THE
DE CORONA
OF
DEMOS T H ENES.
WITH ENGLISH NOTES,
BY THE
REV. ARTHUR HOLMES, M. A.,
SENIOR FELLOW OF CLARE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND PREACHER AT THE
CHAPEL ROYAL, WHITEHALL.
3tbisetz bitinon,
BY W. S. TYLER,
WILLISTON PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN AMHERST COLLEGE.
BOSTON:
JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER.
1874.




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873,
BY JOHN ALLYN,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
UNIVERSITY PRESS: WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO.,
CAMBRIDGE.




PREFACE.
THE text of this edition is almost an exact reprint of that
in the Catena Classicorum, edited by Rev. Arthur Holmes of
Cambridge, and Rev. Charles Bigg of Oxford. In revising
the Notes of that edition, at the request of the publisher, it
has been my single aim to produce, as nearly as possible
within the same limits, a text-book of the De Corona adapted
to meet the wants of students in our American colleges.
With this end in view, I have omitted not a few of the
English editor's superabundant citations from Greek authors,
and whatever else in his Notes seemed to me to be superfluous
or sure to be neglected by even the better scholars in a college class, and have filled the place with such grammatical
references, exegetical annotations, and exact yet idiomatic
translations of difficult passages, as the experience of many
years in teaching Demosthenes has shown to be best calculated to lead students to a right method of studying the
great Athenian orator.
When the English editor has fallen into manifest errors
and misapprehensions, I have not hesitated to correct them,
or to supersede his Notes by my own or those of other editors. In this revision I have had constantly before me the
editions of Reiske, Schafer, Dindorf, Dissen, Bremi, Westermann, Drake, Whiston, and others, and have derived from
them-many useful hints and suggestions.  The Notes of




ii                     PREFACE.
WVhiston are so scholarly and judicious, and his renderings
so just and happy, that I have adopted them pretty freely.
If in any instance I have failed to give due credit for borrowed materials, the failure has been unintentional.
To the Introduction of the English edition, which is reprinted entire as a concise statement of the history of the
De Corona, I have added an Analysis of the Argument,
which, it is hoped, will aid the student in understanding
the skilful arrangement of the orator and possessing himself
of his masterly reasoning. So far from sympathizing with
the depreciatory remarks which occur too frequently in the
English edition, and which I have taken the liberty to
abridge, I scarcely fall below Lord Brougham in my admiration of this matchless and almost faultless piece of rhetoric;
and I could wish that not only students of Greek, but orators and students of oratory, would study and' repeat the
oration as his Lordship did, and as he advised the youthful
Macaulay to do, so as " to enter into the spirit of the speech,
thoroughly know the positions of the parties, follow each
turn of the argument, and make the absolutely perfect and
most chaste and severe composition familiar to his mind."
And I venture to urge upon teachers and pupils such a repeated reading and reading aloud of the oration, as so inspired
the Leyden Greek Professor Wyttenbach in his youth, that
he fancied himself " to be Demosthenes standing before the
assembly, delivering the oration, and exhorting the Athenians
to emulate the bravery and glory of their ancestors," and thus
gave him the first genuine impulse to an enthusiastic study
of the language and literature of' the Greeks.
W. S. TYLER.
AMHERST COLLEGE, January 1, 1874,




INTRODUCTION.
THE Speech on the Crown was made in defence of an
accusation for ~rapavotua, which legal term we may paraphrase
as a "Breach of the Constitution.".Eschines had laid the
charge and conducted the accusation. The accused was
Ctesiphon, son of Leosthenes, an Athenian citizen belonging
to the deme Anaphlystus. The ground of the action was
as follows: Ctesiphon had proposed a decree, that, according to common Athenian usage, the state should bestow a
crown of gold on Demosthenes, as one who had proved
himself to be a public benefactor, not merely by his general
policy, but also by his special liberality on two recent
occasions. As member of the Fortifications Commission,
appointed just after Choeronea, Demosthenes gave to the
Building Fund no less a donation than three talents. At
the same time, as trustee to the fund for theatrical and
similar expenses, he gave to that fund a hundred minas as
a voluntary contribution. These two instances seemed to
supply an immediate opportunity for recognizing his general
as well as his special merits. The decree further proposed
expressly, that proclamation of this grant of honor should
be made in the theatre of Athens, at the time of the Great
Dionysia, when the new tragedies were coming on; that




iv                INTRODUCTION.
is, at a time and place where crowds of strangers, as well as
citizens, were certain to be assembled. Thus the honor
conferred by the state would be at once of the most public
as well as the most complimentary kind.
We cannot but think the proposal of this decree had further objects than merely to honor the orator. We may well
suppose it included a strong political move on the side of
the Constitutional party, who had always opposed. and (so
far as they could) resisted the power of Macedon. To laud
Demosthenes and his policy was really to censure Philip;
nor was it only to censure Philip, but also to stigmatize the
whole Macedonian party, Whose numbers were very strong
in the Public Assembly of Athens, of which party ZEschines
may be called the political leader. Ctesiphbon, it is to be
noticed, was quite an unknown man. And yet his name
is attached to this important decree. How can this be explained except by the supposition that he was put forward
by other men of greater power and distinction l The Constitutional party, in fact, were throwing down a challenge
to their opponents; and their action would certainly lead
to a public trial and contest. Now the fact that Ctesiphon
was an unknown and insignificant person would be useful
to them in two ways for fighting their battle of politics.
First, it would look as if the merits of Philip's chief antagonist were such as to call forth the most disinterested praises,
uttered by an humble voice in the ranks with honest, untaught enthusiasm.  Next, in attacking this decree, the
prosecutor could get no hold on the character of its proposer.
He would not be able to denounce the decree as proposed
by a well-known demagogue, by a man of notorious character, whose very advocacy was enough to condemn his cause.
At the actual date of Ctesiphon's measure, the numbers




INTRODUCTION.                   V
of the Macedonian party were probably weak in the Council, however strong they may have been in the body of the
Assembly. The decree was passed by the Council, so far
as we know, without opposition. It was then deposited
among the public records, to await its confirmation by the
vote of the next Assembly. At this stage it was merely a
bill (rpo/,ov',cvua); it required the vote of the Assembly to
make it an act (*r~,to-Aa). The month in which it passed
the Council, we are told, was Pyanepsion (corresponding to
the second half of October and the first half of November)
in the year 337. No step was taken to bring it before the
Assembly, its supporters probably waiting for a favorable
crisis to do so. But the fortunes of Macedon continued to
be on the ascendant; Philip had realized his full ambition,
and was making his preparations to invade the Persian
empire as commander-in-chief of Greece. The Macedonian
party at Athens were accordingly stronger and bolder than
ever. On the sixth day of Elaphebolion, five months after
Ctesiphon's measure had received the sanction of the Council, ~Eschines laid a charge against him, before the Archons
of the year, as having been guilty of vrapavotta on three distinct grounds: (1) that he had proposed to honor with a
public vote of thanks a commissioner and trustee whose accounts had yet to pass the ordeal of the public audit; (2) that
he had moved for a proclamation to be made in a place distinctly forbidden by law; (3) that he had caused a document
false in substance to be deposited among the public records.
These first and second points were, of course, purely technical.
The third was the main issue; whether it were true or false
that Demosthenes had proved himself to bea public benefactor.
In order to stop Ctesiphon's measure from coming before
the Assembly, it was quite sufficient for 2schines to have




vi                 INTRODUCTION.
given the above notice of action. Matters would rest in
abeyance until the case was tried; the state of the law on
this point is incidentally mentioned in the course of our
present speech.* In an action whose issue was so doubtful,
neither party would gbe very anxious to hurry matters on;
each would be interposing delays till a favorable crisis came
for their own particular object. The death of Philip, the
revolts and-confusion which followed, the prospects of Alexander's reign, whose success or failure no one could predict,
these and the like variations of fortune kept the fickle Democracy of Athens in a constant state of excitement. As
the fortunes of Macedon waxed or waned for the moment,
so for that moment the Macedonian party would have the
Athenian mob at their back or else at their throat.  Until
it was clear beyond all question what Alexander was equal
to doing, any attempt to precipitate matters was warily
to be avoided by the Constitutional party no less than by
their opponents. In the depth of degradation which Athenian politics had reached, statesmanship had come to be
merely a game played for the paltry stake of personal wealth
and distinction. We entirely exempt Demosthenes himself from this imputation; and a few eminent names might
be mentioned as being exceptions also. But the general run
of leading politicians were animated by nothing else than
the greed of personal advantage and interest. And the men
composing the public Assembly were either puppets in the
hands of a strong unscrupulous clique, or else a feeble faineant set of obstructives, without the courage or honesty to
open their lips and speak the truth. Hence the policy of
Athens wavered like a reed in the wind. Let the news have
been received from Asia of " another great Macedonian vic* ~ 102, p. 36.




INTRODUCTION.                  vii
tory," and all Athens would be on its knees to worship the
youthful and rising sun. Next day let a fiery piece of rhetoric burst from the lips of an independent member, and behold the "vulgus infidum" turning their backs on the
luminary of yesterday's adoration. Men and parties being
such at Athens, it is easy to see how the great question,
which Ctesiphon's case would really raise, was allowed to
lie in abeyance for some six years or more. At last, early in
330, when the arms of Macedon were thoroughly triumphant,
Alexander a few months before having crushed Darius at
Arbela, and Antipater having done the same to the Peloponnesian league in Greece, ZEschines thought they were strong
enough to command a majority in the Assembly, and that
any body of dikasts appointed to try the case would reflect
public opinion and give their verdict accordingly. So he
hurried his action on, to get Demosthenes censured and ruined before some change of fortune should intervene in his
favor.
A case so exciting as this insured a crowded court. From
all parts of Greece, it is said,* they flocked to Athens to hear
the trial. ~Eschines, speaking for the prosecution, dwells
first on his two strong points, the technical breaches of the
law. He then proceeds to make a withering analysis of all
the public and private life of Demosthenes, showing him up
in such a light that, if it were true, his proper portion would
be, instead of public honor, public infamy and exile. He
divides his analysis into four chapters: the first denounces
the orator as accomplice of Philocrates, in making the fatal
peace of 346; the second imputes to the orator's Eubcean
policy the final breach of that peace with Philip, and all the
war and disorder belonging to the whole period; the third
* Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Orat. 7.




viii                INTRODUCTION.
includes subsequent charges connected with the war against
Amphissa, the alliance with Thebes, and the last conflict
with Philip; the fourth is confined to the reign of Alexander, taxing the orator with being Alexander's secret friend,
whence three opportunities, it is alleged, have been allowed
to slip, in any one of which the fortunes of Athens might
fairly have been restored. Then there follows the famous
picture of the perfect ideal politician, and a caricature of
Demosthenes, to be viewed in strong contrast.  The caricature is, of course, embellished with the grossest personality.
And so concludes what we may call the first part of the
oration, containing the separate arguments in support of
the three distinct pleas. The second part is a warning to
the Court on no account to allow Demosthenqs to have this
honor paid him. The present abuse of public laudation is
contrasted bitterly with the ancient practice, when such
honors were rare instead of common, and given only to men
of merit, not to the worthless and venal. To remedy this,
let them now revive the old severity of the Court in dealing
with breaches of the Constitution. For instance, let them
compel Demosthenes to reply to the charges in the order in
which they were actually laid, taking the special illegalities
first and the general topic after. ZEschines then anticipates
the line of his opponent's reply, and does his best to refute
it, in detail as well as in general, specially explaining the
reason why he had not brought forward these accusations
sooner. He protests against the immorality, as well as the
bad example to the young, of a man receiving a grant of
honor who is not only undistinguished by any public service, but who has been also the cause of so many public
disasters. Let them beware of styling such as the benefactors of the state; let them think of their country and its




INTRODUCTION.                   iX
laws, and their own famous forefathers. The rest of his
speech is merely a brilliant peroration.
Ctesiphon now rose to reply, but we do not possess the
smallest record of what his answer was. Probably it only
amounted to a formal denial of the charge. He might safely
leave Demosthenes to deal with the whole matter. How
the orator discharged this duty we see in the speech itself.
It only remains to notice its general merit and value.
He vindicates with the greatest success his honesty as a
politician. Whether his policy was wise, - whether the freedom of Athens could not have been better secured by making Philip their friend than by driving him into hostility,this is another question. But the course which the orator
advised the state to take was certainly honest and brave, if
it did verge on desperate. And when we compare him with
the other leaders of the same age and time, his courage and
honesty really shine as beyond description brilliant. It is
well to bear this in mind when we read his self-laudation,
which entirely lacks the reserve and delicacy one would
have preferred to see. But he spoke under strong provocation. Ever since this vote of honor had been proposed by
Ctesiphon, accusation after accusation had been brought
against Demosthenes by the friends and agents of Macedon.
If they could once have secured a conviction, of course the
decree of the Crown would have been ignominiously cancelled. Their attacks, in short, amounted to an organized
persecution; and this persecution had lasted for something
like six years. But the spirit of law and right was not
entirely dead at Athens, although it was moribund. What
with the strength of his character, and what with the strength
of his party, the orator passed unscathed through this protracted ordeal. But the iron must indeed have entered into




X                   INTRODUCTION.
his soul. And hence we can make a great allowance for the
bitterness of his recrimination and the rather glaring colors
of his eulogies on himself. He speaks like a man whose
honest anger has been aggravated into passion, and like one
whose consciousness of innocence has been aggravated into
self-worship. We must also, in estimating the moral tone
of the speech, allow for the decadence of his age and the
low calibre of Athenian courts of justice. To a speaker addressing such an audience, exaggeration was indispensable,
and personalities, however coarse, were more impressive than
any logic. If we estimated the Speech on the Crown from
an objective point of view, we might call its arguments
somewhat strained, its veracity sometimes suspicious, and
its taste by no means faultless. But defects which belong
to an age or a nation can only be viewed apart. Whatever
else may be said of the speech, "the greatest effort of the
greatest orator," this at least is undeniable, - it won a triumph for right and truth at a very critical moment, and has
cleared forever the public character of one who was truly a
patriot.
The instances of suspicious veracity are noticed as they
occur;* my own theory respecting them is that the orator's
statements are just true in the letter, just barely true and
no more, anything but explicit, and very likely to convey a false impression to his hearers. Morally they are as
indefensible as if they were actual falsehood; but rhetorically they were perfect triumphs of ingenuity and skill. The
usual interpretation of them would make Demosthenes guilty
not merely of direct misstatements, but also of positive stupidity; the former, I think, is very improbable, the latter
quite impossible. To hope to defeat an opponent by flat
* See ~~ 22, 24, notes.




INTRODUCTION.                  Xi
contradiction involving palpable falsehood, this would be
simply absurd; and Demosthenes of all men would have
been the last to attempt it. So with respect to his defence
on the two technical points of law, some of the editors impute to him a tissue of pure inventions; and there again it
is doubtful whether they do a greater insult to his truthfulness or to his common-sense, or, last of all, to his talent. I
should fancy the case to be thus: that ZEschines, in his
accusations, had raked up clauses of law, existing indeed,
but never now enforced, or at any rate very frequently violated by consent; that Demosthenes, on the other hand,
raked up clauses of exceptions and exemptions belonging to
the same laws, and equally obsolete, or at any rate of equally
little importance in point of right. He might as well have
stated honestly that this was his line of argument.  But
such a statement would not have suited Athenian critical
ears. Nothing except artifice would ever satisfy them. IEschines had shown superb artifice in getting the legal objections together; it was now for Demosthenes to show the
same by the manner in which he would overthrow them.
If Ctesiphon's measure had really been so directly in violation of the law, is it likely that the Council would have
passed it. or that he himself would not have been warned
to amend the measure for his own sake. Again, if Demosthenes's reply on the legal points of the case had been really
as convincing as he pretends it to be, is it likely that he
would have objected to take those two points first and the
general topic after.   I believe, in fine, that these two
breaches of the law were nominal rather than real; the law
in both cases existed, if any one chose to enforce it; the
law might be made to apply to the present charge in both
cases, if the Court were only disposed to rule in that direc



xii                INTRODUCTION.
tion. If they were otherwise disposed, the legal points were
entirely worthless. If the Court wished to condemn Ctesiphon, they had a legal justification, although of a feeble
kind. If the Court wished to acquit him, they had their
justification then in common-sense and in common practice.
The real issue, as we have seen, in the present prosecution, was not an issue of points disputed in national law or
national history; the issue was whether Philip's opponents
at Athens could or could not be crushed; Demosthenes once
overthrown, the rest of his party would prove easy victims.
But LEschines had overrated his own ability and influence.
The fiery rhetoric of the reply shrivelled the accusation to
atoms. The popular Court of Justice at Athens, always
notorious for their facility in yielding anything and everything to the eloquence of the moment, always in the hands
and at the beck of the person who happened to speak last,
had no hesitation whatever in their verdict on this occasion.
By the honesty of their political leaders most of them would
set but little store; by the talent of their public speakers
there was scarcely a man who would not set a store which
was the very greatest. And where, as on this rare occasion,
honesty and talent fought combined, their force was irresistible, and their triumph perfectly certain. The few who
did not care for the orator's eloquence would give him their
support as an honest man and a victim; the many who did
not care for the orator's honesty would give him their support as a truly glorious speaker. So that 2Aschines would
be reduced to personal friends or bought partisans as his
only supporters on the bench. It is little marvel that he
failed to obtain even so much as one fifth of the votes, and
left the Assembly a ruined man with nothing but exile before him.




INTRODUCTION.                  xiii
The blow he had aimed at Demosthenes was suicidal Qo
himself.) Nor can we imagine the possibility of any other
result than this when we read the rival speeches. The verdict of any who readS them will surely be always the same
as that of the Court which heard them. True, the speech
of ZEschines has many points that are brilliant. But it is
inferior in vigor, inferior in dexterity, inferior in its indignation, and inferior in its pathos. The one speech has a genuine ring of patriotism and courage about it; the other rings like
debased metal, coated over thickly enough with an affectation of high principle, but still transparent to the naked eye
as coin that will not pass. We have the two orations to
compare in their last, most finished shape, not as they were
actually spoken, but as they were corrected and polished,
with a view to publication by their authors in permanent
manuscript form. They are, therefore, works which embody
reflection and logical power, as well as ready eloquence and
mere rhetorical talent. The comparison leads to only one
conclusion, that Demosthenes, in our common phrase, was
the "better man all round." It is really impossible to say
that AEschines has the advantage of him at any point whatever, - even on the two legal questions, be their value what
it may. Never perhaps in the course of history was defeat
in a political duel so decisive, so overwhelming, so irretrievable as this.
To conclude: if we cannot wholly approve the moral tone
of the Speech on the Crown, we can praise without reserve
or stint the magnificent style of its language.  The orator's
exquisite choice of words and their still more perfect arrangement, the splendid roll of his long periods, the delicate balance of the antitheta, the superb grammatical finish pervading
the whole, - these are unmistakable indeed; there can be




xiv               INTRODUCTION.
but one opinion about them. It is pleasant to know that
even in those days the beaten rival could own so freely his
victor's superior merit; we agree entirely with ZEschines,
that a speech so grand to read must have been sublime to
hear; we echo his graceful compliment, and add ourselves
what his Rhodian friends may perhaps have added then,
"0' si audissemus.'"
II.
THE " Phocian War " and the "Peace of Philocrates" are
introduced so prominently in the course of the Speech on
the Crown that a brief historical notice of both is almostindispensable. But the records we have of this period are
so confused and involved that we cannot assign exact dates
to each of the several events: we are only able to trace
their general sequence and connection. The War took its
rise most probably out of the old ill-feeling which had
always subsisted between Thebes and Phocis, and a strong
wish, on the part of Thebes, to cripple Phocis as a dangerous and ill-affected neighbor. For this purpose they took
advantage of the all but defunct Amphictyonic Council,
whose meetings for a long period had been little more than
formal, and whose decrees had ceased to be looked on as of
any political importance. However, the state of Phocis, in
the year 357, was prosecuted before this Council as guilty
of sacrilege. The ground of the charge was the fact that
they had occupied and tifled a part of the land which was
dedicated to Apollo as supreme God of Delphi. The prosecution was actually brought by the Thessalian members of
the Council; but it is almost certain that Thebes was the




INTRODUCTION.                 xv
prime mover in the case, and Thessaly merely their instrument. Sentence was passed on the Phocians, and a heavy
fine imposed. At this time the leading men of Phocis were
Philomelus and his two brothers, Onomarchus and Phayllus.
At the instigation of Philomelus, the Phocians refused to
pay the fine, marched upon Delphi and seized the town and
temple, alleging that they were the original presidents of the
oracle, and therefore entitled to hold it in their own possession. Of course they intended to use the oracle as the
mouthpiece of their own policy, and in fact Philomelus did
so on the earliest opportunity. Thus they were able, ostensibly: to condemn and annul the decrees of the Amphictyonic Council by the voice and sentence of the God himself, whose honor and worship that Council was specially
appointed to guard. And hence the war, as regarded from
the view of either party, was entitled the "Sacred War,"
and is commonly so referred to.
Two unsuccessful attempts to expel the Phocians from
Delphi were made by the neighboring state, the Locrians
of Amphissa. After the second defeat the Locrians implored the help of Thebes, appealing to them in the name
of the God. Thebes assented, and induced Thessaly to join
them in making the attack.  On the other hand, Athens
and Sparta favored Philomelus, though they could not give
him active support; and Achaea sent him a small army of
reinforcement. After an' irregular campaign and a battle
near the town of Neon, the result of which was doubtful,
the Phocians retired on Delphi, and the allies went home.
Philomelus, who was killed in the last engagement, was
succeeded by Onomarchus as commander-in-chief. The latter seems to have been a vicious despot, but an able general. He conducted the war with such success that he laid




xvi                INTRODUCTION.
Locris and Doris waste, captured Amphissa and other
towns, seized Orchomenus in Boeotia, and was actually
besieging Choeronea when the Theban army compelled him
to fall back on his own territory.
At this point of the war, in the year 352, Onomarchus
was appealed to for aid by Lycophron of Pherae (probably
his ally; for Pherme had refused to join the rest of Thessaly
in the attack on Phocis): Phersa was being besieged by
Philip of Macedon, abetted, though little aided, by the
northern Thessalians, at whose invitation he had first invaded Thessaly, in order that they might gratify their old
grudge against the Pheraeans. Onomarchus sent Pharllus
with an army to relieve Pherae, but he was defeated and
driven back.  Onomarchus then advanced upon Philip
himself with the whole of his forces; but after some few
partial successes, his army was utterly crushed, and he lost
his own life. Pherae surrendered, and Philip was master
of Thessaly.
The remnant of the Phocian army, having returned under
the command of Phayllus, seems to have been in a little
time reconstituted as a military force. Mercenary troops at
this period were easy enough to procure. And the plunder
of the sacred treasury at Delphi had supplied the Phocians
with ample funds for this and all the expenses of the war.
They now seem to have invaded Bceotia with more or less
of success; they prolonged the conflict up to the year 346.
Meantime, Athens was intriguing to recover Thespiae and
Platea, and, at all events, Oropus; Sparta was trying to
annex Megalopolis and Messene.  Hence Megalopolis, in
352, solicited the aid of Athens against Sparta; but Athens, after much discussion, resolved to remain neutral.
The Thebans, however, sent a strong force, just set at lib



