fatur: 'I nf~ix, quae tanta animum denmentia c~pit? Nbn virls alias conversaque nfimrina sentis? Cede deO.' DIxitque et proelia v,5ce dir~lmit. Ast ilium fid! aequak~s genua aegra trahcntem iactantemque utr~que capnt crassumque cru~rem Ore 6iectantem inixt,5sque in sanguine dent~s dficunit ad nalvis galeamque (msemqne vocat! accipiunt, palmam Entell taurumque relincunt. Hic victor superans animis tauro-que superbus 455 46 4651 470 454. vim, 'violence'; ' strength' is, vire8. 455. turn, 'moreover.' c~nseia virtu~s=virt~s suaramn virium cdnscia, or the like. For the latter form cf. rn~ns sibi dirtscia rgcti, i. 604, with notes. We should say ' consciousness of prowess.' 456. Dar6n: for form see ~97. aequore, 'the plain.' By itself aequor (cf. aequus) simply = Ithe level,'I though it commonly denotes the levels of the great deep. 457. ingemlnzils ictils: cf. multa.. ingeminant, 434. ille: as in 334. Render by ' look you,' 'Imark you.' 4658-460. quam multi is balanced by sic di~nsis, 459, 'with blows as thick and many as the hail-stones (are) with which the storm-clouds,'I etc. d~nsis Ictibus... crdber: cf. er~bel,... pro eel lis jfricus, i. 85, 86, with n. versat:, i.e. makes him spin round like a top, so to speak. Dar~ta: for the form see ~ 100. 465. quae... e~pit? cf. quae. mesania, ii. 42. 46 6. vines ali~s (esse):- the adj. carries, the main thought; the meaning is 'a shift in (the preponderance of),strength.' conversa... nltimina,I 'a change in the gods,'I i. e. the deities that have always helped you hitherto (for his success see 370-374) have deserted you. 467. de6, 'heaven.' Aeneas's words make it possible for Dares to withdraw gracefully from the contest. 471. galeamque fnsemque: for thes-e prizes see 367. vociti - revocifti. 472. palMam: cf. palinae, 111. taurum: see 366. 473. superins, 'exultant'; the lit. 332 AENEIDOS [474-490 'NaRte deA v~sque liaec,' inquit, 'cogn~scite, Teucri, 475 et mihli quae fuerint iuvenalI in corpore vlr~,s et quat serv~tis revocatum a morte Darkta.' Dixit et adversi contra stetit Ora iuvenci, qui d~num adstatbat p-fgnae, dftr~sque reductaf 1ibriqvit dextrd media inter cornua caestfts 480 arduns effrAct~que inlisit in ossa cerebr6; sternitur exanimisque trem~ns procumbit hlLilm b~s. Ile super tails effundit pectore v~cs: 'Jiane tibi, Eryx, melk~rem animam pro- morte Darktis persolv6i; hic victor caestfis artemque repWn).' 485 Pr~tinus Aen~as celeri certare sagittai invitat qui forte velint et praemi'a pifnit ingentique manfimalum d6 nave Serest! ~rigit et volucrem traiect,5 in fine colhumbarn, qu6i tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab altr). 490 Conv~n~re virn, d~iectamque aerea sortem eral idea is that of overleaping all proper bounds. superbus: freely, ' glorying in., 474. haec is explained by 475, 476. 475, 476. et... et ='Iboth-... and.' 477. adversi reinforces; contril... ilra; the bull faced him even as he faced the bull. 478. d~num... pfignae: cf. pilgnae hon~3rei, 36-5. reduct&, 'drawing back.' Somewhat similar is adductis... lacertis, 141. 479, 480. 1ibr;%vit... inlisit, 'poising his gauntlets on high, full between.... he dashed them.'I arduus insurgeFns, 443; see n. there. 481. pr6cumbit...b6s: on this vs. see ~ 261 (end). 483. meli~rem... Dar~tis: Entellus speaks contemptuously; to his mind a bullock is a better offering than a boastful champion (cf. 375 if., 383) as, easily conquered as Dares was. For this tone we have been prepared by s8uperans, ic., 473, and the whole speech, 474-476. 484. persolv6: Entellus looks on Eryx as a deified patron of boxing, and as his helper in the recent combat. rep6n6, I'I lay aside'1; cf. n. on fixit, i. 248. 485-544. An archery contest follows in which the mark is a dove tied to a mast. Hippocoon's arrow lodges in the mast, Muestheus cuts the cord, Eurytion kills the dove. Acestes, having no mark at which to aim, shoots into the air. His arrow bursts into flame. 486. qul.W. velint = si qui forte velint. 487. ingent-i... mantL: cf. n. on 488. tri.iect6 in fiie: literally, ' in the midst of a cord passed across, (its body),' i.e. by means of a cor(d passed round and round its body. in finely pictures the bird fast in the encircling coils of the fi7nis. 489. qu6 = in quaam; see on qua, 29. ferrum =,oagittamn. 490. virl, ' the champions.'I sortem: 491-508] LIBER V 333 accepit galea; et primus clamore secundo Hyrtacidae ante omnis exit locus Hippocoontis, quem modo navali Mnestheus certamine victor consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus olivfi; tertius Eurytion, tuus, 6 clarissime, frater, Pandare, qui quondam iussus confundere foedus in medios telum torsisti primus Achivos; extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes ausus et ipse manf iuvenum temptare laborem. Tum validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus pro se quisque viri et depromunt tela pharetris, primaque per caelum nervo strldente sagitta Hyrtacidae iuvenis volucris diverberat auras et venit adversique infigitur arbore mall; intremuit malus, timuitque exterrita pinnis ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnia plausu. Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcuf alta petens pariterque oculos telumque tetendit, 495 500 505 coll. sing. The lots (of. n. on sorte trahetat, i. 508) were shaken in a helmet till one leaped out. The process was then repeated, till the order in which the champions were to shoot was determined. 491. clam6re secundo: i.e. of his friends and supporters; cf. mdgno... murmure, 369. 492. exit: sc. e galed. locus is naturally substituted for sors because the lot, by leaping forth first, gives him first shot. 493. victor: he had come in second best, 232-243. 494. oliva: cf. favi... oliva, 309, with note. 496. iussus: by Minerva. foedus: a truce between the Greeks and the Trojans that Paris and Menelaus might in single combat decide the issue of the war. 498. subsedit: it was needless, of course, to cast this out of the helmet. Acest6s: briefly put for sors Aceetae. 499. et, 'also.' mani, ' to the best of his ability'; literally, 'with his prowess.' iuvenum: for the age of Acestes cf. 73. 501. pro se: i.e. with all his might and main. 504. venit: i.e. ' goes (to the mark).' adversi, ' full in'; cf. n. on adversi, 477. arbore mali, 'the tree-like mast.' The phrase is formed on the analogy of arbor abietis, arbor fici, etc., in which the gen. is one of definition; ~ 111. 505. timuit... pinnis: i.e. showed its fear by flapping its wings; timuit virtually = timorem ostendit. 506. ingenti... plausi (sc. pinnirum): cf. plausumque... ingentem, 215, 216. 507. adducto, 'drawn taut'; sc. ad se, or ad pectus, and cf. adduct8s... lacertis, 141, reductd... dextrd, 478, 479. arcu: the whole put for the part, ' bowstring,' the reverse of the process seen e.g. in puppis = nais. 508. pariter, 'in unison.' ocul6S 334 834 ~~~AENEIDOS [0-2 ['509-525 ast ipsam miserandus avem contingore ferr65 510 n~n valuit; n~d,5s et vincula 11nea rctpit, quis innexa pedem mMl,5 pend~bat ab a1tU); RNl Not~s atque Atra volans in nibi~ila ffigit. Turn rapidtis iam dfldurn areft conten ta parf-t) t~a ten~ns friltrem Eurytian in v~ta vocilvit, 51 iam vacu6 luetam caelO speculatus et ftis plaudentern nigra figit sub nfibe columbarn; decidit exanimis vitamque reliquit in astris aetherils fixamque refert ddaipsa sagittam. Amissa s~lus palma superabat Acest~s, 520, qui tamen &Terifts t~1um contorsit in auras ostentains artemque pat~r arcumqtie sonantem. Jibc oculls subitum obicitur mdgn~que f utfirurn auguri35 malistrum (docnit post exituis hig~ns, sC~raque terrific! cecin~runt Omina vat~s), 525 namque volans liquidis in nftbibus drsit harund6... tetendit: cf. tendant ferruin, 489, tend~s... tumina, Hi. 405, 406. 509. miserandus: cf. infitivx applied to Sergestus in 204, to Nisus in 329. ferr6: cf. ferrum, 489. 511. qUtiis = quibu8; ~ 92. inuexa pedem: V. here supplements the account given in 487-489. For case of pedem see ~ 137. 512. Not6s: governed by in; for the place of the prep. cf. inceptfi... in isdemt, ii. 654, with note. 513, 514. 1am dtidum.... teudns qui iam dtidum teniiat. contenta: transferred epithet; it was the bow that was 'strained.' fi~rtrem: Pandarus; see 495-497. Eu'rytion deifles his brother and makes him a patron saint of archery; cf. n. on persolvd, 484. in v6ta: as in 234. 515, 516. 1ami goes with taetamn. vacuS: there is apparently nothing to hinder its escape. iris plaudentem: i.e. with joy, not as in 506. The bird (lies just as its escape seems certain. nigi i... sub nt~be repeatsd ifttia.. tit u n~bila, 512. The black clouds formed a background against which the lighter colored bird stood out in sharp relief. 517, 518. vitam... aetherils: ci. in ventos vita recessit, iv. 705, with ii. fixam: sc. in corpore. refert: sc. ad terrain. 519. superibat = supererat, r-ema. n~bat. 521. patir probably refers to Acestes's age (cf. ipse... tatiremn, 499) and means ' spite of his years.' For scansion see ~ 242; for position cf. ~ 207. sonantern: it took skill and strength to make a bowstring twang loudly. 522. hiea... obicitur: cf. /si aited obicittur, ii. 199, 200. 523. docuit: as-; object se. id, referring back to the thought of?niggno5... mndn8trum. Note the sharp advers. asynd. here, post: emphatic, I'it was not till later days.' 521. s~ra is adv., balancing post, 52-13. The point is that the seers commonly explained the significance of event9 at the time of their occurrence. cecin6 - 526-542] LIBER V 335 signavitque viam flammis tenuisque recessit consimpta in ventos, caelo ceu saepe refixa transcurrunt crinemque volantia sidera dfcunt. Attonitis haesere animis superosque precaiti 'Trinacrii reucrique viri; nec maximus omen abllit Aeneas, sed laetum amplexus Acestn mlineribus cumulat magnis ac talia fatur: 'Sfme, pater, nam te voluit rex magnus Olympi talibus auspiciis exsortem dficere honorem; ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc mfinus hab6bis, cratera inpressum signis, quem Thracius olim Anchisae genitori in magno munere Cisseus ferre sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris.' Sic fatus cingit viridanti tempora lauro et primum ante omnis victorem appellat AcestPn. Nec bonus Eurytion praelaft invidit honori, quamvis solus avem caelo deiecit ab alto; 53 -540 runt 6mina: freely, ' sang its ominous (significant) character.' What later event V. had in mind here we have no means of determining.. 526, 527. signavit... fammis: cf. signantem...vids, ii. 696. tenuls... in ventos: cf. tenus... in auras, ii. 791. refixa, 'loosened'; the ancients represented the stars as fastened like nails in the sky; cf.'axern... stellis drdentibus aptum, iv. 482. 528. transcurrunt: sc. caelum. crinem: the Romans often called a comet a stella crinita. See 'comet' in a dictionary. sidera: for position see on Dido, iv. 171. 529. haesere: i.e. to their places. 530,531. nec... abnuit: the Romans at once welcomed good omens, hoping thereby to secure to themselves all the good of which the omens gave promise. With a corresponding thought they refused or deprecated evil omens. Aeneas interprets this omen as a good one, as Anchises interpreted that described in ii. 680-698. laetum: Acestes, too, saw good in the sign. 534. exsortem... hon6rem, 'draw a special prize.' When spoils of battle, etc., were distributed by lot, a few choice objects were exempted from the distribution and presented to the commanderin-chief. To such objects the Romans applied the adj. exsors, literally, ' having no part in the general allotment.' 535. Anchisae... munus: i.e. as a gift from, etc. 536, 537. signis: as in267. in: lit erally, 'in the midst of,' i.e. as part ot. 538. sui: thepron.; obj. gen. with monumentum. 541. bonus, 'kindly,' 'good-natured.' praelato: sc. suo honori. The main thought is in the prtcpl.; 'Eurytion does not take it amiss that the honor of Acestes is set above his own.' 542. quamvis... deiecit: in classical.times quamvis is rarely joined WitL the indic.; the use becomes common later. 336 336 ~~~AENEID0S[84-6 [543-560 proximus ingreditur donis quI vincula rflpit, extr~mus, volucri qui fixit arundine mdlum. 545 At pater Aen~is n~ndum certamine miss6 cftst~dem ad s~s~ comitemque inp-tbis Ifili Epytid~n vocat et fidam sic f dtur ad aurem: WVade age et Asca-ni6, si iam, puerile part-tum agmen habet s~cum cursfisque instr-fixit equodrum, 550 dficat ava turmAs et sWs ostendat in armis, die, ait. Ipse omnem longO5 d&c4ere cirec5 luffilsum populum et campos iubet esse patentis. Jnc~dunt puerI pariterque ante Ora parentunm fr~nfttls Ificent in equis, qui~s omnis euntis s55 Trinacriae mirfita f remit Traiaeque iuventfis. Omnibus in m~rem POnsil coma pressa coro-nit; cornea bina feruint praefixa hastilia, ferro-, pars livis umer6 pharetrids; it pectore summ6 &1xilis obtorti per collum circulus aurl..560 Tr~s equitum numer6 turmae, terniqne vagantur 544. fi-Xit = tr7insfixit. 545-603. Ascanius and other boys perform elaborate equestrian maneuvers. 545. certimine miss6: as in 286. 546. etist6dem: cf. cilst~dis, 2.57. 547. fidam... aurem: because the equestrian maneuvers that follow are to be a surprise. Such surprises were common in the games at Rome. 548. AscaniS: join with die, 551. 549. cursts... 1nstriixit: cf. instruere exercitanm, aciemi, or classem. 550, 551. dticat... ostendat... dCe: for Constr. cf. dic... properet. (lit-cat, iv. 635,636, with n. av6: Anchises; for case see on Iori, iii. 279. eirc6: as in 289. 552. infiisum = quii (in circum) 8J infilderat, i.e. during the boxing-match and the archery trial, which required little room. pateutis: i e. cleared of spectators. 553. pariter, 'in perfect alignment.' 554. fr~n&VIs suggests the thought of spirited steeds and fine horsemanship; in iv. 41, infrini, the opposite word. was a compliment to the Numidians. 1Mcent: they are 'the observed of all observers.'I qu~s: see on quemt, i. 64. 556. in m6rem: V. is emphasizing the antiquity of this sport; cf. note, on patrian, iii. 281, and ~ 68. t6nsi: i e. trim, beautiful, the opposite ot horrenti, i. 165. See n. there. 557. ferunt: as subject sc. pars, to balance pa rs, 558. 558. pectore summ6: for case see ~146; the chain goes over the breast and round the neck. V. is thinking of the larquoi, a twisted circlet of gold (cf. ob. forti, 559) frequently worn by Romans as a military decoration. 560. tr~s... ternI (= tr',S): Cf. 8ep. tewn...-sept ina, 85. WIth tres...nImer5 cf bina... zimver&, 61, 62, with note. .561-5781 561-578] ~LIBER V33 837 duet6r~s; pueri his seni qiemque secfitt agmine partit,5 fulgent paribusque magistris. liina aci~s iuvenum, dficit quam parvus ovantem ii~men av! refer~lns Priamus, tua clatra, Polio6, pr~geniEls, auctftra Ital~is, quiem Tbr~cius albis portat eonis bicolor maculls vestigia prirnii alba pedis frontemque ostent~ns ardunis albarn; alter Atys, genus unde Atil dfix~re Latini, parvus Atys puerique puer di1etus Thid; extri~mus firm~tque ante OmnIs puicher Ifilus Sidoni6 est invectus equ6, quem candida Didc) esse sul dederat monumentum et pignus am~ris. (Jkera Trinacrils pflb~s seriiiris Acestae fertur equis. Excipiunt plauisfi pavidis gaudentque tuent,,s Dardanidae veterumque agniscuut Ora parentum. Postquam omnem laet! cbnsessum oculbsquie su~rum hfistrftv~re in equis, signum clam-ore par~tis,565 5 70 575 561. bis sdul: cf. bis dWnis, 1. 381, with note. 562. agmine... magistris: iLe. they make a brave show as they move, parted into equal bands and commanded alike. fulgent = Ultcent, 554; so magistris duct~r~s, 561, with the further thought that each dactor had trained his own followers. 564. referfts: cf. referret, iv. 329, with n. PoAit: for his fate see ii. 526 -532. 565. auctiira: for the thought cf. 116-123, esp. 117, with notes. 566, 567. vestigia... pedis... ostentains arduus: lit., ' showiiig white on high the steps of its pasterns,' a very elaborate (~ 203) way of saying, ' showing white pasterns as it proudly stepped.' pecls8 is a coil, sing., and prirni = ' the first (front) part of.' ostentins arduus: for constr. cf. ardauu attol~hs, 278, with note. 568. alter: sc. ductor est, out of 563. This vs. is a compliment to lkugustus, whose mother belonged to the gins Atta. She was the daughter of Julia, sister of Caesar. 569. puer6... dil6ctus: the friend. ship of lulus and Atys prefigures the later union of the gins IMia and the g~ns Atia through the adoption of Octavianus by Caesar. 572. esse... am6ris: cf. 538, with notes. 556-574 describe the appearance of the rider's as they enter the circus, 551. 575. pavid6s: freely, 'the anxious boys'1; they are nervous, afraid of failure before such a company. Cf. 137, 138. 576. agn~scunt: sc. in eis. parenturn, sires'; vet erum = ' for generations back.' They are true Trojans. 577. Maeti: i.e. on account of the welcome accorded them. ocul6sque su6 -rum: for -que see ~ 198. 578. listrivdre, 'had paraded before'; lit., ' had traversed.'I 338 AENEIDOS [579-594 Epytides longe dedit insonuitque flagello. ^0 Olli0 discurrere pares atque agmina terni diductis solvere choris rfrsusque vocati convertere vias infestaque tcla tulere; inde alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus adversi spatiis alternosque orbibus orbis ss5 impediunt pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis et nunc terga fuga nfidant, nunc spicula vertunt Infensi, facta pariter nu.n ptace feruntur. Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta parietibus textum caecis iter ancipitemque s0o mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi falleret indeprensus et inremeabilis error, haud alio Teucrum nati vestigia cursi impediunt texuntque fugas et proelia ludo delphinum similes, qui per maria uimida nando 580, 581. olli: as in 197. pares = pariter, 553. agmina... choris, 'they parted their array by drawing their lines (chorsi) asunder, forming now three (half) companies on a side.' terni is proleptic; ~ 193. vocati: sc. ab Epytide, comparing 578, 579. 582. infsta... tulere: sc. inter se, 'with levelled weapons they charged each other full tilt.' 583. curiis, 'marches,' corresponds to oll... chorFs, 580, 581; recursus, 'countermarches,' corresponds to 582. 584, 585. adversi spatils, 'confronting each other,' belongs only with recursus. spati8s, 'courses.' is abl. of spec. altern6s = an adv.,' alternately'; first one side, then the other takes the lead. orbibus... impediunt,' they intersect their circling movements with (new) evolutions.' pUignae... simulacra, ' a sham battle'; for cient cf. bella cient, i. 541. sub armis: freely, 'with the help of their arms.' 587. pariter: i.e. side by side. 588. alta: Crete was a land of mountains. 589. parietibus: for scansion, see ~240. caecis: there were no openings by which one could get his bearings. 590. viis, 'passages.' dolum, 'a maze.' qua, 'where'; the rel. cl. expresses result, 'such that there,' etc. signa sequendi: i.e. marks by which one sought to take a proper course. 591. falleret: i.e. rendered void and useless; lit., 'mocked.' indeprensus, ' unsolvable'; deprehendo often = ' to understand.' Adjs. compounded of theneg. in and a pf. pass. prtcpl. often really = adjs. in -bilis; so invinctus = 'invincible' rather than ' unconquered.' error here =' error-causing (misleading) maze'; see ~ 186. 592, 593. haud ali... cursu, 'with courses as intricate (as these).' vestigia... impediunt, 'interweave their movements'; cf. orbibus... irnpediunt, 584, 585. ludo: modal abl., 'playfully.' 594. delphinum similes: in old Latin fimzilis was regularly construed with the gen.; later both gen. and dat. were used, the latter finally predomi 595-610] LIBER V 339 JCarpathium Libycumque secant lfduntque per undas.,. Hune m6rem cursfs atque haec certamina primus Ascanius, Longam mufris cum cingeret Albam, rettulit et prisc6s docnit celebrare Latinos, qu6 puer ipse mod6, secum qu6 Troia pfib6s; Albani docuere su6s; hinc maxima porro 600 accepit Roma et patrium servavit honorem, Tr6iaque nunc pueri, Troianum dicitur agmen. Hilc celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri. Hie primum Fortuina fidem mitata novavit. Dum variis tumulo referunt sollemnia luidis, 605 Irim de caelo misit Saturnia fluTn Iliacam ad classem ventosque adspirat eunti multa movens necdum aiticum saturata dolorem. Illa viam celerans per mille coloribus arcam nfilli visa cit6 decurrit tramite virg6. 610 nating. nand6: for constr. cf. fando, ii. 6, with n. The comparison of the equestrian movements with the gambols of the dolphins brings out the vigor and liveliness of the maneuvers, just as the comparison with the labyrinth emphasizes their intricacy. 595. Carpathium: sc. mare. 596. hunc... cursfs: freely, 'such evolutions as a fixed and settled custom'; cf. hunc... mrorem sacrorum, iii 408. 698. rettulit, ' revived.; priscos... Latin6s: for them see on genus.. Romae, i. 6, 7. 599. quo.. piubes: sc. modo celebriavit. 601. honorem: the sport is so called because celebrated, on this occasion at least, to honor a given individual; see On avo, 550. Render by ' observance' and cf. honos = sacrifice, e.g. i. 49. 602. pueri: briefly put for' the games the lads celebrate'; see ~ 185. Sc. dicuntur with pueri. dicitur: the subject is agmen. The point of 596-602 is that certain equestrian sports, introduced by Sulla and revived by Caesar and Augus tus, had a Trojan origin: see ~ 68. V. is, of course, complimenting Augustus in particular. 603. hac... tenus: see ~211. celebrata: sc. ab Aenea. 604-663. Some Trojan women are gathered on the shore by the ships. To them Juno sends Iris who induces them to set fire to the ships. 604. novivit: the context gives the force of 'changed for the worse.' 606. referunt, 'are bearing (i.e. paying),' is here a verb of giving and so takes the dat. 606. irim: cf. iv. 694 ff. 607. eunti: sc. ei. For the winds as helpers of a divine messenger cf. iv. 223, with note on pinnis. 608. multa movens: as in iii. 34. saturata, 'having fed fat,' is a dep. prtcpl.; see on cretus, ii. 74. For the thought cf. i. 25-28. 609, 610. ila... virg6, 'she... the maiden goddess.' mille col6ribus, 'thousand-hued'; abl. of char. nillli visa: for constr. cf. neque cernitur ull, i. 440, with n. tramite: abl. of the route; 340 340 ~~~AENEIDOS [1-2 [611-629 Ninspicit ingentem concursum et 1itora Ifistrat d&sert~sque videt port-fts classemque relictam. At procul in s~1a s~cr~tae Tr~ades acta Amissum AnchIs~n I1bant ctftnctaeque profundum 615 pontum aspect~hant fient~s. Heu tot vada fessis et tantum superesse manis! vaix omnibus fina. U~rbem i3rant; taedet pelag! perferre lab~rem. Erg6 inter medifts s~s~ hand igniira nocendi c~nicit et faciemque deae vestemque repcnit; 620 fit Bero6, Tmaril conifinx longaeva Dorycli, eni genus et quondam n~men nAtIque fuissent, ac sic Dardanidum mediam s~ matribus infert. '0 miserae, quas nan manus,' inquit, 'Achaica bellf triixerit ad 1ltum patriae sub moenibus! 6 g~ns 625 Inof XIx cni t~ exiti6 Fort-ftna reservat? Septima post Tr~iae excidium iam vertitur aestAs, cum freta, cum terrds omnis, tot inhospita saxa sideraque ~m~nsae ferimur, dum, per mare ma-gnum italiam sequimur fugientem et volvimur undis. S146. With this join citdi as a transferred epithet (~ 194); itiIs the goddess, not the way, that is swift. 612. ddsert6s... rellctam: cf ii. 28. 613. s6cr6tae,I apart'; cf. 86706ta, used of the house of Anchises, ii. 299. 616. superesse: for the intin. see 158; ' alas that so many waters... yet remain,' etc. vex: pred. to est, to be supplied; the subject is the cl. hea maris. 617. urbem 6rant: sc. deU8s; cf. ni. on 6 fort~inati... 8urgunt, i. 437. 619. faciem... repfnit: she doe', what Venus did, i. 318, and Cupid, i. 689, 690. 621. cui: the antec. is BeroW. genus: used, like Eng. ' family,' of distinguished lineage. fuissent: suibj in 0. 0., giving the thought which prompts Iris to come to Beroe; cui... fuissenf thus = quod ei... fuissenf. Render, I're membering how once she had,'I etc. The discontent of a woman like Bero6 with present conditions would seem to the others perfectly natural. 623, 624. quas... tr~.xerit: a causal rel. cl. For the thought cf. i. 94-96, and iii. 321-324. For the force of triUxerit cf. the fate of Cassandra, ii. 403 ff. 626. septima... aestfis: cf. i. 755, 756. aestffs is hardly reconcilable with iv. 193, iv. 309. 627, 628. cum... cum: as in liii 646; see n. there. freta... terris: join with ferirnur; cf. ~ 132, and n. tot... 6m6nsae: freely, ' having grazed so niany rocks and sailed under so many stars.' saxa refers to the danger, 8s dera to the length of the way. 629. Italiam... fuiglentem; cf arva... Ausoniae semnper cedentia retr6,, iii. 496. 630-6491 630-649] ~LIBER V34 341 file Erycis fines fraterni atque hospos Acest~s; qu~is prohibet mfir~s iacere et dare civibus urbem? O patria, et rapt! n~qulquam ox hoste Penat~s, nftillane iam Tr~iae dicentur moonia? n-asquam llectoro~s amnis, Xanthum. et Simoenta, vid~bo Quin agite et m~cum infaustAs exftrite puppls? nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vdtis imatg6 Ardentis dare visa faces: "fie quaerite Tr~iam, hMc domus est," inquit "v~bis." Jam tempus agi r~s, nec tantis mora pr~digiis. En quattuor Arae Nept-ftrn6; dens ipso faces animumque ministrat.' Haec memorAns prima Inf~nsum vi corripit ignem. sublataque procul dextra c~nixa coruscat et iacit. Arr~ctao ment~is stupofactaque corda Iladum. file fina 6 multis, quae maxima nAtfi, Pyrg6, tot Priam! nat~rum r~gia nfitrix: 'Nbn Bero6 v6bls, nbn haec Rhoet~Ya, mdtr~s, est Dorycll conifinx; divin! signa dec~ris Ardentisque notate ocul~s; qui splritus jill, qui vultus v~cisque sonus vol grossus euntl! 630 635 640 645 631. mt'ros iacere: cf. the common phrase fesnddrneeta iacere; SC. earn =.Aeneifa as subject. civibus: iLe. those who are ready and willing to people a city. urbem: cf. 617. 632. rapt-I... Pen~fts: cf. raptdis PeniU~s, i. 378. ndqulquam: i.e. if they never find a home. 633. iam, ' any longer,' ' hereafter.' moenia is both subject and pred. to dicentur. 634. Hectore~s: i.e. those which Hector, truest of Trojans, loved. 633, 634 = ' are we not to be as fortunate as Helenus has been?'I See iii. 349 ff. 635. infaustis: it is the ships that make prolonged wanderldgs possible. 639. prddigiis (sc. est): poss. dat. We should say, ' nor do such marvels brook delay.' 640. Neptiin6: for constr. cf. avi, 550, with n. fac6s... ministrat: cf. furor crrnea ministrat, i. 150. animum: i.e. the spirit required for the deed. 641. inf6nsum... ignem: cf. infcand5s... ignis, i. 525. 642. procul, ' far back'; join with subltitd 644. maxima nitti (sc. est): such a person, with the wide experience of years, is fittingly made to take the initiative among the women. 645. tot... nitfrum: see on cern turn... nur Us, ii. 501. 646. Rhoet6la throws some light on Trnarff... Dorycli, 620. Bero6i herself was a true Trojan by birth. 647, 648. divin!... notite: cf. n. on horninern, 1. 328. spiritua, ' fire.'1 649. Bonus... gressus: for stress a42 ~~42 ~~AENEIDOS'[5-6 (650-666 &o Ipsa egornet dfidum Bero~n digressa reliqui aegramn, indignantem, tall quod s~la carret nifinere nec merit~s Anchisae inferret hon~Tr~s.' Haec eff Ata. At rnAtrf~s prim6 ancipit~,s oculisque malign-is &55 ambiguae spectare rates miserum. inter am.6rem praesentis terrae f Atisque vocantia r-gyna, curn dea s6 paribus per caelum. sustulit ails ingenternque fuga secuit sub nfibibus arcum. Turn v~r6 attonitae mbnstris Actaeque f ur~re 660o conclamant rapiuntque fools penetrAlibus Ignern, pars spoliant dras, frondem. ac virgulta face-sque c~niciunt. Furit inmissis Vulcanus hab~nis transtra per et r~m~s et pilctas abiete puppis. Nfintius Anchlsae ad turnulum. cune,5sque theatrl 665 inc~3nsAs perfert navis Eum.6lus, et ipsI respiciunt dtr6 in nimb6 volitare favillarn. Primus et Ascanius, cursfis ut laetus equestris dfiicbat, sic dcer equo- turbdta petivit laid on a deity's voice cf. nec vfx hominern sonat, 1. 328; for emphasis on a deity's gait cf. inc~di, i. 46, incessui, 1. 405. 650. diidum: as in ii. 726. 651. till... cardret: Pyrgo is indirectly quoting Berois's words. 6 52. milnere, ' ceremony'; the word was used esp. of funeral honors. 654, 655. oculisque: -que really unites ancipit~s and ambiguae. ambiguae, ' wavering.' 656. f-tls =ffft~ruwn vdcibus and is instr. abl. rigna: briefly put for ' their feelings towards the realms,' etc. The r~gna are, of course, those of Italy. 658. arcum: cf. per mote cotfiribus arcumn, 609. With secuit... arctim cf. C'arpathium... secant, 595. Iris descended M71ff visa, 610; she goes off visibly and in a way to give the clearest proof of her divinity. Cf. the mnode of Venus's departure, i. 402 ft. 660. penetralibus: cf, adytis... penetrdlibus, ii. 297. The hearths are in adjoining houses. 661. fris: for these see 639. 662. inmissis... habdnis: iLe. at full speed; modal abl. The fire is compared with racing steeds. Cf. ianmisie..iugi8, 146, 147 Vulcf~nus =ignis;' ~189. 663. plctis... puppis, 'the painted fir-wood sterns.'I abiete is abi. of material without ex, a poetic use. For scansion cf. parietibus, 589, and see ~ 2 10. 664-699. All efforts to extinguish the flames are useless, till, in answer to the prayer of Aeneas, Jupiter sends a great shower of rain. 664. cunefs... theitri: cf. theftit i circus, 288, t~tum cai'eae cdnsessum osmqentis, 340. already used of the site of the games;. 666. respiciunt, ' turning round see.' nimWb here a smoke-cloud. 669-688] 669-688J ~LIB3ER V33 343 castra, -nee exanim~s possunt retin~re magistri. 'Qtfis furor iste novus? qn6 nunc, qu6 tenditis,' inquit, 'heu iniserae civ~s? n~n hostem inirniceaque castra Argivum, vestr~is sp~s irlitis. En, ego vester Ascaniius!' Galeam ante ped~s pr&i~cit in~nem, qu~i Ifid6 indiitus bell! sirnulacra ci~bat. Adcelerat simul AenOAs, sirnul agmina Teucrum. Ast Mlae diversa mnet-ft per 11tora passim diff ugiunt silv Asque et sicubi concava f ftrtirn saxa petuLnt; piget incept! Ificisque, subsque nfttitkae agn~scunt, excussaque pectore IJunO est. Sod n~n ideirc6 flammae atque incendia -virls indomit~s posu~re; fid6 sub r~bore vivit stuppa vom~ns tarduim ffmum, lentusque carin~s est vapor, et t0t d~scendit corpore pestis, nee vir~s h~r~um luf-ftsaque fifimina prosunt. Turn pius AenN~s umeris abscindere vestem auxili~que vocare de~s et tendere palmas: 'Iuppiter omuipotns, s1 n~ndum ex~sus ad finum TrrriAns, sI quid pietds antiqua 1ab~r~s 670 675 680 685 669. magistril: attendants with functions like those of Epytides, who is called cilst08 and comes 1711, 546. 6 71. clvda, I'fellow-citizens,.' Ascanius seeks to remind the women that they have as deep an interest in the fleet as he himself. 672. vestris sp6s: sharp advers. asynd. Ascanius thinks of the ships as the only means of getting to the land, where, all alike, when in their sober senses, yearn to be. 673, 674. galeam...indlt~us: Aseanius seems to think that the women do not recognize him and so will not heed him. In 556 he wears a garland and the cut of his hair is noticed; the pictures are inconsistent. 678. piget: sc. eils; cf. n. on pertae8um... fuisset, iv. 15. sues: i.e. their true friends. Iris had pretended to be their helper, 630-640. 679. Iin6: i.e. Juno's influence. 681, 682. indomitim, 'invincible"; see on ind~prFA8U8, 591. vivit stuppa: i.e. the fire in the tow or caulking still lives. lentus, 'smouldering'; properly 'sluggish,' and so equivalent to tardum. 683. eat: as in iv. 66. t6t6.. corpore (sc. iflvium): the abl. here denotes extent of space; cf. n. on perpetuii. iuventff iv. 32. 686. auxili6 dat. of purpose (~ 123), =ut gibi aux~ii sint. 687. ex6sus: an adj. used sometimes, as here, in act. sense with forms of aum expressed or Implied, sometimes in pass. sense, as the equivalent of a pf. pass. prtcpl. exo8U8 (es) is in effect a dep.verb, 'hast come to hate.' 688. pietis autiqua: se. tua and then cf. ii. 536, and pia niiirina, iv. 382, with notes. 344 344 ~~~AENEIDOS [8-0 f 689-708 respicit hfimanbs, da flammam ~,vddere class! 690 nunc, pater, et tenuis Teucrum r~,s 6ripe lae) vel tt't, quod superest, lnf~stO fulmine morti, s! mereor, d&mitte tu~que hie obrue dextra.' Vix haee 6diderat, cum efffisis imbribus Aitra tempestfts sine rniore furit tonitrfique trem~scunt 695 ardua terrarum et campi; ruit aethere t0t turbidus imber aquA d~nsisque rilgerrimus Austris, implenturque super pupp~s, s~mifista mnad~scunt r~bora, restinctus doinee vapor ornuis et omn~s quattuor Amissis servAtae A peste carinae. 700 At pater Aen~ds catsfi coricussus acerba -nune hfle ingentis, nune illhic pectore efiras miUltbat versAns, Siculisne resideret arvis, oblit-us fAt~rum, ItalAsne capesseret 6r~is. Turn senior Naut~s, -ftnum Trit~nia Pallas 70o5 quem docuit multaque insignem reddidit arte (hac respo-nsa dabat, vel quae portenderet ira m5agna deum vel quae ffit~rum posceret 6rd6), isque his Aen~fn s~1atus v~cibus infit: 691. quod superest: sc. J Teucrirurn refu8 692. mereor: Aeneas completely identifies himself with his people; his deserts are theirs, as theirs are his. 694. sine m6re, 'with unwonted 'violence'; literally, 'unprecedently.' 695. ardua... et campi, ' the hills and the plains.'I For the neut. adj. used as a noun see ~ 196, 2. 696. turbidus,I murky.' 697. super d~super. sdmiiista: for scansion see ~249. 699. quattuor: i.e. only tour. 700-778. Aeneas is indoubt whether to go on to Italy, but the seer Nautes and a vision from Anchises both bid him press on. He founds a city, leaves some of his people there, 702, 703. Mtkt~bat: ILe. was entertaining one effra after another. With nune... versiins cf. iv. 285, 286, iv. 630. Siculisne... Italisne: note the em phatic places of the, adjs.; they are also metrical equivalents. For -ne...-neef. 1. 308, with note. 704. tinum: not ' alone,' but I'preeminently-' In such connections as this V. usually attaches it-nus to some phrase of comparison; cf. 1. 15, Ui. 426. 706, 707. hic: sc. arte. dabat: the imupf. denotes a settled habit. portenderet... posceret: subj. in questions dependent on respdnsca dalxzt, which really respiasis osfendibat. port enderet... dew-n refers to sudden emergencies and marvels like the present. frd6, 'the settled order.' 708. Isque spoils the constr. since it leaves Nautge, 704, without a verb; omit it in translation. JtYPTTEpR 709-728] LIBER V 345 'Nate dea, quo Fata trahunt retrahuntque, sequamur; quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. Est tibi Dardanius divinae stirpis Acestes; hunc cape consilils socium et coniunge volentem, huic trade, amissis superant qui navibus et quos pertaesum magni incepti rerumque tuarum est, longaevosque sends ac fessas aequore matres et, quidquid tecum invalidum metuensque pericli est, delige et his habeant terris sine moenia fessi; urbemn appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam.' Talibus incensus dictis senioris amici tum vero in curras anim6 didicitur omnis. Et nox atra polum bigis subvecta tenebat: visa dehinc caelo facies delapsa parentis Anchisae subito tals effundere voces: 'Nate, mihi vita quondam, dum vita manebat, care magis, nate Iliacis exercite fatis, imperio Iovis hue venio, qui classibus ignem depulit et cael5 tandem miseratus ab alto est. COnsilils pare, quae nunc pulcherrima Nautes 710 715 720 725 709. quo... sequamur: cf. 22, 23. 710. quidquid... est: a famous vs. To this day resignation is an Italian trait, embodied in the cry pazzenza (= Latin patientia). 711. est tibi: i.e. is at your service, is ready to your needs. 712. consiliis: dat. of interest, with personification, 'to help your plan,' so to speak. volentem in effect = n6n enimn recuslbit. 713. superant = supersunt; literally, 'are left over,' 'are supernumeraries.' 716. quidquid: the neut. is broader in sense than either the masc. or the fer. would be; cf. quidquid... Dardaniae, i. 601. metuens... pericli: for constr. cf. servantissirnus aequi, ii. 427, with note. 717. habeant... sine: cf. n. on sinite... revisam, ii. 669. fessi: i.e. since they are too weary to travel further. 718. permisso n6mine: sc. els a t. Acestam: V. is thinking of a Sicilian town called usually Egesta or Segesta, which tradition connected with Troy. 720. in... omnis seems a strange phrase, but we have much the same thought in the familiar 'torn by conflicting emotions.' The next vss. show that his perplexity lasted some time. 721. bigis subvecta has been neatly rendered 'car-borne.' 722. cael... d6elpsa: the 'semblance of Anchises' comes to Aeneas as a vision from Jupiter (726); hence it comes from heaven. The actual shade of Anchises is in the underworld. 725. nate... fatis: Anchises used these words to Aeneas in iii. 182. 346 AENEIDOS (729-750 dat senior; 1~ct~s iuveui~s, fortissima corda, 730 defer in italiarn; g~ns dftra atque aspera cultfi d~bellanda tibi Lati,5 est. IDitis tamen ante infernils accede dom~s et Averna per alta congressits pete, niitte, mne6s; n~n rnC3 impia narnque Tartara habent, trlst~s umbrae, sed amoena pi~ruin 7s5 concilia ERlysiurnqne cola. ilfic casta Sibylla nigriirumrn nult6 pecudunin t sanguine dticet. Turn genus omile tutrn et, quae dentur moenia, (lisces. Iamque val6; torquet medi~s nox ifrnida cursfts, et mO, saevus equis Ori~ns adifavit anh~ls.' 74o Dixerat et tenuis filgit ceu fiunus in auras. Aen~ils 'QW3 deinde ruis, qua pr~ripis?', inquit, 'quem fugis? aiut quis t6 nostris complexibus arcet?' Haec memordns cinerern et s~plt~s suscitat ignis Pergameurnque Larem et canae penetrAlia Vestae 745 farre pi6 et pl~nar supplex veneriftur aeerril!. ExtemplO soci~s primurnque arcessit AcestOn et Iovis imperiurn et ca-r- praecepta parentis 6docet et, quae nune animb sententia c~nstet. Hand mora c~nsiliis, nec iussa recfisat Acest~s. 5t Triqnscribunt urbI miqtres populnmque volentern 732. Averna... alta: i.e. through the deep entrance to the underworld. 733. me6s: i.e. with me. namque: for position see ~ 209. 734. tristft umbrae Is in appos. with Tartara; we should say, ' the land of the sorrowing shades.' 735. col6 hfic: forthehiatus see~257. 736. nigrirum: for the color cf. Pi1 -grantis terga itzvencils, 97. mult6 sanguine: instr. abl., ' with the help of,'I etc. mnultil implies that the sacrifice is to he a large one. 739. md... anhdlls: i.e. I must depart. So in Hamlet the ghost departs when he scents the morning air. The dawn is. saev is because he parts Anchises frono his son. 741. deinde: freely, ' pray'; cf. tan. demt with a question. The language is much condensed. Strictly Aeneas means, 'You speak, then (deinde) a-t once depart. Whither art thou has-ten.iug?'I pr~ripis: sc. tU; ~ 139. 743. 96pit6S... ignis: the 'slumbering fires' are those of his ow-n hearth, by which stood the image of the Lar, the Peinates., etc.; ~. 297. 744. cinae... Vestae: cf. ei-ina Fid,?, i. 2922, with n. In 743-745, as in ill. 176-178, Aeneas makes, a sacrifice after a vission from heaven. 749. c~nsiliis: dat. of interest (disadvantage) with miora (est); cf. nee tantis inora pr wihqs, 639. 750. trinscribunt: freely, 'enroll'; 751-768] LIBER V 34~7 deponunt, anim~s nil magnae laudis egentis. fps! trdnstra novant flammisque amb~sa reponuint r~bora navigiis, aptant r~mo-sque ruidentisque, exigul numer6, sod be116 vivida virtfis. Intereift Aen~fis urbem d~signat arFatr6 sortiturque dom~s; h~c ilium et haec loca Tr~iarn esse iubet. Gaudet r,~ign6 Tr6hinus Acelst~ indicitque forum et patribus dat ifira vociitis. Turn vicina astris Erycin,5 in vertice sides ftindditur Veneri Tdaliae, tumuflcque sacerd~s ac Ificuis 1Wt sneer additur AnchisM3. Iamnque dies epuliita novem gens omnnis, et dris factus hones; placid! strf-v~runt aequora venti, er~ber et adspirfins rfirsus vocat Auster in altumi. lExoritur prbcurva ing~ns per litora flctus; complexi inter s~ noctemque diemqae morantur. Jpsae iam miitr~s, ipsi, quihus aspera quondam visa maris faci~s et n~n tolerdbile namen, 760 lit., ' transfer'I names from the roll of those who are to press on to Italy to that of those who are to stay in Sicily. urbi: see 717, 718. volentem = qui sic vult. 751. d~p~nunt combines the idea of disembarking and casting aside. nfl *...egenitis, ' that feel no need of.' 752. ipsi: i.e. those who are made of sterner stuff, the real Trojans; cf. a. on ipsius, i. 114. rep~inunt, ' restore,' is here a verb of giving, and so takes the dative naviqgis. 753. rudentisque: for the hypermnetrical -que cf. 4122 and see ~ 256. 7 54. virtfls, 'manhood,'I for ' a man ly ba nd.'1 755. urbem... aritr6: a practice common in later days at the establishment of cities and colonies. 756. ilium... Tr~iam: so Helenus, iii 302, 1i.:349-351, used the old names. 757. r~gn6: i.e,. in his sovereignty over the new city:- Trblanus gives the reason for his joy; he sees a new Troy arising. 758. Indlicit.... forum, ' proclaims a court,' i.e. establishes a court and proclaims a time for its sessions. dat, ' prescribes.'I V. has in mind the Senate (patribus) of his own time, which was practically controlled by Augustus. With 75.5-758 cf. in general 1. 423-426, said of the foundation of Carthage. 759, 760. s~dds...!daliae:, the temple of Venus,- on Mt. Eryx was very famous. For Venus's connection with Idaliurn and Cyprus see 1. 681, i. 415-417. tumul6: the priest is to care for the tuinulus and to perform sacrifices, there.. mnaria, iii. 69, 70, with note. 764. cr6ber... adsplrins: for consitr. cf. t~nis cre~pitns, iii. 70, with a. cr~ber I 'freshly,' ' steadily.' 766. morantur is haere trans.; cf 348 348 ~~~AENEIDOS (6-8 (769-788 ire volunt omnemque fngae perferre labbrem. 770 Qu~s bonus Aen~Ais dictis solatur amicis et ci~nsanguine6 lacrimans commendat Acestae. Tris Eryci vituR~s et Tempestatibus agnam caedere deinde iubet solvique ox 6rdine ffinem. Ipse caput tansae foifis ~vinctus olivae,775 stans procul in prora pateram tenet extaque salsos prbicit in Iluct-fls ac vina liquentia fundit. Pr6sequitur surgc-ns a% puppi ventus euntis; certatlim socil feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. At Venus intereid Nept-ftnum exercita efirls,78o adloquitur talisque effundit pectore questfiw: 'JIln~nis gravis Ira nee exsaturdbile pectus c~gunt m6, Neptflne, prec~s d&scendere in omnis, quam nec longa dies pietils nec mitigat ftlha, nec Jovis imperi6 FRI-tsque Infrdcta qui~scit. 785 N~n media d6 gente Plirygum ex~disse -nefandis urbem odils satis est nec poenam tra-xe per omnem; r~31iquids Traiae, ciner~s atque ossa peremptae, insequitur. Causilts tant! sciat illa furbris. cannes d~rnoror, ii. 647,648. They make the time linger by crowding so much into it. 771. c6nsauguineO is an important word; the relation of Acestes to those whom Aeneas is leaving will ensure to them proper care. 772. Tempeatitibus: for sacrifices to the winds cf. iii. 120. 773. caedere... solvi: for the shift from the act. to the pass. voice cf. iii. 60, 61, with notes. ex 6rdine, ' in due course,' i.e. after the sacrifice. 774. t6nsae... olivae: cf. t~nsdt. or~nU, 556, with note. 775. Procul, ' at a distance (from the others).' 776-778. With 776 cf. 238. 777 = Mi. 130. 778 = iii. 290. 779-826. Venus begs Neptune to bring Aeneas saf ely to the Tiber; this Neptune promises. He rides over the waves, quieting them as he goes. 781. exsaturibile; cf. necdum anticern saturata dol~rem, 608. 782. ddscendereIn, 'to stoop to.' 783. quam earn (i.e. Iindnem) enirn. longa dids = vetustF1s. 7 84. Iunfrcta, ' bent,' 'subdued.' 785, 786. media... exi~disse urbem: Venus uses strong language. She thinks of the gZths Phrygurn as a kind of body or animate being, whose vital organs consist of the urb8. Juno is, not content though she has eaten the very heart out of this body. trixe: sc. elis or cuts, out of urbern. For form of triixe see ~ 105. 787. per~amptae (sc. Trdiae), ' of the poor dead city.' 788. sciat illa: i.e. I leave it to her to know. The Implication is that Juno is no better able to explain her conduct than any one else is. 789-811] LIBER V 349 Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tf testis in undis quam molem subito excierit; maria omnia caelo miscuit Aeoliis nequiquam freta procellis, in regnis hOc ausa tuls. Per scelus ecce etiam Troianis matribus actis exussit foede puppis et classe subegit amissa socios ignotae linquere terrae. Quod superest, oro, liceat dare tfuta per undas vela tibi, liceat Laurentem attingere Thybrim, si concessa peto, si dant ea moenia Parcae.' Tum Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit alti: 'Fas omne est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, unde genus dicis. Merul quoque; saepe furores compressi et rabiem tantam caelique marisque. Nec minor in terris (Xanthum Simoentaque testor) Aeneae mihi cira tui. Cum Troia Achilles exanimata sequens impingeret agmina mfris, milia multa daret leto gemerentque repleti amnes nec reperire viam atque evolvere posset in mare se Xanthus, P1eidae tune ego forti congressum Aenean nec dis nec viribus aequis nube cava rapui, cuperem cum vertere ab imo strficta meis manibus perifirae moenia Troiae. 790 795 800 805 810 791. Aeoliis: the ref. is to the storm of i. 81-156. With 790-792, cf. i. 133-141. 794. sub6git: sc. Aene~n. Note the exaggeration in 794, 795. 795. terrae: dat. with linquere which here = trUdere or dedere. 796, 797. quod superest: as in 691. The cl. also = a dat. after liceat; 'let the remnant (of the Trojans) be permitted.' dare tuta... vela tibi: i.e. safely to traverse thy waters. A natural variation from the common dare vela ventzs would be dare vela marl. Venus goes further; remembering that Neptune is god of the sea she substitutes tibl for marl. 798. ea moenia, 'that city,' i.e. the city implied in the ref. to the Tiber. 801. unde.. duCs == ide enim, etc. Venus was said to have risen from the foam of the sea near Cythera; hence Cytherea, 800, is a specially fitting title here. merul: sc. as object 'your faith in me.' 804. Take cum with all the verbs through 807. 806. repleti: sc. with the slain; cf. the account of the Simois, i. 100, 101. 809. aequis belongs also with dis. The whole phrase is an abl. abs. = an advers. cl., the sense being ' though not in himself, or in the divine aid on which he could rely, a match for him.' 810. cum, 'although.' 811. structa... manibus: cf. n. 350 AENEIDOS [812-832 INune quoque m~ns eadem perstat milhi; pelle tim6rem. Tfitus, qu~s optds, portfis acc~det Averni. U~nus erit tantum, Amrissum quem gurgite quaer~s; 815i unum prO5 multis dabitur capuk. HiTs uibi laeta deae permnlsit pe tora dictis, iungit equas aurCO genitor spfimantiaque addit fr~na feris manibusque omnis effundit hab~njis. CaeruleO per sumina levis volat aequora currfi; t20 subsidunt undae, tumidurmque sub axe tonant! sternitur aequor aquis; fugiunt vast6 aetbere nimbi. Turn variae comitumn faci~s, irmmtnia c~ti3 et senior Glauci chorus Jn~usque Palaem6n Tritanesque citi Plhorcique exercitus onmnis; 85laeva tenet Thetis et Melit6 Panop~aque virgrO, NisaeC, Spi~que Thaliaque Cymodoce-que. Mei patris Aen~%ae suspe-nsam blanda vicissirn gaudia pertemptant inentem; inbet 6ciuis omnms attolli mffths, intend! bracehia v~l1is. 830 CUniX- omn~s f~c~re pedem pariterquLe sinistras, nunuc dextr~s solv~re sinfis, finiX ardua torquent cornua d~torquentque; ferunt sua flhlmina classem. on Neptilnus, ii, 610. periilrae: because it failed to pay according to promise for the building of the walls. 813. Portls.... Avernl: the harbor of Cumae, near which was the fabled entrance to the underworld. 815. caput, ' life,' ' soul.' 816. laeta: proleptic, giving the re sult of permulsit, ' soothed into joyous — ness.' 817. aur6 here= aare5 itteq. addit, 'puts. on'1; in compounds d5i cou'tantly = 'put,' 'place,' rather than 'give.' 818. effundit hab~nis: cf. inrnissis * hab~nis, 662, with note. 820, 821. tumidum... aquis: literally, ' the swelling plain is laid to rest through (the smoothing of) its, waters'; aqiiis seems to be lnstr. abl. With 817 8211 cf. 1. 147-156; in both passages Neptune quiets the waves by riding over them. 822. comitum: sc. Neptiz-ni. CWt: a Gk. neuter plural. 825. laeva: neut. p1.; laeva tenet 'on the left are.'I We may infer that the creatures mentioned in 823, 824 are on the right. With 822-826 cf. 239-241. 827-871. The god of sleep, after trying in vain to persuade Palinurus to quit his post, throws him into a deep sleep and flings him into the sea. Aeneas wakes and takes the place of Palinurus. 828. gaudia... mentem: cf. tacitern -.. pectus, i..502. 829. intend!... vdlis: cf. intendere.tergO, 403, with note. 830-832. f~c~re pedem, ' worked the 833-850) 833-850] ~LIBER V 3i 391 Princeps ante omrxis d~nsum Palinfirus ag~bat agmen; ad hune ali! cursum contendere iussi. Iamque fer6 mediam caell -nox ftmida m~tam contigerat (placid& laxfabant membra qui~te sub r~mls Misi per d-ftra sedillia nautae), cum levis aetherils d~lapsus Somnus ab astris iera diml~vit tenebrasum et dispulit umbriis t~, Paliruire, pet~ns, tibi somnia tristia portdins insonti; puppique deus c~ns~dit in altA Phorbanti similis funditque has are loqu~1ls: 'Iaside, Paliniire, ferunt ipsa aequora classem; aequfttae spirant aurae; datur hera qui~tI: pane caput fess~sque ocul~s fdrdre lab~ri-; ipse ego paulisper pr6 t6 tua mfinera inlbV. Cui vix attollns Palin-ftrus ifimina fatur: 'MWne salis placid! vultum fiuctu-sque qui~t~s ig~n~rAre iub~s? m~ne huic c~nfidere m~nstrO~ Aen~an cr~dam (quid enim?) fallicibus auris, 83 84 84 8.50 sheets'1; pedem is a coil, sing., and = rudentis, iii. 267. See n. there. With the whole phrase cf. v~la facit, 251. Sc. nune before sinistr~s and note that the emphatic words in these vss. are iffnU.. pariter... JAInt. The ships are not running full before the wind, with their square sails at right angles with the mast; the ships are tacking, catc~ling the wind, now with the right, now with the left half of the sail. solvfre sinfis: cf. 8olvie v~la, iv. 574; for sinUis cf, ii. 455. torquent... d~torquent = torquent rnune hMc, nunec illi~e. When the right 8iti8 are filled, the cornil on that side is pointed towards the bow, that on the other side towards the stern. cornua: as in Mi. 549. sua: i.e. favoring. 834. ad, 'according to,' 'in unison with,-'a common meaning. alil: c~teri would have been more correct. 835. mediam cael-I... maftam: cf. m~U8... Pachp~ni, ii. 429, with n. Nox rides in a chariot (121), and so the figure from the chariot race is very appropriate. 837. ftiisi,: as in i. '214. 839. dlm6vit... dispulit: I.e. by flying through the der and the umbrae. 841. deus suggests the final result; before a god a mortal like Palinurus is powerless. The word thus adds to the pathos of the passage. 842. Phorbanti: an unknown Trojan, but plainly an intimate friend of Palinurus. 844. aequitae, ' evenly.' datur: iLe. is appointed for. 845. firarre is a picturesque substitute for Fripe, and so takes the dat. as that verb would; see on silici, I. 174. 847. vix attollfts... itmina: a stereotyped expression for 'giving scant heed.' 849. ign6r5,re: i.e. to forget what I know about. huie... m6nstM6 ' this strange and treacherous creature.' 8 50. cr~dam: delib. question; ' would 352 352 ~~~AENEIDOS [5-6 Ism-866 et caell toti~ns dkceptujs fraude ser~nl!' TP.dia dicta dabat clAvumque adfixus et haer~ns niitsquam Amitt~b~t ocul~sque sub astra ten~bat. Ecce deus rainum L~thae& r~re madentem 8.55 vique sop~riltumn StygiA super utraque quassat tempora cunuctantique natantia Iitmina solvit. Vix primbs inopina quips laxAverat artfis, et super incumb~ns cum puppis parte revulsacumnque guberndcI6 liquidifs pr~i~cit in undifs 86o praecipitem ac soci~s n~qulquam saepe vocantem; ipse vola-ns tennis s6 sustulit 511es ad auras. Currit iter tfztum n~n sktius aequore classis pr~missisque patris Neptfin! interrita fertur. Iarnque ader( scopulICs Sir~lnum advecta subibat ~,ni difficilis quondam rnult~rumque ossibus alb5s (turn rauca adsidu6 long~i sale saxa soniibant), you have mie trust Aeneas? Iquid enim? se. credam, as suibj. of obligation; see on quid... dl(ica, iv. 43. ' Why, oh, why should I do this?'I The question. implies a neg. answer, and so negatives the main question, Aen~dn. cr~dem, etc., even before that question is fully stated. 851. et... di-ceptus: literally, 'even after having been deceived,' Ii.e. though I have been misled. For this constr. cf. et ddrca ferentis, ii. 49, with note. 852. adf 1xus... haerdns: sc. ei (= eCmjr), ' thereto.' He was fastened to the tiller by the firm hold he had on it. 853. nfisquam: we should expect nunzqurnt. The close connection, however, between ' at no time' and ' in no place'I is seen in niisquamn aberJ, ii. 620. ftmittfbit: for scansion see ~ 242. sub..ten~bat together 'kept... upturned toward.' 855. sopftritum: a transferred epithet (~ 194); this verb is usually employed of making persons drowsy; 'slumberous'I is a good rendering. 856. cunctant-1 (sc. ei): i.e. thoughi he struggles. agaiinst the power of the branch. natantia is proleptic, ' till they, swim.' solvit: cf. solvutntr, i. 9.2, with -note. 857, 858. vix... et: see ~~200, 221. prim~s belongs in thought with laxilverat, ' had begun to loosen.' 858. incumb~ns: sc. ei, and then cf. incubuir-e mnari, i. 84. 859. guberniclM: cf. n. on clvUmm. torquet, 177. cl~vum... - ulnittfita, 852,853, shows why the rudder goes down with Palinurus. pr~ifcit: the subject is to be got from deus, 854. 862. iter: acc. of effect (~ 128) with coirrit. n6n s~tius: sc. qea~n (ine Ft. 863. pr6missis: see 812-81-5. interrita: a picturesque substitute for sine periel6. 865. quondam: as in Mi. 704; see n. there. 866. rauca... sonibant: hIts this sound that wakes Aeileas;, 867. 867-871] LIBER V 353 cum pater amiss6 fluitantem errare magistro sensit et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis multa gemens casuique animum concussus amici: '0 nimium caelo et pelag6 c6nfise sereno, nfidus in ignota, Palinfre, iacebis harena.' 867. fluitantem: freely, 'aimlessly,' ' unsteadily'; the word suggests the thought of eddying water or dancing waves. errare: as subject sc. raterm from the next vs. magistr6: as in i. 115. 868. rexit: in 161 rector = ' pilot.' 870, 871. 6... c6nfise: Aeneas is speaking. He is of course ignorant of the facts. The two vss. contain a reproach, 'Since you trusted too much... you will lie.' nudus suggests the thought of lack of burial. Even to be buried in a strange land was a sorrow; to lie there unburied was infinitely worse. LIBER VI Sic fadtur lacrimains classique inmittit habA~nd et tandem Euboklcs Cf~marum adIdbitur Tiris. Obvertunt pelag6 pr~rds; turn dente tendci ancora funddbrk ndvis, et 11tora curvae 5 praetexunt pupp~s. Juvenum manus 6micat ard~ns litus in Hesperium; quaerit pars s~mina flammae abstrfisa in v~nis silicis, pars d&nsa ferdrurn t~eta rapit silvds inventaque filimina rn~nstrat. At Pius Aen~ds arces, quibus altus ApollO 1o praesidet, horrendaeque procul s~crkta Sibyllae, antrum immane, petit, magnum cuii mentem animumque D6lius inspirat vatos aperitque futfira. 11am subeunt Triviae lf~c~s atque aurea t~cta. Daedalus, ut falma est, fugi~ins Minala~g r 15 praepetibus pinnis p,4 s6 rdere cael- insuetum per iter gldsOnavit ad'ar6tos\<' 1-44. Aeneas reaches Cumae and visits the temple of Apollo, to see the Sibyl. Description of the temple. 2. Eubolecls: Cumae was a colony from Chalcis in Euboea. 3. obvertunt... pr~r~s: see on pqpp~,s, iii. 277. 4. fundibat, 'securely fastened'; lit., 'grounded,' gave them a solid bottom (fun~dus), so to speak, on which to rest. The impf. denotes repetition, ancoi a being a, coll. singular. 5. praetexuut: the ship-, are to the shore what the fringe is to a garment. 6, 7. quaerit a.sliis: cf. silici.Achiftis, i. 174, and see ~ 203. 8. rapit. 'scours,' 'ranges quickly through'; cf. corripuire viarn, i. 418. They seek water, though this search is likely to be dangerous (dinsa... Mecta). Cf. the mention of water in a similar connection, 1. 167. 9, 10. altus = an adv., ' on high.' Apoll6 praesidet: cf. Geticis qui prae sidet arvis, iii. 35. procul sftr~ata: freely, ' the deep-hid haunt'; the Sibyl's abode is at a distance from the harbor. For s~crita see ~ 196, 2! 11. mentem: i e. power to know the future. anlmum, 'emotion,' the exaltation prod~yteed by the inspiration. 13. sub un: sc. Aene~ais et comrnrFs Triviae = Iinae; ~ 282. As sister of Apollo and goddess of the underworld which Aeneas is soon to visit she is appropriately named here. lii6s: in front of the aerea (' gilded'1) Mecta, the temple proper; cf. taurus, iii. 91, with note. 16. d~i&vit: cf. trtlnat, iv. 245, used Chalcidicaque levis tao Redditus his primum t( remigium alarum postj itit arce. oebe, sacra it lia templa. 355 In foribus letum And _ pendere poenas. Cecropidae iussi (m j ptna quotannis corpora natorum;s sortibus urna; contra elata ma Gnosia tellis; hic crudelis a_ ppostaque fuirt Pasiphae mi nus prolesque biformis Minotauru eris monumenta nefandae, hie labor et inextricabilis error; magnum l denim miseratus amorem Daedalus ipse. los tecti ambagesque resolvit caeca regens fi1o vestigia. Ti quoque magnam partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haber6s; 20 30 of Mercury's flight. The poets often describe the air as ' liquid.' 17. Chalcidica: see on Euboicis, 2. adstitit: as in i. 301. 18, 19. sacrvit... templa: he was grateful to Apollo for welcoming him; cf. iii. 543-547. He was, besides, through with his wings; hence he dedicates them. See on fixit, i. 248. r6migium alarum: as in i. 301. templa = tecta, 13. 20-22. Androge6: gen.; a Gk. form. With letum and Cecropidae sc. est, sunt, 'is (are) graven.' turn ('besides ')... urna: a second picture. poenas: i.e. for the murder of Androgeos. miserum: cf. ifandum, i. 251, with n. natorum here = puerorum, 'children'; the Athenians surrendered seven lads, seven maidens yearly. ductis sortibus, 'with the lots already drawn (therefrom).' The sculptor has seized the most pathetic moment, that at which the roll of victims is known. 23. contra: i.e. on the other half of the fores. elata marl: cf. Cta... alta, v. 588. respondet: i.e. to the first pair of pictures. GnOsia: Minos is said to he ve lived near Gnosus. 24. crfudlis, 'tragic,' 'unnatural.' tauri: obj. gen. with amor. See Pasiphae in Vocab. supposta (sc. tauro), 'mated with the bull.' 25. mixtum... biformis: parallelism, 'a dual birth (i.e. creature) and an offspring of double form.' The Minotaur was half man, half bull. 26. Veneris = amoris; see ~ 189. 27. domfs: gen. of definition (~ 111); labor... domus = 'that house so laboriously wrought.' The ref. is to the labyrinth, for which see v. 588-591, with notes. 28. reginae: Ariadne, daughter of Minos. She fell in love with Theseus, one of the septna.. ndt5orm (21, 22), and, aided by Daedalus, enabled him to thread his way through the labyrinth and kill the Minotaur. sed enim: as in i. 19. 29. ipse... resolvit: he had built it and so knew how to solve its puzzles. 30. vestigia: i.e. of Theseus. 31. sineret dolor, 'had grief suffered it.' This is not, however, an ordinary prot. of a contrary to fact condition; for that we should need si sZwisset. AENEIDOS [2,16-275 Hand aliter terras inter caelumque voliibat litus harurtsum ad Libyae vent6sque sec-bat m-atern6 veni~uis ab avt6 Cyllhnia pr6101s. Ut primum filittis tetigit- m~igfidia plantis, 260 Aenedn fundantem arcts ac ttcta novantem canspicit. Atqtte Hiii stellhtns iaspide fnlvi C,,nsis erat, Tyrique 51rd~bat mfirice la,ena dlrmissa ex umeris, dives qunae mftnera Did fRicerat et tenni t~1iis discr('verat aurC. 265 Continu6 invadit: 'Tfi nune Carthfiginis allltat r, eatevmm et t;rraJP innrnie ~; 270 ipse,iaec ferre inbet celeris mand8ta per aurliit;: quid struis ant quIt spfi Libycis teris 6tia terris? Si tU uftfila movet tantdrum glk5ria rfrum nec super ipse tUii mdliris laude labirem, Ascanium surgentem et spas llarrdis Iftli 275 respice, cui rugnum Italiae Riminmaque tellifi a gull or cormorant flying close to the water in search of food. 257.. ad: for~position see ~ 210. 258. miternmb... av6: Atlas. Met'cury was son of Maia, daughter of Atlas. Cyllnia pr6les: cf. (yllni'es, 252. 259. migilia: sc. CarthARginis; apparently the suburbs as distinguished from the better portion of the city. 261. atque, 'and lo'; see ~200. The Trojan leader's garb is in keeping with his strange occupation. stelltus: i.e. on the hilt. iasplde: '1ll. singular. 263. d6missa, 'draped.' quae mfnera, 'Ia gift which.' 7oriner' probably includes both the jnsis and the leena, though the rel. cl. applies only to the latter. 264. tenul... aur6: I.e. with thin threads of gold. discr~verat, 'had varied,' 'had worked'; the cloak is not one broad erxpanse of cl'1115('TI, hot is (ivided into Iiifferent fields by the threads that work out the pattern. 265, 266. nunc: emphatic, 'at so ('ritical a time as this.' altae..pulchram: Mercury suggests to Aeneas that Carthage is high enough and lov ely cienough without his aid. ux6rius: freely, 'for a woman's sake.' 267. r~rum... tuirum, 'your real destiny.' 269. torquet, 'guides,' literally with cobtnie, in the sense of 'causes to revolve' (cf. ii. 250), fig, with terri'is. 271. 6tia, 'hours of idleness.'.272. With 272, 273, Cf. 232, 233. 274. Ascanium... I1i: for V.'s love of variety see ~ 181. surgentem adoldicentem. 275. cui= ei eim. 49-65] 49-65] ~~LIBER VI et rabi6 fera corda tument, mdiorque vidrl nee mortfile sonans, adfi~ta est nfimine quandb iam propi~re de!. 'Cessas in v~ta prec~sqtie, Tr6s,' ait, 'AenWt cessds? neque e-nim ante dehiscent attonitae maIgna 6ra domfts.' Et talia fata conticuit. Gelidus Teticris per dfira cucurrit ossa tremor, funditqn-4~$rec~s r~x pectore Ab imbi: 'Phoebe, gravis -Tr~iae semper miserkte labc~r~s, Dardana qui Paridig dirWxt tWa mant-isqtie corpus in Aeacidae, magnas obeuintia terras tot maria intravi duce t6 penitusque reposts Massylum gentis praetentaque Syrtibus arva; iam tandem Jtaliae fugientia pr~ndimus -or-as; hace Tr~iana ternus fuerit fortilna secfta. V6s qtioque Pergameae iam f as est parcere genti, dique deaeque omn~s, quibus obstitit Iliuim et ing~ns gloriia Dardaniae. Tiique, 6i sdnctissima vdt(-s, 50 55 60 65 fastenings,' is in the pred. with mn~nsjire; cf. vitftis... resolvit, Wi. 370, with note. 49. rabi8: cf. insttarn vtitern, iii. 443, with n. imior...vid6ei (sc. est): for the infin. see~ 169. The Sibyl, under the inspiration, is more than. human; see on niott... imtig,7, ii. 773. 50. sonins (sc. est) = sonat; cf. nee vdx hominem sonat, i. 328. quand6, 'since'I; for position see ~ 209. 51. cessis here = ntrn njes curris', 'dost thou fail to hasten?'I and so may take in with the ace. Usually ceimare = ' loiter,'I and takes in with the abl. The question = a command, ' make vows,' etc. 52. ante, ' else,' ' otherwise '; literally, ' before you make yo-ur vows,'I etc. 53. attonitae: personification; the very temple feels the coming of the god. 6ra = 6stia, 43. 54. dftra, ' iron.'I Rugged as the Tro - ~ans 'are, they are deeply moved. 56. gravis.,. labft~s: cf. 1 597. 57. dir~xt-1: for form see ~ 105. 58. obeuntla, ' surrounding'; properly, ' facing, ' ' going to meet.' 59. repostis: as in iii. 364. 60. praetenta: of. praetenta sizOt... insula, iii. 692..fugientem, v. 629, with n. There is advers. asynd. between this and the preceding vs. pr~ndimus: note the change to the p1. from intr~vi, 59; Aeneas is thinking now of his comrades too. 62. hie... seecita belongs in thought closely with 56-61; the, whole = ' since through your help I am come to Italy at last, help me yet again, by bringing about a change in -my f ortunes.' For had... tenus see v. 603; here it ' thus far but no further.' fuerit.. sectfta: suab. of command; the perf. by willing the completion of the act referred to, gives a tone of urgency and earnestness. fortftna: sarcastic, ' luck.' 63. lam, ' by this time,' ' at last.' AENEIDOS [66-82 praescia ventulri, da (non indebita posco regna meis fatis) Latio considere Teucros errantisque deos agitataque nimina Troiae. Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum 70 instituam festosque dies de nomine Phoebi. Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris, hic ego namqne tuas sortes arcanaque fata dicta meae genti ponam lectosque sacrabo, alma, viros. Folils tantum nO carmina manda, 75 n6 turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis; ipsa canas oro.' Finem dedit ore loquendi. At Phoebi n6ndum pati6ns immanis in antro bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit excussisse deum; tanto magis ille fatigat 8so s rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo. Ostia iamque domis patu6re ingentia centum sponte sua vatisque ferunt responsa per auras: 66. non indebita: the litotes (see on non simili, i. 136) is tactful. 68. errantis, 'homeless.' agitata, 'storm-tossed.' 69. tur: i.e. when the prayer of 66 -63 shall have been granted. templum: V. is thinking of the temple built to Apollo by Augustus (~ 18), which contained a statue of Diana (Trivia) beside that of Apollo. 70. fests... dies: games held annually (after the year 212) in July were known as the lTdi Apollinares. 71. te is an address to the Sibyl penetralia, 'shrine.' V is thinking of the reverence accorded to the Sibylline books, which were kept at first in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, later within the base of the statue of Apollo in the temple referred to in 69. 73, 74. sacrab6... vir6s: i.e. to guard the sortes and the flta. The ref. is to the commissioners (at first two, later fifteen) in charge of the Sibylline books. folis... manda: cf. iii. 444, iii. 456, 457, with notes. 75. rapidis... ventis, 'as the sport of,' etc. For the dat. see ~ 120 76. canas 6or: for constr. see on sinite... revisam, ii. 669. 77-97. The Sibyl warns Aeneas that dire war awaits him in Italy. 77. Phoebi... patiens: i.e. not yet submitting fully to the inspiration. For constr. see on servantissimus aequi, ii. 427. immasnis, 'with giant frenzy.' 78. s... possit: cf. Anthea si.. videat, i. 181, 182, with note. 80. fingit... premend6 (sc. earn), 'by constraining her moulds her to his will.' The figure is that of a rider controlling a high-strung horse; cf. imperio premit, i. 54. 81, 82. iam: as in 63; it='by the time the priestess is fully under the inspiration.' patuere.. sua: the priestess now passes into the antrum, 42. , 83-100] 83-100] ~LIBER VI39 359 '0 tandem ma-gnis pelagi dffi~ncte penclils (sed terrae gravi&Tra manent), in ri~gna Lavin! Dardanidae venient (mitte hanc dG pectore cfiram), sed n~n et v~nisse volent. Bella, horrida bella et Thybrim mult6 spfimlantem sanguine cernb. N~n Simo-is, tibi nec Xanthus nec D,5rica castra d&fuerint; alius Lati6 iam partus Achill~s, n~tus et ipse dept; nee Teucris addita Thn6 fisquam, aberit, cum tfi supplex in rebus eg~nis quas gentis Italum aut quats n~n 6r~veris urb~s! Causa mall tanti coniianx iterum hospita Teucris externique iterum thalami. Tfi n6 code malls, sed contrd audentior its quam tua tO fortfina sinet. Via prima saliitis, quod minimO r~ris, Graid pand~tur ab urbe.' Talibus, ex adyt6 dictis Citmaea Sibylla horrendais canit amnbdg~s antr~que remilgit obscfiris v~ra involvons; ea fr~na furenti 85 90 95 too 83, 84. 6... manent: a rhetor. substitute for quamquam... clf ncatU8 es, terrae tamen... tJ manent. gravi6ra: sc. pericuela. 86. et, ' also,'I belongs with volent. non.... volent is an example of litotes, and = ' they will have sad reason to regret their coming.' bella: cf. the words of Helenus, iii. 458. 89. d~fueriut: fut. pf.; cf. n. on fuerit quodcumque, ii. 77. In writing Simois, 88, V. was thinking of scenes like that in i. tOO, 101. partus: cf. parta, ii. 784, with n. Achiliks: the ref. is to Turnus; ~ 57. 90. et ipse, ' himself also,'I i.e. like the first Achilles. Tueurls addita = qeeae Teucris adclite est, ' the Trojan%, constant foe.'I aef.#ks is used elsewhere of the vulture tMat, clinging always to Tityos (see Vocab.), fed on his liver. 91. cum = qMEt topore; we should say, 'in those daYs,'I but see on querm, 1. 64. 92. quis g"tls... 6riveris: a rhetor. way of saying omn~s gent& Italurn et urbo~s 6rfveris. For tense of elriferis see on dlfuerint, 89. 93. confltiux: Lavinia; ~ 57. iterum: the first time Helen was the cause;~ 51. 95, 96. audentior... quam... sinet: a very rhetor. way of saying ' more boldly than might be expected of one so sorely pressed.'I t aa... fortilna is explained by 62. 97. quod: the rel. pron.; its antec. is the cl. via... saltiztis... Grttia, etc. urbe: Pallanteum, the city of Evander; ~57. 98-123. Undismayed, Aeneas begs thae Sibyl to help him gain audience with his father in the underworld. 99. remigigt well describes the strange sounds made by the Sibyl; cf nee rnortale sonans, 50, and mqire, iii. 92. 100. obsctris, ' mystery.' ea, ' such,'I as in ii. 17; it suims up tdffibus... involvlhns. We should say, ' so does Apollo sthake the reins on her till she raves (i.e. 360 360 ~~~AENEIDOS [041 f 101-121 concutit et stimul6s sub pectore vortit Apollb. Ut primum cossit furor et rabida 6ra qui~runt, incipit Aen~as h~r~s: 'N~in villa lab~rumn, 6 virg6, nova mi faci~s inopinave surgit; 105 omnia praec~pi atque animb m~cum ante per~gi. U~num 6r6: quand6 hie inferni hitnua regis dicitur et tenebrasa palfis Acheronte ref fts6, ire ad c~nspectum carT genitaris et Ora contingat; doceas iter et sacra bstia pandas. 110 Ilium ego per flammats et mille sequentia tda 6ripui his umeris medioque ex hoste rec~pi; ille meum comitatus iter maria omnia m~cuin atque om-nis pelagique minds caeliquo fer~bat, invalidus, viris ultra sortemque senectae. 115 Quin, ut t~ supplex peterem et tua limina adirein, idem 6rdns mandata dabat. Gnatique patrisque, alma, precor, miser~re (potes namque omnia, nee tW n~quiquam Iftcls ilecat praef~cit Avernis). Si potuit Manis arcessere coniugis Orpheus 120 Throicia fr~tus cithara ficlibusque ca-n~rs, sI frAtrem Pollfix alterna morte red~mit becomes fully inspired).' furent! (se. ei) is dat. of interest; it is also proleptic. For the figure here cf. 79, 80. 103. hdr6s: an important word here; he is undismayed. 104. ml = milli. 106. inferni: cf. n. on 8aperls. ab firis, i. 91. 107. palifts..reffiys6, I'the lake formed by Acheron's overflow.' Acheronte refiis& is an abl. of char., with the usual adj. force, literally, I'upheavedAcheron's lake.' The ref. is toAvernus (Averna), for which see iii. 4412, v 732. 109. contingat: sc.vdi. The subj. here is completely independent of Oi,, 106; cf. n. on cantis uJ, 76. 114. invalidus =quamquam invali dus eraf. virls... senedtae: i.e. beyond what old age commonly can endure or is required to undergo. 116. dabat: the impf. implies that the command was often given; for one instance -see v. 731-737. 117. omnia: both in prose and verse possum is often construed with a neut. acc. (id, pfR-r'imnsm, omiae), which belongs under ~ 134. 118. nequ~quaziA:i.e. without giving you suabstanitial powers. 121. fnitrem: Castor. See Poll ix in Vocab. alteru& Mnorte: freely, ' by dying in his stead.' The expte'sion is not quite accurate; V. is thinking of the result of PollUx's sacrifice, which was that the brothers died alternately. reddmit: sc. ff morte or ab inferis. 122-138] LIBER VI 361 itque reditqne viam totiens-quid Thesea magnum, quid memorem Alciden? et mi genus ab Iove summo.' Talibus 6rabat dictis arasque tenebat, cum sic irsa loqui vites: 'Sate sanguine divum, Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno (noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis); sed revocatre radum superasque evderead auras, -hoc'opus, hie labor est. Paucl, quos aequus amavit Iuppiter aut ardens evexit ad aethera virtfus, dis geniti potuere. Tenent media omnia silvae, -- Cceytosque sini ltabens circumvenit atro. Quod si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido bis Stygios innare lacuis, bis nigra videre Tartara et insano iuvat indulgere laborl, accipe, quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opaca aureus et foliis et lento vimine ramus, Iuinoni nfernae dictus sacer; hunc tegit omnis 125 180 186 122, 123. itque: for -que see ~199. viam: i.e. the way between the two worlds. With it.. vian cf. ire viam, iv. 468. totiens: i.e. every other day. quid Thesea... memorem? for the mood and meaning see on quid... dc(am, iv. 43. The question forms a pleasing substitute for a third cl. with sZ. Theseus went down alive into the underworld to help his friend Pirithous carry off Proserpina; Hercules descended to bring up the three-headed dog Cerberus. et... summ6 gives the justification for the omitted apod. to sl potuit.. Alclden, 119-123, which would naturally run, ' why may not I too visit the underworld?' et mi (sc. est) = 'I too (like Hercules, like Pollux), have,' etc. 124-155. The Sibyl's reply: 'To gain entrance to the underworld you must find a certain golden branch. But first you must bury your dead comrade.' 124. talibus... tenebat: cf. iv. 219, with note. 126. Averno = in Avernum; ~ 122. 127. atri: Pluto is described in terms which fit better the realm he rules; ~ 194. 128. sed... aurfs: the desce-sus Averno is usually accomplished only by those who die. Aeneas does not desire to go thus. This vs., in the light of the context, must therefore = ' but so to descend as to be able to retrace,' etc. 129. hoc... est = Hamlet's There's the rub.' aecus, 'kind?' 'friendly.' 130. 6vexit ad aethera: cf. tollenus in astra, iii. 158, with note. 131. dis geniti: an important addition, 'who, to crown all else, were of, heavenly blood.' media: i.e. between this temple and the underworld. 132. sinu = maeandro, v. 251. 136. peragenda: sc. sint; see on virus, i. 517. opacai: i.e. with thickclustering branches; these will make it more difficult to find the golden bough. 137. vimine: coll. singular. 138. Iunoni infernae: Proserpina; ~300. 362 AENEIDOS [139-150 lIlcus et obsciftris, claudunt convallibus umbrae. i'io Sed n~n ante datur telliiris operta subire, auricom~s qtiam qui d~cerpserit arbore fUtds. 116c sibi palchra suum ferni Pr~serpina m-finus instituit; primO avulsO n~n deficit alter aure'us, et simili frond~scit virga metallO. 14.5 Er-gO altor vestiga! oculis et rite repertum carpe manfi; namque ipse volhus facilisque sequitur, si t~ Fflta vocant; aliter -n~n viribus illis vincere nec dflr6 poteris convellere ferrO. Praeterea i acet exani-mum tibi corpus amici i50 (henu nescis) t~tamqne incestat ffinere classem, dum c~nsulta petis -nostr~que in limine pend~s; s~ldibus hunc refer ante suis et conde sepuicr6. Jfihc nigrais pecud~s; ea prima pidcula suntO5. Sic drn~u~m lic~s Stygis et r~gna invia vivis 15.5 aspici~s.' IDixit pressoque obinfituit Ore. AenUts maest6 ddfixus lfmina vultfl 139. obscirlis... umbrae: an inversion (~ 203) for obscgttrl clattdunt convalls urnbri8,; convalli?)u8 is instr. abi. Cf. collibu8... silvae, v. 287,288. 140. sed: the thought is, 'hard as it Is to find the bough, find it you must.' operta: prtcpl. as noun, ~the hidden parts.' 141. qul= quis, the indefinite pron., found chiefly after si, nias, nj, numn. Cf. also n. oa qui... fatri, iii. 608. 143. instituit has the meaning and the constr. of iussit. 145. erg6: i.e. since the possession of the bough is so important. alt6: either ' deeply,'I i.e. carefully, or ' with eyes raised aloft.' rite belongs with carpe, 146, and is explained by manii, 146; 'pluck it duly, even with thy hand.'1 146-148. namque... ferr6 = 'for no weapon (axe) is needed,'I and explains carpe mianez. 149. praeterei in thought Intro duces refer and conde, 152. MlI: dat. of interest (disadvantage); it - a el. like, I'and so delays the fulfillment of your purpose.' 150. t6taM...Classem of course includes Aeneas; being defiled he can hope for no favors from the gods. 151. c~nsujta=rdrcula; properly, decrees (of the Fates as to the future). Cf. sRenatu8 consulturn. 152. suls, 'his proper,' that to which he has a right. Conde sepulcr6: cf. se. pulcr6 condimus, III. 67, 68, with note. 153. nigr!6s pecudds: cf. nigr~irum. pecudum, v. 736, with note. 155. press6 = compresso. 156-235. At the shore Aeneas finds that Misenus has been drowned the funeral follows. Guided by two doves Aeneas finds the golden bough. 156. d6fi'xus 1Mmina: se. in terrain; for constr. see j 136 and cf. dOfixit lIJnmina, 1. 226. 157-176] 157-176] ~LIBER VI36 363 ingreditur linquens autrum caeco-sque volfttat i~ventfts anim6i s~cum. Cui fidus Ach~ts it comes et paribus cfiris vestigia figit. Multa inter sWs vari6 serm~ne ser~bant, quem socium exanimem. vdit~s, quod corpus humandum diceret. Atque ill! Mls~num. in l1tore sicc6, ut v~n~re, vident indigna morte peremptum, Misnum Aeolid~n, qu6 n~n praestantior alter aere ci~re vir~s Martemque accendere cantfl. Hectoris hic mftgn! fuerat comes, ilectora circum et litu6 pfignas insigfis obibat et liastai; postquam ilium vitA victor spoliiivi't Achiflh~s, Dardani6 Aen~ae s~s~ fortissimus h~rbs addiderat socium ni3n inferibra secfitus. Sed turn, forte cava dim. personat aequora conclift, d&m~ns, et cantii vocat in certAmina div~s, aemulus exceptuLm TrIton, sI cr~dere dignum est, inter saxa virum. spfimasa inmerserat undAi. Erg6 omn~s ma-gno- circum clambre frem~bant, praecipu~ pius Aen~is. Turn iussa Sibyllae, 160 165 170 175 157. antrum here, as in77, =templum; In 42 the meaning is different. Aeneas of course had not entered the adytum. 159. figit, ' plants'1; he nails his feet to the ground, so to speak. He is walking slowly and heavily, in deep disquietude. 160. ser~ant, 'exchanged.' 8ermotzer serere is a common phrase, meaning lit. ' to intertwine remarks into connected discourse.' 161, 162. quem... dficeret: Palinurus (cf. v. 838 iff.) they believed to be dead, but he was barred out here by the Sibyl's cry heu n.escis, 150. atque: for meaning see ~ 200. 164, 165. praeatantior... cidre: for constr. see ~ 169. cant-U, ' its strains'; sc. aeri8. For Misenus as a trumpeter see iii. 239. 168. ilium: Hector. 170. n6n inferi6ra, ' no meaner standard.' 171. turn: i.e. at the time of our story, as opposed to the time meant in 164-170. personat: here trans., ' makes (the waters) ring.' conchi is to be taken literally; he defies the sea-gods to equal him on their own instruments. 172. cantT: as in 165. 173, 174. exceptum... inmerserat =exc~perat et ietmerserat. With exceptum cf. excipzt, iii. 332. sI... est calls attention to the strangeness of Misenus's f ate. In tone it is like ' can one believe the tale?'I or V. 's own Miserdlbiy~ cdictil. 175. circum: sc. Misen m. frem6-. b ant, ' were mourning'1; see on fremnunt, 1. 56. 176. pius: he is doing his duty (i 62) to a friend and close companion (cf. 169, 170). 364 AENEIDOS [177-199 h~audi~moih festInant flent~s aramque sepulcri_&, congerere arboribus cael6que ~dacere certant.4-AA-U JItu - in ant quam silvam, stabula alta ferdrum; 180 pr6curnbunt piceae, sonat icta secltribus flex, fraxineaeque trab~s cunels et fissile r6bur scinditur, advolvunt ingentis montibus orn6s. V:~~kfNjk —ee n- Aen~,fs opera inter tdalia prirnus hortaitur soci~s parifi squo we M armis. 185 Atque haec ipse'~suo6 tristI curn corde volfitat aspectans silvarn inrn~nsarn et sic forte precatur: 'Si nune sCe nobls ile aureus arbore rfrnus ostendat nernore in tant6! quand65 omnia v~ri; heu nimiurn d& t vat1Us, Mis~,ne, loefita est.' 4VVix ea fiitus erat, gerninae curn forte colurnbae ipsa sub Ora vir! caelb v~nC~re volant~s et viridI sedere solO5. Turn maximus b~r&s mAternAs agnabscit ayes laetusque precAtur: 'Este duc~s 6, sI qua via est, cursumque per aurds 195 dirigite in Ific6s, ubi pinguem dives opacat rAmus hurnuni. Tfique 6 dubjis u~ d~fice r~bus, diva parens.' Sic effattus vestigia pressit -observiins, quae signa ferant, quO5 tendere pergant. Pdscents iMae tanturn pradire voland6, 177. iram..-. sepulerx: freely, ' the alas, all too truly.'1 187-189 mean, I funeral altar'1; for the gen. see ~ IlI. hope the rest of the Sibyl's utterances 17 8. cael6... 8ddfcere: as, iu ii. 186. will be verified as fully as was her state179. itur: see on discembitur, 1. 700. ment regarding my dead comrade. stabu1la. fer~rum: et. d~masaferffruin 190. forte repeats, both in sense and t~eta, 7, 8. meter, forte of 186, and sq binds the 182. advolvunt: se. arae 8epulcri out prayer and its fulfillment closely toof 177. montibus:.,abl. of motion from. gether. 181. armis = sfecitribus, 180. 192. s8d~re: from sidd. 185. haec is explained by 187-189. 193. miteru~s... avis: doves 187, 188. s!... ostendat expresses were sacred to Venus. a w~sh, '0 that,'I etc. The sentence is 41195. pinguem dives: juxtaposition really cond., some prot. like I'how wel- ITcause and effect. comae the sight would be,'I being mofe360 196. dIfte, ' fall not,' 'Ibe not false less definitely felt. - ~ 2rdbus (sc. eit) esniid h 189. lheu nimium belongs wl$i ver~; /.I one of pers. interest. the oder ivesan efect-44ketet r I. utum, ' only so far. IPr6dire 200-214] LIBER VI 365 quantum acie possent oculi servare sequentum. Inde, ubi venere ad fauces grave olentis Averni, tollunt se celeres liquidumque per aera lapsae sedibus optittis gemina super arbore sidunt, discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit. QnAule solet silvis brfmali frigore viscum fronde virere nova, quod non sua seminat arbos, et croceo fetu teretis circumdare truncos, talis erat species auri frondentis opaca ilice, sic leni crepitabat brattea vento. Corripit Aeneas extemplo avidusque refringit cunctantem et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae. Nec minus interea Misenum in litore Teucri flebant et cineri ingrato supr6ma ferebant. Principio pinguem taedis et robore secto 200 205 210 voland6: freely, 'they flew in advance.' The doves at one time stop to feed, at another fly onward. 200. quantum... possent, 'as far each time as the eyes... by their vision could'; subj. of repeated action, a constr. found chiefly in post-classical prose. servare: a fine expression for ' keep in view.' As the doves moved on, Aeneas followed; the doves were always distant the range of his eye. He was in a wood (186); hence quantum... sequenturn denotes no great distance. sequentum: Aeneas was not alone; ~ 225. 201. grave: adv. ace.; ~134. graere olentis = ' noisome.' 202. liquidum.. a.era: cf. the n. on nimitf, 16. 203. s6dibus optitis: abl. abs. gemini: the tree is 'double' because, beside its normal branches, it bears the golden bough. 204. discolor: freely, 'marked by the contrast of its hue.' aura: here 'gleam,' 'sheen'; properly 'breeze,' then anything which exhales from a substance or is given off therefrom. For the confusion between the notions of light and air cf. hoc.. lumen, iii. 600, with note. 206. quod.. arb6s, 'which has no parent tree to give it birth,' The ancients thought of the mistletoe as an animal product incapable of growth unless its germs had passed through the craw of birds. It is really a parasitic plant, whose seeds are eaten by birds and deposited by them in trees as they rub their beaks on the bark. 209. sic... vent5 ought rather to have been expressed by a participial phrase, without sic; the rattling is not really part of the comparison. 211. cunctantem (sc. earn), ' in spite of its delay,' seems inconsistent with namque... sequTtur, 146. Still, to Aeneas, in his eagerness to pluck the branch so important to him at this time, it would seem to linger, however rapidly it yielded to his grasp. 213. ingrat6, 'thankless,' incapable of returning thanks for attentions rendered. 214. pinguem: i.e. on accountof the resin. r6bore sect6: cf. secti... abiete, ii. 16, ilice sectif, iv. 505. 366 366 ~~~AENEIDOS [1-8 [215-232 215 ingentem strtfixe-re pyram, cui frondibus Atris intexunt latera, et f~rdlis ante cupress~s cbnstituunt decorantque super fulgentibus armis. Pars calidas latic~s et a~na undantia flammis expediunt corpusque lavant frigenti's et unguunt. 220, Fit gemitus. Turn membra tor6 d&flta repouunt purpure~sque super vests, v~ldmina n~ta, c~niciant. Pars ingent! subi~re feretr6 (triste ministerium) et subiectam mo-re parentum Aivers! tenu~re facem. Congesta crernantur 225 t-ftrea d~na, dap~s, ftfis6 cr~t~res oliv6. Postquam conldpsi ciner~3s et flamma qui~vit, riiquids vanO et bibulamn liiv~re favillarn, ossaque 16cta cad5 t~xit Corynaeus aW) idern ter soci~s pfirift circurntulit undaf 230 sparg~ns rare levi et rfrn3 fMicis olivae lfistrAvitque vir~s dixitque novissima verba. At pius Aen6As ingent! m~)1e sepulcrrnn 215. ingentem: the larger the pyre, the greater the honor it bestowed; cf. Wi. 62, 63. 216. Mr~is...cupress6s: cf. iii. 64, with notes. 218. undantia: transferred epithet; it suits the contents of the aoFna rather than the vessels themselves. V. has boiling water in mind. 219. frigentis, 'of himi who is cold in death.' 220. WMr6 here the bier. d~ft~ta: freely, ' when the dirge was- done.'I This pass. prtcpl. implies a trans. -use( of dF]t~re; cf., t hen, M-2ss-num.. *,F5bant, 21 2. 221. n~ta (sc. Msn) freely, 'his usual'1; the word is a (-oniplitilent to Misenus. V. is thinking of the part purple (crimison) played in Romian life as a color used only in garments worn by the great. 222. ingent! points to the stature, of Misenus; cf. mgq~As, i. 99, with ii. subt~re: c. etsubb56, Ai 708. 223, 224. subiectam: freely, 'hbeneath'; se. pyrae. m6re parentum i&versl: see ~68. 225. dapi~s: for offerings to the dlead ef. iii. 66, iii. 301, v. 77, 78, v. 92. ft~s6 ollv6: abl. of char., ' oil yielding'; cf. niefi6. archsia -Bacclidi, v. 77. 229. socift... undii: i.e. to purify thein (cf. 150). V., thinking ot this, feels circwltodi/i to be equivalent to IdiSti-Rhit; see als.o 103 230. rare... et rim6: iLe. u ith (dewsy =) light (lrop~s 'attered by a branch. fMicis,I 'utrolful', i.e. auspicious,-. 231. novissima verba: for these see on adfiti, ii. 644. Mo-st ol the miatters imentioned iii 21 1-,?.I1 u% ere iregular paitls of Roman lunerals, at least of the miore, elaborate. 232. ingenti m6le: the, sige is aii added honor,; cl ii. onl inqeIteui, 215. 233-251] 233-251] ~LIBER VI37 367 inpanit snaque arma viro-, re-mumque tubamque, monte sub deri6, qui nunc Mls~nus ab i116 dicitur aeternumque tenet per saectila namen. His Lictis proper6 exsequitur praecepta Sibyllse. SpMunca alta fuit viasto5que immi-nis hifttIX, scrfipea, tfita lacft nigro- nemortimque tenebris, quam super hand fiilae poterant inpfine volant~ls tendere iter pinnis; talis sE-sC, halfitus atris faucibuas effund~ns supera ad convexa fer~bat, -nude locum Gra,-i dix~rtint n6mine Aornon. Quiattuor hic primum riigrantis terga iuavencas c~nstituit frontique invergit vina, sacerd~s et summas carp~ns media inter cornua saetas ignibus inpa3nit sacris, libmina prima, v,5ce vochlns Iiecat~n cael6qne Ereb~que potentem. Snpp~nunt alil cnltr~s tepidumque cru~rem suscipiunt pateris. Ipse dtri velleris agnam Aen~'as maltri Eumenidum mAgnaeque sor~ri ~nse ferit sterilemque tibI, Pr~serpina, vaccam. 2.35 240 245 25(1 233. inp~nit... vir6: i.e. sets over the place where his ashes now lie. r6 -mum: Aeneas's comrades row their ships themselves; he-nce the oar here is typical of the last seven years of Miscenus's life. 234, 235. qul... dicitur: the ref. is; to the promontory of Misennm on the Campanian coast. aeternum... n~men: it is now called Printa di Miseno. 236-267. Aeneas sacrifices to the gods of the underworld. Hecate comes to open the way, and Aeneas and the Sibyl descend. The poet prays the powers of the underworld to suffer him to tell what Aeneas saw. 237. alta: i.e. going deep down into the earth. 238. tilta: the prtcpl.; cf. tiitds, i. 571. 239. volant~is = avF8, volucr~s: cf. n. on venientum, i. 484. 240, 241. t~iis... ferdbat gives the reason of quam?.. r pinnis. This form of parataxis (~ 218) is common even in prose. convexa: for the ada. as noun see ~. 196, 2. 242. dix6runt n~mine=ndminffrunt. 243. nigrantis... iuvenc~s: cf. 153. 244. c6nstituit: ci. taurum... aras, v. 236, 237. front!... vina: cf. paterarn m gedia infer correuafundit, iv. 60, 61. 245, 246. carpfns... inp6nit: cf. ndndum... Orc5, iv. 698, 699, and see ~ 300. 1libmina prima, 'as the first fruits of worship.'1 247. Hecatfn... potentem: she had power in heaven as the moon goddes~s. See also ~ 282. 248. supp6nunt: sc. cervicibus iuvencdrum. 249. suscipiunt, I'catch.' For bowls of blood as offerings, cf. Wi. 67, v. 78. 250. mitri Eumeuidum: Nox. so 968 AENEIDOS [252-267 Turn Stygio regi nocturnas incohat aras et solida inponit taurorum viscera flammis, pingue super oleum infundens ardeDtibus extis. 255 Ecce autem primi sub lumina solis et ortus sub pedibus mugire solum et iuga coepta mov;ri silvarum, visaeque canes ululare per umbram adventante dea. 'Procul o, procul este, profafn,' conclamat vates, 'totoque absistite luco; 260 tfuque invade viam vaginaque eripe ferrum; nunc animis opus, Aen&e, nunc pectore firma.' Tantum effata furens antro se inmisit aperto; ille ducem haud timidis vadentem passibus aequat. Di, quibus imperium est animarum, umbraeque silentis 265 et Chaos et Phlegethon, loca nocte tacentia late, sit mihi fas andita loqui, sit nfmine vestro pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas. r6ri: Earth, sister of Nox; both were daughters of Chaos, according to a story differing somewhat from that given in ~273. 252. Stygib r6gI = Iov Stygio, iv. 638. nocturnas: as in iv. 303; sacrifices to the gods of the underworld were regularly performed by night. incohat: see Vocab.; the sacrifices are interrupted by the coming of Hecate (257). 253. solida: in sacrifices to the rd inferi the entire victim was burned. 254, super: lor scansion see ~~241, 245. 255. primi belongs in thought with lraina; prima would have been unmetrical. sub, 'just before,' much as ini. 662. 256, 257. iuga... silvarum, the wooded ridges'; literally, 'the ridges that belong to the woods.' canes: attendants of Hecate. 258. adventante Odea: i.e. to open the way into the spe-7lnca, 237 procul... profani, 'depart, depart,' etc., a formula common at sacrifices and mys teries; here it is addressed to Aeneas's companions (248), who may no longer go with him. 259. lilco = nemorum, 238. Aeneas and the Sibyl are not yet in the spelunca. 260. ti: Aeneas. vagina... ferrum: we shall see presently that his sword is of no real use to Aeneas; the warlike attitude which the Sibyl advises serves, however, to keep his courage steadfast. 262. furens: cf. furenti, 100, furor, 102, rabi... tument, 49. The coming of Hecate has brought back the prophetic exaltation. antro = spFlunca, 237. aperto: as the result of Hecate's coming. 263. aequat, ' keeps pace with.' 265. loca... late, 'the broad realms in which the silence of night reigns.' nocte is instr. or causal abl. 266. audlta (sc. mihi); in what follows V. is to rely on tradition. sit (sc. mihi)... vestro, 'may it be mine through your divine sanction.' 267. alta terra,,'depths of earth'; the emphasis is on the adj. 268-285] LIBER VI 369 Ibant obsciri sola sub nocte per umbram perque dom6s Ditis vacuas et inania regna, quale per incertam lInam sub lce maligna est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra Iuppiter et rebus nox abstulit atra col6rem. Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orci Linetus et ultrices postere cubilia Curae pallent6sque habitant Morbi tristisque Senectfls et Metus et malesuada Fames ac turpis Egestas, terribiles visa formae, Letumque Labosque, tum consanguineus Leti Sopor et mala mentis Gandia mortiferumque advers6 in limine Bellum ferreinqe Eumenidum thalami et Discordia demens vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. In medi6 ram6s annosaque bracchia pandit ulmus opaca, ingens, quam s6dem Somnia vulg6 vana tenere ferunt foliisque sub omnibus haerent multaque praeterea variarum m6nstra ferarum 270 275 280 285 268-294. Description of the entrance to the underworld. 268. obsciri: freely, 'scarce visible.' s51a, 'lonely.' 269. vacus... inania: because inhabited only by umbrae. 270-272. quale... iter: freely, 'as one goes'; the cl. is really object of ibant, 268. Cf. it.. viam, 122. per... mallgna: a strained expression, due to the desire to secure a balance, in form at least, to sola.. umbram, 268. It merely =incertae lunae per lucem naliqnan. maligna, 'niggardly.' rebus... colorem: i.e. all things are alike indistinguishable. 273. v6stibulum: as in ii. 469. 274. ultrices... Cfrae: the stings of conscience, remorse. 275. pallentes: the Morbi are described in terms of their effects on their victims; ~194. 276. turpis, 'squalid,' 'unsightly.' 277. Lab6s, ' hardship.' 278, 279. consanguineus: Death and Sleep are often represented as twin brothers. Elsewhere (ii. 253, iv. 522-530) V. speaks of sleep as a blessing. Both views are intelligible. A dreamless sleep is a natural type of death, esp. if one assumes that there is no life beyond the grave. mala... Gaudia = voluptctes, 'sensual indulgence.' adversb: freely, 'facing all who came that way.' 280. ferrei: for scansion see ~ 248. 281. vipereum: cf. n. onfacibus... atris, iv. 472. 273-281 sum up the various ills that flesh is heir to. 282. in medib seems to mean ' deeper in (the vFstibulum, etc., 273),' ' beyond.' 283. opica: as in 136. vulgo: as in iii. 643. 284. ferunt, 'tradition says'; cf, audita, 266. folis... omnibus: cf. iv. 181-183, said of the eyes of Fama. For haerent we should have in prose haerentia. and-que (with folisi) would be omitted. 286. variarum... ferirum, 370 AENEIDOS [286-303 Centauri in foribus stabulant Scyllaeque biformes et centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae horrendum stridens flammisque armata Chimaera, Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae. 290 Corripit hic subita trepidus formidine ferrum Aeneas strictamque aciem venientibus offert et, ni docta comes tennis sine corpore vitas admoneat volitare cava sub imagine fcrmae, inruat et'frfstra ferr6 diverberet umbras. 295 Hinc via, Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas. Turbidus hic caeno vdastaque voragine gurges aestuat atque omnem C6cyto eructat harenam. Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat terribill squalore Char6n, cui plurima mento 300 canities inculta iacet, stant lumina flamma, sordidus ex umeris nodo dependet amictus. Ipse ratem contO subigit velisque ministrat 'strange forms of divers creatures', for case offerarlsmr see ~ 11. 286. biformes is explained b-r iii. 426-428. 287. belua Lernae: the Hydra, a great serpent killed by Hercules. 288. horrendum: for case see ~ 130. 289. Harpyiae: see iii. 212-262. forma... umbrae: the ref. is to Geryon, a Spanish giant with three bodies, slain by Hercules. The phrase emphasizes the unsubstantial character of the dwellers in the underworld; cf. 269. 291. strictam.. aciem: cf. ii. 333, 334. 292-294. nl... admoneat... inruat: for constr. cf. s... saupersint.. relinquat, v. 325,326, with n. docta, 'wise'; lit., 'trained,' i e. in the affairs of the underworld. cava practically = 'unsubstantial.' imagine, 'semblance.' frustra: his experience would have been a counterpart of that with the Harpies, described in iii. 242-244. 295-336. At Acheron's bank they see Charon ferrying some souls across the stream, but driving others from the shore. The Sibyl explains his action. 295. hinc: i.e. after one has passed through the vestibulum and the fauces, 273. 296. vista... vorigine, 'deepgulfed,' 'deep'; abl. of characteristic. 297. Cocyto = in 'oc7tumn; ~ 122. harenam = caeno, 296. 299, 300. plurima... canities, 'a mass of white hair.' stant... flamma, ' his staring eyes are aflame with fire.' stant pictures the result rather than the process (see on telo, i. 99), and in effect =arrectae sunt; we had lIminibus.. arrFctis, ii. 173. Charon's eyes are said to be uplifted by the fire that flashes from them. 301. nodo: Charon wears a pilot's costume, a chlanys (iii. 484), fastened on the left shoulder by a knot instead of by a brooch (fibula, iv. 139). 302. ipse: i.e. without help, old though he was (304). ministrat, ' serves'; sc. ratenb. veFls is instr. abl. 303-323] 303-323] ~LIBER VI31 371 et ferrifigineA subvectat corpora cumbA, iam. senior, sed crifida de& viridisque senectifis. 1ifhe omnis turba ad ripds efffisa ru~bat, inatr~s atque virl d~finctaque corpora vita midgnanimum h~6rurn, pueri innilptaeque 1luellae inpositliqe rogi~s iuven~s ante Ora parentu ri, quam. milita in silvis autumni frigore prinin6 lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terrain gurgite ab alt6 quarn rnultae glonierantuir ave-s, ubi frigidus annus trans pontum. fugat et terris inmittit apricis. Stabant 6raiit~s, prim! trdnsmittere cursum fend~bantque manfis ri-pae ulteri~ris am-ore; ndvita sed tristis nunc h~s nunc accipit ill~s, ast ali~s long6 summ~ts arcet har~nd. Aen~ds (mirAtus enim m~tusque tumultfi) 'Dile,' ait 'a virgO5, quid vult concursus ad amnem, quidve petunt anirnae? vel qu6 discrimine r~pAs hae lincuint, ilae r~mis vada 11vida verrunt?' 0111 sic breviter faa est longaeva sacerdas: 'AnchisR generate, deum certissima pr~l~s, M~ytl stagnla alta vid~s Stygiamqne palfidem, 305 310i 315 320 204. crb~da, 'fresh,' ',sturdy.' crd-das is applied to things which retain their natural juices, animal or vegetable, and so is opposed to ' dried up,' shrivcled.' 305. efffsa, 'wildly.' Strictly, we should supply undique or the like; cf. eff~isi earcere, v. 145. 307. mignanimum: for the form see ~ 89. 308. inpositi... parentum: the Romans saw,something peculiarly sad in the death of children before that of their parents. 311. fr-igidus annus, ' the cold (part of the) year,'I = hi ems. 313. 6rantda is construed here after the analogy of cupiends. cursum, properly ' passage,'I stands here for the.stream (gurges, 296) that constitutes the passage; ~ 186. 315. nfivita: old form of nauta,= port itor, 298. 316. har6n&, 'strand,' replaces ripfis, 305. 318. quid vult Asc. sibi): a common idiom for ' what means?'1 320. vada: here ' waters'; they are not shallow, as we see from 296; 296 also explains livida, ' dark-hued.'I verrunt (of. ii. 2190, iii. 668) is hardly appropriate here, where there is no suggestion of vigorous motion. 322. certissima, ' undoubted.' He is one of the privileged dis geniti, 129-131. 323. paltLdem, 'marshy flood.' Note V.'s love of variety, seen here in giving two names in one vs. to the same river. 372 AENEIDOS [324-342 di cfiius iftrare timent et fallere nfmen. 325 Haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumataque turba est; portitor ille Charon; hi, qu6s vehit unda, sepulti; nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta transportare prius quam sedibus ossa quierunt. Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum; 330 tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt.' Constitit Anchisa satus et vestigia pressit multa putans sortemque animi miseratus iniquam. Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentis Leucaspim et Lyciae ducterem classis Oronten, 335 quos simul a Troia ventosa per aequora vectos obruit Auster aqua involvens navemque vir6sque. Ecee gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, qui Libyco nuper cursuf, dum sidera servat, exciderat puppi medils effiusus in undis. 340 Hunc ubi vix multa maestum cognovit in umbra, sic prior adloquitur: 'Quis te, Palinfire, deorum eripuit nobis medioque sub aequore mersit? 324. cius... nimen, 'by whose majesty.' Verbs of swearing frequently take an acc. of the god or power by which the oath is taken. iirare... et fallere, 'to swear falsely'; lit., 'to swear and (then) to dupe (those to whom they have sworn).' 325. inops, 'poor'; they have no money with which to pay their way across Acheron. Among the Greeks and to some extent among the Romans it was the custom to put a small coin in the mouth of a person just dead, to serve as his faro across the Styx. 327. datur: sc. Charontz. 328. sedibus: as in 152. 329. errant: i.e. unless they are, meanwhile, properly buried. 330. revisunt: for their first visit see 305-316. 332. animi: for case see ~ 148. 333. mortis honore: the honor that comes to a man as the result of death, the honor of burial. 334. Oronten: for his fate see i. 113 -119. 335. simul: they were on the same ship. vect6s, 'as they were sailing; see ~ 171. 337-383. Aeneas meets Palinurus and learns the manner of his death. The Sibyl promises Palinurus a tomb and a name that will live forever. 337. sse... ag6bat = bat, 'wa passing'; cf. se.. ferre = ire, ii. 455, 456. 338. Llbyc5... cursiu: i.e. on their way from Africa, a loose expression, since the fleet was really sailing from Sicily; see v. 827-871. 339. medlis... in undis, 'out on the open main,' increases the pathos, by suggesting the hopelessness of rescue 340. vix... umbra: for a commentary on this see 268-272. 343-360] 343-360] ~LIBER VI 7 373 Dic age, namque mihi, fa11lt haud ante repertus, h~c fine. resp~ns6 animum, d~hisit Apollb, qui fore t~ ponti incolnmem. finisque can~bat venftfrum. Ausoni~s. En haec pr~missa fid~s est?' INl autem: 'Neque t6 Phoebi cortina fefellit, dux Anchisiad~l, nee nm~ dens aequore mersit, namque gubernatclum multA vi forte revulstim, cui datus haer~bam. cftst~s cursfisque reg~bam, praecipitdns traxi m~cum- Maria aspera ifirb n~n fillum pr6 m6 tantum c~pisse timo-rem, quam. tua n6 spoliAta armis, excussa magistrb d&ficeret tantis navis surgentibus uind~s. Tris Notus hibernAs inm~nsa per aequora nocis vexit m6 violentus aqua; vix I-amino quArtb pr~spex!iItaliam. summA sublimis ab unda. PaulAtim. adnAbam, terrae; iam. tfta ten~bam, lii g~ns crfid~lis madida cum veste gravatum prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera montis 345 350 355 360 343. fallix reminds one of fallere, 324. 344-346. d61tisit Apoll6... Ausouzi6s: there is nothing in the Aeneid to explain the allusion. The ref.- can-not be to v. 813-815. There Neptune is the speaker, and Palinurus is not named at all. See in general ~ 49. 347. cortina, I'oracle'1; see on mi~gire.reclUsis, iii. 92. 348. nec... mersit answers 341, 342. We shall see presently that Palinurus was not drowned and that he did come safely to Italy. The oracle referred to in 344-346 was thus fulfilled. Palinurus knows nothing of the part the sleep-god played in his undoing. He thinks of his death as an accident; i.e. lhe believes that he slipped and fell. 350. curts... reg6bam: sc. qu6 to introduce this cl., and see on cui locus, ii. 71. 351. maria: for constr. see on c~ius a it-men, 324. 352. m6 is object both of pr6 and of ceFpis8e. 353. tua: join with nfvi8, 354. armls: as in v. 15. excussa magistr6: an illogical inversion (~ 203) of excutitur-... magister, i. 115, due to the desire to balance spoliatit armi8. 354. tantIs... und-1s: causal abl. abs. The vs. is inconsistent with v. 848. 355. hibernis: either ' stormy,' or 'long'I (cf. i. 746). 356. violentus an adv. aqu&: abl. of the route; 146. It emphasizes per aequora, 355, by suggesting that the waters repeatedly swept over him. itmine = di. 357. summi... ab und& belongs in syntax with prispexi, in thought also with 8ublimi8; ' raised aloft by a wave, from its crest I saw.' 358. ten6bam: for constr. see on impulerat, ii. 55. 359,360. madidi... prgnsantem (ec. mF) shows a fusion of two construe 374 AENEIDOS [361-3 9 ferr6 invasisset pracdamque ignara putasset. Nunc me fluctus habet versantque in litore ventI. Quod tc per caeli iucundum lftmen et auras, per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis Iull, 365 (ripe me his, invicte, malls: aut tu mihi terram inice (namque potes) portfsque require Velinos, aut tfi, si qua via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix ostendit (neque enim, credo, sine numine divum flfmina tanta paras Stygiamque innare palfidem), 3.o da dextram misero et tecum me tolle per undas, sedibus ut saltem placidis in morte quiescam.' Talia fatus erat, coepit cum talia vates: 'Unde haec, 5 Palinuire, tibi tam dira cupido? Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severum 375 Eumenidum aspicies ripamve iniussus adibis? Desine fata deum flecti sperare.precando, sed cape dicta memor, dfri solacia casus, nam tua finitimi longi lateque per urbes pr6digiis acti caelestibus ossa piabuntt tions; (1) mLadida cunz veste prensantem (see ~ 147) and (2) madidf veste gravtemrn prensantemque. montis: a cliff; he had crawled to its top from the sea. madidd... rontis adds to the pathos (he was so near safety) and also explains why he was so easily killed. 361. praedam, 'a rich find'; they thought of him as a shipwrecked man with some of his property on his person. 362. me = meum corpus. 363. quod: as in ii. 141; see n. there. per... lumen: cf. iii. 600. 365, 366. invicte virtually =lpoles enim tt mne eripere; cf. 366. terran inice: if but three handfuls of earth were cast upon a dead body, the dead man's shade would be admitted to Charon's boat (302 ff., 326 ff.). For scansion of inice see on disice, i. 70. inice... require are parts of one act; the vs. really = 'bury me by seeking,' ' c. See also on referes... i.bis, ii. 547. namque potes: Velia is not far from Curnae. Velinos: see on Laviniaque... litora, i. 2, 3. 368. neque... sine numine divum: cf. i. 387, ii. 777, v. 56. 366 370 = Enable me in some way or other to get across the Styx.' 371. saltem qualifies the whole contents of the vs., 'that I may at least have the blessing of a quiet home in death.' Palinurus had endured ten years of siege, and seven of wandering. His body is the sport of the waves (362) and Charon will not take him over the Styx to the quiet and rest beyond. 374. tfl: emphatic, 'you alone of all men.' inhumatus carries the thought back to 325-330. 375. iniussus: sc. a CGaronte, and contrast admissi = iussi, 330. 377. dicta: sc. haec or mea. 379. acti, 'plagued,' 'scourged.' 380 399] LIBER VI 375 et statuent tumulum et tumunl sollemnia mittent, aeteruumque locus Palinfri nomen habebit.' Ills dictis cfirae 6emtae, pulsusque parumper corde dolor tristi; gaudet cognomine terrae. Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant. Navita qu6s iam inde, nt Stygia prospexit ab unda per taciturn nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae, sic prior adgreditur dictis atque increpat ultro: 'Quisquis es, armatus qul nostra ad flumina tendis, fare age, quid venias, iam istinc et comprime gressum. Umbrarum hie locus est, somni noctisque soporae; corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina. Nec vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem accepisse laci nec Thesea Pirithoumque, dis quamquam geniti atque invicti viribus essent. Tartareum ille manf cfistodem in vincla petivit ipsius a solio regis traxitque tremqntem; hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adortl.' Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates: 'Nullae hie insidiae tales (absiste moveri), 380 385 390 895 Ussa, 'dust.' piabunt: i.e. for your murder. 380. This vs. gives the means and the manner of piabunt, 'by building,' etc. tumulo... mittent: cf. v. 605. 381. aeternum... hab6blt: cf. 235. A certain promontory is still called Punta di Palinuro. 384-416. Charon refuses to carry Aeneas over the Styx until he sees the golden bough. 384. erg6: i.e. since Palinurus is content. 385, 386. iam is used much as in i. 623, to emphasize inde; it practically = etiam. iam inde thus = 'even from the (distant) place where they then were,' and is to be taken with ire and advertere. The whole cl. = 'when... he espied them even at that distance and marked that they were coming.' 389. iam Istinc, 'even from the spot where now you stand': cf. n. on iam, 385. 392,393. Alciden... accepisse: cf. 123. The infin. after verbs of emotion is common. euntem, 'what time he came.' accepisse lacu: cf. caelo.. accipies, i. 289, with note. 394. dis... essent: i.e. though they were of the favored few (129-131). In classical prose quamquam is usually construed with the indic. 391-394 = (1) the gods forbid me to do certain things, (2) they punish me for disobeying orders. Charon was chained for a year after conveying Hercules across the Styx. 395. ille: Hercules. cfust6dem: Cerberus. 396. trementem pictures the complete sr Icess of Hercules. 397. dominam, 'our queen.' 376 376 ~~~AENEIDOS [0-1 F4010-418 400 nee vim C61a feruint; licet ing~ns idnitor antr& aeternum latriins, exsarngtus terreat umbras, casta licet patrul servet IPr~serpina limen. TrY~us Aen~as, pietdte hisignis et armis, ad genit~rem irnas Ereb! d&scendit ad umbras. 40.5 Si t6 n-fdla movet tantae pietaitis ima-go, at ramum hunc' (aperit ramum, qui veste lat~bat) 'agn~scfis.' Tumida ex ird turn corda residunt, nec plfira his. Ille admirdns venera-bile danum f Atalis virgae long6 post tempore visum 410 caeruleam advertit puippim ripaeque propinquat. Inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sed~bant, d&turbat laxatque forfs; simul. accipit alve6 ingentem Aen~in. Gemuit sub pondere cumba sittilis et multam acc~pit rim~sa palfidem. 415 Tandem trans fluvium incolumis vAtemque virumque infhrmi l1m6 glaucique exp6nit in ulva. Cerberus. haec ing~ns latratfi r~lgna trifauci personat adversf recubans, immanis in antrf6. 400, 401. 11cet... terreat, ' may affright at his will.' The constr. is like that in 8irnte... revisam, Ri. 669, but the subj. Cl. came to be felt as one of result, 'permissionis given so that,' etc. iUnitor: Cf. Ceftodem, 395. 402. casts. = an adv., ' chastely.' patrul: Pluto was brother to Jupiter, father of Proserpina. servet, 'cling to.' Latin inscriptions which recount the virtues of a deceased wife often say, among other things, domi mffnsit, Iffnam (wool) freit. 403. pletite carries the emphasis; Aeneas is as distinguished for his pietd8 (~ 62) as for his prowess; his present errand proves that. 407. tumida... residunt: an inversion (~ 203) of the natural expression, tumidt-8 ex cordibu8 turn ira regidit. 408, 409. nec... his: sc. dicta 8unt; the thought is ' nor were further words needed.'I veneribile... virgae: see ~ Ill. ffftdlis is explained by 146, 147. long6... tempore, 'after a long interval.' 410. caerulesam = ferrdqgineif, 303. 411. alias animis, ' other souls (sc. than Aeneas),' is an incorrect expression, since Aeneas was not an aminta. iugs. = transtra. 412. accipit alve6: Cf. accc pisse Wait-, 393. For scansion see ~ 248. 413. ingentem: see on ing&8s, i.99. 414. sistilis: freely, ' lightly-built' the adi. = a causal el. The boat was built of skins sewn together; its usual freight was exsanguisR umbrae. et: see ~199. multam.... palildem: cf. taxis -. imbrern, i. 122, 123. 417-425. The Sibyl overpowers Cerberus with a drugged cake and Aeneas enters the lower world. 418. personat: as in 171. advers6: i.e. facing the bank; cf. 279. 419-484] LIBER VI 377 Cui vates horrere videns iam colla colubris melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam obicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens corripit obiectam atque immania terga resolvit fusus humi totoque ingens extenditur antro. Occupat AenSes aditum custode sepulto evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae. Continuo auditae voces vagitus et ingens infantumque animae flentes in limine primo, quos dulcis vitae exsortis et ab fbere raptos abstulit atra dies et ffnere mersit acerbo. Hos ifixta falso damnati crimine mortis. Nec vero hae sine sorte datae, sine iudice sedes; quaesitor Minos urnam movet; ille silentum conciliumque vocat vitasque et crimina discit. Proxima deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum 420 430 419. horr6re... colubris: the snakes form the hair or mane. 420. sop6ortam: cf. rUmum... soporutum, v. 854, 855. frigibus, 'meal.' The cake is made of honey and meal, and the whole is drugged. Cf. iv. 486, with notes. 422. obiectam (sc. offam), the proffered morsel.' resolvit: see on solvuntur, i. 92. The word marks a contrast with horrere, 419. 423. toto... antro: cf. 418. The repetition emphasizes the danger that confronted Aeneas until Cerberus was rendered powerless. 424. occupat: thisverb often= to do something before some one or something else can act; here Aeneas acts before Cerberus ceases to feel the effects of the drug. sepult6 = sopordto. 425. 6evdit, 'passes over,' 'quits.' For evado with acc. cf. ii. 731, iv. 685. 426-439. First Aeneas meets the souls of those who died before their time, as infants, or as victims of unjust sentences, or as suicides. 427. in... prim: those cut off by an untimely death could not obtain full admission to the underworld. 429. atra: as the day of their death. acerbo: this word is often used of premature death. 431. 431-433 explain how those unjustly condemned and suicides (434-439) find places in the same quarter with those dying in infancy. sorte, 'allotment.' iudice: coll. singular. 432. quaesitor... movet= quaesztor enim, etc. urnam movet: i.e. to select the iudices. the jurymen who are to hear the case. Cf. also n. on sortem, v. 490. silentum, 'the dead,' as often in the poets; it is inappropriate here after 426, 427. 433. crimina: the charges which worked their death; cf. 430. We shall see presently that some souls are assigned to Elysium, others to Tartarus, according as their deeds done in the flesh were good or bad. The three classes here are in a neutral region; since their lives were prematurely cut off, the record of their deeds was incomplete and there was no chance for a final assignment. 378 AENEIDOS r[435-452 435 insontes peperere mann licemque perosi proiecere animas. Quam vellent aethere in alto nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores! Fas obstat, tristique palfls inamftbilis unda alligat et novilns Styx interffisa coercet. 440 Nec procul hinc partem fuis monstrantur in omnem Lfgentes Campi; sic illos nomine dicunt. Hic, quos dufrus amor crfidel tube perPdit, secreti celant calles et myrtea circum silva tegit; cufrae non ipsa in morte relincunt. 445 His Phaedram Procrimque locis maestamque Eriph5len crudelis nati monstrantem vulnera cernit Euadnenque et Pasiphaen; his Lalodamia it comes et iuvenis quondam, nunc fPmina Caeneus rursus et in veterem Fato revoltta figfram. 450 Inter quuis Phoenissa recens fi vulnere Dido errabat silva in magna. Quam TrC)i's heros ut primum iuxtfi stetit agnivitque per umbram 435. insontes: i.e. though they had done nothing to deserve death; it practically' needlessly.' manu contains two suggestions: (1) 'by violence,' (2) 'by their own hands.' perosi: cf. n. on exosus, v. 687. 436. quam t'how') vellent: se. if the chance were theirs. 438, 439. palus and Styx denote the same thing. interfusa: i.e. between their present abode and the altus aether, 436. The account here is inconsistent with 295 297, and indeed with the whole narrative thus far. Aeneas crossed but one river or arm of a river. V. has assumed the poet's license to adopt the view which at the moment seems most picturesque and effective. 440-476. Next Aeneas sees the Mourning Fields, the abode of those who died for love. 440. fiisl = effst, 'spreading,' ie. extensive, in order to give their occupants the solitude they love. 443. myrtea: cf. n. on silnam, iii. 24. 445. Procrim: Procris and Eriphyle (see Vocab.) do not belong here, since they did not die of love. V. is following a Homeric passage describing the visit of Ulixes to the underworld; in this Homer dwells on heroines in general. 446. nati... vulnera: cf. vulnere.. ( ltx, 11 436, with note 447-449. Pasiphaen: cf. 24 ff. iuvenis... figiram, 'Caeneus, once a youth,' etc. He was first a woman named Caenis, then a man called Cae neus, then again a woman. Stages two and three are fully described; the first is to be inferred troml veteremr, 449 femina... revoluta: two descrip tions (of the present state of Caenis or Caeneus. 450. vulnere: see iv. 660 ff. 451. silva in magna suggests solitude; see on fust, 440. quam: with itxta, 452; cf. hos ixtaf, 430. 453-469] 453-469] ~LIBER VI37 379 obsfi~ram, qui-iem prim6 qui surgere m~nse aut videt aut vidisse putat per niibila iltnam, dL~mlsit lacrim~is dulcique adfiius am~re est: 455 'Infl1ix Did6, ve-rus inihi riintius ergo v~nerat exstinctam ferr~q ue extr~rna secfittar? ffneris heui tibi cansa fui? per sidera iftr6, per saper~s et, s! qua fid~s tellfire suib min-i est, invitus, r~gina, tu6 d6 litore cessil, 460 sed:m~ iussa deum., quae nunc hits 1re per umbra-s, per loca senta sitfi eagunt noctemque profundarn, imperils i~g~re suils; nec cr~dere quivi hnnc tantum tibi rni discessti ferre doli~rem. Siste gradum. tque aspectfi ne- subtrahe nostr5. 465 Qaern fugis? extrc~mum. ff-tO, quod t~ adloquor, h~c est.' Tfilibus Aen~las ardentem et torva tuentem 16nibat dictis animum lacrimaisque ci~hat. 111a solO fix~s ocul~s 5versa ten~bat 453, 454. Obsctiram agrees, with earb = Did~nern, to be supplied. quilem..qui... vldet:- tdlem q~alern lN7namt qvidet prirnO qui.... videt. The thought is much the same as in 340, but is quite dlifferently expressed. per nt~bila balalices per umnbram, 4.52. 456, 457. nilntius: V. has given us no mneans of determining his exact meaning here. The blazing pyre (v. 3) could not tell Aeneas that Dido had died by the sword (4-57). Perbaps the ref. is, to an actual message brought from Cartbage; see ~ 925. erg6... v~nerat, 'muLst I then believe it a trute mies-sagel that came?' extr~ma seec~tam, ' went to all lengths,.' 458, 459. ffineris: emphatic; ' was it death even that nily corning brought you?'I per... sI! est: cf. ii. 1412, 143, with note. 460. invitus... cessi: for proof of this statement see iv. 395, 396. 461. iuasa deum: cf. iv. 237, iv. 356 -359. 462. loca... sitti, ' these waste and mouldering realms.'.senta sit ti suggests the wild and rough appearance of a place long uncared for. 463. imperils: for the p1. see ~ 175. After the cl. quiae... profundam V. thought of iussa deurn, 461, as= di. 464. mg... ferre, ' that I was bringing'; note the tense. 466. extr~mum... est, ' these words-... are, the very last destiny allows me to speak to you.'I 7WO is instr. abl. with est, which here virtually = eoiie~di/ar. Aeneas, will never again while living visit the underworld; after death lie wlof course, not dwell in the Camipi L~gentF~s. 467, 468. &rdentem: i.e. with wrath. torva: for case see ~ 134. tuentem... animum is a bold phrase, but natural enough since the mind looks out through the eyes. 1gnibat: conative; for form see ~ 103. Ci~bat: iLe. gave way freely to; cf. ijibat...ltus, W1. 344, 345. 469 nearly 1. 482. 380 380 ~~~AENEIDOS [7-8 [470-489 470 nec magis inceptO vultum serm,5ne mov~tur, quam s! dfira silex aut stet Marp~sia cauts. Tandem corripuit s~s6 atque inimica reffigit in nemus umbriferum, conifinx ubi pristinus jill! respondet cfirls aequatque Sychaeus am~rem. 47,5 Nec minus Aen~fs caisfl concussus inlqu6 pr~sequitur lacrimis long~ et misertitur euntem. Inde datum m~litur iter. lamque arva ten~bant uL-tima, quac bell,5 clarn s~crkta frequentant. Hic jill! occurrit Ty~deus, hoe inclutus armis 480 Parthenopaeus et Adrast! pallentis imag~,5 hic multum fl~ti ad super~s bell~que eadfici Dardanidae; qu~s ille omnis longO 6rdine cern~ns ingemuit, Glaucumque Medontaque ThersilochbLimque, tris Antnoridfts, Cererique sacrum Polyboet~ln 485 idaeumque etiam currfis, etiam arna tenentem. Circumstant animae dextra laevaqtie frequents. Nec vidisse semel satis est; iuvat i&sque moriiri et cr~nferre gradum et veniend! discere causils. At Danaum procerds Agameninoniaeque phalanges, 470. iucepW = quem Aene~Us facere coeperat. vultum: for case see ~ 135. 471. stet adds to the idea of fixity suggested by.sitex and cautls; stil is often, as here, picturesquely used where we might look for stim. Marpfsla: -since Marpessus was a mountain of Paros, V. is comparing Dido to marble (cf. 1. 593). 472. corripuit s~s6: sc. ab Aen~if. 47 3. filH: for case see ~ t120. 475. cMs: sc. jzus. 476. long6 gives the result of corripuit sA' 472. 477-547. Next Aeneas sees the place of departed heroes. Among others he notes the champions of Greece and Troy. 477. datum: sc. ill SibyllJ. m6litur, 'toils over.' 478. ultima: i.e. in this neutral part of the underworld, see on cruimha, 433 Ma-cr~ta belongs 'in thought with arva; for its position see Onl ignlt urn, ii. 59. 479, 480. TWdeus... Adrast-1: V. is thinking of the expedition of the 'Seven against Thebes,' the most famous event of Greek story before the siege of Troy. pallentis: cf. 1. 354. 481. ad super~s: i.e. among men on earth. ad, more often aptid, with pi. words denoting persons, = ' among.'I cadUdl, 'tallenl'; properly, ' liable to fall'I There is no( prtcpl. of ead53 available here. 484. Antftoridas: see Vocab. Oererl... sacrum: as her priest. 485. etiam... etiam, ' still... still,' the fundamental sense of the wordl. 486. circumstant: se. euim = Aenidh. 488. cOnferre gradum: sc. Otis gradii (dat ), I'to keep pace with him.' 490-.507] LIBER VI 381 ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, 490 ingenti trepidare metfi; pars vertere terga, ceu quondam petiere rates, pars tollere vocem exignam; inceptus clamor frfstratur hiantis. Atque hic Priamiden laniatum corpore toto TDiphobum videt et lacerum crudeliter ra, 95 6ra manfsque ambas populataque tempora raptis auribus et truncas inhonesto vulnere naris. Vix adeo agnovit pavitantem ac dira tegentem supplicia et notis compellat vocibus ultro: 'Deiphobe armipotens, genus ato a sanguine Teucri, 500 quis tam cridelis optavit s emere poenas? cui tantum de te licuj. mihi fama suprema nocte tulit fesumtv-asta te caede Pelasgum procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum. Tune egomet tumulum Rhoeteo in litore inanem 505 constitui et magna Manis ter voce vocavi. Nomen et arma locum servant; te, amice, nequivi 491. ingenti... metu is a tribute to Aeneas's prowess. 492. quondam... rates: for a similar picture cf. ii. 276, with n. vocem: coll. singular. 493. exiguam: emphatic by position; it = an advers. cl., ' but these proved all too feeble.' Their voices, like their bodies, were but shadows of their former selves. clamor, 'battle-cry.' frtstratur hiantis (sc. eos), ' mocks their wide-open mouths.' The shout begins but never attains any volume. 495, 496. 6ra, ora: for the pathetic repetition cf. limina... limina, ii. 405, 406. For the acc. in 495-497 see ~135. populata is a strengthened privdta. 498. tegentem, 'trying to hide.' 499. notis: sc. ei; the inference is that Aeneas and Deiphobus had been intimate friends. 500. genus: as in iv. 12; 'scion.' 501. optavit: i.e. had the hardihood. 502. ui... licuit? ' who has had so free a hand concerning you?' 503. tulit = adtulit, n6rravit; cf. the the commonferunt = dcunt. Pelasgum: obj. genitive. 504. stragis: the abstract, ' carnage,' for the concrete, corporum or cadaverum. This story was a compliment to Deiphobus; Aeneas had of course expected to see him wounded but not shockingly mutilated. 505. tumulum... inanem: as in iii. 304. 506. magna... vocavi: cf. dixit... verba, 231, and magn.... citeus, iii. 68, with notes. 507. servant: i.e. by preventing it from being forgotten. There is perhaps another suggestion; so long as men remember that Deiphobus is buried there they will not desecrate the place. For the ref. in nimen cf. 234, 235, 381, with 382 AENEIDOS [508-526 conspicere et patria decedens ponere terra.' Ad quae Priamides: 'Nihil o tibi, amice, relictum; 510 omnia Deiphobo solvisti et fineris umbris. Sed me fata mea et scelus exitiale Lacaenae his mersere malls; illa haec monumenta reliquit. Namque, ut supremam falsa inter gaudia noctem egerimus, nSsti; et nimium meminisse necesse est. 515 Cum fatalis ecus saltu super ardua venit Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo, illa chorum simulians euhantis orgia circum duicebat Phrygias; flammam media ipsa tenebat ingentem et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. 520 Turn me cSnfectun cfirls somnoque gravatum infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque iacentem dulcis et alta quies placidaeque simillima molti. Egregia interea coniunx arma omnia tectis amovet et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem; 525 intra tecta vocat Menelaum et limina pandit, scilicet id magnum sperans fore mfinus amanti notes. The arma were put on the tumulus; cf. 233. te, amice: for scansion see ~ 260. 1e = tuun corpus. 608. patria is an important word here; a grave in the fatherland was a blessing. Cf. n. on nudus, v. 871. p6nere terra: i.e. to bury. 509. relictum: i.e. has been left undone. 510. Deiphob6: emphatic substitute for mihi; cf. NVso, v. 354, and see on JiTnWnis, i. 48. funeris, 'his body,' is really a substitute for mel or meis. 511. Lacaenae: scornful, 'that (notorious) woman from Sparta'; Helen. 512. illa: nom. singular. 513, 514. ut: as in i. 667. supremam....gerimus: the ref. is to ii. 248, 249, ii. 265. nimium, ' all too well.' 515. salti practically = 'eagerly,' and is inconsistent with quater. b.hstitit, ii. 242, 243. 616. alvi: abl. of spec. with gravis. 517. chorum: i.e. a dance of thanksgiving for deliverance from the Greeks; the dance was often an expression of public joy. euhantls is here trans. (~ 130), 'celebrating with the (Bacchic) cry euhoe.' circum: i.e. from temple to temple, the usual custom. 518. flammam: no doubt all the dancers, as usual, carried torches. To the Trojans Helen's torch thus seemed innocent enough; to the Greeks it was a signal (519). Its size was therefore important. 520. curis: i.e. those of the siege. 521. thalamus: after the death of Paris Deiphobus had married Helen. 522. dulcis... morti: see on consanguineus, 278. 523. egregia: ironical. 526, scilicet: as in ii. 577; see n. there. amanti, 'her lover,' a scornful designation of Helen's former husband. 527-5421 LIBER VI 383 et famam exstingui veterum sic posse malorum. Quid moror? inrumpunt thalamo; comes additur fna hortator scelerum Aeolides. Di, talia Grais instaurate, pio si poenas ore reposco. Sed te qui vivum casus age fare vicissim attulerint. Pelagine venis erroribus ictus an moniti divum? an quae te fortuna fatigat, ut tristis sine sole domes, loca turbida, adires?' Hac vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis iam medium aetherio cursuf traiicerat axem, et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus, sed comes admonuit breviterque adfata Sibylla est: 'Nox ruit, Aenea; nos flendo dficimus horas. Hic locus est, partis ubi se via findit in ambas; dextera quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit, hac iter Elysium nobis; at laeva malorum 530 585 540 627. malorum, 'wickedness.' This whole account (515-527) is inconsistent with ii. 254 ff., as well as with ii. 567 if.; in the latter passage Helen is pictured as crouching in Vesta's temple, hated by Greeks and Trojans both. 529, 530. hortator scelerum: Ulixes is scelerum... inventor, ii. 164. Aeolides: in Homer Ulixes is son of Laertes. Later gossip made him the son of the Corinthian Sisyphus by the wife of Laertes. Sisyphus was notorious for his trickery. talia... instaurate: briefly put for' once again deal out such a fate, but this time to the Greeks.' See on Znstauratmus, iii. 62. pi carries the emphasis, 'if holy are the lips with which,' etc.; cf. si pietate meremur, ii. 690. 532, 533. pelagi... divum: the underworld, as V. has pictured it hitherto, could not be reached by ship. Here, however, in his own thoughts, V. has identified the underworld with Cumae. 534. loca turbida, 'the land of con fusion.' Cf. loca senta situ, 462. adires: Jatigat, 533, really =fattgavit et fatigat; hence the tense of adires is correct. 536. aetherio = per aethera. axem, 'heavens.' It was now past noon. They had entered the underworld at daybreak; see 255 ff. 537, 538. traherent, 'would have wasted'; lit., 'would have trailed out.' For the mood and tense see on sineret dolor, 31. For the natural prot., an comes admoneret, the more effective statement of fact in 538 is substituted. breviter: the Sibyl's speeches are like the oracles she delivers; cf. 321, 398, and note the brevity of the oracle, 83-97. 539. ruit: i.e. is rushing up from the ocean. 540. hic... ambas: we have reached the end of the neutral region (see on crzmina, 433, and cf. 477, 478). ambas here = duas. 541. dextera = an adv., 'on the right.' quae: sc. via. 542. iter.. nbis (sc. est) in effect = nobis eundum. 384 384 ~~~AENEIDOS 316 [543-562 exercet poe-nAs et ad impia Tartara mittit.' D~iphobus contra~: 'N~ saevil, magna sacerd6s; 545 discedam, expl~b6 nurnerurn reddarque tenebris. 1 decus, i, nostrum; meli6rib-Ls fitere fais.' Tanturn efftilts et in verb6 vestigia pressit. Respicit Aen~iis subit6 et sub rflpe sinistra inoenia VIta videt triplici circumdata mu-ro-, 550 quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, Tartareus Phlegethbn, torquetque sonantia saxa. Porta adversa ing~ns solidaque adamante columnae, vis ut nfilla virum, n6'n ipsi exscindere ferrb caelicolae -valeant; stat ferrea turrns ad aura1s, 5Ess Tlsiphon~qae sed~ns palla succincta, cruentA vE~stibulurn exsomnis servat noct~sque di6sque. line exaudiri gernitfis, et saeva sonare verbena, turn stridor fern! trActaeque cat~nae. C~nstitit Aen~qs strepit-ftque exterritus haesit. 560 'Quae scelenum. faci~s, 6 virg65, effare, quibusve urgentur poenis? quis tantus plangor ad aurds?' Turn vat~s sic arsa loqui: 'Dux inclute Teucrum, 543. exercet: lit., ' plies'1; we might say, 'sets in train,' 'Iputs in motion.' et... mittit gives the means and manner of exercet, ' by sending them.' etc. 545. aumerum: sc. animZTd-m or umbridrum. reddar is a middle. 547. in verbS... pressit: cf. rnediii..in viice resist it, iv. 76. 5'18-627. Aeneas sees a huge fortress surrounded by a fiery stream; from the fortress come sounds of woe. The Sibyl explains that this is Tartarus, the place of the guilty, and describes some of its horrors. 548. respicit, 'looks about him.' 549. moenia, 'buildings,'I as in ii. 234; freely, ' stronghold.' 550. flammis... amnis: the river serves as a moat, outside the?nuras. 551. torquet: I.e. carries along,rmaking themi whirl abouit as- they go. toi - quet... saxa throws light on rapidus, 550. 552. adversa: sc. ei (= Aessrae) est. 554. stat gives the result rather thaui the process; we should have looked for 556. v6stibulum belongs in thought with sed~ins, 555, as well as with servat, 'seated at the entrance keeps ward over it.' 558. ferrn and catdnae describe the same tWing. trictae, ' trailing'1; lit., 'dragged,' as those wearing the chains move about. 560. faci6s, ' types.' Aeneas naturally associates the groans and the clanking chains with guilt and punishment. Besides, he has had a hint from the Sibyl, 543. 561. ad auras: ic it, or-itur, or the like. 563-578] LIBER VI 385 nflli fias casto sceleratum insistere limen; sed me, cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis, ipsa deum poenas docuit perque omnia duxit. Gnosius haec Rhadamanthus habet durissima regna castigatque, auditque dolos subigitque fateri, quae quis apud superos furto laetatus inani distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem. Continuo sontis ultrix accincta flagello Tisiphon6 quatit insultans torvosque sinistra intentans anguis vocat agmina saeva sor6rum. Turn dmum horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis vestibulo sedeat, faciqs quae limina servet? Quinqnaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydra saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse bis patet in praeceps tantum tenditque sub umbras, 565 570 575 563. sceleratum... limen: cf. impia Tartara, 543. The vs. = ' These things you cannot see for yourself.' 564, 565= 'but I can describe them to you.' 567. castigatque belongs with what precedes. regna... castzgat strikingly describes the function of Rhadamanthus; he is jailer and executioner, not judge. The judge in the underworld is Minos; see 431-433. audit... fat6ri: he knows that all delivered to him are guilty, but must know the facts in each case to administer fitting punishment. dol6s: dolus is a technical term of law for intentional wrong-doing. 568. quae= quaecumque; join with commissa piacula, 569. quis: the indefinite pron.; see on qui, 141. apud supers= ad superos, 481. ftrto, 'cheat,' the attempt to escape punishment (569). inani: because escape is impossible. 569. distulit... mortem contains two thoughts: (1) the commission of crimes, (2) the atonement for crimes committed. The latter thought predominates. The double sense of piacula, usually 'atonements,' sometimes 'sins,' has made this condensation possible. 568, 569 thus= ' those crimes of his life in the upper world each man has hidden, rejoicing in the idle cheat and postponing atonement till he finds that death has rendered such atonement too late.' 570. continuo: i.e. as soon as the full measure of their guilt is known. 571. quatit, a strong expression for 'lashes furiously.' 572. agmina: V. talks as if there were many Furies. The number is usually given as three. 673-575. tum... portae tells us indirectly (~ 225) that the scenes of 567 -572 have all taken place in the vestibulum (556). sacrae: i.e. to the powers of the underworld; 'awful.' cernis... servet refers to Tisiphone, see 555, 556. 577. saevlor: i.e. even than Ttsiphone. 578. in praeceps, 'sheer downwards'; praeceps is here a noun meaning merely 'perpendicular'; hence the definition tendit.. umbras is needed. ,38b AENEIDOS [579-598 quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus Olympum. 580 Hie genus anticum Terrae, Titania pfbes, fulmine deiecti fundo volvuntur in imo. Hic et Aloidas geminos immania vidi corpora,.qui manibus magnum rescindere caelum adgressi superisque Iovem detrudere regnis. 585 Vidi et crudelis dantem Salmonea poenas, dum flammas Iovis et sonituis imitatur Olympi. Quattuor hic invectus equis et lampada quassans per Graium populbs mediaeque per Elidis urbem ibat ovans divumque sibi poscebat honoircm, 590 demens, qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen aere et cornipedum pnlsf simularet equorum; at pater omnipotens d6nsa inter nfibila telum contorsit, non ille faces nec fumea taedis lumina, praecipitemque immani turbine adegit. 595 Nec non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum, cernere erat; per t6ta novem cui iugera corpus porrigitur, rostroque immanis vultur obunco inmortale iecur tondens fecundaque poenis 579. caell: obj. gen. with suspectus; it= an adj. 'skyward,' 'upward.' V. is thinking of the view from earth upward to heaven. With 578, 579 cf. iv. 445, 446. 580. Titania pubes: for the Titans see ~~ 273-275. 581. volvuntur: i e. are still grovelling. Their punishment is never-ending. 582. Alolds: for the attack of the giants on Jupiter see ~ 274. 585, 586. dantemr... dum... imitatur, 'who suffered... the while he was imitating.' The nature of that punishment appears from 592-594. The present punishment of Salmoneus is not described. 587. quassans: i.e. to make it give more light. 588. mediae... urbem may refer to the city of Elis itself, specially sacred to Jupiter, or may loosely describe Olympia, the district in which the great games were held; he defies Jupiter or his own ground. 590, 591. qui... simularet gives the reason for the exclamation demens. aere= aereb curriu: Salmoneus drove a brazen car over a brazen bridge. This vs. describes the mock thunder, as 587 described the mock lightning. simularet: conati e. 592. telum= rapidum.. ignemr, i 42. 593. ille: as in i. 3, v. 186, etc. 594. praecipitem... adegit: cf turbine corripuit, i. 45. turbine migbt also be taken of the 'whirl' or furious force of the thunderbolt. 596. erat, 'it was possible.' 598. fecunda....poenis: because ever renewed (cf. inmortale iecur; also 600) and so ever supplying materials whereby the vulture can torture Tityos. 599-6151 LIBER VI 387 viscera rimaturque epulis habitatqu< sub alto pectore, nec fibris requies datur illa renatis. Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque, quos super atra silex iam iam lapsfra cadentique imminet adsimilis? lucent genialibus altis aurea fulcra torls, epulaeque ante ora paratae regifico luxft; Furiarum maxima ifuxt accubat et manibus prohibet contingere mensas exsurgitque facem attollens atque intonat ore. Hic, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, pulsatusve parens et fraus innexa clienti, aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis nec partem posuere suis, quae maxima turba est, quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti impia nec veriti dominorum fallere dextras, inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri, quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortiunave merset. 600 605 610 615 599. rimatur: sc. ea= vscera. epu1is: for case see ~ 123. rimatur... epulis effectively pictures the grievous pain endured by Tityos; the iecur and the vzsce? a are renewed each time just as the vulture's supply of food seems exhausted. 600. nec... renatis: they are eaten as soon as they grox. 601. quid memorem: as in 123. 602. iam iam lapsura, 'on the very verge of falling.' cadentique (sc. silici): for scansion see ~ 256. 604. fulcra, 'rests,' 'supports,' the ends of the framework which supported the cushions of the couch; they corresponded to the head of a modern sofa. 605. regiflc6 luxu: cf. re-gli... Ii-n,, 1. 637. The punishment described in 602-607 is usually represented in ancient stories as having befallen Tantalus, not Ixion and Pirithous. 608, 609. quibus belongs with pulsatus and innexa (est) as with invist (erant): see ~~125, 121. pulsatusve par6ns: old Roman law punished this offence with death. fraus.. clienti: the patronus was bound to protect his clientes to the very utmost. 610. incubu6re denotes the eagerness with which they devoted all their powers and faculties to their treasures 611. suis, 'their kin.' quae: what is the antecedent? For the gender see on hoc, i. 17. 612, 613. qui... caesi: the law allowed an outraged husband to put to death an adulterer caught in the act qui... dextr&s: the ref. is to upris ings of slaves. dextras: properly the pledge of faith, but here, by metonymy, that faith itself, 'confidence.' 614. inclfsi: sc. in Tartarum. poenam exspectant is inconsistent with 570 ff., from which we should suppose that the entrance into Tartarus proper marked the beginning of punishment. V.'s picture here, however, is very effective, dwelling as it does on the agony of waiting in the sight of spectacles like those of 602 ff. 615. poenam: sc exspectent. f6rma is in itself indefinite, but its position 388 AENEIDOS [616-631 Saxum ing6ns volfunt alii, radiisque rotarum districti pendent; sedet aeternumque sedebit infelix Th6seus, Phlegyasque miserrimus omnis admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras: 620 "Discite ifustitiam moniti et n6n temnere divbs." Vendidit hic auro patriam dominumque potentem inposuit, fixit leges preti6 atque refixit; hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos; ausi omnes immune nefas ausoque potiti. i25 Non, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum, ferrea v6x, omnis scelerum compr6ndere f6rmas, omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.' Haec ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos, 'Sed iam age, carpe viam et susceptum perfice mfinus; 630 adceleremus,' ait; 'Cyclopum educta caminis moenia c6nspicio atque adverso fornice portas, between poenam and fort7ina makes it mean' woe,'' suffering'; it practically= firmapoenae ormali. merset has future force, 'is to overwhelm.' Note the parallelism in this vs. 616, 617. saxum... alii: they fare as Sisyphus did, who was condemned to roll up hill a stone which always rolled down again when he got it to the top. radiis... pendent: this is Ixion's fate as pictured by other writers; contrast 601-607. For -que we should say 'or.' districti: i.e. with arms and legs stretched out. sedet: i.e. chained to a rock, as story said, by way of punishment for his attempt to carry off Proserpina (122, 393). Other writers say that Hercules rescued him and this is implied in Aeneas's words, 122. 618. Phlegyas... umbras: V. does not describe his punishment but leaves its severity to be inferred from his doleful warning, 620. That warning would, of course, be useless to the condemned shades in Tartarus, but V. has his eye on the human readers of his poem. 620. nn... divos virtually =,fas, duty to the gods. 622. fixit... atque refixit: ie. made and unmade. At Rome, laws, when duly enacted, were inscribed on bronze tablets and set up in a public place; Cic. Cat. iii. ~19 speaks of the aera legum. When laws were annulled the tablets containing them were taken down. For fixit cf. i. 248, iii. 287; for refixit cf. v. 360, v. 527. 624. auso... potiti, 'gained their venture.' auso = eo quod ausi erant. In itself the phrase is a compliment but in this setting it is an added justification of their punishment. 628-678. Aeneas deposits the golden bough in PlutoTs palace and passes on to the place of the blessed. He inquires the way to Anchises. 629. munus: in part 'duty,' i.e. of carrying the bough to Proserpina (cf. 632, 142, 143), in part 'gift.' 630. Cycl6pum... caminis: see ~~ 284, 300. The palace is of metal. 631. moenia: as in 549. Sc. Dtis or Plutonis. advers6: as in 279, 418. 632-648] LIBER VI ~r 389 haec ubi nos praecepta inbent deponere dona.' Dixerat et pariter gressi per opaca viarum corripiunt spatium medium foribusque propinquant. Occupat Aeneas aditum corpusque recenti spargit aqua ramumque adverse in limine figit. His demum exactis, perfecto mfinere divae, devenere locos laetos et amoena virecta fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas. Largior hic campos aether et lumine vestit purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris, contendunt ludo et fulva luctantur harena; pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt; nec non Threicius long& cum veste sacerdos obloquitur numeris septem discrimina vocum iamque eadem digitis, iam pectine pulsat eburno. Hic genus anticum Teucri, pulcherrima proles, 685 640 632. praecepta: practically 'our instructions,' the rules governing the use of the golden bough. 633. opaca viarum: see ~197. 634. corripiunt spatium: cf. v. 316. medium, 'intervening.' 635. recent!: i.e. pure. Cf. ii. 719, 720, with n. on vivo. Aeneas purifies himself before he enters Elysium, V. has in mind the custom whereby vessels of lustral water were set at the doors of temples to be used by entering worshipers. 637. munere: here merely 'gift '; contrast 629. 640. largior = an adv., ' more fully' (sc. than on earth), and may thus be coupled by et with tlimine... purpure6. For the latter phrase see on i. 590, 591. See also on dulcZ adspirans... mbra, i. 694. aether: here of pure dazzling air. With the brightness of Elysium contrast the gloom elsewhere in the underworld, noted e.g. in 268-272, 340, 452-454. 641. suum, sua: i.e. distinct from those of earth. 642. palaestris: here the place of the game; in iii. 281 it = the game. 644. choreas: ace. of effect; ~128. 645. Threicius... sacerds: Orpheus; cf. 119, 120. longa... veste: a long robe, like long hair (see on crinitus, i. 740), was characteristic of musicians. 646. obloquitur... vocum, 'and sounds forth, to match (ob-) their strains, the seven changing notes (of his lyre).' numeris: the strains of the dance and the song of 644. discrimina: for case see ~130. V. is thinking of the seven-stringed lyre or heptachord of the Greeks. 647. digitis: i.e. of the left hand, used in producing the lighter notes. pectine, 'quill,' held in the right hand. Cf. the quills or picks used nowadays in playing the mandolin or the zither. 648. genus... pr6les: cf. 580, which 390 AENEIDOS [649-668 magnanimi herbes nati melioribus annis, 650 Ilusque Assaracusque et Troiae Dardanus auctor. Arma procul currufsque virum miratur inanis; stant terra defixae hastae, passimque solfuti per campum pascuntur equi; quae gratia currum armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura nitentis 655 pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellfure repostos. Conspicit ecce alios dextra laevaque per herbam vescentis laetumque choro paeana canentis inter odoratum latri nemus, unde superne plfrimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis. 660 Hic manus ob patriam pfgnando vulnera passi, quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat, quique pil vates et Phoeb6 digna locuti, inventas ant qui vitam excoluere per artis, quique sui memores aliquos fecere merend6; 665 omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. Qu6s circumffuss sic est adfata Sibylla, Musaenm ante omnis (medium nam plurima turba hunc habet atque umeris exstantem suspicit altls): begins the description of the dwellers in Tartarus. 649. meli6ribus: i.e. than those of the fallof Troy and Aeneas's wanderings. 651. mlratur: sc. Aeneas. 653. gratia: freely, 'pleasure'; lit., 'charm,' 'loveliness.' currum: a subjective gen.; for the form see ~ 91..654. vivls: sc. els. 655. pascere: joinwithcFira, see~170. 656, 657. dextra... vescentis: so in i. 214 the Trojans feast simply but pleasantly. Contrast the elaboration of the tantalizing banquet of 603-607. 658. unde superne: freely, 'the source whence, making its way to the world above.' superne= apud superos, 568. 659. Eridani: see Vocab. V. was perhaps thinking of the Po, a river which he doubtless knew well. Near its source it flows underground for a time and so it was naturally fabled to have its source in the underworld. per silvam: i.e. between its wooded banks. 660. manus... passi: for the pl. prtcpl. cf. pars... pardti, v. 108, with n. passi = quipassi sunt. 661, 662. casti: sc. erant, as also with votes, 662. The latter word here includes prophets and poets. Phoeb6 digna: i.e. worthy of the god who inspired them; ~281. 663. vitam excolu6re: i.e. have made life fuller and thereby better worth living. excoluere suggests the thought of helping the advance of civilization, of uplifting the race. 660-665 correspond closely in form to 608-613; cf. 661 esp. with 608. 667, 668. nam.. altis: he is most conspicuous. 669-690] 669-690] ~LIBER VI 1 391 'Dicite, fMlc~s animae, tftque, optime vat~s, quae regi6 4nchis~n, quiis habet locus? illius ergoi v~nimus et m.Agn~s Erebi trandvimus amnis.' Atq-Le huic respo-nsum paucis ita reddidit h~r~is: 'Nifll certa domus; lftcIs habitAmus opdkis rlpftrumque tor~s et pridta recentia rivis incolimus. Sed v~s, si fert ita corde voluntas, h~c superfate iugum, et facih! iam. triamite sistam.' Dixit et ante tulit gressum. camposque nitentis d~super ostentat; dehinc summa cafi~mina lincunt. At pater Anchls~s penitus convalle virenti inclfdsabs animas superumque ad lftmen itfirdis lIistrdbat studi6 recol~ns omnemque su~irum forte rec~ns~bat numerum cAr~sque nep~ts fdtaque fortftnasque virtim. m~re-sqae manuisque. Isque ubi tendentem. adversum. per grAmina vidit Aen~dn, alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, effiisaeque genis lacrimae, et Wix excidit 6re: 'VWnistl tandem, tuaque exspectdta parent! vicit iter dfirum. pietas? datur 63ra tu~r!, nAte, tna et n~tds auLdire et reddere v~cWs Sic equidem. df~cbam. animb r~barque futit-frum 670 675 680 685 690 670. erg6: a prep., =caus!T. This use belongs mainly to old Latin. 672. atque, ' forthwith'1; see ~ 200. 673. Opcies: i.e. shaded, pleasant. 674. rip3~rumn... tor6s: freely, 'cushion-like banks.'I For the gen. fiparum see ~ 111. The banks are rounded like tori, and soft with turf; cf. viridante Wor... herbae, v. 388. recentia: we should say ' freshened,' 'Irefreshed.' 679-702. Anchises is surveying the long line of his future descendants, the souls that are again to inhabit human forms. He greets Aeneas warmly. 679. convalle belongs in part with i$cl~lsas, in part with listrYTbat, 681. 681. studi6: modal abl., 'eagerly,' 'lovingly.' 682. forte recfns6bat: V. dwells on the fact that Anchises's present thoughts fit in with the purpose of Aeneas's coming. 683. mantis, 'exploits,' a meaning akin to that borne by this word in i. 455. See n. there. 684. adversum = an adv., towards him (self).' 686. vox... 6re expresses eagerness; he does not wait to speak properly. 687. exapectita pareut-1: i.e. on which your father so confidently counted. 689. n~tis... vbcds: cf. v~rff8 audire et reddere vicis, i. 409. 690. dtcdbam= existimtibam; dilaY often = 'to think.' 892 892 ~~~AENEIDOS [9-1 [691-713 t-empora dinumerdns, nee m6 mea citra fefellit. Qunas ego t~ terrfts et quanta per aequora vectum accipib, quantis iactatum, nate, percills! Quam metul, n6 quid Libyae tibi r~gna noc~reut!' 695 Jie autem: 'Tua me, genitor, tua trisotis imdgi saepius occurrI~ns haec l1rnina tendere ad~lgit; stant sale Tyrrh~na class~-s. Da iungere dextram, da, genitor, t~que amplexftiin~ subtrahe niostrM. Sic mernordins larg6 fl~tia simul 6~ra rigiltat. 700 Tor conatus ibi cellO dare bracchia circuin, ter f rfistrft 4mpr~nsa manfis off figit imdg6 par levibus ventis volucrIque simillima somn6. Jntered videt Aen~ds in valie reductd s~clftsum nemus et virgulta sonantia silvac 705 LUthaeumque dom,5s placidds qui praenatat amnem. ilnuc circum innumerae, gents populique volabant, ac velut in prtis ubi ape-s aestdte ser~na fl~ribus insidunt varils et candida circum 1ilia funduntur, strepit omnis murmure campus. 710 HorrC~scit vlsft subit6 causisque requirit Inscius Aen~fts, quae sint ea flitmina porr6, quive virl tant6 compl~lrint agmine ri-pa-s. Turn pater Anchis~s: 'Animae, quibus altera FdtO 691. tempora:we should say 'days' or ' hours.' ctira denotes the hope Anchises had of his son's coming, which was after all coupled with a fear that something might hinder their reunion. 692. terris: with per; see ~ 210. 69'L nO,... nocfrent: cf. Venus's words, i. 671, 672. 695. tua... im&g6: cf. iv. 351-353, and v. 7221 ff. 696. 1limna: for case see~~1217. tendere: for the infin. see ~ 168. 698. t6... nostr6: cf. 46.5. 699. larg6..-. rigibat: cf. larg5.. r~tteni, i. 465. 700-702 = ii. 792-794. See notes there. 763-723. Aeneas, seeing the spirits crowding to the river Lethe, asks who and what they are. Anchises explains that these are spirits destined to live again in the upper world. 703. valle reducti: a special nook of the convallis of 679. 707. ap6s: for a simile involving bees see i. 430-436. 709. murmure, ' hummning,' is used of any indistinct noise,ind 51) equally fits the hum of the crowd and the buzzt of the bees. 711. porr6 belongs closely with ea fli7??ina, with adj. value,, distant '; see oii longF 1. 14. It repeats the thought of valle... nemws, 703, 704. 713. altera=aii adv, 'for the second time, 714-729] LIBER VI 393 corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fliminis undam secfirs latices et longa oblivia potant. 715 Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram, iam pridem hanc prolem cupiio numerare meorum, qun magis Italia mecum laetere reperta.' '0 pater, anne aliquas ad caelum hint ire putandum est sublimis animas iterumque ad tarda reverti 720 corpora? quae flucis miseris tam dira cupido?' 'Dicam equidem nec te suspensum, nate, tenebo,' suscipit Anchises atque ordine singula pandit. 'Principio caelum ac terras camposque liquentis lucentemque globum linae Titaniaque astra 725 spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet. Inde hominum pecudumque genus vitaeque volantum et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus. 716. s6eciros: a transferred epithet, ~ 194; the waters are ' careless' because they remove all care. Render 'that free from care.' 717. hanc prolem.. meorum: cf. pubes.. tuorum, i. 399. 719. 6 pater: this address sufficiently indicates the change of speaker. Sublimis = an adv. with ire (cf. sublimem, i. 259, sublmis, i. 415), and repeats the thought of ad caelum, 719. 723. suscipit: freely, 'replies'; lit., 'takes up.' Sc. Aenean or sermonem. 724-751. Anchises explains the nature of the soul, how it is clogged by the body, how after death it must be purified, and how most souls are then sent back to the world to animate other bodies. 724, 725. prIncipio: as in iii. 381. camp6... liquentis: a picturesque substituteformare. Titania.. astra: the sun; see ~ 281 (end). caelum... astra = 'the whole universe.' 726. spiritus... alit: V. has in mind a philosophical doctrine common in Greek and Roman writers, of the anima mundi, or quickening soul which pervades the universe. The souls of in. dividuals are portions of this worldsoul. For V.'s interest in philosophy see ~~ 38, 43. artis, like corpore, 727, personifies the universe. 727. mens: a further definition of spiritus. The anima mundi possesses consciousness, the power of thought; it is sometimes called ratio, 'reason.' agltat: i.e. makes it live, 'animates,' motion being a sign of life. m6lem and corpore both denote the universe, described in 724, 725. se corpore miscet: misceo and iungere sometimes (chiefly in verse) take an acc. and an abl.; the latter appears sometimes to be local, sometimes instr., sometimes one of accompaniment. 728. inde: i.e. from this spiritus and this mens, 726, 727. Sc. est, 'spring.' volantum: cf. volantes, 239. 729. marmoreo: i.e. bright, flashing. hominum.. pontus includes all living creatures on earth, in the air, or in the sea. 394 AENEIDOS [730-744 730 Ignens est ollis vigor et caelestis orig6 seminibus, quantum n6n noxia corpora tardant terrenique hebetant artis moribundaque membra. Hine metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque auris dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco. 735 Quin et supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, non tamen omne malum miseris nec funditus omnns corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est multa difu concreta modis inolescere miris. Ergo exercentur poenis veterumque malorum 740 supplicia expendunt. Aliae panduntur inanis suspensae ad ventOs, allis sub gurgite vasto infectum eluitur scelus aut exfritur igni, (quisque suOs patimur Manis; exinde per amplum mittimur Elysium et pauci laeta arva tenemus), 730, 731. ollis... seminibus refers back to spiritus and miens, 726, 727. For the form ollis see ~ 92. vigor, 'life,' 'glow.' There is parallelism in this vs. The anima mundi (see on 726) was variously identified with air, fire, or the ether. To the ancients air and fire seemed very closely akin. Both rise heavenward; hence we have the phrase caelestis origo. quantum, ' in so far as.' corpora tardant: cf. tarda... corpora, 720, 721. 733, 734. hinc: i.e. in consequence of this clogging influence of the body. metuunt... gaudent: the subject is illa semina, to be derived from 730, 731, but V. feels these words to be equivalent to ammae; hence he writes clausae, 734. The philosophers distinguished four kinds of reprehensible emotion: fear of future evil (metus), craving for future good (cupido), grief over present evil (dolor), joy over present good (gaudium). auras carries us back to iqneus... origo, 730, and practically 'their heavenly origin.' tenebris... carcere: i.e. of the body. 735. quin et = quin etiam, ii. 768. cum is the conjunction. reliquit: sc. eos. 736. miserls (sc. eis); for case see ~ 120. V. writes loosely here, talking of the persons whose life has quitted them rather than of those persons' souls. We should have looked for miserorum animis. 737. corporeae... pestes is defined by metuunt.. gaudent, 733; see n. there. -que: cf. n. on et, ii. 94. 738. diu concreta = quae diM concreverunt (sc. with those souls; see on miser8s, 736). See n. on cretus, ii. 74. inolescere: sc. eis = animis. 739-742. poenms... supplicia: these penalties are intended simply as means of purifying the various souls. inais...vent6s: the winds are empty because they are without substance. Cf. tenuis....ventos, v. 526, 527. aliae... ventos means that some souls are purified by air. aliis... scelus: this purification is by water; sub... vasto picturesquely suggests the thoroughness of the purging. infectum: a transferred epithet; the word is properly applicable to the soul stained by guilt rather than to the guilt itself. infectum... scelu8 = 'the stain of guilt.' 743, 744. Manis: properly the spirit 745-759] LIBER VI 395 donec longa dies perfecto temporis orbe concretam exemit labem purumque relinquit aetheriun sensnm atque aurai simplicis ignem. Has omnis, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine maggno, scilicet inmemores supera ut convexa revisant rufrsus et incipiant in corpora velle revert!.' Dixerat Anchises nitumqne unaque Sibyllam conventis trahit in medios turbamque sonantem et tumulum capit, unde omnis longo ordine posset adversos legere et venientum discere vultis. 'Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, inlistris animas nostrumque in nomen itfiras expediam dictis et te tua fata docebo. 745 that survives the death of the body, but here, by metonomy, the lot or experiences of that spirit, 'condition in the world below.' From this point through 749 the passage has been very variously explained; it is perhaps incomplete (~ 49). Taking the words as they stand (nos) pauci, ' few of us,' seems to be subject of mittimur as of tenemus. Those that are sent through Elysium, etc., constitute but a small portion of the whole number of souls purified (739-742), though in themselves a great host (706, 749). 746. concretam,' ingrained'; cf. dim concreta, 738, with note. 747. s6nsum=spiritus, 726, and mens, 727. Render by 'mind,' 'intelligence.' Note also that aetherium = caelestis, 730. aural... i.gnem: i.e. pure fiery air, unpolluted ether. For the form aural see ~ 88. simplicis = 'uncompounded,' and so free from any admixture of corruption, 'pure,' 'elemental.' In prum... ignem V. has restated, in different words (~ 181), his theory of the anima mundi; see on spiritus... alit, 726, zgneus... igor, 730. The phrase thus = ' and has left nothing save those pure elements from which life is ultimately derived' (728, 729). 748. has omnis: sc. animds. rotam volvere per: i.e. have completed the cycle of. The wheel is that of time. 750. scilicet emphasizes the thought of 750, 751, but without the sarcastic or ironical force seen in ii. 577, iv. 379, vi. 526. supera... convexa: as in 241. 753. sonantem is explained by strepit... campus, 709. 755. advers6s, 'face to faLe.' 752-787. Anchises shows Aeneas his future descendants, the Romans that are to be. First he points out the long line of Alban kings, ending in Romulus. 756. deinde, 'thereafter,' i.e. after the reincarnation referred to in 748-751. It might be taken also as'hereafter,' 'in future days.' 757. Itala de gente, coming after Dardaniam prolem, 756, reminds us of the Trojan origin of the Italian (i.e. Roman) race; cf. e.g. i. 19-22. 758. animas: object, like the clauses in 756,757, of expediam, 759. nostrum.., 396 396 ~~~AENEIDOS [6-7 [760-775 76o Ble, vids, piftrA iuvenis qui nitiftur hasta, proxima sorte tenet iftis loca, primus ad aurAs aetherids Itah commixtus sanguine surget, Silvius, Albanum n~men, tua postuma prO1~s, quem tibi 1ongaev6 serum Lavinia coniiitnx 765 i~dficet silvis r~gem r~gumque parentern, unde genus Longa- nostrum domindbitur AlbA. Proximus ille Procifts, Tr~idnae gl~ria gentis, et Capys et Numit~r et, quI t~ n~mine reddet, Silvius AenU~s, pariter pietate vel armis 770 6gregius, si umquam r~gnandam ace~perit Albam. Qul iuven~ls! quantas ostentant, aspice, viris atque unibrata gerunt civil! tempora quercii! Hi tibi Ni~mentum et Gabi~s urbemlque Fid~nam, hi Colldtinds inp~nent montibus arc~s, 775 Pnmeti&s Castrumque Inui B61amque Coramque; ituris: i.e. to be accounted Trojans, even as we are. 760. pfiii'... hasti: a spear without an iron head, given as a prize for bravery in war. ille... p~irJf.. ati thus ' Iyonder gallant youth.' With piirti... nititur hasti cf. parzbus nmten8 M..~s, iv. 252. 761, 762. proxima... loca: iLe. is destined first to return to the world of light. lciie and aurU8 aetheriii8 (cf. suJera8... aur#ifs, 128) both stand for I'the upper world.' Ital6... sanguine: i.e. in his veins both Trojan and Italian blood is to flow; cf. 763-765. For the constr. cf. magnF...niscet, 727, with note. 763. Albinum n6mien: Silviu8 Is said to have been the cognomen of all the Alban kings. 764. LiVinia: see on genus.. miae, 1. 6, 7. Cf. also ii. 783, and vi. 93, with notes. 766. unde=U qu6. genus... AMb: In 1. 267-271 V. connects the name of Ascanius most closely with Alba Louga. Again in 1. 26.5, 266, iv. 618-20 (see notes) it is clearly implied that Aeneas's life is not to be a long one. Inconsistencies (~ 49) in such important matters constitute a real blemish. 767-770. Procd... Silvius Aendis: Alban kings. Various legends give the order of their reigns very differently. Numit6r: for scansion see ~ 242. reddet: ILe. will reproduce. Cf. the use of refer5, iv. 329, v. 564. pariter. C-gregius: cf. pieffite... armis, 403, said of Aeneas. Aeneas Silvius is to reproduce Aeneas in more than name. sI: as in v. 64; see n. there. 771. aspice is parenthetical, in sense a strengthened ecce. 772. gerunt... tempora: cf. qfr8 -tdmus pectora, 1. 