INTRODUCTION.                xvii
erty by the defeat of Onomarchus, to assist the Megalopolitans: Argos, Sicyon, Messene, also joined the same side.
Sparta, on the other hand, was aided by Phocis and Pherse: and a series of dubious battles followed, ending in
a hollow truce, no decisive results whatever having been
attained by either side.
Philip, in the interval, had made secure his ground in
Thessaly, and then proceeded to do the same in Thrace.
Forming an alliance with one Thracian potentate, Amadocus, he invaded the dominions of another, the famous Cersobleptes, defeated him in battle, and carried away his son
as a hostage.  Having thus made good his footing in
Thrace, he made a demonstration against Hermum on the
Propontis, to the great temporary wrath and excitement of
the Athenians, who, however, took no action at present, in
spite of the urgent appeals addressed to them by Demosthenes.  Consequently Philip went on with his plans
against the Chalcidian cities. In the year 349 he began
the actual attack, having spent the two previous years in
sowing the seeds of venal treachery in all their principal
towns. Although interrupted by a revolt of Pherce, and by
the Athenian forces sent under Chares and Charidemus to
the assistance and relief of Olynthus, Philip succeeded
either by treachery or force in capturing all the chief of the
Chalcidian cities, and Olynthus finally surrendered, and
was razed to the ground in the year 348.
In the course of all these events Demosthenes had maintained the same consistent attitude: we have his speeches
which trace the whole history; the speech on behalf of the
Megalopolitans, spoken in 353 or 352; the first Philippic,
spoken in 351, when Philip had just commenced the siege
of Herxeum; lastly, the Olynthiac orations in 349. The




xviii              INTRODUCTION.
orator, up to this point, had showed himself as the earnest
and bitter antagonist of the king of Macedon, and with rare
political foresight had understood from the outset the ulterior aims of Philip regarding the states of Greece.
And now we have come to the "Peace of Philocrates."
In November of the year 347 Philocrates passed a resolution in the Assembly at Athens that envoys should be sent
to Philip to make terms of peace and alliance.  Among the
envoys were Demosthenes and ZEschines both: Philip met
them  at Pella.  His diplomacy proved completely triumphant over the Athenian politicians; he forced Athenian
concessions out of them, one after another; but they failed
to elicit from him the slightest promise or arrangement respecting Thrace, Thebes, or Phocis. Yet, strange to say,
when the envoys returned to Athens, in March of the year
346, after hot discussion, debate, and reciprocal vilification,
the terms of peace were accepted; and Antipater, on Philip's part, actually administered the oath of peace to the
Athenians, so that their state was bound to  inaction,
Philip still remaining at liberty to carry on his operations
until he should formally have taken the same oath himself.
A second body of envoys from Athens to administer the
oath to Philip, after delay and procrastination which makes
their conduct most suspicious, find him at last in Thrace,
just victorious in a campaign with his old enemy, Cersobleptes, who for the time is utterly crushed and made into
a tributary subject.  Thus the territory lying between
Macedonia and the Athenian property in the Chersonese
is entirely in Philip's hands. He can march through it as
he pleases, and use its resources at his own discretion.
Still the envoys show no haste in binding him down by
the oath of peace.  More than two months have now been




INTRODUCTION.                  xix
wasted since the oath was taken by Athens; yet Philip beguiles the envoys to come with him southward, as far as
Pherne, before he consents to be sworn: at Pherme he does
at last condescend to confirm the treaty, with this grave
exception however, that the Phocians are formally excluded
from it. This was the death blow of Phocis. Phalaecus,
their commander-in-chief (the son of Onomarchus, who had
succeeded to the office on the death of his uncle Phayllus),
at first prepared to resist Philip with the aid of Archidamus
and a Lacedsemonian force.  But he and Archidamus
quarrelled as to the plan of the campaign, and the Lacedaemonians withdrew.  Phalsecus then turned traitor, and
made terms with Philip for himself and his mercenaries.
Philip allowed them to retire unharmed, and these soldiers
of fortune betook themselves to Crete.  Meantime the
MIacedonian forces were in the heart of Phocis. The Phocians, although deserted by their leader and by their army,
made a desperate effort to resist the invading foe. The
result was that their cities were stormed and-all the inhabitants taken captive.
The Amphictyonic Council met, to decide on the sentence that should be passed upon Phocis. They decreed
that all the towns of the state, excepting Abse, should be
destroyed, and that henceforward the Phocians should live
in small and scattered villages.  It was further decreed that
they should pay a fine of ten thousand talents, in annual
instalments of sixty; that they should be excluded henceforward from entering the temple of Delphi; and that they
should forfeit their seat in the Amphictyonic body. Their
seat, with its two votes, was transferred to Macedon.
So concluded the Phocian War after some ten years' duration. It may seem strange that so small a state should




XX  -              INTRODUCTION.
have ever been able to hold its own in a conflict thus
severe and protracted. The explanation, however, lies in
the simple facts of the case: their funds were ample, their
leaders a very determined and influential family, their army
was easy to raise and recruit with the help of mercenary
troops. The cause of the war, and the war itself, is insignificant enough, and would scarcely have left a mark in
history, but for the serious results of which it proved the
beginning. Phocis, we may say, in point of fact, was Philip's opportunity in Greece, just as Pherme had been his'
opportunity in Thessaly, and just as Cersobleptes had been
his opportunity in Thrace. Step by step the king of Macedon pursued his southward way.  His policy was as consistent and simple as it was unscrupulous and wholly immoral: to take part in a national quarrel with whatever
side appeared the stronger, to pursue that quarrel up to its
end till the hostile party was vanquished, when the whole
nation in consequence would be at his own disposal, either
as conquered subjects, or else as friends and allies. So he
had dealt with Thessaly and Thrace; so he proceeded to
deal with Greece. And wherever the force of arms would
have been inadequate for his purpose, there he tried. the
more deadly forces of bribery and of corruption, until he
had so far corroded the strength of the power he wished to
assail, that their making any effectual resistance was really.
out of the question. Nor were his arts of corruption of a
merely vulgar kind: they included personal courtesy and
friendship, frequent and profuse hospitalities, the exercise
of great diplomatic talent, as well as unlimited money. By
such policy firmly maintained with immense tenacity of
purpose, and carried out in all its details with extraordinary
courage and vigor, Philip made his upward career as rapid
as it was triumphant. But his aims were always far be



INTRODUCTION.                 xxi
yond the narrow limits of Hellas. As Thessaly and Thrace
to him were but stepping-stones to Greece, so Greece itself
was to him but a stepping-stone to Persia. He could only
hope to invade the Persian Empire as leader of the united
Greeks, and with all their power to support him. He could
only hope to secure their support by bringing them all beneath his own control, either in right of conquest, or else in
right of alliance. His direct aim therefore was to be recognized, in the first instance, as one of the Powers of Greece.
The Phocian War supplied him the means, and the close of
that conflict saw his end attained.
The Peace of Philocrates was imperilled in the very year
it was made. Athens omitted to send envoys to represent
her, as usual, at the Pythian games that year,-where Philip,
or at any rate Macedon, had been appointed to preside.
Envoys were sent by Philip to Athens to call this conduct
in question; but matters seem to have been adjusted.  It
was at this crisis that Demosthenes delivered his oration on
the Peace, and deprecated most strongly the renewal of the
hostilities.
The years 345 and 344 have little that is remarkable.
Philip, renewing his old course of intrigue, gave the Messenians assistance against the Lacedaemonians, and so obtained for himself a hold on the Peloponnesus; he also
achieved a triumphant expedition into Thrace, and on his
return he made a redistribution of Thessaly. At this juncture Demosthenes delivered his Second Philippic. He had
previously been sent by Athens as envoy to Messene and
Argos, in order to caution those states against the designs
of Philip.
In the next year, 343, fortune favored to some extent the
Athenian undertakings. They baffled Philip in his attacks
on Megara, Ambracia, and Leucas. They conducted nego



XXii              INTRODUCTION.
tiations with him in a very independent tone respecting
Cardia and Halonnesus and other places in dispute. This
was the year when Demosthenes and ZEschines both delivered their orations about the alleged Misconduct of Embassy. The speech of Demosthenes on Halonnesus, as
well as these two speeches, give the very fullest account of
the whole political situation.
In the two succeeding years, 342 and 341, the disturbances about Euboea are the most important feature.
Macedonian troops occupied Oreus, and revolutions, both in
that town and Eretria, placed a despotic government in
both, of course in Philip's interest. The king of Macedon
was equally busy in Thrace and in the Propontis, where his
action seriously menaced the interests and property of
Athens. Demosthenes made his Speech on the Chersonese,
and at his instance Athenian forces were sent to Eubcea, in
the autumn of the year 341, which expelled the despots of
Oreus and Eretria.  Demosthenes was honored with the
thanks of the state; and in this year he spoke- his Third
Philippic.
Matters had clearly come to a crisis when peace between
Athens and Macedon could no longer be maintained.
Philip laid siege to Perinthus as a means to capture Byzantium; finding an unexpected resistance, he blockaded Byzantium simultaneously. And early in 340 he sent a letter
to Athens which amounted to a formal complaint of their
hostile action in various cases since the conclusion of peace.
Finally, it threatened them with speedy punishment, unless
they altered their policy. On this challenge being received,
Demosthenes urged that it should be accepted at once, and
that a fleet from Athens should be sent to relieve Byzantium. War was then formally declared, and so ended the
Peace of Philocrates.




ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
AN oration which, by the unanimous verdict of the best
judges in ancient and modern times, has been pronounced
not only "the unapproachable masterpiece of Grecian oratory," but " the greatest speech of the greatest orator in the
world," and which so candid and capable a critic as David
Hume has declared to be "the most perfect production of
the human intellect," cannot have been a mere display of
subtle logic or splendid rhetoric. It must have possessed
more substantial merits. It was, in fact, what all the judicial orations of Demosthenes were, emphatically an argtument constructed on a well-considered and wisely ordered
plan, having a beginning, a middle, and an end. The orator
himself, in the opening of his speech, insists on " the order
of arrangement" which " he has chosen for himself" as at
once his constitutional right and quite indispensable to a
successful defence. The student or reader, therefore, who
would understand and appreciate the oration, should observe
and see clearly what that order is.
The skeleton or frame-work of the argument is concisely
as follows: The first eight sections constitute the exordium,
or introduction, in which, modestly but earnestly, he claims
his right to make his own defence in his own way, and with
marvellous skill sweeps away all the cunning contrivances of




xXiv        ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
his prosecutor, and clears the ground for a fair fight. The
next forty-four sections (9 - 52) are occupied with some prelininary and extraneous matters in reply to assaults partly
on his private character and partly on public measures on
which 2Eschines had dwelt at great length, but for which,
being prior to the administration of Demosthenes, he was
in no way responsible, or which, in legal terms, were wholly
impertinent to the indictment. In the next seventy-three
sections (53-125) he takes up the charges in the very order
of the indictment: first, defending his public policy during
the period in which he took a leading part in the affairs of
the state; secondly, justifying the proposal of Ctesiphon that
he should be crowned for his patriotic services while he was
still in office and his accounts had not yet been audited;
and, thirdly, showing that it was lawful and proper that the
crown should be proclaimed, as Ctesiphon proposed, in the
theatre at the Dionysiac festivals. This review of the nmeasures by which he had deserved such public honors and for
which, in repeated instances, he had been previously crowned,
leads the orator to show up in contrast the character and
conduct of his rival, This terrible invective occupies the
next thirty-four sections (126 - 159). Having thus disposed,
in passing as it were, of some of the strongest points in the
argument of 2Eschines, he returns to a narration, rapid and
graphic, of the course of events in the last great struggle
of Grecian liberty against the supremacy of Macedon, and
puts forth that world-renowned matchless justification or
rather glorification of his policy which, though it led to the
disaster at Chaeronea, was the only policy which Athens
could have adopted consistently with her ancestral glory,
and of which the Athenians themselves, after their defeat,
expressed their unshaken and hearty approval by choosing




ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.            XXV
Demosthenes to pronounce the funeral oration over those
who had fallen in the battle (160 -290).  In the remaining sections (291 - 324), which are of a more general nature,
the orator portrays the ideal statesman and statesmanship
which Athens required for those times, and shows how he
himself had answered to that ideal, in contrast with the
baseness and treachery of ZEschines and his fellow hirelings
and traitors in all the Grecian States, concluding with that
magnificent prayer and imprecation which the best translators have confessed their inability to render adequately
into any other language.
The commentators all remark the felicity of the general
arrangement by which he throws the merely technical and
legal points wherein his own weakness and the strength of
his opponent lay into the middle of his oration, as Nestor
advised Agamemnon to drive into the middle his poorest
troops, while the beginning and end and main portion are
so ablaze with the glory of his public policy, which his
judges and hearers had adopted and still cherished as their
own, that if they gave any consideration to these nice
points of law, they could not but regard them practically
as of no account.  A critical examination of the whole
structure of the oration, like that of Dissen, discloses a
similar felicity in the arrangement of each and all of the
several parts. At the same time, there is no appearance of
art. It is that perfect art which conceals art, and seems
like nature. The topics and arguments succeed each other
in the most natural order. The critical reader cannot fail
to discern this in the mere skeleton above given, and he
will discern it more fully at every step as he advances in
the reading and the study of the oration. Nor can he fail
to observe with what consummate skill the orator plants




Xxvi        ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
a battery on every position of which he takes possession in
his argument, and then with what tremendous power he
pours the hot shot of his fiery invective upon the character
and. standing of his rival.
The following remarks of Mr. Kennedy draw a just comparison between the two orators, and furnish a concise and
graphic outline of the principal topics in the oration of
Demosthenes.  "As the speeches of both the orators are
preserved to us, we have the means of comparing one with
the other and forming our opinion of their respective merits.
The world in general have decided as the people of Athens
did, not only upon the oratorical merits of the two rivals,
but upon the principal questions at issue between them.
The accuser, who thought to brand his opponent with eternal infamy, has only added to the lustre of his renown.
Independently of the internal evidence furnished by this
and other orations of Demosthenes which have carried to
most hearts a conviction of his patriotism, we cannot fail
to be strongly influenced by the judgment of the Athenians
themselves, whom neither their own past misfortunes nor
the terror inspired by the late victory of Antipater could
deter from giving a verdict, by which, while they acquitted
Demosthenes from all blame, they in effect declared their
approbation of his measures in opposition to Macedonia.
The reader who carefully examines the speech of ZEschines will not fail to observe that he betrays a consciousness of weakness in that part of his case where he attacks
the political character of his rival. He seems also to feel
that he is speaking in opposition to the general feeling of
his hearers. His own character as a politician had been
dubious; his conduct so open to suspicion that, while he
most bitterly assails his adversary, he is constantly under




ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.           xxvii
the necessity of defending himself.  On the whole life,
public and private, of Demosthenes, he pours a torrent of
invective; to this the greater part of his speech is directed;
yet he seems to have been impelled to it rather by hate
and revenge than by any calculation of advantage.  On
the other hand, when he deals with the legal part of his
case, commenting on those specific violations of law which
Ctesiphon's measure was charged with, it is evident that
his strength lay there; he handles his subject temperately,
skilfully, and carefully, laboring to make every point clear
to the jury, and to impress them with the conviction that
to uphold the laws was the sure way to maintain constitutional government. On these points he mainly relied,
hoping by this measure to secure a verdict which would
give him a triumph over his enemy, and carry the general
opinion over Greece that the credit and influence of Demosthenes were extinguished.
Demosthenes, feeling his weakness as to the legal questions, dexterously throws them into the middle of his speech
and passes rapidly and lightly over them, while he devotes
his greatest eIforts to the vindication of his own merits as
a patriot and a statesman. Refusing to comply with the
insidious demand of ~Eschines that he should take the
questions in the same order as his accuser, he insists upon
his legal right to conduct his defence as he pleases. Opening with a modest exordium to conciliate the favor of the
jury, he launches gradually into the history of his own
conduct and measures, presenting first a general view of.
the condition of Greece when he entered public life, and
of the difficulties under which the Athenians labored -in
their contest with Philip; then setting forth his own' views,
plans, and objects, and showing that he had advised a course




XXViii      ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
of action which both the circumstances of the time and the
honor of the country required. He apologizes for the selfpraise mixed up with his speech, on the ground that he was
drawn to it by his opponent. Entering on the Sacred War
and the Peace of B. c. 346, he labors to exculpate himself
from all share in the errors then committed, imputing them
chiefly to the negligence of the other ambassadors and to
the treachery of Philocrates and ZEschines, who, by the
false hopes which they excited at Athens, prevented the
people from assisting the Phocians. Coming to the events
which brought on a renewal of the war, he shows how
Philip's ambitious projects and encroachments in every part
of Greece made it necessary to oppose him, especially for
the Athenians who were menaced at home as well as abroad
by his aggressions in Thrace, Euboea, and Megara. He pursues these topics until he has carried with him the feelings
of his hearers, which must have been strongly on his side
when he dilated on the glorious issue of the campaigns in
Euboea and the Propontis, and read to them the decrees of
the Byzantines, Perinthians, and Chersonesites in. honor of
Athens, all which were due to the vigorous measures of his
own administration.  Having thus secured the good-will
and sympathy of his judges, he proceeds to discuss the
legal charges against Ctesiphon. Dwelling on them but a
short time, he plunges into a personal attack upon ZEschines,
holding up to ridicule the meanness of his birth and parentage, and retorting on him the same coarse and opprobrious
language which had been used towards himself. The bitterness of his invective is only to be excused on the ground
of strong provocation, added to an assurance that his more
grave charges of treason and corruption were well-founded.
Those charges, so often advanced before, he here repeats,




ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.           xxix
denouncing more particularly the conduct of NEschines upon
his mission to Delphi, B. c. 339, to which the disaster of
Chaeronea was attributable.  The account which ZEschines
had given of this affair he shows to be false, and enters
upon a minute examination of the proceedings which caused
Philip to be elected Amphictyonic general, and to march
south an invading army, nominally against the Amphissian
Ionians, really against Boeotia and Attica. A graphic description is given of the consternation at Athens on hearing
that Philip had seized Elatea. The meeting of the people,
the advice of Demosthenes to them, his embassy to Thebes,
the success of his negotiations, and the conclusion of the
alliance between Thebes and Athens are briefly recounted,
Demosthenes forcibly pointing out the advantage of his
measures, contending that they were not to be judged by
the mere event of the battle, and that it was far more glorious for his country to be defeated in a struggle for the
independence of Greece than it would have been to keep
aloof from the contest. Here he makes that noble adjuration which has in all ages been admired, appealing to his
countrymen by the deeds of their ancestors, of whom they
would have acted most unworthily, had they without a
struggle abandoned the post of honor bequeathed to them.
He himself as a statesman would have deserved execration,
had he advised such a course. The failure of their arms
was not to be imputed to the minister, who had done all he
could to insure their success, but rather to the commanders
or to evil fortune. As Zschines had said so much about
the ill-fortune which attended him, he draws a comparison
between the different fortunes of himself and his rival, first
of their early life and education, next of their course as
public men. }Eschines from the beginning had taken a




XXX         ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
part which put him in opposition to the true interests
of Athens, which caused him to rejoice at her disasters, to
quail and tremble at her successes. He never came forward
to assist her counsels when she needed them, but only to
censure others who had given their honest advice because
it had not turned out as well as was expected. It was a
signal proof of his malignant disposition, that he had expatiated on the late disastrous events as if they were a
subject of triumph to him, without shedding a single tear,
without any faltering in his voice, without betraying the
least emotion or symptom of grief. In reply to the challenge of ~Aschines to say for what merit he claimed the
reward of a crown, Demosthenes boldly declares, for his
incorruptibility, by which he was distinguished, not only
from ~Eschines, but from the multitude of venal orators in
the Grecian world. Had there been but a few more like
himself in other states, Macedonia never could have risen
to greatness upon their ruin. He had done all that was
possible for a single man; and Athens, while she shared the
misfortune of all the Greeks, had the consolation of reflecting that she had striven gallantly and bravely to avert the
common calamity. ZEschines had lauded the great men of
a by-gone age, drawing an invidious contrast between Demosthenes and them. This, says Demosthenes, was not a
fair way of judging him: he should be tried by reference
to his own acts as compared with those of his contemporaries. Yet even from the former comparison he did not
shrink; for he had acted on the same principles as the
statesmen of olden time, striving always to maintain the
honor and dignity of Athens. Attachment to his country
and earnest anxiety for her welfare had been his constant
and abiding motives of action: throughout his whole life,




ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.            XXxi
in the day of power, in the hour of trial and adversity,
those feelings had never deserted him: that was the test of
a good and honest citizen; by that he ought to be judged.
Such is, in substance, the argument of this celebrated
oration as far as relates to the main question in the cause.
The effect produced by the speech upon an Athenian audience can be but faintly imagined by us who read it at this
distance of time. Although Athens was not then what she
had once been; although she was shorn of her honors,
stripped of her empire and dependencies, without allies,
without resources, without means of resistance to that iron
power under which all Greece had succumbed, there was
still the remembrance of the past, not yet extinguished by
habitual servitude; there were still vague hopes of future
deliverance, and a fire of smothered indignation burning in
the hearts of the people, ready to burst into a flame at the
first opportunity. That such were their feelings is proved
by what occurred seven years afterwards upon the death of
Alexander, when Athens made one convulsive effort for
freedom, ere she finally submitted to her fate. Demosthenes
stood before his countrymen, representing all which remained of Athenian dignity and glory. If any man could
help them, it was he. His advice had always been steady
and constant; his warnings should have been earlier attended to; but even yet there might be need of him. He
was their consolation for the past, their hope for the future.
During the progress of his address such thoughts rushed
upon their minds with greater and greater force, till they
were elevated above themselves, and all the spirit of their
ancestors was, for the moment, regenerate within them.
They felt that it was impossible for them to find him guilty
without passing sentence upon themselves, without con



xxxii      ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
demning the policy which Athens had for a long series of
years consistently pursued. The genius of Athens protected
her from such disgrace; and by an overwhelming majority,
which left the accuser no choice but to retire into exile,
a verdict was given for the defendant.