567. civil!i... querctL: an allusion to the cordna civica, of oak leaves, given to a Roman soldier who in battle saved the life of a fellow-citizen, at the same time killing that fellowcitizen's adver'sary. 773. Fid6nam: the name Is usually pl; cf.- the sing. Myci~na, v. 52. 776-790] LIBER VI 397 haec turn nomina erunt, nune sunt sine nomine terrae. Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater Pdficet. Viden, ut geminae stant vertice cristae et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore? En hfius, nate, auspiciis illa incluta Roma imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo septemque fna sibi mfur circumdabit arces, felix prole virum, qualis Berecyntia mater invehitur currf Phrygias turrita per urbes laeta deum partf, centum complexa nepotes, omnis caelicolas, omnis supera alta tenentis. Hfic geminas nunc flecte acies, hane aspice gentem R6manosque tuos; hie Caesar et omnis Iul progenies magnum caell ventira sub axem. 780 785 790 776. nomina: a picturesque way of saying 'famous places.' 777. av6: Numitor, 768. comitem sese... addet: i.e. will join him in the upper world. Mavortius: Romulus was son of Mars. Cf. i 274-277. 778. Assaraci... sanguinis: gen. of char. with mater; it = Troiana. 779. videnut... stant: V. felt ut... stant as an exclamation independent of viden; hence the indic. stant. Cf. n. on substitit erravitne, ii. 739. Cf. also quantas.. virs, 771. geminae... cristae: a double-crested helmet was worn by Mars. 780. su5.. hon6re, 'by (suffering Romulus to wear) his own distinction marks him out even now as a god,' i.e. as destined to be translated to the skies, as equal to Mars himself. superum: the sing. very rarely, perhaps nowhere else, = deus. 781. auspiciis: the ref. is to the famous omen of the twelve vultures which gave Romulus the right to name the city, newly built by himself and Remus, and to be its ruler. 782. anim6s, ' her spirit.' With this vs. cf. i. 287. 783. sibi, 'for her protection'; dat. of interest. 784. Berecyntia mater: Cybele; ~~274, 275. 785. turrita: i.e. wearing the corona murallis, a crown with decorations resembling battlements, given among the Romans to the soldier who first forced his way over the enemy's walls. Cybele wore this crown because she taught men how to fortify cities. 786. laeta.. partf balancesfelix... virum, 784. centum: a round num. ber, as in i. 416, but here it understates the total. complexa is of course to be taken freely, ' fond mother of.' 787. supera = oaelestia. 784-787 = 'happy in her warrior brood, as Cybele is when she rides,' etc. 788-807. Next Anchises points o9t the Julian family, especially Augustus. 789, 790. tu6s: as being directly descended from you. Itil progenies: 398 AENEIDOS (791-80S Hie vir, hic est, tibi quem promitti saepius audis, Augustus Caesar, divi genus, aurea condet saecnla qui rfirsus Latio regnata per arva Saturno quondam; super et Garamantas et Indos 795 proferet imperium (iacet extra sidera tell us, extra anni solisque viis, ubi caelifer Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum). Huius in adventum iam nunc et Caspia regna responsis horrent divum et Maeotia tellus 800 et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nil. Nec vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit, fixerit aeripedem cervam licet atque Erymanthi picarit nemora et Lernam tremef6cerit arci, nec, qui pampineis victor iuga flectit habenis, 805 Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigrls. cf. Idlius... It/jo, i. 288, with notes. axem: freely, 'vault,' 'dome.' 791. hie...hic; note the varying quantity; in classical times the i is seldom short. quem... audis: cf.e.g.i. 286. 792. divi (sc. Caesaris): Julius Caesar, who after his death was solemnly enrolled among the gods. 793, 794. rarsus: the first golden age was that of Saturn's rule; ~~ 274, 275, 293. rTgnata,.. SaturnS: cf. regnata Lycurgo, iii. 14, with n. super... Indos, *beyond,' etc. The Garamantes were conquered in 19, but the Indi were never subdued by Augustus. In 20, however, the Parthians restored to Augustus the standards captured from Crassus in 53, and an embassy came to Rome from India. V. may be exaggerating these incidents into a formal conquest of the remote East. See also ~~64, 65. 795-797. sidera denotes the constellations or signs of the zodiac. ann... vias, 'the path the sun follows in his yearly course,' denotes the zodiac itself. extra sdera... iias really = 'beyond the world of civilization'; cf. i. 567, 568, with notes. ubi... aptum (cf. iv. 481, 482) perhaps contains a ref. to Ethiopia, which was overrun in 22. V. does not say that this land is to be conquered but the context suggests this thought. 798. in, 'against,' i.e. at the prospect of. 799. resp6nsis.. divum: i.e. by reason of oracles which have predicted the coming of Augustus. 800. turbant, 'are all astir.' This intrans. use of turbo is very rare. See ~ 139, 802. fixerit.. licet, ' granting that he pierced.' For the use of licet here see A. 313, and b.; B. 308, a; G. 603, 4, 607; H. 586, II, and 1; for its position see ~ 209. 803. nemora: they had been plagued by a wild boar. For these exploits see the article 'Hercules ' in a classical dictionary. Lernam... arcu: ct. belua Lernae, 287, with note. 804. nec: sc. tantumn telli ris ohzrit from 801. iuga, ' team.' 805. Nysae: see ~ 287. Hercules freed the world from monsters, Bacchus taught men the cultivation of wine; both thus contributed to the advance of civilization. The labors of Augustus are to be like theirs in kind, but greater in degree. lkarTrsTUs 806-822] LIBER VI 399 Et dubitamus adhfic virtiitem extendere factis, aut metus Ausonia prohibet c5nsistere terra? Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae sacra ferens? n6sc5 crinis incanaque menta regis Romani, primam qui 1gibus urbem fundabit Curibus parvis et paupere terra missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit, otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movSbit Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis agmina. Quem ifixta sequitur iactantior Ancus nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. Vis et Tarquinios reges animamque superbam ultoris BrUfti fasclsque videre receptos? COnsulis imperium hic primus saevasque secures accipiet naitsque pater nova bella moventis ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vockabit, infelix; utcumque ferent ea facta minrrtps, 810 815 820> 806, 807. et joins these vss. closely to 791-805; ' though Augustus is to do so much, is it possible that we (you and I) are still hesitating?' i.e. shall we not play our parts? The exhortation is of course really meant for Aeneas. extendere: i.e. display to the utnost. 808-835. Anchises now points out the kings of Rome, and some of the heroes of the republic, especially Pompey and Caesar. 809. incanabelongs with both nouns. menta: the pl. in inc... m. enta is metrically convenient; ~ 174. 810. regis: Numa, to whom the Romans ascribed the foundation of most of their sacred rites. primam, 'newly-founded,' 'infant '; lit.,' the first part of.' Cf. the use of prima, i. 541. 811. Curibus: Numa was a Sabine, native of Cures. 813-815. resides... vir6s... desueta... agmina: cf. resides..,orda, i. 722. Tullus: sc. Hostilius, a warlike king, who resembled Romulus rather than Numa; he destroyed Alba Longa. 816. nunc quoque: i.e. even as he will when he comes again to earth. popularibus auris: a highly fig. (metaphorical) expression for 'the popular favor,' which is as fickle as the winds. Roman writers do not usually picture Ancus as a demagogue. 817, Tarquinl6s perhaps is meant to include Servius Tullius, who ruled between the two Tarquins. 818. fasces: here 'government,' of which the fasces were the symbols. receptos, 'retrieved'; cf. such phrases as ex (ab) hoste recipere. Brutus drove out the Tarquins and founded the republic. 819. consulis: join with both accs. saevas: because with them he put his own sons to death, when they plotted to restore the Tarquins; cf. 820, 821. 822. utcumque... minores, ' however after ages may (lit., 'will') speak of this deed.' fero is often used of carrying things by word of mouth. This vs. implies that in later times, perhaps in V.'s days, the act of Brutus had been 400 400 ~~~AENEIDOS [2-3 [823-837 -vinet amor patriae laudumquie inm~nsa cupid6. Quin DeCki5s Drfisasque procul saevqnque se~firi 825, aspice Torquatumi et referentem signa Camillum. I11ae antem, paribus qnuis fulgere cernis in arnis, concords animae nune et durn nocte preniuntur, henL, quiantum inter s6 bellunm, si Ilit-iinia vitae attigerint, quantats acihs strifgenmqile ('eibunt, 830 aggeribuis socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeei (lscenldels, gener adversis instrfictus EXiis! N6, pueri, ni~ tanta animis adsu~scite bella neu patriae validiis in viscera vertite virls! Tflqtie prior, tfi parce, genus qul dficis Olyrnp6, 835) praice tUN man-ft, sanguis meus! ~T1Te triuimphatA Capitalia ad alta CorhintbiC victor aget currum caes-is Tins-ignis Achlivis; criticized; the act of the Liberators (~, 2) may well have caused a recons~iderationi of [lie whole history of the lBrut i. 823. laudum... cupid6: here 'an honorable amibition'; cf. fatuduttqze ari,,~eta cupidi, v. 138. Hence it is not linconsistent with 822, which declares that Brutus cares nothing for famne. 824, 825. quin... aspice: cf. qubi miorere, iv. 547, 's itlh note. Drils6s: V. has in mind esp. Drusus, brother of Triberius, and sonl of Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus. Trhere is thus a compliinent to the imperial household. saevumn... secari... Torquitumi: contrast scevds seeiiri~s (sc. B; Oh), 819. signa: those captured by the Gauls (luring their advance on Rome, at the battle of the river Allia, inl 390. 826. paribus... armis: the ret is to Poinpey and Caesar, who for so long a time seemed equal in power. 827. nocte: i-e. the lower world; contrast lidcus, 761, with note. 828, 829. bellum... ci~bunt: cf. i. 541, v. 585. si: used as iii 770. 830. aggeribus, 'ramparts.' The Anps ari. thout- lit it.es a wall barring out invaders front Italy. socer: Caesar; Ponipeylhad niarried his, daughter Jnlia. 831. d6-scend~ns: it was with lits Gallic legions tlint Caesar conquered Pompey. E61.B (sc. agminibis): Pomipey's forces were raised largely in Greece and Asia Minor. 832. pueri: Anchises thinks of theni as warriors in their prinie and so as younger than himself. They are his 'childi en,' too, as being his dcscendant s. 833. patriae: join with both accs. Note the allit. in this verse. 834. Parce ==tF 7etiue. genus Olyymp6: Caesar, descendant, through inins, Aeneas, Anchises, and Venus-, of Jupiter himself; see omi qentts iiivstoa, 1 218. The appeal to Caesar is a coinplimaent; Ihe greater can afford to take t te initiative toNN ards measures of peace. 836-853. Anchises now points out other heroes of the republic and declares in what the real greatness of Rome is to consist. 836, 837. ilie... curriim: [lie ref. is to Luceius Muninnus Actaiacus, who captlired C"orinth in 116. Caplt1lia... currum: ie. will celebrate a triumph. 838-8481 LIBER VI 401 5ruet ille Arg&s Agamemnoniasque Mycenas ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, ultus av6s Troiae templa et temerata Minervae. Quis te, magne Cato, tacitur aut te, Cosse, relinquat? Quis Gracchi genus aut geminos, duo fulmina belli, Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvSque potentem Fabricium vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem? Qun fessum rapitis, Fabii? tfi Matximus ille es, finus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem! Excfident alii spirantia mollils aera (credo equidem), vivos dicent dr marmore vultfis, 814 845 Triumphal processions came into the city from the Campus Martius, passed around to the Forum, and moved up to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 838. eruet... Mycenas: cf. i. 281, 285, with notes. 839. Aeaciden: the ref. is not certain, but is probably to Perseus, king of Macedonia, defeated by Lucius Aemilius Paulus in 168. In this view ille, 838, will refer to Paulus. This defeat did not, to be sure, involve the conquest of all Greece, for Corinth and the Peloponnesus were yet to be taken, but Aemilius's victory was a very famous one, and V. is writing as a poet rather than with strict historical accuracy. genus... Achilli: other Latin writers agree with V. in calling Perseus a descendant of Achilles. 840. temerata: by the act of Ajax (i. 41), and by the theft of the Palladium, ii. 165-175. 841. tacitum, 'unheralded.' In poetry taceo is often trans., 'to keep silence about.' 842. Gracchi genus, 'the Gracchan line,' including not merely the two famous tribunes, but Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, who distinguished himself in the Second Punic War. fulmina, 'thunderbolts.' 843. Scipiad&s: Africanus Maior and Africanus Minor. cladem Libyae: due to the victories of the Scipios, at Zama in 202, at Carthage in 149. parv6.. potentem may = (1) 'rich on little,' or (2) 'powerful by means of little,' i.e. Iowerful though he had but slight resources, nothing in fact save his own virtuis. If (1) is the right view, then V. is praising, as other writers often do, the contented spirit of Fabricius and his incorruptibility. 844. sulco... serentem: Regulus was at work on his farm when the news came to him of his election as consul. 845. quo... rapitis (mn): i.e. why do you crowd on me so and press me to sing your exploits? tu: Anchises points to the proper shade or spirit, as he had done when he said ille, 808, illae, 826, ille, 836, 838. Maximus: Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Hannibal's famous opponent. 846. finus... rem: a line modelled on a vs. of Ennius (~ 72), which was very popular with the Romans. restituis: for the pres. after the fut. in 829, 837, 838, see n. on manere, ii. 194. 847. excudent: strictly a prophecy, but used here to concede for the sake of argument something which, being still in the future, is really debatable; in other words the fut. indic. here=quamvis or licet with a subj.; cf. 802. There are four examples of this use in 848-850. alii refers, of course, to the Greeks. 402 AENEIDOS [849-861 orabunt causas melius caelique meatfis s0o describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent; tu regere imperi6 populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes) pacisque inponere morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.' Sic pater Anchises atque haec mirantibus addit: o55 'Abpice, ut insignis spolils Marcellus opimis ingreditur victorque viros supereminet omnis. Ilic rem Somrinam magno turbante tumultui sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.' sto Atque hic Aeneas (fina namque ire videbat egregium formai iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, spirantia... aera: i.e. statues that seem to be alive. mollius: sc. qtamif tf, Roman6e, comparing 851. 849. brabunt... melius: Cic. would not have granted this, but V. admits the superiority of the Greeks, even in the one department of literature in which the Romans specially distinguished themselves, in order to enforce his point in 858553. caeli: here by metonymy for ' the heavenly bodies.' 850. radio, 'rods,' 'pointers.' 851. regere... mement6: a forceful substitute for the fut. of positive statement which would naturally follow 847-850. 852. hae gets its meaning from 851, its gender from artes; see on hoc, i. 17. art6s, 'accomplishments,' 'graces,' is neatly used; skill in government is to be to the Romans what sculpture, oratory, and science are to the Greeks. With 851-853 cf. i. 263, 264 (said of Aeneas), with notes. 817-853 is a splendid summing ul of 756 846, embodying in brief the characteristics of Rome as seen in the deeds of its heroes. 854-901. Anchises now points out the Marcelli, especially the younger. He then tells Aeneas what awaits him in Italy and finally sends him back to the upper world through one of the gates of dreams. 854. mirantibus: sc. ^s= Ae- eae et ^ibyllae. 855, 856. aspice ut... supereminet: cf. viden ut....stant, 779, with n. spoliis... opimis: see opmints in Vocab. These spoils were taken but thrice in all Roman history. This Marcellus gained them from the Insubrian Gauls in 222. 857. rem Romanam: join with both turbante and sistet. tumulti: this word was used esp. of Gallic uprisings; the vs. thus repeats the thought of 855, 856. 858. eques sternet: freely, 'his horses' hoofs will trample under foot.' Marcellus's battle with the Gauls was largely a cavalry fight; he may have won fame in like manner against the Carthaginians (he fought with distinction against Hannibal), but we have no certain evidence to that effect. 859. tertia... arma... capta: i.e. the third set of spolia opitia. The first two were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrlus. 860. Aen6es: sc. ait or exclamat. fin: sc. cueL MAarcello (855). 861. iuvenem: the younger Marcellus, son of Octavia, sister of Augustus; cf. ~ 42. In 25 he married Julia, daughter of Augustus, and was marked out as the latter's successor, but he died in 23, at the early age of 20. 862-875] LIBER VI 403 sed frons laeta parum et d6iecto lumina vultu): 'Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem? filius anne aliquis magna de stirpe nep6tum? Qutis strepitus circa comitum! quantum instar in ipso! sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra.' Turn pater Anchises lacrimis ingressus obortis: 'O gnate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum. Ostendent terris hunc tantum Fata neque ultra " Q esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago visa potens, superi, propria haec si dona fuissent. Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem campus aget gemitfis! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis funera, cum tumulum praeterlab6re recentem! Nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 86, 870 875 862. laeta parum: an example of litotes; see on non similg, i. 136. The phrase belongs also with limina. His sorrow was due to a premonition of his early death. Thus, like Ancus Martius (815, 816), he displays already the characteristics which belong rather to his destined life in the world above. 863. virum: i.e. the Marcellus of 855-859. 864. anne for the simple anJ is not very common in the best prose but occurs in both independent and dependent questions. nep6tum: sc. nostrorum. 865. quis: we should have expected the adj. qui, but see on quz, 141. comitum: Marcellus has his admiring attendants now, even as the great on earth have them. In V.'s day comes was practically a technical term for the members of the suite of a prince of the ruling house. etrepitus points to the number of the comites; cf. strepit... campus, 709. instar has occurred in ii. 15, iii. 637, but with different meaning and construction. Here it = ' true greatness,' 'ideal worth.' ips6: i.e. in him independently of his great ancestor (855, 863), in whose company hs is, or of the comites. 866. Cf. ii. 360. The vs. has ref. to Marcellus's early death. 868. quaere here = inquire, 'search into,' 'probe.' 869. ostendent... tantum, 'will merely give a glimpse of.' 871. propria, 'its own,' refers back to BRma~na, 870; see on propriam, i. 73. si... fuissent: not a contrary to fact cond. but a fut. less vivid cond., so called, in 0. 0., dependent on vobis... visa (est), which=putastis or existimastis. The prot. is contained in niimium... potens. In 0. R. we might have nimiur Roimana propaig sit potens, propria si haec dona fuerint. 872. magnam.. urbem: cf. MNvortia... moenia, i. 276, 277, also said of Rome. 873. campus: the Campus Martius, in which stood the mausoleum built by Augustus; in this Marcellus was buried. Tiberine: the address is to the god of the river. 874. funera: for the pl. see ~ 175. tumulum... recentem: the mausoleum of Augustus, built in 27, only four years before the death of Marcellus. 404 AENEIDOS [876-893 in tantum spe toilet avos, nec R6mula quondam iill se tantum tellus iactabit alumno. Heu pietas, heu prisca fides invictaque bello dextera! non illi se quisquam inpune tulisset 880 obvius armato, sen cum pedes iret in hostem seu spiumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. Hen miserande puer! si qua fata aspera rumpas! Tu Marc6lls eris! manibus date lllia plenis purpureos spargam flores animamque nepotis 885 his saltem adcumulem donis et fungar inani munere.' Sic tota passim regione vagantur aeris in campis latis atque omnia lustrant. Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula dfuxit incenditque animum famae venientis amore, 890 exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda Laurentisque docet populos urbemque Latini et quo quemque mod6 fugiatque feratque laborem. Sunt geminae somni portae; quarum altera fertur 876. sp6, 'by the hopes he inspires,' i.e. as to his future greatness. av6s, 'sires,' his dead ancestors who look forward with pride to his future greatness, even as Anchises himself has been dwelling on that greatness. quondam, 'ever'; the word is rarely used of the future. 877. se tantum... iactabit, ' take such pride in.' 878, 879. piets... dextera is a rhetor. and forceful way of intimating that Marcellus possessed all these qualities. tulisset: V. effectively makes Anchises overleap the years that are to elapse before Marcellus comes to life, and speak of him as if he were already dead. 882. s... rumpas, 'mayest thou in some way,' etc. For this form of wish or prayer cf. 8s... ostendat, 187, with note. 883-885. Marcellus: we should say, 'a true Marcellus.' date... fungar: for the constr. cf. date... legam, iv. 683 -685, with n. animam, 'shade,' 'spirit'; Anchises fancies himself at the grave of Marcellus, rendering the proper offerings. 886. minnere is explained by manibas.. do6ns, 883-885. sic: i.e. marking the various shades and holding converse as to their futures. 887. aeris= an adj., 'misty.' 888. per singula duxit: cf, perque omnia duixit, 565. 890. vir6, 'his hero son.' 891. Laurentis... populbs: cf. Laurentem.... Thybrirn, v. 797. 890-892 are inconsistent with iii. 458-460; there the Sibyl is to reveal these things to Aeneas, here Anchises reveals them. The speech of the Sibyl, 83-97, contained little, if anything, not already known to Aeneas. 893. somni stands for somnniorutm, which would here be unmetrical. fertur = dicitur, 'is represented as.' Ior 894-901] LIBER VI 405 cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris, altera candenti perfecta nitons elephanto, sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes. His ubi tum natum Anchises funque Sibyllam prosequitur dictis portaque emittit eburna, ille viam secat ad navis socibsque revisit; tur se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. Ancora de pr6ra iacitur; stant litore puppes. 895 900 the mention of tradition here cf. audita, 266. 896. sed: sc. per hanc. falsa... insomnia: we may compare with 894 -896 the delusiveness of the gold and the silver caskets in the Merchant of Venice. 898. porta... eburna: for case see ~ 146. A recent writer has reminded us that dreams after midnight were accounted true both by the Greeks and the Romans Hence he concludes that V., in making Aeneas issue by the gate of false dreams, is indicating that Aeneas comes forth from the underworld before midnight. For hints as to the time of Aeneas's stay in the lower world see 255, 535-539. N ith notes. He is in the land of the shades from dawn till nearly midnight. 900. recto... litore, 'straight along the shore'; cf. adverso flumine, etc., and see ~ 146. 901. Cf. lii. 277. LIBERi VII M~tior r~rum mihi niftsciftir brdC), 45 mains opus move6. RWx arva Latinus et urb~s iam senior longa placidqs in pace reg~bat. 50 Filius huic MOt divum pr6li~sque virilis nfilla fuit primaque ori~ns 6repta iuvent5a est; s~la domurn et tantiis serwibat filia s~d~s, iam matfira virP3, iam planis nfibilis annis. Multi illam magno 6 Lati6 t~taque pet~bant 55 Antsonid; petit ante ali~s puicherrimus omnis Turnus, avis atavi-sque potns, quem r~gia coniutnx adiuingi generum miro- properAbat am~re. Sod varils portenta detim terr,5ribus obstant. Laurus erat t~ct! media5 in penetralibus altis bO sacra comam mult~sque nietfi servdta per ann~s, quam pater inventam, primas cum conderet are-es, ipse fer~biltur Phoeb6 sacrAsse Latinus Lautrentisque Ab ef no3men posnisse colonis. 14-106. In 1-36 Vergil has told how Aeneas came to the promised land; he now describes the condition of Latium at this time. Certain portents had prepared the Latins for the coming of a foreign host. 44, 15. m~or... mMus: V. regarded the second part of the Aeneid (see on arina.. can6, i. I) as the more important, probably because it had more intimate connection with the founding of Rome (cf. i. 5-7). Modern criticism views the earlier half as the greater. opus: that of describing Aeneas's wars. 51. -que: we should say 'for,' i.e. we should regard this el. as subordinate to fitiu8... fait. orifns: sc. to manhood; freely, ' that gave such promise.'I 52. s~1a... servibat, 'the sole stay... was'; ~she alone prevented the extinction of the royal line. 55. ante... omnis: as in iv. 141; see ii. there. 56. r6gia rigis; ~ 191. Her name was Amnata. 57. adiungl: sc. sibi. Join with proper-abtv, which here= cejpebatt ~ 162. 59, 60. laurus... altis: ef. aevi bts... laei8e, ii. 512, 513. tscti medlo: cf. aidai tnedid, iii. 354, with ii. sacra: i-e uidesecrated, untouched. comam: for case see ~ 135. mettL = religidne, ii. 715. Cf. that whole verse. 63. Laurentis... u~men posuisse: cf. AeneadC18... nintirne.. fingi, iii. 18. ab ei: we might have had W0 54-881 '34-88] ~~LIBER VII40 407 llfius apes summum d~nsae (mirabile dictii) strkk~re ingentI liquidumi trans aethera vectae obs~d~re apicem, et pedibus per mfitua nexis examen subitum ramo frondente pependit. Continu6i vats 'Externum cernimus,' inquit, 'adventare virum et partis petere agmen easdem Ipartibus ex isdem et summat dominarier arce.' Praeterea, castis adolot dum altaria taedis et ifixta genit~rem adstat Lavinia virg6, visa (nefias) longis compr~ndere crinibus ignemn atque ominem 6rnatum flamma crepitante cremiarl r~galisque acc~nsa coma-s, a~ccnsa coronam hisignem gemnmis turn fiimida l-ftmine fulv6 involvi ac tOtis Vulcanum spargere tWtis. Id v~ra horrendum ac visIfi mirabile ferrn, namque fore inhfistrem fama failsque can~lbatit ipsam, sed poptulO inafgnum portendere helium. At r~x sollicitus m~nstris bracula Faunn, fatidic! genitbris, adit Ifico-sque sub alta c6iistilit Albunea, nemorum quae mAximna sacro 65 75 so et if quU, but see on eui... locug, ii. 71. 64. summurn: with apicem, 66. 66. obs6ddre: a military word, purposely chosen. per MnMUa = an adv.; in sense it = inter &F. 68. vfit~s: specially summoned to explain the omen; see ~ 225. 69, 70. e~sdem: sc. qutfs apis petiirunt; so with isdem sc. ex quibus apF8 inFritnt. surmmi... arce balances 8ummuns... apicemt, 64-66. Latinus's palace, like Priam's, wats in the arx (cf. 61). The Romans always saw an omen of strife in the swarming of bees in an unusual place. dorninirier: for form see ~ 102. 71. adolet, Iis kindling'~; cf. incendirnus ifris, WI. 279, with note. 72. Li.vinia virg6: for position see,on DWd, iv. 171. 74. 6rnitum: for case see on comamn, 60. 75. -que joins the inlins. of 77 to those of 73, 74. 76. turn repeats the thought of the prtcpls. in 75. fimida: transferred epithet; it really belongs with Mptrine. V. is thinking of thick smoke illuminated by flashes of flame. 78. ferrn, I'was noised abroad. 79, 80. candbant: sc. vilt&f; cf. 68. inlfistrem... ipsam: for the omen in 73-77 cf. ii. 681-686, with notes, esp. onl apex, 683. pOPUl6... bellurn: this was foreshadowed by the circumstance noted in Wtis... fMctis, 77. The omen in ii. 681 if. was not thus marred. 82, 83. 1ic~s... Albunei: we are to think of a wooded hill, with a grove also at its foot. lifcis stands for the powers of the grove; for the p1. see ff 175, 408 408 ~~~AENEIDOS[8-6 [84-106 fonte sonat saevamque exhalat opatca mephitim. 85 Iline Italae gent~s omnisque Oenbtria telifis in dubils respbnsa petunt; lice d6na saeerd6s eum tulit et caes~rum ovium sub noete silent! pellibus ineubuit str~ttis sornn6sque petivit, multa modis sirnuldera videt volitantia miris go et varidis audit va6es fruiturque debrum conloqui6 atque imlis Aeheronta adf~itur Avernis. I-ile et turn pater ipso pet~iis resp~insa Latinus centum 1iinigerdis mactAbat rite bidontis atquo h~rum effulftis terga stratlsque iae~bat 95 velleribus; subita ex alt6 v6x reddita lfic6 est: 'N& pete e6nubiis natarn sociAre Latinis, 6 mea pr6geni~s, thalamis ueu erode par~tis; externi venient generl, qui sanguine nostrum n6men in astra feraut qubrumque ab stirpe nopote-S 100 onlnia sub pedibus, quA 861 utrumquo recurrins aspicit Oceanum, vertique regique vid~bunt.' Haec resp6nsa patris Faun! mnonitfisque silent! noete dates n~n ipso sua premit Ore Latinus, sod circum IWt volitftns lam Fftma per urb~s 105 Ausoniqs tulerat, curn Laomedontia pftb~s griimineO ripae religilvit ab aggere elassem. 177. nemorum... maxima really belongs with Albaeme; for its position see on igndtaem, ii. 59. 84. opica: see onf~lmida, 76. 91. Acheronta: iLe. the powers of the underworld, regarded as having the gift of prophecy. The sacerdds, 86, fancies himself transported to the lower world, and talking to its powers face to f ace. 92. pater ipse: Latinus was priest as well as king; cf. r~-x...sacerdds, iii. 80, with note. 96. c6nublls = coniugi,; see on coniagium, ii. 579. For case see ~ 124; the it is common; for the ref. cf. 56, 57. 98, 99. externi repeats exteeritern, 68. qui... ferant: cf. note on qaee verteret, i. -)0. 100, 101. qui = queteunmqte. qtta Oceanwn = ab Ocecued itsque ad Oceanum. verti: iLe. turned about at will, controlled. qadrtim... vidd~banf, 99-101, refers to the Ronians. 103. ipse: one might have expected the kcnig to keep these prophecies to him self, t he Latins were none too ready to NN elconie foreigners. su6... ore: instr abl.; freely, ' within,' etc 104, 105. circum... tulerat is condensed; it = Latinus spoke of them aend so Rumnor had a ehance to blaze, themnabroad. Fima: cf. iv. 173-188. 106. religivit ab: for constr. see 259-2861 259-286] ~LIBER VII40 409 Tandem laet-us ait: 'Di nostra iheepta sectuldent aug-uriumque suum! dabitur, TraiAne, quod optiis, mfinera nec spern6; n~n v~bis r~ge Latln6 (byvitis fiber agri Traiaeve opulentia d~rit. Ipse modCl Aen~is, nostri si tanta eupid6 est, s! iinigi hospibiO5 propel-at sociusque voca-r~i, adveniat vultils n~ve exhorir~scat amlc~s; pars mihi picis erit dextrami tetigisse tyranni. V,5s contrA r~gl mea nune mandflta referte. Est mihi nflta, vir6 gentis quam. iungere nostrae n~n patriO5 ex adytO sort~s, non plifirima caeI6 m~nstra sinuint; generbs externis adfore ab Oris, (hUc Latid restdre canunt), qui sanguine nostrum nornen in astra ferant. Mine ilhim poscere F~at et reor et, Si quid v~ri rnle is augurat, optO.' Ecce aule ten tachils s~sO, refer~ibat ab Arg-Is 26) 270 ~140, ni-The Trojans, now land at the Tiber's mouth, and partake of a meal during which Celaeno's prophecy (Wi. 253-257) is harmlessly fulifilled (107-147). Next day Aeneas, having learned to whose realm hie is come, sends an embassy with rich presents to Latinus (148-2158) - 259 - 273. Latinus -welcomes the Trojans and proffers his daughter in marriage to Aeneas. 259, 260. ait: sc. Lafinits. incepta -.. augurium is explained in 268 1273. Tr&ine: Ilioneus, who here, as in 1. 522 It., had heeln spokesman for the Trojails. 261. v6bls: see on vestrds, 1. 140. 262. tber: as in i. 531. opulentia: Ilioneus had emphasized the past glory and wealth of thle Trojans. d6rit: fit. from d~sinm; the form is due to synizesis, ~ 247. 264. iung!... properat: cf. adiuizqi *-.properdbat, 57. 266. pars: iLe an essential condition. tyranni: here aii honorable tii le suggestive of great power. 269, 270. patri6... sortds: c-f. 81-101. pilirima... mdnstra: cf. 5S 67, 71 77. externlis repeats e~rterni, 95. exrternumt, 68. adfore: in 0. 0, dependent on a verb of speech implied in Sinant. 271, 272. qul.. ferant: cf. 198, 99. hune... Fita: freely, 'that this (stranger) is the one the Fates demand'; cf. haec idla Clarqhbds, Mi. 558. Aitne Aeneas. 273. sI. opt6: Latinus had heen tav-orably impressed by the appearance of Aeneas's messengers, by I1lioneus's, speech, and by Aeneas's gifts. opt6 contains also a suggestion like that in nee... abnuit, v. 530, 531; see n. there. In making Latinus thus offer his daughter to Aeneas V. has his eye on a Homeric passage. 286-340. Juno appeals to Allecto, one of the Furies, for hel gis h Trojans., e p ag i s th 410 AENEIDOS [28-4 -307 saeva Jovis conifinx aurdsque invecta ten~bat et laetum. Aen~fn classemqne ex aethere longe iDardaniam SiculC pr~spexit ab fisque PachytL6; 290 m~lirlijam t~cta videt, iiam ficlere terrae, (lseruisse rates. Stetit iHcrI fIxa dol~re; tum quassians caput haec effuidit pectore dicta: 'Hen stirpem invisam et fiftis contr~itria nostris fhita Phrygum! num SIg~s occumbere campIs, 295 num capti potu~re cap!? num inc~nsa cremavit Tr~ia vir6s? medias aci~s medi~sque per ignis inv~n~re viam. At, credO, meca nfinmina tandem fessa iacent, odils ant exsaturilta qui~vl. Quin etiain pat'rid excuss,5s itif~sta per nuid ats 300 ausa sequi et profugis t0t m e opponere 1)01 [5 Absfintmptae in Teucr~s vIr~s caelhque marisquie. Quid Syrt~s ant Scylla mihi, quid va,-st4 Charybdis pr~fuit? optfto6 condnntur Thybridis alveS5 s~Clfirl pelagi atque mcI. Mars perdere gentem 9a05 immanemn Lapithum valnit, concessit ini iriits ipse denin antiqnam genitor Clalydcuia Diainael, quod seelus ant Lapitba-s tantum ant Calydr~na merenteni? 287. auras... ten~bat, I'was mioving steadily through,' etc. invecta, 'tlpborne'; ac. eisz= aGurs, or eurrit- (i. 17). 288, 289. et: see ~~ 200, 221. 8icu16..Pachyn6: Juno was on hier waty from Argos (i. 24) to Carthage (i. 12 if.). Cf. the picture in iv. 143-1 46. ab Usque =the prose fi-sque at). 292. quassins caput: a sign of gloom and wrath. 293. stirpem invisam: cf. qenuts invsaisn, i. 28, with nt. For case see A. 240, d; B. 183; G. 343, 1; It 421. nostris: i.e. those of Carthage. 294, 295. Phrygum: contemptuous, as in iv. 103. Forfdfhs.... Phryqui swee i. 191 '22. num Sigeis... cap!: cf. Paitasne... Wdei, 1. 39 41, %Nith tiotes,. potuiire: se. Tr'nuiini. 297, 298. at... qufi~Vi: ironicial; it ineatns, therefore, just the olppos-ite ot what it seeini to say. nimina: ior the p1. see ~175. exsatur5,ta: ci. [i-imnias. nee eistartiG~tbi peettus, v. 781. 300. ausa: sc. sain. 302, 303. Syrtds: cf. I. lii, 112, 1 146. Scylla... Charybdis: cf i. 200, iii. 420-432, iii 684 ft. alve6: see ~ 248. 301, 305. s~icirl: A ith gen, as in i. '350. Mars...valuit: cf. ipsRa aeqlofiJ, 1. 42) 45. The usuial stlory is thai Baechivs caused the fight betmweess t li Centaurs and the Lapithae. imminem, ' mighty though it was.' Lapithum: tot' forml see ~88. 306. antiquam balances immi~netn, 3(t5. Diana caused a great boar to ravage Calydon because Its king Ocenei. forgot to sacrifice to hier. 307. quod... merentem eiiias 1.Ill'i"r-';, 4- 1 I......', f:1 -Baltic, N SMAIRS 308-3241 ~~O8-3241 LIBER VII 1 41-1 Ast ego, mAgna Joviis coniftnx, nit linquere inausum quae potuh inf~1ix, quae m~met in omnia verti, 3) vincor ab Aen~&. Quod s! mea ntfjmina n6n sunt lest: mAgna satis, dubitem haud equidem inpi &rftre, quod -asquam flectere si nequeL6 snperbs, Acheronta movAbiM N~n dabitur r~gnls, esta, prohib~re Latinis, atque imm~ta manet FatIs La1vinia conifinx; at trahere atque moras tantis licet, addere ri1~us,I at licet amb~rum popul~s exscindere re~gurn. Mela gener atque socer coeant mnerci~de suo-rum; sanguine Trojan6 et RutulO5 dotAbere, virg6, et Bell~na manet t~ pr~nuba. Nee face tantuni Ciss~is praegnas ignis ~nlxa iugali1s; quin idoer Ven-eri partus suns et Paris alter, ffinestaeque itertim recidiva in Pergania taedae.' ilac ubi dicta dedit, te~rriis horreiida petivit; lHictificam Allict (liri-trum ab s~de, deiirumn tanti sceleris poen~its mcei en/cmz; cf. seelus expenidisse, ii. 229, with n. Render, ' and yet what crime comparable (to that of the Trojans) did... commit? ' The interrogative Is seldom used with a participle. 308. ast... conifinx: cf. ast ri'gina, 1. 461. 309. In omnia vert-1, 'have shifted into every shape,' i.e. have tried every way of opposing the Trojans. 310, 311. Aen6& corresponds to iinU..gente, i. 47. With 304 310 cf. i. 39-48. sunt... dubitem: note the mixed cond. forms; dubitein is less,, brusque than dubitdbFd would be. 312. Acheronta Movfb6: see ~, 301. 313. est6: as in iv. 35; see n. there. 314. conitiax: in the pred. after inimd/a manet, which together - i& milmovably fixed.'1 315. at is used as in i. 543, since 313, 314 really= 'if,' etc. See also ~305. 317. hie.,. naere~de sufrum, ' at this cost of their peoples' lives'; bor case o1 saeovnm see ~ Ill. 319, 320. pr6nuba: freely, ' as your bridesmaid'1; see, however, oii prdnaba, iv. 166. nec... iugf~liS, 'Hecuba Is not the only mother whose child was a firebrand and who bore,' etc. Before Paris was born Hecuba dreamed that she was to bear a firebrand which would cause the ruin of Troy. By his mar riage with Helen Paris caused the ful fillment of this dream. Hence V., by a strained metaphor, calls Paris ignis.. ieqdllig. 321. Veneri: poss. dat. with est to be, supplied. Paris alter = i/fe Paris, iv. 2,15, said of Aeneas. 322. recidfiva... Pergama: as in iv. 344. Cf. the Sibyl's words, vi. 92 94. M fnestae... taedae describes Aeneas. as iqgnis... tug/diei, 320, described Paris. The torches are to be both wedding torches (iv. 18) and funeral torches (vi. 214, vi. 224). 412 4.12 ~~~AENEIDOS 3$-O [325-410 ~125 linfernisque ciet tenebris, cui tristia bella 1raeque insidiaeque et crirnina noxia cordi;, o-dit et ipse pater Plfit,5n, 6d~re sor~r~s TFartareae m~nstrurn; tot s~s~l vertit in 6ra, tarn saevae faci~s, tot pullulat f-ttra colubris. 330 Quam hInd5 his aenit verbts ac tiha fatur: 'fmini mihi daa propriurn, virgb sata Nocte, labaremt, hane operam, n&i noster hon~s infrdctave cedat fiima loc6 tieu canubils ambire Latinum Aeiieadae possint Itahisve obsidere finis. 33n5 Tfi potes flnanirn6s armnare in proelia fratr~ls atque odils versalre dorn~s, til verbera tUctis fanere5asque hit1erre faces, tibi iP~mina mulle, mille nocendI art s; f~cundumn conpcute pectus, disice comp~sitam pa-cenm, sere crirnina bell!; 340 arma velit poscatque simul rapiatque iuventfis.' Postquam visa satis prim~s acuisse fur~r~s c~nsifiumque omnnemque domurn vertisse Latfiii, pr~tinus line fuscis tristis dea tollitur J1I6 audil1cis Rutuli ad miltr~s, quarn dicitur urbem 410 Acerisih5n~ls Dai-a6 fundilsse col6nls 325, 326. Infernis... tenebris explains dit ffrarit... de~tarum cf. vi. 548 558. cui... cordl (sent) may (I) involve the constr. seen in exczcdO Libyae, i. 22,, or (2) cordi may be a loc. In either case Lordh has becomle practically ain indeclinable ad). =dulce. 327. pater... sorfr~s: se. jtis = All.Fcfinis~ sorfr~s: the other Furies. 329. t6t... colubris: freely, 'so many and so black are the snakes with which,' etc. uOra is proleptic. The.snakes form Allecto's hair and are in her wings. 331. proprium: i.e. to be wholly Minle. 332. infr~.cta: for position see ~208. 333. ambire: as iu v. 2183. 336 -338. verbera...faces stand, by inetonymy, for conduct which merits punishment by the Fu cs f. vi. 570 572,, vi. 605 607. n~mina.. artes: parallelism; each nanie is a tribute to some special power of working harm. art~s, I'cunning ways'; cf. a. onl art~s, 1. 852. f~cundum: sc. nocendi artibits. concute, 'search thoroughly,' coutanisv a figure trom shaking out a robe to seewhat is contained or concealed thereio 339. pacem: if. 263 266, 285 -Allecto nows sets ouft onl her miission; she inspires in Amata, and, through her, hi other Latin women, a Bacchlc frenzy (341-405). 406-474. Allecto sets Turnus aflame against the Trojans. 406. visa: sc. est sibi Al1,ct&. '110. col~nls: instr. abl. The story 411-430] 411-430] ~~LIBEIR VII43 413 praecipiti d~lata Not3 Locus Ardea quondam dictus avis; et nunc magnum manet Ardea n~men, sed fortfina fuit. TE~ctis hie Turnus in altis iam mediam -nigra carp~bat nocte qui~tem. AI1M6t torvam faciem et furialia membra exuit, in vultfis s~s6 tr~nsfi~rmat anfls et frontem obsc~nam rftgis arat, induit alb~s cum vittda crfnis, turn riamum innectit olivae; fit Calyb~,, Thn6nis anus templique sacerd~s, et iuveni ante oculhs his s6 cum v~cibus offert: 'Turne, tot incassum ffis,5s pati~re lab~rs et tua Dardaniis trAnscribi sc~ptra col~nis? RWx tibi coniugium et quaesitas sanguine dUt-s abuegat, externusque in re-gnum quaeritur h~r~s. I nunc, ingratis offer tf-, inrise, perncils! Tyrrh~nas, I, sterue aci~s; tege pace Latin~s! iluec ade6 tibi m~, placida cum nocte i'ace-res, ipsa palam far! omnlipot~ns Saturnia russit. Qudr6 age et armar! piabem portisque movMn laetus in arma iub6 et Phryg's qu! fliimine pulchra 415 420 425 430 here hinted at may have arisen from the,similarity of the names Dauae and Daunia; the latter was applied to a part of Apulia. 411. d~lita: sc. htic; cf. ii. 154. 413. fuit: as in ii. 32-5. et... fuit is, a splendid summary of the history of many a town which, like Ardea, came into collision with (Trojan =) Roman power. 414. mediam... qui~tem suggests (1) its natural meaning, akin to that seen in pri~na quips, ii. 258, (2) the thought of midnight. Render, ' at deep of night was in the midst of his, sleep.'I With carpibat... qui~tem cf. carpillant. 8oporem, i'v. 522. 418. cum Vitta an adj., vitftfitds. innectit: so. erinibus. olivae: this she wears as priestess; of. 419. 419. Itn~uis... sacerd6s: cf. arcis Phoebique sacerdis, HI. 319. anus =a adj.; so r~gina, i. 273. 421. ftis~s = effiis08 (esse). labdr~ft: the thought Is that Turnus had helped to fight the battles of the Latins; see 423, 425, 426. This suggestion seems inconsistent with lonqd... reg~bat, 46. 422, 423. tua... sc~ptra and quaesitis... d~,t~s refer to the same thing. The Fury means that Turnus had earned the hand of Lavinia, which would in time give him also succession to Latinus's throne. coniugium: as in HI. 579. 425. 1 nune often, as here, ironically paves the way for another imperative. The Fury of course does not desire Turnus to help the Latins further. 427, 428. ade6 emphasizes the pred., as ipsa does the subject, of iussit. cum..iac~aris: join withfiiri. 430. in arma is so placed that it may 414 414 ~~~AENEIDOS [3-t [431-451 c6nsedere, duocs picti-sque exftre carinils. Caelestum vis mAgna iubet. Rex ipse Latinus, n! dare coniugium et diecO pdrere fatetur, sentiat et tandem Turnum experii~tur in armis.' 435 Hic iuvenis vatem inridens sic brsa vicissim dire refert: 'Classis invectfts Thybridis undam n~n, ut rere, meds efffigit nfintius auris; n6 tant~s mihi finge met-as; nec r~gia Thn6 inmemor est nostri. "0o Sed t6 victa sitfi v~rique effkta senectfis, O mifter, efirls ne-qui-quam exercet et arma regum inte?-falsd vatem formidine lIddit. Cftra tibi d~vum effigi~s et templa tufrI; bella yinl pacemque gerant, quis bella gerendla.' 445 Tdlibus AillctO dictis exd~rsit in irds; at iuveni Oranti subitus tremor occilpat artfis, deriguere ocull; tot Erinys sibilat hydris, tantaque s6 facies aperit; tum flammea torqu~ns lamina cunctantern et quaerentein dicere phhira 450 reppulit et gemin~s Crlxit crinibtis anguis Influence laetus as well as mno?)ri, 429. fiimine pulchr6: the beauty of the thing appropriated adds to the affront. 431. pictas... carini~s: cf. pi ctdis.puppis, v. 663. Here, perhaps,, the epithet is sarcastic, as when Horace says ' In times of danger the sailor puts no faith in painted ships.' 433. dare... fat~tur: for constr.,see ~ 161. dict6, ' his promiise.'1 434. sentiat, 'let him feel (it, i.e. the result of his pertidy) 1;seni6 of ten ' Ito feel to one's; sorrow.'I experlatur in armis: i.e. as he tested Turuns, to his profit, as ain ally; see 4126. 435. v&tem: in 421-424 Allecto had virtually prophesied that Turnus was to lose Lavinia and Latinus's throne. 6rsa: here I'beginulugs of a speech,' dicta. ye, be. Cf. the use of 51ldiur in I. 325, IB. -2. 436. invectis (e~sse) depends on nain tius, 437. alve6: as in.303 above. 438, 439. n6... nostri = (1) thene is no ground for fear, (C) If there were Juno is -my helper. 440. v~ri... eff~ta, ' unequal tP the truth.'I For the gen. see ~ 11 6; eff~mt, in effect = mnops. 441. mAter: here sarcastic. 442. vitem...iUtdit, 'mocks; youi prophetic 1)owers.' 444. gerant fits belle better than Vi does piicemt; see on legiint, 1. 426. qujs; quibits. 446. 6rauti, ' while he yet spake' iir& has, here its original meaning. 450. gemin6s... anguls: thes( serpents stand out like horns, to add tP the horror of her appearance. crinibus, i e. from her snaky tresses; see on toi...coltubris, 329. 451-4711 451-471] ~LIBER V1I41 415 verberaquie insonuit rabid~que haec addidit 6re: '-En ego victa sitfi, quam vrli eff ta seneetfis arma inter r~gum falsA formidine Ihidit. -Rlespice ad haec; adsum dirdrum Ab s~de sor~rum, \,bella man-fi ltumque gerV. Sic eff ata facem iuven! conii~cit et Rtr,5 Ihimine f ftmantis fixit sub pectore taedais. 0111 somnum ing~ns rumpit pavor, ossaque et artifis perf-adit t~tb pr~ruptus corpore sfidor.' Arma dm~ns fremit, arma tor6 t~ctlsque requirit; saevit amor ferrn et scelerAta insainia belli, ira super, magno velut! cum flamma son~re virgea suggeritur costis undantis a~n! exsultantque aestfi latic~ls; furit intus aquaif,Jumidus atque altC, spfimis exilberat amnis; nec iam sE, capit unda; volat -vapor Ater ad auirfis. Erg,5 iter ad r~gem pollata pace Latinum indicit primis iuvenum et inbet arma parlari, tfitdr! Jtaliam, d~trfidere finibus hostem; s6 satis amb~bibs Teucrisque venlre Latinisque. llaec ubi dicta dedit divi~sque in v~3ta vocatvit, 455 460 465 470 451. verbera... insonuit, ' made her lashes snap.' For the lash of the Furies cf. 336, with n. F or the constr. cf. personat aequora, vi. 171, with -n. Contrast insonuitqueflage116, v. 579. 452, 453. Cf. 440-442. 454. haec: iLe. the proofs, of my identity; see 441 451. 455. bella... ger6 answers the taunt of 441-444. 457. taed8is repeats facem, 456; it is a picturesque substitute for earn. 459. perifidit... sfldor: cf. iii. 175. pr6ruptus: as in 1. 246. 460. arma... fremit: arma is the cry Turnus raises; for case see ~ 130. tor6: the warrior kept his sword by his couch or under his pillow; cf. arma. insem, vi. 523, 524. 461. insinia WEll, I'craze for war.' MeUl is obj. gen.; ins~tnire in with acc.='to bemad with love of.' Zns~nia thus= insana eupidd. 462, 463. flamma. suggeritur is a somewhat inaccurate phrase for I'fagots are heaped high beneath... and are blazing vigorously.'I uudantis, ' seething'1; a transferred epithet, belonging properly to the water. 464. aquil: for form see ~ 88. 466. s6 capit: i.e-. keep its identity as water. voat... iter, ' but flies off as dark vapor.' 467. pollidti piee: a strong phrase, which shows V.'s estimate of Turnus's conduct; see ~ 63. 468, 469. par&rI... d~trikdere: for the change of voice cf. iii. 60, 61, v. 773, witb notes. 47 0, 47 1. For hypermetric -quo see 416 416 ~~~AENEIDOS [7-9 [472-694 cert~tim sWs Rutuli exhortantur in arma; hune decus ~gregium fbrmae movet atque iuventae, hune atav! r~g~s, ]hunc cijeris dextera facts. Primus init helium Tyrrh~nis asper ab 6ris contemptor divum Mezentius agminaque armat, Filius huic i-fixtai Lausus, qu6 pulchrior alter 65o n~n filit, exceptO Laurentis corpore riurili, Lausu s, ecum domitor dGbe~llitorque ferdirum, d-acit Agy1linid n~quiquam ex urbe seefits mille vir~s, dignus, patrils quil aetior esset imperils et cuii pater hanid Mezenthis esset. 691 At Messaipus, ecuim domitor, Neptfinia pr~lks, quem neque fi~s ignI cuiquam nee sternere feri-C, iam pridem resid~s popul,5s d~su~taque WelM agmina in arna vocat sutbitO feirrumque retrdctat. ~ 254 div6s...voc56vit: cf. dzuiis vocdfsset, v. 2934, with nose. 472. certfitim... exhortanlturthe prose inter sW... exho? tat 473. fOrmae... iuventae: sc. Tuerni, as the next v,-. show,,; ci. Jo)riii *.. illventd, V. 2295. 474. cl1irls... factis: abl. of char. -Allecto now causes~ Ascvanius, while hunting, to wound a pet stag belonging to a certain Latin household. The Latins resent this, and a fight follows in which some of the Latins tall (475-540). Spurred on by Juno the Latins prepare, eagerly for war (5792-640). Vergil now recounts their forces (641-817). The three following passages introduce to us- thos-e who are to play the chief r6los on the Latin side. 647-654. Mezentius and Lausus. 649-650. huic: sc. erat; for case(, see ~120. corpore, ' person.'I For Turnus's~ beauty cf. 473. 651. ecum - eqitdrwot; see ~ 89. For spelling see on.sectintur, i. 185. ecausn.. ferdrumn suggests the thought that Lausus had been well trained for war. 652. ni~qulquam anticipates the outcome of the struggle; Lausus, was, slain. 653, 654. patrils... esset, ' worthy to be happier hin... and indeedl to have had some one other than Mezeu ius- for his, sire.' imiperii~s may = (1) 'sovereignty'1; there is then a ret, to the fact thbat through his fathersq exile Lausus, too, lost a throne. (2) imtperits may = Icommands'; there is then a hint that Lanuis entered the war, not of choice, but because his father constrained hiiim. qui... esset... cui... esset: see A. 320, f; B. 282, 3; (G. 631, 1; H. 591, 7. 691-694. Messapus. 692. fMs... ferr6: he can not he injured by the ordinary weapons, of warfare. 693, 694. residies... agmina: cf. residi'v... capnili, v] 813 815, with DOWe 783-802] 783-802] ~LIBER VII41 417 Ipso inter prim~s praestanti corpore Turnus vertitur arma tenons et t~tp6 vertice supra est; ciii triplici crinita iubd galea alta Chimaeram sustinet Aetnae~s efflantem faucibus ignis (tam magis illa frem~ns et tristibus effera fiammis, quam. magis efffls6 crfid~scunt sanguine pfignae); at 1hvem clipeum subldtis cornibus JO auro insignibat lam saetis obsita, iam b~s, argfimentum ing~ns, et efist~s virginis Argus caelatdque amnem. fund~ns pater inachus nrna, Insequitur nimbus peditum, clipeataque tOtis agmina d~nsentur campis, Argivaque pflb~s Auruncaeque manfts, iRutulI veter~sque Siciini et Sacranae aci~s et pict! secita LabicI, qui saltfts, Tiberine, tu~s sacrumque Numici 11tus axant Rutul~sque exercent v~mere collis Circaenmque iugum, quis 1uppiter Auxurus arvis praesidet et viricli gaudf~ns Fer~nia lac6, qud Sat-urae iacet fitra palhts gelidusque per lmds quaerit iter vallis atque in mare condituir Uf~fns. 785 790 79 800 783-402. Turnus. 784. vertitur: a middle, 'moves,' 'ranges.'I t6t6 vertice: ef.- umeris...- altis, vi. 668. Turnus is inginns (i. 99, vi. 413). supri. est= suiperEnnnmet, i. 501. 786-788. Aetnae6s... ignls: cf.iii. 571-582. tam... quam = the prose qed5 e5. illa is used as in i. 3, v. 334, v. 457. The syntax is faulty here; since lilla refers to Chimaeram, it should be in the accusative. 789, 790. sublet~s... bbs: Jo is represented as completely trans-formned. aura: the whole pietture of to and Inachus was wrought in gold. insignibat: for the formn see ~, 103. 791. argtimentumn, 'theme,' 'device.'1 792. amnem fund6ns... urns.: ancient art thus often pictured river deities. By this whole device V. is indica ting Turnus's connectionthrough Ardea (408-411), with Argos, the old-time foe of Troy (i. 24, etc.). imachus: here a river-god; he is naturally associated with his daughter Io. 794. Argliva... pt~s: the soldiery of Ardea (408 410). 796. plct! scfta, 'with blazoned shields'; see~ 136. 797. qul l ete gel. sacrum: on the banks of this stream Aeneas was last seen (see on ante diem, iv 620); here he had a shr~ie where yearly the Roman pontifices made sacrifice to him.,799. Circaeum... iugum: the promontory of Circeii. quis... arvis zo-_vagets, etc. Cf. n.on gui, 797. (arra) thus becomes one of the subjects of insequitar, 793; it stands, of course, for qui arva exercent. 801, 802. qui. f~fns: loosely 418 418 ~~~AENEIDOS [0-1 [803-817 I1T~ super adv~nit Volscii de gente Camilla agmen ag~ns equitum et fi~rentis aere catervas, 805 bellhtrix, n~n illa coI6 calathisve Minervac f~mineds adsu~ta mandfs, sed proelia virgi dftra pati curst'ique pedum. praevertere vento-s; illa vel intactae segetis per summa voldret gridmina nec tenerds cursft laesisset aristds sio vol mare per medium fluctil susp~nsa tumonti ferret iter celeris nec tingueret aequore plantas. 111am omnis t~ctis agrisque off ftsa iuventfts turbaque mlrdtur matrum et pr~spectat ountom attonitis inhians animis, ut r~gius ostr6 815 vidot honas hMvis umer~s, ut fibula crinem aura internoctat, Lyciam ut gerat ipsa pharetram et pftst~rdlem praefixd cuspide myrtum. used for qui ibi habitant quF, etc. V. writes as if, in 793 if., he had been enumerating districts instead of peoples. conditur, buries itself.' 803-817. Camilla. 805. be~lltrix: as in 1. 493; see ii. there. lilla: as in 787. cole... Minervae: cf. operum.. -.21finervae, v. 284, with note. 806. manfts: for case see ~136. proelia virg6: cf. auldetque... viryd., i. 493. Cf. 804-807 carefully with i. 490 -493. 807. For the infins-. i.ee ~ 169. 808-811. int~otae: i e. unreaped. vol&ret... tingueret: potential subj. used of past time; see A. 31 1, a, and N. 2; G. 258, and N. 2; II. 552, 554, 3. laesis,set: the change to the plpf. rmay he due to the — love of variety (~ 181), or to -ietrical convenience, or may be meant tof emphasize the completion of the act re ferred to, n ior would she have left.. injured.' susp6nsa, 'upborne.' She would not have sunk into the water For a similar picture cf. rotis.. uncids, i. 147. 813. pr6spectat pictures, the- ier,,ne,7 etc., as following Camilla with their eyes. 814-816. ut... gerat depends on attonitis... aniinii8, which = Inoting in bewildered amazement.' r6gius.. honbs: the ref. is to a light cloak of crimson hue, the royal color. fibula... internectat: cf. cr'tn& nldanter in aucram, iv. 138. Lyciam: ~ 190. Like the Cretans (NV. 306) and the Thracians (v. 311, 312), the Lycians were famous archers. 817. Praefixi cuspide: i e. tipped,, ith iron; abl. of (lhar. For the us-e of myrtle in spear shafts cf. iin. 23, with note LIBER VIII Nox ruit et fuscis tellfirem amplectitur Alls. At Venus haud anim6 in~qulquam exterrita mater Laurentumque minis et dfir6 m~ta tumultfi Vulcanum adloquitur thalamo-que haec coniugis aure6 incipit et dictis divinum adspirat am~rem: 'Dum bellO Argolici vastabant Pergama rC~g~s d~bita casftrasque inimicis ignibus arc~s, n~n flilum auxiliumr mriserls, n~n arma rogavI artis opisque tuae niec t~, carissime coniftnx, incassumve tu6s voNul exe~rcere lab~r~s, quamvis et Priam! d~b~rem pIfirima natis et (Thrum Aen~lae fl~vissem. saepe lab~rem. Nunce lovis imperils IRutul~rum c~ustitit 6ris: ergCO eatlem supplex venlO6 et sAnctum mihi nilimen arma rog6 genetrix iiato. T6 filia, N-rei1, tO potuit lacrimis Tithfnia flectere coniiinx. 370.375 880 369-453. Venus prevails on Vulcan to make for Aeneas a suit of armor. 370. haud... miter, I'terrified in her mother heart.' Note juxtaposition of effect and cause in exterrita miter. The Rutulians had taken the offensive and had sent to Arpi to ask atid of Diomede (1-17). Aeneas, prompted by the river god Tiber (36-65), had gone to Evander for help (81-151). This Evanlder gladly lpromises (152-368). 375. d~bita. in itself indefinite, is explained by MNl~ and vds/dbant, 374; it was to war and devastation that Pergamnus was due, i.e. doomed. Render by ' doomed,' 'Idevoted.'I cistris: see on fuhirae i. 712. 376. miseris: an important word; Venus had every reason to make an appeal, yet made none. 377. artis... tuae: subjective gen., 'fashioned by,'I etc. 378. incassuM is explained by 375. -ve belongs in thought with Wes; the order in the text, however, gives the desired emphasis to inateser. 379. Priam!... nittis: i.e. through the Nddiciurn Pariclis, i. 27; ~ 53. 382. eadem: ILe. the very same goddess who, before held her peace. The word repeats the thought of 374-380, and so really='I though before I made no app.)al.' Iunmen is a complimentary substitute for ti. 383. rog6... nit6. I I make a mother's prayer for her son.'I Note the juxtaposition again. filfia Ndrei: Thetis; she induced Vulcan to fashion arms for her son Achilles. 384. Tith6nia... conitLnx: Aurora. See i. 751, with note there on armi8. 419 420 420 ~~~AENEIDOS [8-2 [385-421 38 Aspice, qui coeant populi, quae moenia clausis ferrum acuant portis in m~ excidiumque me~rum.' Turn pater aetern6 fAtur dGvinctus amare: 395 'Quid causas petis ex altO? fidticia cessit qu6i tibi, diva, mel? similis si cilra fuisset, turn quoque Mis n~bls Teucr~s armare fuisset; nec pater omnipotens TlN~iam nec FAta vetAbant stare decemque ali~s Priamum superesse per ann~s. 400 Et nUnC, si bell-are paras atque haec tibi mans est, quidquid in arte mea possum pr~mittere cfirae, quod fieri ferr6 liquid1ve potest M1ectra, quantum lgn~s aniimaeqjue valent, absiste precand6 viribus iudubitiire tWis.' Jusula Sicanium i-fixta latus Aeoliamqiue ~rigitur Lipar~u fftmantibus ardua saxis, quam subter specus et Cyc1~pum ex~s~i caminis antra Aetnaea tonaut validique incfidibus iet-fis 420 audit! referunt gemitfis striduntque eavernis strictfirae Chalybum et fornaqcibus ignis anhlat, 385, 386. clausis... portis: a sign of war. Contrast pcnduntur poi tae, ii. 27, withunote. In with7mg ='against'; with excidiurn it -makes an expression of purpose, ' to work the ruin of.' 395, 396. quid... alt6? i e. why go back so far to justify your plea IVenus had gone back 17 years. f idicia... mel: cf. generis efieia e1, i. 132, with note. 397. turn quoque: i e in those old days (374-380) as well ais now. Teucr6s: i.e. not simply Aeneas (represented by ndtdi, 383). fuisset: the repetition gives an effect like I'had just as surely been.' Foi the thought in 397-399 see ~ 305. 403, 404. animae:: i.e. the bellowblasts. absiste... tuls is, an uu'-ramimatical but very effective apodosis to si... italent, 400-403. Besides, prgdmtftee, 401, implies a following prodnittfl, a fact which relieves the construction here. The whole= II promise freely; cease these appeals, for they prove that you doubt your power over me.' 416. insula: Hiera, now called Volcanio. Aeoliam is explained by i..52 ff 417. fMmantibus: i e volcanic 418. ex6sa: a fig substitute for ea tlita or e~tgsta 419, 420. Aetnaea: i e like those of Aetna; cf. iii 571-582 tonant is explained by iealidi... anhilat. referunt gemlit-Cs qeoofnt; ef. ~ 202. validi.. geotfinl - 'the sound of mighty blows echoes on anvils.' stridunt: for fornm see ~101. 422-4421 422-442] ~~LIBER VJIII 2 421 VTulcanl domus et Vulcatnia n~rnine tellfis. lle tune lgnipot~ns caelci d~scendit Ab altb. Ferrurn exerc~bant vflstO Cyc1~pes in antr6, Broit~sque Sterop~sqtie et nfidus membra Pyracm6n. 42-5 Ills inf6rmatum manibus iam parte polita fulmen erat, t0t genitor quac phfirima cael6 d~icit in terras; pars inperfecta man~bat. Trrrs imbris tort! radibs, tris nfibis aqubsae addiderant, rutilI tris ignis et ailitis Austril; 430 fulg~r~s unuc terrificas sonitumque metumque misc~baiit opern flammisque sequa-cibus ira-s. Parte aliat Marti currumque rota-sque volucris instAbant, quibus ille vir~s, quibus excitat urbe-8, aegidaque horriferam, turbatae Palladis arma, 435 certatim squaimis serpenturn auro-que polibant c~nex~sque anguis ipsamque in pectore divae Gorgona d~isect3 vertentem Ifimina coll6. 'Tollite e-fincta,' inquit, 'coeptosque auferte lab6r~s, AetnaeI Cycl6pes, et h-ftc advertite mentem: 440 arma deri facienda vird. Kune viribus -fisus, nunc manibus rapidis, omnI nunc arte magistrd. 422. domus... tellits: in appos. with insula, 416. Hiera was one of the Insulae Liparaeae or Vulcaniae 423. h6c = hr~c, an archaic use. 425. Bront~sque: for scansion of -que see ~ 241. niidus membra applies to all three Cyclopes. For case of mernbra see ~ 135. Pyracm6n: the third Cyclops is often called Arges; see ~ 284. 426. his... manibus here= h~rirun manibU8. inf6rm&tum inmofiatw e; see incoh in Vocabulary. 427. fulmen... quae plixrima: briefly put for fulmnen -eis imile qitee, etc. 429. torti, 'pelting,' 'hurtling'; properly, 'hurled.' radift, 'spokes.' nitbis: the source of the imber tortus. 430. Austri: sc. tris raclids. 482. opern: freely, ' what they had done.' For case of this word and of itamm~is see ~ 124. 429-432 describe the thunderbolt as composed in part of the elements that constitute a storm, in part of the effects of a storm. 434. instf~bant: here trans., a rare use. quibus... urb 6s: see ~ 283. 435. aegida... arma: see on nimb6... sooeva, Ri. 616 turbitae: here 'angry.' 436. squ~mis.. aur6: instr. abl. with polibant. They were polishing the aegis by polishing the golden scales of the serpents The serpents were round the head of Medusa. See cut opposite p. 208. polibant: for form see ~ 103. 438. d~asect6... coll6: freely, 'with severed head and rolling eyes'; she is represented as still suffering. 442. The emphasis is on magistri 422 422 ~~~AENEIDOS (4-1 (443-614 Praecipitate moras.' Nee pifira eff itns; at iHIT 6cius incubuere omnn~s pariterque lab~rein sortit. Fluit aes rivis aurique metallum, vulnificusque chalybs vdstid fornace liqu~scit. Ingentem clipeum informant, itnum omnia contrA t~la Latin~rurn, sept~n~sque orbibus orbis impediunt. Ali! veut~sls follibus aurils 450 accipiunt redduntque, aliT stridentia tinguunt aera lact't; gemit inpositis incf~dibus antrum. Jill inter sc~s~ muitfi v! bracchia tollunt in numerum versautque tendei forcipe massarn. At Venus aetheri~s inter dea candida nirnb6s d~iia fer~ns aderat natumque, in valle reducta 610 ut procul et gelid43 s~cr~tum ilftmine vidit, tiflibuis adfdta est dictits s~que obtulit ultrb: 'En perfeeta inki pr6riiissa- coniugis art&" mfinera, n6 mox aut Laurentis, nate, superbbs aut aicrem dubit~ls in proelia poscere Turnum.' (see on mitfla.. fluctils, i. 135), ' all the teachings of your skill.' 444. Incubudre: sc. labdri out of labdrem. Cf. -note on incumbunt, iv. 397. 447. ilnum... contr&: i.e. a match in itself for. The phrase brings out the superb workmanship of the Cyclopes and the strength of the shield. 448, 449. aept~n6s... impediunt, 'seven layers (d~isks) they interlace.' The language is purposely vague and indefinite, to give an im presslon of intricacy, solidity, and strength. Classical writers often describe shields of seven layers. 451. lactL: an exaggerated term for *water -basin,' 'vat.' Inpositis inct~dibus = postqitam incmFlrs inpos*!~rent. The acts suggested in 447 451 are not given in their strict scientific or mechanical order. 452. itutr "ad I'by turns.' 0$5. in numerum, 'rhythmically.' 608-731. Venus brings the arms to Aeneas. Description of the shield. 608. In 454-519 Evander agrees to aid Aeneas with a detachment of horse, coni mnanded by his son Pallas, and to secure for him the alliance of the Etruscani Guided by Pallas, Aeneas sets out for the Etruscan headquarters (.541 607). dea candida nimbbs: juxtaposition of contrasts; see on nigrd.. seb nit-6e columbam, v. 516. 610. sdcrdtum= an adv., and so can be joined to procuf by et; see on dufci ad sptrdfns... eznbrff, 1. 694. Accordmng to ancient notions it was only when a mortal was alone that a deity could appear to hun without disguise; cf. ui 567 if. with ii. 588 if. 611. adf5.ta eat... MbUMi: for the order -see on ref eris... ibis, ii. 547 612-614. 6n... mt~nera (nom). cf ~A Pi tames, i. 461, with note. prdmissii: freely, ' even as I promised you.' 652-665] LIBER VIII 425 In summo cfist6s Tarpeiae Manlius arcis stabat pro temple et Capitolia celsa tenebat, Romule6que recens horrebat regia culmo. Atque hic aurttis volitans argenteus anser porticibus Gallos in limine adesse canebat; Galli per dfilms aderant arcemque ten baant defensi tenebris et d6on noctis opfteae: aurea caesariws ollis atque aurea vestis; virgatis fllcent sagulis; turn lactea colla auro innectuntur; duo quisque Alpina coruscant gaesa manfi scitis protect! corpora longis. Hie exsultantis Salios niudosque Luperc6s lanigerosque apices et lapsa ancilia caelo extuderat; castae dicebant sacra per urbem 655 660 665 Cloelia: one of twenty hostages given by the Romans to Porsenna as a pledge that they would keep a treaty made with him. One day Cloelia with others escaped and swam the Tiber. As a proof of good faith the Romans sent them all back to Porsenna. V. varies the ordinary story \ hich declares that Cloelia's exploit excited the admiration (not the wrath) of Porsenna. 652-654. in summo: sc. clipeo. The scenes described in 630-670 seem to be ranged round the edge ot the shield. templ6: that of Jupiter Capitolinus. Romuleo: i.e. such as Romulus himselt had used. rec6ns horrebat: freely, 'was fresh and rough.' With superhuman skill Vulcan has wrought out of metal a hut so natural that it seems to have been but just rethatched with rough straw. On the Capitol stood the casa (hut) Romuli, which was kept in repair and from time to time rethatched. For pictorial effect V. has chosen to describe the Capitol as it was in his own days, not as it was in those of Romulus. regia culm6: note the juxtaposition; a royal palace with a roof of straw' The tone is like that in Curibus.. severzs, 638. This vs. belongs closely in thought, if not in syntax, with the preceding; Manlius was guarding all the treasures of Rome. 655. auratis: V. has in mind the gilded roof of the Capitol of his own days; see on recens horrebat, 654. volitans... can6bat: the bird was pictured with fluttering wings and open mouth. In v. 257, in a piece of embroidery, dogs are pictured as barking. argenteus: i.e. white. In after days a silver goose hung in the Capitol to commemorate this deliverance. 659-662. aurea: i.e. yellow, flaxen. aurea vestis: the exact point is not clear, since yellow garments are not known to have been characteristic of the Gauls. virgatis: this effect could have been produced by inlaying. auro: the ref. is to the torquis, whose use the Romans are said to have borrowed from the Gauls; see on it... auri, v. 558, 559. prot6cti corpora: for constr. see ~~136,171. 663. Salios... Lupercos: the description turns to institutions and customs, i e. to Roman life. For the stress laid here on religion see ~~ 66-68. 426 420 ~~~AENEIDOS 6-11 (666-681 Ipleflti mrittr~s in mollibus. line procul addit Tartared1s etiam. s~d~s, alta astia Ditis, et scelerum, poendis et t~, Catilina, mindci pendentem. scopulV Furidirumque 6ra trementem 670 s~cr~tOsque pins, his dantem. iftra Catanem. llaec inter tumid! MOt maris!bat imigO,5 aurea, sed fluctfl spilmabant caerula eidn6, et circum. argentb3 cl~tr! deiphines in orbem. aequora verr~bant caudis aestumque seea-bant. 675 In media5 classis aertats, Actia bella, cernere erat, t~tumque instrfictT) Miarte vridlrs fervere Leucatn aur~que effulgere flucttas. Ilinc Augustus ag~ns Ital,5s in proelia Caesar cum patribus popul6que, Penatibus et mfignis dIts, 6SO stans Mels in puppl, geminds cui tempera flammn71s ]aeta vomunt patriumque aperitur -vertice sidus; 666. mnollibus: i.e. cushioned. 668-670. Catilina.. Cat6nem: types of the disloyal and the loyal sons of Rome; their fortunes in the underworld represent the judgment of pos,terity on such as they. pendentem: I e. ever on the point of falliu,, off. The punishment lies in the agony of waitlug; see on poenarn exspectant, vi. 614. Furi~rum... trernentem: cf. the picture in vi. 605-607. The Furies are driving Catlillne over the brink. dantern ifra: i.e. occupying a commandlug position among; see on iii-ra dabitnt, 671. haec Inter: i.e. within the pictures of 630-670. F'or ',their positionisee (in il 8unmmO, 652. 672. aurea, sed... ciin6: Vulcan had fashioned this sea of yellow gold, yet had been able to represent white. capped billows rising from darker levels. 673, 674. delphines... secibant: cf. delphinurm... widd~s, v. 5944, 595. 675. in medi6, 'within'; sc. Ynaris itndgini8 (or simply miari) out of 671. aeritis may =Ibronze hound I(cf. ae e, i. 35), or may mean that Vulcani male, these ships entirely of bronze. Actia bella: briefly put for qiiae Actiaca bella.finquint, or the like. See ~ 12. 676. erat: as in vi. 596. vidir~s: see on aspiceres, 650. 677. fervere... effulgere: for form see ~ 101. LeucetUn: i.e. the sea about Leucata, the headquarters, of the Roman forces, Antony was at Actium. aur6 may be the gold of which the sea is made (672)), which flashes as the ships move through it, or may denote the weapons and armor of the combatants. thought of as resplendent, like all else in this description. 678. 679. hine is balanced by line, 685. ag~ns... dis: see ~ 67. Penfitlbus... die: as in ii. 12; see n. there. 680, 681. cels& in puppl: the, proper position bor the conimander: cf. iv. 554, v. 132,, 133. geminins... vomunt: see oni apex, ii. 683, and on gemtinae.- e-ristae.... hondre, vi. 779, 780; Augustus Was, of course, a desceiidant of Mars. patriurn.m sidus: a, comet which alppe~ared while OctaN ianus (Augustus) si &e gmu lug gamles in boiuor of Julius 6s2-695] LIBER VIII 427 parte alia ventis et dis Agrippa secundis, arduns, agmen agens; cui, belli insigne superbum, tempora navalI fulgent rostrata corona. Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis, victor ab Aur6rae populis et litore rubri, Aegyptum virisque Orientis et ultima secum Bactra vehit, seqniturque (nefas!) Aegyptia coniunx. Una omnes ruere, ac totum spLfmare reductis convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor; alta petunt; pelago credas innare revulsas Cycladas aut montis concurrere montibus altos, tantfi mole virl turritis puppibus instant; stuppea flamma manfi tellsque volatile ferrum spargitur; arva nova Neptfinia caede rubescunt. 685 690 695 Caesar was popularly believed to represent the deified Julius, translated to heaven as a god. To commemorate this Octavianus henceforth wore a star on his helmet. 682. parte alia is subordinate to laic, 678; sc. belli, out of 675. ventis.. secundis: for five days adverse winds had prevented Augustus and Agrippa from moving to the attack. 683, 684. arduus= st7ns.... pupp, 680. cui.. corona: the ref. is to the corona nUvdlis or rostrata, a gold crown adorned with the beaks (rostra) of ships, typical of the vessels sunk or captured in a successful naval fight. belli.. superbum: the corona rostrata was very rarely bestowed on Roman ccmrnanders. Agrippa won the honor for his victory over Sextus Pompelus (~10). r6strata: a transferred epithet: it really belongs in thought with corona. 685-688. See ~~12, 67. As in gener... ois, vi. 831, the foes of the Julian line are from the orient. Conservative Roman sentiment was opposed to foreigners, esp. to orientals. victor ab= veniens victor ab; he had conquered others but Augustus he could not conquer. Antony had gained some suc cesses over the Parthians and the Armenians. litore rubrS: the Indian Ocean. nefas... coniunx: Roman feeling opposed the presence of women on a campaign. 689, 690. reductis... remis: cf. reductd... dextrd, v. 478, 479. From this point on V. writes more and more as an historian rather than as one describing a picture; see on alternos, 634, and on distulerant, 643. 691. credas: potential subj. in pres. time; contrast aspiceres, 650, vidfres, 676. revulsas: i.e. from their foundations. V. is striving for effect; the historians of the battle describe the vessels of Augustus as less numerous and far lighter than those of Antony. 693. tanta mole, 'with such furious force (momentum)'; modal abl. Cf. in genti mnle, v. 118. turritis pupplbus is briefly put for 'the combat with,' etc. turrtZs gives the effect of size required after pelage... altos, 691, 692. In point of fact only the ships of Augustus had towers; these enabled them to overtop and command the heavier and loftier vessels of Antony. 694, 695. stuppea... spargitur: the ref. is (1) to fire darts, directed against the ships, (2) to darts directed 428 428 ~~~AENEIDOS [9-1 [696-710 Regina in medils pAtr6 vocat agmina sistr6 necdum etiam geminas Ai terg6 respicit anguls, omnigenumque deum m~instra et fltriltor Anftbis contrai Neptfinum et Venerem. contrdique Minervam zoo t~la tenent. Saevit media5 in certamine Mavors caeld-tus ferr35 tristi~sque ex aethere Di-rae, et seissa gaud~ns vildit Discordia palli, quam cumn sanguine( sequitur Belh~na flage116. Actias haec cern~ils areurin intend~bat Apolh 705 d&snper: omnis, e35 terr6re Aegyptus et Ind!, oinmis Arabs, omn~s vertt~bant terga Sabaei; ipsa vid~bditur ventis regina vocfttis v~1a dare et laxiis Wam iamque inmittere f finis. 111am inter caed&s pallentem morte futfirdi 710 f~cerat ignipot~lns tind~s et Jilpyge fernT, against their crews t~lls.. spargitur: the expression is strained and vague (~ 203), due to a desire to secure a complete balance in form to stuppea flamma mcan...spargitur. tfis is instr. abl.; lit., ' through darts,' in the sense, of course, of ' through the hurling of darts.' volatile=an adv.; freely, ' in showers.' novi, ' unprecedented,' whos~e like had never been seen before. 696. patri6... sistr6: sarcastic; the sistrunm belonged properly to testivals, not to war. pctrio gives an effect like 'outlandish.'1 697 is in thought subordinate to 696, 'seeing not,'I etc. geminos.. anguis ibay here, as in ii. 203 fA., and vii. 450, be merely a symbol of ruin and destruction. Most editors, however, suppose a ref. to the story that Cleopatra died by the bite of an asp, but this was doubted even in ancient times,. 698, 699. omnigenum... Minervam: see again 67. Neptune, Venus, and Minerva represent the di mdYgni o1 679. 701. ex aethere Dirae: cf. Antontus... cietor ab, 686, 686, with n. 'The Furies come from heaven, whenever, as V. puts it elsewhere, Jupiter seeks to appal guilty towns with war. 702. sCiss56... palli: symbolic of the strife she causes. gaud~ns: as in i. 690. 704. Actius...Apo11~:for Apollo's rble here see ~~ 15, 67. Apollo had a temple at Actium; see on ApoliW, iii. 275. haec: explained esp. by 698-700. 705, 706. e6 terr6re=,Fius ref terAire; e&=a subjective gen. Cf. n on ea signic, ii. 171. Aegyptus... Arabs: for the sing. see ~ 172. 707, 708. ipsa... regina: 'it was Cleopatra that began the -flight at Ac. tittu. viddbatur: true pass. With the nifins. it=' was plainly spreading,' etc. lax~s, 'freely'; proleptic. inmittere fMniS: a phrase modelled on inmittere /iabends or inmtittere igag. laxos.. ]ainis=excassos... lcxdre rudentis, iii. 1267. See the n. there. 709. pallentem... futifri: ef. pallida muiorteftitiirff, iv. 644. Mark the contrast with 696, 697. 710. f~cerat... ferri: cf.fiFceraf.. pricubuisse, etc., 630 ft, with note. 711-727] LIBER VIII 429 contra autem magno maerentem corpore Nilum pandentemque sinfs et tota veste vocantem caeruleum in gremium latebr6saque flfmina victSs. At Caesar triplici invectus R6mfina triumpho moenia dis Italis votum inmortale sacrabat, maxima ter centum totam delfibra per urbem. Laetitia lfidisque viae plausfique fremebant; omnibus in templis matram chorus, omnibus arae, ante aras terramn caesi stravere invenci. Ipse sedens nive6 candentis limine Phoebl dOna recognoscit populorum aptatque superbis postibus; incedunt victae longo ordine gentes, quam variae linguis, habitfi tam vestis et armis. Hic Nomadum genus et discinctos Mulciber Afros, hie Lelegas Carasque sagittiferosque Gel6nos finxerat; Euphrates ibat iam mollior undis extremique hominum Morini Rh tnusque bicornis 720 711. magnu... corpore is a picturesque substitute Ior pendts, yraviter, or the like. 713. latebrosa: freely, 'sheltering.' The Nile throws open his loose, watercolored robes to afford shelter to Antony and Cleopatra; so the Romans used to wave a welcome with the loose folds of their togas. 714. The scene in 714-728, the culmination of Roman history (~59), was probably in the very center of the shield. See also ~67. triplici... triumpho: celebrated in August, 29, tor victories in Dalmatia, at Actium, and at Alexandria. 715. dis Italls: they had helped him in the battle; see 679, 699. 718. matrum chorus: cf. vi. 517 519, with notes. omnibus arae (sunt): cf. the picture in iv. 199, 200. 719. aras... iuvenci: cf. iv. 201, 202. 720. ipse: Augustus. niveo candentis: juxtaposition of cause and effect. See on niveam r... areon, ili. 126. The temple referred to (~18) was not dedicated till 28 or 27, but for poetic reasons V. ignores this tact, and brings the dedication into close connection with the triumph. 721, 722. d6na: tokens of submission to Augustus and the di Itali, 715. aptat... postibus: for this act cf. i. 248, in. 287,?88, v. 360. 723. quam... armis is illustrated by 685 688. 724. discinct6s: the Romans commonly wore belts; the loose robes of other nations therefore seemed strange to them. The adj. thus in effect=patrio, 696. 726. iam... undis: the river is subdued, like the people on its banks. 727. bicornis: the mouths are the Rhine proper and the Wahl. With the nouns in 727, 728 sc. molliores or mollior, out of 726. V. is thinking here of the Roman practice of carrying in triumphs pictorial representations ('floats') of conquered nations, rivers, etc. 4,30 AENEIDOS [728-731 indomitique Dahae et pontem indignatus Araxss. Talia per clipeam Vulcani, d6na parentis, 730 miratur rerumque ignarus imagine gaudet attollens umero faamaque et fita nepotum. 728. indignatus: i.e. chafing at, yet submitting to, as the people on its banks have yielded; Augustus bridged the Araxes. 729. parentis=mYtrzs= Veneris. 730, 731. rerum.... ignarus: i.e. though he does not understand the significance of the various scenes. imagine, 'portraiture.' 630 728 may easily be arranged to yield in all fourteen pictures: of these seven (630-670) run round the rim of the shield; the other seven (671 728) lie within these. The first two (630-634, 635-641) have to do with Romulus and the beginnings ot Rome; two (642-645, 646-651) suggest the integrity of the Romans and the fair dealing they expected from others. The fifth (652-663) is typical of the miraculous c(are exer cised by the gods over Roman affairs; the sixth (663-666) pictures the devotion born of such evidences of divine care, and the seventh (hinc... Uaftnem, 666 670) appropriately embodies reflections on the worth of truth and virtue. The second series is primarily concerned with Augustus. We have tirst the general descriptions of the scene of the famous battle (671-674, 675-677), then the picture of the ings commanded respectively by Augustus and Agrippa (678-681, 682 684), then of Antony's torces (685 688). Next come in quick succession the accounts of the battle proper (689-703), of the flight of the vanquished (704-713), and of the victor's triumph accomlpanied by his grateful recognition,ol the di 1nme help accorded him (714 -7 S) LIBER IX Iamque omnis campis exercitus ibat apertis, dives ecum, dives pictai vestis et aurl (Messapus primais acies, postrema coercent Tyrrhidae iuvenes, medi6 dux agmine Turnus), ceu septem surgens sedatis amnibus altus per taciturn Ganges aut pingui flumine Nilus, cum refluit campis et iam se condidit alveo. Hie subitam nigro glomerarl pulvere nubem pr6spiciunt Teucri ac tenebras insurgere campis. Primus ab adversa conclamat mole Caicus: 'Quis globus, 6 cives, caligine volvitur atra? Ferte citi ferrum, date tela, ascendite muros; hostis adest! Sia!' IngentI clamore per omnTs condunt sP Teucri portas et moenia complent, namque ita discedens praeceperat optimus armis Aeneas, si qua interea fortuna fuisset, 25 28 30 35 40 25-76. The Rutullans attack the Trojan camp and try to fire the ships. 25. exercitus: sc. Rutulorum. Juno had sent Iris to tell Turnus of Aeneas's absence. 26. pictai: for form see ~88. auri may refer to embroidery in gold thread, or to splendid armor. 30-32. ceu.. alveo goes closely with ibat, 25. Two points are emphasized; (1) the army gathers from all sides as the waters gather when the Ganges overflows or the Nile subsides, (2) the army's movement is silent and resistless like that of the waters. surgens... altus: for constr. see ~195 (end). amnibus, ' tributaries.' In writing septemt V. seems to be drawing upon his imagination. Ganges.. Nl1us: sc. it, out of ibat, 25. pingui flumine: abl. of char.; the ref. is to the fertilizing mud deposited by the Nile. The richness of the waters would be most apparent as they were withdrawing. 37. We must suppose a slight pause between this vs. and 36, during which Caicus learns the nature of the phenomenon. With this vs. cf. iv. 594. 39. condunt s6 implies motion; hence per... portds is correct. 40. praec6perat... armis: juxtaposition of effect and cause; Aeneas's order was born of wise generalship, not of cowardice. 41-43. interea: i.e. before his return. fortuna, 'emergency,' 'crisis.' fuisset.. servarent: subj. in 0. 0. tutos: fully participial. servarent: as in ii. 568, vi. 402. 431 432 AENEIDOS L42-61 neu struere aud,~rent aciem neu cr~dere campb; castra modo et tfit6s servdrent aggere mftr~s. Erga, ets! c~nferre manum ptidor iraque m~instrat, 45 obiciunt portafs tamen et praeoepta facessant arindtique cavis exspectant turribus hostem. Trurnus, ut ante voldils tardum praecesserat agmen, vigint! 16etis equitum comitAtus et urb! inpr,5visus adest; mnaculls quern Thrdcius albis bu portat ecns cristique tegit galea aurca rubra. 'Ecquis erit, m~cum, iuven~s, qu! primus in hostem? En' ait et iaculum attorquens Cmittit in aura-s, principiurn pfignae, et camps s~s6 arduus Infert. Clam6rem excipiunt socil fremitftque secuntur 55 horrisoniO; Teucrurni mirantur inertia corda, n6n aequiT dare s6 camp6-, n6n obvia ferre arma viro-s, sed castra fov~re. Iliat turbidus atque hifte fitstrat equ6 nmftr~s aditumque per avia qnaerit. Ac velut! plkn6 lupus insidiatus ovili 60 cum fremit ad caulas vent,5s perpessus et imbris nocte super media (Uttti sub miltribus agni 45. obiciunt port~s: a strong phrase; they thrust their (barred) gates in the path of the foe. 46. cavis: i e. -sheltering; cf. (aea in i. 516 and Hi. 360 The towers are on the walls. 47. ut is used here much as ii A:329, v. 388; see notes there. 48-50. 1detis equitum= the prose tWCti equitibus; eqaitibus is impossible ini liexanieter verse. See also on A~hate, i. 312. et joiiis, coimtatus and inp,'oviusts which both = ad v. phrases,; see on dah adspirdnts... amodod, i. 694. urbi: a complimentary substitute tor (08(1 (8 ( Tr(itins).- maculls.. eons: e t (J((emn... albanm, v. 565-567. 51. qui... hostem: se injeret, febl jaciet, or the like would naturally to1 low, but Turnus in his haste ondtts thle verb, leavfiig ft to be Inferred froni tile act described li ( w1 tedi.. aal 2~8 5,2. 52, 53. iaculum... ptgnae: V. is thinkirng of a Roman custom whereby oiie of the Fetiales (or college of war priests), in declaring war against a given peolple, flung a spear into its ter ri1tory. 56, 57. The infins, dare.. fov~re are partly in appos. with inertia cot da, partly in 0 0. after witrantur, -%A hich - tutn a(fi1ti0 tibne atinttadrertunt. viros: sarcastic, 'wvarriors though they areI fov~re, loo, is sarcastic for 8en~t (Se etl. 43) turbidus, 'restlessly 58. per avia, I'Nkliere no ways are,' poinits to the fruitlessness, ot Turnos,'s efforts., 60. caulis: the wolf can see the sheep v' ithini, a fact iNIfich intensifies, his rage vent~s... imbris: lie, haswaited Ioug and endured much. For aiiotheir simile iuvol is lug Nv.o~l se ii 1 55 3 6 0. 62 811 62 81] ~~LIBER IX43 433 balatum exercent; ille asper et improbus ira saevit in absentis; col1~cta fatigat edendi ex long,5 rabies et siccae sanguine fauc~s), hauci aliter Rutula mfir~s et castra tuenti lgn~scuint 1rae; dfirls dolor ossibus, ardet, quA temptet ratiane aditfis, et quac via clans6s excutiat Teucr~s valla atque effundat in aecurn? Classern, quae later! castrorum, adiuncta lat~bat, aggeribus, saeptairn circumn et fluvialibus undis invadit soci6sqne incendia poscit ovantis aique manum, pintu flagrant! fervidus implet. Turn vero incumbunt (uarget praesentia Turni), atque omnis facibus pfib~-s accingitur atrils; diripu~re foc,5s; piceurn fert ffimida Ifimen taeda et commixtam. Vulcatnus ad astra favillam. Quiis deus, 6 Miisae, tarn saeva incendia Teucris avertit? tant~s ratibus quis d~pulit ignis? Dicite. PrIsca fid~s factO, sed fama perennis. Tempore qua prirnum Phrygia f 6rmabat in!da Aen~as classern et pelag! petere alta para~bat, 65 70 75 80 63, 64. absentis: freely, 'the prey he cannot reach.' edend!... rabl6s= edendi rebidsa cupid5; see on insdnia belli, vii. 461. ox 1ong6: i.e. from a distance of time; join with collicta. siccao... faueds: cf.faucibu8... 8kCCiS, ii. 358, with note. 66. diirls... Ossibus: cf. gelidus... tremor, vi. 54, 55, with note. 67, 68. quw.... effundat: deliberative questions, in 0. 0., depending on the idea of doubt involved in dolor... drdet, 66, ' resentment flames... (as he wonders how),' etc. See on cridant, i. 218. aecum=campum (cf. 42). 69. classem... lat6bat: the Tiber defended the camp on one side; here the ships were drawn up on land. 71. ovantis: i.e. at Turnus's change of plan which they understand at once. 74-76. facibus=~ptini, 72. foc6s: V. evidently thought of houses as near from which fire could be got. Cf.- n. on rapiuntque focis penetriilibus ignem, v. 660. piceum... favillam repeats 74, 'with more detail; see ~ 222. The ships are not, as we shall see, set ablaze. taeda thus=faci bus and piniT. commixtam:, sc. Uimini pice5 from 75. 77-122. Cybele prevails on Jupiter to save the ships; he turns them into sea-nymphs. 79. pr-isca... sed, ' the belief in the tale belongs to the long ago, yet,' i.e. though it is long since the tale was first told and first won credence, its fame, etc. For the case of factb see on pelaeg, iii. 69. 80, 81. tempore... classom: cf. Aeneas's words, classem..-. Idae, iii. 5, 6. pelag!... paribat: cf. Aeneas again, feror exsul in altum, iii. 11. 434 AENEIDOS [82-98 ipsa deum fertur genetrix Berecyntia magnum vocibus his adfata Iovem: 'Da, nate, petenti, quod tua cara parens domito te poscit Olympo. 85 Pinea silva mihi, multos dillcta per annus, lucus in arce fuit summa, quo sacra ferebant, nigranti picea trabibusque obscufrus acernis: has ego Dardani6 iuveni, cum classis egeret, laeta dedi; nunc sollicitam timor anxius augit. o9 Solve metfis atque hoc precibus sine posse parentem: neu cursf quassatae fillo neu turbine venti vincantur; prosit nostris in montibus ortas.' Filius huic contra torquet qui sidera mundi: '0 genetrix, quo fata vocas aut quid petis istis? 95 Mortaline manui factae inmortale carinae fas habeant, certusque incerta pericula lfstret Aeneas? cui tanta deo permissa potestas? Immo, ubi defunctae finem portfsque tenPbunt 82. deum... genetrix Berecyntia: Cybele; ~>275. 83. petentl (sc. ez), 'to her entreaties. ' 84. domit... Olympo virtually= namque potes. The allusion is to Jupiter's struggle with the giants; ~274. The words will be more effective if we suppose that Cybele is hinting that she had helped Jupiter to gain his mastery of heaven and that he therefore owes her due return. See ~ 225. 85, 86. If the text is sound, lucus must be in pred. appos. with silva, ' as holy grove (precinct).' arce: sc. Idae, out of 80. qu6 = ad or in quern; cf. n. on quo, v. 29. ferebant: sc. Troifan. Cybele is talking to Jupiter, who knows all things; hence she need not do more than hint her meaning. 88. Dardanio iuveni: Aeneas; cf. 81. classis: for case see ~ 118. 89. sollicitam... angit: the order of the words, the alliteration (~223), and the repetition combine to emphasize the thought. 90. hoc... posse, 'to prevail thus far,' is explained by 91, 92; for case of hoc see ~ 134. 91, 92. cursu, 'voyaging,' suggests the natural perils of the deep, e.g. from rocks (i. 109, 110), or from the syrtes, i. 111. quassatae.. ortas (esse): sc. ndvis, implied by classis, 88. 93. torquet... mundl: cf. caelm7..torquet, iv. 269. 94. vocas: i.e. wrest from their proper development. istis (se. navibeus), ' those ships you so love'; contrast the tone in ii. 521. 96. habeant... lstret: deliberative subj., 'are they to have.' certus = an adv., 'unerringly,' knowing in each case the outcome. incerta, 'shifting.' pericula lustret: an extension (~ 203) of such a phrase as lustrandm... aequor, iii. 385. 98. imm6 corrects the statement cui...potest8is, which is essentially negative. defiinctae: here without object; freely, 'having played their appointed r6le.' finem: so. cursus, out of 91. LIBER IX43 435 AusoniO8 A1im, quaecumque 6vAserit undis Dardaniumque ducem Laurentia vexerit arva, morthlem Eripiam f brmam magnique rub~bb aequioris esse deas, qudlis N~r~la DWt et Galat~a secant spfimantem pectore pontum.' Dixerat idque ratum Stygil per fifimina fri~tris, per pice torrentis Atr~que voragine ripa-s, adnuit et t~tum nf~ttf tremef~cit Olympum. Erg6 aderat pr6missa dies, et tempora Parcae d~bita compl~rant, cum Turn! inifiria m~itrem admonuit ratibus sacris d~pellere taedds. llic primum nova Ihtx oculis offulsit, et ing~na visus Ab Aur~rat caelum trAnscurrere nimbus Jdaeique chori; turn vax horrenda per auras excidit et Tr~um Rutul~rumque agmina complet: 'N6 trepiddto meids, Teucri, d~fendere navis neve arm~te mailfis; maria anite exfirere Turiia quam sacr~s dabitur pinfts. Y6s Ite solfitae, 100 105) 110 1l1, 99, 100. quaecumque... vexerit contains a hint that some will be lost; this is fulfilled in i. 117, v. 699. 101. 6ripiam: sc. ei (see on silici, i. 174), referring back to quaecumque, 99. 102. ease: as subject sc. eiis; the ci. qaaecumiqie... v~exerit, 99, 100, really= o/nn~8 quae, etc. quilis: we might have had qual&, but V. wrote the sing. as if he were going to write secat in 103; see on insequitar... rudentfurn, i. 87. 103. sptLmantem is proleptic; ~ 193. 104-106. ratum is proleptic (~ 193), giving the result of adnuit, 106; freely,,solemnly promised and confirmed.' Stygil... frttris: Pluto; ~~ 274 (end), 300. Cf. also Stygiamn... nilmen, vi. 32.3, 324. pice: cf. vi. 550, said of Phlegethon. fitri.. voragine: cf. vi. 296, 297, said of Acheron. 107. ergb (see Vocab.) resumes the story interrupted at 77. 108. Turn-I initria carries us back to 69-76 Thrni is a subjective geni. tive. m~trem = deem... genetrix Bere cyntia, 82. 110. nova: as in viii. 695. oculis: by combining Turni intdria, 108, with 111- 1 14. we see that we must supply here omni am et (~ 198) Turni. 111. nimbus: the cloud conveys Cybele and her train to the Trojan camp. 112. ldaei... chori: the Corybantes; cf. hine... nem~is, iii. Ill1, 112. The Corybantes attend the goddess, as in vi. 257, 258, the dogs attend Hecate. 114. trepidite... d6fendere: for the intin. see ~ 162 or ~ 164. meis is ex plained by 85-89. 116. saorbs...piniis: for pinate after piceIT and trabibus... acerni8, 87, see on acerni8, ii. 112. sacris is explained by pinea... feribant, 85, 86. v~s: an address to the ships. sobi~tae: i.e. from the pending peril (69-76). 436 AENEIDOS [117-324 ite deae pelagi; genetrix iubet.' Et sua quaeque continuo puppes abrumpunt vincula ripis delphinumque modo demersls aequora rostris 120 ima petunt. Hinc virgineae (mirabile monstrum) reddunt se totidem facies pontoque feruntur. Egressi superant fossas noctisque per umbram 315 castra inimica petunt multis tamen ante futfir exitio. Passim somno vinoque per herbam corpora ffsa vident, arrectos litore currus, inter lora rotasque viros, simul arma, iacere, vina simul. Prior Hyrtacides sic ore locitus: ao 'Euryale, audendum dextra; nunc ipsa vocat res. Hac iter est. Tfi no qua manus se attollere nobis a tergo possit, cftstodi et consule longe; haec ego vasta dabo et lato te limite dfcam.' Sic memorat vocemque premit; simul ense superbum 117. deae: pred. noni, 'as goddesses.' et: ~200. 120, 121. virgineae... facies in itself is very indefinite, but becomes perfectly clear when we recall mortflem... pontum, 101-103. reddunt s6: cf. fndo... redditus irno est, v. 178.-The Rutulians are dismayed, but presently, reassured by Turnus, they indulge in feasting (123-167). During the night that follows Nisus resolves to go to Evander's home (see on viii. 370) to summon Aeneas; Euryalus insists on going with him. They gain the consent of the leaders to their plan and start (168 313). For Nisus and Euryalus see v. 294 296, V. 327 338. 314-366. Nisus and Euryalus enter the Rutulian camp; they kill many as they lie asleep, and take much spoil. 314. egressi: sc. e castris. fossas: the trenches (moats) round the camp. 315, 316. mults... exitiS: for the constr. see on excidio Libyae, i. 22. tamen requires a balancing ' although ' clause; this is delicately suggested by castra iniTmca petlnt. What chance have two against a whole camp? For this hint given at the outset of a story as to its sequel cf. nequiquam, vii. 652, with note. 317. fusa here suggests carelessness; cf. n. on fusi, i. 214. arrect6s: i.e. uptilted, with the poles or yokes upward. litore: the Trojan camp was close to the mouth of the Tiber. 318. iacere: note the infin. after the prtcpl. flsa, 317. If two constructions are equally possible, both are often, for the sake of variety (~ 181), employed in a single passage. 319. vina: the pl. (~175) gives an effect like 'wine without end,' 'wine, wine everywhere.' 322. cust6od... long6: i.e. keep careful watch at a distance behind me. 323. haec, 'all that I see about me,' is said with a gesture; cf. notes on hanc, i. 98, and on hes... hanc, iii. 396. vrsta dab6 = vdst7bo; cf. ~ 202. lato.. ducam: i.e. I will make a broad trail of death by which you can follow me. 4 325-342] LIBER TX 437 RLhamn~tem adgreditur, qul forte tap~tibus altis 325 exstrfictus tWt pr~flftbat pectore somnum, r~x idem et r~g! TurnO5 gratissimus augur; sed n~n auguri63 potuit depellere pestem. TrIs i-ftxt famul6s temer6 inter t~la iacentis armigerumque Rem! premit aur-igamque sub ipsis 330 nactus equis ferr6que secat pendentia colla; turn caput ipsi1 aufert domin6 truncumque relinquit sanguine singultantem; Atr tepefacta cru~ire terra torique madent. Nee n~n Lamyrumque Lamurnque et iuvenem Serr~num, ill& qui plfirima nocte 335 Ifiserat, insignis faciE, mult~que iac~bat membra dea victus, fMix, s! pr6tinus ilium aequasset noct! Ifidum in Ihtcemque tulisset: inpastus ceu pk~na 1e6 per ovilia iurbans (suddet enim v~sftna fames) manditque trahitque 340 molle pecus mfitu-fnque metii, fremit 6re cruentW. Nec minor EuryalI caed~s; inc~nsus et ipse 325. altIS: ibe. soft, luxurious. The word suggests the comfort, as 326, somewhat mockingly, expresses the profoundness, of his sleep. 326. exstrflctus: a transferred epithet; it is strictly applicable only to the rugs. Render by 'pillowed high on.' 327. rex... augur: cf. r~;x idem s. acerdos, Mi. 80, with note. 329. famul6s, 'men-at-arms'; sc. RhamnFtis, out of 325. 330, 331. armigerum... aurigam may denote but one person; cf. equ6 -rum agitiitor Achitlli, armiger Autorned~n, ii. 476, 477. sub ipsis... equis, like inter MMl, 329, suggests the thought that these Rutulians had help ready to hand, had they not given themselves over to revelry and the resultant heavy slumber (316, 317). pendentia, ' drooping'; cf. cervicem infllexam, iii. 631, with note. 332. domin6: iLe. Remus. His presence is to be inferred (~ 225) from that of his armor-bearer (330). 334, 335. Lamyrum... Serrinum: sc. Premnit froni 330, or Secat from 331. pitirima: acc.; see ~~ 128, 134. 336-338. liiserat-.. i ac~bt: note the tenses; iac~bat=iam or il1S tempore iac~bat. mult... de6, ' by the overwhelming influence of the god (Bacchus).' The identity of the god is clear from vina simul, 319. membra: for case see ~ 135. fMix takes the place of an apodosis to si - - tulisset, which= had he stayed awake to see his foe.'I tullisset ~=Pr~tutisset. 339-341. ceu... cruent6: to balance this cl. we must supply Sic furit Nisus, or the like. turbans, ' rioting,' 'prowling wildly'; cf. turbant, vi. 800, with note. mandit... metti: note the allit.; ~ 223. mandit... trahit: i.e. drags about as he devours. molle: i.e. helpless. With this simile cf. 59-.66. 342. Euryall: subjective gen.; cf. Pyrrhi... eaede, ii. 526. et Ipse: i.e. even as Nisus had done, though he had been told simply to watch (321, 322). 1. 438 AENEIDOS [343-360 perfurit ac multam, in inedi6 sine n~imine pl~~em: Fac4umque H-erb~sumque subit Rhoetumque Abarimquo 345 ignar~s, Rhoetum vigilantem et cfincta, videntem, sod magnum metu~ns s6 post crdt~ra teg~bat; pectore in advers,5 t6tum cui comminus 6nsem, condidit adsuirgenti et, multAt morte recepit; purpuream -vomit Mle animam. et cum sanguine mixta 35o vina refert mori~,ns; hie ftArt fervidus instat. Iamque ad Messa-p-i soci~s tend~lbat; ibi ignemn d&ficere extr~lmum. et relig~ta5s rite vidbat carpere grdmen equ~s: breviter cunt tilia Nisus (s~nsit enim nimiA caede atque cupidine ferrn) 355 'Absistftmus' ait; 'nam lifx inimIca propinquat. Poendrum. exhaustum satis est, via facta per hosts,-,' Multa virum solids argent6 perfecta relincunt armaque crrat-rsque simul pulchr~sque tap~tas. Euryalus phalerds Rhamn~tis et aurea bullis 360 cingula, TiburtI IRemuh5 ditissimus Olini 343. in medi6: i.e. as It lay ready to his hand, that came in his way. Nisus had picked out the leaders. 344. subit, which properly - 'approaches,' gets front the context the force of 'assails.' 345. Rhoetum...videntem corrects Fffdu m... ignarfis, 344. 346. mignum... critdra: cf. cr&tMrd mffqads 8tatuuent, i. 7294, with note. tegdbat: conative; see on arcgret, i. 300. He was hiding instead of trying to defend himself or to help his sleeping comrades. We might have had aprtcpl. here, to balance those in 345. 347. pectore... advers6: i e. full in his breast cui: for case see ~ 120. 348. adsurgenti: probably to flee when he found himself discovered. multi.... recdpit, 'recovered it (the sword) amid streams of blood,' i.e. streams of blood f ollowed the sword as, Euryalus drew it out. For case of me vi orte, properly,,witb abundant death,' see ~ 147. 349. Purpuream: freely, ' in a crinu son flood.' 351-353. iam... cum: ihbe thonght, seems to be that Euryalus, itotilig that the watchflres are dying (a proof that the watchers are asleep), plans to carry off the horses, but just then Nisus, etc. extr~mum: freely, ' to its death.' Nisus has of course rejoined Euryalus (~225); contrast 1ongF, 3221. 354. cupidine: sc. Ciets=caedis. 355. lax: i e. daylight. inimica: sendbfhs ef operi nostrd6. 356. poen5,rum... est: i e wve ha ve drunk deeply enough of the cup of vengeance. 359, 360. phaleris. ingula. have no verb to govern them; the explanatory sentences Tiburti... potitt, 360-363, have caused a change of constr We may, however, in thought sc. rapit 861-375] LIBER IX 439 quae mittit dona, hospitio cum iungeret absens, Caedicus (ille su6 moriens dat habSre nepoti, post mortem bell Rutuli pfignaque potiti), haec rapit atque umeris nEquiquam fortibus aptat; tur galeam Messapi habilem cristisque decoram 365 induit. Exc6dunt castris et tfita capessunt. Interea praemissi equites ex urbe Latina, cetera dum legio campis instructa moratur, ibant et Turno regi responsa fer6bant, ter centum, scutati omnes, Volcente magistro. 370 Iamque propinquabant castris mfiroque subibant, cum procul hos laevo flectentis limite cernunt et galea Euryaluin sublistri noctis in umbra prodidit inmemorem radiisque adversa refulsit. Haud temere est visum. Conclamat ab agmine Volc6ns: 375 out of 364. ditissimus suggests the splendor of the gift. 361. quae mittit: V. is fond of the hist. pres. in rel. clauses; mittit corresponds to dat, 362. hospiti6: for case see ~ 145. iungeret: sc. eum (=Remulum) sibi. absens: for light on this word here cf. Latinus's utterance, ipse modo Aeneis... adveniat, vii. 263-265. 362. ille: Remulus. nepoti: his name is not given. 363. The meaning of this vs. is very uneertain; the text is perhaps unsound, or the passage is unfinished (~ 50). The least objectionable view is to supply eius=nepotis with mortem; the whole vs. will then = ' this grandson the Rutulians slew, thus getting possession of,' etc. We may infer (~ 225) that in the division of the booty (see on exsortem, v. 534), the belt fell to the lot of Rhamnes. 364. nequiquam: as in vii. 652; Euryalus was not to enjoy his prize long. Cf. n on tamen, 315. 365. habilem seems to = well-fitting.' It was a great warrior's helmet, yet fitted this youth The word is thus a compliment to Euryalus. 367-449. A party of Latin horse men surprises them, and they flee into the woods. The enemy surround the woods and capture Euryalus. Nisus, who had escaped, now comes to the rescue, but in vain; both are slain. 367. urbe Latina: Laurentum, city of Latinus. 369. responsa: i.e. a reply to some message (we know not what) sent by Turnus to the main force, which had evidently not yet come up. 372. h6s: Nisus and Euryalus. laev6... limite: i.e. by a path to the left (of the horsemen). 373. galea: the helmet on which he so prided himselt (365) works his death and that of his dearest friend. sublustri: it was nearly daylight; cf. 355. Below, however, in 403, V. speaks of the moon as high in the heavens. 374. inmemorem: freely, 'its heedless wearer'; he forgot that the helmet might attract attention. radils.. refulsit, 'gleamed full against the rays'; with radiis sc. tunae. 375. haud... visum: i.e. right carefully was the sight marked. See on non simili, i. 135. We may also take temere as an example of the common 440 AENEIDOS [376-393 'State, viri. Quae causa viae? quive estis in armis qu6ve tenetis iter?' nihil illi tendere contra, sed celerare fugam in silvas et fidere nocti. Obiciunt equites sese ad divortia nota 380 hine atque hinc omnemque abitum custode coronant. Silva fuit late dfmis atque ilice nigra horrida, quam densi complebant undique sent6s; rara per occultos lficebat semita calles. Euryalum tenebrae ramorum onerosaque praeda 385 impediunt fallitque timor regi6ne viarum; Nisus abit, iamque inpradens evaserat hostis atque loc6s, qui post Albae de n6mine dicti Albani (tum rex stabula alta Latinus habebat), ut stetit et frfstra absentem respexit amicum. 390 'Euryale infelix, qua te regi6ne reliqui quave sequar rirsus perplexum iter omne revolvens fallacis silvae?' simul et vestigia retr6 observata legit dfimisque silentibus errat. use of an adv. with videor or esse where English usage would require an adj., 'not meaningless did it (i.e. this sight) seem.' 376, 377. quive... qu6ve: see on aut... -ve, i. 369, 370. tendere contra: i.e. try to make head against (Volcens and his troop). For the phrase cf. v. 27, for the meaning given to the infin. cf. teqebat, 346, with note. 379. divortia: properly places where two or more roads branch apart, but here simply 'paths,' 'outlets ' from the woods (378). 381, 382. dumis... horrida: the underbrush had not been cleared away; cf. n. on horrenti... umbra, i. 165. 383. rara: cf. rari, i. 118, with n. ccult6s: i.e. by the brushwood and trees (381, 382). semita is the path made by human feet (cf. i. 418), in this case the way of escape from the woods. The vs. = 'it was only here and there that the foot path shone (i.e. was visible) amid the overgrown cattle trails.' There are plenty of paths in the wood, but they are the tracks made by cattle in their aimless wanderings. They not only offer no escape, but make the real paLth harder to find. In ancient Italy cattle were often pastured in wooded districts for the sake of shelter from the heat. 385. regione viarum: as in ii. 737, see n. there. 386. inprudens corresponds to in renmorem, 374; it=' without thinking of Euryalus ' 387, 388. locos... Albani: the ref. is not clear; Nisus can hlr(l y have reached the site of Alba Longa proper, for this was twelve or lifteen miles from the Tiber. V. is writing vaguely, using a name in order to give the im pression of definiteness. alta, ' stately.' 392, 393. vestigia... legit: cf. vestigia retro observtata sequor, ii. 753, 754. 894-410] LIBER IX 441 Audit equos, audit strepitis et signa sequentum. Nec longum in medio tempus, cum clamor ad auris pervenit ac videt Euryalum, quem iam manus omnis fraude loci et noctis subito turbante tumultii oppressum rapit et conantem plurima fristra. Quid faciat? qua vi iuvenem, quibus audeat armis eripere? an sese medios moritfrus in hostis inferat et pulchram properet per vulnera mortem? Ocius adduct6 torquens hastile lacerto suspicions altam liinam sic voce precatur: 'Tu, dea, tu praesens nostro succurre labori, astrorum decus et nemorum Lattnia cufstos. Si qua tuis umquaf^ror me pater Hyrtacus aris dona tulit, si qua ipse meis venatibus auxi suspendive tholo aut sacra ad fastigia fixi, hunc sine me tubbare globurm gt rege tela per auras.' Dixerat et ttoi conixus corpore rrrum 395 400 405 410 394. audit... audit: the repetition marks the contrast of the noise which suddenly breaks on his ears with the silence of the moment before (393). signa: perhaps signals or orders from one detachment of horse to another; the horsemen had broken up into many little squadrons (379, 380). 390 395 may perhaps show that, after all, locs... Albanz, 387, 388, is to be taken literally. - Nisus had evidently hurried far fror the place where he first saw the horse men, even far beyond all sound of the conflict (397). 397. fraude, 'deceptiveness,' is explained by 381-385. turbante (sc. eum); freely, 'bewildering.' 399-401. faciat... properet: delib sub3. in O. O.; see on credant, i. 218. inferat... properet: i.e. merely sell his life dearly, giving up all thought of rescuing Euryalus. He chooses the latter plan (402ff.), and so keeps himself for the moment carefully hidden, at some distance trom the foe. 402. aaduct6... lacert6: cf. reductad, dextrd, v 478, 479, with note. torqueni. here 'poising'; the cast is described in 410, 411 405. astr6rum.. custos: see ~282. nemorum.. custos: as a goddess of hunting Diana loves the woods and so guards them. Lat6nia is explained by i. 502, with note 406-408. si... fixi: there is, of course, no uncertainty in the mind of Nisus as to whether these things have been done; si thus virtually=' since.' See the word in the Vocab. pr6 me... tulit: i.e. praying you to make me a hunter like himself. si qua... auxi: there is a confusion here between the kindred ideas of ' adding to' his father's gifts and of 'increasing' them. The former idea would naturally be expressed by si qua (ad illa) addidi, the latter by si qua (cf. i. 18) or quid (illa) auxi. suspend... tholo: an act mentioned elsewhere. 409. turbare: in order that Euryalus may escape in the confusion. 442 AENEIDOS [411-U3 c~nicit; hasta volans noctis diverberat umbras et venit Avers! in tergurn Sulm~nis ibique frangitur ac fiss6 transit praecordia lgigOP; volvitur ille vom~ns calidurn d6 pectore fi-fimen 415 frigidus et longis singultibns ilia pulsat. Divers! circurnspiciunt. HMe dcrior idern ecce aliud summat telum 11brabat ab aure. Durn trepidant, it hasta Tagb per tempus uttrumque strid~ns trdiectoque haesit tepefacta cerebr6. 420 Saevit atrax Volcens nec t~1i cOnspicit -ftsquam auct~irem nec qu6 s6 Ard~ns inmittere possit. 'T-ft tamen interea calida mihi ssknguine poenas persolv~s ambarum,' inquit; sirntl1l-nse recl-tis6 ibat in Euryalum. Turn v~rti exterritus, dm~us 425 conclftmat Nisus nec s6 c~j~re tenebris amplius aut tanturn potnit perferre ddh~rem:'Me, m6, adsum, q9J,"f6cl, in rn6 convertite ferrum, a Rutull! mea fraus omnis; nihil iste nec ausus nec potuit; caeluAw h~c et conscia sidera testor; 430 tanturn inf~1icem Iiimiurn di1~xit arnicurn.' TAI~ia dicta dabat; sed viribus 6nsis adqctus trAnsabiit costas et canidida pectora rumpit; volvitur Enryalus 1to, pulchr~sque per art-fts 413. a..... lign6, ' and yet, though its wooden shaf t snaps, passes through.'1 4:15. frigidus, ' cold (stiffening) in death,'I belongs closely with Volvit ur, 414. 416. divers! is adverbial in sense; it =hiic Wifie. idem: freely, again, see on idemt, il. 1.58. 417. summi... aure, 'his ear tip', the whole phrase is pictUresque and accurate. 419. cerebr6 is local abl. with hiaesif, or perhaps dat. (cf. cuir; 7.. Iweret, 1. 476 with ni.), lnstr. abl. wit h tepetjacta. Render freely, I'grew hot as it clIung,' etc. 421. auct~rem, ' dispatcher-' quo in quemz; see on qii6, v. 29. 427. m16, MnS: petIte ferrd, or the like. would naturally have followed, but iii his excitement Nisus gives a new tur-n to his thought by saying in me -. ferrumi. Cf. Turnus's speech ecquis... qu ipi imus in /iosfein, 51, with note. 428, 429. nihil... nec... nec: when at general iieg. (ndn, min, num qutamn, etc ) is followed by neque (Tier) neque (nec,), the -negatives do not de stroy one another; the negative force is, merely distributed betw een (or over) the several parts, of the '\Nhole expres sion. 433. 16tM modal abi, 'hindeatb,' or lustr. Wb. 484-594] LIBER IX 443 it cruior, inque, umerbs cervix coinlapsa recumbit, purpureus veluti cum fl~s sucp-isus aratro 435 langu~scit mori~ns lass~ve papAvera collO d~rnis~re caput, puin i curn forte gravantur. At Nisus ruit ir medibs salumque per omnis Volcentem petit, in s6lO Volcente morfitur. Quern circurn glornerat! host~s bine comminus atque hiluc 440 proturbant; instat noni s~tius ac rotat Ensern fulmineurn, danec Rutull cliarnatis in Ore condidit adversO et rnori~ns animarn abstulit hosti. Turn super exanimum sc~s~ pr~ii-cit amicum c~nfossus placidaque ibi d1~murn morte quicvit. 445 F~rtfinAt1 ambO si quid mea carmina possunt, nftlla dips umquarn memor! v~s eximet aev -, dum dornus Aen~ae Capit~lI inm~bile saxum accolet imperiumque pater Romanus hab~bit. Turn primurn befll celerern intendisse sagittam dicitur ante ferils solitus terr~ire fugiicis Ascanius fortemque manfi ffidisse Nunmanum, cuii RernulO cognomen erat, Turnique minbrem germariam nuper thalamO5 sociatus hab~1bat. 590 439. in... mor~tur, ' tarries over,'I 'gives a second thought to,'I gives; heed to,' is the opposite of nec mra, seen in Ii. 287, v. 400. 440. circum: for position see ~ 210. glomeriiti has middle force. 441. pr6turbant: conative pres.; cf. tegibat, 346, with note. 442, 443. in 6re.. advers6: ci. pectore in advers5, 347, with note. 445. O~nfossus gives, by im-plication (~225) the result of quern... priiturbant, 440, 441. 446. quid: with possunt; see J~ 134. 447. memiorl... aev6: the adj. carries, the emphasis, ' the memory of,'I etc. 448,449. domus Aenfae=Aenecdce JJmniia Capit~l... saxum: in classical times the Capitol was the symbol of the perpetuity of Rome, just as later the Coliseum was (cf. Byron's lines,. ' While stand', the Coliseum, Rome shall stand,' etc.). dum-...accrolet thus =per omue futitirum tempus. 449. pater RMmfnus: coil, sing.; cf. Albdni... patrds, i. 7 -There is sorrow in both camps when the night's work is known. In the morning the Italians try in various ways to storm the Trojan camp; they set on lire a tower which falls and destroys many Trojans. 590-671. Ascanius distinguishes himself and wins Apollo's approval. 591. feris... fugiicis: cf. the picture of Ascanius in iv. 156-159. 593, 594. cui... erat: for the ('onstr. cf. cui nune cogn~men J1iil ad. ditar, 1. 267, 268, with note there on IdW, 444 444 ~ ~~~AENEIDOS [9-0 (595-OM 595 Is primam ante aciem, digna atque indigna relftfi v~iciferans tumidusque iiovC) praecordia r~gnb!bat et ingentem sWs ceidm~re fer~bat: 'Nain pudet obsidk~ne iterum va11~qne ten~rl, his capt! Phryges, et mort! praetendere mfir6s? 600 En qui nostra sib! bel6 o3nflbia poscunt! Quis deus italiamn, quae v~s dementia ad~git? N~n hie Atridae nee fandI fictor ULlix~s. Dftrum A~ stirpe genus, natos ad fldmina primum dkferimus saevaque geldi dftrimus et undis. uio5 VC-natfi invigilant puerl silvdsque fatigant; flecterel1fidus equ~s et spicula tendere cornut; at pati~ns operum parv~que adsuta, iuventfis aut rastris terrain domat aut quatit oppida bella; Turn!... hab~bat: we should expect et qui (or qutque) Turni.. Itabiibat, but see on cui... locus, ii 71. thalam6 sociiatus: cf. m&F vincWf. socidre ia gali, Wv. 16. 595. dligna.. rel&tf: we should say, at least in common talk, ' things good, bad, and indifferent'; the emphasis is, of course, on indigna. For the constr. of reffffi see on visil, i. Ill. 596. r~gn6: i.e. the princely position he gained by his marriage (593, 594). 597. ingentem... fer~bat: the context shows that this is sarcastic, ' advanced in all his, mighty prowess'; et., then, immdiini...eribat, v. 372, 373, with notes. 598. obsidi6ne... ten~irl: cf. cinyique urtern obsididne Ndidret, iii. 52, said there by Aeneas himself. teni~rl= contini~e, I'he imprisoned.' 599. bis... Phryges: cf. the words of Anchises, satis Tina... urbi, ii. 642, 643, with notes. praetendere: the pre. tix = 'Iin the way of,'I i.e. so as to prevent (it). The thought is like that in non aequi... fovire, 56, 57. 600. qu-i... poscunt: I e. who come woonig with the sword awl yot dare not fight; there is a very exaggerated ref. to Latinus's, offer of Lavinia to Aeneas, vii. 268-273. The Trojans had not come seeking Latin wives; only one Latin woman was involved, even iii Latinus's offer. 601. quls... ad~git: the questioii takes it for granted that the Trojans did not come voluntarily, or, that if they did, they were insane. deus, iii this context, must= deus /hostilis. 602. n~n... Ulix6s: i.e. we RutuHans are greater, warriors even than the (-reeks who conquered you. faudi fictor, 'deviser o1 fables,' like that of Sinon (ii. 81 ff.). The Rutulians will prevail by open fight and sheer prowess, not by trickery, as the Greeks did. 604. saev6... geif amid undis de ascribe the samne thing; they plunge the children into the cold rivers. 605, 606. vfntitt: for form see ~91 v4Fn Ut W... corn~t gives the second stage in the training of the ndti. cornhi: here bows of horn; ~187. 607, 608. at... bell6: stage three. patifns operum: cf. Ph oebi.,.pati~ns, vi. 77. parv6... adsu6ta: cf. parv&.I.puteittein, vi. 843, with uote. 609-625] 809-625] ~LIBER IX45 445 omne aevum ferr6 teritur, versaque iuvencum terga fatgiglmfis hasta, inec tarda senectfis d&bilitat viris anim! m-fttatque vig~3rem; ciinitiem galea premimus, semperque recentis comportdre iuvat praedds et vivere rapt6. V,5bis picta crodi et fulgenti mfirice vestis; d~sidiae cordi; iuvat indulg~re chor~is, et tunicae manicas et habent redimicula mitrae. O v~r~ Phrygiae (neque enim Pliryges), ite per alta Dindyma, ubi adsuftis biforem dat tibia cantum! Tympana v~s buxusque vocat Berecyntia matris idaeae; sinite arma viris et c~die ferrb.'I Talia iactantem dictis ac dira canentem n~n tulit Ascanius nerv~que obversus equin6 contendit t~lum diversaque bracchia diicns c~nstitit, ante lovem supplex per v~ta precatus: 'luppiter omnipot~ns, audAcibus adnue coeptis. 610 W1 620 625 609, 610. omne... teritur sums up 603-608, and is itself illustrated by versa... rapt& (613). teritur: freely, Iis devoted to'1; lit., I'is worn away.' IVersii..hasti: i.e. even when we are playing the peaceful part of husbandmen the spear is in our hands. The butt of the spear was sharp and so could be used as a goad or stimulus (vi. 101). luveucum: for form see ~ 89. fatigi-. miis: for scansion see ~~ 241, 245. 613. rapt6: i.e. by plunder (see on rapffi, iv. 17). The word is illustrated by 605, and by quatit oppida beO, 608. 614. v6bls... vestis: cf. the reproach in iv. 215-217. 615. cordli (v6bis sunt): cf. cui... cordi, vii. 325, 326, with note. chor~ls: dancing was strongly condemned by the Romans, except in connection with religions ceremonies, such as those referred to In viii. 718. 616. manicis: see tunica in Vocab. Cicero, Cat. ii. ~ 72, condemns the maniiciiae et ffitir-s tunicae of Catiline's followers. Ihabent... mitrae: cf. subnexus, iv. 215-217. 617. Phryges: this word was in It. self a reproach; see on Iservire, iv. 103. 618-620. adsudtis (sc. vjbis); freely, 'to your accustomed cars.'I biforem is a transferred epithet; it belongs with tibsa. For the tone in which the tibia, the tympana, and the buxus are mentioned here cf. patrij... sistri, viii. 696, with note. The Rutulians delight in the battle trump and the hunter's horn (cf.- 605, 608). Berecyntia mitris idaeae; cf. ix. 80, ix. 82. sminte... virls: for the thought cf. c~isa... gerenda, vii. 443, 444. cddite: properly, ' depart from'1; freely, I'resign, lay nside.'1 621. dira may well='omiinous.' The words of Remulus (601-620) are full of prophecies of Trojan defeat. 623. diversa: proleptic ( 193); 'apart.' dlicfns: i.e. in stretching his bow for a shot. 446 446 ~~~AENEIDOS [2-4 [626-640 Ipse tibi ad tua templa feram sollemnia dana et statuam ante Aras aurfitti fronte iuvencum candentem pariterque caput cum mAtre ferentem, iam cornft petat et pedibus quil spargat har~nam.' 6110 Audfit et caell genitor dG parte ser~nA intonuit laevum; sonat fina! fatifer arcus; effugit horrendum strid~ns adducta sagitta perque caput iRemnull venit et cava tempora ferr6 triiicit. 'L, verbis virtfttem inlfide superbis! 635) Bis capti Phryges haec Rutulis respo-nsa remittunt.' HMc tantum Ascanius. Teucri cliim~re secuntur laetitiaque fremunt anim~sque ad sjdera tollunt. Aetherift turn forte plagAi crinitus Apoll& dtlsuper Ausonhis acids urbemque vid~bat cio nftbe sedkus atqne his victbrern adfaltur Ihiurn: 'Macto novAt virtiite, puer; sic itur ad astra, dis genite et genitfire de~s. IThre omnia bella gente sub Assaraci NU)t vent-Gra resident, 626. ipse: i.e. the offering will not be mnade for him by his father, as offerlug was made for Nisus by Hyrtac-us (406). Ascanius is coming now fully to man's estate (590-592). 627. aurAti... luvencum: cf. vRldftaim.. juvenctint, v. 366, with note. 628. pariter... ferentem: iLe. of eqlual height with, etc., full grown. 629. petat... qui spargat t lein at pettat et spairqgt. Witlki petat se (0/rT0. bus alids iulveflco8. 631. intonuit laevum: as in ii. 693 (see n. there), though here there is a personal subject. The omnen here is the more significant, since it comnes from a cloudless sky. t~n&: i.e. as soon the favorable sound Is heard. 632. horrendum: for case cf. ~ 130 adducta: cf. ccddect5, 402. 633. ferr6: i.e. its iron head. 634. 1 = i une, vii. 425, i, vii. 426. See note there. virtitatem: iLe. true manliness, such as the Trojans heave. 638. Apo~lM: the standing frietnd of Tro3 cf. esp. viii. 704 70J6. 640. niibe sed6ns: cf. ii on zitimbus, 111. his: sc. ver-bms 641. In 641-644 Apollo soliloquizes. macto... virt-Ote, ' blessings on you tor this newborn prowess.' macfe (see Vocab.) is probahly a Yoc., used somewhat inaccurately hut effectively in this phrase, which always involves, more or less coii~sciously, an address to some one. It may, however, he an ads'. used with suln; see on Itaud... rissam, 375. 642, 643. dis genite: as son o1 Aeiieas, himself the son of Venus. cl., too, n. on genus inr'iuum, i. 27. de6s: i e. the.Iulian line; cf. 1. 268, with not es. Raire... resident combines two stateiuents; (I) it is, fated that under, etc., (2) this destiny is an eminently proper one. fW6 venttura: i.e. that are destined to arise, resident gives the result, not the process; I'will be put doN% ii.' Ascanius Is to be a successful iN ai-rior and 644-665] 644-665] ~LIBER IX44 447 nec t6 Tr~ia capit.' Simul haec effatus ab alt& aethere s~ mnittit, spirantis dimovet aurais Ascaniurnque petit. F,5rmam. turn vertitur 6ris anticum in Bfittn (hic Dardani,5 Anchisae armiger ante fuit fidusque ad limina cfist~s; turn cornitem Ascani6 pater addidit). Ibat Apoll& omnia longaev& sirnilis, vicernque colarernque et crinis alb~s et saeva sonaribus arma, atque his Ardentem dictis adfatur lhium: 'Sit satis, Aenid, t~lis inpfine Nurnanurn oppetiisse tuis. Primarn hanc tibi mqgnus Apollo conc~dit laudem et paribus n~n invidet armis; cetera parce, puer, bellR.' Sic arsus Apoll5 mortalis medi6 aspectas serm~ne reliquit et procul in tenuem ex oculis Elvanuit anrarn. Agn6v~re deurn procerils divinaque t~a Dardanidae pharetrarnque fuga s~ns~re qonai-jtem. Erg,5 avidum puignae dictis ac nfimine PhoebI Ascanium prohibent; ipsi in certa-mina rifirsus succ~dunt anirnasque in aperta pericula mittunt. It clamor Ottis per pr~pfignacula mi-iris; intenduiit acrIs arcfis ammentaque torquent. 645 650 655 660 665 ruler (i. 267-271), but there is no doubt a ref. also to Auigustus, and es~p. to the closing of the temple of Janus (~ 16). 644. nee... capit:, i~e. Troy (the new Troy to be founded in Italy) is too narrow for you. After three years Ascanius is to reach out beyond the camp in which the Troj ans now are, and to found Lavinium and later Alba Longa; see i. 263-271. 647. Btit6n=Bilfce firmam: see on cum nffvibus, i. 193. Dardani6 Anchisae has occurred in i. 617; see n. there. 649. pater,I his father'; Aeneas. 650, 651. omnia... arma: cf. omnia... iuventii, iv. 558, 559, with notes. saeva... arma: freely, ' the wild clang of his arms'; son~ribus is abl. of -specification. 655. paribus (sc. 8uzS): i.e. as unerring as his own. invidet: sc. tii. According to ancient story the gods often grew envious of successful mortals and laid them low. 656. c6tera=an adv. (~ 134); freely, 'henceforth.' Note the adversative asyndeton. 657, 658. inort~is.. auram is alniost identical with iv. 277, 278. 663. animis: a picturesque substitute for sF. 665. ierlis: a fine epithet; the bows are eager for the prey; cf. such phrases as derig equi, i. 444. 448 AENEIDOS [666-685 Sternitur omne solum t~lis; turn sftta cavaeque dant soniturn flictii galeae; pflgna aspera surgit, quantus ab oceffisifi veni~ns pluvui~iibtis Haedis verberat imber humum, quarn multi-I grandine nimbi 67o in vada praecipitant, cumn Juppiter horridus Austris torquet aqu5sarn hiernern et cae1&6 cava n-ftbila ruimpit. Pandarus et Biti.;-s, Idae5 Alcdinore erATi, quas Iovis &,dfixit 1ftc6i silvestris Jaera abietibus iuvenris patrils et montibus aeqLioS, 675 portarn, quae ducis imperio- commissa, recitidunt frktI armis ultr~que invitant moeilibus liostisin; ips! intus dextra ac laevif pr&) turribus adstant armiltti ferr5 et cristis capita alta coruscil, qftal~s uieriae liquentia flf~rnina circurn, 680 sive Padi ripis Athesin. seu propter arnoenurn, c~nsurgunt gerninae quercuts int~3nsaque cael5) attollunt capita et sublirni vertice nfitant. Inrumpunt, aditfis Rutuif ut vid~re patentis, continnO Querc~ns et puilcher Aquiculus armi~s 685 et praeceps animni Marus et Mfitvortius Haeman 667. flictis: i.e. under the impact of 6disxit... Iaera: iaera was doubtless the tjda. their mother. 668-670. quantus huMumn=; 674. patriis, 'their native,' i e. (piigna) tanta quantits, 'fierce as the rain standing on Ida, their birthplace. ae(is when it) lashes.' pluvl8libus Hae- qu6s: iLe. tall as. dis: temporal ablative. Cf. pluicids... 676. moenibus may (1) bedat. (~ 122), Hyadas, 1. 744. quam... praecipitant or abl.; cf caeie.. accipijs, i. 289, 2990, (sc. s8), ' plenteous as the hail is when with note. the clouds,' etc. cf. quam multa gran- 677. pr6, 'like'; cf. 674. So we say, dine nimW~ culminibus crepitant, v. 458, though with far less consciousness of 459. horridus Austr-is has been neatly the figure, that a person is 'a tower ot rendered I'in the sullenness of southern defense' in himself. blasts.' There is some confusion here 678. capita: for case see ~135. between the god and the sense of 'sky' 679-682. If we grasp the simile and which luippiter of teii bears (~ 189). mark the p1. in ripis, 680, we shall see 671. rumpit: i.e. so that they dis- that the oaks (681) stand one on either charge their contents. bank. Padi.... Athesim: rivers of the dis;trict in which V. spent his early 672-690. Pandarus and Bitias open years. See ~~ 35, 36. vertice nimtant: the gate they were set to guard and cfcous5teient-ai.627 make a sally on the Rutulians. c.cnus eieniai.67 685. praeceps animi: for case ot 673. lovls Jt.Lc6: on Mt. Ida. aninaisee ~148. 686-7071 686-~/O~I] LIBER IX44 449 agminibus Otis: ant versi terga ded~re aut ips6 portae posu~re in limine vitam. Turn magis incr~scunt animis discordibus irae, et iam co11~cti Tries glomerantur e~dem et c~nferre manum et pr~currere longius audent. IDuctari TurnO5 diversa in parte furenti turbantique vir~s perfertur nfintius hostern fervere caede nova et portas praeb~re patentis. DNserit inceptum atque imanidn concitus Ira Dardaniam ruit ad portam frdtr~sque superbcs, et primum Antiphatn (is enim s6 primus ag~bat), Th~biin& d mtitre nothum Sarp~donis alti, coniectO sternit iacuh3; volat itala cornus aera per tenerum stomacho-que Infixa sub altum pectus abit; reddit specus atri vulneris undam spfinmantem, et flx6 ferrum in pulm~ne tep~~scit. Turn Meropem atque Erymanta manil, turn sternit turn Bitidn drdentem oculls animisque frementem, nan iaculb (neque enim iaculb vitam ille dedisset), sed magnum strid~ns contorta phal[Lrica v~nit f ulminis aicta mod,5, quam nee duo taurea terga nec duplici squatmd 1kria fid~lis et aur6 690 695 700 [num, Aphid705 686. aut: note the sharp advers. asyndeton: 690. c~nferre... audent: they forget the injunctions of Aeneas, 40-46. 691-721. Turnus appears and works great havoc. 693. fervere: for form see 101. nova%, ' unexpected.' 694. inceptum, I'the task he had begun.' 695. frltr~s: Pandarus and Bitias; see 672-678. 697. alt may combine the ideas of high lineage (he was son of Jupiter) and of physical prowess (cf. inglns Sarplcln, i. 99, 100). See the n. on quantus-, i. 752. 699. tenerum, ' yielding'; the air opposes -no barrier to the flight of the spear, i.e. it does nothing to make the spear less deadly. altum may (l) = 'high,' 'arching,' or (2) may=an adv. 700. abit may be rendered by 'Passes'; strictly, however, it pictures the springing of the weapon away from Turnus's hand. WtI vulneris: subjective gen., ' caused by,' etc. 701. f 1x6... tep~scit: cf. tepefacta -.. maclent, 333, 334, trifiect~que haesit tepefacta eerebrW, 419. 704. iacul6... dedisset: iacuf5 is a dat.; the constr. involves personification of the iacu urn. 705. mignum strid6na: cf. horrendum stridFn8 632, with note. contorta%: freely, ' twisting, ' ' hurtling.'1 707. duplic!... aur6:. the ref. is to a double layer of scales of gold. Since the breastplate now fails Turnus, 450 AENEIDOS [708-72n sustinuit; conlapsa ruunt immania membra; dat tellus gemitum, et clipeum super intonat ingens. 710 Tlis in Euboico Btairum litore quondam saxea pila cadit, magnis quam molibus ante constructam ponto iaciunt, sic illa ruinam prona trahit penitusque vadis inlisa recumbit; miscent se maria, et nigrae attolluntur harenae; 715 tur sonitti Prochyta alta tremit duirumque cubile Inarime Iovis imperils inposta Typhoe6. Hic Mars armipotens animaum virisque Latinis addidit et stimulos acris sub pectore vertit inmisitque Fugam Teucris atrumque Timorem. 720 Undique conveniunt, quoniam data copia pugnae bellatorque aniim deus incidit. Pandarus, ut fuis germanum corpore cernit et quo sit fortuina loco, qui casus agat r6s, portam vi magna converso cardine torquet, 725 obnixus latis umerls, multosque suorum fldelis must refer to the past performances of the 5lorca, i.e. it must= 'once so faithful.' Therefore duplic!.. auro is best taken as causal abl. with fldelis, 'whose double layer.. once made it so trusty.' 709. intonat: the shield that was once a defence (707) is now an added burden and woe. 710. Euboic6... litore: Baiaewas near Cumae; cf., therefore, vi. 2, with note. 711. molibus: the large separate masses or blocks (of stone, or, perhaps rather of concrete, of which the Romans made large use, esp. under water) which make up the pda. ante emphasizes the idea that the pdla is made completely ready before it is lowered into the sea. 712. iaciunt: the subject is 'men' in general; see on habitant, iii. 106. sic repeats talis, 710, and brings us back, after the digression in mnagnIs... iaciunt, to the main thought. 714. nigrae: it is said that the sands of the bay of Baiae are actually black in color, since they contain much lava. attolluntur: sc. ex imis. 715, 716. drum... cubile... TyphoeS: cf. the picture of the fate of Enceladus, iii. 578-582. See ~ 274. 718. stimuls... vertit: cf. stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo, vi, 101. 720. conveniunt by itself is vague, but 717, 719, and 721 show that we must supply Latni. 722-818. Pandarus shuts the gate and unwittingly shuts in Turnus too. Turnus fights valiantly but finally yields to superior force. He retires slowly and at last leaps into the Tiber. 722. ffso.. corpore (sc. esse) involves an abl. of char., with the usual adj. force (see on i. 71); a simple fusunz would have sufficed. 724. converse, 'turning,' 'revolving'; see ~171. 725. obnixus... umeris: cf. obixae....umeris, iv. 406, conixi umeris, v. 264. 726-747] 726-747) ~LIB3ER IX45 451 moenibtus exclfisas diar6 in certamine linquit; ast alibs s~cumn inchfidit recipitque ruentis, d~miIns, qul IRutulurn in medi6 non agmine regern viderit inrumpentem ultr~que incifiserit urbi, immnanern veluti pecora inter inertia tigrim. ContinuC5 nova ifx oculls effulsit, et arma horrendum sonu~re; tremunt in vertice cristae sanguineae, clipei~que micantia fulmina mittit. Agn~scunt faciern invisam atque immania membra turbAtI subit6 Aeneadae. Turn Pandarus ing~las ~micat et mortis fraternae fervidus Ird effdtur: 'Na5n haec d6talis r~gia AmAtae, nec mfiris cohibet patrils media Ardea Turnum; castra inimica vid~s; nfilla hinc exire potestas'. 0111 subrid~ns s~ddtb pectore Turnius: 'Jucipe, si qua anirnO virtfis, et edusere dextrarn; hie etiarn inventum Priam6 nArrabis Achillem.' Dixerat. iMe rudem n~dis et cortice crfid6 intorquet summis adnixus vlribus hastam; exc~p~re atirae; vulnus Saturnia Ithii d~torsit veni~ns, portaeque Infigitur hasta. 'At n~n hBc tUum, mea quod vi dextera versat, 730 735 740 74# 728, 729. d~m~ns qul... inclt-. serit: cf. dhrntns qui.. girnataret, vi. 590, 591, with note, in medi6 agmine explains why Paudarus did not see Turnus; the others hid him from sight, 732. horrendum sonuere: cf. ho, rendumt stridins, 632, n~dgnarn strtdis,, 705 736. mortis... 1r&a: cf geinitW ind, ii. 413, -with note. 737. hiec: for gender see on hoc, i. 17. d6tUlis..Amf~tae:i-e. the palace you hope to get by becoming Amata's son-In-law; cf. n. on eon~iugium quae8fit&... dit~s. vii. 423. 738. patrils... Ardea: for Arilea as Turnuis's home cf.- vii. 408-414. 7,12. hic etiam: i.e. even as at Troy. For the sentence hic... Achillem cf ref erhFs... rnementd, ii. 547 549, spoken to Priam by Neoptolemus, j ust as he lis about to kill the Trojan king. Achillem: Turnus talks of hunseif as the Sibyl did, affits... Achzffis, vi 89 743. crftdO, 'untrimmed," unpealed'; properly, still fresh, not yet having wrinkled and peeled off 715,716. vulnus... venidus=ictum venientem, v. 444. 747. versat, I'plies.'I The idea is like that in rotat 4F~em, ix. 441. 452 AENEIDOS (748-768 effugids; neque enim is t6Ii nec vulneris auctor.' Sic ait et subldtum alto c~nsurgit in ~,nsem 7.50 et mediam ferr6 gemina inter tempora frontem dividit inp-abisque immAni vulnere m~als. Fit sonus; ingent! concussa est pondere teilfis; conIAps6s art-fis atque arma cruenta cerebr sternit hum! mori~ns, atque ill! partibus aequis 755 hiitc caput atque jihlic umer6 ex utro-que pependit. Diffugiunt versi trepida formidine Tries, et, s! continu6 vict~rem ea cfira subisset, rumpere claustra man-a soci6sque inmittere portis, ultimus ille dies belkl gentIque fuisset; 760 sed furor drdentem caedisque insana cupid 6git in advers~s. PrIncipib Phalerim et succWs poplite G5yg~n excipit; hinc raptis fugientibus ingerit hastis in tergum (Ifhn6 virls animumque ministrat); 765 addit Halym comitem et c~nfixii Ph~gea parmd, ignairbs deinde in miliris Martemque cientis Alcandrumquie Haliumque No~monaque Prytanimqu e; Lyncea tendentem contra sociksque vocantem 748. is: emphatic (cf. ea, ii. 17, with 11.), =tdlR, =tit-ig ut eurn eff uqere posszs. t611... auctor: cf. tMI... auct~rem, 420, 421. 749. c6nsurgit in dnsem: see c~nSalrq& in Vocab. For a similar picture cf. ostendit dextrarn instirgeins Entelhus, v. 443, with note. 750. mediam: proleptic; ' in twaina.' 757. vlctfrem... Subisset: cf. subit... irn~tgO, i. 560, subtt. poenas, ii. 575, 576. 759. genti: sc Tr~ffinae. 762. succisb poplite: since the Trojans are in flight (756), Turnus's blows are dealt from behind them. 763. raptis: the meaning is not clear. (1) V. may have in mind certain Hlomeric passages in which a hero sup plies himself With spears from the bodies of the slain; in that case /Aiac will~ex his or ex hi rute corporibes. (2) raptds.. ingerit may mereiy=rapit et inqerit (see, on 8ubmer~as... obi?1ee, i. 69), the poet writing vaguely and not troubling himself to ask whence the spears came 50 opportunely. fugientibus: freely, ' the flying foe.' 765. comitem: sc. Phaleri et, G~q cOnflixi... parmi: ancient warriorn, when fleeing from the fight slung their shields on their backs. 766. ignir6s: sc. they were facing outward, fighting the foe without, and knowing nothing of the foe within. 768, 769. tendentem... dexter: V. is sketching his story very lightly here and leaving much to be inferred by the 769-785s LIBER IX 453 vibranti gladio c6nixus ab aggere dexter occupat (huic iun deiectum comminus ictui cum galea longe iacuit caput); inde ferarum vastatorem Amycum, qu6 non felicior alter unguere tela manf ferrumque armare veneno, et Clytium Aeoliden et amicum Crethea Mfisis, Crethea, Musarum comitem, cui carmina semper et citharae cordi numerosque intendere nervis; semper equos atque arma virum pfgnasque canebat. Tandem ductores audita caede suorum conveniunt Teucri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus, palantisque vident socios hostemque receptum, et Mnestheus 'Quo deinde fugam, quo tenditis' inquit. 'Quos alios muros, quae iam ultra moenia habetis? Unus homo et vestris, 6 cives, undique saeptus aggeribus tantas strag6s inpfine per urbem ediderit? iuvenum primos tot miserit Orco? 770 780 785 reader (see ~225). Lynceus makes a rush for Turnus and calls others to his help. ab aggere helps to picture Turnus's position at the moment, and incidentally gives the result of 766, 767; his attack there has brought him close to the agger. dexter is used as in v. 162; cf., too, the use of diversus, v. 166. The whole= 'with a vigorous sweep.. to the right from the agger,' etc. The various details are added to give an air of reality to the picture; cf. the n. on locSs.. Albani, 387, 388. 772, 773. felicior... armare: for the constr. cf. ~ 169. 774-776. amicumhere=carum. Crethea... Crethea: the repetition increases the pathos. The poet is deeply interested in the fate of Cretheus and much moved thereby; they were both poets of war (cf. i. 1) and hence were kindred spirits. numer6s... nervis: i.e. to strike forth rhythmic strains with all possible effectiveness. nervis may be instr. abl., or abl. of source. 778, 779. ductores... Teucri: they may have been at the point previously threatened by Turnus (691, 692). The events of 694-777 cover no long space of time. 780. receptum: sc. intr moenia; cf. recipit... r uentis, 727. The word is a strong word (' welcomed') and pictures the amazement with which the leaders hear the story. 781. qu6... tenditis: cf. qu6 deinde ruis, v. 741, with note. 782. moenia, 'city'; note urbs in 784 and 48, said of the camp. 783. et... saeptus: we should say, idiomatically, 'and that, too, though he is hemmed in,' etc. et... deceptus, v. 851, involves a similar usage. 785. ediderit... miserit: cf. occiderit... sidairit, ii. 581, 582, with n. The fut. perfects here represent time prior to the fut. moment hinted at in inpine; 'shall he have... and yet shall he go forth unhurt' is the thought. miserit Orc6: cf. multos... Orco, ii. 398. 454 454 ~~~AENEIDOS [$-0 [786-800 N~n Tinf 61cis patriae veterumque deorum et magni Aei-l.ae, Segnes, miseretque pudetcjne?' TAlfibus acc~nsl firmantuir et agmiue d~ns6 c~nsistunt. Tuirnus paulitim exc~dere pfignP5 790 et fluviurn petere ac partem, quae cingitur unda;idhrius Ih~c Teunon cldm~re incumbere magno et glornerare manum, ceu saevurn turba 1e~nern cum tWis premit inf~nsis; at territus ille asper, acerba Wuns retr6 redit, et neque terga 795 ira dare autt virtfis patitur, nec tendere contra ile quidem hoc cupi~ns potis est per t~la virbsqtic: haud aliter retrO5 dubius vestigia Turnus inproperilta refert, et in~ns exaestuat Ira. Quin etiarn bis turn medi~s invaserat hostis, 800 bis c,5nf fisa f ugal per rnftr~s agmina vertit, sed manus 0 castris proper6 coit omnis in -ftnuim, nec contra viris audet Satirnija fthn6 sufficere, aeriain cael6 nam 1uppiter irirn d~misit germdnae haud mollia iussa ferentem, osw -n Turnus c~dat Teucr~rurn moenibus altis. ErgOb nec clipe6 iuvenis subsistere tantumn 792. ceu... haud aliter (797) a simpler form would be (j'a,.. infnsis, territus Wte... virosqjee, baad WlIte; etc. cum: the conjunction. at... vir6sque says, in the form of an independent sentence, what NN ouldcinaturally have been the conclusion to (CiI infjnsis; the constr. is fatilty but forceful. territus: i e. thouigh dis in~ed. 791. asper. acerba tuens is in the pred. to iredit For case of arena,ee,~128, 134. ae; ba tujes is the visible, token of the state denoted by aspeci 796. Mle.. cupiens, 'fain though ho' is so to do'; for the use of ile, ef i..3, v. 457, etc. 799. turn: i.e. under these unfaN orable conditions. inviserat carriers us back of the time denoted by the histor presents in 798. He made two attacks after the arrival of the duct&r's, 779. before he finally withdrew. 802-804. viris... sufficere: cf. antrn08 virisque secandd~s seitficit, ii. 617, 618 &.eriarn: Iris is preeminently a goddes., of the air; cf. iris.-. cotfrirs, lv. 700, 701 cael6... ferentem: Juno was on earth helping Turnus (764) exactly a-z Venus was, on earth helping Aeneas in i 314 ff ii1 "89 ff Vill 608 ff. 805. ni.. c~dat: 0 0 Jupiter'smnessage wouid have been e prestied bv a threat in the fut. indic,followed by ni Turaeom ceddf, etc 806. clipe6 suggests defensive tactics; dextrd points to offenisive movements. tantum: as in v. 21. 807-818] LIBER IX 435 nec dextrA valet; iniectis sic undique tllis obruitur; strepit adsidub cava tempora circumn tinnitfi galea, et saxis solida aera fatiscunt, discussaeque iubae capiti, nec sufficit umb6 ictibus; ingeminant hastis et Trbes et ipse fulmineus Mn~stheus. Tur tMt6 corpore sfidor liquitur et piceum (nec respirare potestds) fh'imen agit; fess~s quatit aeger anh~4itus artfis. Turn dimum praeceps saltfi sese omnibus armiz in fluvium dedit; ille su6 cum gurgite flAv6 acc~pit venientem ac mollibus extulit undis et laetum sociis ablfita caede remisit. 810 sib 809. aera: the bronze plates of the helmet. fatiscunt expresses the result, not the process,I are split open.' 812. fulmineus: Mnestbeus is a futmen bellit, like the Scipios (vi. 842). 813, 814. piceum... fitimen: sweat mingled with the dust of battle. agit, 'sets in motion.' fessbs... art-Us: of. vatos quatit aeqer anAhR/es art its, v. 432. 817. mollibus p:nts a contrast to the toil and danger which Turnus has just endured. 818. caede: i.e. the stains of battle (812 813). LIBER X Nee Turnum segnis retinet mora, sed rapit acer totam aciem in Teucros et contra in litore sistit. 310 Signa canunt. Primus turmas invasit agrestis Aeneas, 6men pfignae, stravitque Latinos occisO Therone, virum qui maximus ultro Aenean petit; huic gladio perque aerea sfita, per tunicam squalentem auro latus haurit apertum. s15 Inde Lichan ferit exsectum iam matre perempta et tibi, Phoebe, sacrum, casufs evadere ferri quod licuit parvo. Nec longe Cissea durum immanemque Gyan sternentis agmina clava deiecit leto; nihil illos Herculis arma 320 nec validae ifuvere manils genitorque Melamputs, Alcidae comes fusque, gravis dum terra labores 308-361. The forces of Aeneas and those of Turnus meet in mortal combat; Aeneas slays many of the foe. 308, 309. On the day after the events of Book IX the fighting is renewed (118 -145). During the following night Aeneas, accompanied by the Etruscans, whose alliance he had won (see on viii. 608), sails down the Tiber, and effects a landing at a point near the Trojan camp. 310. signa canunt: i.e. the trumpets give the signal for battle; cf. sgnurn tuba dandum, Caes. B.G. ii. 20. signa here = 'signal-giving instruments'; see ~ 186. agrestis: the Latin forces, made up largely of herdsmen, shepherds, and farmers, were not likely long to withstand Aeneas's disciplined troops. 311. 6men pugnae gives the purpose of turmZis... Aeneas, 'to foreshadow the outcome of the fight.' For the case of onmen see on infandum, i. 251. 312-314. virum (gen. pl.) maxi mus=a causal clause. quli... petit: V. is fond of the hist. pres. in rel. clauses. perque.. per: we ought to have perqe... perque; cf. n. on pedibusque, ii. 227. squalentem auro: cf. pallan... rigentem, i. 648,with note 316, 317. sacrum: i.e. as a priest. parvo (sc. el), 'in his infancy.' It was believed that Apollo, as god of healing (~281, end), guided the surgeon's knife 318, 319. agmina (sc. Trdiana): i e whole ranks. Single-handed, Aeneas slays those whom many others found irresistible. Cf. v. 258-265, with n. on palantis, v. 265. Herculis arma refers to clava, 318. 320, 321. genitor... Melampis: cf. pater.... ector, lii. 343, nith n. gravis... praebuit (sc. illi = Nerculi). the earth supplied labors to Hercules in a special sense, since his tasks were undertaken to rid the earth of monsters. Cf. vi. 801-803. 456 322-341] LIBER X 457 praebuit. Ecce Phar6, v~cs dum iactat inertis, intorqu~ns iaculurn clamant! sistit in 5re. Tft quoque, flAventem primfi 1lniigine malas (um sequeris Clytium!nf~lix, nova gaudia, Cydi~n, DardanifI~ striatus dextra, s~cflrus ambirum, qu! iuvenum tibi semper erant, miserande iace-res, ifi fratrumn stipitta cohors foret obvia, Phorel pr~geniles, septern numer6, sept~naque t~1a c~niciunt; partim galea clipe~que resultant inrita, d&flexii partirn stringentia corpus alma Venus. Fidum Aen~ds adfatur Acbft~n: 'Suggere t~1a mih!; non fillum dextera frfistrfi torserit in Rutulas, steterunt quae in corpore Gri~iumn Ilacis campis.' Turn magnam corripit hastam et iacit; illa volins clipel tra-nsverberat aera Maeonis et thoraca simul curn pectore rumpit. Iluic fraiter subit Alcainor friitremqne ruentem sustentat dextra; traiecto missa lacertO pratinus hasta fugit servatque cruenta ten~rem, dexteraque ex umerO nervis moribunda pependit. 325 330 335 340 322, 323. Phar6: with intorqughs. Inert-is, 'idle'; he was talking, like Numanus (ix.598-620),insteacl of fighting. 324. mMils: for case see ~135. 325. inf6lix suggests that Cydon's love met with no return. 326-328. Dardani8, =Aen~ae. 816 -tLirus anm6rumi has occurred in 1. 350. invenum belongs in thought with amirum, as an obj. gen.; for its position see on ignotum, ii. 59. miserande: voc., with Ckid~n, 325, instead of the nom., or an adv., either of which would be more strictly correct; metrical considerations, however, are at work here. iacd6rs... foret: for mood and tense see on 8ineret dolor, vi.. 31. 829. septei3~: three, Maeon, Alcanor, and Numitor, are named below. 330. c6niciunt: the descriptive ap positives Phorci... numerO made it easy for V. to slip from the cond. form of 327, 328 into ordinary narrative. 331. stringentia: proleptic (~ 193), 'so that they merely grazed.' 333-335. n6uiMIlum... quae= n~n Ol~furn... ex eis quae. torserit: for the force of the tense see on fuerit quodcumque, ii. 77. steterunt... campls: cf. the first explanation in n. on rapta8, ix. 763. Aeneas means that his weapons have done deadly work before and will deal destruction again. For scansion of ateterunt see ~ 246. 336. aera, 'the bronze plates.' 339-341. dextri (sc. manA~i): i.e. his right arm. missa: freely, ' thanks to the force of the cast.'I nerVis: instr. abl., ' by the sinews only.'I V., with his fondness 458 AENEIDOS [342-359 Tum Numitor iaculo fratris de corpore rapto Aenean petiit, sed non et figere contra est licitum, magnique femur perstrinxit Achatae. 345 Hie COribus fidPns primaevo corpore Clausus advenit et rigidi Dryopem ferit eminus hasta sub mentum graviter pressa pariterque loquentis vScem animamque rapit traiecto gutture; at ille fronte ferit terram et crassum vomit ore cruorem. 350 Tris quoque Threicios Boreae de gente supremal et tris, quos idas pater et patria Ismara mittit, per varios sternit cisfis. Accurrit Halaesus Auruncaeque manis; subit et Neptinia proles, insTgnis Messilpus equis. Expellere tendunt 355 nunc hi, nune illi; certatur limine in ipso Ausoniae. Maguo discordes aethere venti proelia ceu tollunt animis et viribus aequisnon ipsi inter se, non nubila, non mare cedit; anceps pufgna difi; stant obnixa omnia contria for exaggeration and his wish to glorify Aeneas's prowess, has represented Aeneas as driving a spear not only through the body of Maeon, but also through the arm of Alcanor as the arm is thrown round the stricken Maeon! The brothers had, from the first, been standing close together; cf. 328. 342. iaculo... rapt6: cf. steterunt,.. corpore Grdiu7n, 334, with note. Alcanor had flung his own spear at Aeneas without effect; cf. 328-332. 343. et, 'also'; i.e. in addition to hurling (it). figere contra: the evident contrast with perstrinxit, 'merely grazed,' 344, shows that this phrase must = 'strike (him) straight,' 'pierce (him) full in front.' The spear swerves widely from the straight line. 344. -que: see ~ 199, or n. on.que, vii. 51. 345, 346. Curibus... advenit must not be taken too literally; cf. primus... Mezentius, vii 647,648. 347. loquentis (se. ezus), 'even as he spoke'; ct. Pharus's fate, 322. 350. Threici6s: since the north winds known to the Greeks came from the direction of Thrace, Boreas was naturally described in Greek story as resident in Thrace, on Mount Haemus. 351. mittit: for the tense see onpetit, 313 364-356. expellere (sc. e Latio) fits better the nearer subject, hi, which= LatinZ (Halaesus, Messapus, etc.); see on legunt, i. 426. With iliZ, expellere =fundere or fugare. limine.. Ausoniae emphasizes the severity of the struggle; the Trojans have made little, if any, progress. magn6... aethere, by reminding us of the boundless area wherein the elements may fight, emphasizes the severity of the struggle. 359. stant, ' maintain their ground,' =non cedunt (cf. 358). obnixa: either 'set,' 'strained ' (cf. stat... eodem, v. 437, with n.), or 'straining,' ' struggling' (~ 171). contra = inter s, 358. 360-378] 860-378] ~LIBER X49 459 hand aliter Troijanac aci~s aci~sque Latinae coucurrunt; haeret pede pe-s d~nsusque vir6 vir. At parte ex aliia, qua7 saxa rotantia i1t, impulerat torr~ns arbustaque diruta ripis, Arcadas lnsuet~s acids inferre pedestris ut vidit PallAs LatiO5 dare terga sequaide (aspera eqn~s ndatfira loci dimittere quandrO suaserat), finum quod r~bus restabat eg~nls, nunc preee, nune dictis virtfitem accendit amfiris: 'Qu6 fugitis, socil? per v~s et fortia, facta, per ducis Euandri n~rnen d~victaque bella spemque meam, patriae quac -nunc subit aemula, laudi, fidite n~, pedibus; ferr6 rumpenda per hostis est via. Qua5 globus Meb virum dGnsissimiis urget, hitc v~s et Pallanta ducem patria alta reposcit. Nlimina, nfXia premuant; mortafli urgemur ab boste mortftl~s; totidern n~bis animaeque manfuisque. Eeoc miars mAgna claudit n~s 6bice pontus; deest iami terra fugae; pelagus TrC~iamne pet~mus?' 360 365 37(0 375 361. pede is usually regarded a,, a local abl. It is better, perhaps, to compare the n. on t0l, 1. 99, and to say that haeret really= premdiosr or imPeditur; Pede and viiroY, in this view, are instr. ablatives. d~nsus is possible because the sentence, though sing. In form, is really pl. in meaning. 362-438. Elsewhere the Arcadians are yielding to tho Latins, but are rallied by~allaswhoworks havoc among the foe till Lausus rallies them. 362, 363. parte ex aliia: join with dare terga, 365. impulerat: mark the tense; w') are to think of a dry watercourse -running into the Tiber. 366. quland6: for position see ~ 209. Thiis -s. reinforces 364; the Arcadians, being dismounted, were out of their element and so at a disadvantage. 347. isnum... eg~1lls is in appoe. with n'unc prece - -. amnaf8, 368. 369, 370. per... et... per: a more regular form would be per et ]ortia jacta et duceis, etc. vbs: a study of the passages akin to this, both in Greek and Latin, shows that vdis is probably not governed by per, but by a verb (iir6) to be supplied. d6victa: sc. ab eli. 3 71. patriae = patris mnei. subit: as in ii. 560, ii. 575; see notes there. 374. alta,I exalted,' 'Iglorious.' The epithet suggests a contrast to their present inglorious flight. reposcit: this verb = I claini as one's due'1; the sense here is thus- 'summons you, as of right she may.'1 376. totldem: se. quot itli (=Latini.6) 8Unt animae, ' lives.' 377. maris: with btice; see ~111. 378. d~est... fugae: the enemy are In front of them and on either side. For scansion of d~est see di~surn In 460 AENEIDOS [379-399 Ilaec ait et medius defnses prarumpit in hostis. 380 Obvius huic primum fais adductus iniquis fit Lagus; hune, mqgnb vellit dum pondere saxum, intortb figit tWl, discrimina costis per medium qua spina dabi-t, hastamque receptat ossibus haerentem. Quem n~n super occupat Hisbr), 385 Mle quidem h~c spe-ra-s, nam Pallas ante ruentem, dum furit, i-ncautum crUMTdl morte sodilis excipit atque ~,nsem tumidTo in pulm~ne recondit. Tine Sthenium petit et Rhoeti de gerite vetustiAnchemolum thalam~s ansum incestilre novereae.,-go V~is etiam, gemini, Rutulls cecidistis in arvis, Daucia, iltrld. Thymberque, simillima proh's, indiscreta suis gri-tusque parentibus error; ait nune dfira dedit v~bis discrimina Pallifs, nam. tibi, Thymbre, capfit Euandrius abstulit ~nsis, 39r, tC- d~csa suum, Larld~,, dextera quaerit, si~.mia-nim~sque micant digit! ferrnmque retrfictant. Arcadas acc~ns~s monitfi et praeclhfra tuentis facta vinl mixtus dolor et pudor armat in hostis. rpum Pallils biiugis fugienteni Rhoetea praeter Vocab. Tr6iam: i.e. the Trojan camp. The alternatives here are cleverly put; peilagu8 suggests danger (377) and death; Trdiam suggests security and the honorable support of their allies. 379. medius: as in 1. 682; see n. there. 382, 388. discrimina,. dabMt dividFbat. dabit: for scansion see ~242. hastam... receptat: cf. iacul& rapffi, 342, with note. 384. ouPer=d~super. occupat, Isurprises.'I Hisbo tries to slay Pallas as he bends over Lagus's body to pull out his spear. 385. ille. perans: cf. We cupi&e8, ix. 796, with n. ante, betimes,'I belongs with excipit, 387. 886. aodilis: Lagus, 381. 387. tumld: i.e. with rage 392. suis: after the direct,address in 390, repeated in.391, we should expect rzestris. V. is, however, talking now about the twins. Besides, suzes is metrically more convenient than vestris would be. error, ' source of perplexity'; ~186. 394. Thymbre: from a nom. Thym. brus; contrast Thymber, 391, and see ~ 100. A voc. Thymnber would he unmetrical here. c apt~t: for scansion see ~ 243. Euandrius... ftsis: V. is telling us indirectly (~ 225) that Evander had given his own sword to Pallas. 39 5. suumn, ' its (former) owner.' 396. micant... retrictant: V. is thinking of the muscular reaction seen in the bodies of those newly slain; the lingers seem to be reaching out to grasp anew the fallen sword. 400-417] LIBER X 461 traicit. Hoc spatium tantumque morae fuit 16, Ilo namque procul validam direxerat hastam, quam medius Rhoeteus intercipit, optime Teuthra, te fugiens fratremque Tyren, currfque volutus caedit s;mianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva. Ac velut optato ventis aestate coortis dispersa inmittit silvis incendia pastorcorreptis subito medils extenditur una horrida per latos acies Vulcania campos; ille sedens victor flammas despectat ovantisnon aliter socium virtus coit omnis in fnum teque iuvat, Palla. Sed bellis acer Halaesus tendit in adversos seque in sna colligit arma. Hie mactat Ladona Pheretaque Demodocumque, Strymonio dextram fulgenti deripit ense elatam in iugulum, saxo ferit ora Thoantis ossaque dispersit cerebro permixta cruento. Fata cavens silvis genitor celarat Halaesum; 400 405 410 415 400. hc... Ilo: hoc is emphatic, 'only this,' 'this alone,' and so = tantumr, 'so much only'; it refers back to the thought of biiugis... traicit. We infer (~225) that Ilus was killed immediately after Rhoeteus. 402. medius: as in 379. 406. dispersa =an adv., 'here and there,' ' from different points.' 407. mediis, 'the intervening spaces,' i.e. the tracts of woodland that lie between the dispersa incendia (406). tna marks the contrast between the many scattered fires (406) and the solid line of fire which is formed at the last. 408, 409. Note the metaphor; the line of fire is like a battle host bristling with spears. victor: freely, 'with all a conqueror's pride.' The fires have been set either to clear away the brush or to convert a tract of woodland into ground fit for tillage or pasturage. paco is often used of converting virgin forest land into land fit for cultivation. ovantis: the flames sympathize with the pastor. 410, 411. nn... Pall: inthis simile, 405-411, Pallas corresponds to the pastor, his followers to the incendia; his followers are united as the fireS were, and he himself exults at this as did the shepherd at his success. 412. arma, 'his shield'; arma not infrequently stands for scitum, the most important piece of defensive armor. Halaesus comes on vigorously yet cautiously. 415. lugulum: sc. HalaesT. Strymonius had probably 'attempted to strike Halaesus in the throat. 417. Fata... celarat: i.e. he had in some way learned that Halaesus must die an early death by a foeman's hand and so kept him far from war's alarms. 462 AENEIDOS [418-434 ut senior leto csnentia lumina solvit, iniecere manum Parcae telisque sacrarunt 420 Euandri. Quern sic Pallas petit ante precitus: 'Da nunc, Thybri pater, ferr6, quod missile libro, fortfnlam atque viam dfri per pectus Halaesi. Haec arma exuviasque viri tua quercus habobit.' Audiit illa deus; dum texit Imaona Halaesus, 425 Arcadi6 infelix telo dat pectus inermum. At non caede viri tanta perterrita Lausus, pars ingens belli, sinit agmina; primus Abantem oppositum interimit, pfignae n6dumque moramque. Sternitur Arcadiae proles, sternuntur Etrusci 430 et vos, o Grais inperdita corpora, Teucri. Agmina concurrunt ducibusque et viribus aequis; extremi addensent acies, nec turba moveri tola manasque sinit. Hinc Pallas instat et urget, hinc contra Lausus, nec multum discrepat aetts, 418. canentia: i.e. growing dull, losing the brilliancy and color they possessed in life; freely, 'glazing,' 'filmy.' 419, 420. iniecere manum: inicere (manum or) manus was a term of Roman criminal law, ' to lay violent hands on,' 'hale to prison.' tells... Euandri: Pallas has the spears as well as the sword (394) of Evander. 421. da... habebit (423) really= 'grant my prayer; (if thou doest this), your oak shall,' etc. missile belongs in thought with ferro (missile ferrum = tlumr); for position see on ignotunm, ii. 59. 423. tua quercus: i.e. 'an oak-tree consecrated to thee '; on this the arms of Halaesus, when slain, are to be hung as a thank-offering to the god for his help in the slaying of Halaesus; the whole will constitute a tropaewn. 425. Inermum apertum (314): Ha laesus is slain while he is using his shield to protect his comrade Imaon. 426,427. n6n... perterrita.. sinit agmina, ' does not brook the frightening of his lines by,' etc.; s-e on mtos.... flucts, i. 135. Lausus does not stand by as an idle spectator of his countrymen's discomfiture, but seclcs to offset it and to rally his men. viri, ' wrought by the hero '; subjective gen. pars... belli: cf. quorumn pars magna fJu, ii. 6. 428. pugnae... moram, 'though he was,' etc.; the phrase compliments Pallas (cf. n. on agmina, 318). Abas's stubborn valor delayed the (termination of the) battle; overcoming his defence was like untying some intricate knot. 430. 6... corpora: cf. ii. 197, 198 The Latins proved themselves better warriors even than the Greeks; cf. non... Utlxes, ix. 602, with note. 433, ainit: for scansion see 242. 435-4541 435-454] ~LIBER X43 463 cIgregil f~rma, sed quis fortfinla neg~rat in patriam reditfts. Ips~3s concurrere passus haud tamen inter s~ mdgnii r[,gnftor Olympi; mox ilh~s sua fa-ta manent mai~re sub hoste. Intered soror alma monet succ~dere Laus6 Turnum, quil volucrl curria medium secat agmen. Ut vidit soci~s, 'Tempus d~sistere pu~gnae; s~his ego in Pallanta feror, s61i mihli Pallas d~b~tur; cuperem. ipse par~ns spectator adesset.' liaec ait, et socii cess~runt aequore iuss6. At Rutulim. abscessft, iuvenis turn iussa superba mIr~tus stupet in Turn,5 corpusque per ing~us lfimina volvit obitque trucil procul omnia visa~ talibns et dictis it contral dicta tyranni: 'Aut spolils ego iam. raptis laudabor opimis ant IMt insigni; sort! pater aecus utrique est. Tolle minas.' Falttus medium pr~c~dit in aequor. Frigidus Arcadibus coit in praecordia sanguis. iDCsiluit Turnus biiugis, pedes apparat ire comiminus; utque le&, speculi, cuni vidit ab altfi 435 440 445 450 435. quls = quibus; see ~ 92. 438. sua: used as in i. 461; see n. there. sub, 'at the hands of.' Pallas is presently slain by Turnus, and Lausus is killed by Aeneas. 439-509. Turnus and Pallas meet in single. combat; Pallas is slain. Turnus gives up the body for burial, bt4t keeps Pallas's baidric. 439. soror, 'his (i.e. Turnus's) sister'I the nymph Juturna. 441. soci6s: iLe. the troops with Lausus (vii. 649-6,53). piignae: dat. Since disistere (see ~ 139) = siremovire, sJ abripere, or the like, this dat. is similar to that seen in silici, i. 174; see n. there. 442. feror: the pres. is very effective; &Tilus... feror = I'I am on my way to fight Pallas single-handed.' 4413. d~b~tur: i.e. as a victim to be slain by my spear and sword. cuperem...adesset = utinam ipse pardFns spectator adesset; hence the mood and tense. See on utinarnt... adforet, i. 575, 576, and on optern... adigat, iv. 24, 25. For the savagery which makes Turnus wish to slay a son before his father's eyes (an unholy act; see ii. 535-53w) ef. ~63. 444. iuss6: freely, ' as bidden'1; properly a transferred epithet (~ 194); we should have expected iusei. 445. Rutulum abscessil =po8tquarn Rutuli abece8serunt; hence turn is natural. 447. obit: freely, ' scans'1; properly, 'traverses.' With cor-pus... vied cf. hUe... tacitis, iv. 363, 364. 449, 450. sort-I... est answers 443; the words fit Wtci insigni better than they do 8poli!8...Opimi&S 464 AENEIDOS [455-475 455 stare procul campis meditantem in proelia taurum, advolat, hand alia est Turni venientis imago. Hunc ubi contiguum missae fore credidit hastae, ire prior Pallas, si qua fors adiuvet ausum viribus inparibus, magnumque ita ad aethera fatur: 460 'Per patris hospitium et mensas, quas advena adisti, te precor, Alcide, coeptis ingentibus adsis. Cernat semineci sibi me rapere arma cruenta victoremque ferant morientia lumina Turni.' Audiit Alcides iuvenem magnumque sub imo 465 corde premit gemitum lacrimasque effundit inanis. Tur genitor natum dictis adfatur amicis: 'Stat sua cuique dies; breve et inreparabile tempus omnibus est vitae; sed famam extendere factis, hoc virtfitis opus. Troiae sub moenibus altis 470 tot gnatl cecidere deum; quin occidit fna Sarpedon, mea progenies. Etiam sua Turnum fata vocant metasque dati pervenit ad aevi.' Sic ait atque oculos Rutulorum reicit arvis. At Pallas magnis emittit viribus hastam 475 vaginaque cava fulgentem diripit ensem. 455. in proelia expresses purpose. meditantem... proelia = ' practicing to be ready to fight,' i.e. with some rival bull. 458. ire prior, 'takes the initiative'; for the infln. see ~ 157. l... adiuvet, 'in the hope that,' etc. We have here, perhaps, a wish like that in vi. 882, but in 0.0. Cf., too, si... videat, i. 181, with n., for another possible explanation. ausum: (sc. eum) 'one who has dared,' etc. Pallas himself is made to realize his inferiority to Turnus. 460. patris: sc. mel. mensas. adisti: in viii. 184-279 V. describes how Hercules came to Italy, how he rendered a signal service to Evander and his people by slaying the robber giant Cacus, and how Evander in gratitude entertained Hercules in his abode. 462,463. cernat... Turni: Pallas matches Turnus in savagery; see 443. Turnus's outbreak, however, justifies Pallas's language. 466. genitor: Jupiter, who knows all things, and so understands the feelings of Hercules. natum: Alcides (464). 467. sua: as in 438. 468. famam extendere: i.e. to make one's fame outlive one. 469. hoc... opus, in this context, must = ' this is a task (exploit) that belongs to (I.e. is within the reach of) true manhood.' The meaning is thus different from that in hoc opus, hie labor est, vi. 129. 471, 472. Sarpedon: ef. 1. 99, 100. sua: as in 438, 467. dati: sc. a FStis. 473. ocul6s... arvis: Jupiter can not bear to witness Pallas's death. 