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6             AHMOXOENOT'                      [230. 15
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-231. 20]  HEPI  TOT  XTEq5ANOT.                      7
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8             4HMOZOENOTX                      [23I. 20
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-233. 25]  IIEPI  TOT  XTE45ANOT.                      9
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10              AHMOSOENOTX                     [233. 26
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-235. 30] HEPI TOT XTEQPANOT.                               11
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12,4HMOXEENOTX                     [236. 3I
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- 237. 36]  lTEPI  TOT'TEPANOT.                 13
4b0TOo  avroV, e, 7rpo Tov T'ovs IWcKag a'7oX'cr'at
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14,              HMOVOENOTX                          [238. 37
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-239. 4I]  IIEPI TOT ZTEr5ANOT.                                15
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TWV ecat 7TWV E  P OICeVCe& ecaiccrv Kea; oo"  aXXa 7rre7rov



16             4HMOIEOENOTE                     [240. 42
Oaro-v o0'EX~ mvn a7ra'vT av avTo  cv  aTro9z. &8Xov
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-24I.47]  HEPI  TOT;YTE~15ANOT.                     17
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18             dEMOZOENOTI                        [242. 48
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-243. 54]  IIEPI  TOT:'TEcANOT.                     19'8 Ktat v"pLet4 6&o, o0  Kat 7,rptV oUE  ebL rLre       OtOUVr
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20                 AHMOiOENOTX                          [244. 55
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22             AHMOXEENOTI                       [246. 62
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-247.67]  IIEPI  TOT  XTEiANOT.                    23
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24             aHMOI'OENOTX                      [248. 68
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-249. 73]  HEPI  TOT  XTEbANOT.                      25
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26                 zHMMOX6ENOTZ                              [250. 74
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-251. 78] IIEPI TOT XTEDANOT.                                     27
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28                 IHMOeO-ENOTM                   [252. 79
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30               AlHMOeENOTV                      [254. 85
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-255. 90] IEPI TOT XTEDANOT.                          31
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32                   z1HMO'OEENOTZ                           [256. 9I
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34,         dHMOZOENOTI2                   [258. 96
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36,          dHMO'YOENOTX                   [o60. I02
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-262. io6] IIEPI TOT!TEM1ANOT.                             37
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38               tdHMOOeENOTX                      [262. I07'/          \    ^
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-z63. III] I1EPI  TOT  ZTEPANOT.                    39
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40             AHMO'OeENOTr                     [264. I12
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-266. II6] IIEPI TOT 2TEDANOT.                                 41,,,,,.,.
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ETEPON -ITHrbIlMA.
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42               AHMOZOENOTX                            [266. II7
vo-at Xaplr3qov Kal ALLorTL/OV XpVUC OC7recfJaV, Kalt avayope'{a&t
HIavijOqvalioLs TOlS /LeyUAXOs ETv rT  7V/VLKq) ayO)vt Kal AtovvLroWS
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-267. I20]  IIEPr  TOT  ZTEiANOT.                        43
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44              AHMOV'OENOTI'                  [268. 121
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-269. 127] HEPI  TOT;ZTEDANOT.                    45
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46              zHMOZ'ENOT.                    [270. 128
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48               AHMO'OeENOT'                     [272. 134
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52                1HMOZ' OENOTY                 [276. I43
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ttao9Orh, Kcai XodyovT ev7rpor0O7rov  rca Kat'ovUS,




54,       dHMO.@OENOT'                  [278. 150
(O/ev 3 Ktppata Xpa  caOtepOy)0h, a'vVOEtq Kat 8~t150 eXO;wv avvOpolrov; aT'Elpovt  Xo7wv Kal To0 /EXXoV oV'7rpoopo)oEVOV, T70v9 tpolkVljaovaa, 7reltOeL  tac Oat
7rEpLEXoeWV TM>  Xapav 7v ol kEv  AoLcaCE?  ot0(v
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%xpa9  p77L0 eLva L, ove laE, /,iav o8[lV?&V AoKp&w
ezra YOm'eov c/bv, ovo  a   VtOt     7rpoactrla,
Xty v ovxC akXrl0.  fyvccecOe 8 EKELOc1v.  OVUIC EV7v
avcu  ToV  7rpo'cKaXe'acr'a' rorro    tot;  AolcpoT'
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151 vavTr 7:KaTEXp)  "at  evCe.  7TEp'lQ71TV TOLVVV T)'  V
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152 EV       X qaroXeat-.  Kat 7rpo0f'acte   evXo`yovu
25 ealj10E-av   n lap avTov'; EUctEpetv Kat  Evov0. 7pEUELV c/acav (SEV Kq\t 5/LtOOV 70T\;  Ll\ 7av-a 7TOLOvvTa ),? cicewov atpefa0atL 7t 86E    a TOXX a\ XE-/etv;




-279. I55] IIEPI TOT XTEANOT.                               55
/,,, p,,?PE~Or   7yap EK  TOVTLOV rryecLov.  cKat /ueTa TaVrT  EUO6Es o  vvauLv  ctvX Xet   tca   7rapeXOcov rot   r6 T r"v
Ktppaiav, rppco' Oato  qppdcaa   7roXXa  KlppaloLt  Ka6
Aoicpo's, T7V'ExaTEtaV  KaTraXa/,aVetL.   Eb [EV  ouvr 153
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f                             I )v  /,  )  /   s \    I  I,
T oro 7  Ealvr/ s E7re0Xov    avrov  EKebLtL,,LLxvrra rLEv,
co acvpes'AO7vaotL, OeoJv  vTvLos  evvota  7rp0o  v/ias',
9r      /            Ca;,          C'f, 
eLTLa  LEVTOL /cKa, ooov  KcaO  e'va  avopa, Kca\6 (S  EE. Io
o0  (E /LO  Ta (oryarTa  TavTa Kcal  rovu Xpovov9 ev
~ ef,,C   ~            / z
OSf  esctaT'a  7rerrpaKcTaLt, tv   L e    tr r 7' ca  7rpary/,aTa
y pUtapa  KceqaX'  Trapa;ao-a  av:Ta')  ltKnc V    OVoi        K.
XEe  ot 1O Ta  oYJuaCa.                                          154
AOFMA AMCIKTYONQN.
['E7r'L i'p'cO  KXeLtaydpov, eaptvqs 7rvXalav,  o$Ee roLT 7EvXayopoL Kal T7oiV veVpoLt sV ATUTLKTV'LK7IVOVCV KaL r7o/ KOlV(O
7-WV'A.iLKTVOVW), E'MFTLe)'Aoft-o-LcE i  ETTLf3aLVOvLtV e7rL TrV
Lepav XOpv  KcaL o'rrlpovOLt Kal K 0oorK'Itaotl KarTav-Lovrltv, 7TreXltev TroaV -7rvXayopovL Kal rovLr VVE83pOVS, KaCL uT9XlatLL l(lXaf3e;J 7TOL' OpovJ, Kal d7ret7reLv ToiL  AIAL(OTrerL roi70  Xo0rroiV!4
e7rL/3aLELV. ]
ETEPON AOrMA.
['EirA lepEcoL KXEvaydpov, EaplvqL 7rvXalag, e'oae TOL Trv- 155
Xaalyopol Ka  o TOL covVeapoLs  rlt oAoLKt Vara  VlOV KaO 7t-c KOLVfi
7-CO'AyftKrvo'vo, E7rElt7) ot'A eAyo/lo-oTrs 71V LEpavY Xc)pav
KCTavLt/Aa/EVOL yECpyotVrt KUl /3cOKlhL7ara VEItOUVTL, Kal KOxVO



56               zIHMOOeENOTZ                          [280. I56
rEVOL  vTOTO rOLyEV,V   TO   O rTXOLS 7rapayevodelvot, To KOLVOtv
7rcv'EXXovwv -rvvEaptLOv KEKOXVKac-rL /erTa /ias, TtvaE V     Kal
TeTrpavUalriKaoL, rov  orpaT7yorv rWv.pq/'vom rc.v'Ab4)tLKrVovoW  KOdT7-V)OV rTv'APK(iSa  rpE(TeVatuL rrpOS (/tXL7r7rov TOv
MaKFava, Kal UtLOVY Lva /O3j0q)LTy Tp TE A7ro'XXOVL Kal Trol'AlLKTU{'oqLV, r0C7OM  -/L~ 7rEptir7  VTrO TCOV Careg3&Cv'A!/opf'dCYv'
TOV OEO'V 7rX?7l/ICeXOV evovY'   KaL  dOrLC avTrov arpawryov avroKparopa aipoovrat  l O  EXtvES O IIETEXOYVTS TO0VdPl0V
Trv'AlLKTrVOYvoov.]
A eye 8KaC  Toa Vo    Xpo'Vov  ev Ol  Tavf'T E7c/veTzo
eXo-?Sp ~aO' o\'                   xfl
eL ylatp fca0' ov9 errvXaryopla-ev ov-oS.   Xeye.
XPONOI.
r[ApXOV Mv?7r1o-LOEl1, zLaqvas dvaonrT)pt&vow  EKr,7l El 8'Ka.]
156    4o       ) fUOC 77'V e7tGLTOX17V  yvt, Kc   OVX  v7rr?7KOVOV
OLt 19r@ 3aLot, vrefL7reL  7rpos  7ovs  evL IIeXO7rovV77'r
oarfJ   0o7L o rq)v tEv aXn7O17  wrpo'bacLtv r70v urpay'cuarTWV, T7o 7av7T  e7rt 7r7!y CEX7coa KacC 70-v  &/palovC
Kat vla      a 71rP'retv  aT7refpV7rTeTO, tCOLra )L E  Kca  7TOLo'Ao La T6O oL Sav'7a  ToLe- t)rpOa;7ra rrEpoo'e L     0 8  7'a
(1 bOpL(.  Tavsa  Kat ras' 7rpaoareL9   avrTo  rapaaXowv
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EISIITOAH.
157   [BartAcevF  MaKE0'vovY Il'Xtirro  IIeXo7rovvrYt'Lov rVY TO v FV
rvLtLaxla Tro70L  rloLLOVpyO;l KaoL T0  cT'vvEapols KaZ TO;l a'X' ot
aVu/lf.uaLy0o  7raQ' XaL'PELv.  EIrtL  AlOKpOIL OL KaXOVJE/YvoL'OC4



— 281. 60] FIEPI TOT ZTEPANOT.                              57
XaL, KaTOLKOvrPTes v'AMflioo'cri, 7rTX7rlpEXOoLotCv ELE TO lepOv To)'ArodkXXavo'  roV Ev AeEX/QOli' KCal T'y iLepav Xrbpav EPXiyfevoL
tL0e' 0rrXwv XE7IXa-oVal, /ou/Xoat T) OE- 0;,E9 /,eI' V VLC30 ElV
Kat adLvvaOaOuL rov rrWapaPIaiLvouVrE  L Tcovy Ev aVOpdTO7Lt EVO(E3,O corTE O vLVTT, avr,IAe   Toer    ovrrXcov els r1yv I oocKia, exovTrE  ETrrL'TLrtCiov?jfepCov TETrapaKovra, Trov eveTr&roLS r0l7vo
Xcov, Cor  )/LES iyoY/opEv, co'AOva, aloe, 3Bo8po!UALvOS, CioS   e
KopIVLOLt, 7rravIYOV.  TOlE 86 L? o'vvavr'caual 7avarlyllel XprTCo0EOa [Tofv 8E oVLfO3VXOLS?fvLL) KEL/LEVOLS] E 7TLt Cl olE.  EvrvOpa6} O' t cevfyet /U.LEV  7       S tag  rrpocqaoet, etsa 158
av   \,        paO   r cee z,,'     
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~v/7TrapatKevaoaa? avTrc; TLq o Tal 7rpoadcets TavTas  evovso;  TL   o  T Iw v  Kcac       70v  7ov,eyevl7/xtEVrov,uacIXLOa  alTLosq;   ovX  ovTo; ovt )  TOLtVV  XE7ETE, C) 5
av'SpEs'AOrnva'oL, 7reptlov7'eC  cov vt   EVOb       7 otavTca
7TE7rOVOev?'EX)XaX, avOpo,7rov.   ov,   vo' &v;, aXx'
v7Tro k7oXX)v iKat 7Tror7pcolv T7v  7rap' eccavTOtS,  O
ica2 fEO t'    r~ LC  OvrOv, ovr eOt'Er " ev  evXai/  OevTa 159'xt  r  6, o Kv~oat~          e         I
aXTr7rptov  7T'v    1uerTa  TavTa  a'7roXcoWXo v  a7rtaVTCOv
7Trerv, acvUpwrrov, To0rTov, 7r.OXe        o 0 yap T o7rrepua'      E,,                    A   C/
)TrapaCox(Gv, OVTOS  T()V  UVV7WV  abTLtO.    OV  077To
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~7'X lv  7roXV  rtl o'o0710ro     co   eOLKCv, TeoT0   rap  VLV I5
7rpo 7)9 aX7rleLta.
XV,/4E/3i7Ke  rOlVV  /Ot 7TC)V KaTa  T7'7  7ra'pt8OS 160
/                /      e,
yToVr    77re7rpay~uetvov  a~alevoc    et ai  TOVTO'L  Evav3*




58              MHMOXOENOTX                   [282. I6I
7tov/lEV0o  avUTOS 7E70roXTrevtlat atxOat'a r woXXWv
/pEV evel  av  LFOTW"o aoovo'ate pov, aoXtLT'a' OTt
alo-XpOv  Ef7LV,  0 avope'AlrqvaLoL, e6 eeco aEv Ta
ep Oa TWv v7rep VPuLW  7rovOov v7repeLva, v/ueV      /4 ur17\
161 ov  XovY  aVt aov aveeo'0e.  opcov Eap  7y  Or6 /alov9, cX6EoV 8e IKa 6 V/1a9 ViTr O  TOW  T P 0LXL7T77TOV
4poVOVVTo W  Kat 8coec0apeL'ov 7Trap EKaTEpot,   ILEV
27V a/ULOOTEpoOLS cfO/3pOV Ical OvXaKc3r   7rroXX)? &EO/1Evov, 7TO'ov ltXt'Tr'ov Cav av:aveo'Oat, Trapop.ovTaa
I0 iat Ov6t  KaO  ev 4vXaTrro0Leov9, eC? Ex60pav 86 Kai
TTO 7rpOcKipOVtL  axxnvXot9 ETOLLW)  eXOVTas, oWO)'
[           O)TO   w7 OLT  rapa7TPo   l6 7X'OVV, OVC  oaro
eT9 6Eavrov Yvwo/lpS  p/Lovov ravTa Uav/lcepeltv  7ro162 Xau3civoaov, aXx' eo8S'AptaUToOfovTa Ka 7raXtv E'-.s5 SovXov hravTa  OV  XpOVOV  ovXo/Levov  rpa'ab TavT171  TI77V  OtkXav, Ica  vrEpp  TOWv aXov oraTOXXarctL
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20 7yap  vrept 19qPaltiv    E~rtTLtCaq e/Jo    EKEWVCOV  rTOXV
ahxpov _) eClUOV KaTi77TOpECt, TOWV  TpOTCpOV  )77  7y0
16TvavT'qV 7171v  vUtLaXtav SoKctl uaavTao)v.  aAV  EKCLec
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o?7joaVTO97,,,V/L/r.pava/LEVO v (C   3 O, XXOw  TOW
"ao lo'avro%' v/a/repava, evov   \ T'~v   kX a v'r)v
25 QVVCp)vOW 4)r T 77V Trp pO & alovv  EXpv', TvvE3
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I)TOht'F OlTet   V            CI     pav?'oXee~ OVTOr  VweVpo0VoV, Kai et uq'poe~aveOr-T7UeV




- 283. I65] 1IEPI TOT  2TErPANOT.                                 59
#&KpOUF O~a  al La~aebV   av V'807)0UCV   OV70'T / pL
tLLKcpov, oiX3' a vaXa/e3tv   v R'c eXp
roppo 7rpor17ya7yov OVTOL TO       1  CXOpav.   $E o0t?r~2  v7-  cTPO    ~XX1XolO, vg                                    TE
"'r77 T'  7      at rOOw U7V9  TOVTCOEZb TcWV   V
aovo av7 9 a  aEoYpEv                             Ocfee.   Kal,Uo0
XEV      7avra Xa/3cov.
*H4)IEMA.
['Er'l a'PXovro'EHpo7riVOov, qLY'5  EXa/arq3oXtvoq &Krri qO'- 164
VorSoT, q5vX7sV 7rpvTaVEvovo(ri?'EpExOVi'OS, /[OUX7; Kal orpaTr7y?&v 7yvclq, errt&j  (PIhF7rraro  as  LEv KaTrELXi?)cE 7rdoeLS rcov
ao-rvyeLrdvoov, rtvAL  8E 7rTOpOEL, Ke/aXa[cp 86  irL rM V'ATTLKjv
7rapaCWKevdaeraL TrapatylVe(rOat, 7rap' o8ovr Lryo /eTos  ras  /pErTpas OrvvVO.Kaa, Kal rovs; OpKOV   XVELV e7;rrt3aXXEra& Kal TrYv
elpr)v p, lrapa3alvcov Tas KOLvasIT 7TL'OTELS,  eadXea&  T)) IOri
Kat 7Tp U)/lu  7rT7rTELV 7TpOs avrov 7TpEc T FLV, OLTLVEv aVT6 8taXcEorrac  Kal *rapaKaXEcovLv avTrov i    aXLLra iET  v rM v Trpos
yasi 6opo'voLav aLar7Tpe7v Kal TaS  crVVOVKaS, EL 8\ tlq), 7Trpo  ro
BovaAevcao-Oat 8dovat Xpdovov  T' 7rdXo'    Kal iar  advoa'7TOL-?oaarOa  p;uEXpt ToV  Oapy7XLWtVO   ALrV) o's..7pero' av eK rEK,3ovXris 27ios'Avayvpao-tov, EvOv"8q/los  cXvdac&o-s, BovXayopas'AXCVreMKi6Ev. ]
ETEPON *H4I4MA.
['E7rL apxOVrOS  Hpo7rv ov, l.rlvos pLOVVVXLoVOs   ev,77 KaL Va, 165
rroXeFLapXov yvoIt,7, Eret80)  iLXLTrr7ro0  ELS a pXXorpLOTdTrra  OrinaLovS 7rpoS  7/LaS ElrtL3adXXeTraL KaraorrV)at, *raplcKEvaorauLt E
K(Il rTaVr  rT  arrpaTreLartL 7rpO   70rov'  ytycrra r'ArTLKrJg
7rapaylyJeo-Oat rdo7ovr, 7rapaBalovv ora  7rpo  p/Lav vrrapXovTau avTc p v UvVOr)a, WEoxOaL  rZ7 30vXi Kal TC) Upq) 7rfelIaL
7rpOs avrTO  KgqpvKa Kat 7rTpEpo3'eL, OtLVEV CadLCO'Vo'L KaL 7rapaKaXErov'qLv   aVT ror toctraLaoOa  ra    avoxavOX, Zrov   vEX0,EXOA/S0




60                AHMOEOENOT'                             [284. I66
6   jtF0oS  3ovXevXoirraL'   KaL yap  vvv oV  KEKpLKe /30flOev Ev
oSevl TO)IV terpiwcv.  fpiOrlo'av EK Trs /3ovXi  NeapXo   cooatvo'dov, IIoXvKpadrrl'E7riL'povos, Kal Ki)pv6 Ev'vo/os'AvaoXfvTrtOL EK TrO  OiLOv.]
166    A'Te 8n Kca7 Taq a7roKcpLocei.
AIIOKPIMIS AOHNAIOI2.
[BacJL)E's,   MaKEdvov iV TXLrro'AOivalcIv Tri  govj, Kal
Tc/ arl-X XnlpELv.  iv ILEV  a7r apXi)s  ELXETE 7rpov r)IEa aLpE(lYV,
OVK ady/vo, Kta  TLva raTrov8&v rVoteliae  IrpocrKa;Eo'aaoOa& 3ovoLEvo&ETT Oer        K       COVraX ovETL     Kar'   BotLoro.Sv   3EXtLOV 8  aviTv 4f pOVOVVTO   KaL ~~ fovXo1oE`wv CE';;  vZv VOLuaaGOJaL TiqV E'avTrv aLpEoLv, aXXc' Kara ro OV)I a Epov LraL EVAv,
vvv E$ inroofrpo)t1 draroaorelXavrrev V/eCLi  rpOs Ize rpE'(3ELV Kali
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ovYEv'v/'  lzO&v 7re7rTXi7tEX?7/Evol.  EycO ItevroL aKvo-ora  T()v
7rpeOr3EvrTv   TrvyKTararLTelaL TroE  7rapaKaXov/,EvolE KaL eroitdEo
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EppcO)7OE.]
AIIOKPIMI1 OHBAIOI2.
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Tp/E i//ria  ESi/Ti)KO' E E\XELV ELpnViV,X.,,  T, OE ETV     ira7rposg nlu&V E`CnTrKo'raselv eE rlr I   L axov A7 TULsfeS! t E, ra




-285. I70] IIEPI  TOT  XTE5ANOT.                      61
KOXov~Elv y7VwoyLaLl,?8O7V KaL piaXloov via6 ErrawLV Kar7a wo)X,
iaLXtL-Ta 8' vrL Tz) 3OvXev(oaor0al rEp'I rOTVry Co a)aXECTEpOv
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ryov Kca  Ta 7eYppa evE7rlp7rpaaav, o0   e 70Vg 7" paT?77oV    C6ET667E/.7roTo iKat TOVy  aaX7rLtKTV  eKCaXouvv.ca; Oopv/ov 7rXp9 7v  7 r XTX.  77    VCTEpata s
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E67ropeVEOef, cai 7rplv EKetelvV Xp77lFarto-at Ka6 arpoIovevoa  ra -Sag 6o 8go9 a'vyo  CaO2Jro.  Kcat yerTa 170
va~ra rFo eL'rlX0eV   80Iov\ Ka' ta'7r' yete   o[ vrpvTaVTa  q (    GE-T7XEV 7 OVX    ia a7r7 tIyElaV 06 7TpV- 20
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62             AHMO20ENOT.                      [286. 171
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66                  AHMO'OENOTX                            [289. I8I
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-291. I881 IIEPI TOT XTEDQANOT.                                   67
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68               ZHMO'OeENOT:                   [292. 189
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72              AHMOXOENOTX                    [295. 200
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74              4HMOXOENOTZ                    [297. 207
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-298. 2I2] IIEPI  TOT  XTEPANOT.                    75
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78              AHMOXOENOTrX                   [30I. 2I7
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-302. 221]  IIEPI  TOT  XTE5ANOT.                     79
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80            AHMOXOENOT.2                    [303. 222
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-304. 229] IIEPI  TOT  XTEiANOT.                    81
Xpcvov Kcat   ]qtr/uaTov vroXXtv egXe:aVma a U'rOXeX
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82            AHMO0OENOTX                     [304. 230
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-305. 235] IIEPI  TOT  ZTEAANOT.                   83
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84             AHMOV@ENOMT2                    [306. 236
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-307. 242] IIEPI  TOT  XTEDANOT.                   85
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p~ov O Ov'cooa'vTl  aeat Kat'ravTraxodev O acKavov