476-493] LIBER X 465 Illa volans, umeri surgunt qua tegmina summa, incidit atque, viam clipei molita per oras, tandem etiam magno strinxit de corpore TurnI. Hic Turnus ferro praefixum robur acuto in Pallanta diu librans iacit atque ita fatur: 'Aspice, num mage sit nostrum penetrabile telum.' Dixerat, at clipeum, tot ferri terga, tot aeris, quem pellis totiens obeat circumdata tauri, vibranti cuspis medium transverberat ictf loricaeque moras et pectus perforat ingens. Ille rapit calidum frfstra de vulnere telum; fna eademque via sanguis animusque secuntur. Corruit in vulnus (sonitum super arma dedere) et terrai hostilem moriens petit ore cruento. Quem Turnus super adsistens 'Arcades, haec,' inquit, 'memores mea dicta referte Euandro: qualem meruit, Pallanta remitto. Quisquis honOs tumuli, quidquid solamen humandi est, 480 485 490 476,477. umeri... tegmina summa, 'the edge of his shoulder's covering,' is in itself indefinite, but is defined by clipe.... per oras, 477. summa is used as in ii. 463. m6lita, 'having forced its way.' 478. strinxit de corpore, 'barely grazed,' etc., emphasizes better than strinxit corpus would the thought that only part of Turnus's body is touched. 481. penetrabile: here act. in sense, = a pres. act. prtcpl.; this use of adjectives in -bilis belongs to poetry. 482. terga: freely, 'layers,' 'plates'; this venturesome use of the word is made possible by the fact that in early days bullock's hide was the material most used in shields; cf. e.g. 483, ix. 706. For other striking descriptions of shields cf. aerea sita, 313, clipei... textlLai, viii. 625 (here the shield is something woven), and septenos... impediunt, viii. 448, 449. 483. quem... obeat: for the subj. see on quibus... esset, ii. 248. 484. vibranti... ict, 'with quivering impact'; the spear quivers after its lodgment in Pallas's body. medium, 'full in the center,' emphasizes Turnus's skill. 486, 487. rapit: conativepres. For scansion of eadem and sanguis see ~~248, 242. 488, 489. in vulnus: i.e. on his wounded breast; the Romans seem to have believed that wounded men usually fell in vulnus. petit =ferit, 'strikes.' 492. qualem meruit (sc. Euander): freely, 'as he has deserved'; lit., 'in such guise as he has earned him'; Of. the commercial terms in haud... hospitia, 494, 495. qualem... remitto = mortuum Pallanta (Euander) meruit: talim igitur eum remittof; here the constr. of mortuurn Pallanta is like that of perterrita... agmina, 426, 427; hence in our'text nothing is to be supplied with qultem meruit. AENEIDOS [~41 [404-512 largior;- hand jill! stdbunt Aen~a parv,5 495 hospitia.' Et 1aev6 pressit pede, tablia f tus, exanimem rapi~ns immdnia pondera baltel inpressumque nefas: find sub nocte iugall caesa manus iuvenum foed6 thalamique cruenti, quae Clonus Eurytids mult6 caeldverat auro-; 500 qu6 nunc Turnus ovat spolR gaudetque potitus. Nescia m~ns liominum fat! sortisque fut-arae et servare modum rebus sublAta secundis! Turn6 tempus erit, magn6 cum optdverit ~mptum intdctum Pallanta et cum spolia ista diemque 5os5 6derit. At socil mult6i gemitft lacrimisque inpositum scfatt referunt Pallanta frequents. o dolor atque decus ma-gnum reditfire parent!! Haec t6 prima dies be113 dedit, haec eadem aufert, curn tame-n ingentis Rutulkrum linquis, acerv~s. 51o Nec iam fama mall tanti, sed certior auctor advolat Aen~ae tenul discrimine hIti esse suds; tempus verses succurrere TeucrIs. 494, 495. haud... hospitia: note the sharp advers. asynd., '(yet after all) not slight will he find the cost of welcoming Aeneas.'I For this welcome see on viii. 370, viii. 608. parv6: contrast m~gne6, II. 104. 496 - 498. baltel: for scansion see ~248. nefais is explained by u~naf. cruenti; the fifty daughters of Danaus were married to the fifty sons of Danaus's brother Aegyptus, but on the wedding night all but one of them slew their husbands. Uni... cruenti: sc. est with cae~fa, 8u7t with thalami. sub, 'under cover of.' 502. servire... secundis = a noun, parallel tofdti... futdrae. sublita =JWta, ' when upborne.'1 503, 504. magu6... Pallanta: iatilctum Pallanta, with the emphasis on the adj. (see on qnoto8. -..fluctils, i. 135), 'the (non-spoiling, i-e. the) sparing of Pallas,' is the first object of Optilverit, ~'mptuzm the second. The whole= 'when he shall wish that he had actually paid a high price to be allowed to let Pallas go unspoiled.' ista: used much as in ii. 521 (see notes there); it suggests a feeling in marked contrast to that noted in 500. 506. impositum... referunt scut inponunt et referunt. 507. mcignum:'with both nouns. 509. cum... linquis: V. has preferred to treat this cl. as temporal, ' while, nevertheless.'I The more natural formula would be cum ('although') t. inqudts; the phrase explains decu8?natgnu~n of 507. tinquis is metrically more convenient here than linquile would be. 510 - 512. faima, ' mere rumor.' auctor, ' evidence'; properly, ' authority, ' ' guarantor.' tenull... 16t! esse, ' are but a hair's breadth from death'; cf. WUt discrimizne parvei, iii. 685, with a. 513-583] 513-583] ~LIBER X47 467 Proxima quaeque metit gladi6 1latumque per agmen ard~ns 1imitem agit ferra, t~, Turne, superbuin caede nova quae-r~ns. Pallas, Euander, in ipsis omnia sunt oculis, M6Dsae, quias advena prirnads tune adfit, dextraeque datae. Sulm~ne creat~s quattuor hic iuven~s, totidem qu6s 6ducat tf~ns, viventis rapit, inferifts quas immolet umbris captivbque rogi perfundat sanguine flammas. Jnde Mag6 procul lnf~nsam contenderat hastam; Mle astfi subit, at tremibuinda supervolat hasta, et genua amplect~ns effatur talia supplex: 'Per patri~s Manis et sp~s surgentis Rill tE, precor, hane animam serves gnAtoque patrique. Est domus, alta, iaeent penitus defossa talenta caelat! argenti, sunt aurn pondera fact! infectique mih\l. N~n hie victbria Teucrum vertitur aut anima fina dabit discrirnina tanta.' Dixerat. Aen~ds contra, cui talia reddit: 'Argenti atque aurn memora-s quae multa talenta, gnAtis parce tWis. Bell! commercia Turnus sustulit ista prior iam. turn Pallante per~mptO. 515 520 525 530 513, 514. proxinia quaeque: i.e. whatever came in his way from time to time as he moved forward. In this idiom the sing. is the usual form; the p1. is rare, though found even in Cic. M&um.... agit: cf. MOt tW lmit e clgcam, ix. 323, with note. 516, 517. m~nsae... adfit: cf. the prayer of Pallas, 460. tune is emphatic, ' in those memorable days'1; for the allusion here cf. Aeniza... hospitia, 494, 495. Sulm~ne creats = Sulm5nis filiiis; for case of Sulmln~e see on Mcidi genitum, i. 297. 518-520. 6ducat: for tense see on petit, 313. umbris: sc. Pallcanis. For the thought of in!feritis... ftammnts cf. einerFs 8aefisse meo~rum, ii. 587, with n. Human sacrifices are mentioned in Homer; besides, they formed part of early Roman ritual. 522. astiL: modal abl., ' def tly,' 'adroitly.' subit, ' runs beneath.' 526. est... talenta=est domus, in. quU (or ubi) iacent; see ~~ 218, 2120. 527 -529. argentI: silver plate, as often. fact!, 'wrought,' into plate, etc.; if it = ' minted,' we have here an anachronism. infecti: gold and silver bars were much used in Roman financial transactions. hie (=in mj)... vertitur, I I am not the pivot on which the victory... turns.' 532. parce: sc. eis. bell! commercia: sarcastic; the gen.= an adj.- Commercial dealings normally belong to times of peace; hence, 'warlike trafficking' involves a contradiction in terms. 468 468 ~~~AENEIDOS [3-5 [534-356 H-1c patris Anchisae Manes, h~c, sentit TI-aus.' 535 Sic faus galeam Iaev[a tenet atque reflexa cervice 6rantis capuI6 tenuis applicat 6nsem. Nec procul llaemonid~s, Phoeb! Triviaeque sacerd~is, infula ciui sacra redimibat tempora vitta, t~tus conlificns veste atque insignibus armils,.540 quem congressus agit camp6 1lapsumque superstans immolat ingentique umbra tegit; arma Serestus 1Mcta refert umeris, tibi, r~x Gradive, tropaeum. instaurant, aci~s V~ulcani stirpe creatus Caeculus et veni~ns Mars~rum montibus Umbr6; 54.5 Dardanids contra furit. Anxuris 8nse sinistram et t~tum clipel terrae d&i~cerat orbem (dixerat Wle aliquid magnum vimlque adfore verb6 cr~diderat cael~que animum f ortasse fer~bat canitiemque sibi et longos promiserat ann~s):.550 Tarquitus exsultains contra fulgentibus armi1s, silvicolae Faun6 Dryop6 quem nymplia crearat, obviuis ardent! s~s6 obtulit. Mle reducta 16rIcam clipe~que ing~ns onus impedit hasta, tum caput 6rantis n~quilquam et multa parautis 655 dicere d~turbat terrae truncumque tepentem pr~volv~ns super haec inimWc pectore f atur: 584. Mec... MIiUS answers 524, 525. 538. infula is here the fillet as a whole; vitti is a coil. sing. and has here its proper sense. redimilbat: for the form see ~ 103. 541, ingentl...Umbri, in this context (cf. esp. immolat), must = the mighty shadows of death.' 544. ven1dna... montibus: cf. tZC Curibu8... advenit, 345, 346, with note. 545, 546. sinistram, ' the left arm.' orbem: the arm is lopped off; with it, of course, the shield also falls. 547, 548. d~xerat... mignum: he had probably boasted that he would kill Aeneas; cf. Numanus's talk, ix. 598-620. vim.., verb6: i.e. that he would have force to match his words. cael5... ferdbat: cf. anim~s... tollunt, ix. 637. fortasse: sarcastic, I'very probably'1; it is really a case of litotes (see on ndm simili, i. 136). 550-553. Tarquitus.. obtulit: note the parataxis in 545-552; see ~~ 218, 220. obvius... obtulit: cf. m~tter... 8eFse tultu obvia, i. 314, with ni. reducth hasti: cf. reduct~f... dextrti, v. 478, 479, with n. The actual cast of the spear is left to inference (~ 225). lmpedit: the spear pierces shield and breastplate, and ties them together, so to speak. 5 55. d6turbat terrae: cf. terrae dMii cerat, 546. Sc. gladOe hiere. 557-574] LIBER X 469 'Istic nunc, metuende, iace. Non t6 optima mater condet humo patri6que oner&bit membra sepulcro; alitibus linquere feris, aut gurgite mersum unda feret, piscesque inpasti vulnera lambent.' Pr3tinus Antaeum et Licam, prima agmina Turni, persequitur fortemque Numam fulvumque Camertem, magnanimo Volcente satum, ditissimus agri qui fuit Ausonidum et tacitis regnavit Amyclis. Aegaeon qualis, centum cui bracchia dicunt centenasque manus, quinquagint&irilts ignem pectoribusque arsisse, Iovis cum fulmina contra tot paribus streperet clipeis, tot stringeret enses, sic t6ot Aeneas d6saevit in aequore victor, ut semel intepuit micro. Quin ecce Niphaei quadriiugis in equ6s adversaque pectora tendit. Atque illi, longe gradientem et dira frementem ut videre, meti versi retr6que ruentes effunduntque ducem rapiuntque ad litora currfs. 560 565 570 557-560. metuende contains a sarcastic allusion to 550. n6n... lambent: Aeneas's ferocity (cf. 519, 520, with notes, 531-534) is relieved by the fact that it is due to his grief over the death of Pallas. patri.... sepulcro: for the thought,c(. nudus8... harena, v. 871, with n. onerabit: V. is thinking of the massive tombs his own countrymen loved. 561, 562. prima agmina: freely, 'who formed the van of Turnus's forces'; the exaggeration far exceeds that in pugnae... moram, 428. fulvum, 'yellow-haired,' i.e. fair-haired. 563, 564, ditissimus agri: as in i. 343. Ausonidum: for form see ~88. tacitis... Amyclls: tradition said that after many false alarms of the enemy's approach it was decreed that no one at Amyclae should ever announce the approach of the enemy. Hence, when the enemy did appear, they found it easy to take the town. Hence tacitis = 'famed for its silence,' or, more freely, 'storied,' 'famous.' 565, 566. quills: sc. saeviit or desaeviit, out of 569. cut.... mans: sc. fuisse. Before quinquaginta sc. cui from 565, or, perhaps, CUius (see on cui.. l.ocus, ii. 71). 568, 569. tot... tot, 'a like number of '=quinquaginta, 566. paribus= paribus inter se, 'equally matched,' 'all alike.' In ancient warfare banging the shield with the spear was one of the devices used to frighten the enemy. sic balances quilis, 565; tdlis would have been more regular. 571. pectora: sc. eorum=equorum. adversa may be conveniently rendered 'full against.' 572-574. longe gradientem: v. is translating an Homeric phrase which= 'advancing with long strides.' The horses are frightened by the shadow cast by Aeneas (cf. 593 below). dira: for case see ~ 130. effundunt: either his fall kills him or Aeneas slays him (~225). 470 470 ~~~AENEIDOS [7-9 (575-597 575 Jntered biingis infert sC3 Lftcagus albis in medias fraterque Liger; sed frdter hab~nis flectit equP~s, strictume rotat alcer Lficagus 6nsern. Hand tWit Aen~as tanta3 ferv~re furentis; inruit adversaque ingens appdrnit hasta. 580 Cnil Liger: 'N~n Diom~dis equbs nec currurn ccrnis Achillis ant Phrygiae campas; nunc bell! finis et aev! his dabitur terris.' VWsi-nO talia Idt6 dicta volant Ligerl. Sed nan et Tr6Yus li~r~s 585 dicta parat contrii, iaculum nam torquet in hostem. Lficagus nt pr~nus pendons in verbera WC10 admonuit biiuLgas, pr~iect6 dum pede laev6 aptat se pfignae, subit bri~s hasta per linds f ulgentis clipel, turn laevum perforat inguen; 590 excussus, curr-ft moribundus volvitur arvis. Quem pins Aenoas dictis adfifatur ama-ris: 'Lficage, nilila tu~s curr-ds fuga s~gnis equ~rum prodidit aut vanae vert~re ex hostibus umbrae; ipse rotis salii-ns iuga d~seris.' llaec ita fa-tus 595 arripuit biiugos; fratter tend~bat inertis inf~1ix palmds currfl dolapsus e~dem: 'Per t6, per qui t6 talem genui~re parentos, 575-577. bliugis... Liger =they Come On together'1; sed... ftsem=~ but they are playing different rides.'1 581. 582. n~n... camp~s: cf. nihn Ulix&e, ix. 602, with n. Aeneas escaped from Diomede (see on tudl. dextrd, 1. 98), and from Achilles, but he is not to escape now, says Liger. 583, 584. v~sin6... Ligerl: for case see ~ 120. In prose we should have ex ve8ano Ligeris ire, or the like. et, 'also'1; iLe. like Liger. 586-588. pr6nus... verbera: cf. pr,5ni... pendent, v. 147. t~16: his sword; cf. 577. pr6iect6... pede laev6: i.e. in getting ready to hurl his spear with all his might. Liicagus.. piignae describes two successive acts. 591. pius reminds us that in slaying his foes Aeneas is doing his duty (~ 62) to himself, his comrades, and the new Troy he is to found. 592-594. ntlia... umbrae: there is an allusion to 572-574; see notes there. cuyrras, 'team,' 'span.' rotis.. d~seris is a sarcastic restatement of 590. 595. inertis, ' helpless'; he could only talk, not fight (581-583). 597. per qui... parent~s: per governs the whole rel. cl.; cf. n. on per, ii. 142. For the appeal cf. that of Magus, per... TIM, 524;- for the complimentary language cf. qaae... parentsts, said to Dido, 1. 605, 606. 598-6141 LIBER X 471 vir Tr6iine, sine hanc animam et miserere precantis.' Plfiribus 6ranti Aeneas: 'Haud talia dfdum dicta dabas. Morere et fratrem ne dcsere frater'; tur, latebras animae, pectus mficrone reclufdit. Talia per campos edebat ffnera ductor Dardanius torrentis aquae vel turbinis atri more furens. Tandem erumpunt et castra relincunt Ascanius puer et nequiquam obsessa iuventis. Ifinnem interea compellat Iuppiter ultro: '0 germana mihi atque eadem gratissima coniunx, ut rebare, Venus (nec te sententia fallit) Troianas sustentat opes, non vivida bello dextra viris animusque ferox patiensque pericli.' Cui Ifun summissa: 'Quid, 5 pulcherrime conifunx, sollicitas aegram et tua tristia iussa timentem? Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat quamque esse decebat, vis in amore foret, non hoc mihi namque negares, 600 605 610 600. fratrem... frater is scornful; contrast 338. 605. nequiquam... iuventus: for the beginning of the siege see ix. 25-76. 606-632. Jupiter grants permission to Juno to rescue Turnus from immediate death. 607. eadem, 'likewise'; see on idem, iii. 158. With this vs. cf. Juno's description of herself, i. 46, 47. 610. viris seems to belong closely with dextra; see ~ 120. In 607-610 Jupiter is ironical; Venus has helped the Trojans but once, 331, 332. Jupiter really means, therefore, 'See how far wrong you were in thinking that the Trojans owe their success to divine help, instead of to their own prowess.' 612. aegram... timentem, 'one who is,' etc. aegram: i.e. because the Latins are losing. lussa: nowhere specified, but similar, we may imagine, to those spoken of in ix. 804, 805. 613, 614. With both fuerat and esse sc. mihi. quam... decebat: freely, 'which of right I once possessed.' hoc is explained by quTn... parenti, 615, 616. namque is generally explained as = 'surely,' 'indeed,' and as belonging closely with mihi (or with h6c); enim is so used elsewhere, e.g. in early Latin and in the Aeneid,viii. 84. But there is no other example of this use of nam; besides, this explanation fails to account for -que. It is more likely that V. has, consciously or unconsciously, combined two constructions. (1) si... foret would naturally be followed by non hoc. mihi negares, but (2) si... foret, though in form cond., in thought really=utinam... foret. Had V. used this latter formula, namque would have been strictly correct (cf. notes on namque, i. 65, and on neque eniip, i. 198). 472 AENEIDOS [615-684 615 omnipot~ns, quInl et pfi-gnae subdficere Turnuin et Daun6 possem incolumem servAre parenti; nunc pereat Teucrisque pio dot sanguine poenfis. Mle tamen nostrd &dfdcit origine n~me-n, Pilumrmusque jill! quArtus pater, et tuja larga 620 saepe manuf muitisque oneravit limina d~nis.' Cui re-x aetheril breviter sic fatus OlympI: 'S! mora praesentis latI tempusque cadftc6,5rditur iuveni m~que h~c ita po-iere sentis, tolie fugft Turnum atque instantibus ~ripe f ats; 6523 hctenus indulsisse vacat. SIn. aitior istis sub precibus venia ftlla latet t~tumque nmov~rI mfitarive putAs belium, spes pascis indanis.' Et Ithn6 adlacrimdns: 'Quid si, quae v~ce gravdris, mente dars atque haec Turn6 rata vita man~ret? 630 nunc manet insontem gravis exitus, ant ego yen! vana feror. Quod ut 0 potius formidine falsei Ifidar, et in mellius tua, qul potes, arsa reflectas!' llaec ubi dicta dedit, caeiO sO pr~tinus alt6 misit. ag~ns hiemem nimb6 615, 616. qu-in... possem: freely, 'the power to withdraw,'I etc.; strictly, the clause expresses result (=ut nin... po8sem) after nln.... negdres, 614, which =ndn recusgare8 or nem prohib~r~s. We have the impf. possern because in a contrary to fact cond. the verbs in all clauses essential to the thought follow the contrary to fact cond. form. pt~gnae subdiicere: cf. cldjistere pilgnae, 441. 617. nunc: advers. asyn. Teucris *.. poenis is bitterly ironical; pietds and punishment seldom go together! p16: to Juno Turnus is a patriot, and as pius as Aeneas himself (see 591). 618-620. Mle... pater: i.e. as one of the dis geniti (vi. 130, 131) Turnus deserves especial favor. -que, as in vii. 61; cf. ~ 198. quairtus pater: i.e. his great-great-grandslre. tua... d6nis: i.e. he has a special claim on you; cf. ii. on 1. 334. succIncta per auras 623, 624. p6nere, 'arrange.' tolle. fitis: for the power here accorded to Jupiter see ~ 305. 628, 629. quid s! man6ret in thought =utinam...darF8, etc. quae: sc. dare. gravlaris, ' are reluctant.'1 630-632. v6r! vfana=vjri vacua; cf. ver&... eggta, vii. 440, witIh n. quod, 'but,' as in ii. 141; see n. there. ut... refiectis expresses a wish; in this constr. uit is seldom used. in melius... reflectis: cf. in mnelius ref eret, i. 281, with note. 633 - 688. Juno makes a phantom Aeneas and uses this to lure Turnus from the field. 634. ag~ns hiemem: i.e. by the rapidity of her motion. nlmb6 suocincta: the gods regnlarly screened themselves from sight when they were 635-660] 685-660] ~LIBER X47 473 Iliacarnque aciern et Lanrentia castra petivit. Turn dea niabe cavil tenuem sine viribus umbram in faciem Aen~ae (visfi mirdbile rn~nstrum) IDardaniis Ornat tWis clipeumque iuLbatsque divini adsimulat capitis; dat hiania verba, dat sine mente sonum gress-asque effingit euntis: morte obitiA qu Alls fArna est volitAre figfirdis aut quae s~pit~s d~lidunt somnia s~nsfis. At prImi~s laeta ante acids exsultat imidgo inritatque virurn t~1is et v~ce lacessit. instat cui Turnus stridentemque 6rninus hastarn c~nicit; illa data vertit vestigia terg3. Turn v~rb Aen~dn fiversum ut c~dere Tuirnus cr~didit atque animo- spern turbidus hausit indinem, 'Qu6 fugis, Aen~5? thalarn~s n6 d~sere pact~s; hac dabitur dextrd tellfis quaesita per undlAs.' Talia v~ciferdns sequitur stricturnque coruscat rniLcr~nem -nee ferre videt sua gaudia vent~s. Forte ratis eels! coniuncta crepidine sax! expositis stdbat scailis et ponte paratO, quA r~x Cla~sinis advectus Osinius 6ris: hfte sWs trepida Aen~ae fugientis irnAgo3 c~nicit in latebrais; -nec Turnus s~gnior instat exsuperatque moras et pontis triinsilit alt~s. Vix pr~rarn attigerat: rumpit Saturnia ffinem avulsamque rapit revoli'ita per aequora navern. 640 615 650 655 660 taking part directly in human affairs; cf. namque...reciisff, ii. 604-607, with notes. 639, 640. dlvlnl: Aeneas was son of the goddess Venus. euntis: sc. Xius= AeneFae. 641. quills - -fgtLris (I phantoms ') = (tffl8 quidem umbra illa (636) eat) qufflig, etc.; see on qufflis, i. 316. 844. virum: Turnus. MUli: ILe. by brandishing them; the t~Za are unreal, like the figure itself (686). 649. thalambs, ' marriage,'I as in vi. 94. For the taunt Cf. Fn... pos~cumt, ix. 600, with note. 652. ferre = auferM, i.e. were rendering null and void. gaudia: i.e. his joyous hope of victory over Aeneas. 653. celsl-1.. said: for case see ~11ll. crepidine: for case see ~ 140, n. 654. There is parallelism here, since scolls and ponte denote the same thing. 658. pontls. - alt~s: cf. with 654, and note V.'s love of variety (~ 181). 474 AENEIDOS [001-680 Illum autem Aene-as absentom ini proelia poscit, obvia multa virum. d&nittit corpora morti. Turn levis haud ultra! latebras iam quaerit imdgo, sod sublime volidns nfib! s6I inmiscuit Litrae, 66s5 cum Turnurn media intere5a fert aequore turbo. Respicit ignflrus r~rum ingrdtusque salfttis et duplicis curn v~ce manfis ad sidera tendit: 'Omnipotns genitor, tant~n m6 crimine dignum dfixist! et tdlks voluisti expendere poends? 670 Qu6 feror? nude abii? quae m6 fuga quemve redficit? Laurentisne iterurn mfir~s aut castra videb&? Qulid manus illa virum, qui m6 meaque arma sectiti? quasne (nef as) omnis infanda in morte reliqui et nunc pfilantis video3 gemitumque cadentum 675 accipiV? quid agO? aut quae iam satig ima dehiscat terra mihi? V~s a potius mnisor~scite, vent-I! In rup~s, in saxa (-vol~ns v~s Turnus adbrb) forte ratem saevisque vadIs inmittito syrtis, qu6 neque me Rutuili nec c~nscia filma sequatur.' 680 llaec memorqns anim nunuc hfic, nunc fluctuat ilific, 661, 662 effectively break the narrative in order to contrast the doings of the real Aeneas with those of the phantom and Turnus. in proelia poscit: as in viii. 614. 666. r6rum, ' the truth.' ingritus *. saijitis: a very unusual phrase, coined to balance ign~frus rjrwin. For case of sat itis see ~~ 113, 117. 667. cum v6ce... tendit: cf. tend& *. rnaniis, iii. 176, 177, with note. 668. tant~n =tantdine; cf. n. on Pyrrhfn, Wi. 319. 670. quem= qullen, 'in what plight.' redilcit: sc. ex acii. 672. quid... virum, ' what of that host,'I etc.; in idiomatic expressions of this type some form of facid was originally written, then left to be supplied, till all consciousness of the origin of the expression was lost. 673. qu~sne: the full expression would be quid jill! quis, etc., ' what of those whom.'I Since the cl. which is really the interrogative el. is, in this impassioned outcry, omitted, nothing remains save to use the interrogative -nle, and to attach it to the first word actually written- Cf. quiane, iv. 538, with note. 674. et... accipi6 =et qu~s,nusnc pd-lantis video qui~rumque gernit ur, etc.; see a. on cui... locus, ii. 71. 675, 676. quid ag6: for constr. see on quern sequimur, Wi. 88. quae.. mihi: the despairing question really= a prayer; cf. tella8. dehiscat, iv. 24. ima...terra, 'depth of earth-' 679. qu6= in quae; see on qu&, v. 29. The rel. cl. expresses result, and = tatia ut in ea, etc. c6nscia: sc. didecoris inei, or the like. 680. haec... ijjLc:. cf. Wv. 285, 286. 681-767] 081-767) ~LIBER X47 475 an s~s6 mficr~ne ob tantum dRdecus arn[~ns induat et crfidum, per costi-is exigat ~nsem, fluctibus an iaciat medils et M~ora nandb curva petat Teucrumque iterum s6 reddat in arma. Ter c~natus utramque viam, ter maxima Ifin6 continuit iuvenemque animi miserata repressit. La-bitur alta seeflus fluctfique aestiique secundb et patris antiquam Dauni d&fertur ad urbem. lam gravis aequabat Ifctet-s et miitua Mayors ffinera; caed~bant pariter pariterque ru~bant vict~r~s victique; neque his fuga n~ta neque jills. DiIJovis in t~ctls Tram miserantur inanem amb~rum et tant~s mortalibus esse lab~r~s; hine Venus, line contra spectat SAturnia, Ian6: pallida Tisiphon6 media inter milia saevit. At vi~r6 ingentem quati~ns Mezentius hastam turbidus ingreditur Campo. Quam maignus Orlon, cum pedes inc~dit medii per maxima N~reI stagna viam scind~ns, nmer6 super~minet undais ant summis refer~ns ann~sam montibus ornum ingrediturque solb3 et caput inter ufibila condit, 685 755 760 '?65 681-684. an... an: used as in 1. 329, except that here we have deliberative questions in 0.0. See also G. 457, 1, N. 3. mficr~ne... induat: with Oels, hastis, etc., sese induere camne in some way to = ' impale,' trfnsf igere. iaciat: sc. &ses from 681. Teucrum..arma: i.e. ' conflict with,'I etc. 686. animi: for case see ~ 148. 688. urbem: Ardea, Turnus's capital; see vii. 409-414. 755-795. Mezentius and Aeneas meet in single combat; the former is wounded and withdraws. 756. ruidbant, ' were falling,'I virtually =eaed~bantur. 1I57. vict~rds victique, in this context, must ' I(being) now victors, now vanquished.' Victory rests now with the Trojans, now with the Latins. 7 58. ininem: the strife seems to the gods trivial, as well as useless, since it can not alter the decrees of Fate. 759. tant~s... lab6rds = a substantive (' the fact that,'I etc.) and is parallel in constr. to iram. 761. pallida... saeyit, 'but,'I etic., cf. cui... cordi, vii. 325, 326, said of Allecto, and 8ci~ssU... ftage~lO, viii. 702, 703, said of Discordia and Bellona. pallida: becaiise she usually dwells in the underworld. Note that here Tisiphone causes bloodshed (cf. vii. 325 if.); in vi. 570-572 she punishes guilt. 763-767. quam mignus is balanced by tM7is, 768, as quam multd~ is balanced $76 AENEIDOS [768-783 talis s6 vastis infert Mezentius armis. Huic contra Aeneas speculatus in agmine long6 77o obvius ire parat. Manet inperterritus ille hostem magnanimum opperiens et mole sua stat atque oculis spatium Emensus, quantum satis hastae: 'Dextra mihi deus et telum, quod missile libro, nunc adsint! voveo praedanis corpore raptis 775 indftum spoliis ipsum te, Lause, tropaeum Aeneae.' Dixit stridentemque eminus hastam iecit; at illa volans clipeo est excussa proculque egregium Antoren latus inter et ilia figit, Herculis Antoren comitem, qui missus ab Argis 780 haeserat Enandro atque Itala consederat urbe. Sternitur infelix alieno vulnere caelumque aspicit et dulcis morions reminiscitur Argos. Tur pius Aeneas hastam iacit; illa per orbem by sic, v. 458, 459; see n. there. Render, ' with what bulk Orion... with like bulk.' maxima: here 'deepest.' Nerei = maris or pelagf; see ~ 189. For scansion see ~ 247. For the picture in cum... unds cf. that of Polyphemus, iii. 662-665. summis... ornum: cf. iii. 659, with note. Vs. 767 = iv. 177, except that here -que... et = 'both... and'; freely, 'walks... and yet,' etc. 769. longo here = 'a distant part of.' Aeneas hails with eagerness any prospect of an encounter with Mezentius. 771. m6le... stat, ' is kept firm set by his own vast bulk.' mnole is instr. abl.; solidae... virs, ii. 639, is similar. 772. hastae = hastae missae (cf. 467). 773. deus is in appos. with dextra and telum; we should say, ' the only gods I worship,' or the like. Mezentius is a contemptor divum, vii. 648. Hence he makes no prayer to heaven as Pallas did, 421-423, 460, 461. missile: as in 421. 774-776. vove... Aeneae: in his self-confidence Mezentius declares that Lausus is to have the arms of Aeneas and to be a living trophy of his father's victory. praed6nis: Mezentius applies this epithet to Aeneas in the thought that he is come to carry off a Latin maiden as his bride; cf. ix. 600, with n. Cf., too, the Carthaginian reception of the Trojans, as explained in n. on propius, i. 526. 780. Ital... urbe: i.e. Evander's city, called Pallanteum (~57). 781, 782. alieno: i.e. aimed at another, Aeneas (769-776). caelm... aspicit: for the thought cf. oculZi... reperta, iv. 691, 692. For scansion of caelumque see ~ 256. dulcis... Arg6s stands for 'home, sweet home.' 783. plus: as in 591; see n. there. Here the word points a contrast to Mezentius's conduct (773). k84-8061 ~84-8O~j1 LIBER X47 477 acre cavum. triplici, per 11nea terga tribusqtie transit intextum tauris opus imaque sedit inguiine, sed virls haud pertulit. Ocius ensem. Aen~&s vis6 Tyrrh~ni sanguine laetus ~ripit a i fmine et trepidanti fervidus instat. Ingemuit car! graviter genit~ris am~re, ut vidit, Lausus, lacrimaeque per Ora volfitae. Hie mortis dfirae casum tuaque optima facta, si qua fidem tantO est openl lAtfira vetustAs, n~n. equidem nec t~, iuvenis memoranda, sili~b5. Ille-pedem, refer~ns et infitilis inque ligaftus cAd&bat clipe~que inimicum. hastile trah~bat: pr~ripuit iuvenis ses~que inmiscuit armis iamque adsurgentis dextra plagamque ferentis Aen~ae subiit mflcr~inem ipsumque morand6 sustinuit; socil m~gn6 c1am~re secuntur, dum. genitor natI parma pr~3t~ctus abiret, t~1aque c~niciunt pr~turbantque ~minus hostem. missilibus. Furit Aen~ds t~ctusque tenet s~. Ac velut, eff fisd si quand6 grandine nimbi praecipitant, omnis campis difffigit arator onmnis et agricola et Otft latet arce viator ant amnis ripis ant altI f6rnice saxi, 785 790 795 800 805 784, 785. terga: as in 482; see n. there. opus, 'texture.' ima=an adv., 'deep down,' 'low down.' im5 would have been unmetrical. 792. el... vetustis, 'if any (measu~re of) antiquity (i.e. the fact that it took place so long ago) will give credence,' etc., i.e. if we can believe so grand a deed possible even in far remote times, in the good old days. Roman writers often deplore the degeneracy of contemporary times. 794. inatitlis: as in ii. 647. in lig~ttus = inligaltus; see ~ 211. It is explained by clipe5... tralhe-bat, 795. 796-832. Lausus, son of Mezentius, comes to his father's aid, but is slain by Aeneas. 797. adsurgentis: i.e. to deal the death-stroke. ferentis = iafereati. 798. sublit, 'faced,' 'met.' 800. dum... abiret expresses purpose. 801. pr~turbant: as in ix. 441. 802. tdctus: sc. clipe,3. -que, ' but'; see on et, ii. 94. tenet= retinet: we can also explain t~ctus... se as I'he keeps himself well covered' lit., ' having covered himself he keeps (himself so).' 803-806. efftsis... grandine: modal abl., ' in a burst of hail.'I For elfiu-a cf. ~ 171. difffigit: instantaneous 478 AENEIDOS [807-827 dum pluit in terris, ut possint sole reducto exercere diem, sic obrutus undique telis Aeneas nfubem belli, dum detonet omnis, slo sustinet et Lausum increpitat Lausoque minatur: 'Quo moritire ruis maioraque viribus audes? fallit te incautum pietas tua.' Nec minus ille exsultat demens, saevae iamque altius irae Dardanio surgunt ductori, extremaque Lauso 815 Parcae fila legunt, validum namque exigit ensem per medium Aeneas iuvenem totumque recondit. Transit et parmam mficro, levia arma minacis, et tunicam, molli mater quam neverat auro, implevitque sinum sanguis; tum vita per auras 820 concessit maesta ad Manis corpusque reliquit. At vero ut vultum vidit morientis et ora, ora modis Anchlsiades pallentia mirls, ingemuit miserans graviter dextramque tetendit, et mentem patriae strinxit pietatis imago. 825 'Quid tibi nunc, miserande puer, pro laudibus istis, quid pius Aeneas tanta dabit indole dignum? Arma quibus laetatus, habe tua, teque parentum pf.; ~150. arce, 'shelter.' ripis: i.e. overhanging banks, cut out beneath by the action of the stream when in flood. 807-809. terrs = 'the open (unsheltered) ground.' exercere, 'ply,' 'keep... busy.' telis: the missiles correspond to the hail and rain of 803, 807. nibem balances ninmb, 803. dum... omnis in sense and constr. balances du... abiret, 800. 811, 812. moriture: the nom. would be more natural, but would also be unmetrical. incautum: proleptic (~193), 'so that you forget all caution.' 815. fila: see Parcae in Vocab. legunt, 'are gathering (reeling) up.' i.e. preparatory to slitting them, and so bringing the life to a close. 817. levia... minacis, 'slight arms (i.e. reliance) for one who threatened so.' 819. vita: as in iv. 705; see n. there. 821, 822. ora, 6ra: for the repetition cf. that of lirnina, ii. 405, 406. 6ra.. miris: cf. ora nodis.. pallida miris, said of the dead, i. 354. Anchisiades: the name reminds us of Aeneas's own love for his father, and suggests his ability to appreciate the self-sacrifice of Lausus; it thus accounts for his change of feeling (contrast 823 with 813). 824. patriae... imag, the sight of (Lausus's) affection for his father'; patriae=ani obj. genitive. 827. laetatus: sc. es; see ~211, 2. habe tua=tibi relinquo; hence te... remitt5 follows naturally. Contrast Aeneas's conduct with Turnus's, 492, 493. 828-850] LIBER X 479 Mfminibus et cineri, sI qua est ea cufra, remitto. IHc tamen infelix miseram solabere mortem: Aeneae magni dextra cadis.' Increpat ultro cunctantis socios et terra sublevat ipsum sanguine turpantem comptos de more capillos. Intereat genitor Tiberini ad flfminis undam vulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque levabat arboris adclinis trunco; procul aerea rtmis dependet galea, et prato gravia arma quiescunt. Stant lecti circum iuvenes; ipse aeger anhOelns colla fovet ffisus propexam in pectore barbam; multa super Lauso rogitat multumque remittit, qul revocent maestique ferant mandata parentis. At Lausum socil exanimem super arma ferebant flentes, ingentem atque ingenti vulnere victum. Agnovit longe gemitum praesaga mall mens; canitiem multo deformat pulvere et ambas ad caelum tendit palmas et corpore inhaeret. 'Tantane nzm tenuit vivendi, nate, voluptas, ut pro me hostili paterer succedere dextrae, quem genul? tuane haec genitor per vulnera servor, morte tufi vivens? heu, nunc misero mihi dcmum exitium Infelix, nunc alte vulnus adactum! 830 835 840 845 850 828. Manibus et cineri: two views as to the soul's post-mortem condition are combined: (1) that given in Book VI (cf. x. 819, 820); (2) that the soul stays in the tomb along with the material remains of the body (cf. animam... condirnus, iii. 67, 68). ea=eius re, as in ii. 171. 830. Aeneae... cadis: forAeneas's self-praise cf. plus Aeneas, 826, and sum... notus, i. 378, 379, with n. See also the n. on ante 5ra... oppetere, i. 95, 96. 831. socios: sc. Lausi. Aeneas chides them because they fail to do what Pallas's socii did, 505, 506. 833-908. Mezentius, learning of the death of Lausus, returns to the fight, attacks Aeneas, and is slain by him. 838. fovet: i.e. is resting, 'eases.' fusus... barbam: freely, 'his streaming beard spread o'er,' etc. For constr. see ~ 136. 842. The spondees make the verse onomatopoetic (~ 224), suggestive of a slow dead-march. 844, 845. ambas... palmas: a gesture of grief; cf. dextram... tetendit, 823. 848. quem genul, 'my own son,' is subject of succedere. genitor repeats the idea of quem genul, from the opposite point of view. 849, 850. nunc... adactum: the general thought is, 'I despised death before, now I know its sorrow.' 480 AENEIDOS [851-868 Idem ego, nate, tnum macunlavi crimine nomen pulsus ob invidiam solio sceptrisqne paternis. Debueram patriae poenas odiisque meorum: omils per mortis animam sontem ipse dedissem! 85s Nunc vivo neque adhfic homines lucemque relinquo. Sed linquam.' Simul hoc dicens attollit in aegrum se femur et, quamquam vis alto vulnere tardat, haud deiectus ecum duic iubet. Hoc decus illl, hoc s6lamen erat; bellis hoc victor abibat 860 omnibus. Adloquitur maerentem et talibus infit: 'Rhaebe, diu, res si qua diu mortalibus illa est, viximus; aut hodie victor spolia illa cruenta et caput Aeneae referes Lausique dolorum ultor eris mecum aut, aperit si nulla viam vis, 86i occumbes pariter, neque enim, fortissime, credo, iussa aliena pati et dominos dignabere Teucros.' Dixit et exceptus tergo consueta locavit membra manfsque ambfas iaculis oneravit acutis, 851. idem, 'likewise,' i.e. besides letting you die for me. See n. on Idem, iii. 158. nate recalls the thought of 848. This lament has been well compared with David's lament for Absalom, 2 Samuel, xviii. 33. Mezentius's love for his son is one of his redeeming traits. crimine: the charge (disgrace) of being the son of an exiled monarch; cf. vii. 653, 654. 852. ob invidiam, 'because I made myself disliked.' 853, 854. d6bueram: theplpf. gives an effect like ' I had owed - ere this last chance (and other chances) came to pay the debt.' dedissem: both explanations given in the n. on vocasses, iv. 678, will apply here. 857. quauamuam... tardat (eum), 'though by reason of his deep wound his strength (or, as we should put it, 'his Ifailing strength') makes him slow.' 858, 859. h6c... solamen: cf. ea.. all, iii. 660, 661, with note. hoc: instr. abl., 'with his help.' 860. maerentem: the horse sympa thizes with his wounded master. 862. aut... Teucros (866)= 'therefore (since we have lived long) let us be all the more willing to imperil life itself, if need be.' illa is explained by 863; Mezentius is thinking, too, of his previous boast, voveo... Aeneae, 774-776. cruenta: i.e. stained by Aeneas's blood. 867, 868. exceptus (sc. ab equi), 'welcomed,' like maerentem, 860, pie tures the horse's sympathy. terg... locavit, ' settled... in their wonted place on his back'; tergoi is partly local abl., partly dat. with consuRta. mani s. acutis: he takes an extra supply, because, being mounted and wounded, he can not recover his missiles, as others do (cf. e.g. iacul... rapti, 342). 869-889] 869-8891 ~LIBER X i 48f aere caput fulg~ns' cristaque hirsittus equinif: sic cursum in medi~s irapidus dedit; aestuat iulge-ns finO) in corde pudor inixt~que insainia litctft. Atque hic Aeii~Jm m~tinagn ter v~ce vocAvit. Aen~las agni~vit eilnim laetusque preciltur: 'Sic pater jill deum faciat, sic altus Apoll6! incipi~s c~nferre manum.' Tantum effdtus et hnfC.stid subit obvius hastid. Ille autem: 'Quid m6 ~reptO, saevissimne, natO terrWs haec via s~la fuit, quat perdere posses. Nec mortemt horr~mus niec dlvum parcimus fillL. D~sine, narn veniiO moritfirus et haec tibi portCO d~ina prius.' DiIxit tC1umque hitorsit, ini hosteni; inde aliud super atque aliud figitque volatque ingeilt! gyr&; sed sustiniet aureus umbo6. Ter circumi adstantem laev~s equitafvit, ini orbis tdla maiit iachiims, ter s~cttm Tr,5!us lh~r~s immanem acratO circumfert tegminie silvam. Jude, ubi tot traxisse moras, tot spicula taedet vellere et urg~3tur pftgna congressus inliqua-, 8110 8 73 875 880 885 871. pudor: because he had fled before. mixt6... 1t~ctt: sc. ei~insdniae. The abi. abs. is but very loosely connected with inssnia; the meaning of the whole is left to inference, being merely suggested, not fully stated. rnixtaqee iinania lietN (dat.) would be more regular, but would be uninetrical. 874. eninm: as in i. 19; see n. there, and see eninb in Vocabulary. 875. sic refers to the challenge inuplied in 873. The vs. thus= I May the gods grant tue a meeting with you' Remepjmer that Mezentius had withdrawni (794, 795); Aeneas may therefore just24,bly doubt his willingness to -fight now. i11e: see on We.-.r~gndtor, ii. 779. 878, 879. ~rept6...net6 (sc mil), 'now that you have Nvrested,' etc. terr~s: conative pres. haec refers to,Frept5i... ndt&; explain its gender. perdere: sc.;nrt 880. horr~amus: the PI. seems to= 'men like ine do not,' etc. neec WlU: ef. mm. on deas, 773. Mezentius is referring to Aeneas's invocation, 875. 882. d6na is explained by tW1uin.. isostemi; there is grim playfulness here. 8 83, 884. f igit... volatue seems to=Jigit durn volat. figit, 'sends to the mark,' ' lodges'I (in Aeneas's shield). 885. in orbls, 'circling to the left'; he thus kept his left side, which his shield covered, always to Aeneas. 887. aer&t5: contrast aureus unmd5, 884; Vulcan had used both bronze and gold to make this shield (viii. 445). 889. pfgni... iniqui: Mezentius's horse gives him the advantage. 488.2) 482 ~~~AENEIDOS [9-0 [890-908 so.o multa mnov~ns anima iam tandem ~rumpit et inter bellatoris equ! cava tempora c~nicit hastam. Tollit s6 arr~ctum quadrup~s et calcibns aura-s verberat effiasumque equitem super ipse secfttus implicat ~3iect~que incumbit cernuus armo5. 895 Clmamre incendunt caelum Tr~esqne Lat-ini-que. Advolat Aenoas vaginaque Oripit 6nsern et super haec: 'ULbi nuno Mezentiuis acer et illa eff erav~is anjinI?' Contra Tyrrh~nus, nt auras suspicions hausit caelum mentemque rec~pit: 900 'Hostis amare, quid increpitais mortemque minaris? nfillum in caede nefas; nec sic ad proelia Ve-ni, nec t~lcum menis haec pepigit mihi foedera Lausus. IlGnum h~c per s! qua est victis venia hostibus 6r6: corpuis humb patiare tegi. Scia acerba me~rutin 905 circumstare odia; hunc, 6ra, dMende fur~rem et m~ c~nsortem nati conc~de sepnlcrV. Haec loqnitur iugulaque hand inscius accipit ~nsem undantique animam diffundit in arma cruore. 890, 891. movfus: the pros. prtcpl. is used as in i. 305; see u. there on volvr-ns. bell~&ris... hastam: Aeneas seeks, by disabling the horse, to mnake the combat equal, footsoldier against footsoldier. 892-894. arrdetum, Iroleptic. upright,' 'erect.' calcibus: loosely used as = pedib us; the horse beats the air with his fore feet. super - diseper. incumbit: sc. se ei (= JfezentO).895. Latinique: for scansion see ~256. 897. super: ndv.; cf. super lhaec.. fdtur, 556. 898, 899. ut..rec~pit: his fall from his horse had stunned him. 901. caede: se. mnee, out of nee Vin;'there is no sin in killing me.' sic refers to n~ilfem... nefii8, and = ' with the thought that you should not be free to slay me if you conquered ' 900, 901 thus = I'xx hy 'not slay me at once?' Mezentius's love for his son (846 ff.), his affection for his horse (861 ff.), and his unfaltering courage here offset his impiety (773-776). 902. haec=6Tffia: the coinpact Lausus miate (th~rough his death) was war to the end. 903. per governs si. h./ostibus;, see notes on per, ii. 1421. 906. c~nsortem neti: freely, ' to share it NN ith my son, 'lit., 'as my son's partners.' 907, 908. accipit ~nsem suggests the phrasej Jeti acm recipere, used of the coiiqtered gladiator, xx lio, with the stoicisin that miarked siuch combatants bent his neck to receive thle fatal stroke. LIBER XI 'Si nfllam nostris ultral spem ponis in armis, si tam deserti sumus et semel agmine verso funditus occidimus neque habet fortuna regressum, oremus pacem et dextras tendamus inertis. Quamquam 6 si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! Ille mihi ante alios fortiunftusque laborum egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret, procubuit moriens et humum semel ore momordit. Sin et opes nobis et adhuc intacta iuventus auxilioque urbes Italae populique supersunt, sin et Troianis cum multo gloria venit sanguine (sunt illis sua finera, parque per omnTsl tempestas), cfr indecores in limine primo deficimus? cur ante tubam tremor occupat artds? Multa dies variique labor mutabilis aevi rettulit in melius, multos alterna revisens 41~ 420 425 411-444. Turnus declares himself ready to meet Aeneas in single combat. 411. si... p6nis: Turnus is addressing Latinus, who is presiding over a council of the Latins. Ambassadors have reported that Diomede refuses to aid the Latins and that he advises them to yield (225-295). Drances, leader of the faction opposed to Turnus, bids him either give up his claims to Lavinia's hand or support them in single combat with Aeneas (336-375). Turnus replies. V. nowhere describes Turnus's return from Ardea (x. 688), nor does anyone reproach Turnus with his disappearance; V. seems to forget that event entirely. See ~ 49. 413. regressum: i.e. opportunity to retrace its steps (i.e. to retrieve itself). 415. 6 si... adesset = utinam adesset; cf. n. on si... ostendat, vi. 187, 188. quicquam is correct (see Vocab.), since the sentence really implies a neg. thought, nihil solitae virtUtis adest. 416. mihi, 'in my 'eyes'; sc. erat. laborum: for case see ~~ 113, 117. 417. tale: sc. quale nos videmus; the allusion is to the cowardice of Drances, as revealed by his speech (see on 411). 418. humum... momordit: cf. our phrase, 'bite the dust ' 415-418really = 'and yet truly brave men would rather die than yield.' 422,423. par... tempestas (sc. fuit),' and the storm (of war) has held equal sway over all.' For the figure cf. nUben bellz... sustinet, x. 809, 810. 424. ante tubam: cf. szgna canunt, x. 308, with note. 425,426. dies, 'time.' vari... aevi has been well rendered, 'the changeful toil of chequered years.' alterna = an adv., 'in shifting guise,' i.e. now friendly, now adverse. 483 484! 484 ~~~AENEIDOS [2-8 [427-488 lftsit et in solid& rfirsus Fortftna loc[avit. N~n erit auxiBi nabis Aetffdus et Arpl; at Messapus erit fR1ixque Tolumnius et qu~s 430 tot popuil mls~5re duce~s, -nec parva sequ~tur g1bria d~1~ct~s Latib et Laurentibus agris. Est et Yolsc~num 6gregid de gente Camilla agmen ag~ns equitum et fl~rentis aere catervas. Quod s! m6 salum Teucr! in certamina poscunt 435 idque placet tantumique bonis commfi3nibus obst6, n~n adeb has ex~sa manfis Yict~ria ffigit, ut tanta quicquam pr6 sp6 temptare recfisern. lb& animils contra, vel magnum praestet Achillem factaque Vulcan! manibus paria induat arma 140 ille licet. Vabis animiam hanc socer6que LatWn5 Turnus ego, haud -all! veterum virtfite secundus, d~v~v!. "SiMum Aen~ds vocat." Et vocet 6r6, nec IDranc~s potius, sive est haec, 1ra de~rum, morte luat, sive est virtfas et gl~ria, tollat.' Cingitur ipse fur~ns certatim 'in proelia Turnus. Jamqne ade6 rutilum tharaca indfitus a~nis horr~bat squAmis sfira-sqne incl-kserat auro-, 428, 429. il6n... at really= quamquam (or 8i) t~n... at. Aet~us: Diomede; see Diorn~d& in Vocab. fMllx: as an augur Tolumnius was naturally thought of as a bringer of good luck. 432, 433 closely resemble vii. 803, 804. 438. anilmis: modal abl., = aniMI38a. praestet may= (1) ' surpass,'I or (2) ' reproduce'; in the latter case it =referat (cf. iv. 329). The subj. goes with licet, 440; see n. on fixerit... lijet, vi. 802. 439. parla: sc- Achilli arrnis; for Achilles, too, Vulcan had made arms. 441. band -seoundus: cf. x. 830, with note. 442. e~lum - vocat is Turnus's summary of what Drances had said (see on 411I). With 8,9tum se. mn or Turnunt. 443, 444. haec: i.e. the present situation; explain the gender. luat: sc. earn = iram. virtlis et gl6rla: freely, ' a time to display valor and to win glory.' 486-531. Turnus bids Camilla engage the Tuscan cavalry of the Trojans, while he himself prepares to ambush the Trojan infantry under Aeneas. 486. ipsoe Turnus: tidings that Aeneas was marching on the city (Laurentum) have caused the dismissal of the Latin assembly; Turnus gives orders for attack and defence. 487, 488. th6r8Ala indtftus: cf. exuvirI8 imdiite8, Ri. 275, with n. squimls: sC. CiU8 = thrtici. aur6: i.e. greaves of gold (cf. Mvis ocre&s, viii, 624). 489-512] 489-512] ~LIBER XI48 485 tempora -n-tdus adlifc, laterique accinxerat 6nsem fulg~batque alta! d~curr~ns aureus arce exsultatque animis et sp6 iam praecipit hostem, qualis ubi abruptis ffigit praesaepia vinclis tandem liber ecus camp~que potitus apert6 ant ille in past-as armentaque tendit equarum ant adsu~tus aquae perfundi fliamine n~th,~micat arr~ctisque fremit cervicibus altOl 1ltxuridns, liiduntque iubae per colla, per arm~s. Obvia cui Voisc~rum aciO comitante Camilla occurrit portisque ab equ6 r~gina sub ipsis d&siluit, quam tOta cohors imitata rellctis ad terrain dlfluxit equis; tum. tiilia fdtur: 'Turne, sul meritO sI qua est fid~ftcia forti, aude6 et Aeneadum pr~mittO occurrere turmae solaque Tyrrh~n~s equit~s ire obvia contra~. M6 sine prima manft temptare pericula belli; ti pedes ad mfiras subsiste et moenia serva:' Turnus ad haec ocul~s horrenda in virgine fius: '0 decus italiae virgo-, quas dicere grats quasve referre parem? sed nunc, est omnia quand6 iste animus supra, m~cum partire lab~rem. Aen~as, ut fama fideni missique reportant exploratoros, equitum levia improbus arma 49( 495.500 505 510 491. sp6... hostem, ' in hope he forestalls,' i.e. he anticipates the fight and feels and acts as if the battle were already begun. 494. Wle is used much as in i. 3; it gives an effect like ' there, see him.' 495, 496. perfandl belongs both with admiuetU (~ 169), and with Jrnicat (S 159). 499, 500. r~g1na... d~siluit, 'queen though she was, she,'I etc.; this she does out of deference to Turnus, an idea borrowed from Roman practice. 502. Sul -..fortl, I'if the brave;ire justlfied in havixng confidence in themselves.' For case of 8ui see on generis... f iciicia, i. 132. 506. Pedes: freely, ' with the infantry'1; lit., ' as a footsoldier.'1 507. 0ocuis f fixus:_for constr. see ~ 136. 508-510. quits... parem: deliberative subj. Since the expected answer to the question is neg., we may compare grdt&8... orbem, i. 600-602. est. -. supri, 'rises superior to.'I 511, 512. fldem = ' trusty tidings'1; see ~ 186. equltum.. arma = equit&e 1,evi8 armfftiirae. Improbus, 'the knave.' For the order Aenjifs -.. improbu8 cf. n. on D~Zus... ApoWl, ii. 163. 486 486 ~~~AENEIDOS[3-4 [513-618 praemlsit, quaterent campos; ipse ardua montis per d~serta iug6 superans advenatat ad urbem. 515 Fftrta par6 beill! coinvex65 in trainite silvae, ut biviils armato obsidam milite fauc~s. Tift Tyrrh~num equitem collates excipe slgnis; t*cum ilcer Messa~pus erit turmaeque Latinae Tiburtique manus; ducis et t-ft concipe cutram.' 520 Sic ait et paribus Messa-pumi in proelia dictis hortatur soci~sqne duc~s et pergit in hostem. Est cnrv63 anfriactft vallis, acicommoda fraud!I arm~rnmque dolls, quarn dtnsis frondibus atrumn urget utrimque latus, tennis quo semnita dftcit 525 angustaeque ferunt fauc~s aditiisque maligul1. Hanc super in speculis summo-que in vertice montis planiti~s ign~ta iacet tIttque recess-us, seu dextra laevAque veils occurrere p u-gnae slve instdre iugis et grandia volvere saxa. 530 Hiic iuvenis nota fertur regibne viatrurn arripuaitque locurn et silvis ins~dit ini-quils. At inedids inter caed~s exsultat Amaffzon, 513. quaterent: in 0.0., after praemnisit, which implies the giving of orders. qeeterent is an important word; the cavalry are to make as much noise as possible, to draw attention away from the movement of the main force. 514. iug6 super-ins, 'mounting by the ridge,' a variation (~ 203) from the simple iauf/nf sup6ra~ns; bigff is instr. abl. 515, 516. convex6: the path is on the sloping side of a glen. biviis: iLe. with two outlets. The only way to beset (obsidam) such a pass is to lay an ambush at each end of it. 522, 523. curv6 infr&cti: abi. of char., ' of winding curves'; freely, Icurved and winding. Iarm6rum... dolls =fiirta... MeU~, 515. 524, 525. qu6 = in qtiam (vallem); see on qu6, v. 29. maligui, ' niggardly.'I 526, 527. speculis, ' heights'; there is parallelism in in speculis... monti.s. ignbta, ' unsuspected.' As; Aeneas,'s troops move on, they will come first to the &Finita... malftqni, 524, 525, then to the va~lls (522); Turnus is to take pos-t on the plain above this valley (526, 527). 528. occurrere (' press forward into') pfignae = figna etinferre (cf. 517). 529. instire... saxa: iLe. to stand on the heights while rolling, etc. 530. iuvenis: Turnus. n~t& reglbne viArum, I'following the wellknown routes~' for case see ~ 146. Cf.- and yet contrast ndfU i.. viffrun, RI. 737. 648-724. Camilla slays many of the Trojans. 648. Amiz 6n: we should say, ' like an Amazon.' In 532-596 Diana tells the 649-6691 049-669] ~LIBER XI48 487 finum exserta latus pftgnae, phiaretrdta Camilla, et nune lenta manfi sparg~ns hastilia d~nset, nunc validam. dextra rapit ind~fessa bipennem; aureus ex umerb sonat arcus et arma IDiftnae. 1ila etiam, s! quand6 in tergum pulsa recessit, spicula converse) fugientia dirigit arcft. At circum l6ctae comit~s, Larinaque virg6 Tullaque et aerAtarn quati~ns Tarp~ia secfirim, Italides, quds ipsa decus sibi dia Camilla d616git pacisque bonds bellique ministra-s, quAl~s Thr~iciae cumn flfimina Therm.6dontis pulsant et pictis bellantur Amazones armils, seu circum llippolytii seu cum s~ Martia curr-i Penthesilea refert mdgnbque ululante tumultfi f~minea exsultant IftuAtis agmina peltis. Quem. t616 primum, quem postr~mum, aspera virg63, k~icis? aut quot hum! morientia, corpora fundis? Eun~um Clytia primum patre, cilius aperturn adversI longar transverberat abiete pectus; sanguinis Mle vom~ns riv&s cadit atque cruentam. mandit humum. mori~nsque su6 s6 in vulnere versat: 650 6155 660 665 nymph Opis the history of Camilla, and bids her avenge Camilla, should she fall. 597-647 describe Camilla's attack on the Trojan cavalry (see 517-519). 649. tinum... latus: cf. aurea... marnmae, i. 492. 652. armia Dianae is explained by ila... umer&, i. 500, 501; cf. also the cut at p. 134. 653, 654. in tergum= retrJI. convers6: sc. in. host~s. fugientia: freely, 'as she flees'; a transferred epithet (~ 194). The Parthians successfully used this very maneuver against the Roman legionaries. 659, 660. Thr6iciae here merely 'northern,'I since the Thermodon was in Asia; see ~ 190 and n. on Geticis, iii., 35. pulsant: i.e. beat with their horses' hoofs; the rivers are f rozen To Roman poets Thrace was the typical land of cold. pictiS. armils: cf. picti 8cli-ta Labici, vii. 796 with note. b ellantur: a rare deponent, =eW16, bellUre. 661, 662. s6... refert: i.e. as victor. Penthesll6a... pelt-is: cf. i. 490-493. ululante: the tamultus is said to do what those who cause it do; cf. n. on lambit, iii. 574; freely, ' ringing.' 666. OlytiO... patre: abl. abs., belonging in sense closely with Euneiitm; it thus='Clyt~ipatrenU~tum. abiete: i.e. a-spear with a shaft of fir-wood; cf. the use of r~bur, x. 479. For scansion see ~240. 669. su6... versat: of. corruit in~ VutnU8, x. 488, with note. 488 AENEIDOS L670-689 6 0 turn Lrim Pagasumque super, qu~rurn alter, habc~nds suffoss6 revolfitus equai durn colligit, alter, durn subit ac dextram labent! tendit inermemn, praecipit~s pariterque ruunt. His addit Amastrum Ilippotad~n sequiturque incumb~ns 6minus hasta 675 TUreaque Harpalycumque et D~rnophointa Chronmimque, quotque Crnissa mafiii contorsit spicula virg6, tot Phrygil cccid~re viri. Procul Ornytus armis ign~tis et equ6 v~nator 1Thpyge fertur, cui pellis lat~s urner~s Crepta iuvenc6 680 puignitOri operit, caput ingdlls oris hiatus et mdlae t~x~re ILip! cum dentibus albis, agrestisque manils armat sparus; ipse catervls vertitur in rrediis et t~tC vertice supra est. ilunc illa excepturn (ineque enim labor agrinie vers6) 685 traicit et super haec inirnica pectore fatuir: 'Silvis t6, Tyrrh~ne, feras qgitdre putasti? AdvC~nit qui vestra dies inuliebribus armis verba redarguerit. Nrnen tamen haud leve patrurn Mi-tnibus hoc refer~s, tehi c'ecidisse Camillae.' 670-673. habdnis... Colligit: the hind legs of the horse, appareutly, give way; Liris is thus 'flung backwards,' and tries to save himself by clutching the reins mnore tightly. 1&bent!: sc. e=i~Lri. inermem: he had dropped his weapon, to aid his comrade. praecipitds.. ruunt: after cite, alter, 670, 671, we ought to have the sing. rait, without these qualifying adv. expressions,, but the thought h&s changed, and the poet is seeking now to emphasize the common fate of the brothers, not the separate circum.stances attending their deaths. -que: cf. n. on dalci... mmbrFi, i. 694. 678. ign6tis, 'strange,' 'grotesque.' The hunting outfit seems out of place on the battle field. et: as in i. 694; though the ablatives in arminie equi... Itpyge are quite different, they both express the manner of Ornytus's, movement. 680, 681. pfignit~ri: iLe. wild; tbe word emphasizes Ornytus's prowe-s as a huiiter. caput... 1upl: '& huge wolf's head with gapiiig mouth' is his helmet, the mouth serving as a visor. 683 nearly = vii. 784. 684. neque... vers6, ' for it (i c. the act suggested by except em) was no great tasit, seeing that his line,' etc. 687-689. vestra: see on vestrd8, i. 140 We miust infer (see ~ 2325) that the Tuscans, led by Ornytus, have been thrcatenmng to drive the VoIscians like hunted gamne. redarguerit: cf. n. on Pit cit qluodeamique, ii. 77. The fut. pf. here constitutes a confident prediction. n~nmen...Camillae: for the thought cf. hd6c e adis, x. 827-830, with notes. LIBER XI 8 489 Pr~tinus Orsilochum et Bfitn, duo mi~xima Teucrum corpora, sed Biit~n Aiversum. cuspide f ixit 16ricam, galearnque inter, quit colla sedentis Ificent et laeva d~pendet parma lacert6, Orsiloehum fugi~ns mfignurnque agit~ta per orbem fildit gyrb interior sequiturque sequentem; turn validam perque arma vir6 perque ossa secfirim altior exsurg~ns 6rant! et multa precant! cougeminat; vulnus calidb rigat 6ra cerebr. hIcidit huic subit~que aspectfi territuis haesit Appenniuicolae bellator filius AunTl, haud Ligurum extre-mus, durn fallere Fata sin~bant. Isque, ubi si, nfiIdk iarn cursft ~vddere pfignae posse neque instantern r~ginam aYvertere oernit, cb3nsiki& versiare dolbs ingress-Ls et astfi incipit haec: 'Quid tam ~gregium, si f 6mina fort! fidis equ&i? dimitte fugam et t6 comminus aequif m~cum cr~de soh3 pfignaeque accinge pedestri; iam ni~sc&s, vent~sa ferat cui gl6ria fraudem.' 690 695 700 705 tel6... Carnillae: in appos. with nilmen. 690. Orsilochum: sc. occidit. 691. sed: the, thought is, ' she killed them both, but in different ways.' imersum: the opposite of adversF, 667. 692. sedentis, ' a sitter'1; sc. ifl equ&. For the substantive force of the prtcpl. see on venientum, i. 434. 694. fugifts: sc. eum; so with agiMUt sc. ab ej. 695. gyr6 interior: freely, ' (by) taking the inner course'1; gjpre is abi. of spec. The phrase seems to be a variation (~ 203) for interiere qg7ri5, which would be unmetrical. Ca~milla filies from Orsilochus, sweeping round at first in great circles; presently, she swerves to one side. This maneuver puts her on an inner and so shorter circle than that on which Orsilochus is moving; hence she is enabled to overtake him and to turn her flight into a pursuit. sequentern, I'her pursuer'1; ~see on sedlenti8, 692. 699-701. haesit, 'halted.' extr6emus, I'last,'I i. e. meanest, least skillful; sc. in fal lendi, 'Iin trickery,'I out of aum. inn~bant. Roman writers often emphasize the trickery of the Ligurians. 702-704. 6videre=&F subdgeere (see on taj, i. 99); hence the dat. rfignae is possible. ingressus, ' esaying.'1 705-707. si... equ6, 'if though wom~an you rely,'I etc.; iLe. if you rely on the strength of your horse to off set your natural weakness as a woman. fugam: here ' means of flight'1; see ~ 186. aequ6... sol6: iLe. make the combat an even one; cf. the thought in pigynti... iniquii, x. 889. 708. gl6ria: here ' ambition'I in bad sense, i.e. ' vaingloriousness,' 'Iboasting.'I ventfisa... fraudem really contains two thoughts, (1) which of us is an idle 490 AENEIDOS [709-731 Dixit; at illa furens acrique accensa dolore 710 tradit ecum comiti paribusque resistit in armis ense pedes nfiud pfiraque interrita parma. At iuvenis vicisse dolo ratus Javolat ipse (haud mora) conversisque~ fugax aufertur habenis quadrupedemque citum ferrita calce fatigat. 715 'Vane Ligus frfstraque animis elate superbis, nequiquam patrias temptasti ltfbricus artis, nec fraus t6 incolumem fallLci perferet Aunn.' Haec fatur virgo et pernicibus ignea plantis transit ecum cursf frenisque adversa prehensis 720 congreditur poenasque inimico ex sanguine sfimit, quam facile accipiter saxo sacer ales ab alto consequitur pinnis sublimem in nfibe columbam compr6nsamqne tenet pedibusque eviscerat uncis; tum cruor et vulsae labuntur ab aethere plfmae. 725 At non haec nufllis hominum sator atque deorum observans oculis summo sedet altus Olympo: Tyrrhenum genitor Tarchonem in proelia saeva suscitat et stimnuls baud mollibus incutit Iras. Ergo inter caedes cedentiaque agmina Tarchon zso fertur eqnu variisque instigat vocibus ailas, nomine quemque vocans, reficitque in proelia pulsos. boaster merely, (2) which of us is to suffer through that boasting, i.e. in not being able to follow it up by deeds. 711. pedes and interrita belong together in thought; though now on foot (i.e. out of her proper element, as the Arcadians were, x. 364 ff.), she is undismayed. pulra: i.e. unadorned, unemblazoned; the shield bears no device. Contrast those of the Amazons, 660. 713. conversis... habenis=converso... equo. 716, 717. patrias... artis is explained by 701. fallaci: father and son are alike in their trickiness. The vs. implies that Aunus (700) is yet alive. 718, 719. ignea: freely, 'like light ning,' ' with lightning-like pace.' transit, 'outstrips.' For Camilla's speed of foot cf. virg6... entos, vii. 806, 807; cf., too, qualis equs... Hebrum, i. 316, 317, said of Harpalyce. adversa, ' facing him'; she gets in front of him, then turns and faces him. 721. sacer ales: the hawk was sacred to Apollo, and was used in augury. 725, 726. non belongs with sedet, not with nillzs; Jupiter views the spectacle 'with all his eyes,' as we might say. There is here a case of litotes; see on non simili, i. 136. 728. stimulis.. iras: for the figure cf. ea... Apoll6, vi. 100,!01 with note. 732-758] LIBER XI 491 'Quis metus, 6 numquam dolitfiri, 6 semper inertes Tyrrheni, quae tanta animis ignavia venit? Femina palantis agit atque haec agmina vertit! Quo ferrum quidve haec geriinus tela inrita dextris?' Haec effLftus ecum in medios, moritfirus et ipse, concitat et Venulo adversum sO turbidus infert dereptumque ab equ5 dextra complectitur hostem et gremium ante sunm multa vi concitus aufert. Tollitur in caelum clamor, cunctique Latini convertore oculos. Volat igneus aequore Tarchon arma virumque ferens; turn summa ipsius ab hasta defringit ferrum et partis rimatur apertas, qua vulnus letale ferat; contrat ille repfgnans sustinet al iugulo dextram et vim viribus exit. Utque volans alto raptum cum fulva draconem fert aquila implicuitque pedOs atque unguibus haesit, saucius at serpens sinuosa volumina versat arrectisque horret squamis et sibilat ore arduus insurgens; illa haud minus urget obunco luctantem rostro, simul aethera verberat alls, haud aliter praedam Tiburtum ex agmine Tarchon portat ovans. Ducis exemplum eventumque secfiti 735 741 745 750 ' 755 732. 6... dolitfri: i.e. who are never going to feel the spur of resentment driving you into battle (as ira had spurred Tarchon into the fight, 728 -730). 734. palantis: proleptic (~ 193); freely, 'apart,' 'asunder'; cf. age diversos, i. 70. haec: emphatic and highly complimentary; it = ' these lines (that have so fine a record).' 741, 742. moriturus expresses purpose, 'ready to die.' et ipse, 'himself also,' may mean (1) in addition to those whom he means to slay, or (2) in addition to those whom he has just bidden to fight valiantly aid to face death. (2) seems better. 743. dextra: as in x. 339. 746, 747. igneus: cf. ignea, 718, with n. arma virumque, 'the man and his arms,' i.e. his foe, arms and all. ipsius, 'the man himself,' i.e. Venulus. 748. partis... apertas: i.e. of Venulus's armor. 750. vim, 'violence.' viribus, 'strength'; study vis in Vocab. exit: as in v. 438; see n. there. Some take exit as conative, and render ' seeks to evade force by force.' 753-756. at....lls ought to run thus: quamquam saucius serpens.. insurgens, illa, etc., for illa... ials is the conclusion to vols... haesit, 751, 752. at disturbs the syntax, by converting the cl. saucius... nsurgens, which is logically subordinate, into an independent clause. arduus insurgens: see ~195, 2. 492 AENEIDOS [759-776 Maeonidae incurrunt. Turn Fatis d~bituts Arrfins I-Go vC46cem iacul6 et rnulti prior arte Camillam circuit et, quac sit fortftna facillima, temptat: qua s ~ cuimque fur~ns mnedia tulit agmine virgb, hac Arrfins subit et tacitus vestigia Ifistrat; qua victrix redit illa pedemque ex hoste reportat, 765 hdc iuiverns fftrtim celeris d~torquet hab~nds. llas aditfts iarnque has adit-as omnernque pererrat undique circuiturn et certain quatit improbus hastarn. Forte sacer Cybelae Cbhbreus 61ilique sacerd~s insignis longo Phrygils fulg~lbat in armis 770 spufmantemqnie agitdbat ecum, quern pellis a~nis in plflmarn squdmis Mira c~nserta teg~bat. Jpse peregrind ferrfigine cli~rtis et ostr6 spicula torqu~bat Lyci& Gortynia cornfi; aureus ex umerls erat arcus et aurea vAti '775 cassida; turn croceam chlamydeinque sinuisque crepantis carbasebs fulva in n~dum colhgerat aura, 759. Maeonidae, 'the Etruscans'1; cf. the n. on Lydius... Tliybris, Ui. 7481, 782. Fitis d6bitus: i-e.doomied. 760, 761. v~515cem, 'swift though,she is.' multi.. arte lit. = 'superior by reason of,' etc., but since it expresses the means and the manner of circuit, it may be joined by et to iaculU; see on 1. 694. circuit fits better the nearer pred.; see on legunt, i. 126. Render, ' circles round with javelin (poised) and aided by the advantage his mighty skill gave him.'I fortiina, 'opportunity.'1 762, 763. qui... cumque: see ~211. 1Mstrat: freely, 'tracks,' 'Ifollows.' 765. celerls.. habdn~ts: cf. coneersis... hab~nis, 713, with note. 766, 767. h6s... circuitum: cf. nunc lies... locum, v. 441, 442. 768. 61im: in Troy, probably. For C2ybele's connection with Troy cf. Wi. 11 1-1 13, HI. 788, with notes. 770, 771. i~nis.. squimls: with teg~bat, as instr. abl. in p~tim1Lm= an adj., ' feather-like,' 'I(laid) plumewise.'I V. is thinking of a kind of scale armor for horses used by the Persians and the Greeks. On some soft and flexible material bronze plates were laid so as to overlap one another as tiles or feathers overlap. aurd c6nserta: the clasps which fastened the pelf is were of gold. 772, 773. ferriigine... et ostrO: freely, 'dark-hued purple'; both nouns describe the same thing (~ 222). cornU: i.e. a bow; see ~ 187. 774. aureus: by describing the bow as golden immediately after he has called it Lyciil... corn~it V. must certainly be trying to say that the bow was partly of horn, partly of gold; how the two materials were arranged on the bow he has not chosen to say. 776. fulv6... aur6: i.e. with a f ibula or clasp of gold; cf. crinF8 ni~dantur in aurum, iv. 138. 777-7981 '77?-798] ~LIBER XI43 493 pictus acft tunic~s et barbara tegmina crfTrum. Hunc virgb, sive ut templis praefigeret arma Tr,5a, captiv6 sive -ut sC6 ferret in auro, v~nAtrix finum ex omni certaimine pftgnae caeca sequ~bdtur t~itumque incauta per agmen f~mine6 praedae et spoli~rum ard —bat amore, tO1nm ex insidils cum tandem tempore capt6 concitat et superbs Arrftns sic v~ce precithur: 'Snmme deum, sanct! eifistbs S~ractis Apo11, quem prim! colimus, cui pineus ardor acerv6 p~iscitur et medium f rMt pietfite per ignem cult~r~s multi! premimus vestigia, prfina, dd, pater, h~c nostris abo1~r! d~decuis armis, omnipotfns! n~n exuviAs pnlsaeve tropaeum virginis aut spolia, Mila pet6 (mihi cetera laudem facta ferent); haec dira me6 dum vulnere pestis pulsa cadat, patrias remeabb ingl~rius urb~s.' Audjit et vyOt Phoebus succ~dere partem mente dedit, partem volucris dispersit in anras: sterneret ut subit:1 turbiltam morte Camillam. adnuit 6ranti; reducem ut patria alta vidilret, n~n dedit, inque Not~s v~cem vert~re procellae. 780 7185 790 795 717. pletu... tunicis: for constr. see ~ 136. Chloreus is said to have done what he caused others to do. barbara. c riirum: trousers were regarded by the Romans as a mark of oriental luxury and effeminacy. 778, 779. ut... Tr6la: for this act cf. AensiW8... arrna, iii. 288. s6 ferret~= 8e iactret, I'might display herself.' 780. vdnitrlix: we should use a simile, ' like a huntress,'I not a metaphor. Join Unum ex closely together, ' singled out of.' 783. insidils, ' ambush'; note carefully the figure. tempore, ' chance.'1 786. cul: see on lovi, lii. 279. acerv6, 'by the (fuel-) heap.' 788. cult~r,6e: freely, 'Iin the course of our worship.'I multi... primiu, 'on thick-strewn embers'; for case see ~ 146. premimus, 'set'; not as in vi. 197, vi. 331. 790, 791. pulsae... virgiuls, ' a trophy to mark my conquest of,'I etc. 792, 793. dumn... Cadat, ' provided this,' etc. See A. 314; B. 310, IL; G. 573; H. 587. Strictly, the subj. is one of will (imperative subj.), and dum has intensive force, ' only, ' ' just,'I as in aqedum. The wholet~hus~'only let this;I will be content to return.'1 795. mente dedit: cf. mente dare8, x-. 629. dedit here = passus est. 797, 798. reducem... vid~ret: in patriii~g... urb~s, 793, Arruns had really, by implication, prayed for a safe return home. alta, ' noble,' 'Iglorious.'I dedit 494 494 ~~~AENEIDOS [9-2 [799-822 Erg,5, ubi missa manft sonitum dedit hasta per aurAs, 800 convert~re anmm~s acres ocuk~sque tu1~re cfineti ad r~ginam Volsci. Nihil ipsa nec aurae nec sonitfis memor aut venientis ab aethere tdi, hasta sub exsertam d~nec perlata papillam haesit virgineumque alt6 bibit acta crubrem. 805 Concurrant trepidae comit~s dominamque ruentom suscipiunt. Fugit ante omnis exterritus Arrftns laetitia mixt~que metfi nec iam amplius liastae cr~dere nec t~lis occurrere virginis audet. Ac velut ille, priusquam t~la i-nimica sequantur, 810 continu.6 in montis s~s6 ALvius abdidit altos occls6 palstire lupus magn~ve iuvenc6, conascius audacis facti, caudamque remulc~ns subi~cit pavitantem utera silvasque petivit, haud secus ox oculls s6 turbidus abstulit Arrftns 815 contentusque fuga1 mediis s6 inmiscuit armis. lla manuf moriens t~lum trahit, ossa sed inter ferreus ad costas alt6 stat vulnere mficr6i; labitur exsanguis, labuntur frigida IMt Ifimina, purpureus quondam color 6ra reliquit. 820 Tum sic exspirAns Accam, ex aequAlibus -finam. adloquitur, fida ante alias quae s31a Camillae, quicum partiri efirds, atque haec ita fAtur: here== adnuit, 797, or conce.s8it, and so is construed with ut and the subj., 797; contrast constr. in 794, 795. 801, 802. nihil... nee... nee has occurred in ix. 428, 429; see notes there. aurae: i.e. the audible rush o1 air caused by the flight of the spear. 803. exsertam... papillam: cf. iinunm exserta latu8, 649, with note. 805. ruentem: sc. ab equcl (see 827, 828); cf. frtitremque ruentem eustentat dextrU, x. 338, 339. 809-811. tille... lupus: for the order see J 207. The separation is very effective here, because it makes the mtind dwell twice on the subject, Render Wie by 'look you'I; V. writes as if he were pointing to a wolf actually within range of our eyes. prius quaM nz sequantur: a purpose ci., =nF... e qtuantur. ivius: proleptic; ~ 193. 816-819. trahit: conative pres. ad, 'at, 'among.' libitur... libuntur ('droops... droop'): the repetition and the emphatic position increase the pathos. purpureus: as in 1. 591. quondam has adj. force; see on longiF i. 13. 821, 822. ante allfis.. s6la = Enaa ante a11a8, W1. 321; see a. there. partlrl: note hist. infin. in a relative cl.; cf. nam..crtdere, lv. 421, 422, with note. 828-835] 8LIBER XI 495 'Hactenus, Acca soror, potuI; ntnc vulnus acerbur cinficit, et tenebris nigr-tscnt omnia circum. Effuge et haec Turn6 mandata novissima perfer: succ~dat pignae TrSi~nisque arceat urbe. Jamque vahV.' Simul his dictis linqu~bat habends ad terrai n~n sponte fluens. Turn frigida t0t0i paulatim exsolvit s8 corpore lentaque colla et captum 1t6 posuit caput, arma reIinqu~ns, vitaque cum gemitfi fugit indign~ta sub umbrts. Tur vir6 inm~nsus surgens ferit aurea c1rnmor sidera; deiecta crfidescit pfigna CamilIA; incurrunt dens! sirul omnis cipia Teucrur Tyrrh~nlque duc~s Euandrique Arcades Miae. 825 830 835 827. slmul: a prep. here, as inv. 357. linqudbat habenfs: since her fight with filius AUni (399-7724) Camilla had remounted, see ~225. 828, 829. flufns: cf. the use of dWfluxit, 501. frigida, 'growing cold in death.' lenta, 'nerveless.' 830, 831. captum, 'o'ercome.' po SUit=dFposuit. vlta... umbris: Camilla dies young (ante diem, iv. 620), and so dies unwillingly; cf. tum... reliquit, x. 819, 820, said of Lausus, who also died young. 833. d~iect&... Camill& is explained by 834, 835; the Trojan forces are encouraged by Camilla's death. LIBER XII Turnus ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci, se signari oculis, ultro inplacabilis ardet attollitque animos. Poenorum qualis in arvis 5 saucius ille gravi venantum vulnere pectus tum demum movet arma leo gaudetque comantis excutiens cervice toros fixumque latronis inpavidus frangit telum et fremit ore cruento, haud secus accenso gliscit violentia Turno. 10 Tur sic adfatur regem atque ita turbidus infit: 'Nulla mora in Turno; nihil est, quod dicta retractent ignavi Aeneadae nec, quae pepigere, recusent; congredior. Fer sacra, pater, et concipe foedus. Aut hac Dardanium dextra sub Tartara mittam, s1 desertorem Asiae, (sedeant spectentque Latini), 1-17. Turnus determines to meet Aeneas in single combat. 1, 2. Turnus... videt: Opis (see on xi. 648) avenges Camilla's death by slaying Arruns (xi. 836-867); the Rutulians, however, flee in panic to the city. Aeneas presses on in pursuit, but night stops the battle (xi. 868-915). sua... reposci: i.e. that the Latins are calling on him to fulfill his offer recorded in xi. 434-444. 5, 6. saucius = postquam saeciatus est. ille...le: cf. ille... lupue, xi. 809 -811,with notes. pectus: for case see ~ 135. sauciu... pectus balances ut... oculis, 1-3; it is because Turnus is wounded, so to speak, by criticism, that he gives fullest vent to his warlike frenzy. movet arma: i.e. gets ready to charge. 7. latr6nis pictures the hunter from the point of view of the lion, king of beasts and monarch of the woods. 11, 12. nihil est, quod, ' there is no reason why.' For this idiom see B. 295, 7; H.591, 4. dicta... recusent: an inaccurate reference to Aeneas's suggestion that the war be settled by a single combat between himself and Turnus (xi. 115-119). Nothing, however, had come of the suggestion; there were therefore no words for the Trojans to retract, no compact for them to violate. nec: sc. est quod, from 11; aut quae, etc., would have been simpler. 13. congredior: sc. els = Aeneadis. Note the tense; cf. feror, x. 442, with n. fer... foedus: among the Greeks and the Romans the making of a treaty was always attended by religious ceremonies; the sacra referred to here are. the fire, the water, and the holy plants needed in these ceremonies, pater: for scansion see S 242, 466 16-112] LIBER XII 497 et solus ferr5 crimen commfne refellam, aut habeat vict6s, cedat Lavinia coniunx.' 'Ne, quaess, ne me lacrimis neve omine tanto prosequere in dfri certamina Martis euntem, o mater, neque enim Turn5 mora libera mortis. Nfntius haec, Idmon, Phrygi6 mea dicta tyraunO haud placitiira refer: cum primum crastina caelo piiniceis invecta rotis Aur6ra rubebit, non Teucros agat in Rutulos; Tencrum arma quiescant et Rutull; nostro dirimamus sanguine bellum; illo quaeratur conifunx Lavinia campo.' Nec minus interea maternis saevus in armis Aeneas acuit Martem et se suscitat Ira oblato gaudens componi foedere bellum. Tur socios maestique metum solatur lull fata docens regique iubet responsa Latino certa referre viros et pacis dicere leges. 80 110 16, 17. crimen commune: i.e. the charge of cowardice which, so Turnus fancies, the Trojans are making against all the Italians. cedat: sc. ei=Aeneae. 72-80. Turnus announces to Amata his resolve to fight Aeneas. 72. n... 6mine tanto: Amata had begged Turnus not to fight the Trojans longer, plainly intimating that a continuance of the struggle would mean his death. 74. mora, 'postponement,' is subjcet, libera is in the pred.; the whole ieans that Turnus is not at liberty to postpone his death (if death is to be his portion). 78. nn... agat: one would expect ne... agat, i.e. one would naturally take this as a simple prohibition. But nn... bellum, in point of thought,= non Teucros, sed se ipsum in rne agat; in a sentence of this sort n6n would not belong with the verb, but with the pred., being balanced by sed. In our passage a new turn is given to the sentence at Teucrum; note the advers. asynd. there. 80. ill... camp6: i.e. in the field necessary to the carrying out of the suggestion nostro... bellum, 79. 107-112. Aeneas prepares for the combat with Turnus. 107-109. maternis = a matre datis; see viii. 608-728. saevus: as in i. 99; see n. there. Martem: freely, 'his warlike zeal.' oblato, 'proffered.' componi, 'was in the very process of settlement.' 111, 112. fita docens: i.e. by explaining prophecies like that in i. 257-296 (esp. 262-266); these plainly implied that Aeneas was to overcome all foes and to outlive the war. responsa: we infer (~ 225) that messengers (viros) had been sent, by Latinus, no doubt, to Aeneas, as the outcome of Turnus's suggestion 11-17). certa, 'specific,' 'clear-cut.' 498 AENEIDOS [161-180 Interea reges, ingenti m6le Latinus quadriiugo vehitur currf (cui tempora circum aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt, S6lis avi specimen), bigis it Turnus in albis, 165 bina manfi lat crispans hastilia ferro: hinc pater Aeneas, Romanae stirpis origo, sidereo flagrans clipeo et caelestibus armis, et ifixt Ascanius, magnae sp6s altera R6mae, procedunt castris, piraque in veste sacerdos 170 saetigeri fetum suis intonsamque bidentem attulit adm6vitque pecus flagrantibus aris, Illi ad surgentem conversi lumina solem dant friges manibus salsas et tempora ferro summa notant pecudum paterisque altaria libant. 175 Turn pins Aeneas stricto sic ense precatur: 'Esto nunc S1l testis et haec mihi Terra precanti, quam propter tantos potui perferre labores, et pater omnipotens et tf, Saturnia conifnx (iam melior, iam, diva, precor), tuque, inclute Mavors, 80o cfncta tuo qui bella, pater, sub nuimine torques, 161-215. Latinus and Aeneas make a treaty, binding themselves to abide by the outcome of the fight between Aeneas and Turnus. 161. reges has no verb; 161-169 ought to run intered reges procedunt, with Turnus... Aeneas... Ascanius all as simple nominatives in distributive appos., and all modified by participles; 'forth come the kings, Latinus... riding, Turnus on a white chariot,' etc. 163, 164. aurati... radii: i.e. a golden crown adorned with twelve rays or ray-like ornaments. Solls avi: in vii. 47 V. gives another account of Latinus's lineage; see Faunus and Latinus in Vocabulary. 166 = i. 313; see notes there. 166. AenSis... orig6: see ~ 59. 167. caelestibus: i.e. as made by Vulcan and brought to him by Venus. 171. pecus, 'the cattle,' includes both fetum and bidentem. 172. conversi lumina: for the construction see ~ 136. 173,174. fruges... salss= molam; cf. iv. 517. tempora.. notant: i.e. by cutting off a lock of hair; cf. ~ 300, and summas... prima, vi. 245, 246, with notes. llbant, 'besprinkle,' a rare sense, involving an inversion (~ 203) of the normal constr. of this verb, seen in i. 736. 179. iam... diva, 'by this time (i.e. at last) kindlier,' etc. The double iam (see on i. 133) dwells pathetically on the weary years in which the Trojans have hoped for a change in Juno's attitude toward them. They had recently had a promise of such change from Jupiter himself, i. 279 -282. 181-200] LIBER XII 499 fontisque fluvissque voco quaeque aetheris alti religi6 et quae caerule6 sunt numina ponto: cesserit Ausoni6 si fors victoria Turno, convenit Euandri victos disc6dere ad urbem, cedet Iilus agris, nec post arma flla rebelles Aeneadae referent ferrove haec regna lacessent, sin nostrum adnuerit nobis Victoria Martem (ut potius reor et potius di nfimine firment), non ego nec Teucris Italos par6re iub6bo nec mihi regna peto; paribus se legibus ambae invictae gentes aeterna in foedera mittant; sacra de6sque dab6; socer arma Latinus habeto, imperium sollemne socer; mihi moenia Teucri constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen.' Sic prior Aeneas; sequitur sic deinde Latinus suspicions caelum tenditque ad sidera dextram: 'Haec eadem, Aenea, terram, mare, sidera iiur Latonaeque genus duplex Ianumque bifrontem vimque deum infernam et dfri sacraria Ditis; audiat haec genitor, qul foedera fulmine sancit; 185 190 195 200 181, 182. fontlsque: for scansion of -que see ~241. religl~: here 'object of veneration,' ' sacred majesty '; ~ 186. 184. convenit, 'it is agreed.' 185. liulus is mentioned here because the defeat of Aeneas by Turnus will probably involve Aeneas's death; Iulus will then be leader of the Trojans. 187. nostrum: proleptic (~193),= ut noster sit. adnuerit, 'shall have granted.' 188. et... firment: ut belongs also with this cl., though we should render, 'so, too, I pray, may the gods.' With firment sc. hoc, referring to 187. 189-191. nan... nec... nec: for the negatives cf. n. on ix. 428, 429. paribus... legibus, 'on equal terms'; modal ablative. 192-194. sacra: as in ii. 293. de6s.. dab6: Aeneas will thus fulfill the purpose of his coming to Italy, as described in inferretque deis Latio, i. 6. socer... socer contains two thoughts: (1) let Latinus give me his daughter (cf. vii. 268-273), and (2) let the military and governmental supremacy be vested in him. urbi... n6men: cf. n. on genus... Romae, i. 6, 7. 197-199. terrain... sidera: for case see on cuius... nume, vi. 324. Latnae... duplex: Apollo and Diania. vim... infernam: cf. odora canum vis, iv. 132, with n. sacraria: i.e. the sacred dwelling. 200. fulmine: i.e. by striking with his thunderbolt those who are false to a treaty. 500 AENEIDOS [201-224 tanga iirds, medk~s ignis et nfimina testor: nftilla dies pacern lane Italls -nec foedera rumpet, qu6 r~s curnque cadent, nee rn~ vis ftlla volentern avertet, n~n, si tellfiremn effundat in undas 2205 diluvi6 rnisc~ns caelurnque in Tartara solvat, ut scaptrum hoc' (dextrA sc~ptrum narn forte ger~bat) 'nurnquarn fronde levi fundet virgulta nec umbra-s, cum sernel in silvis im6 de stirpe recisurn matre caret posuitque comAs et bracchia ferrb, 210 6Aim arb~s, -nu-no artificis manus aere dec~ir6 incliisit patribusque dedit gestdre Latinis.' TAlibus inter s6 firm~bant foedera dictis c~nspectft in medi6 procerurn. Turn rite sacrattis in flammarn iugulant pecud~s et viscera vivis 215 ~ripiunt cumulantque oneratis lancibus Ardts. At ver6 Rutulls inpar ea pfigna vidri iam dftdum et variC) risc~ri pectora rn~tii, turn rnigis, ut propius cernunt n~3n viribus aequis; adiuvat incessfi tacitb pri~gressus et diram 220 suppliciter venerans d~rnissb ifmine Turnus tabent~sque genae et iuvenali in corpore palloE,Quern sirnul ac Thturna soror cr~br~scere vidit serrn~nern et vulgi variare labantia corda, in medids aci~s, f~rrnar adsirnulata Carnert! 201. tang6 5,ris: see on Urds.. te~neittem, iv. 219. medics, ' that are between us'; Latinus and Aeneas are on opposite sides of the altar. 207. fronde levi, 'light-leaved'1; abi. of characteristic. See on pruestanti corpore, i. 71. 208, 209. cUm= ex qii5 (temnpore), 'since'; 207 really= 'will never... (as it has never poured forthi).' ferr6: for case see on tW1J, 1. 99; this vs. =m7ntl'etn liquit.prii ittt emqie e8t eomtii et brac(c1liioferi'o. 214, 215. In... peoud6s: i.e. they slay the victims so that the blood streams into the tire on the altar. vi_ scera... 6ripiunt: cf. pecudum exta, iv. 63, 64, with notes. 216-250. Iuturna, sister of Turnus, seeks to induce the Latins to break the treaty. 218. ut... aequis: if the text is sound, we must supply e~s, which in this context willi=belItatre8, and take vribues aeqeis as abl. of char.; translate, ' when they get a closer view of (them illmatched=) the ill-matched combatants.'1 219. adiuvat: as object sc. 'this liipresslon.' tacitO, 'suibdued,' 'falterIng.' 225-2441 225-244] ~LIBER XII51 501 (eui genus al proavis ing~ns cldrumque paternac n~men erat virtiatis, et ipse iicerrimus armis), in medias dat s~s6 acids hand nescia r~rum rfinm6r~sque senit vari~s ac talia fatur: 'Nan pudet, 0 IRutull, pr6 cfinctis tdlibus finam obiect~re animam? numer~ne an viribus aequi n~n sumus? ~~i omni[s et Trrres et Arcades hi sunt fatd1~sque manfis, lnf~nsa Etrfiria Turna; vix hostem, altern! SI congrediiimur, hab~mus. Ile quidem ad super~s, quOrum s6 d~vovet.Aris, succ~det fifma vivusclue per 6ra ferktur; n~s patriii dmissfl domninis pa-rere superbis c~g~mur, qui nunc lent! c~ns~dimus arvis.' Talibus ine~nsa est iuvenum sententia dictis iam magis atque magis, serpitque per agmina murmur: ipsi Laurent~s mfltdtl ipsique Latini; qui sibi iam requiem pt'tgnae r~busque salfitem sp~rdbant, nunc arma volunt foedusque precantur infectum et Turn! sortem miserantur iniquam. His aliud maius IThturna adiungit et altO5 22.5 230 235 240 225, 226. paternae... virtatis: subjective genitive, ' due to,' etc. et Ipse (sc. erat): quique ipse, etc., would be more strictly correct, but see on cui t ocus, ii. 71. 227. rdrum: iLe. the things that must now be done; freely, ' her rdle.'1 229, 230. nan: as in ii. 596. ctnctis tilibus -:= 'for men so many arid so sturdy as we are.' aequi: se. Tr-5 idni8. 231, 232. 6n... sunt, ' mark you! these men constitute their whole force, Trojans and,'I etc. faltil~s, ' fateguided,' is sarcastic. When the E2truscans learned that their exiled king Mezentlus had been welcomed by Turnus, they made ready for war on the latter, but delayed their attack because an oracle warned them that they could not succeed unless they were commanded by a foreign leader;, this leader they saw in Aeneas (cf. n. on x. 308). Etrft.ria: in appos. with maniis; it=Etrusci. Cf. the opposite use in Argi8, i. 24. 233. altern!... eougrediimur: i.e. if only every other man of us should fight (with them). 234, 235. ad super6s... ftmi: cf. q~j...prior, iv. 322, 323, with notes. quorum... 4r-is: a misrepresentation; Turnus is lighting to win Lavinia. vivus... ferdtur, ' will live forever in the mouths of men.' 238. sententia: freely, ' the hearts.' 240. ipsi... ipsit, ' even'; in 216-239 only the Rutulians were mentioned. 242, 243. foedus... infectum, 'the undoing of the treaty'; see on mtiits,.. fiactlis, i. 135. 502 502 ~~~AENEIDOS [4-6 [245-265 245 dat signurn eaelO (qu(O n~n praesentius filluin turbavit ment~s Italas menstreque fefellit), namque volains rubra fulvus Jovis ales in aethrA litoreas agitabat av~s turbamque sonantem agminis aligeri, subit6 cum lapsus ad undas 250 cyonum excellentem pedibus rapit improbus uncis. Arrexere anirn~s Itall, cfinctaeque volucr~s convertunt elamore fugam (mirabile visit) aetheraque obscuirant pinnis hostemque per auras factai nfibe premunt, d~nec vi victus et ipsO 255 pondere defecit praedamque ex unguibus ales prei,6cit fluvi6 penitusque in nfibila ffigit. Turn y~r6 atigurium IRutull clam~re salfttant expediuntque manfis, primusque Tolumnius augur 'flee erat, h~c, vetis,' inquit, 'quod saepe petivi. 260 Accipie agnesc~que dees; me, m6 duce ferrum corripite, e miseri, qu~s improbus advena belle territat invalidas ut av~s et litora, vestra v! populat; petet jill fugam penitusque profunde v~la dabit. W~s finanimI d~nskte catervas 265 et r~gem vabis piitgna d~fendite raptum.' 245. praesentius = an adv., ' more powerfully.' The whole=' this sort of sign, more than any other, preyed on,' etc. 247-250. Iovis ilea: as in i. 394; cf. lovi8 armiger, v. 255. litoreAs, ' shoreloving,' i.e. that frequent the streams and the marshes. turbam..ilgern: turba and agmnen seem to be opposed as in i. 186, i. 191 (cf. too the contrast between agmine and turbdbat, 1. 393-395); render then, ' the noisy throng formed by the feathered host once so orderly.'I cyonum refers to Turnus, as the eagle does to Aeneas. 251-310. The truce is broken, and a general battle follows. 251, 252. arrdxdre anim6s: freely, 'gave earnest heed.'I convertunt... fugam: ile. 'change their flight into attack.'1 254. facti ntibe, ' forming (in) a cloud-like mass'1; cf. agmine fact6, 1. 82. 257, 258. sallltant, 'greet,' i.e. ' accept'1; cf. n. on nec... omen abnuit Aen&Ls, v. 530, 531. expediunt: i.e. make ready for fighting. 260. accIPib: sc. Adoc (from 259)= augurium, 257. See on saflutant, 257. 261. 6 miser!: Tolumnius thinks of the lot of the Rutulians, under the treaty, as Iuturna did; see 236, 237. advena: used of Aeneas, as in iv. 591. 262-265. et... populat=et qudrum litora, etc.; see on cui... locus, ii. 71. penitus... profund6 (~ 146), 'far away o'er the deep.' improbus, 261, Mo ra vestra, 262, penitus.. dlabit, 263, 264, raptume, 265, are meant to recall improt'us, 266-284] LIBER XII 503 Dixit et adversos t6lum contorsit in hostis procurrens; sonitum dat stridula cornus et auras certa secat. Simul hoc, simul ingens clamor, et omncs turbati cunei, calefactaque corda tumultfu. Hasta volans, ut forte novem pulcherrima fratrum corpora constiterant contra, qu6s fida crearat ana tot Arcadio conifnx Tyrrhena Gylippo, horum fnum ad medium, teritur qua sitilis alvo balteus et laterum iuncturas fibula mordet, Egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, transadigit costas fulvaque effundit harena. At fratres, animosa phalanx accensaque luctu, pars gladios stringunt manibus, pars missile ferrum corripiunt caecique ruunt. Quos agmina contra procurrunt Laurentum; hinc densi rursus inundant Troes Agyllinique et pictis Arcades armis; sic omnis amor fnus habet decernere ferro. Diripuere aras, it toto turbida caelo tempestas telorum, ac ferreus ingruit imber, 270 275 280 250, litoreas... aves, 248, penitus.. fugit, 256, and rapit, 250. 268. hoc: i.e. the shooting of the arrow; sc. erat, 'happened.' 269. cunei, 'companies.' The armies have been drawn up to witness the fight, as the Trojans were aforetime to witness the games in honor of Anchises; cf. v. 288, v. 340, v. 664. 270, 271. ut is used much as in v. 829, v. 388; see notes there. Render, 'just where, as it chanced, nine,' etc. contra: sc. Tolumnium. 273. ad medium (sc. eum), 'against (at) his waist.' teritur: freely, 'rubs on,' 'presses on.' sttilis, 'wellstitched.' The balteus was of leather, perhaps, also, as often, covered in whole or in part with plates of metal. 274. balteus, 'girdle.' laterum lunctfras (sc. eiu=-baltei): lit., 'the joinings of its sides (ends, edges),' i.e. ' its joining (meeting) edges'; for case of laterum see ~ 111. Some explain as 'his ribs.' 276. costas repeats and defines Unum ad medium, 273. For two objects thus used with one verb cf. n. on Martem indomitum, ii. 440. Freely rendered, 273 ff. ='(strikes) one of these, full at the waist, where... lodging inhis ribs,' etc. 278. pars... pars = aii.. alii, in distributive appos. with fratree, 277. 281. pictis... armls: asin xi. 660; see note there. 283. diripuere aras: in their rage at the treaty they tear down the altars (201, 214, 215) at which the treaty was being made. For the tenses see ~151. 504 AENEIDOS [285-304 285 crdt~rdsque foc~sque ferunt. Fugit ipse Latinus pulsdt~s refer~ns infect6 foedere div~s. Jnfr~nant alif currfis ant corpora saltfi subiciunt in equas et strictis 6nsibus adsunt. Messapus r~gem r~gisque insigne gerentem 290 Tyrrh~num. Au~estn, avidus c~iifundere foedus, adversO pr~terret equ6; ruit ile recad~ns et miser oppositis a terg6 involvitur firls in caput inque nuneras. At fervidus advolat hasta5 Messapus tUl6que 6rantem. multa trab1Il 295 di~super altus equo- graviter ferit atque ita faur: '116c habet! haec, melior mdgnis data victirna divis.' Concurrunt Itall spoliantque calentia membra. Obvius ambfistum, torrem, Corynaeus, ab ifria corripit et venient! Ebysa plIdgamque ferenti 300o occupat &s flammis; 0111 ing~ns barba relfixit nid~remque ambfista dedit. Super ipse secfitus caesariem Naeva turboti corripit hostis inpress~ique genit nit~ns terrae applicat ipsum; sic rigid6 latus ~nse forit. Podalirius Alsum. 285, 286. foc6s, 'braziers'; properly, firepans set on top of the altars; see Vocab. ferunt = auferunt = removent. puls&tf, 'outraged,' 'insulted.' infect6 foedere: cf. u. onfoeu...in fectum, 242, 243. dlv6s: i.e. the statues of the gods, brought out to the treatymaking in accordance with the thought explained in ~ 2-99. 290, 291. avidus... foedus: see ~63. advers6... equ6: instr. abl.; freely, ' by spurring his horse against him.'1 292, 293. oppositis.. umer~,s: Aulestes backs away from Messapus, and trips over the ruins of an altar (cf. 283) of whose proximity be is unaware or forgetful. 295. altus equ6: freely, ' towering bigh on his horse'; strictly, alters hi~s here the force and the constr. of sublimis, as seen in iv. 240. 296. h6c habet, ' he has (caugbt) it, was the cry raised by the spectators when a gladiator was sorely wounded; hic = ' this (that) stroke just delivered.'I haec... divis: cf. hanc... per8olvd5, v. 483, 484, with n.; haec is subject, referring to Aulestes; account for its gender. melior:,than the victims of 170, 171. 298, 299. obvius: sc. ei = EysU, 299; freely, ' blocking the way.'I Ebys6: for case see ~ 120. 301. secfitus: sc. torrem from 297. 303, 304. inpress6: sc. ei = Eyeipsum: i.e. 14,bysiis's body, as distinct from his hair; freely, I'hi.4i whole body.' sic: i e. wv~hile he is in this pos. tUre. 305-62n] LIBER XII 505 past6rem primaque aci6 per tela ruentem ense sequens nfido superimminet; ille secflri adversi frontem mediam mentumque reducta disicit et sparso late rigat arma cruore. 011O dura quies oculos et ferreus urget somnns; in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem. Interea extrem6 bellator in aequore Turnus palantis sequitur paucos iam segnior atque iam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum. Attulit hunc illi caecis terroribus aura commixtum clamorem, arrectasque impulit auris conffisae sonus urbis et inlaetabile murmur. 'Ei mihi! quid tanto turbantur moenia lfctiu? quisve ruit tantus diversa clamor ab urbe?' Sic ait adductisque amens subsistit habenis. Atque huic, in faciem soror ut conversa Metisci aurigae currumque et equos et lbra regebat, talibus occurrit dictis: 'Haec, Turne, sequamur 305 810 615 620 625 305. -que is needless; V. has, however, preferred to treat pastorem and ruenterm as if they were coordinate in function (see on dulci... umbrfa, i. 694); both can be viewed as = rel. clauses. 306, 307. ille, 'but he (=Alsus).' secUri.. reducta: cf. reduct... hasta, x. 552, 553. adversi: sc. eius = Podallri: render freely, 'as Podalirius faced him.' mediam, 'in twain.' 309, 310. olli = Podalirius. dira quies... ferreus... somnus: oxymoron (see on via....nvia, iii. 383). quies is generally placida, i. 691, or dulcis, vi. 522, or gratissima, ii. 269. Jerreus... somnus = mors; cf. c6nsanguineus Let~ Sopor, vi. 278, with note.-In 311 -382 Aeneas tries to stop the conflict, but is wounded and retires; Turnus, however, slays many of the Trojans (cf. Messapus's attitude, 290; Turnus's conduct turns the reader against him). Aeneas, miraculously cured by Venus, returns to the fight, seeking Turnus only, but the latter is kept out of the way by Juturna. Aeneas attacks the city; Amata in despair kills herself (554-603). 614-649. Turnus learns the situation and prepares to meet Aeneas. 614. bellator virtually = bellars; in poetry and later prose verbal nouns in -tor often thus = pres. participles. 617, 618. hunc... clambrem: i.e. the din described in the vss. immediately preceding this selection. 622. adductis... habenls: freely, 'reining in the steeds'; cf. adducts... lacertis, v. 141, with note. 623-625. huic... occurrit: i.e. anticipates his thought of returning to the city. ut is used much as in 270; see n. there. Render, 'keeping the guise in which, changed into the likeness.. she was guiding.' 506 AENEIDOS [626, Trbiugends, quA prima viam. vict6ria pandit; sunt aili, qui tUcta manfl dMendere possint. Ingruit Aen~ds Italls et proelia miscet; et nas saeva manfl mittimus filnera Teucris. 630 Nec numer,5 inferior pfignae nec hon~re rec~d~s.' Turnus ad haec: '0soror, et dfidum agnovi, cum prima per artem foedera turbqsti tUque haec in bella, dedisti, et IIuric n~quiquam fallis, dea. Sed quis Olymp6 635 d~missam tant~s voluit t~ ferre lab~r~s? an frqtris miser! k~tum ut crfid~le vidrWs Nam quid aga? aut quae iam spondet fort-ftna salhitem? Vidi ocul~s ante ipse me~s mO v~ce vocantem Murriinum, quO n~n suiperat mihi cairior alter, 6)40 oppetere, ingentem atque inigenti vulnere victum. Occidit inf~lix n6 nostrum d~decus UCf~ns aspiceret; Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis. Exscindine dom~s (id r~bus d~fuit t'tnum) perp~tiar, dextra- nec Drancis dicta refellam? 64.5 Terga dab6 et Turnum fugientem haec terra vid~bit? I~sque ade~ne morn miserum est? v~s 0 mihi Thin~s este boni, quoniam superis aversa voluntdis! Sdrncta, ad v~s animni atque istius inscia culpae -648 629. et, ' too.' IMittiMus= inmittamu8 (~ 201); hence the dative. Teucris is natural. 630. numerb: out of 629 sc. fiine?'wn =caesdrum. inferior: sc. quam Aen~d8. 632. artem, ' trickery'1; the ref. is to 222-256. 631. de& repeats d 8070?', 632, and effectively reveals Turnus's knowledge of his companion's identity. 636. an: see on aut... -ye, i, 369, 370; se. tant~s voluit... labjr~s from 6.35. 6 37. quid ag6: as in iv. 534. 611, 612. (Offts: for position see on lDW, iv. 171. Teunon.. corpore; the warrior of the heroic age thought such a fate the direst disgrace and hard ship, in part because it made proper burial impossible; see on nildu8, v. 871. 643. dffuit is a true perfect. 614. Drancis dicta:, in xi. 369-375 Drances had called Turnus a coward. 616. Asque ade6, ' so very.' 617. superls: freely, 'on the part of the gods above'; for case see ~ 120. voluntis, 'sympathy.' 618. animi: nom. sing. Note the hiatus (~ 257). The final -.lis unparalleled in hexametmr iu this form, even in the thesis (5 242), and before a caesura (~ 243), yet we can escape this scansion only by scanning anima atque istiiU8 lnscia culpae, which is even more difficult, since the final -us of ietiu8 is in the arsis. The text 649-668] LIBER XII 507 descendam magnorum haud umquam indignus avorum.' Vix ea fatus erat: medios volat ecce per hostis 050 vectus equo spumante Sac6s adversa sagitta saucius ora ruitque inplorans nomine Turnum: 'Turne, in t6 suprema salfs; miserere tuorum. Fulminat Aeneas armis summasque minatur deiecturum arces Italum excidioque daturum, 655 iamque faces ad tecta volant. In te ora Latini, in te oculos referunt; mussat rex ipse Latlnus, quos gener6s vocet ant quae -ses ad foedera flectat. Praeterea reglna, tul fidissima, dextra occidit ipsa sua lucemque exterrita fugit. 660 Soli pro portis Messapus et acer Atinas sustentant acies; circum hos utrimque phalanges stant densae, strictisque seges mucronibus horret ferrea; tf currum deserto in gramine versas.' Obstipuit varia conffsus imagine rerum 665 Turnus et obtiut tacito stetit; aestuat ingens fin in corde pudor mixtoque insania lfctA et furiis agitatus amor et conscia virtfis. of the line, as printed, seems certain. igpius: contemptuous, 'that,' 'so sorry a.' 649. indignus avorum: the gen. with dignus and indignus is very rare; in Greek, however, the adjectives signifying ' worthy' and ' unworthy ' regularly take the genitive. V. is probably imitating this Greek usage. 650-696. News comes to Turnus that the city is surrounded. He hastens to face Aeneas in single combat. 651, 652. adversa... saucius 6ra, 'wounded full in the face'; cf. sauciu8s... pectus, 5, with note. 654. summas: i.e. strongest, those on which they most confidently rely. 657. mussat, 'is at a loss,' 'scarce knows'; see Vocabulary. 658. quae... flectat, 'to which treaty he ought to incline.' Up to the time indicated by xii. 161 ff. Latinus had passively sided with the Latins; in xii. 161-215 he really made a treaty with the Trojans. 659. tui fidissima, 'your trustiest friend,' involves a variation (~ 203) from the normal constr., tibi fidissima. tui is a poss. gen.; cf. nostr~, iv. 237, mel, iv. 654, with notes. 663, 664. strictis... ferrea, 'the iron crop bristles with,' etc. The warriors are the seges; their spears correspond to the aristae or spear-like ears of a crop of grain. gramine, 'sward,' 'turf,' conveys a reproach, by implying that Turnus is moving amid scenes in which there is no suggestion of war. 665. varia... magine rerum, 'by the divers pictures' these words had called up, of Amata, the enemy at the gates, the houses afire, etc. 667, 668. mixt.o.. lctfi: as inx. 871. amor: for scansion see ~ 24, c6iU 508 AENEIDOS [669-688 Ut primum discussae umbrae et lfix reddita menti, r670 irdentis ocul6rum orbis ad moenia torsit turbidus eque rotis magnam respexit ad urbem. Ecce autem flammis inter tabulata voluitus ad caelum undabat vertex turrimque tenebat, turrim, compactis trabibus quam edfxerat ipse 7r5 subdideratque rotas pontisque instraverat altos. 'Iam iam Fata, soror, superant: absiste morari; quo deus ct quo dira vocat fortina, sequamur. Stat conferre manum Aeniae, stat quidquid acerbi est morte pati, neque me indecorem, germana, videbis oso amplius. Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem.' Dixit et e currf saltum dedit Ocius arvis perque hostis, per tela ruit maestamque sororem deserit ac rapido cursu media agmina rumpit. Ac veluti montis saxum de vertice praeceps 685 cum ruit avulsum vento, seu turbidus imber proluit ant annis solvit sublapsa vetustits, fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actui exsultatque solo, silvas, armenta virosque scia virtus, 'consciousness of worth'; see on motos....fluctus, i. 135. The phrase = mens sibi conscia recti, i. 604. 672, 673. tabulata: sc. turris (gen.), from 673. vertex must here = 'a whirl of fire,'' swirling fires.' 674, 675. turrim... altos: for movable towers cf. Caes. B. G. ii. 30, 31. Here, however, the tower is part of the defences, standing, probably, outside the walls, and so placed as to rake any force attacking the walls. pontis: these connect the tower with the walls, and afford access to the tower or escape therefrom. 676. morari: sc. ne. 678, 679. stat: as in ii. 750. morte belongs in part with est (as local abl. = in morte), in part with pati, as instr. abl.; render ' I am resolved, by facing death, to endure whate'er of bitterness is therein.' 680. furere... fur6rem, 'to indulge this madness,' i.e. the madness of fighting Aeneas; for the thought cf. 219-221. We have here an example of the so-called cognate acc. (a species of the acc. of effect; ~ 128); see A. 238; B. 176,4; G. 333, 2; H. 409. ante: freely, 'first'; strictly, it = 'ere, by dying, I wipe out my disgrace' (679). 683. media, 'intervening,' i.e. lying between the aequor of 614 and the city. 685, 686. avulsum vent6 is cond., and= sel venetus ivellit. aut: seu would be more correct; we must carry the cond. force over into this cl. annis: instr. abl., 'through (the passage of) the years.' 687. in abruptum: as in iil. 422; see n. there. mons is an exaggerated substitute for saxuml, 684. %RM09-709] 6e9-7093 ~LIBER XII59 509 in'volv~ns s~cum, disiecta per agmiria Turnus sic urbis ruit ad mfir6s, ubi plfirima ftWis sanguine terra madet striduntque hastilibus aurae, s~gnificatque man-i et miign6 simul incipit 6re: 'Parcite iam., Rutull, et v~s tWa inhibClte, Latin!: quaecumque est fortfina, mea est; m6 v~rias finum prio v~bis foedus luere et d&cernere f errV. IDiscess~ire omn~s medii spatiumque deikre. At pater Aen~fis audItU3 n~mine Turni d~serit et mftr6s et summars d~serit arc~s praecipitatque moras omnIs, opera omnia rnumpit laetitiai exsultiins horrendumque intonat armils, qtiantus Ath6s aut quantus Eryx anLt ipse coruscis cum fremit flicibus quantus gaudetque nivii-i vertice s~l attoill~s pater Appenninus ad auras. lam v~lr6 et iRutull cevfitatim et Trbies et omnC~s convert~re ocul~s Itali, quique alta te-n~bant moenia quique im~s pulsabant ariete mdrP-s, armaque d~lposu~lre umeris. Stupet ipse Latinus ingentis, genit~s diversis partibus orbis inter sE, coiisse vir~s et cernere ferrO5. 0.90 695 700 705 *689. dislecta: i.e. scattered or pa.rted bybihnuself as he runs. The word corre'spouds to 8zlvas... SFcMrn, 688, 689. 690. pliirima, ' far and wide.' 691. atridunt: for form see ~ 101. 694. v~rius, I'truier,'I in the sense of 'fairer,' ' more fitting'; it thus= iistius or aooquius. 695. foedus luere is briefly put for 'to atone, for the breaking of the treaty.' Cf. ni. on sceies expendisse, ii. 229. 697-745. Aeneas and Turnus meet in single combat. Turnus's sword breaks when it strikes Aeneas's armor, and Turnus flees. 698-700. summ~s... arefs: Aeneas had attacked the city; ef. 654-656 and n.on 310. rumpit= abrumpit. horrendum: as in lx.632. Intonat arm-is: for the thought cf. lovis... streperet clipeis, x. 567, 568. 701-703. ipse... Appen-innus: for the order cf. tile... tel, 5, 6, tille l. upus, xi. 809-811, with notes. ipse is, used as in i. 114. quantus (702) in sense precedes ipse, 701. Render, ' huge as himself is, what time he roars... and exultantly uplifts himself, even father Appeniiinus,' etc. pater is applied to the Apeunmnes, as chief among mountains (cf. ~ 61). 705, 706. -qlue... -que, ' both.. and.'I ariete: as in ii. 492; see n. there. For s~cansion see ~ 240. 707-709. stupet=a verb of thinking, 'dwells in amazement on the thought that,'I and so may be construed with the infinitive. cernere=di~certilre, a usage almost confined to poetry. 510 AENEIDOS [710-729 710 Atque illi, ut vacu5 patuerunt aequore campi, pr6cursfi rapido coniectis eminus hastis invfidunt Martem clipeis atque aere sonoro. Dat gemitum telliis; tur crebros ensibus ictus congeminant; fors et virtfis miscentur in inum. 715 Ac velut ingenti Silia summove Taburnl cum duo conversis inimica in proelia tauri frontibus incurrunt (pavidi cessere magistri; stat pecus omne metfi muftum, mussantque iuvencae, quis nemori imperitet, quem tota armenta sequantur), 720 illi inter esse multa vi vulnera miscent cornuaque obnixi infigunt et sanguine largo colla armosque lavant, gemitil nemus omne remugit, n6n aliter Tros Aeneas et Daunius heros concurrunt clipeis; ingens fragor aethera complet. 725 luppiter ipse duas aequato examine lances sustinet et fata inponit diversa du6rum, quem damnet labor et quo vergat pondere letium. Emicat hic inpfine putans et corpore toto alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem 710. ut... campi, 'when, the levels having been emptied, the plains (spread out, i.e.) were cleared.' vacuo... aequore is abl. absolute. 712. invadunt Martem is a poetic phrase, meaning 'they fight furiously at close quarters.' clipels... sonoro: note the parallelism; ~ 222. The ablatives are instr.; they use their very shields as weapons. 714. miscentur in unum, 'are confounded,' 'are combined,' i.e. in this furious hand-to hand encounter some strokes of each combatant are due to warlike prowess, some to mere accident. 717-719. magistri, ' keepers,' 'herdsmen.' mussant has been well rendered, 'dumbly wait to see'; see on mussat, 657. quis.. quem: since there are but two tauri, uter... futrum would be more strictly correct. 721. infigunt, 'drive (strike) home.' 724. clipels balances frontibus, 717. 725, 726. aequato examine: modal abl., 'with evened tongue (pointer)'; freely, 'evenly poised.' fata... duorum: the picture V. has in mind is found in other classical writers and in ancient works of art; in the latter cases the souls (fates) of the heroes are represented by small figures set one in each lanx of the scales. 727. quem... ltum: delib. questions in 0.0.; we must render freely, '(to see) whom,'etc. quem is used as in 717; see notes there. quo (=utrius),..pondere is causal abl.; the whole phrase= 'whose weight makes death sink,' i.e. 'for which of the two the sinking weight foreshadows death.' 729. alte... ensem: cf. ix. 749, with note. 730-751] LIBER XII 511 et ferit; exclamant Trees trepidique Latinl, arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis frangitur in mediSque ardentem deserit ictu, ni fuga subsidio subeat. Fugit ocior Euro, ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. Fama est praecipitem, cum prima in proelia iunctos conscendebat equos, patrio mfucrone relicto, dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisci, idque dii, dum terga dabant palantia Teucri, suffecit; postquam arma dei ad Vulcania ventum est, mortalis mfcro glacies ceu futtilis ictf dissiluit; fulva resplendent fragmina harena. Ergo amens diversa fuga petit aequora Turnus et nunc hfic, inde huc incertos implicat orbis, undique enim Teucri densa incliusre corona, atque hinc vasta palus, hinc ard-ta moenia cingunt. Nec minus Aeneas, quamquam tardante sagitta interdum genua impediunt cursumque reciisant, insequitur trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget, inclufsum veluti si quando flumine nactus cervum aut pfniceae saeptum formidine pinnae venator cursu canis et latratibus instat; 730 735 740 745 750 732, 733. deserit... n... subeat, 'deserts... should not flight,' etc. We say, less daringly and less effectively, 'plays him false (and defenceless he would be) if flight should fail,' etc. For n... subeat cf. n. on Mn faciat, i. 58. 734. ignotum is explained by 735-737. 735, 736. iunctos... equ6s = currum or bigas. patrio: Vulcan had made a special sword for Daunus, father of Turnus. Note the indicatives here in subordinate clauses of the O.O.! 738. terga... palantia: freely, 'were in straggling flight.' 739. arma... Vulcania = arma (Aeneae) a deo Vulcacno facta; see viii. 008-728. 742. diversa.. aequora, 'divers parts of the plain'; cf. in medit nocte, in summo monte, etc. 746-790. Aeneas espies his spear, fast in the stump of an oleaster,; he is unable, however, to pull it out. Juturna gives to Turnus his sword. Angry at this, Venus releases Aeneas's spear. The champions face each other anew. 748. trepidi, 'his trembling foe.' pede: sc. suo. 750. pinnae: subjectivegen., 'caused by,' etc. For hunting methods cf. notes on iv. 121. Here a rope on which bright scarlet feathers are fastened is stretched round a portion of woodland. The deer starts back in terror from this barrier. 512 512 ~~~AENE1DOS 72-7 [752-773 Me antem insidils et ripit territus altiA mille fugit refugitque vias, at vividus Umber 1taeret hifins, iaffi iamque tenet similisque tenenti 75.5 increpuit malhs rnorsfique 0-1usus inani est. Turn v~r6 exoritur clamor, ripaeque lacfisque resp~nsant Circa~, et caelum tonat omne tumultfi. Ple simul figihns Rutu1~s simul increpat omnis, n6mine quemque voca-hs, n10tumque efflidgitat 6nsem. 700 Aen~iis mortem contrii praes~nsque minditur exitium, si quisquam adeat, terretque trementis excisfirum urbem minitans, et sauLcius, instat. Quinque orbis explent curs-fi totidemque, retexunt ri~c ill-de, neque enim levia aut Ifidicra petuntur 76;5 Praemia, sed Turn! d~i vitfit et sanguine certant. Forte sacer Faun& fohis oleaster amairis hie steterat, nautis 61im -venerabile hignum, servAti ex undis ubi figere d~na sol~bant Laurent! div6 et v~tfits suspendere vests, 770 sed stirpem Teucr! ndillO discrimine sacrum sustulerant, pfirb ut possent conc-urrere Campo. Hie hasta Aen~ae staba-t, lific impetus illam. d~tulerat fixam et lentil rdicd~e ten~hat. 752. ille: the stag. insidils altZi restates, in reverse order, iflclii-8m piannae, 749, 750. aMU: the bank is so high above the water that the stag darfe not Jump into the stream. 753. mille... viis: cf. it viami, vi. 122, with n. Vi1vidus in sense and meter balancesfervidus, 718. 754, 755. 1am iamque tenet: as in 11. 590. tenentil: se. praedant. 758. tie (Turnus) balances il le, 752. 781. quisquam (see Vocab.) is allow able, since ss... adeat in effect contains a prohibition, niW quig adeat. 783. retexunt: Turnus, like the stag (73) doubles back on his own Course. 766. sacer Faun6... oleaster: in vii. 59 a laurel is sacred to Apollo, in x. 423 an oak is sacred to the Tiber. 769. div6: Faunus. VUtiS = qu-as viiverant se s.uspea8FtrJ8 esse. Sailors in danger of shipwreck seem to have vowed to consecrate themselves and all they had to some god should their lives be spared. If they were saved, they offered up the garments they had worn in, their time of danger, as a sort of symbolical offering of themselves. 770. niU11 discrimine: as in i. 574. The Trojans (who probably knew nothing of its sacred character) treated this tree as they did others thereabouts. 771. sustulerant ~s not to he taken too literally; a stump was left. 773. flixam is proleptlc (~ 193), 'so that it became fixed there.' For Aeneas',s spear-cast see 71 1. 774-822] LIBER XII 513 Incubuit voluitque maniX convellere ferrum iDardanid~s t0I6que sequi quem prnndere cursft 775 n~n poterat. Turn v~rb Am~ns formidine Turnus 'Faune, precor, rniser~re,' inquit, 'tPique optimik fcrr'urn terra tene-, colul vestr~s s! semper hon~re-s, qu~s contrai Aeneadae bellO) f~c~re proffin~s.' Dixit opemque de! n~n cassa in v~ta vocavit, 780 namque difi luctiins lent~que in stirpe moratus viribus haud ililis valuit disehitdere morsfis r~boris Aen~ds. Dum nititur dcer et instat, rfirsus in aurigae faciern mfittita Metisci pr~currit fratrique 8usem dea Daunia reddit. 785 Quod Venus audaci nymphae indignata 1icZre accessit t~lumque alta ab rhdice revellit. 0111 subllm~s, armis anim-Isque refecti, hoe gladi6 fid~ns, hie dcer et arduus hasta, adsistunt contra!, certa-mine Martis anh~li. 790 'hIlld t~, nffia FAti quod 16ge ten~tur, prO LatiO5 obtestor, pro- ma-iestate tu~rum: 820 cum jam c~nubils pdcem fMicibus (estO) component, cum iam 16g~s et foedera iungent, 778. Si: see lines 4-9 of the article on this word in the Vocabulary. 779. f6c6re Prof~a-6s =prqfdsiiruant, 'have desecrated'1; the ref. is to 770, 771. 784, 785. in... Metisci: cf. in...aurigae, 623, 624, with notes. fritri: Turnus. dea Daunia=Juturna; cf. Daunius Mrds = Turnus, 723. For position see on DidW, iv. 171. 786, 787. nymphae: the nymphs were only semi-divine. alti rid-ice, ' from the depth of the root.' 788-790. sublnim6s, ' towering high,' is the outward and visible proof of ar?-nis... refeeti. refecti strictly fits only anhimts; see on legunt, i. 426. Render, ' with arms restored and hearts revived.'I arduus hasti: freely, ' towering with his spear'; strictly, hastaf is abl. of spec. certimine... anh6ll, I'breath - less with (lit., in consequence of) the martial struggle.' 819-842. Juno promises Jupiter to -allow fate to take its course, provided the Trojans are not allowed to impose their name on the Latins. To this Jupiter agrees. 819, 820. Mlud t6: with obtestor, which here=&rO. ten6tur=retin~tar, ' is forbidden.' For the general thought here cf. ~~ 302, 304. Jupiter had begun this discussion, reminding Juno that she knew that the Trojans must prevail, and urging her to yield (791-818). tufrum, 'your kinsmen-' The Latins were descended from Saturnus (~274), father of Jupiter. 821, 822. estO, ' be it even so'1; see 514 AENEIDOS [823-840 ne vetus indigenas nomen mftare Latinos neu Troas fieri iubeas Teucr6sque vocari 825 aut vScem mftare viros aut vertere vestem; sit Latium, sint Albani per saecula reges, sit Romana potens Itala virtfte propago; occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Tr6ia.' 011i subridens hominum rerumque repertor: sso 'Es germana Iovis Saturnique altera proles; irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctuis. Verum age et inceptum fristra summitte furorem; do quod vis et m6 victusque volensque remitt6. Sermonem Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt, 835 utque est nomen, erit; commixti corpore tantum subsident Teucri. Morem ritfisque sacrorum adiciam faciamque omnis iuno re Latin6s. Hinc genus Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget, supra homines, supra ire deos pietate videbis, 840 nec gens filla tuos aequL celebrabit honores.' on esto, iv. 35. iungent fitsfoedera better than it does lges: see on legunt, i. 426. 824, 825. fieri: as subject sc. eos= Latinos. v6cem,' their tongue.' 827. sit... propag6 has been well rendered, 'let there be a Roman stock, strong with the strength of Italian manhood.' 828. occiderit... sinas: for constr. see on sinte... revzsam, 11. 669. For tense of occiderit see on fuerit... secuta, vi. 62. cum n6mine Troia: the juxtapos. gives an effect like,' let Troy have perished, name and nation alike.' For position of Troia see on DJdo, iv. 171. 831 proves the statement made in 830. 833. victusque volensque, 'o'erpowered and that, too, willingly.' 835, 836. erit = sic erit, 'so will it be.' commixti (sc. cum Ausoniis)... Teucrl, 'the Trojans will be mingled (with the Ausonians) in blood only (not In customs, speech, etc.), and will thus hold the lower place (i.e. will count for less in the new race than the Latin elements will).' The spirit here is that discussed in ~ 61: V. is here, in a special sense, the national poet of Rome and Italy; he must therefore now exalt the Italian and native elements of Roman life and history and belittle the Trojan (i.e. the foreign) elements, even though by so doing he runs counter to the pride and insistency with which, heretofore, he has dwelt on the Trojan lineage of the Romans. morem... sacrorum, 'the sacred custom and usage of holy rites'; these are to be Trojan, of course. 837. faciam... Latinos: cf. genus... Latlnumn, i. 6, with ri. With 830-837 cf. Aeneas's language, 189-194. 838. hine refers to 834-837, and is further explained by Ausonio mixtum... sanguine, ' through union with Ausonian blood.' 840. nec... honores: the Trojans are to obey the injunction of Helenus, 841-903] LIBER XII 515 Adnuit hic Iino et mentem laetita retorsit; interea excedit caelo nibemque relinquit. Aeneas instat contra telumque coruscat ingens, arboreum, et saevo sic pectore fatur: 'Quae nunc deinde mora est? aut quid iam, Turne, retractas? Non cursfu, saevis certandum est comminus armis. 890 Verte omnis tete in facies et contrahe quidquid sive animis sive arte vales; opta ardua pinnis astra sequl clausumque cava te condere terrSi.' Ille caput quassans: 'N6n me tua fervida terrent dicta, ferox; di me terrent et Iuppiter hostis.' 895 Nec plura effatus saxum circumspicit ingens, saxum anticum, ingens, campo quod forte iacebat limes agro positus, litem ut discerneret arvis: vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subirent, qualia nunc hominum prduicit corpora tellfs, 9oo ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostem altior insurgens et cursfi concitus heros. Sed neque currentem s6 nec cognoscit euntem unum... dons, iii. 435-439; see notes. 842. nhbem: i.e. the cloud from which she had been watching the battle. -Jupiter now sends a fury to prevent Juturna from giving further aid to Turnus. 887-952. Aeneas wounds Turnus with his spear, but hesitates to slay him till he catches sight of Pallas's baldric on Turnus's shoulder. 887. contra: sc. Turnum. Vss. 791-886 are parenthetical, interrupting the main story. 889. deinde seems to refer to 783 -785, 789, and to = 'thereafter,' i.e. after recovering your sword. Aeneas is tauntingly saying, ' why are you delaying your attack now, after this miraculous assistance? in fact, why are you even retreating?' 891-893. The conclusion to these vss., 'nevertheless you can not escape me,' is left to Turnus's imagination tete: a strengthened form of te; cf. the nom. tute. In other cases tl is strengthened by -met; cf. egomet. 894. caput quassans: as in vii. 292. 898. arvis is a dat. of interest, involving personification, ' for the welfare of the fields.' 899. subirent is a cond. sent. of the type subeant (si conentur), made to apply to past time; see G. 596, 2. 900 is in appos. with lecti bis sex, 'frames such as,' etc., i.e. 'with such (weak) frames as,' etc. 901, 902. torquebat: conativeimpf. altior insurgens: cf. altior exsurgens, xi. 697. Note the prefix; he draws himself up in order to throw his weight into the stone. her6s: em- phatic by position, as in i. 196 (see n. there); freely, 'with all a hero's prowess.' 516 516 ~~~AENEIDOS [0-2 (904-924 tollentemve manfi saxurnque immane moventem; 905 genua labant, gelidus concr~vit frigore sanguis. Turn lapis ipse yirl vacuum per inane volfitus nec spatium Evdsit tatum neque pertulit ictum. Ac velut in somnis, ocul~s ubi languida pressit nocte qui~s, ri~quiquam avid~s extendere curs-fts 910 velle vid~mur et in medfis c~ndtibus aegri succidimus (n~n lingua valet, nan corpore n~tae sufficiunt vlr~s, nec v~x ant verba secuntur), sic TurnO, quiicurnque viam virtfite petivit, successum dea dira negat. Turn pectore s~nsfis 915i vertuntur yarin; Rutuilos aspectat et urbeni cunctfittlrque metft t~1umque instdre tremn~scit nec, quO s~l ~ripiat, nec, quaI vI tendat in hostem, nec curnits fisquam videt auri-gamve sororem. CunctantI t~lumn Aen~Mis fMale coruscat 920 sortitus fortfinarn oculis, et corpore t0t eininus intorquet. MAlrali concita nurnquarn tormentO sic saxa frernunt, nec fulmine tant! dissultant crepitfis. Volat aitri turbinis instar exitiunm dirum hasta fer~ns Ordsque recIfIdit 905. genua: for scansion see ~ 240. 906. ipse, 'too,' 'also'; the stone shares in Turnus's, weakness. vacuum...voltitus: i.e. though there was no external force to check its flight. 909. extendere, 'ply,' 'pursue.' 911, 912. corpore: coll. sing. in local abl., 'in our bodies'; the dat. would have been more natural. siecuntur, ' attend (our effort),' ' come at our bidding.' 913. qu~cumque (sc. parte), ' however'; lit., ' wherever.'I viam: i e. an opening, a chance to attack Aeneas. 914, 915. dea dira: the fury sent by Jupiter to Juturna; see on 842. vertuutUr is a middle voice, 'revolve,' 'whirl.' in terror that the spear is pressing him sore'; for the constr. cf. stupet cernsere, 7017-709, with note. 919. cunctant! (sc. ei) is dat. with cortiscat, which here='mindtur. 920. sortitus... ocu11s: lit., ' having first allotted himself success with his eyes,' i.e. having marked the point where his spear could pierce his enemy'Is armor and wvii for himself success. 921-923. mt~r1I... torMent6: a machine for destroying walls, like the ballista or the catapulta; Caes. Th. (A iii. 4, talks of falc~s mnoretlee as used for the same purpose. nec... coeptylts,, nor through (the discharge of) the thunder do peals so grievous leap apart'; Milton wrote of ' bursts of thunder.' 925-9451 LIBER XII 517 16ricae et clipel extr~m~s septemplicis orbis: per medium strld~ns transit femur. Incidit ictus ing~ns ad terrain duplicatd poplite Turnus. C~nsurgunt gemnitfi Rutuli, totuisque remdgit m~ns circum, et v~cein Iat6 nernora alta remittunt. Ille humilis supplexque ocul~s dextrainque precatitem pr~tend~ns, 'Equidem merul nec d~precor,' inquit; 'fttere sorte tuii. Miser! tC, sI qua parentis tangere ciftra potest, 6r6 (fuit et tibi tiilis Anchis~s genitor), Daun! miser~re senectae et m63 sen corpus spolidtum Ifimine miivis redde meis. Vicistli, et victum tendere palmas Ausonil vidre; tua est Liivinia coniiinx; ulterius n6 tende odils.' Stetit ficer in armis Aen~iis volv~ns ocul~s dextrainque repressit, et iain iamque magis cunctantem fiectere serm6 coeperat, inf~lix umer,5 cum appiiruit alti5 balteus et natis fuls~lrunt cingula bullis Pallantis pueri, victum quem vulnere Turnus striiverat atque umeris inimicum InsIgne ger!lbat. JIle, oculis postquasn saev! monumeuita dolarls 923) 930 935 94 943 925. l6ricae... clipel: the order here is the reverse of the 'natural one, to emphasize the effectiveness of the stroke; the spear goes even through the 15ia See also on referis... ibis, ii. 547. extr~m6s... orbis, ' the edge of the circular layers.' 930, 931. OCU16s... pr6tendgns: cf. tendeas. &mina, ii. 405, 406, with note. 9S2-934. miserl... Parentis: obj. gen. with cgra, ' regard for.I fult... genitor, 'you too (et) had a father in like plight.' tills: i.e. as old and as anxious as my father is now. 935, 936. mO... mels: i.e. either spare my life or at least, af ter you have slain mae, give back my body to my lIOU. 938, 939. icer in armls, ' a fiery warrior'; lit., ' fiery in the midst of,'I etc. A contrast is intended between this phrase and 939; in appearance he is a fiery, hostile warrior; in action he hesitates to do the things such a warnior would naturally do. 941. inf1lix, 'ill-omiened,' 'fatal.' The ancients seem to have felt that what was given by an enemy or was taken from him was apt to bring ill luck. 942, 943. cingula... puerl: cf. x. 495-505. 944. inimlcum insigne may= (1) I'a decoration won from a foe,' (2) a ' decoration hostile (to himself),' or (3) both ideas may be intended at once. See on louqam, i. 703. 518 AENEIDOS [946-952 exuviasque hausit, furils accensus et Ira terribilis, 'Tfne hinc spolils indfte meorum eripiare mihi? Pallas te h6c vulnere, Pallas immolat et poenam scelerato ex sanguine stmit.' 950 Hoc dicens ferrum adversb sub pectore condit fervidus; ast ill! solvuntur frigore rnembra, vltaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbrtLs. 947-949. hinc and mihi reinforce each other. indiute: grammatically, the nom. would be possible, but (1) it would be unmetrical, and (2) the voc. ('o man decked,' etc.), is more emotional and emphatic. me6rum, 'won from,' etc.; the pl. is an exaggeration. eripiare is a true middle voice. immolat: a strong verb; Turnus is a vic tim required by justice. 940-949 constitute a fine tribute to Aeneas; he is ready to spare his bitterest foe, till grief for one he had known but a short time makes him relentless. 951. solvuntur.. membra: nearly as in i. 92; see notes there. 952. vita... umbras = xi. 831; see notes there. INDEX In this Index the abbreviations., m., n., intr. and tr. are used as they are in the Vocabulary. + sometimes = ' construed with'; (9) following a reference means that two explanations are given in the note referred to, so that the interpretation is not altogether certain, vs.= 'compared with,' or ' distinguished from,' ibid. = 'in the same place,' i.e. in the passage last referred to. For all other abbreviations see p. 108. The Index has been made sufficiently comprehensive, it is hoped, to give the student easy access to all matters of importance discussed in the Introduction or the Notes. For the sake of completeness references have at times been added to passages, even though the topic is not discussed in the notes on such passages; such references are usually enclosed in brackets. a final in nom. sing., declension 1, animd, xii. 648. ab-, force of, i. 108. ab, prep., in expressions of time and place, ii. 87; with words denoting inanimate things personified and so viewed as agents, iii. 533; a tergo, i. 186. ABBREVIATIONS in this book, p. 108, note above, preceding Index, and p. 1 of Vocabulary. abiete=a spear with shaft of firwood, xi. 667; trisyllabic, ~240, ii. 16, v. 663, xi. 667. ABLATIVE: see CASES, V; FORMS, I, 1, (c), I, 5, (c). abnego+infin., ii. 637, ~161. ABRUPT LANGUAGE gives power, ii. 390; token of emotion, i. 237, ii. 3-6. abscondo, force of, iii. 291. ABSTRACT for concrete: see METONYuMY, 7. ABSTRACTIONS, worshiped by Romans, ~269. ABSTRACT NOUNS, Latin weak in, motos... fluctus, i. 135. ab usque=usque ab, vii. 289. ac: see atque. acanthus, used as pattern in embroidery and sculpture, i. 649. i accestis, form, ~105, i. 201. accido, of bad fortune, i. 96. accingo, intr., ii. 235 (~139); archaic pass. infin. accingicr, ~102, iv. 493. accipio (sc. animis), 'mark', iv. 611; 'welcome', i. 289, vi. 393,,vi. 412; 'receive' an omen, xii. 260. ACCUSATIVE: see CASES, IV acer, of fear, 'harrowing', i. 362; acer in armis, xii. 938; acer ecus, 'chargei', 'war-horse', i. 444; epithet of a bow, ix. 665. acerbus, of premature death, vi. 429. ACHATES, armor-bearer of Aeneas, i. 188; characterized as fidus, i. 188, ~192. Acheron, the powers of the underworld, vii. 91. ACHILLES, foremost champion of the Greeks before Troy, i. 468, bitter foe of Troy, i. 30, i. 458, foe of the Greeks also, i. 458; slays Penthesilea and Memnon, i. 490. Achilli, gen. sing., i. 30, etc., ~97. acies, 'eye', iv. 643; 'vision', vi. 200. ACTIUM, games at, founded by Augustus, iii. 280; victory at, commemorated by Augustus, iii. 504, 505; battle of, ~~1, 12, described on Aeneas's shield, viii. 675-713, ~67. ad, 'at', 'among,' ad costas, xi. 817, 519 520 INDEX ad superos, vL. 481; 'against', ii. 443; 'according to', 'in unison with', v. 834; position of, ~210, iv. 257; ad auras, 'upwards'::see aura. ad auras: see aura. addico, 'adjudge', iii. 653. addo, 'put on', v. 817; + infin., viii. 637; Teucris addita luno, vi. 90. adduco, 'draw home', 'strain', adductis... laccrtis, v. 141 (cf ix. 402), adducto... areu, v. 507, adducta sagitta, ix. 632, adductis *.. habcni8, xii. 622. adeo, force of, iv. 96; emaphasizes numeral adj., iii. 203; emphasizes pronoun in predicate, vii. 427. adfecto, force of, iii. 670. adgredior+infin., ii. 1-65. adigo+infin., vi. 696. ADJECTIVE: 1. Fiorms of: (a) marie directly f rom proper name, Lyacus, 1 686, Sychaco, iv. 5529; (b) comparative forms of, strengthened, ante.. imzmanior omnis, i. 347: (c) superlative forms of, strengthened, ante alios pulcherrirntis omni,8, iv. 141, vii. 55, primaus anite oninis, Ui. 40, v. 491. 492; iustissfinus unus, ii. 426; (d) positive strengthened so that It really==a superl., felix uia, ante alias, iii. 321. 2. Force and use of: (a) Adj. compounded of vi, 'not', and pf. pass. prtcpl.=adj in-bilis, v. 591, v. 681. (b) Adj. denotes only part of the noun: privia, i 541; interior, i. 637; stminniis, ii. 460; stununa, ii. 463; sumirto, iii. 22; primna, ii. 4296; postircma. HIi 427; pvirni, v. 566; printaini, vi. 810; summna, x 476; longo, x. 7-69; (ht-c 80, xii. 742; cxtremaos, xii. 925 (c) Adj. carries main thought (cf. n. on iaotos... fiuctu8, i. 135): reduccs socio8, i. 390; i. 589, 590; -,i. 6621; dcgcnercm...Neoptolcmtunz, IL. 549; ii. 352; acrt equo, iv. 156, 157; con traria, iv. 628; iv. 693. 694;- v. 263. 2164 v. 466; vi. 267; ix. 447; intactum, x. 504; iina... terra, x. 675, 6'76; xii. 242, 243; infecto focdere, xii. 286; coascia virtus, xii. 668; alta... radice, xii. 787. (d) Adj. used as formulaic epithet: ~192; pius of Aeneas, i. 220. iv. 393, v. 26, v. 418, V'I. 176, x. 591, x. 783; fidus, of Achates,i 188 (cf. vi. 158). (e) Adj. as proleptic epithet: (193; divcrsos, i. 70;, clausaiui, i 311; furentcu., I. 659; mcdius, i. 682; lamentabile, ii. 4; obsourus, ii. 1035; iuncnnsama, ii. 185; cawco8. ii. 357; inertia, ii. 364; 8puineU8, ii. 419; sterilis, iii. 141; latentia, iii. 237; scecudos, iii. 455; Ingenitern, ii. 462; opaci, ii. 508; labantern, iv. 22; dotahts, iv. 104: oblita,, iv. 52-8; stubinersuiti, v. 125: palantis, v. 2965, xi. 734; terni. v. 580; lacta, v. 816; natantia, v. 856; furenti, vi. 100; atra, vii. 329; laxo8, viii. 708; spunmantcn, ix. 103; divunsa, ix. 623; m ediain, ix. 750; stringcntia, x. 1331; mneattturn, x. 812; airectumn, x. 892 arias, xi. 810; nostrumi, xii. 187 filxarn, xii. 7173. (f Adj. as transferred epithet: kl94;mn(noretit, i 4: a~sperrima., i. 14; macstuni, I 2902, relivoluiii, I. 224; tristis, i. 238; trijtfc!I. 184; obscaro, i. 411; ater, i. 511 flagranti8, i. 710; rirgineas, ii. 168; 8sria, Hi. 373; seeleratas, ii. 576; ci-utirlis... a raruin, iii. 44; aneipiti, ili. 47: fessis, iii. 145: tabetite. iii 281; couco-dia, iii. 5)42; crudo, v. 69; (iJ)t ci, v. 1'18. coiitcata, v. 5)13; cto, v. 610: AuOpwiatumt, v. 855; OtN~, vi. 127; nudaittia, vi. 218; palleutes, vi. 2)75; secuios, vi. 713; infectuiti. vi. 742; furnida, 'vii. 76; opaca, Nii. 84; ipdanti8, vii. 463; rostiata, viii. 684; cxstructus. ix 326; biforern, ix. 618: iusso, x. 444; fugieiitia, xi. 654. See alsoi Vi, rn, 1. INDEX 521 (g) AdJ.==adv.: ~195; (1) general cases: adversqu8, 1. 103, Hi. 416, vi. 684; Alpini,!v. 442; alter, vi. 713; alternus, iii. 423, v. 584, xi. 426; altu8, i. 209, vi. 9; antiens, i. 12; castits, iii. 409, vi. 402; certus, v. 2, ix. 96: dexter, Hi. 388, v. 162, vi. 341; dispersus, x. 400: dirersus, ii. 298, v. 166, ix. 416:c~rtremus, iv. 179:- fei us, iv. 466: giatissinia. Hi. 269:graris, v. 178. v. 3 87. v. 417; inums, x. 7 85; metan is, iv. 449;,in feniss, ii. 72: ingens-. iii. 62; laigior, vi. 640: medius, i. 348, iv. 61, iv. 204: m utusR, ii. 397; nocturnus, iv. 303. iv. 490, vi. 232; nullus, iv. 232;oblicus, v. 274; omniss, i. 180; par, -v. 380:- plurimus, i. 419. xii. 690; pracpes, v. 234; primus, i. 61:3, L. 737, v.'66; rapidus, i G44; secrctus, iv. 494, viii. 610; scrus, v. 524; splendiduis, i. 637; subitus, iii. 223); sublimis, 1. 413, vi. 720, i. 2390; tertius, iii. 6435; turbidus, ix. 37; i-anus~, i. 892; veins, ii. 78; violentus, vi. 336; volatile, viii. 694; (2) in pred. with prtcpl: ~195, end; lenis erepitans, Mi. 70; arduus attollenzs, v. 278; gratioi, veniens, v. 344; ostcntaiss afduusn, v. 367; crebcr... adspir-ann, v. 7964; surgens... altus, ix. 30; arduits insurgens, xi. 733. (h) Adj.==noun: ~196, 2; (1) in sing., rectt, i. 604; supremum, H1. 630, laeru, ii. 693, ix. 631; diverso, iii. 232; pravi... yeni, iv. 188; tranquillo, v. 127; pracceps, ii. 460, vi. 378; (2) in pl., brevia, i. 111, inculta, 1. 308, deserta, i. 384, strata, i. 422, extrema, i. 377, angusta, ii. 332, opaca, Hi. 725, caerula, iii. 208, iv. 583, prima, v. 194, v, 338, luibrica, v. 3335, ardua, v. 693, laeva~, v. 825, secreta, vi. 10, obseurin vera, vi. 100, convexa, vi. 241, vi. 750, opaca, vi. 633, avia, ix. 58, rnediis, x. 407. (i) Adj., proper,=gen. of noun: ~191; 1Kcyflaeam, 1. 200; Tl/phoia, 1. 663; Hectoi-ea, i. 2793; Heetoreum, ii. 543; Phineia, Mi. 212. (j) Adj., common,==gen. of a noun: nauticus, ill. 128, hostilem, iii. 322, regia, vii. 56; ==subjective gen.: maternis., xii. 107, Vuilcania, xii. 739; =objective gen.: femini-ea, ii. 384, fraterna, iv. 22, patriac, x. 824. (k)Adj.=a clause: (1)==a causal el, memor, 1. 23, mazimtus, i. 521, non ignai-a mali, i. 630, pauper' ii..87, conscius, iL 99, ignaro8, ii. 3384, Phoenissamn,!v. 348, fesni, v. 7117, sutilis, vi. 414, virum,.n maxinius, x. 312; (2) =an advers. (I., aeger, 1. 208, imupar, 1. 475, fcssurn, iii. 710, tuta., iv. 298, absens, iv. 83, iv. 384, invalidu8, vi. 114, insontes, vi. 433, exiguam~ vi. 49.3, immanemn, vii. 303, aatiquant, vii. 306, veloccnt, xi. 760. 3. Syntax of: (a) Adj., in positive degree,+partitive gen.: lectin cquitunz, ix. 48. (b Adj. of fulness+abl.: with fe'tus, i. 51, ii. 2,38; with creber, i. 85, v. 459, 460. (c) Adj. in pred.: memores., 1. 343; cavac, ii. 533; felices. Wi. 493; rorantia, ii. 567; incerta, iv. 110; libcra, xii. 74. See also ADJECTIVE, 2, (g), (2). 4. Position of: See ORDER OF WORDS, 4, -5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12. 3.Adjectives, coordinate, joined by et, ii. 709. adloquitti~r, scansion of, iv. 222, ~243. adnuo, 'grant', xii. 187. adoleo, 'render generously', ill. 547; 'kindle', vii. 71. ADOPTED rERSON. takes name of adopter, p. 12, footnote. ADRIATIC, navigation of, dangerous, i. 243. adsto, 'alight', i. 301, vi. 17. adsuetus, as middle, + ace., vii. 806. adsurgo, of rising to deal death stroke, x. 797. ADULTERY, punishment of, vi. 612. advena, 'adventurer', iv. 591, xii. 261. V 522 INDEX ADVERB: (a) modifies verbal noun: late refrlea, i. 21. (b) in attributive position==adj., lol(c, i. 13; super, iii. 489, iv. 681: poiio, vi. 711; quotndam, xi. S19. (c) with rideor or esse, temere est ri-ium, ix. 375; macte virtute, ix 641. ADVERSATIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE, subj. in: see MOODS, II., 4, (c), (2). adversusL-an adv., i. 103, ii. 416, vi. 684; remarks on force of, i. 166, i 420, iii. 287, iv. 701, v. 477, v. 504, vi. 279, vi. 418, vi. 755, x. 571, xi. 719, xii. 307. adverto, 'mark', 'note', ii. 712, iv. 116. adytum ts. templumn, ii. 404. Acacides, said of king Perseus (?), vi. 839. aecus, 'kind', 'friendly', vi. 129. aeger, 'fainting', 'exhausted', ii. 566, iii. 140; of breathing, 'labored', v. 432. aegis, ~279;ii. 616, viii. 435; worn by Pallas, ii. 616, viii. 435. AENEAS, story of, long familiar to Romans, i. 1; wounded before Troy by Diomede, i. 98; escapes from Troy, ~52; meets Dido, ~53; quits Carthage, ~56; a man of Fate, i. 2, i. 382, iii. 5, iii. 9; pietas of, ~62, vi. 403 (see also pietas, pJuus); gets Ienates, etc, from spirit of Hector, ii. 296, 297, from Panthus, ii. 320, 321; bears the Trojan gods (Penates, etc.) from Troy, iii. 12, iii. 148-150, iv. 598; brings gods with him to Italy, i. 6, xii. 192; reaches Italy, ~56; visits Sibyl, ~56; sees Anchises in underworld, ~56; wars of, in Italy, i. 5; career of, in Italy, i. 7; marries Lavinia, i. 7; stays three years in Italy before the founding of Lavinium, i. 266, i. 7; conquers the Rutuli in Italy, i. 266; warlike prowess of, pulantis, v. 265, agraina, x. 318; is con queror and lawgiver, ~~62, 63, i. 264; has armor-bearer like Homeric heroes, i. 188; shield of, viii. 626-728; disappears from mortal sight in Italy, ante diem, iv. 620, sacrum, vii. 797; last seen on banks of Numicius, vii. 797; ferocity of, non.. lambent, x. 557-560; embodiment of spirit of Rome, ~62. AEN:EAS rs. Turnus, ~63. AENEID, ~~39, 42; composition of, ~~48, 49; composed first in prose, etc., ~49; published after Vergil's death. ~50; incomplete. ~~48, 50; incomplete verses in, ~49; inconsistencies in, ~49; an epic poem, of imitative type, ~~76, 77, i. 1; story of, ~~51-577; falls into two parts, ~73, i. 1, vii. 44, 45; intimately related to Augustus's government, ~1; purpose of, and three elements in, ~58; national element in, ~~59-63, i. 33, xii. 703, xii. 835, 836; religious element in, ~~66-68, i. 33, celebramus, iii. 280, libcns, iii. 438, accepit, iii. 544, int moi em, v. 556, more... a cisi, vi. 223, 224, Salios Lupercos, viii. 663, agens... dis, viii. 678, 679, viii. 685-688, omnigenum... Minervam, viii. 698, 699, viii. 714; glorification of Augustus, ~~64, 65; want of city, keynote of, i. 437, i. 522, ii. 294, 295, iii. 494, v. 617, v. 631; gods in, ~271; text-book among Romans, ~~73, 80, 314; imitated by Dante, Tasso, Ariosto, Camoens, Schiller and by English poets, ~81; merits of, ~78; originality of, ~~84, 74, 75; success of, ~~79-81; recent criticisms of, ~~84, 85. AEOLIDES, title of IJlixes, vi. 529. AroLUs, king of the winds, i. 52-83. aequo, 'keep pace with', vi. 263. aequor defined, v. 456. aer in gen. —adj., 'misty', vi. 887; act. acra. 1. 300. aera, 'bronze plates' of a helmet, ix. INDEX 523 809, of a shield, x. 336 (cf. aerea suta, x. 313). aes, type of indestructibility, i. 295. aether, 'pure dazzling air', vi. 640; acc. acthera, i. 379, vii. 65, AGENCY, dative of: see CASES, III, 3. age, agite, paves way for another imp., i. 627, i. 753, iii. 462, iv. 223. agito, a hunter's word, ii. 421. agger, force of, v. 44, v. 273; 'rampart', vi. 830. agmen, 'march', 'movement', of serpents, ii. 212, v. 90, 'play' of oars, v. 211; 'current' of stream, ii. 782; of regular order (opposed to turba), i. 393 (cf. i. 186), xii. 248, 249. ago, in personal pass. constr., poetic use, i. 574; scse... agcbatihat, vi. 337; 'set in motion', ix. 814; testudinem agere, ii. 441; 'plague', 'scourge', vi. 379. See agc. AGREEMENT: 1. Of verb: (a) sing. verb with several subjects: insequitur, i. 87, imminet, i. 165; parta (est), ii. 784; aperitur, iii. 275. (b) P1. verb, with collective noun in sing. as subject: i. 212; pars... mirantur, ii. 31, 32 (cf. xii. 277, 278). (c) Sing. and pl. combined, in one passage, with collective noun in sing. as subject: pars stupet.. et... mirantur, ii. 31, 32; ruit certantque, ii. 63, 64; ruit.. complent, iii. 675, 676. (d) Shift from sing to pl., prendimus, vi. 61. (e) P1. verb due to change in thought, ruunt, xi. 673. 2. Of adjective: (a) n. pl. for sing. in pred., nota (sunt), i. 669; (b) in certain phases, summi fastigia tecti, ii. 302, summi fastigia culminis, ii. 458, summi culmine tecti, iv. 186. 3. Of participle: pl. m., with collective noun in feminine sing.: pars... parati, v. 108, manus.. passi, vi.'660. 4. Miscellaneous: Sing. due to shift in thought or to confusion, litore, iii. 419, qualis, ix. 102. 5. See also GENDER. AGRICULTLRE esteemed by Romans, ~~22, 47. AGRIPPA, M. VIPSANIUS, friend and schoolmate of Augustus, ~10, helps Augustus to beautify Rome, ~18. -ail, gen. sing in: see FORnms, I, 1, (a). AIR AND FIRE identified by ancients, vigor, vi. 730; air and light identified, iii. 600, vi. 363; air called 'liquid' by the poets, vi. 16, vi. 202. alacris, nom. sing. m.,=alaceer, v. 380 (cf. also vi. 685). alae, of huntsmen, iv. 121. ALBUNEA, grove and oracle of, ~290, vii. 82-91. aliquis, force of, iv. 625; 'some measure of', i. 463. alius, in incorrect expression, alias animas, vi. 411. ALLITERATION: ~223; i. 421; i. 493; double, i. 562; ii. 84; ii. 361, 362; iii. 412; iv. 216; ix. 89; ix. 340, 341. alma, 'life-giving', 'quickening', i. 618. ALTARS, fires on, iii. 279, vii. 71; garlands on, iv. 202 (cf. i. 417) place of sanctuary, i. 349; touched during the taking of an oath, iv. 219, vi. 124, xii. 201; erected to dead, iii. 63, 64, iii. 305, v. 48, v. 86. alter, 'the other of two', i. 544; 'second', iii. 86, vii. 321; in comparisons and contrasts, i. 544. alternus=an adv., iii. 423, v. 584, xi. 426. altus, 'high', of cities, i. 7; 'exalted', x. 374, xi. 797; 'intense' (?), i. 209;=sublimis+instr. abl., altus, xii. 295. ( i * -- ) 4,I / 524 INDEX alveo, scansion of, vi. 412, vii. 303, ~248. AMAZONS, appearance of, xi. 649, xi. 803 (cf. i. 490-493); cut of, described, p. 5; allies of Troy, i. 490; skilful archers, v. 311. ambiguae, 'wavering', v. 655. ambas=duas, vi. 540. ambio, 'approach', 'cozen', iv. 283, vii. 333. amens animi, iv. 203. amittebat, scansion of. v. 853, ~242. amo, of 'hugging' a shore, v. 163. amor, 'love charm', iv. 516;+infin., ii. 10; scanned amntr, xii. 668, ~242.. Amphitheater, etc., floor of, v. 336. amplius, constr. after, when qnanin is omitted, i. 683. AMYCLAE, story of, x. 564. an, (a) used merely to separate single questions, xii. 636. (b) in single questions=n1 ln, v 28. (c) an... n., i. 329, x. 681 -683. (d) annie-an, vi. 864. ANACHRONIS.fS: in reference to anchors, i. T69, to biremes, i 182, to boiled meat, i. 213, to tents, i. 469, to scaling ladders, ii. 442, to battering rams, ii. 492, in use of barbaricus, ii. 504, in reference to a formal siege, iii. 52, ix. 598, to astrology, iii. 360, to triremes, v. 119, in use of quondam, iii. 704, v. 865; in use of names of places, Larinia... litora, i. 2, 3, portus... Vlinos, vi. 366. See also on iii. 689. ANACOLUTHON (i. e. interruption of proper grammatical structure): Martent indomitum, ii. 440; Nalutes. isquc, v. 704-708 (see n. on latter vs.); illa, vii. 787; phalerms.. cingula, ix. 359, 360; me, me, ix. 427; at... i'irosque, ix. 792, xi. 753-756; reges, xii. 161. See also CONFIUSION, (a). ANAPHORA, tf.... tu... tit, i. 78, 79; ubi... bi... ubi, i. 99, 100; ut...itt... t, t. 486; und... unde, i. 743; hie... 71... h.. hie.., ii. 29, 30; none... nune... nune. iv. 376, 377. anceps, 'irresolute', iii. 47. ANCHISES, consort of Venus, ~52; has gift of divination, ii. 687; deified after death, divini, v. 47, adytis, v. 84; prayers to, for winds, v 59; spirit of prophesies to Aeneas, ~311. ANChIORS not known in Trojan times: i. 169. See ANACHRONISMS. ANCIENT PEOPLE thought of as better than later, x. 792. ANnDES, Vergil born near, ~35. Androgeo, Greek gen. form. vi. 20. anima, nom. sing., xii. 648; 'shade', 'spirit', vi. 884; in pl. 'lives', x. 376, 'spirit' of one person, v. 81. anima mtndi, philosophical doctrine of. pirits... alit, vi. 726, menns, vi. 727 ollis... semninibiu, vi. 730, 731, aurai ignem, vi. 747. ANIMALS, DRAUGIIT, how yoked, iii. 113. animus rs. mnCns, ii. 316, 317; animi, loc.: see CASES, VII, (c); in pl., 'courage', ii. 386, animis=animose, xi. 438, 'pride', iv. 414, 'spirit', vi. 782; anitmuin reftecto=animadverto, ii. 741; animis adrerto=animadrerto. ii. 712. annus, 'time of year', 'season', vi. 311. ante. adv.. 'betimes', i. 673, x. 385; 'else', 'otherwise', vi. 52; 'first', xii. 680; semipleonastic after prius, iv. 24-27. ante, prep.: (a) ante diem, 'prematurely', iv. 620, iv. 697. (b) ante omnis, ante alios used to strengthen (1) a positive adj., fclix una ante alias, iii. 321, ante omrnis pulhcer, v. 570, fida ante alias... sola, xi. 821, (2) a comp., ante immanior omnis, i.:47, (3) a sup., ante alios pul(cli rinlus omnis, iv. 141, vii. 55, INDEX 525 primus....ante omnnis, ii. 40, v. 491, 492. ANTECEDENT, (a) omitted, (cius) quem, iv. 598; (cos Ipsos) quos, iv. 545. (b) incorporated in rel. clause: see ORDER OF WORDS, 15. (c) attracted to relative, urbenm quam, i. 573. (d) seldom has modifiers beside the rel. clause, ignotum, ii. 59. (e) to be found in thought of preceding sentence, unde, i. 6, quo, iii. 604, quod, vi. 97. ante diem: see ante, prep. ante omnis, used to strengthen adjectives: see ante, prep. ANTENOR, i. 242. antequam, parts of, separated, i. 192, 193 (cf. iii. 384-387). Anticipation of the sequel: ncquiquam, ii. 515, vii. 652, ix. 364; longe servet, ii. 711 (see on ii. 716);des, v. 841; tamen, ix. 315. anticus, 'dear old', ii. 635. ANTONY, MARK, magister equitum of Caesar, ~2; in control at Rome after Caesar's death, ~4; gains Macedonia, later Gallia Cisalpina as his province, ~4; opposed by Cicero and Senate, ~5; besieges D. Brutus at Mutina, ~6; withdraws across Alps and joins Lepidus, ~6; goes to East and meets Cleopatra, ~9; marries Octavia, ~9; defeated at Actium, ~12: suicide of, ~12. anus=adj., vetus, vii. 419. aperit, 'makes a way through', i. 146; aperitur, 'looms up to view', iii. 275. apex, 'tongue' of fire, ii. 683. APODOSIS: see CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 7. APOLLO builds walls of Troy, ii. 61.0; oracle of, at Delphi, iii. 92 is long haired, iv. 148, i. 740, ~281; wears arms, iv. 149; presides at Cumae, vi. 9, 10: temple erected to, by Augustus, in Rome, vi. 69, viii. 720, ~18; games in honor of, at Rome, vi. 70; games in honor of, at Actium, viii. 704; temple of, at Actium, iii. 275; standing friend of Troy, ix. 638; helped Augustus at Actium, ~~18, 67, viii. 704; comes from heaven in disguise to compliment Ascanius, ~307; guides surgeon's knife, x. 317; worshiped at Soracte, xi. 785-788; cuts of, described, pp. 3, 5. APOLLONIUS RIIODIUS, Argonautica of, popular among Romans, ~71, imitated by Vergil, ~73. ArosIOiPESIS: quos ego, i. 135, quamquam o, v. 195. APOSTROPIE, token of emotion: te.. Teucrum, i. 555; ii. 56; ii. 429, at... manleres, viii. 643; by Vergil to characters of whom he is writing, iv. 65, iv. 408. APPOSITION: (a) word in apposition with sentence, infandurn, i. 251, omen pugnae, x. 311; (b) distributive, pars... pars, i. 423-425, xii. 278 (cf. hice..hie, xii. 789); (c) appositional phrase expresses (1) purpose, munera... dii, i. 636; x. 311; causam lacrimis, iii. 305, (2)=a temporal clause, responsa Sibyllae, vi. 44. aptus, 'joined to', 'fitted out (with)', iv 482. apud, 'among', vi. 568. aquai, form, vii. 464, ~88. ara... sepulcri, 'funeral altar', vi. 177. ARABIA, famous for perfumes, etc., i. 416. arbor mali, 'tree-like mast', v. 504. ARCIAISMS, defined, ~87. Examples are: I. In nouns. 1. Gen. sing. in di; see FORIMS, I, 1, (a). 2. Forms like vinclum: see FORMS, III, (a). 3. Miscellaneous: navita=nauta, vi. 315, quaesitor=quaestor, vi. 432. II. In verbs. 1. Third conjugation forms for 526 INDEX second (or fourth): see FORMS, II, 1. 2. Archaic pres. infin. pass.: see FORMS, III, 2. 3. Archaic impf. forms: see FORMS, III, 3. 4. Future imp., so-called, tcneto, iii. 408. 5. subrigit=surgit, iv. 183. III. Pronouns. 1. oli, ollis=illi, illis; see FORMS, I, 5, (a), (b). IV. Conjunctions: (a) ni==ne, iii. 686; (b) ast=at: see FORMS, III, (c); (c) quianam==quidnam, v. 13. V. Gender: finis as feminine, ii. 554, iii. 145, v. 327, v. 384. Arcitenens, epithet of Apollo, iii. 75, ~281. ardeo+infin., i. 514, i. 580, 581, ~162; ardens, of burnished weapons, ii. 734. arduus in pred. with prtcpl., xi. 755, ~195. argentum, 'silver plate', i. 640, x. 527. Argi, 'Greece', i. 24, ii. 95. argumentum, 'theme', 'device', vii. 791. ARIADNE, story of, vi. 28. aries, 'battering-ram', ii. 492; scansion of, xii. 706, ~240. ARIOSTO imitated Aeneid, ~81. arma=scutum, x. 412, 'tackle' (cf. armamenturn), v. 15, vi. 353; 'implements', i. 177. See also on i. 119, i. 183. armisona. epithet of Iallaq, iii. 544 ARMS hung on stern of ship, i. 183; placed on pyre, vi. 217, vi. 233, vi. 507. arrectus, 'straining' (with aures), i. 152, ii. 303;'staring', ii. 173; 'consunling' (desire), v. 138; of chariots, 'uptilted', ix. 317; 'erect', x. 892. AnSIS. ~231. ars, 'trickery', xii. 632; in pl., 'accomplishments', vi. 852, 'workmanship', v. 359, 'cunning ways', vii. 338. arx, 'shelter', x. 805. ASCANIUS rules in Lavinium, i. 267 -270; founds Alba Longa, i. 271 (cf. n. on genus... Alba, vi. 766). aspice, parenthetical,=ecce, vi. 771; hence+ut and indic, vi. 855, 856. aspris=aspcris, ii. 379. ast: see FORIS, III, (c): ARCHAISMS, IV, (b). ASTROLOGY, posthomeric, iii. 360, conscia... sidcra, iv. 519, 520. astu, abl.,==adv., 'deftly', x. 522. Asyndeton, defined, i. 45. 1. between kindred or contrasted words, urbe, domo, i 600. 2. between words, in enumerations: sociis... dis, iii. 12. 3. between clauses, adversative: i. 45, nullain, tris, i. 184; nunc, i. 240, i. 395, ii. 85, x. 617; dira, i. 250, i. 482; divum, ii. 602; caehtm, iii. 193; nos, iii. 325; parte, v. 187; docuit, v. 523; vestras spes, v. 672; Italiae fugientis, vi. 61; cetera, ix. 656; aut, ix. 686; baud... hospitia, x. 494, 495; Teucrum, xii. 78; ille, xii. 306. at, (a) sharply advers., i. 267, iv. 1; (b) in curses, ii. 535; (c) in apodosis, i. 543, i. 557, iv 615 (vi. 406), vii. 315, xi. 429; (d) archaic form of: see ust ater defined, i. 89; of evergreen trees, i. 165; of things connected with death, ii 221, iii. 64, iv. 384, vi 429 a tergo, i. 186. ATLIVS taught the bard Iopas, i. 741, upholds the heavens, iv. 481, 182 (cf. i. 741). atque, ac: (a) 'and yet', ix. 413 (b) 'than', hatd secus ac, iii. 236, (c) 'and lo', 'and forthwith', ~200, ac, i. 81, atque, i. 227, iv. 261, iv. 663, vi. 162, vi. 494, vi. 672; (d) ac velut or veluti, used to join a simile to what precedes, i. 148, ii 626 (cf. vi. 707, xii. 908).:tlia, 'halls', ii. 528. INDEX 527 ATTRACTION, (a) of antec. to rel. pronoun ('inverse attraction'), Dciopea, i. 72, urbem quam, i. 573; (b) of subject pronoun into gender of pred. noun: see GENDER, (a). auctor, 'surety', a legal sense, v. 17, v. 418; 'evidence', x. 510, 'do spatcher' of a weapon, ix. 421, ix. 748. audere in proelia, ii. 347. AUGLR, position of Greek and Roman, in taking omens, ii. 693; bringer of luck, xi. 429, auspicibus, iii. 20. See AUGURY; OMEN.S. AIGURY, Roman, i. 400; two kinds of, iii. 361; omens accepted or deprecated, ncc... abnuit, v. 530, 531, xii. 260, xii. 257. See also OM-ENS. AUGUSTUS, by birth named C. Octavius, ~3; adopted by Julius Caesar, ~3; new name of, p. 12, footnote; leaves Apollonia for Rome, ~3; acts of, appioved by senate, ~5; refuses to fight Antony, ~6; is opposed by senate, ~6; moves to Rome and demands consulship, ~6; foims first tiiumvirate, ~7; clemency of, ~15; closes temple of Ianus, ~16; prayers for, ~15; connected in lineage with Ascanius (Iulus) and so with Aeneas, ~64, i. 268, i. 286; recovers captured standards from Parthians, i. 289, super... Indos, vi. 794; is to conquer the East, i. 289; is to be deified and worshiped, ~64, i. 290; is both priest and king, iii. 80; rebuilds temples, etc., ~~20, 67; aided by Apollo, ~~18, 67; temple to Apollo by, ~18, vi. 69, viii. 720; represented on shield of Aeneas, viii. 678; celebrates triple triumph, viii. 714; compliments to, by Vergil, utramque Troiam, iii. 504, 505, alter, v. 568, dicitur, v. 602, Nysae, vi. 805, super... Indos, vi. 794, Drusos, vi. 824, resident, ix. 643; aims of, ~13; beautifies Rome, ~18; Forum built by, ~18; statues of Roman heroes erected by, ~18; ef fects revival of national feeling, ~19; effects religious revival, ~20, and to this end uses poets, ~21; rules provinces especially well, ~17; offers to retire, Jan. 1, 27, ~17; receives new title, that of Augustus, ~17; patron of literature, ~~23, 24; helps Vergil, ~~24, 40; glorified in Aeneid, ~~64, 65; cut of, described, p 6. aula, force of, iii. 354. aulaea, i. 697. aulai, form, iii 354, ~88; meaning of, ibid. ArIS, gathering-place of Greeks who attacked Troy, ~51, ii. 111, iv. 426. aura, 'gleam', 'sheen', vi. 204; aurai, form, vi. 74 r, ~88; au ac p( pularcs, of the fickle —ess of popular favor, vi 816; ad auuis, 'upwaids', ii 699), ii. 75), vi. 561, sub awras, 'upwards', iii 576. aurefi, disyllabic, i. 698; so aucris, i 726, v. 352, ~248; force of, ii. 488. aurum, 'clasp of gold', iv. 138, xi. 771, xi. 776, 'platter of gold', iii. 355; 'belt ol gold', iii. 517; 'yoke of gold', v. 817; 'greaves of gold', xi. 488. Ausonidum, gen. pl., declension 1, x. 564, ~88. auspex, force of, iii. 20. auspicia, 'power', iv. 103; 'will', iv. 341. Auster=ventus, i. 51, iii. 70. aut (a) vs. vel, i. 324. (b) aut... -ve with questions, i. 369, 370. (c) after a neg., loosely used, iii. 42, 43, iii. 161, 162; nullis... aut, iv. 438, 439; non.. aut, x. 528, 529; nulla... at, x. 592, 593; nec.. c... aut, xi. 801, 802. (d) loosely used instead of seu, xii. 686. AVERNUS, entrance to underworld, v. 732, vi. 107; pl. form Averna, v. 732, iii. 442. 528 INDEX averto, intr., ~139, i. 104, i. 402 (contrast se... avertit, iv. 389). avus, 'sire', vi. 876. axis, 'heavens', iv. 482, vi. 536; 'vault', 'dome' of heaven, vi. 790. B bacchatus, dep. prtcpl. in pass. sense, iii. 125. Bacchusvinuzm, i. 215, iii. 354, v. 77. BACCHT s, giver of happiness, i. 734, iv. 59; rites of, iv. 302, 303. baltei, scansion of, x. 496, ~248. balteus, 'girdle', xii. 274; nature of, sutilis, xii. 273. barbaricus, force of, ii. 504. BARDS at banquets, i. 740; longhaired like Apollo, crinitus, i. 710. BATTERING-RAM not used in Trojan times, ii. 492, xii. 706. BATTLE, signal for, given by trumpet, x. 310, xi. 424. BAY-TlREE (lac us) in Priam's palace, ii. 513, 514; in Latinus's palace, vii. 59-63. BEACON LIGIIT, figure of, common in Latin, ii. 281. BEARD allowed to grow in times of mourning, i. 480; inmzssa, iii. 593. BEES, swarming of, ominous, vii. 70. bellator=bellans, xii 614 bellor, dep.,=bello, xi. 660. belli commercia, x. 532. BELTS, worn by Romans, viii. 724. b foris, force of, ix. 618. bilinguis, force of, i. 661. bills, adj. in, in act. sense, pcnetrabile tclum, x. 481. bipatens, force of, ii. 330. IIREME., not known in Homeric times, i. 182. bivius, force of, xi. 516. BLACK TICTIMS: to Storm-gods, iii. 120; to nether po ners, v. 7:36, vi 153, vi. 24:1 (cf. also v. 97, vi. 249). IBLEr.T'D NrIIAT not known in Iomeric timnes, i. 21:. BLOK)('I1)ES l)post-1Iomneric, obI5ld5ol(, iii. 52. BLOOD as offering, iii. 67, v. 78, vi. 249. BONES as seat of feeling: see MARROW. BOREAS, resident in Thrace, x. 350. BOXERS, ears of, mutilated, v. 435; cut of, described, p. 6. BREAST, BEATING OF, sign of grief, i. 481, iv. 673. BREASTPLATE of chain mail, of gold, iii. 467, v. 263, 264. BREVITY of expression: (a) general examples; see on ex ordine, i. 456; a sanguine, i. 550; votum, ii. 17; scelus cxpendisse, ii. 229; raptatus... quondam, ii. 272; iam... Ucalcgon, ii. 311, 312; tollere, ii. 635; ii. 642, 643; iii. 275; iii. 335; ianua, iii. 449; iii. 482, 483; diva... Lacinia, iii. 552; iii. 663; anlnas... alias, iv. 242, 243; iv. 450; iv. 469; iv. 538; iv. 669, 670; v. 80, 81; gloria, v. 394; v. 498; timutt, v. 505; v. 656; talia... iizstaurate, vi. 529, 530; lucos, vii. 82; vii. 104, 105; vii. 307; tituritis puppibus, viii. 693 Butcn, ix. 647; quanltus.... urioii, ix. 668,,669; foe s... ltle c, xii. 695. (b) In comparisons (technically called com paralto compcndiara): cul na 1rib7)1, i. 193; a magno Iulo, i. 288, coniuge, iv. 324. (c) In formal similes, involving use of qtualis: see qualis. (d) See also WORD, (a). BRIDE WOOMEN, pronuba, iv. 166. BRO()ZE in sacrifices and magic, iv. 513. I1it.m)ISSIURI, treaty of, ~9. Burrrs, Decimus, governor of Gallia ('isalpina, for 43, ~2: orders Augustus to oppose Antony, ~6; Marcus, governor of Macedonia, for 43, ~2, defeated at Ihilippi, ~8; Marcus (of B. C. 509), rcc(ptos, vi. 818, sact as, vi. 819, vi. 822;rWIToil('A defined. H,46 Br LL with gilded horns as sacrifice, I atum, v. 366. INDEX 529 BURIAL, importance of, inhumati, i. 353; loss of, grievous sorrow, i 353, ii 646; effect of lack of, i 353; burial in fatherland a blessing, patnia, vi 508, x. 558; burial in strange land a sorrow, v. 871. See also DEAD. BYnsA, name of citadel of Carthage, meaning of, i. 367. C caducus, force of, vi. 481. caecus, 'unseen', i. 356; 'unknown', iii. 200. caelum, 'weather', v. 18, iv. 53; 'heavenly bodies', vi. 849. CAEnxLs, story of, vi. 447 449. caeruleus, 'dark', iii. 64, iii. 194; 'sea-hued', iii. 432 caerulus=cacrulcus, iii. 208, iv. 583. CAESAR, Caius Julius, killed in 44, ~1; deified after death, vi. 792; comet of, viii. 681. CAESURA, defined, ~235, p. 76, footnote; masculine and feminine, ~235; varieties of, ~235; even in verses that have no sense-pause, ~236; helps to make preceding syllable heavy, ~243; helps to excuse hiatus, ~257. ClnDRONS (lebctcs), gifts to gods, iii. 466, v. 266. calx=pcs, v. 324, x. 892. CAMARINA, story of, iii. 701. canentia (lumina), force of, x. 418. CAMOENS imitated the Aeneid, ~81. cano, 'prophesy', ii. 124, ii. 176, vii. 79. CAPITOL, symbol of perpetuity of Rome, ix. 448. CAPTIVE TREASURE offered up in or on temples, iii. 287, 288, v. 360; ut... Troia, xi. 778, 779. caput, 'life', ii. 751, v. 815: 'being', 'existence', iv. 613; 'wretch', iv. 613, iv. 640; of cattle, etc., like English 'head', iii. 391; scanned as caput, x. 394, ~243. raput quassans, of grief or wrath, vii. 292, xii. 894. caiceics, in circus, at chariot races: see on finibus, v. 139. cardo lerum, 'crisis', 'pivotal moment', i. 672. eallnac, 'ships', ii. 23, ii. 198. carpo, force of, i 388, vii 414; 'enjoy', iv. 522, iv. 555. CARTHAGE characterized especially by military prowess and wealth, i. 14, i. 445; had tvo artificial harbors, i. 427; head of hoise on coins of, i. 444: Vergil's views of the government of, i. 507; treats all strangers as foes, clamorc, i. 519, p) opius, i 526. Carthago, meaning of, i. 298. CASA ROM(LLI, viii. 652. CASLS. I. Nominative. 1. In predicate: marc prorupteum, i. 246; v(ia... (lea, i. 405; fac(s... nuntins, iii. 310; dcae, ix 117. See also ADJECTIVE, 3, (c). 2. Special note on, i. 664. 3. In a Grecism: sensit... dclapsus (cssc), ii. 377. II. Genitive. 1. General remarks: (a) the gen. as the adjective case, Libyac, i. 556; (b) gen. of noun=an adj., Libyac —Libycus, i. 556, bclli cormmcrcia, x. 532, acr's='misty', vi. 887. 2. Gen. of possession in predicatt rerum, i. 462. 3. Gen. denotes lineage, Aiacis Oilec, i. 41; Dciphobc Glauci, vi. 36. 4. Predicate, tantae molis, i. 33; opis... Dardaniac, i. 601, 602. 5. Characteristic, vi. 778. 6. Subjective: rcliquias Danaum... Achilli, i. 30, iii. 87 (of. i. 598); i. 455; i. 556; fata deum, ii. 54, ii. 257; ii. 413; vulnere... Ulixi, ii. 436, nati... vulnera, vi. 446; Pyrrhi de caede, ii. 526; ii. 572; gratia, facli, iv. 539; iv. 662; grattia 530 580 ~~~INDEX curim, v!. 653; Vill. 377; Turni tniuria, ix. 108; Euryah, enedes, ix. 342; etri vulneris undam, ix. 700: ix. 736; caedc viri icate, x. 426; xii. 225, 2260; pinnac, xii. 750. 7. Objective: (a) with pres. prtcpl. act.==an adj.: with sere ns, ii. 427; with mectitens, v. 716; with patiens, vi. 77, ix. 607. (b) dependent on noun: ~119, esp. n.; with honor, i. 28; with ridei~ca, i. 132, ii. 162, xi. 502 with donitnt, ii. 31; with lace imnas, Hi. 784; with amzoi, ii. 789, vi. 24; cialtrix (Jybclae, iii. 111 labo)tnint... auxillaint, iii. 1-45, 146; ci oe locoratm, iii. 181; co1iiingio... lIie(i is, iii. 475; Py)hiiht coliiibiat, iii. 319; lt!l *.. ili~si unhin, iii. 685;iv. 178 iv. 188; v. 538: enede Pclasgnm, vi. 503; cacti snspcctnts. vi. 579 insania belli, vii. 46-1; c'deitdi *.rabies, ix. 63, 64; parenlis *.eitrn, xii. 932, 933. (c) with adjectives of power, skill, etc.: ~115; with potcns, i. 80; with ignarits, i. 1.98, iv. 508, viii. 730; with seeatrns, i. 35t), vii. 304, x. 326; with eoiiscias, i. 604; with altrix, iii. 273; with tcnax, iv. 188; with expers, iv. 550; cci Nis (widi(, iv. 554. 8. P'artitive: (a) qataimni patlelict i tiita, i. 762; i cqni, i. 78. (b) with positive adjectives, mnnltos Denaunc, ii. 398, sanete (leoviiin, iv. 576. (c) with n. p1. adj., used as noun: 1197; strata viaruin, i. 422; opaca 0corantm, ii. 72~5: opace vio urn, vi. 633; angtast i at ion, ii. 3132; a diie tei) ai a int, v. 6395. (d) with mediion, n. sing a-, noun, aulai mnedio, iii. 354, t Itt Ini (lio, vii. 59. 9. Of definition: (a) ~1 I1 spi ctee... f otii mac' 1. 27 T l) itih)( *. tuforain, i. 3991; 1(ati( lml.-'honorent,1 1. 