86              ZHMOZOENOTX                    [308. 243
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104              AHMO@ENOTX                     [325. 297
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112            AHMOXeENOTX.                  [332. 322
322 opaTe'E.  OUKv  4a0tvope/o0, O'V'AApL6KTVOVPKag
/caFs Era7OVTovV, o0Vc a7resLXoVVTor, ovtc e7raer/yeXXoPUeIov, ovx  TovS IcaTapaTovq FovTov9 o  crTrep /, Jpta
upo  7rpoory3aXX0Poo.v, ov'a/,wc',  eyco) 7rpo8eE8OKa T'lv
5s L vtaq EVVOtaV.  7o ryap c apXrq evUOv  opOrv Kal
N   t   \  e,
&caiavJ r'v' OOV T   7r0SoXtTr'av eXO1o,/, 7a9' tpLa9,
Tra  8vvacr'lEa9, ray ev8ota9 ray Trgs 7raTpto9 Oepa
7revr6t, 7auVTa  avitEwV,.ETa TOVT70V elvat.  OVK1c 7Ti".IEV T06S? 6'Ep)V eVTv7UX71pao&  fatpo'q E7t Kal  y7elIO 8     r KnaTa T7?V a7opav'rreptepXOUaLt, TqV 8&etav vrpo.
r\ A                                         I      I
TL6VCOV Kwa  Evayy7et6pOevo 0  -rOVrot0   Ovq av eKceGeE
a7ray]yeXXeWv towat Tro   e    r\ o  motXeWe   a7aOc v)
7TC0EPPlCKw   aKOU    Kalt ~CTEVWV Kat KV7rTCOV EL9l T?)V
oIog[t ~7av   7'&XLV
7-7V, o(p7rep     aovoo cae3e' OVT0,'c cvcTrv IUeLV 7oo tv'5 otacvpouvtvw, ora''ep ovX  auvovy &aavpovTe, oTav
TovTr 7rOLOM LV, E4c  E pXE7rovat', eKat eV oy a'TV-Xowtowv     iv'E)XXrvov  7VT'XEV o      Tepo9, TavT
E7ratvovot Kcat o7rtw  Tov a7ravTa Xpovov peVEL i:)ac6
86dV Trpetv.
324   Ml17 7      7r'C'raVTe  Eo06t, /W8qrqSt  rOM0   V/IUVV  7..21 VrevOeLV, aXXa.LeaXt7-oa loE\ Ka\e rolrTOL  3EXTt) TIva
V V KcaL OpevaT eVO6ELeI, E6   ap eXov'Lt aVLta'7o,
TOV7ovy peEV avrov  Kca9' eavrov\ $w&XEL  Kat 7rpowXe  6 eVyf Kat OaXar7aT7 7ro0raaaTE,'?)tJV 8e T rO   X0t25 t069 Ty    V Tato-rTlv araaXXay)v TrOV  r7TPrV1/ivV
o3cO0v 0oTe  Ka\ O0.)T77ptav aofaXr?7.




NOTE S.








NOTES.
~~ 1, 2. Exordium: a solemn prayer reiterated shortly after (8).
MAY HEAVEN INSPIRE THE ASSEMBLY TO GIVE ME SUCH A TRIAL AS
MY MERITS DESERVE AND IMPARTIAL JUSTICE DICTATES.
1. Page 1, line 1.  Wrprov IL4v.  "To commence a speech with
prayer," says Dissen, "was unusual in the Greek law courts. One
instance is found in Lycurgus (c. Leocr. 136) " [e6Xo/ac  y&p 7r'A0vO
Kal roS dtXXots GeoLs...Elh /c/yv &ttov KaTCyopov 7rot7JoaL.] "The Romans
rather affected the practice: Servius (on Vergil.,En. xi. 301), Majores nullam  orationem  nisi invocatis numinibus inchoabant.  Cf.
Ciceron. Div. in Coecil. 13": also pro L. Murend 1, and pro C. Cornelio (fragm.).  In this instance, the solemn appeal to heaven is occasioned by the unjust demand of lEschines that Demosthenes should
be required, in his speech, to follow the order of the indictment and
the prosecution. - 2.  orn'v EiVOLav, K. T. X., that the same good-will
which I ever bear to the state and all of yourselves may subsist for me on your
part in the present trial. The evota of Demosthenes had been specified
in Ctesiphon's decree as a ground for giving him the crown. KtVp6rreral
rts Ev T7' OedeTpc 6TL aTeqavoTaL apeT7.s,VEKta Kal  avpayaOias Kai evotlas,
JEsch. c. Ctes. 89, 2. In connection with &TareXC gXcwv the word tardptaL
is very appropriate: his constant patriotism, he assumes, will have accumulated for him a.fund of popularity on which he may draw at this
crisis. The emphatic -rovTro' adds emphasis to the expression of this
idea. -- 4. els =for, or in respect to. - 5. rwELTa belongs to the class of
adverbs which are in themselves antithetic: hence the /ufv after 7rpG7-ro does not require to be followed by 3d or any similar particle. -
87rep, K.'. X., that which is most in the interest of yourselves and your
character for piety and honor.  For t7rep we find' 7rt i  dXXes rvvoioetv in




116                            NOTES.
the parallel passage, inf. 8. With this sense of eu6~o3eta cf. Soph.
El. 968, evzo'Setav eK 7raTpos KaTrw OavO'vro oso et.  Here eoe/p/eta refers
to their oath in particular, b65a to equity in general. For b6ta in 8
the orator substitutes eboStia as more explicit. - 6. wapao"orcaL, to
inspire. 7rapac7rcravra XXri-as, p. 448, 1. 9. o5 y&p' 7rXy/7 7rapaTora7e
T'jv opyiqv aiXX' X drtyLa, p. 537, 1. 22.  Whiston translates it, to put
into your hearts. - 7. A1'bv &VTCLSLKOV, not to take my opponent for your
adviser respecting the manner in which you ought to hear me.  JEschin.
p. 82 (fin.), ai4twLooare rbv Arjcoo0ev'qv rov arbov TpbioroV dToXoyeo0Oac.O'7rep Kayw KaTaryOpKca, i. e. let him reply to the charge of special illegality before he defends his general character.- 8. iui&s;!uo0.  Observe the juxtaposition and the emphasis, suggesting the absurdity as
well as the injustice of such dictation: how you ought to hear me.2. 9. TO7b pKOV. A clause in the oath of the Heliastae was aKpoaioloat
TOO Te KaTr7qypoU  KaL -TOU drroXoYouvxYvov 6Okolws d&potv, p. 747, 1. 9.
With 6pKov repeat au/jpovXov 7roo}aaOaL = to consult. - 11..KppodarrOac.  Bekker from  Y.  The common reading was dKpoo-Oat.  The
present infinitive would refer to the universal principle, the aorist to
its particular application in any given case. — 12. ob Fo'vov.  The!u6vov must be understood as repeated after the following o6lb,... not
merely to have formed no prejudice, not merely to show your good-will in
equal measure to both sides.  Another instance of this very common
ellipsis is in 93. - 14. r  Ti&EL, K.'. X., to allow each of the opposing
orators so to deal with his dqfence and its arrangement as he has desired
and predetermined to do. The force of these perfects represents the
speaker as having chosen his line of defence fully and on principle
before the trial begins, after which he cannot lightly abandon it.
There is no need to take T77 rctde KaL Ti-'iroXoy/i as a hendiadys.
3, 4. AESCHINES, IN THIS TRIAL, HAS TWO SPECIAL ADVANTAGES
OVER ME: (1) HE IAS NO CHARACTER TO LOSE; (2) THE SIDE OF THE
CASE HE SPEAKS FOR IS THE MOST ENTERTAINING AND INTERESTING.
3. 17. IIoXX&  1i~v, K. r. X., now while I have many disadvantages...
there are two which are especially great.  In this favorite Attic construction  de introduces the principal sentence, ACv the subordinate: frequently, as in the present example, they form the apodosis and protasis of a strictly concessive sentence.   The Kai is emphatic; non
copulat sed intendit (Stallbaum  on Protag. 315 D); a use especially
marked in the phrases Kal tdXa, Kail ruvv, and the like. - 18. &yWSva.
This word denotes the Grecian games, primnarily the vast assembly that




NOTES.                            117
was wont to witness them, and then the contest and struggle for the
prize. Its use by the Attic orators to express a trial in the courts is
highly significant.  The Athenian dicasteries at this time had become,
as it were, the games or spectacles of the age, in which the orators were
the athletes, and the people found their favorite amusement in being
present as spectators. And to this contest and spectacle- rovrovl
robv &y7&va —a greater concourse had come together from all Greece
than had ever before been known to be present on any such occasion.
See iEsch. c. Ctes. 56, and Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. 7. - Page 2, line 1.
ob zrEpL TO'V to'wv, not for an equal stake; that is, I have far more at
stake than he has. - 3. XLEkv, to win his cause; like our own phrase, to
get a verdict.  iXev in this sense is used of the prosecutor only, and
usually in conjunction with ypao'.'ypa&as 7roNX&s Kail tedyaXas twSas
eMev, o&vexdla,, Antiph. p. 115, 1. 24.  ypatcp  as distinguished from
eioayyeXia is an indictment directed against criminal documents or
orations, eioay-yeXia against criminal conduct; inf. 249. Both words
are descriptive of public accusations, never of private, for ypaqS " itia
(c. Mid. p. 529) implies that, in injuring the individual prosecutor,
the accused has injured the state; because, at the time of the attack,
the prosecutor was a State officer, or the like.  BIKf as a general
term for all varieties of actions would include public prosecutions,
although, as a legal term, its special meaning is a private suit. -
4. ilOl  IJEv. The aposiopesis is due to euphemism; it would be
ominous (6voxepes) to allude to an adverse verdict.  He implies: I
have position and reputation at stake; 2Eschlines possesses neither,
and therefore has nothing to lose; hence he accuses me, EK 7reptOuaias, at a monstrous advantage.  Reiske holds that this latter phrase
includes the idea, in sheer wantonness, or, by way of pastime.  Whiston
renders it; from a superabundant stock; adding, for explanation, "hence
his loss will be comparatively small, as he has not much to lose."
And he quotes Brougham  as rendering: "he brings his charge an
unprovoked volunteer, ex abundanti." The former, in his edition,
places a dash after the clause: o  pobi Xoat...-ro0 X6yov, as well as
before it, thus making it parenthetical, and o6ros.' antithetic to 4sol
ptgv. - 6. &Tepov 8$, and the other (sc. disadvantage), the natural instinct
of all mankind to enjoy the hearing of invectives. -4. 10.'ir&orLV..ivoXXEZ, offends everybody.  i6 rt ay 0i KaO' iyepav ivoxX-. wrapop6are, p.
398, 1. 7.  The verb evoXXev is usually transitive.  o6Xl rdV evoxXou'v-rwv VAlas; p. 622, 1. 12; but Lysias constructs it as a neuter, c. Andoc.




118                             NOTES.
p. 107, 9v youv  erioararat Axl evoxXetv ros,tK-/itjevoLot, and so does Demosthenes, p. 341, 1. 3, EvOXXOOUVas Kal 7rpoooiovracs bViX.  Wjs g7TOS eireTv
qualifies the otherwise too unqualified rowtv: everybody, so to speak.
C. 671; Cu. 564; G. 268; H. 772.*-11. Kav ti&v, and if; in precaution against this, I abstain from)  stating what I have done...l shall
be thought incapable of clearing nmyself fiom  the charges, or showing my
claims for honorable distinction.  His dilemma is this: either he must
praise himself, and so disgust the court, or else hold his peace, and
so make a tacit admission that,Eschines is in the right. 6ELKS'vat,
to exhibit rather than prove. -14. &...7rEwoXLTEVual,   my conduct anLd
policy.  A fondness for such pairs of words closely related in signilication is characteristic of our orator's style.   Cf.  3efoovX-qrTa  teat
rpo'pq1rar, 2, Xot6op&CVv Kal Karqyopt(Cv, 3, et passimn. -  16. 6s ~evpL.-?arT.  This usual ellipsis of 3vrar0v Ca-r, or the like, resembles our
own idiom, "as best may be"; quam modestissime.  C. 553; Cu. 631,
a; H. 664.-17. Y  rL 8' iv.  But, whatever the case itself constrains
me to, of that he who set such a trial on foot deserces to incur the blame;
i. e. self-defence justifies self-laudation.  Reiske cites Quintil. Inst.
Or. xi. 1, 22, Neque hoc dico non aliquando de rebus a se gestis oratori esse dicendum, sicut eidem  Demostheni pro Ctesiphonte, quod
tamen ita emendavit ut necessitatem  id faciendi ostenderet, invidiamque omnem  in eum  regeret qui hoc se coegisset.  Plutarch,.lIor.
541 E, calls it Xa,u7rpzv rI4 Aq7,o-Oivei 7rapp 7oi'av.
5-7. MY STAKE' IN THIS CASE IS QUITE AS IEAVY AS CTESIPHON'S.
I IMPLORE YOU NOT TO BE PREJUDICED  BEY THE SPEECH FOR THE
PROSECUTION, BUT TO BEAR IN MIND YOUR OATH AS JURORS.
5. 21.  1LOL TE Kat    K TrOLPZVTL. TE is wanting in Z, probably by
accidental omission.  In this clause he dleclares the close connection of
Ctesiphon with himself as regards the trial, in the next the eloit stands
emphatically alone.  Translate, and desert-es on my own part an earnestness by no means inferior.  The datives are ethical.  C. 462; Cu. 433;
G. 184, 3; H. 596. -  23. 7rdvrowv= anything wheatever (cuiusvis).  So in
the common phrase, 7ravT6is ia-tv (cuivis contingit), "it is in the power
of anybody (and everybody)."  br  pe,uv dpit-a L,,,at 7rarros c -al a&hor.
Aristot. N. E. 11, 9.   25.?qs Trap' vitov Eivotas. This replies to the
taunt of 2Eschines on p. 84, - 6' odre 7replt's oviaus o -e 7re,oal roD
aarTos  o i're wepl TrS erTt-,rifas a&ywtv.i~  aXX&, 7refit rr'i os ir:v' auri;, 
The references are to the grammars of Crosby, Rev. Ed. 1871; Curtius, IIarper's Ed. 1872; Goodwin; and Hadley.




NOTES.                              119
arrov6s; srept Xpv"Zv  eTEq5cdv&OJ  KCa  K1pVydrcoLT    v TIy   0T Oedrp. —
6. P. 3, 1. 3.  8LKcLaws.  This adverb and the four following words
belong clearly to aKoS6at.  I beg and implore you, while I am making my
defence upon the charges, to hear me with justice as the laws direct. —,j
&pxqs. Originally, not as the earliest lawgiver, but as the most intluential.  Hence rLeies, which is strictly of one despotic lawgiver,
whereas rrLOiuevos is of a republic or community. - 4. ei'vovs {lrtv.
So Ar. Nub. 1190, Z6Xwv o6 raatbs VP 0tX668/uoS TiTh qdo'itv.  Translate,
being well disposed towards you, and a friend to the people. -o3 jO'VOV, K. T. X. Thought it essential shotuld be rendered valid, not merely by the
fact of recording them, but also by theffact of you, the jurors, havin.y taken
an oath.  To appreciate the force of the tenses &KdcovrTa  and 0ugw/oKEvat we must recollect that a body of 6,000 was chosen annually by
lot from the whole of the commons; out of these again, the Archons
selected by lot the jury for each particular case, and they took the
oath every time prior to trying a cause. - 7. 6. o0K irL'cr'rcav. Not be.
cause he distrusted you. C. 674; Cu. 581; G. 277, 2; H. 789, c. -
7. atlas Kal  laU3okaXs.  alTa, according to Demosthenes, means an
accusation relying on the bare word of the accuser.  6Trac  rts itLXC
XPqod      Xuevos XoycT  IXc srapdcrXp-aL 7roarta 6v  Xyet, p. 600, 1. 4.  Hence
we find it conjoined with 6&a/oXal here and with Xot6opta (1. c.).  Observe the orator's fondness for pairs of kindred words.  Cf. note, 4.
- 8. 6 SLBfKoV, the prosecutor, i. e. the accuser in his official capacity;
the Scotch  "pursuer"; opposed to o6 0etywv, the defendant.  This
difference between &lbSKeV  and KaTCrNope6v is strongly marked in 9, ec
fIXV o~v 6rpl Bv  IcoWKE L6YvoV KCaar-6p-qo-ev. -- 9. ELOX(L = is strong; that is,
has the advantage. — rap 0XOEtv.   Originally, to outstrip and pass
by in a race; hence, metaphorically, to defeat, circumvent, get the better
of'ea &pya robv X6yovv 7rapfepXerat, p. 132, 7. -11. 8La   vX&T'rra v.
The compound t&a-, of persistence and continuance, as in 8&aoobetv,
&taJv, K. r. X. - T& 8iKaa, K. T. X.  Shall likewise (Kal) admit
with fJlor the just pleas qf hit who speaks at a later period, and having
first devoted himself as afair adnd impartial hearer to both sides, thus and
thus only (o6rcw) (i. e. only after having heard both sides) let him form
his decision on the whole case. Hence the Aorist rapao-~Xv. C. 674,
d; Cu. 496; H. 717.
8. WITH  SO SERIOUS A STRUGGLE BEFORE ME I REITERATE MY'
PRAYER TO HEAVEN.
16. Ws VOLKE.  To be taken closely with — 7ravr-6.  Actually the




120                          NOTES.
prosecution did not assail Demosthenes' life on all points, but obviously its intention was to do so.  Compare note,'s Eiros el7rEv, 4. -
17. kXyov SLSdvaL.  To give an account. So X. aireiv, Xalq3gdvetp, not
to be confounded with the other usage, "to give a man opportunity
of speaking." - 18.  r4kXLv. See the notes on the parallel passage in
1. The exordium of this oration is longer and more impassioned
than is usual with Demosthenes. The success of his defence depended
entirely on his being permitted to choose his own order of arrangement, and to place in the foreground of his argument his public
policy, in which he was sure of the sympathy of the Athenian dicastery. Having secured this point in his introduction, he had in fact
swept away the chief reliance and support of his antagonist, and could
now meet him, as it were, in the open field, on the main question,
where he had nothing to fear.  His renewed and impassioned appeal
to the gods for an impartial hearing was further justified, not to say
necessitated, by his adversary's representation of him as an ill-starred
and accursed enemy of the gods.
9. As.ESCHINES HAS TRAVELLED OUT OF THE INDICTMENT, I
SHALL DO THE SAME.
26. El KaT'lydplr'Ev...&v a  reXoyoUjllV. If he had (at the time
when he spoke) accused me, I should have been now defending myself.
The speech of LEschines is a thing of the past, that of Dernosthenes
is going on in the present. Hence we have the aorist in the protasis, the imperfect in the apodosis.  Many grammars give an erroneous rule about the meaning of this imperfect indicative with dv,
according to which rule they would render drreXoo6/zlv d, P"I
should defend myself," as if there was some prospect of his doing so.
But that would require in Greek the optative in lien of the indicative.
There can clearly be but a shade of difference between the imperfect
indicative and the aorist of the same mood, whenever they appeal in
exactly the same construction.  Whichever of the two be combined
with ldv in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the very nature of
the tense excludes all consideration of.future prospects now. Such
prospects were once future in a time gone by, if a certain condition
had been then fulfilled; but they are so no longer. The imperfect
under these circumstances implies a little more than the aorist: it
implies that the action of the verb is to be viewed as a matter of
duration and continuity.  C. 615; Cu. 537, sqq.; G. 222; II.
742. -27. wrpolovXcMvasTos.  At the time when XEschines brought




NOTES.                           121
his action, the bill of Ctesiphon had received the sanction of the 3ovXuh,
and was then offered to the  ij$uos, that their votes might be taken
upon it. Strictly speaking, the bill could not be called a,'sjbLcr~a
until it received their sanction. See Smith's Dic. of Antiq. Art.
BovXh.- P. 4, 1. 2. &vilXWKe, has lavished, a word descriptive of reckless
rather than of reasonable expenditure. Some discussion has arisel
about the augment, as used in Attic, of the past tenses of dvaXMiK c
(see Lobeck's Ajax, 1049).  But there seems to be little doubt about
the true reading here.- 5. Zva UiMqSts, K. r. X., that none of you
may give me a more prejudiced hearing of the rights which concern this
indictment, because he has been carried away by the pleadings extraneous to
the case. This is the usual translation, and according to this we must
understand by the phrase dXX\Trptov  aKodetv to hear with a judgment not
one's own, i. e. already imbued with the views of another.  Cf. yva6eoiaLt yeXoiwv PCXkoTpioLotr Homer Odyss. xvii. 452, of laughing with
an expression not one's own, i. e. forced. The comparative adverb
only adds the sense of more than the average, or more than he would do if
let alone.  hyFdvos, carried with violence, a common meaning of &yw, as
especially in the phrase frpear Kal &tyea.  The construction of dKodeLP
with a double genitive (1) of the person, (2) of the thing, as here, is
somewhat unusual though quite grammatical. The genitive of the
person could be regarded as limiting the genitive of the thing=nmy
just arguments touching the indictment.  Compare ra roO Xr yovTros  SoT-r
pov &Kata, 7.
10, 11. To HIS SLANDERS ON MY PRIVATE CHARACTER I REPLY
FOR THE PRESENT BY APPEALING TO YOUR PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OF
ME.  I SHALL DEAL WITH HIS IMPUTATIONS ON MY PUBLIC CHARACTER FIRST.
10. 8. XoLBopolrgpvos, all his abusive slander. The active and middle
voices of Xotopev are used with very slight difference of meaning:
strictly the active=to abuse the man; the middle=to get the manll
abused, or abuse him for one's own purposes.  So 7rhd&reLv and 7rXdr-'reoOal. Cf. e7rXdrTe7To inl this same section. - 10. diL l.v fo-re, if you
knour me to be [supply Ovra] such a man as the prosecutor just now [imperfect tense] accused me of being- [and you must know me thoroughly
well]for I have lived nowhere else than among yourselves - do not so much
as tolerate the sound of my voice, not even If I have with extreme ability
conducted all my public admniistration  but rise from your seats and condemn me at once.  5ncov5 is very appropriate here, 9wveii meaning "to
6