736; iii. 256; Mi. 391; metes... Paehyns, iii. 429; iv. 88, 89; Ollciini ftnunt, iv. 480; lacte venent, iv. 51L4; tit agget e, v. 273; tlicati i cii euts, v. 288, 289; ai bore miali, v. 504; vi. 27; a)i ait... 6cpitilei i, vi. 177; vi. 408, 409; vi. 671; vi. 717; vii. 317; mhai is8 olner, x. 377; x. 653 xii. 274 (b) with geographical linluec,~112; iti) bent Pata i i, i. 247; sdc i Leetuti, i. 270; Troiae... uobcni, i. 565 10. Of reference, with adj., (a) of fulness: ~116; dti-es opum, i. 14, ii. 22 tcssi remrin, 1. 178 ditishtntis ecji c, i. 3431, x. 563 lactissintiis iilin bit (i, i 441; fii tcgcr aeci, ii. 6:38; a(- i maetiti as, v. 73; (b) with adj. of wa-nt: ~116; oinninint egelas, i. 599 intops anlinti, iv. 300; vceri... eff ete, vii. 440; ei-i i ahia, x. 630, 631: (c) uxith adjectives in general, ~117; foi-tiitatits laboatnt, xi. 416; indigas avotutin, xii. 649 (Greek construction). 11. Of indefinite value or price: lanti. iii. 453. 1-2. With verbs: (a) niisci-eor, ii. 143; (b) with verbs of fuiness: ~118: iniplcntir.. Bacehi, i. 215; aonntaim... cxplsc.i.. floan nice, ii. 586, 587 (c) with veib of xnant: ~118; elassis (gel ct, ix. 88. Similar (d) is gen. with i eas==dantnatus, voti rcns, v. 237. III. Dative. 1. Of interest. (n,) with nouns pojilit. re vgliutoi cmt, IL 56 557. (b) with verbs (this use frequently involves personification) ~120:iactanti, i. 102; qitibats, i. 232; fib, i. 261; tnt. i. 448; htitie, i. 477; tolo, I 63 1; Ascanto, i. 691;vw bi, ii. 47; vrio, ii. 146; Itbi, ii. 601; aninto, ii. INDEX 531 660; egjrcssis, ii. 713; huic, HLj 28, sacris, iii. 112; tectis, iii. 134; mcmbris, iii. 137; Iovi, 'out of deference to', etc., iii. 279; aro, 'in honor of', etc., v. 550; lar ioiis, ill. 305; mihi, v. 162; nobis, v. 389; trementi (ci), v. 431;NePtuno, 'in honor of', etc. v. 640; consiliis, v. 712, v. 749; vi 75; fui enti, vi. 100; tibi, vi. 149; rebus, vi. 196; Wli, vi. 473 wiiiscris, vi. 736; vi. 783; vii. 649; cui, ix. 347; vesano.. Ligcri, x. 583, 584; cui, 'in honor of', etc., xi. 786; Ebyso, xii. 299; *sprs.i. 647; arvis, xii. 88 (c) dative of interest==dat. of separation silici, i. 174 (cf. nmihi... eripuit, ii. 735, 736) Siculo (lateri), iii. 418; cui lumen ademp turn, iii. 658; oculos furare labori, v. 845; desistere pugnae, x. 441. 2. Of possession; (a) in general: i. 529; epulis (est), i. 723; Prodigiis, v. 639; Veneri (est), vii. 321; (b) in expressions of name: i. 267, 268, ix. 593. 3. Of agent: ~121; vetor Fatis, 1. 39; cunctis... inprovisus, i. 594, 595 (cf. ix. 48, 49); with dilcctus, i. 344, iv. 31 (cf. v. 569); nequc cernitur ulli, i. 440; videri caheliolis, ii. 591, 592; nulli visa, v. 610; with refixus, v. 360 (cf. exspectate parenti, vi. 687). 4. Of limit of motion: (a) in literal expressios/s of motion in ferret... Latio, i. 6; appulit oris, i. 377, iii. 338; adnavimus orns, i. 538; includunt... lot er, ii. 19.); demiscen neci, ii. 85; dcmittirnu8 Orco, ii. 398, miscrit Orco, ix. 785; lateri.. abd/idit, ii. 553; caelo... tetendit, ii 688; it clamor caelo, v. 451; libo... focis,!II. 177, 178; venit medio,!ii. 417; iv. 392: iv. 613; desccnsus Averpao, vi. 126: caelq... educere, vi. 178, ii. 186; vi. 297; ternac deiceerat, x. 546; deturbet terrae, x. 555. (h) in other expressions: alto prospiciens, i. 126, 127; pr-ospcctunt... pc/ago, i. 181; 1. 226; cifusi laci imis, ii. 651. 5. Of puipose: (a) general examples: ~123; optare locunt tecto, i. 425; collecfam exilio, ii. 798; optarit... locurn regno, iii. 109; bc/lo, iii. 540; epuli~s, vi. 599; (b) double dat. construction: excidio Libyac, i. 22; hosPitio Teucris, 1. 299; auxiio (ssbi), v. 686; snultis... exitio, ix. 315, 316. See also under cordli. 6. Of association, etc.: (a) with verbs: ~124; with furo, i. 107; with iungo, i. 408; with rniscco, 1. 440, iii. 557, viii. 432; with permiseco, i. 488; with concurro, 1. 493; with sirnulata,!ii. 349; with pugno, iv. 38; with necto, iv. 239; with socio, vii. 96; (b) with adjectives: ~125; with faci/is and adfabil/is, iii. 621; with dexter, iv. 294 (cf. with suetus, adsuetus, v. 301, v. 414, ix. 607). 7. With compound verb: seaPulo... inflcet, i. 45; aris inponit, i. 49; inlidit... vadis i. 112; ossibuts implicet ignern, i. 660. 8. With compound adi.; cvi.obvia, i. 314; sibi... coilscia, i. 604; conscius... conuljis, iv. 167, 168. 9. With various verbs: (a) cunctanti tcum,... co ruscat (=rninatur), xii. 919. (b) evadere (==sc subduccrc) pugnac, xi. 702. (c) with f/do, conf/do, ii. 402. (d) lateri ingeminant, v. 434. (e) linquerc (==dederc) terrae, v. 795. (f) mittamus (=inmittamu8) funesa Teucris, xii. 629. 532 INDEX (g) cadis onerarat (=dederat), i. 195. (h) tumulo referunt sollemnia, v. 605. (i) reponunt robora navigiis, v. 752, 753. 10. Predicate: curae... habet, iv. 521. IV. Accusative: 1. Of limit of motion; ~127; Italiam.. litora, i. 2, 3; locos, i. 365; alias... oras, i. 512; iii. 601; limina, vi. 696 (ef. tumulum... sedem, ii. 742, finis Italos, iii. 440); in all these passages there is a verb of motion. 2. Of effect: (a) in general: ~~128, 129; stringcre rcmnos, i. 552; quietem inrigat, i. 691, 692; intexunt... costas, ii. 16; rzumpit vocem, ii. 129, iii. 246; rumpebat... questus, iv. 553; rumpunt aditus, ii. 494; circumflcctere cursus, iii. 430; prorumpit... nube, iii. 572; tonat... deos, iv. 510; infindunt sul cos, v. 142; plaudunt choreas, vi. 644. (b) with verbs of vocal expression, emotion, etc.: ~130; hominlem sonat, i. 328; plura querentcm, i. 385; multa gemens, i. 465; supremum congemuit, ii. 630, 631; intonuit laevum, ii. 693, ix. 631; mortale sonans, vi. 50: obloquitur... discrimina vocum, vi. 646; arma fremit, vii. 460; magnum stridens, ix. 705; hiorrendum stridens, vi. 288, ix. 632 (see also ~134); dira fremcntcm, x. 572; 7lorrcndum sonucre, ix. 732; horrendum. intonat, xii. 700; stupet.. donum, ii. 31; iura... erubuit, ii. 541, 542; morsus horrcsce, iii. 394; sonitum... trcmesco, iii. 648; horrendos, ii. 222. (c) With verbs expressing haste, etc.; ~131; maturate fuoian, i. 137; cclcrare fugain, i. 357; haec celerans, i. 656; festinare fugam, iv. 575. (d) With verbs denoting some physical act or state: ~132: (1) in figurative connections: exspirantem... flammas, i. 44; odorem spiravere, i. 403, 404; (2) in literal sense (see esp. ~132, n.): navigat aequor, i. 67; vastum... currimus aequor, iii. 191, aequora curro, v. 235, currit iter, v. 862; maria omnia vecti, i. 524; cum fteta... terras... ferimur, v. 627, 628; ire viam, iv. 468, it... viam, vi. 122; fugit refugitque vias, xii. 752. (e) Cognate accusative: furere... furorem, xii. 680. (f) With compound verbs: ~133; accestis scopulos, i. 201; with evado, ii. 731, iii. 282, iv. 685, vi. 425; tela... exit, v. 438, xi. 750 (but see notes); innare lacus, vi. 134; insistere limen, vi. 563; magnum.. circumvolvitur annunm, iii. 284 (but see notes). 3. Adverbial: ~134; multum, i. 3, iii. 348, vi. 481, multa, iii. 610, iv. 390; quid, i. 9, iii. 56; hoc tantum, ii. 690; ecquid, iii. 342; cetera, iii. 594, ix. 656; omnia similis, iv. 558, ix. 650; transversa, v. 19; tantum, v. 21, ix. 806; tantuir... quantum, vi. 199, 200; potes... omnia, vi. 117, hoc... posse, ix. 50, 51, si quid... possunt, ix. 446; grave olentis, vi. 201; (aeternum, vi. 401); torva tuentem, vi. 467, acerba tucns, ix. 794; plurima... luserat, ix. 335, 336; hoc erat... quod, ii. 664. 4. Of specification: ~135: (a) with adjectives: nuda genu, i. 320, nudits membra, viii. 425; os umerosque similis, i. 589; with lacerum (four accusatives), vi. 495-497; saci a colman, vii. 60; capita,., corusci, ix. 678; INDEX 533 saucius... pectus, xii. 5, saucius ora, xii. 652; (b) with participles: colla tumentem, ii. 381; nigrantis terga, v. 97; flaventem... malas, x. 324; animum arrecti, i. 579; with acccnsa (three accusatives), vii. 74, 75; mentem..pressus, iii. 47; nembra... victus, ix. 337 (these last four cases might be grouped under ~137); (c) with verbs: comam... nutat, ii. 629; vultum... movetur, vi. 470. 5. With pf. pass. prtcpl. construed as in middle voice: (a) General examples: ~136: oculos suffusa, i. 228; sinus colItcia, i. 320; tunsae pectora palmis, i. 481; vultum demissa, i. 561; faciem mutatus et ora, i. 658; oculos suffecti, ii. 210; circum terga dati, ii. 218, 219; perfusus...vittas, ii. 221; exuvias indutus, ii. 275; crinem...solutae, iii. 65; redimitus tempora, iii. 81; caudas... commissa, iii. 428; chlamydem cir6umdata, iv. 137; mentum... crinem... subnexus, iv. 216, 217; crinis effusa, iv. 509; exuta pedcn, iv. 518; iv. 589, 590; interfusa genas, iv. 644; os impressa toro, iv. 659; defixus lumina, vi. 156; picti scuta, vii. 796; adsueta manus, vii. 806; protecti corpora, viii. 662; fusus... barbamn, x. 838; thoraca indatus, xi. 487; oculos... fixus, xi. 507; pictus... tunicas, xi. 777; conversi lumina, xii. 172. (b) Special examples: ~137; per pedes traiectus lora, ii. 273; manus... revinctum, ii. 57; innexa pedem, v. 511; see also 4, (b), end. (c) With verbs of clothing, in finite mood forms: ~138; galeam... insigne... induitur, ii. 392, 393; ferrum cingitur, ii. 510; umeros... colla... instcrnor, ii, 721, 722; velare comas, iii. 405; capita... velamur, iii. 545; caput... ncctentur, v. 309. (d) With infin. used as middle: expleri mentem, i. 713; accingicr artis, iv. 493. 6. Of exclamation: stirpem... fata, vii. 293, 294. 7. In apposition with a clause or sentence: infandum, i. 251; omen pugnae, x. 311. 8. With verbs of swearing: vi. 324, vi. 351, xii. 197. 9. Acc. of person with obliviscor, ii. 148. 10. Two accusatives with obtestor, xii. 819, 820. 11. Ellipsis of acc.: ~139: incumbo, i. 84, ii. 514, ii. 653, iv. 397; averto, i. 104, i. 402; praecipito, ii. 9, iv. 251, iv. 565; tulisset, ii. 94; insinuat, ii. 229; accingunt, ii. 235; non... abstinuit, ii. 534; transmittunt, iv. 154; proripis, v. 741. 12. Accusative in predicate: ultorem, ii. 96. V. Ablative. 1. General remarks on: the abl. as the adverbial case: Libyae, i. 556. 2. Of separation: (a) General examples: ~140; Latio, i. 31; Italia, i. 38; finibus extorris, iv. 616; montibus, vi. 182; raptas... consessu, viii. 635, 636; also in figurative connections: cassum lumine, ii. 85; carcre dolis, ii. 44; morte... resignat, iv. 244. (b) With verbs of hanging, fastening, etc.: ~140, n.; umeris... suspenderat, i. 318; complexu... colloque pependit, i. 715; collo intendunt, ii. 236, 237; intenta... remis, v. 136; coniuncta crepidine, x. 653 (can be taken differently). 3. Of source, with participles: Maia genitum, i. 297; nate dca, i. 582, i. 615; satum quo, ii. 540, 534 INDEX Hammone satus, iv. 198, satus Anchisa., v. 244, v. 424; with genuit, v. 308, 39; Sulmone crcatos, x. 517. 4. Of material without ex: scopulis.. sa~xo, i. 166, 167; acrec, i. 449; ostro... superbo, 1. 639: abiete, v. 663. 5. Local ablative: (a) in literal expressions of locality: ~142; terris et alto, i. 3; [oribus, i. 505; media testudlifl, i. 505 un~ibi is, i. 547; mion tibus, i. 607 templis, i. 632; asylo_, ii. 761 lhmno, iii. 3; amo... gui gitc, iii. 421; iugo, iii. 542; Erymanthe, v. 448 (note Ida in magna, v.449). (b) in figurative connections: ~143; alta mcnte, i. 26; animis, i. 1-49 - proniissis mancas, ii. 160; dictsts... manc) es, viii. 643. (c) partly local, partly instrumental: ~142; ponto., 1. 40; antro, 1. 52; speluncis, i. 60. (d) expresses extent of space: ~144; aequore toto, 1. 29; (pon to, i. 70); toto... corpore, v. 683. 6. Of time: servitio, Wi. 327; treenquillo_, v. 127. 7. Of duration of time, perpctua... iuvcnta, iv. 32. 8. Of route; ~146; caelo, apesto, i. 155; ore... tuto, Mi. 696; portis, iv. 130; scecn is,!v. 471; py imis... undis, v. 151; pcctore sumno-, v. 558; cito. tramite, v. 610; aqua, vi. 356; porta.. c burna., vi. 898; rccto...litore, vi. 900; nota.. regione viarum, xi. 530:; multa..pruna, xi. 788; prof[undo, xii. 263. 9. Modal: (a) without moditying adjective: ~145; cumulo, i. 105, ii. 498; rimis, i. 123; tuibiac, i. 83; arte, i. 639;volumine, ii. 208; lade, 'playfully', v. 593; studio, vi. 681; hos'pitio, ix. 361; astit, 'deftly', x. 522; qnsimis (==animaosc), xi. 438. (b) with modifying adj.: (palago sonanti, i. 246); (modis... nmiris, i. 354); subito...fluetu, i. 535; nullo diserisnine, i. 574, xii. 770; fleto peetore, ii. 107; caeco Marte, ii. 335; iii. 46; iii. 535; iv. 11; acquatis... celi, iv. 587; ingenti mole, v. 118, v. 223; iunetis... frontibus, v. 157, 158; aequetis... rostris, v. 232: v. 372; v. 662; tanta,mole, viii. 693: xii. 190; acqutato exaimne, xii. 725. (c) ablative of accordance: foedere eerto, i. 62; composito, ii. 1299; nion acquo foedere, iv. 520. 10. Of attendant circumstance: ~147; (a) with cuni: magnzo cunt murmure montis, i. 55; tasto eum muinue montis, i. 245 vastis cum viribus... magnoque sn.. uimnure, v. 368, 369; (b) without cure: talia, fando, ii. 7 (see esp. the a. here), per maria nando, v. 594; hand numinc nostro, ii. 396; magno... murinure, i. 124; maiosibus... auspieiis, iii. 374, 375; m~ho; ibuts... auspieiis, iii. 498, 499, dis... auspicibus... et Iu. none secunda, iv. 45; hoe... aealo, v. 18; ptausu lrcmituequc seeundlo, v. 338 c laemor(' secundo., v. 491; mnalta saoi te, ix. 348; 'very loosely used, aula( is suape; -bis, i. 697. 11. Of measure of difference: olougo... temnpore, iii. 309. 12. Of characteristic: pracstaeeti corpote, i. 71; silvis coruseis, 1 164; 1. 269; leto lie. stilia ferro, i. 313; cf. iv. 1,31 i 469; i. 702: iH. 204;Hi. 33:3 lato... ore, ii. 482; ii. 697T iii. 13; iii. 350; Mi. 426; sai? i e ru cutis, iii. 618; let; diserimine parve,fiii. 685: cf. x. 511; v. 77, 78: v. 104, 105; v. 609: vi. 107; vl. 225:; vi. 296:' vii. 474; vii. 817; pin gu flurainP INDEX 535 Nilus, ix. 31; Ix. 722; xi. 522; xii. 207; xii. 218. 13. of specification: (bc [on * superbum, i. 21); stctit. recgno, i 208; facilm irictu, i 44 li. 419; (honorc, iii 484) oi dine debilis uno, v. 271; gi (ii is ictit, v. 271; cclJSqiie... 11iolibits urbeii, v. 439,adversi S~pa tilis, v. 5 84; grat is.. alIcto, Yvi 510; saci a soio~ibibs tii)iai i x 051; gyro intu)i jo, xi. 095; aidens Jia~sta, xii. 789. 14. With adj. of f uluess: ocn fda... Abtfi us, i. 51, ftla arim is, ii. 238; ci cli(... 1)i ( eccli3, i 85; densis ictsbits lici os crcbcr-, v. 459, 400. 15. With verb of want: defensoribus... cget, ii. 521, 522; carcrc (bols, ii. 44. 10. With coniiutor: cornitatus Achate, i. 312; lurba ct... comnitata ministris, ii. 580; icetis equit ur comnitatiis, ix 48. 17. With mniseco, iungo, etc., sc corpore mtscet, vi. 72-7, coui mixutus sanugnie, vi. 762. 18. With vcscor: i. 540, i. 339. 19. With fides (est), ill. 09, ix. 79. 20. Ablative absolute (a)==causal clause: ii. 14; ii. 52; hii 014, 015; vi. 354. (b)==eonditional clause: iv. 48 (c)==advers. clause: dis... acquis, v. 809. (d) loosely used: mixto bnctu, x. 871, xii. 007. (e) used to denote lineage: LClytio... patec, xi. 000. (f) used impersonally: bibato, 1. 737. VI. Vocative used instead of expected nom.: miserendc, x. 327: moiriture, x. 811; indute, xii. 948; macfe virtute, ix. 041. VII. Locative: ~148; (a) in a commaon noun: heuii, i. 193; (b) in names of countries, Cretac, ill. 162; Libyac, iv. 30. (c) In form aniaii: (1) with an adj, with flidens, ii. 01; 'a ith ainens, iv. 203; with infelix, iv. 529; with fui-cnis, v. 202; with pi-acceps, ix. 085; (2) with iniscror, vi. 332, x. 080. CiSSA-NDaA, ~31(0: relations with Apollo, Hi. 247: prophecies of, not believed, ii. 240, 247, ii. 345, 340, iii. 180, 187. C.~ssivs, governor of Syria for 43, ~2; defeated at Philippi, ~8. CATALEL'TON, collection of poems by Vergil, ~39. CATTLE, pastured in wooded districts, ix. 383. CAI SAL RE~LATIVE CLAUSES in subjunctive: see MOOnS, II., 4, (c), (1).Coven, 'ring' in amphitheater, etc., v. 340. cavus, 'f rail', 'unsubstantial', iii. 191, vi. 293; 'enfolding', 'sheltering', i. 510, ii. 300, ix. 40; 'vaulted', Hi. 87. CAXTON printed translation of Aeneid, ~81. CEIsLINGS laid out in costly panelling, laquearibus aurcis, i. 726. celebro, 'throng', i. 735, ill. 280. celero. tr., i. 357, i. 050, ~131 (ef. iv. 041, v. 009).celsus, epithet of cities, iii. 293. centum, of an indefinitely large number, i. 410, i. 034, i. 035, vi. 43, vi. 780. Ceres=4frurncntumf, i. 177; = panis, i. 7 01; ~288; law giver, iv. 59; temples to, outside city gates, ii. 714; cut of, described, p. 4. cerno==dccerto, poetic use, xii. 709. certo+infin., ii. 04. certus, defined, i. 570, vi. 322, xii. 112; + infin., cer-fa mari, iv. 504. cervix, in prose, chiefly in pl., i. 402. cesso+in and ace., vi. 51. cete, G1k. ace. p1. n., v. 822. cetera, as adv., ~134, Wi. 594, lx. 050, 536 INDEX ceu in comparison involving facts, ii. 355, ii. 416, in comparisons involving hypotheses, ii. 438. CIARIOTS, at races, at first confined within barriers (carceres, fines), v. 139. CIIAILES I. of England used the Sortes Vergilianae, ~82. CHILDREN, death of, before that of parents, esp. sad to Romans, vi. 308. CICERO opposes Antony, ~5. cingor as middle+abl., ii. 749, as middle+acc., ii. 511. cinis vs. Manes, iv. 34, iv. 427. circum, position of, i. 32, i. 466, ~210. circumfero+acc. and abl., vi. 229, ~203. circumflecto+acc., (~128) force of, iii. 430. CIRIS, early poem by Vergil, ~39. CITY, gates of, closed in war times, ii. 27, viii. 385, 386; lack of, keynote of Aeneid: see AENEID; lines of new, marked out by plow, v. 755; described as altus, i. 7, as cslsus, iii. 293. CLEOPATRA andl Antony, ~~9, 11, 12; war declared against by Senate, ~12; flees from Actium, ~12; suicide of, ~12. CLOELIA, viii. 651. CLOUDS, formed by condensation of air, v. 20; gods sit on or travel on, ix. 111, ix. 638-640, xii. 842. CODEX MEDICEUS. CODEX PALATINUS, CODEX ROMANUS, ~314. COGNATE ACCUSATIVE: see CASES, IV., 2, (e). cognomen=nomen, iii. 133. colligere arma, 'make all snug on shipboard', v. 15. colo, force of, iii. 77, iii. 73, iii. 13. COLOR, prominent in Latin poetry, especially in contrasts, flavo aigcnturn, i. 592, 593. comes, 'member of suite', etc., comitum, vi. 865. comitor+abl.: see CASES, V, 16, COMMAND, pf. subj. in: see TENSES, IV, 8. committo, of wrong-doing, i. 231, i. 136. commixtus+abl.: see CASES, V, 17. CO-MPARATIO COMPENDIARIA: see BREVITY, (b). COIPARATIVE DEGREE (a) has intensive force: tristior, i. 228; gravior, ii. 436; senior, ii. 509; (b) strengthened forms of: see ADJECTIVE, 1, (b). COMPARISON, forms of: see ADJECTIVE, 1, (b), (c), (d), and ante, prep, (b). Comparison condensed: see BREVITY, (b). COMPASS, unknown to ancient sailors, iii. 507. compono, used fig., of quieting waves, i. 135, of quieting cares, iv. 341; of burial, i. 374. compostls= —compositus, i. 249. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES rare: navifragum, iii. 553 (cf. velivolum, i. 224). con-, force of, conclamant, ii. 233. CONAI'JVE present and imperfect: see TENSLS, I, 8, II, 5. CONCRETI much used by Romans, ix. 711. concretus, dep. prtcpl. from intr. verb: vi. 738, vi. 746; 'ingrained', vi. 746. concurro, 'meet in battle shock', i. 493. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 1. Future less vivid condition, so called, transferred back to refer to past time: subircnt, xii. 899. 2. (a) Indicative in apodosis of contrary to fact condition: inlpulcrat, ii 55; potui, iv. 19; fuc at, iv. 603; merui, v. 355; ten(bamn, vi. 358: cget, ii. 521. (b) pf. infin. (instead of -I u211 fuissc) in such (ases: mr11U1ms(', ii. 434 3. Impf, subj. in, with special INDE2 force (involving FIGURE OF VISION), vi. 31, vi. 34. 4. Clauses vital to thought in unreal condition follow contrary to fact form in moods, iv. 329, x. 615, 616. 5. Mixed form: sunt.. dubitem, vii. 310, 311; deserit... ni... subeat, xii. 732, 733. 6. Protasis supplied (a) by a wish contrary to fact, vocasses, iv. 678 (?); (b) by a question, i. 572; implied (c) in an adj., potcns, vi. 871, (d) in a prtcpl., sequens, iii. 368, (e) in a pronoun, hoc, ii. 104; (f) in a noun, pugnae, iv. 603, (g) in a prepositional phrase, in hoste, ii. 390; (h) in an infin., vi. 39; (i) entirely suppressed, iv. 401, v. 28. 7. Apodosis (a) left to be supplied, i. 375, 376, et... summo, vi. 123; (b) implied in an adj., felix, ix. 337; (c) in an ungrammatical form, absiste... tuis, viii. 403, 404. 8. Condition in a paratactic sentence form: da... habebit, x. 421-423. 9. si-clause virtually expresses purpose: see si, (d). confido, constructions with, i. 452; + dat. of person, divis, ii. 402. confieri, form, iv. 116. CONFUSION: (a) of syntax (due to fusion of different syntactical forms); arduus ad solem, ii. 475; substitit erravitne, ii. 739; iii. 305; longo... tempore, iii. 309; me... habendam, iii. 329; iv. 169, 170; madida... prensantem, vi. 359, 360; namque, x. 614; praecipites... ruunt, xi. 673; non... agat, xii. 78. See also ANACOLUTHON. (b) of expression, thought or language: instauramus, iii. 62; iv. 42; iv. 486; cinis... habebat, iv. 633; genus... Memmi, v. 117; si qua... auxi, ix. 406. 407; horridus Austris, ix. 670. congemo Facc., ii. 630, 631. coniugium, 'husband', ii. 579, iii. 296, vii. 423. conscius+gen., iv. 519; + dat., iv 167, 168. consisto, 'come to rest', i. 629, i. 64 conspectus, 'onlookers', ii. 69. constiterunt, scansion of, ~246, iii. 681. CONSUALIA, viii. 635, 636. consurgit in ensem, ix. 749, xii. 729. contingo, 'touch', i. 413; of good fortune, i. 96. contortus, 'hurtling', ix. 705. conversus, 'revolving', ix. 724. COORDINATION (a) avoided, and means used to achieve that end, i. 69: ab eptas... torquet, i. 108; ii. 148; ii. 736; i ii. 45; iv. 17; exceptum... inmerserat, vi. 173, 174. (b) preferred in poetry: i. 398; atque.... Achilli, i. 475; prohibe... aspice, i. 525, 526; moriamur.... ruamus, ii. 353; epulas... dabat, iv. 484, 485; tenere ferunt... aerent, vi. 284; inice. require, vi. 366; piabunt...ittent, vi. 379, 380; exercet... et. o.. ittit, vi. 543; tegcbat, ix. 346; figit volaiquc, x. 883. contra, position of, i. 13, ~210. CONTRASTS, pers. pronoun in: see PERSONAL PRONOUN, (b). conubiis=coniugi, vii. 96; quantity of its u, ibid. (for u in this word see iii. 319). convenit, 'it is agreed', xii. 184. COPlA, early poem by Vergil (?), ~39. cordi=-indeclinable adj.: cui... cordi, vii. 325, 326, ix. 615. cornu, 'bow' of horn, ~187, ix. 606, xi. 773: 'horn' of yardarm, iii. 549, v. 832; 'horn' of moon, illi 645. Corona civica, vi. 772: corona rostrata, viii. 683, 684. corpora curare, force of, iii. 511. corripere viam, force of, i. 418; cor ripere spatium (spatia), v. 316, vi INDEX 634: (cor ripe e campum, v. 144, 145). cortina, 'oracle', vi. 347; saat of Delphic priestess, iii 92. (oruiseatt=numlatur, +dat., xii. 919. CORYBANTES, attend Cybele, ix. 112. COUCHLS, banqueters recline on, i. 639; have 'purple' coverlets, i. 639, i. 700; broidered, i. 708, iv. 206, 207. COUNaTRY, name of, for name of people, Etruiia, xii. 232. COVrRLFrrs of couches 'purple', i. 700, i. 639. crater, of great size, i. 724, ix. 346; wreathed at banquets, i. 724, iii. 525, 526. creatus-'abl.: see CASES, V, 3. creberl-abl., i 85, v. 459, 460. credo in pers. pass, ii. 247. CREMONA, Vergil studied at, ~38. CREsTs (a) on helmets of heroic warriors: cristatus, i. 468, comantem, ii. 391, ii. 412, vii. 785-788 (of Turnus); (b) of snakes; ii. 206. CRETAANS famous archers, v. 306. CRETIC WORDS impossible in hexa meter verses, ~~247, 248. CREUSA, wife of Aeneas, translated to heaven, ~311, ii. 788; has prophetic gifts, ~311; becomes attendant (famulla) of Cybele, tainnlum, v. 95. crimen, 'charge', 'crime', ii. 65 crinibus passis, i. 480. 0:RONOS, ~~274, 275. cludus, 'fresh', 'sturdy', etc., vi. 304; of bark, 'untrimmed', 'unpeelcd', ix 743. CULEX, early poem of Vergil, ~39. cum, preposition: (a) with abl., after verbs of speaking, i. 37; (b) +abl.=-(1) et- case corresponding to that which pie(edes cumn: cure sanguine, ii 72; plder m ctm cocc, ii. 378; mc(cuiiiz-(t ego, ii. 35 palmas curI toce tet(ndit, ii. 688, (2) an adj., cum I itta=vittatos, vii. 418. cum, conjunction: (a)=ex quo (tenn pore) + indic., iii. 646, v. 627, 628, xii. 208. (b) =postquam, - indic., ii. 256. (c) =quo tcmpore, + indic., vi. 91. (d) -'although', with subjunc tive: cuperem curn, v. 810. (e) postpositive: ~209, v. 810 (cf. ii. 223). CuMr V, e colony from Chalcis in Euboea, Luboicis, vi. 2; Chalcidica, vi 17. cunei, 'companies of spectators', xi. 269. cupido+infin.: ~170, ii. 349, 350. cura+ininn: ~170, vi. 654, 655. curro+acc.: ~132, n.; iii. 191, v. 235, v. 8i;2. currum=curruum, vi. 653; ~91. currus, 'team', 'span', x. 592. cursus, 'passageway' (said of a stieamri), vi. 313; 'voyaging', ix. 91. CLURTAxISb for decorative purposes, i. 697. CYBr,LE, ~~274, 275; helped Jupiter against the giants (?), ix. 84; as imgna deum gcnetrix, ii. 788' connected with Troy, iii. 111-113 (cf. ii. 788); vworshiped in Crete, iii. 112; as B eecyntia mater, vi. 784; turret-crowned, turrzta, vi. 785, as d(tum... genet) ix Berecyntia, ix. 82; as mater Idaea, ix 619, 620; tibia, bitls, and tympana used in rites of, ix. 618, 61!). CYCLIC Polit'S. ~71. CYCL()PES: ~~284, 300; made palace of Pluto. (300, vi. 630. CYPREss, used at funerals, iii. 64, vi. 216; sacred to Diana, iii. 691. D dabiat, scnniCon of, x 383, ~242. DcrLr, dlefined, ~230. DACTYIICvL 11i XArIM:rER: see IIEXA DANAUS, daughters of, story of, x 497. DANCE as expr\ession of thanksgiving, vi. 517; matrltm c7thous, viii. 718; INDEX 539 dancers carried torches, vi. 517; Roman attitude toward dancing, ix. 615. D.NrE imitates Aeneid, ~81. dare lintea retro, 'retrace one's course', iii. 686. Daren, ace., v. 456, ~~97, 100; Dareta, as acc., ~100, v. 460. date followed by paiatactic subj. (cf. n. on sinite... revisam, ii. 669), date... fungar (three subjunctives), vi. 883-885; date... abluam... legam, iv. 683-685. DATIVE, foims of: see FORMS, I, 4, (a), I, 5, (a), (c), (d). DATIVE, uses of: see C! srs, III. dattir, scansion of, v. 284, ~243. DAY rises from ocean, etc., i. 745, iv. 129. de emphasizes partitive idea, strinxit de corpore, x. 478. de-, 'thoroughly', defessi, i. 157; 'out', 'to the very end', desaevit, iv. 52: 'homewards', demittere, v. 29, dccurrit, v. 212. Dead, farewell to, ii. 644, novissima ver7a, vi. 231, cicmus, iii. 68; vi. 506; importance of burial to, i. 353 (see also BURIAL); bodies of, buried, etc., outside of Rome, v. 54; buried symbolically by three handfuls of earth, vi. 365, 366; had to pay fare over Acheron (hence coin was placed in mouth of), vi. 325; priest at funeral mound of, v. 760; offerings to, iii. 66, iii. 303, v. 59, 60, v. 77, 78, v. 92, v. 98, 99, vi 225; can partake of such offerings, iii. 66, iii. 301-303; altars to, iii. 63, iii. 305,v. 48, v. 86; come from tomb or underwoild to partake of offerings, v. 99; chapels to, iv. 458; spirit of, abides in tomb, iii. 68, iv. 29; spirits of, mere shadows of former selves, iv. 654, yet have consciousness and knowledge, iii. 312; rece've news from our world, iv. 387; spirits of (Manes) visit earth, especially by night, iv. 490, but must quit world before day light, v. 739; spirit of, must be quieted, iii. 68; stature of, ii. 773; take delight in punishment of those who wrong them, ii. 587. See also SOUL. DEATH, attitude of heroic age toward, i. 96; ancient definition of, iv. 385, iv. 695; death and sleep twin brothers, consanguineus, vi. 278; if glorious, less bitter, i. 95, 96. x. 829, 830, nomen... Camillae, xi. 688, 689; especially bitter, when premature, vita... umbras, xi. 831 (cf. x. 819, 820). debitus, 'doomed', viii 375. DEDICATION of things no longer needed, fixit, i. 248; ic... repono, v. 484; vi. 18, 19. deduce, 'lead forth' a colony, ii. 800; 'launch', opposite of subduco, iii. 71. defero, in pass., of voyaging, iii. 154, iii. 219 (iii. 441), v. 57, vii. 411. deficit, 'fails', 'swoons', iv. 689 (cf. ii. 505, ix. 352, of fire). defleo, tr., vi. 220. defungor, without object, 'play one's role', ix. 98. DEGENERACY of present, deplored by Romans, x. 792. dehinc, scansion of, i. 131, ~~247, 249. deinde, scansion of, i. 195, ~249; postponed or misplaced, i. 195, iii. 609, v. 258; ='then', 'in that case', and sums up preceding si clause, ii. 691 (cf. iv. 561); 'thereafter', vi. 756 (?); in a question, v. 741, ix. 781; in a question, as='thereafter', xii. 889. Deiphobo=-nihi, vi. 510. Deity (Juno), seated in or on a cloud, watches a battle, xii. 842, Apollo... nube scdens, ix. 638-640; travels on a cloud, ix. 111; deity and statue confounded, ~299, salsus, ii. 173; deities of forest and field, ~291, of the waters, ~289; stress laid on voice of, i. 328, v. 649; gait of, incedo, i. 46, 540 INDEX i. 405, v. 649; worshiper has claim on, i. 334, iv. 203, tua. donis, x. 619, 620; idea of fragrance associated with presence of, i. 403; superhuman radiance about, i. 710, ii. 589; name of, must be given with care aiLd correctness, memorzm, i. 327, an.. an, i. 329, qu.squis cs, iv. 577; prayer to local deities by voyager, iii. 34, 35, numina... -encramur, iii. 697; has attendants, often in animal foim, fa)nulum, v. 95 (cf. case of Creusa, ii. 788); could appear without dis guise to a mortal only when the latter was alone, viii. 610 (cf. case of Aeneas, ii. 589 592, ii. 567 ff.); river deity, how dep:cted, vii. 792. See GOD; GODDESS. DELIBERATIVF QUESrIONS, indic. in: see MOODS, I, 3; subj. in: see MOODS, II, 1 (d). delitesco, force of, ii. 136. DELOS, oracle of Apollo at, ~312, iii. 85 ff., esp. 91, 92; birthplace of Apollo and Diana, iii. 77; originally a floating island, iii. 77. D:LrPHI, oracle at, ~312. DEMONSTRATI]VE PRONOUN in subject, attracted in gender to pred. noun: see GENDER, (a). demoror, tr., ii. 647. denique, 'finally', 'at last', of time, ii. 70, ii. 295, iii. 439. DEI'EINDENT QUESTION, subj. in: see MOODS, II, 4, (a). DEPONENT PARTICIPLES, uses of: see PARTICIPLES, 7; 8; 9; 10, (e), (2); 13, (2). deprensus=both 'overtaken' and 'imprisoned', v. 52. deriplo, force of, iii. 267. derit, form of, vii. 262, ~247. lescendere in, 'stoop to', v. 782. desisto-Fdat., x. 441. despicio, tr., i. 224. deus, voc. sing. of, does not occur in classical prose, iv 576. dexter=an adv., ii. 388, v. 162, vi. 541, ix. 769. dextra, manus omitted with, i. 408, ii. 291, x. 339 (vi. 613); by metonymy, 'confidence', vi. 613; 'right arm', x. 339, xi. 743. di-, force of, i. 577. DIAERESIS, p. 77, footnote; bucolic, ~237. DIANA, ~282: as huntress, i. 329; s:ster of Apollo, i. 329, i. 500-502; cut of, as huntress. described, p 3; cut of, as moon goddess, described, p. 3 of Versailles, cut of, described, pp. 4, 5; goddess of woods, ix. 405; as moon-goddess, ix. 405; carries arms, i. 500, 501, xi. 652. DIASTOLE: see LICENSES, 2. dic=-impera, + paratactic subj., iv. 635, 636, v. 550, 551. Dido, Greek accusative: iv. 383; -cgo, iv. 308. DIDO, ~~53. 54, 55, 56; knew story of Troy long before Aeneas came to Carthage, i. 619 ff., i. 754-756; prayer of, poetic foreshadowing of Rome's struggle with Carthage, iv. 618 if., ~59. dies, gen. of, in form dii, i. 636; 'time', xi. 425. diffido+abl., iii. 51. dii, gen. of dies, i. 636. dignor-Finfin., iv. 192, ~161; pf. prtcpl. of, in pass. sense, ill. 475. dignus-+rel. clause, in subj., vii. 653, 654. direxti, vi. 57, ~105. dirus, etymology of, and meaning, iii. 211; 'ominous', ix. 621. dis-, force of, discumbitur, i. 700; diffuginmus, ii. 212. discinctus, force of, viii. 724. discolor, force of, vi. 204. DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION between questions: see an, (a), aut, (b), -ve. dissimulo vs. simnulo, i. 516. DISTRIBDUTIVE NUMERALS: see DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES. DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES (a) ==cardii al adjectives: septena=c=sptcm, v. 85; tuni=tics, v. 560; (b) used INDEX 541 in expressions of multiplication: his dcnis, i. 381; bis senos, i. 393; bzs quinos, ii. 126; his seni, v. 561; (c) used with nouns found only in the pl., i. 266. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS that belong together: see ORDER OF WORDS, 12. diversus=adv., ii. 298, v. 166, ix 416; 'divers parts of', xii. 742. dives+gen., i. 14, ii. 22 ditissimits agri, x. 563. divortium, defined, ix. 379. do, in compounds, 'put', 'place',,add<it, v. 817; in periphrases, ~202, cailtus drdere, i. 398, q(jcit ulin... dcde( c, ii. 53, sonitum... (7 dei e, ii. 243, dedit... zulnam, ii. 310, sonitutm... dederc, iii. 238, dat.. toitus, v. 276, vasta dabo== vastabo, ix. 323, discriina... dabat, x. 382, 383; with infin. as object, ~166, i. 66, i. 79, condeie... dedit... fienare, i. 522, 523, v. 247, 248, v. 306, 307; =patior+infin, ~161, iii. 77, xi. 794, 795; =adnuo+subj., xi. 798; dare lintca ret o, 'retrace one's course', iii. 686. DODONA, wonderful caldrons at, iii. 466. IDodonaeus, 'splendid', iii. 466. dolus, as law-term, vi. 567; 'a maze' (said of the Labyrinth), v. 590. dominarier, form of, vii. 70. dominor, meaning of, ii. 327. dominus, force of, ii. 327; sarcastic, iv. 214. domus, 'family', 'race', ii. 702. DoNx'TUS, life of Vergil by, ~~33, 34; statement by, about composition of Aeneid, ~49. DOORS, Roman, usually in two (or more) leaves, i. 449, ii. 330; how fastened, ii. 493. DOU'BLL NEGATIVE: see NEGATIVE, (b). DOVES, sacred to Venus, vi. 193. DREAM-ORACLE, ~313. See ALBUNEA. DREAMS, significance of, ~313. duco=prodlco, ii. 641, iv. 560; 'think', vi. 690; of drawing lots, ii. 201, vi. 22; gcmituss duccrc, ii. 288. dudum, of very recent events, ii. 726, v. 650. dum, in final clause, i. 5, x. 800, x. 809; 'provided': (1dumi.. cadaf, xi. '92, 793. duplex=-duo, i. 93. durus, 'patient', iv. 247; 'hardy,' 'iron,' vi. 54. DIING, last breath of, caught by friend or kinsman, iv. 685; lock of hair cut from head of, iv. 698 -702, ~300. E e-, force of, (ir0otc, ii 610. e+abl., with eib of binding, etc., iii. 76; ~140, n. ca, eo-subjective or objective gen.: see is, (b). eadem, scansion of: ~~242, 248; x 487. EAGLE, bird of Jupiter, i 394, xii. 247; armor-bearer of Jupiter, v. 255, ~277. ebur, ivory, how used, i. 592, iii. 464. ecce autem, ii. 203, ii. 318, iii. 687. EcIIo wrongly desciibed, v. 150. ECTHILIPSIS, ~252. ECLOGLE, defined, ~46; Vergil's Eclogues, ~~40, 46; Eclogues pastoral poetry, ~46; Fourth Eclogue of Vergil, ~83. ecum=cquoium,, vii. 651, ~89. edax, often used of fire in poetry, ii. 758. efferre gressum, ii. 753; efferre pedem, ii. 657. effetus- gen., ~116, vii. 440. effundere habenas, v. 818. effusi as middle, v. 145, v. 317, vi. 305. egenus-,tgen., i. 599. egeo-4gen., ix. 88; + abl., ii. 521. ego in gen. with possessive force, nostri. iv. 237; mei, iv. 654. egomet, iii. 623; memet, iv. 604. egredor, 'disembark', i. 172, iii. 79. 542 INDEX ei, 'alas', construction with, ei mihi, ii. 274. ELABORATE LANGUAGE, inverted or strained expressions, variations from familiar phrases, etc., Vergil's love of: ~203; Ccrealia... arma, i. 177, cadis onera at, i. 195; sese tulit obvia, i. 314 (cf. x. 552); solvite corde meturn, i. 562; magnoru... s.. um, i. 634, 635; flamnis... Penatis, i. 704; i. 747; ii. 18; ii. 146, 147; mnolemr... equi, ii. 150; rotarum... lapsue, ii. 235, 236; ii. 273; anglsta viarunm, ii. 332; pervius... inter sc, ii. 453; ii. 463, 464; ii. 508; ii. 529; ii. 685, 686; iii. 9; dare... Austros, iii. 61; iii. 195; iii. 443; iii. 468; adfectare, iii. 670; odora canum vis, iv. 132; iv. 138; iv. 477; iv. 506; t ia... Dianae, iv. 511; iv. 656: v. 207; v. 287, 288; duro... tergo, v. 403; v. 566, 57; v. 796, 797; vi. 6, 7; vi. 139; vi. 229; vi. 407; vi. 270; viii. 694, 695; xi. 514; xi. 695; xii. 171; xii. 659. ELEGY defined, ~31. ELIDED SYLLABLE, how read, ~255, n. EiISION,, ~252. ELLTPSIS. I. General remarks on: ~~213-216; n. on iv. 126; triple, iii. 607, 608; of personal pronouns even when the latter seem required by the emphasis, i. 548. II. Of pronominal forms: of mihi, i. 79, ii 569, ii 750, iii. 650; of mc, i. 80, i. 392, ii. 560, ii. 565, ii. 575, ii. 592, i.i. 45, iii. 650, iv. 320; of nos (object), ii. 371, iii. 130, iii. 544, iii. 670, iii. 682; of nobis (dat ), iii. 529; of tibi, iv. 367, iv. 386; of tc, ii. 708, iv. 35, iv. 41, of vos (object), ii. 432; of ei (dat.), ii. 561; of earn, i. 12, i. 321, i. 662, iv. 48, Iv. 302, iv. 451; of cuim, ii. 218, iv. d35; of eis (dat.), i. 63, i. 682, iv. 545; of cos, i. 63, i. 277, i. 411, i. 467, ii. 383, ii 600, iv. 379; of sibi, 'identt (szbi), 'they believe', v. 231. III. Of pronoun subject of infin.: (eos) vivere, i. 218; i. 357; (cum) fci re, i. 648; (me) renovare, ii. 3; ii. 25; ii. 27; ii. 433; ii. 776; (eam) poi tendere,.. vocare, iii. 184, 185; (se) discernere... mcminisse, iii. 201, 202; iii. 289; iv. 193; iv 493; v. 385; v. 631; ix. 102; xii. 824. IV. Of parts of sum. 1. Of sum: conatus (sum), ii. 792, ausa (sum), vii. 300. 2. Of es: i. 237; i. 329 (not auxiliary); x. 827. 3. Of est: examples need not be cited. 4. Of sumus: advccti, i. 558; rati, ii. 25; vocati, ii. 437; effusi, ii. 651. 5. Of estis: i. 202; v. 192; i. 369 (not auxiliary). 6. Of erat: iv. 408 (not auxiliary). 7. Of erit: ii. 583 (not auxiliary. 8. Of esse: examples need not be cited. V Of verb of saying: ~216;,of dwcit or ait, i. 37, i. 370, ii. 42 iii. 202; of ait or respondet, i 76, ii. 287; of ait or exrcamat vi. 860. VI. General examples of ellips's' (a) of laec ff(it. iii. 628; (b) of verb in inscriptions: iii. 288; (c) of agit or facit: quid... AscaniuJ, iii. 339; (d) of pso gitdticur, iv. 98; (e) of instant or incuibunbt, iv. 402; (f) of s( infcrct or the like, ix. 51; (g) of a noun: of manus, dextra(... dextiam, i. 408; detl a (mnnu), ii. 291; of ma c, (mai( i) Ionio, iii. 211; Carpathiitm (aiir (), v. 595; of rerum, ordo=oido icrumi, iii. 376; of ter arum, with orbis, iv. 119; INDEX 543 (h) of reflexive pronoun, special cases of: see CASes, IV, 11. EMBRACEu (of doors, etc.) betokens affection, ii. 490, iii. 351. EMOTIOIN: see APOSTROPHE; freely displayed by Greeks and RomLans, i. 459, ii. 271; reprehensible forms of, melulint... gaudent, vi. 733; expressed by abrupt, illogical, or incorrect language, quac... 'c - tit, i. 237, iam dudum sumnitc poenas, ii. 103. en does not influence construction, i. 461; + nom., viii. 612, 613, i. 461; xii. 231. ENDINGS, verbal, etc., long in Vergil though elsewhere short. See LICrNCES, 2, (b), (c), (d), (e). ENIMIY, gifts from, accounted ominous, xii. 941. enim, as affirmative, not causal, particle, i. 19, x. 874; ncc... enim, ii. 100. Cf. sed enim. enitor, used absolutely,-'give birth to', iii. 327; tr., in same sense, iii. 391. ESnIUS, ~72; Annales of, exists now only in fragments, ~72; imitated by Vergil, ~73, vi. 846. eo=cxco, i. 246, ii. 27; = abeo, v. 269; + ace. of effect, vianm, iv. 468, vi. 122. EPITHETS etymologically akin to noun: novae..... C thaginis, i 298, i. 366; pluvias... Iyadas, i. 774; Plemyiiurm undosum, iii. 693. Used with special appropriateness: Dardanio, i. 494. See also pius. EPIC poetry defined, ~69; distinguished from history, ~69; types of, ~77; written by Vergil and Varius, ~29, i. 1. epulor+abl., iii. 224. ergo as prep., illius ergo, vi. 670. ergo, conjunction, resumptive, ix. 107; 'therefore,' vi. 145. Erinys, 'the war-fiend', ii. 337; 'scourge,' 'curse', ii. 573. error, 'mischief,' 'trick,' ii. 48; 'maze' (said of the Labyrinth), I I v. 591; 'source of perplexity, ~186, x. 392. erubesco+acc., ii. 542. EIyx deified after death, v. 484; cfferings to, v. 483. EIiYX, MT., temple to Venus on, v.. 759, 760. est, from cdo, 'eat', iv. 66, v. 683. esto, 'be it so', 'granted,' construction with, iv. 35, vii. 313, xii. 821, 822. et: (1) with coordinate adj., ii. 709. (2)='or', i. 572, ii. 37, ii. 125. (3)-ctiam, 'also', i. 549, ii. 89, ii. 506, ii. 675, iii. 486, iii. 543, iv. 377, v. 108, v. 499, vi. 86, x. 343, x. 584, xii. 629; et ipse, vi. 90, ix. 312, xi. 741, xii. 226. (4)='even', ii. 49, v. 851, ix. 783 (in each case with prtcpl = advers. clause). (5)=ct tamen, iv. 390. (6)='but', ii. 94, ii. 408. (7) In paratactic construction: fors et, ii. 139. (8) Postpositive; ~209, i. 262, iii. 668, (v. 344). (9) With expressions unlike in form, but like in meaning and function: i. 694, vi. 640, viii. 610, ix. 48, xi. 678, xi. 761. (10)='and in particular', ~198: iii. 442, iii. 484, iv. 140, viii. 630. (11)'-'and as a result': ~199: i. 671, vi. 414. Cf. i. 211. (12) 'and forthwith': ~200: v. 113, vii. 288, ix. 117. ETIIIOPIANS, allies of Troy under Memnon, i. 489. etiam, 'besides', i. 25; in a question, iii. 247; etinm... etiam, 'still... still', fundamental temporal sense, vi. 485. ElaulUIA, settled by Lydians, ii. 781. ETYMOLOGIES, Roman, feeble, v. 117. ETYMOLOGICAL EPITHETS: see EPITHETS. euhantis, tr., euhantis orgia, vi. 517. EUMIrNIDES, ~301, iv. 469. Euryalfis, scansion of, ~243, v. 337. evado+acc.: with viam, ii. 731; with urbes, ii. 282; with gradus, iv. 544 INDEX 685; with ripam, vi. 425; +dat., evadere pugnae, xi. 702. EVANDER welcomes Aeneas, viii. 370, viii. 608, x. 494, 495. ex, use of, ii. 727. ex- denotes success, i. 39. EXAGGERATION. I. In women's speech: in Venus's speech, funera, i. 232, cunctus..orbis, i. 233, caeli... arcen, i. 250, media... urbcm, v. 785, 786, szubgit, v. 794; in Dido's speech, fpatcean caedc, iv. 21, moliris, iv. 309, amrissuin... reduxi, iv. 375, faces... extinxenm, iv. 604-606. II. In men's speech: in Aeneas's speech, i. 597, ii. 263, ii. 331, ii. 351, 352, iii. 1, verba.... sigula, iii. 348, mcorum, xii. 947; in speech of HIarpies, iii. 249); in Jupiter's speech, urbes, iv. 225; in speech of Numanus, ix. 600; by Veigil himself, ii. 265, iv. 277, iv. 446, urbis opus, v. 119, lato... balti us, v. 312, 313, lacu, 'vat', viii. 451, nervis, x. 341, primaa agmina, x. 561, mons, xii. 687. excipio, 'greet', in hostile manner, iii. 318. excolo, force of, vi. 663. exerceo, 'ply', iii. 281, iv. 87, iv. 100, vi. 543, x. 808. exit+acc., 'escapes', v. 438, xi. 750. exitus (sc. vitae), 'death', ii. 554. exorior, of conjugation third, exoritur, ii. 313. exosus, use of, v. 687. expers+gen., iv. 550. expleo+gen., ii. 585, 586. exsors, meaning of, v. 534. exstinxem, form of, ~105, iv. 606; e.r.slfxti, iv. 682. exspectat, intr., iv. 225. extremus, 'last', i. e 'least skilful', xi. 701, 'edge of', xii 925 extendo, 'display', vi. 807; 'ply', 'pursue', xii. 909. exuo, constructions with: v. 423; ( ruIta predln, iv 51 i exuviae defined, iv 496 FAMOUS VERSES and phrases: i. 203, i. 364, i. 574, i. 630, ii. 49, v. 710. facies vs. oia, i. 658; 'type', vi. 560. facio replaces preceding verbal expression, v. 439; forms of compounds of, in passive, confieri, iv. 116; with infin., ~168, ii. 538, 539; =ostendo, and so takes infin., fecerat... fingere (five infinitives in all), viii. 630-634, fecerat... ferri, viii. 710. See also under fecet c. factus, 'wrought', of gold, x. 527. fallo, force of, i. 684. fama, 'mere rumor', x. 510. Fama, 'Gossip', iv. 666, iv. 173 ff. famulus, attendant of deity, v. 95; 'men-at-arms', ix. 327. fandi as gen. of fas, i. 543. fasces, 'government', vi. 818 fastigium, in fig. sense, 'main point' of a story, i. 342. FATE, ~~303 305; names for, ~303; all deities, even Jupiter, subject to, i. 18, i. 39, ~304; accomplishment of will of, might be delayed, ~305, viii. 397 399, tenetur, xii. 819; cause of Aeneas's exile, etc., i. 3; caused Trojan wanderings, i. 32; Jupiter's relation to, ~304, toll... fatis, x. 624 (Jupiter himself is speaking); Fates conceived of as weavers, Parcae fila Icgunt, x. 815; of individuals (Turnus and Aeneas) balanced by Jupiter, xii. 726. fateor+infin, ~116. vii. 433. FATIHER, acknowledgment of newborn child by, i. 175. fatigamlis, scansion of, ~~241, 24., ix 610. FA.lN-'S, ~293. faxo, ~105. feccie pedem. v. 830; fccere profan,, ==profanarunt, xii. 779. FEET, metrical, ~230. felix, 'propitious', i. 330; +inhfi. ~169, felirior... ungucrfc armlare, ix. 772, 773. fcriua (s(. (fo(J), 'venison', i. 215. INDEX 545 fero, 'extol', i. 625; 'bear away', ii. 555, ii. 600; 'undo', 'overpower', tulisset, v. 356; 'carry' tales by word of mouth, vi. 822; 'report', vi. 503; 'noise abroad', vii. 78; se ferre, 'display one's self', xi. 779; fero+parts of body as object, i. 189, i. 315; ferens, of a favorable wind, iii. 473, iv. 430; sc fcro, 'go', 'proceed', i. 314, ii. 455, 456; in middle voice='go', 'proceed', ii. 588; in passive='move', proceed', ii. 169, ii. 655; ferre sub au as, 'reveal', ii. 158; in pass.+acc., ~132, n., v. 627, 628; fertudicitur, i. 15, vi. 893 ('is represented as'). See also VERB, 2, (c). ferrel, scansion of, ~248, vi. 280. fervo, of third conjugation, ~101, iv. 409 (contrast fervet, iv. 407), iv. 567, ix. 693. fessus+gen., i. 178. FETIALES, college of, ix. 52, 53. fetus+abl., i. 51, ii. 238. Fidenam, rare sing., vi. 773. fidens+loc., fidens animi, ii. 61. fides, 'truth', ii. 309, iii. 375; 'trusty tidings', ~186, xi. 511; fides (est)+abl., iii. 69, ix. 79. fido=audeo+infin., v. 69; +dat., of person, fidere divis, ii. 402. fiducia+objective gen., i. 132, ii. 162, viii. 395, 396, xi. 502. figo=transfigo, v. 544; vestigia figit, 'plants', etc., vi. 159; figere contra, 'strike straight', 'pierce full in front', x. 343; 'lodge' (a spear), x. 883. FIGURES: (a) from hunting: actos insequitur, i. 240, 241; i. 616; agitavimus, ii. 421. (b) from military life: i. 82; i. 190; i. 673; i. 675; ii. 196; iii. 439; iii. 587; iv. 121; iv. 152; iv. 293; v. 441; vii. 66; x. 408, 409; xi. 783. (c) from sea-faring life: adspirat, ii. 385. (d) from the circus: iii. 429; M. 8$3, (e) from horses: i. 54; i. 63; i. 65; i. 523; v. 662; vi. 80; vi. 101; ix. 718. (f) miscellaneous: i. 175; i. 237; i. 239; ii. 98; ii. 290; ii 363; iii. 376; iv. 293, 294; iv. 338, 339; haurio, iv. 359, iv. 661; v. 785, 786. FIG.-iRIE OF VISION (i. e. the figure by xhich the poet fancies past or future events to be contemporary with himself): (a) with reference to past, to give point of view of a spectator, not of a narrator, iacct, i. 99, ii. 557; volvit, i. 101; redit, ii. 275; si... supcrsint... relinquat, v. 325, 326; sineret dolor, vi. 31; ni... admoncat... inruat, vi. 292-294; tsaherent, vi. 537; iaceres... foret, x. 327, 328; (b) with reference to future, in proj ecies, mancre, ii. 194; part (est), ii. 784; restituis, vi. 846. FILLETS, use of: infula, ii. 430; worn by priest, pcrfuss... vittas, ii. 221, iii. 370, by victim, ii. 133, ii. 156, v. 366, by deities, iii. 174; on statue of a god, ii. 167, 168; used in chapels to the dead, iv. 459. FINAL SHORT VOWEL before i- consonant: mihi, i. 77, etc. FINAL SIORT VOWEL before double consonant: nemorosa Zacynthos, iii. 270. FINDS, portion of, offered to gods, iii. 223. fingo, meaning of, ii. 80. finis, f., an archaism: ii. 554, iii. 145, v. 328, v. 384. fio, true passive of facio, ii. 209. FIRE-SIGNALS, flammas, ii. 256. FIRES set to clear woodland, etc., x. 409. flammae, 'fire-signals', ii. 256; 'firedarts', ii. 478; in sing., 'torch', vi. 518. fleo, trans., vi. 212. FLINT (silix), used to strike fire, i. 174, vi. 6, 7. nfuitans force Qf, v. 867, 546 INDEX focus, 'fire-pan on altar', 'brazier', xii. 285. FOREIGNERS, not welcome, i. 519; 526; ipso, vii. 103; Riomans op posed to, viii. 685-688. forent~essent, ii. 439. FOREST AND FIELD, deities of, ~291. forma, 'woe', 'suffering', vi. 615. FORM,)s. I~T'LECTIONAL I. of Detilension. 1. Det ici sion 1: (a) gen. sing of, III -di. iSs in nouns, auloi, iii. 354, amu at, vi. 747, aquai, vii. 464; in adjectives: pictoi, ix. 26; (b) gen. p1. of, in urn?; ~88: Acncadwn, i. 563; Dai danidunm, Hi. 242; caelieoluam, ill. 21 Gtaiuqcaurn, iii. 550; Lapithurn, vii. 305; Ansonidun&, x. 564. (c) abl. p1. of, contracted,( tecnis, v. 269, ~108. 2. Declension 2: (a) gen. sing. of, of nouns in -his or -luln, fluvii, iii. 702; (b) gen pl. of, in -urn: ~89; in nouns, siipci inn, i. 4, deucea, i. 9, viii 698, etc., Dmamnan, i. 30, ii. 572, Aiyivuem, i. 40, Gt atm,!v. 228, csrnm, 1. 87, v. 148, v. 3169, x 312, dicutu, i. 65, ii. 648, soeiurn, v. 174, Pelasgirni, vi 503, utucizcum, ix. 609, etc., etc., etc; in adjectives, inago nint in, iii 704, vi. 307, ominiqcnuma..s d-eutn, viii. 698. 3. D~eclension 3: (a) Greek acc. sing of, in -a, ~90; euro, i. 300; aethc) a, i. 379; cratut a, iii. 525; (b) Greek acc. p1. of, in -as: lebctas, iii. 466); ciatci as, i. 724. 4. Declension 4: (a) dlat. sing. of, in -it: ~91; cott ii, i. 156, iii. 541, ichtu, i 257, pot tit, ii. 292, sion, ii. 692, veinatot, ix. 605 (b) gen. pl. of, in -otn: cion ion =etn room?), vi. 653. 5. Pronouns: (a) olli=illi (daqt. sing.), i. 2514, iv. 105, xii. 309. 197, v. 580, xii. 788. (c) q-is (rel. pron.)>-quibus. dat, i. 95, vii. 414, vii. 799, x. 435; abl, v. 511; ~92. (d) nti~mihti, vi. 104, vi. 123. 6. Gieek Proper Names: 93 100. (a) First declension: ~94. (b4 Second decle.2sion: ~95. (c) Thlid dc-clens on: ~6 97, 98: (1) ace sing in -a: II(ctoa, 1. 483, Sidona, 1. 619, Laoeoonta, ii. 213", Tyndot Ida, 11. 569; (2) nom p1 in -Cs, 7Tih aces, iii. 14; (3) ace p1 in -as, Ti oas, 1. 30, Cyclopos xi. 263 (Ilyadas, 1. 744); (4) gen. sing. in i f rom nom. in cs: Achdlli, i. "J0, Ot anti, i 220, Ulixi, Hi. 7; etc. (d) F'orms from names in -ens: ~99. (e) Varying declension of Greek names: ~100. (f) Miscellaneous: ecte, n. pl. v. 822; Anodt oqco, gen. sing, viL 20; Dido, ace. sing., iv. 383. If. Of conjugatiou. 1. Transfers of conjugation: ~101: (a) fromn second to third: cifalgerc, viii. 677, ferret-c, iv. 409, iv. 567. viii. 677d, ix 693"; stiidit, iv. 689, stridunit, ii 418, xii. 691; (b) from fourth to 1hird, potitiir, ill 56, iv. 217, erot itti-, ii. 313 2. Archaic pr-es. infin. pass ~102; acee~ittg, iv. 493, dotit 1 -noit r, vii. 70 (both in the fifth foot). 3. Archaic impf. f orm -n s, in -ibat, -ibceot, in (onjugation 4 h nibat, vi. 468, icitibant, iv 528~, siisignibtat, vii. 70 (It fitbaiitit, vili. 485), po1hoat, vtii. 436, edliiiibat, x. 538. 4. Perfeet indicative, third pet-son pi~ral of, in -etc (seldom discussed inl notes,):, ~1 01: tceiturc, i. 12, iH. 282; 1tiftrc, 1. 130; coijspxc) ci, 1. 152; con INDEX 547 ticucre, ii. 1; procubuerc, ii. 505; dcse ucre, ii. 565; iv. 582; mzrisere.... dci e, ii. 566; subicrc, iii. 113, vi. 222; pctiei c, iv. 164; insse c, iv. 346; corripucre, v. 145; concussct c, v. 147; crcpucrc, v. 206; hacsere, v. 529; lustravere, v. 578; feccre, v. 830, vi. 664, xii. 779; solvere, v. 831; patuere, vi. 81; scdcre, vi 192; excolucrc, vi. 663; tolvere, vi. 748; potuere, vii. 295; so7u2C C, ix. 732; dmo puc c, xii. 283. 5. Short forms, of uncertain origin: ~105; accestis, i. 201; cxstinxti, iv. 682, exstinxcm, iv. 606; traxe, v. 786; (faxo, ix. 154, xii. 316; iusso, ix. 467). III. Miscellaneous Forms. (a) ~106; vinclum, i. 54, oraclum, iii. 143, periclum, ii. 709, v. 716, gubernaclum, v. 859. (b) Syncopated forms: ~107: repostum, i. 26, compostus, i. 249, supposta, vi. 24, imposta, ix. 716, aspris —aspcris, ii. 379. (c) ast, archaic form of at, i. 46, i. 116, ii. 467, etc. (d) dmi, gen. sing. of dies, i. 636. (e) derit, ~247, vii. 262. (f) hausurum, rare form, iv. 383. (g) Heterogeneous forms: Avcrna vs. Avernus, iii. 442, v. 732, Pergana vs. Pergamus, always in Aeneid. FORIMULAIC EPITHET: set ADJECTIVE, 2 (d). fors, as adv., 'perchance', origin of this use, v. 232. fors et, 'perchance', ii. 139. forsitan, etymology of and construction with, ii. 506. fortasse, sarcastic, 'very probably', x. 548. fortuna, 'emergency', 'crisis', ix. 41; 'opportunity', xi. 761. fortunatus+gen., ~~113, 117, xi. 416. FRAGRANCE, idea of, associated with presence of deity, i. 403. FRANKNESS of heroes concerning their own merits, i. 378; ii. 721; iv. 654 (spoken by Dido); x. 830; xi. 441, spoken by Turnus. fraus, 'deceptiveness', ix. 397. fremo, defined, i. 56; of applause, i. 559; 'mourn', vi. 175; +acc., dira frementem, x. 572, ~130. frequentes, 'in throngs', i. 707. frigens, 'cold in death', vi. 219. frigidus, 'cold in death', ix. 415; 'growing cold in death', xi. 828. fruges, 'meal', vi. 420. fuga, 'means of flight', ~186, xi. 706. fugio+acc, of effect, xii. 753. fulcra, of a couch, vi. 604. FULNESS OF EXPRESSION: ~183: ore fremebant. i. 559; ore locuta, i. 614; vocavi voce, iv. 680. fundo-=effundo: see VERB, 2 (e). FUNERAL MOUND, arms, etc., put on, servant, vi. 507; cf. vi. 217, vi. 233. funus, 'dead body', vi. 510. furens: see furo. FURIAE: ~301. FURIES, hardly differentiated from frenzy of remorse, furiis, iii. 331; carry torches, iv. 384, iv. 472 (cf. vi. 607); avenge crime, iv. 610, viii. 669; armed with lash, vii. 451 (cf. vii. 336, vi. 570-572); number of, vi. 572; at times sent from heaven, viii. 701; with serpents, vii. 450. furo and furor defined, i. 491; furens, of love, iv. 65, i. 659, of prophetic inspiration, ii. 345, vi. 100, vi. 262; of martial fury, i. 491, ii. 613. furor+acc. and dat., v. 845. fusi suggests ease, i. 214, v. 837; suggests carelessness, ix. 317; - effusi, 'spreading', vi. 440; cf. vii. 421. FUTURE IMPERATIVE: see MooDs, III, 1. FUTURE INDICATIVE: see MOODS, I, 5. 548 INDEX FUTURE PARTICIPLE: see PARTICIPLE, 4. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: see TENSES, VI. G GALLIA TRANSPADANA, proverbial for austere living, ~36; did not obtain citizenship till 49, ~35. GALLUS, ~~31, 35. GAMES celebrated on anniversaries of funeral, sacra.. fcrre, v. 59, 60; spectators at, assemble before daylight, v. 107. GANGES, seven-mouthed, amnibus, ix. 30, 31. GARMENTS gathered up to permit easy motion, i. 320. GARLANDS used in chapels (to dead), iv. 459, on altars, i. 417, iv. 202. GATES, guarded by Ianus, ~294; of city closed in war times, ii. 27; viii. 385, 386. GATEWAYS of cities small, ii. 234. Gela, quantity of, iii. 702. gemini merely=duo, ii. 203, ii. 225. gemitum dat, ~202, i. 485; gemitum dedere=insoluere, ii. 53. Gender: (a) subject pronoun attracted to gender of the predicate noun: hoc, i. 17, hic, i. 253, i. 534, iv. 127, hic... haec, iii. 714, is... ea, iv. 379, hae, vi. 852, hoo opus, hic labor, vi. 129, ea, vi. 153, quae, vi. 611, zhac, ix. 737, hoc, x. 469, haec, x. 879, hoc... hoc, x. 858, 859, haec, xi. 443, xii. 296 (in iii. 173, illud, on the contrary, is not attracted); (b) variations from normal gender, finis, as fem., ii. 554, iii. 145, v. 327, v. 384; vulgus as masc., ii. 99; (c) masc. gender used in pi. word (adj. or pron.) which refers to several persons of different sexes, quos, i 348; (d) neuter adj. in pred. after fem. subiect, varium et nutabile semper femina (est), iv. 569; (e) gender due to confusion of thought, metuunt... gaudent, vi. 733; (f) pl. m. prtcpl. with collective noun, in f. sing.: see AGREEMENT, III. GENERAL NAME followed by specific (defining) name; Italiam... Lavnia... litoia, i. 2, 3, Italiam...Tiberim... ostia, i. 13, 14. GENERALIZING THIRD PERSON, habitant, iii. 106, habitabant, iii. 110, teneant, iii. 686, iaciunt, ix. 712. GENITIVE, forms of: see FORMS, I, 1, I, 2, I, 4 (b), I, 6, (c). GENITIVE, uses of: see CASES, II. genitor, complimentary title of gods, i. 155, i. 237. GENIUS LOCI, ~291, 292, v. 95. genua, scansion of, ~240, v. 432, xii. 905. genus, of one person, 'scion', poetic use, iv. 12, vi. 500; 'high lineage', v. 621. GENUS LATINUM, origin of, i. 6, 7. GEOGRAPHY, carelessness and ignorance of Roman writers concerning, Geticis, iii. 35; hinc... hinc, iv. 42; Threiciae, xi. 659. GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER disregarded in narrative, iii. 553, subnixa, iii. 402. GEORGICS, ~~37, 42, 47. gero, with parts of body as object, i. 315, gerunt... tempora, vi. 772. GERUND==(a) noun, iv. 175; (precando=precibus, iv. 113, iv. 413; fandi flctor, ix. 602); (b) in instr. abl, tuendo, i. 713, fando, ii. 81, ii. 361; (c) in abl. of attendant circumstances, talia fando, ii. 7, per maria nando, v. 594. GERUNDIVE (a) occasionally=pres. prtcpl. act., i. 269; (b) expresses purpose, videndam, ii. 589, alendum, iii. 50, (habendam, iii. 329). GERYON, vi. 289. Geticus, 'Thracian', iii. 35, GIANTS, the, ~~274, 275; origin of, iv. 178; Giants and Titans confused, iv. 179. GIFTS TO GODS hung In tholus, ix. 408; fastened on temples, 1. 248, iii. 287, 288, v. 360, viii. 721; why made, 1. 447. glomero, force of, iil, 577, INDEX 549 gloria, 'vaingloriousness', xi. 708. GNOMIC PERFECT: see TENSES, IV, 6. GODS subject to Fates, i. 18, i. 39, ~304, yet order all things, credo... carpis, i. 387, 388, non... creniunt, ii. 777, 7 78; personal intercourse of, with men, meniorem, i. 327, ~~306, 307; have favorite haunts on earth, ~306; deal with mortals through messengers, ~307, end; in intercourse with men screen themselves from sight, nimbo succincta, x. 634 (cf. namque.. recusa, ii. 604-607, with notes), yet could not wholly conceal divine identity, 1. 328, v. 647, 648; under obligations to worshiper, i. 334, ii. 536, x. 619, 620, deinde, ii. 691, nunc, iv. 206; favor of, won by worshiper's gifts and service, i. 447; condemned or reproached by mortals, scvae... Tritonidis, ii. 226, ferus, ii. 326. acquis, iv. 372 (cf. iv. 206-216); cannot be cajoled, haud numine nostro, ii. 396; could not be safely seen in their divine form, tu ne... recusa, ii. 606, 607; grow envious of successful mortals, invidet, ix. 655; statues of, at treaty making, xii 286; stature of, i. 501, ii. 592, ii. 773; of allied states, etc., themselves allied, iii. 15; favor of, necessary before enterprise could be begun, ii. 178, resought after failure or disaster, ii. 178; images of, on stern of vessels, iii. 527. See also DEITY. GODDESSES, statues of, draped in long flowing robes, i. 404. GOLD AND SILVER in bars, much used in Roman financial transactions, x. 528. GOLD THREAD in garments, i. 648, squalentem auro. x. 314. gradientem longe, x. 572. GRAIN, roasted before grinding, i. 179. gratia, 'charm', vi. 653, grator+infin., v, 40. gravia, scansion of, iii. 464, ~~241. 245. gravis=an adv., v. 178, v. 3$7, v. 447. GREAVES, auro, xi. 488, levis ocreas, viii. 624. GRECISM, defined: ~87; seen (a) in use of forms: ~90; see also FORMS, I, 6; (b) in matters of syntax: (1) use of dat., ii. 556, 557; (2) in use of gen., indignus avorum, xii. 649; (3) scnsit... delapsus (esse), ii. 377; (d) in use of n. pl., nota, i. 669. GREEK PROPER NAMIES, forms of: see FoRM.s, I, 6. GREEKS in southern Italy, iii. 398. GRIEF, d:splayed by dishevelled hair or beard, crinibus... passis, i. 480, inmissa, iii. 593, or by beating face and breast, i. 481, iv. 673. gubernaclo, form, v. 859; described, v. 177. H habeo+pf. pass. prtcpl., force of, suspectas habuisse, iv. 97. habilis, 'well-fitting', ix. 365. hac... hac=hac.. iac, i. 467, 468. haereo, construction with, ix. 419, 1. 476. HAIR, treatment of, in times of mourning, iii. 65, crinibus. passis, i. 480, inmissa, iii. 593. HAIR yellow or golden given to heroes and heroines, iv. 590, iv. 698; of victim, cut off for gods (Proserpina, Pluto, etc.), carpens... inponit, vi. 245, 246, xii. 173, 174, ~300; cut from head of dying, ~300, iv. 702; of priestess, loosened, iv. 509; of prophet, too, loosened when he is about to receive inspiration, iii. 370 (cf. case of Sibyl, vi. 48). HANDS, how held in prayer: i. 93; supinas, iii. 176; passis de litore palmis, iii. 263; manibus... supinis, iv. 205. HANGING, FASTENING, etc., verb of, — abl.; ~149, a.; i. 318; i. 715; 550 INDEX ii. 236; for other constructions with cf. teligyuit ab, vii. 106, revinxit e, iii. 75. IIANGINGS, for decorative purposes, i. 697. harena, floor of amphitheater, etc., v. 336. HIARPIES, story of, iii. 213; genealogy of, iii. 241; have prophetic powers, iii. 250-252; function of, furnarum, iii. 252. haud mora, in paratactic construction: iii. 207, 208, iii. 518, 549, vi. 177. haurio, in fig. sense, iv. 359, iv. 661. hausurum, rare form, iv. 383. HAWK, sacred to Apollo, used in augury, xi. 721. IEAD, covered by Romans when they prayed, iii. 405; left uncovered by Greeks during player, iii. 405. HEALTH, Graeco-Roman mode of drinking, i. 738. HEARTH, altar of Penates, focis, iii. 178. EEAVENS REVOLVE; vertitur, ii. 250, actheris axe, ii. 512, iv. 482. HEAvY SYLLABLE DEFINED, p. 74, footnote. HECATE, ~282; worshiped at crossroads, iv. 609; powerful both in heaven and earth, vi. 2-17; attended by dogs, vi. 257. HECTOR dragged round walls of Troy while living, ii. 273. HERCULES captured Troy, ii. 642, 643; labors of, x. 321, 322; in Italy, slays Cacus and helps Evander, x. 460. Heleno=mihi, iii. 433. HELMET, with crests, viii. 620; vii. 785-788; ix. 678; double-crested, worn by Mars and Romulus, vi. 779. HEROES, stature of, i. 99, inges... truncus, said of Priam, ii. 557; ingcns Pci iphas, ii. 476; v. 265; v. 487, vi. 222, vi. 413; spoke frankly of their own merits: see FRANKNESS. HEXAIMETER, dactylic: ~~232, 233; first largely used in Latin in Annales of Ennius, ~72. HIATUS: see LICENCES, 8. hie (a)=mcus, i. 78, i. 98, ii. 140, ii. 292, iii. 654. (b) in deictic use, 'yonder', hias.. hanc, iii. 396; 7lw, iii. 399; hanc, iii. 477; hoc, iii. 600; haec (ace. pl.), iv. 372; hoc, v. 236; hacc (n. acc. pD.), ix. 323. Cf. hunc... moremn, i. 539. (c)='this only', hoc, x. 400. (d) hoc rat... quod, 'was it for this that', ii. 664. (e) hoc ilud...fuit, iv. 675 (cf. hoc e at... quod, ii. 664). (f) hunc illum poscerc Fata, vii. 272. (g) hoc... opus, force of, x. 469 (different from that in vi. 129). hic, with i short, vi. 791, iv. 22; hc... h.e together, vi. 791. hic vero, ii. 699. hiems, 'storminess', 'inclemency', ii. 111. hinc, 'next', iii. 551, i. 194 (correlative to pl imun... tuin); hlic... hinc, i. 162; 7lce atque hinc, i. 500. HISTORICAL PRESENT: see TENSES, 1, 3. HISTORICAL INFINITIVE: see MOODS, IV, 1. hoc=huc, archaism, viii. 423. hoc habet, xii. 296. HoMiEIC POEMS: ~70; example of primitive epic, ~77; Veigil borrows from, ~73, i. 411; superteminet, i. 501; iii. 613; vi. 445; x. 572. homo, 'human being', iii. 426, i. 328. honor, 'offering', i. 49, i. 632, iii. 118, iv. 207; said of games, v 601. IouRACE, ~~28, 35; contributes to religious revival, ~21. horreo+infin., ii. 12; tr., hon cnldos, ii. 222; 7hou (n, of untrimmed trees, i. 165 ((cf. i. 311). lIoabu, head of, on Carthaginian INDEX 551 coins, equi, i. 444; as omen, iii. 537-542; scale-armor foi, xi. 771. hortor+infin., ii. 33, ii. 74. hospes, meaning of, i. 731, iv. 424. hospitium, 'guestland', iii. 61. HousEs, Roman, had few windows, iii. 152; mode of lighting, iii. 152. See also PERISTYLIUM. ULMAN SACRIFICES part of early Roman ritual, umbris, x. 519. humi, i. 193, ts. huimo, iii. 3. LIUMOR, touches of, rare in the Aeneid, proluit, i. 739, v. 181, 182; v. 222; lapsorum, v. 354; grim, x. 882. HUNTING, figures from: see FIGURES, (a). Hymenaeus, 'bridal', iv. 127; hymenaei, 'marriage', i. 651, iv. 316. HIYPERMETRIC VERSES: see LICENCES, 7. IHYSTERON PROTERON, so-called: see ORDER OF WORDS, 2. I i, properly vowel, counting as consonant: see LICENCES, 1. i ironically paves way for second imp., ix. 634 (cf. vii. 426). See i nunc. iacere muros, v. 631. iactare se, 'give one's self airs', i. 140; of excited speech, ii. 588, iactare voccs, ii. 768, talia iactanti, i. 102; 'ponder deeply', i. 227. iactetir, scansion of, ~243, i. 668. iam: (a) vs. nunc, i. 133, ii. 69, 70. (b) 'at last', ii. 34, iii. 41, vi. 63, vi. 81, xii. 179. (c)+imp., ianm parce sepulto, iii. 41. (d) 'straightway', intensifying expression of time, i. 623, 4aim... denique, ii. 70; emphasizes inde, vi. 385; iam istinc, vi. 389. (e) 'presently', i. 150, ii. 209, ii. 217, v. 324. (f)='any longer', 'hereafter', v. 633. (g) iam iam lapsura, vi. 602; iam iamque tenet, ii. 530, xii. 754. i (h) iam dudum, with pres. and impf. tenses, tot... ge o, i. 47, i. 580, 581; iam dudum... teicnns, v. 513, 514. (i) iam dudum+imp., ii. 103. (j)='in turn', i. 272. (k) iam... curn, correlatives, ii. 567, ii. 730, 731, iii. 135-137, v. 268-270, ix. 351-353. (1) iamque postpositive, iii. 588, v. 225. IANI s, ~294; temple of, closed in times of peace, ~16, frcmit... crucnto, i. 296; resident, ix. 643; cut of, described, p. 4. IASIUS, called founder of Trojan line, genus... nostrum, iii. 168. ICTUS, ~231. idem-an adverb, 'likewise': idcm (pl.), iii. 158, iii. 564; zdem (sing.), v. 371, ix. 416, (='again'), x. 851; eadem, sing. f, x. 607. ignarus+gen., i. 198, iv. 508, viii. 730. igneus, 'with lightning-like speed', xi. 718, xi. 746. ignotus, 'unsuspected', xi. 527; 'strange', 'grotesque', xi. 678. ILIAD, ~70. ille: (a) deictic, 'yonder', xi. 809, xii. 5; used of Jupiter, ii. 779, x. 875. (b)='the aforesaid', haec illa Charybdis, iii. 558. (c)='the following', iii. 435. (d)='the famous', 'the glorious', ii. 274, ii. 448, ii. 503, iii. 401. (e) apparently pleonastic: i. 3, v. 186, v. 334, v. 457, vi. 593; illa, vii. 787, vii. 805, ix. 796, x. 385, xi. 494. IMAGINATION, Roman vs. Greek, ~269. imago, 'counterfeit presentment', i. 408; 'guise', 'form', ii. 369; 'semblance', vi. 293; 'portraiture', viii. 730. IMITATIVE EPIC, ~77. immo, corrects preceding statement, i. 753, ix. 98. impello+infin., i. 9, 10, ii. 55. 552 INDEX IMPERATIVE: see MOODS, III. IMPERFECT TENSE: see TENSES, II. imperium, meaning of, iii. 159. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE: see PASSIVE, (c). IMPERSONAL ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE, libato, i. 737. improbus, force of, ii. 80, ii. 356; 'braggart', v. 397; 'knave', xi. 512. imus, 'even', 'very', i. 125, ii. 120 (cf. i. 84);=adv., 'deep down', x. 785. in+acc., 'against', v. 16, viii. 386; 'against', i. e. at the prospect of, vi. 798; to express purpose, viii. 386, iii. 223, x. 455; in two senses at once, viii. 386; in abruptum, 'sheer downwards', iii. 422, xii. 687; so in praeceps, vi. 578; +acc.,=adv., in numei um, 'rhythmically', viii. 453; +abl., 'in connection with', ii. 390, ii. 541; 'in midst of', v. 537; =temporal clause, iii. 406. in-, force of, xii. 902. in-, neg., force of adjectives compounded with, v. 591, v. 681. incedo defined, i. 46; used of a deity, i. 46; of Dido, i. 497; =a strengthened sum, v. 68. incensus, 'blazing', i. 727, ii. 327. incessus used of a goddess, i. 405. incohat, force of, vi. 252. INCOMPLETE VERSES: ~49; cf. i. 534, i. 560, i. 636, ii. 66, ii. 233, ii. 346, ii. 468, ii. 614, ii. 623, ii. 640, ii. 720, ii. 768, ii. 787, iii. 218, iii. 316, iii. 340, etc. INCONSISTENCIES IN AENEID: ~49; i. 454; i. 507; ii. 138; nox atra, ii. 360; iii. 7 vs. ii. 780-784; iii. 52; iii. 168; quaesitum, iv. 647; iv. 664; Aquilone, v. 2; spissa... harena, v. 336, vs. gramineum in campum, v. 287; v. 626; v. 673, 674; vi. 211; vi. 354; silentum, vi. 432; interfusa, vi. 439; vi. 515; vi. 527; vi. 614; sedet, vi. 617; vi. 766; vi. 891; labores. vii. 421; xi. 411; solis ari, xii. 164; commixti,., Teucri, x1l, 835, 836i t-, inconsulti, 'uncounselled', rare sense, iii. 452. INCORPORATION OF ANTECEDENT in relative clause: see ORDER OF WORDS, 15. INCORPORATION OF ADJECTIVE in relative clause: see ORDER OF WORDS, 8. increpito, 'challenge', i. 738. indeprensus, 'unsolvable', v. 591. INDICATIVE: see MOODS, I. indignus+gen., Greek constr., xii. 649. INDIRECTION: ~225; i. 130; constitit, i. 187, i. 459; i. 188; i. 194; i. 270; i. 438; i. 453; propius, i. 526; ii. 59; ii. 84; ii. 105; ii. 223; sacra... trahit, ii. 320, 321; ii. 322; ii. 429; ii. 804; iii. 223; iii. 353; iii. 718; iv. 65; iv. 84; iv. 416; v. 282; vi. 32; sequentum, vi. 200; vi. 456; turn... portae, vi 573, 574; vii. 68; viii. 617; ix. 84; ix. 332; extremnum, ix. 352; ix. 363; ix 445; ix. 768, 769; x. 394; x. 400; reducta... hasta, x. 552, 553; effundunt, x. 574; xi. 687; rcsponsa, xii. 111. indomitus, 'invincible', v. 681. induere se, 'impale,' 'transfix', x. 681, 682. indutus+acc., ii. 275, xi. 487,+abl, v. 674. infelix, 'ill-omened', 'fatal', xii. 941; infelix animi, iv. 529. Inferiae, 'offerings to dead,' iii. 66. infero, of making offerings to dead, iii. 66. inferus, of things in the underworld, ii. 91. infula denotes the whole 'fillet', x. 538. ingemino+dat., v. 434. ingratus, 'thankless', vi. 213. ingressus, 'essaying', +infin., xi. 704. inice, scansion of, vi. 366. inicere manum, 'hale to prison', x. 419. inicus, 'dangerous', v. 203. inmittere, 'let (hair or beard) grow', ill. 593. inmittere funis, viii, 708. inmwiris.. habenis, v. 662, offre. INDEX 553 in numerum, 'rhythmically', viii. 453. i nunc ironically paves way for second imp., vii. 425. Cf. i. inops+gen., iv. 300, ~116. inposta, ix. 716. in praeceps, 'sheer downwards', vi. 578. inrigo, constructions with, i. 691, 692, iii. 511. insania+obj. gen., insania belli, vii. 461. insanus, of inspiration, iii. 443. INSCRIPTIONS, verb omitted in, iii. 288. insequor -infin., ~164 con rellere...insequor et... temptare, iii. 31, 32; force of, i. 241, i.616. insido, force of, i. 719; in sinister sense, ii. 616. insignibat, form, vii. 790; ~103. insono+acc., verbera.. o insonuit, vii. 451. INSPIRATION, prophetic, accompanied by abnormal physical condition, iii. 370, vi. 45-50 (see on comptae, vi. 48). instar, force and construction of, ii. 15, iii. 637; 'true greatness', vi. 865. instauro, force of, iii. 62, iv. 63, vi. 530. instituo+infin., vi. 143. insto, tr., rare use, viii. 433, 434; +infin., i. 423-425, ii. 627, 628. insurgere remis, force of, iii. 207, iii. 560. integer+gen., integer aevi, ii. 638; ~~113, 117. intendo+abl., ~140, n.; ii. 236, 237, v. 136; in inverted expressions (~203), intendi bracchia velis, v. 829; intendere bracchia tergo, v. 403. inter, position of, ~210; i. 218; i. 348; iii. 685; haec inter, viii. 671. inter se expresses reciprocity, ii. 454; 'by turns', viii. 453. interior, 'inner part of', i. 637. INTERROGATIVE -ne, not necessarily attached to first word, ii. 597, iii. 248, iii. 319; with a participle (a rare use): quid, i. 9; vii. 307. intexo+acc. of effect, ii. 16. intono+acc., horrendurn... intonat, xii. 700. INTR VNSIT'I E, transitive verbs counting as: see CAsns, IV, 11. INUNDATIONS of Tiber, Po, etc., ii. 497. invadunt Martem, xii. 712. INVERSE ATTRACTION of relative: see ATTRACTION, (a). INVERSION, INVERTED EXPRESSIONS: see ELABORATE LANGUAGE. IPHIGENIA, sacrifice of, by Greeks at Aulis, ii. 116. ipse: (a) intensive: ipsa, i. 42, i. 353, i. 589; 'even', ipsi, ii. 71, xii. 240 (twice). (b)='too', 'also', ii. 394, xii. 906. (c) marks contrast, i. 40. (d) used of chief personage, i. 114, i. 145, ii. 479, iv. 517, v. 752, xii. 701. (e) For et ipse: see et, 3. IRIS, messenger of Juno, iv. 706, v. 606, ff.; comes unseen, v. 610, but returns in her divine form, v. 658; messenger of Jupiter to Juno, ix. 803-805. is (a)='such', =talis, ii. 17, iii. 376, ix. 748; (b) ea=eius rei=objective gen., ea signa, ii. 171, ea cura, x. 828; eo==subjective gen., eo terrore =eius rei terrore, viii. 705. ISLANDS regularly called 'high' by the poets, iii. 76, iii. 271. iste, pronominal adj. of second person, (a) with contemptuous force, ii. 521, v. 397, x. 504, xii. 648; (b) without contemptuous force, ii. 661, ii. 708, ix. 94. iuga, 'team', vi. 804. iungo, constr. with, vi. 727. IUNO hates Trojans, i. 4, i. 67, ~54, ~302; grounds of this hate, ~53, i, 28; daughter of Saturn, i. 23; is regina deum, i. 9, i. 46; friend of Carthage, i. 15-18, iv. 45, i. 443-445, i. 671; has arms and chariot, i. 16, ii. 614; goddess of marriage, i. 73, iv. 45; foe of Venus, i. 671; comes to earth to 554 INDEX help Turnus, ix. 803, 804; honored by Roman race, iii. 435-439, xii. 840. IUNO BARBERINI, cut of, described, p. 4. Iuno inferna=Proserpina; ~300, vi. 138. IUNO LACINIA, cut of, described, p. 3. IUPPITER, cut of head of, described, p. 3; of Otricoli, cut of, described, p. 6; ~274; king of gods, i. 65; treated as the world's supreme power, ~304, i. 229 (hence he orders Fate, iii. 376), but at times regarded as inferior to Fates, or as merely their viceroy and agent, ~304; is divum pater atque hominum rex, i. 65, ii. 648; born in Crete, iii. 104; possesses knowledge of future, ~310, which he reveals to other gods, ~310; is Saturnius... pater, iv. 372; balances fates of Turnus and Aeneas, xii. 726. iura dare, 'govern', 'be supreme', i. 293, i. 507, iii. 137, viii. 670. iuro4-acc.: vi. 324, vi. 351, xii. 197. iuvenes, 'fighting-men', 'warriors', i. 399, i. 627, ii. 348. iuventus, 'fighting-men', i. 467. iuxta, as prep., iii. 506. IVORY, how used, i. 592, iii. 464. J JULIAN gens, connected with Iulus (Ascanius) and Aeneas, i. 268. JUPITER: see IT PPITER. JUXTAPOSITION: see ORDER OF WORDS, 3. K KING AND PRIEST ONE PERSON: at Delos, iii. 80; among Romans, iii. 80; among Latins, vii. 92, ix 327. L labes, meaning of, ii. 97. labor, of the passage of time, i. 283. labor, poetically='course', of the sun, i. 742 LABYRINTII, in Crete, v. 588 591, vi. 26, 27. laetor+infin., vi. 392, 393. laetus, used of crops, ii. 306; 'making glad', ii. 306, iii. 220; +gen., laetissimus umbrae, i. 441. LAOCOON, group of statuary known as, cut of, described, p. 5, n. on ii. 233. Laomedonteae, scornful, iv. 542. Laomedontiadae, scornful, iii. 248. laquearia, often elaborate and costly, i. 726. LAR, ~~297, 298; brought, with Vesta, Penates, etc., from Troy, Pcrgamcuam... Larem, v. 744; (worshiped with incense and spelt, v. 744, 745). lateo, as tr. verb, i. 130. LATIN RACE, origin of, as conceived by Vergil, i. 6, 7. LATIN WRITERS mostly provincials, ~35. LATONA, type of mother love, i. 502. laudo+infin., ii. 585, 586.. LAUREL in house or palace, ii. 512, 513, vii. 59, 60; sacred to Apollo, iii. 81, iii. 360, iv. 148. laus, 'merit', i. 461. LAVINIUM, city of, founded by Aeneas, i. 5. Lavinium, scansion of, ~251, i. 258. LAWS, inscribed on bronze tablet, vi 622. lebetas, form, iii. 466. lego, 'skim' (the seas), iii. 127, iii. 292; 'gather up', 'reel up' (threads), x. 815. lenibant, lenibat, form, ~103, iv. 528, vi. 467. lentus, 'nerveless', xi. 829; of fire, 'smouldering', v. 682. LEPIDLS, Marcus Aemilius, Caesar's maqister equitunm, ~1; fights Sextus I'ompeius in Spain, ~6; receives government of Africa, ~9; turns traitor to Augustus and loses his position in triumvirate, ~10. LIBATION, at feast, usually after the eating, epioata, iv. 207 (cf. i. 736, iii. 355); pouied on table at banquet, i. 736); poured upon hearth, iii. 177, 178; poured between horns INDEX 555 of victim, iv. 60, 61, vi. 244; after a vision or dream, iii. 177, 178; made to the dead, iii. 303. libato, impers. abl. abs, i. 737. LIBERATORS, name assumed by Brutus, Cassius, etc., ~2; condemned as outlaws, ~7. libo, force of, i. 256; 'besprinkle', a rare sense, xii. 174. LICENSES, METRICAL, defined, ~239. Examples are: 1. (a) i, properly vowel, counting as consonant: ~240; abiete, ii. 16, v. 663, xi. 667; ariete, ii. 492, xii. 706; parictibus, ii. 442, v. 589; omnia, vi. 33. (b) u, properly vowel, counting as consohant; ~240; genua, v. 432, xii. 905. 2. DIASTOLE: ~~241-245. (a) lengthening of -que, ~241; iii. 91, iv. 146, vii. 186, viii. 425, xii. 181. (b) Retention of original quantity in nouns, verbs, etc.: ~242; (1) in nouns: pavir, ii. 369, amor, xii, 668, Numitor, vi. 768, pater, v. 521, pulvis, i. 478, sanguZs, x. 487, pectoribus, iv. 64; (2) in verbs: videt, i. 308, peteret, i. 651, amittebat, v. 853, dablt, x. 383, sinzt, x. 433. (c) Lengthening before the caesura: ~243; (1) in nouns: domis, ii. 563, neemus, iii. 112, Euryalus, v. 337, capit, x. 394; (2) in verbs: iactetir, i. 668, obruimur, ii. 411, adloquitur, iv. 222, dater, v. 284. (d) Syllables properly light counted as heavy before a Greek word: canit hymenaeos, vii. 398; languentis hyacinthi, xi. 69. (e) Miscellaneous examples: petit Euandri, ix. 9; gravia iii. 464; super, vi. 254. 3. SYSTOLE: ~246; stet~runt, ii. 774, iii. 48, x. 334; constit&runt, iii. 681. 4. SYTNIZESIS: ~~247-249. (a) In forms from proper names in-eus; ~247; Oilci, i. 41 Ilionei, i. 120; Nerei, x. 764; Eurysthco, viii. 292. (b) In words properly cretics, or that help to make cretics: ~248; alveo, vi. 412, vii. 303; alrca, i. 698; aureis, i. 726, v. 352; eadem, x. 487; ferret, vi. 280; baltei, x. 496; nescio, ii. 735. (c) In miscellaneous examples: ~249: dehinc, i. 131, i. 256, etc.; scio, iii. 602; semianimis, iv. 686 (of. x 396, x. 404); semiustus, v. 697 (cf. iii. 578); deinde everywhere. 5. Varying quantity of proper names: ~251. 6. Elision and Echthlipsis: ~252. 7. Hypermetric verses: ~256; (a) in verses ending in -que: i. 332; i. 448; ii. 745; iv. 558; iv. 629; v. 422; v. 753; vi. 602; vii. 470; x. 781; x. 895; (b)... Latinorum, vii. 160. 8. HIATUS: defined, ~~252, 257. Examples are: (1) At a marked pause in the verse: ~257; Samo: hio, i. 16; dea. Illc, i. 405; matri et, iii. 74; pereo, hominum, iii. 606; spe inimica, iv. 235; colo. Hue, v. 735. (2) Between proper names, etc.: ~258; Dardanio Anchisae, i. 617, ix. 647; Neptuno Aegaeo, iii. 74. (3) Miscellaneous cases: ~259; femineo ululatu, iv. 667. 9. SEMI-HIATUS: ~260; insulae lonio, iii. 211; Ilio alto, v. 261; te, amice, vi. 507. licet, as conjunction, -subj., fixerit...licet, vi. 802; praestet... induat... licct, xi. 438-440; postpositive, vi. 802. LIGHT AND AIR identified, vi. 363; iii. 600; idea of, connected with gods, i. 402, pura.. luce, ii. 590. LIGHT SYLLABLE defined, p. 74, footnote. LIGURIANS, trickery of, xi. 701. linquo+dat., v. 795. 556 INDEX LITERATURE and the religious revival, ~21; played subordinate part under the republic, ~22; received high honor under the empire, ~23; poetry especially encouraged then, ~~23, 24; fostered by Augustus, Maecenas and Messala, ~24. lito, tr., poetic use, iv. 50. LITOTES defined, non simili, i. 136; other examples are: haud aliter, i. 399; haud secus=sic, ii. 382; non sic, ii. 496; haud... divum, v. 56 (i. 387, 388, ii. 777, vi 368) non hos=longe alios, iv. 647; non aliter, iv. 669; haud alio, v. 592; non setius, v. 862; non indcbita, vi. 66; non inferiora, vi. 170; laetc parum, vi. 862; ix. 375; for tasse, x. 548; xi. 725. Cf. non ignala mali, i. 630; haud impunc, iii. 628. litus, force of, iii. 390. lividus, 'dark-hued', vi. 320. LIviUS ANDRONICUS, ~72. LIVY, Roman historian, ~26. LOCALIZATION: ~190: Auster=ventus, i. 51, i. 536, ii. 304, iii. 61, iii. 70; Dorica=GGraeca, ii. 27; Euro, i. 383; Noto, i. 575; Mycena=Q) aecia, i. 650, ii. 25, ii. 577; Argos== Graeciam, ii. 95; acernis-liyncis, ii. 112; ii. 186; Larissaeus=Thessalicus, ii. 197; pinea, ii. 258; robora, ii. 260; Cresia, iv. 70, Dictaeos, iv. 73; Zephyris, iii. 120; Cretes... Agathyrsi, iv. 146; Maurusia-=Africana, iv. 206; Boreae, iv. 442; Gnosia, v. 306; Amazoniam... Threiciis, v. 311, 312; Lyciam... pharetram, vii. 816; Threiciae, xi. 659. LONG FINAL SYLLABLES worthy of note: see LICENCES, 2. longius, construction after, when quam is omitted, i. 683. longus, force of, i. 703; 'distant part of', x. 769. LOTS, used by Dido to assign portions of work, etc., i. 508; appeal to, an appeal to the gods, ibid.; ductus, ii. 201; form of, i. 508; how drawn, v. 490; shaken in urn, vi. 432; cast to apportion oars to (Trojan) crews, iii. 510; special parts of booty exempted from, v. 534. LOVE CHARM, amor, iv. 516. LOVERS make sacred compact, v. 6 (cf. iv. 520). lumen==dics, vi. 356; 'light of day', iii. 658(?); 'eye', i. 226, iii. 658(?) etc.; in pl., 'glances', iv. 364. LUPERCAL, grotto on the Palatine, Mavortis... antro, viii. 630. lustro, 'parade before', lustravere, v. 578; =inlustro, iv. 6, iv. 607; 'track', 'follow', xi. 762. lux, 'day', 'dawn', iv. 586; 'daylight', ix. 355. Lydius=Etruscus, ii. 781. LYRE, Greek, seven stringed, vi. 646; quill (plectrum) used in playing, pectinc, vi. 647. LYRIC POETRY, written by HIorace, ~28. M MAECENAS, ~14; helps V. to recover his farm, ~40; friend of V., ~41; patron of literature, ~24. macte... virtute, ix. 641. Maeonidae, 'Etruscans', xi. 759. magalia, 'huts', i. 421; 'suburbs' of Carthage, iv. 259. MAGIC, methods of ancient, iv. 496, iv. 516; bronze used in, iv. 513; condemned by best Roman feeling, iv. 493. magister, 'helmsman', v. 867, i. 115; 'keeper', 'herdsman', xii. 717. MAGNA GRAECIA, why so called, iii. 398. male used with adjectives, male fida carinis, ii. 23; male... amicunm, ii. 735; male sana, iv. 8. malignus, 'niggardly', xi. 525. maneo+local abl., promnissis mancas, ii. 160. Manis, 'condition in underworld', vi. 743. manus, 'handiwork', 'skill', i. 453; 'exploits', vi. 683. MANUSCRIPTS OF VERGIL, ~314. MARBLE, whence obtained by Ro INDEX 557 mans, Parius.. lapis, i. 592, 593. maritus, 'suitor', iv. 35. marmoreus, 'bright', vi. 729. MIARRIAGES, auspices taken at, at Rome, i. 345, 346; torches in processions at, iv. 18; married woman escorts bride, pronuba, iv. 166; customs connected with at Rome, vertice, iv. 168; second, condemned by Roman feeling, iv. 27. MARROW, seat of feeling, ossibus, i. 660; ii. 120, 121; iv. 66; iv. 101; v. 172; vi. 54, 55; duris... ossibus, ix. 65. MARS, fond of Thrace, iii. 13, iii. 35; cut of, described, p. 3. Mars-=pugna, xii. 712. MASCULINE GENDER, special use of: see GENDER, (b), (c), (f). mater, title of honor for goddess, iii. 111; sarcastic, vii. 441. maturo+acc., i. 137, ~131. maturus+gen., aevi maturus, v. 73, ~116. maximus, 'eldest', i. 521, maxima, i. 654;='eldest'-'earliest', iii. 107 (note maxima natu, v. 644); 'deepest', x. 764. MEAT not boiled in Trojan times, i. 213. MEDIOLANUM, Vergil studied at, ~38. medium as noun: see medius. medius=an adv., i. 348, iv. 61, iv. 204; 'central', v. 113; 'in twain', xii. 307; 'intervening', xii. 201, xii. 683; pleonastic, with inter, i. 348, iv. 61, iv. 204; proleptic, medius... occurrere, i. 682, medius... prorumpit, x. 379, medius... itcrcipit, x. 402; used in n. as noun, aurlai medio, iii. 354, caeli medio terraeque, iv. 184, tecti medio, vii. 59, in pl., 'intervening spaces', x. 407. wei=possessive gen., iv. 654. MEMNON aids Troy with the Ethiopians, i. 489. mnens, defined, i. 643; vs. animus, ii. 316, 317. mensas removere, 'end a feast', i. 216, i. 723. mentior+infin., ii. 540. MERCURY, ~286; conducts dead, etc., iv. 243; gives or takes away sleep, iv. 244; cut of, described, pp. 4, 6. merere+de and abl., 'deserve (well, ill, etc.) of', i. e. 'benefit', iii. 667, iv. 317, iv. 333-335. MERITS OF THE AENEID, ~78. MESSALA, patron of literature, ~24. MESSAPUS, V.'s conception of, ~63; character of, xii. 289-291. METAPHOR: see FIGURES; used where English would use a simile, custos, iv. 186, Amazon, xi. 648, venatrix, xi. 780. METER, defined, ~226; origin of, ~227. See also HEXAMETER; LICENCES; METRICAL CONVENIENCE; METRICAL CORRESPONDENCE; REPETITION, 8. METONYMY, defined, ~184. Examples are: 1. In general: ~184; armis=armatis, i. 506. 2. Cause for effect: ~185; boumque labores, ii. 306; nimbum, iv. 120, nimbo, v. 317; pueri, v. 602. 3. Effect for cause: ~186; dolores, i. 25; frigore, i. 92; morsu, i. 169; laudi, i. 461; honorem, i. 49, i. 632, iii. 118, iii. 264, v. 60i; umbra, shade-trees, i. 165; error, 'mischief', 'trick', ii. 48; vulnere== telo, ii. 529; imber==nimbus, iii. 194; invidia, iv. 350; amor, 'lovecharm', iv. 516; vulnera, 'deadly blows', v. 433-; error, v. 591; cursum, vi. 313; verbera... faces, vii. 336, 337; signa, x. 310; fidem, 'trusty tidings', xi. 511; fugam, 'means of flight', xi. 706; religio, 'sacred majesty', xii. 182; error, x. 392. 4. Material for thing made: ~187: aes, i. 35, ii. 545, ii. 734, iii. 111, iii. 240, vi. 591, ix. 809; argentum, i. 640; aurum, i. 739, iii. 517, v. 817; trabe, 'ship', iii. 191; pinus —navis pinea, v. 153; cornu, 'bow', ix. 606, xi. 773. 5. (a) Part for whole: ~188; carinae==naves, ii. 23, ii. 198; pup 558 INDEX pis=-navis, ii. 256, v. 198; liminsa, 'temple',!i. 567, 'apartment', lv. 645; Ausonias and Dictaea,!ii. 171; trabibu3=naLtibus, iv. 566; caidicliv-fortbus, III 448; itugis= equtis, v. 147; (b) whole for part, even, 'bowstring', v. 507. 6. Name of deity for comamon noun, etc.: ~189; tiercs=fruincnftins, 1. 177, =pauis, 1. 701; Baechus=-iinun, i. 215,!ii. 354, v. 77; Punates, 'home', 1. 527, 'hearth', 1. 704; Vulcanus=ignus, ii. 0311, v. 662; Mers==pro hui mi, 11 33:5-), — piuyee, IL. 440, x i 7112, =='wasi~ke z' ni' xAl. 108;Ilynena, its, 'bridal', iv. 1-27 (cf. hyenicnai, i. 651, III..902);Vcnuusz —anor, vi. 26; Nereu~s -unase'e x 7 64 7. Abstract for concrete: coniuqgmms=conhmx~, Ii. 579, III. 296, NILi 423; eovnspettus, 'onlookers', ii. 67 nc/os, 'guilty creature', IiL 583; 7iosp'itsun-mnicicus, iii 15; virtus, 'manly band', v. 754; stregis, vi. 504. 8. Container for thing contained: nidi, v. 214. MEIRICAL CO-Nv YENIic \CE determines choice of form or language: necdaunm inpnctaftlbus, ii. 508; iv. 127; v 274; pjuimi, vi. 255; somni, vi. 893; cectis equitunm, ix. 48; miserande, x. 327; x. 392; x. 509; ima, x 785; x 811; x. 871; xi. 695; xli. 947. See also PLURAL, 1. METRICAL COURESPONDQENCE: I10) 551M..longo vs. rursuns... aelh, iii 229-232; nocte s. luce, iv. 184 -186; [crc idits vs. vicidtts, xHi. 748 -753; perqze si ia... pcr-que domos. ii..364, 365; clouda rs tarda, v. 278 280; Mcithllnc... Palhagne, v. 702, 703. See also REPETITION, 8. (b). METRICAL TREATMENT OP REPEATED WORDS: see REPEI'TIsON, 8. metuens —gen, v. 716. MEZENTIUS, Vergil's conception of, ~63, x 77.3, note, x 851, ee Wli, x 880, sic, x 1901. mi=rniihi, v!. 104, vi. 123. MIDDLE VOICE,, defined, ~152. It Is used: 1. In direct reflexive sense=active voice-+reflexive pronoun: (a) In hnite verb forms of vcrto, i. 158, ii. 250, vii. 784, xii. 915, impheuttur, 1. 215, ci eurntundiemur, ii. 383, expedtor, ii. 633; cingor. Ii. 749, aper-itur, iii. 275, Infcrar, iv. 545, redflar, vi. 545, atipiuarc, xii. 948, iusponses (imp ), ii. 707; (b) in pf. pass pit-'p1 forms, witb reflexive force. Nx itiou t nce. object: ~155; pi oi itptus, i. 216, vii. 459, Us cen/iuse, ii 64, protecti, ii. 444, effusus, v. 145, x. 803, eouccrso, ix. 724 2. In deponent sense, with ace. ns diiect object: (a) In finite forms of verbs of clothing: see CASES, IV, 5, (c), (d); (b) in pf. pass. pitcpi. forms: see CASES, IV, 5, (a), (h). MILITA',RY FIGURES: See FIGUREs. mulle, a round number, 1. 498, it. 198. MINERVA, ~279; warlike goddess, ii. 425: goddess of weaving, spinning, embroidery, v. 284, vii. 805; cut of, described, pp. 3, 4. minime, strong neg., i. 633. ministro, 'furnish', 1. 213; 'serves' (sc. navemn), vi. 302. minores, 'younger generation', 1. 532. minus --- —on, i. 633; construction after, when quanm is omitted, i. 683. misceo, faxvorite word of Vergil, L. 124, ii. 298, ii. 329, ii. 487; constr. with, vi. 727; +dat. (and ace.), viii. 432 misereor~gen., ii. 143 (cf. iv. 435). miseror+ioc., vi. 332, x. 686. MISTLETOE, ancient view of, viL 206. mis~sio, missus, 'turn', 'event' at games, v 286. mnitra, use of, condemned, iv. 215 -21 7, ix 61 6. mitto~dwiatto, i. 203 - =inmitto, xii. 6249. despatch', of gaines, v. 286, v 5 4 3. Mlnosthei, form and scansion of, ~~99, 247. Muestheus-c-'go, v. 194. INDEX 559 modo, 'only', 'just', with imp., 1. 389; with imp. subj., ii. 160, iii. 116. moenia, 'city', 'walled town', i. 264, Ii. 187, v. 798, ix. 782; 'buildings', ii. 234, vi. 549, vi. 631. moles, 'trouble', 'effort', v. 118; 'bulk', x. 771; 'towers', 'rampart', v. 439 'masses', 'blocks of stone', is. 711 molior expresses difficulty, etc., i. 564; ftganm..... mol i, ii. 108, 109; 'toil over' a road, vi. 477; viamn.. molita, 'having forced', etc., x. 477. MONOSiLLABIC VERSE ENDING: ~261; i 65; i. 105; iii. 12; v. 481. monstrum, ~308; said of the wooden hoise, ii. 245, of unexpected arlival of Trojans, iii. 307, of noises of Aetna, iii. 583. monumentum, force of, iii. 102. MOODS. I Indicative. 1. In conclusion of unreal conditions: see CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 2, (a). 2. In subordinate clause of oratio obliqua: cum... conscendebat, xil. 735, 736; dum... trepidat, xii. 737. 3. In deliberative question: quem scquimur, iii. 88; quae... vito, iii. 367; quid ago, iv. 534, x. 675, xii. 637. 4. In question (exclamation) following an imperative: viden ut... stant, vi. 779; aspice ut.. supereminet, vi. 854, 855. 5. Future tense of, (a)==imp.: nostcr eris, ii. 149; referes.. ibis, ii. 547; (b) in permissive sense,==quamivis or Eicet+subj., cxcudent... dicent (five verbs), vi. 847-850. II. Subjunctive. 1. In expressions of the will (volitive subjunctive): (a) In commands: maneas.. serves, ii 160. (b) in provisos: dnum,. cadat, xi. 792, 793. (c) Paratactic subjunctive, (1) after verb of command: see especially on sinite... revisam, ii. 669. Cf. also di.. p2 operet... ducat, iv. 635, 636; date... abluam... legam, iv. 683-685; sttingat sinite, v. 163; ducat... ostendat... die, v. 550, 551; habcant... sine, v. 717; canas oro, vi. 76; date.. fungar, vi. 883-885; praemisit quatcrent campos, xi. 513; occiderit... sinas, xii. 828; cf. praemittit... ferat... ducat, i 645; (2) with necesse est, praetcrlabare necesse est, iii. 478; (3) in a result clause: licet t..t. terrea.. licet... servet, vi. 400 402. (d) In deliberative questions: 1. 327; eloquar an sileaxm, iii. 39; iv. 371; iv. 535; v. 850; ix. 96; xi. 509; in deliberative questions in oratio obliqua, I. 218; parent, ii. 121; iv. 283, 284; ix. 67, 68; ix. 399-401; xii. 727. (e) In expressions of obligation and propriety: (1) quid.. dicam, iv. 43, quid memorem, vi. 123, vi. 601; (2) in expressions of unfulfilled past obligation: vocasses, iv. 678 (?); maneres, viii. 643; dedissem, x. 854 (?). 2. In wishes. (a) In true wishes. These occur (1) without introductory particle: sis.. leves... doceas, i. 330-332; liceat, i. 551; velis... adsit, i. 733, 734; ii. 537; optem, iv. 24; v. 60; sio... faciat, x. 875; (2) with introductory particle: with si, vi. 187, 188; vi. 882; x. 458; with ut:ut... ludar... reflectas, x. 631, 632. (b) In so-called wishes contrary to fact ('vain regrets'): (1) with utinam, i. 575, 576, ii, 110, iiio 615; (2) without utinam, cuperem... adesset, x. 443; vocasses, iv. 678 (?); de 560 INDEX dissem, x. 854 (?); (3) with o si, xi. 415. (c) In a relative clause: quod convertant, ii. 191. 3. Potential subjunctive, (a) of present (future) time: credas, viii. 691; (b) of past time: volaret... tingueret, vii. 808 -811; aspiceres, viii. 650; videres, viii. 676. 4. Subjunctive in subordinate clauses. (a) In dependent questions: impulerit, i. 11; i. 307, 308; tremor... cui... poscat, ii. 121 (question here depends on a noun); quid... possit, v. 6 (depends on prtcpl.=-noun); portenderet... posceret, v. 706, 707. (b) In clause forming integral part of unreal condition, iv. 329, x. 615, 616. (c) In relative clauses: (1) causal: i. 388; ii. 230, 231 (two verbs); ii. 345, 346; v. 623, 624; vi. 590, 591; ix. 728, 729. (2) adversative: ii. 248, iv. 536; x. 483. (3) of purpose: i. 20; i. 62; i. 287; i. 706; ii. 184; v. 130, 131; vii. 98, 99; vii. 271, 272. (4) of result: v. 590, 591; x. 679. (5) of wish: quod... convertant, ii. 190, 191. (6) of repeated action, quantuzm... possent, vi. 200. (d) With dum, in final clause: i. 5, x 800, x. 809. (e) With nihil est quod, xii. 11, 12 (two verbs). (f) In subordinate clauses of oratio obliqua: ii. 136; ii. 189; iii. 36; iii. 234, 235; iii. 262; iii. 652; iv. 193; iv. 289-291; v. 621; vi. 871; viii. 650, 651; ix. 41-43; ix. 805; etc., etc. See also II, 1, (d), above. 5. Omission of subjunctive: see on viris, i. 517; (sit, sint), 1. 743; (sit), ii. 74; (sit), ii. 390; (sit), iv. 193; (sint). (sit), iv. 293, 294; (sint), vi. 136. 6. Subjunctive, force of present tense of: see TENSES, I, 7. III. Imperative. 1. Future tense of: teneto, iii. 408. 2. In prohibitions: ~156; ne credite, ii. 48; tu ne... time neu... recusa, ii. 606, 607; ne finge, iv. 338; vi. 544; ne subtrahe, vi. 698; ne... finge, vii. 438; ne trepidate, ix. 114; ne.. prosequere, xii. 72, 73; nec.. horresce, iii. 394. IV. Infinitive. (a)Historical infinitive: ~157; (1) ii. 98, 99 (three verbs); ii. 132; ii. 685, 686 (note conative sense); ii. 775; x. 458; (2) coupled with indic. forms: fluere... referri...fractae (sunt). aversa (est), ii. 169, 170; iii. 141, 142; iii. 666-668; (3) in a nam-clause: nam... colere.. credere (denotes repetition), iv. 421, 422; (4) in a rel. clause, quicum partiri curas, xi. 822. 2. In exclamations: ~158; desistere... posse, i. 37, 38; mene... potuisse, i. 97, 98; heu... superesse, v. 615, 616. 3. Of purpose: ~159; diffundere, i. 319; populare... vertere, i. 527; habere, v. 262. See also ~159, n. 4. Complementary infinitive: ~~160-166. (a) With verbs of willingness, etc.: ~161; with do (=patior), i. 66, i. 79 (cf. ~166, n.), i. 522, 523 (two infinitives, cf. ~166, n.), iii. 77, iv. 192, v. 247, 248 (cf. ~166, n.), v. 306, 307 (cf. ~166, n.), xi. 794, 795; dare... fatetur, vii. 433, abnegat... producere...pati, ii. 637, 638. (b) With verbs of preference, desire, etc.: ~162; with ardeo, i. 514, 515, i. 580, 581; instau INDEX 561 rati animi... sucowrrere, ii. 451; subit ira... sumere, ii. 575, 576; omnibus idem animus.. excedere... dare, iii.. 60, 61; with curo, iii. 451; with oro, vi. 313; with propero, vii. 57, vii. 264. (c) With verbs of emotion, etc.: ~163; with gaudeo, ii. 239; with horreo, ii. 12; with vereor, vi. 613; with laetor, vi. 392, 393. (d) With verbs of effort, etc.: ~164; i. 17, 18; with insto, i. 423-425 (five infinitives), ii. 627, 628; with tempto, i. 721, iii. 240, 241; with certo, ii. 64 (cf. v. 194); with adgredior, ii. 165; with insequor, iii. 31, 32; with trepido, ix. 114. (e) With expressions of power, etc.: ~165; (with valeo, ii. 492, iii. 415); obniti... sufficimus, v. 21, 22; fidit (==audet, potest)...committere, v. 69. (f) With expressions of skill, etc.: ~166; premere et... sciret dare, i. 62; succurrere disco, i. 630. 5. With verbs of asking, encouraging, etc.: ~167; with suadeo, i. 357; with hortor, ii. 33, ii. 74; (with posco, v. 342). 6. With verbs of commanding, etc.: ~168; with impello, i. 9, 10, ii. 55; with facio, ii. 538, 539; (with ago, iii. 682, with stimulo, iv. 575, 576); with adigo, vi. 696. 7. With adjectives: ~169; certa mori, iv. 564; certare... parati, v. 108; mador.. i. deri, vi. 49; praestantior.. ciere, vi. 164, 165; adsueta... pati... praevcrterc, vii. 806, 807; felicior... unguere... armare, ix. 772, 773; (avidus confundere, xii. 290). 8. With a noun: ~170; with amor, ii. 10, iii. 298, 299; with cura, i. 704, vi. 654, 655; with oupido, ii, 349, 350, vi. 133; with potestas, iii. 670; with spes, v. 183. 9. In double construction: perfundi, xi. 495: see ~~159, 169. 10. Perfect tense of, in apodosis of contrary to fact condition: meruisse, ii. 434; pres. tense of, with memini, i. 619. 11. In clause parallel in construction to a noun: tantos... labores, x. 759; in apposition with a noun, fama... ccssisse, iii. 2~94-297. 12. With various verbs, in uses not covered by 4-6 above. (a) With addo:addiderat. consurgere, viii. 637. (b) With facio=ostendo:fecerat... fingere (five infinitives), viii. 630-634; fccerat... ferri, viii. 710. (c) With instituo: ferri... instituit (=iussit), vi. 142, 143. (d) With laudo: exstinxisse..sumpsisse... laudabor, ii. 585, 586. (e) With mentior, ii. 540. (f) With stupeo: stupet. coiisse... et cernere, xii. 707 -709. (g) With tremesco: telum.. instare tremcscit, xii. 916. mora, 'postponement', xii. 74. mores, 'political institutions', i. 264. MORETUM, ~39. moror, tr., v. 766; 'tarries over', 'gives second thought to', in solo Volcente moratur, ix. 439 (cf. ft. 287, v. 400). morsus, 'fluke' of an anchor, i. 169. munus, 'funeral honors', v. 652. murmur, force of, vi. 709. MUSES, appeal to by poets, i. 8. MUSICIANS wear long robe, longea... veste, vi. 645; long-haired, i. 740. mussat, 'is at a loss', 'scarce knows', xii. 657, xii. 718. MUTE AND LIQUID, vowel before: ~250, n. Mycena, rare sing., v. 52. MYRTLE, described, iii. 23; sacred to 562 INDEX Venus, iii. 24, v. 72; used in rites in honor of dead, v. 72; used in spear shafts, iii. 23, vii. 817. MYTH,, defined, ~268. MYTHOLOGY, importance of in Aeneid and reasons for this, ~267; names in Vergil's, Roman, but spirit Greek, ~267; Greek vs. Roman, ~269; resemblance between Greek and Roman, and causes thereof, ~270. N NAEVIUS, Bellum Punicum of, ~72. nam, with ellipsis, i. 731; in questions, ii. 373, iv. 368; quonam, ii. 595, quisnam, iii. 338, quianam, v. 13. NAME, dative in expressions of: see CASES, III, 2, (b); of people for name of country, Argos, i. 24, ii. 95; of country for name of people, Etruria, xii. 232; for personal pronoun, lunonis, i. 48; ii. 79; iii. 433; iv. 308; v. 194; v. 354; vi. 510. namque, elliptical, i. 65, i. 327, i. 390;. used as result of confusion of constructions, x. 614; postpositive, v. 733 (fourth in clause); (cf. vi. 117, vi. 72, x. 614). NAPLES, Vergil resided at, ~42. NARRATIVE (DESCRIPTION) and independent treatment combined, vastabat, i. 471, vs. avertit, i. 472; priusquam... bibissent, i. 472, 473; raptaverat, i. 473; altcrnos, viii. 634; distulerant, viii. 643; rcductis... remis, viii. 689, 690. nati=pueri, 'children', vi. 22. NATIONAL FEELING revived by Augustus, ~19. natu, ellipsis of, mnaximus, i. 521, nmaxima, i. 654; minores, i. 532. navita=nauta, vi. 315. ne with imp.: see MooDS, III, 2. -ne: (a) position of, ii. 597, iii. 248, iii. 319; (b) shortened to -i, Pyrrhin, iii. 319, tanton, x. 668; (c) added to relative, quosnc, x. 673; (d) with quia, iv. 538; (e) in second member of disjunctive ques tion, substitit erravitne, ii. 739; (f) -ne... -ne=utrum (-ne).. an, i. 308, v. 95, v. 702, 703; (g) -infin. of exclamation, i. 37, i. 97, 98, ~158. necesse est+paratactic subj., iii. 478, NECKCIIAIN: see torquis. nec minus: see neque. nefandi=gen. of nefas, i. 543. nefas=adj., iii. 365. negat=abnegat, 'refuses', iv. 428. NEGATIVE (a) carried over into the following clause: non... alt, iii. 42, iii. 161, 162 (x. 528, 529); nondum... Orco, iv. 698, 699; nullis... t, iv. 438, 439; nulla...ut, x. 592, 593; ec... nec... ut, xi. 801, 802. (b) double, ix. 428, 429, xi. 801, 802, xii. 189, 190. (c) two negatives destroy each other, i. 633. nemus, scansion of, iii. 112, ~243. nego+quin, and subj., x. 614-616; 'refuse', +infin., iv. 428. NEPTUNE, ~274, lord of the sea, i. 138, 139; calms the sea after a storm, i. 125 ff.; quiets waves by riding over them, tunidum... aquis, i. 147-156; v. 820, 821; helped to build walls of Troy, ii. 610, v. 811; connection of, with Troy, Neptunic Troia, iii. 3; cuts of, described, p. 4. neque, nec (a)=ct non, i. 38, i. 198, iii. 202, iii. 260, iv. 551. (b) ec.. cc=et non... ncc, ii. 467. (c) nec=ct non tamen, ii. 314. (d) nec=lncque cnimn or nainque non, iii. 173, iii. 628. (e) nec non ct, i. 707, i. 748. (f) ncc+-imp., iii. 394. (g) nec (for ncrc or nen) in a wish or command, iv. 618, 619, iii. 394. (h) nceque cnLi, i. 198 (ii. 376) (i)ncc mibtis=-ncc non, 'furthermore', i. 633. Ncrei= —naris or pelaqi, x. 764, ~189; scansion of, ilid ~247. nescio quis, use of, ii. 735. INDEX 563 NEUTER ADJECTIVE (a)=abstract noun, notum, 'knowledge', v. 6; (b) used in talking of persons, quidquid, i. 601, v. 716; (c) in pred., after feminine subject, varnumn ct mutabile...feminna (est), iv. 569, 570; (d) neuter pl. (for neuter sing.), in Greek idiom, nota (sunt), i. 669. NEWBORN CHILD, how treated, i. 175. ni, usage of, defined, i. 58, ni. resistat, ii. 599, ni... subeat, xii. 733; =nisi forte, i. 392; =ae, archaism, iii. 686. NIGHT rises from ocean and descends into it'again, ii. 8, 9. nihil est quod+subj., xii. 11, 12. NILE, enriching waters of, ix. 31. nisus, of a boxer, v. 437. nitor, force of, ii. 380, ii. 443; 'rest on', +abl., iv. 252, vi. 760. nocturnus=an adv., iv. 303, iv. 490, vi. 252. NOMINATIVE: see CASES, I. non (a) in apparent prohibition, non... agat, xii. 78; (b) extends over two clauses, non... aut, iii. 42, 43; iii. 161 (x. 528, 529); (c) for neque or nec, nec... non, iii. 712, 713; (d)=nonne in indignant questions, ii. 596, iv. 592, iv. 600, xii. 229. nos=ego, ii. 651, iii. 325; nostri (gen. pi.), with possessive force, iv. 237; nostTi vs. nostrum, ii. 595; nostra =objective gen., iv. 213. NouN=(a) an adj.: anus... sacerdos, vii. 419; regina... sacerdos, i. 273; dea, i. 232; lupi... raptores, ii. 355, 356. (b)=a clause: see on aeger, i. 208; (1)= an advers. clause: aeger, i. 208; hostis, i. 625; i. 635; pucr, iv. 156; iv. 386; v. 521; ix. 57; x. 428; xi. 499; xi. 705; (2)=a causal clause: puer, i. 648; pater, ii. 653. novo, 'change for the worse', v. 604. novus, 'strange', iii. 181, iii. 240; 'strange', 'startling', iii. 591; 'unprecedented', viii. 695, ix. 110; 'unexpected', ix. 693. nullis... aut ----o.. neque, iv. 438, 439. numen, ii. 178, 'favor of heaven', ii. 396; 'majesty', ii. 233; 'divine attention', iv. 611; 'will', ii. 123. NXL ERALS, DISTRIBUTIVE: see DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES. numero, with expressions of number: bina... ntumcro capita, v. 61, 62, tres... numero, v. 560. numerus. 'order', 'sequence'. iii. 446; in nlumerum, 'rhythmically', viii. 453. Numit6r, scansion of, ~242, vi. 768. numquam-a strong 1on, ii. 670. nunc, proper force of, i. 132; rs. iam, i. 133, ii. 69, 70; emphatic, 'only now', 'now for the first time', iv. 596; with advers. asyndeton, i. 240, i. 395, ii. 85, x. 617. NURSE, of great importance in Greek and Roman families, iv. 632. nurus, used freely, ii. 501. nusquam, 'at no time', v. 853. NYMPHAE, ~290; ~291; i. 74; only semi-divine, xii. 786. 0 OAIK sacred to Jupiter, iii. 681; sacred to Tiber god, x. 423; arms hung thereon as trophy, ibid.; oak crown as prize, vi. 772. OARS of ships, made from boughs, i. 552, iv. 399. Oaths by ashes or bones of kinsman, ii. 432. ob-, force of, vi. 646. obeo, 'scan' (prop. 'traverse'), x. 447; 'meet', hence 'surround', vi. 58. OBJECT repeated, Martem indomnitum, ii. 440; costas, xii. 276. OBLIGATION, subjunctive of: see MOODS, II, 1, (e). obliviscor+pcrsonal ace., ii. 148. obruimur, scansion of, ii. 411. obscurus, 'obscuring', i. 411. obtestor+two accusatives, xii. 819, 820. occumbo, 'die', i. 97; occumbere morti, 'die', ii. 62. f564 INDEX occupo, force of, vi. 424; 'surprise', x. 384. OCEAN, day rises from, etc., i. 745; night rises from, etc., ii. 8, 9; ii. 250. ODYSSEY, ~70. offero+reflexive pronoun, 'put one's self in the way of', ii 59-61, ii. 370-372. OIL (oleum) used by wrestlers and athletes, ii. 281, v. 135. OLEASTER, sacred to Faunus, xii. 766. olim, etymology and meaning of, i. 254; used of the fut., i. 20, i. 203 (i. 234), i. 289; =nonnumqulam, saepe, iii. 541, v. 125. OLIVE, spray of, worn by priestess, vii. 418. olli==illi, ollis=illis: see ARcHAISMS, III, 1. OLYMPUs, dwelling place of gods, ~273; day issues from, etc., i. 370. OMENS consulted at Roman marriages, i. 345, 346; consulted afresh after failure or disaster, ii. 178; Roman attitude toward, ii. 178; omens seen in coming of snakes from Tenedos, ii. 203; in stumbling at threshold, ii. 243; in appearance of deer, i. 186; in light on head of Ascanius, ii. 683, 684; in fire (arrow), v. 526, 527; in fire, etc., vii. 79, 80; thunder from cloudless sky especially significant, ii. 693, ix. 631; taken before sacrifices and prayer, iii. 407; signs in east, good, ii. 693; if good, welcomed, v. 530, 531, xii. 257, xii. 260; if bad, deprecated, v. 530, 531; must go in pairs, haec... firma, ii. 691, vias, ii. 696, ~309. See also AUGUR, AUGURY. omnes=ceteri, i. 15, iii. 435. onero+dat., i. 195. ONOMATOPOEIA: ~224, i. 55; i. 87; i. 102; i. 105; i. 147; ii. 53; ii. 313; ii. 380; ii. 418; ii. 465, 466; iv. 135; v. 217; v. 242; v. 481 (see ~261, end); x. 842. operor, force of and construction with, iii. 136. oppetere, 'die', i, 96, opto+paratactic subj., iv. 24, 25. ora, meaning of, i. 1; suggests clstance, i. 1, i. 331, ii. 282; 'stretch' of shore, iii. 397. ORACLES, ~312; utterances of, mysterious, ~312, iii. 96. oraclum, form, ~106, iii. 143. ORATIO OBLIQUA, indic. in: see MOODS, I, 2; subj. in: see MOODS, II, 4, (f). orbis=orbis terrarum, iv. 119; 'cycle' of time, i. 269, v. 46. ORDER OF WORDS. 1. General remarks on: ~204; conversa cuspide, i. 81; ante aras, i. 349; restitit, i. 588; excessere... di, ii. 351; it lucem (early position), ii. 471; furens (late position), ii. 498; deseruere (early position), ii. 565; iii. 305; iv. 69; bene, iv. 539; Siculisne... Italasne, v. 702, 703; vi. 189; Iunonis... Iunoni, iii. 437, 438; saepc... saepe, ii. 108-110; sanguine... sanguine, ii. 116-118; in arma, vii. 430. See also METRI.CAL CORRESPONDENCE. 2. Important idea stated first (some call this 'Hysteron Pro teron'); refercs... ibis, ii. 547; repeto et cingor, ii. 749; reverti... circumflectere, v. 130, 131; iice... require, vi. 366 (?); viii. 611; xii. 925. 3. Juxtaposition: ~212; (a) of like ideas, etc.: v. 361. (b) of contrasts: i. 15; i. 184; i. 243; i. 464; i. 493; flaco argento, i. 592, 593; i. 650; ii. 167, 168; ii. 245; Danaum Phrygios, ii. 276; ii. 328; ii. 508; iii. 137; iii. 716; iv. 106; iv. 212; iv. 234; iv. 440; nigra... sub nube columbam, v. 516; viii. 608; rcgia culno, viii. 654. (c) of cause and effect, or effect and cause; impius ante aras, i. 349; i. 352; i. 361; ii. 307; ii. 357; ii. 371, 372; positis nocus cxuviis, ii. 473; ii. 509; iv. 101; patriac cecidcrc, vi. 33; INDEX 565 vi. 195; viii. 370; viii. 720; ix. 40. (d) Miscellaneous: nautis pater, v. 130; genetria nato, viii. 383. (e) Faulty: novo veterum, iv. 181. 4. Adjective and noun, etc., at opposite ends of the verse: ~205; i. 50: i. 74; i. 233; i. 353; i. 471; ii. 3. 5. Emphatic word at end of clause and beginning of verse: inpulcrit, i. 11; audierat, i. 20; praetcrea, i. 49; inposuit, i. 62; Iulius, 1. 288; venatrix, i. 319; bellatrix, i. 493, vii. 805; Argolica, ii. 119; vera, ii. 78; saucius, ii. 529; exiguam, vi. 493, etc. 6. Emphasis due to abnormal position: ~207; bonus...Acestes.. heros, i. 195, 196; deal i. 412; improba, ii. 80; angues, ii. 204; pater, ii. 653; tabida, iii. 137; pater, v, 521; ille... lupus, xi. 809-811; ille... leo, xii. 5, 6; heros, xii. 902. 7. Position of attributive to several substantives: ~208; vacuos, iv. 588; infracta, vii. 332. 8. Of adjective in relative clause, though the adj. really belongs' with antec.: ignotum, ii. 59; magna, ii. 295; inanem, iii. 304; proxima, iii. 397; maxima, iii. 546; secreta, vi. 478; maxima... nemorum, vii. 83; missile, x. 421. 9. Of adjective in certain phrases: summi fastigia tecti, ii. 302; summi fastigia culminis, ii. 458; summi culmine tecti, iv. 186. 10. Postposition of conjunctions, relative pronouns, etc: ~209. (a) of et: longius et, i. 262, iii. 668, (v. 344). (b) of nee: ii. 159. (c) of necdum: v. 415. (d) of deinde: i. 195, iii. 609; v. 258. (e) of relative pronoun: quod, i. 24; quae, i. 109; qui, i. 287, (ix. 629). (f) of utinam: ii. 110, iii. 615. (g) of cum: v. 810. (h) of licct: vi. 802. (i) of naque: v. 733 (fourth word in clause) (cf. vi. 117, vi. 72, x. 614). (j) of quantus: xii. 702 (k) of quando: vi. 50, x. 366. (1) of quia, viii, 650. (m) of scd, i. 353. (n) of-que: see-que, 10, 11. (o) ceu: ii. 355. 11. Position of Prepositions: ~210. (a) Postponed: ciroum, i. 32, i. 466; ad, iv. 257; inter, i. 218, i. 348, iii. 685; in, ii. 654; iuxta, iv. 255, iv. 517, vi. 430, vi. 816. (b) set between two nouns: contra, i. 13; in, v. 512; per, vi. 692. 12. Distribution (separation) of words which belong together in sense: (a) in general, gravem...pateram, i. 728, 729; Delius...Apollo, iii. 162; Ulixes... Ithacus, iii. 628, 629; Aeneas... improbus, xi. 511, 512; (cf. also the examples under 6 above); (b) of parts of a vocative phrase: servat... Troia, ii. 160; Hector... exspectate, ii. 282, 283. 13. Joint subject of two or more clauses set in second clause: cervi, iv. 154; Dido, iv. 171; imago, iv. 353; sidera, v. 528; Lavinia virgo, vii. 72; Ufens, xii. 641; dea Daunia, xii. 785; Troia, xii. 828. 14. Position of noun in rel. clause, though it really belongs with the antec.: iuvenum, x. 327. 15. Incorporation of antecedent in rel. clause: Deiopea, i. 72 (cf. on i. 573); quae munera, iv. 263, 566 INDEX 16. Position of interrogative -ne: see -ne, (a). ordior, of speech, i. 325; orsai, pf. pass. prtcpl., as noun=dicta, verba, vii. 435. ordo=ordo rerum, iii. 376; 'settled order' of fate, v. 707; 'arrangement of oars' on one side of a ship, v. 271. ore favete, phrase used in holy rites, v. 71. ORION, rising and setting of, attended by storms, i. 535-537, iv. 52; sword and belt of, iii. 517. oro+paratactic subj., vi. 76; -infin., vi. 313; 'speak', vii. 446. Ortygia, old name of Delos, iii. 124. OVID, ~~32, 35. OXYsMORON, via.. invia, iii. 383; belli commercia, x. 532; dura quies...ferreus... somnus, xii. 309, 310. P paciscor, force of, v. 230. paco, 'break in' wild land, x. 409. PAINTING, art of, later than Homeric age, 1. 464. PALACE of King within the arx: vii. 69, 70. palaestra, 'wrestling-bout', iii. 281; 'wrestling-ground', vi. 642. PALAMEDES, death of, ii. 84. PALLADIUM, significance of, ii. 166; carried off by Ulixes and Diomedes, ibid. PALLAS, ~279; wields thunderbolt and destroys a Greek fleet, i. 39 if.; helps Greeks to build the wooden horse, ii. 15; as maiden goddess, ii. 31; preserver of fortresses, ii. 616; foe of Troy, i. 479, ii. 616; called armisona, iii. 544. PALLAS, son of Evander, savagery of, x. 462, 463. palma —victoria, v. 111; 'prize-winner', v. 339. PALM BRANCH given to victor in games, etc., v. 111, v. 472. PALMS raised in prayer to gods, i. 93: see HANDS; raised to sky as sign of grief, x. 844. par, used of equality of any sort, ii. 794; 'well-matched', v. 114. PARADISE LOST, example of the imitative epic, ~77. Parallelism: ~222. Examples may be seen in i. 19-22; i. 27; i. 41; i. 200; i. 219; i. 282; i. 345, 346; i. 411, 412; i. 489; i. 562; i. 569, 570; i. 688; ii. 446, 447; ii. 722; iii. 292, 293; iii. 467; iii. 662; iii. 718; iv. 98; iv. 454, 455; v. 395, 396; vi. 25; vi. 43; palus... Styx, vi. 438, 439; vi. 615; vi. 730; vii. 337, 338; ix. 75, 76; ix. 604; x. 654; xi. 526; xi. 772; xii. 712. PARATACTIC SUBJUNCTIVE: see MOODS, II, 1, (c). Parataxis: ~~218-222. (a) In general: vi. 240, 241; ii. 139; ii. 314; iv. 20-22. (b) By use of parenthetical sentences: ~219, i. 12, i. 150; i. 530. (c) By use of asyndeton: ~220; est... laterum, i. 159, 160; ii. 172; iii. 207, 208; iii. 512 -517 (see on iii. 517); iii. 548, 549; iv. 167, 168; x. 526; x. 550. (d) By use of clauses connected by et, -que, ac, atque: ~221; ii. 353; ii. 692; vi... et, iii. 8, 9; v. 857, 858; tenebat et... prospexit, vii. 287-289 (n. on et, 288). (e) In subjunctive constructions in connection with verbs of commanding, etc.: see MOODS, II, 1, (c). paratus+infin., v. 108; ~169. PARCAE, i. 22. PARENTALIA, festival in honor of the dead, v. 59, 60. parentes, 'sires', v. 576. PARIAN MARBLE, i. 593, vi. 471. paries, scansion of: see LICENCES, I, (a). PARIS, story of, ~~53, 54; vii. 319, 320. pars with pl. verb, i. 212, ii. 31, 32; pars... pars with pl. verb, INDEX 567 xii. 277, 278; pars... alii as correlatives, i. 212, 213; in distributive apposition, i. 423-425, xii. 277, 278. PARTIIIANS defeat Antony, ~11; standards recovered from, i. 289, vi. 793, 794; maneuvers of, in fighting, xi. 654. PARTICIPLE. 1. Is seldom coupled with interrogative word, vii. 307. 2. Gender of, determined by nearest noun: i. 100, i. 144. 3. present active (a)=adjective, +gen: scrcvantissiimus acquZ, ii. 427; mctucnts... pericli, v. 716; (b) expresses purpose: scitantmn, ii. 114; (c) =past prtcpl., and denotes antecedent time and action: volvens, i. 305, iii. 102; labantcm... signalntem, ii. 695, 696; movcns, x. 890. 4. Future, expresses (a) purpose: ii. 47, xi. 741; (b) imminence and certainty of future events: i. 712; ventura, ii. 125; ii. 408; casuras, viii. 375; fato ventura, ix. 643. 5. Perfect passive participle, in full personal passive sense, from an intransitive verb: crcdita, ii. 247; regnata, iii. 14, vi. 793; errata, iii. 690; concessa, iii. 700. 6. perfect passive in middle sense, +acc.: for examples see CASEs, IV, 5, (a), (b). 7. perfect, pass. or deponent, with force of present: ~171;invectus, i. 155; tunsae, i. 481; circumfusa, ii. 64; protecti, ii. 444, viii. 662; complcxa, ii. 514; amplegae, ii. 517; percussa... abscissa, iv. 589, 590; vectos, 'sailing', vi. 335; actis, viii. 636; converso, 'turning', 'revolving', ix. 724; obnixa, 'straining', x. 359; cffusa, x. 803. 8. Deponent, perfect, in passive sense: see esp. on (comitatus) Achalte, i. 312; tutus, i. 571, vi. 238, ix. 43; pelago... remenso, ii. 181, remenso... mari, iii. 143, 144; Bacchatam, iii. 125; dignate, iii. 475; venerata, iii. 460. 9. Deponent perfect, from intr. verbs or verbs usually tr.: crctus, ii. 74, iv. 191; concretus, ii 277, vi. 738, vi. 746; gramnina pastus, ii. 471; suctus, iii. 541, v. 414; placitus, iv. 38; adsuctus, v. 301; titubata, v. 332; saturata dolorerm, v. 608, 10. Participle==a clause. (a)=a causal clause: (1) present active, i. 23; ii. 729; iv. 101; iv. 298; (2) perfect passive or deponent, i. 29; ii. 384; ii. 729; iii. 188; iii. 323; digressrtm, ii. 718; (3) future active, moritura, iv. 604. (b)=an adversative clause: (1) present, ii. 49; ile... cupiens, ix. 796; ile... sperans, x. 385; (2) perfect passive, iii. 341; v. 851; ix. 783; ix. 792; xii. 906. (c)=a temporal clause: (1) present, i. 620; (2) perfect passive, expulsum, i. 620; iii. 154; iii. 708; iv. 207. (d)=a conditional clause: (1) present, sequens==si scquar, iii. 368; (2) perfect passive, avulsum, xii. 685. (e)=a relative clause: (1) perfect passive, i. 100; i. 172; ii. 610; vi. 470; xii. 769. (2) deponent, ii. 422, iii. 156, 157; passi, vi. 660. (3) -antecedent + relative clause: in pres. prtcpl., venien turn, i. 434 (poetic and postclassical use); in deponent prtcpl., passi, i. 199. 11. Participle==an adverb: merentcm, ii. 229; congressi, ii. 397; libens, iii. 438; volens, 'graciously', iii. 457; aequatae, 'evenly', ii. 844. 12. Participle carries main 568 INDEX thought: see on motos... fluctus, i. 135. (a) Pres. prtcpl. active: i. 742, v. 186. (b) Fut. prtcpl. active: moritura... Dido, iv. 308. (c) Perfect pass. prtcpl.: i. 135; i. 390; i. 391; ii. 116; ii. 183; ii. 413; captac... urbi, ii. 643; ii. 676; stratis... iuvencis, iii. 247; sparsos... Penatis, iv. 21; v. 283; conversa... numina, v. 466; v. 541; x. 426; pulsae... virginis, xi. 790, 791. 13. Participle —a noun: (a) perfect passive: ~196, 1; incepto, i. 37, inceptum, ix. 694; cornmissa, i. 136; iussa, i. 302, vi. 461, x. 612; facti, i. 367; capto (masc.), ii. 64; sepulto (masc.), iii. 41; abruptum, iii. 422, xii. 687; ficti, iv. 188; rapto, 'prey', iv. 217, ix. 613; exstructo, 'throne', v. 290; operta, vi. 140; auso, 'venture', vi. 624; orsa, 'beginnings of a speech', vii. 435; dictis, 'promises', viii. 643. (b) deponent perfect: profectis, i. 732; egressis, ii. 713. (c) present active (poetic and post-classical use): venientum,.i 434; venientis, iii. 101; furenter, iv. 65; amantis, iv. 221; faventum, v. 148; volantes= aves, vi. 239, vi. 728; silentum, vi. 432; fugicntibus, ix. 763; eedentis, xi. 692; sequentem, xi. 695. pasco, force of, iii. 650. PASSIVE: (a) shift to, from active, iii. 60, 61, v. 773, vii. 468, 469; (b) effect of, rclinquor, ii. 678; (c) impersonal: discumbitur, i. 700; ventum (est), iv. 151; itur, vi. 179; (d) personal passive from ago: see ago. See also libato, and PARTICIPLE, 5, 6, 7, 8. PASTORAL POETRY defined, ~47; type of, seen in Vergil's Eclogues, ~47. pater, (a) a term of respect, (1) for gods, iii. 35, iii. 89, (2) for mortals, pater Aeneas, i. 580; of Aeneas again, with special force, v. 130, v. 424; pater Iasius, iii. 168; of Appenninus, xii. 703; (b) in pl., 'parents', ii. 579; (c) 'sire', 'ancestor', iii. 107; (d) scanned pater, v. 521, ~242; (e) suggests age, v. 521. PATHOS, attained (a) by repetition: see REPETITION, 6; (b) by means of pathetic phrases, i. 111, ii. 402, vi. 21; cf., too, notes on pauci, i. 538; iuvenis, ii. 341; ductis sortibus, vi. 21; mediis in uwadis, vi. 339; montis, vi. 360; (c) by use of imperfect tense: see TENSES, II, 7. PATIENCE, an Italian trait, v. 710. patiens+gen., vi. 77, ix. 607. patrius, 'hereditary', iii. 249; 'timehonored', iii. 281; 'of her (one's) own race', iii. 297. P.TRON bound to protect clients, vi. 609. paucis (sc. verbis), 'briefly', iv. 116. pavor, scansion of, ~243, ii. 369. PEARLS, Roman fondness for, i. 654, 655. pecten, 'quill', used with lyre, vi. 647. pectoribis, scansion of, 242, iv. 64. PENATES, of house, ~~296-298, of state, ~299; of Rome brought from Troy, ~298; representations of Penates of Rome in the Atrium Vestae, ~298; appear to Aeneas in a vision, ~313; brought by Aeneas from Troy into Italy, i. 6, i. 68, i. 378, ii. 717, iv. 598, v. 632; ii. 296, 297, iii. 12, sacra... trahit, ii. 320, 321; side with Augustus at Actium, viii. 679; represented by statues, sacra, ii. 293; given by Iector's shade to Aeneas, ii. 296, 297, ii. 717; statues of, near altar in Priam's palace, ii. 514. Penates, 'home' (cf. ~189), i. 527; 'hearth', i. 704. pendens, of rocks, caverns, etc., i. 166; 'drooping', ix. 331, INDEX 569 penetrabilis active in sense, penetrabile telurn, x. 481. PENETRALIA of house entered only by members of family, ii. 508; 'shrine', vi. 71. PEOPLE, name of, for that of country, i. 24, ii. 95. peplum, offered to Pallas (Minerva), i. 480. per (a) governs a clause, ii. 142, iv. 317, 318, vi. 459, x. 597; (b) +acc.=instrumental abl., ii. 340, ii. 420; (c)+acc.=adverb or adverbial phrase, vii. 66; (d) per auris ire ---ad auris ire, i. 375, 376; (e) position of, terras et.. per aequora, vi. 692; (f) perque... per=perque.. perque, x. 313, 314. PERFECT TENSE: see TENSES, IV. PERFUMES, from Arabia, i. 416. PERGAMA, citadel of Troy, ii. 177, ii. 291, ii. 375, iii. 87. periclum, form, ~106, ii. 709, v. 716. PERISTYLIUM of Roman house, ii. 528. perosus, use of, vi. 435. PERSON, FIRST, note on use of, mcrui, v. 355. PERSONAL NAME used instead of ego: see NAME. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: see PRONOUNS. persono, 'make... ring', vi. 171, vi. 418. pertaedet, construction with, iv. 18. pes, 'sheet-rope', v. 830. PETELIA, fame of, iii. 402. peterst, scansion of, i. 651; ~242. peto, of lunges made by fencers, petebas, iv. 675; 'strike', petit, x. 489. PHILIPPI, battles of, ~8. PHRASES OF LIKE METRICAL VALUE: see METRICAL CORRESPONDENCE. Phrygius=Troianus, i. 182, i. 381; contemptuous term, iv. 103 (cf. Phrygum, gen. pl., vii. 294), ix. 617. pictai, form, ix. 26; ~88. pictus, 'embroidered', i. 708, i. 711, iv. 206 (as middle+acc., in this sense, xi. 777); 'tattooed', iv. 146; of birds, 'gay-plumaged', iv. 525; 'painted', v. 663, vii. 431; in middle sense, 'blazon', +acc., vii. 796; 'blazoned', xi. 660, xii. 281. pietas, characteristic of Aeneas, ~62, i. 10, i. 545; defined, rccti conscia, i. 604, ~62; shown by gods, 'pity', ii. 536, v. 688 (cf. pia numina, iv. 382). PIG SLAIN during the making of a treaty, caesa... porca, viii. 641. piget, construction with, iv. 335, v. 678. pius, epithet of Aeneas, ~192; i. 220; iv. 393 (special force); v. 26; v. 418 (courtesy of Entellus); vi. 176; x. 591 (special force); x. 783 (special force); epithet of Turnus, x. 617; of love, 'pure', v. 296. plangor, force of, ii. 487. PLEONASM: inter medius, i. 348; rursus... alternos, iii. 422, 423; prius... ante, iv. 24-27; media inter, iv. 61, iv. 204; adversi contra, v. 477. PLUPERFECT TENSE: see TENSES, V. PLURAL, USES OF. 1. Used for singular: (a) for metrical convenience: ~174; montis, i. 61; sceptra, i. 78, i. 253 (contrast i. 653); regna, i. 206, ii. 22; menta, vi. 809. (b) for rhetorical effect, ~175, i. 206; una... excidi, ii. 642, 643; i. 349, i. 355, ii. 202; i. 606; ii. 780; iv. 571; vii. 82 (cf. ~177); vii. 297; ix. 319. (c) Of abstract nouns: ~176; irae, i. 11; furias, i. 41; virtutes, i. 566; odiis, i. 668; studia, ii. 39; otia, iv. 271. (d) In local words, etc.: ~177; ostia, i. 14; vallis, i. 186; tectis, i. 627, etc.; foribus, i. 449; Scaeas... portas, ii. 612. (e) To express repetition: ~178; reditus, ii. 118; auxiliis, ii. 163; latices... vina, iv. 454, 455; frumnenta, 'grains of corn', iv. 406. 570 INDEX (f) To express distribution into parts: ~179; vina, i. 195; mella, i. 432. (g) Generalizing plural, ~180; puppibus, i. 183; montibus, ii. 626; iugis, ii. 631. 2. In first person, in generalizing use, horremus, x. 880. 3. with collective noun: i. 212; pars... mirantar, ii. 31, 32; xii. 277, 278. 4. Used for sake of correspondence: animos dcsuetaque co da, i. 722. 5. Plural word referring to persons of different genders is regularly masculine, quos, i. 348. plurimus=an adv., i. 419, xii. 690. plus, construction with, when quam Is omitted, i. 683. PLUTO, ~~274, 300. POETRY honored under the Empire, ~~24, 27. POETS, talents of, used to strengthen the Empire, ~~25, 27; avoid stcrcotyped expressions of prose, 1. 3, rates-navis, i. 43, foedera... iunqi, iv. 112; write as poets, not as scientists, i. 85. polibant, form, viii. 436; ~103. POLLIO, ~30; helps Vergil to recover his farm, ~40. POMIPEIUS SEXTUS, fights Lepidus in Spain, ~6; defeated by Agrippa and Augustus, ~10; killed by Antony, ~10. pono, 'arrange', x. 623; see also VERB, 2, (i). pons, a bridge connecting defensive tower of town with the town walls, xii. 675. POPLAR, sacred to Hercules, v. 134. P'orPY, used for sugar, iv. 486. porro=-an adj., 'distant', vi. 711. posco+paratactic subjunctive, ill. 457; +in+acc., in proelia posce e, viii. 614. x. 661. POSITIVE DEGREE used where prose would use comp., facio ccrtumz, iii. 179. possum+acc.: ~134, vi. 117, ix. 90, ix. 446. POST-CLASSICUL PERIOD of Latin literature defined, p. 46, footnote; prose of this period influenced by Vergil, ~86. postquam, parts of, often separated, i. 192, 193; 'ever since', iii. 212. potens+gen., i. 80. POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE: see MOODS, II, 3. potestas+infin., iii. 670. potior, third conjugation forms of, potitur, iii. 56, iv. 217. prae-force of, pracmittit, 1. 644; pracrertere, i. 721; praetendere, ix. 599. praepes, a term of augury, iii. 361. praesens, of manifestations of the divine presence, iii. 174; 'strong', 'comforting', iii. 611; 'ready', 'resolute', v. 363. praesentius, 'more powerfully', xil, 245. praestans+infin., vi. 164, 165; ~169. praesto, force of, xi. 438. praetendcre, force of, ix. 599. praeterea, 'thereafter', a rare use, i. 49. PRAYER, attitude of Romans in, i. 93; Romans covered head during, velare. iii. 405. PEEDICA-IE, ADJECTIVE IN: see ADJECTIVE, 3, (c). PREDICATE, 'NOMINATIVE in: see ('ASES, I, 1; acc. in pred.: see CASES, IV, 12. premo, force of, ii. 530; see also VERB, 2, (j). PRE OLYMPIAN GODS, ~~273-275. PREIPOSITIONS, position of: see ORDER OF WORDS, 11; use of: see the separate articles on the prepositions. PRElPOSITIONAL PIIRASES==(a) an adj., or otherwise closely associated with noun or pronoun: i. 109; i. 114; ab alto, i. 160; a sanguine, i. 550; omnlcs a Bclo, i. 729, 730; vii. 418; victor ab... rubro, viii. 686; viii. 701; (b)=an adv., ante dile, iv. 620. PRIESENT TENSEI: SeC TENSES, I. PRIEST wears fillets, ii. 221; priest INDEX 571 and king one, iii. 80, vii. 92, ix. 327. PRIMITIVE EPIC, ~77; seen in Homeric poems, ~77. primum... turn correlatives, i. 737, 738; pnimum... tun inc... deinde, i. 189-195. primus, 'first part of', i. 541, iii. 426, v. 566, vi. 810; force of, uncertain, ii. 253; =an adv., i. 613, 1. 737, v. 66. principlo, 'to begin with', iii. 381, vi. 724; principio... inde correlatives, ii. 752-756. priusquam, parts of, often separated, i. 192, 193; with purpose clause, i. 472, 473, xi. 809. pro, 'in payment for', iii. 247; 'like', ix. 677. proclamo, 'appeal', v. 345. procul, of slight distance, 'hard by', iii. 13; 'far back', v. 642; 'at a distance', v. 775. procul, o procul este, profani, formula at sacrifices, vi. 258. prodigium-=monstrum, iii. 366. proditio, 'information', ii. 83. profundus=both 'high' and 'deep', i. 58. PROHIBITIONS, imperative in: see MOODS, III, 2. PROLEPTIC EPITHETS: see ADJECTIVE, 2, (e). promitto, 'declare', 'assert', iv. 487. PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVE = objective genitive: ea signa, ii. 171; ea cura, x. 828; =subjective gen., viii. 705. PRONOMINAL FORMS deserving attention: see FORMS, I, 5. PRONOUNS, personal, expressed when emphatic, i. 278, i. 369, yet often omitted in such cases, i. 548; expressed in contrasts, ego, 1. 46; tie mihi, i. 78; his ego, i. 278; tua nos, iii. 155; nos te, iii 156; nos... tu, iii. 157-159; tu, iii. 381; contrasted, brought together at head of sentence, i. 78; in gen.= possessive adj., nostri, iv. 237; mei... imago, iv. 654; in subject, attracted to gender of pred. noun: see GENDER, (a). pronuba, 'bride-escorting', ('bridewoman'), iv. 166, vii. 319. pronus, 'down-sloping', hence 'easy', v. 212; +in and ace., proni... in vcrbcrc peldnct, v. 147, pronus pcndens in verbcra, x. 586. PROPER NA.MES, varying quantity in, ~251; Greek, forms of: see FORMS, I, 6. propero+infin., vii. 57, vii. 264. PROPERTIUS, ~31. PROPHECY, gift of, by whom possessed, ~~310, 311; gift of, possessed only in limited measure, ~311. PROPHETS, terms for, ~310; names of those mentioned in the Aeneil ~310; condemned, iv. 65; in au normal physical state while proph esying, iii. 370, vi. 48. proprius vs. suus, 1. 73. prorumpo+acc. of effect, iii. 572. PROSE declines under the Empire, ~26. prosequor, intr., 'proceed' in speech, a rare use, ii. 107; 'escort', iii. 130. PROSERPINA, ~300; cut of, described, p. 4. prospicio+dat., alto prospiciens, i. 126, 127; +acc., i. 154, 155; difference between these two constructions, i. 154, 155. IROTASIS: see CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, 6. protendo, with incongruous objects ('cugmna'), xii. 930, 931. provehor, 'proceed', in speech, iii. 481. PROVINCES well ruled by Augustus, ~17. proximus vs. secundus, v. 320. pubes, 'fighting-men', i. 399, ii. 798, vii. 794. pulvis, scansion of, i. 478, ~242. PURPLE (crimson) worn by great, vi. 221; Tyrian, described, i. 700. purpureus, 'bright', i. 591, v. 79, vi. 640, xi. 819; epithet of anima, 'life', ix. 349. pura... hasta, prize for bravery, vi. 760. 572 INDEX PYRE, if large, an honor, vi. 215, vi. 232; arms, etc., placed on, (vi. 217), vi. 233, vi. 507. Pyrrhina-Pyrrhinc, iii. 319. Q qua=quacumnque, vii. 100. quacumque, 'however', xii. 913. quaero=Anquiro, vi. 868. quaesitor, form, vi. 432. quaeso, tr., and not parenthetical, iii. 358. qualis in similes, regularly with condensation, i. 316, i. 430, i. 498, ii. 223, ii. 471, iii. 641, vi. 453, x. 641; virtually=a conjunction, 'as', 'even as', iii. 679, iv. 69, iv. 143, iv. 301, qualis cum, viii. 622; qualis... sic correlatives, x. 565 -569 (see on sic, 569). quam, as interrog. adv., 'how', iv. 11, vi. 436. quam magnus... talis correlatives, x. 763-768; quam multa... sic, v. 458, 459. quamquam+subj., vi. 394. quamvis+indic., v. 542. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTER OF LATIN RHYTHM, ~228. QUANTITY, variation of, in proper names; ~251; Cythera vs. Cytherea, i. 657; special observations on: see LICENCES. quando, postpositive: ~209; vi. 50; x. 366; 'since', vi. 50. quasi apologizes for figurative language, i. 82. -que. 1.='and in particular': ~198;Itaiam... litoi a, i. 2, 3; ii. 469; iii. 148; iii. 222; Erebumque, iv. 510; v. 577; x. 618 (?). 2.=-'and as a result': ~199; i. 31; ii. 60; iii. 579; iv. 203; vi. 122; x. 344. 3.-'and forthwith': ~200; i. 302. 4-='but'; see on ii. 94; examples are iii. 243; vi 737; x. 802. 5.-'or', ii. 37; vi. 616. 6.='for', vii. 51; x. 618 (?). 7. joins things which are like in function though different in form: i. 639 (cf. n. on i. 694); ii. 149; iv. 102, 103; iv. 484; v. 133; v. 157, 158; v. 446, 447; xi. 673; xii. 305. 8.-que... et (rare in best prose), ii. 5, 6, x. 767. 9.-que... -que=et... et, (i. 18), i. 43, xii. 705, 706, etc., etc. 10.-que, (a) misplaced, pronusque, i. 115; oculisque, v. 654; see also on pcdibusque, ii. 227; partisque, iv. 286. (b) postponed: iamque second in clause, iii. 588, v. 225. 11. not usually appended to monosyllabic preposition, pedibusque, ii. 227, partisque, iv. 286. 12. needless, xii. 305. 13. counts as heavy: see DIASTOLE, under LICENCES, 2, (a). 14. hypermetric: see LICENCES, 7. QUESTION (a) in indic. following an imperative: see MOODS, I, 4; (b) =a neg. command: see quin, (c); cf. also creditis... Danaum, ii. 42, 43, cessas... preces (= 'loiter not', etc.), vi. 51; (c)=affirmative command: non... aspicies, ii. 596, non... deripient (three verbs), iv. 592, 593; (d) =neg. assertion, ii. 577-580 (see on scilicet, ii. 577): see also under 1. quis; (e)=-a prayer, quae... mihi, x. 675, 676; (f) questions are usually separated by disjunctive conjunction: aut... -ve, i. 369, 370, -ve, i. 539, -ve... -ve, ix. 376, 377, an, xii. 636; (g) =an exclamation i. 11, i. 605, 606. qui, relative pronoun: (a) postpositive: qui, i. 287, ix. 629, quem, i. 584; =quicumque, or si quis, v. 67, v. 291, v. 486, vi. 568; +subj., after dignus, vii. 653, 654 (two examples). qui, indefinite, used as noun,=-quis, vi. 141. qui, interrogative, used as noun,quis, iii. 608. quia, origin of, quianam, v. 13; postpositive, pontem audcrct quia, viii. INDEX 573 650; +subj. (in O. 0.), auderct qula, viii. 650. quianam-=quidnam, v. 13 (an archaism). quid, interrogative, (a) as adv. acc. (ace. of extent of space), quid.. cogis, iii. 56, iv. 412; see also i. 9; (b) in idiomatic questions, quid... Ascanius, iii. 339; quid manus illa, x. 672; (c) quid+indic. vs. quid+subj. in questions, quid moror, iv. 325, quid... reservo, iv. 368. quid? paves way for second question, iv. 311. quid vult (sibi), vi. 318. quidara vs. certus, i. 576. quin: (a) quin etiam, 'nay more', i. 279, iii. 403; (b) quin ct==quin ctiam, vi. 735; (c)='why not'+ indic., =a command, quin.. cxerccmus, iv. 99, 100; hence quin +imperative, quin morere, iv. 547, quin... aspice, vi. 824, 825; (d) in result clauses, quin... poscas, iii. 456; x. 614-616 (see on 615). quippe, sarcastic, i. 39, iv. 218; without sarcastic force, i. 59; in an explanation, i. 661. 1. quis, (a) as adj., for qui, quis strepitus, vi. 865; (b)-=uter, quis... quem, xii. 719; quem... quo, xii. 727; (c)+subj.==negative assertion, quis... tempcret, ii. 6-8; quis... possit, ii. 361, 362; quis.... crederet, iii. 186, 187; ii. 656; iv. 66. 2. quis, used chiefly after si, etc., vi. 141. quis=quibus: see FORMs, 1, 5, (b). quisquam, found only in sentences essentially negative, ii. 43; xi. 415; xii. 761. quisque+superlative: proxima quaequc (note pl.), x. 513. quo (a)==ad quam, v. 29; =in quarm, v. 489, xi. 524;=ad or in quem, ix. 86; -— n quem, ix. 421; =iin quae, x. 679; =quocumque, (v. 709). (b) With subj. in purpose clause: iii. 378, iv. 452; without I a comparative, quo... averteret, iv. 106. quocumque=quolibct or quovis, iii. 654, iii. 682. quod, relative, with clause for antecedent, =id quod, vi. 97. quod, conjunction, (a) in entreaties, 'but', ii. 141, vi. 363; so with ut +subjunctive in a wish, x. 631; (b) 'as to the fact that', ii. 180; (c) idiomatically used, hoc erat...quod, 'was it for this that', ii. 664. quondam, 'at times', ii. 367, ii. 416, v. 448; used of the future, a rare use, vi. 876; in an anachronism, iii. 704, v. 865; =an adj., xi. 819. quu, not a Roman mode of spelling, secuntur, i. 185, licuntur, iii. 28; ecum, vii. 651. R rabies, used of prophetic frenzy, vi. 49. RADIANCE, idea of, associated with gods, i. 710, ii. 589. rado, 'graze', 'skim past', or 'over' (a goal, road, etc.), radimus, iii. 700, radit, v. 170, radit, v. 217. rapio, of quick, unceremonious action, i. 176; 'range quickly through', 'scour', rapit, vi. 8; 'move (carry) quickly' (on board ship), iv. 581. rarus, of separate things widely sundered, i. 118, iii. 314, ix. 383; of nets, 'wide-meshed', iv. 131. ratis=navis, i. 43. re-, with intensive force, utero... recusso, ii. 52; 'anew', reponimus, iii. 231. recipio, 'welcome', ix. 780; 'rescue', i. 178; 'retrieve', vi. 818. RECITATION, public, of literary works before publication, introduced by Pollio, ~30. reddo, 'return by way of answer', rcddita, iii. 40; 'reproduce', vi. 768. redimibat, x. 538, ~103. reduco, 'draw back', reducta. dextra, v. 478, 479; reductis... 574 INDEX remis, viii. 689, 690; reductc... hasta, x. 552, 553; securi...reducta, xii. 306, 307. refero, 'reproduce', iv. 329, v. 564; 'revive', v. 598; +dative, v. 605; in a periphrasis, referunt gemitus =gemunt, viii. 420. refigo, 'annul' laws, vi. 622. refugio+acc. of effect, mille... refugit vias, xii. 753. regio, 'line', 'direction', ii. 737, ix. 385, xi. 530. regno, in pers. pass., though properly intr., regnata, iii. 14, vi. 793. RELATIVE CLAUSE: (a) antecedent incorporated within: see ORDER OF WORDS, 15. (b) adjectives in, though belonging in thought with antecedent: see ORDER OF WORDS, 8; of noun in, etc.: see ORDER OF WORDS, 14. (c) use of: (1) as explanatory: quae (=ca enim)... accepit, iii. 544; cui (=ei enim)... debentur, iv. 275, 276; quamn (=eam enim)... nmtigat, v. 783; unde (=inde enim)... ducis, v. 801. (2) in apposition with noun: quac... fui, ii. 5, 6. (3) in subj., to express purpose: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (3). (4) in subj., to express cause: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (1). (5) in subj, to express adversative ideas: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (2). (6) in subj., to express result: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (4). (7) in subj., to express wish: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (5). (8) in subj, to express repetition: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (6). Relative pronoun: (a) used to connect clauses very closely: quenz, i. 64, i. 546; cui, iv. 138; quain, iv. 90; quam, iv. 436; quos, v. 554; (similar is cum=quo temnporc, vi. 91). (b) seldom repeated in a different case-form, cui... lo( iI, ii. 71; catuli... exspcctant, ii. 357, 358: iii. 382; v. 252; duro... tergo, v. 403; vi. 350; ab ea, vii. 63; Turni... habcbat, ix. 593, 594; x 674; et ipse, xii. 226; xii. 262, 263. (c) postpositive: i. 287, i. 584, ix. 629. religio, 'agency of religion', 'revelation', iii. 363; 'reverence', 'religious awe', ii. 715; 'holy observance', iii. 409; 'sacred majesty', xii. 182, ~186. RELIGIOUS ELEM;ENT IN AENEID: see AENEID. religo+ab and abl., vii. 106; ~140, n. remigium, 'oarsmen', iii. 471. remis insurgere: see insurgere remis. removere mensas, 'end a feast', i. 216, i. 723. RLPEATED WORDS, metrical treatment of: see REPETITION, 8. rependo, in figurative sense, 'offset', i. 239. REPETITION. 1. General remarks on: aurea, iv. 139; plenis... lis, v. 281; improper, ut... uique, ii. 665 (in a purpose clause, with only one verb). 2. Of an idea in varying forms: ii. 546; sede, ii. 568; praesentia, iii. 174; vati, iii. 433; iv. 407-409; nigra... sub nube, v. 516. 3. Of words even in changed sense: ruunt, i, 85; rcruim, 'des tinies', i. 278, vs. r e urnt, 'the world', i. 282: alta, 'deep', i. 427. vs. alta, 'high', i. 429 (repetition here is rhetoi ically effective); tidebar... isus (cst), ii. 730-732; ( ipuit....ercpta. ii. 736-738; cxtulit, v. 424, v. 427. 4. Of words, for rhetorical purposes: hinc... hinc, i. 234. 2235; lumina... lumina, ii 405, 406; furens... fur cntcsm, ii. 498, 499; divum... divum, ii. 602; arma... arma, ii.;6S: atro... atcr, iii. 28-3.3; lucvta... luca, iii. 412; luno INDEX 575 nis... Iunoni, iii. 437, 438; nunc... nunc... nunc, iv. 376, 377; intenta... intenti, v. 136, 137; risere... rident, v. 181, 182; Ida... Ida, v. 252-254; proximus...proimus, v. 320. 5. Connects clauses effectively: saepe.. saepe, ii. 108-;110; sanguine... sanguine, ii. 116 -118, sternit... sternit, ii. 306; et alteriu'... et alterius, iii. 31-33; bellum... bellumne, iii. 247, 248; (semper... semper, iv. 466, 467). 6. Repetition effects pathos: i. 100, 101; saxa... saxa, i. 108, 109; i. 120, 121; fortem... fortem, i. 222; i. 486; ii. 483, 484; ii. 756; ora, ora, vi. 495, 496, x. 821, 822; ix. 774, 775; xi. 818; xii. 179. 7. Voices encouragement, joy, etc.: vos... vos, i. 200, 201; fortem... fortem, i. 612. 8. Metrical treatment of repeated words: ~~263-265. (a) different: ~264; perque... perque, i. 537; novas... nova, 1. 657; mirantur... mirantur, i. 709; (sternit... sternit, il. 306); unum... una, ii. 709, 710; nate... nate, ii. 733; audit... audit, ix. 394; labitur... labuntur, xi. 818. (b) same: ~265; fortem.. fortem, i. 222; miratur... miratur, i. 421, 422; hie... hic... hi... hic, ii. 29, 30; si forte... si forte, ii. 756; et alterius... et alterius, iii. 31 -33; unum... unum, iii. 435; lunonis... Iunont, iii. 437, 438; vidi.. vidi, iii. 623-627; hoc... hoc.. hoc, v. 73, 74; duo... duo. duo, v. 77, 78; Ida.. Ida, v. 252 -254; forte... forte, vi. 186 190. (c) Similar and different combined: ~266; i. 750, iv. 139. 9. Repetition of verses: iii. 48=ii. 774; iii. 153=ii. 775; iii. 516 -i. 744; iii. 612=ii. 76; iv. 7 -iii. 589; iv. 126=i. 73; cf. iv. 272, 273, with iv. 232, 233 (in delivery of a message); iv. 280 nearly=ii. 774, iii. 48; iv. 583= iii. 208; v. 8-11 nearly=iii. 192 -195; v. 89 nearly=iv. 701; v. 777==iii. 130; v. 778-iii. 290; vi. 700-702=ii. 792-794; vi. 901 =iii. 277; xii. 165=i. 313. Repetition, subjunctive of: see MOODS, II, 4, (c), (6). repeto (sc. memoria), 'recall', Ill. 184. repono+dative, v. 752. reposco, 'claim as one's due', x. 374. repostus-repositus, i. 26, iii. 364, vi. 59. res=res publica, i. 268, ii. 322; 'state', 'condition', 'position', i. 515, i. 563; 'narrative', ii. 196; in plural, 'troubles', i. 178; 'destinies', i. 278; 'the world', i. 282; 'fortunes', i. 452; 'interests', ii. 350; 'the truth', x. 666; 'role', xii. 227; res secundae, i. 207. resigno+abl. of separation, iv. 244. resolvo, 'slacken limbs', vi. 422. RESULT, emphasis laid on, rather than on process: see on telo, i. 99; ante, i. 198; vento accesserit, (=appulsus sit), i. 307; cadet= sternetur, i. 334; patuit=ostenta est, i. 405; ardescit==inflammatur, i. 713; stetit, 'was kept firm'== stabilita est, ii. 163; incidit= fcrtur, ii. 305; steterat, ii. 352; arduus=erectus, ii. 475; labat, ii. 492; adesse==venire, ii. 732, (vi. 34); stant, 'are set up', iii. 63; steterant, iii. 110; manifesti, iii. 150; immotus, iii. 570; manerent, iv. 343; vidit, iv. 453; stant, iv. 509; trahens, iv. 701; iacuit, v. 336; stant... flamma, vi. 300; stat, vi. 554; resident, ix. 643; fatiscunt, ix. 809; haeret (=premitur or impeditur) pede, x. 361; ruebant, x. 756; stat, x. 771; on ferro, xii. 209. 576 INDEX reus+gen., v. 237. RHESUS, death of, i. 472, 473. RHYTHM defined, ~226; in Latin, quantitative, ~228; Latin, vs. English, ~228. RIVERS, Roman poets interested in, Ii. 497; in Latin poetry, type of swiftness, i. 317. ROBES embroidered, etc., a reproach, ix. 614 (cf. iv. 215-217). Roma, Vergil's etymology of, i. 277. ROMAN HOUSE, peristylium of, ii. 528. ROMANS, Trojan in origin, hinc, i. 234, genus... Memmi, v. 117, xii. 166 (cf. i. 33, text), ~59; wont to dedicate to gods things for which they had no further use, fixit, i. 248; especially fitted to govern others, vi. 847-852. ROME, streets of, well-paved, i. 422; noise in, ibid.; Vergil studies at, ~38; colony from Troy, deducere, ii. 800. Romulus, founder of Rome, i. 276, 277; to be reconciled to Remus, i. 292. roseus=pulcher, i. 402, ii. 593. rudentes, 'rigging', how handled, iii. 267; cf. rudentis excutere, iii. 682, 683. ruina, 'downfall', etc., ii. 310. rumpo, as tr.+acc. of effect, ii. 129, iii. 246, iv. 553; cf. rupto... turbine, ii. 416; ==abrumpo, iii. 580, xii. 699. ruo: see VERB, ~2, (m). S SABINES famous for purity of life, viii. 637; Sabine women, rape of, viii. 635, 636. sacer, 'accursed', iii. 57; 'awful', vi. 573. SACRIFICE of thanksgiving for safe arrival, dapibus, iii. 355, templis, i. 632; to nether gods performed at night, vi. 252. SAILING in winter unusual, i. 551, iv. 309, v. 35. SAILORS loath to leave land, having no compass, iii. 507; used stars as guides, iv. 578, 579; fearing shipwreck consecrate themselves, xii. 769. SAILS, how handled, iii. 549, v. 16, fecere pedcm, v. 830; cf. also v 831-832; square, adversa, i. 103, acquatis... rclis, iv. 587. SALTED MEAL used at sacrifices, ii. 133, xii. 173 (cf. iv. 517). sanguis, scansion of, ~~248, 242, x. 487. SATURNUS, ~~274, 275, 293; reigns in Italy, ~~274, 275, i. 569. satus+abl., ii. 540, iv. 198; satus Anchisa, v. 244, v. 424. SAYING, verb of, omitted: see ELLIPSIS, V. scaena, force of, i. 164, i. 429. SCALE-ARMOR FOR IIORSES, Xi. 771. SCiLING-LADDERS unknown in Trojan times, ii. 442. SCANSION, special notes: see LICENCES; METER; METRICAL CONVENIENCE; METRICAL CORRESPONDENCE; IIEXAMETER; REPETITION, 8. SCHEDAE VATICANAE, ~314. SCHILLER, admirer of Vergil, ~81. scilicet, with ironical emphasis, ii 577, vi. 526 (cf. iv. 379); not sarcastic, vi. 750. scio+infin., i. 63, ~166; scansion of, iii. 602, ~249. secessus, 'estuary', i. 159. secretus, 'apart', ii. 299, v. 613; =adv., 'apart', viii. 610; =nouc, 'hidden haunt', vi. 10. secundus vs. proximnts, v. 320; of a chariot, 'swiftly gliding', i. 156. securus+objective gen., i. 350, x 326, vii. 304. sed. postpositive, i. 353; sed.. autcm, ii. 101; sed enim, i. 19, i. 164, vi. 28. sedeo suggests inactivity, feebleness, i. 295; 'be firmly established', 'be resolved', ii. 660, v. 418. sedes, 'lasting abode', i. 205, i. 247. semianimis, scansion of, ~249, iv. 686 (cf. x. 396, x. 404). SIEXlMI-IIATLs: see LICENCES, 9. sem ta, 'path', 'foot path', i. 418, ix. 383. INDEX 577 semiustus, scansion of, ~249, v. 697 (cf. iii. 578). sensus, 'mind', 'intelligence', vi. 747. sentio, 'feel to one's sorrow', vii 434. sepelio, loosely used, iii. 41; in extravagant phrase, ii. 265 (cf. iii. 630); spultuss==soporatus, vi. 424. septena-septen, v. 85. sequax, of waves, 'ravenous', v. 193. SEQLEL, anticipation of: see ANTICIPATION, etc. SEQLENCE OF TENSES: see TENSES, VII. sero, of speech, vi. 160. servo, 'keep in view', vl. 200; 'cling to', ii. 568, vi. 402, ix. 43; 'keep green in memory', vi. 507. sMu (a) in dependent questions, i. 218, 219, ii. 739; (b) after relative conditional clause, v. 69; seu... sivc==utrum (or-ne)... an, poetic use, i. 218. 219. SEVEN a sacred number, v. 85. SEVEN AGAINST TII1,BES, expedition of, vi. 479, 480. SHIELD, often described as of seven layers, viii. 448, 449; bears device, insigne, ii. 392, picti scuta, vii. 796, pictis... armis, xi. 660, xii. 281; without device, xi. 711; mode of carrying, ii. 672; originally made largely of ox-hide, x. 482; banged to frighten enemy, x. 568; Vergil fond of elaborate descriptions of, x. 482, viii. 625, viii. 448, 449. SIIPS, stern of, higher than main body, hence called high, i. 183, ii. 375, iii. 527; in Trojan times had only one bank of oars, i. 182; arms on poop of, i. 183; sails of, square: see SAILS; pitched or greased, iv. 398; have figure heads at bow, v. 116-122 (see n. on v. 122); have painted sterns, pictas... puppis, v. 663, pictas... carinas, vii. 431; in Homeric times could not sail against head winds, ii. 111; steering-gear of, v. 177; tackle of, called aima, armamentum, v. 15, or rudentes, i. 87, iii. 267; maneuvers of, in tacking, fecere pedem, v. 830, torquent... detorquent, v. 831, 832; in Vergil's time crossed from Brundisium, Italy, to Dyrrachium, Greece, iii. 382, iii. 507; anchored prow to sea, iii. 277, vi. 901; drawn up on land after voyage and in winter, i. 551, ii. 30, vi. 3; garlanded when entering or leaving port, iv. 418; commander of, has place on stern, viii. 680 (cf. iv. 554, v. 132, 133). SHORT FINAL VOWEL before initial i- consonant, and before double consonant: see FINAL SHORT VOWEL. si: (a) iu wishes: vi. 187, 188, vi. 882, x. 458 (?). (b) in vain regret or wish contrary to fact: o si.. adesset, xi. 415. (c) si in reverent allusions to the future: v. 64, 65; vi. 770; vi. 829. (d) si in clause which virtually expresses purpose: si... videat, i. 181, 182; si.. possit, iv. 85; si... possit, vi. 78; si... adiuvct, x. 458 (?). (e) With no element of doubt, 'if, as is the case', 'since', iii. 433, 434 (see on vati); in a prayer, ix. 406, 407, (twice), xii. 778. (f) in dependent questions, 'whether', iv. 110. (g) si... sin correlatives; i. 553-555, ii. 189-192. (h) si omitted: sineret dolor, vi. 31; used twice in a single protasis, v. 398. SIBYL, ~56; iii. 443; writes prophecies on leaves, iii. 444-452; when inspired is superhuman, maior... videri, vi. 49. SIBYLLINE BOOKS highly honored: ~82, penetralia, vi. 71; in charge of commissioners, sacrabo.. viros, vi. 73, 74; mode of consulting, ~82. sic, emphatic, 'thus only', iv. 637; gathers up preceding description, 1, 225, x, 875, x. 901, xii. 304. 578 INDEX siccus, 'hungry', ii. 358. Sidonius, 'Carthaginian', 'Phoenician', i. 446. sidus=tempus, iv. 309; in pl., 'signs of the zodiac', vi. 795. SIEGE, mention of, an anachronism, iii. 52, ix. 598. SIGNALS made by fire, etc., ii. 256. signa, figures chased on silver, v. 267, on a crater, v. 536; figures in embroidery, i. 648; 'signal-giving instruments', x. 310. signo, 'make valid', 'give meaning to', iii. 287. SILVIUS, cognomen of the Alban kings, vi 763. similis, constructions with, v. 594. SIMPLE VERB for compound: see VERB, 2. simplex, 'pure', 'elemental', vi. 747. simul=simut atque, iii. 630; simul... simul=one simul, i. 513. simul as preposition+abl., simul his dictis, xi. 827 (cf. v. 327). simulacrum, force of, ii. 772. simulo vs. dissimulo, i. 516; 'make like to', iii. 349. sin, correlative to si, i. 555, ii. 192. SINGULAR, noteworthy uses of: see AGREEMENT, I, (a), (c), IV. SINGULAR, collective: ~172; cardo, i. 449; custode, i. 564; milite, ii. 20, ii. 495; fronde, ii. 249; myrtus, iii. 23; certamine, iii. 128; iii. 266; rupe, iii. 647; iv. 152; iv. 202; iv. 261; carina, iv. 398; v. 116; v. 349; v. 490; pedis, v. 567, pedem, v. 830; vi. 4; vi. 137; vi. 431; vi. 492; Aegyptus... Arabs, viii. 705, 706; pater... Romanus, ix. 449; x. 538; xii. 911. sinistra (sc. manus), 'left arm', x. 545. sinit, scansion of, x. 433; ~242. sino+paratactic subjunctive: ii. 669, v. 163, v. 717, xii. 828. sinus, 'curve', 'bend' in general, then 'gulf', i. 161; 'bay', ii. 23; 'winding course' of a river, vi. 132; 'fold' of sail (iii. 455), v. 16, v. 831. si quis=quicumque, ii. 420. sisto=consisto, iii. 7; 'fetch', legal sense, iv. 634. SKINS of beasts as robes, i. 275, ii. 722; Charon's boat fashioned of, sutilis, vi. 414. SKY conceived of as palace, from which day issues, etc., i. 374. SLAVES, all of one age, possessed only by those of royal rank, i. 705. SLEEP, Vergil's view of, consanguineus, vi. 278; viewed as a blessing, ii. 253, iv. 522-530, vi. 522; kinsman of death, vi. 278; =death, xii. 309, 310. SNAKES, crests of, ii. 206; +win, symbol of coming ruin, viii. 697 (cf. ii. 203 ff., vii. 450). socio+acc. and abl., i. 598-600 (cf. iv. 16, ix. 594). solvo, of 'slackening' (paralysis) of limbs, i. 92, xii. 951. somnus, 'dream', ii. 794, iii. 173. sonans (est)=sonat, vi. 50. sono+acc. of effect, i. 328; horrendum sonuere, ix. 732. sopor, 'dream', iii. 173. SORTES VERGILIANAE, ~~80, 82. sortior, loosely used as='choose', ii. 18. SOUL (spirit) of individual is a portion of the anima mundi, vi. 726; disposition of, in underworld, crimina, vi. 433; post mortem condition of, Manibus et cineri, x. 828; purified after death by punishment, vi. 739-742; of dead craves vengeance, umbris, x. 519. See also DEAD. SoUncE, ablative of, with participles: see CASES, V, 3. spatia, '(race) course', v. 316. SPEAR, headless, prize of bravery in war, vi. 760; got by warrior from bodies of slain, raptas, ix. 763; stetcrunt....capis, x. 334, 335, iaculo... rapto, x. 342, hastam... receptat, x. 383. specula, 'height', xi. 526. SPEECII, verb of, omitted: see ELLIPSIS, V. SPELLING: see quu. INDEX 579 spero, 'expect' evil, 'fear', i. 543, iv. 292, iv. 419. SPOLIA OPIMA taken but thrice in Roman history, vi. 855. SPONDAIC VE'SE defined. ~233; example of such verse, v 320. SPONDEE defined, ~230; effect of, in verse, x. 842. stagna, force of, i. 126. STARS, believed to be fed by ether, i. 608; revolve, volvuuItur, iv. 524; used by sailors as guides, iv. 578, 579; fixed like nails in the sky, v. 527, axem... aptu, iv. 482. stat (sc. mhi71), 'I am resolved', ii. 750, xii. 678. SrATLE OF DEITY confounded with deity proper, ~299, salsus, ii. 173. STATLRE OF GODS, i. 501, ii. 592, ii. 773; of the dead, ii. 773. STEERING-GEAR of Roman ship, v. 177. STEREOTYPED EXPRESSIONS of prose avoided by poets, terris... ct alto, i. 3; focdcia iungt, iv. 112. sterno, in military metaphor, i. 190. STERNS of ships painted, high, etc.: see SHIPS. stetirunt: scansion of, ii. 774, iii. 48, x. 334; ~246. sto=a strengthened sum, iii. 210, stct, vi. 471; 'stand firm', x. 359; 'come to anchor', iii. 403; ==passive of ar.igo, 'be uplifted', vi. 300. See also on iii. 63, iii. 110. See stat. STONES used as anchors in Trojan times, i. 169. STORM-GOD, (Hicms), offerings to, iii. 120. STRANGERS (foreigners) treated as foes by Carthaginians, i. 298, i. 526. See FOREIGNERS. STREETS (in Rome, etc.), narrow, ii. 332. stride, third conjugation forms of; see FORMS, II, 1; ='gurgles', 'sobs', said of a wound, iv. 689; +acc. of effect: ~130, horrendum stridens, ix. 632, magnum stridens, ix. 705. stringo+acc. of effect, i. 552; +de and abl., strinmit de corpore, x. 478. struo, force of, i. 704; of difficult tasks, ii. 60. studium, in plur., 'enthusiastic cheers', v. 148, v. 228. STUMBLING on threshold, ominous, ii. 243. stupeo+acc., ii. 31; +infin., xii. 707 -709. Stygius frater=Pluto, ix. 104. STIX, unburied dead wander about, i. 353. suadeo+infin.. i. 57. sub-, compounds with, denote motion upward, i. 424, i. 438, i. 551. sub suggests trickery, ii. 83; 'within', 'in', i. 36; 'under cover of', in figurative relations, ii. 188; 'with help of', v. 585, x. 497; 'at the hands of', x. 438; 'just before', vi. 255, i. 662; 'immediately after', v. 394; 'close behind', v. 323; 'at', v. 285. subduco+dat., x. 615. subeo, 'steal over', ii. 560, ii. 575, x. 371, ix. 757; 'assails', ix. 344; 'face', 'meet', x. 798. SUBJECT OF TWO VERBS in second clause' see ORDER OF WORDS, 13 SUBJUNCTIVE: see MOODS, II. sublimis=a perfect pass. participle (sublatus), iv. 240, v. 255;=an adv., i. 415, vi. 719. subrigo, old form of surge, iv. 183. sufficio+infin., v. 21, 22; ~165. SUETONXIUS, ~34; biographies by, ~34; ultimate source of Donatus's life of Veigil, ~34. SUGGESTIVENESS OF VERGIL'S LANGUAGE: adsurgens, i. 535; longam.. penum, i 703, 704; struere, i. 704; insidat, i. 719; hospitibus, i. 731; quantus, i. 752; attollenter iras, ii. 381; spumeus, ii. 419; defessi, ii. 565; ubere laeto, iii. 95; subnixa, iii. 402; frena... frre, iii. 542; infreni, iv. 41; obscenum, iv. 455; veniens...gente, v. 373; ferre manum, v. 402; deponunt, v. 751; manu, vi. 435; ianus, vi. 629; taedae, vii. 322; mediam... quietem, vii. 414; 580 INDEX' alti, ix. 697; inimicum insigne, xii. 914. sum, loss of present participle of, causes inconvenience, ii. 447; imperfect of, has pathetic effect, i. 343, i. 354, i. 544; perfect of, has pathetic effect, fuit, ii. 325, hii. 11, vii. 413; 'be possible', vi. 596, viii. 676. summus, 'top (surface) of', i. 737, ii. 460, iii. 22, x. 476; 'last', ii. 324; 'end of', ii. 463. SUN, track of, symbolic of civilized world, i. 568; rises from and sinks into ocean, i. 745, iii. 508. suovetaurilia, v. 96, 97. super, adverb, —desuper, v. 697, x. 384, x. 893; ='besides', i. 29, ii. 348; =-an adj., 'surviving', iii. 489, 'lingering', iv. 684; scanned super, vi. 254, ~~241, 245. super=dc, as preposition, i. 750, iv. 233. SUPERLATIVE (adjective), fondness for, with proper name, i. 496, i 72, i. 741; strengthened forms of: see ADJECTIVE, 1, (C). supero, 'survive', =supersum, ii. 597, iii. 339, v. 519, v. 713; with dat., because it-=supersun, ii. 643. superus in sing.==dcus, a rare use, vi. 780; in pl., 'gods of heaven', i. 4, etc. superus, adj., of upper world of life, ii. 91. Supine: ta) in-u, miserabile visu, i. 111; mirabile dictu, i. 439; digna. rclatu, ix. 595. (b) in-urn, of purpose, etc., scrvitunm, ii. 786. SUPPLIANTS, regularly unarmed, i. 487. supplicatio, 'thanksgiving', i. 632. supposta==supposita, vi. 24. supra est=supereminet, vii. 784. suscipio, special force of, i. 175, iv. 327; 'catch', vi. 249; 'catch up' ('answer') a speaker, vi. 723. suspectas habuisse vs. suspcxisse, iv. 97. suus vs. proprius, i. 73; stands in subject of sentence, i. 461, iii. 469, iii. 494, x. 438, x. 467; special uses of, suam, iv. 633, suis, x. 392. SWEARING, ace. with veibs of, vi. 324, iv. 351, xii. 197. See iuro SWINE, SHEEIP AND OXEN sacrificed together, v. 96, 97. SYLLABA ANCEIPS, ~234. SYLLABLES IEAVY AND LIGHT, p. 74, footnote. SYNAPHETA, ~256. SYNCOPATED FORMS: see FORMS, III, (b). SYNIZESIS: see LICENCEs, 4. SYNTAX, notes on: see ANACOLUTHON; CASES; MOODS; TENSES; confusion of: see CONFUSION, (a). SYRACUSE, complimented by Vergil, iii. 697. SYSTOLE: see LICENCES, 3. T. tabeo, force of, i. 173. TABLE conceived of as altar (hence libations poured on), i. 736; removed at close of feast, i. 216, i 723. taceo, transitive, taciturn, vi. 841. tacitus, 'faltering', 'subdued' (step). xii. 219; see also taceo. taeda, 'marriage torch', iv. 18, iv. 339; 'pine-beams', iv. 505. taedet. construction with, iv. 451. taenis-taeniis, v. 269. talentum, 'great weight', v. '112, v. 248. talis, 'noble', 'godlike', i. 606; refers now to what follows, now to what precedes, i. 94. TALLN'ES admired by the Greeks, i 501. tam... quam=quo... co (with comparative), vii. 787, 788. tamen, 'at least', iv. 327; see on ix. 315. tandem in questions, i. 331; with Ihe imperative, ii. 523. tanti, gen. (?) of price, iii. 453. tanton=-tantonc, x. 668. tantum, adv. acc., 'enough' v. 21, ix. INDEX 581 806; as noun, 'so much only', x. 400. tantus, 'grievous', i. 231; '(that) awful', i. 566; 'huge', 'monstrous', v. 404; 'illustrious', i. 606. Tasso imitated Vergil, ~81. telum, used of a blow, v. 438; of the stroke of a sword, x. 586. temno=contcmno, i. 542. TEMPLES, purificatory water at doors of, vi. 635, 636. templum vs. adytum, ii. 404. tempto+infin., i. 721, iii. 240, 241; 'search for ', iii. 146. tempus, 'chance', xi. 783. tendo (sc. tter, viam), 'go', i. 205; (sc. tentoria), 'tent', ii. 29; boldly used with unusual objects, tendere... lumina, ii. 405; tendo... cum voce manus, iii. 176; oculos...tctendit, v. 508; cum voce ianus... tcndit, x. 667. Cf. protendo. teneo: see VERB, 2, (p). TENNYSON, influenced by Vergil, ~81; poem by, to Vergil, p. 9. TENSES. 1. The Present. 1. (a) General remarks on: eripis, ii. 665; relinquor, ii. 678; congeritur, ii. 766; fumat, iii. 3; vindicat, iv. 228; ferre, vi. 464; volvuntur, vi. 581; ferrc, x. 442; congredior, xii. 13; componi, xii. 109; (b) pres. vs. pf., iii. 3; (c) expresses continued action, versat, i. 657. 2. +expressions of duration of time: tot annos... gero, i. 47, 48; tertia... tremesco, iii. 645-648. 3. Historical present ('present of vivid narration'): (a) much used by Vergil: ~149; (b) used even in relative clauses: quae... mittit, ix. 361; cui... petit, x. 312, 313; mittit, x. 351; x. 518; (c) combined with imperfect: ibat... laxat, ii. 254 -259; (d) combined with perfect: libavit.... fatur, i. 256; (e) combined with instantaneous perfect: ~151; volat...adstzttt, i. 300, 301; convellnmus... impulimus, ii. 464, 465; di ipucre... et... ingruit, xii. 283, 284. 4. Expresses repeated action: obti uncat, ii. 663. 5. Used in piophecies and in retrospects: see FIGURE OF VISION. 7. In subjunctive, has future force: vertant, i. 671; merset, vi. 615; in a conditional sentence, iv. 401. 8. Has conative force: see on arceret, i. 300, and on ii. 480. Examples are (a), in indic., lustro, ii. 564; captat, iii. 514; proturbant, ix. 441, x. 801; apit, x. 486; terres, x. 879; tiahit, xi. 816; (b) in present infin: trepidare... restinguere, ii. 685, 686; tendere, ix. 377; (c) in participle, euntis, ii. 111; fugiens, v. 276; tegentem, vi. 498. II. Imperfect. 1. Used of lasting states: tenebant, ii. 1, vii. 287. 2. Combined with historical present: ibat.. laxat, ii. 254 -259. 3. Implies repetition: ferebat, ii. 344; fundabat, vi. 4; dabat, v. 706, vi. 116. 4. ='began to', etc.: parabat, i. 360. 5. Has conative force: (a) in indic., agebat, v. 272; lenibat, vi. 467; tegebat, ix. 346; torquebat, xii. 901; (b) in subj., arceret, i. 300; simularet, vi. 591. 6. -iam dudum, etc., i. 580, 581; iam dudum tenens, v. 512, 513 (the prtcpl. here really=an imperfect). 7. Expresses pathos: erat, i. 343, i. 354, i. 544. 8. General remarks on: vastaI 582 INDEX bat, i. 622; timebat, 'used to fear', ii. 130; impf. vs. plpf.; ii. 344; iacebat, ix. 336. III. Future: see MOODS, I, 5. IV. Perfect. 1. Third person pl. indic. in -cre. see FoRMS, II. 4. 2. Denotes success: cavra it, ii. 481. 3. Used to effect pathos: fuimus... Ilium, ii. 325; vixt, iv. 653; fuit, iii. 11; fuit, vii. 413. 4. Instantaneous perfect t: ~~150, 151; (a) in indic., i. 84; i. 90; i. 301; i. 588; ii. 1 (combined here with impf.); ii. 380; ii. 465; iv. 164; iv. 582; v. 145; x. 804; xii. 283; (b) in subjunctive mood: tules nt... hausrit, ii. 600. 6. 'Gnomic' perfect in similes: constitfrunt, iii. 681. 7. Special force of: deseruere d. dedcre, ii. 565, 566; l. plpf., iv. 200. 8. Perfect subjunctive in commands or exhortations: [ucrslt, iii. 453; fuert... sccuta, vi. 62; occilerit... sinas, xii. 828. 9. Perfect infinitive in apodosis of unreal condition: merumsse, ii. 434. V. Pluperfect: steterat, ii. 352; sacraove at, iv. 200; tulisset, ii. 756; laesissct, vii. 809; invaserat, ix. 799; impuletat, x. 363; debueram, x. 853; vs. impf., ii 344; vs. pf., iv. 200. VI Future perfect: fuerit quodcumnque, ii. 77; fuerit, iii. 499; defuerint, vi. 89; oravcris, vi. 92; redarguerit, xi. 688; edid rit... miscrit, ix. 785; torsertt, x. 334. VII. Sequence of Tenses: arce et, i. 300; peragat... relinquat, iv. 452; adi cs, vi. 534. TENTS, mention of, an anachronism, i. 469. tepidus, force of, iii. 627. ter, in sacred connections, ii. 174, iv. 510. terga of a shield, x. 482, x. 784. terque quaterque, 'many times', 'greatly', i. 94, iv. 589. tceni=-tl c, v. 560. terrarum omitted, with oblis, iv. 119, testoi=imploio, iii. 599. testudo, 'vaulted roof', i. 505. tete, xii. 891. thalamus, 'marriage', x. 649 (cf. vi. 94). THANKSGIVING for safe return from a jouiney or voyage, i. 632, iii. 355. THEATRE, Roman, form of, theatri circus, v. 288, 289; back wall of (scaena), i. 164; allotment of seats in, ora prima patrum, v. 340, 341. THEOCRITUS, imitated by Vergil in Eclogues, ~46. TII:SEUS, descent of, to Hades, vi. 122, 123. THESIS, ~231. THIILD CONJUGATION FORMS for those of second or fourth conjugation: see FoniRS, II, 1. THIRD PERSON, INDEFINITE, 'men', as subject: habitant, iii. 106; habitabant, iii. 110; iaciunt, ix. 712. TIIRACE, typical land of cold, xi. 660; haunt of Mars, iii. 13, ~283. THRACIANS good archers, v. 312. THREE a sacred number, ter, ii. 174, iv. 510. Threicius, 'northern', xi. 659. THUNDERBOLT represented as winged, v. 319. TIBULLUS, ~31. TIMAVUS, description of, i. 246. TISIPIIONE causes bloodshed, pallida, x. 761 (cf. Allecto's influence, vii. 325 if.); punishes guilt, vi. 570 -572. Titan=sol, iv. 119. TITANS, ~~273, 274; confused with giants, iv. 179. Titania.. astra=the sun, vi. 724. Trrl:sIS: ~211; circun... fudit, i. 412; quae... cumque, i. 610; qua.. cusque, xi. 762; cirem..u dati, ii. 218; quo... usqIu, v. INDEX 583 384; hac... tenus, v. 603, vi. 62; in... igatus, x. 794. TOGA the distinctive dress of iomans, i. 282. TO.MBs, Romans fond of massive, onerabit, x. 558. TORCHES at weddings, vii. 322 (see Tacda); at funerals, vii. 322; borne by Furies: see FURIES. -tor, nouns in,==pres. participles ac tive, bcllator, xii. 614. tormentum, (artillery) engine, xii. 921, 922. torqueo, 'poise', ix. 402. torquis, neck chain worn by Romans, v. 558, auro, viii. 661. tortus, 'pelting' (rain), viii. 429. torus, 'bier', vi. 220. tot, defined, i. 204; 'many', i. 204. totiens, 'time and again', i. 407. TOVWELS used at banquets, i. 702. TONER, of various stories, part of city defenses, xii. 674, 675. trabes, 'timbers', i. 552; in sing., 'ships', iii. 191; in pl., 'ships', iv. 566. TRAGIC POETRY written by Pollio, ~30. trahere ruinam, 'fall in trailing ruin', ii. 465, 466, ii. 631. TRANSFERRED EPITHET: see ADJECTIVE, 2, (f). TRANSITIVE VERB intransitive: see CASES, IV, 11. traxe=-traxisse, v. 786; ~105. TREATY, ceremonies at making of, xii. 13. tremo, of fresh raw meat, i. 212, iii. 627. tremesco+acc., ~130; iii. 648; +infin., xii. 916. trepido+infin., ix. 114. TRICKERY not condemned in Homeric age, Ulixes, ii. 44; v. 338. TRIPOD, seat of priestess at Delphi, etc., iii. 92 (cf. vi. 347); offered to the gods, sacri, v. 110. TRIREMES unknown in the Homeric age, v. 119. tristis, 'sorrow-causing', i. 238, ii. 184; tristior, 'in dire distress', i. 228; 'awful', 'cruel', ii. 548. I I TRITON, ~289. TRIUMPHAL PROCESSIONS, vi. 836, 837; floats in, viii. 727. TIRIUMVIRATE, second, ~7; renewed, ~9. TROILUS, death of, i. 478. TROJANS, exiles of, in Crete, Epirus, and Sicily, i. 602; language of, o)a. signant, ii. 423; start from Ida, iii. 8; wander seven years, i. 755, iii. 8. TROPIlILs, etc., hung up in or on temples, fixit, i. 248; iii. 287, 288; v. 360; aptat... postibus, viii. 721, 722. TIuousERS condemned by Romans, xi. 777. TROY, story of, ~~51-54; founded by Dardanus, who came from Italy, i. 380; walls of, built by Neptune and Apollo, ii. 610; twice captured, ii. 642, 643, ix. 599. TRUMPrrT gives signal for battle, x. 310, xi. 424. trunca=truncata, iii. 659. tu, with imp., denotes urgency, ii. 606, 607. TUCCA, PLOTIUS, ~50. tueor+acc. of effect, ~~128, 134, acerba tuens, ix. 794. tum, 'besides', 'moreover', i. 164, iii. 175, v. 455, vi. 20; repeats thought of preceding participle, vii. 76; gathers up thought of preceding temporal expression, x. 445; emphatic, 'in such a crisis', i. 151. tumultus, used especially of Gallic uprisings, vi. 857. tune, emphatic, 'in those memorable days', x. 517. TtAICS WITH SLEEVES condemned, ix. 616. turba, 'disorderly throng', i. 191; iii. 233; opposed to agmen, xii. 248, 249. turbo, intrans., ~139, vi. 800, ix. 339. TURNUS, ~57; foil to Aeneas, ~63; Vergil's estimate of, vii. 467' savagery of, x. 443. turpis, 'squalid', vi. 276. 