122                            NOTES.
speak aloud."  "Ava  86' 6 7rpopvu Tr66' etire 5ovJv.   Esch. Ag. 205.
Demosthenes says, "Refuse not merely to hear my arguments, but
even the sound of my voice."  There were three methods of silencing an orator: oupiTrEt = to hiss him  down; iKpLorrev=to hustle
him off the Bema; or lastly, as here, to rise from their seats, drop in
their votes in condemnation of Ctesiphon, and so abruptly terminate
the trial.- 14. Ei Si zrokki,.  But if you have conceived and are well
aware that I myself-ay, and my family too —are far superior to the
prosecutor, and of a superior descent, and as good (to say nothing beyond
the mark) as any average individuals.   The object of tyYVwo'KeTe was
to have been eiye alone, Kact TroVS eo6Is is added as an after-thought,
but too late to alter the singular Pekrliw. It is common, however, in
such constructions, for the predicate to agree with the nearer or the
more prominent subject, especially if the predicate precedes. C. 497;
G. 138, N. 2, b; H. 511, h. The word geerpilnv is always of the
juste milieu: here of fair respectability in character and position.
7rapXetw iavT-rb'V grpLOV   (LEschin. p. 1, 1. 3).  Self-laudation, as burdensome to the hearer, is well described by ereaXOis. 7roXvs iTv roZs
e'ratvotS Kal lraXOs.  ~Eschin. p. 33, 1. 29. -11. 21. KaKoieAOt...
Eil;0Es'10nls.  Here is a triple paronomasia.  esvu0es is used sarcastically and in a bad sense, as we sometimes use good-natured and wellmeaning to denote weakness. Jacobs imitates the Greek in German
by the words, arqmiithig...gutmiithig; and we might translate them
imperfectly thus: ill-natured as Aou are, you entertained the good-natured
notion. Paronomasia is not frequent in Demosthenes, but is sometimes
used with great ingenuity and force.  Thus he plays on the name
of Eubulus: ei KaKtcs  e g fnet 7rooteiv, E63ovXe. - 25. TE'TV'WaL.  I
am  not so blind, literally, so obscured with mist (irOoos).  Harpocration,
however, derives -rvov^o-Oat from  ruvcws, and explains'it to be stormstruck.  Demosthenes combines it with  LaiLve0OaL (p. 409, 1. 11), and
with Xr-pev (p. 116, 1. 6): he contrasts it with arhtwreTv (p. 682, 1. 6).
The prevailing idea of the verb is therefore blind folly.- 26. 6birp riv
7rEWrokXLrEuVL'Vov.  The difference in meaning between brep and Irepi is
slight in the Attic orators. The sense of concerning is common to both,
the sense of defending is limited to brdp. Probably this latter sense
may have risen from  the fact of the hero in the field of battle standing over his prostrate friend to protect him from the enemy's assault.
-  27.  wolWrretas.   Language fit only for a Dionysiac' procession
(Harpocr.).  A specimen will be found in Aristoph. Ranae, 416 sqq.




NOTES.                        12 3
Translate: ribaldry which has been so profusely indulged in. —P. 5,
1. 1. &v 3o1vXoLEv'oLs,i, if it be the wish of the assembly; otherwise
it is not worth while. On this Dative of Relation, see Madvig, Gr.
S. ~ 38. d.; C. 459, N.; Cu. 435; G. 184, N. 6; H. 601, a.
12-16. IN PROSECUTING CTESIPHON, AESCHINES HAS LAID THE
GRAVEST CHARGES AGAINST MYSELF; BUT, THOUGH HE HAS DONE SO
WITH THE UTMOST MALICE, YET HE HAS NOT AFFORDED THE STATE
AN OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT ME WITH JUST PUNISHMENT.  THAT
COULD ONLY HAVE BEEN ACCOMPLISHED BY A FAIR TRIAL IN WHICII
I SHOULD MYSELF HAVE BEEN THE DEFENDANT.  ESCIIINES OUGHT
TO HAVE BROUGHT ACTIONS AGAINST ME, IN A LEGAL FORM, AT THE
VERY TIME OF EACH ALLEGED OFFENCE. IF THESE OFFENCES OF
MINE WERE GRAVE ENOUGH TO SUPPLY MATERIALS FOR THE PRESENT
CHARGE AGAINST CTESIPHON, a fortiori I OUGHT MYSELF TO HAVE
BEEN INDICTED FOR COMMITTING THEM.
An immense amount of valuable criticism has been expended on
this passage. After carefully weighing the whole of it, I extract the
above as the best solution. But none of the editors state distinctly
what appears to me the gist of the argument. AEschines, the orator
contends, is grossly in the wrong, for two reasons, (1) because his accusation is malicious, (2) because it is futile for purposes of justice.
His accusation is (1) malicious, for he puts me into a position where
I cannot come forward to plead in my own defence. His accusation
is (2) futile, for he never indicted me when I was committing the
offences, and the time for legal punishment has long gone by. Terrible as the crimes may be with which I am charged, the state can do
nothing now to inflict an adequate penalty. Most of the editors
seem to consider the whole passage, 12, 13, as obscure and involved
in point of language. But there is no just reason for so pronouncing.
Only to understand the construction of the sentences the reader must
bear in mind their exact sequence and mutual relation. Tar /Ue Kar?7-,yoprlyeva stands in antithesis to the concessive sentence introduced by
T7oO b irap6vros. The protasis of this concessive sentence is headed.
by ixOpoO juv, the apodosis of it by r7iv /ievrot KarT7yoptiV. To the
protasis refer the words which follow from or yacp to'AO7vatot: to the
apodosis refer the words from aXX' e' ots to ypaCI6gevov. He is wrong,
says the orator, both ways, for he ought not to have done what he'has done, but he ought to have done what he has left undone. dXXb
is clearly the natural particle to link these two clauses together.




124                            NOTES.
12. NTow the accusations he has brought are many and serious; and for
some of them the laws assign heavy —ay, the extreme -penalties; but
although the very principle of the present trial implies at once an enemy's
malice and violence and abuse and insult and everything else of the kind,
yet for the cha.qes and accusations which have been laid (if indeed they
were true) it is not in the power of the state to inflict an adequate penalty,
or in fact anything like it. - P. 5, 1. 5. wpoaCpEo'LS= the deliberate moral
choice by which the prosecutor selected his process of action; its intense maliciousness appeared (1) in the virulence of the accusations
against Demosthenes; (2) in the indirect mode of attack which was
designed to exclude Demosthenes himself from a personal hearing. -
6. arvi.  This reading appears the best, although a5rT is found in 2
and some other MSS. -  8. RrVTOL.  The particle /EJPTOL is always adversative, and in antithesis to -tev is far stronger than d6, indeed
almost as strong as dXXd. - 13. For he must not deprive one of access to
the commons and a&fair hearing; still less must he do so in a style of malice
and envy: no, indeed, gentlemen of Athens, it is neither proper nor constitutional nor just: but [here supply g6et from the bet preceding] his duty was
in whatever cases he saw me injuring the state (especially supposing them to be
so monstrous as he was just now ranting about and reciting), to taike advantage
of the legal penalties at the very moment when the said offences were committed; if he saw me commit what deserved impeachment, i ipeaching me, and
bringing me in that manner to trial before your court; or if he saw me proposing unconstitutional measures, indicting'mne for unconstitutional conduct. For
it is not possible, I presume, that he should prosecute Ctesiphon now on my
account, and yet have foreborne to prosecute myself, had he thought he could
secure a conviction. -  11. wpocrEXOEtv raC $/ijLx  simply means, in connection with the context, to be placed in the official position of defendant.  In X6'yov TVXeta, to get a speaking, we have a suggestive
contrast with our own idiom, to get a hearing.  At the beginning of
zEschin. de F. L. we find this phrase immediately followed by diroXoyias rvXw,V. -  12.'rdEC.  More strictly, position, but a word of such
various uses must be rendered according to its collocation.  el, xOfpo'raet (p. 481, 1. 21), in the quality of.  r-,V r-oV ovgSo6Xov uTd 6tV (p.
292, 1. 14), the province or part of.  In erpay4/oet there is not only
a general allusion to the pompous declamation of the theatre, but a
tacit reference to the former profession of _Eschines as an actor.  The
more frequent taunt is TpLTaYWJt-TEZV,   as in this speech, p. 314, 1.
12, etc., 6Lefi'vaL, in the sense of reciting, is an apt combination.




NOTES.                            125,Aschin. p. 75, 1. 35. - 17. Ycap' cat'r&.  The time of accusation being
exactly parallel.to the time when the offences were committed.  7rap&
KatpoS6 (p. 470, 1. 12), 7rapd Xopqylav (p. 514, 1. 8), etc. - 18. ELo-ay-'y/EXa    may be rendered by our word impeachment, but strictly means a
public prosecution for some offence which legislation has omitted to
notice, and for which, in consequence, no penalty is specified. - 20.
ruap&vogpa  consisted in proposing a         /,~b&wua, which would violate
either the letter or spirit of any existing law. We have no exact
equivalent for it, but unconstitutional is nearer the meaning than illegal.
A fuller explanation of these and other judicial words may be found
in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities.- 14. 23. gat /plv, and really:
often wrongly translated moreover. t7jv is the strongest asseverative
particle, like the colloquial use of I declare in-English.  In the formula X Au5v this sense is particularly plrominellt; also in Greek Tragedy, where a new character enters and is introduced by the chorus.
In questions and negatives gu7v is hardly translatable, but adds the
strongest possible emphasis to the word which immediately precedes
it.- 25. EtLl vdploL.  Here we must observe, as Dissen suggests, the
contrast between the cfyDves drctlrot and the a&&Yes TLLr-roi: in the
former case the laws themselves directed the nature and degree of
punishment to be inflicted on the guilty; in the latter it was at the
discretion of the jury to assign whatever penalty they thought proper;
TrgLcwpiat, penalties appointed by law, refer to the aidgvrro; aivywes Kal
KplaeLs refer to the TriUTroi; and the phrase T7rabTipta, punishments,
applies equally to a verdict affecting purse or person under either
form  of trial. - P. 6, 1. 2. r'ots wpbs'R4 =the provisions applicable to
my case. -   loXkoy/-ro /v.  Would have been consistent with.  A similar use-of the active voice, 6/zoXoyeZv, is found in Antiph. de Chor. p.
145.  rois X6-yots rods kdp~prupas 6jzoXo/yoivrcasa Kal ro's IciprvoTmwv ri& 9pya.
- 15. 4. rojis wrap' avi-r&...XE-yXovs.  The inquiries at the time of the
deeds themselves.  eXeyXovu is to be taken in emphatic contrast with
atirla S Kal o-Kcdbiara Kac Xotsopias; also irap' a'r& 7r' irpdyglara with
-TSo0TovS te-repov Xp6voas.  Avoiding the inquiries proper at the time, he
has.brought together heaps of accusations and scoffings and revilings
long afterwards.- 7. irroKpCve-raL.  He is playing his part.  Vid. sup.
13, iTpa/ySftL. Not very far from our own idea of hypocrisy: his conduct is underhand and dishonest; he plays the part of Ctesiphon',
accuser, being really mine. - KpIVEL roVrovt.  Brings mwy client herto trial. Kpivxw in its most technical sense, of the prosecutor entailir




126                           NOTES.
Kplo-ts on the defendant.  So c. Mid. p. 581, 1. 13, etc.- 9. wrpoCta.trCLL. He makes the prominent feature of the trial.  A rare use of 7rpc'Vrctvat.  To put in front is, of course, the literal meaning, but the
classical writers generally use it of putting in front, as a screen, or a
champion. -- &qv-rVT!rs.   Having never faced  me on  this ground.
daravrav of encountering an adversary point blank, and  nrl of the
ground selected for the combat. Dissen cites the c. Mid. p. 563, a-rl
raOura    drurvTwv W'S 7'XWKev 46-1. - 10.'rYv'Etpov... atvfe'TaL. He is
clearly seen to be seeking to take away the civil rights of another.  fnrtrtlc4a
is the opposite of  drtutia in its civil sense. See Diet. of Antiq. If
Ctesiphon were cast in the suit he would have a fine inflicted upon
him, and until this fine were paid he would be a public debtor and
consequently i/rutCos. LEschines had laid the damages at the enormous
sum of fifty talents. - 16. 15. erca-rldv. According to some grammarians this is not a pure Attic form. Certainly ef4raots is the usual
word, and ieTraatlp6s does not occur elsewhere except in Plutarch.
But Dissen marks the true distinction: egeTraa/bkv 7roteo'Oat, disceptare, de litigantibus, at 7roteu' l'a ro-wv judicum  est, cf. 226: T5M
urerroXtrevupvwtv eiraotv rrot5o-aev.iaEs. - 17. i&iMc  SrT.  Either by
attraction for grepov 6'%r, ol else an indirect question: to seek what
other person we can do a mischief to. The former is the usual interpretation.
17. I DENOUNCE THE WHOLE ACCUSATION AS FALSE; BUT I SHALL
ALSO EXPOSE ITS FAfiSEHOOD IN DETAIL.  I MUST THEREFORE REMIND YOU OF THE HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES.
20. irX' dXqlOECas   o8sElL&S.  Nor with any truth whatever.  The
sense of nri is (1) superposition: and hence (2) intimate connection.
When the accusative follows 17ri, moving towards that connection is
implied; when the dative, resting in that connection; when the genitive, being in that connection and yet separate. This complex notion
is due to the fact, that separation is one essential force belonging to
the genitive case.  So a ship is er' &dyKLpas, connected with an anchor
but separated from it by the cable: a rider is t' i'7r7rov, for there is no
material union between the man and his horse.  Yet in this last, and
in many other instances, the dative might be put for the genitive with
only a slight distinction of meaning. The distinction may be stated
thus.  When two objects are heterogeneous, capable of being joined
together but incapable of coalescing, then, if the writer wishes to
impress on the reader the idea of their close union, he puts the dative




NOTES.                          127
after nrl, if he does not wish to impress that idea but yet to state
their connection, he puts the genitive.  drtl y7is is on (and above) the
surface of the earth; it is opposed to irhb y~is (Soph. 0. T. 416): but
~ir' r- Xrwp  is in the country.  With nouns representing the absirct
(e. g. dXo6eLas) the genitive is peculiarly appropriate.- 21. KaO' iv.
To be taken adverbially. There is a valuable note on this use of Kard
in Buttmann's Midias (Index, s. v.). He points out that such expressions are generally adverbial, but observes that KaTr, in many
cases, coalesces entirely with the accusative which follows it, so as to
be treated as a noun for purposes of construction.  o /udv dOpoovs
7reitOeL 6 6 KaeO''va, Plat. Alc. I. 22; vre'oXdo/Lev -rpo6s Tef o6[1'avTas Kal
KaO' &KCioroUV, Thucyd. II. 64.  Cf. Herod. II. 93. -24..LXOKp&vrous. A politician of some prominence at the close of the Olynthian
war.  His name recurs again and again in the rival speeches of the
orator and Eschines, each of them disclaiming complicity with him
and imputing such complicity to the other; 6 abs, AiLxivV, KOLVWv6s,
oVX 6 /6os (inf. 21).  Philocrates, in the year 348, proposed that
Philip should be allowed to send envoys to Athens, and to treat of
peace.  For this a charge of 7rapdvo/wa was laid against him, and, as
he was too ill to speak for himself, Demosthenes addressed the assemblyvin his defence. In the year 347 Philocrates proposed to send
envoys to Philip for a peace negotiation, and named Demlosthenes as
one of them. See Introduction, II. In 346, on the famous 18th of
Elaphebolion (wnf KOLVOO arvveSplov, 22), it was Philocrates who advocated peace and alliance with Macedon. This policy proving a disgrace to Athens, Hyperides impeached him shortly after, and he fled
into exile sooner than face a trial.  They condemned him  in his
absence.  It is clear that he was bribed by Philip and made an
ostentatious display of the money so acquired.- 26. KaT';KEiVOUS.
Throughout the course of that period: Kcard, always of motion along (or
guidance by) a definite line, moral or material. The accusative which
follows Karci describes the whole of that line's direction, the genitive
denotes its starting or finishing point. When this genitive marks the
finishing point, hostility is usually implied. —27. wp's.  W!ith an
eye to the subsisting crisis: rpbs, as distinguished from Kard, is suggestive
of a mark or goal, rather than of the line which leads to it.  7-p's
followed by the accusative= acting with that goal or mark in view; by
the dative=having reached the goal and remaining there; by the
genitive (case of separation, as before) =being at the goal and taking
iction fro;m it.




128                          NOTES.
18-24. LET ME RECALL TO YOUR MINDS THE HISTORY OF TIIE
YEAIRS 357 TO 346; THE DISSENSIONS OF GREECE, AND PHILIP'S
AI)VANTAGES THEREIN.   PEACE WAS CONCLUDED THROUGH THE
TREACHERY OF 2ESCHINES AND HIS PAIRTY.  I, AT LEAST, HAD
NO'H1ING TO DO WITH IT. fF IT WAS my DOING, WHY DID THEY NOT
DENOUNCE ME AT THE TIME?
18. P. 7, 1. 1. ro'0 4QOKLKOO. Introduction, II. — avo-rVOS. Hayinq been set in operaition.  ovviorTava is to organize either for good or
evil. The orator wishes to impute external agency, originating in
Macedon or at Athens, as the prime cause of the Phocian outbreak.
- 2. 4iroXrtiEvGctqv.  Had not yet engaged in politics: lit. was not yet,
at that time, administering the gyoernment.  The definite ob'rw gives to
the imperfect the fo)rce of a pluperfect.  This use of iroXtre6eo-OaL is
suggestive: the ideal citizen was to take an active part in administration. -— rOrE. His earliest public speeches were adv. Leptin. and c.
Androt. spoken in 355, that is, two years after the beginning of the
Phocian war.  His earliest political speech, de Symmoriis, was in 354.
-4.  -oe0ivaL. To hold their own. We could not wish them victory,
their cause being a wrong one, but only a safe issue under compromise.
-  o- 8iKCaLa. Anything but right: the common figure meiosis; so inmediately below, ovK &X67ws, o,leTrplwu, and passim.- rLoIoVTOas.
i. e. in the whole of their policy. Dindorf refers this remark to their
plunder of the Delphic treasury in particular. But if the orator had
nieaht to imply such a special instance of wrong-doing, he would
surely have written 7roto-avTas. -5.    o'nOevaLM. Like  i7rtXalpetv,
always of malicious joy.  This tone of Athenian feeling towards
Thebes is illustrated throughout the adv. Leptin.  Observe the force
of ai=:you would have been delighted at. On the participial construction in Greek where other languages would employ a substantival
sentence cf. C. 677; Cu. 592; H. 800; Madv. Gk. S. 174 b. - 7.
AEvKq'pOtS. The Sacred or Phocian war commenced fourteen years
after the date of this battle, and five years after the date of Mantinen.
e4expqv7ro refers to the period between Leuctra and Mantinea, during
which the Thebans retained their supremacy in Greece, and made
~their four consecutive invasions of the Peloponnesus. ots dative by
attraction.  Pv is the regular preposition to denote the place of a
r-tle. - 8. SLEtmol-rKEL.  Was eternally divided.  They had become
completely divided, and hence were perpetually in that state. - 9. oL
ILOO-vYTes.. These, as Pausanias informs us (4. 28), were the Mes



NOTES.                           129
senians with the Argives and Arcadians, who all looked to Athens
for aid and alliance. - 10. ot'rrpO'rEpov. At the close of the Peloponnesian war the Lacediemonians established a council of oligarchs
in every Greek city where the step was practicable, the said council
(beKapXia) consisting of ten members (a&ptUooral) chosen from among
such of the inhabitants as favored the supremacy of Lacedaemon.
Their tyranny in the several states appears to have been unlimited.
Xen. Hellenic. III., 5. 13.; Isocr. Panath., p. 239.  They were all put
down immediately after the Lacedamlonian defeat at Leuctra. - 12.
iKpLTOS. Promiscuous, i. e. involving infinite complications and combinations. The various meanings of 6iKpLrOS all trace back to the
primary derivation, that which cannot be separately distinguished. Whiston refers, by way of illustration, to the Homeric usage of this word
in uLOOLt aKptToL, endless words, and dixea  iKpt-ra, interminable sorrows.
-19. 14. ovi...iavqf.  Anything but hard to perceive.  Another instance of meiosis. — rpoSoraLs.  The alleged traitors in each state
are specified by name in 295.  Some of them, as Bremi observes,
were probably conciliated by Philip's courtesy, and their own antagonism  to the, democracy; not by pecuniary bribes. —14-16.'rots mrap' EKdo-TOLS...a&parTrEV.  By lavishinlg money on the traitors in
the several states, he was embroiling them all and stirring them up against
each other. The imperfects suggest the sustained and gradual progress
of Philip's intrigues.  For aTro6s some MSS. read aXXirXovs, probably
a correction. The reflexive pronoun, in all the best authors, is occasionally used as a synonyme of the reciprocal.  iKao-rot and 7rdvras
aie in emphatic antithesis. - 16.;v ots illap'ravov.  By the mistakes
and misjudgments of others he was making his own preparations, and fosterinq his growth to the ruin of all. go of cause or means, the ground on
which he took his stand, and the depot from which he drew his materials.  tiXXot, those who were not treacherous but merely ill-advised,
distinct from  7rpo6orats.  Kaoa&, of hostility, is like our colloquial
phrase to come down upon.  See 17, note KaT' KCKdvovs, end. - 18.'r(
IiKEL TOO'iroXFLov. The war lasted nine years. - 19. vOv 8'.rTvXetS.
An obvious allusion to the destruction of Thebes by Alexander, five
years before this speech was delivered. - 20. KaTaQ+EiUyELv.  The
Theban alliance with Athens did not really take place till Philip
seized Elatea, nearly nineteen years after the time the orator refers
to.  s= as, orsince. CavepoL.. &vayKao-e05fooLEvo L personal for inmpersonal construction = it was manifest to all that they would soon be compelled.
6*                                    I