584 INDEX turritus, 'tower-crowned', epithet of Cybele, vi. 785. tutus as full passive participle, i. 571, vi. 238, ix. 43. TYPHOEUS,, ~274; fight of, with Jupiter, i. 665, ix. 715, 716. tyrannus as an honorable title, vii. 266. Tyrius, 'Carthaginian', i. 12. U ubi, 'in what plight' (?), ii. 596; in purpose clause, v. 131. ULIXES is called dirus, ii. 261, durus, ii. 7; to Trojans is prince of tricksters, ii. 44, ii. 90, artificis, ii. 125, vi. 529, fandi fictor, ix. 602; parentage of, Aeolides, vi. 529. ullus, only used in sentences really negative, ii. 43. ultro, 'besides', ii. 145, v. 55; 'actually', ii. 193; 'of one's own initiative', ii. 279, ii. 372. ululo, tr., iv. 609. umbra, 'shadows of death', x. 541. unde=-prep.+relative, fontem... unde-fontem ex quo, i. 245;=a quo (of a person: a rare use), vi. 765, 766; in purpose clause, unde... scirent, v. 130, 131. UNDERWORLD, gods of, ~300. UNIVERSE, beginnings of, ~273. unus, 'pre-eminently', with relative pronoun, v. 704; with a phrase of comparison, i. 15; with superlative, ii. 426. UNFINISHED PASSAGES: see on vi. 743, 744; ix. 363; ~50. unus, 'only one', i. 584; =-derm, vi. 47; strengthens a superlative, ii. 426. usque adeo, 'so very', xii. 646. ut, uti, (a) 'how', i. 466, i. 667, ii. 4, vi. 513; (b) 'how gladly', ii. 283; (c) properly 'as', in a comparison, freely used in varying senses, 'where', v. 329, xii. 270; cf. v. 388, ix. 47, xii. 623; (d) in a wish (rare use): ut... ludar... reflectas, x. 631, 632; (e) improperly repeated, in a purpose clause which contains only one verb, ut... utque, ii. 665. uterque, force of, ii. 214. utinam with wishes unfulfilled, i. 575, ii. 110, iii. 615; postpositive, ii. 110, iii. 615. V vada, 'waters', vi. 320. vanus4-gen., veli vana, x. 630, 631. VARIATIONS FROM FAMILIAR EXPRESSIONS: see ELABORATE LANGUAGE. VARIETY, Vergil's love of: ~181; i. 446; i. 468; Amorem, i. 663, vs. Cupido, i. 658; lulum, i. 709, vs. Ascanio, i. 691; Dorica, ii. 27; nodos, ii. 220, vs. spiris, ii. 217, orbibus, ii. 204; diacones, ii. 225, vs. serpens, ii. 214, angucs, ii. 204; tergo... hastam, ii. 231, vs. validis... contorsit, ii. 50-52: sedcs, ii. 437; vs. tccta, ii. 440, domorulnt ii. 445; dextrae sc implicuit, ii. 723, 724, vs. implicuit... aev a, ii. 552; tumulum... Ccrerns, ii. 742, vs. tumulus...Ccrcris, ii. 713; iactlis, iii. 46, vs. hastilibus, iii. 23, hastilia, iii. 37; iii. 61 (shift from act. to pass. infin ); pedibus... uncis, iii. 233, vs. uncae... manus, iii. 217; iii. 420; canibus, iii. 432, vs. luporunm, iii. 428; cavo... saxo, iii. 450, vs. antio, iii. 446, rupe sub imCa, iii. 443; dcemcns, iv. 78, vs. furcns, iv. 69 (both=='love-crazed'); Dicta(o, iv. 73, vs. Cresia, iv. 70 (both ='Cretan'); Ascanium.. Iuli, iv. 274; scmita, iv. 407, rs. calle angusto, iv. 405; iv. 423; viri, iv. 461, vs. coniugis, iv. 458; toro, iv 508, vs. lectue... iugalem, iv. 496, roqum, iv. 640, cubile, iv 648; iv. 667; io... tumulo, v. 92, 93, vs. adytis... imis, v. 84; v. 101-103, is. i. 210-215; cisco, v. 109, vs. coetu, v. 107: v. 123; carcere, v. 145, is. fitibts, v. 1:39, limen, v 316; acquatis... rostiis, v. 232, vs. iunctis... fronti INDEX 585 bus, v. 157, 158; rmctis, v. 171, vs. inetam, v. 129 (of same place); vinclo umn, v. 408, rs. cacstus, v. 401; ictum, v. 444, zs. vulncrc, v. 436, vulnera, v. 433, tcla, v. 438; v 562; ostia, vi. 43, vs. oi a, vi. 53, cacno, vi. 296, vs. harenaii, vi. 297; natita, vi. 315, rs. po titor, vi. 298; hai cna, vi. 316, vs. ipas, vi. 305; vi. 323 ianitor, vi. 400, vs. custodeim, vi. 395; apud superos, vi. 568, ts. ad supcros, vi. 481; sensunm, vi 747, mens, vi. 727, spiritus, vi. 726; acthcriun, vi. 747, vs. caclestis, vi. 730; aurai... iqlnc, vi. 747; taeda, ix. 76, rs. pinu, ix. 72, facibus, ix. 74; sacras... pinus, ix. 116, vs. picca trabibusque... ac(is, ix. 87: ix 318; x. 658; armorumn... dolbs, xi. 523, rs. furta...blli, xi. 515 occurrcrc pugnac, xi. 528, vs. collatis.... signis, xi. 517; saxum, xii. 687, vs. mons, xii. 684 VARII Er OF FORMIS: Thymnbci, x 391, rs. Thymibrc, x. 394, both vocatives; ~~100, 251. VARIETY OF CONSTRUCTION: fcrrum cingitur, ii. 510, 511, vs. cingi tclis, ii. 520; ad sidcra... caelo, ii 687, 688; penctrali in sede, iv. 504, vs. tecto interiore, iv. 494; in constructions with dono, v. 260 -262, vs. v. 361; artus... euit, v. 422, 423, vs. exuc..cacstus, v. 420, exuta pcdem, iv. 518; Erymantho aut Ida in magna, v. 448, 449; verbera insonuit, vii. 451, vs. insonuitque flagello, v. 579; pares= adv., v. 580, vs. pariter, v. 553; quid Thesea... memoremn, vi. 122, 123; iacere ix. 318. VAIITI s, ~29; literary executor of Vergil, ~50. VARYING METRICAL TREATMENT Of proper ncmes: ~251. -ve with a question, i. 539; ix. 376, 377; misplaced, viii. 378. veho, in pass., 'sail', 'ride', i. 120; in pass.+acc. of ground traversed, i. 524; ~132, and n. vel, etymology and meaning of, i. 316; rs. ait, i. 324. vela facere, v. 281. velut apologizes for figurative language, i. 82; clutt... sic correlatives, i. 148-134. venatu, dative, ix. 605. venia, force of, iii. 144. VEINGEANCE, exaction of, a duty, iv. 659, 660. VEvmus ~280; mother of Aeneas, ~~52, 55; influence of, in Aeneid, and reasons therefor, ~302; friend of Troy, i. 228 if., nos, i. 250; source of all life, i. 618; mother of the Aeneadae (i. e. the Romani), i. 618; appears to Aeneas in her divine form, ~307 (cf. ii. 589 if.), in disguise, ~307, i. 314 if., i. 402, viii. 608; makes Dido love Aeneas, ~55: goddess of beauty, ~280, i. 591; closely associated with Cyprus, i. 415-417, i. 681, v. 759, 760; associated with Eryx in Sicily, v. 759, 760; rose from foam of sea, etc., v. 801; doves sacred to, vi. 193; cuts of, described, pp. 3, 5. Venus=anior, vi. 26. VERB 1. In use akin to that of adjective employed as transferred epithet: ululant, ii. 488; lambit, iii. 574; vocat... Cithaeron, iv. 303; stridit, iv. 689; luulante, xi. 662. 2. Simple verb=-compound verb of prose: ~201. (a) duco=produco, ii. 641, iv. 560. (b) eo=exeo, i. 246, ii. 27; -=abco, v. 269. (c) fero=aufero, x. 652; xii. 285; =-adfcro, vi. 503; =offero, iii. 529; =profero, ix. 338; -infero, x. 797. (d) figo=-transfigo, v. 544. (e) fundo=effundo, vi. 440, vii. 421. (f) lusti o=inlustro, iv. 6, iv. 607. 586 INDEX (g) mitto-=dimitto, i. 203; =znmitto, — dat., xii. 629. (h) nego-ablnego, iv. 428. (i) pono=depono, i. 173, i. 291, i. 302, xi. 830, xii. 209; =impono, i. 706, iv. 602; =compono, viii. 639. (j) premo=opprmo, iii. 47; =comprimo, vi. 155. (k) quaero=Minquro, vi. 868. (1) rumpo=a)brumpo, iii. 580; xii. 669. (m) ruo=proruo, i. 83; =eruo, i. 35, i. 85. (n) sisto=consisto, iii. 7. (o) tcmno —contemno, i. 542. (p) tcneo-detineo, v. 154; -contineo, ix. 598; =retineo, x. 802, xii. 819. (q) voco=rcvoco, v. 471. (r) volvo=evolvo, i. 9, i. 22, i. 262. 3. Intransitive, through ellipsis of reflexive pronoun: see CASES, IV, 11. 4. For forms of verb, see FORirs, II, III, (b), (e), (f). 5. Syntax of: see MOODS; TENSES. VERBAL ENDINGS, long, contrary to general classical usage; for examples see LIC:NCES, 2, (b), (2), 2, (c), (d), (e). VERGIL, sources of our knowledge of, ~~33, 34; birth and education of, ~~35-38; early poems by, ~39; loses his farm, but regains it, ~40; lived much away from Rome, ~44; personal characteristics of, ~44; possessed stiong religious temperament, ~36; lover of nature, ~36, i. 165; always remembered his birthplace, ~36; death of, ~43; chronology of life of, ~45; viewed as magician and prophet, ~83; sources of text of, ~314; a slow and careful worker, ~48; method of, while composing Aeneid, ~~48, 49; was never engaged on more than one woik at a time, ~48; deeply indebted to Iomer, ~73, to Naevius and Ennius, ~73, end; as an imitator, ~~74, 75; supports Augustus's efforts to effect religious revival, ~66; interested in natural philosophy, ~~38, 43, i. 746; condemns T'rnus, vii. 467, ~63, fails to give needed information, flasmmis, v. 4: iv. 664: refixum, v. 360: cccinerunt omina, v. 524; vi. 344-346; nuntius, vi. 456; leaves much to reader's imagination: see INDIRECTION. VERGIL, STYLE OF: see ELABORATE LANGUAGE; SUGGESTIVENESS; VARIETY, LOVE OF. verius, 'more fitting', xii. 694. verro, 'lash to foam', 'churn' (with oars), iii. 208, iv. 583, iii. 290, iii. 668, vi. 320 (here inaccurately used). verso, 'ply', 'shuffle' tricks, etc., ii. 62, iv. 563; 'ply' a weapon, ix. 747. vertex, 'mountain-top', iii. 679; =caput, iv 247; of swirling fires, xii. 673. verto, in middle, 'ranges', vii. 781; 'revolve', xii. 914 (cf. ii. 250). veium introduces an objection urged by the speaker himself, iv. 603. vescor+abl., i. 546, iii. 339. VESTa, ~5295, 297, 298, 299, i. 292; represented by statue, ii. 293; this statue and Vesta's fire given to Aeneas by Hector's spirit, ii. 296, 297; described as cana, v. 744. vester, not used of a single person, i. 140, i. 375, xi. 687. vestibulum, 'entrance', ii. 469, vi. 273. vetus, 'long-standing', i. 23. via vs. scmnita, i. 418. vices, 'hand-to-hand encounters', ii. 433; 'changes and chances' of life, iii. 376. vicina (n. pl.) as noun+gen., iii. 500. V('rITIMS wear fillets, ii. 156, v. 366; horns of. gilded, v. 366, ix. 627; bound to altar, ii. 134; only cattle untouched by yoke could be used as, vi. 38; color of, iii. 120; INDEX 587 black, to nether gods, v. 97, v. 736, vi. 153, vi. 243; part of, burned on altar, iii. 279; wholly burned in sacrifices to nether gods, vi 253 viden ut.. stant (note indic. here), vi. 779. video of mental perception and physi al sight in one sentence, iv. 490; ridentur (sc. sibi), 'they believe', v. 231; videt, scansion of, i. 308. videor as true passive, i. 396, i. 494, ii. 461, ii. 591, iii. 206, viii. 707. videt, scansion of, i. 308. vigor, 'life', 'glow', vi. 730. vim, 'violence' vs. viribus, 'strength', xi. 750; in periphrases, vim... dcum infcrnam, xii. 199, odora canum vis, iv. 132. vinclum, form, i. 54; ~106. vir, 'husband', iv. 192, iv. 461; viri, 'warriors', i. 264; virum, as gen. pl., i. 87, x. 312 (cf. v. 148, v. 369, vi. 553, vi. 651, vi. 872). VISION, figure of: see FIGURE OF VISION. VISIONS, ~313. vita, 'soul', 'life-giving principle', iv. 705, x. 819, xii. 952; quits body reluctantly, x. 819, 820, xi. 831, xii. 952. vix tandem, ii. 128, iii. 309. voco-=impco, +subj, vocat... dissimulcnt, iv. 288-291; =dico, +infin., vocat... tcmptaturunm, iv. 288-293; =revoco, v. 471. VoicE, shift. of, iii. 60, 61, v. 773, vii. 468, 469. volo+infin., 'claim', 'assert', i. 626. voluntas, 'sympathy', xii. 647. volvendus=pres. prtcpl. act., i. 269. volvo: see VERB, 2, (r). vos, not used of a single person, i. 140, i. 369; +imper., ii. 640. vosmet, i. 207. votum defined, i. 334. vow, nature of, i. 334, ii. 17. VOWEI, before mute and liquid, ~250, note; final, short before initial i-consonant: see FINAL SHORT VOWEL, etc. VLLCANUS, ~284; cut of, described, p 4; made arms for Memnon, i. 751, for Aeneas, viii. 369-453. Vulcanus=ignis, ii. 311, v. 662, ~189. vulgo-=passim, iii. 643, vi. 283. vulgus, as masc., ii. 99; used of beasts, i. 190; of a rabble, iii. 233. W WAR, Roman method of declaring, ix. 52, 53. W iRnIOzs keep sword under pillow, vii. 460, vi. 523, 524; get spears from bodies of slain: see SPEARS; sling shields from back when in flight, ix. 765. WATER. of rivers, i. e. running, living, fresh, necessary in purificatory rites, ii. 719, fluviali... lymphia, iv. 635; water for purification at doors of temples, vi. 635, 636. WATER DEITIES, MINOR, ~289. WINDS quiet the sea, i. 66, placata... pari, iii. 69, 70, placidi.. venti, v. 763; wait for ships to sail, iii. 70, iii. 356, 357, quami s... vocct, iii. 454, 455, and iii 481; blow at once from all four quarters, i. 85, or from opposite points, advcrsi, ii. 416; help divine messenger, iv. 223, v. 607; conceived of as gods, i. 51, but as inferior deities, i. 132; wind gods have steeds, ii. 417; sacrifices to winds, iii. 115, iii. 120, v. 772. WINTEn, ancients did not sail in, sidere, ih. 309. See also under SIIIPS. WIsir, subjunctive of: see MooDs, II. 2. Wish, expression of, used as protasis, vocasscs, iv. 678. WOrMEN, presence of on military campaigns, condemned, nefas... coniunx, viii. 688. WOODEN HORSE, built by Pallas's 588 INDEX help, ii. 15, gift to Minerva (Pallas), ii. 31. WORD ACCINT and ictus must both be given in reading of verse, ~238. WORD (a) plays double syntactical role, circumn, i. 117; turbam, i. 191; i. 530, 531; sentibus, ii. 379; lit caderem, ii. 434; facies, iii. 426; dies, iv. 169; moenia, v. 633; me, vi. 352; rem Romanam, vi. 857; cerebro, ix. 419; tergo, x. 867; morte, xii. 679; (b) conveys several suggestions at once: see SUGGESTIVENESS; (c) in two senses at once: deprensus, v. 52; exscquerer, v. 54; in, viii. 386. See too ZEUGMA. WORDS, repetition of: see REPETITION, 3-7. WoRsnIinR, bargains with gods, i. 334; has claim on gods: see DrITY; has one foot bare, iv. 518; loosens hair, iv. 509; has garments loosened, veste recincta, iv. 518 (cf. cases of prophets, iii. 370, vi. 47-50). WOUNDED ~MEN fall on wounded part, x. 488, xi. 669. WRESTLERS, cut of, described, p. 6. z ZEUGMA, SO called: see on legunt, i. 426. For examples see inter, i. 686; laeva, ii. 54; trahit, ii. 321 aran dum, ii. 780; ruunt, iv. 132; torquet, iv. 269; videbis, iv. 490: horridus... pelle, v. 37; velaturn, v. 366; pererrat, v. 441; ferimnur, v. 628; gerunt, vii. 444; cxpellcee, x. 354; circuit, xi. 761: refccti, xii. 788; iungent, xii. 822. See also protcndo; tendo; WORD, (c). VOCABULARY This Vocabulary is intended to accompany the Notes and the Index: all three supplement one another. Idiomatic combinations are usually explained in the Notes; for collections of examples with precise references see the Index. It should be carefully noted that in the Vocabulary c.=common (i.e. either masculine or feminine), f. = feminine, m. = masculine, n. = neuter, intr. = intransitive, and tr. = transitive. For all other abbreviations see page 108. a, ab, prep. with abl., properly denoting motion from a point, used (1) of space, from, away from, (2) of time, from, after, (3) of separation, source, origin, lineage, cause, from, descended from, on account of, (4) of agency, by. abactus: see abigo. Abaris, -is, m., Abaris, a Rutulian. Abas, -antis, m., Abas. (1) A Trojan. (2) A Greek. (3) An Etruscan. abditus: see abdo. abdb, -ere, -didi, -ditus, tr., put away, set aside, remove; hide, conceal. abduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, tr., lead or carry away, remove; draw back. abe6, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, intr., go away, from, or off, depart; retreat, escape. abies, -etis, f., fir-tree; fir-wood. abigo, -ere, -egI, -actus [ab +ago], tr., drive away, remove, dispel. abitus, -us, m., egress, exit, outlet. ablatus: see aufero. abluo, -ere, -lui, -lutus, tr., wash off or away; wash, cleanse, purify. abnego, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., deny utterly; intr., refuse, be unwilling. abnuo, -ere, -nui, -natus, tr., refuse, reject. abole6, -ere, -evi, -itus, tr., properly, check the growth of. Fig., efface, destroy, remove. abreptus: see abripio. abripio, -ere, -ripul, -reptus, tr., snatch away, carry off by force; seize, lay hold on. abrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus, tr., break off, rend, sever. Fig., destroy, set at naught, outrage, violate. ab ruptus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., steep, abrupt. As noun, abruptum, -i, n., abyss. abscessus, -us [abs +ced], m., departure, withdrawal. abscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissus, tr., tear or cut off; rend, sever. abscissus: see abscindo. abscondS, -ere, -scondi, -sconditus [abs + condo], tr., put away or aside; hide, conceal. Fig., lose sight of, leave behind. absens: see absum. absisto, -ere, -stiti, -, intr., withdraw or depart from. Fig., cease, desist (with infin.). abstineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus, tr,, hold off, keep back, restrain; intr. (~ 139), restrain (one's self), forbear. abstrudo, -ere, -usI, -fsus, tr., push or thrust away. Fig., hide, conceal. abstuli: see aufero. absum, -esse, afui, —, intr., be away or absent, be distant; be missing or wanting. absens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., absent, far away, distant. absumo, -ere, -sumpsl, -sumptus, tr., take away. Fig., remove, consume, devour; spend, waste; kill, destroy. ac: see atque. Acamas, -antis, m., Acamas, son of Theseus, one of the Greeks who hid in the wooden horse. acanthus, -i, m., acanthus, a plant now called bear's-foot or bear's-breech; it grows in southern Europe, Asia Minor, and India. Its leaf was a common form in embroidery and sculpture. Acarnan, -anis, m., an Acarnanian, 1 ACOA a dweller in Acarnania, a district of Greece north of the Corinthian Gulf. Acca, -ae, f., Acca, a comrade of Camilla. acccd, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, intr., go to, approach; tr. (a poetic use), come to, approach, reach. accendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, tr., kindle, set on fire. Fig., inflame, arouse, fire, incense. accensus: see accendo. acceptus: see accipio. accessus, -us [accedo], m., a going or coming to, approach. accido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [ad + caedo], tr., cut into, hew. accinctus: see accingo. accingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus, tr., gird on; arm, equip. Fig., gird one's self for, get ready for, apply one's self to. accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad+ capio], tr., take to (one's self), take, receive. Fig., Welcome, greet, entertain; hear, note, regard, learn. accipiter, -cipitris, m., hawk. accisus: see accido. accitus, -us [ad - cieo], m., summons, call. accolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus, tr., dwell by, near, or on. accommodo, -are, -avl, -atus, tr., fit to: fasten or gird to. accubo, -are, -cubui, -cubitum, intr., lie near, recline by; lie, recline. accumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, intr. (~ 139), lay one's self down; lie, recline (esp. at a feast). accurro, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -cursum, intr., run or hasten to. acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, pointed. Fig., of persons, keen, bold, valiant, gallant; fierce, furious, violent; of horses, fiery, spirited; of things, bitter, cruel, galling. acerbus, -a, -um, adj., harsh, bitter (to the taste). Fig., harsh, bitter, severe, cruel; painful, sorrowful. acernus, -a, -um, adj., made of maple, maple. acerra, -ae, f., box for incense, censer. acervus, -i, m., heap, pile. 2 ACUO Acesta, -ae, f., Acesta, a town in Sicily, later called Segesta. Acestes, -ae, m., Acestes, king in Sicily, son of the river-god Crinisus and Egesta, a Trojan woman. Achaemenides, -ae, m., Achaemenides, a Greek rescued by Aeneas from the land of the Cyclopes. Achaicus, -a, -um, adj., of Achaia (the name originally of a part of the Peloponnesus, but applied by the Romans to all Greece; hence) Grecian, Greek. Achates, -ae, m., Achates, the trusty comrade of Aeneas. Acheron, -ontis, m., Acheron, a river of the underworld; the underworld itself. Achilles, -is or -1, m., Achilles, son of Peleus, king of Phthia in Thessaly, and the nymph Thetis, chief champion of the Greeks before Troy. Achilleus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Achilles, Achillean, Achilles's. Achivus, -a, -um, adj., Grecian, Greek. As noun, Achivi, -orum, pl. m., the Greeks. Acidalia, -ae, f., Acidalia, a name of Venus, derived from the fons Acidalius, in Boeotia (Greece), a haunt of Venus and the Graces. acies, aciei, f., a sharp edge or point (of a weapon), then the weapon itself; esp, a sword. Fig., line of battle, armed host (thought of as a sword), battle; keenness of vision, sight; the organ of vision, the pupil of the eye, the eye. Acragas, -antis, m., a city in Sicily commonly called Agrigentum. Acrisioneus, -a, -um, adj., Argive, Greek (properly, pertaining to Acrisius, the father of Dana,, and king of Argos). acriter [acer], adv., spiritedly, eagerly. acta, -ae, f:, seashore, beach, strand. Actius, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Actium (a headland of Epirus in Greece), Actian. 1. actus, -is [ago], m, properly, driving; vigorous motion, impulse, force. 2. actus: see ago. acu6, acuere, acui, acutus, tr., sharpen. Fig., whet, kindle, arouse., ACUS 3 ADITUJS acatus, -a, -ur, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj.. sharp, pointed. acus, -us, m., needle. acutus: see acuo. ad, prep. with ace., properly denoting motion toward, used (1) of motion, to, toward, against, (2) with idea of motion partly or wholly lost, by, at, near, among, (3) in modal relations, according to, by. adictus: see adigo. adamis, -antis, m, adamant (property the strongest iron or steel, but used in poetry of any lasting material). Adamastus, -i, m., Adamastus, father of Achaemenides. adcelero, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., make haste, hasten. adclinis, -e, adj., leaning on or against. adcommodus, -a, -um, adj., fitted or adapted for, suitable to or for. adcumul6, -are, -ivi, -atus [ad + cumulus], tr., heap up, pile high. Fig., pile high, honor. addenseo, -ere, -, -, tr., make close or compact, close up, compress. addic6, -ere, -dixi, -dictus, tr., award to, adjudge, deliver to; give up, surrender. additus: see add6. addo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, tr., put or place to, on, or beside, add; add (in speech). adduco, -ere, -dtxi, -ductus, tr., lead or guide to, conduct; draw to (one's self), draw back, make taut or tight, strain. adductus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., drawn back, made taut, strained (of the arms or of weapons). adductus: see adduco. ademptus: see adimo. 1. ade6, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, tr. and intr., go to, approach, visit; meet, encounter, face, confront; bear the force or brunt of. 2. adeo [ad+eo, thither], adv., lit., up to that point; to such an extent or degree, so far; so, thus; so very, so completely. It often emphasizes a preceding adj., adv., or pron., being equivalent then to theproperform of ipse; even, indeed, very may then serve as a rendering. adfabilis, -e [adfor], adj., easily addressed; easy of access, courteous. 1. adfiatus, -us [adfor], m., address, speech. 2. adfatus: see adfor. adfecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of adficioj, tr., make for, strive after; seize, grasp. adfero, -ferre, attuli, adlatus, tr., bring to, carry to; bring, present; guide, conduct. adfigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus, tr., join to, fix to, fasten to. adfixus: see adfigo. adflictus: see adfligo. adfligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictus, tr., strike down, dash down. adflictus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., stricken down, shattered, desperate, forlorn. adflo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., blow on, breathe upon. Fig., inspire. adfluo, -ere, -fluxi, -, intr, flow to, stream to. Fig., come to, hasten to. adfor, -farl, -fatus sum, tr., speak to, address. adglomero, -are, -avi, -atus [ad+ glomus, a ball, esp. of yarn], tr., wind up; gather (up), mass. Fig.. intr. (~ 139), add (one's self to), join. adgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [ad+ gradior], tr., go to, approach; attack, assail; intr., with infin., set about, attempt, essay, venture. Fig., approach by speech, address, accost, assail. adhibe6, -ere, -hibul, -hibitus [ad+ habe6], tr., lit., hold to; bring to (esp. as a guest at banquet, etc.), invite. adhac [ad+hic], adv., properly of space, up to this point, thus far, but usually of time, to this day, still, yet, as yet. adici6, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [ad+iacio], tr., throw to or beside; put beside, add. adig6, -ere, -egi, -ictus [ad+ago], tr., drive to or toward, drive, force; of a weapon, drive home; dislodge, strike or hurl down; intr., with infln., force, constrain, compel. adimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [ad+ emo], tr., take to one's self; take away, remove. aditus, -us [1. adeo], m., a going to, ADIUNGO 4 ADVENTO approach; an approach, avenue, passage. adiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus, tr., join, unite. adiuvb, -are, -iuvi, -iutus, tr., help, aid, assist. adlabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, intr., lit., fall to; glide to, approach. adlacrimb, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., weep (at something), weep. adloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, tr., speak to, address. admiror, -ari, -miratus sum, tr., marvel at, wonder at; intr., marvel, wonder. admitt6, -ere, -misi, -missus, tr., send in, let in; give access to, admit, welcome. admone6, -ere, -monul, -monitus, tr., remind, warn, prompt, admonish. admove6, -ere, -movi, -mbtus, tr., move to, bring to; admovere ubera, zqith dat., suckle. adnisus: see adnitor. adnitor, -nlti, -nixus or -nisus sum, intr., press against, lean on; strain every nerve, strive strenuously. adnixus: see adnitor. adno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., swim to; float to, reach. adnuo, -ere, -nui, -nutus, intr., nod to, give assent to (by a nod), agree to; tr., promise (solentnly). adoleo, -ere, adolevi (-ul), adultus, tr., properly, advance the growth of (contrast abole6), increase, magnify; honor, worship; offer or render (sacrifice). adolesco, -ere, adolevi, adultus, intr., come to maturity. grow up adultus, -a, -urn, dep. pf. prtcpl. as adj., mature, full grown. adoperi6, -ire, -operui, -opertus, tr., cover, veil, enwrap. adorior, -orirl, -ortus sum, infr., properly, rise up to, go at (anything), attempt, undertake, essay. adbro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., beseech, entreat, implore; respect, re erence, worship. adortus: see adorior. adquiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitus [ad+quaero], tr., get (in addition to), gain, obtain. Adrastus, -i, m., Adrastus, a king of Arqos, one of the Seven ajainst Thebes. adsentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensum, intr., think with (another), agree (with), assent. adservo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., keep with care; guard, watch. adsidue, adv., continually, unceasingly. adsiduus, -a, -ur [ad+sedeo], adj., properly, sitting down to ("sticking to ") something; untiring, unceasing; constant, incessant. adsimilis, -e, adj., like, similar. adsimulb, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make like unto; counterfeit. adsisto, -ere, -stiti, -, tr., put or place (beside); intr. k~ 139), stand, take position, alight. adspiro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., breathe on, blow upon. Fig., help, favor, assist. adst6, -are, -stiti, -, intr., stand by or near, stand. adsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus, tr., accustom to, make used to; familiarize with, make familiar to. adsuetus, -a, -um,,pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., accustomed to, familiar with. adsuetus: see adsuesco. adsultus, -us [ad+salib], mi., leaping; (vigorous) assault, attack. adsum, -esse, adfui, -, intr., be present, be near, be on hand; favor, assist, support. adsurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrectum, mntr., rise up, rise. adulterium, -teri, n., adultery. adultus: see adolesco. advehb, -ere, -vexi, -vectus, tr., carry to or toward; sail (sc. navi or navibus). adv1e6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., veil. Fig., crown, wreathe, drape, garland. advena, -ae, mi., new-comer, stranger. advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, intr., come to, arrive at; arrive; tr., come to, reach, gain. advento, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., come nearer, approach. ADVENTUS 5 AEQUO adventus, -us, m., coming. arrival, approach. adversatus: see adversor. adversor, -arl, -atus sum, intr., set (one's self) against, oppose, resist. adversus: see adverto. adverto, -ere, -verti, -versus, tr., turn to or toward, direct. Fig., turn (fhe mind to), observe, heed, mark. adversus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., turned to, toward, or against; opposite, opposing, confronting, in front, facing. Fig., hostile, opposing. advoco, -are, -avi, -atas, tr., call to, call, summon. advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., fly to, toward, or against. advolvS, -ere, -volvi, -volutus, tr., roll to or toward, roll. adytum, -i, n., ~properly the place which is not to be entered), the part of a temple which none but the priest could enter, the holy of holies, shrine, sanctuary. Aeacid6s, -ae, m., Aeacides, i.e. a descendant of Aeacus (kinq of Aegina and father of Peleus). Vergil applies the name (1) to Achilles, (2) to Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, (3) to Perseus, king of Macedon (vi. 839). Aeaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Aea, (a city in Colchis, east of the Black Sea), Aeaean, Colchian. aecus, aequa, aecum, adj., properly of place, level, even; of things in general, equal. Fig., equal, fair, right, just, impartial; favorable, friendly, kindly. As noun, aecum, aequl, n., justice, righteousness. aedes, -is, f., in sing., temple, sanctuary; in pl., apartments, chambers; house, palace. aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus [aedes+ facio], tr., build, erect, construct. Aegaeon, -6nis, m., Aegaeon, one of the Giants (~ 274). Aegaeus, -a, -um, adj., having to do with the Aegaean Sea, Aegaean. aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., of the body, sick, exhausted, feeble, weary; of the mind, wretched, distressed; of persons, heartsore, despondent; of things, dire, grievous. I aegis, aegidis, f, the aegis, the shield carried by Jupiter and Minerva (see n. on nimb... saeva, ii. 616). Aegyptius, -a, -um, adj., Egyptian. Aegyptus,-i, f., Egypt. aemulus, -a, -um, adj., rivalling, vying with, sometimes in good sense, but usually in bad sense, envious, jealous. Aeneades, -ae, in., a son or descendant of Aeneas; in p1., the Aeneadae, the Trojans, the Romans. Aeneas, -ae, mn., Aeneas. (1) Son of Venus and Anchises, hero of the Aened. (2) Surname of Silvius, one of the kings of Alba Longa. Aeneius, -a, -um, adj., of Aeneas, Aeneas's. Aenides, -ae, m., son of Aeneas, a title of Ascanius. aenus, -a, -um [aes], adj., bronze, brazen. As noun, aenum, -i (sc. vas, vessel), n., a bronze vessel or caldron. Aeolia, -ae, f., Aeolia, home of the winds; apparently identified by Vergil with Lipara, one of the Insulae Liparaeae or Vulcefneae, volcanic islands north of Sicily. Aeolides, -ae, in., a descendant of Aeolus. Vergil applies the title (1) to Misenus (as son perhaps of the wind god, perhaps of the Trojan Aeolus), (2) to Ulixes, represented as son of Sisyphus (wvhose father was Aeolus, a king of Thessaly), and (3) to Clytius. Aeolius, -a, -um, adj., of Aeolus (the wind-god), Aeolus's, Aeolian. Aeolus, -i, m., Aeolus. (1) The god of the winds, who dwelt in Aeolia. (2) A Trojan, slain in Italy. (3) Father or ancestor of Clytius, otherwise unknown. aequaevus, -a, -um [aecus - aevum], adj., of equal age, of like years (with). aequalis, -e [aecus], adj., even; equal, like, esp. in years. As noun, aequalis, -is, c., comrade, companion. aequ6, adv., equally, in equal measure. aequo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make equal (to), make coextensive (with), equalize; equal, match, keep pace with. AEQUIOR 6 AGNOSCO aequor, -oris [aecus], n., level surface, levels; esp. the level surface of the sea, the sea, the deep; level surface of the ground, plain, expanse; in pl., waters, waves, billows. aer, aeris, acc. aera, m., air; atmosphere; mist, cloud. aeratus, -a, -um [aes], adj, covered with bronze, bronze-bound; bronze, brazen. aereus, -a, -um [aes], adj., made of bronze, bronze, brazen; bronze-bound. aeripes, -pedis [aes + pes], adj., bronze-footed. aerius, -a, -um, adj., pertaining to the air, aerial; with aura, high, aloft, heaven's; heavenly, celestial; towering (high in air), lofty. aes, aeris, n., copper; bronze (an alloy of copper and tin; brass is a common but inaccurate rendering, since brass is an alloy of copper and zinc). By metonymy, anything made of bronze (~ 187), shield, trumpet, cymbals, -weapons, etc. aestas, -atis [aestus], f., the heated period, summer. aestuo, -are, -avi, - [aestus], intr., seethe, surge. aestus, -ius, m., properly the wavymotion of fire or heat, heat, fire, glow; fiery mass or volume; then used of water, seething, surging; tide, flood, spray, surge, seething waters. Fig., tide, flood, surges of passion. aetas, -atis [cf. aevum], f., period of life, time of life; life, age; in general, time, period, age, generation. aeternus, -a, -um [rf. aevum], adj., life-long, everlasting, eternal. aether, -eris, m., the pure upper air, ether; the heavens, sky. As opposed to Acheron, the upper world of lzght and life (vi 4361. aetherius, -a, -um, adj., ethereal, airy; heavenly, celestial, heaven's. Aethiops, -opis, m. an Ethiopian. aethra, -ae, f, the bright sky, sky; radiance, sheen, brilliance. Aetna, -ae, f, Aetna, a volcano in Sicily. Aetnaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Aetna, Aetna's, Aetnaean, Aetolus, -i, m., an Aetolian (Aetolia was a district zn Greece, north oJfthe Corinthian Gulf). aevum, -i, n., properly, never-ending time, eternity; time, the ages; freely, man's lifetime, life, age, years; esp., old age. Afer, Afri, m., an African. Africa, -ae,f, Africa. Africus, -a,-um, adj., African. As noun, Africus, -i, m., Africus, the southwest wind, usually stormy. Agamemnonius, -a, -um, adj., of Agamemnon, Agamemnon's. Agathyrsi, -6rum, pl. m., the Agathyrsi, who dwelt in that part of Scythia which corresponded to modern Transylvania; they tattooed themselves. age: see ago. Agenor, -oris, m., Agenor, a king of Phoenicia, an ancestor of Dido. ager, agri, m., territory or land in general, domain; esp.,of productive land, a field (for tillage or pasturage). agger, aggeris, n., properly, materials for a pile or heap (earth, sand, brushwood, etc.); mound, heap, wall (of sand); dike, embankment, (artificial) bank; barrier, rampart; eminence, heights; raised surface (of a high, way). 1. aggero, -are, -avi, -atus [agger], tr., heap, pile up. Fig., pile up, increase, intensify. 2. agger6, -ere, -gessi, -gestus Fad+ ger6], tr., bring to, carry to; heap up. pile up. agitator, -oris, m., driver, charioteer. agite: see ago. agito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of ago], tr., put in violent motion, drive wildly; urge on or forward, drive hither and thither; stir, sway; bullet, scatter; hound, pursue. agmen, agminis [ago], n., a body or line in motion, esp. of men, marching line; train, troop, band, host; herd (of deer). By metonymy, movement, course, motion. agna, -ae, f., a (ewue) lamb. agnitus: see agnosco. agnosco, -ere, agnovi, agnitus [ad+ AGNUS 7 ALPHEUS (g)n6sc6], tr., properly. know again, recognize; mark, understand. agnus, -, mn., lamb. ago, -ere, egi, actus, tr., put in motion, cause to move; drive, impel, force; lead, conduct; chase, pursue, hound; do, perform, manage, conduct, hold (games); deal with, treat, handle, manage; drive, i.e. make, form (a road, furrow, a testudo, etc.); with infin, constrain, compel; se agere, advance, move, proceed; gemitus agere, utter groans, lament (cf. ~ 202). age, agite, imper., come! up' quick! agrestis, -e [ager], adj., of the country, rural, rustic. agricola, -ae [ager+colo], m., farmer, husbandman. Agrippa, -ae, m., Agrippa, i.e. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a fizend of Augustus, and his chief adviser and supporter in mtlitary matters; he gained for Augustus several important naval victories. Agyllinus, -a, -um, adj., of Agylla (Agylla was the old name of Caere, a town in Etruria). As noun, Agyllini, -orum, pl. m., the Agyllini, the people of Agylla. Aiax, Ai&cis, m., Ajax, son of Oileus, king of the Locrians: during the capture of Troy, though his comrades sought to restrain him, he offered violence to Cassandra in Minerva's temple, and was subsequently punished by the goddess. aio, defective verb, intr., say yes, say, speak; affirm, assert. ala, -ae, f., wing (of a bird). Fig., wing or fold of a sail; wing of an army, squadron, horse(men), cavalry; wing of a hunting force, hunters, beaters. alacer or alacris, alacris, alacre, adj., lively, brisk, eager; cheerful, joyous, elated. alatus, -a, -um, adj., winged. Alba or Alba Longa, -ae, f., Alba Longa, represented in the Aeneid as built by Ascantus, and as the mother-city of _Rome. Albanus, -a, -um, adj., having to do with Alba Longa, of Alba, Alban. As noun, Albani, -orum, pl. m., the Albans, albesco, -ere, -, -, intr., grow white; become light, dawn. Albunea, -ae, f., Albunea, the name of a grove and spring in Latium, containing the oracle of Faunus. Its exact location, as conceived by Vergil, is not known; some think it was near Tibur, others think it was nearer Ardea. albus, -a, -um, adj., white. Alcander, -dri, mn., Alcander, a Trojan. Alcanor, -oris, m., Alcanor. (1) A Trojan. (2) A Rutulian. Alcid6s, -ae, m., a descendant of Alcaeus (Alcaeus was father of Amphitryon, who in turn was father of Hercules), esp. Hercules; Alcides. ales, alitis, adj., winged. Fig., swift. As noun, ales, alitis, c., bird. Aletes, -is, m., Aletes, a companion of Aeneas. alienus, -a, -um [alius], adj., of another, another's; strange, foreign, alien. aliger, -gera, -gerum [ala+gero], adj., wing-bearing, winged. aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. and adj., some one (whose identity is unknown), some one or other, some one, any one, some, any. aliter [alius], adv., in another manner, otherwise, differently; haud aliter, just so, even so, so. alius, alia, aliud, pronominal adj., another, other, different; alius.. alius, one... another; alii.. alii, pars... alil, some... others. Allct6, -ius (Gk. form), f., Allecto, one of the Furies; see Furiae. allig6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., bind to, bind; hold, confine. almus, -a, -um [alo], adj., nurturing, quickening. Fig., gracious, genial, kindly, propitious. al, -ere, alui, altus or alitus, tr., nurture, feed, support, sustain; rear, bring up. Fig., encourage, enliven, strengthen. Al1idae, -arum, pl. m., the sons of Aloeus, i.e. the giants Otus and Ephialtes. Alph6us, -i, m., the Alpheus, a river of the Peloponnesus, flowing through Arcadia and Elis; since in part of its ALPINUS 8 AMITTO course it was subterranean, it was fabled that the stream disappeared under ground in its pursuit of the nymph Arethusa, following her even to Sicily, where the nymph was chatned into a fountain with whose waters Alpheus was at last minqled. Alpinus, -a, -um, adj., of or on the Alps, Alpine. Alsus, -i, m., Alsus, an Italian. altaria, -ium [altus], pl. n., properly the top of an altar on which the victims were burned; altar (esp one high and elaborately ornamented). alte, adv., high, aloft, on high; deeply, deep. Fig., carefully, earnestly. alter, -era, -erum, adj., the other (of two); one of two; second; alter... alter, the one... the other. altern6, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., properly, do (things) by turns. Fig., hesitate, waver, be undecided. alternus, -a, -ur, adj., coming one after the other, alternating, alternate; often best rendered by an adv. phrase, by turns. altrix, -icis [alo], f, nurse. altus, -a, -um, adj. (properly pf. pass. prtcpl. of alo), high, lofty, towering; great, mighty; deep, profound. Fig., lofty, stately, glorious, mighty. As noun, altum, -i, n., a height, esp. the heavens, sky; a depth, esp. the deep sea; inpl., the deeps. alumnus, -i [alot, m., a foster-child, nursling, son, ofspring.. alveus, -i [alvus], m., hollow, cavity; a hollow, deep vessel, boat; river-bed, channel. alvus, -i, f., belly, abdomen; womb, matrix. amans, as noun: see amo. amaracus, -i, mn., the plant called marjoram. amrrus, -a, -um, adj., bitter. Fig., bitter, harsh, unpleasant. Amastrus, -i, mn., Amastrus, a Trojan slain by Camilla. Amata, -ae, f., Amata, wife of King Latinus. Amazon, -onis, f., an Amazon The Amazons were female warriors, dwelling in Pontus, 4sia Minor, by the river Thermodon; they Jought for Troy. Amazonis, -idis, f., an Amazon. Amazonius, -a, -um, adj., Amazon's, Amazonian. ambages, -is, f., properly, a going round, roundabout way; windings, intricacies. Fig., intricate details, details (of a story); of prophecies, intricacies, mysteries. ambed6, -ere, -edi, -esus [ambi+edo], tr., eat or gnaw around; consume utterly; waste, destroy. ambiguus, -a, -um, adj., properly, going hither and thither, used (1) in act. sense, wavering, hesitating, doubtful, (2) in pass. sense, of things about which one isodoubtful, not knowing where to place them, doubtful, uncertain, obscure, misleading, perplexing, mysterious, treacherous. ambi6, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [ambl+ eo], intr., go around; surround, encompass. Fig., approach (with words), cozen, cajole. ambo, -ae, -o, adj., inpl., both. ambrosius, -a, -um [ambrosia, the food and the perfume of the gods], adj., ambrosial, divine, immortal; lovely, wondrously fair, beautiful. ambfuro, -ere, -ussi, -tstus [ambi+ iuro, tr., burn around, scorch. ambustus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl., in dep. sense, as adj., blazing, burn ing. ambuistus: see amburo. amens, -entis [a-, neg. prefix,+mens], adj., without mind or sense, insane; frenzied, frantic, distracted, aghast. amicio, -ere, -icui or -ixi, -ictus [ambi +iacio], tr., throw around, wrap about, surround, envelop; veil, cover, clothe. 1. amictus: see amicio. 2. amictus, -is [amiciol, mi., properly, the putting on of a garment; by metonymy, (outer) garment, mantle, robe. Fig, covering. -- amicus, -a, -um [amo], adj.; loving, friendly, kind, benevolent. As noun, amicus, -i, im., friend. amitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, tr., send AMMENTUM 9 ANFRACTUS away, dismiss; let go, let slip, release, more often, lose. ammentum, -i, n., spear; properly, a leather thong attached to a spear at its point of equilibrium, used by the warrior to give greater force to his cast, and to impart to the spear the rotary motion which secured greater accuracy in the throw. amnis, -is, m., a broad, deep, rapid stream; river, torrent, flood. amo, -are, -, -v, -tus, tr., like, hold dear, love. amins, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as noun, c., lover. amoenus, -a, -um [amb], adj., lovely, charming, delightful, pleasant. amor, -oris [amo], m., love, affection; fondness or yearning for, passion, desire. Personified, Amor, -oris, m., Cupid, the god of love. amoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus, tr., move away, take away, remove. Amphrssius, -a, -um [Amphrysus, a river in Thessaly near which Apollo fed the flocks of Admetus, a local king], adj., Amphrysian, Apollo's. amplector, -i, -plexus sum [am '= ambi + plecto, plait, weave], tr., twine round, envelop; surround, embrace. I. amplexus: see amplector. 2. amplexus, -us, m., embrace, caress. amplius [amplus], n. adj. in comp. as adv. (~ 134), used of degree or time, more, further, besides, in addition, longer. amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, spacious, roomy, ample. Fig., rich, splendid, honorable, glorious. Amyclae, -irum, pl. f., Amyclae, a town on the coast of Latium, between Caieta and Tarracina. Amyous, -1, m., Amycus. (1) A name borne by various Trojans. (2) A king of the Bebrycii in Bithynia in Asia Minor, a famous boxer killed by Pollux. an, conj., introducing the second member of a double or disjunctive question (though the first member is at times suppressed), or; in single questions, with force of nonne or, more often, of num; -ne... an, (whether)... or. See au in index. anne: pleonastic for an. anceps, -cipitis [am = ambi+caput], adj., two- headed. Fig., of double meaning, doubtful, perplexing, ambiguous; of persons, irresolute, wavering; of a battle, doubtful, undecided, indecisive. Anchemolus, -1, m., Anchemolus, a Rutulian chieftain; he had improper relations with his stepmother, and to escape his father's wrath fled to Daunus. Anchises, -ae, m., Anchises, father of Aeneas by Venus. Since he boasted of having won the love of the goddess, Jupiter crippled him by aflash of lightning. Anchiseus, -a, -um, adj., Anchises's, Anchisean. Anchisiades, -ae, m., son of Anchises, Aeneas. ancile, -is, n., shield, shaped like the broad faces of a guitar, esp. the shield which, tradition said, fell from heaven in Numa's reign, on whose preservation the safety of Rome was dependent. To make theft more difficult and the loss of the shield less noticeable, if it should be stolen, eleven others just like it were fashioned. All twelve were carefully guarded by the Salii, and carried by them in their annual procession in March. ancora, -ae, f., anchor. Ancus, -i, m., Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome. Androgebs,-ei or -eB,m.,Androgeos. (1) A Greek leader slain at Troy. (2) Son of Minos (king of Crete). lie took part in the games at Athens with such success that the Athenians in rage and envy killed him; by way of punishment they were compelled to surrender seven lads and seven maidens, yearly, to the Minotaur, till Theseus slew the monster. Andromache, -ae, f., Andromache, daughter of Eetion (king of Thebe in Cilicia), and wife of Hector; after the fall of Troy she was the captive of Pyrrhus, and later the wife of Helenus. anfractus, -ils [am = ambi+frango], m., a breaking or bending round, curve; freely, of anything curved, winding glen, recess, nook. ANGO 10 AORNUS ango, -ere, anxi, -, tr., press together, squee-e. fig., vex, torment, distress. anguis, -is, c., serpent, snake. angustus, -a, -um [ango], adj., compressed, close, narrow, small, slender. anh6litus, -us [anhelo], i., heavy or difficult breathing, panting, puffing. anhelo,-are,-avi, -atum, intr., breathe xvith difficulty, breathe deeply; pant, puff. anhelus, -a, -um, adj., panting, puffing, heaving. anilis, -e [anus], adj., old woman's, aged. anima, -ae, f., air, current (of air), breeze; air as breathed, breath; air as a life-giving element, the animal or physical life, life-blood, existence; the spiritual being, soul, spirit. By retonymy, a living being, so ul, creature; a spirit, esp. of the dead, shade, ghost, manes. animal, -alis [animal, n., living creature, animal (including nan). animosus, -a, -um [animus], adj., spirited, courageous, gallant. animus, -i [cf. animal, m., the rational, intellectual, or emotional side of the I fe or soul, reason, soul; intellect, understanding, mind, heart; will, purpose, intention; inclination, passion, feeling, desire; temper, disposition, spirit; of particular emotions, esp. in the p1, courage, ambition, daring, pride, (high) spirits. By metonymy, living being, soul, person. Anius, -i or -ii, m., Anius, Aing of Delos, and priest of Apollo. Anna, -ae, f., Anna, sister of Dido. annalis, -e [annus], adj., yearly, annual. As noun, annales, -ium (sc. libri), pl. m., year-books, records, annals, chronicles. anne: see an. annosus, -a, -um, adj., full of years, aged, old. annus, -i, m., year; freely, time of the year, season. annuus, -a, -um, adj., a year's; lasting a year, annual, yearly. Onser, -eris, m., goose, Antaeus, -i, m., Antaeus, a'Rutulian. Antandros, -i, f., Antandros, a city in Jlysia (Asia Jlino ), near Troy. ante, adv., (1) of space, before, in front, (2) of time, before, formerly, previously, hitherto; sooner, first; betimes, in season. For ante... quam see antequam. As prep., with acc, both of time and place, before. Fig., before, in advance of, beyond, above. antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, tr., bear before, carry before. Fig, prefer. antemna, -ae, f., sail yard, yard. Antenor, -oris, m., Antenor, a Trojan, nephewv of Priam, who, after the capture of Troy, sailed up the Adriatic, established a newu people called the Veneti, and founded Patatium (Padua). Antenorides, -ae, n., a son of Antenor. Three of these were Polybus, Agenor, and Acamas. antequam or ante... quam, conj., sooner than, before. Antheus, -ei, rm., Antheus, a comrade of Aeneas. anticus, antiqua, anticum (for spelling see on secuntaur, i. 185), add., belonging to the long ago, old time, old, former, ancient; otten loosely used as= vetus, time-honored, old, aged. Antiphates, -ae, m., Antiphates, a Tro jan, son of Sarpedon, slain by Turnus. Antonius, -1 or -ii, m., Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony); see ~~ 2-12. Antores, -ae, m., Antores, a Trojan. antrum, -i, n., cave, cavern, grot. Anlbis, -bidis, in., Anubis, an Egyptian deity, represented with the form of a human being, but with the head of a dog or jackal. anus, -fLs, f., old woman; as adj., old, aged. anxius, -a, -um [cf. ango], adj., anxious, troubled; disquieting, harrowing. Anxur, -uris, m., Anxur, a Rutulian. Anxurus, -i, rv., Anxurus, properly, the patron god of An ncr, a toun in Latium later called Tarracina; this god was ultimately identified wiith Jupiter. As a(t), of Anxur. Aornus, -i [a Greek uword', lit., birdless], APER 11 ARCEO m., A( rnus, a name given by the Greeks to Lake Avernus. aper, apri, m, a wild boar. aperi6, -ire, aperul, apertus, tr, open, uncover, lay bare; make visible, reveal, disclose; open, unseal. apertus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., open, free, clear. Fig., exposed, unguarded; plain, manifest. apertus: see aperio. apex, apicis, i., upper extremity, top, summit, peak of anything, e.g. of a tree or mountain; esp. a small rod of olive wood, wrapped at the base with wool, which projected from the closefitting cap worn by the Flamines and the Salii, peak (of a cap), a cap. Fig, tip or tongue of flame. Aphidnus, -i, m., Aphidnus, a Trojan, slain by Turnus. apis, -is, f., bee. Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, and twin brother of Diana. See ~ 281. appare6, -ere, -ul, -itum, intr., appear, come in(to) sight, be or become visible, show one's self. apparo, -are, -avl, -atus, tr. and intr., prepare; with infin., prepare 'ne's self, make ready. 1. appell6, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [adpello], tr., drive to, bring to; with navem, bring to land, land; with acc. of persons, bring to, drive to, guide, conduct. 2. appello, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., speak to, address; name, call; name, declare, proclaim. Appenninicola, -ae [Appenninus+ colo], m., dweller on the Apennines. Appenninus, -i, m., the Apennines, a range of mountains running through Italy from north to south. applico, -are, -plicavi or -plicui, -plicatus or -plicitus, tr., join to, fasten to, pin to, nail to; drive or bring to (cf. appellere); with ensem, drive home. apricus, -a, -um [aperio], adj., uncovered, open; esp., open to the sun, sunny; as transferred epithet (~194), sun-loving. apto, -are, -avi, -tus [aptusl, tr., fit on, put on, fit, fasten (to); fit, prepare, fashion, shape; fit out, equip, make ready. aptus, -a, -um [apo, an old verb, fit, join], adj., fitted to, joined to; studded with, decked with. 'ig., fitted to, fitted for, suitable, meet. apud, prep. with ace., at, near, by, with; with words denotinq persons, among. aqua, -ae, f., water; of the sea, waves, flood. Aquiculus, -1, m., Aquiculus, a Rutulian. aquila, -ae, f., eagle. Aquilo, -bnis, m., Aquilo, North Wind, usutally wild and stormy; wind (~ 190). aquosus, -a, -um, ady., watery, rainy; rain-bringing. ara, -ae,f., altar (of earth, stone. or turf). Arabs, -is, m., an Arabian. Arae, -arum [ara], pi. f., the Altars, rocks lying in the sea between Sicily and Africa. arator, -oris [arol, m., plowman, husbandman, farmer. aratrum, -i [aro], n., plow. Araxes, -is, m., the Araxes, now the Aras, a great river of Armenia. arbor or arb6s, -oris, f., tree. arboreus, -a, -um [arbor], adj., of a tree; freely, tree-like, huge, tall, towering. arb6s: see arbor. arbustum, -i, n, plantation, esp. of trees on which vines are trained, vineyard. In pi., trees (the word is a poetic substitute for arbores, which is impossible in hexameter verse). Arcadia, -ae, f., Arcadia, a district in the Peloponnesus, in Greece. Arcadius, -a, -ur, adj., of Arcadia, Arcadian. arcanus, -a, -um [arceo], adj., properly, closed; hidden, secret, private. As noun, arcanum, -i, n., secret, mystery. Arcas, -adis, m., an Arcadian. As adj., Arcadian. arceo, -ere, -cul, arctus and artus (used only as adj.), tr., enclose, confine; shut away, keep off, drive away, bar, debar, restrain, withbold. artus, -a, ARCESSO 12 ARPI -um1, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., shut up, compressed, tight, close, narrow. arcesso, -ere, -cessivi, -cessitus, tr., call, summon. Arcitenens, -entis [arcus+tenel], m., Bow-holder, Archer, an epithet of Apollo. Arctos, -i,f., the Bear, Greater or Lesser, name of two constellations near the north pole; by metonymy, the north. Arcturus, -i, m., Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Bootes, which lies near the Great Bear (see Arctos). Its rising and setting were attended by bad weather. arcus, -us, m., bow; rainbow; arch; used freely of anything bow-shaped. Ardea, -ae, f., Ardea, a town in Latium, capital of the Rutuli, about twenty mzles from Rome. ardens: see ardeo. ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, intr., burn, blaze, glow. Fig., glow, glitter, flash; with infin., burn, be eager, ardently desire. ardens, -entis,pr.prtcpl. act. as adj., burning, glowing. Fig., glowing, glittering, burnished; aglow, eager, ardent. ardesco, -ere, arsi, -, intr., begin to burn. Fiq., be inflamed, be eager. ardor, -iris, m., fire, flame, glow, blaze. Fig., of the passions, heat, ardor, eagerness. arduus, -a, -um, adj., high, lofty, aloft, tall, steep; erect, (and so, fig.), proud. As noun, arduum, -i, n., steep, height. arens: see areo. areo, -ere, arui, -, intr., be or become dry; of plants, dry up, shrivel, wither, languish. Arethisa, -ae, f., Arethusa, a fountain near Syracuse in Sicily, into which the nymph Arethusa was changed while being pursued by Alpheus. See Alphbus. argenteus, -a, -um, adj., silver, of silver. argentum, -1, n., silver. By metonymy, silver - plate, plate; silver money, money. Argi, -orum, pl. m., Argo,, a city of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, one of Juno's favorite cities, Argivus, -a, -um, adj., of Argos, Argive, Grecian. As noun, Argivi, -orum, pl. m, Argives, Grecians, Greeks. Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., of Argolis or Argos, Argive, Grecian. argtmentum, -i [arguo], n., anything that makes a matter clear, plot (of a play or story), subject, theme. arguo, -ere, argui, argiutus, tr., make clear, show, reveal; prove, convict. Argus, -i, m., Argus, the hu adred-eyed watcher of lo. after she had been transformed into a heifer. aridus, -a, -um [areo], adj., dry; parched, thirsty. aries, -ietis, m., ram. Fig., batteringram (the striking end was shaped like a ram's head). arista, -ae, f., properly, the beard of grain; freely, ear of corn or grain, grain. arma, -orum, pl. n., equipment, implements, utensils in general; tackle, sails, rigging of a ship; esp. warlike equipment, means of defense, armor, arms, esp. the shield; weapons in general, for defense or offense (not, however of missiles); war, strife, battle. armatus: see armo. armentum, -1 [aro], n., plow-cattle, cattle; in pl., herd, drove (used of cattle, horses, and deer). armiger, -geri [arma + gero],?n., armor-bearer. armipotens, -entis, adj., mighty in arms, warlike, valiant, gallant. armisonus, -a, -um [arma +son6], adj., resounding with arms, girt with ringing arms. armo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., equip, fit out, furnish; arm. armatus, -a, -urm, pf. pass. prtcpl as adi, equipped, armed. As noun, armatus, -1, m., armed manl, soldier, warrior. armus, -i, m., shoulder, side, flank of an animal (horse or bull, occasionally of a mnan). aro, -ire, -avi, -atus, tr., plow, till, cultivate. Fig., furrow; of a ship, plow the deep, sail through, travcrse Arpi, -Srum, p1. fi., Arpi, tn important ARRECTUS 13 ATLAS to? n of Apulia. said to have been foutnded by Diomede. arrectus: see arrigo. arreptus: see arripio. arrigo, -ere, -rexl, -rectus [ad+ rego], tr., raise up, haise, uplift, lift up. Fiq., uplift, stir up, animate, arouse, excite, encourage. arrectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., of the ears, pricked up; of the eyes, uplifted, staring; of the passions, deeply stirred, profound, exalted, absorbing. arripi6, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [ad + rapio], tr., snatch to one's self, catch up, seize. Arruns, -untis, m., Arruns, a Tuscan ally of Aeneas; he slewa Camilla, and was himself killed by the nymph Opis, at the command of Diana. ars, artis, f., skill, dexterity, artistic power in any direction; by metonymy, handiwork, work, creation; trade, profession, calling, accomplishment, grace; in bad sense, scheme, cunning, wile, stratagem. artifex, -tificis [ars - facio], m., artisan, artist; maker, author; in bad sense, contriver, schemer, trickster. 1. artus: see arceo. 2. artus, -us, m., joint; usually in p1., joints, limbs, members. arund6, -inis, f., reed; by metonymy, arrow, shaft. arvum, -i [ar6], n., arable or plowed land, field; in pl., fields; the country, as opposed to the city; land, as opposed to the sea; region, district, country. arx, arcis [arceo], f., fortress, citadel, stronghold, fortified height; height, summit. Ascanius, -i or-ii, m., Ascanius, son of Aeneas. King of Lavinium, and founder of Alba Longa. ascend6, -ere, -di, ascensus [ad+ scando], tr., climb, mount; intr., climb up, mount, ascend. ascensus, -us, m., climbing, ascent, progress. Asia, -ae, f., Asia, the continent; more frequently, Asia Minor. aspargo, -inis [ad -spargo], f., sprinkling; by metonymy, spray. asjecto, -are, -avi, -atus [adspiciSo, tr., view closely; gaze at, survey. aspectus, -as [adspicio], m., look, glance; organ of sight, sight, eyessight, appearance; view, mien, aspect. asper, aspera, asperum, adj., rough, uneven. Fig., rough, harsh, bitter, stern, cruel, fierce, violent. asperg6, -ere, aspersi, aspersus [ad+ spargo], tr., besprinkle, bespatter. asper6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make rough, roughen. aspersus: see aspergo. aspicio, -ere, aspexi, aspectus [ad+ specio], tr., look at, see, catch sight of; examine, inspect; observe,-view. Assaracus, -i, m., Assaracus, a Trojan, king of Phrygia; he was son of Tros, brother of llus and Ganymedes. ast: see at. astrum, -i, n., star; freely, constellation; in pl., stars, heaven, sky. astus, -us, m., adroitness, dexterity; in bad sense, cunning, guile. Astyanax, -actis, m., Astyanax, son of Hector and Andromache; after the capture of Troy the Greeks hurled him to death from its walls. asylum, -i, n., place of refuge, sanctuary, asylum. at or ast (~ 109), advers. conj., but, yet, however; in an apodosis, yet, still, at least; with the advers. force weakened, further, moreover, now; in imprecations and curses, but. atavus, -i, m., great-grandfather; freely, sire, ancestor. ater, atra, Strum, adj., (lusterless) black, dark, murky, gloomy. Fig., deadly, baneful, baleful. Athesis, -is, m., the Athesis, now the Adige, a river in northern Italy. Athos, gen. notfound, m., Athos, a high mountain in Macedonia. Atil, -orum, pl. m., the Atii, a Roman gens. Atinas, -atis, m., Atinas, a Rutulian. Atlas, -antis, n., Atlas. (1) A mountain in western Africa, on which heaven was supposed to rest. (2) A king of Mauretania, father of the Pleiades; he sup ATQUE 1' AUTRICOMUS ported the heavens on his shoulders. He was skilled zn astronomy. atque or ac, conj., used to add a more important word or idea, and besides, and in fact, and indeed, and also, and; in comparisons, as, than. Atrides, -ae, n., a son of Atreus (king of Mycenae): in pi., the sons of Atreus, z.e. Agamemnon and Menelaus. 8trium, -i or -i [ater], n., atrium, reception room oJ a Roman palace, an oblong room of some size, near the entrance. In poetry, the word is used fre( ly like Engllsh halls. atrox, -6cis later], adj., dark, gloomy; terrible, dreadful, awful, savage, cruel, fell, fierce. attingo, -ere, attigi, attactus [ad+ tango], tr., touch. Fig., reach, attain; find, come upon. attollo, -ere, -,-, tr., lift up, raise up, rear; rear, build (high), construct. Fig., lift up, excite, intensify. attonitus: see attono. attono, -are, -ul, -itus, tr., thunder at, stun, stupify. attonitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. a a dj, awestruck, amazed, bewildered, astounded. attorque6, -ere, -torsi, -tortus, tr., hurl, swing, fling. attrecto, -are, -avi, -atus [ad + tracto], tr., touch, handle. Atys, Atyos, m., Atys, a Trojan youth, a friend of Afca(n i.t auctor, -oris [augeo], in., originator, producer, creator, founder, proposer, contriver, author; founder of a family, ancestor, sire; adviser, counsellor, voucher, surety, guarantee. audax, -acis [audeo], adj., bold, daring, valiant; usulally in a bad sense, bold, defiant, reckless. audens: see audeo. aude6, -ere, ausus sum, intr. and tr., dare, venture. audens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as sad}, daring, bold, in good sense. ausum, -i, n. (Ipf. pass. prtcpl. as notin), daring, venture, bold or reckless deed. audi6, -ire, -ivi, -itus, fr., hear; listen to, heed, obey; hear (as a judlge), inquuie into, investigate. aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus [ab +fero], tr., bear off, carry away; snatch away, take away, remove. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, tr., increase, enlarge; heap up, pile high. Fig., exalt, magnify, honor. augur, -uris [avis], m., augur, soothsayer, prophet, who foretold the uture by interpreting the omens derived ifrom the cries and the figh t of birds. augurium, -i or -ii, n., science of augury, soothsaying, divination, prophecy. By mnetonym7y, meaning, import, significance; omen, portent; presentiment, foreboding. auguro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., apprehend beforehand, foretell, predict, prophesy. Augustus, -i rauge6], m., Augustus; properly, the Exalted One, a title taken by Octavianus \~ 17). See also ~~ 3, 6-25. aula, -ae, f., properly, a court before a Greek house; court, hall; palace, royal court. aulaeum, -1, n., richly embroidered stuffs, tapestry; curtains, hangings. Aulestes, -ae, m., Aulestes, a Tutscan ally of Aeneas. Aulis, -idis, f., Aulis, a seaport in Boeotia (Greece), opposite the island of WEuboea, the gathering-place of the Greek forces that destroyed Troy. Aunus, -i, m., Aunus, a Ligurian, an ally of Aeneas. aura, -ae, f., air in gentle motion, breeze, gale; air in general; breath; light (see on hoc... lumen, iii. 600), sheen, gleam, luster; sky, heavens (as place of light and air); sub auras, to the air, to the light, upward, skyward, heavenward. Fiq.. popular favor, thought of as fickle as the air or wind. auratus, -a, -um [auruml, adj., decked with gold, gold-embroidered; gilded. aureus, -a, -um, adl., of gold, golden; decked, ornamented, or inlaid with gold; gilded, gilt; of color, golden, yellow, glittering. Fig., splendid, glorious. auricomus, -a, -um [aura+ coma], adj., golden-haired. Fig., of trees, AURIGA 15 BACATUS with golden (i e. yellow or bright) foliage. auriga, -ae [aurea, bridle,+ago], m., charioteer, driver. auris, -is, f., ear. aurora, -ae, f., dawn, daybreak, morning. Personified, Aurora, goddess of dawn, daughter of Hyperion and wife of Tithonus; the East, the Orient. aurum, -i, n., gold; by metonymy, anything made of gold, e.g. money, dishes, a beaker, yokefor horses. Auruncus, -a, -um, adj., of the Aurunci (a people of Latisum, dwelling near the coast, about the river Liger), Auruncan. As noun, Aurunci, -6rum, pi. m., the Aurunci, Auruncans. Ausonia, -ae, f., Ausonia, an ancient name for Middle and Lower Italy; freely, Italy. Ausonidae, -arum, p1. m., the Ausonians, Italians. See Ausonia. Ausonius, -a, -um, adj., Ausonian, Italian. As noun, Ausonii, -6rum, pi. m., Ausonians, Italians. auspex, -spicis [avis+speci6], ns., bird-seer, augur, diviner, prophet; favorer, helper, protector, surety. auspicium, -i or -ii, n., augury (by watching the flight, etc., of birds);, omen, sign, portent, auspices; command, power, authority; inclination, will. Auster, -tri, m., Auster, South Wind, often rainy; wind (~ 190). ausum: see audeo. aut, dis)unctive conj., marking sharp difference, or, or else; aut... aut, either... or. autem, advers. conj., but, yet, however. For ecce autem and sed autem see Index. Automed6n, -ontis, m., Automedon, charioteer of Achilles; and, later, armor-bearer of Pyrrhus. autumnus, -i [originally auctumnus: cf. augeo], m., autumn (the season when the earth brings forth her increase). auxilium, -1 or -ii [augeo], n., aid, help, assistance, succor. avarus, -a, -umn, adj., avaricious, covetous, greedy, rapacious. avectus: see aveho. aveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus, tr., carry away, bear off or away; in pass. (sc. navi or nivibus), sail away, depart avell, -ere, avelli, avulsus, tr., tear off, up, or away, pluck off, lop off, sever; separate forcibly, remove by force. Averna: see Avernus (end). Avernus, -1, nm., Avernus, a lake near Cumae, whose fumes destroyed any birds that atteimpted to fly over it; near it tradition placed the entrance to the underworld. As adj., Avernus, -a, -um, Avernian, Avernus's. As noun, Averna (sc. loca), -6rum, pl. n., the Avernian realms, Avernus, the underworld. aversus: see averto. averto, -ere, -ti, aversus, tr., turn away, turn back, avert, remove. Fig., estrange, alienate; intr. (~139), turn (one's self) away, swing round. aversus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., turned away, remote; hostile, unfriendly, alienated, averse. avidus, -a, -um [aveo, crave], adj., craving, longing for, eager (for), desirous (of), ardent. avis, -is,f., bird. avius, -a, -um, adj., away from the path, out of the way, pathless, remote. As noun, avium, -i or -ii, n., pathless place, by-way, out of the way place. avolo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., fly away. Fig., flee, run away. avulsus: see avello. avunculus, -i [dimin. of avus], m., a mother's brother, (maternal) uncle. avus, -i, m., grandfather, grandsire; sire, ancestor, forebear. axis, -is, m., axle of wagon or chariot; by metonymy, wagon, chariot. Fig., the axis (axle) of the earth or heavens; heavens, sky; vault, dome, height of the heavens or sky. B baca, -ae, f., any small round fruit, berry. Fig., a pearl. bacatus, -a, -um [baca], adj., studded or set with pearls, jewelled. BACCHOR bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, intr, keep the feast of Bacchus. Fig., dance or move Mildly, like the Bacchantes, be frenzied, revel, rage; rage, storm in wrath; of Rumor, revel, ruli wild. bacchatus, -a, -ur, pf: prtclll. in pass. sense, revelled (over), visited in revelry by the Bacchantes. Bacchus, -i, m., Bacchus, qod of the vine and of wine, son of Jupiter andn Smele (daughter of Cadmus, kin7 of Thebes); bymetonymy, wine. See ~ 287. Iis qreatest festival was celebrated near Thebes in Boeotia. Bactra, -oru-, p1. n.. Bactra, capital of Bactria or Bactriana (now called Balkh), in Asia. Baiae, -arum, pl. f., Baiae, a famous wateriny-place on the Campanian coast. near Cumae; many ormarns built villas there out into the sea. balatus, -us [b1ao, bleat], m., bleating balteus, -i, in., girdle, belt, or strap (of the sword or quiver). barathrum, -i, n, abyss, gulf, pit. barba, -ae, f., beard. barbaricus, -a, -um, adj., foreign, strange, outlandish, barbaric; in a narrower sense, Phryglan (a common use). See barbarus. barbarus, -a, -um, a(dj., strange, foreign; outlandish, barbarous, rude, uncivilized. The word was originally applied by the Greeks to everybody not a Greek, by the Romans to everyboly not a Greek or a Roman. Cf. the term Uitlander (i.e. Outlander) applied by the Boers to the British. Barcaei, -orum, pi. m., the Barcaei, the inhabitants of Barca, a city of Africa, near Cyrene. Barce, -es, f., Barce or Barca, nurse of Sychaeus. beatus, -a, -um [originally pf. pass. prtcpl. of beo, a rare verb, make happy], adj., happy, blessed, blissful. Bebrycius, -a, -um, t(ad, of Bebrycia (a part of Bithynia in Asia Minor), Bebrycian. Belides, -ae, mi., son or descendant of Belus, a name of Palamedes, as descendedfrom Bel us, knyg o Egypt. 13 BIDENS bellator, -6ris [bello], m., warrior. As adj., warlike, valiant, gallant. bellatrix, -icis, f., a woman warrior. As adj., warlike, valiant. bello, -Ire, -avi, -atum, intr., wage L ar, make war, war, fight. Bellona, -ae, f., Bellona, goddess of war and bloodshed, an old Italian deity, sister of Mars. bellum, -i [originally duellum(cf. duo), a fight between two, duel], n., war; in pi., battles, combats, fights; strife. Personified, Bellum, -i, n., the demon of war, War-fiend. belua, -ae, f., (large, wild) beast, monster. Belus, -I, m., Belus. (1) An early king of Tyre and Sidon, founder of the Tyrian line. (2) Father of Dido, also king of Tyre, and conqueror of Cyprus. (3) King of Egypt, father of Danaus, and ancestor of Palamedes. bene [cf. bonus], adv., comp.r melius, sup. optimn, well, rightly; in good measure, firmly, securely. benignus, -a, -um, adj., of a kind nature or heart, good-natured; kind, kindly, friendly, gracious. Berecyntius, -a, -um, adj., of Berecyntus (a mountain in Phrygia), Berecyntian, Phrygian. Beroe, -es, f., Beroe, a Trojan woman, wife of Doryclus of Epirus. bibo, -ere, bibi, -, tr., drink, drink of. Fiq., drink, drink in. bibulus, -a, -um [bibo], adj., drinking freely or eagerly; thirsty. bicolor, -6ris [bis+color], ad), of two colors, two-colored; dappled, pied. bicornis, -e [bis+cornUf], adj., twohorned. Fig., of a river, with two mouths. bidens, -entis [bis+dens], two-teethed. As noun, bidens, -entis, f., a sheep, properly, a sheep in its second year. In their first year sheep have eight milk teeth in the front part of the lower jaw. At the beginning of the second year the two of these in the center drop out, and are replaced by two of the second, or permranent, set. These are so much larger than the remaining milk teeth BIFORIS 17 BYRSA (now much worn, too, by use) that the sheep seems to have but two teeth, esp. since it has no teeth at all in the front part of the upper jaw. biforis, -e [bis+foris], adj., two-doored; of a musical instrument, with two holes or openings, two-stopped. biformis, -e [bis+forma], adj., twoformed, double-shaped, dual, double. bifrons, -ontis [bis+frons], adj., with two foreheads, two-faced. bigae, -arum [contracted from biiugae: bis+iugum], pl. f., a pair of horses yoked to a chariot, span; two-horse chariot, chariot. biiugus, -a, -um [bis+iugum], adj., yoked two - and - two, yoked two - together; of a chariot, two-horsed. As noun, biiugi, -orum (sc. equi), pl. m., team, span; chariot (= bigae). bilinguis, -e [bis+lingua], adj., doubletongued. Fig., deceitful, treacherous. bini, -ae, -a [cf. bis], distributive numeral adj., two at a time, two by two; less exactly, two. bipatens, -entis [bis+pateo], adj., doubly-opening, twice-opened, wideopen. bipennis, -e [bis+penna], adj., twoedged. As noun, bipennis, -is [sc. sectris], f., two-edged axe, esp. a battle-axe. biremis, -e [bis+remusl, adj., lit., twooared; of ships, having two tiers or banks of oars. As noun, biremis, -is [sc. navis], f., bireme, galley, ship with two tiers of oars. bis, adv., twice. Bitias, -ae, m., Bitias. (1) A Carthaginian nobleman. (2) A Trojan, brother of Pandarus, slain by T urnus. bivius, -a, -um [bis+via], adj., with two ways or passages. blandus, -a, -um, adj., caressing, flattering, seductive; soothing, quiet, charming. Bola, -ae, f., Bola, a town of the Aequi in Latium. bonus, -a, -um, adj., comp. melior, sup. optimus, good; brave, gallant, valiant; worthy, noble; kind, gra I cious, favoring, kindly; skillful, dexterous. Boreas, -ae, nm., Boreas, North Wind; the god of the north wind. bos, bovis, c., ox, cow, bullock; in pl. usually f., cattle. bracchium, -i or -ii, n., lower arm, forearm, arm., Fig., sail-yard (= antemna); arm, branch (of a tree, rock, etc.). brattea, -ae, f., thin plate of metal, esp. gold leaf; freely, metal. brevis, -e, adj., of place or size, short; small; of depth, shallow; of time, short, brief. As noun, brevia, -lum, pl. n., shallows, shoals. breviter [brevis], adv., usually of speech, briefly, concisely, tersely. Briareus, -el, mn., Brareus, a hundredhanded giant, often identified with Aegaejn. Brontes, -ae, m., Brontes, the Thunderer, one of the Cyclopes who toiled at the forge of Vulcan. bruma, -ae [= breuma = brevima = brevissima: sc. dies], j., properly, the shortest day of the year, the winter solstice; freely, winter. brumalis, -e [bruma], adj., of winter, wintry. Bratus, -i, m., Brutus, i.e. Lucius Junius Brutus, leader of the movement which led to the expulsion of the Tarquins in 509. bubo, -bnis, f., (in other authors m.), horned owl, owl. bulla, -ae, J., properly anything swelling and round, esp. a boss or knob of metal, used to adorn a belt, girdle, door, etc. Buits, -ae, m., Butes. (1) A famous boxer, descendant of Amycus; he was slain by the Trojan Dares. (2) Armor. bearer of Anchises, and, later, guardian of Ascanius. (3) A Trojan slain by Camilla. Buithrotum, -i, n., Buthrotum, a seaport in Epirus. buxus, -1, f., box-tree; by metonymy, pipe, flute. Byrsa, -ae, f., Byrsa, properly, the citadel of Carthage, a name given by Vergil to the site of Carthage. CACUMEN 18 CALLIS C cacumen, -inis, n., extremity, end, point of anything; summit, top, peak. cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, intr., fall (down), sink; of the sun or the stars, set, decline; fall in death, die, perish; decrease, diminish, subside. Fig., fall (out), happen, come to pass, befall (one). cadtcus, -a, -um [cadol, adj., falling, fallen; slain, killed; freely, destined to fall, doomed. cadus, -i, in., a large earthen jar. esp. for wine, oil, or vinegar, jar, flagon; freely, urn. Caeculus, -i, m., Caeculus, a son of Vulcan, and founder of Praeneste. caecus, -a, -um, adj., in act. sense, unseeing, sightless, blind, blinded; in pass. sense, unseen, hidden, concealed, secret. Fzg., dark, obscure, mysterious. caedes, -is [caedo], f., a cutting down or lopping off; slaughter, massacre carnage; by metonymy (~185), blood shed by murder or slaughter. Caedicus, -i, m., Caedicus, an Italian, friend of Romulus. caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesus, tr., cut, hew, lop; cut down or off, cut to pieces; cut, slay, kill; freely, strike, cudgel, beat. caelestis, -e [caeluml, adl., heavenly, divine, celestial. As noun, caelestes, -ium, pi. ir., dwellers in heaven, deities, gods. caelicola, -ae [caelum+colo], n, dv eller in heaven, deity, god. caelifer, -fera, -ferum [caelum+ fero], adj., heaven-carrying, heavenbearing. caelo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., carve or 11, a\ e 1n rvlief, engrave, chse, emboss. caelum, -I, n, the heavens, high heaven, sky. By metonyrny, weather (.cince weather iphenomena display theisc If es b st in the sy). Caeneus, -ei, mi, Caeneus, originally a imaiten natled C(taenit, t/h n chianqed bi/ Neptune into a youth, then chanqed again into a maiden. caenum, -i, n, (loathsome) dirt, mud, mire, filth. caerula, -orum: see caeruleus. caeruleus, -a, -um, and, in poetry, caerulus, -a, -um, adj., dark-blue, blue, azure; dark green, green; seacolored, sea hued; dark Iued, dark; freely, like ater, black, dark, gloomy. As noun, caerula, -orum, pl. n., the azure deep, dark seas, the sea. caerulus: see caeruleus. Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar. (1) Caius Julius Caesar, the famous Dictator. (2) Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus; see ~~ 3-27. caesaries, -el, f., (luxuriant, beautiful) hair, tresses, locks. caespes, -pitis, In., cut sod, sod, turf. caestus, -tus [caedo], m., boxing-glove, gauntlet, cestus, made of a leather strap zuound round and round the hands, and coming well up on the arm; plummets of iron or lead were also fastened into the leather. caesus: see caedo. Caicus, -i, m., Calcus, a Trojan, comrade of Aeneas. Caieta, -ae, f., Caieta, a harbor toton of Latium, now called Gaeta. calathus, -1, mi., (wicker) basket, widest at the top, used esp. by women to hold the wool while they were spinning. calcar, -aris [calx, heel], n., spur. Calchas, -antis, m., Calchas, priest anl prophet of the Greeks before Troy. calefacio, -ere, -fecl, -factus [cale6+ facio], tr., make warm, warm, heat. Fig., inflame, excite, arouse, stir. caleo, -ere, calui, -, intr., be warm, e hot, glow; with membra, be stil warm with life, be scarce dead. calidus, -a, -um, adj., warm, hot. 1. caligo, -iginis, J., thick or den'-,r atmosphere, mist, fog; darkness, gloom. 2. callgo, -are, -avi, -, infr., send out thick mist or vapor; be densely dark, be gloomy. callis, -is, m., path (stony, rough, and narroaw), foot path, track (esp. one on the inountfains, made by cattle); yreely, path, track (e.g. of bees). CALOR 19 CAPTO calor, -6ris, m., heat, glow, esp. vital heat, glow of life, heat as indicative of life and health. Calybe, -es, f., Calybe, an aged Butulian, priestess of Juno. Calydon, -onis, f., Calydon, an ancient city of Aetolia in Greece, famous for the story of the boar which Minerva sent to ravage its territory because its king Oeneus forgot to sacrifice to her, calx, calcis, f, heel; freely, foot. Camarina, -ae,f, Camarma, a city in Sicily, on the southern coast. Camers, -ertis, m., Camers. (1) A son of Volscens, and king of Amyclae. (2) A Rutulian warrior of distinction. Camilla, -ae, f., Camilla, daughter of Metabus, a prince of Privernium in Latium, and Casmilla. She led the Volscian allies of Turnus but was slain by Arruns. Camillus, -1, m., Camillus, i.e. Marcus Furius Camillus, who captured Veil, a town in Etruria, and saved Rome from the Gauls, in 388. caminus, -1, m., (smelting) furnace, forge. Fig., of the jorges, i.e. the craters, of Aetna. campus, -i, m., an even, fiat, open place; plain, level surface, field; Mavortis Campus, the field of Mars, the famous Campus Martius, north of the Capitoline Hill, between the walls of Rome and the Tiber. candens: see candeo. candeS, -ire, candui, -, intr., glitter, shine, be (lustrously or dazzlingly) white; be white with heat, glow, be warm, be hot. candens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., white, glowing; hot, warm. candidus, -a, -um, adj., (lustrously or dazzlingly) white, glistening, bright, brilliant; of the moon, bright, silvery. Fig.,wondrously fair, lovely, beautiful. candor, -oris, m., (lustrous or dazzling) whiteness, brilliancy. caneo, -ere, canui, -, intr., be gray, be hoary, be white. canis, -is, c., dog, esp. a hunting hound. canistrum, -I, n., basket woven of reeds, used esp. for bread, fruit, or flowers. canities, -iei [canus], f., gray or grayish-white color, grayness, whiteness; by metonymy, gray hair, white hair, hoary locks. cano, -ere, cecini, cantus, tr., make melody, whether by singing or playing a musical instrument; sing, chant, play; sing of, relate, recount, rehearse (in verse); foretell, predict, prophesy, reveal, explain (originally oracles and prophecies were delivered in verse); in military language, sound a signal. canorus, -a, -um [cano], adj., melodious, tuneful, harmonious. cantus, -us [cano], m., melody, singing, song, music; (tuneful) strain, blast, peal (of a trumpet, etc.). canus, -a, -um, adj., white, hoary; gray, grayish. capesso, -ere, capessivi, capessitus [capi6], tr., catch at eagerly, lay hold on, seize, take; strive for, seek earnestly; hasten to, repair or resort to. Fig., lay hold eagerly on (commands, duties, etc.), execute, perform, discharge. capillus, -i, m., hair (of the head). capi6, -ere, c6pi, captus, tr., lay hands on, take hold of, seize, take; capture, overpower, master, occupy; take to one's self, select, choose. Fig., captivate, hold spellbound; ensnare, deceive, betray, seduce; of diseases, passions, etc., lay hold on, seize, affect. captus,-i, m. (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), captive, prisoner. Capitolium, -i or -ii, n., the Capitol, the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus at Rome, on the southwestern summit of the Capitoline Hill; the summit itself on which the temple stood; in the pi., this summit, with all its buildings and surroundings (~ 177). capra, -ae, f., she-goat. caprigenus, -a, -um [caper, goat,+ gign6], adj., goat-born, of the goat kind; in iii. 221 it=the gen. pl. of caper. captivus, -a, -um [capio], adj., captured, captive; of or belonging to a captive or captives, captive's, captives'. captb, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of CAPTUS 20 CA STRUM capio], tr., lay hold on eagerly, catch at, seize, grasp. Fig., strive to catch (sounds, etc.), listen to, listen for. captus: see capio. capulus, -i [capio], m., properly, a holder; handle, hilt of a sword. caput, capitis, n., head; by metonymy (see n. on iv. 613), life, being, existence, living person, creature; head of cattle, swine, etc. Fig., head, top, summit, peak, of a mountain, etc.; source of a river; source, cause, origin, occasion; chief, leader, ruler. Capys, Capyos, m., Capys. (1) A Trojan, comrade of Aeneas, reputed founder of Capua. (2) The eighth king of Alba Longa. Car, Caris, m., a Carian, an inhabitant of Caria, a district in western Asia Minor, on the Aegean Sea. carbaseus, -a, -um, adj., made of flax or linen, flaxen, linen. carbasus, -i, f., fine Spanish flax, flax, linen; by metonymy (~ 187), sail. carcer, -eris, m., prison, jail; esp. in pi., the barriers within zthich, chariots were confined till the signalfor beginning the race was given, starting-place. carchesium, -i or -ii, n., a (Greek) drinking-vessel, often large and splendid, cup, goblet, beaker, narrower in the middle than at the extremities, and with slender handles sweeping round from the rim to the bottom. cardo, -inis, m., pivot, properly, the whole arrangement of pivot and socket by means of which doors were made to open and shut; the so(lets were in the lintel and the threshold and the pivots were let into the door or its separate leaves at top and bottom; hinge is a convenient but inaccurate renderlnq. Fiq., turning I)oint, critical moment, crlsis. careo, -6re, carul, caritum, intr., be without, be free from, be clear of (things undesirable); be deprived of, want, lack (blessings); construed tith the abl. carens, -entis, pr. prfcpl. act. as adj.. lacking, wanting, without. Cares: see Car. carina, -ae (more often in the p1.), f:, keel, hull (properly, the keel and the timbers that start therefrom); by metonymy (~ 188), ship, vessel. carmen, -inis [cano?], n., melody, strain, tune, song; poem, poetry; a verse, poetic inscription; utterance of an oracle, prophecy, prediction; incantation, charm, spell. Carpathius, -a, -um [Carpathus, an island in the Aegean Sea, between Crete and Rhodes], adj., of Carpathus, Carpathian. carpo, -ere, carpsi, carptus, tr., pick, pluck, cull, gather (flowers, fruits, etc.); of horses, etc., pluck, crop, graze on, browse (on); eat, enjoy; with auram, feed on, enjoy, breathe (see on i. 388); waste, consume, destroy; with viam, iter, press quickly on, hasten on, pursue. Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a city in northern Africa, the famous rival of home. carus, -a, -um, adj., properly, highpriced; dear, precious; esteemed, beloved; in act. sense, fond, loving. Caspius, -a, -um, adj., of the Caspian Sea, Caspian. Cassandra, -ae, f., Cassandra, a daughter of Priam, beloved by Apollo, who endo wed her with prophetic powver but later, since she failed to keep her promises to him, decreed that no one should believe her utterances. cassida, -ae [by-form of cassis, -idis], f., helmet, usually of leather; contrast galea. cassus, -a, -um, adj., empty, void; deprived of, wanting, lacking, without Fig, void, useless, fruitless. in cassum or incassum, adv, uselessly, fruitlessly, to no purpose, without avail. castellum, -i [dimin. of castruml, n, castle, fortress, stronghold, citadel. castigo, -are, -avi, -atus Fcastusago], tr., properly, drive into purit/, correct, set right, either by words, reprove, chide, reproach, rebuke, or by deedts, punish, chastise, avenge. castra: s(e castrum. castrum, -i, n, rar6e in sing., common 7, castra, -orum, pi. n., camp (oy CASTRUM 21 CELSUS soldiers), encampment, headquarters. Castrum Inul, n., Castrum Inui, a town of Latium. 4Castrum Inui: see castrum. castus, -a, -um, adj., morally pure and spotless, pure, guiltless, innocent, cha~te, pious, holy, sacred. casus, -fs [cado], m., a falling, fall, overthrow. Fig., that which falls out or befalls, event, occurrence, happening, chance, fortune, fate, crisis; misfortune, mishap, mischance, sorrow, calamity; hazard, peril. casu, abl. sing. as adv. = forte, by chance. catena, -ae, f., chain, fetter, shackle. caterva, -ae, f., crowd, troop, throng, multitude. Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline, i.e. Lucius Sergius Catilina, the notorious conspirator, whose schemes Cicero, then consul (in the year 63), frustrated. Cato, -onis, m., Cato, i.e. Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, a consistent Stoic and pure-minded patriot, who, after Julius Caesar's victory at Thapsus in Africa, committed suicide at Utica in Africa, rather than witness what he regarded as the downfall of the Roman state. catulus, -I, m., young animal, whelp, cub, e.g. a young dog or a young wolf. Caucasus, -1, m., Caucasus, the mountain range in Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. cauda, -ae, f., tail of animals. caulae, -arum, pl. f., openings, holes, passages; the open fence of a sheepfold, i.e. a fence made of bars with openings between them; sheepfold. Caulon, -6nis, m., Caulon or Caulonia, a city on the east coast of Bruttium. Caurus, -1, m., Caurus, the northwest wind. causa, -ae, f., reason, cause, ground, occasion, source; feigned cause, pretext, excuse; a cause or case in law, lawsuit, suit. cautes, -is, f., a rough, pointed rock, crag, cliff. cautus: see cave6. cavea, -ae [cavus]. f., a hollow, cavity; auditorium, ring of a theater or circus; seats, benches for spectators; by metonymy, spectators. cave6, -ire, cavi, cautus, intr. and tr., take heed, be on one's guard (against), guard against, beware of, avoid. cautus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. in dep. sense as adj, having taken care, heedful, careful, cautious. caverna, -ae [cavus],f., cavity, cavern, cave. cavb, -are, -avi, -atus rcavus], tr., make hollow, make a hollow in, hollow out. cavatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., hollowed out, hollow, cavernous. cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow, cavernous; hence, enveloping, surrounding, enshrouding. Cecropides, -ae, m., a (son or) descendant of Cecrops. who, so tradition said, was the first king of Attica; an Athenian. cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, intr., be in motion, move, go; go away, depart, withdraw (construed with abl., or with de, e, or ex with abl.); retreat, flee. Fig., yield, abate, cease; yield, give way, die out, vanish; give place or room to, yield (to), submit (to); yield to, be inferior to, come short of; go to, fall to, fall to the lot or share of, accrue to. cedrus, -i, f., cedar tree (more strictly, the juniper tree), cedar wood. Celaen6, -us [Gk. form], f., Celaeno, one of the Harpies; see Harpyia. celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., properly, visit a place in numbers, throng, crowd, or visit often, frequent; keep a festival in numbers, solemnize, celebrate; do repeatedly, engage in (often), practice; praise, honor, extol. celer, celeris, celere, adj., swift, fleet, quick, agile, lithe. celer6, -are, -avi, -atus, intr., be quick, hasten, make speed; tr. (~ 131), quicken, speed, hasten. cella, -ae, f., store-room; freely, any small room, e.g. a cell in a beehive. celo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., hide, cover, keep secret, conceal. celsus, -a, -um [properly, pf. pass. CENTAURUS 22 CHAOS prtcpl. of an old verb cello, rise high, tower], adj., towering, high, lofty, tall. Centaurus, -i, m., a Centaur. The myth described the Centaurs as half Pman, half horse; they were probably a zuwd, rude people of Thessaly, who fo ght on horseback. canteni, -ae, -a [centunm, distributive numeral adj., properly, a hundred each, a hundred at a time; freely, a hundred. centum, indeclinable numeral adj., a hundred; in poetry used freely of any large number. many. centumgeminus, -a, -um, adj., hundred-fold, i.e. having a hundred natures or persons, an epithet of the giant Briareus, who is described in other writers merely as hundred-handed. Ceraunia, -orum [Gk. name; properly, HIeadlands of Thunder], pl. n., the Ceraunian mountains, in the northwestern part of Epirus, Greece. Cerberus, -i, m., Cerberus, the threeheaded dog that guarded the entrance to the uwderworld. Cerealis, -e [Ceres], adj., of Ceres, Ceres's. cerebrum, -i, m., the brain, brains. Ceres, Cereris, f., Ceres, daughter of Saturn, and sister of Jupiter; she was mother of Proserpina. See ~288. By metonymy, grain, bread. cern6, -ere, crevi, cretus or certus, tr., properly, separate. Fig., separate by the senses, esp. by the sight, discern, distinguish, perceive, see; ints., decide by a contest, fight, contend. certus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., fixed, settled, determined, resolved; settled, fixed, assured, inevitable, unerring, sure, certain, definite; reliable, trusty, faithful. certum (m. acc.) facere, inform. certum (n. nom.) est mihi, etc., I, etc., am resolved. cernuus, -a, -um, adj., bent forwards, (tus ned) face downwards; freely, of a horse, pitching head foremost. certamen, -inis [certo], n., contest, strife, battle, match; rivalry, zeal. certatim [certo], adv., in rivalry, eagerly, earnestly, zealously. certe [certus], adv., fixedly, assuredly, certainly, surely, truly. certo, -are, -avi,-atum [freq.of cerno], intr., decide by strife or contest, contend, fight, strive, struggle; contend in rivalry, vie (with one another), rival; with infin., strive eagerly, seek, aim. certus: see cerno. cerva, -ae, f., female deer, hind. cervix, -icis, f., neck (esp. the back or nape of the neck); freely, head, shoulders. cervus, -i, m., stag, deer. cesso, -are, -avi, -atum [cedo], intr., properly, yield greatly, stand or hang back; be idle, be inactive, be still; delay, loiter, flag, lag, be a laggard; cease, stop, abate. cete: see cetus. ceterus, -a, -um, adj., properly, the other of two (cJ. alter); freely, the rest of, the remainder of, the remaining. As noun, ceteri, -orum, pl. m., all the others, the rest; ceterum and cetera, n. sing. and pl. as adv., in all other respects, otherwise. cetus, -i, m., pl. nom. and acc. cete (Gk. form), n., sea-monster, e.g. a whale, shark, or dolphin. ceu, adv. and conj., in comparisons (1) involving facts, (2) involving suppositions or hypotheses, as, just as, like as, as if, as when. Chalcidicus, -a, -um, adj., of Chalcis (the chief town of Euboea, the island north of Boeotia in Greece),Chalcidian, Cumaean (Curinae was a colony from Chalcis). Chalybes, -um, pl. m., the Chalybes, the Chalybians, a people in Pont us, Asia Minor, famous workers of steel. chalybs, -ybis, m., steel. Chaon, -onis, m., Chaon, a son of Priam, brother of the prophet Helenus; after him Ilelenus named his realm in Epirus Chaonia. Chaonia, -ae [Chaon], f., Chaonia, a district in Epirus, ruled first by Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, later by Helenus. Chaonius, -a, -um [Chaon], adj., of Chaonia, Chaonian, Epirote. Chaos, n., only in nom. and ace. sing., CHARON 23 CIRCUMSTO Chaos, properly, the first state of the universe, thought of as lLnitless, empty space, void; esp. the limitless underworld; personified as a deity, son oy Erebus and Nox. Charon, -ontis, m., Charon, the ferryman of the underworld, who conveyed across the Acheron (or the Styx) the so uls of those wzho had been duly buried. Charybdis, -is, f., Charybdis, a very dangerous whirlpool between Sicily and Italy, in the straits of Messina. Chimaera, -ae, f., the Chimaera, a mythical monster with the head of a lion, a goat's head projecting from its middle, and the tail of a serpent; it was supposed to vomit fire, and was localized in Lycia, Asia Minor. It was the embodiment in myth of the volcanic fires active in that district; the Chimaera, a Trojan ship; see note on v. 122. chlamys, chlamydis, f., the chlamys, a (Gk.) cloak, mantle, cape, made of a large piece of wool, fastened by a clasp on one shoulder, usually the right; it was ojten richly embroidered, and was worn especially by young men, hunters, and soldiers. Chl6reus, -el, m., Chloreus, a Trojan, priest of Cybele. chorea, -ae [chorus], f., a (solemn) dance in a ring. chorus, -i, m., a dance in a ring, esp. by a band or company; a choral dance; by metonymy, band, troop of dancers or singers; freely, band, troop, company, throng. Chromis, -is, m., Chromis, a Trojan slain by Camilla. cieo, -ere, civi, citus, tr., put in vigorous motion, stir (up), move, agitate; call, summon. Fig., effect, produce, cause, bring about; stir up, arouse, excite, spur on, shake. citus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., stirred up, swift, speedy, fleet; often = an adv., swiftly, speedily, quickly. cinctus: see cingo. cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctus, tr., encircle, surround, encompass; girdle, gird; gird one's self with a weapon, esp. a szword, gird on. cingulum, -1 [cingo], n., girdle, belt,,Sp). a sword-belt, baldric. sinis, -eris, m, ashes, embers, ruins; ashes or material part of the dead. circa, adv., around, about, near (by). Circaeus, -a, -um [Circe], adj., of Circe, Circe's, Circaean. Circe, -es, f., Circe, a daughter of the Sun, a sorceress s illed in magic and the use of poisons; she dwelt on an island off the west coast of Italy, identified in later times with the promontory of Circeii (Cf. iii. 386, with notes). circ6nsis, -e [circus], adj., of the circus. As noun, circenses, -ium (sc. lfdi), pt. m., the circensian games, chariot races in the circus, esp. in the Circus Maximus at Rome. circueo: see circumeo. circuitus, -us [circum+eo], m., a going round, circuit, roundabout way. circulus,-i [dimin. of circus]. m., circle, circlet, chain, ring, band. circum, adv., around, about. As prep., with ace., around, about, over. For hints as to its position at times see ~ 210. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus, tr, with acc. and dat, put round, set round; with ace. and abl., surround with, encircle, enclose, envelop. circumeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, circuitum, intr., go round, move round; tr., circle round. circumfer6, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, tr., bear around, carry about; lustrate, purify (vi. 229; see note there). circumflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexus, tr., bend about, wind round; freely, trace (round), traverse. circumfundo, -ere, -ffudl, -fusus, tr., pour round; with ace. and abl., surround, envelop, encompass; the pass. is often used of persons in middle sense (~152), pour round, gather (about), flock together, throng. circumffsus: see circumfundo. circumspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [circum+specio], intr., look round, gaze about; tr., look round on, view 'on all sides, survey, examine; look round at, catch sight of, espy. circumsto, -stare, -steti, -, intr., CIRCUMTEXTUS 24 CLIPEATUS stand around; tr., stand round, surround, encompass, beset, overwhelm. circumtextus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. of circumteg6 as adj., woven rouna, bordered. circumvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, tr., come or move round, encircle, surround. circumvolo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., fly round, hover round or over, flit about. circumvolv6, -ere, -volvi, -volatus, tr., roll round, turn round, revolve round. circus, -i, m., circle, ring, circus, place for chariot races, esp. the Circus Maximus at Rome, race course; by metonymy, a circle or ring of spectators; spectators. Cisseis, -eidis, f., Cisseis, i.e. Hecuba, wife of Priam; she was daughter of Cisseus, a Thracian king. Cisseus, -el, m., Clsseus. (1) A Thrarian king, father of Hecuba. (2) A Rutulian, son of Mfelampus, comrade of Turnus. Cithaeron, -onis, m., Cithaeron, a mountain in Boeotia, Greece, sacred to Bacchus. cithara, -ae, f., the cithara (a musical instrument), lute, guitar, lyre. cito [abl. sing. of citus; sc., perhaps, modo], adv., quickly, speedily, soon. citus: see cieo. civilis, -e [civis], adj., of a citizen or citizens, civil, civ ic. civis, -is, c., citizen, fellowcitizen, countryman or countrywoman. clades, -is, f., properly, a breaking to pieces; injury, ruin, destruction, disaster, calamity; esp., slaughter, carnage, havoc in war; by metonymy (~ 186), ruin, scourge, destroyer. clam [akin to celo], adv., secretly, in secret, stealthily. clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, intr., call out, cry out, shout; tr., call to, address. clamor, -oris, m, loud call, cry, shout, whether of pleasure or of pain; outcry, uproar, crash, din, clamor; battle shout, lamentation, applause. clangor, -oris, m., clang, din, noise; shouting, uproar; of trumpets, braying, blare. claresc5, -ere, -- -, intr., grow bright, become clear to the eyes. Fig., become clear to the ears, grow distinct, be plainly audible, grow loud. ClJrius, -a, -um, adj., of Claros, Clarian, a title of Apollo, who had a famous temple and oracle at Claros, in lonia, Asia Minor. clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear to the eyes, visible, bright, brilliant, gleaming. Fig., clear to the ears, clear, loud, distinct, ringing; bright, brilliant, famous, distinguished, illustrious, renowned. classis, -is, f., properly, a levy; a class or division of citizens, esp. for military purposes, army, (battle) host, fleet; in pl., ships, and, by metonymy, crews, sailors. claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, tr., shut (up), close, bar, fasten; hem in, confine, pen up; enclose, encompass, surround. claudus, -a, -um, adj., lihnping, lame; maimed, mangled, crippled. claustrum, -i [claudo], n., fastening, shutter, barrier, bar, bolt; door, gate; bulwark, defense, barricade; usually in pi. clausus: see claudo. Clausus, -i, in., Clausus, a Sabine chieftain; according to Vergil he was the progenitor of the gens Claudia. clava, -ae, f., a knotty stick, staff, club, cudgel. clavus, -i, m., a (metal) nail, spike; by metonymy, of objects of like shape, rudder-handle, tiller, steering-paddle, rudder, helm. cliens, -entis [originally cluens, from cluo, clueo, hear, obey], m., properly, one who obeys, dependent, vassal, cli ent. The clients attached themselves to some patronus, expecting from him faithful, honest help in all their interests, and, to some extent, financial support; in turn they were bound to respect their patron and to aid in every way to extend his influence and to add to his prestige. clipeatus, -a, -um [clipeus], adj., armed with shields, shielded, shieldbearing. CLIPEUS 25 COLONUS clipeus, -1, m., and, rarely, clipeum, -1, n., a round, brazen shield. Cloanthus, -i, in., Cloanthus, a comrade of Aeneas. Clonus, -i, m., Clonus, son of Epytus, a skillful worker in gold; he wrought the designs on the sword belt of Pallas. Cluentius, -i or -ii, m2., Cluentius, a name borne by members of the gens Cluentia. Clusinus, -a, -um, adj., of Clusium (an important tozwn of Etruria, on the river Clanis, a tributary of the Tiber), Clusian. Clytius, -i or -ii, m., Clytius, the name of several individuals, of whom nothing is really known. (1) A Trojan, descendant of Aeolus, slain by Turnus. (2) A Rutulian. (3) Father of the Trojan Euneus. coactus: see cogo. Cocles, Coclitis, m., the famous Horatius Codes, who defended the pins Sublicius, a wooden bridge over the Tiber, against Porsenna, the Etruscan ally of the Tarquins. Cocytus, -i, m., Cocytus, a river of the underworld. coeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [con+eo], intr., go or come together, gather, collect, assemble; stream together, flow from all sides; come together, unite (in alliance); come together in combat, meet, join battle; of milk, blood, etc., thicken, curdle, congeal. coepi, -isse, defective verb, intr. and tr., begin, commence; essay, attempt, undertake. coeptus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., begun, attempted, essayed, undertaken. As noun, coeptum, -i, n., beginning, attempt, essay, undertaking, enterprise, venture. coeptum: see coepi. coeptus: see coepi. coerceo, -ere, -ercul, -ercitus [con+ arce], tr., enclose completely, surround, confine; keep in check, confine, restrain; (keep from straying, i.e.) marshal, keep in line. coetus, -as [coeo], m., a coming together, meeting, gathering; bymetonymy, gathering, band, troop, company. Coeus, -i, m., Coeus, one of the Titans (~ 273); he was father of Latona. cognatus, -a, -um [con+(g)nascor], adj., of like blood, related by blood, kindred, akin. cognitus: see cognosc6. cognomen, -inis [con + (g)nomenl, n.. added name, surname, family name (a name added to the nomen and the praenomen to distinguish families of the same gBns); freely, name, title. cognoscb, -ere, cognovi, cognitus [con- (g)nbsc6], tr., become acquainted with, grow familiar with, learn, ascertain; know, be conscious of, recognize. cognitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., well known, known, familiar. c6go, -ere, coegi, coactus [con+ago3, tr., drive together, collect, assemble, mass, muster; (keepfrom straying, i.e.) marshal, arrange, keep in line; (bring together, i.e.) condense, concentrate, congeal. Fig., force (tears, etc.), squeeze out; with infin., force, constrain, compel. cohibeo, -ere, -hibul, -hibitus [con+ habeo], tr., hold together; hold or shut in, confine, restrain. cohors, cohortis, f., properly, an enclosure; by metonymy, of the objects enclosed, throng, crowd, multitude, esp. a military company, cohort; freely, fleet, squadron or line of ships. Collatinus, -a, -um, adj., of Collatia, a Sabine town near Rome. collatus: see confero. colligo, -ere, -legi, collectus [con+ leg6], tr., bring together, gather, collect, assemble; with arma or vela, gather together, take in, make snug; gather, get, gain, acquire. collis, -is, m., hill, height. collum, -i, n., neck (used of men, animals, and even of plants, e.g. of the poppy). colo, -ere, colui, cultus, tr., properly, cultivate, till the ground; dwell in, inhabit, occupy, possess. Fig., cultivate, give heed to, care for, cherish, love, esteem; honor, reverence, worship. colonus, -i [colo], m., cultivator, COLOR 26 COMPREHENDO farmer, husbandman; inhabitant (of), occupant; settler, colonist. color, -6ris, m., color; tint, hue, complexion. coluber, -bri, m., snake, serpent. columba, -ae, f., dove, pigeon. columna, -ae, f., column, pillar, post. colus, -1, m., distaff. coma, -ae, f., hair, tresses. locks. Fig., tresses of plants or trees, foliage. comans, -antis, adj., hairy, shaggy; of a helmet, hairy, plumed, crested, bushy. comes, -itis [con-ieo], c., comrade, companion, associate; guide, guardian; in pl., attendants, suite, retinue, train. 1. comitatus: see comitor. 2. comitatus, -fs [comitor], n., properly, an accompanying, then by metonymy, those who attend, retinue, train, suite, company. comitor, -arl, -atus sum [comes], tr., go with, accompany, attend, escort, follow. comitatus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl. in pass. sense, accompanied, attended, escorted. commendo, -are, -avi, -atus [con+ mando], tr., put into one's hands, commit to, entrust to, commend to. commercium, -i or -ii [con+merx], n., commercial dealings; trafficking, trading, bargaining. comminus [con+manus], adv., hand to hand, in close conflict, at or to close quarters. commisceo, -ere, -miscui, -mixtus, tr., mix (together), mingle, unite. commissum: see committo. commissus: see committo. committ6, -ere, -misi, -missus, tr., send or bring together, join, unite; of contests or battles, join, unite, begin, enter, engage in; of games, hold, celebrate; of misdeeds, commit, perpetrate, practice, be guilty of. commissum, -1, n. (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), wrongdoing, misdeed, fault, offence, crime. commixtus: see commisceo. commove6, -ere, -movi, -m6tus, tr., move violently, shake, agitate. 'ig., move with any violent emotion or feel ing, disturb, excite, arouse, agitate, frighten. comminis, -e, adj., common, joint, general. coim, -ere, c6mpsi, c6mptus [con+ eml], tr., put together, esp. the hair, arrange, comb, dress, braid; deck, adorn. compactus: see compingo. compiags, -is [con+pango],f., a joining together; by metonynmy, joining, joint, seam; found in Vergil only in the pi. 1. compello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, tr., drive together; drive, force. 2. compello, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., hail, greet, address, accost. compingo, -ere, -pegi, -pactus [con+ pango], fr, join together, fit (tcrgether), unite, fasten. complector, -i, -plexus sum [con+ plecto, plait, weave], tr., embrace, enfold, encircle; grasp, hold. comple6, -ere, -evi, -etus, tr, fill up, pack, cram, crowd, throng; fill, complete, round out, fulfill, finish. 1. complexus: see complector. 2. complexus, -as [complectorl, m, encircling, embrace, caress. compono, -ere, -posul, -positus (and in poetry, -postus), tr., put together; build, make, construct, raise; devise, contrive, design; (put together, i.e.), arrange, set in order, compose, settle, adjust, quiet, calm, appease, allay, soothe; arrange for rest or sleep, lay down, lay, dispose; arrange for burial, lay away, lay to rest, bury. compositus or compostus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., arrayed, ordered, fixed, settled. As noun compositum, -i, n., that which is fixed, arrangement, compact, agreement; composite, abl. sing. as adv., by agreement, according to compact, designedly. comportS, -are, -avl, -atus, tr., carry together, heap up, pile up, amass. composit6: see comp6no (end). compositus or compostus: see comcomprehendS, or comprend6, -ere, -endi, -ensus, tr., lay hold on, seize, COMPRENDO' 27 CONDO grasp, catch. Fig., grasp or embrace in (with) words, describe, recount. comprendo: see comprehendo. comprensus: see comprehendS. compressus: see comprimo. comprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [con+premo], tr., press or squeeze together; hold in check, hold back. Fig., check, curb, stay, repress, restrain. comptus: see como. compulsus: see 1. compello. 1. c6natus: see cbnor. 2. conatus, -us [conor], m., attempt, essay, effort. concavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow, concave; of rocks, cavernous, crannied. conc6d, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, intr., go away, depart, retire, withdraw; give way to, yield (to), surrender; tr., surrender, deliver; concede, grant, permit, suffer, allow; with infin., grant, suffer, permit. conceptus: see concipio. concessus: see concedb. concha, -ae, f., properly, a bivalve shellfish; by metonymy (~ 187), shell, conch, or anything shaped like a shell, e.g. a trumpet. concido, -ere, -cidi, - [con + cad6], intr., fall together, collapse, fall down, fall, sink; perish, be slain. concie, -ere, -civi, -citus, tr., properly, force or drive together; freely, drive, move violently or forcefully, rouse, stir up; fling, hurl (a stone or a weapon). Fig., stir, arouse, excite, provoke; produce, cause. concitus, -a, -urn, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., in fig. sense, stirred up, aroused, excited; at times = an adv. phrase, with all speed, violently, furiously. concilio, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., bring together, unite. Fig., unite in feeling, unite as a friend, make friendly, win over, gain, secure, win. concilium, -i or -ii, n., assembly, gathering, company, throng; esp. a gathering for deliberative purposes, council, council-board. concipi, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [con+ capil], tr., lay firm hold on, take in, receive, draw in; receive fertilizing seed, conceive, give birth to. Fig., take into the soul, take in by the intellectual faculties, grasp, comprehend, understand, conceive (of), imagine; formulate, draw up (treaty, etc.); take in (i.e. welcome) some thought, design, etc., admit, harbor, cherish, foster. concito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of concieb], tr., set in violent motion, spur on (a horse). concitus: see concieo. conclamb, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., with pi. subject, pry out (together), shout (in unison); oith sing. subject, cry out, shout, exclaim; tr. (~ 130), cry out, raise the cry. concludo, -ere, -clisi, -clisus [con+ claudo], tr., shut up, enclose, surround. concors, -cordis [con+cors], adj., of one heart and mind, friendly, harmonious. concresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretus, intr., grow together (wzth), become part of, become ingrained (in); harden, stiffen, curdle, congeal, become clotted. concretus, -a, -um, p/. pass. prtcpl. as adj., in dep. sense, hardened, stiffened, matted (hair). concretus: see concresco. concurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, intr., run together or with, dash together; rush, speed, hasten; rush together in hostile spirit, meet in battle shock, fight, contend (with). concursus, -fus concurro], m., a rushing or dashing together; by metonymy, throng, crowd, assembly, concourse. concussus: see concutio. concutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus [con+quatio], tr., shake violently, agitate, jar, sway, shatter. Fig., shake, agitate, jar, alarm, startle, grieve; shake out, as one shakes a robe to search it, search, examine, probe. condensus, -a, -um, adj., very dense, close; crowded or huddled together. conditus: see condo. condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, tr., put together; form, fashion, build, erect; found, establish; put up or away for CONECTO 28 oONIUGIUM safe keeping, store up, stow away; lay away in the grave, lay to rest, bury; put away, hide, conceal; with ensem, bury, hide, sheathe in a foe. Fig., put together songs, verses, etc., compose, write; arrange, order, ordain; establish, bring about. conecto, -ere, cbnexui, cbnexus [con+necto], tr., bind together, fasten; wreathe together, entwine. conexus: see c6necto. confectus: see conficio. conferci6, -cire, -fersi, -fertus [con+ farci]l, tr., stuff or cram together. confertus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., pressed together, crowded, dense, serried; = an adv. phrase, in close array, in serried ranks. confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatus, tr., bear or bring together; conferre gradum, bring one's step together with another's, keep pace with, walk with; bring together, unite in hostility; conferre signa, conferre manum, meet in close combat, fight at close quarters, fight, contend; with certamina, begin, launch, engage in. confertus: see confercio. confessus: see c6nfiteor. conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [con+ facio], tr., do thoroughly or fully; finish, complete, accomplish, execute; use up, waste, exhaust, spend; overcome, destroy; freely, weaken. confectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., worn out, wasted, exhausted; wearied, enfeebled. Confido, -ere, -fisus sum, intr., trust to, rely on, put faith in. configo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus, tr., join, fasten together; pierce through and through, transfix, perforate. confisus: see confido. confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum [con4 -fateor], intr., confess, acknowledge; freely, confess, reveal. confixus: see c6nfigo. confiigo, -ere, -flixi, -flictus, intr, dash or strike together, esp. in conflict, fight, strlugle contend, war. confodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus, tr., prop erly, dig thoroughly, dig; pierce through and through, transfix, stab. confossus: see c6nfodio. confugi6, -ere, -fagi, -fugitum, intr., flee for refuge or aid; resort (to), have recourse. confundo, -ere, -fidi, -fusus, tr., pour together, mingle, mix. Fig., mix (up), throw into disorder, disturb, confuse, confound; bewilder (the mind), perplex, disturb, confuse; violate, outrage a treaty, etc. conffsus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., bewildered, excited, perplexed. conftsus: see confundo. congemino, -are, -avi, -atus [con+ geminus], tr., double, redouble, deal repeatedly (blows); freely, ply again and again (a sword, or battle-axe), wield repeatedly. congemo, -ere, -gemui, -, intr., groan heavily or loudly, sigh deeply. congero, -ere, '-gessi, -gestus, tr., bear together, collect, heap or pile up; build, rear, erect. congestus: see congero. congredior, -di, -gressus sum [con F gradiorJ, zntr., properly, step o1 tucal to gether (with), meet, esp. in hostile spirit, fight with, contend (with), encounter, engage. 1. congressus: see congredior. 2. congressus, -us [congredior], im., meeting; encounter, whether in friendly or hostile spirit; conference, interview; fight, contest. conicib, -ere, conieci, coniectus [con +iacio], tr., properly, throw together; heap up, pile up; freely, throw on, pile on, fling at; hurl, cast, throw, drive (esp. a weapon); with se (throw or) drive one's self to a place, betake one's self, hasten. coniectus: see conicio. conifer, -fera, -ferum [conus+fero], adj., cone bearing. conitor, coniti, conixus or conisus sum [con+nltor], intr., lean against, push (stronqly) against; strive with might and main, struggle, exert one's selt. coniugium, -l or -ii [(f conitunx, CONIUNCTUS 29 CONSPICIO coniungo], n., union, esp. the marriage umnon, marriage, wedlock; by metonymy, husband, wife. coniunctus: see coniungo. coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus, tr., Join, unite; with navem, join to a pier, etc., bind fast, moor. conianx, coniugis [coniungo], c., properly, one united to another, esp. in marriage; mar ied person, husband, wife; freely, suitor, lover. conixus: see conitor. conlabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, intr., fall or sink together, sink, collapse; fall, faint, sink, swoon; be slain, perish. conlapsus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl. as adj., that has fallen, fainting, swooning, lifeless. conlapsus; see conlabor. conloquium, -i or -ii [conloquor], n., talk (with), conversation (with), converse, intercourse (with). conluceo, -ere, -, -, intr., givelight on every side, glare far and wide, be lighted up; shine brightly, gleam, glitter. conlustr6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., light up on all sides. Fig., examine, survey, inspect. conor, -ari, conatus sum, intr., try, essay, attempt, undertake. cinsanguineus, -a, -um, adj., of like blood, kindred, akin, related. As noun, consanguineus, -i, m., blood relation, kinsman. consanguinitas, -atis, f., relationship by blood, kinship. conscend6, -ere, -di, -scensus [con+ scando], tr., mount, climb, ascend, surmount; with navem, classem, or aequor, mount, ascend, climb, board, embark on. conscius, -a, -um [con+scio], adj., properly, knowing in company with another or with one's self, thought of as another person; conscious (of), aware of, privy to; allied, confederate; having knowledge of, witnessing, allknowing, all-seeing (of stars, etc.); self-conscious, conscious; conscious of wrong-doing, guilty, self-condemned. consequor, -sequl, -secutus sum, tr., follow vigorously, pursue; follow, come (or go) after, succeed; follow successfully, overtake, catch, pursue. conser6, -ere, -serui, -sertus, tr., bind together, join, fasten (together), entwine, weave; fashion, make; with manum or dextram, join in close combat; with proelium, wage at close quarters, wage hotly, join, engage in. consertus: see c6nsero. consessus, -us [consido], m., properly, a sitting together; by metonymy, assembly, assemblage, concourse, crowd, company; throng of spectators, spectators. consid6, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, intr., take a seat, sit down (together); of birds, bees, etc., alight, perch, settle, swarm; take up a lasting abode, settle (permanently). Fig., of inanimate subjects, settle (down), sink, fall, perish; be overwhelmed, be plunged in. consilium, -i or -ii [cf. consul6], n., deliberation, consultation, planning; shrewdness, good or bad, sagacity, policy, trickery; by metonymy, the result of such deliberation, decision, resolve, determination; plan, purpose, design, measure, scheme; counsel, advice. c nsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, intr. (~ 139), place one's self, take one's stand, set foot on; halt, stop, come to rest; be at rest, stand still, remain standing; settle, tarry, rest. Fig., rest, be at ease. conson6, -ire, -sonul, -sonitum, intr., sound together, sound loudly or clearly, ring, echo, resound. consors, -sortis [con+sors], adj., of like lot, having an equal share, sharing with. As noun, consors, -sortis, c., comrade, partner, colleague. 1. conspectus: see conspicio. 2. conspectus, -us [conspicio], m., a seeing, viewing; sight, view; by metonymy, the sight or view of others, presence; onlookers, spectators. conspici6, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [con -specio], tr., look at earnestly, view carefully, gaze on; see, observe, be CONSTERNO 30 CONTINUJO hold; catch sight of, espy, descry, perceive. consterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus, tr., strew over, bestrew, cover. constituo, -ere, -stitul, -stitutus [con q-statuo], tr., set up, put, place; set up, erect, build, found, establish, fix. Fig., determine, resolve. consto, -are, -stiti, -statum, intr., stand together or with, stand; stand firmly fixed, be unchanging or unchangeable, be settled, be in orderly array. constructus: see c6nstru6. construS, -ere, -straxi, -strlctus, tr., heap up, pile up; erect, build, make, fashion, construct. c6nsuesc6, -ere, -suevi, -suetus, tr., accustom to, make familiar with; intr. (~ 139), accustom one's self to, become accustomed to. consuetus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., used of things with which one is familiar, accustomed, wonted, usual, familiar. c6nsuetus: see consuesco. consul, -ulis, m., consul, one of the two highest executive officers of the Roman state, elected annually. consulS, -ere, -sulul, -sultum, intr., take counsel, reflect, consider, consult, plan; take heed, be thoughtful or careful; tr., consult (esp. a deity or an oracle), ask advice of; examine, inspect. consultum, -I n. (pf, pass prtcpl. as noun),properly, something deliberated or resolved; plan, resolve, decree; decree of an oracle, (authoritative) answer, response. consultum: see c6nsulo. consum6, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, tr., take up completely, use up; waste, destroy; of fire, use up, consume; use, employ; spend, pass. consumptus: see cinsume. consurg6, -ere, -surrexi, -surrectum, intr., of several persons, rise together; of one person, rise, arise; raise one's self, throw one's self into (a sword, spear, etc., i e. into the cast of the sword, etc.) Fiq., of things, rise, arise, spring up, cone about. 1. contactus: see contingo. 2. contactus, -as [contingo], m., touching; touch, contact. contemn6, -ere, -tempsi, -temptus, tr., make light of, esteem lightly, disregard, despise, disdain, scorn, defy. contemptor, -6ris [contemno], m., scorner, despiser, scoffer, mocker. contendS, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, tr., stretch out, strain, draw taut; (strain, i.e.) hurl, dart, cast, whirl, shoot a missile, a weapon; with cursum, etc., press on, pursue quickly; intr. (~ 139), in fig. senses, strain, struggle, strive earnestly; struggle with others, try one's strength with others (try conclusions with), vie (with), struggle, contend; with infin., strive, endeavor, make haste, try. 1. contentus: see contendS, 2. contentus: see contine6. conterreo, -ere, -terrui, -territus, tr., frighten greatly, alarm grievously. conterritus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., frightened, alarmed, terrorstricken. conterritus: see conterreo. contex6, -ere, -texul, -textus, tr., weave together; join together, build, fashion, erect, construct. conticesc6, -ere, conticui, - [con+ taceo], intr., become silent, grow still; hold one's peace; be silent. contiguus, -a, -um [contingo], adi., in active sense, touching, near, close (to; in pass. sense, that may be touched, near, within range of, within reach of. contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [con+ teneol, tr, hold together; hold back, restrain, repress, stay, check. contentus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., properly, restrained, repressed. Fig., curbed, controlled, contented, satisfied (with abl.) conting6, -ere, -tigi, -tactus [con+ tango], tr., touch, take hold of, handle; strike, smite, pierce; reach, come to, attain, arrive at, gain; intr and nimpers., (touch, i.e.) fall to the lot of, befall, happen, be one's fate (usually of goodl ortune). continu6 [abl. of continuus; sc., per CONTORQlUEO 31 haps, modo], adv., straightway, forthwith, immediately. contorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus, tr., turn violently or quickly, whirl (round); hurl, fling, discharge (a weapon with rotary motion, and so with greater force and accuracy; see ammentum). contortus: see contorqueo. contra, adv., properly of place, on the other or opposite side, opposite, facing. Fig., of ideas, utterances, etc., on the other hand, on the contrary, in opposition, in turn, in reply. As prep., with acc., properly, of place, over against, against, opposite to, facing, fronting; of hostile opposition, against, contrary to, in opposition to. Fig., in reply to, answering. contractus: see contraho. contraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus, tr., draw or bring together, gather, collect, assemble. contrarius, -a, -um [contra], adj., properly, of place, lying over against, opposite, fronting; unfavorable, adverse; hostile, unfriendly. Fig., opposite, opposed, confronting. contremisco, -ere, -tremui, -, intr, tremble all over, shake (violently), quiver, quake, shudder. contundo, -ere, -tudi, -tunsus, tr., beat, bruise, grind, crush. Fig., beat down, crush, quell, subdue, destroy. contus, -i, m., pole, esp. for pushing a boat, punt-pole, pike, boat hook conufbium, -i or -ii [con+nibo], n., marriage, wedlock; right of intermarriage (between persons of diferent states). Note: the second syllable is common, i.e. sometimes long, sometimes short. c6nus, -1, m., properly, a cone; by metonymy, of things cone-shaped, esp. the apex or peak of a helmet, a metal ridge in which the crest was set. convallis, -is, f, an enclosed valley. convectS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of conveho], tr., bring together, carry, convey. convellb, -ere, -velli, -vulsus, tr., tear up, wrench away, pull up, >ep CORINTHUS arate; tear to pieces, rend asunder, shatter, batter, convulse, destroy. conveni6, -ire, -veni, -ventum, intr., come together, assemble, gather, meet. Fig. and impers., (zt comes together, i.e.) is agreed, is decided, is arranged. conventus, -us [convenio], m., a coming together; by metonymy, gathering, meeting, assembly, throng, conclave. conversus: see converto. convertS, -ere, -versi, -versus, tr., turn around, turn, whirl, cause to revolve; turn to or towards, direct, guide. Fig., (turn, i.e.) change, alter, transform, reverse. convexum: see convexus. convexus, -a, -um [conveho], adj., properly, brought or carried together, rounded, curved, vaulted, arched; freely, sloping, winding. As noun, convexum, -i, n., arch, vault, concavity, hollow, recess; esp., in pl., the vault or canopy of heaven. convivium, -i or -ii [convivO], n., a living together; esp. a meal taken by many persons in company, feast, banquet. convolve, -ere, -volvi, -volutus, tr., roll together, roll up, coil (up). convulsus: see convello. coorior, -oriri, coortus sum, intr., arise, rise. Fig., spring up, break or burst forth, break out. codrtus: see coorior. copia, -ae [con+ops], f., plenty, abundance, (rich) store, supply; of persons, esp. in military sense, multitude, throng, force. Fig., chance to do something, opportunity; ability, power. cor, cordis, n., the heart, either in physical sense, or as the seat of the emotions; heart, soul, spirit, feeling, emotion; disposition, temper; cordi esse, be dear to, please, delight. Cora, -ae, f., Cora, a town of the Volscians in Latium. coram [con+6s?], adv., properly, face to face (with), in the presence of, before the eyes of (another); freely, personally, in person, with one's own eyes. Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, a very famous CORNEUS 32 CRATERA city of Greece, on the isthmus between the Peloponnesus and the upper or northern part of Greece. 1. corneus, -a, -um [cornt], adi., of horn, horn, horny. 2. corneus, -a, -um [cornus], adj., of the cornel tree, of cornel wood, cornel. cornipes, -pedis [cornui+ps], adj., horn-footed, hard-hoofed. cornu, -us, n., horn of animals, horn (as a substance); by metonymy, of things made of horn or shaped like a horn, horn, end, tip of the crescent moon, the curving end of a sailyard, which curved downwards; bow (with horn ends). cornum, -i, n., cornel cherry, an oblong red berry. cornus, -i, f., the cornel (cherry) tree, with very hard wood, cornel wood; by metonymy, a spear of cornel wood, dart, javelin. Coroebus, -i, m., Coroebus, a Phrygian, an ally of Priam, and suitor of Cassandra. corona, -ae, f., garland, chaplet, wreath, crown, diadem; by metonymy, of things shaped like a wreath or crown. Fig., ring, circle of men, etc., throng, crowd. corono, -are, -avi, -atus [corona], tr., crown, wreathe; encircle, encompass, surround. corporeus, -a, -um [corpus], adj., of the body, bodily, corporeal. corpus, -oris, n., material body, substance; body of men or animals, alive or dead, frame; corpse, lifeless body; ghost, spirit, shade; creature, being; person, figure, form, beauty; bodily strength, power, force. correptus: see corripio. corripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [con+ rapio], tr., snatch up, lay (quick or violent) hold on, snatch, seize, grasp, carry or hurry away; seize, attack, assail; seize or attack a road, etc., dart into, start quickly on, press quickly over, press on, hasten on, pursue, scour. corrumpb, -ere, -riup, -ruptus, tr., break to pieces, destroy, damage, injure, spoil; taint, infect, corrupt. corruo, -ere, -rui, -, intr., fall (together), sink, fall down, collapse. corruptus: see corrumpo. cortex, corticis, m., the bark, rind, shell of trees and plants. cortina, -ae,f., a round vessel, caldron; seat of the Delphic priestess (see on iii. 92.) corusco, -are, -, -, tr., move quickly, shake, brandish, wave; intr., of fire, lightning, etc., (move quickly, and so) flash, gleam, glitter. coruscus, -a, -um, adj., moving quickly, waving, tremulous; of light, etc., waving, dancing, flashing, glittering, gleaming. Corybantius, -a, -um, adj.,of the Corybantes, priests of Cybele who conducted her worship with loud wild music and orgiastic dances. Corybantian. Corynaeus, -i, m., Corynaeus; a Trojan name, denoting at least two different persons, of whom nothing but the name is known. Corythus, -i, m., Corythus. (1) Son of Jupiter, husband of Electra, who was by Jupiter the mother of lasius and Dardanus. Corythus was thus an ancestor of the Trojans. (2) A town in Etruria, said to have been founded by Corythus; freely, by metonymy (~ 188), Italy. Cossus, -i, m., Cossus, i.e. Aulus Cornelius Cossus, consul in 428, when he won the spolia opima by slaying the king of Veii. costa,l-ae, f., a rib; freely, the part adhering to the ribs, side. cothurnus, -i, m., a high closed boot, laced in front, covering the whole foot and the lower part of the leg, worn esp. by women and by hunters; hunting-boot, buskin. crassus, -a, -un, adj., thick, dense, coarse; of blood, clotted. crastinus, -a, -um [cras, to-morrow], adj., of to-morrow, to-morrow's. crater, crateris, m., and cratera, -ae, f., mixing-bowl, in which at a feast the wine and the water were mixed, bowl, pitcher, jar, urn, usually of large size. cratera: see crater. CREATRIX 33 CRUENTUS creatrix, -tricis [creo], f., she who creates or produces, mother. creber, crebra, crebrum, adj., properly, of things that exist in an unbroken series, or that are repeated at frequent intervals, thick, close, frequent, numerous, repeated, constant, incessant; quick, hurried; crowded with, abounding in, full of; =an adv., frequently, constantly, incessantly. crebresco, -ere, crebrui, -, intr., become frequent, increase; of winds, grow strong or fresh, freshen; of talk or rumors, increase, spread, grow rife. creditus: see credo. credo, -ere, credidi, creditus, tr., properly, give as a loan, lend; commit to one's care, entrust, commit; intr., with dat., put faith in, confide in, trust; put faith in some hazard or danger, venture on, hazard, risk; believe, credit; believe, suppose, think, fancy. cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., consume by fire, burn. creo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., bring forth, produce, create; of a father, beget; of a mother, bear, give birth to. crepido, -inis,:f, base, foundation of a statue, building, etc.; freely, anything raised, side-walk; pier, quay, dock. crepit6, -are, -avi, -, intr., rattle, crack, creak, rustle; of winds, whisper. crepitus, -as [crepo], m., rattling, creaking, crashing, rolling; used esp. of thunder. crepo, -are, -ul, crepitus, intr., rattle, rustle, creak, crash; by metonymy, like English crack, break with a crash or crckcrack, crack, snap. Cres, Cretis, m., a Cretan. cresco, -ere, crevl, cretus, intr., spring into being, come forth, be born, spring (up); grow, increase, rise. cretus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., sprung from, descended from, born of. Cresius, -a, -um, adj., Cretan. Cressa, -ae, f, a Cretan woman. Creta, -ae, f., Crete, an island in the Mediterranean. Cretaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Crete, Cretan. Cretheus, -ei, m., Cretheus, a Trojan bard and poet. cretus: see crescS. Creusa, -ae, f., Creusa, a daughter of Priam and wife of Aeneas. crimen, -inis [cerno], n., properly, a judicial decision, verdict; by metonymy, of something to be decided, charge (the usual meaning), accusation, reproach; unfounded charge, slander, calumny; crimina belli, charges that will lead to war, grounds, causes; the act which gives rise to the charge, misdeed, offence, fault, wickedness, crime. crinis, -is, mn., hair of the head, locks, tresses. Fig., hair of a comet, i.e. the trail of light it leaves behind it, train, trail. Crinisus, -i, m., Crinisus. (1) A river in the southwestern part of Sicily. (2) The god of this river. crinitus, -a, -um [crinis], adj., hairy, long-haired; of a helmet, crested, or, more freely, decked with, adorned with. crisp6, -are, -avl, -atus, tr., wave, brandish, swing. crista, -ae, f., properly, tuft or crest on the head of animals, e.g. a cock or a snake; crest, plume of a helmet. cristatus, -a, -um [crista], adj., crested, plumed. croceus, -a, -um [crocus], adj., of saffron, saffron; saffron-hued (i.e. yellow tinged with red), yellow, ruddy, orange. crocus, -i, m., saffron; saffron-color. crudelis, -e [crudus], adj., harsh, cruel, fierce, pitiless, merciless, relentless, ruthless. cradeliter, adv., cruelly, ruthlessly. cradesco, -ere, -, -, intr., grow harsh or violent, grow fierce, wax hot. crudus, -a, -urn, adj., bleeding, bloody; of food or meat, raw, uncooked, undressed; of leather, etc., undressed, unworked, raw, hard, tough; of plants, which still retain their natural juices, fresh, green. PFig., fresh, green, vigorous, sturdy, robust; raw, unfeeling, ruthless. cruentus, -a, -um (cf. cruor), adj., bloody, blood-stained, gory; delighting in blood, bloodthirsty, ruthless, cruel. CRUOOR 34 CURSUS cruor, -oris, m., blood (properly, blood freshly flowing from a wound), gore. crus, cruris, n, shank, shin, leg. cubile, -is [cubo], n, bed, couch; resting-place. cubitum, -i [cubo], n., elbow (so called because on it one Izes or rests), arm. culmen, -inis [akin to columen], n., top. summit; top of a building, roof, roof-tree; by metonymy, lofty structure, stately buildings. culmus, -i, m., stalk, stem, esp. of grain; straw, thatch. culpa, -ae, J., guilt, sin, crime, fault, blameworthy conduct; blame, criticism, reproof dealt out to such conduct. culpo, -are, -avl, -atus [culpa], tr.. blame, reprove, censure, revile. culter, -tri, m., knife. cultor, -6ris [colo], m., properly, tiller; inhabitant, dweller in; worshiper. cultrix, -icis [colo], f., she who dwells (on), dweller (on), inhabitant (of). 1. cultus: see colo. 2. cultus, -us [co10], m., properly, tillage. Fig., culture; care or regard for theperson, mode of life, style of living, dress, clothing, garb. 1. cum, piep. with abl., with (always with the idea of accompaniment, never qwith that of means). 2. cum, conj., of time, when, while, after, since; of cause, since, seeing that, because; of opposition, although. Cumae, -arum, pl. f., Cumae, a city on the Campanian coast, founded by colonists from Chalcis in Euboea; it was the home of the Sibyl. Cuimaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Cumae, Cumaean. cumba, -ae, f., small boat, skiff, bark; esp., Charon's boat. cumulo, -are, -avi, -atus [cumulus], tr., heap up, pile high; increase, augment; heap up with, load, burden. cumulus, -i, m., heap, pile, mass. cunabula, -6rum, pl. n., cradle. Fig, cradle, birthplace, first home of a race or people. cunctor, -arl, -atus sum, intr., delay, tarry, linger, loiter, hesitate. cinctus, -a, -um, ad]., in sing, a rare use, whole, entire; in pl., all together, all in a body, all. cuneus, -i, n., wedge; by metonymy, of things wedge-shaped, a battle line; a wedge-shaped block of seats of spectators, in the circus or the theater, rows of spectators; seats, benches. cupid6, -inis [cupio], f., desire (for), eagerness (for), craving, longing, passion, esp. that of love. Personified, Cupido, -inis, m., Cupid, the god of love. cupi6, cupere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, tr., long for greatly, crave, desire; with in in., be eager, long. cupressus, -i, f., the cypress, an evergreen sacred to Pluto, and much used at funerals. cur [originally, perhaps, qua r6, on what account], interrogative adv., for what reason, why, wherefore. cura, -ae, f., care, concern, regard; solicitude, anxiety, grief, sorrow, pain; esp. the pains and pangs of love, passion, love; anxious hope, longing; by metonymy, of the object of care, concern, treasure; concern, task, duty, province. Personified, Cura, -ae,f., Care, Sorrow. Cures, -ium, pl. c., Cures, the capital town of the Sabines, from which Numa Pompilius came. Curetes, -um, pl. m., the Curetes, the earliest inhabitants of Crete; they worshiped Jupiter and Cybele with noisy music and wild dances. cifro, -are, -avi, -atus (cura), tr., care for, give heed to, regard; with corpora, care for, refresh; with infin., take the trouble to, care to, desire. curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, intr., move quickly (in anuy manner whatever; it is used, too, with subjects of all kinds), speed, run; fly, shoot, glide; of rivers, run, flow, glide; with acc. (~ 132, note), speed over, traverse, skim. currus, -as [cf. currbl, m., chariot, car; by iiietonymy, team, horses, steeds. cursus, -us [curr6], sm., properly, a runmting; swift motion, speed; course, way, journey, passage, voyage; by metonymy, of the way traced by one's CURVO 35 DANAE motion, course, track, way, direction, manoeuvers, evolutions; of the lode of one's motzon, gait, motion, course. cursa, abl. sing. as adv., sxiftly, with all speed. curv6, -are, -avi, -atus [curvus], tl., curve, bend in bow shape, arch. curvatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. pitcepl. as adj., arched, hollowed, overhanging (of waves). curvus, -a, -um, adj, bent, crooked, curved, arched, winding. Cuspis, -idis, J., point, pointed end of anything, esp. of a spear; by metonymy, spear, dart, lance, javelin. cust6dia, -ae [cfstos], f., watching, guarding, care; by metonymy, guardian, keeper, watchman.. custodio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [custbs], tr., guard, watch, keep watch over; intr., watch, take heed. custos, -odis, c., guard, guardian, watchman, keeper, overseer. Cybele, -6s or -ae, f., Cybele. (1) A goddess, worshiped by the Phrygians as the Great Mother of all things. She was identified by the Greeks with Rhea, by the Romans with Ops or the Magna Mdter (~~274, 275); she was an embodiment of the fructifying powers of nature. (2) A mountain in Phrygia, sacred to the goddess Cybele. Cyclades, -um [from a Greek word meaning circle], pl. f., the Cyclades, a group of islands in the Aegean Sea, lying in a circle round Delos. Cyclopius, -a, -um, adj., of the Cyclopes, Cyclopian. Cyclops, -6pis, m., a Cyclops. The name was given (1) to certazn giants, with cannibalistic tendencies,who dwelt in Sicily, nearAetna; they had a single large, round eye in the middle of the forehead, (2) to the workmen of Vulcan (~ 284). cycnus, -i, m., swan. Cyd6n, -onis, m., Cydon, an Italian. Cyllenius, -a, -ur, adj., of Cyllene, a high mountain in Arcadia, Greece, birthplace of Mercury, Cyllenean. As noun, Cyllenius, -i or -ii, mi., the Cyllenean, i.e. Mercury, who was born on Mount Cyllene. I cymbium, -1 or -ii [cf. cumba], n., a small drinking vessel, long and nai row, li e a boat; cup, bow 1. Cymodoce, -es, J., Cymodoce, one of the Nei eids, or sea-nymphs. Cymothoe, -es, f., Cymothoe, one of the Nereids, or sea-nymphs. Cynthus, -i, m., Cynthus. a mountain of Delos, on which Apollo and Diana were born. cyparissus, -i [by-form of cupressus], f., cypress. Cyprus, -i, f., Cyprus, a large island in the Mediterranean. Cythera, -6rum, pl. n., Cythera, an island south of La onia, near which, so tradition said, Venus i ose rom the foam of the sea. Cythereus, -a, -um [Cythera], adj., of Cythera, Cytherean. As noun, Cytherea, -ae, f., Cytherea, the goddess of Cythera, i.e. Venus. D Daedalus, -i, m., Daedalus, described by Greek tradition as an Athenian of consummate skill in all forms of handiwork; he dwelt for a long time at the court of King Minos at Gnosus in Crete, and built for him the Labyrinth. Later, he helped Theseus to thread the mysteries of the Labyrinth; for this Minos imprisoned him, but with the aid of artificial wings, fastened on by wax, he escaped from Crete to Cumae. Dahae, -arum, pl. m., the Dahae, a tribe of Scythians east of the Caspian Sea. damno, -are, -avi, -atus [damnurn, loss], tr., properly, subject to loss; esp. in legal sense, condemn, sentence, find or declare guilty; in general, condemn, doom, devote. Danae, -es, f., Danae, daughter of Acrisius. An oracle had warned Acrisius that he would die by the hand of a son to be borne by Danae To prevent this Acrisius shut Danae up in a brazen tower, or, as some say, in a subterranean chamber, but Jupiter had seen and loved her, and gained access to her, and begat by her a son Perseus. When this was discovered Danae and Perseus were set adijift on the sea in a chest. Vergil DANAUTS makes Danae come to Italy and found Ardea. Danaus, -a, -um [Danaus, an ancient king ofArgos], adj., of Danaus, Danaan; freely, Greek, Grecian. As noun, Danal, -orum, pl. m., the Danaans, the Danai, the Greeks. daps, dapis, f., usually in the pl., a solemn, sacrificial feast; since such feasts were usually very sumptuous, a rich, sumptuous banquet, feast, rich food, dainty viands, meats; offerings to the dead, of wine, honey, oil, or milk. Dardania: see Dardanius. Dardanides, -ae, m., a descendant of Dardanus; in sing. used esp. of Aeneas; in pl., the Trojans. As adj. in pl., Trojan. Dardanis, -idis, f., a (descendant or) daughter of Dardanus; a Trojan woman. Dardanius, -a, -um, adj., of Dardanus, Dardanian, Trojan. Dardania, -ae (sc. terra), f., the Trojan land, the Troad, Troy. (The name was also applied to a city on the Hellespont, founded by Dardanus.) Dardanus, -i, m., Dardanus, son of Jupiter by Electra; he was son-in-law of the Trojan Teucer, and founded the city of Dardania. From him the house of Priam was descended. Vergil represents Dardanus as coming to the Troad from Corythus, in Etruria. As adj., Dardanus, -a, -um, of Dardanus, Dardaniar, Trojan. Dardanus, -a, -um: see Dardanus. Dares, -etis, m., Dares, a Trojan boxer, defeated by the Sicilian Entellus. dator, -orls [do], m., giver, bestower. datus: see do. Daucius, -a, -um, adj., of Daucus, an unknown Italian or Rutulian, Daucus's. Daunius, -a, -um [Daunus], adj., of or belonging to Daunus, descended from Daunus, Daunus's, Daunian; freely, Rutulian. Daunus, -1, m., Daunus, a mythical king of Apulia, son of Pilumnus and Danae, andfather of Turnus. de, prep. with abl., properly denoting motion from a fixed point, used (1) of DECIPIO space, from, down from, away from, off, out of, (2) of source, origin, material, from, out of, of, by, after, (3) in modal relations, according to, in accordance with, by, concerning, in relation to, in regard to, about. dea, -ae, f., goddess. debellator, -bris [debello], m., warrior, fighter; conqueror, victor, subduer, tamer. debello, -are, -avi, -atus [de, out, to the end,+bellb], intr., wage war to the very end, fight vigorously; tr., conquer, subdue, overcome. debeb, -ere, debui, debitus [de+habed], tr., properly, keep back money, etc.,.ow'e; in general, owe; in pass., be owed to, be due to, be set apart or destined, be appointed or fixed; with infin., be under obligation, be bound, ought. debitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., owed, due, destined, appointed, assigned; due, fitting, proper. debilis, -e [de, in neg. sense,-habilis], adj., properly, unhandy, unwieldy; maimed, disabled, crippled. debilito, -are, -avi, -atus [debilis], tr., weaken, enfeeble; exhaust, drain. debitus: see debeo. dced6, -ere, -cessi, -cessum [de+ cedo], intr., go away from, withdraw from, depart; leave, quit. decem, indeclinable numeral adj., ten. deceptus: see dScipio. decerno, -ere, -crevi, -crdtus, intr. and tr., decide, determine; wvth ininn, determine, resolve, decide. decerpo, -ere, -cerpsi, -cerptus [de+ carpo], tr., pluck off, pluck. decet, -ere, decuit, -, impers. verb, used esp. with infin. clause as subject, intr., (it) is becoming, is fitting, is seemly; tr., behooves, becomes; decet me, etc., I, etc., ought. decid6, -ere, -cidi, - [de+cado], intr., fall down, fall. decid6, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [de+caed6], tr., cut off, lop off, hew off. decipio, -cipere, -ceeJ, -ceptus [de+ capio], tr., catch, ensnare. Fig., catch, beguile, deceive, betray, trick. DECISUS 37 DEFRINGO decisus: see decido. Decius, -i or -ii, m., Decius, a name borne by members of the gens Decia. (11 Publius Decius lMus, consul in 340, who in the battle fought at Veseris against the Latins and the Campanians, devoted himself to death that the Romans might gain the victory. (2) Publius Decius Muls, who in 295, in a battle with the Gauls and Samnites, similarly devoted himself. declar6, -are, -avl, -atus [declarus], tr., make bright or clear, make plain, esp. by speech; declare, proclaim, announce, pronounce. declino, -are, -avl, -atus [de+clino, an old verb, cause to lean], tr., bend aside, bend down; of the eyes, lower, close, shut. decor, -oris [cf. decet], m., comeliness, loveliness, beauty, grace, charm. decorS, -are, -avi, -atus [decus], tr., beautify, adorn, decorate, embellish, grace, honor. decorus, -a, -um [cf. decus, decet], adj., becoming, comely, graceful, beauteous, lovely, fair, beautiful; decorated (with), adorned, graced; resplendent, brilliant. decurro, -ere, -currl, -cursum [de+ curro], intr., run down, hasten down; speed (down), speed, dart, shoot. decus, -oris [cf. decet], n., comeliness, loveliness, beauty, grace; by metonymy, of that which beautifies, ornament, decoration, adornment; of a person, ornament, pride, glory, honor of a race, etc. Fig., glory, honor, dignity. dedecus, -oris [de, in neg. sense, -decus], n, unloveliness; by, metonymy, of that which disfigures, disgrace, dishonor, infamy, shame. dedignor, -ari, -atus sum Ida, in neg. sense,+-dgnor], tr., not to deem worthy, deem unworthy, disdain, scorn, scoff, refuse. deduco, -ere, -dfuxl, -ductus [de+ duc6], tr., lead or draw down or away, drag off, carry away; with navem, haul down to the sea, launch; lead, guide, conduct, escort (in this sense esp. of guiding colonists to their new home). Fig., draw (one's lineage), derive. defend6, -ere, -fendi, -fensus [de+ fend6, an old verb, strike], tr., strike off or away, fend off, avert; freely, protect a person or thing by striking danger, etc., away, protect, guard, champion. defensor, -oris [defendo], m., defender, protector, guardian, champion. defensus: see defendo. defer6, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [de+fer6], tr., bring down or from, carry, convey; in pass., of voyagers, be carried, be conveyed, make one's way, come. Fig., of carrying news, bring word, report, relate, announce, declare. defessus, -a, -um, adj., thoroughly tired, worn out, wearied, fatigued, exhausted. defici6, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [de+ facio], intr., properly, make off; give out, fail, flag, cease, disappear, vanish; be wanting, be lacking or missing; with dat., be wanting to, fail, be false to; of persons, fail, faint, sink (down), lose one's strength, be exhausted; of a fire, fail, sink, die out; of a ship, (fail, i.e.) sink, founder. defigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [de+fig6], tr., fasten down, fasten in, fasten, fix, set. defixus: see defigo. deflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexus [de+ flect6], tr., bend away, turn aside, turn. defleo, -ere, -flevi, -fietus [de, to the end,+-flei], intr., weep bitterly; tr., weep over, lament, bemoan, mourn. deflu6, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxum [de+ flu6], intr., flow down. Fig., flow down, glide (down), descend, slip, fall; of garments, flow down, stream, descend. defodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus [de+ fodio], tr., dig (down, or down into); bury or hide in the earth; in general, hide, conceal, store up. deformS, -are, -iavi, -atus [de, in neg. sense,+firma], tr., disfigure, defile. defossus: see defodio. defringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractus [de+ frango], tr., break off. DEFUNCTUS 38 DEMODOCUS dfufinctus: sre defungor. defungor, -i, -functus sum [de+ fungor], intr., with abl., have done with, go or get through with; finish, complete, accomrplish; with vita explessed or implied, get through with life, perish, die. degener, -generis [de+genus], acdj., properly, depca tlng from (i.e. coming short of) one's race or kind, degenerate. Fig., base-born, low-born, ignoble, degenerate. dego, -ere, degi, - [de+ ago], tr., lead, spend, pass. dehinc, adv., thence, used (1) properly but rarely of space, more often (2) of order in time, thereupon, then, thereafter, here, hereupon, hereafter, in after days, (3) of order or succession in general, then, afterwards, next. Note: The word is often scanned as one syllable. dehisco, -ere, -hivi, - [d +hIsc6], intr., open deep downwards, gape open, split open, yawn. deici6, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [de+ iacio], tr, throw down, cast or hurl down, strike down, cast; throw down in death, lay low, bring down game; kill, slay; drive down or out (said of game, eemnies, etc.), dislodge. Fig., turn down (face, eyes, etc.), cast down; cast down, degrade. deiectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., in fig. sense, cast down, dismayed. deiectus: see deicio. deinde, adv., used (1) properly but very rarlely of place, thence, (2) of time, then, thereupon, thereafter, here, hereupon, hereafter, (3) of order and succession in general, then, next. Deiopea, -ae, f., Deiopea, a nymph in Juno's train. Deiphobe, -es, f., Deiphobe, daughter of Glautcts, the Sib/1l at C('uae. Deiphobus, -i, i., Deiphobus, a son of Priam, itho after the death of Paris mal iied Helen; at the capture of Troy Helen treacherously ause(d his death. delabor, -i, -lapsus sum [de+laborj, inti., hlide or slip down, swoop down, fall, sink, descend. delapsus: see d6elbor. delatus: see defero. delectus: see deligo. deligo, -ere, -legi, -lectus [de+lego], tr., pick out, choose, select. delectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., picked, choice, chosen. delitesco, -ere, delitui, — [d6+late6], intr., hide, lie hid, skulk. Delius, -a, -um [Delos], adj., of Delos, Delian; an epithet esp. of Apollo, who was born on Delos. Delos, -i, f., Delos, a small island in the Aegean Sea, one of the (Cyclades, famous esp. as the birthplace of Apollo and Diana. delphin, -inis, m., a dolphin. delubrum, -i, n., temple, shrine, sanctuary. deludo, -ere, -si, -lusus [d6+ludo], tr., play false to, make sport of, mock, deceive, cheat, delude. demens, -entis [de+mens], adj., out of one's mind, mad, frantic, foolish, insane, infatuate, misguided. dementia, -ae [demens], f., madness, insane frenzy, folly, infatuation. demergo, -ere, -mersi, -mersus [de+ mergo], tr, plunge down into (water), sink, submerge. demersus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., sunken, submerged, sinking. demersus: see demergo. demissus: see demitto. demitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missus, tr., send down, send, despatch; let down, let fall, lower, allow to hang; with navem or navis, bring to land, land (cf. appellere). Fig., cast donn, lower (eyes, face, etc.); (send words into one's ear, i.e.) hear, receive, welcome, hearken to; of lineage, derive, draw. demissus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., descended from, sprung from, derived; loi ered, dangling (of a rope), hanging, drooping (of a cloak). Fig., of the voice, lowered, sinking, lov, subdued. demo, -ere; dempsi, demptus [de+ em6l, tr., take away, remove, dispel. Demodocus, -i, m, Demodocus, a Ti ojan. DEMOLEOS 39 DESERO Demoleos,,, m., Demoleos, a Greek chieftain slain by Aeneas. Demophoon, -ontis, m, Demophobn, a Trojan slain by Camilla. demoror, -ari, -atus sum [de+mororl, intr., tarry, delay, loiter; tr., keep waiting, cause to linger, delay, detain. demum [suRp. of de], adl., properly, at the bottom; at last, at length, finally; tur demum, then at last, then only, not till then. deni, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj., in pl., ten each, ten apiece, ten at a time; freely, ten. denique, adv., used (1) properly of time, at last, at length, finally, (2) much more frequently in enumrcations, in summing up, finally, at last, in a word; sic d6nique (=tum d6mum), only thus, thus and thus only. dens, dentis, m., tooth; by metonymy, of things shaped like a tooth, e.g. the fluke of an anchor. dense6, -ere, -ul, - [densus], tr., make thick or close, press together, crowd together; of weapons, scatter or fling in quick succession, fling clouds of; in pass., with middle force, stand thick or close together. densus, -a, -ur, adj., properly, of things whose parts stand close together (contrast rarus), thick, dense, close, compact, then of these parts themselves, close-set; set close together, crowded, crowding; of soldiers, massed, in close array, in serried ranks. Fig., of winds, thick, murky; of things that follow one another in quick succession, frequent, repeated, continuous, incessant. denunti, -re, -vare, -, -atus [de+ nuntio], tr., announce, proclaim (often with the accessory idea of threatening), threaten; foreshadow, predict. depasco, -ere, -pavi, -p5astus or depascor, -1, -pastus sum [d6+p-jsco], tr., properly, of cattle, feed on, browse on; freely, of creatures other than cattle, feed on, eat up, devour, consume. d6epstus: see d6epsco. depello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [de+ pello], tr., drive away, expel. Fig., remove, ward off, avert. depende6, -6re, -, - [de+pende6], iwtr., hang down or from, hang on, hang. depono, -ere, -posul, -positus [de p6n6], tr., set down, put off, lay or set aside, lay do n, deposit; (put doe n, i.e.) leave behind. Fig, throw oft (cares, etc.), lay aside, forget. deprecor, -ari, -atus sum [de+prexl, zwtr., pray one's self off, beg off, ask for mercy; tr., ward 'off by prayer, deprecate. deprehendo or deprendo, -ere, -dl, deprensus [de+prehend6l, tr., seize, catch, overtake. Fig., of a storm or of the passage of time, overtake, overwhelm, surprise. depr6nsus: see d6prehend6. depromo, -ere, -prompsl, -promptus [de -promol, tr., take out, bring or draw forth, produce. depulsus: see depello. derig6sco, -ere, -rigul, - [d6+rigeo], intr., become stiff or rigid, become set or fixed, set; of blood, stiffen, harden, thicken, freeze. deripi6, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [de+ rapio], tr., snatch quickly; tear off or away, pull away or out, strip off. desaevi6, -ire, -ii, - [de+saevio: cf. saevus], intr., spend one's rage, rage one's self out, rage furiously. descendo, -ere, -scendi, -scensum [de+scand6], intr., climb down, come, go or fall down, descend; make one's way into, sink into, penetrate. Fig., go down to, lower one's self to, stoop to, descend to. descensus, -us [d6scendo], m., a going down, descent. describ6, -ere, -scripsl, -scriptus [de+scribo], tr., write down, write out; trace, sketch, draw, delineate. deseco, -are, -secui, -sectus [de+ seco], tr., cut off, hew off, lop off, sever. deser6, -ere, -serul, -sertus, tr., leave, quit, abandon, forsake, desert. desertus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., deserted, abandoned, lonely, waste, desolate. As noun, d6serta, -orum, pl. n., wastes, deserts, wilderness, solitude. DESERTOR 40 DEXTER desertor, -6ris [desero], m., one who leaves or quits, deserter. desertus: see desero. desidia, -ae [desideb, sit down, be idle], f., a sitting down, inactivity, idleness, sloth. desido, -ere, -sedl, -sessum [de+ sido], intr., settle down, sink down, sink. design, -are, -avl, -atus [de+signo: cf. signumn], tr., mark out or off, trace. desilio, -ire, -silui, -sultum [de+ salio], intr., leap or jump down, spring. desino, -ere, -sivi, -situm, infr., leave off, give up, cease, desist, forbear. desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum [de+ sistol, intr. (~ 139), properly, set one's self away from; leave off, give up, cease, desist, forbear. despecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of despicio], tr., look down on, view, survey, watch. despectus: see despicio. despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [de+ speci]o, tr., look down on, view, survey. Fig., look down on, make light of, slight, disdain, scorn, despise. destino, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make fast or firm, bind. Fig., fix, set apart, determine, appoint, assign, doom, destine. destruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus [de+ struol, tr., properly, unpile, unbuild; pull down, demolish, destroy. desuetus, -a, -um [di, in neq. sense, — suesco], adj., in act. sense, unused to, unaccustomed to, not familiar with; in pass. sense, unused, disused. desum, -esse, defui, - [de+sum], intr., be away, be wanting, be lacking, be missing; with dlat., be wanting to, be false to, fail. V~ote: 1I hen the long and the short e cn'oe tog/ther, the short e is ne(lected in scanning. See ~ 219. desuper [de+superl, adv., from above; freely, above. detineo, -ere, -tinul, -tentus [de+ teneo], tr., hold off, keep back, detain, keep. detoni, -are, -tonui, - rde+tonol, intr., thunder down, thunder; thunder out (= desaevio), spend its fury. detorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus [de+ torqueo], tr., turn away or aside, shift, turn back. Fig., turn, divert, alter, change. detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus [de+ traho], tr., draw off, take off, strip off, remove. detrudo, -ere, -trtsi, -trusus [de+ trido], tr., thrust or shoNc down or away; push off, drive or force away. Fig., thrust out, dislodge, expel, put to flight. deturbo, -are, -avi, -atus Ide+turba], tr., thrust down, cast down, hurl down, fling; drive off or away, dislodge. deus, -I, mn., god, deity (used of both gods and goddesses). As adj., godlike, glorious, famous. devenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum [de+ venio], intr., properly, come down (to), descend; freely, come to, go to, arrive at. devictus: see devinco. devincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus [dievincio], tr., bind, fetter. Fig., bind, fetter, snare. devinco, -ere, -vici, -victus [de+ vinco], tr., conquer thoroughly, subdue, overcome; with bella, win, wage successfully. devinctus: see d6vincio. devolo, -are, -avL -atum [de+ volo], in tr., fly down. devolvo, -ere, -volvi, -voluttus [de+ volvol, tr., roll don ni, hurl down, fling. devotus: see devoveo. devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votus [de+ voveo], tr., vow, devote, set apart, consecrate; esp., devote to the powers of death, doom. dexter, dextera or dextra, dexterum or dextrum, adj., right; often = an adv, (on) the right hand or side, to the right. Fig., sir e the right hand is commIonly the more skillt ul, skillful, handy, suitable, fitting; as a term of atuqw y (see 7. on ii. 693), favorable, auspicious, propitious.is noon, dextera or dextra s manus), f., right hltdl; )!