130                           NOTES.
C. 573, c; Cu. 571; G. 280; H. 771. -23. Q1nyyEIXcLTo.  Made
proffers of. drayydXXeOat denotes publicity with a view to some
definite effect or cause.  Hence it includes the meanings "to command," "to denounce," "to promise," "to make a profession."20. 23. rL oev.  What then co-operated with him to catch you in a state
of almost wilful deception?  OXMyov 6ev qualifies 9KOVTas only: the force
of the imperfect participle ('a7iraTrwzuovs) reminds them  that their
state of deception had been chronic. As regards the construction of
6XIyouv eZv, the dXtyov is the natural genitive following a verb of privation, and &ev is a substantival infinitive used adverbially in the
accusative case (like cpxy5v, TAXOS, 7rpoKa, K. T. X.): this accusative is
closely akin to the accusative of Relation. C. 665; H. 575, a.- 25.
i r7Cv XXMov.  The article agrees with a feminine nominative implied
in et'Te...e7lreZv.  The cowardice, ought I to call it, or the ignorance.  So
i7 IVUEe7pa, eie XPb OLXavOpwwiaCv  eXiYeV, eW' 6'rt 6iwore, c. Aristoc. p.
671 (fin.). - 27.'dkqXeov refers to the whole period between the
capture of Amphipolis by Philip in the year 358 and the peace which
was concluded in 346. The expenses of the war are estimated by
iEschines at 1500 talents (de F. L., p. 37). - P. 8, 1. 2. oj'LcWLv.
Troops: soldiers regarded as so many "head."  Our own use of
"person" is somewhat analogous.  Whiston aptly cites T& AXe6Oepc
ayd/a-ra d&brKe A6oiav5pos.  Xen. Hell. II., 1, 20. -5. Vir7tKoVioCarE.
Lent an ear: " acquiescence" is meant, not "subjection." ovyXwp'opqOeo-a,
afterwards, implies a concession involving sacrifices. — 8. 1v abT'.
From  the year 346 to' 338.  See Introduction, II. —  pcayptrwv.
Troubles: the constant Attic euphemism, especially when speaking of
litigation.- 10.  wrrlp TilS &Xq0eCas,for the sake of the truth, not because they concern me at all, as he proceeds to argue. c&KpLoXkoyoiaLcLL
KaC  SLEE'PXOIal =I am stating accurately and rehearsing at length. - 21.
11.'& pLXW-rca.  Ever so much: another adverbial accusative:=
granting the condition to be fulfilled at its maximum. The addition
of T& 4dXwt'ra invariably converts a conditional sentence into a concessive.- 13. i4rrov. I presume, as crov is I think.  8h always signifies in truth, and its compounds retain that essential meaning
whether seriously or ironically.  So 8i~Oev (always ironical), forsooth,
6Te d5, when actually, i. e. the moment when, l7ret6i, since in fact,
etc. -14.'ApLordOS6qLos. A famous tragic actor highly esteemed by
Philip, and intrusted by the state with a sort of roving commission
to inquire Philip's probable policy, when visiting Macedonia on a




NOTES.                          131
professional tour. iEschin. de F. L., p. 49. Dem. de F. L., pp. 344,
371, 442.  Cf. Cic. de Repub. IV., 11. -    8'  KSE86g4EVOS KaCL ypc4a$s,
the person who seconded him and drew up the resolution.  /uET& To6t7V.
With _Eschines, cf. obros above, 20. - 16.'Ayvovt-Los. Hagnus was
the name of the deme to which Philocrates (17, note) belonged. It
was originally written with a smooth breathing, as if derived from
the plant diyvos (&iyovos), the agnus castus. See V~mel, Prolegom., 144;
Smith's Dic. of Antiq. and Dic. of Geog. -17. oiX ~e 6lds. Up to
the close of 347 the orator seems to have been at least on good terms
with Philocrates, though their policy was not at any time identical.
Philocrates was always proposing and advocating peace negotiations
in Philip's interest. Demosthjenes, whenever he assented to these
negotiations, did so under a sense of stern political necessity; for
instance, when it became imperative to rescue the prisoners on the
capture of Olynthus. After the beginning of 346 the policy of Philocrates was yet more decidedly opposite to that of the orator. The
statement of IEschines (de F. L., p. 30, c. Ctes., p. 64) that the two
were acting in concert is totally inconsistent with historical facts on
record.- 19. EVt'ovkos. Of the deme Anaphlystus, the orator and
demagogue who supported Midias against Demosthenes. Not to be
confounded with the comic poet, whose deme was the Cettian.— EKdqLLo4ov. Named in the psephisma 29 as one of the ambassadors
sent to Philip.  "Cephisophon supported 2Eschines in the accusation
against Ctesiphon."   WHISTON. — -yc 8' OV8&V ovSacoZ.  It has
been the fashion to stigmatize this statement as a deliberate falsehood on the orator's part; but, I think, most unjustly.  He is referring only to the peace qf the year 346; at least, his language commits
him to nothing further; and in all the discussions of that period we
cannot find, from historical records, that the orator ever declared himself in favor of the peace proposed by Philocrates. He expressly denies
h:aving done so (de F. L., pp. 345, 346).  The only evidence that he
ld;id is the assertion of jEschines (c. Ctesiph., p. 64) that Demosthenes
delivered an oration in support of Philocrates on the day of the
second assembly.  Little credit need be attached to this in any case;
but Eschines himself (de F. L., p. 36) quotes a b46tLotLa to prove that,
on that second day of the assembly, no speakingq was allowed and nothing
transacted but voting.  See Grote. —22. 20, 21. roVTrCV...E8fLKVV1E'vov; Although these things are so, and shown to be so by the truth itself
rtl= on the basis of. - 22. -Spa. As it seems: the lightest of infer



132                          NOTES.
ential particles implying a sequence and connection, but only a slight
one, whether temporal or logical.  It frequently, as here, suggests
irony =forsooth.- 23. arTlos. The guilty cause. There are two heads
of the accusation: (1) making peace, (2) making peace for Athens
independently. Kal-=also. On the nominative case see Madv. Gr. S.
161; C. 667; Cu. 570; G. 136, N. 2; H. 775. - 24. KOLVOV  UVVe8pCov. A general synod met at Athens, formed of representatives from
each of the confederate states. The orator touches here on the muchvexed question, reproduced again and again in the speeches of himself and AEschines, as to the policy they advocated respectively, on
the 18th and 19th of Elaphebolion (approximately the end of March),
in the year 346. Immediately after the fall of Olynthus, in the
spring of 347, Athens had sent envoys to all the eligible Grecian
states, urging them to join in their own negotiations with Philip,
and to take the result, whether peace or war. In the spring of 346
the general synod were sitting to receive the report of these envoys.
What actually passed at the sitting has not been put on record, but
we can deduce from the conflicting orations: (1) that some of the
envoys had returned, but many were still absent; (2) that the synod
passed a resolution recommending that two EKKX77lOcLa be convened immediately on the return of all the envoys, and that the subject of peace be
then and there debated.  ThiM recommendation of the confederate
Synod was accepted, but only in part. The two assemblies (already
mentioned) were held on the 18th and 19th of Elaphebolion, and the
question of peace was fully discussed. But this was done without waiting for the return of the absent envoys. - 25. EIr'' —-C. Then you-by
what name could one rightly call you; that is, what name can I find that is
bad enough for you. - 26.'go'arv, when and where was it that YOU, being
present and seeing me robbing the state of so important a negotiation and
alliance as you were just now rehearsing, expressed indignation or came
forward and made known and explained what you now charge me with.
7rpats Kal rvtgaXla is on no account to be taken as a hendiadys; the
former word generalizes what the latter specifies, and 7rpaLs simply
means negotiation.  The emphasis on oat must be carefully preserved.
The 7rapa- in 7rapepxeo'Oa is suggestive: in all the ancient assemblies
the speakers were required to address the meeting from a raised platform or pulpit; in passing to it from their seat they would move
before or alongside of their audience.- 23. P. 9, 1. 3, 4. Ei...1rE7rp&KEWV YEy cIPLX'TTwr, if I had sold to PHILIP the preventing, etc., that is,




NOTES.                           133
if I had b-en bought (bribed) by Philip to prevent, etc. Observe the emphatic juxtaposition of eiy  and ~4Xi'7r7rqp. -5. XovLrbv iv.  You had
still the opportunity. This throws an emphasis on the pluperfect E're7rpaKeLv.- 6. TroLvuv. Well then. The particle is much stronger than
tlpa, and almost as strong as o~v. Both oav and -roivvv are distinctly
transitional, as well as being illative. It resembles now then in colloquial English.  As regards etymology, oOv= 6', epic neut. part. of
ellqt, in the ace. abs. (quce quum ita sint). -8. ELKd'roS. And naturally
so. To render the force of this favorite adverb a separate sentence is
indispensable. — 9. TO"TE. " Demosthenes intimates that envoys had
been sent previously, viz., just after the fall of Olynthus, to invite the
other Greeks to form a confederacy against Philip. He denies that
any such embassy was sent out while'the peace' was negotiating,
and in this he seems to speak the truth."  GROTE, XI., 508 (Eng. ed.).
Whiston; cf. 22, note KorVOU  Ovveapiov. - 10. EgEXqXeyp.voL.  Thoroughly tested, and proved unwilling to unite with Athens against
Philip.  At-, in composition, of intensity.  The perf. passive of'XeX&yw  has always the double reduplication.- 24. 14. aCTro(.  Yourselves.  a'LTOs and its cases, when used emphatically, are placed in a
prominent part of the sentence (e. g. the beginning), or else have Kat
prefixed as an intensive. The force of dl//a is better expressed with
aTroL, while at the same time you yourselves. - 15. EVpv&?ouv.  On the
rather uncertain authority of Ephorus (the historian of Qumie) we
are told that Eurybatus was a citizen of Ephesus, who received money
from Croesus to raise troops for his war with the Persians, and then
deserted to the camp of Cyrus. The same name appears to have been
borne by one of the Cercopes (fire-diviners). See Lobeck, Aglaoph.
2, p. 1306.  In either case the Scholiasts are safe in taking the person mentioned as a type of yo*s, KXT7rrqs, TIavoopyoEs.  Cf. 2Esch. c.
Ctesiph., p. 71.-17. TC y&p Kca 1ovXdLp.voL. For with what intent after
all? - 18. TOTr  TW' KLaLP.  I understand the orator to mean, by
this crisis, the date of those two meetings on the recommendation of
the Synod.  The mission of the envoys having, by then, been proved
a complete failure, Athens might be said to have abandoned her task
of soliciting the Grecian states with her embassies. Why, asks the
orator, should she have resumed it, and for what end should she have
asked the states to co-operate? For peace? Nay, but the other states
Dwere enjoying that; Athens alone had need of it. For war? Nay,
but all idea or possibility of war was over, and peace was the only




134                         NOTES.
question.  In this instance, as in the Eyw 8' oC3Uv  o5acuovD (21, note,
s. v.), the orator could justify his statement as virtually true, if not
literally. - 21. e4 &pXs. - The original peace of the year 346 is distinguished by this epithet from the peace which followed Chneronea.
- oiS' atTLoS. Nor in any way responsible. ovTre...o're are co-ordinate,
while o56e is subordinate and emphatic.  C. 701, c; Cu. 625, Obs.;
H. 858, b. - -ilyE&v. All that the orator denies is the fact of his
taking a prominent part in the peace proposals of Philocrates (c.
Ctesiph., p. 62, 63); he does not say that he opposed peace in the abstract, but only that he neither originated nor supported the peace
which was actually made. When the public assembly had agreed to
accept it, he did his utmost to make the best of a bad bargain, but
that by no means committed him to having approved the measure.
25-28. COMPARE MY POLITICAL CONDUCT WITH THAT OF MY ACCUSERS, AT THE TIME WHEN THE CITY HAD DECIDED ON PEACE.
WHEN THE OATHS HAD BEEN TAKEN BY US AND OUR ALLIES, I PROPOSED A DECREE TO ACCELERATE THE DEPARTURE OF OUR OWN DELEGATES, WHO WERE TO ADMINISTER THE OATHS TO PHILIP. ESCHINES
IGNORES this DECREE, AND ASSAILS ME ABOUT ANOTHER WHICH WAS
MERELY TRIVIAL, REFERRING TO THE RECEPTION OF THE MACEDONIAN DELEGATES AT ATHENS.
25. 24. 6rwoioa'Tro =made on her own part; the middle 7roteaetc
having here a fuller sense than it usually has in connection with CEipvqv. On Philip's part, as the context shows uis, peace was not yet
concluded.- 25.  r-KE'ca1c0e. In the imperative mood the sole force
of the aorist, as contrasted with the present, is to indicate a single
and complete act instead of a protracted and continuous process. In
the subjunctive, optative, and infinitive moods the aorist sometimes
exhibits this same difference from the present; at other times it retains its natural force as a preterite. - P. 10, 1. 2. ~ypaca 3oviXEcov.
M3oved a resolution, being a member of the Council. On the 25th of Elaphebolion the oaths of peace and alliance were administered, to
Athens and all her allies, by Antipater, as Philip's delegate. It was
now essential for Athens herself to send delegates with all speed, and
administer the same oath to Philip.  Yet for 7 days nothing was
done; on the 8th day (Munychion the 3d) a resolution, that. delegates should start at once, was proposed by Demosthenes, as he alleges
here. 2Eschines admits it was proposed that day, but does not mention by whom (de F. L., p. 40, 1. 28 sq.). According to Demosthenes




NOTES.                          135
(de F. L., p. 390) the delegates ondleaving Athens went and stopped
at Oreus in Eubcea, and wasted many days there before they started
for Macedonia.  They were fifty days altogether before they achieved
the interview with Philip at Pella.  This explains the sequel, O6TOL...
7OjXv-7ayv. - 4. roi's SpKovS &roXala.pLvELv, to receive the oaths in
return (Ic7r). -26. 6. 6s$vaTo. Id quo valebat?  Of what avail were
this?  (VWmel.) —8. -rwv SpKcov. The oaths on the Athenian part
and the oaths on the Macedonian.  The genitive dependent on any
word of interval (like zeTra56) specifies the two extreme points between which the interval lies; or one such extreme point, the mention of the other being unnecessary because implied by the context.
Cf. the parallel passage de F. L., p. 393, 181, Trov teAratb Xpp6vov roo
TOUS 6pKovS cdiroXaP3eFV, where one extremity alone is nanmed, the obtaining Philip's attestation. -11. sXe-acrac-E.  The active voice is
more usual in the sense of breaking up. 4ehe6aare is the reading of
Z here.  But the middle voice gives the better additional sense, on
your own part and in your own armaments. - 13. 7'prpaCyl'rEfEro.   Was
making this his chief concern. The verb is always of latorious and systematic effort, never transitive, though frequently constructed with a
cognate accusative. - 14. rIns'rdoEos. Possessive genitive depending on boa. The state might be said to possess these places in Thrace,
as the Thracians were their allies [Bremi].  The optative lrpoXaci/o
(preeoccuparet) is due to the oratio obliqua. —27. 16. rwpoopiLEvos.
An historic present, as is also ypdctw which follows. Hence followed
by the final clause Iva Yiy1voLVo, although &v oTs tav   would strictly
belong to the present time; but this is an instance of the common
Greek idiom  which sacrifices grammar for the sake of vivid and
graphic delineation in the subordinate clause.- 21. 8$ovpe.  Was
pulling to pieces.  &avo-petv (always metaphorical) denotes sarcastic
ridicule.  Cf. XEschin. c. Ctesiph., p. 65, 1. 37, obroS eorwv o irpWros
$euvpiv Xepptov reZXo3 KCa MUP-&rcKr-e Kal'EpygoK'v... Xcbptca h' ovia Ti
6bv'6ara.'eleev, 7rporepov, where the perversion of the names is of
course intentional. -22. I.ippErov. Herod. VII., 59, Livy XXXI.,
16. Myrtenus is only found in this passage. Ergiske in De Halon.,
p. 85. They were all, apparently, places on the sea-coast of Thrace,
and hence important to Philip as opening the way for his acquisitions
in that quarter. The article seems to be prefixed to these names here
because JEschines had spoken contemptuously of them.  Cf. Phil.
III., 16, where Zdppeo;v occurs without the article. -22. ou'wor=under




136                           NOTES.
these circumstances and no others. 7, end. Madvig., 175 a.- 24.
rrLKcLCpovs.  Cf. i5Yv Tb RE/V e7rLKap6TCaTov XUjptoV  rpOis ri e&r  Op8qK?7S
E7rLxpploOat.  Thucyd., I., 68. - 25. XPll&"rcov.  Dissen refers this
to the gold mines of Crenides, afterwards called Philippi, from which
Philip, when he got possession of them, managed to obtain more than
a thousand talents annually. — roXXkv!.v...wroXkkv 8, an abundant
supply both of'money and of men. - 26. {K ro&rov, from these, as source
and means. —28. P. 11, 1. 1. EL.  We should rather expect this
object-sentence to be introduced by ore, but the use of el, instead, is
common after verbs expressing disapprobation.   But that I, being
on the Council, thought proper to introduce the embassadors, sc. into
the theatre, as was customary at Athens, this is a matter he taunts
me about. — 3. eXpqv.   Ought to have: strictly imperfect: it was
right to do it, but it was not done. -4. 4IL. To be taken closely
with 7rpoaciyetv, ypdCta& preceding=ought I to have moved not to introduce.  This is obvious from  the x'. KaraveZ/Lac of the next clause.5;. 8LaCLXX0OTLV.  On the subjunctive after the historic tenses, see
Madv., 131 b, and note on 27,.rpoop4lfEvos.  C. 653; Cu. 531 b;
G. 216, 2; H. 740. - &pXLTIKto ov. The person who hired the theatre
from the state, kept it in order and repair, and took the profits of the
admission payments: analogous to our " lessee." He was also called
0ea~rp.&v0s and OearpocX~rjls. - Ofav Karav JLeMwL, to assign them seats, literally (like Xbyov. 8bbvaL, 13), to allow them a seeing: bavs KaraXa/udcivetv
is the correlative expression.  c. Mlid. 572. - 6. ToLv 8votv=the unreserved places, literally, in the two oboli seats. The price is put for
the locus. Two obols was the payment demanded from everybody
except those who received, by privilege, reserved seats (7rpoebpia).
The poorer citizens were often presented, from the Theoric fund, with
the money to pay for admission (Philip., 4, p. 141).  Some editors
understand ev of the means, i. e. by payment of; but less aptly.- 9.
XeyE, i. q. ava(YIYVWO-K'e. The latter is more strictly correct, but the
former equally common.  Xa   ni / tgtg3Xov Kal X&ye, Plat. Thecetet.,
143 c. Xiyetv suggests the vocal element of reading, dvaiyLyyvCoKGetv
suggests the intellectual. The latter strictly means to re-know, know
tp, or know thoroughly, which can only be by reading a written document.  The orator is here addressing the secretary (ypae,uarTe6s) of
the Archons.
29. *H1I2 MA. Clearly not a genuine document. And the same
may be said of all the documents, of which thirty-four are appealed




NOTES.                          137
to and twenty-seven given at length, in this oration. The question
is too voluminous by far for discussion in the present work, but the
points of interest will be briefly noticed in their places. For further
information, see B6ckh (Comm. de Archontibus Pseudonymis, apud Acta
Academice Borussicce, 1827), Droysen (Museum Rhenanum, Vol. II.,
1845). An attempted defence of these documents as genuine will
be found in Bdhneck (Qucest., Vol. I., p. 321 sq.) and Vdmel (Museum Rhenanum, 1842, p. 535).  In a paper on "The Chronology
of some of the Events mentioned in Demosthenes on the Crown,"
read by Professor W. W. Goodwin of Harvard University before the
American Philological Association, at its meeting in New Haven, in
1872, the authority of these documents is discussed. The Professor
says that, if these documents are taken as authority, it is absolutely
impossible to make any consistent chronology of the events which
preceded the battle of Cheeronea, and it will strike every one who
examines the subject that not a single name of an Archrn, and not a
single date given in the documents, can be shown to be correct. See
Transactions of the Am. Phil. Assoc., 1871 and 1872.  See, also, a
concise resume of the arguments, on both sides, in Professor Champlin's "Appendix on the Documents," in his edition of the " Oration
on the Crown." — Mvqo'aL~Xkov. The real name of the Archon in
347 B. c. was Themistocles. -- Ka, oUJLPaolvos.  The meeting was
held on Munychion the 3d, not on Hecatombceon the 30th. For the
names of the Attic months, and the manner of numbering the days
of the month, see Lid. and Sc. Lex., and Smith's Dic. of Antiqq.,
Greek Calendar. From the same sources, the student should also
acquaint himself with the constitution of the jovXu?, and the presidency (7rpvravela) of the eKKX-q0Ia. - 80SdXOaL.  The usual elliptic
infinitive in public proclamations, [o euva] eT7rev being understood.
The reading Me6xO0w is found, but is obviously a mere correction.KaX mr So4iu. This is incorrect.  Referring to the same decree in the
de F. L., 389, the orator says ypdcow   to-,ua povXedwov, ri'v /o XvV
7rotjoavros ocToo 8%juoV KvpLav. That is, the 69Aos had given absolute
power to the poivM to pass ~,lyqqtfara for the time on their own authority. The G6juos, therefore, had nothing to do with this ho5tu/ba.
/Eschines, de F. L., p. 40, calls it distinctly rO 3ovXP/s t'go-a. —;v lr
p-rp,'T;KKXlOCa. Peace was agreed to on Elaphebolion the 19th, which
was the day of the second assembly, not the first. TrV VaoTepalav,v ~.
Trjl epv 7VY Jle KUvpowO-aL. de F. L., p. 345. - v'7rP'epokiv never means




138                         NOTES.
delay in classical Greek.  In ~ a correction, dcvapoXf, has been inserted by a later hand. - Kal SoWvaL. But the oath of Athens and
their allies had already been received by Antipater. The envoys were
solely corlmmlissioned to administer the oath to Philip.  Sup. 27.irpfj3PEts. The ambassadors were ten ill number, and a list of them
will be found in the Argument to the de F. L.  None of the names
in this'Otaacl appears there excepting that of AEschines.
30. IN SPITE OF MY DECREE THE ENVOYS THREW AWAY THEIR
OPPORTUNITIES, BEING BRIBED TO DO SO BY PHILIP.
13. $povTCo'avTES has for its object the contents of the concessive
clause TraTa...'jTorovrs, whereas I had moved this psephisma and was
seeking the interest of the state, and not that of Philip, these worthy ambassadors caring little about. it. - P. 12, 1. 1. TpetSs FIivEs. They were
absent from Athens 26 days of Munychion, all Thargelion, and 13
days of Skirophorion. But this included their journey to Macedon
and back, sothat o'Xovs is rather a stretch of imagination. - 3. i/Lpep/ov. The rationale of this genitive of time (within) may be stated
thus. As the genitive plural, dependent on a word of interval, specifies the two extreme points between which the interval lies, so the
genitive can stand adverbially to represent two extremes with an
interval between them.  Note  SpKWv, 26.  Compare C. 433; G.
179,; Cu. 426; H. 591. -6. /itLcv. Demosthenes himself was one
of the embassy, but no doubt he may mean by  Copitv  that the embassy
represented the nation at large.  7rap6rrwv is imperfect. --. Or else.
Madv., 186, r. 1. — 7.  LrLcLapilKEL. The pluperfect with dv is naturally stronger than the imperfect in the same construction, and the
8&- still further intensifies the word =forever and utterly. -8. &v ELXE.
Philip was holding the places still;-if lie had lost them again the
orator would have said av o-rXe.  Note, 9, /v &wreXooyoVILv.
31-37. ANOTHER ACT OF VILLANY FOLLOWED. BRIBED BY PHILIP,
THEY MADE YOU THE REPORT WHICII LED TO HIS SEIZURE OF THERMOPYL2E AND DESTRUCTION OF THE PHOCIANS. I ONLY ALLUDE TO
THIS EXTRANEOUS MATTER BECAUSE ESCHINES HAS DONE THE LIKE
IN HIS ACCUSATION. REMEMBER THE PARTICULARS OF THAT HISTORICAL CRISIS.
31. 11. 8cpoSo'Krnla.  Piece of venality.  The concrete put for the
abstract. —13. 7roXEJskEv Ka'L SLaM4peoOaL. I am at war and e~nmity;
active hostility is implied by'roXe/eiv, passive by &taieperOat.  A
somewhat different view is taken by Kennedy, who holds this to be




NOTES.                           139
an anti-climax, and translates "war and variance." See his note on
the passage. -14.  Eoefis.  Deinceps, in immediate succession, like the
links of a chain, which would be said exe8OaL dXX7iXwv. —32. 17.
sLa TOVTovS oiXI TrEfLo0C'VTaS.  In consequence of these men not having
obeyed at all. —18. srap' arZv, i. e. those envoys who were venal:
this third person contrasts well with the first person in dr'iwev,, the
orator including himself by the latter as he excludes himself by the
former. Z, however, reads droiwotp. —20. iro/IO'raLTo. In historic
consecution introduced by the historic present WVeLTrat.  Sup., 27,
~rpoop"uevos. -21.    XELsa. The present tense is the direct form of
quotation instead of the indirect, when we had reported that he intends
(root  ev = minds, means) and is preparing. - 23. Iosrie?.rpodTEov,
i. e. in the year 353 (Whiston says, "about May, 352"; Grote,
"about midsummer, 352"), when Philip wanted to effect a junction
with the Thebans against the Phocians, by forcing his way through
Thermopylke, which the Phocians were then endeavoring to hold.
An Athenian force was despatched with unusual expedition, under
Nausicles, and placed Thermopyle beyond the possibility of Philip's
attack.  The orator is constantly alluding to this.  Phil., I., p. 44;
de F. L., p. 444, etc. -24. &kX' &dac. But that, at one and the same
moment, you might be listening to us, and he be within Pylke, and you have
nothing left you to do.  It is not, I think, correct to understand fgXea
here of ability = and you be able to do nothing; the sense would be much
the same of course, but the graphic force of  qb6& gfXevt would be lost.
-33. 27. KaC.  Strongly concessive= even though. -P. 13, 1. 2. vr
-rp&~yjava. His affairs should slip from his grasp.  A poetical use of
&K0e6'yO.b U6  S'ToT6Ievov   &Xwro6v & K.eSYet 6U rdAUeXo6Axevov, Soph.
O. R., 110.-3.!LQrOoTa.L.  On the difference between b5ore with
the indicative and the infinitive see Madv. 166 a; C. 671; Cu. 565;
H. 770, 771. If the effect introduced by 5-Tre can be viewed as future
to the present time, or as future to a certain standing-point in the
past to which the speaker transfers himself, the infinitive is then the
natural mood. And the orator could so have written it here without
altering the sense of the passage. — 34. 6. &aLZ Be'. I require and entreat you.  In contrast with Wea'Oat, ciPtouv signifies to ask as a right.
1tfovp Kat 7rapeKEXefoVro  e7reekXOev, p. 515;?ilov 86 Kal 7rpbs /xLe avroh
c JKELvoUv yIyEeo-cOa T& r&s  cato-ets, p. 553.- 10. Zrepov.  Here in the
sense of dXX6brptov, foreign, i. e. irrelevant, a very rare use.  frepos 6
X6yos oTros, o0i rpbs Azd, p. 240.  Cf. the parallel passa. in 9, where




140                            NOTES.
r&XXa is somewhat similarly put. -&acL, sc. rois  ep r~ ypa~jp,, into
the bargain. — aci'ats, 57, ctirCcas KCaL SLLa4oX&s. —11.  0ro'rrou KExpjjFevov expresses a reason= inasmuch as he has made use of —35. 13.
-irapa.  An elegant substitute for the more obvious iur6.  On the part
of.  Conversely ivroi is substituted for 7rapc.  7rX/ya&s vir' a-uroo Xa3cpv,
p. 514 (fin.). — 14. W's ob 8si. Direct quotation again instead of indirect. Here, besides being more vigorous, it has the advantage of
professedly quoting the speech of Aischines verbatim.- 18.'jKeL pre-serves both its forces in this passage, a virtual perfect and an actual
present: he has been coming. An instance of the adverbial accusative
occurs immediately after in roViavriov. -  19. r&  jp1a'r-a.  "For ties
of union," quoth he, in his very imposing phraseology, "are cemented, not
by words but by identity of interests." -  22. &va.Xylqo'Cas.  Brutality or
stupidity.  rb TrXs  aiaarropv &' avaXy Trws IaXeZv, Soph., Aj. 1333.
Insensibility to pain taken as a type of all want of feeling.   The
epithet is notorious as applied to the Thebans. Cf. o[ dvai-loO0-ToL 01/3aiot, p. 61, p. 240.  aipxacov 6ive6os Botcoriav tp, Pind. 01. VI., 90.
23. PCLpi'rlqTos.  Oppressiveness.  A rare sense of the word, almost
without example.  We find arbiaS Kal gap6-r-qras (Isocr. p. 239), and
didiq Kal civaato-rlO-o-  (Dem. p. 564), which would rather lead us to
expect that f8ap6vT7s should mean vexatiousness. That the word, however, is of more serious import we gather from ot r6re uv Cgapes Oqf3adot, 19, and 7r6XegoT 6guopos KaLt pap6s, 241. Whiston renders it overbearing insolence. —36. 25. vroioaav.  Underlying.  They were not at
open.war, but the state of ill feeling was chronic, 18, note f4,loq vaL.
There are various readings, oo-av Cod. e, vracipovo-av Aug. Vind., etc.
(Vbmel). - 26. OGK EtS IlaCKPv is a meiosis, stronger in meaning than
eb66s.  This proleptic use of eis is noticed in Madv. Gr. S. 79 a.27. KaarKcUXfj vaCLL.  The fortifications were destroyed and the towns
broken up into villages.  Abe was the only exception, either because
it coritained an oracle of Apollo, or because it had not been a party to
plundering the Delphic treasury.   Pausanias, X., 3. 2.  Grote. -
P. 14, 1. 1. &yaydvTas.  This participle and the next introduce
causal sentences, Madv. Gr. S., 176 b.- 2. o'KEvayOyetv. Brought
in your effects from the country.'H  t5YKO/LL38 EK TrW' dypuiv es rb &orv,
Thucyd. II., 52.  Kal raitas Kal' yvvatKas &K 7rv &aypWv KaTaKOgUi'euP
irp7l7-eoi'e Kat r,& opo6pta e7rtO-KeudietLv, Dem., de F. L., p. 379 (fin.).
a'& rv',7V  avypaav Kam al xca 406ov' e'KeVay'yqro'aPv eK TW7'v ayp&v o0'AOvva-cot, JEschin. de F. L., p. 46. In such migrations to the shelter




NOTES.                           141
of fortified walls, the rural population would naturally bring with
them as many of their chattels as possible. OKE677 describes everything in the way of furniture excepting fixtures. They also brought
their live stock. - 3. XpvO'rov, which strictly means gold plate, is used
by lEschines repeatedly of gold given as a bribe, pp. 78, 88, etc., where
he is speaking of the bribes offered by Persia, Tb'pa-tXtKbv Xpvatio,
p. 75. Possibly the use of his adversary's favorite word is meant by
the orator to be a special taunt. - 4. &rwXOELcav.  Our city got all the
ill-will on the part of Thebes and 7Thessaly, and Philip all the gratitude
connected with what had been done.  We should rather have expected
7pSs to be followed by a genitive here; as it is written, we must
understand that Athens had to take up an attitude of d/fence against
them.  A similar use of 7rp6b  will be found in p. 368, i,u~v Repv r'V
fxOpav 7r'y rpbs O3aiovUs /J6Wc, potXl,7r7rC   a  7Triv Xdptv 7re7rolKeV.37. qIH4I.MA.  The inscription (MvqcrLLCkov) and the date of
this document (SEiKtr   r atLdvTos) condemn it at once as spurious.
The contents, however, are fairly consistent with allusions the orator
makes himself, de F. L., 379 (cited 36, oKEVaCtyOyEtv).   He there
alludes to the ppo6pta being put in repair; here there is reference to
their being garrisoned also. He there dwells on the migration of the
inhabitants, here there is mention of the moving of their furniture.
Yet Whiston and Newman take the opposite view, and consider the
purport of this decree to conflict with the passage in the de F. La --
Mv,!rALXLov.  Sup. 29. -   v/yKXkirov.  The special assembly, as distinct from the regular (KvpLa), was convened by special officers; sometimes by the generals only, sometimes by a joint order of the generals
and the Prytanes. If Kal is rightly excluded by Dindorf, the latter
would be intended here; if, with Bremi and V6mel, we retain Kal,
the sense becomes by order of the generals, Prytanes, and Council.- SeKaT &rrodV'ros. The 30th.  Vid. CALENDAR in Dict. of Antiq. But,
as Dissen observes, the month Maemacterion B. c. 346, would, according to Meton's cycle, contain 29 days only.- -rapeupIErE.  The word
is a Larac Xey6/LYevo: the Greek of the period would substitute 7rpo/qdact: Herodotus certainly uses w7apevpoKMcev, as Mr. Newman remarks;
but Herodotus uses it in quite a different sense, not to make a pretert
of, but to detect in.  &e ob da7roOdwvt, XI a~)t rapevpeO Tr dBtKOV,, III.,
31. - KOLTatov. Greek of a later age, used twice by Polybius and once
by Plutarch.  The Greek of'the period would substitute Kotk6a0at.
a7rOKoLTos is classical,?Eschin., p. 45, 1. 2: but lroKocrT6e? (inf.) and




142                           NOTES.
C0qIxuepe6ecL are both a`rac X\ey6ueva.  The great number of unclassical
words in these documents is alone sufficient to condemn them  as
spurious. - &'rcOTroTay JvoL.  Detachedfor tlhe outlying garrisons, as distinct from those who were rerayiurevot in the city itself.
38. &svavrov.  Insutperable difficulty = legitimate excuse.  Cf. p.
262, 1. 23.   o 6 Eirl r iv  wKoov.  Com)manding the Leavy in/ttntry= i7ri
Or, 67r~XTwr, (148); (iwl -rov Lrwrcwie (ib.)). We might possibly take o
Tri -rwv b0rXav, as president of the armory department.  This officer is
never mentioned excepting here and in 147; we have no description
of his duties, nor can we be certain that such an office existed. It
would be, however, a natural arrangement for each of the ten generals to take his special department and be designated in accordance
therewith. -    ~Errl. Trs 8LtoLK1Aceos.  The general of the administration,
who performed various civil services more or less connected with the
army.  See under Erpam7ry0a in Diet. of Antiq. -'EXEvoriva.  This
and the other four are among the ppo6pta already alluded to.  E'W =
with, literally on the ground of.  Observe the emphatic position of
uo-Ow-r'6g.
39-41. READ PHILIP'S LETTER OF THAT DATE.  MARK HOW HE
DEFIES THE POWER OF ATHENS, AND THEREBY SEDUCES TO HIS
CAUSE THE THEBANS AND THE THESSALIANS.  JESCHINES WVORKED
WITH HIM HEART AND SOUL FOR THAT RUIN OF THIEBES  V HICH HEIs
NOW AFFECTS TO DEPLORE.  HE, FORSOOTH, HAS GOT HIS REWARD
IN THE SHAPE OF TIIEBAN LAND: I HAVE MINE IN THE MENACES OF
ALEXANDER, WHICH ACTUALLY IMPERILLED MIY LIFE.
39. P. 15. EHII1TOAH.  It is generally agreed that this document is spurious.  Vinlel alone defends it as genuine.  A discussion
of its merits is given by B13hneck (Qu., Vol. I., p. 418). -XaCpEvw.
Greeting. Cf. 6eU6XOLa, 29, note. -'V' i.mTo's. WVhiston pronounces
this expression to be'" strange and not ordinary Greek."  It is, however, perfectly classical. Trd6e 7radrcTa Wrepo-ac-OatL 57r o' - 5 as r' o7 e e0Oa, Thuc., IV., 61. EiavrTw  is not unfrequently used of the 1st and
2d persons. - wrpo(ro-eTL0o.  Dissen strangely considers this as a
euphemism for forcible subjection. But &Kovos-IsS implies distinctly a
voluntar  association, contrasted with rdi  i- troarc6oora...lcarercKa'ka/ ev.
Cf. 195, a&XXa& Mitr7rw vrpooiOcevro. - etLrayoxo'Ts.  Buttmann has
a valuable article on this and similar forms (Lexit. s. v., &d-qvooev, p.
139). —KarT&  Kp&LroS. By force.  This is inconsistent, as Dissen
remarks, with the passage in the dce F. L.,- p. 360, Trb rvlefdav TWr




NOTES.                            143
7ro'Xcwv r7Z' 9V 4WKEUVW  &Xi'aCst iroXLOpKtoI  /Lf8l IK irpoapo3Xis KaT&
Kp d rTO,  \ XX  K wroo aT r Orc~~a0L 7rdvras dp'pqv diroXiocat, /kyLCo-r6v IrOL
orilxetov tro  &&o  rirovT 7re~Oe6vTras acuroois bs Ubrb o   iMrr7rov awGOQrvTaL
raOcra 7raOev.  Jacobs, however, insinuates that the orator thus perverted the facts to exaggerate the guilt of AEschines. - rois oXoLs.
Absolutely.  So rois o'Xots O)rraoaOa.L f6;jluop, p. 127 (fin.).  Yet Newman, indorsed by Whiston, calls the phrase a " striking peculiarity."
lr& OtXa, in the sense of one's all, is, on the contrary, extremely common, and the adverbial usage here is derived immediately from it.
Whiston renders it, in short. - ovi8v PErTpLOV.  Anything but what is
fair. A meiosis rather than a euphemism. Dissen, however, maintains the latter. - bigolos. All the same. A sense nearly approaching
that of the contracted O6u/s.  So 110, otxoiwos Trb uv0elbs 6vrcipXetv uo.
-  vTL'wapetiyo vTES.  Imperfect of desire=inclined to take the field,
contrasted with the aorist o-uvOduevoL of what they had actually done.
They had not gone to war, it is true, but it is equally true that they
were thinking about it. - ouvujepLEL;kllqJuVOV. de F. L., p. 444, rl'v
LEV TOLVUP eipv,7   r Ta6rats Tras   firot Kal rais E'raywcyats EcpoVro irap'
/uLCv de Pv   cK   V. The Phocians were not mentioned in the treaty
of peace, and thus their exclusion from its benefits was virtual though
not special. -  rpoTepi'ETE.  You will get no advantage save that of being
aggressors in wrong.  Whiston again considers the Greek "remarkable
and unusual."   Certainly  7rporeper, (in this sense) is common in
Aristotle, and must have been quite accordant with Macedonian
usage.  And 9ew, meaning except, is found in Herod., VII., 29; Thucyd., V., 97, etc., etc. -40. 2. rovsis a-vuFLXovS.  70ol  Or/PatovS Kal
eeTraXos. - 3. 4'y/  stands well in emphasis at the beginning of this
sentence. Cf. gcol /pv below. The ordinary reading was raOTa i'yc.
Dindorf restored 9y?  rTaira from. - 8..'XEo XcLdv. Lit. went
off with, i. e. carried off along with him a very frequent combination.
a7iraras bz5[c  Xaj/&3   L'xero, p. 347.  r~, lep&v... xer' fXiwv,rpctp'7, he
carried off the sacred trireme, Phil., I., 34. - Ls rd.  The state of
feeling into which he hurried them is introduced by els, as if it were
a material locus. By these means he carried them away with him (transported them, as it were,) into an utter blindness and insensibility to the
consequences. Or et's may denote the extent to which he transported
them out of themselves, he carried them away with him to such an extent
that they foresaw none of the consequences. - 9. wrpoopav of the future,
contrasted with aloOdcveo-Oat of the present. The force of the aorist




144                           NOTES.'aiat is striking. Their blindness was chronic and continuous; their
surrender into his hands-was single and complete at that moment.
10. V+' acLVT  is stronger than bo' eavro6s (39) in the ratio of
a case of station to a case of motion.  The latter describes the process
of subjugation, the former the state of actual subjection. -41.13. oruvcay)ovLOrTns.  The element -aycv- in this and in avy/cywvopcraro (20)
suggests the energy and activity of his support; far stronger than
vvrepy6s. Inf. 61.- 15. SLEtLUV. Reciting. An allusion, as before
(13, rpayc/syEL), to his histrionic profession. - KaL  ToiT(ov...aCTs
iv CaXrTos, when he is himself the author both of these calamities (sc. of
the Thebans) and those of the Phocians. -P. 16, 1. 1. SqXov.  The
natural prefix to a sentence of irony. -3. KT1pLfTa.  Dissen cites
the de F. L., 368, cXX' Ev 7  rpv aroXwX6orw ov /vLuucXv   Xo(pZ  KTruata Kal yecwpyTa cra/rkX7e0s,,LXoKpcirTe I.v rdXavrov Xovoat 7rpoaobo,, ro06rg 8', AioXtVcr,  -rptiKovTa  vs.-'gXOV  = although you hold.
-5.   ~ro~palV.   Was demanded as a victim.  Alexander had requested the surrender of ten Athenian orators (Arrian says, eight)
immediately after the destruction of Thebes. Plutarch, Vita Demosth.,
23, Vita Phocion., 17; Diodorus, 17, 15.
42. I RETURN TO THE SUBJECT.
7.'AXX& yap. An elliptic construction = aXXiL [/1TK1rT raGrTa efrW,
yw&] ycip. A similar insertion is always implied wherever we find the
phrase.  However gives an adequate translation.- 4lsrdrVro.Ka.   256.
eis roso rous X6yovUs /g.T7rtre, dVayKd'oaual. The use of the verb in this
connection is rare.  But we have also EUrltrTErr   ei Xot6optav, p. 73,
1. 17. - aC'rCKa.  Hermogenes, citing this passage, adds ActiXa vorTepov
and omits /auXXov. The word avrl-Ka not unfrequently implies afuture
immediate sequence, P0P Eiv oaV &s olL0e0a -rpV e6aai.ova rX&7rro/.LcV...
aTrLKa 6 -rri'v eavrTLav OKKe/OJecOa, Plat., Rep., 420 C.- 9. &LrOSEtELSS.
Demonstrative proofs, opposed to elK6ra and IrLOavoXoyia, Plat., Thecetet.,
163 A; Aristot., Eth. N., I., 1 (3), iraparX'iTov  y&p oatveTaat,caOlAxatLKOO rTe 7rtcavoXoyouvr'oos aroUeXe'Oat Kal rqroPOtKbV aT robte'iEts dtratrewv.
42-49. OBSERVE THE SEQUEL AFTER THE FALL OF THE PHOCIANS.
THEBES AND THESSALY WERE DEVOTED TO PHILIP.  THE REST OF
GREECE SUSPECTED HIM, BUT KEPT THE PEACE.  PHILIP'S MILITARY
MOVEMENTS THEN WERE THE STEPPING-STONE TO HIS FINAL CONQUEST.  I WARNED THE CITIES OF THIS, BUT IN VAIN.  INDOLENT
OR VENAL, THEY REFUSED TO RISE.  THE RESULT HAS BEEN RUIN
TO TIIEM, RUIN TO THE STATESMEN WHOM PHILIP CORRUPTED, AND




NOTES.                           145
OF WHOM HE NOW HAS EXPRESSED HIS CONTEMPT, THE ENDS FOR
HIIICH HE HIRED THEM  BETNG OBTAINED.  YOU, AESCHINES, ARE
TRULY AN EXCEPTION; YOU REMAIN IN SECURITY AND PAY.  AND
WHY?  BECAUSE THE END FOR WHICH  PHILIP HIRED YOU WAS
THWARTED THROUGHOUT BY MY OWN STEADFAST OPPOSITION.
42. 11.  wobr. Of the agent, contrasting well with &td of his instruments.- 13. ob8~v &aXqle0.  OevaKio-as ba&s, 41;  i&ryot r6re q6e'vreS,
K. r. X., 35. -43. 15. KaCT6Twv0aroL. Dissen refers this to the general
detestation felt by the Greeks for the Thessalians. They are spoken
of as dTrnorot, &TrXoi, and branded for airalia, dKoXaota.  Cf. Athen.,
VI., p. 260; Plat., Crit., 53 D. They wished for the total destruction
of Phocis (AEschin., F. L., pp. 46, 47). - 16. ~qlpaioL. Their attachment to Philip is accounted for by the orator de F. L., p. 385, -rp&CTov jexv TOivvv e'ip'iYq Ygyyovev arCLLos 7rtOOU^o  KaZ TaXaCLtWWpoUv/ke'VOLS i877 7
7roXVt C Kaei'7TT7LVOLS,  elTra VUV i  Op6v (IWKIWPV dp6qV tjXeOpoS KaCl oXwO
T7WO TeLXXcV KCa 7TV r1 r6XeWov divaLpeCaS, K. T. X. - 17. w7rLVTa. All in all.
Whiston cites Thucyd., VIII., 95: Eg6ota'y&p airoZs irdvcra ~i. - 18.
4&woviv.  10, Jyi&  kowvbvy apvci-XO-e, note. — jKOov.  Imperfect of
desire =would not. The imperfect optative, Po3iXoto, which follows,
is due to the historic consecution, and gives to ei the same distributive force which ed' possesses in a primary consecution. - 19. b4opip.evo,.  Always metaphorical suspicantes.  biropXwwr is sometimes
literal. Though viewing with suspicion what had been done, and feeling
aggrieved at it. WHISTON.- 21. Kca, also.  This sense is marked by
the 6d which follows &XXot.  Cf. Kal 7rapaXeirwo  6 iroXXd, c. Mid.24. {K iroXo0. For a long time past: i. e. his movements had been
virtually hostile to their safety in all his Illyrian campaign.'EK
indicates the date at which the danger first began, the period since
which events are happening. -  roXEuoVgeLvoL.  Beset by war.  He
means, of course, unconsciously to themselves. A strong antithesis
to fyov eiphefv.  To explain the paradox he gives the fuller details
comprised in the next sentence. On the concessive construction of
Kai  with a participle see Madv., Gk. S., 175, e=even though. -44. 24.
STE. Of the period, 346 to 340 B. c., we have no records, as Grote
remarks, to "form a consecutive history"; we can only gather an
outline of facts from the speeches of the orator and /Eschines. The
term 7rept(bv is very appropriate to Philip's incessant and rapid movements, and the wide area over which he directed operations. His
invasion, here named, of the Illyrians appears to have been directly
7                                     J