/e DEXTERA 41 DINUMERO tonymy, pledge (as gicen by the right hand), assurance, surety, good faith, confidence, trust. dextera or dextra, as noun: see dexter. Diana, -ae, f, Diana, daughter of Jupzter and Latona; see ~ 282. dici6, -6nis [dico], f., sovereignty, dominion, authority, power, sway. dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, tr, say, speak, relate, recount; seek or intend to say, mean, intend; speak of beforehand, predict, foretell, prophesy; call, name; speak with authority, bid, charge, command; speak of in song, sing of, describe, laud, extol. dictum, -i (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., a thing said, utterance, word, speech; prophecy, prediction; promise, agreement; order, command. dico, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make known, proclaim; proclaim as sacred, set apart, dedicate, consecrate, assign. Dictaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dicte, a mountain in the eastern part of Crete, Dictaean, Cretan. dictum: see dico. Dido, -fus (Gk. form) or -6nis, f., Dido, daughter of Belus, king of Tyre, wife of Sychaeus. Vergil descrzbes her as the founder of Carthage. diduco, -ere, -daxi, -ductus [dis+ ducoS], tr., draw apart or asunder, part, separate, divide. Didymaon, -onis, m., Didymaon, a skilled workman in metals. dies, diei, c., a day; freely, period of time, time, lapse of time; by metonymy, daytime, daylight, light. differ6, -ferre, distull, dilatus [dis+ fero], tr., bear apart, carry apart, scatter, tear asunder. Fig., of time, put off, defer, postpone. difficilis, -e [dis, in neg. sense, + facilis], adj., not easy, hard, difficult; troublesome, painful; trying, dangerous. diffido, -ere, diffisus sum [dis, in neg. sense, + fido], intr., put no faith in, distrust. diffugio, -fugere, -fagi, -fugitum [dis+fugio], intr., fly or flee in different directions, scatter, disperse. I diffundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusus [dis+ fundo], tr., properly, scatter by pouring. Fig, pour out, spread out, scatter, spread abroad. difftsus: see diffundo. diger6, -ere, -gessi, -gestus [dis+ gero], tr., carry or bear apart, separate; arrange, set in order, dispose. Fig., of arranging by means of speech, expound, explain, interpret. digestus: see digero. digitus, -i, m., finger; toe. dignor, -ari, -atus sum [dignus], tr., with acc. and abl., deem worthy (of); with infin., think fit, see fit, think (it) right, deign, condescend. dignus, -a, -um, adj., of a person, worthy, deserving; of things, worthy, becoming, meet, fitting, proper, suitable. digredior, -i, -gressus sum [dis+ gradior], intr., go or walk apart, part, separate; go off, depart, quit. digressus, -ts [digredior], m., going off, departure. dilabor, -i, -lapsus sum [dis+labor], intr., glide or fall asunder; glide away, depart, vanish, disappear. dillctus: see diligo. dlligo, -ere, -1exi, -lectus [dis+lego], tr., pick out, choose; esteem, love, hold hear. dilectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., beloved, loved, dear, precious. diluvium, -I or -ii [diluo, wash away], n., a washing away; by metonymy, that which washes away, water-flood, flood, deluge. dimitt6, -ere, -mlsi, -missus [dis+ mitto], tr., send in different directions; send off or away, let or allow to go, dismiss; set aside, discard, give up, forego, abandon. dimoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus [dis-+ moveo], tr., move apart or asunder, part, cleave, separate, divide, scatter, disperse, dispel, dissipate. Dindyma, -orum, pl. n., Dindymus, a mountain in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele. dinumero, -are, -avi, -atus [dis+numerol, tr., count out, count over, tell over, reckon, calculate, DIOMEDES 42 DISC UTI Diomedes, -is, n., Diomede, son of Tydeus (king of Aetolia), one of the bravest champions of the Greeks before Troy. Ile wounded Aeneas and Venus herself, and carried off the horses of JRhests. Later, he came to Italy and fo unded Arpi. Dionaeus, -a, -um [Dione, mother of Venus], adj., of Dione, Dionean; freely, daughter of Dione. Diores, -is, m., Diores, a Trojan, kinsman of Prianm. Dirae: see dirus. direptus: see diripio. dirigl, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [dis+ rego], tr., properly, guide along a given line or lines, guide, direct, turn; of a weapon, guide, aim, hurl, shoot, cast. dirimo, -ere, -remI, -remptus [dis+ emo], tr., take apart, separate, part. Fig., of parting combatants and so ending strife, break off, interrupt, put an end to, decide. diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [dis+ rapio], tr., snatch apart, tear asunder, pull to pieces; less exactly, snatch quickly, catch up; lay waste, ravage, plunder. diruo, -ere, -ul, -rutus [dis+ruol, tr., tear asunder, overthrow; o' trees, uproot. dirus, -a, -um, adj., fearful, awful, dreadful, fell, monstrous; horrible, frightful, fierce, terrible; ominous, fateful, portentous. As noun, Dirae, -arum (sc. deae), pl. f., the Awful Goddesses, the Furies. dirutus: see diruo. dis, ditis, adj., comp. ditior, sup. ditissimus [by-form of dives], rich, abounding in, rich in, possessed of. Dis, Ditis, mn., Dis, Pluto, god of the underworld; see ~ 300. dis-, inseparable prefix, apart, asunder, in pieces, in different directions; sometimes, not. discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum [dis+ cedo], intr., of several persons, go in different directions, separate, or, freely, depart; of one person, go one's own way, depart, withdraw. discernS, -ere, -crevi, -cretus [dis+ cerno], tr., separate, divide; of c 6 broidery, (divide, i.e.) vary, work in varied patterns. Fig., separate, ditinguish; separate, end (a quarrel or contest). discessus, -ts [discedol, m., a going apart, separation; going away, departure. discinctus: see discingo. discingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus [dis+ cingo1, tr., ungirdle. discinctus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., ungirdled, unbelted, wearing loose or flowing robes, loosely-clad. discludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusus [dis, in neg. sense,+claudl], tr., unclose, open, release. disco, -ere, didici, -, tr., learn, come to know, become acquainted with; examine into, investigate, scan closely; in pf., have learned, know. discolor, -oris [dis+colorJ, adj., of a different color or hue. discordia, -ae [discors], f., disagreement, dissension, strife, discord. Personified, Discordia, -ae, f., Discord, the goddess (or demon) of strife, thought of as the uife of lMars. discors, -cordis [dis+cors], adj., of different hearts or minds, unharnonious, contending, hostile; freely, unlike, different, discordant. discrepo, -are, -crepul, - [dis+ crepo], intr., properly, sound differently; freely, differ. discrimen, -inis [discernS], n, that which separates tito th/ngs, dividing linekfreely, distance, interval. Fig., (separation, i.e.) distinction, difference; a decisive moment, turning-point,* crisis. discumb6, -ere, -cubul, -cubitum [dis+cumbol, intr., of several pci sons, lie down in different (i.e. their proper) places, take their places; freely, recline. discurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum [dis -+curro], intr., run or speed in different directions, rush or gallop apart; scatter, separate. discussus: see discutio. discutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [dis+ DISICIO 43 DO quatio], tr., strike asunder; freely, strike off. Fig., strike asunder (shadows, darkness, etc.), dispel, dissipate. disicio, -ere, disiecl, disiectus [dis+ iacio], tr., throw apart, scatter, disperse; overthrow, demolish; cleave, split: shatter. Fig., of peace, (scatter, i.e.) destroy, ruin. disiectus: see disicio. disiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus [dis +iungo], tr., disjoin, s9arate; keep away from, drive awayfrom. dispello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus [dis+ pello], tr., drive apart, scatter, disperse. Fig., of shadows, etc., cleave, scatter, dispel, dissipate. dispendium, -i or -ii [dis+pend6, pay], n., expenditure, expense, outlay, cost, loss. dispergo, -ere, -persi, -persus [dis+ spargo], tr., scatter (about), disperse. dispersus: see dispergo. dispici6, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [dis +specio], intr., look all about, see with an effort, see through an intervening medium; tr., catch sight of, discern, descry, perceive. dispono, -ere, -posui, -positus [dis+ p6on], tr., put or place apart, set in different places, arrange, dispose. dissilio, -ire, -silui, -sultum [dis+ salio], intr., leap or fly apart, spring apart, burst asunder, separate. dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atus [dis, in neg. sense,+simulo], tr. and intr., properly, pretend that what is true is not true, cover up the truth; dissemble, cloak, disguise, hide, conceal. distends, -ere, -di, -tentus [dis+ tendo], tr., stretch asunder, stretch out, distend; fill up, pack closely. dist6, -are, -, - [dis+sto], intr., stand off or apart, be distant, be away. districtus: see distringo. distringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strictus [dis+stringo], tr., draw or stretch asunder, stretch out, spread out. ditissimus: see dis. diu, adv., for a long time, long. dius, diva: see divus. divello, -ere, -velli, -vulsus [dis+ vello], tr., tear in pieces, tear asunder, separate; tear away by violence, separate, remove. diverbero, -are, -avi, -atus [dis+ verbero], tr., strike or cut asunder, cleave, divide, part, separate. diversus, -a, -um [dis+verto], adj., turned in opposite or different M ays, diametrically opposed, opposite, contrary, apart,widely sundered, asunder, separate, remote; at times= an adv., hither and thither, in divers directions; ex diversS, from different directions; different, unlike, various. dives, -itis, adj., of persons, rich, abounding, possessed of; of things, rich, precious, sumptuous, splendid, magnificent; of land, rich, fertile. divid6, -ere, -visi, -visus, tr., separate, part, divide; break through, lay open, cleave; part, distribute, divide. divinus, -a, -um [divus], adj., pertaining to the gods, divine, deified, heavenly; holy, sacred; godlike, superhuman; inspired, prophetic. divitiae, -arum [dives], pl. f., riches, treasures, wealth. divortium, -i or -ii [dis+vert6], n., properly, a parting; by metonymy, fork of roads; freely, path. divus, -a, -um, or dius, -a, -um, adj., divine, heavenly; deified (an epithet applied to Julius Caesar and to many of the emperors who, after their death, were deified by vote of the Senate); godlike. As noun, divus, ~-, nz., god, deity; diva, -ae, f., goddess. do, dare, dedi, datus [this verb corresponds to two roots, one meaning give, the other meaning put, place; the latter meaning is esp. conspicuous in the compounds of do], tr., give, bestow, vouchsafe, furnish, yield, supply, present, offer, grant, allow, permit; surrender, consign; very freely used in periphrases with nouns: see~ 202; se dare, betake one's self, go, move, proceed, hasten; terga dare, turn in flight, flee; vela or lintea dare, spread one's sails, set sail, sail; with verba, dicta, etc., (give, i e) utter, say, deliver; with iura, gi e, lay down, de DOCEO 44 DUBITO liver, administer; with poenas, pay, suffer; (give, offer, i.e.) make, cause, bring about, produce; put, place, set. doceb, -ere, -ui, doctus, tr., teach, train, instruct, inform; tell, recount, explain, describe; show, indicate, point out, prove. doctus, -a, -um, pf pass. prtcpl. as adj., taught, trained, skilled, versed in. doctus: see doceo. Dodonaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dodona, a city in Epirus, Greece, famous for its oak grove and its oracle, both sacred to Jupiter, Dodonean. doleo, -ere, -ul, dolitum, intr., feel (physical) pain, suffer; feel (mental) pain, grieve, be sorrowful, lament, mourn. Dolopes, -um, pl. m., the Dolopes, the Dolopians, a people of Thessaly who fought with the Greeks against Troy. dolor, -oris [doleo], in., pain, physical or mental, suffering, anguish, agony, sorrow, grief, anxiety; esp. of resentment, anger, wrath, grudge, and, by metonymy, of the cause of grief or anger, affront, grievance, wrong. dolus, -i, m., device, artifice; usually in bad sense, scheme, guile, trick, wiles, deceit, treachery. domina, -ae [feminine of dominus], f., mistress of household; freely, mistress, ruler, queen; of Juno, queen, goddess. dominor, -ari, -atus sum [dominus], intr., be lord and master, hold (absolute) sway, rule. dominus, -i [domus], m., master of household, esp. of slaves; lord, ruler, master, governor; in bad sense, tyrant, despot. domitor, -6ris [domo], m., tamer, breaker (of steeds). Fig., conqueror, subduer, victor (over). domo, -are, domui, domitus, tr., tame, break (horses). Fig., subdue, conquer, vanquish, overcome. domus, -is,f., house, home, habitation, abode, mansion; by metonymy, of the occupants of a house, house, family, line, race. donec, conj., while, as long as; until, till. dono, -are, -avl, -atus [donum], tr., give, present, bestow; reward or honor with a present. The verb is construed with ace. of thing given and dat. of person, or with ace. of person and abl. of thing given. donum, -i [do], n., gift, present; esp., present to gods, (votive) offering, sacrifice. Donfsa, -ae, f., Donusa, an island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades. Doricus, -a, -um [Dores, the Dorians, one of the three main divisions of the Hellenic or Greek race], adj., of the Dorians, Doric; by metonymy (~ 188), Greek, Grecian. dorsum, -i, n., back of an animal, including man; by metonymy, of things similar in shape, reef, ridge in the sea. Doryclus, -i, m., Doryclus, an Epirote, husband of Beroe. d6s, dotis [do], f., marriage gift or portion, dowry. dotalis, -e [dos], adj., pertaining to a dowry; freely, obtained with a dowry. doto, -are, -avi, -atus [dos], tr., provide with a marriage portion, dower, portion. Doto, -us (a Greek form), f., Doto, a Nereid or sea-nymph. draco, -onis, m., serpent, dragon. Drances, -is, m., Drances, a Latin, chief opponent of Turnzs. Drepanum, -i, n., Drepanum, a town on the northwestern coast of Sicily. Drasus, -i, m., Drusus, a coqnomen borne by mnembers of the Gens Livia, esp. by Claudius Nero Drusus, son of Livia Drusilla (wife of Augustus), and stepson of Augustus; he was a distinguished soldier. lIe died in the year 9. Dryope, -es, f., Dryope, a nymph, mnother, by Faunus, of Tarquitus. Dryopes, -um, pl. m., the Dryopes, the Dryopians, a Pelasgic people who ldwelt first in Thessaly, later in Doris; they fought with the Greeks againtc Troy. Dryops, -is, n., Dryops, a Trojan slain by Clausus. dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., be in doubt, doubt, be undecide(l, aLver, hesitate; with infin., hesitate, be un DUBIUS 45 willing or reluctant; tr., doubt, disbelieve, mistrust. dubitandus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., to be questioned or doubted, doubtful. dubius, -a, -um, adj., fluctuating, wavering; of persons, in act. sense, wavering, uncertain, doubtful, in suspense; of things, in pass. sense, doubtful, uncertain, perplexing, dubious; critical, dangerous, difficult. duco, -ere, dlxi, ductus, tr., lead, draw, bring, guide, conduct, escort; lead off, carry away; lead, command, rule, govern; draw, drag; lead in, usher in (the day); of origin, draw, derive, deduce; of lots, honors, etc., draw, select, win, gain; of time, spend, pass; of sleep, sounds, etc., prolong, protract. Fig., reckon, compute, consider, think, believe; draw or lure forth, fashion (said of work in plastic materials). ductor, -6ris [ducol, m, leader, captain. dudum [akin to diu and dum], ado., properly, a while ago; esp. of recent events, not long since, lately, recently; of more remote events, esp. in the phrase iam dfdum, long ago, long since. dulcis, -e, adj., sweet to the taste or the smell; of water, fresh. Fig., pleasant, delightful, charming; dear, precious, loved, beloved. Dulichium, -i or -ii, n., Dulichium, an island in the Ionian Sea, near Ithaca. dum, conj., while, as long as, during the time that; until, till; in provisos, provided (that), it only, only. As enclitic adv., with words directly expressing or indirectly implying a neg. meaning, yet (cf. nondum, vixdum). dumus, -i, m., thornbush, bramble, briar; thicket, brake. duo, -ae, -o, numeral adj., in pl., two. duplex, -icis [duo+plico], adj., twofold, doubled, double; freely, in pl., two, both. duplico, -are, -avi, -atus [duplex], tr., double, redouble; double (up); bend. duro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make hard or rugged, harden; intr. (~ 139), harden EDITUS one's self, be or remain hard. Fig., endure, hold out, persevere. durus, -a, -um, adj., hard to the touch, rough, rugged; stubborn, unyielding. Fig., rough, rude, uncultivated; as opposed to the overdeveloped and effeminate, rough, hardy, rugged, vigorous, sturdy; rough, savage, unfeeling, cruel, obdurate, ruthless; trying, grievous, irksome, dangerous. dux, ducis [diuco], m., leader, guide, conductor; chieftain, lord, king. Dymas, -antis, m., Dymas, a Trojan, slain at the fall of Troy. E e: see ex. ebur, eboris, n., ivory. eburneus, -a, -um, and, esp. in poetry, eburnus, -a, -um [ebur], adj., of ivory, ivory. eburnus: see eburneus. Ebysus, -i, m., Ebysus, an Italian slain by Corynaeus. ecce, interjection, used to call attention sharply to some scene or to some utterance, Lol beholdl seel lookl ecce autem, but lo! when lo! (see note on ii. 203), of sudden, unexpected occurrences. ecquis (-qul), -qua, -quid (-quod), interrogative pron. and adj., used chiefly in earnest, excited questions implying a neg. answer, (whether) any one, any one at all; often best rendered by a periphasis, Is there any one who...?; as adj., any, any at all, Is there any...? ecquid, interrogative adv. (~ 134), whether at all, whether. ecus, equl (for spelling see on secuntur, i. 185), m., horse, steed, courser. edax, -acis [edo], adj., fond of (i.e. given to) eating. Fig., devouring, consuming, destructive. edico, -ere, edixi, edictus [ex+dicB], tr., speak out, say publicly, make public, proclaim (esp., a decree, etc.); command, order, ordain; charge, bid. edissero, -ere, -ui, -tus [ex+dissero], tr., set forth in words, unfold, explain, tell, relate. editus: see edo. EDO 46 EGENUS edo, -ere, edi, esus, tr., eat. Fig., with things as subjects, cat (up), devour, prey on, consume, destroy. edo, -ere, didi, editus [ex+do], tr., give forth or out; bring forth, bear, beget; give forth by (in) speech, utter, announce, say; (give jorth, z.e., produce, cause, bring about. 6doce6, -ere, edocui, edoctus Fex+ doceo], tr., teach thorougyly, i.iform (of), acquaint with; set forth, decree. educo, -ere, edfxi, eductus [ex — duco], tr., lead forth or oat, draw forth; (lead, i e.) build up, rear, erect; bring forth, bear, bring up, rear. Iig., of work in plastic materials or ductile metals, (draw, i e) fashior, forge. educo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., bring up, rear, nurture. effatus: see effor. effectus: see efficio. effero, -ferre, extuli, elatus [exffero], tr., bring or carry out, produce; bear or lift up, raise, rear, elevate; with diem, ortfs, etc., lift up, usher in, display; o th ensem, draw, unsheathe; wlth pedem or gressum, go or come forth. Fig., in pass., be lifted up, be puffed up, be proud or boastful. elatus, -a, -urm, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., uplifted, towering, rising. Fig., (lifted up, i.e) puffed up, swollen, proud. efferus, -a, -um [ex+ferus], adj., very wild or savage; maddened, frenzied, crazed. effetus, -a, -um [ex+feo, bear], adj., properly, of creatu es that have borne young; then of creatures exhausted by contin ted bearzng of young, then, in general, worn out; exhausted, feeble; see notes on vii. 440. effici6, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ex+faciol, tr., work out, make, effect, form, produce. efflgies, -iei [effingol, f., that which (makes, z e.) counterfeits something, im age, effigy, likeness, statue. efflngo, -ere, -finxi, -fictus rex 4fingo], tr., make, counterfeit, minmc, portray, represent. efflagit6, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+fla gito], tr., ask (for) or demand carnestly. efflo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+flo], tr., blow forth, breathe out. effodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus [ex+fodio], tr., dig up, dig out; make by digging, dig, construct, build. effor, -fari, -fatus sum [ex+for], tr. and intr., speak out, relate, utter, speak, say. effractus: see effringo. effringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractus [ex+ frangoj, tr., break out or upon, break to pieces; dash out. effugio, -ere, -fugi, - [ex+fugio], intr., flee away, make off, escape; tr., flee from, escape; seek to escape, shun, avoid. effugium, -i or -ii [effugio], n., flight; escape. effulgeo or effulgo, -ire or -ere, -fulsi, - [ex+fulgeo], intr., shine forth, gleam, glitter, be resplendent. effultus, -a, -um [ex4-fulcio], adj., propped up, supported by, resting or lying on. effundo, -ere, -ffdi, -fusus [ex+fundo], tr., pour out or forth, shed (tears), breathe out (life); (pour out, i.e.) let loose, let something be or hang free; crines effundere, unbind one's hair, let one's hair fly free; habenas effundere, wqith dat., give free rein to, spur on, drive with all speed; with reflexive pronoun, or in pass., with middle sense (~ 152), pour out, hasten (forth), spring or dart forward, rush headlong, speed. Fig., stretch out, lay low in death; throw off or out, fling off (e.g. a rider or pilot); pour out freely, spend freely, waste, exhaust; pour out words, utter, say. effusus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., poured out, flowing, drenching; loosened, distended, streaming; hurrying, rushing (in this sense often with adv. force, hastily, wildly). Fig., wasted; profuse, lavish, extravagant, excessive. effisus: see effundo. egens: see egeo. egenus, -a, -um [egeo], adj., lacking, EGEO 47 EN wanting; in want, poor, needy; by metoniqmy (~ 186), distressing, trying; humbled, straitened. egeo, -ere, egul, -, intr., lack, be in nant of, have need of, need, require; be in need, be needy. egens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., wanting, in want (of), lacking; needy, poor. egestas, -atis [egeo], f., want, poverty, penury. Personified, Egestas, -atis, f., Want, Poverty. ego, mel, pers. pron., I, I myself; egomet, m6met, etc., strengthened forms of ego (thl exact origin of the suffix -met is uncertain), I myself. egomet: see ego. egredior, -i, egressus sum [ex+ gradior], intr., go (or come) out, go forth, esp. from a ship, disembark. egregius, -a, -um [ex+grex], adj., properly, out of (i.e. above) the commnon herd, choice. Fig., matchless, peerless, brilliant, distinguished, illustrious. egressus: see egredior. ei, interjection, alas! ah! woel often used with a dative, mihi, ah mel woe is me I woe worth the day! eia, interjection, coupled with exhortations and commands, Comel up! on, onl quick! all hasteI eicio, -ere, eiecl, eiectus [ex+iacio], tr., throw out, cast forth; cast upon shore, shipwreck,wreck; exile, banish; throw out of joint, dislocate. eiectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., used esp. of sailors, cast out on the shore, i.e. shipwrecked, stranded; cast out from home, outcast, exiled. ciecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of 6ici6], tr., cast out; with 6re, spurt forth, vomit. eiectus: see eicio. clabor, -i, elapsus sum [ex+labor], intr., glide out, slip away, make off, escape. Fig., slip off, escape. 1eapsus: see.-abor. elatus: see effer6. electrum, -i, n., properly, amber; by metonymy, electrum, an amber-colorel metal, a mixture of gold and silver. elephantus, -i, m., elephant. 1By n(tonymy, = ebur, ivory elid5, -ere, 1isi, elisus [ex+laedbJ, tr., stilke or dash out, force or crush out or upwards. Elis, -idis, f., Elis, a province in the northitestcrn pai t of Peloponnesus; its capital was also called Elis. In Elis, too, luy the district of Olympia where the famous games were held. Elissa, -ae, f., Elissa, another name of Dido. elisus: see 1ido. eloquor, -i, elocfutus sum [ex+ loquor], tr. and intr., speak out, speak. eludo, -ere, -si, eluasus [ex+ludo], tr, parry or escape a blow; foil, baffle; mock, cheat, frustrate. eluo, -ere, -ul, elutus [ex+luo], tr., wash out, wash away, wash off, remove. Elysium, -i or -ii, n., Elysium, Land of Bliss, the part of the underworld to zvlich the souls of the good were assigned. 6mensus: see emetior. emetior, -iri, -mensus sum [ex+ metior], tr., measure off or out. Fig., ("reel off"), pass over, traverse, cover. emic6, -are, -ui, emicatum [ex+ mico], intr., spring out, dart or dash forth, leap up or out. eminus [ex+manus], adv., from a distance, from afar, at long range; esp., at the distance of a spear cast; contrast comminus. emissus: see emitto. emitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [ex+ mitto], tr., send forth, send away, dismiss; let loose; of weapons, send forth, hurl, cast, discharge. emo, emere, emi, emptus, tr., take, esp. by purchase; buy, purchase. emotus: see emoveo. emoveo, -6re, -movi, -motus [ex+ moveo], tr, move out or from, force from, remove. Fig., remove, dispel, banish. en, interjection, Lol behold? see' mark youl used sometimes merely to attract attention (cf. ecce), more often to indicate various emotions, e g wonder, passionate excitement, anger, irony; it is ERIPHYLE ENARRABILIS 48 usually, like ecce, without influence upon the construction. enarrabilis, -e [ex-{narr6], adj., that may or can be explained or described, describable. Enceladus, -i, m., Enceladus, one of the giants twho yought against Jupiter; see ~ 274. enim, adv., with affirmative or asseverative force, indeed, verily, of a truth; esp. in the phi ases sed enim, but indeed, but of a truth, however, neque enim, nor indeed, nor yet, and in questions, as in quid eninm, why indeed? why, pray? As conj., in explanatory and causal clauses, for. eniteo, -ere, -ui, - [ex+nite6], intr., shine forth, gleam, glitter. enitor, -i, -nixus sum [ex+nitor], intr., strive earnestly, struggle; intr. and tr., labor (be) with child, bring forth with pain and sorrow, bear. enixus: see enitor. eno, -are, -avi, - [ex —n6], intr., properly, swim out or away; fiecly, fly forth, make one's way to, escape. ensis, -is, mi., sword. Entellus, -i, m., Entellus, a Sicilian boxer who vanquished the Trojan Dares. enumero, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+numero], tr., count up or over, reckon up, recount, enumerate. eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, intr., go, come, go or rush forth, mox e, proceed, sail. i, ite (cf. age, agite), comel up! quick I eodem [old dat.? of idem], adv., to the same place. Eous, -a, -um [Eos, dawn], adj., of the morning; of the East, eastern, orient. As noun, Eous, -i [sc. aster], mn., the morning-star, dawn, morning. Epeos, -i, m., Epeus, desiqner and builder of the wooden hoise by means of u hich Troy was c aptured..pirus, -1, f., Epirus, a district in snorthern Greece, along the Adr iatic Sea. epulor, -ari, -atus sum [epulum], intr., feast, banquet; tr., eat. epulum, -i, a, a solemn public banquet, reliqious-in chlaracter,' in pi., epulae, -arum, f., feast, banquet; dainty or, rich food, viands. Epytidis, -ae, m., son of Epytus..pytus, -i, m., Epytus, a Trojan, comrade of Aeneas. equa, -ae [feminine of ecus, equil, f., a L mare. eques, equitis [ecus, equl], m., horseman, rider; horse-soldier, trooper, cavalry-man. equester, -tris, -tre [eques], adj., of a horseman, equestrian. equidem [strength/enedformn of quidem], adv., indeed, verily, truly, of a truth; surely, certainly, at least. equinus, -a, -um [ecus], adj., of a horse, of horses; with crista or nervus, made of horsehair. equito, -are, -av, -atum [ecus, eques], intr., ride on horseback. equus, more correctly spelled ecus: see ecus. Erebus, -I, m., Erebus, god of darkness, son of Chaos and brother of Night; darkness, esp. that of the underworld, underworld. erectus: see erigo. ereptus: see 6ripio. ergo, adv., therefor, consequently, as a result, then, so then; to resume an interrupted narratiLe, to come back to my story, to resume, as I was saying; in a question, do you say? do you mean? Is it true that, etc.? As a virtual preposition, with gen., an archaic use,= causa, in consequence of, for the sake of. Eridanus, -1, m., Eridanus, the name of a river, which, issuing fromi the underworld, made its way to the world above; variously identified by ancient writers with the Po, the Rhine and the Rhone, usually with the Po. erigb, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [ex+rego], ti., raise up, set up, uplift, upheave; erect, build, rear. Erinys, Erinyos, f., a Fury; freely, curse, scourge, plague, bane. Eriphyle, -is, f., Eriphyle, wife of.Amphiaraus, who was slain by her son because she had induced her hi usband to join the expedition of the Seven against ERIPIO Thebes, though he knew it would cause his death. eripio, -ere, -ui, ereptus [ex+rapio], tr., take away, steal; snatch out of danger, rescue, save; snatch quickly, lay hold on, seize; snatch out or away, take away, wrest away. err6, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., stray about, wander, rove, roam, go astray; tr., wander over, through or past. Fig., of breath, flicker. error, -oris [errol, m., wandering, straying, roving; by metonymy, of that /which makes one wander, maze, labyrinth. Fig., strayingfrom truth, error, mistake, delusion, deception; by metonymy, artifice, trick. erubesc6, -ere, erubui, - [ex+rubescb], intr., grow red, esp. with shame, blush with shame; tr. (~ 130), blush before or at, respect, give heed to. eracto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+rfcto, belch], tr., belch forth, vomit forth, throw or spout up. erumpo, -ere, erupi, eruptus [ex+ rump6], tr., cause to break or burst forth; intr. (~ 139), break through, rush forth, break one's way out of. 6ruo, -ere, erui, erutus [ex+ruo], tr., tear out or up, pluck out; destroy, overthrow, root out, uproot, upheave. erus, -i, m., master of a household, esp. of the slaves; freely, master, lord. Erycinus, -a, -um [Eryx], adj., of Eryx, Erycinian, Eryx's. Erymanthus, -i, m., Erymanthus, a range of mountains in Arcadia, Greece. Erymas, -antis, m., Erymas, a Trojan, slain by Turnus. Eryx, Erycis, m., Eryx. (1) A Sicilian king, son of Venus, famous as a boxer, but killed by Hercules in a boxing contest. (2) A mountain in the western part of Sicily. et, conj., and, connecting not only words and phrases alike in function, but also clauses; it usually marks the connected words, etc., as alike in importance (contrast atque and -que); et... et, et.. -que, both.. and, not only,.. but also; with emphasis on the 149 EUNEUS added word (cf. atque), and indeed, and moreover; neque... et, and not... and, not... and, not... but; after negative phrases or clauses, but; introducing a detail illustrating a general statement, and in particular; with a clause that gives the result of what precedes, and as a result; with temporal or quasi-temporal force, and forthwith, and at once, and lo;= etiam, even, also, likewise. et in poetry frequently follows the word it adds, i.e. it is postpositive. etiam, conj., yet, still; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, likewise; even; in a question, really, actually. Etriiria, -ae, f., Etruria, a district in Italy north of Latium. Etruscus, -a, -um, adj., of Etruria, Etruscan. As noun, Etrusci, -orum, pl. m., the Etruscans. etsi [et+si], coni., even if; granting or assuming that, although. Euadne, -es, f., Evadne, wife of Capaneus, one of the Seven against Thebes; for love of her husband she threw herself on the funeral pile whereon his body was burning. Euander or Euandrus, -4, m., Evander, son of Mercury and the nymphi Carmentis, an Arcadian chieftain who about sixty years before the Trojan war came to Italy and founded a city called Pallenteum on the site later occupied by Rome. Euandrius, -a, -um [Euander], adj., of Evander, Evander's. Euboicus, -a, -um [Euboea, a large island in the Aegean Sea, opposite Boeotia], adj., of Euboea, Euboean. euhans, -antis, adj., crying Euhan or Euhoe; in act. sense, celebrating with the cry Euhan or Euhoe, celebrating noisily (i.e. joyously, wildly). Eumelus, -i, m., Eumelus, a Trojan. Eumenides, -um [a Greek name, meaning, properly, the kindly minded ones, a euphemistic name given to the Furies to propitiate them], pl. f., the Eumenides, the Furies. Euneus, -i, m., Euneuis, a Trojan slain by Camilla. EUPHRATES 50 EXCELLO Euphrates, -is, m., the Euphrates, a large river of Asia. Europa, -ae,f., Europe, the continent. Eurotas, -ae, in., the Eurotas, a large river of Laconia, in the Peloponnesus. Eurous, -a, -um [Eurus], adj., properly, of the east wind; freely, eastern. Eurus, -i, m., Eurus, the southeast (or east) wind. Euryalus, -i, m., Euryalus, a Trojan, warm friend of Nisus. Eurypylus, -i, v., Eurypylus, one of the Greeks before Troy. Eurytides, -ae, m., Eurytides, son of Elrytus. Eurytion, -onis, m., Eurytion, a Lycian ally of Troy, brother of Pandarus; he was amnous as an archer. evado, -ere, -si, -sus [ex + vado], intr., go forth or out, come out, make one's way; make off, escape; move upwards; tr.. ascend, climb; make one's way over, cover safely, traverse; pass over or beyond, leave behind, escape. evanesco, -ere, evanui, - [ex+vanus], intr., vanish, disappear. eveh6, -ere, evexi, evectus [ex+ vehil, tr., carry forth or out; carry up, uplift, exalt. evenib, -ire, eveni, eventum [ex+ venio], intr., come forth or out. Fig., come (" turn ") out, come to pass, happen. eventus, -us [eveni6], m., in fig. sense, outcome, issue, sequel; happening, occurrence, event. everto, -ere, everti, eversus [ex+ verto], tr., turn out; turn up, upturn, upheave; overturn, overthrow, throw down, upset, destroy. evictus; see evinco. evincio, -ire, evinxi, evinctus [ex+ vincio], tr., bind up, bind, wind around, wreathe, encircle. 6vinco, -ere, evlci, evictus [ex+ vinco], tr., overcome completely, vanquish, subdue, master. evinctus: see evincio. 6viscerb, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+viscus], tl, disembowel, rend,aunder, mangle. evoco, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+voc6], tr., call out or forth, summon; speak to, address. evolvt, -ere, evolvi, evolutus, [ex+ volv6], tr., roll out or forth; with se, roll forth, glide. ex or e (e is used only before consonants, ex before either vowels or consonants), prep. with abl., used (1) of motion out of a place, out of, forth from, from, away from, (2) of time, from, since; ex quo (sr. tempore), from the time that, ever since, since, (3) of origin, source, material, cause, from, out of, of, because of, by reason of, (4) in modal relations, according to, in accordance with, after the measure or manner of, ex ordlne, in order, in sequence, duly, (5) with numerals, in stead of a partetive genitive, of, out of. exactus: see exigo. exaestub, -are, -avi, -atum [ex+ aestuo], intr., boil up, seethe. Fig., seethe, boil, burn, glow, rage. examen, -inis [exigo], n., band led out troop, esp. a swarm of bees; tongue or pointer of a balance exanimis, -e and exanimus, -a, -um [ex+anima], adj., breathless, lifeless, dead; freely, half dead, esp. with Jean, terrified, frightened, unnerved, unmanned. exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [exanimusj, tr, rob of breath, kill; frighten, alarm; in pass., be out of breath. exanimatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., breathless, gasping, fainting. exanimus: see exanimis. exardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsum [ex+ ardeo], intr., be kindled, kindle, begi to blaze out. Fig., blaze up with wrath, etc., kindle, be inflamed. exaudio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [exi audio], tt., hear from afar (and.,,itth difficulty), overhear; freely, hear, hearken to, heed. excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [ex+ cedo], intr., go out, forth, or away; depart, retire. Fig., retire, withdraw, disappear, vanish. excellens: see excello. cxcello, -ere, -cellul, -celsus [ex+ EXCEPTUS 51 EXIHORRESCO cello, rise high, tower], intr, rise high, tower. Fig., rise high, be eminent or conspicuous; surpass, excel. excellens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., towering, high. Fig., surpassing, excellent, fine, splendid, stately, beautiful. exceptus: see excipi6. excidium, -i or -ii [ex+cad6], n., a falling, collapse; overthrow, destruction, ruin. excidb, -ere, -cidi, - [ex+cado], intr., fall out or from, fall down. Fig., fall from (one's lips), escape, be uttered; fall (from memory), pass away, fade away, perish. excid6, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [ex+caedo], tr., cut out, hew (out), quarry; cut down or away, demolish, destroy. excio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus or -itus lex+cieo], tr., call out, call forth, summon, bring out. Fig., call out, produce, cause; rouse, excite, throw into frenzy. excitus, -a, -urn, pf pass. prtcpl. as adj., stirred up, aroused, frenzied, excited, routed forth (iii. 676). excipi6, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex+ capio], tr., take out or away; take out as an exception, except, make an exception of; catch, seize, lay hold on, overtake; catch, capture (a wild beast, enemy, etc ), lie in wait for, surprise, lay low; take, receive, greet, welcome. Fig., take, overtake, overwhelm, befall, attend; catch up a speaker, make reply to, answer; catch with the ear, hear, learn; catch with the mind, understand, detect. excisus: see excido. excito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of excio], tr., call or summon forth. Fig., arouse, excite, awaken, spurn; stimulate, intensify. excitus or excitus: see excio. exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum [ex+ clamo], intr., cry out, cry aloud, exclaim. excludS, -ere, -si, -clusus [ex+ claudb], tr., shut out, bar out. excolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [ex+ colo], tr., till carefully. Fig., cultivate, improve, grace, adorn, refine. excubiae, -arum [ex+cub6, lie out on watch], pl. f., properly, a lying out on guard (picket); by metonymy, picket, watchman, sentry, watch, guard. excfido, -ere, -cudi, -cUsus [ex+ cfdo], tr., strike out, beat out, drive out; make by striking, beat out, forge (out), mould. 'xcussus: see excutio. excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [exquatio], tr., shake out or off, cast or fling out, drive off or away, dislodge; shake out, uncoil. Fig., arouse, awaken; startle, frighten. exedo, -ere, -6di, -esus [ex+edo], tr., eat up, devour. Fig., consume utterly, destroy, waste. exemplum, -i [exim6], n., properly, something selected, sample, specimen; pattern, model, example. exemptus: see eximo. exe6, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [ex+eo], intr., go (or come) out, torth, or away, depart; tr., go out from, escape, avoid, ward off. exerceo, -ere, exercul, exercitus [ex+arceo], tr., properly, confine, control, esp. in the matter of wzork; keep busy, employ, exercise; keep moving, ply, drive; train, try, test; with acc. of thing, be busy at, work at, employ one's self about; engage in, practice, ply diligently, perform; with pacem, practice, pursue, devote one's self to. Fig., try, vex, disquiet; harass, persecute, torment. exercitus, -us (pf. pass. prtcpl. of exerceo, as noun), m., trained force, army; freely, host, multitude, band; flock, herd. exesus: see exedo. exhlo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+halo], intr. and tr., breathe out, exhale. exhaurio, -ire, -hausi, -haustus [ex+haurio], tr., draw out (liquids), drain. Fig., use up, spend, wear out, enfeeble; of trials, sorrows, punishment, etc., undergo, endure, face. exhaustus: see exhaurio. exhorresc6, -ere, -horrui, - [ex+horresco], intr., tremble or shudder vio EXHORTOR 52 EXPROMO lently; tr. (~ 130), shudder at, be afraid of. exhortor, -ari, -atus sum [ex+hortor], tr., exhort earnestly, urge. exig6, -ere, -egi, -actus [ex+ago], tr., drive out or forth, thrust out; measure, weigh, examine, test, investigate, track out, learn; of a weapon, drive home, thrust; bring to an end, finish, complete, perform; of time (drive by, i.e. make pass), spend, pass. Fig., weigh in thought, ponder, consider. exiguus, -a, -um [exigo], adj., properly, weighed, measured, exact; hence, limited, scanty; small, tiny, petty, trifling, insignificant. eximo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [ex+emo], tr., take out or away, remove. Fig., remove, efface, bring to naught, destroy. exin: see exinde. exinde, and in abbreviated form, exin, adv., used (1) properly but rarely of place, thence, (2) of time, then, thereupon, afterwards, (3) of succession in general, then, next. exitialis, -e [exitium], adj., destructive, ruinous, fatal, baneful. exitium, -i or -ii [exeb], n., a going out, esp. to destruction, ruin, destruction, death. exitus, -us [exeo], m., a going forth, departure, egress, exit; by metonymy, of the means of extt, place of egress, exit, outlet; esp. of exit from life, end of life, death. Fig., outcome, sequel, issue, rescue. exopto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+opto], tr., pick out; wish or long for greatly, crave. exoptatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., longed for, dear, beloved. exordium, -i or -ii [ex+-rdior], n., properly, beginning of a web; freely, beginning; advances (in speech). exorior, -orrir, -ortus sum [ex+ orior], intr., rise, arise, come forth. Fig., arise, break forth; spring up, appear. ex6r6, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+oro], tr., entreat earnestly, ask for, beg; en treat successfully, prevail on, persuade, secure. exosus, -a, -um [ex+Odi], adj., in act. sense, hating beyond measure, detesting. expedio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [ex+ pes], tr., properly, free the feet ftrom a snare, then, in general, disentangle, free; make ready, prepare, bring out, produce. Fig., unfold by speech, disclose, describe, relate, recount. expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [ex+ pello], tr., drive out, expel, banish; drive from one's place, dislodge. expendo, -ere, -di, -pensus [ex+ pendo], tr., weigh out; esp. of weighing out money, the original method of paying money out, pay out, pay; with poenas, pay, suffer, undergo; (pay for, i.e.) atone for, expiate. experior, -iri, expertus sum, tr., try, test, prove; with injin., try, attempt, zn pf., have tried or tested, have had experience of, know by experience. expers, -pertis [ex+pars], adj., v ithout part or share in, free from. expertus: see experior. expleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [ex+pleo], tr., fill out or up, fill full, fill; of time, number, etc., fill, complete, finish, round out; complete, finish, perform, fill out a task. Fig., of the appetite, passions, etc., fill, glut, satiate, satisfy explicb, -are, -avi, -atus or -itus [ex+plicb], tr., unfold, uncoil, unroll Fig., unfold in speech, describe, set forth. explorator, -oris [explSor], m., scout, spy. explro,, -are, -avi, -atus, tr. exam ine, explore, search out. Fig., examine, test, ponder, consider carefully expbno, -ere, -posul, -positus [ex+pono], tr., put out, set out or forth, expose; esp., set out from a ship, disembark, land. exposco, -ere, -poposci, - [ex+ posco], tr., ask earnestly, sue for, de mand; entreat, implore. expositus: see expono. expromo, -ere, -prompsi, -promptus [ex+promoj, tr., take or bring out, EXPULSUS 53 EXTA produce. Fig., bring out in speech, utter, express. expulsus: see expello. exquiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitus [ex +quaero], tr., search out diligently, seek carefully, sue for, demand. exsanguis, -e [ex + sanguis], adj., bloodless; by metonymy, pale, wan; frightened, sorely dismayed. exsaturabilis, -e [exsaturo], adj., capable of being filled or satisfied, satiable, placable. exsaturo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+saturo], tr., fill full. Fig., satisfy, satiate, sate. exscindo, -ere, -scidl, -scissus [ex+ scindo], tr., tear out or up; destroy, overthrow, raze. exseco, -are, -secul, -sectus [ex+ secol, tr., cut out. exsecror, -ari, -atus sum [ex+sacer], tr., curse. exsectus: see exseco. exsequor, -i, -secutus sum [ex+sequor], tr., follow out, follow to the end. Fig., accomplish, perform, fulfill, complete, execute. exsero, -ere, -serui, -sertus, tr., stretch out, thrust out. exsertus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., thrust out, protruding; bared, exposed. exserto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of exsero], tr., thrust out, thrust forth. exsertus: see exsero. exsilium, -i or -ii [ex+salib], n., a going forth, esp. from home, exile, banishment; by metonymy, place of banishment or exile. exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutus [ex+solvb], tr., loosen, unbind. Ftg., set free, release, deliver. exsomnis, -e [ex+somnus],'adj., sleepless, wakeful, watchful. exsors, -sortis [ex+sors], adj., without part or lot in, not sharing in, deprived of; not sharing in (i.e. not subject to) general allotment, extraordinary, out of the ordinary course, choice, splendid. exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+ specto], tr., look out eagerly for, long for, hope for, expect; await, wait for; zntr., wait, linger, loiter, tarry, dally. exspectatus, -a, -umr, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., awaited, longexpected, dear, welcome, precious. exspergo, -ere, -spersi, -spersus [exspargo], tr., strew, scatter, sprinkle; besprinkle, bespatter, spatter. exspersus: see exspergo. exspiro, -are, -avi, -itus [ex+spir6], tr., breathe out, exhale; intr. (sc. animam), breathe one's last, die, perish. exstinctus: see exstinguo. exstinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctus [ex+stinguo, rare verb, quench], tr., properly, of fire, lights, etc., put out, quench, extinguish. Fig., (quench, i.e.) blot out, remove, destroy, annihilate; (put out the light of life), slay, kill. exsto, -are, -, - [ex+sto], intr., stand out or forth, project, stand up (or upwards), tower. exstructus: see exstruo. exstrub, -ere, -struxi, -structus [ex+ struo], tr., heap up, pile up; build up, erect, rear. exstructus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., heaped up, elevated, high, lofty. As noun, exstrfictum, -i, n, something raised, elevation, platform, throne. exsul, -is [ex+sali], m., one who goes out from home, exile, outcast, wanderer. exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum [ex+sulto, freq. of salio], intr., leap forth or up, jump up, leap, dance; of water, leap, dance, boil madly, rage, surge, seethe. Fig., of the heart, dance, beat wildly; dance or leap with joy, rejoice, exult; leap or dance in pride, vaunt, boast. exsuperb, -are, -avi, -atus [ex+supero], tr., surmount, mount over, overtop, tower above; pass over or by, get beyond. Fig., (surmount, i.e.) conquer, gain the upper hand (of), overcome. exsurgo, -ere, -surrexi, - [ex+surgo], intr., rise up, rise. exta, -orum, pl. n., inwards, vitals (properly, the nobler internal organs, EXTEMPLO 51 FACIO heart, lungq, liver, from whose appearance omens were drawn), the exta. extemplo [ex -tempulum, dun. of tempus], adv., on (at) the moment, immediately, forthwith, at once, instantlyextendi, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [ex - tendo], tr., stretch out, stretch, extend; stretch out in death, lay low. Fig., (stretch out, i.e.) put forth, display. exter or exterus, -a, -um [exl, adj., comp. exterior, -us, sup. extremus, -a, -um, on the outside, outer, external; foreign, strange, stranger. In sup., extremus, -a, -ur, of place, outermost, utmost, furthermost, extreme, furthermost part of, last part of; of time, latest, last, final. As noun, extrema, -6rum, pl. n., the last things (dangers, sufferings, etc.), extremities, hazards, death. externus, -a, -um [exter], adj., outer, on the outside, external; foreign, strange. As noun, externus, -i, mn., stranger, foreigner. exterreo, -Bre, -ui, -itus [ex -terre6], tr., frighten greatly, affright, terrify. exterritus: see exterreo. exterus, -a, -um: see exter. extorris, -e [ex+terra], adj., driven from one's land, exiled, banished. extra, prep. wzth ace., outside of, without, beyond. extremus: see exter. extundo, -ere, -tudi, -tunsus [ex+ tund6], tr., strike or beat out; fashion metal work by beating, emboss; freely, forge, fashion. exuber6, -are, -avi, -atum [ex+ uber6, be fruitful, abound], intr., properly, be fruitful; abound in; of rivers, abound in water, overflow; freely, be full (of). exus, -ere, -ui, -titus, tr., draw off, put off, take off, strip off, lay off or aside; strip, rob; lay bare, free. Fig., put off, throw off, lay aside, remove. exuro, -ere, -ussl, -astus [ex+furo], tr., burn up completely, consume; freely, bake, parch, dry up, wither. exfistus: see extro6. exutus: see exuo. exuviae, -arum lexuo], pi. f., anythang stripped off or put otf, skin, slough of a snake; arns stripped from a warrior'e body, spoils; clothing laid aside, relics, mementoes. F Fabius, -i or -ii, m., Fabius, a name borne by members of the gens Fabia; in pl., the Fabi, the many famous members of the gens. fabricator, -oris [fabrico], m., maker, framer, contriver, fashioner. Fabricius, -i or -ii, m., Fabricius, i.e. Caius Fabricius Luscinus, consul in 2,3, 279, and 274; he fought with success against Pyrrhus and his allies. IHe was famous esp. for his incorruptible integrity, and was long a model to the Romans of plain and simple living. fabric6: see fabricor. fabricor, -ari, -atus sum, and, esp. in poetry, fabrico, -are, -avi, -atus [faber, a workman in hard materials, artisan], tr., frame, build, fashion. facesso, -ere, -cessi, -cessitus [facib], tr., do eagerly or earnestly, execute, perform (hastily). facies, -iie [facio], f, properly, the 'make' of a thing; external form, figure, shape, guise, likeness; the face, countenance; beauty; in general, appearance, aspect; by metonymy, a shape, specter, apparition; form, type, sort, kind. facile: see facilis. facilis, -e [facio], adj., of things that may or can be done, easy, ready; of persons, easy, accessible, good-natured, affable, courteous; ready, willing; of fortune, favorable, auspicious, propitious. facile, n. sing. as adv. (~ 134), easily, readily, without trouble. facio, -ere, feci, 'factus, tr., make, fashion; do, perform, carry out, accomplish; bring about, cause, produce; of speech or writing, represent, assume, suppose, esp. in the imper. fac; with infin., cause, constrain, compel; certurn (or certiorem) facere, inform; vela facere (make, i.e.) set sail. In pass., fio, fieri, factus sum, become; be made or caused, arise, spring up. FACTUM 55 FAVEO factum, -i, (pf. pass. prtcpl. as nouns, n, deed, action, undertaking, exploit. factum: see facio. Fidus, -i, m., Fadus, a Rutulian. fallax, -acis [fall1], adj., full of deceit, treacherous, traitorous, false. fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus, tr., dupe, baffle, mock, cheat, deceive; (cheat, i.e.) prove false to an oath or promise, violate, outrage, break; trick one by escaping his notice, escape the notice of, be or pass unobserved by, escape; counterfeit, assume by trickery; in pass, be mistaken, err. falsus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., in deponent sense, deceiving, lying, false, deceptive, spurious, counterfeit, mock. falsus: see fallo. falx, falcis, f., sickle, pruning-knife, scythe; knife, shears. fama, -ae [for], f., talk, common talk, report, rumor, public opinion; story, legend, tradition; what is said of one, reputation, either in a good sense, fame, renown, or in a bad sense, notoriety, ill-fame, scandal. Personified, Fama, -ae, f., Rumor, the goddess of gossip and scandal. fames, -is, f., hunger. Fig., hunger or thirst for anything, greed. Personifled, Fames, -is, f., Famine. famula, -ae, f., woman slave or servant, maid-servant. famulus, -i, m., a male slave, manservant, servant, attendant. fandus: see for. far, farris, n., spelt, a kind of grain, much used in sacrifices, meal. fas [for], n., indeclinable, properly, something uttered, esp. by religion or by divine law, divine law, the divine will, fate, destiny; right in the sight of heaven, sacred duty, law. As adj., with est, etc., right, proper, fitting; permissible, lawful. fascis, -is, m., properly, a bundle; esp., in pl., the fasces, the bundles of rods from which an axe projected, carried by the lictors before certain magistrates whenever they appeared in public (the rods symbolized the magisterial right to flog offenders, the axe head the right to inflict the death penalty); by metonymy, government, authority, sovereignty. fastigium, -i or -ii, n., a gable end of a building; sloping root, roof-top; battlement, turret; top, summit in general. Fig., (tops, i.e.) main points of a story. fastus, -us, m., contempt, disdain of others; haughtiness, arrogance, pride; in pl., scornful whims, caprices. fatalis, -e [fatum], adj., ordained by fate, destined, fated, allotted; fateful, pregnant with fate; fatal, deadly, destructive. fateor, -eri, fassus sum, tr., confess, acknowledge, own; with infin., consent, agree, be willing. fatidicus, -a, -um [fatum+dico], adj., fate-speaking, sooth-saymg, prophetic, inspired. fatifer, -fera, '-ferum [ff,tum+fer6], adj., fate-bringing, deadly, fatal. fatig6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., weary, tire (out), exhaust. Fig., exhaust, vex, torment, disturb, harass. fatisco, -ere, - -, intr., gape or yawn open, open in chinks or cracks, split open. fatum, -i [for], n., properly, something said, an utterance; prophetic utterance, prophecy; esp., what is said (ordained) by the gods, destiny, fate. Personified, Fatum, -i, n., Fate, Destiny; see ~~ 302-305. fatus: see for. fauces, -ium, pl. f., properly, the upper part of the throat, the pharynx; gullet, throat; freely, jaws, mouth, lips. Fig., jaws, opening of a lake; any narrow opening or passage, opening, chasm, pass, defile. Faunus, -i, m., Faunus, an ancient Italian king, later worshiped as a deity of forests, of agriculture, of shepherds and their life. Vergil represents him to be son of Picus, grandson of Saturnus, and father of Latinus. He had an oracle in the grove of Albunea. Later he was identified with the Greek god Pan. faveo, -ere, favi, fautus, intr., be favorable or well-disposed to, be pro FAVILLA 56 FERRUM pitious (to), favor, befriend. favens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as ad.., friendly, favoring;= an adv., with (in) friendly spirit. favilla, -ae, f., hot, glowing ashes, embers, cinders. favor, -6ris [faveo], m., favor, goodwill, partiality; (general goodwill, i.e.) popular favor. fax, facis, f., a pine torch, as carried in weddings or by the Furies; faggots, firebrands, brands. Fig., fiery train, tail of a meteor or comet; torchlike train. fecundus, -a, -um [feo, old verb, bear young], adj., properly, of plants and animals that bear freely, fruitful, fertile, prolific. Fig., rich in, abounding in. felix, -lcis [feB, bear], adj., of trees, etc., fruitful, productive. Fig., in active sense, auspicious, favorable, helpful; in pass. sense, happy, fortunate, blessed, lucky, rich. femina, -ae [feo, bear], f., she that bears, a female animal, female; a woman. femineus, -a, -um [femina], adj., of a woman, woman's or women's, feminine; womanish. femur, femoris and feminis, n., the thigh. fenestra, -ae, f., an opening to admit light, window; freely, opening, hole, aperture, breach. fera: see ferus, -a, -um. feralis, -e, adj., pertaining to the dead, funeral; freely, ominous of death, mournful, fateful. fere, adv., nearly, almost; in expressions of time, about. feretrum, -1 [fero], n., properly, a carrier; couch for the dead, bier. ferina: see ferinus. ferinus, -a, -um [ferus], adj., of or belonging to wild animals. As noun, ferina, -ae (sc. caro, flesh), f., game, venison. ferio, -ire, -, -, tr., strike, smite, beat; cut, pierce, sever; slay, kill. fero, ferre, tull, latus, fr., bear, carry, support, in literal sense, of burdens, and fig., carry, bear (sorrows, trials, etc ), endure, suffer, undergo, brook; bear upwards, lift, raise; bear onward, drive, and, fig., prolong, continue, urge on, arouse, excite; carry, becir, wear, hold parts of the bodg; carry to one, bring, fetch, convey; bring, present, offer, proffer, give, grant; bear away, carry off, overwhelm, overthrow, destroy; carry off, plunder, steal, and, from the idea of carrying off plunder, plunder, rob, sack, ravage; of bearing young or yielding produce, bear, give birth to; with a reflexive pronoun, esp. se, bear or betake one's self, make one's way, advance, go, move, proceed; in pass., with middle force (~152), go, proceed, move, advance; intr. (~ 139), of chance or of fate, offer or present (itself), proffer, tend, trend, set. Fig., of bearing or carrying news, etc., noise abroad, relate, recount, report, say, assert; pro-' nounce, utter; represent, portray; with se, etc., (lift, i.e.) exalt one's self, pride one's self, boast. Feronia, -ae, f., Feronia, an old Italian goddess, iuorshiped near Anxur, consort of Jupiter Anxurus. ferox, -ocis [ferus], adj., wild, untamed; usually~Tn a bad sense, fierce, haughty, ferocious; in good sense, spirited, highmettled, mettlesome, warlike. ferratus, -a, -um [ferruml, adj., shod or pointed with iron, iron-bound; with calx, armed with a steel spur, spurred. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], adj., of iron, iron. Fig., iron, enduring, firm; of sleep, unyielding, never-ending, eternal; hard, unyielding, unfeeling, pitiless, cruel. ferrugineus, -a, -um [ferrugo], adj., properly, of the color of iron rust, rustcolored, iron-hued; dusky, dark. ferrugo, -inis [ferrum], f., properly, rust of iron, then, the color of iron rust, but the word is loosely used of various colors, e.g. of a dark, bluish green color, approaching blackness, dark blue color, purple. ferrum, -i, n., iron, steel; by metonymy, FERUS 57 FINGO of things made of steel, blade of sword, sword, spear, axe, arrow, or of fighting with steel, warfare, war. ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, untamed. Fig., wild, fierce, cruel, ruthless. As noun, ferus, -1, m., wild beast, beast, monster; fera, -ae, f., wild beast, beast. ferveo, -ere, ferbul, -, and fervo, fervere, fervi, -, intr., be boiling hot, glow with heat, be hot, seethe. Fig., of work, activity, glow, seethe, be all aglow, be alive, teem, move briskly. fervidus, -a, -um [ferveb], adj., boiling hot, glowing, seething. Fig., hot, glowing, seething, aglow; fiery, furious, ardent. fervb, fervere: see ferveo. fervor, -oris [ferveo], m., violent heat, glow of heat. Fig., glow, fury, ardor, frenzy. fessus, -a, -um, adj., wearied, enfeebled, exhausted; tired, weary, feeble. festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., hasten, hurry; tr. (~131), speed, hasten, perform with speed. festus, -a, -um, adj., festive, festival, -festal, holiday. 1. fetus, -a, -um [properly, pf. pass. prtcpl. of feo, bear, in deponent sense], adj., properly, filled with young, pregnant, then of animals that have just given birth to young, newly-delivered. Fig., filled with, abounding in, teeming with. 2. fetus, -us [feo, bear], m., a bringing forth, bearing of young; by metonymy, of the young, brood, offspring, young; in pl., a litter; swarm of bees. Fig., growth on a tree, shoot, branch. fibra, -ae, f., fiber, filament, whether in a plant or in an animal substance; esp., the fibers of the inwards, inwards, entrails, liver. fibula, -ae, f., clasp, buckle, brooch. fictor, -bris [fingo], m., fashioner, moulder, maker; in bad sense, contriver, schemer, trickster. fictus: see fingo. fldells, -e [1. fides], adj., faithful, trusty, trustworthy. Fidena, -ae, f., or, more often, Fidenae, -arum, pl. f., Fidenae, an old town of Latiurn, not far fr-om Rome. fidens: see f do. 1. fid6s, fidei [f do], f., trust put in some one or something, faith, reliance, confidence, credit; by metonymy, of that which begets or inspires confidence, faithfulness, integrity, honesty. loyalty; pledge, promise, guarantee; truth. Personified, Fides, -el, f., Good Faith, Faith, Honor. 2. fides, -ium, pl. f., strings of musical instruments. fido, -ere, fisus sum, intr., put faith in, trust; with infin., have faith to, dare, venture, essay. fidens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., bold, confident, resolute. fiducia, -ae [fido],f., trust, confidence, faith in; reliance (on). fidus, -a, -um [fldo], adj., of persons or things in which trust may be reposed, faithful, trusty, trustworthy, reliable, safe. f ig, -ere, fix1, fixus, tr., fix, fasten, fasten up, nail up, hang up; transfix, pierce. Fig., fix, fasten, set firmly, plant (footsteps), establish; with oscula or dicta, imprint. fixus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., fixed, set, firm, immoveable, resolute. figura, -ae [fingo], f., form, shape, figure; by metonymy, apparition, shade. filia, -ae, f., daughter. filius, -i or -il, m., son. filum, -i, n., a thread of anything woven, cord, clew. Fig., the thread of life. fimus, -i, m., excrement, ordure, dung; dirt, mire, filth. findo, -ere, fidi, fissus, tr., split, cleave, divide, separate. fingo, -ere, finxi, fictus, tr., mould plastic materials, shape, fashion, make; set in order, arrange (e.g. the hair). Fig., (fashion into, i.e.) make, mould; with or without animo or mente, mould with (or in) the mind, conceive, imagine, think, devise, conjure up. fictus, -a, -ur, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., made up, feigned, false. FINIS 58 FLUITO finis, -is, m. (but sometimes f, an archaic use), boundary, limit, border; end, goal of a race, and, occasionally, starting-point of a race; end, finish, conclusion in general; by metonymy, the land betweeen certain limits, territory, countly, domain. finitimus, -a, -um [finis], adj., bordering on, near, neighboring. As noun, finitimi, -orum, pl. m., neighbors, neighboring peoples or races. fio, fieri, factus sum: see facio. firmo, -are, -avi, -atus [firmus], tr., make firm, strengthen, make steady or secure. Fig., confirm, strengthen; corroborate, ratify. firmus, -a, -um, adj., firm, strong, steady, stable, solid. Fig., steady, stout, sturdy, resolute. fissilis, -e [findo], adj., that may or can be split, fissile, split, cleft. fixus: see f go. flagellum, -i [dim. of flagrum, whip], n., scourge, lash. flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., ask (for) urgently, demand. flagrans, -antis: see flagro. flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., burn, blaze, flame. Fig., burn, glow. flagrans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., burning, blazing. Fig., glowing, shining, gleaming, beaming; warm, ardent, passionate. flamen, -inis [flo, blow], n., blast, breeze, gale, wind. flamma, -ae [akin to flagro], f., blazing fire, fire, flame, blaze; by metonymy, a blazing torch, brand, brightness, brilliancy, radiance. Fig., fire, in various senses, e.g. of love, passion, hate, vengeance; love, passion, fury, hatred. flammans: see flammo. flammatus: see flammo. flammeus, -a, -um [flamma], adj., flaming, fiery, blazing, flashing. flammo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., set on fire. Fig., set ablaze, inflame, incense, arouse, anger; intr., be on fire, blaze, burn. flammans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., fiery, blazing. flammatus, -a, -ur, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., ablaze; inflamed, furious, frenzied. flatus, -us [fio, blow], m., breeze, blast, gust, gale. fliavns: see flaveo. fiaveo, -ere, -, - [faivusl, intr., be yellow or golden-hued. flaivns, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., yellow, golden, auburn. flavus, -a, -um [akin to flagro, flamma], adj., flame-colored, reddish yellow, yellow, golden, flaxen-hued. flecto, -ere, flexi, flexus, tr. and intr., bend, curve; turn, guide, direct. Fig., turn, bend, move, influence, persuade. flei, flere, flevi, fletum, intr., weep, cry, lament, luUaih, it. (~130), weep for, lament, bewail, mourn. fletus, -us [fleo], m., weeping, lamentation, wailing; by metonymy, wail, tears, sobs. flexilis, -e [flecto], adj., that can be turned or bent, flexible, pliant. flexus: see flecto. flictus, -us [fligo], m., a striking or dashing together, esp. of weapons, clash, collision. florens: see floreo. flireo, -ere, -ul, - [flos], intr., flower, bloom, blossom. Fig., flourish, be prosperous or successful. florens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., flowering, blooming. Fig., shining, glittering, bright, resplendent. floreus, -a, -um [flos], adj., flowery, blooming. flos, floris, m., flower, blossom. Fig., bloom, freshness, flower (of youth, strength, etc ). fluctuo, -are, -avi, -atum [fluctusl, intr., rise in waves, surge, heave, ebb and flow, toss. Fig., surge, seethe, heave, waver, vacillate. fluctus, -us [fluo], m., properly, a waving motion, flowing; by metonymny, wave, billow, surge. swell, tide, flood. Fig, tide, flood, surges, of passion, anger, etc. fluentum, -i [fluo], n., found usually in pl., running water, stream, flood, river. fluidis, -a, -um [fluo], adj., flowing, fluid; trickling, streaming. fluito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq of / FLUMEN 59 FORUM fluo], intr., flow or float about; move unsteadily, like the waves, drift. flimen, -inis [fluo], n., flowing or running water, stream, river. Fig., stream, flood (e.g. of tears). flub, -ere, fluxi, fluxum, intr., flow, stream, flow or trickle (with), drip Fig., stream, flow, fly or fall free (of garments); flow away, disappear, vanish; fail, faint, droop. fluens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., in fig. sense, flowing, streaming, loosened. fluvialis, -e [fluvius], adj., of a river, river. fluvius, -I or -ii [fluo], m., running water, a stream, river. focus, -i, m., fire-place, hearth, usually a fixture built of brick or stone; sometimes a portable fire-place of bronze, fire-pan, brazier; the fire-place or firepan on top of an altar; freely, altar. fodio, -ere, fodi, fossus, tr., dig, dig out, dig up; dig through and through, pierce, tear, prick, stab. foede [1. foedus], adv., foully, shamefully, basely. foedo, -are, -avi, -atus [1. foedus], tr., make foul or hideous, disfigure, mar; mutilate, cut to pieces; lay waste, spoil. Fig., defile, pollute. 1. foedus, -a, -um, adj., foul, filthy, hideous, loathsome. 2. foedus, -eris, n., league, treaty, alliance; covenant, agreement; terms or conditions of a compact, law. follum, -i or -ii, n., leaf; in pl., leaves, foliage. follis, -is, m., bellows. fomes, -itis [foveo], m., properly, chips made in cutting down trees or hewing wood, tinder, kindling-wood, fuel. fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain; source of a river; lake, pool; by metonymy, spring-water, water. for, fari, fatus sum, tr. and intr., speak, say, utter; foretell, prophesy, predict. fandus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., that may be spoken, permissible, right. As noun, fandum, -i, n., =fas, right. forceps, -ipis, c., a pair of tongs, pincers, forceps. fore and forem: see sum. foris, -is, f, door, gate; usually in pl., because doors were made in two or three leaves, leaves of a door; in general, doorway, gateway, entrance. forma, -ae, f., form in the widest sense. contour, shape, figure, person; sub stance, reality_. a form, figure; vision, apparition, specter; semblance, likeness; fine figure, beauty; type, species, kind, sort. formica, -ae, f., an ant. 1. formidb, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., fear, dread, be afraid of; intr., be afraid. 2. formido, -inis, f., dread of impending terror or expected woe, foreboding, alarm, panic. formo, -are, -avi, -atus [forma], tr., form, fashion, build. fornax, -acis, f., furnace, oven; forge. fornix, -nicis, m., arch, vault. fors, f found onlyinnom. and abl. sing., chance, hap, luck. As adverb, fors (nom. sing.; originally est was used or understood; see on ii. 139), perhaps, per chance, may be, possibly; forte (abl sing.), by chance, as it chanced, it so chanced that; by accident, acciden tally; with si, nisi, ne, perchance, perhaps, haply. forsan [properly, fors sit an; cf. forsitan], adv., perhaps, possibly, mayhap. forsitan [see note on ii. 506], adv., perhaps, possibly, mayhap. fortasse [fors, forte], adv., perhaps, possibly, mayhap. forte: see fors. fortis, -e, adj., strong, stout, sturdy physically; strong mentally, bold, brave, gallant, valiant, steadfast, undaunted. fortuna, -ae [fors], f., chance, hap, luck; fortune, fate, destiny, whether in good sense, good fortune, good luck, glory, success, or in bad sense, ill luck, misfortune, adversity; situation, condition, state, plight. Personified, Fortuna, -ae, f., Fortune, thought of as a goddess. fortunatus, -a, -um [fortuna], adj., fortunate, happy, blessed. forum, -i [akin to foris], n., properly, FORUS 60 FRUOR out-of-door place, a market-place, market; the Forum of a Roman town, originally its market-place, then the place where the citizens assembled for business, political or religious purposes, esp. for the transaction of legal business; by metonymy, law courts, court. forus, -i [cf. foris], m., gangway, passage-way in a ship. fossa, -ae [fodio], f., ditch, trench. fove6, -ere, fovi, fotus, tr., keep warm, warm. Fig., cherish, foster, nurse, keep alive, care for; caress, fondle, embrace; cling to, hug. fractus: see frangS. fragmen, -inis [frango], n, a piece broken off, fragment, piece. fragor, -oris [frango], m., a breaking; by metonymy, of the noise made by breaking, crash, din, uproar, roar. fragrans: see fragro. fragro, -are, -, -, intr., smell; esp., be fragrant. fragrans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., fragrant, sweetscented. frango, -ere, fregi, fractus, tr., break, break or dash to pieces, shatter, crush, destroy; break down, overpower, weaken, exhaust; of ships, wreck. fractus, -a, -ur, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., broken, shattered, shivered, crushed. frater, -tris, m., brother. fraternus, -a, -um [frater], adj., brotherly, fraternal, friendly. fraudo, -are, -avi, -atus [fraus], tr., cheat, defraud, rob. fraus, fraudis, f., fraud, deceit, trickery; tricks, wiles; damage, loss, injury, caused by trickery. fraxineus, -a, -um [fraxinus, ashtree], adj., of ash-wood, ashen. fremitus, -us [fremol, m., any confused noise; uproar, din, hubbub; shouting, acclamation, applause. fremn, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., mnake a dull, confused noise, murmur, roar, howl, shout; of horses, neigh; shout, assent, applaud; of places, ring, resound, echo, thunder. Fig., howl with rage, rage, rave. frrn, -are, -avi, -atus [frenum], tr., bridle, curb. Fig., curb, check, restrain. frenatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., bridled, bitted. frenum, -i, n., bridle, bit, curb, rein, lit. and fig. frequens, -entis, adj., of places, crowded, thronged, much visited, frequented; of persons, thronging, crowding, numerous, in numbers, in crowds, in throngs; of things, many, numerous, plenty of. frequent6, -are, -avi, -atus [frequens], tr., crowd, throng; people, tenant; visit frequently, resort to, frequent. fretum, -i, n., strait; inpl., waters, seas. fretus, -a, -um, adj., construed with abl., trusting to, relying on, by virtue of. frigens, -entis: see frige6. frlge, o re, -, - [frigus], intr., be cold, freeze, be stiff with cold, be cold in death. frigens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., cold, esp. cold in death, lifeless, dead. frigidus, -a, -um [frigus], adj., cold, chilly, frozen. frigus, -oris, n., cold, coldness, esp. the chill of fear or of death, chilling fear, fear, dread; in pl., frosts, chilling blasts. frondens: see frondeo. fronde6, -bre, -, - [1. frons], intr., have leaves, bloom. frondens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., having leaves on, leafy, blooming. frondescb, -ere, -, - [inceptive of frondeo], intr., put forth leaves, shoot (out), bloom, blossom. frondeus, -a, -um [1. frons], adj., leafy. frondosus, -a, -um [1. frons], adj., full of leaves, leafy, blooming. 1. frons, frondis, f., leaf, leaves, foliage; leafy branch or bough; by metonymq, chaplet, garland. 2. frons, frontis, f., forehead, brow, face; by metonymny, the front of anything, e.g. brow, front, face of a cliG', prow of a ship. frumentum, -i [originally friigimentum: Ef. frux], n, corn, grain. fruor, frul, fructus sum [akin to frux], FRUSTRA 61 FUNUS intr., with abl., enjoy, find pleasure in, derive delight from. frustra [akin to fraus], adv., erroneously; in vain, to no purpose, fruitlessly, without effect; groundlessly, needlessly, without cause. frustror, -ari, -atus sum [cf. frfstral, ti., deceive, cheat, trick, mock, disappoint. frtstum, -i, n, bit, piece, morsel, of food; of strange, zmproper, or revolting food, gobbet. friix, frugis, f., usually in pl., fruits of the earth, esp. grain; by metonymy, meal. fuicus, -i, m., drone-bee, drone. fuga, -ae, f., a fleeing, flight; swift course or progress, speed, haste. fugax, -acis [fugi]o, adj., apt to flee, given to flight, fugitive; fleet, flying, swift. fugio, -ere, ffgl, fugitum, intr., flee, run away; tr., flee from, seek to escape, avoid, shun; escape (from), avoid. fugo, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. fugio], tr., cause to flee, put to flight, rout, dispel, disperse, scatter. fulcio, -ire, fulsi, fultus, tr., prop up, stay, support. fulcrum, -i [fulcio], n., prop, stay, support; esp., the head-rest of a couch. fulgens: see fulgeo. fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, -, or fulgo, fulgere, fulsi, -, intr., properly, of lightning, flash, lighten; in general, flash, gleam, glitter, shine. fulgens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., gleaming, flashing, glittering. fulgo, -ere: see fulgeo. fulgor, -oris [fulgeo], m., lightning, lightning-flash; in general, gleam, glitter, brightness. fulmen, -inis [originally fulgimen: cf. fulgeo], n., properly, lightning that strikes or set things afire, lightningflash, thunderbolt. Fig., of persons, as destroying forces or agencies, thunderbolt. fulmineus, -a, -um [fulmen], adj., of or pertaining to lightning; freely, flashing, gleaming, lightning-like; deadly, murderous. fulmino, -are, -, - fulmen], intr., hurl the lightning; lighten. Fig., lighten, thunder; flash, gleam, glitter. fultus: see fulcio. fulvus, -a, -um, adj., reddish yellow, tawny, yellow, golden, auburn; lurid, ruddy. fumeus, -a, -um [fumus], adj., smoky. fumidus, -a, -um [fumus], adj., smoky, smoking, steaming. fumo, -are, -, - [fumus], intr., smoke, fume, steam, reek. fumus, -1, m., smoke, vapor. funale: see funalis. ffnalis, -e [funis], adj., of or pertaining to a cord or rope. As noun, funale, -is, n., a (waxen) torch, taper, consisting of a cord dipped in tallow or wax. fundamentum, -i [2. fundb], n,, foundation, groundwork. funditus [fundus], adv., from the (very) bottom; completely, entirely, utterly. 1. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusus, tr., pour, pour out or forth, shed (tears). Fig., scatter, spread, lavish; overthrow, lay low, prostrate; overcome, vanquish, conquer, rout. Fig., in pass., with middle force, spread out, stretch, extend; in pass., with pl. subject, pour out, stream forth, hurry, hasten; pour out words, etc., utter, voice, express. fisuS, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., spread out, extended, spreading; outstretched, lying at ease, at ease. 2. fundo, -are, -avi, -atus [fundus], tr., properly, lay the bottom (foundation) of anything; make firm or secure; found, establish, build. fundus, -i, m., bottom, foundation; esp., the bottom of the sea, deeps, depths; by metonymy, gulf, abyss. finereus, -a, -um [funus], adj., of a funeral, funeral, funereal; freely, deadly, fatal. funestus, -a, -umr [funus], adj., causing death or destruction, deadly, fatal fungor, -i, fanctus sum, intr., with abl., busy one's self with, engage in; perform, fulfill, execute, discharge. funis, -is, m., cord, rope, cable. funus, -eris, n., funeral procession, funeral rites (esp. cremation), funeral; FURENS 62 GELA by metonymy, dead body, corpse; violent death, murder; destruction, ruin, disaster, calamity, horror. furens: see furo. furiae, -arum, pl.f., violent passion, rage, frenzy, madness, fury. Personified, Furiae, -arum, pl. f., the Furies, goddesses of vengeance, named Allecto, Megaera, and TisiphonP, who pursued those quilty of grievous crimes; in general, avenging or tormenting spirits. furialis, -e [furiae], adj., of or pertaining to the Furies, Fury's. furlatus: see furio. furibundus, -a, -um [furo], adj., raging, frantic, frenzied, mad. furio, -are, -avi, -atus [furo], tr., madden, enrage, make frenzied furiatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., maddened, frenzied, infuriate, infatuate. furo, -ere, -ul, -, intr., rage, rave, be mad. Fig., of water, seethe, boil; of winds, rage, blow furiously. furens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., freely used of any strong feeling, raging, mad, insane, frenzied, frantic; esp., of those in love, frenzied with love, infatuate, impassioned; inspired, prophetic; full of warlike spirit, warlike, gallant, valiant. furor, -oris [furo], sL., fury, rage, madness, frenzy; of strong feeling in general, esp. the passion of love, love, passion; hate. Personified, Furor, -oris, m., the demon of fury, Frenzy. furor, -ari, -atus sum [fur, thief], tr., steal. Fig., take away stealthily, steal away, withdraw. furtim [furtum], adv., stealthily, secretly. furtivus, -a, -um [furtum], adj., stolen. Fig., secreted, hidden, secret, clandestine. furtum, -i [fur, thief], n., theft. Fiq, secret act, stealth; artifice, trickery, stratagem; firto, abl. sing. as adv., =fartim, stealthily. fuscus, -a, -um, adj., dark, swarthy, dusky, sable. fuSUS: see 1. fundo. futtilis, -e [akin to 1. fundo], adj., properly, perhaps, of vessels that easily pour out (yield up) their contents, leaky. Fig., worthless, useless; of glass or ice, worthless, brittle. futurus: see sum. G Gabil, -orum, pl. m., Gabii, an ancient town of Latium, near Romne. gaesum, -i, n., a Gallic javelin, lonq and heavy. Gaetulus, -a, -ur, adj., of the Gaetuli, a race in northwestern Africa, south of MAauretania and Numidia, i. e. in the modern Morocco, Gaetulian. Galatea, -ae, f, Galatea, a NIreid or sea-nymph. galea, -ae, f., a helmet of leather; contrast cassida. Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul. Ganges, -is, m., Ganges, a great river of India. Ganymedes, -is, m., Ganymede, a Trojan, son of Laomedon or of I'ros; on account of his beauty, Jupiter s eagle carried him off to heaven Jromt.lount Ida, that he msight be the cupbearer of the gods in the place of Hebe, the daughter of Juno. Garamantes, -urn, pl. m., the Garamantes, the Garamantians, a pozverful tribe in the interior of Africa, south of the Gaetuli, in the modern Fezzan. Garamantis, -idis, f., adj., of the Garamantes, Garamantian; freely, Libyan. gaudeo, -ire, gavisus sum, intr., rejoice, be glad, delight; lith abl., delight in, be pleased with; with infin., delight (to), love (to). gaudium, -i or -iI [gaudeo], n., joy, gladness; delight, pleasure; by mne tonymy, of that rwhich gives joy, a delight, joy, treasure. Personified, Gaudium, -i or -ii, n, Delight, Pleasure. gaza, -ae [a Persian word], f., royal treasure; freely, treasure, riches, wealth. Gela or Gela, -ae, f., Gela, a city on the GELIDTUS GLACIALIS southern coast of Sicily. situate on a river also called Gela. (For the long final vowel see note on iii. 702.) gelidus, -a, -urn [gelu], a(U., icy cold, cold, icy, frozen. Fig., of fear and its effects, chilling, cold. Geloni, -orum, pl. m., the Geloni, a people of Scythia, on the river Borysthenes. Gelous, -a, -um [Gela], adj., of Gela, Geloan. gelu, -us, n., icy coldness, cold, chilliness, frost. Fig., chill, e.g. of death or of old age. geminus, -a, -um [gigno], adj., born at the same time, twin-born, twin; freely, paired, double, twofold; like, similar. As noun, gemini, -6rum, pl. m., twins, (twin) brothers. gemitus, -us [gem6], m., sighing, groaning, moaning; bellowing, roaring of animals; muttering, rumbling of the earth, etc; by metonymy, sigh, wail, groan, moan. gemitum dare or ducere, heave a sigh, sigh, groan, moan. gemma, -ae, f., a bud or eye on a plant. Fig., gem, esp. one cut or set, precious stone, jewel. gemS, -ere, gemui, gemitum, intr., properly, be full; sigh, moan, groan; creak, mutter, rumble; of animals, bellow, roar; tr. (~ 130), sigh over, lament, bemoan, bewail. gena, -ae, f., usually in pl., cheek, cheeks. gener, generi, m., son-in-las; freely, son. generator, -6ris [genero], m., generator, breeder, producer. gener6, -are, -avi, -atus [genus, gign6], tr., beget, engender; produce, breed; in pass., be born of, be descended from. generatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., born of, son of genetrix, -cis [gignol, f., she that bears or has borne, mother. genialis, -e [genius], adj., pertaining to the genius; freely, joyous, festive, festal. See genius. genitor, -6ris [gigno], m., a begetter; father, sire. genitus: see gigno. genius, -i or -ii [gigno], m., the genius, guardian spirit, a spirit having special care or protection of a given individual or place; see ~~291, 292. Each person was believed to have his genius, or protecting spirit, born with him and dying with him; this spirit was the giver of all his joys and pleasures. gens, gentis [gigno], f., a company of people related to one another by birth, a clan consisting of several related families; freely, race, nation, people; in pl., the nations, the world, mankind. genu, -us, n., knee; freely, leg. genus, -eris [gigno], n., birth, descent, origin, lineage; by metonymy, those of like birth, race, stock, tribe, breed; things of like birth, kind, sort, species; scion, offshoot, offspring, descendant; being, creature. germana: see germanus. germanus, -a, -um [germen, bud, shoot], adj., properly, from the same shoot or bud, own, full (brol/er or sister). As noun, germanus, -i, m., full brother, brother; germana, -ae, f., full sister, sister. gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, tr., bear about with one, bear, carry, wield, wear, have; (carry off, i.e.) possess, enjoy; (bear, carry, i.e.) display, exhibit; of war, carry on, wage, manage, conduct; in general, do, execute, perform. gestamen, -nis [gesto], n., something borne or worn, esp. something borne by a soldier, equipment, accoutrements, arms, harness, gear. gest6, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of gero], tr., bear about with one, bear, carry; esp., of parts of the body, carry, possess. gestus: see ger6. Geticus, -a, -um, adj., of the Getae, a Thracian tribe on the Danube; freely, Thracian. gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, tr., beget; bear, bring forth; produce. genitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., born of, descended from, son of. glacialis, -e [glacies], adj., icy, cold, frozen. GLACIES 64 GRESSUS glacies, -iil, f., ice. gladius, -i or -ii, m., sword. glaeba, -ae, f., lump of earth, clod; freely, land, earth, soil, glebe. glaucus, -a, -um, adj., bright, gleaming; bluish green, green, bluish gray, gray. Glaucus, -, m., Glaucus. (1) A prophetic sea-god, originally a fisherman of Anthedon, a seaport of Boeotia. (2) The father of Dezphobe, the Cumean Sibyl. (3) An unknown Trojan. glisco, -ere, -, -, intr., grow, swell up, increase. globus, -i, m., a round body, globe, orb, sphere. Fig., company, throng, band, troop. glomer6, -are, -avi, -atus [glomus, ball, esp. of yarn], tr., properly, wind or form in a ball; freely, gather, collect, mass, muster; in pass., in middle sense, gather, assemble. gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, renown; by metonymy, the desire of glory, ambition; of a person, the glory, the pride. gnatus: see natus. Gnusius, -a, -um, adj., of Gnosus, the ancient capital of Crete, situate on the northern coast, Gnosian; by metonymy, Cretan. Gorgo, -onis, f., a Gorgon, one of three dread sisters, daughters of Phorcus, but esp. Medusa; she had snakes for hair, and all she looked on was turned to stone. Perseus slew her, cut off her head, and gave it to Minerva, who fixed it on her shield (the aegis); freely, a Gorgon, Gorgon-like creature or monster. Gortynius, -a, -um, adj., of Gortyna, a city of Crete, Gortynian; freely,Cretan. Gracchus, -i, m., Gracchus, a cognomen in the gens Sempronia. gradior, gradi, gressus sum [gradus], intr., step, walk, go; go forth or out; proceed, move, advance. Gradivus, -i [gradior], m., Gradivus, the Strider, a name of Mars, picturing him as he strides forth to battle. gradus, -us, mi., step, pace, movement, course; by metonymql, step, round of a ladder. Graiugena, -ae [Graius+gigno], m., properly, one Grecian born; a Greek. Graius, -a, -um, adj., Greek, Grecian. As noun, Grai, -orum, pl. m., the Greeks. gramen, -inis, n., grass; freely, plant, herb; herbage. gramineus, -a, -um [gramen], adj., of grass, grassy. grandaevus, -a, -um [grandis+ aevum], adj., old, aged. grandis, -e, adj., full-grown; large, big, great, huge. grando, -inis,f., hail storm, hail, hailstones. grates, pl. f., usually found only in nom. and ace., thanks; reward, requital, return. gr&tia, -ae [gratus], f., properly, anything that pleases, loveliness, charm, beauty, grace; favor, kindness, courtesy; by metonymy, of the results of favor, etc., regard, esteem, affection, love; thanks, gratitude, thankfulness. appreciation. grator, -ari, -atus sum [gratus], intr. with dat., wish one joy, rejoice with one, congratulate; freely, note or remark thankfully. gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasing, charming, delightful, agreeable, dear. gravidus, -a, -um [gravis], adj., properly, heavy, burdened, weighted; heavy with child or young, pregnant, lit. and fig., teeming with, full of, abounding in, rich in. gravis, -e, adj., heavy, weighty; firm, solid, sturdy, massive; = gravidus, heavy (with child), pregnant. Fq., burdened, enfeebled, afflicted; heavy, burdensome, trying, severe, grievolls; of persons, in complimentary meaning, weighty, venerable, respected. graviter [gravis], adv., heavily, -iolently. Fig., weightily, strongly, deeply, vehemently. gravo, -are, -avi, -atus [gravis], tr, weigh down, load, burden, oppress, clog, lit. and fig. gremi/m, - ior -ii, n., lap, bosom, breast. Fig., lap, bosom, embrace. 1. gressus: s8e gradior. GRESSUS 65 HARENOSUS 2. gressus, -as [gradior], m., stepping, walking, gait; by metonymy, step, way, course. grex, gregis, f., flock, herd, drove, litter. Gryneus, -a, -um, adj., of Grynia (or Grynium), a small town in Aeolis, Asia Minor, with a noted temple of Apollo, Grynean. gubernaclum or gubernaculum, -i [gubernb, steer], n., steering gear, helm, tiller, rudder. gubernator, -oris [guberno, steer], m., steersman, helmsman, pilot. gurges, -itis, m., a raging abyss, surging gulf, swirling waters; freely, gulf, abyss; flood, water, sea. gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., taste, take a little of. Fig., taste (joys, etc.), partake of, enjoy. gutta, -ae,f., a (liquid) drop. guttur, -uris, n., throat, gullet. Gyaros, -i, f., Gyaros, a small island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades. Gyas, -ae, m., Gyas. (1) A Trojan, comrade of Aeneas. (2) An Italian. Gyges, -is, m., Gyges, a Trojan slain by Turnus. Gylippus, -i, m., Gylippus, an Arcadian. gyrus, -, m., circle, esp. one described by a horse in maneuvers, circling movement; freely, circle, coil, spire (of a snake). H habena, -ae [habeo], f., properly, that by which a thing is held; thong, strap; in pl., reins; habenas dare or inmittere, give free rein to, spur on, drive at full speed, lit. and fig. habeo, -ere, -ul, habitus, tr., have, in a wide variety of uses, literal and figurative, hold, possess, keep, occupy, inhabit; fig., (hold, i.e.) consider, deem, regard. habilis, -e (habeo], adj., easily held or handled, handy, light, suitable, convenient. habitb, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of habeo], tr., properly, possess permanently, possess; dwell in, inhabit; intr., dwell, live, abide. habitus, -is [habeo], mn., properly, the way a thing holds itselj, condition, state, plight, appearance, aspect; dress, attire. hac [sc. parte or via], adv., (by) this way; on this side, here; hac... hac. this way... that way, here... there. hactenus [hac+tenus], adv., used (1) of place, up to this point, thus far, so far, (2) of time, up to this time, so far, hitherto, till this present (trie), till now. Haedl: see haedus. haedus, -i, m., a young goat, kid. Haedi, -orum, pl. m., the Haedi, the Kids, two starls, (or a double star) in the constellation Auriga, the wagoner, whose rising was attended by rain. Haemon, -onis, m., Haemon, a Rutulian, Haemonides, -ae, m., Haemonides, son of Haemon, a Latin priest of Apollo and Diana. haereb, -ere, haesi, haestum, intr., hang on or to anything; stick (to), cling (to), be or remain fixed, stand immovable ("be rooted to the spot"'), be fastened. Ftg., linger, halt, falter, be at a loss, be embarrassed, hesitate. Halaesus, -i, m., Halaesus, ally of Turnus, leader of the Aurunci and the Osci; he was slain by Pallas. halitus, -us [halo], m., breath; vapor, exhalation. Halius, -i or -ii, m., IIallus, a Trojan, comrade of Aeneas. halo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., breathe; of flowers, breathe, be fragrant. Halys, Halyos, m., Halys, a Trojan. Hammnn, -onis, m., Harnmon, properly, the name of a god native to Libya and Upper Egypt, with afamous temple and oracle in an oasis of the Libyan desert; he was identified by the Greeks with Zeus and by the Romans with Jupiter. The name finally became merely a title of Jupiter (in English usage, Ammon). hamus, -i, m., hook; link in chain mail. harena, -ae, f., sand; by metonymy, seashore, strand, beach. harenosus, -a, -urm harena] adj., sandy. HARPALYCE 66 HESPERIUS HarpalycO, -es, f., Harpalyce, a Thracian princess, famous as a warrior and a huntress. Harpalycus, -i, m., Harpalycus, a Trojan. Harpyla, -ae [scanned, sometimes at least, with but three syllables; yi represents a Greek diphthong], f., a Harpy, a winged monster, described by Vergil as having the face of a woman and the body of a bird. See Phineius. hlaruspex, -spicis [a stem akin to hira =exta + specio], m., a soothsayer, who learned the future by examining the exta, diviner, prophet. hasta, -ae, f., spear, lance, dart. hastile, -is [hasta], n., properly, the shaft of a spear; by metonymy, spear, javelin, dart, lance. baud, adv., used commonly with a single word, esp. with adverbs, occasionally adjectives and verbs, not, not at all, by no means. haud secus (=haud aliter), not otherwise, just so, precisely so, so. haurio, -ire, hausi, haustus, tr., draw up or out, draw (liquids), drain; drain by drinking up, drink up. Fig., drink in speech, etc., listen to, hearken to; drink in air, etc., breathe, inhale; of punishment, suffer, endure; of a sword or weapon, drink one's life blood, slay, destroy. haustus: see haurio. hebeo, -ere, -, - [hebes, dull], intr., be blunt, be dull. Fig., be dull; be sluggish or inactive. hebeto, -are, -avi, -atus [hebes, dull, blunt], tr., blunt, make dull. Fig., blunt, dull, dim, impair, weaken. Hebrus, -i, m., Hebrus, a river of Thrace. Hecate, -es, f., the goddess Hecate, sister of Latona; see ~ 282. Hector, -oris, m., Hector, son of Priam and Hecuba, bravest champion of Troy, slain by Achilles. Hectoreus, -a, -um [Hector], adj., of Hector, Hector's, Hectorean; freely, Trojan, and, since the Romans were thought of as descended from the Trojans, Roman. Hecuba, -ae, f., Hecuba, daughter of the Thracian king Cisseus, and wife of Priam. Helena, -ae, f., Helen, daughter of Jupiter and Leda, wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus. She was wife of Menelaus of Sparta, but was carried off to Troy by Paris (~ 51). This breach of hospitality by Paris caused the Trojan war.. Helenus, -i, m., Helenus, a son of Priam, celebrated as a soothsayer. After Troy fell, Pyrrhus carried him to Epirus; there he later became king and married Andromache. Helbrus, -i, m., Helorus, a river of eastern Sicily, with wide marshes at its mouth. Helymus, -i, m., Helymus, a Sicilian in the suite of Acestes. herba, -ae, f., springing vegetation, green stalk, green blade, grass, herbage, herb, plant. Herbesus, -i, m., Herbesus, a Rutulian. Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmene, famous for many marvelous feats of strength and daring: after his death he was deified and worshiped as a god of strength and prowess. Herculeus, -a, -um, adj., of Hercules, Herculean. heres, heredis, m., heir. Hermion6, -es, f., Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, married first to Pyrrhus, then to Orestes. her6s, her6is, m., properly, a human being of divine parentage, a demigod, hero. Hesperia: see Hesperius. Hesperides, -um, pl. f., properly, the Western Maidens, the Hesperides, keepers of a garden of golden apples vaguely located in the far west, either in western Africa or on an island off the coast. To aid them in their watch (or, as some say, to replace them) a sleepless dragon was set to guard the apples. Hesperius, -a, -ur, adj., properly, of the evening, or, since the evening seems to come from the west, of the west, western; poetically, since, from the point of view of the ancient world, HEU 67 HORRESCO Italy lay.,ar to the west, Italian. As noun, Hesperia, -ae (sc. terra), f., Hesperia, a poetic name of Italy. heu, interjection, alasl ahl ah me heus, interjection, hol what hol ho there holloa hiatus, -us [hio], m., an opening, aperture, yawning mouth, mouth of a cave, etc. hibernus, -a, -um [akin to hiems], adj., of winter, wintry, winter; stormy. As noun, hiberna, -brum (sc. castra), pl. n., winter quarters, winter camp; by metonymy, winter spent in camp; freely, year. 1. hie or hie (see on vi. 791), haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron., this (one) near the speaker, whether in point of place or in the speaker's thought, this of mine, my, mine; this one, he, she, it; hi... hic, this... that, the one... the other, in pl., these... those, some... others; h c... ille, the latter... the former; when used alone it often= the following or the aforesaid. 2. hic, adv., used (1) of place, in this place, here, there, (2) of time and kindred ideas, at this moment, at this point, hereupon, there, thereupon. hiems, hiemis,f., winter; by metonymy, wintry weather, storm, tempest; storminess, inclemency, severity of the weather or of the sea. Personified, Hiems, Hiemis, m., the Storm-god, the Storm. hinc [hic], adv., used (1) of place, from this place, hence, thence; hin... illinc, hinco.. hinc, on this side... on that (side); hinc atque hinc, on this side and on that, all around, everywhere, (2) of time, from this time, thereupon, thereafter, after this, (3) of source, origin, cause, from this source, from (for) this cause, hence, therefore. hio, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., stand open, gape; open the mouth, gape wide, yawn. Hippocoon, -ontis, m., Hippocoon, a comrade of Aeneas. Hippolyte, -es, f., Hippolyte, daughter of Mars, queen of the Amazons. Hippotades, -is, m., son or descendant of Hippotes. hirsetus, -a, -um, adj., rough, shaggy, bristly, prickly, bushy. Hisbb, -onis, m., Hisbo, a Rutulian. hisco, -ere, -, -, intr., open, gape, yawn; open the mouth in stammering, halting utterance, mutter, stammer, speak brokenly. hoc: see hic and huc. hodie [hic-dies], adv., to-day, this day. homo, hominis, c., a human being, man or woman, a mortal, but esp. a man; in pl., mankind, the human race. honor or honos, -bris, m., honor, repute, esteem in which one is held, respect, glory, fame; by metonymy, of tokens of esteem, reward, recompense, prize; offering to the gods, sacrifice, worship, reverence; honorary rites, honorary festival; beauty, grace, qualities that win esteem and honor. honoratus: see honoro. honoro, -are; -avi, -atus [honor], tr., clothe with honor, honor, respect. honoratus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., honored, respected; worthy of honor, respectable. hon6s: see honor. hora, -ae, f., hour; freely, time, season, moment. Personified, Horae, -arum, pl. f., Seasons; the Hours, goddess attendants of the Moon. horrendus: see horreo. horrens: see horreo. horreb, -ere, -, -, intr., stand on end, bristle. Fig., be rough, bristle; be afraid (in fright or in panic " one's hair stands on end," etc.), be frightened; shake, shiver, tremble; tr. (~130), shudder or shiver at, fear, dread. horrendus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., dreadful, frightful, awful; in good sense, awe-inspiring, reverend, venerable. horrens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj, bristly, shaggy, rough. horresco, -ere, horrul,- [horreo], intr., begin to bristle. Fig., shudder with fear, tremble, be startled; tr. (~ 130), shudder at, dread. HORRIDUS 68 IACTURA horridus, -a, -um [horreo], adj., bristly, bristling, rough, shaggy, grisly; rough, unkempt, uncouth; by metonymy, fearful, horrid, frightful. horrifer, -fera, -ferum [horre6+fero], adj, terror-bringing, awe-inspiring, fearful, awful. horrifico, -are, -avi, -atus [horre6+ facio], tr., make rough, cause to bristle, terrify, frighten. horrificus, -a, -um [horreo+facio], adj., causing horror or terror, appalling, terrible. horrisonus, -a, -um [horreo+sono], adj., sounding dreadfully, of awful sound. horror, -oris [horreo], m., properly, a standing on end, roughening, brlstling; by metonymy, terror, fright, horror; with armorum, dread din or clash. hortator, -oris [hortorl, ir, one who urges, inciter, exhorter, encourager, counsellor. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., urge, incite, spur on, exhort, encourage. hospes, -itis, c., host; guest; stranger; friend. hospitium, -i or -ii [hospes], n., hospitality, friendship; friendly welcome or greeting; by metonymy, friend. hospitus, -a, -um [hospes], adj., strange, stranger, foreign; friendly. hostia,-ae,f., sacrificial animal,victim. hostilis, -e [hostis], adj., of an enemy, eenemy's, hostile. hostis, -is, c., enemy (properly, of a country or race); freely, enemy of an individual, foe; stranger (since in early days every stranger was regarded us an enemy). huc [hie], and hoc (an archaic form), adv, to this place, hither; huc illuc, huc... illfc, hither and thither, hither... hither; huc atque hac, hither and thither, on all sides. humanus, -a, -um [homo], adj., of or belonging to human beings, humaln, mortal, man's. humi: see humus. humilis, -e [humus], adj., properly, on or near the ground, low, loN -lying. Fig., lowly, humble, meek, subniislx o. humo, -are, -avi, -atus [humus], tr., cover with earth, lay in the ground, bury, inter. humus, -1, m., earth, ground, soil. humi, loc sing. as adv., on the ground, in the ground. Hyades, -ur, pl. f., the Hyades, a group of seven stars in the head of the constellation Taurus. The myth represented thesn to be daughters of Atlas and sisters of the Plezades. hydra, -ae, f., a Hydra. (1) The famous Lernaean Hydra, slain by Hercules. See Lerna. (2) A monster with fifty heads, one of the agencies by which the wicked are punished in Tartarus. hydrus, -i, n., water serpent, snake. Hymenaeus, -i, rn., Hymenaeus or Hymen, god of marriage; by msetonymy (~ 189), marriage, nuptials, bridal. Hypanis, -is, m., Hypanis, a Trojan. Hyrcanus, -a, -um, adj., of the Hyrcani, a tribe on the Caspian Sea, Hyrcanian. Hyrtacides, -ae, m., son of Hyrtacus, a title of Nisus. Hyrtacus, -i, m., HIyrtacus, a Trojan, father of Nisus. I iaceo, -ere, iacui, iacitum, intr., lie down, lie, lie quiet, lie at ease; esp., lie in death, be laid low, be slam. yig, of lands, lie, be situate, lie outspread. iacens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., in fig. sense, of lands, spreading, outspread. low lying. iaci6, iacere, ieci, iactus, tr, throw, cast. hurl, fling. Fig., throw up walls, etc, lay, set, erect iactans: see iactb, iacto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of iacio], tr., throw, cast, hurl, fling often or violently; toss about, drive about, buffet. Fig, turn over (thoughts, cares, etc.), ponder deeply, harbor, cherish; of speech, throw out wildly, utter wildly, speak; with se (me, etc ), vaunt one's self, boast, exult. iactans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., boasting, boastful, vainglorious. iactura, -ae [iaciol, J., properly, a t1io\ing alay, (sp. a throwing of IACULOR 69 IDAS things overboard to lighten ship in a storm; freely, loss. iaculor, -ari, -atus sum [iaculum], zntr. and tr., properly, hurl a javelin, "javelin"; freely, hurl, cast, throw, fling. iaculum, -i [iacio], n., dart, javelin, missile. Iaera, -ae, f., Iaera, a nymph of M1t. Ida (in Phrygia), mother of Pandarus and Bdtias. iam, adv., used properly of time, to em2phasize the last of a series of?oments, or the close of a period of time, by this time, at last, already, now at length, now; of the future, like mox, soon, ere long; immediately, instantly; in various combinations, iam tum, then already, even at that early time, even then; iam dudum and iam pridem, this long time (past), for a long time, long since, long ago; iam nunc, even now; iam adeo, by this (very) moment, already, presently; iam inde, from that Nery instant, immediately, forthwith, at once; iam iam, with Jut. 7prtcpl., at every moment, every instant, constantly, with pres. prtcpl., by this time, now, at last; iam... iam, now... now, now... then, at one time.. at another, first... then; iam iamque, now, now, again and again, every moment, already. iam dfdum: see iam. iam pridem: see iam. ianitor, -6ris [ianual, m., doorkeeper, porter; keeper, guardian (of some entrance). ianua, -ae, f., door, esp. a house-door (i e. the entrance from the street or road); freely, entrance. lanus, -i [akin to Diana], m., the god Janus; see ~294. Janus was perhaps originally a god of (day) light, of the opening and the closing day, and thus was naturally represented as having two faces. One story made him an early king of Latium. Iapyx, Iapygis, adj., of Iapygia (i.e. Calabria or Apulia, in southeastern Italy), Iapygian, Apulian. As noun, Iapyx, Iapygis (sc. ventus), m., Iapyx, the west (or southwest) wind, which blew from Iapygia towards Greece, a wind favorable for navigation to Greece. Iarbas, -ae, n., Iarbas, king of Jiauretania, son of Jupiter IHamnon; he was a suitor of Dido. Iasid6s, -ae, m., a descendant of Iasius or Iasus. Iasius, -1 or-il, m., Iasius, son of Jupiter and Electra, and brother of Dardanus. With Dardanus he came fron Italy to Asia Minor; according to some accounts he married a daughter of the Trojan king Teucer. iaspis, -idis, f., jasper, a precious stone. ibi [is], adv, used (1) of place, in that place, there, (2) of time, then, thereupon, here, hereupon. ibidem [ibi+ldem], adv., in the same place, in that very place. Icarus, -i, n., Icarus, son of Daedalus; he sought to escape with hzs father from Crete, but flew so near to the sun that the wax by which his wings were fastened on was melted and he fell into the Icarian sea and pei ished there. ico, -ere, ici, ictus, tr., strike, smite, hit. 1. ictus: see lCO. 2. ictus, -us [lco], m., blow, stroke, thrust; by metonymy, wound. Ida, -ae, f, Ida. (1) A mountain in Crete, where Jupiter was said to have been brought up; later it was a famous seat of his worship. (2) A mountain in Phrygia, near Troy, also sacred, esp. to Cybele. 1. Idaeus, -a, -um [ida], adj., of Ida (Cretan or Trojan), Idaean; by metonymy, Phrygian, Trojan. 2. Idaeus, -i, m., Idaeus, a charioteer of Priam. Idalia, -ae and Idalium, -i or -ii, n., Idalia or Idalium, a town and grove in Cyprus, a favorite resort of Venus. Idalium: see Idalia. Idalius, -a, -um [idalia], adj., of Idalia, Idalian. Idas, -ae, m., Idas, a Thracian, IDCIRCO 70 ILUS idcirco, adv., for that reason, on that account, with that purpose, therefore. idem, eadem, idem [is], dem. adj. and pronoun, the same, the very (same); often = an adv., also, likewise, at the same time. For its scansion, at times, see ~ 248. ideo, adv., on that account, for that reason, therefore. Idmon, -onis, m., Idmon, a Rutulian, messenger of Turnus. Idomoneus, -el, m., Idomeneus, a king of Crete, leader of the Cretan contingent in the Greek force before Troy. On his return to Crete, in accordance with a vow, he sacrificed his son to the gods; in consequence of a pestilence that followed this act the Cretans banished Idomeneus. iecur, -oris, n., the liver. igitur, conj., consequently, accordingly; in questions, it constitutes, like English pray, pray tell me, a strong appeal for an answer. ignarus, -a, -um [in, not, + gnarus, knowing, akin to (g)nosco], adj., not knowing, ignorant, unacquainted with, unaware, unsuspecting. ignavia, -ae [ignavus],f., slothfulness, cowardice. ignavus, -a, -um [in, not, +gnavus, busy], adj., idle, lazy, slothful. ign6sco, -ere, -, - [ignis], intr., take fire, kindle. Fig., be kindled, be inflamed. igneus, -a, -um [ignis], adj., of fire; fiery, flaming. Ftg., fiery, glowing, ardent; gleaming, glittering. lgnipotens, -entis [ignis+potens], adj., properly, swaying fire; as title of Vulcanus, lord of fire. ignis, -is, m., fire, flame, flash of fire or flame; firebrand, faggot; esp., heavenly fires (e.g. of sun, moon and stars), lightning; in pl., flashes of lightning, lightning-fires. Fig., fire of love, passion. ignobilis, -e [in, not,-(g)n6sco], adj., unknown; base-born; ignoble, inglorious, worthless, common. Ignsor, -are, -avl, -atus [in, not,+ (g)niscoJ, tr., shut one's eyes to, not know, be unaware of, be ignorant (of). ignotus, -a, -um [in, not, +(g)notus], adj., unknown, obscure, strange. ilex, illcis, m., the holm-oak, oak. Ilia, -ae, f., Ilia, a name of Rhea Silva, daughter of Numitor (the rightful king of Alba Longa who was dispossessed by hisibrother Amulius); Ilia was mother, by Mars, of Romulus and Remus. ilia, Ilium, pl. n., properly, the abdomen, from the lower ribs to the hips, groin, flanks, sides. iliacus, -a, -um [ilium], adi., of Ilium, Ilian, Trojan. llas, -adis [ilium],f., a Trojan woman. Ilicet [i, imp., +licet], adv., properly, a formula of dismissal, you may go, go at once, all is over, forthwith, immediately, instantly, at once. Ilione, -es, f., Ilione, the eldest daughter of Priam, wife of Polymestor. Ilioneus, -el, m., Ilioneus, an aged Trojan, the spokesman of the Trojans before Dido and Latinus. ilium, -i or -ii, n., Ilium, Troy. See Troia. illus, -a, -ur [Ilium], adj., of Ilium, Ilian, Trojan. ille (archaic olle), illa, illud, gen. illlus, dem. adj., that one (at a distance), that, yonder; the following; as opposed to hic, (the one more remote in place or in one's thoughts), the former; that, the famous, the well-known, the great (properly, yonder, the one yonder at whom I am pointing); at times almost like the English definite article, the. At times almost pleonastic, cf. v. 457. As pron., he, she, it, in pl., they (more emphatic than is). illic [ille], adv., in that place, there, yonder. illinc [ille], adv., from that place, thence. illlc [ille], adv., to that place, thither; hiic illlc, hither and thither, this way and that, around. Illyricus, -a, -um, adj., of Illyria, a province on the east coast of the Adriatic, Illyrian. Ilus, -i, m., Ilus. (1) Son of Tros and IMAGO 71 IMPROBUS founder of Ilium. From him Troy dertved the name Ilium. (2) The older form of Iulus, the cognomen of Ascanius. (3) A Rutulian. imago, -inis, f., an imitation or copy; counterfeit presentment, reproduction; form, shape, appearance, guise, manifestation; semblance, (misleading) appearance; apparition, phantom, ghost, shade. Imian, -onis, m,, Imaon, a Rutulian. imber, -bris, m., heavy (pelting) rain, rain-storm, shower; rain, storm; by metonymy, rain-cloud, storm-cloud; water. Fig., rain, hail (of weapons). imitabilis, -e [Imitor], adj., that may or can be imitated, imitable. imitor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., imitate, counterfeit, copy, mimic. immanis, -e, adj., properly, of size that frightens or appalls, of excessive or monstrous size, immense, huge, vast, enormous, giant, strong. Fig., of character, monstrous, atrocious, savage, fierce, wild, frightful. immineo, -6re, -, - [in+root of minor], intr., project or hang over, overhang. Fig., (overhang, i.e.) command a city, wall, etc., threaten, menace. immitis, -e [in, not,+mitis, mild, mellow], adj., not soft or mellow, harsh. Fig., sour, cruel, unfeeling, merciless, ruthless. immo, adv., whose proper force is to correct or amend what precedes, nay, nay rather, on the contrary, nay more, nay even. immolo, -are, -avl, -atus [in+mola], tr., properly, sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal preparatory to a sacrifice, sacrifice; freely, slay, kill. immotus, -a, -um [in, not,+motus], adj., unmoved, unshaken, undisturbed; firmly fixed, settled; immovable, motionless. Fig., unmoved, unchanged, steadfast, settled, firm. immundus, -a, -um [in, not,+mundus, clean], adj., unclean, loathsome, filthy, foul. impar, -aris [in, not,+par], adj., un even, unequal, ill-matched; unequal to, inferior to, not a match for. impedio, -ire, -ivi or -i, -itus [inpes], tr., entangle, entwine, interweave, interlace. Fig., hinder, hamper. impello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [in+pel16], tr., strike against or upon; strike, smite, hit; drive forward, push on, set in motion, impel; overthrow, overturn, uproot, dislodge. Fig., strike, smite; impel, incite, induce, pervade, constrain. imperito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of impero], intr., rule with might and power, rule, sway, be lord of. imperium, -i or -ii [impero], n., command, order, mandate, decree; by metonymy, the power to issue orders, control, authority, sway, sovereignty, sovereign power, empire; realm, dominion, empire. imperb, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. and tr., command, order a thing or deed, command, bid a person do something. impetus, -us [impeto, assail, =in+ peto], m., onset, onrush, attack, assault; force, violence, vehemence; impulse, momentum. imping6, -ere, -pegi, -pactus [in+ pango], tr, properly, fix or fasten on; dash against, drive against. impius, -a, -um [in, not,+pius], adj., properly, failing in one's duty (see plus); esp., impious, irreverent, godless; freely, accursed, wicked, nefarious. imple6, -ere, -evi, -etus [in+ple6, old verb, fill], tr., fill up, fill full (of); satisfy, lit. and flg. implico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or -itus [in+plicol, tr., fold into, enwrap, entangle; bind fast; lodge firmly in, implant; lodge in, lay in, link with, bind to; twine or wreathe about, encircle. Fig., fold in or round, enfold, embrace, clasp closely, hold fast, cling to. Improbus, -a, -um [in, not,+probus], adj., properly, not up to standard, either as falling short of the standard or as going beyond proper bounds, in IMPULSUS 72 INCLUSUS ferior, bad, poor; in moral sense, bad, wicked, base; esp., dishonest, knavish; shameless, worthless; violent, fierce, tyrannous. impulsus: see impello. imus: see inferus. in, prep. I. With abl., used (1) of place, in, within, in the midst of; on, upon, among, (2) of tzme, in, during, in the course of, (3) in other relations, in relation to, in connection with, in thg case of. II. With ace., used (1) of motion towards, lit. and fig., into, in, unto, among, towards, against, on, upon, (2) of time, up to, into, until, against (i.e. in anticipation of a time to come), (3) in modal relations, according to; towards, regarding, (4) in phrases involting the idea of distribution, e.g. in navis, ship by ship. in primis, properly, among the first; especially, particularly, first and foremost. inachius, -a, -um [Inachus], adj., of Inachus, Inachus's, Inachian. See inachus. inachus, -i, m., Inachus, son of Oceanus; founder and first king of Argos, father of lo. inamabilis, -e [in, not,+amo], adj., unworthy of love, unlovely, hateful, odious. inanis, -e, adj., empty, void, vacant. Fig., (empty, i.e.) substanceless, unsubstantial, ghostly, phantom; empty, idle, useless, fruitless, vain. As noun, inane, -is, n., void, empty space. inardesco, -ere, inarsi, - [in+ardesco], intr., take fire. Fig., burn, blaze, glow. Inarime, -es, f., Inarime, an island in the Mare Tyrrhen um, off the Campanian coast, now Ischia. inausus, -a, -um [in, not, + aude6], adj., undared, unventured, untried, unattemptcd. inbellis, -e [in, not, +- bellum], adj., unwarllke, unfit for war; peaceful, harmless. incanus, -a, -um [in+canus], adj., very gray, hoary, white. incassum: see cassus. Incautus, -a, -um [in, not, + cautus], adj., not watchful, off one's guard, incautious, heedless, unsuspecting. incedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessum [in+ cedo], intr., go, step, march along, move, advance, esp. zn slow, stately fashion, march. incendium, -i or -ii [incendo], n., fire, conflagration. Flig., ruin, destruction. incendo, -ere, -cendi, -census [in+ candeo], tr., make or cause to glow, set fire to, set afire, kindle; burn, consume. Fig., set ablaze, light up; inflame, kindle, incite, excite, arouse, incense, enrage, harrow, distress. incensus: see incendo. inceptum: see incipio (end). inceptus: see incipio. incertus, -a, -um [in, not, + certus], adj., in act. sense, uncertain, doubtful, hesitating, wavering; of an axe, illaimed; of the sun or the noon, uncertain, dimmed, clouded; not knowing, ignorant; in pass. sense, of things about which one is uncertain, uncertain, doubtful, unreliable. incessus, -as [incedo], m., a walking; gait, pace, esp. a dignified pace. incest6, -are, -avi, -atus [incestus, unclean], tr., pollute, defile. incido, -ere, -cidi, - [in+cado], intr., fall upon, lit. and fig., fall; of a missile weapon, fall in or on, lodge. Fig., (fall upon, i.e.) happen on, chance upon, meet. incid6, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [in+caedo], tr., cut into, cut off, cut. Incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [in+ capio], tr., lay hold on, take in hand; begin, commence; essay, undertake, attempt; intr., esp. of speech, begin. inceptum, -i (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., beginning; attempt, undertaking, essay, purpose, resolve. inclementia, -ae [in, not, + clem6ns, mild, gentle], f., unkindness, inclernency; severity, rigor. includo, -ere, -clusi, -clusus [in+ claud6], tr., shut up, shut in, hem in, confine, imprison; shut one thing up uith another, include, insert, enclose, envelop, surround. inclsus: see includo. INCLUTUS 73 INDIGENA inclutus, -a, -um [in+cluo, clueo, hear], adj., properly, heard of, talked of, famous, illustrious, renowned, celebrated. incognitus, -a, -um [in, not, + cognitus], adj., unknown, uncertain. incoho, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., begin, commence (the verb is commonly used of beginning things which are never finished); freely, build, erect. incolo, -ere, -colui, - [in+col6], tr., dwell in, inhabit. incolumis, -e, adj., safe, sobnd, uninjured, unhurt, intact. incomitatus, -a, -um [in, not, + comitor], adj., unaccompanied, unattended. inconcessus, -a, -um [in, not, +concedo], adj., not permitted, forbidden. inconsultus, -a, -um [in, not, + c6nsul6], adj., properly, unconsulted; very rarely, unadvised, uncounseled. incredibills, -e [in, not, + credibilis], adj., not to be believed, past belief, passing strange, extraordinary. increpito, -are, -avi, -atus [in+ crepito], tr., cry out to, call upon, challenge; cry out against, chide, rebuke, blame, find fault with. increpo, -are, -crepui, -crepltum [in+crepo], intr., make a noise, rattle, clatter, resound; tr. (~130), sound forth, blaze forth. Also tr., cry out against, blame, chide, rebuke. incresco, -ere, -6vi, - [in+cresc6], inlr., grow in or on, grow up, grow. Fig., grow, increase. incubo, -are, -cubul, -itum [in+cubo, old verb, lie], intr., lie in or upon. Fig., lie on, brood over; with divitils, brood over, devote one's self to, surrender one's whole being to. incultus, -a, -um [in, not,+colo], adj., untilled, waste, desert, deserted. Fig., uncultivated, unpolished, rude; neglected, unkempt, disordered. As noun, incultum, -i, n., waste place, wilderness. Incumbo, -ere, -cubul, -cubitum [in+cumbo, old verb, lay], intr., (~ 139), properly, lay or fling one's self on, fall upon, swoop upon; lean on, lean over, recline on or over, rest upon. Fig., apply one's self to, bend one's energies to; with remis, bend to, ply with might and main; of hostile exertion, press on, attack, assail. incurrb, -ere, -curri, -cursum [in+ curro6, intr, run into or against, rush at or on, press to the attack; assail, attack. incurv6, -are, -avi, -atus [in+curvo], tr., curve, bend, arch. incus, incudis [in+cfdo, strike], f., an anvil. incuso, -are, -avi, -atus [in+causa], tr., accuse, censure, blame incutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [in+ quatil], tr., strike upon, strike into, dash into. Fig., (strike into, i.e.) bestow on, give to, lend. indag6, -inis, f., an encircling, enclosing, esp. a mode of hunting consisting in enclosing a stretch of forest by a circle of nets, dogs, horses and men, in order that game may be completely surrounded and thus captured or killed; by metonymy, a circle of nets, dogs, etc.; freely, hunting-force. inde [is], adv., used (1) of place, from that place, thence, therefrom, (2) of time and sequence, after that, thereupon, then. indebitus, -a, -um [in, not,+debe6], adj., unowed, undue; unallotted, unassigned. indecoris, -e [in, not,+decus], adj., without glory or honor, inglorious, dishonored, disgraced. indefessus, -a, -um [in,not,+defessus], adj., unwearied, untired. indeprensus, -a, -um [in, not,+deprend6], adj., properly, uncaught, i.e. undiscovered; freely, undiscoverable, unsolvable. indicium, -i or -il [indic6], n., information, evidence, testimony. indico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus [in+dico], tr., declare publicly, announce formally, proclaim; appoint, assign. Indigena, -ae [indu, old form of in, seen in certain compound words,+root of gign6], c., one born in a (given) INDIGNOR 74 INFELIX country, native. As adj., native-born, native. indignor, -ari, -atus sum [indignus], tr., consider or deem unworthy (of one's self); be angry at, chafe at; intr., be angry, be enraged, fret. indignus, -a, -um [in, not,+dignus], adj., unworthy, undeserving; improper, undeserved, unseemly; wretched, unfit, shameful, cruel. lndiscritus, -a, -um [in, not,+dis+ cern], adj., properly, undistinguished; freely, indistinguishable. indols, -is [ind=indu (see indigena) +oleo, old verb, grow], f., properly, that which grows in (i.e. is znnate in) one, nature, esp. high and noble nature, character, worth. indomitus, -a, -um [in, not,+domo], adj., properly, untamed, wild; unrestrained, uncontrolled; freely, untameable, ungovernable; fierce, violent. indubito, -&re, -avi, -atum [in+dubito], intr., feel doubts (over, i.e.) concerning, doubt, mistrust. induc, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [in+diuco], tr., lead or bring to; (lead, i.e.) draw on clothing, etc., put on, don. Fig., (lead into, i.e.) spur on or into, incite, induce, persuade. inductus: see induco. indulgeS, -ere, indulsi, indultum, intr., be kind to, yield to, yield, give scope to (for), gratify, indulge; indulge in, give one's self up to, give way to. indub, -ere, indui, indutus, tr., put on clothing, arms, etc.; cover one's self with clothing, etc., deck, array, adorn. Fig., put on, assume; in pass., with middle force, as a dep. verb (~~ 138, 154), put on, don. indutus, -a, -um, pf. paM. prtcpl. as adj., with abl., clad in, adorned with, wearing. Indus, -a, -um, adj., of India, Indian. As noun, Indi, -orum, p1. m., the Indi, the inhabitants of India, the (East) Indians. indutus: see indu6. Ineluctabilis, -e [in, not,+ex+luctor], adj., properly, of' a situation out of which one can not (wrestle, i.e.) fight his way, inescapable, inevitable, unavoidable. ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [in+eo], tr., go into, enter. Fig., enter upon, begin, undertake. inermis, -e, and inermus, -a, -um [in, not,+arma], adj., unarmed, defenceless. inermus: see inermis. iners, -ertis [in+ars], adj., properly, unskilled, unskillful; freely, sluggish, inactive, idle, spiritless; helpless, lifeless. inexpertus, -a, -um [in, not,+expertus], adj., in active sense, not having tried, without experience; in pass. sense, untried, unessayed, unattempted. inextricabilis, -e [in, not,+extrico, disentangle], adj., inextricable, unsolvable. Infabricatus, -a, -um [in, not,+fabrico], adj., unmade, unfashioned, unwrought, unhewn. infandus, -a, -um [in, not,+fandus], adj., unspeakable, unutterable; (beyond words, i.e.) impious, villainous; grievous, awful, dreadful. As noun, infandum, n. ace. sing., used as an exclamation, 0 woe unutterable oh horror infans, infantis [in, not,+for], adj., properly, without the power of speech, speechless; young, infant. As noun, infans, -antis, c., infant, baby, child. Infaustus, -a, -um [in, not,+faustus, favorable, from faveo], adj., unpropitious, unfavorable; in pass. sense, not favored, unfortunate, unlucky, accursed. 1. infectus, -a, -um [in, not,+facio], adj., undone (z.e. not yet done), unperformed, unfinished; of gold, unwrought, unminted, uncoined; undone, i.e. revoked, nullified. 2. infectus: see inficio. infelix, -icis [in, not,+felix3, adj., properly, unfruitful. Fig., in pass. sense, unblessed, luckless, hapless, illstarred, accursed, wretched; in act. sense, ill-boding, baneful, ominous. INFENSUS 75 INGEMINO Infensus, -a, -um lin- fend6, old verb, strike], adj., properly, of things that come into collision with other things, hostile, in hostile spirit or manner, deadly; enraged, embittered. Inferiae, -arum [inferb?], pl. f., offerings to the dead, of meal, milk, honey, oil, water, sacrifice. inferior: see inferus. infernus, -a, -um [cf. inferus], adj., properly, lying beneath, lower; esp., of, in or pertaining to the underworld, infernal, nether; of the shades, of the realms beneath. infero,-ferre, -tull, inlatus [in+fero], tr., bear or bring into, carry into or upon; bear sacrifices to an altar or to a god, offer, proffer, render; inferre bellum, with dat., (bring, i.e.) begin war against, take the field against, assail, attack; with se, or in pass., with middle force, bear one's self to, go, proceed (against), rush, hasten.. inferus, -a, -um, adj., comp. inferior, -us, sup. infimus or imus, -a, -um, lower, beneath; esp., of the underworld, nether. Fig., low, lowly, humble, mean. In sup., lowest, deepest, lowest part of, bottom of, foot of; often best rendered by even, very. As noun, inferi, -6rum, pi. m., the dwellers in the underworld. imur, -I, n., depth, bottom, foundation. inf6stus, -a, -um [in+fendB, old verb, strike], adj., in pass. sense, assailed, molested, unsafe; in act. sense, assailing, hostile; deadly, dangerous; of a weapon, levelled. Cf. infensus. inflci6, -ere, -feci, -fectus [in+facio], tr., properly, perhaps, put or dip in (dye, etc.), dye, stain, color, steep. Fig., stain, defile, pollute, corrupt. infigo, -ere, -fixl, -fixus [intf-igo], tr., fix in, fasten on, fasten together, interlock; impale; lodge. Fig., fasten, lodge, imprint. InflndB, -ere, -fidl, -fissus [in+flndo], tr., cut into, cleave; plow the seas. Inflt, defective verb, counting as pres. indic., he (she) begins; esp., begins to speak, infixus: see infigo. inflammo, -are, -avi, -atus [int fiammo], tr., set on fire, kindle. Fig., fan into a flame, kindle, inflame, fire, arouse, excite. inflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexus [in+ flecto], tr., bend. Fig., bend, turn, influence, alter, change. infiexus: see inflecto. infio, -are, -avi, -atus [in+flo], tr., ' blow into or upon, blow up, inflate, swell. informis, -e [in, not,+forma], adj., formless, shapeless, misshapen, hideous, awful. informo, -, -are, -a, -atus [in + forma], tr., form, shape, fashion. infractus: see infring6. infrendeo, -ere, -, - [in+frendo, frendeo], intr., gnash the teeth, gnash. Only in pres. prtcpl. act. infr6nis, -e, and infr6nus, -a, -um [in, not,+frenum], adj., of horses, unbridled; as transferred epithet, of riders whose horses go unbridled, freely, bold and skillful in horsemanship. Fig., unbridled in passion, reckless. infreno, -are, -avl, -atus [in + frenum], tr., properly, put a bridle on, furnish with a bridle; bridle; freely, harness. infrenus: see infrenis. infringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractus [in+ frango], tr., break off, break. Fig., break, weaken, shatter, damage, impair, injure; (break, i.e.) bend, subdue, overbear. infula, -ae, f., properly, a flock of wool knotted on a vitta, then, by metonymy, (~ 188), a fillet, headband. infundo, -ere, -fidi, -fusus [in+ 1. fundo], tr., pour in, pour into, pour on, pour; in pass., with middle force, pour in or upon; in fig. sense, of persons, pour or rush into. Fig., (pour, i.e.) throw or cast upon. infusus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., outpoured, outspread. infusus: see infundo. ingemino, -are, -avl, -atus [in+ gemin6], tr., redouble, double up, repeat; with ictAs or vulnera, ply, INGEMO INMENSUS deal thick and fast; intr. (~ 139), be redoubled, increase, come thick and fast, wax furious. Ingemo, -ere, -gemul, -gemitum [in+ gemo], intr., groan over, sigh over, groan, mourn, lament. Ingbns, -entis [in, not, + genus?], adj., properly, perhaps, contrary to its kind, out of its kind, abnormal, enormous, vast, huge, mighty, heavy, massive; strong, sturdy, powerful, giant. Fig., mighty, huge, giant, great; grievous, severe, intense; of sound, heavy, deep. inger6, -ere, -gessi, -gestus [in+ gero], tr., properly, carry on, upon, or against; heap up on; with tela or hastas, fling against in numbers, hurl quickly or repeatedly. ingl6rius, -a, -um [in, not,+gloria], adj., without glory, unhonored, inglorious. ingratus, -a, -um [in, not,+gratus], adj., unpleasant, unwelcome, painful; ungrateful, thankless, unheeding, heedless. ingredior, -1, -gressus sum [ingradior], intr., go or walk into, go along, advance, proceed, move. Fig., enter upon something, engage in, begin; of speech, begin to speak or answer. ingressus: see ingredior. ingruo, -ere, -ul, -, intr., rush on, break into or upon, fall violently on; assail, attack, lit. and fig. inguen, inguinis, n., abdomen, groin. inhaere6, -&re, inhaesi, - [in+ haereo], intr., cling to, cleave to. inhibeo, -ere, inhibui, inhibitus [in+habe6], tr., lay hold on, hold back, restrain, check, curb. inhio, -are, -avl, -atum [in+hiol, intr., gape over, gape at. Fig, gaze on with open mouth, examine eagerly, watch eagerly, pore over. inhonestus, -a, -um [in, not,+honestus], adj,, dishonorable, unseemly, shameful. inhorresco, -ere, -horrui, — in+horresco], intrl., bristle; grow rough. ilinospitus, -a, -um [in, not,+ho spitus], adj., inhospitable, unfriendly; dangerous, deadly. inhumatus, -a, -um [in, not,+humrn adj., unburied. inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectus [in +iaci6o, tr., throw in or upon, fling on, cast or hurl against; with se, fling or hurl one's self, rush headlong. Note: The first syllable is heavy in Vergil. inicus, iniqua, inicum [in, not,+ aecus], adj., properly, uneven; unfair, unfriendly, partial; unjust, hard, severe, dangerous, hazardous. Note: For spelling see on secuntur, i. 185. inimicus, -a, -um [in, not,+amicus], adj., unfriendly, hostile; of or belonging to an enemy, an enemy's. iniectus: see inicio. iniuria, -ae [in, not,+ius], f., injustice, injury; a wrong, affront, insult, outrage. iniussus, -a, -um [in, not,+iubeo], adj., unbidden, uninvited. inlabor, -i, -lapsus sum [in+labor], intr., glide into, steal into. Fig., master, overwhelm, inspire. inlaetabilis, -e [in, not,+laetor], adj., joyless, cheerless, mournful. inlido, -ere, -lisi, -lisus [in+laedo], tr., strike into or against, dash upon or into. inligo, -are, -avi, -atus [in+ligol, fr., bind or fasten on, bind fast; freely, fetter, hamper, hinder. inlisus: see inlido. inlfudo, -ere, -lasi, -lusus [in+ludol, intr. and tr., play (at, against, or) with, have sport with; make sport of, mock, flout, insult. inlustris, -e [in+lustro], adj., lighted up, bright. Fig., illustrious, distinguished, famous. inlusus: see inludo. inluvies, -iei [in+luo, wash], f., dirt, filth, squalor. inmemor, -oris [in, not,+-memor], adj., unmindful (of), forgetful (of), heedless, thoughtless. inmensus, -a, -um [in, not,+metior, measure],, ad, nmeasured; immeasurable, limitless, boundless; vast, huge. INMERGO 77 INPROPERATUS inmcrgo, -ere, -mersi, -mersus [in+ merg6j, tr., dip into, plunge (into), overwhelm, drown. inmeritus, -a, -un [in, not,+meritus], adj., properly, undeserving (of punishment), guiltless, innocent. inmisce6, -ere, -miscul, -mixtus [in+ misceo], tr., mix in (with), mingle (with), intermingle, blend; in pass., with middle force, mingle with, esp. in hostile spirit, mingle in combat. inmissus: see inmitto. inmitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [in+ mitto], tr., send to, send into, send upon; let in, admit; let go, let loose; spur on, urge forward or onward; cast, throw, hurl (into, upon, or against); in pass, with middle force, rush or burst in(to); inmittere habenas, let the reins fly loose, and, with dat., spur on, drive at top speed, lit. and fig.; with barbam, allow to grow. Fig., send (cares, etc.) into one, bring upon, inflict upon. inmixtus: see inmisceo. inmortalis, -e [in, not,+mortalis], adj., undying, imperishable, immortal, everlasting, eternal. inmugio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, - [in+ mugio], intr., bellow or roar in or within, resound. innecto, -ere, -nexul, -nexus [in+ necto], tr., tie or join to, fasten to, fasten; bind, wrap, wreathe, garland. Fig., weave, contrive, devise. innexus: see innecto. inno, -are, -avl, -atum fin+no], intr. and tr., swim on, swim; freely, float on, sail on. innoxius, -a, -um [in, not,+noxius], adj, harmless, innocent. innumerus, -a, -um [in, not,+ numerus], adj., without or beyond number, uncounted, numberless, countless, untold. innuptus, -a, -um [in, not,-+nfbol, adj., unmarried, unwed; of Pallas, maiden, virgin. inolesc6, -ere, -6vi, -olitum [in+oleo, old verb, grow], intr., grow in or on, grow into, take root in, become or be ingrained. inopinus, -a, -um [in, not,+oplnor], adj., unthought of, undreamed of, unsuspected, unexpected. inops, inopis [in, not,+ops], adj, without means or resources, helpless, poor, needy; destitute (of), bereft (of), lacking. In6us, -a, -um, adj., of Ino, daughter of Cadnus, who was changed into a seagoddess, Ino's, son of Ino. inpastus, -a, -um [in, not,+pasco], adj., properly, unfed, not having eaten; hungry, ravenous. inpavidus, -a, -um [in, not,+pavidus], adj., knowing no fear, fearless, undaunted. inperditus, -a, -um [in, not,+perd6], adj., undestroyed, unslain. inperfectus, -a, -ur [in, not,+perficio], adj., unfinished, unwrought. inperterritus, -a, -um [in, not,+per +terreo], adj., unterrified, undismayed, undaunted. inpiger, -gra, -grum [in, not,+piger, reluctant], adj., diligent, active, zealous, energetic, quick. inplacabilis, -e [in, not,+placo], adj., inexorable, implacable. inplacatus, -a, -um [in, not,+placatus, from placo], adj., unsatisfied, insatiate, everhungering, remorseless. inploro, -are, -avi, -atus [in+ploro], tr., invoke with tears; call on, implore, entreat, beseech; ask for earnestly. inp6on, -ere, -posui, -positus [in+ pono], tr., put or place in, on, or upon, place over, put; esp., set on the table, serve. Fig., put on, lay on, impose, enjoin (on), put, fix, appoint. inpositus: see inpon6. inprecor, -ari, -atus sum [in-prex], tr., properly, pray down on one's head, call down on, invoke on. inpressus: see inprimo. in primis: see in. inprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [in+ premo], tr., press in or upon, set upon or on, imprint, impress; emboss, engrave, stamp, chase. inproperatus, -a, -um [in, not,+ INPROVIDUS 78 INSIGNIS propero], adj, not hastened or has tening, slow, lingering. inpr6vidus, -a, -um [in, not,+pr6 -video], adj., in act. sense, unforeseeing, not anticipating; freely, blind, heedless, thoughtless. inprovisus, -a, -um [in, not,+provideo], adj., unforeseen, unexpected, sudden; = an adv., unexpectedly, suddenly. inprudens, -entis [in, not,+prtiudns1, adj., properly, not looking ahead, not foreseeing; imprudent, thoughtless, heedless. inptbis, -e [in, not,+ptfbes, full grown], adj., properly of persons who have not yet attained their majority, not full grown, under age, young, youthful; by metonymy, beardless. inpune: see inpuinis. inputnis, -e [in, not,-poena], adj., very rare, except in n. szng., unpunished. inpune, n. sing. as adv., without punishment, with impunity; safely. inquam, irregular and defective verb, say. inremeibilis, -e [in, not,+re, back,+ mei, go], adj., irretraceable, admitting of no return. inreparabilis, -e [in, not,+reparo, remake, repair], adj., irreparable, irrecoverable, irretrievable. inrideo, -ere, -risi, -risus [in+rideo], tr., laugh at, mock, jeer at, ridicule, deride. inrigo, -are, -avi, -atus [in+rigol, tr., water, moisten, wet, bedew, lit. and fig.; freely, shed like dew. inrisus: see inrideo. inrito, -are, -avi, -atus, Ar., excite, provoke, goad, anger, incense. inritus, -a, -um [in, not,+ratus (from reor), valid], adj., invalid, void; vain, useless, unavailing; often = an adv., in vain, fruitlessly. inrump6, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus [in+ rumpo], tr. and intr., break into, burst into, rush into. inruo, -ere, inrui, - [in+ruo], intr., rush in or upon, rush on, rush into, burst in; press to an attack, press on. insania, -ae [in, not,+sanus],, '., un soundness esp. of the mini, madness frenzy, insanity; folly, senselessness rage. insanus -a, -um [in, not,+sinus], adj., unsound mentally, mad, insane, frenzied; inspired, prophetic (such persons seemed to be beside themselves). inscius, -a,-um [in, not,+scio], adj., not knowing, ignorant, unconscious; baud inscius, aware of, well acquainted with, familiar with; freely, of one who does not understand a given situation, bewildered. inscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptus [in +scribo], tr., write in or upon, mark, inscribe. insequor, -i, -secutus sum [in+sequor], tr. and intr., follow, pursue; follow in hostile spirit, pursue, assail; with infin., press on, proceed, continue, essay. insero, -ere, -serul, -sertus [in+l. sero], tr., weave in, put in, set in, insert. inserto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of insero], tr., put or thrust into, insert. insertus: see insero. insidiae, -arum [cf. insido], pi. f., properly, a (secret) occupation of a place, ambuscade, ambush. Fig., snare, strategem, trick, artifice, wile, treachery. insidior, -ari, -atus sum [insidiae], intr., lie in ambush, lie in wait against some one (i.e. to attack him); freely, of a wolf prowling around a sheepfold, prowl around. insldo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum [in+ sido], tr. and intr., sit down in or on, settle on; occupy, take possession of, master, overpower. insigne: see insignis. insigni, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [insignis], tr., properly, distinguish by a mark or a device, mark, adorn, deck. insignis, -e [in+slgnum], adj., properly, havingza distinguishing mark, stamped, marked, distinguished, conspicuous. Fie conspicuous, splendid, preemine -, extraordinary, re nowned, famous. As noun, insigne, -Is, n., a distinguishing mark device, INSINUO 79 INTEGER decoration, ornament, badge; esp., soldiers' accoutrements, harness, costume. insinuo, -are, -avi, -atus [in+sinus], tr., work (something) in by a winding, tortuous movement, wind in; intr. (~ 139), work one's way (in or into), penetrate secretly or imperceptibly, steal, creep. insisto, -ere, -stiti, - [in+sist6], tr. and intr. (~ 139), set or put on, esp., set one's self on, set foot on, stand on, tread on. Fig., press on, pursue, devote one's self to; persist, persevere. insomnium, -i or -ii [in+somnium], n., a dream, a vision. insono, -are, -ul, -sonitum [in+sono], intr., sound, resound, ring, echo; of a whip, crack, snap; tr. (~ 128), cause to snap or crack, rattle. insons, insontis [in, not,+sons], adj., guiltless, innocent. insperatus, -a, -um [in, not,+spero], adj., unhoped for, unlooked for, unexpected. inspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus rin+ specio, look], tr., look into, look on or upon; look over, overlook, command (a view of). inspiro, -are, -avi, -atus [in+spiro], tr., blow into or upon, breathe into..Fig., breathe into, implant, lodge, impart. instar, n., indeclinable, a word of uncertain origin, an image, likeness; form, figure, appearance; with gen., as a quasi-preposition, like to, esp. in size, bulk, etc., the (very) image of, huge as, etc.; size, bulk; value, worth. instauro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., renew, repeat, begin afresh. Fig., restore, refresh, renew. insterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus [in+ sterno], tr., spread over, strew over, lay on, cover, strew. instigo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., spur on, goad on. Fig., stimulate, encourage, spur on. instituo, -ere, -ul, -utus [in+statuo], tr., put or place on or into, fix, set up; build, erect, found, establish; arrange, set in order; ordain, appoint, order. insto, -are, -stiti, - [in+st6], intr., stand in or on, stand over; press close upon, pursue closely a foe, a rival, etc., threaten. Fig., be near, be at hand, be pressing; press on, push on a task, etc., drive with all speed, urge forward, ply; with infin., proceed hastily or earnestly, strive eagerly, proceed. Instratus: see insterno. instructus: see instru6. instruo, -ere, -strzxi, -structus [in+ struo], tr., pile up, heap up; build, erect; arrange, set in order, draw ip, marshal, array, esp. in battle line; furnish, equip, fit out. instrictus, -a, -urn, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., arranged, drawn up, arrayed; Furnished (with), equipped. insuetus, -a, -um [in, not,+suesc6], adj., in act. sense, not having accustomed one's self to, unused to, unfamiliar with; in pass. sense, unfamiliar, unusual, unwonted, strange. insula, -ae, f., an island. insulto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of insilio, leap on], intr., leap or dance on, trample on. Fig., exult over, mock, revile, insult. insum, inesse, Inful, - [in+sum], intr., be in, be upon. insu6, -ere, -ui, -utus [in+suo], tr., sew in, stitch in. insuper [in+super], adv., above, on (the) top. Fig., over and above, beyond, besides, moreover, in addition. insuperabilis, -e [in, not,+supero], adj., unconquerable, invincible. insurg6, -ere, insurrexi, insurrectum [in+surgo], intr., rise upon; with remis, rise on, i.e. bend vigorously to, fall on, ply vigorously; freely, rise up, rise. insutus: see insuo. intactus, -a, -um [in, not,+tang6], adj., untouched; esp., of cattle untouched by the yoke, unbroken; of grain, unreaped, uncut, (hence tall, standing); of youth, strength, etc., unimpaired, intact, strong, sturdy; undefiled, pure, chaste, virgin. integer, -gra, -grum [in, not,+tang6], INTEMERATUS 80 INTRACTABILIS adj., ontouched, -whole, entire; uLimpaired, fresh, sturdy, vigorous. intemeratus, -a, -um [in, not,+temero, profane], adj, unprofaned, unviolated, unsullied, pure. intempestus, -a, -um [in, not,+tempus], adj., untimely, unseasonable; esp., in the phrase intempesta nox, of uncertain sense; perhaps, profound night, the dead of night. intendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [in+ tendS], tr., stretch out, stretch, extend; strain, draw taut; wivt vela, stretch out, strain, fill, swell. intentus, -a, -um, pf pass. prtcpl. as (ad, in fig. sense, expectant, attentive, intent, eager. intento, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of intendl], tr., stretch out toward or against, brandish threateningly. Fig., threaten, menace with. intepesco, -ere, intepul, - rin+tepesc6], intr., grow or become warm. inter, prep. with arc., used (1) of place, between, among, within, into the midst of, into, (2) of time, between, during, within, in the course of; (3) with a re/lexieie pron, nos, vos, and esp. se, to denote reciprocity, with, naong, against (one another, etc.). intercipio, -cipere, -c6pi, -ceptus [inter+capio], tr., properly, catch a thing in the midst of its course or progress, intercept. intercludo, -ere, -clsi, -clsus [inter+claudo], tr., shut off, cut off, hinder, hamnper, detain. interdum, adv.,properly, between whiles, i.e. now and again, sometimes, at times, on occasion. interea [inter+ea, old form (?) of ea, ace. pi. of is], adv, in the meantime, meanwhile. interfor, -fari, -fatus sum [inter+ for], tr., interrupt. interfundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusus [inter+fundo], tr., pour between; in pass., wmth middle force, flow between. interfusus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., flowing between; overflowed, suffused, stained, flecked. interfusus: see interfundo. interimo, -imere, -mli, -6mptus [inter+emo], tr., (take, i.e.) put out of the way, remove, slay, kill. interior, -ius, gen. -oris [inter], adj., inner, inside, interior, on the inside, toward the inside; inner part of; sup., intimus, -a, -um, innermost, inmost; ren otest. interlu6, -ere, -lu, - [inter+luo], tr., flow between, wash. internecto, -ere, -nexul, -nexus [inter+nectoS, tr., bind up, fasten. conhne. interpres, -pretis, c., a go-between or agent between two parties; mrediator, messenger, envoy, esp., a mediator between the gods and mortals, explaining or interpreting the dzvine will, expounder, interpreter. interritus, -a, -um [in, not, + terreo], adj., unterrfied, undismayed, undaunted, fearless. interrump6, -ere, -rtup, -ruptus [inter +rumpb], tr., break asunder, break off. Fig., break off, suspend, interrupt. interruptus: see interrumpo. intervallum, -I [inter+vallus, stake, paling], n., properly, the space between palings in a stockade, space, interval, distance. intexS, -ere, -ui, -textus [in+texS], tr., weave into, inweave, embroider; interweave, intertwine, interlace. intextus: see intexS, intimus: see interior. intono, -are, -ui, - [in+tono], intr., thunder. Fig., thunder, thunder at or against, threaten; roar, resound, echo. intonsus, -a, -um [in, not,+tondeo], adj., unshorn (i.e. thick-fleeced); of trees, unclipped, untrimmed; of persons, unshorn, unshaven intorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus [in+ torqueo], tr., twist, turn; hurl against or into, cast against, fling. intra, prep with acc., in expressions both of rest and motion, within, inside, into, in. intractabilis, -e [in, not,+tracto], adj., unmanageable, inN micible; fierce, wild, savage, violent. INTREMO 81 IPA intrem6, -ere, -ui, - [in+trem6], int, tremble, shake, quake, quiver. intro, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. inter, intra], tr., go into, enter, go or pass between. introgredior, -i, -gressus sum [intro +gradior], tr., step or walk into, come in, enter. intrbgressus: see intr6gredior. intus [in], adv., on the inside, within. inultus, -a, -um [in, not,+ulciscor], adb., unavenged. inundb, -are, -, - [in+unda], intr., overflow, flow, stream, lit. and fig. inutills, -e [in, not,+ttilis], adj., useless, profitless, unserviceable. Inuus, Inui: see castrum. invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasus [in+vado], tr., go into or against, enter, rush into, rush upon, assail, attack. Fig., enter on, undertake, essay; attack with words, assail, upbraid, reproach. invalidus, -a, -um [in, not,+validus], adJ., infirm, enfeebled, feeble, weak. invectus: see inveho. inveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [in+ veho], tr., bear in or into, carry against; in pass. (sc. navi or navibus), sail in or on, sail into; with equb, equis or curru, expressed or understood, ride, drive, advance, move. invenib, -ire, -veni, -ventus [in+ venib], tr, come upon, light upon, hit on, find; find out, learn, discover, ascertain. inventor, -bris [invenio], m., discoverer, inventor, contriver, deviser. inventus: see invenio. invergo, -ere, -, - [in + vergb, bend], tr., turn down, upturn (goblets, etc, to empty their contents), empty; pour out on, pour upon. invictus, -a, -um [in, not,+vinc6], adj., properly, unconquered, but usually unconquerable, invincible. invideb, -ere, -vidi, -visum [in+ video], intr., properly, look askance at, envy; with dat., or as tr., with acc. and dat., envy, begrudge, grudge. invisus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., hated, detested, hateful, odious. invidia, -ae [invideo], f., ellvy, jealousy, hatred, malice. invigilo, -are, -, - [in+vigilo, keep awake], intl., prope? ly, be awake over (or on account of), be attentive to, devote one's energies to, pursue diligently. inviso, -ere, -visi, -visus [in+viso], tr., look after, look on, view; go to see, visit. invisus: see invideo. invitb, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., invite, esp. as a guest, entertain; invite, summon. challenge. Fig., allure, attract, incite. invitus, -a, -um, adj., against one's will, unwilling, reluctant; often = an adv., unwillingly, reluctantly. invius, -a, -um [in, not,4via], adj., pathless, trackless, impassable, inaccessible. involv6, -ere, -volvi, -volttus [in+ volvo], tr., roll to or on, roll; freely, roll up, wrap up, envelcn, enwrap, enfold, robe, clothe, lit. and fig. lo, ius (Gk. form), f., Io, the beautiful daughter of Inachus, beloved by Jupiter. In jealousy, Juno transforned her into a cow, and sent a gadfly to torment her. In the form of a cow Io wandered far and wide, till she reached Egypt, where she was restored to her original shape. lonius, -a, -um, adj., Ionian (i.e. of the Ionian Sct, which lay between the Peloponnesus and lower Italy). As noun, Ionium, -i or -ii (sc. mare), A., the Ionian Sea. Iopas, -ae, m., Iopas, a musician or bard at the court of Dido. Iphitus, -I, m., Iphitus, aTrojan. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipsius, adj. and intensive pi on., used (1) wzth nouns, (2) with other pronouns expressed or implied, esp. with those of the third person, self, selves, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often the best rendering is very, mere, in person, even, actually; of the chief personage in a company, master, leader, chief; of one's own motion, voluntarily, willingly. ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath, passion, rage, IIS 82 ITS resentment; in pl., angry passions, passions. Iris, Iridis, f., the goddess Iris, the messenger of Juno (~ 278). is, ea, id, dem. pron., he, she, it, in pl., they; this one, that one, that; such, of such sort. Ismara, -6rum, pl. n., Ismara, a town in Thrace, at the foot of Mount Ismarss. iste, ista, istud, dem. adj., referring esp. to the person addressed, this of yours, that of yours, this, that, such; often with a tone of contempt, such, such sorry. As dem. pron., this (one), that (one), in pl., these, those, often swith a tone of contempt. istic [lste], adv., properly, there where you are, there, in that place. istinc [iste], adv., from your (present) place, thence. ita [is], adv., so, just so, thus, in such a way or manner (the word may refer either to what precedes or to what follows). italia, -ae,f., Italy. Italis, italidis, adj., in f., Italian. As noun, italides, -um, pl. f., women of Italy, Italian women. Italus, -a, -um, adj., of Italy, Italian. As noun, Itall, -6rum, pl. m., the Italians. iter, itineris [e6, ire], n., a going, journey, march, voyage; by metonymy, of the route followed, way, road, path, passage. iterum, adv., a second time, again; Iterumque iterumque, again and again, repeatedly. Ithaca, -ae, f., Ithaca, an island in the Ionian Sea, home of Laertes and his son Ulixes. Ithacus, -a, -um [Ithaca], adj., of Ithaca, Ithacan. As noun, Ithacus, -i, m., an inhabitant of Ithaca, an Ithacan; esp., the Ithacan, Ulixes. luba, -ae, f., mane; by metonymy, a hairy crest of a helmet or of a snake. iubar, -aris [iuba?], n., (the flowing, hair-like?) light of the heavenly bodies, brightness, radiance, sheen. lubei, -ere, lussi, lussus, tr., order, command, bid. lussum, -1 (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., bidding, order, command iicundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, pleasing, delightful, charming, agreeable. iudex, iudicis [ius t-dlco], m., one who pronounces justice, judge. iudicium, -i or -ii [iiis+dico], n., a decision, a judgment, verdict. iugalis, -e [iugum], adj., of a yoke; of horses, yoked. Fig., of the marriage yoke or union, marriage, nuptial, matrimonial. iugerum, -1, n., a juger, a Roman land measure, containing about two-thirds of an'acre; freely, an acre. iug6, -are, -avl, -atus [iugum], tr., bind, join, unite, esp. in marriage. iugulo, -are, -avi, -atus [iugulum], tr., cut the throat of, slay, kill. iugulum, -i [iungo, iugum], n., properly, a yoke, esp., the collar bone (which (yokes) joins the shoulders and the breast); freely, throat, neck. iugum, -i [iungo], n., yoke for oxen and horses; by metonymy, yoke of cattle, team, pair, span of horses, horses, steeds; rower's bench, thwart, sea t ia a boat; a mountain height, ridge. Iulius, -1 or -ii, m., Julius, a name borne by the members of the gens lWlia, esp. by Caius Julius Caesar, and by Augustus. Iulus, -i, m., Iulus, a name or title of Ascanius. The word has three syllables. iunctura, -ae [iungo], f., a Joining together; by metonymy, a 3oint, fastening iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus, tr., Jon3 (together), bind (together), unite, lIt and fig.; unite in marriage, nuarry; (unite, i.e.) order, arrange, set in order; unite animals, i.e. yoke, harness; with foedus (treaty), strike, form, cement. IuIno, -onis, f., Juno, queen of the god7; see ~ 278. Iunonius, -a, -um [Iino], adj., of Juno, Junonian, Juno's. Iuppiter, Iovis,'m., Jupiter. See ~~'76, 277. iuro, -are, -avi, -atum [iuis], intr., take an oath, swear; with act. of the po1'(r by uhi/ch the oath is taken, s-wear by. ius, iuris, n, right, justice, law, esp. IUSSUJM 83 law as ordained by human powers, duty; a (egal) right or privilege. iussum: see iubeo. 1. iussus: see iubeo. 2. iussus, -us [iubeo], m., order, command. iustitia, -ae [iustus], f., justice, equity, righteousness, right. iustus, -a, -umr [ius], adj., properly, in accordance with law and right, right, righteous, just, fair, equitable. Iuturna, -ae, f., Juturna, a water nymph, sister of Turnus. iuvenalis, -e [iuvenis], adj., of or pertaining to youth or a youth, youthful, young. luvenca, -ae [feminine of iuvencus], f., a heifer. iuvencus, -a, -um [cf. iuvenis], adj., young. As noun, iuvencus, -i (sc. bos), m., bullock, steer, bull. iuvenis, -e, adj., young, youthful. As noun, iuvenis, -is, c., young person, young man, youth. The word is applied properly to those between 30 and 45 years of age, often, however, to those between 16 and 45, and esp. to soldiers, as in the prime of life; hence, fighting men, warriors, heroes. iuventa, -ae [cf. iuvenis], f., youth, (early) manhood. iuventas, -atis [cf. iuvenis], f., youth. iuventfus, -ttis [cf. iuvenis], f., youth, early manhood; by metonymy, young persons, the youth; esp., soldiery, warriors, fighting men. See iuvenis. iuvo, -are, iuvi, fitus, tr., help, aid, assist, succor; please, delight, gratify. iuxta, adv., near, near by, hard by, nigh. As prep., with ace., near, hard by, close to, by the side of, beside. Ixion, -onis, m., Ixion, a king of the Lapithae, and father of Pirithous. He sought to outrage Juno, and was therefore hurled by Jupiter into Tartarus to sufer everlasting punishment. Most authorities describe him as bound to a revolving wheel; Vergil pictures him as cowering beneath a stone which is ever threatening to fall. LACAENUS L labans: see labo. labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus [labo+facio], tr., cause to totter, shake. Fig., shake, cause to waver, agitate, distress, disquiet. labefactus: see labefacio. labes, -is [labor], f., properly, a falling, sinking down or in, caving in (of ground or buildings), avalanche, collapse; ruin, destruction. Fig., avalanche; spot, stain, taint, blemish, defect. Labici, -6rum, pl. m., the Labici, the people of Labicum, a town of Latium, between Tusculum and Praentste. labo, -are, -avi, -dtum [cf. labor], intr., totter, stagger, waver, give way, yield. Fig., waver" be unsteady, vacillate. labans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., in fig. sense, wavering, yielding, melting. labor, labi, lapsus sum, intr., properly, move gently and smoothly, glide (on), slide, slip, fall, sink; of a bird, glide down, dart down, swoop; of a house, totter, sink, fall. Fig., of time, pass quietly but quickly and surely, glide or slip away, fly; (sink, fall, i.e.) totter, perish, fail, decline, fade away, wane. labor or lab6s, -6ris, m., toil, exertion, labor, diligence; by metonymy, work, task, care, concern, business; effort, attempt, essay; of the results of toil, labor, handiwork, work; (toil, i.e.) sorrow, trouble, agony, hardship, disaster, danger, difficulty. Personified, Labos, -6ris, m., Hardship, Labor, Toil. laboro, -are, -avi, -dtum [labor], intr., toil, exert one's self, labor, work; tr., work (tapestries, etc.), embroider, broider. lab6s: see labor. Labyrinthus, -I, m., the Labyrinth or Maze built by Daedalus for King Minos at Gnosus in Crete, to contain the Minotaur. See Min6taurus. lac, lactis, n., milk; freely, milky juice of plants and herbs, sap. Lacaenus, -a, -um, adj., found only LACEDAEMONIUS 84 LANUGO in f., Spartan. As noun, Lacaena, -ae, f, a Spartan woman; esp., the Spartan dame, i.e. Ilelen. Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, adj., of Lacedaemon, i.e. Sparta, Lacedaemonian, Spartan. lacer, lacera, lacerum, adj., mangled, torn, maimed, lacerated, marred, disfigured. lacero, -are, -avi, -atus [lacer], tr., tear in pieces, rend, mangle, maim. lacertus, -i, m., the muscular part of the arm, the upper arm, from the shoulder to the elboLw; freely, arm; by metonymy, sinews, muscles, thews. lacessitus: see lacesso. lacesso, -ere, lacessivi, lacessitus, tr, excite, provoke, irritate, stir up, challenge, assail, attack, threaten; with piugnam or bella, stir up, arouse, provoke. Lacinius, -a, -um, adj., of Lacinium, a promontory of the eastern coast of Bruttinm in southern Italy, near (roton, on which stood aj amous temple of Juno, Lacinian. lacrima, -ae,f., a tear. lacrimabilis,-e [lacrimal, adj.,worthy of tears; piteous, mournful; full of tears, tearful. lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum [lacrima], intr., shed tears, weep. lacteus, -a, -um [lac], adj., full of milk, rich in milk, milky; by metonymy, milk-like, milk-white, milky. lacus, -us, m., a lake, pond, pool; (water) basin, vat. Lad6n, -onis, m., Ladon, a Trojan. laed6, -ere, laesi, laesus, tr., strike, dash; hurt by strikiny, injure, damage. Fig., hurt, injure; outrage, violate, profane; thwart, baffle. laena, -ae,f., an outer qarmenf of wool, ample in size, a cloak, mantle. Laertius, -a, -um, adj., of Laertes, the father of Ulixes, Laertian; freely, Ithacan. laesus: see laedo. laetitia, -ae [laetus], f., joyousness, enjloylment, glad'es's, joy. laetor, -ari, -atus sum [laetusi, intr, be,,'yous, be gltad, rejoice, ilh <ib, find delight in, rejoice in; wzth infin., rejoice, delight. laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, joyous, glad, cheerful, merry; with abl., taking satisfaction in, delighting in, taking pride in, proud of, pleased, satisfied; by metonymy, of things that bring or cause joy, pleasing, delightful; lucky, auspicious, favoring, helpful; of soil or crops, joyous, i.e. fertile, fruitful, rich, abundant; of cattle, fat, sleek; with gen., abounding in, rich in, full of. laevus, -a, -um, adj., left, on the left hand or side, on the left, to the left. Fig., left-handed, i.e. awkward (the left hand is usually awkward and clumsy as compared with the right), clumsy, foolish, silly, infatuate, warped; misguided, blinded; unfavorable, unpropitioulq (see note on ii. 693) As noun, laeva, -ae (sc. manus), f., the left hand. laeva, -orum (sc. loca), pl. n., the places on the left, the left side, left. Lagus, -i, m., Lagus, a Rautulian. lamb6, -ere, -, -, tr, lick. lFig., esp. of fire, lick, ply about, touch. lamenta, -orum, pl. n., wailing, cries, lamentation. lamentabilis, -e [lamenta, lamentor, bewail], adj., lamentable, mourn ful, pitiable. lampas, -padis, f., a light, torch, lamp. 'Fg, the torch of the sun. Lamus, -i, mt., Lainus, a Rutulian. Lamyrus, -1, m., Lamyrus, a Rutulian languesc6, -ere, langui, - [langueo, grow or be faint], intr., become faint, grow feeble, faint. Fig., of flowers, languish, droop, fail. languidus, -a, -um [langueb, be faint], ad/, faint, feeble, languid; of sleep, I'n gmu, languorous, heavy, profound. laniger, -gera, -gerum [lana, wool,+ gero], adj., wool-bearing, woolly, fleecy. lani6, -are, -avi, -atus, t'., tear to piteces. lanaug, -ginis [akin to lana, wool], f., (oolliness, woolly slubstance; down of jtitt fs, down on the ch ees. LANX 8t lanx, lancis, f., dish, usually of metal and of large size, platter, charger; a dish, plate, pan or scale of a balance or pair of scales. Laocoon, -ontis, m., Laocobn, a son of Priam, priest of Neptune, who drove a spear into the wooden horse; shortly afterwards he and his tiwo sons were killed by two serpents while he was offering sacrifice to Neptune. Laodamia, -ae, f., Laodamia, wife of Protesilaus, a Greek killed at Troy; for love of him Laodamia killed herself that she might be with him in the underwuorld. Laomedont6us, -a, -um, adj., of Laomedon, the father of Priam, notorious for his trickery and for his broken promises, Laomedontian; freely, Trojan (in derogatory, scornful sense). Laomedontiad6s, -ae, m7., a descendant of Laomedon; in pl., the Trojans. See Laomedonteus. Laomedontius, -a, -um, adj., of Laomedon; freely, Trojan. See Laomedonteus. lapidosus, -a, -um [lapis], adj., full of stones, stony. Fig., hard as stone, stony. lapis, lapidis, m., a stone, stone; Parius lapis, the Parian stone, i.e. marble. See Paros. Lapithae, -arum, p1. m., the Lapithae, a people of Thessaly, who, at the wedding of Pirithous, became involved in a quarrel with the Centaurs. Vergil ascribes this quarrel to the agency of Mars, but does not go into details. laps6, -are, -, - [freq. of labor], intr., slip, slide, totter, stagger. 1. lapsus: see labor. 2. lapsus, -us [labor], m., a slipping, sliding, sinking, falling; smooth, gliding motion, quick course; of birds, flight, swoop, dart; of stars, course, orbit. laquear, -aris [akin to lacus?], n., usually in pl., a hollow, esp. the hollow spaces between the intersecting crossbeams of a ceiling; in pl., panelled or fretted ceiling. Lar, Laris, m., usually in pl., a Lar, > tLATONA a tutelary or protecting deity of some special spot, esp. of a household, a household god; see ~~ 295-298. largior, -irl, -itus sum [largus], tr., give or bestow freely, lavish, grant, accord. largus, -a, -um, adj., copious, plentiful, abundant, generous, unstinted. Larides, -ae, m., Larides, a Rutulian Larina, -ae, f., Larina, a comrade of Camilla. Larissaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Larissa, an ancient town of Thessaly, sometimes described as the home of Achilles, Larissean; by metonymy (~188), Thessalian. lassus, -a, -um, adj., wearied, weary, tired, fatigued. Fig., tired, drooping. late [latus], adv., widely, far and wide, afar, in all directions. latebrae, -arum [lateb], pl. f., hidingplace, retreat, recess, covert; lair, den of a wild beast or bird of prey. latebrosus, -a, -um [latebrae], adj., full of hiding-places; of rocks, crannied, cavernous. latens: see lateo. lateo, -ere, latui, -, intr., lie or be hidden, be concealed, lurk, skulk, hide; lie sheltered, be secure. Fig., remain hid, be unknown; tr., a poetical use, be hid from, remain unknown to. latens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., hidden, secret, unknown. latex, laticis, m., fluid, liquid in general; used of water, wine, oil. 1. Latinus, -a, -ur [Latium], adj., of Latium, Latian, Latin. As noun, Latini, -orum, pl. m., the dwellers in Latium, the Latins. 2. Latinus, -I, m., Latinus, son of Faunus and a nymph Marica, king of Laurentum in Latium at the time of Aeneas's coming to Italy. He welcomed Aeneas and offered him his daughter Lavinia in marriage. Latium, -i or -i, n., Latium, a district in central Italy between the rivers Tiber and Liris, the Apennines and the sea. In this district Rome lay. Latona, -ae, f., Latona, mother, by Jupiter, of Apollo and Diana. LATONIUS 86 LEO Latonius, -a, -um [Latona], adj., of or belonging to Latona, Latonian. latrator, -oris [latro], m., barker. latratus, -us [latro], m., barking, baying. latro, -are, -avi, -itum, intr., bark, bay. latro, -onis, m., properly, a hireling, esp., a hireling soldier; then, since the conduct of hireling soldiers was often not of the best, robber, free-booter, brigand; freely, hunter (because the hunter robs the woods of game). 1. latus: see fer6. 2. latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide, wide-spreading, far-reaching, spacious. latus, lateris, n., of persons, side, flank, thigh; of animals, side, flank; freely, side of anything, e.g. of an island, bier, ship. laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laus], tr., praise, commend, laud, extol. Laurens, -entis, adj., of Laurentum, a town on the coast of Latium, city of king Latinus, Laurentian. As noun, Laurenats, -um, pl. n., the Laurentians. laurus, -i or -us, f., bay tree, laurel tree, laurel; by metonymy (~ 187), laurel crown, wreath of laurel or bay. laus, laudis, f., praise, glory, renown; by metonymy, of conduct that wins praise, meritorious conduct, merit, worth, prowess. Lausus, -i, m., Lausus, son of Mezentius, slain by Aeneas. Lavinia, -ae, f., Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus. Lavinium, -i or -li, n., Lavinium, a city of Latium, represented as founded by Aeneas and named by him after his wife, Lavinia. Lavinius, -a, -um [Lavinium], adj., of Lavinium, Lavinian. lavo, -are, -avi, -atus, and lavo, -ere, lavi, lautus and lotus, tr., wash, bathe, lave; wash off, wash away; wet, drench, moisten, bedew. lax6, -are, -avi, -atus [laxus], tr., make wide or roomy, stretch out; loosen, undo, open;, open up, make free or clear, clear; release (persons, etc., by opening the barriers that con fine them), set free. laxus, -a, -um, adj., wide, roomy spacious; loose, open. Fig., loose lax, slack, free. lebes, -etis, m., kettle, caldron. lectus: see lego. lectus, -i, m., bed, couch. Leda, -ae, f., Leda, wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta, mother of Helen, Castor and Pollux. Ledaeus, -a, -um [Leda], adj., of Leda; freely, daughter of Leda (an epithet of fermione, who was, through Helen, grand-daughter of Leda). legifer, -fera, -ferum [lex+fero], adj., law-bringing, law-giving. legio, -onis [lego, select], f., a levy of soldiers, soldiery, armed host, army, array. lego, legere, legi, lectus, tr., gather, collect; of fruit, flowers, etc., gather, pluck, pick; pick, select, choose, elect, pick up, follow another's footsteps, track out; skim the sea, pass lightly over or along, traverse, coast along. Fig., gather or catch with the ears, overhear; gather or catch with the eyes, survey, scan, view, observe. Leleges, -um, pl. m., the Leleges, a prehistoric people, who lived in parts of Greece and Asia Mfinor. Vergil, however, seems to connect them only with Asia Minor. Lenaeus, -a, -um [from a Greek word meaning wine-press], adj., properly, of the wine-press, then, since Bacchus was god of wine and the vine, of Bacchus, Bacchic, Lenaean. 1enio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [lenis], t', make soft or mild. Fig., soften, tame, allay, soothe, calm. lenis, -e, adj., soft, mild, gentle; quiet, moderate, calm. lento, -are, -avi, -atus [lentus], tr., bend, lentus, -a, -um, adj., pliant, limber, flexible, tough; tenacious, clinging; slow, sluggish, lazy, tranquil; of smoke, slowly rising, slow, lazy. leo, leonis, m., lion. LERNA 87 LILYBEIUS Lerna, -ae, f., Lerna, a lake and marsh near Argos in Greece. Tradition says that here dwelt the Hydra, a nine-headed monster whose very breath was poisonous. Hercules finally slew it. This story is believed to be an idealized description of the draining of the marsh of Lerna. letalis, -e [letum], adj., deadly, fatal. Lethaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Lethe (a river in the underworld; those who drank, of its waters forgot the past), Lethean; amnis (flfumen) Lethaeus (Lethaeum), the River of Forgetfulness. 16tifer, -fera, -ferum [l1tum+fer6], adj., death-bringing, deadly. letum, -i, n., death; ruin, destruction. Personified, Letum, -1, n., Death. Leucaspis, -idis, m., Leucaspis, a TrojanLeucates, -ae, m., Leucata, a promontory on the southern coast of the island of Leucadia, which lay in the Ionian Sea. levamen, -inis [lev6], n., means of relief, comfort, solace, relief. levis, -e, adj., light in weight; slight, small, tiny; light in movement, swift, speedy. Fig., (light, i.e.) of small importance, unimportant, trivial, slight. levis, -e, adj., smooth, polished, burnished; gleaming, flashing; slippery. levo, -are, -avi, -atus [levis], tr., make light, lighten; lift up, raise; take off, remove. Fig., lighten, lessen, mitigate; alleviate, relieve, succor. levo, -are, -avl, -atus [levis], tr, make smooth, polish. lex, legis, f., law, statute, decree, ordinance (made by concurrent action of the Senate and the people; iura includes everything that has the force of law, i.e. not merely leges, but decisions, precedents, etc.); terms of a law, treaty, etc., conditions; agreement, compact; firm and settled customs. libamen, -inis [libo], n., drink-offering, libation, sacrifice; offering in general. libens: see libet. liber, libera, liberum, adj., free to follow one's own will, free, unrestrained. Liber, LIberi, m., Liber, an Italian deity, later identified with the Greek god Bacchus. libertas, -"tis [1lber, f., liberty, freedom, esp. civil liberty as opposed to slavery. libet, 11bere, libuit or libltum est, impers. verb, intr., it pleases, is pleasing to; with infin., one pleases to. libens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., willing, ready; often = an adv., willingly, cheerfully. libb, -are, -vi, eitu, tr., take a little from anything; taste, sip, touch food and drink; take a little wine as an offering, pour out as a libation, pour out, then fig., of other things, offer, present; with oscula, (sip, i.e.) kiss lightly. libro, -are, -vi, -atus [libra, a balance], tr., balance, poise; swing, brandish; hurl, cast. Liburnus, -a, -um, adj., of the Liburni, a people of Illyria. As noun, Liburli, -brum, pl. n., the Liburnians. Libya, -ae,f., Libya, a region of northern Africa; by metonymy (~ 188), Africa. Libycus, -a, -um [Libya], adj., Libyan, African. Libystis, -idis (cf. Libya], f., Libyan, African. licet, licere, licuit and licitum est, impers. verb, intr., it is permitted, is allowed or granted, one may, one might. licet, when followed by a subjunctive, may sometimes be rendered by granting that, even if, although; see note on vi. 802. Lichas, -ae, m., Lichas, a Latin. Liger, Ligeris, m., Liger, an Italian. lignum, -i, n., wood, esp. fire-wood; in pl., fagots; timber; by metonymy, things made of wood, shaft of a spear. ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., bind, bind fast, fasten. Ligur or Ligus, Liguris, adj,, of Liguria (a district of northwestern Italy, in Gallia Cisalpina, in the territory in which modern Genoa lies), Ligurian. As noun, Ligures, -um, pl. m., the Ligurians. lillum, -i or -li, n., a lily. Lilybeius, -a, -um, adj., of Lilybaeum, LIMBUS 88q LOQUOR a promontory on the west coast of Sicily, Lilybean. 11mbus, -i, m., border of a robe, esp. of a woman'S^ robe, woven in with the cloth of which the robe is made, edge. limen, liminis, n., properly, the crosspiece of a doorway; hence, either threshold or lintel, usually the former; by metonymy (~ 188), doorway, door, entrance, portal; house, abode, palace, temple; room, apartment; barrier or starting-place in a chariot race (a stall with a door which was kept closed till the race actually beqan). limes, -itis, m., properly, cross-path, boundary-line; freely, path, course, line. linmsus, -a, -um [limus], adj., slimy, muddy, miry, swampy. limus, -i, m., slime, mud, mire. lineus, -a, -um [linum, flax, linen], adj., of flax, flaxen, hempen, linen. lingua, -ae, f., tongue; by metonymy, language, tongue (i.e. speech), utterance; note, song (e.g. of a bird). linquo, -ere, liqui, -, tr., leave (behind), lit. and fig., quit. Fig., give up, quit, abandon, resign. linteum, -i [linum, flax, linen], n., linen cloth; by metonymy (~ 188), sail. Lipare, -es,f., Lipara, one of the Insulae Aeoliae or Vulcaneae, off the north coast of Sicily, now called Lipari. liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus [liqueo+facio], tr., make liquid, cause to melt, melt. liquefactus: see liquefacl. liquns: see liqueo. liquens: see liquor. liqueo, -ere, liqui or licui, -, intr., be fluid or liquid, flow. liquens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., fluid, liquid, streaming, watery. liquesco, -ere, -, - [liqueo], intr., become fluid or liquid; melt, become molten. liquidus, -a, -um [cf. lique6], adj., liquid, fluid. Fig., of light, air, voice, etc., limpid, clear, pure, bright, serene, transparent. liquor, -1, -, intr., be fluid or liquid, flow, trickle. liquens, -entis, pr prtcpl. act. as adj., liquid, fluid. Liris, -is, m., Liris, a Trojan. lls, litis, f., strife, dispute, quarrel; esp, a legal quarrel, lawsuit. lito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., sacrifice under favorable auspices, sacrifice acceptably; tr. (with acc. of effect; ~ 128), offer acceptably, perform successfully. litoreus, -a, -um [litus], adj., of or on the seashore, on the (a) bank. litus, -oris, n., seashore, shore, strand, beach, coast; occasionally, bank of a river. lituus, -i, m., crooked staff, crook, carsried by the augurs; a curved horn, clarion, trumpet. lividus, -a, -um [liveo, be blue], adj., bluish, leaden-hued, dark. loco, -are, -avi, -atus [locus], tr., place, put, set, lay; found, establish, build. Locri, -brum, pl. m., the Locri, the Locrians, a Greek tribe or people with several subdivisions; some of them settled in lower Italy. locus, -1, n. (in pi. also n.), a place, spot, locality, region; room, space, place, chance, opportunity; place, position, station, rank; state, condition, in pI., loca, -orum, places connected with one another, tract, region, country, domain, realm. locitus: see loquor. longaevus, -a, -um [longus+aevum], adj., of great age, aged, mature in years, old. longe [longus], adv., far off, afar, far, at (or to) a distance, from afar, from a distance; comp., longius, further. longincus, -ginqua, -gincum [longus], adj., used (1) of space, distant, remote, far removed, far off, (2) of time, long continued, long, enduring. longus, -a, -um, adj., used (1) of space, long, wide, spacious; far off, distant, remote, (2) of time, long, long-continued, lasting. loquela, -ae [loquor], f., utterance, speech; by metonyrno, words. loquor, -1, locutus sum, intr., talk, speak, say; tr., speak, utter, declare. LORICA 89 LUSTRUM 16rica, -ae [lorum], f., leather cuirass, corselet. lorum, -i, n., leather strap, thong; in pl., reins, harness. lubricus, -a, -um, adj., slippery, slimy. Fig, of persons, slippery, tricky. As noun, lubrica, -orum (8C. loca), pi. n., slippery places or spots. Lucagus, -i, mi., Lucagus, an Italian. Lucas, -ae, in., Lucas, an Italian. luce6, -ere, lxi, - [lux], intr., be bright, shine, gleam, glitter. Fig., be resplendent or conspicuous. lucidus, -a, -um [luceo], adj., bright, shining; gleaming, glittering. lucifer, -fera, -ferum [lux+fero], adj., light-bringing. As noun, Lucifer, -feri, 7n., Lucifer, the Morning-Star. lictificus, -a, -um [lictus+faci6], adj., woe-causing, grief-bringing. luctor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., wrestle, lit. and fig., struggle, strive; fight, contend, war. lctus, -us [lageo], m., grief, esp. as shown by outward signs, agony, sorrow, mourning. Personified, Ltctus, -us, m., Grief, Agony. lucus, -i, m., a sacred grove; freely, grove, wood, thicket. ludibrium, -i or -ii [ludB, m., sport, mockery, derision; by metonymy, of the thing laughed at, the sport, laughingstock, butt, plaything. ludicer or ludicrus, ludicra, ludicrum [ludus], adj., properly, having to do with sport (as opposed to the serious concerns of life), trivial, slight, unimportant, commonplace. ludo, -ere, lusi, lusus, intr., play, sport, trolic, jest, gambol: tr., play with, amuse one's self with, make sport of, mock, trick, delude. ludus, -i, m., sport, play, diversion; a sport, game, pastime; in pl., public sports or games, shows, spectacles. lues, -is, f., plague, pestilence, blight. lhgeb, -ere, luxi, lctum, intr., mourn, grieve, lament, display grief; tr., mourn over, lament, bewail. limen, -inis [originally lucimen: cf. lix], n., light, radiance, brightness; gleam, glare; fire, flame; daylight, dawn, day; the light of lile, life; light of the eye, esp. in the pl., eye. luna, -ae [lax], f., the moon; moonlight. Personified, Luna, -ae, f., Luna, the moon goddess, i.e. Diana. See ~ 282. lunatus, -a, -um [luna], adj., moonshaped, crescent. lub, luere, lui, -, tr., wash, lave; wash away, wash off, atone for, expiate. NVote: In some passages, perhaps, the forms may be from a verb luo, loosen. lupa, -ae, f., she- wolf, wolf. Lupercus, -i [lupus+arce?], m., properly, Lupercus, an Italian shepherd deity, protector, apparently, of the flocs from wolves; this deity was identified with Faunus. By metonymy, one of the Luperci, or priests of the god Lupercus, who annually, in February, celebrated the Lupercalia or feast of purification for fields, flocks, and people. They ran nearly naked round the Palatine Illl, carrying in tleir hands thongs madefrom the hides of goats they had sacrificed. Wotmen sought to receive blows from these whips in the belief that such blou s would make them f ruitful. lupus, -i, n, wolf. listro, -are, -avi, -atus [lustrum], tr., purify by a solemn sacrzficial ceremony (see lustrum), cleanse, lustrate; hence, go round, move round, round, double; move over, pass over or by, traverse, wander over; of Jhe sun, moon, etc., move round and so light up, illumine. Note: It is possible that we have here, in reality, forms of two verbs, one akin to lustrum, the other akin to lux. lustrum, -i, n., haunt, den, covert of wild beasts. lustrum, -i, n., a purification or cleansing sacrifice, esp. the sacrifice performed (in theory) every five years at Rome. Round the people drawn up on the Campus Martius, a pig, a ran, and a bull were carried or driven three times; at the same time prayer was made for the prosperity of Rome. By metonymy, the period of five years between two suces LUX 90 MAEOTUS 8ive purifications, a lustrum, luster; freely, year. l1ix, lucis, f., light, radiance, sheen; daylight, dawn, day; light of life, life. Fig., light, glory. luxurio, -are, -avi, -atum [luaxus, luxuria], intr., be rank or luxuriant. Fig., of a horse, "run riot," wanton, frolic wildly, frolic, gambol. luixUS, -us, m., excess, extravagance; luxury, voluptuousness; occasionally in good sense, splendor, magnificence. Lyaeus, -i, m., Lyaeus, a name of Bacchus (~ 287). As adj., Lyaeus, -a, -urn, Lyaean, of Bacchus. lychnus, -i, m., a light, lamp, lantern. Lycia: see Lycius. Lycius, -a, -um, adj., of Lycia, Lycian. As noun, Lycii, -orum, pi. m., the Lycians; theyfoughtfor Troy. Lycia, -ae (sc. terra), f., Lycia, a district in Asia Minor. Lyctius, -a, -um, adj., of Lyctos, a town in Crete, Lyctian; by metonymy (~ 188), Cretan. Lycurgus, -i, m., Lycurgus, an early king of Thrace who stoutly opposed the introduction of the rites of Bacchus into his realm. Lycus, -i, m., Lycus, a Trojan. Lydius, -a, -um, adj., of Lydia, a district in Asia Minor, Lydian; Etruscan, Tuscan (see note on ii. 781). lympha, -ae, f., pure water, spring water, water. Lynceus, -el, m., Lynceus, a Trojan. lynx, lyncis, c., a lynx. M Machaon, -onis, m., Machaon, son of Aesculapius (the god of medicine), physician of the Greeks at Troy. machina, -ae, f., a machine, engine, esp. one for use in war; contrivance, device. macles, -iei [macer, lean, thin], f., leanness, thinness; by inetonymy, famine, hunger. macte: see mactus. macto, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., properly, exalt, magnify, honor; honor by setting apart as an offering to the gods, offer up, sacrifice; slay, kill. mactus, -a, -um [akin to mact6], adj., honored, worshiped, glorified; the adj. is found chiefly in the form macte, with an imper. of sum, e.g. macte esto, or este, as a phrase of commendation and best wishes, bravo, well done! all hail to thee' success attend thee I See note on ix 641. macula, -ae, f., a spot; esp., a blot, stain, blemish. maculo, -are, -avi, -atus [macula], tr., make spotted. lf'ig., spot, stain, defile, pollute. maculosus, -a, -um [macula], adj., spotted, speckled, flecked. madefacio, -facere, -fecl, -factus [madeo+facio], tr., wet, moisten, soak. madens: see madeo. madeo, -ere, -, -, intr., be wet, be moist, be soaked, reek (with blood). madens, -entls, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., moist, dripping; bedewed with perfumes, essenced. madesco, -ere, madul, - [made6], intr., become wet or moist, be soaked. madidus, -a, -um [made6], adj., wet, moist, drenched, dripping, soaked. maeander: see Maeander. Maeander or Maeandros, -I, m, the Maeander, a river of Asia Minor. with a very crooked, winding course. As common noun, maeander, -dri, m, anything that curves or winds about, e.g. a winding line of embroidery, winding border. Maeon, -onis, m., Maeon, a Rutiulian. Maeonidae, -arum [cf Maeonius], pl. n., the Maeonidac, i.e. the people of Maeonia (a part of Lydia, Asia Minor); by metonymy, Lydians, Etruscans. Maeonius, -a, -um, adj., of Maeonia (a part of Lydia, Asia;Minor), Maeonian; by metonymy, Lydian; also, since Lydia and Phrygia were adjacent districts, loosely used as = Phrygian, Trojan. Maeotus, -a, -um, adj., of the Maeotae, a warlike Scythian people on the north shore of the Black Sea, about the Palus iaeotis (now Sea of Azov); freely, Scythian. MAERENS 91 MALUS maerens: see maere6. maere6, -ere, -, -, intr., be mournful, be sad, pine, grieve, mourn (used esp. of displays of grief). maerens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., mourning, sorrowing, grieving, sad. maestus, -a, -um [akin to maereo], adj., sad, sorrowful, mournful, depressed, dejected; by metonymy, depressing, sorrow-causing, tearful. magalia, -lum, pl. n., huts, tents; by metonymy, the quarter of a town containing the poorer dwellings, suburbs (e.g. of Carthage), outskirts. mage: see magis. magicus, -a, -um, adj., having to do with magic, magic; by metonymy, poisonous. magis or mage [akin to magnus], adv., in a higher degree, in greater measure, more, rather; magis atque magis, more and more, in ever-increasing measure. magister, -tri, m., master, chief, leader, controller, director, overseer; with navis, steersman, helmsman, pilot; like English master, teacher, trainer, instructor; guardian, keeper. magistra, -ae [feminine of magister], f., mistress; guide, director, instructor, teacher. As adj., controlling, guiding, directing, helping. magistratus, -us [magister], m., properly, headship; esp., headship over one's Jellow citizens, a civil magistracy; by metonymy, magistrate. magnanimus, -a, -um [magnus+ animus], adj., great-souled, nobleminded, high-hearted; of a horse, spirited, mettlesome. magnus, -a, -ur, adj., comp. maior, maius, sup. maximus, -a, -um, great, large, huge, in the physical sense; wide, spacious, long; extensive, spreading; high, lofty, mighty, powerful, numerous, populous; of sounds, loud, resounding, resonant, ringing, vehement; of price, high, dear, excessive; of qualities, etc., great, grand, noble, weighty, stately, important, momentous, eminent; of persons, great, powerful, mighty, noble, oon spicuous, illustrious; of emotions, strong, deep, intense, vehement; of age, in the comp. and sup., with niati or annis expressed or to be supplied, older, elder, oldest, eldest; mai6res (natt), pl. m., ancestors, forefathers, forebears. Magus, -i, m., Magus, an Italian slain by Aeneas. Mala, -ae, f., Maia, daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury. maiestas, -atis [maior], f., greatness, worth, dignity, honor. maior, maius: see magnus. mala, -ae, f., usually in pl., properly. the cheek bones, in which the teeth are set, jaw, cheek; by metonymy, the teeth. male [malus], adv., badly, wickedly; ill, poorly, feebly; often used with adjectives, poorly, badly, in feeble measure, defectively (in this use it negatives adjectives of good sense, intensifes those of bad sense). Malea, -ae, f., Malea, a headland at the southeastern extremity of Laconia (Greece), proverbially dangerous to sailors, and so much dreaded by them. malesuadus, -a, -um [malus tsuadeo], adj., urging or tempting to wrong, seductive. malignus, -a, -um, adj., of an evil nature, wicked, evil, spiteful, malicious. Fig., stingy, niggardly; of light, scanty, feeble. mral, malle, malui, - [magis+voll], tr., wish one thing rather (i.e. more) than another, prefer, choose rather; with infin., prefer, would rather. malum: see malus. malus, -a, -um, adj., comp. peior, peius, sup. pessimus, -a, -um, bad, evil, in a wide variety of senses; of qualities, actions, or persons, evil, wicked, vicious; of things, mischievous, injurious, noxious, poisonous, baneful, unfortunate, adverse, sorrowful, trying, grievous. As nouns, mall, -6rum, pl. m., the wicked, the sinful, the guilty; malum, -i, n., evil, ill, misfortune, hardship, misery, suffering, woe. malus, -i, m., a mast, staff, pole. MAMMA 92 MASSA mamma, -ae, f., a breast, teat of a woman; teat, dug of an animal. mandatum: see mando. 1. mando, -are, -avi, -atus [manus+ d6], tr., put into one's hands, commit to one's care, enjoin something on one, entrust, commit, consign; command a person, order. bid, commission, appoint. mandatum, -1 (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., commission, charge; order, injunction, command. 2. mando, -ere, mandi, mansus, tr., chew, masticate; crunch, devour greedily; bite (the dust); of a horse, champ. maneo, -ere, mansl, mansum, intr., stay, remain, abide in someplace. Fig., remain, abide, continue, endure, last; tr., wait for, await (a poetic use). Manes, -ium [perhaps akin to an old adj. manus, good], pl. m., properly, the worthy or benevolent dead, the souls of the dead, spirits, shades, ghosts, the dwellers in the underworld; also, the spirit or shade of a single person. The living worshiped the iManes or spirits of their dead ancestors, that they might have their help in all that they attempted; hence, the gods of the underworld, the infernal powers (the Mines are often called D? Mfanes); by metonymy, the underworld. Fig., the lowest depths of the sea. By metonymy, the lot or condition of the spirit in the underworld. manicae, -drum [manus], pi. f., sleeve, e.g. of a tunic, reaching to the hands; handcuff, manacle, chains. manifestus, -a, -um [manus+fendo, old verb, strike], adj., properly, struck or touched by the hand; hence used of things within reach or in plain sight, palpable, clear, evident, apparent, clearly visible, conspicuous. Manlius, -i or -ii, mn., Manlius, i.e. Marcus Manlius Torquatus Capitolinus, who, in 388, saved the capital from the Gauls. mano, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., flow, run, trickle, drip, drop. mantele, -is [akin to manus], n., towel, napkin. manus, -us, f, a hand, or, freely, an arm; of birds of prey, talon; by metonymy, handiwork, workmanship, skill, work; power, might, prowess, bravery, brave deeds, exploits; a bard, esp. of soldiers, soldiery, warriors; company, host, multitude; manum conferre, meet in close combat, fight at close quarters; manu, abl. sing., often added almost pleonasticallyfor the sake of emphasis, with one's own hand and prowess, mightily, valiantly, in person, personally; at times, almost like actually, strange to say! Marcellus, -I, m., Marcellus. (1) Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a distinguished Roman general of the Second Punic War. (2) IMaccus Claudius Marcellus, known as the younger Marcellus, son-inlaw of Augustus, who died in 23. See ~ 42. mare, marls, n., the sea, as one great division of the universe, opposed to the dry land; a particular sea; in pl., seas, waters. maritus, -i [mas, masculine], m., a married man, husband, bridegroom; freely, lover, suitor. marmor, -oris, n., marble. marmoreus, -a, -um [marmor], adj., of marble, marble; by metonymy, of things smooth or gleaming like marble, marble-like, smooth, polished, gleaming, flashing. Marpesius, -a, -um, adj., of Marpesus or Marpessus, the mountain in Paros which contained the famous marble quarries, Marpesian, Parian. Mars, Martis or MYvors, Mavortis, m., Mars, the Italian god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno. He was father of Romulus and Iemus, and so was, in one sense, founder of the Roman race and its special protector. By metonymy, war, battle, contest, conflict, encounter. Martius, -a, -um [Mars], adj., of Mars; freely, like Mars, warlike, valiant, martial. Marus, -i, m., Marus, a Rutulian. massa, -ae,, propulrly, a mass or lump MASSYLI 93 MEMORO of doughy materials; lump, mass in general, e.g. oJ molten iron, ore. Massyli, -6rum, pi. m., the Massyli or Massylli, a people of northern AfrJica. As adj., Massylus, -a, -um, of the Massyli, Massylian. mater, matris, f., mother, matron; often used as a title of honor, esp. of goddesses; occasionally used sarcastically, dame, aged dame; in poetry, freely, woman. maternus, -a, -um [mater], adj., of or belonging to a mother, mother's, maternal. maturS, -are, -avi, -atus [maturus], tr., properly, make ripe, ripen. Fig., hasten, quicken, speed. maturus, -a, -um, adj., properly, of fruits, etc., ripe, mature. Fig., ripe, mature, full-grown, full; of proper age (for), meet or fit (for); with yen., e.g. aevi, ripe in, full of. Maurusius, -a, -um, adj., of Maurusia (the Greek name of Mauretania), Maurusian, Mauretanian, Moorish; freely, African. Mavors: see Mars. Mavortius, -a, -um LMavors], adj., of Mars, Mars's; like Mars, warlike, martial. maximus: see magnus. Maximus, -i, in., Maximus, a cognomen borne by members of various Roman gentSs, esp. by those of the gens Fabia. meatus, -is [me6, go], m., a going; motion, course, movement, coming and going; of the stars or the heavens, revolution. medico, -are, -avi, -atus [rf. medeor, heal by drugs, medicus, physician], tr, treat or heal by the use of drugs, cure; freely, drug, steep, medicate. meditor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., think on, ponder on, have or keep in mind; plan, design, purpose, intend. medium: see medius. medius, -a, -um, adj., in the middle of, in the midst of, in a wide variety of senses, mid, middle, lying between, intermediate, intervening; freely, the heart of, the height of, the depths of, the thick of, the extreme or extremity of; often best rendered by an adv., within, between, among, just, full, fully, completely. As noun, medium, -i or -ii, n., the middle, the center, the midst. Med6n, -ontis, m., Medon, a Trojan, or, perhaps, an ally of the Trojans. medulla, -ae, f., the marrow of bones; the marrow, as the supposed seat of feeling, inmost being, heart. Megarus, -a, -um, adj., of Megara (a town on the east coast of Sicily), Megarean. mel, mellis, n., honey. Melampus, -podis, m., Melampus, a comrade of Hercules, father of the Italian chieftain Gyas. Meliboeus, -a, -um, adj., of Meliboea (a town of Thessaly, Greece, on the coast between Pelion and Ossa; it was the city of Philoctetes, and was famous for its purple), Meliboean, Thessalian. melior, melius: see bonus. Melite, -es, j., Melita, a Nereid or seanymph. membrum, -i, n., a member or limb of an animal body; by metonymy, body, frame. memet: see ego. memini, meminisse, defective verb, tr., bethink one's self of, call to mind, recall, recollect, remember; with infin., remember, take pains or care, be careful. Memmius, -1 or -ii, m., Memmius, a name borne by members of the gens Mennmmia. Memnon, -onis, In., Memnon, son of Tithonus and Aurora; he was king of Ethiopia and an ally of the Trojans. He had arms made for him by Vulcan but was slain by Achilles. memor, memoris [cf. memini], adj., mindful of, remembering, with good memory, unforgetting; mindful, grateful; with ira, relentless, enduring, unforgiving, vindictive. memorabilis, -e [memor6], adj., worth relating, memorable, remarkable, glorious. memor6, -are, -avi, -atus [memor], tr, recall; recount, relate, rehearse, MENDAX METTUS describe; vaunt, boast of; speak, say, tell; call, name. mendax, -acls [, "'n to mentior], adj., lying, deceitful, false. Menelaus, -i, m., Menelaus, one of the Atridae, brother of Agamemnon; he was the first husband of Helen. Menoetes, -is, m., Menoetes, a Trojan, helmsman of Gyas. mens, mentis [akin to memini], f., the intellectual faculties, intellect, reason, mind, understanding; = animus, the emotional faculties, heart, soul, disposition, feelings; like English "mind" in e.g. "have a great mind," mind, thought, plan, design, resolve, purpose, intent. mensa, -ae, f., table, banquet-board; by metonymy, food, viands; a course at a banquet. mensis, -is, m., month. mentior, -iri, -itus sum, tr., lie, speak falsely; assert lyingly, claim falsely, pretend. mentitus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl. as adj, lying, deceitful; feigned, counterfeit. mentitus: see mentior. mentum, -i, n., chin; by metonymy, beard. mephitis, -is, f., a poisonous exhalation from the ground, a spring, etc., noisome or deadly vapor. merc6s, -6dis [cf. merx, wares], f., pay, wages; cost, price. mercor, -ari, -atus sum [merx, wares], intr., trade, traffic; tr., traffic in, buy, purchase. Mercurius, -i or -ii [merx, wares], m., the god Mercury, properly, an Italian god of trade and gain, but later identi-.fied with the Greek Hermes; see ~ 286. merens: see mereo. mereo, -ere, merul, meritus, and mereor, -eri, meritus sum, tr., earn, deserve, merit (something, good or bad, usually good); gain, acquire. merere bene, male, or sic, with or without de+-abl., deserve well or ill (thus) of, i.e. by benefiting or injurinq, benefit, aid, help, injure. meritus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpll. as ad., ellearned, deserved, due, just, meet, proper; merlto (sc., perhaps, modo), abl. sing. as adv., deservedly, rightly, properly, fittingly. As noun, meritum, -i, n., in pass. sense, something earned or deserved, reward, recompense; in act. sense (from mereor), that which has earned a return, service, benefit, favor, noble deed. mergb, -ere, mersi, mersus, tr., dip in or into, plunge into, immerse. Fig., hide, conceal; sink, destroy, overwhelm. mergus, -i [mergo], m., a sea-fowl of some sort, a diver. merito: see mereo. meritum: see mereo. meritus: see mereo. Merops, -opis, m., Merops, a Trojan. merso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of mergo], tr., plunge deep in, plunge; overwhelm, destroy. mersus: see mergO. merus, -a, -um, adj., pure, unmixed; the word is used esp. of wine unmixed with water. As noun, merum, -i (sc. vinum), n., pure wine, unmixed wine, such as was used in sacrifices; freely, wine in general. Messapus, -i, m., Messapus, an Italian king, son of lNeptune, an ally of Turnus; Vergil represents him as leading forces from southern Etruria. messus: see meto. meta, -ae, f., a boundary mark, esp. the turning-posts in a Roman circus (there were three of these, shaped like a cone, at each end of the spina or long, low wall which divided the open space in which the chariots raced, goal; goal, end, limit in general. metallum, -i, n., a mine; by metonymy, metal, ore. Metiscus, -i, m., Metiscus, a ~utulian, charioteer of Turnus. meto, -ere, messul, messus, tr., mow, reap, cut, gather. Fig., mow down foes in battle, cut down. Mettus, -i, n., Mettus, i.e. Mettus Fufetius, a chieftain of Alba Longa who played traitor to Tullus IIostilius, and was therefore, by the latter's orders, torn asunder by horses. METUENS 95 IMISCEO metuens: see metuo. metu6, -ere, metul, -, tr., be afraid of, fear, dread; intr., be afraid or fearful; with dat., be concerned for. metuens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., fearful, apprehensive. metus, -us, m., fear, dread, esp. foreboding fear, fear of coming woe, anxiety; religious awe, reverence. meus, -a, -um [me, from ego], possessive adj., my, mine. As noun, mel, meorum, pl. m, my countrymen, my followers, my subjects. Mezentius, -i or -ii, m., Mezentius, an Etruscan king or chieftain from Agylla (Caere), father of Lausus, banished by his subjects on account of his cruelty; he was an ally of Turnus and was killed by Aeneas. mi=mihi: see ego. mico, -are, micui, -, intr., move quickly to and fro, dart; quiver, tremble; by metonymy (through the effect of the impact of light on things that move quickly), flash, gleam, glitter. migro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., remove from one place to another, migrate; go away, depart. miles, mllitis, m., soldier; in sing., as coll. noun, soldiery, soldiers, warriors. mille, numeral adj., indeclinable, a thousand. As noun, milia, milium, pl. n., thousands, construed with a dependent genitive. minae, -arum [cf. minor], pl. f., threats, menaces; by metonymy, perils, dangers. minax, -acis [1. minor], adj., threatening, menacing; of a rock, projecting, overhanging, threatening to fall, beetling. Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva, goddess of the arts and sciences, esp. of spinning and weaving; according to one story she sprang, fully armed, from the head of Zeus or Jupiter. See also ~ 279. minime [minimus], adv., in the least degree, least, very little, least of all; often as a very emphatic neg., by no means, not at all. minimus: see parvus. minister,-tr, m., helper, assistant, servant; in bad sense, aider, accomplice, abettor, tool. ministerium, -i or -ii [minister], n., office, serv ice. ministra, -ae [feminine of minister], f., servant, handmaid, helper. ministro, -are, -avi. -atus [minister], tr., serve, attend, esp. at table; wait upon, tend; serve up, provide, furnish, supply; impart, accord. minitor, -ari, -atus sum (freq. of 1. minor], tr. and intr., threaten; with ace. and infin.ithreaten, declare with threats. Minoius, -a, -um [Min6s], adj., of Minos, Minos's, Minoan. 1. minor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., jut forth, project, tower (upwards). Fig., tr. and intr., threaten, menace, portend. 2. minor: see parvus. Minos, Minois, m., Minos, an ancient king and lawgiver of Crete, who ruled at Gnosus; after his death he was one of - the judges in the underworld. Minotaurus, -1, m., the Minotaur, a monster, half-man, half-bull, born of a bull and Pasiphae. The monster was sh! ut up in the Labyrinth, and was fed on humanflesh. With the help of Daedalus and Ariadne (the daughter of Minos) Theseus finally slew the Minotaur. minus, n. sing. of minor, as adv., in less degree, less; haud minus, not less, no less, precisely as, just as; nec minus (= nec n6n), furthermore, besides, moreover. mirabilis, -e [miror], adj., wonderful, marvelous, extraordinary, strange. mirandus: see miror. miror, -ari, -atus sum, tr., wonder at, marvel at; admire, gaze at with admiring eyes; note with wonder or astonishment; intr., marvel, wonder, be amazed. mirandus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., worthy of admiration, wondrous, strange. mirus, -a, -un, adj., wonderful, wondrous, marvelous, singular, strange. misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus, tr., mix, mingle, intermingle, unite, blend. Fig., throw into confusion, confound, MISENUS 96 MOLIOR convulse, confuse, disturb, agitate; excite, stir up, arouse; in pass., be convulsed, be in confusion or uproar. Misenus, -i, m., Misenus. (1) A famous trumpeter, comrade first of Hector, then of Aeneas. He was drowned on the coast of Campania. (2) Mount Misenus, or (as it is usually called) Misenum, a promontory on the Campanian coast, near Naples. miser, misera, miserum, adj., miserable, wretched, hapless, unfortunate; by metcnymy, causing misery, wretched, violent, excessive. miserabilis, -e [miseror], adj., pitiable, deplorable, wretched, hapless. miserandus: see miseror. misere6, -ere, miserul, miseritum, and misereor, -eri, miseritum est [miser], intr., usually construed with the yen., pity, take pity on, have compassion on. miseret, impers. but tr., construed with ace. (me, nos, etc.) of person and gen. of thing, one pities, takes pity on. miseresco, -ere, -, - [misere6], intr., pity, take pity on, have compassion on. miseret: see misereo. miseror, -ari, -atus sum [cf. miser, misereo], tr., bewail, lament, deplore; pity, take pity on, commiserate. miserandus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., lamentable, pitiable, hapless, woeful. missills, -e [mitto], adj., capable of being hurled, hurled, cast. As noun, missile, -is (sc. telum), n., missile, shaft, javelin, weapon. missus: see mitto. mitesco, -ere, -, - [mitis], intr., properly, of frults, grow mild or mellow. Fig., grow mild, grow gentle, be softened. mItigo, -are, -avi, -atus [mitis+ago], tr., make soft or mellow. Fig., soften, appease, soothe, pacify. mitra, -ae, f., headdress, turban, scarf, kerchief. The mitra completely co rered the head, and had strings or lappets coming dowrn under the chin. It i as worn first by Asiatics, then in Greece (but only by women); in Italy it was worn only by the aged and by vomen of loose morals. mitt6, -ere, mlsi, missus, tr., send, send off or away, dispatch; cause to go, let go, dismiss; of weapons, send (forth), discharge, hurl, throw, cast; of a contest, race, etc., dispatch, perform, conclude. Fig., send away, lay aside, dismiss, throw off, drop. mixtus: see misce6. Mn6stheus, -el, m., Muestheus, a Trojan chieftain. mobilitas, -atis [m6bilis, from moveo], f., movableness, mobility, nimbleness; swiftness, rapidity, speed. modo [abl. sing. of modus], adv., properly, by or according to measure, within limits, used to restrict or limit a statement, etc., only, but; with imper or imper. subj, only, just; of time, but now, just now, a little while ago, lately, recently; si modo, with subj., if only, provided that, would that! O that modus, -i, m., a standard of measurement, measure; size, extent; proper or due measure, manner, etc.; manner, mode, method, way, plan. moenia, -ium, pl. n., fortifications, ramparts, walls of a city, etc., bulwarks; by metonymy, of the city, etc. girdled by the walls, city, stronghold, citadel. mola, -ae [cf. mol6, grind], f., millstone, mill; by mnetonymy, meal, esp. ground spelt, mixed with salt, and used in sacrificial rites. m6les, m6lis, f., huge, shapeless mass, bulk; by metonymy, a huge mass or pile of anything, massive structure, e g a dam, mole, breakwater; a military engine, machine. Fig., burden, difficulty, labor, toil, trouble; disturbalice, uproar. molior, -iri, -itus sum [moles], tr., pile up, heap up, build (esp. with infinite toil and trouble), construct, rear, erect, prepare. make ready, equip; in genfrli, perTorrm, effect with dtfflcullfy; toil at, labor on. F'g, bring about, cause; undertake, essay, try, attempt, MOLLIO 97 MOTUS toil over a way or road, pursue with difficulty, press on; plot, contrive, perpetrate. mollio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [mollis], tr., make soft or pliant. Fig., soften, soothe, calm, appease, restrain, check. mollis, -e, adj., soft, mellow, tender, delicate, dainty, pliant, flexible. Fig., gentle, easy, mild, favorable. molliter [mollis], adv., softly, delicately, daintily, gracefully, skilfully. mone6, -ire, monui, monitus [akin to memini], tr., cause to think, remind, put in mind of; warn, advise, counsel, admonish, prompt; direct, bid, command. monitum, -i (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., warning, admonition. monile, -is, n., necklace, collar. monitum: see moneo. 1. monitus: see mone6. 2. monitus, -us [moneo], m., counsel, admonition, warning, prompting, bidding, direction. Monoecus, -i, m., Monoecus, a surname of Iercules; arx Monoeci, Monoecus's Height, a promontory on the southern coast of Liguria. It derived its name from the temple of Iercules Monoecus which stood upon it. The modern name is Monaco. mons, montis, m., a mountain, hill, height, lit. and fig. monstro, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. monstrum], tr., show,point out, indicate, guide, direct; teach, instruct, counsel; ordain, appoint, prescribe. monstrum, -i [akin to moneo], n., properly, a warning, something sent from heaven to warn men to think of their relation to the gods (ancient superstition thought of every departure from the normal as an indication, if men could only understand it, of the divine will); hence, omen, portent; marvel, wonder, prodigy; a strange creature, monster, monstrosity. montanus, -a, -urm [mns], adj., of a mountain, on a mountain, mountain. monumentum, -i [moneo], n., memorial, memento; inpl., written memorials, records, chronicles. mora, -ae, f., delay, hesitation, loiter ing; pause, respite; by metonymy, a de lay, hindrance, obstacle, obstruction. morbus, -i, m., sickness, disease, malady. Personified, Morbus, -i, m., Disease. mordeo, -ire, momordi, morsus, tr., bite. moribundus, -a, -um [morior], adj., ready to die, on the point of death, in the agonies of death, dying; freely, liable to death, mortal, perishable, perishing. Morini, -orum, pl. m., the Morini, a Gallic people, occupying a part of what is now Belgium. morior, mori, mortuus sum, intr., die, perish, be slain. moriturus: see morior. moror, -arl, -atus sum, intr., delay, linger, loiter, lag; tr., cause to linger, delay, hinder, detain; with nillj or non and an acc., not to keep a thing waiting, to pass it on without a second look, care nothing for, disregard, have no call or use for. mors, mortis, f., death. morsus, -ts [mordeo], m., bite; biting into, eating, consuming. Fig., grasp, clutch. By metonymy, jaws, teeth, fluke of an anchor. mortalis, -e [mors], adj., liable to death, mortal; freely, havzng to do with mortals, mortal, human; earthly. As nouns, mortales, -ium, pl. m., mortals, men, mankind; mortalia, -lum, pl. n., human affairs, human interests. mortifer, -fera, -ferum [mors+fer6], adj., death bringing, deadly. mortuus: see morior. mos, moris, m., manner, way, custom, habit, practice, fashion, wont; in pi., ways, habits, manners, as determining conduct, character, morals; de more, in the usual fashion, as usual, according to time-honored custom; with gen., after the manner of; sine more, unprecedently, without restraint, wildly, furiously. 1. m6tus: see moveo. 2. motus, -ts [moveo], m., movement, motion; agility, speed. Fig., commo MOVEO 98 MYRMIDONES tion, excitement; mental disturbance, emotion. moveo, -ire, movi, motus, tr., move, set in motion; disturb, shake; wzth a reflexive pron., esp. se, move, proceed, advance. Fig., excite, rouse, stir up, provoke; bring about, cause; set on foot, commence, undertake; disturb, trouble, move, affect, influence; revolve or turn over in mind, meditate, ponder. mox, adv., soon, ere long, presently. mucro, -Onis, m., a sharp point, esp. of a sword; by metonymy, sword. mugio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, intr., low, bellow; freely, rumble, roar, mutter. mugitus, -us [miigio], m., lowing, bellowing; freely, roaring. mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulsus, tr., stroke, caress. Fig., soothe, soften, appease, mollify, calm, allay. Mulciber, -beris or -bri [mulceo], m., Mulciber, a name of Vulcan, as the god who sojtens, I.e. melts iron. muliebris, -e [mulier], adj., of a woman, woman's. multiplex, -plicis [multus+pllco], adj., having many folds or layers; freely, manifold, varied, various, divers. multo: see multus. multum: see multus. multus, -a, -ur, adj., much, great, abundant, many, many a, constant, frequent; of a cloak, full, thick, ample; of sound, loud, full, ringing, resonant. Fig., large, mighty, powerful; of shade and shadows, deep, profound. multo, abl. sing. (of measure of difference) as adv., by much, by a great deal, far, extremely, exceedingly; multum, ace. sing. n. as adv., much, very, greatly, exceedingly, constantly, repeatedly; of prayer, loudly, earnestly; multa, ace. pl. n. as ade., much, greatly, deeply; often, frequently. mundus, -i [mundus, adj., clean, neatly ordered], n., the universe, the n) orld (thought of as perfec t in all tts appointmlen ts). muni6,-ire, -ivi r -i,-itus, l, fort fy minus, muneris, i, ofrice, function, duty, task; favor, service, boon; esp., services rendered to the dead, funeral rites, funeral; ceremony, rite; gift, present, offering. muralis, -e [murus], adj., of or on a wall, mural. murex, mnuricis, m., the purple fish, a kind of shell fishfrom which purple dye was obtained; by metonymy, purple dye, purple; also, of things shaped like the shell fish, a pointed, jagged rock, crag. murmur, murmuris, n., a murmuring, murmur; of bees, humming; roaring, rumbling, crashing, turmoil, tumult, uproar. Murranus, -i, m., Murranus, a Latin. miurus, -i, m., a wall. Masa, -ae, f., a Muse, one of the nine goddesses of the liberal arts, poetry, music, etc. Musaeus, -i, m., Musaeus, a lengendary bard and priest of pre-Homeric times, contemporary with Orpheus. musso, -are, -avi, -atum [akin to mutusl, intr., properly, talk in a low tone, talk to one's self, mutter; be afraid to speak out or to act, hesitate, be at a loss, wait anxiously. mutabilis, -e [miut], adj., changeable, inconstant, fickle. muto, -are, -avi, -atus [akin to moveo?], tr., properly (?), move from a place, change position of, change, alter, transform; intr. (~ 139), change; of winds, shift, veer. mutus, -a, -um, adj., dumb, mute, voiceless, speechless, silent. mutuus, -a, -um [mut6], adj., exchanged, reciprocal, mutual; = an adv., on both sides, by turns. Mycena, -ae, f:, usually Mycenae, -arum, p1. f., Mycenae, a famous tty of Argolis (Greece), ruled by Agamemnon. Myconus, -1, f., Myconus, a small island of the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades. Mygdonides, -ae, m., son of Mygdon, al( epithet of Coroebus. Myrmidones, -um, pl. nm., the Myrmi MYRTEUS 99 NE dons, a Thessalian people ruled by Achilles, famed for their warlike prowess. myrteus, -a, -um [myrtus], adj., of myrtle, myrtle. myrtus, -i and -us, f., myrtle-tree, myrtle; by metonymy, a shaft or spear of myrtle wood. N nactus: see nanciscor. nam, properly, an affirmative particle, indeed, of a truth, verily; in this sense used esp. with interrogative words, to emphasize the question, pray, indeed; as full conjunction, to introduce an explanatory or causal clause, you see, for, because. namque [nam+que], conj., for indeed, for surely, for, and... for (see note on i. 65). nanciscor, -1, nactus sum, tr., get, find, light upon, happen on, chance on. nares, -ium, pl. f., the nostrils, the nose. narro, -ire, -ivi, -atus, tr., narrate, relate, recount, tell. Narycius, -a, -um, adj., of Naryx or Narycium (a city of the Locri Opuntii, on the west shore of the Euboean Sea, whose king was Ajax, son of Ozleus), Narycian. Some of the Narycians made their way to Italy and founded there the place called Locri (Epizephyrii) on the west coast of Bruttium. See Locri. nascor, nasci, natus sum [properly, (g)nascor: akin to gignb], intr., be born; spring from, be descended from; freely, arise. nasc6ns, -entis, pr. prtcpl. as adj., freely, new-born; of a colt, newly-foaled. natus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl. as adj., born of or from, descended from, son of Iconstrued with abl.). As nouns, nata, -ae, f., daughter; natus, -1, and gnatus, -i (the older form) m., son, offspring; in pl., children, destidanJs; young of animals. nata, -ae: see nascor. nato, -are, -avi, -atum [no], intr., swim, float, lit. and fig.; with abl., swim or float with, overflow (with). natu: see 3. natus. natura, -ae [nascor], f., properly, birth, then, by metonymy, that which zs bestowed by birth, the nature or natural constitution of anything, natural or essential character. 1. natus, theprtcpl.: see nascor. 2. natus, -i: see nascor. 3. natus, -us [nascor], m., birth (found only in abl. sing.); with maior, and maximus, age. See magnus (end). nauta, -ae, and navita, -ae [the older form: cf. navis], m., boatman, sailor, seaman, mariner, ferryman; in plural, crew, crews. Nautes, -is, m., Nautes, an aged Trojan, who had received prophetic powers from Minerva. nauticus, -a, -um [nautWiAadj., of or pertaining to sailors (=gen. pl. of nauta), nautical. navalis, -e [navis], adi.. rf or pertaining to ships, nautical, naval. As noun, navale, -is, n., usually in pl., shipyard, dockyard, dock. navifragus, -a, -ur [navis+frango], adj., ship-breaking, ship-wrecking, dangerous, deadly. navigium, -i or -ii [navis], n., boat, ship, vessel. navigo, -are, -avl, -atum [navis+ agoj, intr., drive a boat, make a boat go, sail, set sail; tr., set sail on, navigate, traverse. navis, -is, f., ship, vessel, boat. navita: see nauta. Naxos, -i, f., Naxos, a large island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades, famous for its wines and its devotion to Bacchus. -ne, interrogative enclitic particle, used (1) in independent questions, without implying anything in itself as to the nature of the answer expected (no translation except the rising inflection is possibeL;.(2) in dependent questions, (a) in the first member, -ne... an, whether, (b) in the second member, utrum....-ne, -... -ne, or. NE 100 NEREIUS 11e (old form ni), adv., used esp. with the subjunctive, both in prose and verse, and (in poetry, chiefly) with the imper., not. As conj., used (1) in purpose clauses, that... n6t, in order that... not, lest, (2) in clauses after verbs expressive of fear, that, lest. nebula, -ae, f., mist, fog, vapor, cloud. nec: see neque. necdum [nec, not,+dum], adv. and conj., not yet, and not yet, nor yet. See neque and dum. necesse, adj., found only in nom. and acc. sing. n., necessary, needful, inevitable, fated. nec non: see neque. nectar, -aris, n., properly, nectar, the drink of the gods; by metonymy, of any pleasant drink or food, nectar. necto, -ere, nexui, nexus, tr., bind, tie, twine; weave, make a garland, etc.; freely, join to, bind to, unite, join or fasten together, frame, fashion. By metonymy, wreathe, garland, encircle. nefandus, -a, -um [ne, not,+fandus], adj., properly, unspeakable, unutterable; impious, abominable, accursed, monstrous, wicked. As noun, nefandum, -i, n., wickedness, wrong, crime. nefas [ne, not,+fas], n., indeclinable, anything contrary to divine law, any impious thing or deed, impiety, wickedness, crime, sinfulness; shame, disgrace; of a person, the embodiment of sin, an impious or monstrous creature, wretch. As adj., unlawful, inpious. negb, -are, -avi, -atum [nec, not,+ aio?], intr., say no, say that... not, deny; with infin., be unwilling, refuse, decline; tr., deny, refuse. nemo, gen. nilllus, dat. nemini,acc neminem, abl. nUll5o [ne, not,+homo], m., no man, nobody, no one. nemorosus, -a, -um [nemus], adj., woody, well-wooded, wooded. nemus, nemoris, n., properly, grazing ground for cattle, esp. an open wood or glade (in which cattle might graze in summer), wood, grove, forest, glade. neo, nere, nevi, netus, tr., spin, weave; broider, embroider. Neoptolemus, -I, m., Neoptolemus, a name of Pyrrhus, the son of Achtlles. See Pyrrhus. nepbs, nepotis, m., grandson; freely, descendant, offspring, son; in pl., descendants, posterity. Neptfnius, -a, -um [Neptunus], adj., of Neptune, Neptune's, Neptunian. Nepttnus, -i, m., Neptune, god of the sea; see ~ 285. neque or nec, originally neg. adv., without connective force, not (this use is still seen in necdum and in certain compound words); in later times, usually, a conj., equivalent in sense to et n6n (it must in fact often be resolved in translation into these elements) or to et tamen non, and not, and yet not, nor, neither, not... either; neque (nec)... neque (nec), neither... nor; et... neque (nec), and... not, and... and yet... not, not only, but also... not; neque 'nec)... et, and (on the one hand) not... and (but), not only not, but also; neque enim, nor indeed (see also note on i. 198); nec nBn, or nec non et, and also, also, furthermore, besides, likewise (the two negatives destroying each other); nec minus (=nec non), furthermore, besides, likewise; nec... aut, neither (not)... nor (the negative force of the nec being carried over into the clause beginning with aut). nequeo, nequlre, nequlvI or nequil, nequitum [ne, not,+queo], intr., be not able, be unable, cannot. nequiquam [ne, not, +quiquam, old abl sing. of quisquam], adv., properly, in no way whatever, not at all, in vain, to no purpose, without avail or effect, uselessly, fruitlessly; (fruitlessly because needlessly), needlessly, without reason or cause. Nereis, Nereidis [Nereus],f., a daughter of Nereus, a Nereid, one of the seanymphs. Nereius, -a, -um [N6reus], adj., of Nereus, Nereus's; freely, inf., daughter of Nereus. NEREUS 101 NIVEUS Nereus, -el, m., Nereus, a sea god; he was son of Oceanus, husband of Doris, andfather of the Nereids. Neritos, -i, f., Neritos, aplace mentioned in lii. 271; it may be either a mountain on the island of Ithaca, or an island near Ithaca (probably the latter). nervus, -i, m., sinew, tendon; by metonynmy, oJ things made from sinews, a bow-string, string of a musical instrument. nesci6, -ire, -lvi or -ii, -itum [ne, not, -scio], tr., not to know (of), be ignorant of, be unacquainted with. nescio quis or qui (qua, quid or quod), an idiomatic expression, counting, practically, as a compound indef. pron., I-don't-know-uwho, i.e. some one or other, some one, some. nescius, -a, -um [ne, not,+scio], adj., not knowing, unwitting, ignorant (of), unaware (of), unacquainted with; =an adv., unwittingly, ignorantly. neu: see neve. neve or neu, conj., usually correlative to ne in neg. purpose clauses or in imperative sentences, and... not, or... not, nor; neve (neu)... neve (neu), not... nor, neither... nor (yet). nex, necis, J., death by violence, a violent death, murder, slaughter. nexus: see necto. ni, conj., (1)= ne, in a purpose clause; see ne; (2)=nisi, if... not, unless. nidor, -oris, m, smell, esp. the smell of roasting meat, odor. nidus, -i, m., nest; by metonymy, the young birds in a nest, nestlings. niger, nigra, nigrujm, adj., (lustrous) black, sable, dark, dusky, swarthy; by metonymy, deadly. nigrans: see nigro. nigresco, -ere, nigrui, -[niger], intr., grow or turn black, become dark. nigro, -are, -avi, -atum [niger], intr., be black. nigrans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., black, dusky, lowering. nihil, or, in contracted form, nil, n., indeclinable, nothing; ace. as adv. (~ 134), to no extent, in no degree, in no respect, in no wise, not at all. nil: see nihil. Nilus, -1, m., the Nile, the great river of Egypt. nimbosus, -a, -um [nimbusl, adj., stormy, rainy; of a mountain or a height, storm-capped. nimbus, -i, m., a dark raincloud, a cloud in general, e.g. of smoke; a violent rain-storm, thunder-storm, storm, rain. Fig., (cloud, i.e.) multitude, throng. nimirum [ni=ne, not,+mirus], adv., properly, naturally; without doubt, doubtless, certainly. nimium: see nimius. nimius, -a, -um [ne, not,+root of metior], adj., excessive, too great, very great, great; nimium, n. sing. as adv., too much, too well, too, well. Niphaeus, -i, m., Niphaeus, a Rutulian. Nisaee, -es, f., Nisaea, one of the Nereids or sea-nymphs. nisi [ni=ne, not,+si], conj., if... not, unless. nisus, -us [nitor], m., a leaning on, a pressing against; a striving, exertion, effort; by metonymy, a strained (set) posture or position. Nisus, -I, m., Nisus, a Trojan, friend of Euryalus. niteo, -ere, -, -, intr., shine, glitter, glisten. nitens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., shining, gleaming, glittering, sparkling, bright, brilliant, resplendent; of animals, sleek, fat. nitesco, -ere, nitul, - [niteo], intr., begin to shine, shine. nitidus, -a, -um [niteS], adj., shining, glittering, bright. nitor, niti, nixus sum, intr., lean or rest on something, support one's self by, brace one's self against; exert one's self, strain, strive, struggle; with alis, rest on, be poised on; (strive onwards, i.e.) press forward with effort, make one's way, advance; (strive upwards, i.e.) mount, climb, ascend. nivalis, -e [nix], adj., snowy, snowcapped, snow-laden; freely, snow-like. niveus, -a, -um [nix], adj., of snow, snowy. Fig., of color, snow-white, snowy. NIXOR 102 NULLUS nixor, -ari, -atus sum [nitor], intr., strain one's selt, struggle, strive. nixus: see nitor. no, nare, navi, -, tntr., swim, float. noceo, -ere, nocui,-, intr., hurt, harm, injure, do mischief to. nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], adj., of or belonging to the night, nocturnal; often=an adv., by night, at night. nodo, -are, -avi, -atus [nodus], tr., tie in a knot, knot; bind, fasten. nodus, -i, m., a knot; by metonymy, fold, coil, spire of a serpent. Noemon, -onis, n., Noemon, a Trojan. Nomas, Nomadis, m., a Nomad, i.e. one who leads the life of a wanderinq shepherd; in pl., the Nomads, the Numidians. See Numida. nomen, -inis [originally (g)nomen: cf. (g)n6scO], n., properly, that by which a thing is known, name, title; of people connected by a common name, name, race, stock, family; a word; name, reilown, fame, 1 Inor, reputation, glory. Nomentum, -i, n., Nomentum, a Sabine toin. non, adv., not; n6n... aut= non.. neque (the neg. being carr ied over into the aut clause), not... nor (yet). nondum, adv., not yet. See dum. nonus, -a, -um [originally novenus; cf. novem], ordinal numeral adj., ninth. nos: pl. of ego. nosco, -ere, n6vi, notus, tr., begin to know, learn, become acquainted with; = agnosco, recognize; in pf., plupf., and fut. pf., have become acquainted with, have learned, know. n6tus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., known, well-known, familiar, famous. noster, nostra, nostrum [n6s], poss. pronoln(ll adj., our, ours, my, nmine; on our side, friendly to us, propitious. As noun, nostri, -orum, p1. mI., our (my) countrymen. nota, -ae [nosco], f, that by which a thing is known, mark, sign, esp. a letter of the alphabet; in pi, letters, characters; imark, spot, band, e.g. on the body of a snake. nothus, -a, -um, adi., spurious; ap plied esp. to children born out of wed lock, illegitimate, bastard. As noun, illegitimate (bastard) son (of). noto, -are, -avi, -atus [nota], tr., mark, designate; brand. Fig., mark, note, observe. notus: see nosc6. Notus, -i, m., Notus, the South Wind, often stormy; freely, wind. novem, indeclinable numeral adj., nine. noverca, -ae, f., a stepmother. novlis [noveml,numeral adv nine times. novitas, -atis [novus], f., newness, novelty. novo, -are, -avi, -atus [novus], tr., make new, make for the first time, build (ne)); fashion anew, renew; change, alter. novus, -a, -um, adj., new, fresh, young; novel, unusual; strange, wondrous; in sup, last, latest. nox, noctis, f., night;, by netoniymy, darkness, obscurity. Fig., the night of death, death. Personified, Nox, Noctis, f., Night, conceived of as a goddess, daughter of Chaos and mother of the Furies. noxa, -ae [noceo], f., hurt, [harm; by metonymy, of the cause of harm, offence, crime, fault. noxius, -a, -ur [noceo], adj., hurtful, harmful, injurious. nubes, nubis, f., a cloud, esp. a stormcloud; cloud in general, e.g. of dust, smoke; mist. Fig., cloud of people, birds, etc., throng, array; with belli, storm-cloud, i.e. pressure, brunt. nubila: see nubilus. nubilis, -e [nuboJ, adj., marriageable, ripe for marriage. nubilus, -a, -um [ntubs], adj., cloudy. As noun, ntbila, -orum, pl. n., the clouds; by metonymy, the sky. nudo, -are, -avi, -atus [nuidus], tr., make or lay bare, bare, strip. Fig., leave (defences, etc.) exposed, leave defenceless; lay bare, disclose, expose. nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare, uncovered; lightly clad. Fig., open, exposed, free; unburied. nullus, -a, -um Ine, not,+ullus], adj., not anly, none, no; =an adl., in no wise, NUM 103 OBIECTUS in no degree, to no extent, not at all. As pron., no one, nobody. aum, interrogative adv., used in questions which look for a neg. answer (for the corresponding form in English cf. e.g. he was not moved, was he?). Numa, -ae, m., Numa, the name of two Rut ulians. Numanus, -i, m., Numanus, a Rutulian, surnamed Remulus. anmen, -inis [nuo, nod], n., a nod, esp. as expressive of one's will; hence, by metonymy, nod, beck, 'will, command, permission, sanction; esp., the divine will, will of a deity; divine power, godhead, majesty of the gods, deity; divine presence, inspiration; divine favor or help; a deity, divinity, god, a divine power. numerus, -1, m., number; numbers, multitude, force of numbers; order, arrangement, esp. musical order, harmony, rhythm; in pl., tuneful strains, melody. Numicus, -i, m., Numicus, a river of Latium; it was on the banks of this river that Aeneas was last seen. Numida, -ae, m., a Nomad; esp., a Numidian. The Numidians dwelt innorthern Africa, between Mauretania and the domain of Carthage, i.e. in modern Algiers. Numitor, -6ris, m., Numitor, king of Alba Longa, forced from the throne by his brother Amulius; he was father of Rhea Silva, and so grandfather of Romulus and Remus. numquam [ne, not,+umquam], adv., never, at no time. nunc, adv., at this present moment, at this very instant, now, at this time; nunc... nunc, now... now, at one time... at another. nuntia, -ae [feminine of nuntius], f., a messenger. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntius], tr., announce, report, declare. nuntius, -i or -ii, m., messenger; by metonymy, message, news, tidings. As adj., nuntius, -a, -um, with gen., announcing, prone or wont to report. nuper [originally noviper: cf. novus], adv., recently, lately. nurus, -us, f., daughter-in-law; freely, daughter. nusquam [ne, not,+usquam], adv., nowhere; also of time, never. nuto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of nu6, nod], intr., nod with one's head. Fig., sway to and fro, totter, reel. nutrimentum, -1 [cf. nutrix; nutrio, nurture], n., nourishment, food. Fig., food for afire, fuel. nutrix, -icis [nutrio, nurture], f., nurse. nuftus, -us [nu6, nod], m., nod, esp. as indicative of one's will, beck, will, command. nympha, -ae, f., a nymph, a minor deity or semi-deity; see ~~ 289, 290, 291. Nysa, -ae, f., Nysa, the mountain on which Bacchus was reared. See ~ 287. 0 0, interjection, expressing varied emotions, e.g. joy, surprise, grief, anger, desire, o I oh ah I ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for, on behalf of, for the sake of. obduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [ob+ duc6], tr., draw before, draw over. obe6, obire, obivi or obii, obitus [ob+ e6], tr., go toward, go to meet, visit; traverse; of the sea, (go to meet, i.e.) surround, envelop, encompass; enter, face, endure, bear the brunt of (battles, perils, etc.). obex, 6bicis, f., bolt, bar; barrier, obstacle. obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectus [ob+ iaci6], tr., throw before, throw in the way of, expose, offer, present; throw out before one's self, thrust out. obiectus, -a, -urn, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., properly, thrust out; jutting, projecting. Note: The first syllable of obici6 counts as heavy (~ 228). obiecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of obicio], tr., throw against or before. Fig., throw in the way of, expose. 1. obiectus: see obicio. 2, obiectus, -us [obicio], m., properly, OBITUS 104 OBTESTOR a casting or thrusting against (or in the way); interposition, projection. 1. obitus: see obeo. 2. obitus, -us [obeo], m., sinking, setting, of a heavenly body; ruin, death. oblatus: see offero. oblicus, obliqua, oblicum, gen. obliqui, obllquae, obliqui (for spelling see note on secuntur, i. 185), adj., turned sidewise, slanting, oblique, transverse;= an adv., crosswise, at right angles. obliquo, -are, -avi, -atus [oblicus], tr., turn or bend obliquely, turn, slant. oblitus: see obliviscor. obliviscor, -1, oblitus sum, intr., with gen. of thing, forget, be unmindful of; tr., with ace. of a person or a thing, forget, disregard. oblivium, -i or -ii [obliviscor], n., forgetfulness, oblivion. obloquor, -i, oblocutus sum [ob+ loquor], tr., speak against; with ace. of effect (q 128), sound forth one strain to match another, thrill forth as accompaniment. obluctor, -ari, -atus sum [ob+luctor], intr., wrestle against, strive against, struggle against. obmatescO, -ere, obmultui, - [ob+ mittus], intr., become dumb or voiceless, become silent. obnitor, obniti, obnixus sum [ob-t nitor], intr., lean on, bear or press against, strive (against); make a mighty effort, strain every nerve; struggle (successfully), make headway. obnixus: see obnitor. oborior, oboriri, obortus sum [ob+ orior], intr., arise, appear, spring up; (of tears), start forth, flow, stream. obortus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl. as adj., of tears, starting, streaming. obortus: see oborior. obruo, -ere, -ui, -utus [ob+ru6], tr., overwhelm, cover; overwhelm with weapons, overcome, overpower; overwhenl with water, sink, submerge, drown. obscenus, -a, -um, adj., filthy, foul, dirty; loathsome, hideous; repulsive, disgusting; unnatural, and so illomened, ominous. obscur6, -are, -avl, -atus [obscurus], tr., darken, obscure, becloud. obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, darkened. dim, dusky, obscure; in fully pass. sense, of things or persons in the dark, darkened, hidden, unseen. Fig., of tradition, oracles, etc., dim, obscure, uncertain, mysterious. obsero, -ere, -sevi, -situs [ob+2. sero], tr., plant (in, on, or over), sow. obsitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., with emphasis on the results of planting, overgrown, covered with, full of. observe, -are, -avi, -atus [ob+servo], tr., watch, mark, note, observe. obsessus: see obsideo. obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [ob+ sedeol, tr., properly, sit over against (at, before, in); blockade, block up, beset, besiege, invest; master, overpower, occupy, possess. obsidio, -onis [obsideo], f., blockade, siege. obsido, -ere, -,- [ob+sido], tr., beset, blockade, invest, besiege; occupy, take possession of. obsitus: see obsero. obstipesco, -ere, -ui, - [ob+stupe6], intr., become senseless, be stupefied. Fig., be bewildered, be astonished, be horror-struck, be dazed, stand aghast or horrified. obsto, -are, -stiti, -statum [ob+st8], intr., stand over against, stand in the way (of), oppose, hinder, hamper; restrain, check. obstruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus [ob+ struo], tr., properly, pile up or build one thing (against or) before another; block up, close up, barricade, render impassable. Fig., of the ears, mind, etc., block up, stop, seal. obtectus: see obtego. obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [ob+tego], tr., cover over, cover up; conceal, hide. obtestor, -ari, -atus sum [ob+testor], tr., call to witness, make entreaty to, implore, entreat; beg for, with twO OBTORQUEO 105 OFFA accusatives, entreat one for something; beg something of one. obtorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus [ob+ torqueS], tr., turn toward; turn a thing touard itself, turn round and round; twist. obtortus: see obtorqueo. obtrunc6, -are, -avi, -atus [ob+ truncus], tr., cut off, lop away, cut down, cut to pieces, butcher, slay, kill. obtundo, -ere, -tudl, -tUnsus [ob+ tundo],,tr., strike against, beat; blunt, dull by striking. obtfunsus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., blunted, dull, lit. and fig., insensible, unfeeling, obtuse. obtunsus: see obtundo. obtutus, -is [obtueor, gaze at fixedly], m., fixed (set) gaze, stare, look. obuncus, -a, -um [ob+uncus], adj., bent, hooked, curved, crooked. obvert6, -ere, -verti, -versus [ob+ verto], tr., turn toward or against, turn one thing to meet another; in pass., with middle force, turn toward, face (about). obversus: see obverto. obvius, -a, -um [ob+via], adj., in the way of, in the path of; open to, exposed to; oJten best rendered freely, to meet, before, across the path of. occasus, -us [occido], m., a falling, sinking, setting (e.g. of the sun); by metonymy, the West, the Occident. Fig., fall, downfall, ruin, destruction. oqcido, -ore, -cidi, -casus [ob-cado], intr., fall down, fall, sink, set. Fig., fall, sink, perish, die, be ruined, be lost. occido, -ere, occldi, occisus [ob+ caedo], tr., cut down, hew down, slay, kill. occisus: see occido. occubo, -are, -, - [ob+cubo, old verb, lie], intr., lie in or on, used only of lying (low) in death, lie low, lie dead, lie buried; rest, repose. occulo, -ere, occului, occultus, tr., cover; hide, conceal. occultus, -a, um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., hidden, concealed, secret occulto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of occulo], tr., hide, conceal, secrete. occultus: see occulo. occumbo, -ere, occubui, occubitum [ob+cumbo, old vei b, lay], nftr. (~ 139), fall down, sink down; with dat., fal' on, meet, face, endure; esp., fall in death, die. occupo, -are, -avi, -atus [ob+capio], tr., lay hold on a thing before any one else can take it, seize (beforehand), lit. and fig., gain quickly, master; assail, attack, assault, smite, strike. occurro, -ere, occurri, occursum [ob +curro3, intr., run against or toward, run in the path of, run to meet, meet; confront, fall on, assail, attack. Oceanus, -i, i7., the Ocean, constantly personified by the ancients. It was sometimes thought of as a river flowing round the whole earth. 6cior, ocius, comp. adj., swifter, faster, fleeter; swift, fleet. 6cius, n. sing. as adv, more swiftly; u: tally, swiftly, speedily, soon, at once. ocius: see ocior. ocrea, -ae, f., a metal legging, worn esp. by soldiers, a greave. oculus, -i, m., an eye. odi, odisse, defective verb, tr., hate, loathe, dislike. odium, -i or -ii [cf. odi], n., hatred, enmity; loathing, dislike, grudge. odor, odbris, m., smell, odor; fragrance, perfume; stench. odbratus: see odoro. od6or, -are, -avi, -atus [odor], tr., cause to smell, perfume. odoratus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., perfumed, scented, fragrant. odbrus, -a, -um [odor], adj, usually, emitting a smell, odorous; very rarely, keen-scented. Oenotrius, -a, -unm and Oenotrus, -a, -um [from a Greek word meaning wine], adj., ot Oenotria (i.e. southern Italy, called by the Greeks the Land of Wine), Oenotrlan; by metonymy (~ 188), Italian. Oenotrus: see Oenbtrius. offa, -ae, f., bit, morsel; esp., a ball (cake) of flour, cake, OFFERO 106 OPPRIMO offerb, -ferre, obtuli, oblatus [ob - fero], tr., bring or set before or against, throw in the way of, expose; present, offer, proffer; show display. officium, -i or -ii [ob+facio], n, a (voluntary) service, kindly office, kindness. offulge6, -ere, offulsi, - [ob+fulgeo], intr., shine against or on, gleam upon, flash on. Oileus, -el, m., Oileus, king'of the Locrians, father of the Ajax who sought to wrong Cassandra. Olearos, -, f., Olearus,"an island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades, now called Antiparos. oleaster, oleastri, m., a wild olive tree, oleaster, olive. ole6, -ere, olui, -, intr., smell. oleum, -i, n., olive oil, oil. 61im [olle, ole, oldforms of ille], adv., properly, at that time (i.e. at some time other than this present time); used (1) usually of ft past, some time ago, long since, once on a time, formerly, (2) of the future, in days to come, in the future, hereafter, thereafter, some day, one day, (3) as=saepe, nonnumquam, at times, now and again, sometimes, often. oliva, -ae, f., an olive tree, olive; by metonymy, an olive branch, wreath of olive. olivum, - [cf. oliva], n., olive oil, oil. olle or ollus:. see ille. ollus: see ille. Olympus, -i, m., Olympus, a famous mountain in the northeastern part of Thessaly, the residence of the gods (~ 273); by metonymy, heaven. omen, ominis, n., sign or token of coming events, omen, portent. omnigenus, -a, -um [omnis+genus], adj., of all kinds, of every sort. omnino [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely, utterly. omniparens, -entis [omnis4parens], adj., all-begetting, all-prod acing, mother (parent) of all. omnipotens, -entis [omnis+potens], adl, all-powerful, all-mighty, omnnipotent. omnis, -e, adj., every, each, all, 'he whole, the entire. onero, -are, -avi, -atus [onus], tr., burden, load, freight; freely, load. stow away. Fig., burden, oppress, overwhelm. onerosus, -a, -ur [onus], adj., burdensome, heavy; burdened, loaded., onus, oneris, n., load, burden. onustus, -a, -um [onus], adj., loaded, laden, burdened. opaco, -are, -avi, -atus [opacus], tr., shade, make shady, overshadow. opacus, -a, -um, adj., shaded, shady, overshadowed, darkened, dark, obscure. opera, -ae [opus], f., labor cheerfully performed, loving service, help, aid. operio, operire, operui, opertus, tr., cover, envelop, enwrap, wrap, enshroud. opertus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., covered, hidden, concealed, secret. operor, -ari, -atus sum [cf. opera, opus], intr., be at work, be busy, toil; with dat., be busy at or on, be engaged in, toil on or over. opimus, -a, -um, adj., fat; fruitful, fertile, rich. Fig., fine, splendid; rich, sumptuous, dainty; spolia opima, the splendid or princely spoils, spoils won by a Roman general-in-chief who in hand-to-hand conflict slew the leader of the opposing force and stripped him of his armor. opperior, -iri, oppertus sum, tr., wait for, await. oppeto, -ere, -petivi or -i, -petitus [ob+peto], tr., go to meet, encounter; esp., with mortem expressed or to be supplied, meet one's end, die, perish. opp6no, -ere, -posul, -positus [ob+ pono], tr., put or set against or before, set in the way (of), array against, oppose; expose. oppositus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., properly, set over against; opposed, opposing, hostile. oppositus: see oppono. oppressus: see opprimo. opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [ob+ prem6o, tr., press down or against, ( OPPUGNO 107 ORIOR press together, crush. Fig., crush, overwhelm, overpower, overcome. oppugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob+ pugna], tr., fight against, attack, assault, besiege. Ops, opis, f., in sing., power, ability, might; by metonymy, help, aid, assistance, succor (so, at times, in pl.); in pi., usually, means, resources, riches, wealth, fortune, sometimes, might, power. optatus: see opto. optimus: see bonus. opto, -are, -ivi, -atus, tr., choose, select; wish for earnestly, crave, desire; with infin., desire, yearn; in a parenthetical phrase, pray, hope. optatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., wished for, longed for, desired, welcome, beloved. optato (sc., perhaps, modo), abl. sing. as adv., according to one's wish, as one would have it, opportunely. opulentia, -ae [opulentus], f., wealth, riches. opulentus, -a, -um Cops], adj., wealthy, rich (in), richly endowed. Opus, operis, n., work, labor, toil; by metonymy, of the results of toil, a work, task, occupation; deed, action, performance; in the phrase opus est, construed with abl., need (of), necessity (of), through the idea of there is work to be done with or by a thing. 6ra, -ae, f., edge, border, margin; esp., edge of the land, coast, sea-coast, shore, often with a suggestion of remoteness; line, stretch of country; region, clime, country. oraculum or oraclum, -i [oro], n., a divine utterance, oracle, prophecy; the place where the proyhecp is delivered, oracle. orbis, -is, m., a circle, circuit, ring, disk; circular folu, coil; a circular course or evolution; of a heavenly body, circuit, course, orbit; with terrarum expressed or to be supplied, the circle of the lands, i.e. the world, the earth, the universe; of time, circuit, cycle. Orous, -i, m., Orcus, a god of the under world, identified with Pluto, Dis, Pluto; by metonymy, the underworld, the land of the dead; death, destruction. Ordior, -lri, Brsus sum, tr. and intr. properly, begin a web by laying the warp, freely, begin, undertake, attempt; esp. begin to speak, begin. 6rsum, -i (pf. prtcpl., in fully pass. sense, as noun), n., beginning, undertaking; esp., beginning in speech, utterance, words. ordb, ordinis, m., row, line, series; a line or rank of persons, e.g. soldiers, or captives; a bank or tier of oars; arrangement, array, class, category; order, course, succession, sequence; the settled order of things, destiny; ordine, abl. sing. as adv., in order, in due course, regularly, fittingly, in detail. Oreas, -adis, f., a mountain nymph. Orestes, -ae or -is, m., Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Clytemnestra had been unfa;thful to Agamemnon and later had slain him; to avenge this crime Orestes killed her. For this he was driven mad by the Furies and pursued by them till he was cleansed and set free by Minerva's help. Orestes also slew Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, because the latter had married Hermione, who had been previously betrothed to Orestes. orgia, -orum, pl. n., a festival in honor of Bacchus, held at night, with wild revelry; orgies, revels. Oriens: see orior. origo, -inis [cf. orior], f., origin, beginning; source, lineage; a race, stock, family; of a person who is the source of a race, founder, progenitor, sire. Orion, Orionis, m., Orion, properly, a hunter famous in ancient myth, armed with belt and sword, translated to heaven as a constellation; then the constellation Orion, thought of as equipped with sword and belt (its rising and setting were attended by storms). orior, oriri, ortus sum, intr., rise, appear, arise, spring up, lit. and fig.; (rise, i.e.) spring from, be born, be descended (from). Oriens, -entis (sc. ORNATUS 108 PAEAN sol), m., the rising sun, the dawn; by metonymy, the East, the Orient. ornatus, -as [ornol, m., adornment, ornament, decoration; esp., (splendid) apparel, attire. Orno, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., fit out, equip; arm; deck, adorn. ornus,, f., a wild mountain ash, ash. Ornytos, -1, m., Ornytus, an Etruscan. 6ro, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., properly, speak; plead, argue; beg (for), pray for, crave; entreat, beseech, implore, beg, pray. Oront6s, -ae, m., Orontes, a comrade of Aeneas, leader of the Lycians. Orpheus, -ei, m., Orpheus, a famous legendary poet and singer of Thrace, belonging to pre-Ilomeric days; by, his strains he could make the rivers stand still and draw the trees and rocks after him. When his wife Eurydzce died, by the charms of his music he gained entrance to the underworld andprevailed on Pluto to permit Eurydice to return to the upper world. The god, howevr, made Orpheus promise not to look ba k at Eurydice till they had reached the world above. Just at the border line between the two worlds Orpheus looked ao ound and Eurydice was caught back into the world of shades. Orsilochus, -i, m., Orsilochus, a Trojan. Orsum: see 6rdior. orsus: see ordior. 1. ortus: see orior. 2. ortus, -ts [orior], m., a rising, esp. of a heavenly body, e.g. the sun; in pl., the rising rays of the sun, dawn. Ortygia, -ae, f., Ortygia. (1) A name of Delos. (2) An island in the harbor of Syracuse, forming part of the city. Os, 6ris, n., mouth, in a wide variety of senses, lit. and fig., opening, entrance; lips, jaws; by metonymy (~188), face, countenance, features, head, the eyes, esp. inpl.; speech, utterance, language, words. OS, ossis, n, a bone; by metonymiy, frame, body; inmost being. Osculum, -i [dim. of os], n., properl/, a little mouth; thn, (as dimo. of af(ec tion, pretty mouth, sweet lips, lips; by metonymy, a kiss. Osinius, -i or -ii, m., Osinius, a prince or king of Clusiumn in Etruria. ostend6, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [obs= ob+tendo], tr., stretch before; show, exhibit, display; freely, (display, i.e.) give promise of. ostento, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of ostendo], tr., present to view, show, exhibit, display; show off, parade. ostium, -i or -ii [dim. of os], n., mouth, lit. and fig., entrance, portal; mouth of a river, harbor, haven. ostrum, -i, n., properly. shell-fish; by metonymy, purple dye, purple, procured from a shell-fish. Othryad6s, -ae; m., son of Othrys. a title of Panthus. Otium, -i or -ii, n., leisure, rest, quiet, ease, repose, peace. ovile, -is [ovis], n., a sheep-fold. ovis, -is, f., a sheep. ovo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., exult, rejoice, triumph. P pabulum, -i [cf. pascl], n, food, nourishment, esp. of animals; todder, pasturage, pasture. Pachynum, -i, n., Pachynum, a promontory on the southeastern coast of Sicily. paciscor, -i, pactus sum, intr., make a bargain, covenant, agree; tr., covenant or agree concerning something, agree on, promise, bargain for, stipulate (for); barter, hazard. pactus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl., infully pass. sense, as adj., agreed on, covenanted, stipulated; promised, plighted, betrothed. paco, -ire, -avi, -atus [pax], tr., bring into a state of peace, pacify, tame, quiet. pactus: see paciscor. Padus, -i, m, the Po, the qreat river of northern Ittaly, in Gallia Czsalpina. paean: see Paean. Paean,. a's, mi., properly, Paean, descrtbeo, in l omner as the Iphysi( ian of the odile, but (oemronly a title of Apollo as PAENITET 109 PANDO the healing god (~281, end); by metonymy, a hymn to Apollo; freely, a joyous song, song of triumph or thanksgiving, paean. paenitet, paenitere, paenituit, -, impers. but tr., construed with ace. of person and gen. oj thing, properly, (it) repents one of, i.e. makes one repent of, one repents (of), is sorry (for), regrets. Pagasus, -i, 7n., Pagasus, a Trojan slain by Camilla. Palaembn, -onis, m, Palaemon, a seagod, son of Ino. palaestra, -ae, f., a school where wrestling was taught, a wrestling-place, wrestling-ground; by metonymy, a wrestling-bout, wrestling. palam, adv., openly, publicly, without concealment or disguise, plainly. Palamedes, -is, m., Palamedes, a descendant, according to Vergil, of Belus, king of Egypt, one of the Greeks before Troy, famed for his wisdom. Ulixes craftily caused his death by charging him with treachery to the Greeks; he was tried by the whole Greek army, convicted on trumped-up evidence, and stoned to death. Palintrus, -1, m., Palinurus, the pilot of Aeneas's ship and of the whole fleet. As the fleet was sailing from Sicily to Italy, the sleep god overcame him and threw him into the sea; he succeeded in reaching Italy but was murdered there by the natives. palla, -ae, f., properly, a shawl, square or rectangular in shape; a robe or mantle, worn esp. by Roman women, usually as an outer garment. It was long and flowing, reaching to the feet. Vergil naturally repirsents this robe as worn also by Tojan women. Palladium: see Palladius. Palladius, -a, -um [Pallas], adj., of or belonging to Pallas. As noun, Palladium, -i or -ii, n., a statue of Pallas, esp. the Palladium, or statue of Pallas which, so story said, fell into Troy from heaven during the reign of Ilus, and was thenceforth jealously guarded because the perpetuity of the city was believed to be involved in the preservation and possession of this statue (for a similar case at Romne see ancile). Ulixes and Diomedes carried of the statue in a night expedition into Troy. Pallas, -adis, f., Pallas, a Greek goddess, with uhom the Latin Minerva was subsequently identified. See Minerva. Pallas, -antis, m., Pallas, son of Evander; he fought for Aeneas against Turnus with a body of Arcadian horsemen, but was slain by Turnus. pallens: see palle6. palleo, -ere, pallui, -, intr., be pale, or, since the paleness of the ancients was sallowness, be sallow, be yellow pallens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., pale, pallid, sallow, wan. pallidus, -a, -um [palleo], adj., pale, pallid, wan. The adj. is used esp. of death or of the dead. pallor, -bris [cf. palleS], m., paleness, pallor, sallowness. palma, -ae, f., the palm of the hand; by metonymy (~ 188), the hand; by metonymy again, blade of an oar, and since its leaf resembles a hand, palm tree, palm branch; esp., a wreath of palm, bestowed or carried as a token of victory, palm, prize, victory; of one who gains the palm, victor. palmbsus, -a, -um [palma], adj., abounding in palm trees, palmy. palmula, -ae [dim. of palma], f., oarblade, oar. palor, -iar, -atus sum, intr., wander about, straggle, be scattered. palus, -adis, J., standing water, marsh, marshy lake, pool, pond. pampineus, -a,' -um [pampinus, vine-shoot], adj., made of vine-leaves, of vine branches, wrapped or wreathed with vine-leaves. Pandarus, -i, m., Pandarus. (1) Son of Lycaon, one of the Lycian allies of the Trojans, famous as an archer. (2) A Trojan, son of Alcanor, slain, together with his brother Bitias, by Turnus. pando, -ere, pandi, passus, tr., spread out, stretch out, extend, unfold; throw PANGO 110 PARS open, lay open, open; of the hair loosen, allow to stream free, esp. in the phrase crlnibus passis, with streaming or dishevelled hair. Fig., open or unfold in speech, expound, relate, reveal, disclose. pang6, -ere, pepigi or panxi, pactus or panctus, tr., fasten, hx. Fig., fix, settle, agree on, covenant, promise 2i an agreement or compact; with foedus (treaty), conclude, make, strike. Panop6a, -ae, f., Panopea, a sea-nymnph, one of the Nereids. Panopes, -is, m., Panopes, a Sicilian, in the train of Acestes Pantagias, -ae, m., Pantagias, a river in eastern Sicily, near Mlegara. Panthils, -i, m., Panthus, a Trojan, priest of Apollo. papaver, -eris, n, the poppy; poppyjuice. Paphos, -i, f., Paphos, a city in the western part of the island of Cyprus; it was sacred to VTenus. papilla, -ae, f, a nipple, teat on the breast of /iu,,an beings or of animals, breast. par, paris, adj., equal (in a wide variety of senses), like, similar, corresponding; equal in numbers, equally matched, well matched; with alae, poised, balanced, even; with 6legs, fair, just, impartial. paratus: see paro. Parcae, -arum, pl. f., the Parcae, the Pates; properly, Italian deities of birth and death, described as three in number, but later identified with certain Greek deities, namely, Clotho, who spun the thread of human life, Lachesis, who allotted to each mortal his portion of thread, and Atropos, the Inevitable One, who brought to each man his doom, and slit the thread of his life. parco, -ere, peperci, -, intr., construed with dat., be sparing of anything, use sparingly, spare; (use carefully to avoid injuring, i.e.) spare, be gracious to, show mercy to, preserve, guard; refrain or cease from something, abstain from, restrain, banish (fear, etc.). parce, parcite, forbear, refrain, stay your hand, hold! peace!; tr., a poetic use, (spare, i.e.) save, keep, pre. serve. parens, -entis [pario], c., a parent, lit. and fig, father, mother; in. pl., parents, and, freely, sires, forefathers, ancestors. pareo, -ere, -ui —, intr., properly, appear, show one's self, esp. in answer to a command; hence, obey, hearken to, yield to, submit to, be subject to. paries, -etis, m., wall; esp., a house wall. pario, -ere, peperi, partus, tr., bring forth, give birth to, bear; inpass., be born. Fig., win, secure, gain, obtain, procure. Paris, -idis, m., Paris, a son of Priam and Hecuba; he carried off Helen, wife of MAenelaus, to Troy and thus caused the Trojan war. See ~~ 51, 53. pariter [par], adv., equally, in equal measure or degree, in like manner;= simul, Luna, together, side by side, in unison. Parius, -a, -um [Paros], adj., of Paros, Parian. parma, -ae, f., a shield (properly, one small and round, carried by infantry and cavalry); shield in general, buckler. par6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., make ready, lit. and fig., prepare, set in order, arrange; prepare, provide; array, equip; set about, undertake, essay, attempt; with infin., make ready or prepare to do something, plan, intend, design, essay, attempt. paratus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adG., properly, prepared, lit. and fig., arranged, ready, ready to hand, at hand. Paros, -i, f., Paros, an island in the Aegean Sea, one of the Cyclades, famous for its pure white marble. pars, partis, f., a part, portion, piece, share, space; esp., a part of the earth or of a given country, region, place, quarter; direction, side; pars... pars, pars... alii, alii... pars, some.. others, one part... another part; pars alone, without correlative, somle, others. PARTHENOPAEUS 111 PATRIA Partlienopaeus, -i, m., Parthenopaeus, a son oJ Atalanta and ieleager, who took part in the famous expedition of the Seven against Thebes. partim [acc. sing. of pars, old form], adv., partly, in part. partior, -irl, -itus sum [pars], tr., part, divide; share, distribute. Note: The pf. prtcpl. often occurs in full pass. sense. partitus: see partior. 1. partus: see pario. 2. partus, -hs [pario], m., a bringing forth, bearing, birth, delivery; by metonymy, that which is brought forth, offspring, brood. parur [akin to parvus], adv., too little, not... enough, not very, (but) little. parumper [cf. parvus+per], adv., for a little while, a short time, a while, for the moment. parvulus, -a, -ur [dim. of parvus], adj., very small, little, tiny. parvus, -a, -um, adj., comp. minor, minus, sup. minimus, -a, -um, little, small, tiny. Fig., young, trifling, slight, slender, humble; in comp., smaller, younger, inferior, less; minores, with natu expressed or understood, descendants, posterity, children's children. As noun, parvum, -1, n., a little, humble lot, modest lot or circumstances. pasco, -ere, pavi, pastus, tr., cause to eat, feed; esp., cause animals to eat, drive to pasture, pasture, feed; freely, feed, nourish, support, lit. and fig.; with animals, birds, etc., as subjects, feed on, eat, devour, consume. Fig., of a person, feed, i.e. feast, delight; intr., feed. In pass., as a dep. verb, feed, graze, browse. Fig., of fire, feed, browse, i.e., freely, play about Pasiphae, -es, f., Pasiphae, wife of Minos, king of Crete. According to one story, Neptune, according to another, Venus, inspired her with a passion for a beautiful bull by which she became the mother of the Minotaur. See Minotaurus. passim [cf. passus, pf. pass. prtcpl. of pandl], adv., properly, dispersedly; here and there, everywhere, all about, in divers places, in all directions. 1. passus: see pando. 2. passus: see patior. 3. passus, -us, m, a step. pastor, -oris [pasco], m., herdsman, shepherd. pastoralis, -e [pastor], adj., of or belonging to herdsmen or shepherds, shepherds'. 1. pastus: see pasco. 2. pastus, -us Ipasc], mi., food, usually of animals, fodder, pasture; by metonymy, pasture ground, pasturage, grazing grotind. Patavium, -i or -ii, n., Patavium, a city in northern Italy, in the territory of the Veneti, now called Padua. patefacio, -ere, -fecl, -factus [patea -ffacio], tr., lay open, open. patens: see pateo. pateo, -ere, -ul, -, intr., lie open, be open, stand open; stretch out, spread out, extend. Fig., be evident, be manifest, be revealed, be disclosed. patens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., open, spreading, wide, free. pater, patris, Yn., a father; freely, like English father, esp. in pl., ancestor, forebear, forefather, sire; esp., as a title of honor to gods, and, less often, to men, father; in pl., parents; nobles, chiefs, elders, senators. patera, -ae [pateo], f., a bowl for libations, libation bowl, of large size, but fiat and shallow like a saucer, saucer. paternus, -a, -um [pater], adj., of or belonging to one's father or fathers, paternal, ancestral, hereditary. patesco, -ere, patui, - [pateo], intr., begin to open, open; be laid open, be disclosed, be revealed. Fig., be laid bare, be disclosed or revealed. become manifest. patiens: see patior. patior, pati, passus sum, tr., suffer, undergo, endure, face, submit to, brook, put up with. Fig, suffer, allow, permit, esp. with the infin, patiens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., enduring, long-suffering, patient. patria: see patrius. PATRIUS patrius, -a, -um [pater], adj., of a father, fatherly, paternal; of or pertaining to one's father, father's, paternal; pertaining to one's fathers or ancestors, ancestral, hereditary, timehonored; belonging to one's own country or nation, native, national. As noun, patria, -ae (sc. terra), f., native country or city, fatherland, home; freely, country, land. Patron, -onis, m., Patron, a Greek, from Acarnania, a comrade of Aeneas. patruus, -i [pater], m, an uncle (on the father's side). paucus, -a, -um, adj., usually in pl., few, a few. As noun, pauca, -6rum (sc., perhaps, verba), pi. n., a few words, a few things. paucis, abl. as adv., in a few words, briefly. paulatim [paulus], adv, little by little, by degrees, gradually, slowly. paulisper [(f: paulus+perl, adv., (for) a little while, a while. paulum: see paulus. paulus, -a, -um, adj., rare except in certain forms, little, small paulum, acc. sing. as adv. (~ 134), a little, somewhat; for a moment, a while. pauper, -eris, adj., properly, of persons who possess but moderate means, but are not paupers, in modest circumstances, of small means, poor, needy; humble, lowly. pauperies, -iei (pauper], f., limited means, humble circumstances, poverty. pavidus, -a, -um [paveo, be struck with fear], adj., terror-stricken, trembling, timid, fearful, anxious, nervous. pavito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of paveo, be struck with fear], intr., be terror-stricken, trenble orquake with fear or evc'iteent. pavor, -oris [paveo, be struck with terror], n, violent fear, terror, dread; trembling or quaking due to fear, anxiety, nervousness, excitement. pax, pacis [aszn to paciscor?], f., properly agreement, compact; peace; pardon, favor, grace. pecten, -inis cef. pecto, comb], in., 112 PELLO a comb for the hair; a quill or pick used in striking the strings of a lyre. pectus, -oris, n., breast-bone, chest, breast; by metonymy, heart, soul, mind, understanding (both soul and mind were thought of as situate in the breast); wisdom, courage. 1. pecus, pecoris, n., cattle, in collective sense; a flock, herd; beasts, animals in general; esp., small cattle, sheep, goats; freely, of bees, a swarm. 2. pecus, -udis, f., a single head of cattle, beast, animal; esp., a sheep; in pl., herds, flocks; of sheep used in sacrifices, victim. pedes, -itis [cf. pes], m., properly, one who goes on foot; esp., a foot-soldier, infantryman; in coll. sing. or in pl., infantry. pedester, -estris, -estre [pedes], adj., properly, of things that go on foot or are done on foot, pedestrian; with acies or piigna, on foot, of the footsoldiers, infantry. peior, peius: see malus. pelagus, -i, n., the open sea, the main, high seas, the sea, the deep. Pelasgi, -orum, pl. mn., the Pelasgi, the Pelasgians, a name applied by the ancients to the earliest (prehistoric) inhabitants of Greece and the Greek world in general; freely, Greeks. As adj., Pelasgus, -a, -um, Pelasgian; freely, Greek, Grecian. Pelasgus, -a, -um: see Pelasgi. Pelias, -ae, m.. Pellas, a Trojan, wounded by' Ulixes on the night of the capture of Troy. Pelides, -ae, m., son or descendant of Peleus, a title (1) of Achilles, son of Peleus, (2) of Pyrrhus Neoptolemus, son 'of Achilles, and grandson of Peleu1s. pellax, -acis [pellicio, lure], adj., seductive, wily, crafty, deceitful, tricky, artful. pellis, -is, f., a skin of a beast, hide. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, tr., beat, strike, knock; strike at, push, thrust out, drive out, expel, banish; strike or drive in battle, i.e. rout, chase, repel, put to flight, overcome, vanquish. PELOPEUS 113 PERCELLO Fig., drive away, expel, dispel, banish, dislodge, rout. Pelopeus, -a, -um, adj., of Pelops (an early king of the Peloponnesus, which, indeed, derived its name from him), Pelops', Pelopian; freely, Peloponnesian, Grecian. Pelbrus (um), -i, m. and n., Pelorus, a promontory on the northeast coast of Sicily, on the west side of the Straits of Messina; by metonymy, the Straits of Messina (the strait between Italy and Sicily). pelta, -ae, f., a shield, small and moonshaped (crescent), carried esp. by barbarians (see barbari), and hence ascribed to the Amazons. Penates, -ium [cf. penitus, penetro], pl. nm., the Penates, old Italian deities of the household, and of the state, thought of as one great household (~~296-298); by metonymy, images of the Penates; dwelling, abode, habitation, home. pendeo, -ere, pependi, -, intr., hang, be suspended, hang down; hang over something, hover, lean forward; hang on something, be perched on. Fig., hang, be suspended, float; ("hang about," i.e ) linger, loiter, daily, tarry; be suspended, be interrupted. pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus, tr., hang, suspend. Peneleiis, -i, m., Peneleiis, a Greek who slew Coroebus. penetrabilis, -e [penetr6], adj.,properly, in pass. sense, penetrable; in act. sense, penetrating, piercing, keen. penetralis, -e [penetrb], adj., of or in the interior, inner, interior, innermost, inmost; by metonymy, since the inmost portions of a house 'or temple were the most holy, holy, sacred, situate in the penetralia. As noun, penetralia, -ium, pi. n., the inmost recesses of a house or temple, inner apartments, shrine, sanctuary, holy of holies, the penetralia. penetro, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. penitus], tr., properly, but rarely, with acc. of effect (~ 128), put one thing within another; usually apparently trans. but really with acc. of limit of motion (~127), make one's way to, entel, penetrate. penitus, adv., inwardly, deep within, far within; within; deep into, to the very center; from within; far away, far, remotely. Fig., thoroughly, utterly, completely, wholly. Penthesilea, -ae, f., Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons who fought for Troy; she was slain by Achilles. Pentheus, -ei or -eos, m., Pentheus, a king of Thebes in Boeotia, Greece, who opposed the introduction of the rites of Bacchus and so was driven mad by the god. He was torn to pieces by his mother and his aunts, while they were in a Bacchic frenzy. penus, -us and -i [akin to penetro: the food was stored in the innermost part of the house], m. and f., a broad word covering all kinds of food and drink, food, provisions. peplum, -i, n., a peplos, a shawl worn by Greek women, corresponding to the Roman palla, robe, mantle, full and long, and richly embroidered; esp., a robe offered to Minerva (Pallas). per, prep. w. acc., used (1) of space, through, across, over, along, on, amid, among, around, (2) of time, throughout, through, during, for, in, (3) to denote the instrument or means, through, by means of, by, (4) to denote a cause or reason, through, on account of, for the sake of, (5) in modal expressions, with, in (per with an ace. of adj. or noun often = an adv. or adv. phrase), (6) in oaths and entreaties, by, (7) in composition, through, over, thoroughly. peractus: see perago. peragb, -ere, -egi, -actus [per+ago], tr., go through with, finish, accomplish, do, perform, execute. Fig., go over (thoughts, etc.), consider carefully, ponder. peragro, -are, -avi, -atus [per+ager], tr., travel through, wander over or through, traverse; scour, range. percellb, -ere, -culi, -culsus [per+ cello, old verb, drive on], tr., beat PERCURRO 114 PERIURUS down, strike or smite down, fell, overturn, overthrow. percurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum [per+ curr6], tr., run over, hasten through. Fig., run over in speaking, mention hastily or briefly, touch on briefly. percussus: see percutio. percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [per+ quatioJ, tr., shake violently or thoroughly, strike or smite through, pierce; strike, smite, beat, hit. Fig., smite, strike, affect deeply, move, influence. perditus: see perdo. perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [per+do], tr., destroy, ruin. perditus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., properly, ruined; of a person, wretched, hapless; of thinqs, desperate, hopeless. peredo, -ere, -edi, -esus [per+edo], tr., eat up, devour, consume, waste away; freely, slay, kill. peregrinus, -a, -um [per+ager, through peregre, adv., abroad, from abroad], adj., from other lands, from abroad, foreign. peremptus: see perimo. perennis, -e [per+annus], adj., properly, lasting through the year, yearlong; freely, lasting through (the) years, everlasting, eternal, undying. pereb, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [per+eo], intr., go through (something); pass away, vanish; perish, die, be slain, be lost, be ruined, fall in ruins. pererro, -are, -avi, -atus [per+erro], tr., wander through, roam over. Fig., roam over with one's eyes, survey, scan, examine. perfectus: see perficio. perfer6, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per+ fero], tr., bear or carry through, carry or drive home (a missile, stroke, etc.); with reflexzve pron. as object, go, proceed, betake one's self. Fig., bear or endure to the end, bear, suffer, endure, undergo; carry news, reports, etc., report, announce. perflcib, -ere, -feci, -fectus [per+ facio], tr., dloth roltonhly )or Iflly, )( rform, hlmlh, comniplet, o rk, mlahkc, fashion. perfidus, -a, -um [per, contrary to (?)+ fides], adj., faithless, false, treacherous, perfidious. perflo, -are, -avi, -atus [per+fil], tr., blow through, blow over. perfor6, -are, -avi, -atus [per+foro, cut, bore], tr., bore through and through, pierce, penetrate. perfund6, -ere, -fiidi, -fu-sus [per+ fundo], tr., pour over; wet, drench; (of the sea) wash; moisten, besprinkle, bedew. Fig., drench with dye-stuff, dye. perfuro, -ere, -, - [per+furo], intr., rave wildly, rage madly, vent one's fury. perfusus: see perfundo. Pergama, -6rum, pl. n., Pergamus or Pergamum, the citadel of Troy; by metonymy (~ 188), Troy. Pergamea: see Pergameus. Pergameus, -a, -um [Pergamum], adj., of Pergamum; by metonymy, of Troy, Trojan. As noun, Pergamea, -ae (sc. urbs), f., Pergamea, the name of a town in Crete founded by Aeneas in the course of his wanderings after the fall of Troy. pergo, -ere, perr6xi, perrectum [per +regb], intr., keep straight on, go on, move on, continue, proceed, advance; with infin., 'proceed. Fig., go on in speaking, proceed, continue. perhibe6, -ire, -hibul, -hibitus [per -) habeo], tr., properly, hold forth or out, proffer, present. Fig., proffer in speech, say, assert, declare. periculum or periclum, -i, n., trial, attempt, experiment; by metonymy, of the results or the accompaniments of trial and experiment, risk, hazard, danger, peril. perim6, -ere, -emi,-emptus [peremo], tr., properly, take away (remove) entirely, i e. destroy, ruin, lay waste, annihilate; slay, kill. Periphas, -antis, m., Periphas, a GrIeek, comrade of Pyrrhus on the night of the capture of Troy. perifrium, -1 or -ii, n., failure to keep one's oath, perJury, treachery. I riurus, -a, -um, adj., properly, of one PERLABOR 115 PESTIS who breaks his oath, perjured, treacherous, lying. perlabor, -labi, -lpsus sum [per+ labor], tr., glide through or over, skim. perlatus: see perfero. perlegb, -ere, -lgi, -lectus [per+ leg6], tr., survey, scan, examine. permensus: see permrtior. permetior, -metiri, -mensus sum [per+metior], tr., measure through or out; lile English measure, e.g. in Shakspere, traverse, travel over. permisceo, -ere, -miscui, -mixtus [per+misceo], tr., mix thoroughly, mix, mingle, join, unite. permissus: see permitto. permitt, -ere, -mlsi, -missus [per+ mitto], tr., properly, let something go through or pass by; allow, suffer, permit, grant, brook, sanction; throw, hurl; commit, consign, entrust, surrender, give up. permixtus: see permisceo. permulceB, -ere, -mulsi, -mulsus [per+mulceo], tr., properly, stroke carefully, rub gently. Fig., soothe, appease. pernix, -icis, adj., active, nimble, agile, swift. perosus, -a, -um [per+odil, adj., perhais a pf. pass. prtcpl. of a verb perodi, in dep. sense, hating thoroughly, detesting. perpessus: see perpetior. perpetior, -peti, -pessus sum [per+ patior], tr., endure steadfastly, bear patiently, endure; with infin., suffer, permit, allow. perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., continuous, unbroken; entire, whole. perplexus, -a, -um [per+plectb, weave, plait], adj., properly, interwoven, entangled. Fig., tangled, intricate, confused. perrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus [per+ rumpo], tr., break through, make or force one's way through. persentio, -ire, -s6nsi, -sensus rper+ sentib], tr., perceive clearly; be fully conscious of, feel deeply. persequor, -sequi, -secitus sum [per +sequor], tr., follow to the end, follow earnestly and perseveringly, follow up; in hostile sense, pursue. persolvb, -ere, -solvi, -solutus [per +solvo], tr., loosen, release or discharge fully (e.g. a debt), pay in full, pay, give; pay, render (thanks, vows, etc.), offer, return. personS, -sonare, -sonul, -sonitum [per+sono], tr., cause something to resound, make something ring or echo. persto, -stare, -stitl, -statum [pert sto], intr., continue standing, stand firm. Fig., stand firm, be unmoved, persist, continue, abide, last. perstririgb, -ere, -strinxif -strictus [per+stringb], tr, graze, touch lightly, barely touch. pertaedet, pertaedere, pertaesum est [per+taedet], impers. but tr., construed with acc. of person and gen. of thing, (one) is thoroughly weary of, is tired (oa), is sick of, is disgusted with, one loathes. pertaesum est: see pertkedet. pertempto, -are, -avi, -atus [per+ temptS], tr., properly, feel all over, test; lay hold on, lit. and fig., seize, pervade, master, possess. perterreo, -ere, -ul, -territus [per+ terrebo, tr., frighten greatly, alarm, terrify, fill with dismay. perterritus: see perterreo. pervenio, -ire, -veli, -ventum [per+ venio], intr., come all the way to, make one's way, come; with ad or in, arrive at, reach. pervius, -a, -um [per+via], adj, having a way or thoroughfare through, passable. See note on li. 453. pes, pedis, m., a foot, whether of man or of animals, hoof, claw, talon; by metonymy, step, pace, speed of foot; a rope attached to thefoot or lower part of a sail, sheet-rope, sheet, used in trimming the sails, esp. in tacking. pessimus: see malus. pestis, -is, f., a contagious disease, infection, plague, pest, taint of disease; destruction, ruin, calamity; mischief. Fig., plague, pest; of monstrous creatures or personages, scourge, curse. PETELIA 116 PHORCUS Petelia, -ae, f., Petelia, an ancient Italian town, in Bruttium, on the Gulf of Tarentum. pet6, -ere, -ivl or -ii, -itus, tr., properly (?), fall on something; in hostile sense, rush at, attack, assail, aim at; in friendly sense, make for something, seek, aim at, pursue; seek, go in search of, repair to, go or proceed to; desire, want; seek, search for; ask or beg for. Phaeaces, -um, pl. m., the Phaeacians, a people, who, according to the Homeric poems, lived a blissful life on an island called Scheria, which has been variously identified, e.g. with Corcyra, the modern Corfu. Phaedra, -ae, f., Phaedra, daughter of Miinos, king of Crete, and wife of Theseus. She fell in love with her stepson Hiippolytus; when he rejected her advances, she accused him to his father, who prevailed on Nleptune to cause his death. Later, Hippolytus's innocence became clear and Phaedra committed suicide. Phaethon, -ontis [a Greek word, a pr. prtcpl. act., meaning beaming, radiant, an epithet of the sun; then the title of the sun, Shiner, Dazzler], m., Phaethon, the Sun God. phalanx, -angis, f., a band of soldiers in close battle array, battle host, array, army, force. phalarica, -ae, f., a phalarica, i.e. a large heavy spear, in use among barbarian nations, wrapped with tow andl pitch which were set on fire before the weapon was hurled; it was thrown usually by machines, though Vergil makes Turnus throw one by hand. phalerae, -arum, pl. f., a disk or boss of metal, esp. one worn on the breast as an ornament, e.g. by soldiers, or, more often, among the IRomans, by horses, trappings, ornaments. Phaleris, -is, m., Phaleris, a Trojan. pharetra, -ae, f., a quiver. pharetratus, -a, -um [pharetra], adj., armed or equipped with a quiver, quiver-bearing. Pharus, -i, m., Pharus, an Italian. Phfgelus, -el, m., Phegeus. (1) A Trojan slave. (2) A Trojan slain by Turnus. Pheres, -etis, m., Pheres, a Trojan. Philoctetes, -ae, m., Philoctetes, a king of Meliboea in Thessaly, Greece, a famous archer. Ile fouqht against Troy. Later, having been driven out by the Jieliboeans, he founded Petelia in Italy. Phinmius, -a, -um, adj., of Phineus (king of Salmydessus in Thrace. IHe put out the eyes of his son and so was himself blinded by the gods, and the HIarpies were sent to torment him by carrying off or defiling all his food), Phineus's, Phinean. Phlegethon, -ontis, m., Phlegethon, a fiery river in the underworld. Phlegyas, -ae, m., Phlegyas, king of the Lapithae, and father of Ixion. Angry because Apollo had made love to his daughter, he set fire to a temple of the god; for this impiety he was severely punished in the underworld. Phoebeus, -a, -um [Phoebus], adj., of Phoebus, Phoebus's. Phoebus, -i [a Greek word, properly an adj., bright, radiant, epithet of Apollo as radiant with youth, later, as the sun god], m., Phoebus, the Radiant One, a title of Apollo (~ 281), the Sun God, Apollo. Phoenices, -um, pl. m., the Phoenici ans; their home was in Phoenicia, on the east coast of the Meditcrranean, bat they settled all about that sea. Phoenissa: see Phoenissus. Phoenissus, -a, -um, adj, found on;-s in f., Phoenician. As noun, Phoenissa, -ae, f., a Phoenician woman Phoenix, -icis, n., Phoenix, a Greek chieJtain, son of Amyntor, king of A - gos. Becoming af a2d of his Jatf/el he fled to Peleus, who receibecl h/1 kindly; he becamze teacher of Achilles and his comrade in the Trojan war. Pholoe, -es, f, Pholoe, a Cretan woman, slave among the Trojans, one of the prizes in the boat race. Phorbas, -antis, ma., Phorbas, a Trojan, friend of Palinurlls. Phorcus, -i, /m., Phorcus. (1) A son of PHRYGES 1L7 PISCOSUS Pontus (Sea) and Gaea (Earth), a sea deity. (2) An Italian. Phryges: see Phryx. Phrygia: see Phrygius. Phrygius, -a, -um [Phryx], adj., Phrygian; by metonymy, since Troy belonged to Phrygia, Trojan. As noun, Phrygia, -ae (sc. terra), f., Phrygia, a term of different meanings at different periods; in earlier times it included most of Asia Minor, at least, most of western Asia Minor. Phrygiae, -arum, pl. f., Trojan women. Phryx, Phrygis, m., a Phrygian; by metonymy, a Trojan. Phthla, -ae, f., Phthia, a city and district in Thessaly, Greece, over which, according to one story, Achilles ruled. piaculum, -i [pio], n, a means of appeasing a deity, sin-offering, expiatory offering or sacrifice, atonement, expiation; by metonymy, that which requires atonement, sin. crime, guilt. picea, -ae [piceus: perhaps originally an adj., with arbor to be supplied], f., the pitch-pine tree, pine. piceus, -a, -um [pix], adj., of pitch, pitchy; by metonymy, pitch-black, smoky, lurid, dark, black. plctura, -ae [pingo], f., the art or process of painting; by metonymy, a painting, picture. picturatus, -a, -um [pietfra], adj., figured, embroidered, broidered, wrought. pictus: see pingo. pietas, -atis [pius], f., devotion to duty, dutifulness, in a wide variety of senses (see ~ 62), merit, high character; of duty done toward parents and kinsfolk, filial piety, filial love, affection in general, love; of duty done toward the gods, devotion, piety, reverence; also of the dealings of gods with men, compassion, pity, sympathy, tenderness, graciousness, goodness, sense of right, justice. piget, pigere, piguit, -, impers. but tr., with ace. of person and gen. of thing, (it) irks one, (it) displeases or vexes one, one is displeased or vexed with, is disgusted (with), one regrets, pignus, -oris, n., something deposited as a pledge, security; in general, pledge, token, assurance. pila, -ae, f., a pillar, column; freely, mass of masonry, pier, mole. pilentum, -i, n., a four-wheeled carriage, luxurious and richly decorated, open on the sides but with a top, used by Roman women in religious processions, and to carry sacred emblems, utensils, etc. Pilumnus, -i, m., Pilumnus, an old Italian deity, having to do, properly, with childbirth, described by Vergil as an ancestor (great-grandfather) of Turnus. pineus, -a, -um [pinus], adj., of pine or pines, pine, piney. pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, tr., paint; with or without acu, broider, embroider; stain, dye, color; freely, adorn. pictus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., painted, dyed, stained, gaily decorated, gay colored, tattooed; broidered, embroidered, figured; adorned, decorated. pinguis, -e, adj., fat, rich in fat or oil, oily, unctuous, resinous, pitchy. Fig., of the soil, rich, fertile; of altars, richly-laden, rich in victims, streaming with blood and fat. pinifer, -fera, -ferum [pinus+fer6], adj., pine-bearing, piney, pine-covered. pinna, -ae, f., a feather; esp., a wingfeather, plume, wing, pinion. pinus, -fus or -i, f., a pine tree, pine; by metonymy (~187), a ship made of pine beams, a pine torch, fagot. pio, -ire, -avi, -atus, tr., appease, propitiate (the gods by sacrifice, etc.); atone for, expiate sin; avenge, punish guilt. Pirithous, -i, m., Pirithous, a son of Ixion and king of the Lapithae; in company with Theseus he tried to carry off Proserpina from the underworld, but failed. His punishment for this sin is variously described by different writers. piscis, -is, m., a fish. piscosus, -a, -um [piscis], adj., abounding in fish, rich in fish. PISTRIX 118 POLIO pistrix, -lcis, f., a sea-monster, e.g. a whale, shark; the term is vaguely used of any strange creature of the deep. pius, -a, -um, adj., duty-doing, devoted to duty, dutiful, in a wide variety of senses (~ 62); in general, just, virtuous, righteous, good; dutiful toward one's parents and kinsfolk, filial, affectionate, respectful, loyal; dutiful (i.e. occupying right relations) toward the gods, pious, holy, pure, sacred; of the gods, kind, friendly, considerate. pix, picis, f., pitch. placeS, -ere, -ul, placitum, orplaceo, -ere, placitum est, intr., please, be pleasing to, delight; with mihi, tibi, etc., I, you, etc., am resolved, have decided or decreed. placitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl., in dep. sense, as adj., pleasing, welcome, agreeable, acceptable. placide [placidus], adv., quietly, gently, peacefully, harmlessly. placidus, -a, -um [placeo], adj., quiet, gentle, pea ceful, calm, tranquil, placid; kindly, friendly, gracious, propitious. placitus: see placeo. placo, -are, -avi, -atus [akin, probably, to placeo], tr., calm, quiet, still, soothe, pacify; appease, propitiate, reconcile. plaga, -ae, f., blow, stroke, thrust. 1. plaga, -ae,f., region, tract, district, realm. 2. plaga, -ae, f., hunting-net, snare. The real differen e between the rete and the plaga is not mnown; the plaga, perhaps, was the smaller, placed across roads and narrow openings in the bushes. For the use of nets in hunting see indago. plangor, -6ris [cf. plango, strike], m, properly, a striking, beating, esp. of the breast as a sign of grief; by metonymy, the noise tihus made, lamentation, wailing, shriek, mourning. planities, -lei [planus, level], f., level, plain. planta, -ae, f., the sole of the foot, foot. plaud6, -ere, plausi, plausum, intr., clap or beat the hands together, ap plaud; of a bird, flap (with) the wings, tr., beat, strike; wit4 ace. of effect (~ 18), beat out a dance, etc. plausus, -us [plaudoJ, mn., clapping of the hands, applause; flapping, beating, fluttering (of wings). plebs, plebis, f., properly, the common people, the commons, the plebeians; freely, the rank and file of an army, the common throng, the common soldiers. Plemyrium, -i or -li, n., Plemyrium, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. plenus, -a, -um [pleo, old verb, fill], adj., well-filled, full of, filled with; of sails, swelling, bellying; with mensa, generous, richly-laden. plico, -are, -avl or-ui, -atus or -itus, tr., fold, fold up, double (up), coil. pluma, -ae, f., a fine soft feather; in pl., downy feathers, down. plumbum, -i, n., lead. pluo, pluere, plui, -, intr., usually impers., (it) rains. plurimus: see multus. plus: see multus. Pluton, -onis, m., Pluto, ruler of the underzuorld. See ~ 300. pluvia, -ae, f., rain; a shower. pluvialis, -e [pluvia, pluvius], adj., rainy; rain-bringing. pluvius, -a, -um [pluo], adj., rainy; rain-bringing. poculum, -i, n., drinking-cup, goblet, beaker. Podalirius, -I or -i, mt., Podalirius, a Trojan. poena, -ae, f., properly, a fine, one of the earliest forms of punishment; satisfaction, compensation, expiation, atonement; punishment, torture, penally; revenge, vengeance; poenas sumere or recipere, exact a penalty or punishment; poenas dare, pay the penalty. PoenI, -orum [akin to Phoenices], pI. m., properly, the Phoenicians, but regularly the Carthaginians, as one very prominent branch of the Phoenician people. polio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, tr., make smooth, polish, furbish, burnish. POL1TES 119 PORTENDO Polites, -ae, m., Polites, a son of Priam and HIecuba, killed before his parents' eyes by Pyrrhus. polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, tr., offer, proffer, promise. pollicitus: see polliceor. pollub, -ere, pollui, pollutus, tr., properly, in physical sense, defile, pollute, stain, infect. Fzg., defile, violate, dishonor, desecrate, outrage. Pollux, -ucis, m., Pollux, brother of Castor; he was son of Jupiter by Leda, wife of Tyndareus, the king of Sparta, and so was immortal. He was famous also as a boxer. When Castor, who was mortal, died, Pollux wished to die also, but could not, being immortal. Jupiter, however, agreed that the brothers might, turn and turn about, spend each one day in the upper world, one in the world below. polus, -i, m., a pole, i.e. extremity of the axis on which the heavens and the earth revolve; by metonymy (~ 188), the sky, the heavens. Polyboetes, -ae, m., Polyboetes, a Trojan, priest of Ceres. Polydorus, -i, m., Polydorus, a son of Priam, treacherously slain by Polymestor, king of Thrace, whose guest he was. Polyphemus, -1, m., Polyphemus, one of the Cyclopes in Sicily, whose single eye was put out by Ulixes. Pometil, -orum, pl. m., Pometii, usually called Pometia or Suessa Pometia, an ancient town of the Volsci in Latium. pompa -ae, f., properly, a public procession, esp. in connection with solemn occasions, e.g. games, festivals, triumphs, funerals; funeral train, funeral rites; freely, sacred rites. pondus, -eris [pendo], n., a weight, used in scales; weight, i.e. heaviness, quantity. Fig., load, burden. pdne, adv., after, behind. pono, -ere, posui, positus [originally, posino=por, old prep. prefix, to, toward,+sinb], tr., put down, set down, place, lay, lit. and fig.; put off, lay aside, lit. and fig.; put up, set up, erect, build, found, establish;=compono, arrange for burial, lay to rest, bury, inter; set or put on the table, serve up. Fig., set up, establish, ordain, appoint, assign, fix. pons, pontis, m., a bridge; boardingbridge, gangway, drawbridge; a bridge connecting a tower with the walls of a city. pontus, -i, m., the (open) sea, the deep; by metonymy, a sea, billow. poples, poplitis, m., the ham or region back of the knee; freely, knee; poplitem succidere, hamstring, i.e. disable by cutting the tendons back of the knee. popularis, -e [populus], adj., of or belonging to the people, popular. populeus, -a, -urn [populus, the poplar], adj., of the poplar, poplar. populo, -are, -avi, -atus, and populor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., lay waste, devastate, ravage, despoil, plunder. Fig., rob, despoil of, deprive of. populor: see populo. populus, -i, m., a people, as a body politic, a nation; the people as opposed to the governing powers; freely, throng, multitude, host, crowd. porca, -ae, f., sow, pig. porrigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [por, old prep. prefix, to. toward, +rego], tr., stretch out, spread out, extend; in pass., in middle sense, spread out, stretch out. porro [akin to pro], adv., used (1) properly with expressions of motion, forward, onward, on and on, (2) with expressions of rest or locality, at a distance, afar, (3) of succession in time, again, in turn, (4) fig., of succession in a discussion or narration, next, furthermore, besides. Porsenna, -ae, m., Porsenna, a king of Etruria who tried to restore Tarquinius Superbus to his throne. porta, -ae, f., a gate, esp. of a city; in general, passageway, entrance, outlet, exit. portendS, -ere, -di, -tentus [por, old prep. prefix, to, toward,+tendbJ, tr., properly, hold forth, stretch out. Fig., point out the future, foretell, predict, foreshadow, presage, portend. por PORTENTUM 120 PRAECEPS tentum, -1 (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., anything that foreshadows the future, omen, portent, sign. portentum: see portendo. porticus, -us [porta], f., colonnade, portico (so called from the openings, portae, along its sides or front), corridor, cloister, gallery. portitor, -oris [porto], m., carrier, conveyer; boatman, ferryman. port6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., bear, carry, convey, bring. Portunus, -i [portus], m., Portunus, an Italian god of harbors, identical with Palaemon (~289). portus, -us [akin to portal, m., properly, entrance; harbor, haven, port. posco, -ere, poposci, -, tr., ask for urgently, demand, claim, beg; demand, require; with two accusatives, demand or ask something of another; (demand, i.e.) ask, inquire into; without object, ask; with infin. (~ 167), demand that, urge that. positus: see pono. possum, posse, potul, - [potis+sum], intr., be able, have the power (to), be in position to, can; with ace. of neuter adj. or pron. (~ 134), sometimes, too, without such an ace., can do, be able to do, have or possess power or force. potens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., able, powerful, mighty, great; with gen., having power over, swaying, ruling; freely, master of, ruler of. post, adv., used (1) of place, behind, after, (2) of time, afterwards, in after days, after, hereafter. As prep. with ace., (1) of place, after, behind, (2) of time, after, since. posterus, -a, -um [post], adj., comp. posterior, posterius, sup. postremus, -a, -um, and postumus, -a, -um, coming after or next in time, next, following, ensuing; freely, future; in comp., latter, later; in sup., of space, hindmost, last; of time, latest, last; inform postumus, lastborn, late born, last, applied esp. to a child born after its father's death. As noun, postrema, -orum, pl. n., the rear of anything. posthabeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [post+ habeo], tr., hold or set behind or after, place after, esteem less, hold in less regard. postis, -is, m., doorpost; door, esp. in pl.; freely, gate, entrance. postquam [post+quam], conj., after, since, when, as soon as. postremus: see posterus. postumus: see posterus. potens: see possum. potentia, -ae [potens], f., powcs, might, strength. potestas, -atis [akin to potis], f., power, might; esp., legal or constitutional power, authority, sway. Fig., power, authority, permission, opportunity, chance. 1. potior, potiri or poti, potitus sum [potis], intr., construed with abl., become master of, gain control of, take or get possession of, get, gain, obtain; be master of, possess, enjoy. 2.'potlor: see potis. potis, -e, adj., comp. potior, potius, able, powerful; with est as = potest, is able, can; in comp., better, preferable. potius, n. sing. comp. as adv., preferable, rather, more. potitus: see 1. potior. potius: see potis. p6to, -are, -avi, -atus or potus, tr., drink, quaff. prae, adv., before, in front. As prep. with abl., before. praebe6, -ere, -bui, -bitus [prae+ habeo], tr., hold forth or out, offer, proffer, present; furnish, supply. praecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum [prae -cedo], tr., go before, precede. praecelsus, -a, -um [prae+celsus], adj., very high, lofty. praeceps, -cipitis [prae+caput], adj., headforemost, headlong, heels over head. Fig., steep, precipitous, sheer; headlong, in headlong flight or course, hasty, in haste, pell-mell, quick, speedy, swift; headstrong, violent. As noun, praeceps, -cipitis, n., a perpendicular ascent or descent, a sheer or precipitous height, a steep, a precipice; the verge, edge of such a height. PRAECEPTUM 121 PRAESENTIO praeceptum: see praecipio. praeceptus: see praecipio. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [prae +capio], tr., take beforehand. Fig., anticipate, forestall; advise, admonish, teach, instruct; prescribe, bid, command. praeceptum, -i (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., an instruction; injunction, admonition, direction, rule. praecipit6, -are, -avi, -atus [praeceps], tr., throw (down) headlong, cast or fling headlong, fling; drive headlong, impel, hurry, urge on, lit. and fig.; intr. (~139), rush down, descend swiftly, hasten, hurry. praecipue [praecipuus], adv., especially, particularly, chiefly. praecipuus, -a, -um [praecipi6], adj., properly, taken before others, first chosen; choice, chief, especial, special, particular, peculiar. praeclarus, -a, -um [prae+clarus], adj., properly, very bright. Fig., brilliant, splendid, famous, illustrious, noble, glorious. praeco, -6nis, m., a public crier, herald. praecordia, -6rum [prae+cor], p1. n., properly, the diaphragm, midriff; freely, the heart, the breast. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder, esp. booty won in war; freely, prey, prize. praedicl, -ere, -dixi, -dictus [prae+ dico], tr., say beforehand; foretell, predict, prophesy; warn, charge, command, bid. praedictum, -i (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., prediction, prophecy. praedictum: see praedic6. praedo, -onis [praeda], m., robber, plunderer, brigand, pirate, marauder. praeeb, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [prae+ eo], intr., go before, precede, be in advance. praefer6, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [prae+ fero], tr., carry or bear before; offer, proffer. Fig., set one thing above or before another, prefer, esteem more highly. praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [prae+ faci6], tr., set over, put in command or charge of, place in authority over. praefig6, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [prae - figo], tr., fix or set before; fasten on the end of, fasten on; with ace. and abl., fix one thing by means of another, fit with a tip, tip, point. praefixus: see praefigo. praegnas, -antis or -atis [prae+ (g)nascor], adj., pregnant (with). praelatus: see praefero. praemetu6, -ere, -ui, - [prae+ metuo], tr., fear beforehand, dread. praemissus: see praemitto. praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [prae +mitto], tr., send before or forward, send in advance. praemium, -i or -ii [prae+emo], n., something specially taken or chosen, reward, recompense, prize. praenato, -are, -, - [prae+nato,, intr., swim before or by; float by, flow by, glide by. praepes, -petis [prae+peto, go, fly], adj., swiftly flying, swift, fleet, nimble; applied esp. to birds from whose flight omens were derived; hence, ominous, of good omen. praepinguis, -e [prae+pinguls], adj., very fat; of soil, very rich, fertile. praereptus: see praeripio. praeripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [prae -+rapio], tr., snatch a thing away before (some one else can seize it), wrest from. praerump6, -ere, -riupl, -ruptus [prae+rumpo], tr., break off in front, break off. praeruptus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., broken, steep, precipitous, towering. praeruptus: see praerumpo. praesaepe, -is [prae+saepio], n., properly, an enclosure; esp., a stall, stable; bee-hive, hive. praesagus, -a, -um [prae+sagus, prophetic], adj., having knowledge of beforehand, foreknowing, foreboding. praescius, -a, -um [prae+scio], adj., having knowledge of beforehand, foreknowing, divining. praesens: see praesum. praesentia, -ae [praesens], f., presence. praesentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus PRAESIDEO 122 PRESSO [prae+sentio], tr., perceive or feel beforehand, foresee, detect, scent. praesideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum [prae +sedeo], intr., sit before or over, preside over, have the care of, direct, control, watch, guard, defend, protect. praestans: see praesto. praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitum or statum [prae+sto], intr., stand before something. Fig., be superior to, excel, surpass; praestat, impers., (it) is better (best); tr., surpass, outstrip, excel; show, display, exhibit. praestans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., surpassing, superior, preeminent, signal, splendid. praesum, -esse, praefui, - [prae+ sum], intr., be before (something or some one); be over, be in charge of, have control of, be first or foremost. praes6ns, -entis, pr. prtcpl. as adj., before one, present, in person, in bodily presence, on hand, ready; instant, immediate, speedy; ready, collected, resolute, firm; of gods, aiding in bodily presence (cf. 'a very present help in time of trouble"), propitious, favorable, helpful; strong, powerful. praetend6, -ere, -di, -tus [prae+ tendo], tr., stretch before, set in front of; stretch forth, extend; offer, proffer, present. praetentus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., stretched before, lying before; freely, before, opposite. praetentus: see praetendo. praeter, adv., past, by, beyond. As prep. with ace., past, by, beyond; above, lit. and fig.; besides, in addition to; contrary to; except. praeterea [praeter+ea, old ace. pl. (?) of is], adv., properly, beyond this, besides, in addition, also; rarely, thereafter, hereafter, afterwards. praetereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus Lpraeter+eo], tr., go by, pass by, pass beyond, pass, outstrip. praeterfugi, -ere, -figi, - [praeter tifugi1o, intr., fly or flee past or by. praeterlabor, -labi, -1apsus sum [praeter+laborl, tr., glide by, ilo) by; sail by, (pass by. praetervehor, -i, -vectus sum [properly, pass. of praeterveho; sc. equo, navi, etc.], tr., sail by, glide by, pass by or along. praetexo, -ere, -texui, -textus [prae -tex6], tr., properly, weave in front; fringe, border, lit. and fig.; cover, conceal, cloak. praeverto, -ere, -ti, -sus, and praevertor, -1, - [prae+verto], tr., outstrip, outrun, surpass, excel; prepossess, preoccupy, occupy, possess, master. praevideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus [prae+vide6], tr., see beforehand, foresee; see in time. pratum, -I, n., a meadow, mead. pravus, -a,-um, adj., crooked. Fig., crooked, perverse, wrong. precor, -ari, -atus sum [cf. prex], tr., pray for, ask for, beseech, implore; pray to, supplicate, beseech, entreat, invoke; intr., pray, implore, make entreaty or supplication. prehendo or prendo, -ere, -di, preihnsus or prensus, tr., grasp, grasp at, catch, seize, clutch, lay hold on eagerly, quickly, or violently. prehenso or prenso, -are, -avi, -atus [prehend6], tr., grasp, grasp at, catch (at), seize, clutch. prehensus: see prehendo. premo, -ere, pressi, pressus, tr., press, press down, squeeze; press with the feet, tread on, step on, tread; press down on, overwhelm, crush, oppress, lay low; press one by pursuing him, press hard or close on, pursue closely, beset, assail; drive, force, press home; (press down, i.e.) compress, close, shut; check, hold, stay, restrain; press down, weigh down, confine; cover, conceal, hide. Fig., oppress, burden, weigh down, overwhelm, crush; repress, suppress, hide, conceal; repress, check, restrain; hamper; check, curb, control, rule. prend6: see prehendo. prenso: see prehenso. prensus: see prehend6. presso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of premol, tr., press, squeeze. PRESSUS 123 PROBO pressus: see prem6. pretium, -i or -ii, n., price, value, worth; money, as representing price; reward, prize, guerdon. prex, precis [cf. precor], f., prayer, entreaty. Priameius, -a, -um [Priamus], adj., of Priam, Priam's, son or daughter of Priam. Priamides, -ae [Priamus], m., son of Priam. Priamus, -i, m., Priam. (1) The aged king of Troy, husband of Hecuba, father of many sons and daughters, esp. hector and Paris. (2) A Trojan, grandson of king Priam. pridem, adv., long ago, long since; iam pridem, long since, long ago, for a long time, this long time (past). primaevus, -a, -um [primus+aevuml, adj., in one's first years, in the first period of life, young, blooming, fresh. primo: see prior. primum: see prior. primus: see prior. princeps, -ipis [primus+capio], adj., properly, first taken or chosen; first in space, time, or order, foremost, leading, chief. As noun, princeps, -ipis, m., a chief, chieftain, leader; author (of a race), source, founder. principium, -i or -ii [princeps], n., beginning. principi6, abl. sing. as adv., of time, in the beginning, at first; of sequence (balanced sometimes by inde), in the first place, first, to begin with. prior, -oris [akin to prae, 1. pro], adj., in comp., of time or order, former, prior, first, previous; leading, in advance;= an adv., first; freely, taking the lead. As noun, prior, -6ris, m., leader, winner; in pl., the men of earlier days, the men of old, the ancients, ancestors, forefathers. prius, n. sing as adv., before, sooner, rather; prius... quam or priusquam, rather than, before, until. In sup., primus, -a, -um, used (1) of space or time, first, foremost, leading, earliest, most ancient, the first part (front, edge) of, the ex tremity of, outer, the beginning of, (2) of rank or station, first, foremost, highest, leading, chief, principal, best, nlost noble; the adj. is often best rendered by very, or by an adv. phrase, at first, from the very outset. primo, abl. sing. as adv., used properly in a contrast, at first, at the outset, in the beginning; primum, ace. sing. as adv., used properly in a series, balanced usu-.ally by mox, deinde, tune, at first, in the first place; with omnium, first of all; in primis, properly, among the first, especially, first and foremost; ut, ubi, or cum primum, when.. first, as soon as; so ut, ubi or cum with forms of the adj. primus, when... first, as soon as. As nouns, primi, -orum, pl. m., chiefs, leaders, nobles; prima, -orum, pl. n., the first place, the lead. priscus, -a, -um [akin to prior], adj., of or belonging to the former days, old-time, old, ancient, primitive; good old, venerable. pristinus, -a, -um [akin to prior], adj., former, one-time, old, original. Pristis, -is [akin to pistrix?], f.. Pristis, Sea monster, Shark, the name of a Trojazn ship. prius: see prior. priusquam: see prior. 1. pro, prep. with abl., used (1) of space, lit. and fiq., before, in, in front of; (before, in front of, z.e.) in defence of, on behalf of, for the sake of; in return for, in compensation for, in retribution for, instead of, in place of, for, (2) in modal relations, in proportion to, according to; pro se, to the best of one's ability, with might and main. As a prep. prefix, pr6 (old form, prod)=before, in front, forth, forward, for. 2. pro, interjection, oh ahl alasl proavus, -i [1. pro+avus], m., a greatgrandfather; sire, forefather, ancestor. probo, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. probus, good, proper], tr., try, test; approve, commend, sanction; with infln., (approve, i.e. be willing that something shall be done), permit, suffer. PROCAS 124 PROGENIES Procas, -ae, m., Procas, a king of Alba Lotrga, the father of Amulius and Numitor. procax, -acis [proco, ask, demand], adj., bold, pert, saucy, insolent, impudent, wanton, shameless. procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum [1. pro +cedo], intr., go forth, come forth; go forward, move on, advance, proceed. Fig., of time, etc., move on, advance, pass, glide on, proceed, go. procella, -ae [1. pr6+cell, old verb, drive on], f., a driving blast or storm, hurricane, squall, tempest, blast, gust. proceres, -um, pl. m., chiefs, nobles, leaders, princes. Prochyta, -ae, f., Prochyta, a small island off the coast of Campania, near thepromontory of fisenum. proclamo, -are, -avi, -atus [1. pro+ clamo], intr., cry out, cry aloud, exclaim. Procris, -is, f., Procris, wife of Cephalus, king of Pkacis, Greece. She was accidentally shot by her husband while he was hunting, having out of jealousy followed him into the woods. procul, adv, at a distance (the amount or measure of the distance must be determined by the context), afar off, far away, far, from afar; at a little distance, near by, hard by. procumb6, -ere, -cubul, -cubitum [1. pro+cumbo, old verb, lay], intr. (~ 139), fall or pitch forward, sink forward, sink down, fall, be laid low; bend forward, lean forward. procurro, -ere, -cucurri or -curri, -cursum [1. pr6+curro], intr., run forth or forwards, rush onward or against, charge. Fig., run out, jut out, project. procursus, -us [pr6curr6], m., rush, onset, charge. pr6curvus, -a, -um [1. pro+curvus], adj., curved, crooked, winding. procus, -1, m., suitor, wooer, lover. prod: see 1. pro (end). prodeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [prod = 1. pro t-eo], intr., go forth, come forth; go forward, advance. prodigium, -i or -ii [originally prodicium(?): cf. then 1. prb+dlico, n, prophetic sign, omen, portent, prodigy. pr6diti6, -onis [pr6d6], f., informa tiou, evidence; betrayal, treachery. proditus: see prodo. prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [1. pro+do], tr, give forth, put forth; put forth in speech or Uriting, make known, publish; hand down, deliver, transmit: hand or deliver over to an enemy ("gibe away"), betray. produco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [1. pro+ duco], tr, lead forth, bring forth or forward; bring forth, bear, produce, rear. Fig., draw out, drag out, prolong. proelium, -i or -ii, n., battle, combat, fighting, striec. profanus, -a, -ur [1. pro+fanum, temple], adj., properly, (before, i.e.) wit/t out or outside a temple, unhallowed, unholy, profane; of persons, not inductcd into the sacred mysteries, uninitlated, unhallowed, unholy. profectus: see proficiscor. profero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [1. pro+ fero], tr., bear forth or forward; canr y forward; extend, advance, stretch, spread. proficiscor, -1, profectus sum [1. pro +facio], intr., properly, (make, i.e.) set one's self on the way, set out (for), depart, go, proceed, come. proflo, -are, -avi, -atus rl. pro+flo], tr., blow forth, breathe forth. profor, -fari, -fatus sum [1. pro+for], tr, speak out, speak. profugus, -a, -urn [1. pro+fugio], adj., flying, fleeing, in flight, fugitive. As noun, profugus, -i, m., a fugitive, exile. profundus, -a, -um [1. pr6+fundusl, adj., deep, high. Fig., profound, in tense, abysmal. As noun, profundum, -i, n., depth; esp., the deep, the deeps, the sea. progenies, -iei [1. pro+gigno], f., properly, birth, descent, lineage; by metornymy, offspring, descendant, progeny, descendants, race, nation; of an PROGIGNO 125 PROPIOR individual, offspring, descendant, child. pr6gigno, -ere, -genui, -genitus [1. pro+gigno], tr., beget, bear, bring forth, produce. progredior, -i, -gressus sum [1. pro+ gradior], intr., go forth or forward, come forth, advance, proceed. progressus: see progredior. prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -hibitus [1. pro+ habeo], tr., hold back or off, keep off, ward off, drive off, avert, debar; keep from, restrain, prevent, hinder. proicio,-icere, -ieci, -iectus [1. pro+ iacio], tr., throw forth or away, cast forth, cast, fling, throw, hurl; throw or fling away, give up, renounce, resign. proiectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., (thrown forward, i.e) jutting out. proiectus: see proicio. pr6labor, -i, -lapsus sum [1. pro+ labor], intr., slide or slip forward; fall down, fall to ruin or decay, perish. pr1oapsus: see pr6labor. pr6ols, -is [1. pro+oleo, grow], f., properly, that which grows forth, shoot; esp., offspring, child, son, dcscendant; in coll. sense, descendants, progeny, line, race; birth, lineage, pedigree, descent. proluo, -ere, -luI, -lutus [1. profluo], tr., wash off, forth, or out, wash away, wash down; wash, drench, moisten, wet. proluvies, -iei [pr6luo], f., overflow, inundation; by netonymy, discharge. promere6, -ere, -ui, -itus, and promereor, -eri, -meritus sum [1. pro+ mereo, mereor], tr., earn, deserve; wzth de and an abl. expresscd or to be supplied, to deserve well of a person, to do him favors. pr6missum: see promitto. promissus: see promitto. promitto, -ere, -misl, -missus [1. pr6 +mitt6l, fr,properly, send forth. Fig., proffer, offer, promise, agree. promissum, -1 (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n, promise, agreement, covenant. promo, -ere, prompsi, promptus [1. pro+em6], tr., take out, bring forth or out, produce; with reflexive pron., come forth. Fig., put forth, display. pronuba: see pr6nubus. pronubus, -a, -um [1. pro+nubo], adj., having to do with marriage, marriage, nuptial. As noun, pr6nuba, -ae, f., bride-woman, bride's attendant, matron of honor, i.e. a married woman who attended a bride at her wedding; as epithet of Juno, the goddess of marriage (~278), goddess of marriage, bride escorting. pronus, -a, -um [akin to 1. pro], adj., turned or bent forward, bending or leaning forward, headlong, headfirst, headforemost; down-sloping, sloping, inclined. Fig., easy, smooth. propago, -inis [1. pro+root of pang6], f., properly, a shoot or twig of a plant bent down so as to take root in the ground, layer, shoot. Fig., offspring; in colt. sense, progeny, descendants, race, stock. prope, adv., comp. propius, near, near by, used with exp,'',tons of rest, motion from or toward. Fig., with aspici6, etc., (from close at hcad, i.e.) nearly, closely, carefully. propere [cf. propero: properus, hastening, speedy], adv., hastily, speedily, in haste, quickly. proper6, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., hasten, hurry, make haste; with infin., be in haste, and, fig., be eager or anxious (that); tr. (~131), hasten, quicken, speed. propexus, -a, -um [1. pro+pectf, comb], adj., combed forward, hanging down, streaming, flowing. propincus, -inqua, -incum [propel, adj., near, neighboring, close by, close at hand; near in lineage, related, kindred, akin. propinqu6, -are, -avl, -atus [propincus], intr., come or draw near (to), approach. propior, -us [propel, adj., zn comp., nearer, in place or in time. As noun, propiora, -um, pl. n., the nearer place, the nearer space. In sup., proximus, -a, -um, nearest in space or in time, next; freely, nearest, next in PROPIUS 126 PRUDENTIA worth, rank, etc., most like;= an adv., hard by, close by. propius: see prope. propono, -ere, -posui, -positus [1. pro +pono], tr., put forth, set forth, place before; offer, proffer. proprius, -a, -um, adj., properly, own, very own, of things that only one person can have, used of all three persons and both numbers, my, our, your, his, her, their very own; peculiar, special; (one's very own forever; hence) lasting, abiding, permanent. propter, prep. with acc., near to, close to, by; on account of, through, because of. pr6opugnaculum,-i [1. pr6+pugno], n., something that fights jor (defends) one, defence, bulwark, rampart, battlemaent. prora, -ae, f., prow of a ship; (by metonymy), ship. pr6ripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [1. pr6 +rapi6], tr., drag or hurry forth or forward; with reflexive pron., or intr. (~ 139), rush or dash forth, hasten away, hurry. prorumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus [1. pr6 +rumpo], tr., cause to break forth, send forth, belch forth; intr. (~ 139), or in pass., with [reflexive force (~152), burst forth or out, rush forth. proruptus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., in reflexive sense (~~ 152, 171), bursting forth or out, streaming, rushing, impetuous, raging, furious. proruptus: see pr6rumpo. prosequor, -i, -secutus sum [1. pro+ sequor], tr., follow (forth), accompany, attend, escort, conduct; intr., proceed in speech, continue. Proserpina, -ae,f., Proserpina, daughter of Ceres; as wife of Pluto she is queen of the underworld. See ~ 300. prosilio, -ire, -silui or-silil, - [1. pro +salio, intr., leap or spring forth, dart forth. prospecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of pr6spici6], tr., look forth or out on, follow with one's eyes, look at eagerly, gaze on; look forward to, expect, await, wait for. prospectus, -fus [prospici6], m., outlook, prospect, view, sight. pr6sper or pr6sperus, -a, -um [1. pro -spes], adj., properly, (according to, i.e.) coming up to one's hopes, matching one's hopes, favorable, auspicious. prospicio, -erer -spexi, -spectum [1. pr6+speci6, old verb, look], intr., look forth or forward, look into the distance, look forth and see; tr., see in the distance, espy, descry, discern; look out on, gaze on, behold. pr6sum, prodesse, profui, - [1. pr6, pr6d+sum], intr., be useful (to), be of use or service, profit, avail, help. protectus: see proteg6. protego, -ere, -texl, -tectus [1. pro+ tego], tr., cover in front, cover; defend, protect. protend6, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [1. pro +tendS], tr., stretch forth or out, extend. protentus: see pr6tendo. proterreo, -ere, -ul, -territus [1. pr6 +terreo], tr., frighten forth or away, frighten into flight, scare away, drive into flight. pr6tinus [1. pr6+tenusl, adv., of space, forward, onward, straight on; oJ time, continuously, uninterruptedly; forthwith, straightway, instantly, immediately. pr6trah6, -ere, -traxi, -tractus [1. pr6+traho], tr., draw forth, drag forth. proturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [1. pro+ turbo], tr., rout, disturb, dislcdge, repel, drive away. provectus: see pr6veho. pr6veho, -ere, -vexl, -vectus [1. pro+ veh6], tr., bear or carry forwardl; n pass., in middle sense, go forward, move, advance, proceed; 'ith equo or navi expressed or to be supplied, ride (on), sail. Fig., proceed in speech, go on, continue. provolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutus [1. pro+volvo], tr., roll forward, roll over, turn over. proximus: see propior. prfdentia,-ae [on'rqnullq prvidentia, fronr provideS, foresee], J., foreslght, PRUNA 127 PURUS insight, power of foreseeing the future, prophetic skill. pruna, -ae, f., a live (burninq) coal. Prytanis, -is, m., Pyrtams, a Trojan, killed by Turnus. piubns, -entis, adj., full grown, mature, of plants, ripe, juicy, full of sap. pibes, -is [cf. puber or pMubs, full grown], f., signs or proof of maturity, the genital parts; waist, thigh, groin; by metonymy, in coll. sense, grown up persons, young persons, youth; in general, company, body, throng; men, people, folk; esp., warriors (cf. iuvenis, iuventas), warrior band, martial host. pubesco, -ere, pabui, - [piubs], intr., come to maturity, lbecome mature, come to man's estate, grow up. pudet, -ere, -ui or pudet, -ere, puditum est, impers. but tr., construed with acc. of person and gen. of thing, (it) shames one, puts to shame, makes ashamed, one is ashamed before, feels shame before or in presence of, thinks with shame of, one shrinks from, is loath. pudor, -6ris [cf. pudet], m., shame as a force that rest ains men from wrongdoing, respect for public opinion, sense of shame, honor, modesty, selfrespect. puella, -ae [feminine dim. of puer], f., maiden, girl. puer, pueri, in., boy; in pl., children, male or female. puerilis, -e rpuer], adj., childish, boyish, youthful. pugna, -ae [cf. pugnus], f., properly, a fight with fists, hand-to-hand encounter; fight, battle, combat, conflict, encounter. pugnator, -oris [pugno], m., fighter. As adj., pugnacious, fond of fighting, fighting, warlike. pugno, -are, -avl, -atum [cf. pugnus, pugna], intr., fight, contend; fight with, struggle against, resist, oppose; tr., with acc. of effect (~ 128), fight, wage. pugnus, -1, m., a fist. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beauti ful, handsome, lovely, fair. Fig., noble, splendid, glorious, illustrious. pullulo, -are, -avi, -atum [pullulus, ditm. of pullus, a young animal), intr., with abl., properly, be with young (said both of plants and animals); freely, sprout with, be pregnant with, bear, produce. pulmo, -6nis, m., a lung. puls6, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. ofpello], tr., strike often or with violence, beat, lash, pound, smite; batter, shatter; cause to shake or quiver, mlxke.. tremble. Fig., disturb, disquiet, assail, vex. 1. pulsus: see pello. 2. pulsus, -as [pello], m., striking, beating, beat, stroke; stamping, tramping. pulverulentus, -a, -um [pulvis], adj., dusty, dust-covered. pulvis, pulveris, m., dust, dry earth, mould, sand. pumex, pumicis, mn., pumice-stone; in qeneral, porous roclk,'irannied rock. puniceus, -a, -um [akin to Punicus], adj., properly, scarlet, crimson, red (used esp. of crimsonproduced by Tyrian (Carthaginian) dyes); often rendered purple. See purpura. Punicus, -a, -um [akin to Poeni], adj., Punic, Carthaginian. puppis, -is, f., stern of a ship; by metonymy, ship, boat, vessel. purgb, -are, -avi, -atus [parus+ago], tr., properly, drive or force into cleran ness or purity, make clean; purify; with se, clear (one's self) away, i.e. remove one's self, vanish. purpura, -ae, f.,properly, a color which was a mixture of red and blue; sometimes the red, sometimes the blue predominated; crimson color, crimson, purple. purpureus, -a, -urm [purpura], adj., crimson, red, purple; freely, with loss of the idea of definite color, bright, brilliant, shining, glowing, beautiful. ptrus, -a, -um, adj., clean, pure, clear, bright; plain, simple, unadorned; with campus, clear, open, unobstructed; with hasta, headless, with PUTO 128 QtANTUS out an iron head (the exact point of the adj. in thzs phrase is not clear). Fig., pure, unmixed. puto, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., properly, cut vines, etc. (cf. amputate, which shows the same root), then, clear or clean by cutting, prune, set in order. Fig., set accounts in order, reckon; think, consider, reflect on, ponder; deem, suppose. Pygmalion, -bnis, m., Pygmalion, son of Belus, king of Tyre, and brother of Dido. He killed Sychaeus, the husband of Dido. pyra, -ae, f., a funeral pile, pyre. PyracmBn, -onis, m., Pyracmon, one of the Cyclopes at the forge of Vulcan. Pyrgo, -us [a Greek form], f., Pyrgo, nurse of Pria7 m's children. Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, called NVeoptolemus ("new to the zwar"), because he did not take part in the Trojan war till late, after his father's death. Later, he had a kingdom in Epi ra,,, ' was slain by Orestes. Q 1. qua, rel. adv.: see 1. qui. 2. qu5a, intferrog "J1.: sec 1. quis. 3. qua, indef. adv.: see 2. quis. quacumque: see quicumque. quadrigae, -arum [contracted( 9)from quadriiugae: cf., then, quattuor+ iugum, iungo], pl. f., a four-horse team; by metonymy, a chariot drawn by four horses, car. quadriiugis, -e, and quadriiugus, -a, -um [,f. quattuor+iuguml, adj, of horses, yoked four abreast; of a chariot, with four horses, four-horsed. quadrup6s, -pedis [cf. quattuor+ pes], adj., four footed. As noun, quadrupes, -pedis, c, four-footed animal, quadruped; esp., a horse. quaero (older fosrn, quaesb), -ere, quaesivi or quaesii, quaesitus, tr., seek, search for, look for, seek to secure or gain; search into, examine, investigate; seek successfully, earn. get, procure; seek unsuccessfully, lose, miss,, lack; ask, ask flor, inquire (into), demand, with iifin., see'k, try, attempt, essay, desire, wish. Note: The form quaeso, ask, is usually parenthetical, I beg, I pray. quaesitor, -oris [old form of quaestor: cf. quaero, quaeso], m., investigator, inquisitor, examiner, judge. quaesitus: see quaero. quaes6: see quaer6 (end). qualis, -e [cf. 1. qui, 1. quis], adj., used (1) as interrog., of what sort? of what kind? what? (2) as rel., of what sort, what, esp. as correlative to talis, expressed or to be understood, such... as, as, such as; in comparisons, as virtually equivalent to a conj., balanced by talis, sic, baud secus, etc., even as, just as, precisely as, as, (3) in exclamations, what sort of I what a sight! quam [cf. 1. qui, 1. quis], adv.,used (l) as interrog.,how? how much? how greatly? (2) as rel., how, how much, as; with correlative tam, expressed or to be understood, as much... so much, so ~..as, as... as; with superlatives, as possible, e.g. quam primum, as soon as possible; after comparatives, than. For priusquam or prius... quam see prior; see also antequam. quamquam, con), although, thoughto introduce a correction or an amendment of a preceding statement, and yet, however, but. quamvis [quam+volo], properly, adv., as much as you wish, as you will, however much, however; usually as co0j, however much, although. quando. I. Adv, (1) interrog., at what time? when? (2) indef. at any time, ever. II. Conj., (1) in tempora' clauses, when, (at) what time, (2) in causal clauses, since, because, seeing that. quantus, -a, -um [cf. quam?], ac)., used (1) as interrog., how great? hoax large? of what size? (2) as rel., correlative to tantus, expressed or to be understood, as great as, as much as, as, (3) in exclamations, how great' quantum, n. smnq. as adr., (1) rel., as much as, as far as, (2) in excla(mation., lho\o greatly! how much how sadly I boa\N I QUARE 129 QUIN quar6 [qua+re], adv., (1) interrog., on what account? for what reason? why? (2) as rel., on which account, wherefore, therefore. quartus, -a, -urnm akin to quattuor], ordinal numeral adj., fourth. quass6, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of quatio], tr., shake violently, toss, brandish; shake to pieces, shatter, batter. quater [akin to quattuor], numeral adv., four times; terque quaterque, freely, again and again, repeatedly, many times, exceedingly. quatio, -ere, -, quassus, tr., shake, agitate, stir, cause to shiver or tremble; shatter, batter, demolish, destroy, overthrow; strike, smite, lash. Fig., vex, harass. quattuor, numeral adj., indeclinable, four. -que, conj., and, and indeed, and in fact, implying close connection, as joining two parts of one whole; usually appended to the zord it ad ls or to the first vord of the clause it adds (but see ~ 209); tith emphasis on the added word, and indeed, and in fact; at times best translated by or, or, after neg. expressions, by but; to introduce a detail illustrating a general statement, and in particular; in a phrase or clause that gives the result of whatprecedes, and as a result; with temporal or quasi temporal force,-and forthwith, and at once, and lo' -que... -que, et... -que, -que... et, -que... atque, both... and. queo, quire, quivi or quit, quitum, intr., chiefly in neg. phrases, be able, can. Quercens, -entis, ms., Quercens, a Putulian. quercus, -us, f., an oak-tree, oak; by netonymy, a garland of oak leaves, oak crown. querela, -ae [querorl, f., complaint, plaint. queror, -i, questus sum, tr., complain (of), bewail, lament, bemoan; intr., moan, utter a plaintive cry or note. questus, -us [queror], m., complaint, plaint, lamentation. 1. qui, quae, quod, ret. adj. anij pron., who, which, what, that, whoever, whatever, (he) who, etc; used often where English is content uwith a dem. or a pers. pron., he, she, this; quod, n. sing. acc., in entreaties, etc., as a virtual conj. (see note on ii, 141), lit., as to which; freely, but; so in quod si, but if; ex quo (sc. tempore), ever since, since. qua (sc. via or parte), abl. sing. as adv., where, whither; in what manner. 2. qui, interrog. adj.: see 1. quis. quia [ace. pl. n. of 1. qui], conj., because (used to give the objective, i.e. the actual reason). quianam [quia+nam], adv., why pray? why? wherefor? quicquam: see quisquam. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque [1. qui], indef. rel. pron. and adj., whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever; =quivis or quilibet, any at all, every possible, every. quid: see 1. quis. quidem, adv., indeed, LLi sooth, truly; yet, however. quies, -etis, f., rest, repose, quiet, peace; esp., sleep, slumber, or the quiet of death, death; respite, pause. quiesco, -ere, -evl, -etum [quies], zntr., become quiet, go to rest, rest, repose; zn pf. system, be at rest, be quiet or still; rest from doing something, cease, desist from. quietus, -a, -un, pf. pass. prtcpl., in dep. sense, as adj, properly, having come to rest, at rest, calm, peaceful, gentle, quiet, tranquil. quietus: see quiesco. quin [qui, old abl. sing. of 1. qui and 1. quis-1-ne, not]. I. Adv., used (1) as interrog., lit., how... not? why... not? (2) in exhortations, esp. in the phrases, quin et, quin etiam (from the lit. sense, why... not? an affirma. tive meaning, by all means, certainly, was easily developed), come now, now, nay, nay more, nay even. II. Conj., in rel. connections, in clauses dependent on neg. expressions, so that... not, that... not, that; after neg. expressions of QUIN ET 130 RABIES hindrance (hinder)... from... (doing something). quil et or etiam: see quin. quini, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj., five at a time, five each; freely, five. quinquaginta, nrumeral adj., indeclinable, fifty. quinque, numeral adj., indeclinable, five. quippe, adv., truly, surely, in sooth, no doubt, doubtless, without fall, in fact; withl ironical or sarcastic force, in sooth, indeed, of course; as conj., in clauses introducing an explanation, you see, you know, for, inasmuch as. Quirinus, -i, m., Quirinus, a name given to Romulus after he was translated from earth to heaven, the deified Romulus. 1. quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron., who? which? what?; loosely used as= uter, which of (the) two. As adj., qul, quae, quod, which? what? what sort of? quid, n. sing. as adv, why? for what reason? in what respect? on what account? quid (sc. putasset, fecisset, or 4te like) si, what if? qua (sc. parte or via), abl. sing. as adv., how? in what way? 2. quis or qui, qua, quid, indef. pron., anyone, anything. any r-me one, something, some. As adj., qui, quae or qua, quod, any, some. qua (sc. parte or via), abl. sing as adv., any way, in any wise, at all. quis: old dat. and abl. pl. of 1. qui. quisnam and quinam, quaenam, quidnam or quodnam, interrog. pion. and adj., equivalent to an emphatic quis, who, pray? what, pray? who? - hat? quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, indef. pron. and (rarely) adj., used in neg. sentences, anyone, anything, any. quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef. adj. and pion., each one, every one, everything, each, every. quisquis, quaequae, quidquid or quicquid, indef. rel. pron. and adj., whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever. 1. quo Lold dat. (9) of 1. qul and 1. quis: cf. eo, eodem], adv., used (1) as znterrog., whither? to what place? where? for what purpose? wherefor? to what end? (2) as rel. (here often a conj.), whither, where. 2. quo [abl. szng. of 1. qul], conj, properly, by which (thing), whereby, in order that, to the end that, that. quocirca, conj., for which reason, wherefor. quocumque [old dat. (?) ofquicumque], adv., whithersoever, in any direction (whatever), no matter whither; as conj., in whatsoever direction, whithersoever. quod [acc. sing. of 1. qui, or, perhaps, abl. sing. with the original ending -d], conj., that, in that, because; as to the fact that. See also under 1. qui. quod si: see 1. qui. quomodo [1. quis+modus], interroq adv., in what way? in what manner? how? quonam [1. quo+nam], interrog. adv., whither, pray? whither? quondam, adv., properly, of the past, at a certain time, at one time, once, formerly, aforetime, of old, in days gone by; of the future, one day, some day, by and by, at any time, ever;=nonnumquam, sonutlimes, at times. quoniam [quom=cum+iam], conj., properly, since now; now that, since, because, inasmuch as, seeing that. quoque, conj., emphasizing the word it jtollows, also, too, even, likewise. quot, indeclinable adj., in pi., interrog. and rel., how many, as many as, as many, as. quotannis [quot+abl. pt. of annus], adv., properly, in how many (as many) years (as there are), annually, yearly, every year. quotiens [quot], conj., as many times as, every time that, as often as. quoasqpue or quo... sque (~211), interrog. adv., up to what point (in place or time)? how far? how long? R rabidus, -a, -um [cf. rabies], adj., raving, raging, lurious, frenzied. rabies, -iei [cf. rabio, rabere, rave], RADIO 131 RECESSUS f., raving, madness, frenzy, fury; esp, the frenzy (or raving) of inspiration. radio, -are, -avi, -atus [radius], tr., properly, furnish with spokes. Fig., furnish with rays (of lightS, cause to shine; intr., shine, gleam, glitter. radius, -i or -ii, in., a staff, a (measuring) rod, a pointer; by metonymy, a spoke of a wheel; a beam or ray of the sun, light, etc. radix, -icis, f., a root of a plant or tree. rad6, -ere, rasi, rasus, tr., scrape, shave, rub. Fig., graze, skim along or over, cleave, skirt, pass close to. ramus, -i, qm., a branch, bough, twig; by metonymy, garland. rapidus, -a, -um [rapio], adj., properly, seizing, hurrying; of fire, consuming, devouring, fierce; of a river, winds, etc., whirling, sweeping, impetuous; in general, swift, speedy, quick. rapi6, -ere, rapui, raptus, tr., lay hold on quickly (and unceremoniously), carry off by force, snatch away, tear away, hurry (off), snatch, seize; rob, plunder, spoil; ravage, outrage; move quickly through, range, scour; intr., (see on iv. 581), hurry, bustle about. raptum, -i (pf. pass prtcpl. as noun), n., plunder, prey, booty. rapt6, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of rapio], tr., seize and carry oft, drag along or away, drag. raptor, -oris [rapto], m., robber, plunderer, spoiler; as adj., plundering, ravenous. raptum: see rapi6. raptus: see rapi6. raresco, -ere, -, - [rarus], intr., properly, grow thin through the separation of parts. Fig., in iii. 411, part, widen, open, leap asunder. - rarus, -a, -um, adj., the opposite of densus, applied to things of loose texture, whose parts stand or lie well asunder, thin, loose; of two or more things, wide apart or asunder, scattered; of nets, wide meshed; of sounds (isolated, i.e.) broken, falter ing, stammering, halting;=an adv., here and there, at intervals. rastrum, -i [rado], n., in pi., rastri, -orum, m., an iron hoe, very heavy, with two teeth, used for breaking up the ground, a mattock; also, a fourtoothed rake. ratio, -onis [reorl, f., properly, a reckoning, a calculation, account; mode, manner, way, plan, scheme, means; intelligence, understanding, reason, wisdom. sense, counsel. ratis, -is, f., a raft; freely, vessel, boat, ship. ratus: see reor. raucus, -a, -um, adj., hoarse, harsh; deep-sounding, echoing, ringing, thunderous, clanging, noisy; rauca, acc. pl. as adv. (~~ 130, 134), hoarsely, harshly, loudly re-, before vowels red-, inseparable prefix, back, again, again and again, against; from the idea of back, again, it often implies a rever 6a7 of conditions, and so negatives the meaning of the simple verb, un-; it is also sometimes intensive. rebellis, -e [re+bellum], adj., waging war afresh, revolted, rebellious, insurgent. recedS, -ere, -cessi, -cessum [re+ cedo], intr., go or move back, withdraw, retire, retreat. Fig., e.g. of a house, stand back, recede; of other things, retreat, vanish, withdraw, pass (away). recens, -entis, adj., of things not yet long in existence, fresh, recent, new; new-made; fresh, pure; recens ab, fresh from, immediately after. recense6, -ere, -censui, -census or -censitus [re+cense6], tr., count up, recount, tell the tale of, reckon; examine with care, survey. recept6, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of recipi6], tr., take back, get back, recover, receive (back). receptus: see recipio. recessus, -us [recedo], m., a retreat, withdrawal; by metonymy, of places that withdraw or retreat, retreat, recess, nook. RECIDIVUS 132 REDIMO recidivus, -a, -um [recido, fall back; in Jig. sense, return, recur], adj., properly, returning, recurring; reviving, revived, restored. recido, -ere, -cidi, -clsus [re+caedo], tr., cut oft, cut away, lop, sever. recinctus: see recingo. recing6, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus [re+ cingo], tr., ungird, loosen, loose. recinctus, -a -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., ungirt, loosened, flowing, streaming. recipi6, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [re+ capiol, tr., take back, bring back; draw back, withdraw; get back, win back, regain, recover, rescue; take to one's self, receive, admit, welcome; poenas recipere, exact punishment, take vengeance. recisus: see recido. recludo, -ere, -clsi, -clusus [re+ claudo], tr., open (again), lit. and fig., unclose, open, lay bare, disclose, reveal; lay open, pierce; with ensem, unsheathe. recoctus: see recoquo. recognosco, -ere, recogn6vi, recognitus [re+cognosc6], tr., properly, learn again or anew; examine, survey, review. recolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [re+ colo], tr., properly, till again or anew, retill. Fig., reflect on, contemplate, survey. recondo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [re+ condo], tr., put up again, put back, stow away, hide, conceal; bury, lit. and fig. recoquo, -ere, -coxi, -coctus [re+ coquo], tr., properly, cook or boil over or again; Jreely, work or treat (repeatedly) with fire, forge, smelt, refine. recordor, -ari, -atus sum [re ~cor, in sense of mind, intelligence], tr., call to mind, recall, remember. rector, -6ris [rego], nm, guider; with na[vis, steersman, helmsman, pilot. rectum: see rego. rectus: see regS. recub6, -are, -, -- [re+cub6, old vei h, lie, lie dowln], intr, lie on the back, lie at length, lie at ease, lie, recline. recumbo, -ere, recubul, recubitum [re+cumb6, old verb, lay], intr. (~ 139), properly, lay one's self down, lie down, lie, fall down, sink (down), settle. recurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum [re+ curro], intr., come back repeatedly, return; of the sztn, return, revolve. recurrens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., of the sun, revolving, or, freely, in his daily round. recurso, -are,, -- recurro], intr., hasten or hurry back. Fge., recur, return, be renewed or repeated. recursus, -us [recurro], nz., a running back, return movement, countermarch, retreat. recuso, -are, -avi, -atus [re+causa; cf. causor, causari, plead], tr., properly, plead against solmething; take exception to, gainsay, refuse, decline; with infin., refuse, decline, be unwilling, be reluctant. recussus: see recutio. recuti6, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [re+ quatio], tr., strike back; strike violently, shake. redarguo, -ere, -ui, - [red = re+arguo], tr., disprove, refute. redditus: see reddo. reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [red —=re+ do], tr., give back, give up, hand over, deliver up, return, restore, lit. and fig.; give back as one should, return, render, bestow; with a reflexive pron., or in pacs, evith middlle force (~ 152), restore one's self, come back, go back, return; give back in speech, return or say by way of answer, answer, reply; make, render; (make over, i.e.) repeat, renew, reflect, reproduce. redeo, -ile, redivi or redil, reditum [red = re+eo], intr., go back, come back, return, lit. and fig.; with ace. of effect, retrace, traverse again. redimiculum, -i [redimio], n., a band; esp, a headband, hllet; strings, lappets. redimio, -ire, -ii, -itus, tr., bind around, encircle, crown, wreathe. redimitus: see redimio. redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [red= REDITUS 133 REGNUM re+em6], tr., buy back; esp., ransom, redeem. reditus, -is [redeo], m., a return. redole6, -ere, -ul, - red= re+ole6, smell], infr., emit an odor, smell; smell of, be redolent of, be fragrant with. rediuc, -ere, -dfxi, -ductus [re+ duco], tr., lead back, bring back, fetch back; restore, save, rescue; draw back; hence, ply with mfght and main; wield forcefully. reductus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adl., withdran n; hence, retired, retreating, deep, secluded. reductus: see reduc6. redux, -ucis [reduc6l, adj., property, in pass. sense, brought back, returned, restored; hence, safe; in active sense, returning. refectus: see reficio. refello, -ere, -felli, - [re+fall6], tr., prove (to be) false, refute, disprove, repel. refer6, -ferre, -tull, -latus [re+fero], tr., bear back, bring back, carry back or off; return, restore; with a reflexive pron., with pedem, vestigia, or gressum, or in pass., with middle yorce (~152), bear or betake one's self back, go back, return, retreat, withdraw; give back, return, restore, pay, render, offer. Fig., bring back, restore, renew, revive; reproduce, reprelsent, imitate, resemble; bear back in speech, bring tidings (that), report, relate, recount; fetch forth (words, etc.), utter, say; answer, reply; bring or lay before the Senate, councillors, etc., refer (to); (bring or carry back, i.e ) alter, change, transform. reficio, -ficere, -f6ec, -fectus [re+ facio], tr., make again, make over, repair. Fig., renew, restore, refresh, revive, recruit, reinvigurate. refig6, -ere, -f ix, -fixus [re+fig ], tr., unfix, unfasten, loose; tear down. Fig., with leges, unmake, annul, abolish, rescind (see on vi. 622). refixus: see refigo. reflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexus [re+ fecto], tr., bend back, turn back. Fig. turn (back), direct; change, alter; animum reflectere, give heed to, take thought on. reflexus: see reflecto. refluo, -ere, -, - [re+flu6], intr., flow back, stream back. recede, subside. refring6, -ere, -fregi, -fractus [re+ frango], tr., break up, break open; break off. refugi, -ere, -fugi,- [re —fugio], intr., fly back, flee back, recoil, shrink back; flee, escape; tr., flee from, recoil from. Fig., as intr., recede, recoil; with infil., shrink from, recoil from; hence, be reluctant, be un illing, be loath. refulge6, -ere, -si, - [re+fulge6], intr., flash back, shine forth, send forth light, shine brightly, gleam, glitter. refund6, -ere, -fudi, -fiusus [re+ fund6], tr., pour back, pour up; upheave. refusus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., properly, uppoured; freely, overflowing. refusus: see refundo. regalis, -e (rex], adj., of or pertaining to a king, worthy of a king (prince or princess), kingly, royal, regal; splendid, magnificent, gorgeous, princely. regia: see regius. regificus, -a, -umn rex+facio], adj., regal, royal, princely. regina, -ae [reg6], f., she who u les, a queen, princess. As adj., of royal blood, royal. regio, -6nis [rego],f., direction, course, line; by metonymy, (cf. fines), the land between certain lines, territory, district, quarter, region. regius, -a, -um [rex], adj., of a king or queen, king's; royal, queenly, princely; by metonymy, princely, splendid, magnificent. As noun, regia, -ae [sc. domus], f., a king's house, palace. regnator, -6ris [r6gno], m., ruler, sovereign, king, lord regno, -are, -avi, -atum [regnum], intr., have sovereignty, hold sway, reign, rule; tr., rule over, sway, govern. regnum, -i [cf. rex, rego], m., sovereignty, rule, dominion, lordship; REGO 134 REOR royal or kingly power; by metonymy, a dominion, kingdom, realm, crown. rego, -ere, r6xi, rectus, tr., guide, direct; steer; guide, control, rule, sway, govern, manage, lit. and fig rectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., direct, straight. As noun, rectum, -i, n., in fig. sense, right, right conduct, virtue. regressus, -us [regredior, come back], m., a return. reicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [re+iacio], tr., throw back, cast back, fling back or from, cast; turn away, turn from. relatus: see refero. releg6, -ere, -legi, -1ectus [re+lego], tr., traverse again, sail over or past a second time, coast along or by again. relictus: see relinquo. religio, -onis,.:, reverence for the gods, piety, devotion, veneration, reverence, awe, religious scruples, religious feelings; by metonymy, any display or evidence of devotion, a religious observance, sacred rites, sacred custom, pious ceremony, holy observance; agencies of religion, revelation, prophecy; the sanctity of a thing, sacredness, religious significance or importance. religiosus, -a, -um [religi6], adj., hallowed, holy, sacred. religo, -are, -avi, -atus [re+ligo], tr., bind fast, bind, fasten; with equos, tether. relinqu6, -ere, -liqui, -lictus [re+ linquo], tr., leave behind, leave, lit. and fi.; resign, relinquish, surrender; quit, abandon, forsake, desert, neglect; give up. reliquiae, -arum [relinquo], pl. f., properly, "leavings"; remains, remnant; relics; remains of an individual, ashes. reluce6, -ere, -lixi,r- [re+luceo], intr., shine back or again (i.e. reflect a light or blaze), light up, blaze, shine. remensus: see remetior. remeo, -are, -a vi, -- [re+me6, go], intr., go back, return. remetior, -iri, -mensus sum [re+ metior], tr., property, measure back; with astra, (measure back, i.e.) retrace, observe again with care; traverse again, repass, recross. remex, -igis [remus+agi], m., oarsman, rower; in coll. sense, band of oarsmen, oarsmen, crew. remigium, -i or -ii [cf. remex], n., the act of rowing, rowing; by metonymy, oarsmen. Fig., oarlike motion. reminiscor, -i, -, tr., call or recall to mind, recall, remember. remissus: see remitto. remitto, -ere, -misi, -missus tre+ mittb], tr., send back; send forth, return; release, free; give up, yield, resign, surrender, waive; return, repay. remorde6, -ere, -mordi, -morsus [re+mordeo], tr., properly, bite (again). Fig., gnaw, vex, harass, torment, trouble. remotus: see removeo. removeS, -ere, -movi, -motus [re+ moveo], tr., move back; put away, remove; mensas remov6re, end a feast (i.e. end the eating proper). remugi6, -ire, -, - [re+mugi6], intr., bellow back or again, boom; reecho, resound, roar, rumble. remulceS, -ere, -mulsi, -mulsus (re-k mulceo], tr., properly, stroke back; loosely used with caudam, draw back, cause to droop, droop. Remulus, -i, mr., Remulus. (1) A Latin from Tibur. (2) A cognomen of Numanus, a Rutulian. remus, -1, m., an oar. Remus, -i, m., Remus. (1) The brother of Romulus. (2) A Rutulian. renarro, -are, -avi, -atus [re+narro], tr., tell over again, retell, recount, relate. renascor, -i, -natus sum [re+nascorl, intr., be born again; spring up again, grow afresh, be renewed. renatus: see renascor. renov6, -are, -avi, -atus [re4-nov6], tr., renew, lit. and fig. reor, reri, ratus sum, tr.,with clause as object, properly, reckon, calculate; think, believe, suppose, 'imagine. ratus, -a, -umr, p. pass. prtcpl. as REPELLO 135 RESOLVO adcj., properly, reckoned, calculated; hence, confirmed, established, settled, ratified. repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsus [re+ pello], tr, drive or dash back, thrust back, repel. Fig., reject, repel, spurn. repend6, -ere, -pendi, -pensus [re+ pendb], tr., weigh back, pay back by weighing, repay, requite; weigh one thing over against another, balance, offset. repente [cf. repens, repentinus, suddenl, adv., suddenly. reperio, reperire, repperl, repertus [re+pario], tr., properly, beget, produce. Fig., find out, discover, find, detect. repertor, -oris [reperi,, m., discoverer, inventor, designer, author, creator. repertus: see reperio. repetitus: see repeto. repet6, -ere, -petivi or -ii, -petitus [re+pet6], tr., seek again, revisit; go back for, fetch, bring back. Fig., go back for in thought or in speech, call to mind, recall, recollect; retrace, repeat, say or utter again (and again). repleo, -6re, -evl, -etus [re+pleo, old verb, fill], tr., fill up, fill, lit. and fig. repletus: see reple6. repono, -ere, -posul, -positus or repostus [re+ponol, tr., put back, place back, lit. and fig., replace, restore, repair, renew; put aside, lay aside, lay by, store up, treasure up; lay away (in the earth), bury, inter; put off, lay aside, lay down, resign, abandon, quit; simply, put, place, lay. reporto, -are, -avi, -atus [re+porto], tr., bear back, bring back, carry back; pedem reportare, retrace one's steps, come back, return. Fig., bring back in speech, report, announce, relate. reposco, -ere, -, - [re+posco], tr., ask for (again), demand (back); claim. poenas... reposcere, (claim, i.e.) seek to exact vengeance. repositus or repostus: see repon6. reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [re+ premo], tr., press back, hold back, I keep back; withhold, check, stop, stay, retain. repugno, -ire, -avi, -atum [re+ pfigno], intr., fight back, resist, struggle. repulsus: see repello. requies, -etis [re+quies], f, rest, repose; respite (Jrom), relief (from), stay. requiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum [re-tquiescol, intr., come to rest, rest, repose. require, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitus [re+ quaero], tr., seek out (again), seek after, look for, search for; seek to know, seek to learn, inquire after, ask; (inquire after because one misses; hence) miss, be conscious of the lack of. res, rei, f., a thing; matter, event, affair; circumstance, condition, lot, estate, experience, fortune; deed, exploit, achievement; misfortune, mishap, sorrow; in pl., affairs, interests, concerns; destinies, fates, career; freely, the earth, the world, the universe, nature; res or res ptblica, the commonwealth, state. rescindS, -ere, -scidi, -scissus [re+ scindo], tr., cut off, cut loose; tear down, tear away. reserv6, -are, -avi, -atus [re+serv6], tr., keep back, set aside, reserve, preserve, save. reses, -idis [resideo], adj., inactive, idle,'sluggish, dormant. reside6, -6re, -sedi, - [re+sedei], intr., sit down, remain sitting; be idle, be inactive, be sluggish. residb, -ere, -sedi, - [re+sido], intr., sit down, take a seat; take up one's abode, settle. Fig., settle down, sink, subside, abate, cease. resigno, -are, -avi, -atus [re+signo], tr., unseal, lit. and fig., unstop, open. resisto, -ere, -stiti, - [re+sisto], intr. (~139), properly, set one's self back; stand back, stand still; (check one's self), pause, stop; set one's self against, withstand, oppose, resist. resolutus: see resolvo. resolvb, -ere, -solvi, -solutus [re+ solvo], tr., untie, unbind, loosen, open; separate, part, sever; relax, RESONO 13( slacken. Fig., loosen, unravel, disentangle; untie, sever, annul, cancel, dissolve. resono, -are, -avi, - [re+sono], intr., sound again (and again), ring again, reecho, resound. respecto, -are, -, - [freq. of respiCi6], intr., look back, look around (oJten or intently); tr., look back at, give heed to, regard, care for. respici6, -ere, -spexi, -spectum [re+ specli, old verb, look], intr., look back, look about or around, look; tr., look about or back for, search for; look back and see, see by looking back, see behind one, look back at. Fig., give heed or thought to, regard, be mindful of, consider. respiro, -are, -avi, -atum [re+spiro], intr., breathe, draw breath. resplendeo, -ere, -, - [re+splendeo, shine; cf. splendidus], iatr., shine brightly, gleam, glitter. respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponsus [re+spondeol, tr., properly, promzse in return or in reply, offer in return; answer, say in reply. Fig., as intr. with dat., answer to, correspond to, agree with, match. resp6ns6, -are, -, - [respondeo], intr., answer, reply, respond. Fig., (respond, i.e.) echo, reecho. responsum, -i [respondeo], n, answer, reply, response; esp., reply of an oracle or prophet, oracle, prophecy, prediction. restinctus: see restinguo. restinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctus [re+stinguo, old zerb, quench], tr., quench, extinguish. restituS, -ere,-ul, -ttus [re+statuo], tr., set up again, reestablish, restore. resto, -are, -stiti, - [re+sto], mitr., (stand, i.e.) stop behind; remain, be left. Fig., (be left jor one, i.e.) be in store for. Tesult, -re, -re, -,-tum [re+salto, freq. of salio], intr., spring back, leap back, rebound; Jreely, by a misunderstanding (see on v. 150), reecho, reverberate. resupinus, -a, -um [re+supinus], adj., R EVERTOR lying on one's back, supine, pros trate. resurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrectum [re+surgo], ntr., rise again, ltt. and fig. rete, -is, n., a net. retectus: see retego. reteg6, -ere, -texl, -tectus [re+tego], tr., uncover, lay bare. Fig., lay bare, disclose, reveal. retento, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of retineo], tr, hold back, keep back, retard, detain. retexo, -ere, -texul, -textus [re+ texS], tr., unweave, unravel; also, with different force of prefix, weave anew, reweave, lit. and fig. retinaculum, -l [retineo], n., properly, a hold-back, hold fast; rope, cable, hawser. retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [re+ teneo], Ir, hold back, restrain; detain, retard, delay. retorque6, -ere, -torsi, -tortus [re+ torqueo], tr, turn or twist back. Fig., change, alter, transform. retract6, -are, -avi, -itus [re+ tract6], tr, handle anew or afresh, grasp again, seize again; intr. (~ 139), draw back, withdraw, retreat. Fig., as tr., withdraw, retract. retraho, -ere, -traxl, -tractus [re+ trahl], tr., draw back, drag back, bring back, withdraw. retro, adv., backn ard, back. retr6rsus: see retroversus. retroversus or retrorsus [retro+ verto], adv., backward, back. reus, -i [cf. res], n, a party to a lawsuit, either plaintiff or defendant, but esp. defendant; one condemned and so bound in certain penalties, debtor. As adj., held in (penalties), bound by, answerable tor. revell6, -ere, -velli, -vulsus [re+ vello], tr., tear away, wrench away, pull off, pull away, dislodge, remove; (dcig up ashes of the dead; hence) disturb, desecrate, violate. revertor, reverti, reversus sum [re +-verto], tntr., turn back, return. 'ote.: thepf. is oftem act., reverti. ROMULUS REVINCIO 137 revinci6, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus [re+ vincio], tr., bind back, bmld fast, fasten; bind round. enlcircle, li eathe. revinctus: see revincio. reviso, -ere, -, - [re+viso], tr., go or cOi)ie back to see, revisit, lit. and fig., return to. revoc6, -are, -avl, -atus [re+voco], tr., call back, recall; icith gradum, retrace one's steps, return. Fig., (recall, i.e.) regain, refresh, replenish, restore, renew, revive. revolitus: see revolvo. revolv6, -ere, -volvi, -volftus [re+ volvo], tr., rollback, roll over; roll or fling forth; in pass., with middle force (~ 152), roll over (and over); sink back, fall back. Fig., uith iter, retrt; change, alter, transform; recount, rehearse, repeat. revolutus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prlcpl. as adj., of wcates, properly, rolled back; hence, ebbing. revomo, -ere, -vomul, - [re+vom6], tr., vomit forth again, throw up (again), disgorge, discharge. revulsus: see revello. r6x, regis [cf. rego], m., ruler, leader, lord, prince, sovereign, king; as adj., ruling, sovereign. Rhadamanthus, -1, in., Rhadamanthus, a son of Jupiter, and brother of Minos. In life he was faned for his justice: after death he became one of the judges of the underworld. Rhaebus, -i, Tm., Rhaebus, the war-horse of Mezentiys. Rhamnes, -etis, m., Rhamnes, a Rutulian, an augur of Turnus. Rhenus, -i, m., the river Rhine. Rhesus, -i, m., Rhesus, a Thracian Icing or prince who came to aid Troy but was slain by Diomede on the very night of his arrival. Rhoeteius: see Rhoet6us. Rhoeteus, -a, -um, and Rhoeteius, -a, -um, adj, of Rhoeteum, (apromontory of the Troad), Rhoetean; bymetonymy, Trojan. Rhoetus, -1, m., Rhoetus. (1) An Italzan slain by Euryalus. (2) A Marsian, ancestor of Anchemolus, rideo, -ere, risi, risum, intr., smile, laugh; tr., smile at, laugh at. rigeo, -ere, rigul, -, intr., be stiff, be stiffened, be rigid. rigidus, -a, -um [rige6], adj., stiff, rigid, unyielding, unbending, stark. rigo, -are, -avi, -atus, Ir., water, wet, moisten, bedew, bathe. rima, -ae, f., chink, cleft, rent, crack, fissure, seam. rimor, -ari, -atus sum [rima], tr., make clefts il, split open, te'tr up; tear vp things in order to examine them, pry into, search thoroughly, explore, examine. rimosus, -a, -um [rima], adj., full of chinks or clefts; leaky. ripa, -ae, f., bank of a river. Ripheus, -el, m., Ripheus, a Trojan warrior. rite [cf. ritus], adv., with due ceremony, in due form, duly, fittingly, fitly, rightly; in the usual form, as usual, according to custom. ritus, -us, m, sacrtd ceremony, holy rite; time-honored custom, observance. rivus, -i, m., a rivulet; stream, brook. robur, -oris, n., oak-tree, oak, of a species with ve? y hard zqood; in general, hard wood, timber; by metonymy, a lance or spear of oak; in pl., oaken timbers, planks of oak. Fig., strength, esp. the strength of endurance or resistance, defensive strength, power, might, vigor. rogito, -are, -avi, - [freq. of rog6], tr., ask for frequently, inquire after eagerly, ask. rogo, -are, -avl, -atus, tr., ask, question; ask for, beg for, sue for. rogus, -i, m., funeral pile, pyre. Roma, -ae, f, Rome. Romanus, -a, -um [Roma], adj., of Rome, Roman. As noun, Romanus, -i, m., a Roman. Romuleus, -a, -ur [R6mulus], adj., of Romulus, Romulus's Romulidae, -arum [Romulus], pi. m., the sons or descendants of Romulus, the Romans. Romulus, -i, m., Romulus, twin brother ROMULUS 138 SABINI of Remus and son of Mars; tradition made him the founder and first iing of Rome. As adj, Romulus, -a, -um, of Romulus, Romulus's; by metonymy, Roman. Romulus, -a, -um: see Romulus. roro, -are, -avi, -atum [ros], intr, drop or distil dew; freely, drip (with moisture in general), trickle, be moist or wet. ros, roris, m., dew; in general, dewlike moisture, spray. roscidus, -a, -um [rbs], adj., wet with dew, dewy, dew-bespangled. roseus, -a, -um [rosa], adj., of 'roses; rose-colored, rosy, roseate; freely, bright, lovely. rostratus, -a, -um [rostrum], adj., furnished or adorned with beaks, beaked. rbstrum, -i [cf. rodo, gnaw], n., the beak, bill of a bird; snout, muzzle of an animal; by metonymy, the beak or prow of a ship. rota, -ae, f., i wheel; by metonymy, chariot, car. roto, -are, -avi, -atus [rota], tr., turn round like a wheel, wheel, swing round, whirl about; intr., roll. rube6, -ere, —, -, intr., be red, grow red, redden, glow. ruber, rubra, rubrum, adj., red, crimson, ruddy. rubesco, -ere, rubul, - [inceptive of rubeo], intr., grow red, redden. rudens, -entis, m., a rope, esp. on shipboard, cable, hawser; in particular, sheet-rope, sheet, a rope attached to the bottom corner of a sail, used in hauling the sail flat against the mast or in easing off the sail to present a greater surface to the wind (cf. pes); in pl. running-gear, rigging. rudis, -e, adj., properly, of things unwrought or undeveloped, rough, raw, crude, rude. rudo, -ere, rudivi, ruditum, intr., roar, bellow, bray; creak, groan. rtga, -ae, f-, a wrinkle. ruina, -ae [ruo], f., a falling down, downfall, collapse; ruinam dare or trabere, fall in (long, trailing) ruin, collapse; upheaval, eruption; by me. tonymy, in pl., ruins. Fig., downfall, collapse, ruin, destruction. rumor, -oris, m, common talk, gossip, rumor, report, tidings. rumpo, -ere, rufpi, ruptus, tr., break in pieces, rend, burst, burst open, burst asunder, break off, break through, snap, sever, lit. and fig, annul, violate, destroy; with ace. of effect (~ 128), cause to burst forth, pour forth, give vent to. ru6, -ere, rui, rutus, tr., throw down, overthrow; cast up; upturn, upheave, churn up, plow up; intr, rush down, fall (quickly or violently down), stream down, rua in streams, tumble down, fall in (overwhelming) ruin, lit. and fig.; rush in or on, rush forth, rush up, rush down, hasten, hurry. _Fig., (of the sun, etc.), hasten to its setting, set (quickly), sink. rupes, -is, f., rock, crag; a line of rocks, cliff. ruptus: see rumpo. rursum: see rtrsus. rursus or rirsum [originally revorsus=reversus: cf. re+verto], adv., back, backward; again, anew. rus, ruris, n., the country (as opposed to the city); in pl., lands, fields. rutilus, -a, -um [akin to ruber], adj., properly, yellow and red mixed, redgold, reddish golden; bright red, ruddy. Rutuli, -orum, pl. m, the Rutuli, the Rutulhans, an ancient people of Latiunm, ruled by Turnus; their capital was Ardea. As adj., Rutulus, -a, -um, of the Rutuli, Rutulian; freely, Italian. S Sabaeus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sabaei (a people in the southwestern part of Arabia, in a district famous for its perfumes), Sabaean; by metonymy, Arabian. Sabinae: see Sabini. Sabini, -orum, pl. nz., the Sabines, an ancient people of central Italy, occupying chiefly the high Lmountainous SACER 139 SALUS country. In pi. f., Sabinae, -arum, Sabine women. sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., set apart or consecrated to the gods (whether for weal or woe the context must determine), devoted, holy, hallowed, sacred; sacrificial, venerable, awful; (set apart to the gods of the underworld; hence) devoted, doomed, accursed, impious. As noun, sacrum, -i, usually in pl., holy thing, holy vessel, sacred symbol or image, holy rite, holy act, ceremony, sacrifice, mystery; sacred song, hymn. sacerdos, -otis [sacer], c., holy person, priest, priestess. Saces, -ae, m., Saces, a Rutulian. Sacranus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sacrani, an ancient people of Latium, of whom little if anything is known, Sacranian. sacrarium, -i or -ii [sacer], n., holy place, sanctuary, shrine. Sacritor, -oris, m., Sacrator, an Italian (Etruscan?), comrade of Mezentius. sacratus: see sacro. sacro, -are, -avi, -atus [sacer], tr., make holy, hallow, consecrate, set apart, dedicate, devote. sacritus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., holy, hallowed, sacred. saeculum, -i, n., race, breed, generation; the lifetime of a race or generation (properly, a period of about thirtythree years), a generation; freely, an age, century; in pl., years, the ages, the years to come, eternity. saepe, adv., often, oftentimes, frequently, repeatedly; comp. saepius, with intensive force, very often. saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus, tr., hedge in, fence in, hem in, enclose, surround, enfold, lit. and fig.; guard, protect. saeptus: see saepio. saeta, -ae, f., a stiff or bristly hair, bristle. saetiger, -gera, -gerum [saeta+ gero], adj., bristle-bearing, bristly. saevio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [saevus], intr., be fierce, be savage, be or wax furious, be angry, rage, storm. saevus, -a, -um, adj., usually in bad gense, raging, furious, fierce, savage, fell,violent, terrible, relentless, deadly, remorseless, ruthless, pitiless, cruel; in good sense, terrible, awful, gallant, valiant. Sagaris, -is, mn., Sagaris, a slave among the Trojans. sagitta, -ae, f., an arrow. sagittifer, -fera, -ferum [sagitta+ ferol, adj., arrow-bearing, armed with arrows. sagulum, -i [dim. of sagum, military cloak], n., a short military cloak. sil, sails, m., salt water, the sea; brine, surf, surge, spray; salt. Salii, -orum [salio], pl. m., the Salii, dancing priests of Mars, twelve in number, who annually, in March, kept the festival of Mars, marching through Rome with songs and dances, beating the ancilia (see ancile). salio, salire, salivi, salii, or salui, saltum, intr., leap, spring, jump, bound. Salius, -i or -ii, m., Salius, an Arcadian, comrade of Aeneas. Sallentinus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sallentini (a people in Calabria, i. e. in the southeastern part of Italy), Sallentine. Salmoneus, -ei, m., Salmoneus, a son of Aeolus (the founder of the Aeolic race), king in Elis (in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus). He sought to imitate the thunder and the lightnings of Jupiter, but the latter destroyed him by his thunderbolt and punished him in the underworld. salsus, -a, -um [properly, pf. pass. prtcpl. of salil or salo, salt down, salt], adj., salted, salt, briny. salter, adv., at least, at all events, at any rate. 1. saltus, -ts [salio], m.. leaping, dancing; a leap, spring, jump, bound. 2. saltus, -ius, m., properly, a piece of wooded ground used as pasturage, esp. on the mountains, woodland-pasture, woodland, glade, forest; mountain pass, ravine. salum, -i [cf. sal], n., the open sea, the sea, the main. salls, -atis [cf. salvus, sound, well, SALUTO safe],f., soundness, well-being, health; safety, deliverance, preservation. saluto, -are, -avl, -atus [salus], tr., wish health to, salute; greet, welcome, hail. salve: see salveo. salveo, -ere, -, - [cf. salvus, sound, safe, well], intr., be well, be strong. salve, salvete, imper. as a greeting, properly, be well (cf. English farewell), hail I all hail I greetings welcome! Same, -es, f., Same, an island in the Ionian Sea, off the west coast of Greece; in later times it was called Cephallenia (now Cephalonia). Samos or Samus, -i, f., Samos, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor, famous, among other things, for its temple of Juno. sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctus [cf. sacer], tr., make sacred or holy; esp., of laws and treaties, make or render inviolable, fix unalterably, ratify, confirm. sanctus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj, sacred, holy, sainted, inviolable, inviolate; unsullied, pure, blameless. sanctus: see sancio. sanguineus, -a, -um [sanguis], adj., bloody, blood-stained, blood-red, blood-shot; of Mars, bloodthirsty. sanguis, -inis, m., blood; bloodshed; by metonymy, race, lineage; those of like blood, family, stock; a descendant, offspring. sanies, -iei, f., diseased or corrupted blood, bloody matter, gore; by nctonymy, poisonous slaver or froth of a serpent, venom. sanus, -a, -um, adj., solund in body, healthy, well; sound in mind, rational, sane. Sarpedon, -onis, m., Sarpedon, son of Jupiter and king of the Lycians; he was an ally of Troy but was slain by Patroclus, the friend of Achilles. sat: see satis. sata: see 2. ser6 (end). satio, -are, -avl, -atus [satis], fr., satisfy, fill. Fig., satisfy, satiate, appease. satis, and, in abbreviated form, sat, - 140 SCELERO enough, sufficiently. As noun, inde-. clinable, n., enough, sufficient; as adj., indeclinable, with a comp. satius, enough, sufficient; freely, a match for, equal to; in comp., better, preferable. satius: see satis. sator, -6ris [2. sero], m., sower, planter. Fig., begetter, creator, father, author. Satura, -ae, f., Satura, an unknown lake (or swamp) in Latium, perhaps a part of the Pontine marshes Saturnia: see Saturnius. Saturnius, -a, -um [Saturnus], adj., of Saturn, Saturnian, Saturn's; freely, son or daughter of Saturn. Saturnia, -ae, f., Saturnia, a name of Juno, as daughter of Saturn. Saturnus, -i [2. ser6?], ni., Saturnus, an anczent Italian god of agriculture, identified later with the Greek Cronos. See ~~ 274, 275. saturo, -are, -avi, -atus [satur, full], tr., fill, fill up, satisfy, satiate, lit. and fig. satus: see 2. sero. saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded, hurt, mangled. Fig, stricken, smitten. saxeus, -a, -um [sa~um], adj., of rocks or stones, rocky. saxum, -i, n., an isolated or detached rock, stone. Scaea, -ae [from a Greek word, meaning left, western], adj., found only in J., Western, Scaean, the name of the chief gate of Troy. This gate faced the Grecian camp and so was most exposed to attack. scaena, -ae, f., the background or scene of a Roman theater (see on i. 164); by metonymy, stage, theater. Fig., a background of woods, etc. scalae, -arum, pi. f., a flight of steps, staircase, stairs; scaling-ladder, ladder. scand6, -ere, -, -, tr., climb, mount, scale, ascend. sceleratus: see scelero. scelero, -are, -avi, -atus [scelus], tr., stain by crime, defile, pollute. sceleratus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., stained by crime, polluted, guilty, accursed, impious, infamous. SCELUS 141 SECUNDUS scelus, -eris, n., an evil or impious act, wicked deed, sin, crime, villainy. sceptrum, -i, n., a staff; esp., a royal staff, sceptre; by metonymy, lordship, sovereignty, kingly sway. scilicet [sci, iip.,+licet], adv., property, know! you may!; you may readily see; obviously, evidently, certainly, truly, doubtless; often with ironical force, forsooth, of course, to be sure, think of it mark you I scindo, -ere, scidl, scissus, tr., cut or tear asunder, tear, rend, cleave, split, divide, sever, separate. Fig., with viam, cleave; part, divide. scintilla, -ae, f., a spark. scio, scire, scivl, scitus, tr., come to know, learn, know; with infin., know how, understand how. Scipiades, -ae, m., one of the Scipios, a Scipio. Note: this word ought to=a son of Scipio, but is used in place of ScipiB, SclpiOnis, whose quantity makes it impossible in hexameter verse. scissus: see scindo. scitor, -arl, -atus sum [sciol, tr., seek to know, search into, ask inquire; with 6orculum, consult. scopulus, -i, m., a projecting point or peak of rock, rock, crag, cliff; a rock or ledge in the sea, reef. scrupeus, -a, -um [scripus, a rough stone], adj., stony, rocky, jagged, rough. scutatus, -a, -um [scutum], adj., armed with shields, shielded. scutum, -1, n., a shield or buckler, oblong in shape, four feet long by two and a half wide, and rounded or oval, so as to curve round the body; at first, at least, made of wood covered with leather. Scylaceum, -i, n., Scylaceum, a town on the east coast of Bruttium, in southern Italy, on a promontory dangerous to ships. Scylla, -ae, f., Scylla. (1) A sea monster, described as resident in a cave in certain rocks, also called Scylla, between Italy and Sicily. The upper part of this monster resembled a lovely woman. About the waist was a circle of dogs or wolves; below was the tail of a dolphin. The wolves reach out and seize passing ships and drag them on the rocks. (2) A ship in Aeneas's fleet. (3) A Scylla-like monster; several such wzere seen by Aeneas in the entrance of the underworld. Scyllaeus, -a, -um [Scylla], adj., of or belonging to Scylla, Scyllaean, Scylla's. Scyrius, -a, -um, adj., of Scyros, an island in the Aegean Sea, northeast of Euboea. 1. se- or sed-, inseparable prefix, apart, away, aside; (=sine), without. 2. se: see sui. secerno, -ere, -crevl, -cr6tus [1. se, apart+cernb], tr, put or set apart, sunder, sever, separate. secretus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., set apart, separate, sequestered, retired, solitary, lonely, quiet; hence, secret, hidden;=an adv., apart, privately, secretly. As noun, secretum, -1, n., a retired or private abode. (quiet or retired) haunt. secessus, -us [secedo, go apart], m., a going apart or away, a withdrawing or retiring; by metonymy, a place of retirement, retirement, a sequestered place, retreat, recess, nook; a place where the shore seems to retreat, an inlet, estuary. secludo, -ere, -clusi, -clfusus [1. s6+ claudb], tr., shut apart or off, shut out, shut up. Fig., exclude, expel, banish, put aside. s8clasus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., secluded, retired. seclsus: see secludo. secb, -are, secul, sectus, tr., cut, cut off, cut up; cut through, saw, split, hew, sever, cleave. Fig., cut one's way through, fly through, sail through, cleave, plow; with viam (~ 128), cut a way, speed one's way. secr8tus: see secerno. sectus: see seco. secundo, -ire, -avi,'-atus [secundus], tr., prosper, favor, give a favorable turn to. secundus, -a, -um [sequor], adj., properly, following; esp., following the SECURIS 142 SENECTUS first, next, second, inferior, in place, order, or time. Fig., going one's way and so not opposing one, favoring, favorable, fair, gracious, helpful, friendly, propitious, auspicious, prosperous, successful. res secundae, prosperity, success. securis, -is [sec6], f., an axe, battle-axe. securus, -a, -um [1. se, without,+ cfira], adj., without care, careless (in the lit. sense), free from anxiety, unconcerned, undisturbed, secure, untroubled; in bad sense, careless (of), heedless, reckless, regardless. secus, adv., otherwise, differently; haud secus, n6n secus, not otherwise, in no less measure, not less; hence, just so, even so, even thus; haud secus ac or atque, precisely as, even as. In comp, setius, otherwise, less, in less degree or measure. n6n setius, in no less measure, none the less, equally. in equal measure, just as much. secutus: see seqaor. sed, conj., but; yet; sed enim, but indeed, but of a truth, however; sed.. autem, a pleonastic expression, but yet. sedeb, -ere, sedl, sessum, intr., sit, sit down, be seated; of a general or army, be encamped; sit idly by, sit by. Fig., of a weapon, etc., be lodged (in); with dat. of person interested, and a clause as subject, be firmly fixed, be settled, be resolved or determined, please (one). sedes, -is [cf. sedeo], f., a seat, a resting-place; by metonymy, like English seat, a lasting, permanent abode, abiding place, home, - habitation, house; palace, temple; the final resting-place, the tomb, the grave; the place in which one stays or tarries, spot, region; base, foundation, bottom; of the sea, deeps, depths. sedile, -is [sede6], n., seat, bench; a rower's bench, thwart. seditio, -onis [1. se+eo], f., properly, a going apart or aside; esp., a parting of citizens, civil dissension, popular uprising, sedition, riot, discord, strife. sBed, -are, -avi, -atus [sedeo], tr., properly, cause to sit down, settle. Fig., quiet, calm. seduce, -ere, -dfixi, -ductus [1. se+ dfco], tr., lead away or apart, draw apart, divide, separate, part. seges, -etis, f., a cornfield; the standing grain in a field, corn-crop, corn. Fig., crop in general, growth, thicket. segnis, -e, adj.. slow, sluggish, slothful, listless, lifeless, inactive. segnities, -iei [segnis], f., sluggishness, slothfulness, sloth, tardiness. Sellnuis, -uintis, J., Selinus, a town on the southern coast of Sicily, famous for its palm trees. semel, numeral adv., once, once for all. semen, -inis [akin to 2. serb], n., a seed. Fig., in pi., seeds or elements of things, germs. semesus, -a, -um [semi+edo], adj., half-eaten, halt-consumed. s6mi-, inseparable prefix, half. semianimis, -e, and semianimus, -a, -um Xsemi+anima, animus], adj., half-alive, half dead; expiring, dying. seminex, -necis [semi+nex], adj., half-slain, half dead, badly wounded, mangled. semino, -are, -avi, -tus [semen], tr., sow, plant; freely, produce, beget, bring forth. semita, -ae [1. se+meo, go], f., a bypath, footpath, narrow way, path, way. semiustus, -a, -um [semi+ur6], adj., half-burned, half consumed, charred, scorched. semivir, -viri [semi+vir], adj., (only) half man, unmanly, effeminate. semper, adv., always, ever, constantly, continually. sanatus, -as [cf. senexl, m., the body of elders, the elders, the senators, senate. senecta: see senectus, -a, -um. senectus, -a, -um [cf. senex], adj., old, aged. As noun, senecta, -ae (sc. aetas),f., old age, age. senectus, -utis [cf. senex], f., old age, age; by metonymy, in bad sense, se SENEX 143 SERRANUS nility, decrepitude. Personifled, Senectuls, -ttis, f., Old Age, Age. senex, senis, adj., comp. senior, old, aged, venerable. As noun, senex, senis, m., old man. In comp., older; often with intensive force, very old, (very) aged, venerable. As noun, senior, -oris, mn., aged or venerable man. seni, -ae, -a [cf. sex], distributive numeral adj., six at a time, six each; freely, six. senior: see senex. sensus, -us [sentio], m., feeling, physical and mental, perception, sense; a thought or feeling, emotion, understanding, intelligence; the mind, the reason. sententia, -ae [sentio], f., a 'way of thinking, a judgment, thought, opinion, view; purpose, resolve, intention. sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, tr., perceive or discern by the senses; feel; feel to one's sorrow. Fig., perceive by the mental faculties, notice, 'realize, become aware, observe; understand. sentis, -is, m., a thorn, bramble, briar; thorn-bush. sentus, -a, -um [cf. sentis], adj., properly, thorny; rough, overgrown, squalid. sepelio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, sepultus, tr., bury, inter. Fig., bury, overcome. septem, numeral adj., indeclinable, seven. septemgeminus, -a, -um [septem+ geminus], adj., sevenfold; of the Nile, seven-mouthed. septemplex, -plicis [septem+plico], adj., sevenfold. septeni, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj., seven at a time, seven each; freely, seven. septimus, -a, -um [septem], ordinal numeral adj., seventh. sepulchrum, -i [sepelio], n., burial place, tomb, grave, sepulcher, funeral or burial mound. sepultus: see sepelio. sequax, -acis [sequor], adj., following, pursuing, prone to pursue; freely, greedy, ravenous, devouring. sequor, sequl, secutus sum, tr., follow; go or come after, accompany, attend; seek to reach, seek, pursue, aim at; follow in hostile spirit, pursue, chase; also intr., follow, come after or along. Fig., follow, attend, favor; follow commands, etc., obey. sereno, -are, -avi, -atus [serenus], tr., make clear or bright, calm. Fig., calm, quiet, smooth. serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright, fair, serene, cloudless, calm, tranquil. Fig., calm, serene, tranquil. Serestus, -i, m., Serestus, a Trojan, comrade of Aeneas. Sergestus, -i, m., Sergestus, a Trojan, comrade of Aeneas; Vergil makes him the progenitor of the gens Sergia. Sergius, -i or -ii, m., Sergius, a name borne by members of the gens Sergia. series, -iei [1. sero], f., properly, a number of things bound together, row, line, chain, series, train. sermo, -onis [1, sero], m., conversation, talk, discussion, discourse; common talk, rumor, report, gossip; by metonymy, speech, language, tongue. 1. sero, -ere, serui, sertus, tr., join together, bind together, plait, interweave. Fig., weave (speech), weave words, etc., into speech, exchange in speech, discuss, consider. sertum, -I, (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., garland, wreath. 2. sero, -er g- satus, tr., sow, plant. F/., sow, plant; beget; scatter like/seed, spread, disseminate. satus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., Begotten of, born of, son or daug ter of. As noun, sata, -orum, pl. n/, sown fields, tilled fields, tillage, crois. serpens: see serpo. serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, intr., creep, crawl. Fig., creep on, steal on, steal over, spread. serpens, -entis (pr. prtcpl. act. as noun), n., properly, a creeper, crawler; snake, sc-o. 7 Serranus, -i, m., Serrabus. (1) The cognomen or surname of the famous SERTUM 144 SIDUS Caiiss Atilius Regulus, who was plowing uhen the news of his election to the consulship was brought to him. (2) A Rutulzan, slain by Nisus. sertum: see 1. sero. serus, -a, -um, adj., late, tardy,l too late; often=an adv., late, too late; serum, n sing. as adv. (~ 134), late. serva, -ae [feminine of servus,'slave], f.. a female slave; freely, maid-servant. servio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itusl[servus, slave], intr., be a slave (to), serve, minister to, obey, be subject to. servitium, -i or -ii [cf. servio], n., slavery, servitude. servo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., watch, lit. and fig., watch over, give heed to, note, observe, guard; keep, maintain, retain; preserve, observe a custom, rite, etc.; keep safe, protect, save, preserve; freely, fromn the idea of 1,oldzng fast involved in that of saving, cling closely to a place, keep to, remain or continue in. isrvans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., observant (of), heedful (of), careful. sese: see sui. setius: see secus. seu: see sive. severus, -a, -um, adj., in good sense, serious, grave, austere, stern, strict, severe; in bad sense, cruel, dreadful, terrible, frightful. sex, numeral adj., six. si, coni., it, in case; in clauses which are conditional only in form, i e. do not really involve the idea of contingency, if (it be true that), (if, as is the case, z.e.) since, seeing that, t hon, N, henever (this use occurs esp. in entreaties and prayers where the v orshiper puts familiar facts in a way as modest and as little offensive as possible); in modest statemrents as to the Juture, if, nhen; in dependent questions, whether; in clauses originally invol ing a dependent question, but in effect practically purpose clauses, if haply, on the chance that. si modo, if only, provided that; 6 si, in wishes, o that, would that (see on vi. 187). sibilo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., hiss. sibilus, -a, -um, adj., hissing. Sibylla, -ae, f., a Sibyl, a prophetess, esp. the Sibyl resident at Cumae ac priestess of Apollo. Fergil calls her DeIphobe, daughter of Glaucus. sic, adv., in this manner, after this wise, thus (the word refers both forwards and backwards), so; in this guise or attitude. Sicani, -orum, pl. m, the Sicani (an ancient race resident in Italy and Sicily, esp. in the latter); by metonymy, the Sicilians. As aldj., Sicanus, -a, -um, Sicanian, Sicilian. Sicania: see Sicanius. Sicanius, -a, -um [cf. Sicani], adj, Sicanian; by metonymy, Sicilian. As noun, Sicania, -ae (sc. terra), f., Sicily. Sicanus: see Sicani. siccb, -are, -avi, -atus [siccus], tr., make dry, dry up, dry; of blood, stanch. siccus, -a, -um, adj., dry; drained, drained (off). Fig., dry, parched, thirsty. sicubi, adv., if anywhere; wherever, wheresoever. Note: in v. 677 sc. sunt with sicubi. Siculus, -a, -um, adj., of the Siculi (a people described by ancient writers as lizinq at first in Latium, then as migrating to Si(ily, conquering the Sicieni, and giving their name to the island), Sicilian, of Sicily. sidereus, -a, -um [sidus], adj., starry; starlike, starlit. Fig., bright as a star, shining, glittering. sidb, -ere, sidi, -, intr. (~ 139), seat one's self, sit down; of birds, etc., settle, aligrht. Sid6n, -6nis, f, Sidon, a very ancient city of Phoenicia, the mother city of Tyre. Sid6nius, -a, -um [Sid6n], adj., of Sidon, Sidonian; by metonymy, Phoenician, Tyrian, Carthaginian. sidus, -eris, n., properly, a constellation; freely, a star, mseteor; in pi., the signs of the zodiac; the heavens, the SIGEUS 145 SINISTRA sky; by metonymy, season of the year, weather. Sigeus, -a, -urn, adj., of Sigeum (a promontory near Troy), Sigean. significo, -are, -avi, -atus [slgnum+ facio], tr., show by signs, indicate; intr., make a signal, beckon, signal. sign6, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. signum], tr., mark, mark out, distinguish; with viam, vias, blaze out, trace; mark with a seal or stamp, seal, stamp, brand. Fig., mark Zwith the. eyes or mind, observe intently, note; mark out in words or writing, make plain or clear, indicate, designate, express. signum, -i, n., a mark, sign, token, evidence; sign of the future, omen; a signal for joining battle, etc.; military standard, banner, flag, ensign; signa c6nferre, meet in close combat, press to the attack; a figure or a deslgnllon silverware or in embroidery. Slla, -ae, f., Sila, a foi est in Brutttum (southern Italy). silens: see sileo. silentium, -i or -ii [sileo], n., silence, stillness, quiet; secrecy. sileo, -ere, silul, -, intr, be completely noiseless, be silent, be still, be quiet; esp, li/e taceo, hold one's peace, say nothing, be silent. silens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., quiet, still; voiceless, silent. As noun, silentes, -um, pl. m., the silent ones, the (voiceless) dead. silex, -icis, c., any hard stone, fintstone, flint; Jreely, rock, crag, cliff. silva, -ae, f., a (dense) forest, a wood; freely, a thick dense growth. Fig., a forest. silvestris, -e [silva], adj., of or belonging to a forest, dwelling in the forest, woodland, rustic, sylvan. silvicola, -ae [silva+colo], m., dwelling m the forests; vzrtually an adj., forest-dwelling, forest-ranging. Silvius, -i or -ii, m., Silvius. (1) Silvius Aeneas, a son of Aeneas, by Lamnvia. (2) A name borne by many kings of Alba Longa. similis, -e, adj., construed with both gen. I and dat., like, resembling, similar; freely, same. Simois, -entis, m., Simois, (1) A river of the Troad. (2) A small river in Epirus which Ilelenus and Andromache called Simois after the Trojan river. simplex, -icis [semel+plico], adj., single, simple; unmixed, untainted, pure. simul [cf. semel, similis], adv., at the same time, together; simul... simul, both... and, not only... but at the same time ( Vergil is rather fond of writing simul.. simul in coordinate clauses, zwith asyndeton, instead of writing simul once and joining the clauses by et); simul atque or ac, or simul alone, as soon as. As practzcally a prep. with abl., at the same time with, with (see v. 357). simul ac or atque: see simul. simulacrum, -i [simulo], n., a counterfeit presentment of anything, likeness, image, effigy statue, esp. of the gods; semblance, appearance, pretence, imitation; apparition, specter, ghost, phantom. simulo, -are, -avi, -atus [similis], tr., make one thing like another, imitate, counterfeit, copy; pretend that somethin is true, feign, simulate. simulatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., counterfeit, pretended, false, deceitful. sin, con)., properly used to introduce an alternative condition, if on the other hand, but if, if however. sine, prep. with abl., without. singuli, -ae, -a [akin to semel, simul], adj., one at a time, one by one, one each; freely, separate, individual, single. singultb, -are, -, -atum [singultus], intr.. hiccough, sob, lit. and fig.; gurgle. singultus, -uts, m., hiccough, sob, gasping, panting. sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on thi left hand, to the left. As noun, sinistra, -ae (sc. manus), f., the left hand. sinistra, as noun: see sinister. SINO 146 SOLLICITO sino, -ere, sivi, situs, tr., let down, lay down, put down; leave, resign, surrender, spare; allow, suffer, permit, let. Sin6n, -onis, m., Slnon, a Greek, who induced the Trojans to take the wooden horse into their city. sinuo, -are, -avi, -atus [sinus], tr., bend, curve, wind, twist, coil. sinuosus, -a, -um [sinus], adj., full of coils or spires, with many coils, coiled, sinuous, spiral. sinus, -fis, m., a bend of any sort; esp., a bent or curved surface, curve, fold, coil; a bend or curve in the shore line, gulf, bay; fold of a garment; curve or fold of a sail when filled with wind, bellying sail; the part of the body covered by the loose folds of the toga or palla, the bosom; freely, arms, embrace. Fig, of the Nile, bosom, arms, embrace. Sirenes, -um, pl. f., the Sirens, monsters, two or three in number, with the heads of wonmen rind bodies of birds, who dwelt on some rocks off the Campanian coast, by the bay of Naples. By their sweet singinq they entzced passing mariners upon the ocks and then destroyed them. Sirius, -I or -il, m., Sirius, the Dog Star, whose rising was, in popular astronomy, associated with the hottest part of summer. sisto, -ere, stiti, status [cf. stol, tr., cause to stand, put, place, set, lodge; set in place, prop up, support, stay, make firm,,establish; bring, fetch, conduct, guide, convey; cause to stand still, check, stay, stop, arrest; intr. (~139), properly, set one's self, stand (still), stay, remain, settle. sistrum, -i, n., a sistrum, a rattle, a sort of bronze rattle or "cricLet" used by the Egyptians in their worship of the coddess Isis. sitis, -is,f., thirst. Fig., drought. 1. situs: see sinS. 2. situs, -us Lsino], m., properly, a putting or placing, then, the place where somethling is put, position, situation, arrangement, order; a leaving, neglect, and, by metonymy, the effect of such neglect, mold, rust, filth. Fig., of the mold or rust of age, inactivity, lethargy, sloth. sive or seu [si+ve], conj., or if, or; sive (seu)... sive (seu), if on the one hand... or it on the other hand, if.. or (f), whether... or. socer, -eri, m., father-in-law; in pl., parents-in-law, a husband's parents. socio, -are, -avi, -atus [socius], tr., make (one)'an ally or associate, join, unite, associate, ally. socius, -a, -ur [akin to sequor?], adj., accompanying, associated, united, allied, confederate, friendly. As noun, socius, -i or -ii, m., associate, comrade, companion, ally. sodalis, -e, c., an intimate friend, (boon) comrade. sol, solis, m., the sun; by metonymy, sunlight, sunshine; like English sun, a day. Personified,, So, Sois, mi., the Sun God (Apollo). solacium, -i or -il [solor], n., comfort, solace, consolation. solamen, -inis [s6lor], n., comfort, consolation, solace, relief. sole6, -ere, solitus sum, intr., be accustomed, be wont, use. solitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., usual, wonted, customary. solidus, -a, -urn[cf. solum], adj., in physical sense, solid, firm, stout, strong, massive; solid, whole, entire. Fig., solid, firm, lasting. As noun, solidum, -i, n., the solid ground, firm ground. solitus: see soleo. solium, -i or -ii, n., a seat; esp., a throne. sollemnis, -e [sollus, old adj.=totus t-annus], adj., properly, of festivals, etc., that recur every year, yearly, annual, custoniary, wonted, usual, stated, al)pointed, established; solemni, sacred, festival. As noun, sollemne, -is, n, usually in pl.. religious lestival, solemn rite: holy offering, oftering. sollicit6, -are, -avl, -atus [sollicitus], tr., move violently, stir up, a i tate. Fig., disturb, disquiet, vex. SOLLICITUS 147 SORTIOR sollicitus, -a, -um [sollus, old adj.= totus+cieo], adj., properly, violently shaken. Fig., disturbed, agitated, uneasy, restless, anxious, troubled. solor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., comfort, solace, console, soothe; alleviate, relieve, allay, mitigate. solum, -i, n., the bottom or base of anything; the ground, earth, land, soil; turf, sward; in general, floor, surface, e.g. of a temple or of the sea. solus, -a, -um, adj., gen. s6lius, alone, single, sole, only; lonely, solitary, deserted. solutus: see solv6. solv6, -ere, solvi, solatus, tr., loosen, unbind, untie; cast loose, cast off; set free, set at liberty; with funem, cast off; with vela, unfurl; with equos, unyoke. Fig., loosen, release, set free, free; relax, unstring, weaken; (loosen, i.e.) pay or discharge a debt, obligation, etc.; render, perform, fulfill (a vow or sacrifice); dismiss, disperse, banish, dispel. somnium, -i or -ii [somnus], n., a dream. Personified, Somnium, -i or -ij, n., Dream. somnus, -i, m., sleep, slumber; by metonymy, of the time for sleep, night; the sleep of death, death; = somnium, a dream, a vision, a phantom. Personified, Somnus, -i, m., the Sleep God, Sleep, son of Erebus and Night. sonans: see sono. sonipes, -pedis [son6+pes], adj., noisy- footed,-with sounding feet; freely, prancing. As noun, sonipes, -pedis (sc. ecus), m., a prancing steed. sonitus, -fs [son6], m., sound, noise, din, clang, a humming or whizzing, crash, esp. of thunder, thunder. son6, -are, sonul, sonitum, intr., make a noise, give forth a sound, sound, resound, rattle, clang, twang, roar, crash, thunder, rustle, echo, ring, whiz, buzz; tr. (~~128, 130), cause to sound forth, sound forth, utter. sonans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., sounding, resounding; noisy, thunderous, booming, rustling, murmuring. sonor, sonoris [sono], m., sound, noise; ringing, rattling, crackling, crash. sonBrus, -a, -um [cf. sonus, sonor], adj., sounding, resounding, noisy, roaring, thunderous; ringing, rattling. sons, sontis, adj., guilty. As noun, sons, sontis, m2., a guilty person, sinner, criminal. sonus, -i, m., sound, noise, din, crash, uproar. sopi6, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [cf. sopor], tr., lull or put to sleep. sopitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., slumbering, slumberous, dormant. sopor, -oris [akin to somnus], m., a deep sleep, profound slumber, sleep; a dream, vision. Personified, Sopor, -oris, mn., Sleep, the Sleep God, Lethargy. soporifer, -fera, -ferum [sopor+fer6], adj., sleep-bringing, soporific; drowsy, slumberous. soporo, -are, -, -atus [sopor], tr., put or lull to sleep. soporatus, -a, -urn, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., lulled to sleep, asleep; freely, sleepy, drowsy, slumberous; as a transferred epithet, drowsy, i.e. soporific. soporus, -a, -um [sopor], adj., sleepy, slumberous, drowsy. Soracte, -is, n, Soracte, a high mountain in Etruria, twenty or twenty-five miles from Rome. On its top was a temple of Apollo. sorbeo, -ere, -ul, -, tr., suck in, suck down, drink down, swallow, lit. and fig. sordidus, -a, -um [sordes, filth], adj., foul, filthy, squalid. soror, -oris, f.. sister; freely, comrade. sors, sortis, f., a lot (see on i. 508, end), used in determining matters by an appeal to the gods or to chance; by metonymy, a casting or drawing of lots, allotment, assignment; a lot as assigned by such a decision, portion, fate, destiny, fortune, misfortune; a place where appeal might be made to the lots, an oracle; oracular response, oracle, prophecy, prediction. sortior, -iri, -itus sum [sors], intr., SORTITUS 148 SPOLIUM appeal to the lots cast lots, draw lots; tr., cast lots for, get by lot, select by lot; assign by lot, allot, determine, decide; freely, choose, select. sortitus, -as [sortior], m, casting of lots, drawing of lots; allotment, assignment. spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsus, tr., scatter, spread, strew, sprinkle; spatter, bespatter, besprlnkle; of weapons, hurl in numbers, fling, cast. Fiq., scatter, disperse; scatter (reports, etc.), spread abroad, fling out. sparsus: see spargo. Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta, or Lacedaemon, the famous capital of Laconia, a district in the Peloponnesus, Greece. Spartanus, -a, -um [Sparta], adj., of Sparta, Spartan. sparus, -i, nm., a rude missile, utsed esp. by rustics, a spear, dart. spatlor, -ari, -atus sum [cJ. spatium], intr., take a walk, walk about, ualk back and forth, 0 t-'oll; move, proceed. spatium, -i or -ii, n., room, space; a space, distance, interval; race-ground, race-track, track, course, esp. in pl1; course in qeneral; of time, space, interval, period; time, leisure, opportunity. species, -iei [speci6, old verb, look], f., properly, in act. sense, a seeing or viewing, sight, viem'; in pass. sense, something seen, a sight, spectacle; the appearance or look of anythinq, form, shape; beauty, splendor. specimen, -inis [speci6, old ve b, look], n., mark, sign, token, emblem. spectaculum, -i [specto], n., sight, spectacle, display, show. spectator, -oris [specto], m., spectator. specto, -are, -avi, -atus [Jfeq. of specio, old ve b, look, look at], ft., look at earnestly, gaze at, view, behold; intr, look on, watch. spectatus, -a, -um, pJ. pass. prtcpl. as adj., tried, tested, proved. specula, -ae [specio, old zerb, look, look at], f., a look-out (place), atchtower; height, tower. speculor, -ari, -atus sum [rf. specula], tr., watch closely, examine, lec onnoiter, spy out; catch sight of, espy, descry; intr., watch to see, seek to learn (by watching). specus, -is, m., a cave, cavern; by metonym2y, cavity in general, opening. spelunca, -ae, f., a cave, cavern; a den. sperno, -ere, sprevl, spretus, tr., set aside, remove, separate, spurn. Fig, spurn, reject, scorn, slight, despise. spero, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. sp6s], tr., with infin., hope; suppose, expect, imagine; hope for (something good), look for, expect; rarely, expect, look forward to (something bad), apprehend, anticipate; hai e La eye to, fear. spes, spei, f., hope, expectation; by metonyny, of persons cand things that inspire hope, a hope, the hope. spiculum, -i [dim. of splcus= spica, a point, spike, esp. a spike or ear of gram], n, propeR ly, a sharp point oJ anything; by metonymny (cf. mucr6), a dart, an arrow. spina, -ae, f., a thorn. Spi6, -us (a Greek formn), f., Spio, a seanymph, one of the Nereids. spira, -ae, f., a coil, spire, fold. spirabilis, -e [spiro], adj., that may or cal be breathed, breathable. spiritus, -fs [spiro], m, the breath; the breath of life, life; soul, spirit; the world-soul, all-pervading spirit. Fig., spirit, high spirit, courage fire. spiro, -are, -avl, -atum, mnte., breathe, respire: of wiinds, breathe, blow, puff; breathe, live, lit. and fig.; tr., breathe out, exhale. spissus, -a, -um, adj., thick, compact, close, crowded, dense; evith harena, close packed. splendidus, -a, -um [splendeo, shine], ady., shining, bright, brilliant. Figy, magnihicent, stately, sulmptuous, spleildid. spoli6, -are, -avi, -atus, t, deprive of covering oi clothing, strip; spoil, despoil. Fig., despoil, spoil, rob, deprive. spolium, -i or -ii, n., the spoils of an anzioal, i.e. the skin anl hide stripped off. Fig., the armlor strlipped from a SPONDA 149 STEROPES slain enemy, spoils, booty, plunder; spoils of cictory in gezne al, victory. For the spolia opima see opimus. sponda, -ae, f., the frame of a couch or bed; by metonym)y, bed, couch. spondeo, -ere, spopondi, sponsus, tr., promise solemnly, promise, make a promise, gn e a pledge; esp., promise in marriage, betroth. Fig., give promise or hope of. sponsa, -ae (pf. pass. prtcpl. as no un),f., promised wife; freely, bride. spons, spontis [cf. spondeo], f., an old noun, found only in gen. and abl. stng., promise, pledge, guarantee, free will, accord, desire; mea sponte, of my own motion, of my own will, willingly; sua sponte, of his (her, their, its) own motion, spontaneously, willingly, voluntarily. sponte, abl. sing. as ado., of (one's) own accord, of free will, willingly, voluntarily. sponsa: see spondeo. sponte: see spons. spretus: see sperno. spuma, -ae [spub, spit], f., froth, foam, esp. of the sea, spray; in pl., foaming waters. spumeus, -a, -um [spuma], adj., foaming, foam-covered. spumo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., foam, froth, be covered with foam. spumans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., foaming, frothing. Fig., trickling, dripping, reeking. splmosus, -a, -um [spumaJ, adj., foaming. squaleo, -ere, -ui, -, intr., be stiff, be rough; of lands, etc., be rough with neglect and lack of tillage; in general, be stiff or matted, be foul, be filthy. squalor, -6ris [squaleo], m., properly, stiffness, roughness; filth, foulness, squalor. squama,.ae, f., scale (e.g. of a fish or snake); by metonymy, a scale or plate in metal armor, scale-armor. squameus, -a, -um [squama], adj., scaly. stabilis, -e [cf., st, stare], adj., standing, stable, firm. Fig., firm, lasting, enduring. stabulo: see stabulor. stabulor, -ari, -atus sum, and, less ojten, stabulo, -are, -, - [stabulum], zntr., have an abode, dwell; be housed. stabulum, -i " [sto], 2., properly, a standing-place, fIbode; esp., the abode of an animal, stall, stable, fold; covert, haunt, den, of a wild beast. stagnS, -are, -avi, -atum [stagnum], intr., of water, stand still, form in pools, be still or stagnant. stagnans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., standing, stagnant. stagnum, -i [sto], n., standing water, still or quiet water; pool, pond; the quiet (because deep) waters at the bottom of the sea, the deep waters, depths; water in general. statio, -inls [sto], f.,properly, the act of standing, a standing still; by metonymy, the place where a person or thing stands, station, resting-place; a place where ships stand, station, anchorage, roadstead, statuo, -ere, -ui, -utus [sto], tr., cause to stand, put, place, set up, set in place; raise up, erect, build, found. Fig., fix, establish, ordain; determine, resolve. stella, -ae, f., a star. stellatus, -a, -um [stella], adj., set or studded with stars. Fgy., starred, studded. sterilis, -e, adj., unfruitful, barren, sterile (used both of the fields, trees, etc., and oj animals). sterno, -ere, stravi, stratus, tr., spread out, strew, stretch out, stretch on the ground, lay flat; lay low, fell, overwhelm, overthrow, lit. and fig.; slay, kill; lay waste; (strew, spread olt, i.e.) make level or smooth, level, smooth (over); strew, strew with, bestrew, cover; in pass., with middle force, stretch one's self out, lie down, lie. stratum, -i (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., anything spread out, coverlet of a couch; a bed, couch; pavement of a street or road. Sterop6s, -ae [from a Greek word meaning lightning], m., Steropes, one STHENELUS 150 STUDIUM of the Cyclopes who wrought at the forge of Vulcan. Sthenelus, -i, m., Sthenelus, a Greek warrior, charioteer of Diomede; he was one of those in the wooden horse. Sthenius, -i or -ii, m., Sthenius, a Rutulian, slain by Aeneas. stimulo, -are, -avi, -atus [stimulus], tr., prick with a goad, goad. Fig., goad on, spur on, urge, incite, excite. stimulus, -i, m., a goad for driving oxen, etc., a spur. Fig., goad, spur, sting, stimulus. stipes, -itis, m., trunk or stock of a tree. stipo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., press, squeeze or crowd together, pack; stow, stow away, load; press round, surround closely, attend, accompany, escort. stipatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., closely packed, dense, thronging. stirps, stirpis, c., properly, the lower part of a plant, including the roots, stock, stem, trunk root. Fig., stock, race, family, line, lineage; of an individual, offspring, progeny, scion, origin, source. sto, stare, steti, statum, intr., stand, lit. and fig.; stand firm or steadfast, be immovable; be or continue standing, be still standing, remain, endure, last; stand up, stand erect, stand on end; with emphasis on the result rather than on the process, stand, stand finished, be set up, be reared, be erected, be built; of warfare, take one's stand, set one's self, stand; stand still, stay, tarry, halt. Fig., of ships, (stand, i.e.) be anchored, be hauled up on land; of a weapon, stand in something, be fixed or lodged (in); stand firm, be secure or steadfast, endure, continue, last, remain; stand in or on, depend on; rest on, be centered inl; be fixed or settled, be determined or resolved. stomachus, -i, in, the gullet, alimentary canal; freely, throat; also, the stomach. strages, -is [cf sternS], f., a laying low, overthrow; slaughter, massacre, carnage, havoc. stratum; see sterno. stratus: see sterno. strepitus, -us [strepo], nm., a confused (unpleasant) noise, din, uproar, bustle, hum, murmur. strepo, -ere, strepui, strepitum, intr., make a confused noise, ring, resound, rattle, echo; hum, murmur. strictura, -ae [stringo], f., properly, a contraction, compression; esp., the hardening or tempering of iron by dipping it when red hot into water; by metonymy, tempered iron, iron bars, masses of iron. strictus: see stringo. strldeo, -ere, stridi, -, and strido, -ere, stridi, -, intr., properly, make any harsh or shrill so und, hiss, whistle, whiz, buzz, hum, creak, crash, grate, rattle, rustle, roar. strido: see strideo. stridor, -oris [strideo], m., any harsh or shrill sound, loud noise, humming, buzz, murmur, whistling, creaking, clanking, grating, rattling, roaring, rumbling. stridulus, -a, -um [strideo], adj., hissing, whizzing, hurtling. string6, -ere, strinxi, strictus, tr., properly, draw tight, bind, squeeze, compress; throuyg the idea of bringing two things close together, touch lightly, graze; hence, wound lightly; strip off leates, etc., by friction, lop off, strip; with remos (see on i. 552), make, fashion; draw, unsheathe a sword. Fig., touch deeply, wound, hurt. Strophades, -um, pl. m., the Strophades, islands in the Ionian Sea, west of the Peloponnesuts; on these islands the Ilarpies were sutpposed to dwuell. strieotus: see struo. stru6, -ere, struxi, structus, tr., heap up, pile up, pile; erect, build, construct; arrange, set in order, dispose, marshal an army or fleet, draw up in battle array; pile high, i.e. load, burden. Fig., set plans, etc., in order, plan, devise, contrive, compass. Strymonius, -i or -ii, m., Strymonlus, a Tro)jan. stuliuni, -i or -ii [cf. studeo], n., devotion, zeal, eagerness, enthusiasm, STUPEFACIO 151 SUBLIMIS eager pursuit of anything, diligence, energy; eager desire, curiosity; zeal for a person or cause, party spirit, partisanship, favor, support; partisan opinion or conviction; tokens of support, applause, cheers. studio, abl. sing. as adv., eagerly, ardently. stupefacio, -ere, -fec, -factus [stupeo+facio], tr., make stupid or senseless, benumb, stun, daze, bewilder, astound, astonish. stupeo, -ere, -ui, -, intr., be stunned, be benumbed; be astounded, be amazed, be bewildered, be dazzled; tr. (~ 130), be amazed at, gaze in astonishment at. stuppa, -ae, f., the coarse part of flax, tow, hemp, oakum. stuppeus, -a, -ur [stuppa], adj., made of tow or hemp, hempen. Stygius, -a, -um [Styx], adj., of the Styx, Stygian; by metonymy, of the underworld, infernal, nether; awful, fatal, deadly. Styx, Stygis, f., the Styx, the main river in the underworld. suadeo, -ire, suasi, suasum, tr. and intr., advise, counsel, urge, exhort; prompt, impel, invite; recommend, commend, suggest. sub, prep. I. With abl, used (1) of place, lit. and fig., under, below, beneath, at, within, in, under cover of, under shelter of, at the foot of, close to, just behind, immediately after, (2) of time, in, within, during, at, on, (3) in fig. senses, under; esp., of rank, etc., under, under the control of, under the rule of. II. With acc., used (1) of motion from a higher to a lower level, under, underneath beneath, within, toward, down to, before, or from a lower to a higher level, up toward, up to, to; sub auras, upward, skyward, to the light of day, (2) of time, toward, close to, Just before, just after. In composition, under, up to, upward, up, toward, by stealth, secretly. subactus: see SubigO, subd, -dere, -didi, -ditus [sub+do], tr, put or set beneath, put under. Budl4t, -ere, -aX, -Aduotus [sub+ duco], tr., draw up; with naves, draw or haul upon shore, beach; draw from beneath, draw from under, M ithdraw, remove; take away stealthily, remove secretly, steal away, withdraw; remove, rescue. subeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum [sub — e6], tr. and intr. (with dat.), go under, come under, go beneath; shoulder, support, take up, carry, bear; go or come up to or toward, draw near (to), advance (to), approach, go into, enter; come up, come to one's aid; come or go close to, follow, succeed. Fig., steal over one, sweep over one, come into one's mind, occur to one. subitus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl., in dep. sense, as adj., having come up (or coming up) secretly or unexpectedly, unexpected, sudden; subito, abl. sing. as adv., unexpectedly, suddenly, of a sudden, all at once. subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [sub+ iacio], tr., throw or place under, put or set under; th-ow up, fling up. Fig., put under one, conquer, subdue; fling in words, etc., answer, say in reply. sublectus, -a,,Aum, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., set beneath, lying beneath, conquered. As no an, subiecti, -orum, pl. m., the conquered (ones), subjects, conquered peoples. subiectus: see subicio. subigo, -ere, -egl, -actus [sub+ago], tr., drive or force under, drive on, push on, shove or thrust forward. Fig., force, constrain, compel; conquer, subdue, subjugate. subito: see subeo (end). subitus: see subeb (end). sublabor, -i, -lapsus sum [sub+ labor], intr., fall down, sink down. Fig., sink, subside, ebb; of time, glide by unnoticed, creep on, slip quietly by. sublapsus: see sublabor. sublatus: see suffero or tollo. sublevo, -are, -avi, -atus [sub+levs], tr., lift up, raise up. sublime: see sublimis. subllmis, -e, adj., lofty; often in nenee = sublevatus, elevated, uplifted, SUBLUSTRIS 152 SUDO raised aloft, upborne; =an adv., on high, aloft, in the air, through the sky. Fig., uplifted, elated, exalted, highspirited. sublime, n. sing. as adv., on high, through the air. sublustris, -e [sub+stem akin to that of lItx], adj., giving but little light, dim, glimmering. submergS, -ere, -mersi, -mersus [sub+mergo], tr., plunge under water, submerge, sink, drown, overwhelm. submersus: see submerg6. subnect6, -ere, -nexui, -nexus [sub+ necto], tr., tie under, bind or fasten under or beneath; bind, fasten. subnexus: see subnecto. subnixus, -a, -um Lsub+nitor], adj., resting or leaning on, supported by, defended by; freely, seated on. suboles, -is [sub+oleS, old vej h, grow], f.,properly, that which gro s itu to take the place of something else (i.e. of the preceding generation), offspring, issue, progeny; a child, infant. subrideo, -ere, -risi, - [sub+rideS], intr., smile quietly or gently, smile on, smile. subrigo: see surgo. subsidium, -i or -ii [sub+sedeo], n, forces that (sit, i.e.) are stationed in reserve, reserve forces, reinforcements, support; in general, support, aid, help. subsid6, -ere, -sedi, -sessum [sub+ sid6o, intr., sit down, Izt. and fig., sink down, settle down, sink, settle, subside. 3ubsist, -ere, -stiti, - [sub+sist6], intr. (~ 139), come to a standstill, stop, halt, stop or tarry behind; hold one's ground, make resistance, resist, withstand. mubtmen, -ins [originally subteximen; cf. subtex6l, n, prope ly, the woof of anything woven; by metonymy, threads. lubter, adv., below, beneath. As prep., with acc., beneath, under. mbtex6, -ere, -texui, -textus [sub+ tex6], tr., weave one thing beneath another, Fig., (underwleare a thing, i.e.) overspread, cover, curtain, obscure, hide, conceal. subtrah6, -ere, -traxi, -tractus [sub +traho], tr, draw from under, withdraw, remove, lzt. and fig. suburgeo, -ere, —, - [sub+urgeo], tr, drive up to, force close to. subvecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of subveho], tr, carry (q)p), bring, convey, transport. subvectus: see subvehb. subveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [sub+ veho], tr., carry (up), bring or convey, transport; in pass., with bigis, equo, or navi expressed or to be supplied, ride, drive, sail. N, subvolvo, -ere, -, [sub+volvo], tr., roll up, roll. succed6, -ere, -cessi, -cessum [sub+ cedo], int., go Trnder or beneath, lit. and fig., come under, go in beneath, enter; conme or go to or toward, advance to, draw near to, approach; come to the side of, come to the aid of, take the place of; go, come, go under v burden, shoulder, take up, bear; conl. under, submit to; go rightly, proisper, succeed. successus, -Us [succdo], nm., advance, movement, progress; career; success. succido, -ere, -cidi, - [sub+cado], intr., fall down, sink down, sink. succidb, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [sub+ caed6], tr., cut beneath, cut on the under side, cut off, lop off, mow down. succinctus: see succingo. succingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus [sub +cingb], ts., gird below or from below, gird about, gird; clothe, robe, lit. and fig.; furnish, equip. succisus: see succido. succumbb, -ere, -cubul, -cubitum [sub+cumbo, old verb, lay], intr. (~139), propeHly, lay beneath. Fig., (lay one's self beneath, i.e.) yield to, submit to, succumb to, give way to. succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum [sub +curro], intr., run to aid, hurry to the help of, assist, help, relieve, succor. Fig,= sube6, c( me to one's millnd, occur to one. sudo, -are,'-avi, -tum, intr., sweat, SUDOR 153 SUPER perspire. Fig., sweat, be net (Uith), be drenched, reek, swim. sudor, -oris, m., sweat, perspiration. su6sco, -ere, suevi, suetum, tntr, become accustomed,;n pf. system, be accustomed, be used, be wont. suetus, -a, -urn, pf. paes. prtcpl., in dep sense, as adj., accustomed, used, wont su6tus: see suesco. suffectus: see sufficio. suffero, -ferre, sustuli, sublatus [sub +fero], tr., bear up, hold up, support. Fig, withstand, resist, endure. sufflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [sub+ facio], tr., put under (dye), dye, tinge, color, suffuse; make or put one thing in place of another, substitute, supply, furnish, grant; intr., be sufficient, be adequate to or for, suffice; with infin, (sufice, i.e.) be strong enough, be in position to, be able. suffodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus [sub+ fodioJ, tr., stab beneath, pierce beneath, stab. suffossus: see suffodio. suffundo, -ere, -fudi, -fasus [sub+ 1. fundS], tr., pour below or under; pour in or on; overspread, suffuse, fill. suffusus: see suflundo. suggero, -ere, -gessi, -gestus [sub+ gero], tr., put under, set beneath, heap up beneath; heap up, furnish, supply. sui, gen. sibi, ace. and abl. s6 or sese, reflexive pron., sing. and pl.. properly, (of, etc.) himself, herself, itself, themselves; often best rendered by he, she, it, they, them. sulco, -are, -avl, -atus [sulcus], tr., furrow, plow. Ftg., furrow, plow, cleave the sea. sulcus, -i, m., a furrow; freely, trench, ditch. Fig., track or path of a vessel, wake; track or train of a meteor. SulmS, -onis, m., Sulmo, a uitulian. sulpur, -uris, n., brimstone, sulphur. sum, esse, fui, futfrus (fut. prtcpl.), intr., be, be in existence, exist, live; lie, be situate; last, endure, continue, remain, abide; in pf. tense, has been, has ceased to be, isno more; with gen., be the part of, belong to, or, freely, occasion, cost, require; with dat., to I denote possession, one has; used inipers., it is possible, one may, one can. futurus, -a, -um, jut. prtcpl. as adl., future, coming; sure to be or happen, sure, certain, impending, inevitable. As noun, futfurum, -i, n., what is to be, the future. Note: Theforms fore futtrus, etc., esse and forem, fores, etc. = essem, ess6s, etc., require attention. summa, -ae [summus], f., the chief or main point; the substance, sum and substance, sum total. summissus: see summitto. summitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [sub+ mitto], tr., send under, put under, let down, lo er, sink; in pass., with middle force, bend the knee, bend low. Fig., subdue, repress, check; (send one thing under another, i.e.) make one thing yield to another, subdue or subjectto. summissus, -a, -urm,pf.pass. prtcpl. as adj., in fig. sense, submissive, subdued, modest, gentle. summotus: see sulnr oveo. summoveO, -6re, -movi, -motus [sub +tmoveo], tr., drive off or away, keep off, remove. summus: see superus. sumo, -ere, stumpsi, sumptus [sub+ emo], tr, take, take up, assume; with poenas, take, exact, inflict; take or pick out, choose, select; (take up, assume; hence) employ, use. stumptus: see sumo. suo, -ere, sul, satus, tr., sew, stitch, stitch together., stta, -orum (pf. pass. prtcpl. as noun), pl. n., plates (sewn, i.e.) fastened together; a coat of mail made of plates fastened together, metal cuirass or corselet. super. I. Ad'v., used (1) lit. of place, above, on top, from above (=desuper), (2) fiq., over and above, moreover, besides, in addition, furthermore; beyond measure, too much, e.g. in the phrase satis superque, enough and to spare, enough, aye, more than enough; as=an adj., surviving, remaining. II. Prep., (1) zith ace., over, above, on (the) top of, upon, on, beyond; in fig. uses, above, more than, beyond, besides, SUPERBIA 154 SUPPIONO (2) with abl., upon, on; of time, about, at; about, concerning, in reference to, with regard to, as to. superbia, -ae [superbus], f., pride, whether in good sense or in bad; esp., haughtiness, arrogance, insolence, wantonness. superbus, -a, -um [super], adj, properly, of persons who think themselves above others, proud, usually in bad sense, haughty, insolent, arrogant, overbearing, wanton, lawless; in good sense, proud, elated, exultant, glorying (in), flushed (by), high-spirited; of things that excite pride, proud, gorgeous, glorious, noble, magnificent, splendid, superb. superemine6, -ere, -, - [super+ex+ root of minorl, tr., tower over or above, rise above, overtop. superimmine6, -ere, -, - [super+ immineo], tntr., stand high over, tower over, hang over, overhang. superinpono, -ere, -, -positus [super+inpono],,'., put on, place on. superne [supernus, above, upper], adv., from above, above; up, upward. super6, -are, -avi, -atus [(J. super], intr., be or rise above lit. and fig., go over, overtop; surpass, excel, be superior; win, conquer, be victorious; go beyond bounds, exult, glory (excessively in something); be over and above, be in excess, be left, remain; survive, be (still) alive; tr., go over, lit. and fig., pass over, surmount, mount, rise above, overtop, pass by or beyond, overpower, subdue; gain, win. superst6, -stare, -, -super+st6i, mntr., stand over, stand above. supersum, -esse, -fui, - [super+ sum], intr., be over and abo e, be left, remain; remain in life or being, survive, continue, last, endure. superus, -a, -um [super], adj., comp. superior, -ius, sup. supremus or summus, -a, -um, above, upper, higher, on high, sovereign, mighty; of things in heaven as opposed to those on earth, heavenly; of things in the upper world of earth as opposed to those in the underworld, in or of the upper world, upper, in the world above, on earth. As nouns, superus, -1, m., a god (very rare in sing.), in p7 the gods above, the heavenly gods, the gods; also, the men of the earth, the earth, as opposed to the underworld; supera, -oruha, pi. n., the heavenly regions, heaven, sky. In sap., supremus, -a, -ur, of place, highest, loftiest, very high; in fig. senses, high, lofty, noble, glorious; of degree, utmost, extreme, the highest or last degree of, dire; of time, last, final. As noun, suprema, -orum, p1. n., the last offices to'the dead, funeral rites; supremum, n. sing. as adv., for the last time. In form summus, -a, - um, of place, highest, topmost, extremest, or, simply, high; highest part of, top of, summit of, the summit of, the tip or end of; of time, latest, last, final; of degree or rank, highest, mightiest, supreme, sovereign, chief, main. As noun, summa, -6rum, pl. n., the highest parts, the top, the summit. supervolo, -are, -, - [super+2. vo15], tr. and intr, fly over, fly above. supinus, -a, -um [akin to sub?J, adj, bent backward, laid or lying on th3 back; (with) face upward, supine; with manus, (face, i.e) palms upward, or, freely, uplifted. supple6, -ere, -plevi, -pletus [sub+ pleb, old verb, fill], tr., hil up, fill full; make good or N hole, fill up the nunmber of. supplex, -icis [sub+plico], adj., properly, bending the knees; suppliant, making entreaty, humble, submissive As noun, supplex, -icis, c., a suppliant. suppllciter [supplex], adv, suppliantly, humbly, in the manner or spirit of suppllants. supplicium, -i or -ii [rf. supplex], n., properly, a kneeling, eithee in pl (yer, prayer, supplication, thanksgiving, or to receive peunshsent, punishment, penalty, suffering. supp6n6, -ere, -posul, -positus or suppostuB Lsub —POnu], tr,, put or SUPPOSITUS 155 TABEO place beneath, set under; apply (a knife, etc.); with tauro, mate with. suppositus or suppostus: see suppono. supra, adv., over, above; with sum, tower above, rise above. As prep., with acc., over, above, beyond, lit. and fig. supremus: see superus. sura, -ae, f., the calf of the leg, ankle, leg. surg6, -ere, surr6xi, surrectum [sub +rego: ef. the form subrigit in iv. 183], tr., raise up, erect; with aures, prick up; intr. (~ 139), properly, raise one's self, rise, arise, in a wide variety of meanings, lit. and fig; esp., spring up, spring into being, grow, bloom, develop. sus, suis, c., a swine, pig, hog, boar, sow. susceptus: see suscipio. suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [subs= sub tcapio], tr., take up, lift up, raise up; catch up, catch; esp., raise up a new-born child, in order to acknowledge it as one's own, acknowledge, bring up, rear, support, nurture; beget, bear. Fig., take on one's self, assume; take up another's speech, i.e. reply to, answer, resume, reply. suscit6, -are, -avi, -atus [subs=sub - cito, freq. of cieo], tr., set in (violent) motion. Fig., stir up, arouse, excite, kindle, fan, quicken. 1. suspectus: see suspicio. 2. suspectus, -us [suspicio], m., a looking upward, view upward; hence, height, distance. suspend6, -ere, -pendi, -p6nsus [subs =sub+pendo], tr., hang up, hang, suspend; hang up as an offering, dedicate, consecrate; prop up, bear up, uplift. Fig., lift up, keep in suspense, excite. suspensus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., hung up, suspended, upborne. Fig., in suspense, bewildered, awed, deeply moved, thrilled through and through, anxious, troubled. suspensus: see suspends. suspicol, -ere, -spexi, suspectus [sub + —pec1i, old verb, look, look at], intr., look upward; tr., look up at, gaze (up ward) at. Fig., look up to, admire, respect; look at secretly ("out of the corner of one's eye") or askance, mistrust, suspect. suspectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., suspected, dis trusted. suspir,, -are,-avi,-atum [sub+spiro], intr., draw a deep breath, sigh. sustento, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of sustine6], tr., hold up, prop, support. Fig., hold up, support, sustain, maintain; withstand, resist, check. sustineo, -ere, -tinul, -tentus [subs =sub+teneo], tr., hold up or aloft, bear up, support, hold, carry; hold off, keep off. Fig., hold up or off, withstand, resist, endure, keep in check, stay. suta: see suo. sutilis, -e [suo], adj., sewn, sewed, stitched; with cymba, sewed, i.e. built of skins sewed together(or, perhaps, of bark sewed together). suus, -a, -um, poss. adj., corresponding to sui, sibi, se, with reflexive force, his own, her own, its own, their own; freely, his, her, its, their; (one's own, i.e. adapted to one; hence) fitting, meet, suitable, friendly, favoring, propitious. As noun, sui, -6rum, pl. m., his (one's, their) friends, comrades, countrymen, subjects, etc. Sychaeus, -i, m., Sychaeus, the husband of Dido, treacherously slain by his brother-in-law Pygmalion. As adj., Sychaeus, -a, -ur, of Sychaeus, Sychaeus's. syrtis, -is, f., a sand bank in the sea, sand bar, bar, reef. Asproper name, esp. in pl., the Syrtis or Syrtes, two shallow bays on the north coast of Africa, distinguished as Maior and Minor, dangerous to navigation; their coasts, too, were accountcd dangerous, by reason of wild inhabitants and wild and dangerous beasts, serpents, etc. T tabe6, -ere, -, -, intr., melt away, melt, waste away. tabens, -entis, pr. prtcpl, act. as adj., wasting, wasted, TABES 156 TANTUS tabs, -is, f., properly, a wasting or pining away, consumption; by metonymy, a wasting disease; freely, illness, fever, sorrow. tabidus, -a, -urn [cf. tabe6, tabes], adj., properly, inpass. sense, wasting away; in act. sense, wasting, consuming. tabula, -ae, f., a board, a plank. tabulatus, -a, -um [tabula], adj., boarded, floored. As noun, tabulatum, -i, n., boarding, flooring; story, floor, e.g. of a to wer. tabum, -i [cf. tabs], n., corrupt moisture, matter; esp., corrupted blood, gore. Taburnus, -i, m., Taburnus, a mountain chain, south of the Caudine Pass, between Samniumn and Campania; it was famous as a pasture-ground and for its olives. taceo, -ere, tacul, tacitur, intr., be silent (i.e.:refrain from speech), say nothing, hold one's peace;=sileo, be still, be quiet, be noiseless; tr., a poetic use, keep silence about, pass over in silence. tacitus, -a, -urn, pf. pass. prtcpl., in dep. sense, as adj., having said naught, saying naught, uttering no word, silent; still, quiet, noiseless; =an adv., quietly, silently, secretly; in pass. sense, unmentioned, unheralded, unsung. tacitus: see taceo. 1. tactus: see tango. 2. tactus, -us [tango], m., a touching, touch. taeda, -ae, f., a resinous pine-tree, pitch-pine tree, pine; by metonymy, pine wood, pinefagots; a pine board, pine plank; a torch of pine wood, esp. a bridal torch, marriage torch. taedet, taed6re, taeduit or taesum est, impers. but trans., const rued with ace. of person and gen. of thing, it wearies or disgusts one, one is iweary of, is sick and tired of, is disgusted with, loathes. taenia, -ae,., a band, ribbon; esp., the long, hanging ends of a vitta, then, by metonymy, headband, fillet. taeter, taetra, taetrum, adj., foul, loathsome, disgusting. Tagus, -i, m., Tagus, an Italian. talaris, -e [talus, ankle], adj., of or on the ankles. As noun, talaria, -lum, pi. n., the talaria of Mercury, i.e. his winged sandals, or the wings attached to his ankles. talentum, -i, n., the talent. the heaviest unit of weight in use in Greek communities, varying in value from fifty to one hundred pounds; freely, a great weight, hundredweight. The name was given also to similar weights (not coins) of silver and gold; the Attic silrer talent was worth over one thousand dollars. talis, -e, adj., denoting quality, generally in good sense, occasionally in bad, such, of such a sort, of such a kind or nature; so fine, so splendid, so sorry;= an adv., in such manner, in such guise; such as this (which has immediately preceded or is to follow at once), this, the following; like English such, when emphatic, (so) great, distinguished, important. tills... qualis, such. as. tam, adv., used esp. with adjectives or adverbs, so, so very, to such a degree; often best rendered by an adj., such; tam... quam, by so much... as, as much as... as, as... as. tamen, conj., yet, yet after all, however, nevertheless, none the less. tandem, adv., at length, at last, finally; often strengthened by vix, after long waiting, at last; in questions expressive of deep emotion, esp. of surprise or impatience, pray tell me, pray. tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, tr., touch; grasp, lay hold of; (touch, i.e.) share. Fig., reach, attain; (touch, i.e.) have to do with, be concerned with, be involved in; touch, affect, move, impress. tantum: see tantus. tantus, -a, -um, adj., referring to size or quantity, of such size, such (in size, bulk, or quantity), so great, such great; (as great as it really was, i.e.) great, mighty, numerous, important, illustrious; also, so grievous, etc, grievous, monstrous, enormous. tantus TAPETE 157 TEMERE... quantus, (so) great... as, as great... as. tanto, abl. sing. of measure of distance as adv., by so much, so much, the (as the is used in phrases like the more, the merrier); tantum, acc. sing. as adv. (~134), to such an extent, so greatly, so much, so; (so much and no more), only, merely. As noun, tantum, -i, n., so much, such a measure or quantity, thus much only. tapete, -is, n. (but note ace. pl. m tapetas), hangings, coverings, coverlets, carpets, tapestry. Tarcho or Tarchon, -onis or -ontis, m., Tarchon, an Etruscan, ally of Aeneas. tardo, -are, -avi, -atus [tardus], tr., make slow or sluggish, cause to tarry, delay, hinder, impede, retard. Fig., hinder, hamper, embarrass. tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, sluggish, slow-moving, lingering, lazy, inactive, dull; = tarditus (as giving the result, not the process), delayed, hindered, hampered. Tarentum, -i, n., Tarentum, the famous city of southern Italy, on the gulf of the same name. Tarpeia, -ae, f., Tarpeia, a comrade of Camilla. Tarpeius, -a, -um, adj., properly, belonging to the gens Tarpeia, Tarpeian; the adj. was applied esp. (for some reason not known) to the famous Tarpeian rock, on the Capitoline Hill, on the side overhanging the Forum; also, freely, Capitoline. Tarquinius, -i or -ii, m., Tarquinius, a name borne by two of the kings of Rome; esp., Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Rome. As adj., Tarquinius, -a, -um, of the Tarquins, Tarquinian. Tarquitus, -i, m., Tarquitus, an Italian, son of Faunus, slain by Aeneas. Tartara: see Tartarus. Tartareus, -a, -urn [Tartarus], adj., of Tartarus, Tartarean; by metonymy, infernal, hellish, awful, dread. Tartarus, -i, m., in pl., Tartara, -orum, n., Tartarus, properly, a deep abyss in the part of the underworld in which tihe wicked were punished; by metonymy, the abode of the wicked in the underworld, the underworld in general, the infernal regions. Tatius, -i or -ii, m., Tatius, i.e. Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines, who waged war against Romulus on account of the capture of the Sabine women, but finally made peace with Romulus and was associated with him in the government. taureus, -a, -um [taurus], adj., of a bull, bull's, bulls'. taurinus, -a, -um [taurus], adj., of a bull, a bull's. taurus, -i, m., a bull, bullock, ox; by metonymy, a bull's hide. tectum: see teg6. tectus: see tego. Tegeaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Tegea (a town in Arcadia, Greece), Tegean. tegmen or tegumen, tegminis [teg6], n., a covering; skin, hide of a beast, used as a covering or for clothing. Fig., (covering, i.e.) defence, protection; by metonymy, shield, armor. tego, -ere, texi, tectus, tr., cover, clothe, deck, adorn, veil, envelop, surround; hide, conceal, set or stow away; shelter, protect, defend; (cover, ie.) bury, inter; wrap. tectus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., covered, hidden, secreted; in bad sense, skulking. As noun, tectum, -i, n., a covered place, a cover, shelter; house, palace, temple; abode, habitation, haunt; chamber, apartment; in pl., often like Enqlish halls; haunt, covert, den of a wild beast; by metonymy (~ 188), roof, ceiling. tegumen: see tegmen. tela, -ae,f., something woven, a web. tellus, -aris, f., the earth, the surface of the earth, the soil, ground, earth; land as opposed to the sea; a land, district, country, region. Personified, Tellus, -tris, f., Tellus, the goddess Earth (~ 275). telum, -i, n., a missile, weapon; dart, lance, javelin, arrow, spear; weapon in general. temere, adv., properly, blindly; carelessly, needlessly, at random, in con TEMERO ] fusion. Fig., without thought or purpose, without design or meaning, accidentally. temero, -ire, -avi, -atus [cf. temere], tr., treat rashly or thoughtlessly; outrage, profane, violate, desecrate, pollute. temno, -ere, -, -, tr., think lightly of, treat ligntly, slight, scorn, despise, mock, defy. temperS, -are, -avi, -atus [tempus], tr., properly, divide or apportion properly, mix in due proportions; regulate, control, calm, soothe, allay; intr. (~ 139), restrain one's self, refrain from, abstain from. tempestas, -ttis [tempus], f., a space of time, season; by metonymy, the weather conditions at a given season or moment, weather; esp, bad weather, storm, tempest, gale. Fig., storm of weapons, shower, hail. Personified, Tempestas,-atis,f., Tempest, Stormgod. templum, -1, n..,,roperly, a place or space cut off and specially set apart, for religious purposes, a sacred place, sanctuary; temple, shrine, chapel. temptS, -are, -avi, -atus (also spelled tentb: cf., then, tendl], tr., handle, touch, feel; test, try, examine, explore; try, try the issue of, venture on, attempt, essay; esp., with infin., seek for, seek. tempus, -oris, n., properly, a section, a portion; esp., a portion of time, period of time, interval of time, season, hour, moment; time in general; the right time, fitting season or moment, high time, opportunity, occasion; crisis, critical moment; esp. in pl., the times, circumstances, condition or state of affairs; temple of the head (in this sense usually in p. ). tenax, -icis [teneo], adj., holding fast (to), clinging (to), griping, tenacious. tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus or tensus, tr., stretch, stretch out, strain, extend, distend, spread out, spread; stretch forth, hold out, offer, proffer, present; guide, direct, aim, hold or follow a course; intr., through ellipsis 158 TEPIDUS of iter, cursum, viam, etc., or according to ~ 139, hold one's course, take one's way, go, proceed, hasten; of a path or road, tend in a given direction, trend, lead; strain one's self, stretch every nerve, strive, struggle; (sc. tentoria or vela), pitch one's tent, encamp. tenebrae, -arum, pl. f., darkness, gloom, esp. that of night, or of the underworld. tenebrosus, -a, -ur [tenebrae], adj., dark, dusky, gloomy, shadowy. Tenedos, -1, f., Tenedos, a small island in the Aegean Sea, off the coast near Troy. teneo, -ere, tenui, tentus, tr., properly, hold in the hand, then, hold fast, have, keep, lzt. and fig.; lay hold on, seize, grasp, cling to; hold, bear, carry parts of the body (cf. gero, gesto); lay hold on, seize, master, overpower, be master of, possess, control, rule, sway; hold fast, maintain, occupy; retain, keep; (hold by reaching), reach, gain; hold or keep one's way or course, guide, direct, pursue; hold or keep back, restrain, detain. tener, tenera, tenerum, adj., tender, soft, frail, delicate, dainty; thin, fine. tenor, -oris [teneo], m., a holding; esp., a holding on a course or path, uninterrupted course, course, progress. tentorium, -i or -ii [tendS], n., a tent. tenuis, -e [akin to tendl], adj., properly, stretched or drawn out, "wiredrawn;" thin, slender, fine; delicate, dainty, small, narrow; of a breeze, gentle; light, slight, trifling. Fig., airy, unsubstantial. tenus [cf. teneo], prep. with abl., set after its case, up to, as far as, to. tepefacib, -facere, -feci, -factus [tepeo+faciol, tr., make warm or hot, warm, heat. tepefactus: see tepefacio. tepeB, -ere, -, -, zntr., properly, be lukewarm; fieely, be warm or hot, reek. tepesco, -ere, tepul, - [inceptive of tepeo], intr., become warm, grow hot. tepidus, -a, -um [(f. tepeo], adU., prop. TER 159 TEUCER erly, lukewarm (see on iii. 627), tepid, warm; still warm with life, not yet dead, living; reeking. ter, numeral adv., thrice, three times. terebro, -are, -avI, -atus [terebra, a borer, auger], tr., bore, bore into, bore through, pierce. teres, -etis [cf. tero], adj., (rubbed, i.e ) rounded off, round, well-rounded, well-turned, shapely, taper, smooth; polished. Tereus, -el, mn., Tereus, a Trojan. tergeminus, -a, -um [ter+geminus], adj., three-fold, three formed, having three bodies. three-bodied. tergum, -1, n.. back, ether of men or animals; terga vertere, turn in flight, flee, run away; terga dare, with dat., flee before, flee from; by metonymy, the covering of the back, hide, skin; the skin as prepared, bull's hide, raw hide; layer of a shield, at first of raw hide, then of metal; a tergo, from behind, from the rear, in the rear, behind. tergus, tergoris [ct. tergum], n., back of animals; by metonymy, skin, hide. termino, -are, -avi, -atus Lterminusl, tr., set bounds to, limit, bound, lit. and fig terminus, -i, m., a boundary-line; bound, limit, lit. and fig.; goal of a journey. Fig., fixed or appointed limit. ternus, -a, -um, distributive numeral adj., usually found only in the pl., three at a time, three apiece, three each; freely, three. tero, -ere, trivi, tritus, tr., rub, chafe; wear away by rubbing, rub to pieces, grind, bruise; calcem calce terere, Jreely, tread on the heels of. Fig., (rub or) fritter away time, waste; spend, pass. terra, -ae, f., the earth, dry land, the land, as a division of the universe, opposed to the heavens and the sea; earth, land, ground, soil; a land, district, region, country; in pi, or in the phrase orbis terrarum, the cycle of the lands, the wide world, the world. Personified, Terra, -ae, f.,= Tellis, the goddess Earth. terrenus, -a, -um [terra], adj., of earth; earthy, earthly, earth-born. terreb, -ere, -ui, -itus, tr., frighten, affright, alarm, scare, terrify. terribilis, -e [terre6], adj., terrorcausing, alarming, frightful, dreadful, awful, terrible. terrifico, -are, -, - [terrificus], tr., frighten, alarm, terrify. terrificus, -a, -um [terreo+facio], adj., terror-causing, an e-inspiring, alarming, dreadful, dread, awful. territo, -are, -, - [freq. of terre6], tr., frighten greatly, affright, alarm, terrify. territus: see terreo. terror, -oris [cf. terreo], m.; 't,,lt, alarm, terror, panic; by,' osnymnzy, a sight, etc., that '- -b6 terror, dread event, dread si, It, alarm. tertius, -a, -um [ter], ordinal numeral adj, third. testis, -Id, c., a witness. tpetor, -ari, -atus sum [testis], tr., be witness to, bear Is itness to, testify to, attest, prove; proclaim something as witness, aver, declare; call to witness (the gods, etc.), invoke as witnesses, appeal to, swear by, protest by or before, adjure; pray, entreat, implore. testfudo, -inis [testa, burned clay, tile], f., a tortoise (so called, apparently, from its resemblance to an earthenware cover or lid of a vessel); by metonymy, of things similar in shape to a tortoise, a vaulted roof of a building, vault, arch; a testudo, i.e. a military formtation in which the soldiers carried thei shields over their heads, the shields overlapping like the plates or scales on the shell of a tortoise. Teucer or Teucrus, Teucri, m., Teucer. (1) An ancient king of Troy; he came to Troy from Crete. He was father in-law of Dardanus, and so he is often described as founder of the Trojan line. (2) A Greek, son of Telamon, king of Salamis (an island, *ear Athens) and brother of the famous Ajax. Ajax was yn quished by Ulixes in a contest f o the arms of Achilles, and commiuted suicide. Because TEUCRI10TIA 160 TIBIA Teucer failed to avenge Ajax's death, Telamon v'ef used to welcome him home. Teucer, aided by Belas, Jather of Dido, then settled in CyPrus. Teucri: see 2. Teucrus. Teucria, -ae Ve'. Teucer], f., the land of Teucer, the Trojan land, the Troad, Troy. 1. Teucrus: see Teucer. 2. Teucrus, -a, -urn [Teucer], adj., of Teucer, Teucer's; by metonymy, Trojan. As noun, Teucri, -6rurn, pl. us., the Teucrians, the Trojans-. Teuthras, -antis, 2n., Teuthras, a Trojan. tex6, -ere, texut, textus, tr., weave, Pla braid, interlace, intertwine; join or pivf totiether, frame, fashion, build, construcu,, to. an d jig. texturn, 1 (pf. pass. prtcpl ao noun), a, something woven or fashioned; by melonyrny, texture, fabric. textilis, -e [tex6], adj., woven, of woven stuffs, textile. textum: see tex6. textus: see tex6. thalamus, 41, mn., a chamber, room; a sieel)nin room, bed chamber; csp., bridal chamber, marriage bed;.treely, resi lenee, habitation, abode; by meI (01/n0, marriage, nuaptials. Thalia, -ae, f., Thalia, a sea-nymph. Thapsus, 4i, f., Thapsus, a city (and pen insula on thle east isoad of Sicily1. the~trurn, 41, n, a theatre, freely, a place for gaines Th~bae, -5.rurn, p1. f., Thebes, a city in GITreece, f/se caipital ol Boeotia. Th~b~nus, -a, -urn, cdy., of Thebe, a city in ilysia, Theban. Thermn~ddn, -ontis, in., the Thermodon, a ritcr in Pontas, Asia 1unar, hichoi' floived into the Ponta.s Euriins;, on its ban/c (hwelt I/se Aoazons. Th~rha, -fmnls, in., Theron, on [talian. Thersiloclius, -I, in, Thersilochiu, a Tr'sojan or ally at the Trojans. thesaurus, -l, ni?, a hoard, a treasure Th~iseus, -el and -eos, in., Theseuis, a king of Atliens, son of Ace-q as, afaiaiss leieo. J/e sleii thie ltinotaar, and( au nt with Pirithous to carry ofJf Proserpina from the underworld. According to one story, for this inspiety he was conderaned to sit foreaer chained to a roeck in the underworld. Thessandrus, 41, usn., Thessandrus, one of the Gi'ee/.s in /se wooden, horse. Thetis, -idis, f., Thetis, a sea goddess, daugter of Nereus, mother of Achilles. Thoha, -antis, ms., Thoas, one of the Greeks, in the wooden horse. tholus, 4i, mn, a dome or cupola of a temple or other building. th~rax, -acis, mr., properly, the breast, chest; by metonymy, breastplate, corselet. Thr~cius, -a, -urn [Thrix], ad~j., of Thrace, Thraciasi. Thrix, -acis, m, a Thracian. ThrC-icius, -a, -urn, ady, of Thrace, Thracian. As noun. ThrC-icii, -6rum, p1. iii, the Thracians. Thr~issa, -ae, ss/j., only in feminine, Thracian. As noun, a Thracian woman. Thybris, -idis, ace. Thybrirn, ni., Thybris, another form of Tuberiw, the namne of Gl,'e ricer' Tibet'; esp, father Tiber, the god of the r'ie er. Thyias, -adis (dissyllabic; the yi counts as a diphthong, corr'e ponudinq tooa diphthong in the Gr'ee/c fora of the word), f, a Bacehanate, i.e. a?woman devoted to t/ie wvorship of Bacchus. Thymber or Thymbrus, -brl,?s., Thyinber, a 1/utietian. Tiyrnbraeus, -a, -urn, adj., of Thymbra (a: city in the Troad, suit/i a tempile of Apollo). As noun, Thymbraeus, 41, ni., Thymbraeus, i.e. Apollo as god oJ Thyrnoet~is, -ae, mis., Thymoetes, a Trojan. thyrnttr, -i, it., thyme. T ib erinus, - a, - urn T ib eris, the Tiber], aoIj, of the Tiber, the Tiber s, Tiberlice. As noun, Tiberinus, 4i, iin, Tilierinns,, the river Tiber; esp., father Tiber, the god o~f the rned'. tibia, -ae, f., ps opemly, the large shinbone; by mm tori guy, a 1111siCal saTi i'1m iuneit, pipe (oruginally uscide o' bone), clarinet, us ic/i used mi nimuid, orgiastic TIBURS 161 TORQUATUS worship like that of Bacchus. It had a mouthpiece, was provided with holes which gave the tones, and was curved at the other end; two, often of different pitch, twere used together. Tiburs, -urtis, adj., of Tibur (a town in Latium, about sixteen miles northeast oj Rome), Tiburtian, Tiburtine. As noun. Tiburtes, -ur, pl. m., the people of Tibur, the Tiburtines. Tiburtus, -i, m., Tiburtus, a Greek from Argolis, in the Peloponnesus, who, wt/h his brothers Catillus and Coras, was. believed to have founded Tibur (now Ticoli), a town in Latium near Rome (see Tiburs). tigris, -is or -idis, ace. tigrim, c., a tiger, tigress. Timavus, -i, m., the Timavus, a small river in the northeastern part of Italy, flowing into the Adriatic; perhaps, also, the god of the river Timavus. timeo, -ere, -ui, -, tr., fear, be afraid of, dread; intr., be alarmed, be frightened, be anxious, show one's fear. timidus, -a, -um [cf. timeS], adj., frightened, fearful, timid, anxious. timor, -oris [tf. timeol, m., fear, dread, alarm, apprehension, anxiety. Pet sonified,Timor,-Sris, m., Dread, Fear. tinguo, tinguere, tinxi, tinctus, tr., wet, moisten, bathe, dip, plunge. tinnitus, -us [tinnio, ring, clink, tinkle], m., a ringing noise,'ringing, tinkling, jingling. Tisiphon6, -es, f., Tisiphone, one of the Furies. See Furiae. Titan, -anis, m., a Titan; see ~~273-275; freely, a descendant of a Titan; esp. the Sun God, the Sun (see ~ 281, end). Titanius, -a, -um [Titan], adj., of the Titans, Titanian, Titanic. Tith6nius, -a, -um [Tithonus], adj., of Tithonus, Tithonus's. Tithonus, -1, m., Tithonus, son of Laoredon, h usband of Aurora, and father of Memnon. titubb, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., stagger, totter, stumble, reel. titubatus, -a, -um, pfj pass. prtcpl., in dep. sense (~171), as adj., tottering, staggering, reeling. Tityos, -1, mn., Tityos, a son of Jupiter, iHe offered violence to Latona, and was therefore slain by Apollo and Diana. In Tartarus his body lay stretched out and a vulture fed on his liver which was constantly renewed just as it seemed exhausted. Tmarius, -a, -um, adj., of Tmarus (a mountain in Eparus), Tmarian; by metonymy, Epirote. Tmarus, -i, m., Tmarus, a Rutulian. tog5atus, -a, -um [toga], adj., wearing the toga, toga-clad; hence, since the toga was the distinctive dress of the Roman race, Roman. tolerabilis, -e [toler6, bear], adj., bearable, endurable, tolerable. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, tr., uplift, lit. and fig., lift up, raise; uprear, upheave, uproot, stir up; bear up, bear, carry, support; take up and carry away, bear away, carry off, remove; put an end to, stop; with a eflexive pron., or in pass. with middle force, raise one's self, rise, spring or go up. Fig., raise high, exalt, puff up, encourage, cheer; raise (the voice, a shout, etc.), send forth, utter. BUblatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adj., uplifted, upraised, towering. Fig., elated, puffed up. Tolumnius, -i or -ii, m., Tolumnius, a Rutulian augur. tondeo, -ere, totondl, tonsus, tr., shear, clip, crop, trim close, lop; of birds and antmals, crop, graze on, browse (on), feed on. tonitrus, -us [cf. tono], m., thunder, tonb, -are, -ui, -, intr., thunder; by metonymy, of similar noises, roar, crash; tr. (~ 128), thunder out; invoke with loud voice. tonsus: see tondeo. tormentum, -i [originally torquimentum: cf. torqueS], n., a military engine, used for hurling missiles by the help of a twisted rope or ropes. Torquatus, -i, m., Torquatus, a name borne by members of the gens Manlia, esp. by Tztus Manlius Torquatus, consul in 340 and leader against the Latins. He gave orders that no Roman should en TORQIUEO 1G2 TRANSADIGO gage in single combat with an enemy. Manlius's own son disobeyed this cornmand and was by Jlanlius's orders put to death in the presence of the army. torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortus, tr., turn about or around, turn, cause to revolve or spin round, twist, wind (up); with spumam, turn up, churn up; hurl (attth a rotary motion, to give speed and accuracy), cast. throw, fling, whirl. dash. Fig.. roll, twist the eyes; guide, control, rule, sway. torrens: see torreo. torreo, -ere, torrui, tostus, tr., dry by means of heat, parch, roast. torrens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., properly, roasting, parching; freely, boiling, seething, surging; hence, rushing, impetuous, swift. As noun. torrens, -entlis, m., a rushing waterflood, a torrent. torris, -is [cf. torreo], m., a firebrand, brand. 1. tortus: see torqueo. 2. tortus, -us Ltorqueo], m., a turning, twisting; of a snake, writhing. torus, -I, m., properly, a bulging place, swelling, protuberance; hence, by metonymy, the swelling muscular parts of animal bodies, swelling veins. muscles, sinews, thews; masses of hair; cushion, bolster, pillow; bed, couch, bier. Fig., cushion, mound. torvus, -a, -um, adj., properly, of the eyes, piercing, staring, glaring; freely, grim, savage, lowering, frowning. tot, numeral adj., indeclinable, so many; as many; these many, those many; many. totidem [tot+Idem], numeral adj., indlclinable, just so many, just as many, as many, the same number of; =an adr. phrase, in like number. totlins [tot], numeral adv., so many tilnes, so often; repeatedly, again and again. totus, -a, -urn, gen. totius, adj., the whole (of), the entire, entire; often best rendered by an adv., wholly, entirely, completely,- ll over. trabalis, -e [trabs], adl., of a beam; freely, like a beam, beam-like. trabs, trabis, f., a beam, a timber; bt smetonymy (~ 187), a ship. tractabilis, -e [tracto], adj., that can be handled; manageable, tractable. Fig., pliant, yielding, gracious; =an adlr., in pliant mood, graciously. 1. tractus: see traho. 2. tractus, -as [traho], m., properly, a drawing or dragging; by metonymy, of hle thing drawn or stretched out, stretch. expanse, quarter, region. trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus [tra=trans +do], tr, give over, hand over, surrender; commit (to), entrust. traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, tr., draw, drag, haul; drag along or on, trail, drag with one, tear off, tarry away; draw or pull out; (draw, i.e.) lead, guide, conduct. Fig., draw, drag, draw along, trail (behind), trace; draw in, absorb; drag out, prolong, protract; waste, fritter away, spend; rulnam trahere, fall in long, trailing ruin. traicio, ~ere, -iei, -iectus [tra= transhiacio], tr., with two accusatives expressed or implied, throw across, throw over; pass across, pass through; hence, wind or bind round; with one acc. (depending in sense on the prefix) and reflexive pron. to be supplied, cross over, cross, pass beyond, pass; also with one ace., pierce transfix. traiectus: see traicio. trames, -itis [tra=trans +root of meo, go], ni., cross-path, by-path; path,way, course. trano,-are, -avl, -atus [tra=trans+ no], tr., swim over. F'i., fly through, sail over, pass across or over, pass through, cross. tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., quiet, calm, still, tranquil. As noun tranquillum, -l, n., quiet, stillness; quiet weather, a calm. trans, prep. with ace., across, over, beyond. through. transabe6, -ire, -ivi or -ii, - [trans+ abeb], tr., pas-s beyond or through; hence. )pierce, penetrate. transadigo, -ere, -egi, -actus [trans -adlgbj, tr., drive or force through, TRANSCRIIBO 13TIAR1 163 TRINAORTUS thrust through; it iti, too a((ci ato e Pierce..through. transcrlbo, -ere, -scripsl, -scriptus [tri.ns~sekib6), tr, a / ite m cr (iLe cop,/) from one roll to another, tranl',wribe, enroll (anbew or dlljerentbltl; hectransfer, assignj. tritnscurr6, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -cursum, [trans~curr6], tr., 1-1111 across shotacross,, speed acros-~,, dart across,. trinse6, -ire, -vlv or -ii, -itus, [trans ~e6], tr., go over, go across,, pass over, cross,; pass by or beyond, outstrip; ps;pass; through, pierce, penetrateWnYi', go (through), pass,; o~f timie, pass, by. trinsfer6, -ferre, -tull, -litus, [trans, -jfer6], tr., bear or carry across, carry over, trans;fer, lit. and fiq. trinsf lg6, -ere, -f!xi, -f ixus [trans -+-f g6, tr., thrust one thing through another; pierce through and through, pierce, transfix. tri.nsf ixus: soee trinsf 1g6. trinsffrrn6, -ire, -ivi, -5,tus [trans+ fbrrn6], tr., mnake into a iiew or diilerent form, transtorm; alter, change,(. tr~insiMi, -ire, -silul, - [trans tsalib'], tr., leap over or across,, sprnig across or over, dart over. trinsmissus: see trinsmitt6. tr~nsmitt6, -ere, -misl, -missus Itrins+mitt6 1, b, send aceross,,, con-vey across; in fly. sen6e, hand over, assi4gn, transinit, transfer; wvithi ellbpsis of s6, pass,- over, hurry over, speed over, scud across,-. port6], tr., bear or calry across,, conve(y ac eross trinstrum, -I, n., a cross,-beami, esp in a ship; thwart Jor rowei s, rov ingbench, seat. transverber6, -ire, -iv, -atus [trans -tverberbl, tr,.. beat or '-trike through, pierce, penetrate. transversus, -a, -urn (trins~vert61, 0(19., tuirned across,, lying or running across, athwart; transversa, a. pl. ace. as adv., crosswise, athwart one,,s coursiO I I tremefacI6, -ere, -foci, -fact is [trem6b+faci6], tr., cause to snake, make..tremble; alarm, terrify, appall. trernefactus, -a, -urn, It'. pass. prtept. ((5 (((1., trembling, quaking. tremefactus: see trenmefaci6. trem~scb, -ere, -, - [inceptis'e of' trem6), WIot, begin to tremble, shake; tr. (~ 130), tremble at, shudder at. tremibundus, -a, -urn [trern6], adij., trembliiig, quivering. trernb, -ere, -ul, -, in tr., shake, quake, shiver, trenible; tr. (~ 1301, tremble at, quake at, quake with fear at. tremor, -6ris. [trem6l, in., trembling, shaking, tremor. hurry or bustle about, esp. with fear, hurry to and fro; 'with infisn, bestir one's self, niake has-te, hasteni; be afraid, he in fear. trepidus, -a, -urn, adj., trembling, shaking, agitats'd, alarmed, be. N ildered, frightend, anxious; busthung, hurrying, restless. tr~s, tria, numneral ad).-, three. tricorp~or, -oris [tr~is~corpus], adj., with three bodies, three-bodied. tridns, -entis [tri~s+dfts], adj., witui three teeth, three-pronged. As noun, trid~ns, -entis, mn., a trident. triet~ricus, -a, -urn., adj., biennial (properly, kept every ti/rd year, but in Greek and Romnan reckoning both limits or ends of a period of timne were usuialy couanted in). three throats, three-throated. triginti, num~eral adj., indeclinable, thirty. trilix, -lcis, adj., a technical term of weaving, woven with three leashes, triple-twilled; delicately (i.e. elaborately) woven; frteely, three-ply, threef old, triple. Trinacria: see Trinacrius. Trlnacrius, -a, -urn, adj., properly, of (wit/i) three promontories; hence, of Sicily, Sicilian (the three promontories are PelorumPachynumf, and Litybaeum), Trinacrian. As noun, Trinacria, -ae TRIONES 164 TU (sc. tellts or terra), f, Trinacria, Sicily. Triones, -um, wi., the Trones the (on stellations of the Greatel andl the ILesser Bear. See Arctos. triplex, -icis [trs+p-lic6], ad,/., threefold, triple. tripus, -odis [tres+a (roeek word, meaning foot, akzn to pes], n^., a threefooted stand or seat, a tripod; esp, te, tripod on which sat the priestess ot Apollo at Delphi, Gi ee(e. tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, wretched, mournful, gloomy; g11nm, severe, stern, sullen; sorrow-causing, dire, fell, banef4l, fatal. fateful, shocking, dreadful, ill-omined. ominous. trisulcus, -a, -um [tres+sulcus], adj., properly, with three furrows. Fig, thrice cleft, three-torked, triple. Trit6n, -onis, i., Triton, a sea qod son of Neptane and Amnphtitite, fanoi a jo/ the skill with which he blew a conch or shell; in pl., Tritons, sea-gods lkXe Triton. Tritonia: see Tritonius. Tritonis, -idis, J., Trit6nis, a name of.fi nerc a, =Trltonia. Tritonius, -a, -um [Triton or TritOnis, Tritiiis, a lake in Ati t((a, ad(., of Tritonis, Tritonian. As noun, Tritinia, -ae, f:, Tritonia, a namne of Mhenerva (Pallas); see '279 enrd. tritus: see tero. triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum [<f. triumphus], intr., celebrate a triumph; tr., triumph over, conquer, vanquish. triumphus, -i, In. a triumphal procession, esp. the splendid procession in whih, after gaining a great victo y. a jeneial al ntl his (tisiy atere', by t ot( ot the Senate, allo( esd to enter Ilomee, in ca lder to ( o up to the Capitol and nmacR e a hsat irlice oJ thaln(zsqicin/. In yenet (l, a triumph, victory. Trivia: see trivius. trivium: see trivius. trivius, -a, -um [tres+via], adj., of or with throe iwa 's or roads. As nousts, Trivia, -ae, f, Trivia or Diana (~ 282), goddess oy ci oss-roads; trivium, -i or -ii, n, properly, a place where three roads meet, cross-roads, square. Troas, -adis, f., a Trojan woman. Troia, -ae, f., Troy. (1) A f'aous city in the westein part of lMysia, Asia Minos, < aptulred by strategem by the Greeks after an unsuccessful siege of ten years. The city stas also called Ilium. (2) The Troad, the district about the city of Troy (3) A city and district in Epirsts, (trerce, ralled by Helenas. (4) Eqtuestr tan n aneuvet s, performied, according to tradition, by Trojan lads, in later (lays by Ronian boys; also called the ldus Ts idnuLs. Troianus, -a, -um [Troia], adj., Trojan. As noun, Troianus, -i, m., a Trojan. Troilus, -i, mi., Trollus, son of Priam, stain by Achilles. Troiugena, -ae [Troia+ root of gigno], in.. one born in Troy, a Trojan. Troius, -a, -umn [c. Tros, Troia], adj., of Troy, Trojan. tropaeum, -i, n., properly, a trophy, erected by a victorious army on a battlefield to mark the point at which the routt oj the enemy beqan; it consisted usualli qt a tree trunk,, adorneld with arms taken Jf oe'ss the.oe: in general, trophy, sign or proof of victory. 1. Tros, Trois, m., a Trojan. 2. Tros,Trois,,Tros.akiny of Phrygia, qrandson of Dardanus and father of Ilus, Assaracus. andc Ganymedes. trucido, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher. trudis, -is [cf. trudo], /., properly. a " shover," e g. apole or stake with which to push a boat, punting-pole, pike. trudo, -ere, trusi, trusus, tr., push on o/.along, push, shove. truncus, -a, -um, adj., lopped off, heM i, stripped, trimmed; of t ee.s, nithout leas-es or branches; in yenei al. maimed. mutilated, disfigured. i s noun truncus, -i, tn, the trunk of a tree (without leaves or branches), steml, stock; the trunk or body of a ti, tui, pl. v6s, pe/ i. p/ oi, of the seconu person, thou, you. TUBA 165 TURNUS tuba, -ae, f., a trumpet, long and straight; esp., a war trumpet. tueor, tueri, tuitus or tutus sum, tr., look at, gaze on, view, behold, watch; see to, watch, save, guard, defend, protect. tutus, -a, -um, pf. prtcpl., in pass. sense, as adj., well watched, guarded, protected, sheltered; hence, undisturbed, safe, secure; reliable, trustworthy;=an adrl, in safety, safely, quietly. As noun, tutum, -i, n., a place of safety, a haven, safety, security. Tulla, -ae, f., Tulla, a comrade of Camilla. Tullus, -i, im., Tullus, i.e. Tutllus lHostilius, the third kinq of Romre, famous, like Romulus, for warlike pro oess. turn, adv., used (1) of time, at that (this) time, in those (these) days, then, at such a time or crisis, under such circumstances, in that case, in that event; (2) in enumerations, then, thereupon, hereupon, in the second place, next, moreover, besides. iam turn, even then, even in those early days; tum vero, introducing the most important point or critical rmoment, then indeed, then (if ever), then (emphatic). tumeo, -ere, -ui, -, intr., swell, be swollen, lit. and fig. tumidus, -a, -um [tumeo], adj., swelling, swolle.; of wares ead the sea, rising (high), surging, towering; in act. sense, inflating, swelling. Fig., puffed up, swelling, swollen. tumultus, -us, mi., an uproar, din, noise, tumult, clamor, bustle, disorder, confusion; esp., as a confemptuous term for an invasion by barbarians, e.g. the Gauls, uprising, the din of war, an alarm of war. tumulus, -i, m., a mound of earth, hillock, hill; esp., a funeral mound, tomb. tune, adv., at that time, then. at that moment; the word is, properly, more emphatic than tur, and points usually to a definite moment of time. tund6, -ere, tutudi, tunsus, tr., beat, strike repeatedly, buffet. Fig., buffet, assail, tunica, -ae, f., a tunic, a shirt, an undergarment, tsually uithout sleeves, reaching in the case of men only to the knees, in the case of women to the ankles or the feet. tunsus: see tundo. turba, -ae, f. uproar, tumult, disturbance, confusion; by metonymn, a confused throng, a crowd (an uncomplhmentary term); motley array, troop, crew, band, herd, flock. turbatus: see 1. turbo. turbidus, -a, -um [cf turba, 1. turb6], adj., confused, disordered; of clouds, tumbling, pitching, tossing, rolling; of liquids, troubled, turbid, muddy, murky, thick Ml th something. Fig., agitated, restless, troubled, excited, nild, anxious;=a= adv., wildly, excitedly. 1. turbo, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. turba3, tr., disturb, throw into disorder or confusion, agitate, confound; drive in confusion, drive wildly, scatter, rout; infr. (~139), best',' one's self, be all astir. Fig., disturb, trouble, confuse, perplex, bewilder, agitate, frighten, alarm. turbatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adl., in lit. and fig. senses, disturbed, agitated, excited, coinfused, bewildered; affrighted, frightened, panic-stricken, in panic, in confusion; angered, angry. 2. turb6, -inis, 7m., a whirling or spinning round, an eddying motion, whirl; the whirling, hurling, casting (e q. of the thunderbolt); by mretoniqmy, an/thing that whirls or spins round, a whirl, whirling eddy (of smoke or water); whirlpool, maelstrom; esp., a whirlwind, hurricane, vortex, cyclone, tornado, tempest. tureus, -a, -um [tfusl, adj., of frankincense, of incense. turicremus, -a, -um [tus-+cremo], adj., incense-burning. turma, -ae, f., a troop of cavalry, consisting, properly, of thirty nmen, squadron; freely, cavalry; troop, band. Turnus, -i, m., Turnus, son of Daunus and the nymph Venilia, king of the Rutulians, with his capital at Ardea; he TURPIS 166 TURPIS 166 ~ULTERIOR~ led the Italian forces against, Aeneas, bat was at last? anqaished and slain, by the latter in single conibat. See ~. turpis, -e, adj., unseemly, unsightly, foul, squalid, disfigured. -Fig., of moral qualities, unseemly, base, shameful, disgraceful, loathesome, unmanly, grovelling. turnis, -iS, f., a turret, tower; esp., a movable tower of' sereral stories, fttt(d with -wh eels andfall of mnen and smilitary engines, which, could be utsed for offensive or defensive mocenienfs. turritus, -a, -urn [turrns], adj., fitted with towers, tnrreted, tower-crowned. Fig., tower-shaped, tower-like, toii ering, lo-fty. tii~s, trne, n., incense, frankincewie. Utis~men, -inis [ttutor], n, a defence, a protection. tutor, -irl, -4tus sum f f. tiutus, tueor], iir., watch, protect, defend, befriend,"support. tfitus: see tueor. tune, -a, -urn [Vto', poss. procioninal aci., thy, thinie,3our, yours. - s no/n, tull, -6rum, pl. ni., your household, your peoiplc, your friends,, comradies, subjects,, etc. T~deus, -el and -eos, a~., Tvdenos, fathert of Dioinede, one of the bcene ayaensf Thebes. Tytdiuds, -ae, in., son of Tydeus, a title o~f 1)/oniede. tympanurn, 4, is., drumi, tinibrel, tamlbourute. ojten l ike a modern ta nibo tu nec nIh t bells. Tyndaris, -idie, f, daughteir of Tyndareus (king of Sparta), a tite or nainie ol felen. Typhbeus, -el and -eos, iii., Tvphoenis, one of I/se giants who joaghlt ayainel Japfiter. See 2174. Typhbius, -a, -urn [Typhbeusl, adj, of Typhoeus, Typhoini. tyrannue, 41, in-, as tei in of 1/0/10,.01 absolute sovereign, kin-/, rulci-, lord; in bad sense, tyrant, despot. Tyr~s, -ae, in., Tyres, a Ti-cs/an, comnrade of Aeneas. Tyrius, -a, -urn [Tyrosi, adj., properly, of Tyre, Tyrian; freely, of Carthage, Carthaginiais. As snoan, Tyril, -6rurn, pl.in?., the Tyrians, the Carthaginians. Tyros, -I, f., Tyre, a celebrated city of Phoenicia, in Asia. Tyrrhfnus, -a, -urn, adj., properly, of the Tili rheni, a people of Alsio, wh1/, so traditioi said, settled in Etrai in. Tyrrheniian, Etriiscan, Etrurian, Tus-, can. As noun, Tyrrhdnus, -i, iii., an Etruscan, a Tuscan. Tyrrhidae, -irumn, pl in, the sons of Tyrrhus (herdin/an ot hAgi Latiseis). U 1. Uber, -eris, n, a teat, pap, dng, udder, breaest that gives, suick; breast bosom, lit. and ~flg.; by mietonynug, fertility, fruitfulness,, richness. 2. fiber, -eris [cf. 1. Uber], adl., fertile, rich, iN ealthy. ubi, ad,.aned conj., asedof both place and tone, (I) ais inte, rogsiteite, where, (21) ais relative, where, wherever, when, whenever, as soon as, after. ubique, adv., properly, wheresoever, in any place soeN er; usually, anywbere, evervNN here, osi all sides, alt aroused UCcalegbn, -ontis, iii., Ucalegon, a Ti o jae o'f iiiportanrec; Ifonwer mnakes leso a tl-cest and counesellor of Pri-am. ficlus, -a, -urn, adi., wet, moiot, damip, - lunid, watery. Uffns, -entis, sis., Ufenis. (1) A rircr lie Lol/si/s. (2) An Italian, leader of I/se Acqin. ulciscor, 41, ultus sum, tr, a\ cure onels self on a pci soi, punish; aieveigt a person or a thneg. Ulix~s, -is or 41, in, Ulixes, (in G1(,ioA ca/Ilci Odysseus, in English/ Called C bla scs), a leader of I/se (heels itho bisic qei Troy, Jo/i/cd for 1/is sagacity, 1/is dlogisense, aied his/rat Ulus, -a, -urn, qcis. Ollns, pronol//inal ad/i, aiiy at all, any; as no/i/C, any onun at all, any. ulmus, 4!,.f, an ehiss-tree, eliii. ulterior, -ins, gjen. -ibris [pr-oprilg, CsIoip of a lost adj. ulter, beyossd, on the other side], adi., ice coiip., farther, further, remoter. ulterius, ns. ssnq. as ads., further, farther, (any) more, ULTERIUS 1G7 UNDO longer. In sup, ultimus, -a, -umn, (1) of space, furthest, most remote, extreme, uttermost, last; = an adil., at the end, (2) of time or order, earliest, original, last, final, (3) of rank, extreme, lowest, last, worst, mecanest, severest. As noun, ultima, -6rum, pl. n., the end, the fnish (e g. of a race), the goal; one's end, destiny, fate. ulterius: see ulterior. ultimus: see ulterior. ultor, -oris Lulciscor], vo, avenger, punisher. ultra [cf. ulterior], adv., used (1) of place, beyond, on the other (i.e. the farther) side, beyond, farther, (2) of time, further, longer. Fig., further, besides, more. As prep. with acc., beyond, lit and fig., above. ultrix, -icis (cf. ulciscor, ultor], f., an avenger; as adj., avenging, vengeful. ultr6 [cf. ultra], adv., to the farther side; besides, in addition, moreover; of actions which go beyond or transcend what is required at a given moment or what might, under given circumstances, naturally have been expected, of one's own motion or accord, spontaneously, voluntarily; freely, taking the lead, first; under no constraint; actually, strange to say; ultr6 compellare, address without being first addressed. ultus: see ulciscor. ululatus, -ufs [ululo], m., howling, screaming, wailing; a howl, wail, shriek, scream, wild cry. ululo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., howl, wail, shriek; cry aloud, shout; of doqs and wolves, bay, bark, howl; resound, ring, echo; tr., invoke or worship with loud cries. ulva, -ae, f., sedge, sedge grass, water grass. Umber, Umbra, Umbrum, adj., of Umbria (a dzstrict in Italy, north of Latium, and east of Etruric), Umbrian. As noun, Umber, Umbri (sc. canis), m., an Umbrian hound. umb6, -onis, m., properly, a convex elevation; esp., the projection in the centre of a shield, the boss or knob of a shield; by metonymry, a shield. umbra, -ae,f., a shade, shadow; gloom; darkness, esp. that of death or of the underworld; by smetonymiy, that which gives or maXes shade, shade trees; a shade or spirit of one dead, ghost, spectre, apparition, phantom, vision; in pl., the land of the shades, the underworld. umbrifer, -fera, -ferum [umbra+ fero], adj., shade-bearing, shade-giv-,ing, shady. umbr6, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. umbra], tr., shade, shadow, cover. Umbro, -onis, mn., Umbro, an ally of Turnus, a priest and leader of the Marsi. umect5, -ire, -avi, -itus [cf. iLme6], tr, wet, nmoisten. iumns: see imeo. ame6, iumre, -, —, intr., be moist or wet. umens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., damp, moist, dewy, watery, humid, dank. umerus, -i, m., the shoulder of a human being. amidus, -a, -um [cf. umeo], adj., moist, damp, watery, liquid, dewy, rainy, vapory, dank. umquam, adv., at any time, ever. ana: see finus. fnanimus,.-, -um [unus+animus1, adij., of one heart or mind, harmonious; sympathizing. tunctus: see ungu6. uncus, -a, -um [uncus, a hook], adj., hooked, bent (in), crooked, curved; with manas, bent, talon-like. unda, -ae, f., a wave, a sea billow; freely, water, spray, the waters, the sea. Fig., stream, flood. unde, adv. and conj., used (1) as interrogative, whence, from what place, from what source, (2) as relative, whence; also=a prep. (usually ex, i, or de) with the abl., from whom, from which. undique, adv., from all sides, from all parts or quarters; on all sides, on every hand, all around, everywhere. und6, -are, -avi, -atum [unda], intr., UNDOSUS 168 VACO properly, wave, i.e. rise in waves or surges, roll in waves, surge, seethe. Fig., of smoke, wave, eddy, rise in whirling eddies; of a caldron, seethe, surge, dance; of reins, fall in waving lines or curves, stream, hang free or loose; of blood, wave, stream. undosus, -a, -um [unda], adj., wavy, billowy; wave-beaten, wave-washed. unguis, -is, m., a nail on a finqer or toe; a claw, talon of birds or animals. unguo, -ere, tunx, itnctus, tr., smear, anoint with any fat or oily substanee. itnctus,-a,-um, pf. pass. prfcpl.as adj., smeared, e.q. with pitch, well greased, well pitched. unus, -a, -um, gn. unlus, adj., one, one and the same, same; one and one only, single, the sole, the only, alone; with intensive force, esp. in conjunction with a comp. or sup. adj., the one (in this sense often best rendered by an adv., the very, preeminently, especially); ad unum, to a man, or, freely, utterly, completely. As owu/&, unum, -i, n., the (one, i.e.) same place; in utnun venire, to meet, esp. in hostile spirit, meet in combat. Ana (abl. sinq. f. as adv.: sc. via, parte, or opera, work, errand, time, occasion), at the same time (with), along (with), together, in company, in unison. urbs, urbis, f., a walled t4wn, a city (a diqnified term, applied only to places of importance, esp. to capital cities), a city with its inhabitants. urgeo, -ere, ursi, -, t/., press, press hard or closely; press onwards, drive on, force, drive; press down, weigh down, confine, hem in; press on in pursuit, press closely or sorely, pursue, assail, assault, attack, beset; intr. (~ 139), press (one's self) forward, press hotly on. Fig., press down, weigh down, oppress, burden, overwhelm, beset, assail; press on a work, drive on, hurry, hasten, urge forward; urge on, incite, arouse, stimulate. urna, -ae, f., a water-jar, pitcher; in general, urn, jar. tirb, -ere, ussi, ustus, tr., burn, burn up, consume. Fig., of the passions, burn, inflame, fire, set on fire, consume; gall, torment, vex, harass, disquiet, disturb. ursa, -ae, f., a she-bear, bear. fusquam, adv., anywhere; at any time, ever. uisque, adv., tsred (1) properly of spare, esp. woth ad or ab, all the way, (2) of time, ever, always. 1. usus: sfe utor. 2. fisus, -us [utor], m., a using, a making use of; use, employment, service; use, profit, enjoyment, benefit, advantage; intercourseAintimacy; usUs est, with abl. (properly, perhaps, there is service by means of, or, profit is secured by means of), there is need of. Ut or uti. I. As adv., in questions, independent or deppndent, how, in what manner. II. As relative adv. and conj., (1) in comparisons, as, even as, just as; ut... sic, ut... haud aliter, (just) as... so, (2) like English as, in temporal clauses, esp. in the combination ut prlmum, as, when, after, as soon as, (3) in purpose clauses, that, in order that, (4) in a wish, that. utcumque, adr. aud conj., mn whatever way, however. uterque, utraque, utrumque, pronom,inal adj., each one of two, each; the two, both. uterus, -i, m., the womb; freely, belly, uti: see Ut. utinam, adv. and conj., uLed in zwshes, oh that, would that. futor, uti, tisus sum, intr., constrtued with abl., make use of, use, employ; take advantage of, enjoy, experience utrimque [uterque], adv., from each side, from both sides; on each side, on both sides. utroque [uterque], adv., to either side, to each side, in both directions. uxorius, -a, -um [uxor], adj., of or pertaining to a wife; of a husband, excessively devoted to one's wife, uxorious. overfond. V vacca, -ae, f., a cow, heifer. vacO, -are, -kvi, -atum, intr., be empty or vacant; be free from, be VACUUS 169 V1LAMEN without; as imnpers. verb, esp. with a dependent infin. clause, there is freedom or room to do something, there is leisure, there is time, it is permissible or allowable. vacuus, -a, -urn [cf. vac5], adj., empty, vacant; open, free, clear, unobstructed; deserted, lonely. vad, -ere, -, -, intr., go, walk, proceed; esp., go quickly, rush, hasten. vade, imper. as an exhortation, esp. in the combination vade age, up, on! speed thee I vadum, -i [cf. vad6], n., a place through f hich one can go; esp., a shallow place in water, shallow, shoal, ford; freely, in pl., the waters, the sea, waters; the bottom of the sea, the depths. vagina, -ae,f., a scabbard, a sheath. vagitus, -us [cf. vagio, squall], i,., a squalling, cry, wailing of young children. vagor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., go or move to and fro, stroll about, roam, rove, range, stray, wander. Fig., fly abroad, spread abroad. valens: see valeo. valeb, -ere, -ul, -itum, intr, be strong, be vigorous, be sturdy, have strength; be well, have health. vale, imper. as greeting, be strong, be well (like English farewell, =fare well), farewell, adieu, good-by. Fig., be strong, be skillful, excel, have power or force, avail, be of use or service; with inrfin., have (the) power, be able, can. valens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., strong, stout, sturdy; powerful. validus, -a, -um [cf. valeo], adj., strong, sturdy, stout, stalwart, vigorous, powerful. valles or vallis, -is, f., valley, vale, glen. vallis: see valles. vallum, -i [cf. vallus, stake, paling], n., a rampart of earth set with stakes or palings, a stockade, fortification, intrenchment. vanus, -a, -um, adj., empty; with gen., empty of, void or destitute of. Fig., empty, substanceless, unsubstantial; vain, idle, groundless, fruitless; false, deceitful, lying. vapor, -Bris, m., steam, vapor; by me. tony/my, heat, fire. vario, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. varius], tr., make varied, vary, diversify; intr. (~ 139), vary, change, shift, wave. varius, -a, -um, adj., different, diverse, of different sorts or kinds, various, varied; of a single thing, varied, variegated, spotted, mottled, partycolored. Fig., varying, changing, shifting, changeful, inconstant. vastator, -Bris [vasto], m., a desolater, ravager, destroyer. vasto, -are, -avi, -itus [vistus], tr., make or lay waste, make desolate, destroy. vastus, -a, -um, adj., desolate, waste, empty, desert; frequently, like immanis, of size that frightens or appalls: hence, vast, huge, immense, enormous, mighty, wide-spreading, measureless; of sound, mighty, loud, deafening; also, awful, fearful, dreadful, frightful. vates,-is, c., a seer, soothsayer, diviner, prophet, prophetess; a poet (thought of as one inspired), bard. -ve, conj., or (strictly it does not, like aut, mark a sharp difference, but leaves the reader or hearer free to choose between the matters presented; this distinction however, does not always hold in verse); often used where English employs and; used in questions, where in lEnglish the connective is usually omitted. vectb, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of veho], tr., carry, bear, transport, convey. vectus: see vehb. veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, tr., bear, carry, convey; in pass., with navi, navibus, equo, etc., expressed or to be understood, (be borne, i.e.) sail, ride, journey, go. Fig., bring, bring in, usher in. vel Limper. of 1. volo?], con)., used to introduce an alternative merely as a matter of choice or preference, properly, choose you, take your choice; or, if you please, or; vel...vel, either... or; as intensifying adv., even. velamen, -inis [vl6], n., a covering; a garment, robe, a veil. VELATUS 170 VERE velatus: see v6l6. Velinus, -a, -um, adj., of Velia (a town on the coast of Lucania, Italy), Velian, Veline. velivolus, -a, -um [velum4 2. voloj, adj., properly, of ships, sail-fiying; of the sea, sail-flying, sail-covered, studded with sails or ships. vello, -ere, velli, vulsus, tr., pluck, pull, pull out, pluck out, pull up, tear out, tear up; tear or force away, wrench away. velius, -eris, n., a fleece, esp. as shAl n from the sheep; freely, sheepskin (it It/ the fleece on); by imetonymy, of things wade of wool, woolen bands, fillets. velo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., co er, cover up, wrap up, shroud, veil, clothe (lit. and fig.); w reathe, deck, adorn. Vlatus, -a, -um, pf. pass. prtcpl. as adl, crowned, veiled, decked; filleted (sc. vittis); with antemnae, sail-clad. vel6x, -6cis, adj., swift, fleet, rapid, speedy. velum, -i, n., a co- ering (e.g. of a tent), curtain, cloth, canvas; esp., a sail; vela dare, spread the sails, set sail; vela facere, make sall. velut or veluti, adc. and coni., used in coni'risons (1) involving a Jact, just as, even as, precisely as, as, (2) invol - ing a hypothesis, as = velut si, as if, (3) to introduce an illustration of a general statement, so for example, for instance, just so, so. vena, -ae, f., a Nein, artery. 'Fiq., a vein of stone or metal. venabulum, -i [venorl, n, a huntingspear, long and heavy, not hurled, bfu held firmly in hand, to receive an anioal as it charged. venator, -oris [venorl, I, a hunter, huntsman. As adj., hunting. venatrix, -icis [venor],j., a huntress. venatus, -fs [venor], m, hunting, the chase. v6ndo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [venum, sale,+d6], tr., put out on sle, sell. Fiq., sell, betray. venenum, -i, n., a potion, a drug; esp, poison, venom. Fi(i., the poison or venom of lore and passion. venerabills, -e rveneror], adj., worthy of reverence, venerable, reverend, venerated, revered, holy. veneror, -ari, -atus sum, tr., reverence, view with holy or religious awe, worship, adore; (mrake worship to in sense of offerinq prayer to), beseech, implore, supplicate. venia, -ae, f., favor, kindness, graciousness, indulgence; pardon, forgiveness; a favor, boon. veni6, -ire, veni, ventum, intr., come or go, in both lft. andp g. senses; qwitl ad, in, or sub, or wit h ace. of limit of motion (~127), come to, arrive at, enter, reach, attain; come forth, appear, rise, arise; come from, spring from. venturus, -a, -um, fut. prfrpl. act. as adj., coming, to come, future. As noun, in n. pl., the future. venor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., hunt, go oi a hunt. venans,-antis (pr.prtcpl. as noun), m., hunter, huntsman. venter, -tris, am., the belly, paunch, mIa11V. ventosus, -a, -um [ventus], adj., windy, stormy; of bellows, puffing. Fig., windy, like the wind, puffed up, emlpty, vain. ventus, -i, nm., the wind, air; witlh in/o or less conscious personification, a( N \ind god. Venulus, -i, mi., Venulus, an Itaflia sent as a wessenqer to Diomede at A r'n. Venus, -eris, '., the goddess enRts (9 )80); 'wife of iAn( ises and moth/er of Aeneas; by metonymy (~ 189), love, passion. vepres, vepris, m., thorn-bush, briarbush, bralmble-bush, bush. verber, -eris, n, a lash, hip, scourge; a blow, stripe, stroke; a beating, flap ping (of winqsl). verberS, -are, -avi, -atus [verber], tt., lash, scourge, lit. and fig.; beat, nsmite, strike. verbum, -i, n., a word, utterance; e^p. in pl., (itold, i.e.) a speech, address. harangue; mere words, idle or emipt. talk, talk. vere [verus], adv., truthfully, truly rightly, correctly; really. VEREOR 171 VESTIS vereor, -6ri, veritus sum, fr., feel awe of, fear, dread; intt, or with dependent clause, fear, be concerned, be anxious; with infin., be afraid or fear (to), shrink from doing something. verg6, -ere, -, -, tr, bend, turn, incline; intr. (~139), turn, incline, sink. veritus: see vereor. vero: see verus. verr6, -ere, verri, versus, tr., sweep, brush, scour. Fzq., sweep, sweep along, s- eep away, drive (on); with aequora, caerula, vada, etc., (sweep, drive by the action of oa s; hence) churn (tp), sweep over, skim over. vers6, -are, -ivi, -atus [freq. o, verto], tr., turn, turn over, twist, whrl1 (about), roll over or about; with currum, roll, wheel, guide, drive; upturn, lit. and fig., overturn, overthrow, ruin. Fig., turn over or revolve in one's mind, think over, ponder, meditate on; plan, devise; with dolos, (shift, shuffle; hence) ply, practice, work out; disturb, agitate, vex. 1. versus: see verto. 2. versus, -us [vertil, m., properly, the act of turning, a turn; hence, a furrow (a "turn" across a field); in yeneral, line, row; tier or bank of oars. vertex, -icis [verto], in., a whirl, esp. of water, eddy, whirlpool, maelstrom, vortex; an eddy of jltwue, whirllng or circling flame or fire; the crown or top of the head, the head; by inetony/ny, the head, top, summit of anything, peak, pinnacle; mountain-top, mountain; with caeli, peak, pinnacle, height, vertex, zenith. a vertice, from above. verto, -ere, verti, versus, tr., turn, lit. and fiq., turn round or about, whirl (rawnd); terga vertere, turn one's back in flight, flee; turn away, drive back, drive off or away, rout, vanquish, conquer; (turn, i.e.) guide, direct, control, rule, sway; turn up, upturn, overturn, turn over, overthrow, destroy, ruin; change, alter, transform; in pass., with middle force, turn one's self, turn, revolve: of time and similar ideas, roll on, move on, pass (by): move about freely, range widely, be: turn on something as on a pivot, be lodged in, depend on; intr. (~ 139), turn. veru, -us, n., a spit for roasting meats. verum: see verus. verus, -a, -um, adr,., true, real, genuine, actual, sincere, undisguised. As noun, verum, -i, n., the truth, w hat is true. vero (abl. sing. of the adj.; sc., perhaps, modo), adr., truly, verily, in truth, in reality, indeed; with ironical force, forsooth, surely. verum, n. sinq., used.fi st as ade., in truth, truly, then as conj., (as to what is really true), but in truth, but, yet, however. vesanus, -a, -um, adj., insane, mad, crazy, frenzied, witless. vescor, -i, -, intr., construed with abl., feed on, eat; feast on, enjoy; without a dependent case, dine, feast. vesper, vesperis and vesperi, mn., the evening; the evening-star; by seetonyrmy, the West. Personified.Vesper, Vesperis and Vesperi, rn., the Evening. Vesta, -ae, f., the (oddess Vesta (~~ 296 -298), goddess of household parity and family life. vester, vestra, vestrum [originally voster; cf. vbs], pronominal adj., your, yours. vestibulum, -i, n., properly, fore-court, entrance-court (in the snore splendzd houses or palaces at Rome the main facade, with the entrance, stood back from the street; on either side wings ran out to the street line. The open cotrt between the wings was the vestibulum); the word, however, was loosely used of the actual entrance of the building or its fi ont part; hence, entrance, forepart. vestigium, -i or -ii, n., footstep, step, footprint; trail, course; freely, track, trace, token; by metonymy, foot. vestigB, -are, -, -, tr., track (out), trace; search for, seek after. vestio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [cf. vestis], tr., clothe, dress, lit. and fig.; deck, adorn. vestis, -is, f., a garment, robe, vestment; in coll. sense, clothing, raiment, VETO 172 VIMEN vesture, apparel; freely, coverlet, curtain, tapestry, drapery. veto, -are, -u, -itus, tr., probibit, forbid; oppose, advise or counsel against; wit/ infin., forbid, prevent, hinder. vetus, -eris, adj., properly, of things existing nozu as they have long existed, long-standing, time-honored, ancient, old, aged;= anticus, of olden times, old-time, the old, former, ancient. vetustas, -atis [vetusJ, J., length of days, lapse or duration of time, the ages. vetustus, -a, -um [vetus], adj., timehonored, hoary, ancient, old. vex6, -ire, -avi, -atus [freq. of veho], tl., properly, carry to and fro, shake, toss. Fig., plague, harass, harry, torment, vex. via, -ae, f., a way, a road, a path, lit. and fig.; esp., a broad path, highway, street; route, passage, course; journey, journeying; (a iray, i.e ) means, mode, manner, co,,cse of action or procedure. victor, -6ris [via], n^., a wayfarer, traveler. vibr6, -ire, -avi, -atus, tr., set in tremulous m1otion, move rapidly to and fro, shake, suMing, brandish, inbt. (~139), dart to and fro, quiver, tremble. vibrans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., quivering, vibrating, darting, flashing, vibrant or vibrating. vicinus, -a, -um [vicus, a quarter, a street], adj., belonging to the same quarter or street. near, neighboring, adjoining; near to, adjacent (to). Ast oltn, in all three genders, construed a ith gen., neighbor (oJ ). Vicis (gen.), vicem acc., vice abl., Vices nona. and arc. pI., vicibus datf. and abl. pl., defective norn, J., properly, reciprocal action or interplay of forces, etc., change, interchange, exchange, alternation, succession; the changes and chances of life, vicissitudes offortune, fate, fortune, lot: part, role, function, duty: (the interchange, i.e.) the give and take of close combat, encounter. vicissim [vicis], adv., in turn, in (one's, his, thezi) turn, on the other hand, again. victina, -ae,f., an animal for sacrifice, a victim, sacrifice, offering. victor, -oris [(.t: vinco], ni., conqueror, victor; as adj., conquering, victorious, triumphant. victbria, -ae [victor], f., victory, conquest, triulmph, success. Person ifed, Victoria, -ae, f., Victory, conceived of as a qoddess. victrix, -icis [:f. vincob, f., a woman who conquers, lctor; as adj., conquering, victorious, successful. victus: see vinco. victus, -ts [vivo], m., that which supports life, food, nourishment, sustenance. videb, -ere, vidi, visus, tr., see, behold, lit. and fig., look upon, mark, observe, note; live to see, witness, experience, undergo; see to something, take care, take heed; in pass., often = seeim, appear; in inrpers. pass., videtur, visum est, either without case o, lit/ dfat., it seems (seemed) good to, one deemis (it) best, resolves, determnines. visum, -i (pf. pass prtcpl. aS noun), n, sight, vision, apparition; omen, portent. vigeo, -ere, -ul, -, intr., be lively, be strong or vigorous, thrive. Fig, flourish, prosper, be in good repute, be held in honor and esteem. vigil, -ilis, (ad., u ide awake, wakeful, watchful. alert, sleepless, lit. and f#q. As non, vigil, -ilis, mi., a watchman, sentinel. vigilS, -are, -avi, -atum [cf. vigil], intr., be ide an ake, be on watch, be watchful or vigilant; wake, awake. viginti, numieral atdj., indeclinable, twenty. vigor, -oris [cf. vigeio, i^., liveliness, activity, vigor, force, energy; glow of life, life. villus, -, -i., a coarse, shaggy hair of an, anirmal, hair, bristle; in p1., the nap of (cloth. vimen, -inis, n., a pliant twig, withe, osier; freely, twig, shoot, stem. VINCIO 173 VITTA vinci6, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, tl., bind, bind up, tie up; fasten, fetter. vinclum: see vinculum. vinco, -ere, vici, victus, tr., conquer, lit. and fig., vanquish, overcome, overpower, defeat, subdue, surpass, excel, outstrip; intr., be victorious, conquer, win, prevail. vinctus: see vincio. vinculum or vinclum, -i [vincio], n., a fastening; esp., a bond. fetter, chain; cord, rope, cable, hawser; by metonymy, a gauntlet, cestus, as closely binding or wrapping the hand and arm. Fig, bond. tie. vindico, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., lay legal claim to a thing; lay legal claim to a person, esp. to maintain his right to freedoref; hence, set free, rescue, preserve. vinum, -i, n., wine. violabilis, -e LviolB], adj., that may, can, or ought to be violated, to be violated, violable. violentia, -ae,f., violence, fury, frenzy, ferocity. violentUs, -a, -ur, adj., violent, furlous, impetuous. violo, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., do violence to, outrage, injure. Fig., outrage, profane, pollute, defile, stain. vipereua, -a, -um [vipera, viper, serpent], adj., of a snake, snaky. vir, viri, m., a male person, a man; as a term of honor, a true man, warrior, hero; a husband. virectum, -i, n., a grassy spot, a green place, a green sward; freely, thicket. vireo, -ere, -ul, -, intr, be green, flourish, grow, thrive, bloom, blossom. virga, -ae, f., a twig, a slender green branch; by metonyrmy, a wand, rod, staff. virgatus, -a, -um [cf. virga, in sense oJ stripe], adj., striped. virgeus, -a, -um [virga], adj., of twigs or rods, of osiers, of brushwood. virgineus, -a, -um [virgoj, adj., of a maiden, maiden, virgin. virgo, -iis, f., a maiden, a maid, a virgin. virgultum, -I, n., bush, copse, thicket; a bush, a shrub; a bough, a branch. viridans: see virido. viridis, -e, ad/.. green, verdant, fresh 'ir, green, fresh, blooming, vigorous, sturdy. virid6, -are, -, - [viridis], intr., be green. viridans, -antis, pr. prtcpl. a t. as adj., green, verdant. virilis, -ekrir], adj., of or pertaining to a ma, male, masculine; worthy of a man, manly, a true man's. virtus, -utis [ir], f., manliness, manhood; bravery, courage, prowess, heroism, valor; excellence, merit, worth, virtue; by metonymy (embodied valor, valor itself, i.e.) a manly, warlike band. vis, vis, f., in sing., physical strength or force, power, might, vigor, and, very often, hostile strength, fury, violence; hence, vi, abl. sing. as adv., forcefully, violently, furiously, insistently; in. pl., strength, power, might, vigor, energy, ability, prowess. viscum, -1, n., the mistletoe. viscus, -eris, n., a. 'ally in pl., the flesh, or, more properly, all that lies between the skin and the bones; 1he viscera, i.e. the inner purrts of an animal body, the inwards, the entrails (esp. as used in divination: see exta); the vitals, the heart, the bowels. Fig., bowels, vitals, heart. vise, -ere,-visi, visus [vide6], tr., go to see, visit; look at closely, examine, view. visum: see video. 1. visus: see video. 2. visus, -us [video], m., a seeing, looking, gaze, look, glance; the power of sight, sight; something seen, a sight, vision. vita, -ae [akin to vivo], f., life, existence; the life-giving principle, the breath of life, the soul; shade, spirit; (life, i.e.) career, history, course of life, mode of living. vitalis, -e [vita], adj., of or pertaining to life, vital. vit6, -are, -avi, -atus, tr., avoid, shun. vitta, -ae, f., properly, a band or ribbon going around the head, with ends VITULUS 174< VOLVO (called taeniae) h anginq down on eithsr side, a headband, a fillet (woo n also by victims or carried on olive brancl es). vitulus, -1, mn., a bullock, a (bull) calf. vividus, -a, -um [vivo], adj., living, full of lile, lit. and fiq., lively, spirited, vigorous, ardent. viv6, -ere, vixi, victum, intr., live, be alive. Fig., live, live on, keep or stay alive, linger, remain. vivus, -a, -um [cf. vivo6, adj., living, alive:= an cadr., in life, during lile; by metonymy, enduring, lasting, permanent, immortal. Fig., of water, living, running, fresh; of features, living, breathing, speaking; of stones, etc., living, natural. As noun, vivus, -i, m., a living being, living creature, a mortal. vix, adv., properly,with difficulty, hardly; hence, feebly, ineffectually; of time, scarcely, scarce, hardly; vix tandem, after a long time, at last, at length, finally. v6ciferor, -arl, -atus sum [vox+ fero], intr., lilt one's voice, cry out; tr. (~ 130), cry out, utter aloud, exclaim. voco, -ire, -avi, -atus, tr., call (in a wide variety of senses, lit. and figq.); sunmmon, invite, welcome; call to, call for;=convoco, call together, gather, assemble; call for, demand; call to or upon the gods, pray to, invoke, appeal to; call by name, name. volatilis, -e [2. volo], adj., flying, winged. Fig., of a missile, winged, swift, speedy. Volcens, -entis, m., Volcens, a leader of the Latins ca'alry. volens: see 1. volo. volit6, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 2. vol6l, intr., flit or fly about, fly to and fro. Fig., of leaves, fly or flutter about; of ashes, whirl (round); of pe - sons, the shades, et., flit about, move to and fro. 1. volo, velle, volui, -, tr., or with dependent clause as object, wish, desire, seek, will, be willing, be minded. conlsent, decre ie, dlermie, decide, co111 -mand, ordain; wish (Jor one's self ), design, purpose; hence, in the phrase quid vis, vult, etc. (sc. tibi, sibi, etc.), mean, signify; (wish that a thing shall be so; hence) claim, maintain, assert, declare. volens, -entis, pr. prtcpl. act. as adj., willing, cheerful, ready, gracious, propitious; = an adv., willingly, graciously, with my (yoer, etc.) consent. 2. vol5, -ire, -avi, -atum, intr., fly, fly about, flit. Fig., fly, flit, move swiftly or quickly, speed, dart, shoot, hurry, hasten; flutter, wave; (fly, i e.) be thrown, be hurled. As noun, volantes, -um, pl. c., flying creatures, birds. Volscus, -a, -um, adj., of the Vols.i, an important people of southern Latium, Volscian. As noun, Volsci, -orum, pl. n., the Volsci, the Volscians. volucer, -cris, -ere [2. volo], adj., flying, winged. Fig., winged, flying, fleeting, swift, fleet, rapid. As noun, volucris, -cris, f., a winged creatures, a bird. volumen, -inis [volv6], n., a roll, fold; coil, esp. of a snaXe, spire. voluntas, -atis [cf. 1. volo], f., wish, will, desire, pleasure; sanction, consent; good will, favor. voluptis, -atis, f:, pleasure, delight, joy (in), enjoyment; by metonysRy (~ 186), source of delight. voliut, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of volv6], t, roll, roll or turn about; with reflexive pron., or in pass., with middle force, roll about, wallow, writhe, grovel. F'iq., cause to roll, roll out or forth, send; (roll or turn over in one's mind), revolve, ponder, consider, meditate (on). volutus: see volvo. volvendus: see volvb. volvo, -ere, volvi, volutus, tr., roll, turn, twist; roll about, turn or tumble about, toss about, buffet; roll on or onwards, drive, force; rqll forth or up, toss up, send up; roll out, unroll, unfold (e.g. a book); hence, of the Pa(rcae, (untold the fates or destiny, i e.) decree, ordain; aitr. ( 139), or in pass., with VOMO 173 ZEPITYRUS middle force, roll. roll about or over. roll or move on, glide on: oj teai(s, roll down, pour down, flow: of tinle, roll on, roll (round), pass (by): re-,olve, glide on. Fig., turn over or revolve in mind, ponder, consider, meditate (on); order, arrange, appoint. volvendus, -a, -um, gerun(dlh as ad/., rolling, revolving, circling. vomi, -ere, -ui, -itus, tr., throw up, belch forth, vomit. Fiq, vomit, pour out, send forth, spurt torth, shoot forth, discharge vorago, -inis [qf. voro], f., abyss. gulf, whirlpool; watery depths, deep a: ters, deeps. vor6, -are, -avi, -atus, ft., swallow up, devour. 'F)., swallow (utp), engulf. vos: se tL. vosmee:,(e ti. Se also egomet lndrr ego., vStum: see roveo. votus: see voveo. voveo, -ere, vOvi, votus, tr., promise solemnly to a qod, eithl-r in return for a javor received or on condition that a desired faror be granted by the god, vow; devote, consecrate. votum, -i, (p'. pass. prtcpl. as noun), n., a solemn promise and vow, a vow; a voti e offering, offering, sacrifhce; a prayer (as the acconmpanzment of a lrow); freely, wish, desire. V6x, vocis [cf. voco1, f, a voice, cry, call, sound, tone; the voice; a word, an utterance, a speech, a note, a song; speech, language; vocem rumpere, mahe speech break fjoith, break into speech, break the silence. Vulcanius, -a, -um [Vulcanus], adt., of or belonging to Vulcan, Vulcan's, Vulcanian; by metonwyry, hery. Vulcanus, -i, m, Vulcan, the god of fire an( of the wori-inq of' ietals by fire; see ~ 284. 1. vulgo,-,are,-iav, -atus [f. vulgus], tr., 1pVrelad among the multitude, spread abroad, make common property, noise abroad, make known, publish, herald. 2. vulgo: see vulgus. vulgus, -i, n., and, rarely, m., the multitude; esp., the common people, the populace, the rabble, the mass, the mob; the rank and file of an army, or, in fig. sense, of a herd of deer; by metonymy, of any company, crowd, throng, mass. vulgo, abl. sing. as adr., properly, in (throuqhotit) the multitude, or, perhaps, rather, in a mass, in masses; hence, everywhere, all about, on every hand. vulnificus, -a, -um [vulnus+faci6l, adtr., wound-dealing, wounding, destructive. vulnus, -eris, n., a wound, lit. and fig; pang, pain, sorrow; (wound, i.e.) cut, incision in a tree; by metonymy, of that which deals a wound, blow, stroke, weapon. vulsus: see vello. vultur, -uris, i,. a vulture. vultus, -is, m., the expression of the Jace as distinct from the features, look. aspect, mien; the face, visage, the countenance; in pl., the features. X Xanthus, -1, mn., Xanthus. (1) A rirer near Troy. (2) A river in Epirus, nawred by Ifelez s after the Trojan, Xanlh/us. (3) A ria er in Lycia, near a toin of the same name, a javorite haunt of Apollo. Z Zacynthos, -i, f., Zacynthos, an island in the Ionian S(a, west o* the Peloponnesxis. Zephyrus, -i, m., Zephyrus, the west wind, sxually gentle and favorable, but occasionally stormy; freely, either personified or as a common noun, a zephyr, gentle wind, favoring breeze or gale. ~- '2 ( ( d }X'%.j ti" ( THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATE DUE I -? / I,tt 0-, X;; Do -, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ", II El. III I I 111111111111111111111111~; 3 9015 00236 6451 I p ( \ ' r \ * \.f..... tot - di * 4 < I1 ^e.^-> www 29' M — NKP'- 07- 0. ZZ