146                            NOTES.
after he had settled his position in Thessaly, and garrisoned the town
of Pherw: i. e. in the year 344 or 343.  The invasion, here named,
of the Triballi is nowhere else alluded to. It must have been prior
to the declaration of war in the year 340, and therefore cannot be
the campaign which is mentioned by Justin (IX., 2. 3), the date of
which was 339. As to Philip's gradually subjugating some of the
Greeks themselves, that remark has reference less to the force of his
arms than to the intrigues of statesmen in his pay and interest. His
actual military operations directed against any Grecian states at this
particular crisis were (1) the support of Messene and Argos against
Sparta, (2) the support of the oligarchic revolutionists at Elis and in
Eubcea, and (3) the occupation of the Thracian Chersonese which
menaced the Greek cities of the Bosphorus and Hellespont. This
last prospect and his actual possession of Thrace. and Thessaly would
realize the 8vd/ets 7roXX&s Kal peeyaXas here alluded to.- 26. svvdJets.  Copias.  Resources.  The supplies of money and troops which
the regions he thus annexed to his empire would contain and place
at his disposal.- 27.  7Tv wdErocv.  Always of the independent
Grecian states, when no specification is added beyond that of the
article. - P. 17, 1. 1.  Eovo-Ca.  Thefacility offered by the peace, which
enabled them to communicate personally with Philip, and accept his
overtures of corruption. nrt, in reliance upon, CKeZore, to Philip. - 2.
TOdE.  Then,'i. e. throughout all that period and under all those circumstances.  This is indicated by the imperfect tenses.- 4.'gIrpos.
i. dq. XX6rpto, sup. 34, note (TEpoV. — 45. 4.'Ey, PIv...SLE&caprupd-!Iqv, for 1,for my part, was continually forewarning and protesting. - 6.
&JroL, i. e. to Peloponnesus, Ambracia, Leucas, Corcyra, the Illyrians,
Thessaly, Thrace, Byzantium, Thebes, inf., p. 308, 244. -  vdo'ovv.
Were mad.  KX6L ao' ci e tzYelxmvyr o6r' 0/tKp&av v6o-o, Esch., P., v. 974.
Others translate were morally diseased, demoralized. OeeraXol,voaoo'ct
Kal araro'tdovrc, p. 22, 1. 7.  rpoaiyeo-Oat der 7rl  oo-oOv rTs 7r6Xewg,
iEschin., p. 51 (fin.). — 7. WroXLErE-0reaL.  Engaged in politics and
action. 7rpdrretv is limited in sense to those who are actually serving:
7ro\L7reeoOat includes the idea of deliberative statesmanship also. - 9.
wokXXv.  The article TrCv preceding i&twarv, has to be repeated here.
Private (i. e. unofficial) persons and the commons in general, oi' u6ovov lrepi, Ci ltWV wDv AXX  KaCL wrepl rCov P-qrO6pwv, IEschin., p. 2, 1. 2.  dv re
5ervol XdXwac'tv d, re i8Ltuia L, Dem., p. 50,1. 6. -6.'Trv iJv...rrpd&rrvEL = the politicians and those engaged in public affairs on the one hand. -




NOTES.                             147
8.'rwv 8...'roXX'v = the private citizens and the commons on the other, -
r'& piv... r& $S=partly... partly.  C. 518, d; Cu. 369; G. 143; H. 525.10. EXEatooe'vwv.  Caught with the bait of present ease and contfort.
Reluctant to forego their luxurious state of nonchalance and exemption from trouble.  The force of &Xea otapvots is fully illustrated by
Isocrates, p. 166 (init.), o'tota raoxovtras rois &eXeao/ukvots rTV Rciwv,
Ka2 KaT' apXias pEtv caroXa6ovras 5v av Xdl3cwatv,'Xlywq 6' O'v'repov rv rots
ygeylvrotS KaKoS 6pcras. - 11. wXrkl v ObK. An obvious ellipsis of 7ravTaXooe precedes.  The construction of O&K is a pleonasm as in 4i2XXov X 
oh, Thucyd, III., 36.  If you say 7ravdrcXoe  lect rwXiv eo' avuro6s, you
deny of' &avuroTs, what you affirm of 7ravrciXoo-e. Hence the redundant ob makes its entrance.   See Buttm., Mid., Exc. xi., lravrdxoore
7rXiovuoa 7rXiv OlK els'AOvas, Dem., p. 1290, 1. 4. Translate anywhere
but to. It is strange that Dobree should have proposed the omission of
7x'?v, which would certainly destroy the particular point of the sentence.
-14.  Tav PoVXkovTaL.  Arbitrio suo.  Cf. Aristot., Rhet., I., 7, 6Trav?yip poo6Xwvrat virdpXet x&AXXov X rO 3ePaiov [xpp(ors]. - 46. 15.  aOWv(as.E. Indifference. This word applies more expressly to the feelings,
PrTTbvY7 to the consequent and consistent behavior. —16.  rrpow1ErlKOOL. Leaders, including the idea of protectors and champions.18. 1rrepaKd'oLv ainr~Oio'L.  In the simple sentence the words would
have run 10ov'ro iavrobs 7re7rpaKo6es: this is varied by the sentence
beginning with OvV/pjU/3lVKe, and then the participle has inevitably to
fall into concord with atros.  alaO8oOat is subject of aovg3lp/K36e.
The influence of'ros extends to ololdvot s: and to the leading men and
those who supposed they were selling everything but themselves, to discover
(see and feel) that they had sold themselves first. —, vov.  Plighted
friends, i. e. pledged to reciprocal hospitalities. German Gastfieund:
& is neuter to agree with &v6lara implied in &vo/Ado'ovro. - 20. &KoVovrv.  Audiunt.   They hear the appellation in connection with
themselves, i. e. bear the name of. The usage is too common both
in Gk. and Lat. to need illustration here. It has only to be observed
that alKOieuv in this construction has the same case before it as after it.
C. 575; Cu. 392; H. 540. -47. 23. xv.  By attraction for -ro6rowv
a: not a partitive genitive.- 25. ov8'v yap &v.  An ellipsis of
6lXXws. The construction is very common, Aristot., Rhet., I., 3 contains a good instance, 6'tr 6' l&&Ked o5/woroe iv h,/oXoyoyetev, oiai  -y&p
av  6eat 31K?7s.  Translate here: For else nothing would have been a more
blessed creature than a traitor. The neuter marks contempt. Madv.,




148                           NOTES.
Gk. S., I., b. 3. - 26. -rd0Ev; The favorite ironical question:
stronger in the orator's lips than the strongest negative.  Impossible!
Ridiculous!-27.  -yKpaT]S. Has planted himself in full possession of
his object, Karao-TrJ suggests the security of his position, iYKpaTC5S the
completeness of his conquest. For lrelrpaKe'vat, sup. 46, he now substitutes its synonyme, daro6aOat. - P. 18, 1. 1. KatC = also: he is master
also of those who gave them over (sold them) to him. This clause is the
apodosis, as is shown by the mood of the verbs KaTacao^ and aorl.
The editor of the English edition made the apodosis begin with rj,'..  But hi is connective= and.  Whiston makes the same mistake.
2.'rdTE 8S. From that instant.  On the emphasis conveyed by 67i,
vid. sup. note 8wrrov, 21. The ethics, politics, and rhetoric of these
sections are alike remarkable, and have been often remarked by commentators. -48. 5. KIpbs &EL. ael yap   7-P sos'ye'povolv e pUdOetLv,
2Esch., Ag., 590. Though the time of action be gone by irretrievably,
the lesson can be pointed at any time with advantage. - 6. Aaw-O —
vs betrayed Olynthus to Philip, and was afterwards put to death by
him de F. L., p. 426, 451; De Cherson., p. 99.  So the editor of the
English edition. But it seems to be a mistaken inference from the
language of Demosthenes. An anecdote related by Plutarch shows
that Lasthenes was resident at the court of Philip at a subsequent
time. Timolaus occurs again below, p. 324, in the list of traitors.
Simus and Eudicus were of the great Aleuad family in Thessaly.
For the persons and places here named, see Smith's Dictionaries. - 8.
lrrkXEoaE.  Chaeronea was the date of Theban ruin.  Thessalian subjection dated from the occupation of Pherm in 344, 343. The repetition of LzXPL roTorov is emphatic and highly artistic. The rhetoric
is as perfect as the political lesson is sound. - Era.  So then, infercntial; or, since then, temporal. The former seems the more vigorous
translation, but the latter is more probable.  Since then the whole
land is become full of traitors driven from city to city and insulted, - nay,
what misery is there which they do not suffer?  WHISTON.   aC KaKbV
ov'x; by a simple periphrasis for dtravra KaKd. Cf. ~sch., Ag., 543,
y  5' o65  oTnoV'Tes, O6 XXOTE, JL ao5ovr,     Lao    pos; —11. 4 OLKOVpUvjq.
According to Reiske, terra a Grcecis habitata. He cites also p. 85,
1. 17. But it may be doubted whether Demosthenes intended so
-extreme a limitation: certainly Herodotus does so in IV., 110, but
that one instance is hardly conclusive.  OiKOVdv-q is doubtless used
in a popular and rhetorical sense. - 12. r( 8'; An ellipsis of 7rilrov



NOTES.                          149
0e, derived from 7racOx6rwvT. —'AiroArpauTos.  Of this r6pavvos, and
the history of Sicyon at the period, no record is preserved except the
present and that on p. 324. - 13. IIEpCxaos attempted to betray
AMegara to Philip, at some period between the years 344 and 342.
The attempt was frustrated by Phocion (Plutarch, Vita Phoc., c. 16).
-14. &WEppLjpluVOL. Outcasts.  drwroros'yiis dropprt8oo6 olac, Soph.,
Aj., 1019. -49. 18.'rEpVwoLEZ. Secures you an affluence of material for
bribery: i. e. preserves an independent constitution, by offering to
betray which you may earn your pay from Macedon. -4'' STT 8cpoSOKiaerTE= for which you shall receive bribes. - Trovovl. My audience,
i. e. the commons of the city, to whom he is actually addressing his
present speech in the cKKXcrlia: hence the pronoun. The conservative
party would naturally include the two elements he mentions, robs
advOo-raCtLvovs, the leading politicians who advocated resistance to
Philip, roVs wroXXo6s, who supported that course by their votes and
numerical influence. - 21. AwoXJXELfTE.  On the force of the pluperfect with dtv sup. note &v SL;U!ap'rIKEL, 30.
50-52. BUT I PAUSE AND CRAVE PARDON FOR MY TEDIUM. MY
OPPONENT'S LANGUAGE, AND THE YOUTH OF SOME OF MY HEARERS,
MADE MY PROLIXITY INDISPENSABLE.  HE SAYS I TAUNTED HIM
WITH "BEING ALEXANi)ER' S FRIEND."  I SUPPOSE HE MEANS " BEING ALEXANDER'S HIRELING."
50. 24. o'oKpoarCcav.  The stale mess, as Whiston aptly translates
it.  See his note on the passage.  1 KacrciXvrts r7,v'ouJtZv  TojSp iEcXwv
e&rvopv rni rogs KoLtL&t'Xo vS rWv av/gurtLv6ovTrw  Bekk., Anecd., p. 258.
7roXXiv r7lv EeXoKpaCTLaV KaTaeK6diOcaS rTvu qntXoT60wV, Lucian., Symp.,
c. 3. In Plutarch we find fEwXoKpacria rtS Vippews. The application is
obvious here. AEschines has raked up his own stale and offensive
pieces of treachery and tries to transfer them to my head. - 26. veo-o
repovs. Too young to recollect the end and sequel of the Sacred War.
The minimum age for a Dikast was thirty. Those of his audience
who did not now exceed that age would have been no more than fourteen at the time referred to. -27. 7raptcqvJXXlar-E. Somewhat annoyed,
i. e. by the tedium of my repetitions (4,?voxXei), when you knew the
facts without my telling you. The force of dvo;XeZv is modified by
the r'apa-. - P. 19,1. 1. Kal Il etS. Even you, the younger, for whose
exclusive benefit I was speaking, but to whom perhliaps my opponent's
venality is just as notorious as it is to your seniors. Whiston says
you too (as well as myself)?-51. 2. KaQTOL. And yet, notorious a




150                           NOTES.
it is, he tries to disguise it under specious names, and therefore I am
bound to reiterate my warnings. -3. Sevcav.  Plighted friendship,
tvowv, 46, o Tri'v evpav  /0ol 7rpooipwcv ripv'AXecdv'pov, LEschin., p. 63.
- rou Xkyowv=somewhere in his speech. -8. eEpLTrc.is. Reapers, as the
type of hired laborers in general, lSvTres b'TL Oepl'ezv 6pa, T' voTrepaio
d7,ovTES 7obs Oepto-7is.  Aristot., Hist. Anim., VI., 30.  The word is
rare in the classical authors. — 52. 14. [LoTOw'rds. The orator designedly mispronounced this word, says Ulpian, that the audience,
vociferously correcting his bad accent, might seem to give the answer
he wanted to his question. This is obviously nonsense. Either the
passage was only written and never spoken, so that the interrogation
is a mere rhetorical artifice (see Long, Ciceron., Verr., II., 4, 3); or
else, and far more probably, the orator would take care to be surrounded by a faithful knot of his own supporters who would duly
shout "tuOwr6s'" when appealed to.  "We may be sure he knew
his audience well." WHISTON.
53. I WILL NOW REPLY TO THE INDICTMENT ITSELF AND JUSTIFY
THE BILL OF THE COUNCIL.
19. wrpo3SEovXEvi4vcv v, sc. ye'ypaacFiv'&,v 6 Tr TpopovXei5aaTr.  So
7rpoefokXev ce   p; /ovu'i7 etvaL, p. 567, 1. 3.- 21. poL. Dativus ethicus; the common formula of courtesy: please.
54. rPA IH.  Clearly spurious.  Chaerondas was Archon in 337
(vid. Clinton), the very year when Demosthenes was appointed Commissioner for the Walls. But the orator only received this appointment on Skirophorion the 3d (middle of May). 2Eschin., p. 57, 1. 35.
According to the present document EAschines indicted himn two months
before, viz., on Elaphebolion the 6th (middle of March) in the same
year. lo-rautvov, see Lexicon, and Calendar in Dict. of Antiq.r41ivEyKE.  Broutght a charge.  A  most improbable wording of the
charge as Dindorf rightly argues.  But see Schbmann (p. 607).  A'ypadpi 7rapav6xwv in any case appertained to the jurisdiction of the
Thesmothetes, not of the Archon Eponymus. -'Ava4Xvo-rtov. Anaphlystus was a deme of the tribe Antiochis. It was situated on the
west coast of Attica, a little to the north of Sunium. It is mentioned by Herodotus, IV., 99. - o-reT4v.  Crowns, as a mark of
honor, were originally limited to athletic contests. It was only in
the period of Grecian decadence that grants of this description came
into frequent usage. We see from this speech, and that of 2Eschines,
that they were presented for even the most trivial public service,




NOTES.                          151
such as expedition in equipping a trireme, or effective management of
any small department.- P. 20. ALovvor-oLs. At the Dioqlysiacftsticals,
a time when Athens would be crowded with company. - KaLVOZS. In
theory, the tragedies performed at the great Dionysia were supposed
to be new for the occasion.  Practically, however, it seems to have
been sufficient that the dresses, decorations, etc., should be new.
The plays of Sophocles were often represented more than once. De
F. L., p. 418; Aul. Gell., Noct. Att., VII., 5.  We have the phrase
rpaycpw77v, ay"vWLoS1'owv   KacvLWv (IEschin., p. 58) and below 55, Tpayc/z1, J7 Katl),. - &PETr'S. Merit in general, of which eivolas and dv7pa-,ya0ias are mentioned as the particular details. -55. DEvSq. This
states correctly the first count of the indictment, viz., that Ctesiphon
had proposed to include in the public archives a document false in
substance. - vBe'Ovvov.  Taitiny for an audit.  This is the second
count in the charge; viz., that Demosthenes, on that occasion, was
ineligible for receiving a crown, as being a member of two Commissions, neither of which had as yet been audited. All public officers,
except the Dikasts, were bound to render an account of their office
within 30 days of its termination, the Xoyo-ral, and their assessors
the ev'Ovvot, being the court which held them responsible.  aoreqtavoi,
depends on ie3vrcov. -- eLXorwoLdos.  See iEschin., pp. 35 -57.  This
office was the most important branch of the whole department ei'rora-rat mL  oyzol,v gppyov.  It was probably annual in tenure.- OeOpLKc.
A special fund reserved for the expenses of public solemnities and
entertainments, the money was derived in part as a Xetrovpycia from
private citizens, but mainly from the public treasury. Athens was
notorious for its sumptuous expenditure on such events as the festivals,
sacrifices, embassies to great gymnastic contests, theatricals, etc., etc.
From the Theorica, &tavoual (largesses) were also occasionally made to
the people. The surplus of the fund was originally ordered to be
given to other state expenses. But according to the law of Eubulus
(Demosth., pp. 1346-1348) this became illegal.  That law was not
repealed until 339 B. c. -   h C'~VayopEiVELv. The construction is here
changed as if KeXEV6VOPTr  had preceded. WHISTON. -KLLNV, SC. eio6.,
sup. Katvois. - &KKXo-9.  The crown was to be conferred at an actual
sitting of the public assembly to increase the formal solemnity of the
compliment. — r(iaa.  Damages. An indictment for 7rapdvoea was
one of the dchves Trt7urol, sup. 14, &y~VES Kca KpCtELS.- K-lT p(S
When a summons was being served (KXhOms), witnesses of the citation




152                           NOTES.
were required by the law to be present. The prosecutor usually took
two (p. 1251, 1. 5), and their names were naturally appended at the
foot of the bill of indictment. -'Paglvor'-Los. Rhamnus'was on the
east coast of Attica, six or seven miles to the north of Marathon.
Pliny mentions it (IV., 7) as still existing in his time. It was famous
for its statue of Nemesis. Rhamnusia Dea, Catull., LXVI., 71; Ovid.,
Alet., III., 406, Trist., V., 8, 9.
56-59. SUCH ARE THE POINTS OF THE INDICTMENT.  I WILL
TAKE THEM  IN THE SAME ORDER AS HE DOES.  HIS FIRST AND
PRINCIPAL OBJECT OF ATTACK IS MY OWN POLITICAL CAREER. ALLOW ME, THEREFORE, TO DWELL UPON THE HISTORY OF THAT PARTICULAR PERIOD.  HEREAFTER I SHALL FULLY JUSTIFY CTESIPHON
RESPECTING THE OFFENCES SPECIALLY CHARGED.
56. P. 20, 1. 2. air'iTv.  These very points which he attacks in Ctesiphon's decree.  The juxtaposition of &Kalws and airoXoyi oo.aa has
suggested a misconception of &Kaiws in 6. There, however, &Kalws
refers to the conduct of the court and not of the orator.- 5. T~'Lv.
Instead of following the order of the prosecutor in his speech as he
(AEschines) demanded (contra Ctes., 206), the orator, with good reason, follows the order of the charges in the indictment. This is not,
therefore, as alleged in the note of Holmes, inconsistent with the
remonstrance in the first section, but rather in strict accordance with
it. - 57. 7. np&'rrovTra. From this word to ayaO6v an actual citation
of the Psephisma is implied.  The rTO  before ypdqac substantives
e7ratLeie likewise. Both genitives depend on Kpila-.- 10. KpCo-LV.
On the written statement that [lacit as a patriot], and the praise bestowed
for such conduct, your judgment, I think, must be formed from my political
proceedings.  A similar use of ev has been already noticed, 19, &v ots'/idpTavov.-13. E1TE KaC. This Kal between Etre and the second alternative has a special force noticed by Dissen. It always implies that
the speaker himself decidedly prefers the first alternative. So p. 193,
der' 6p0&9r?Tyw Xo'yto/atL etre Kal tLn: Plato., Thecet., 65, Kal rK TOUT.W
ET7rLOKete etre ra7'rv  eFre Kae &XXo e7raoT.Lor1Uv Kai ato-Ovo'ts.  So immediately below in 58. -58. 14. o're(avoiv, as Kennedy rightly says,
depends on KeefEVCat in the next sentence.  We may render the passnge: his directing that they should crown me and proclaim the crown in
th]e theatre, without having. written the extra (7rpos-) clause, "as soon as ever
he has passed his audit."  o U Pi5-rwp yeypa e rov vt-re6Ovvov o'reoavo~v,i  7rrpooOels'remt&v By X67yov Kal e6b6Oas.' JEschin., p. 58. -  P. 21,




NOTES.                         153
1. 1.  KOLvoviEtv. Has to do with. The Av which follows is answered
by the /4vrTOt immediately after gt. - 4. {v ToVtoLs, amongst the citizens. - E'TE iKaL iL, or it may be not, implying that he was worthy of it.
WHISTON.- 5. SEKTE'OV  tvaL. Madv. Gk. S., 84, b.; C. 682; Cu.
596; G. 281; H. 804. -7. cwirkXs. The antithesis of TreXvtKS on
p. 222, second hypothesis.   Without artifice. - 59. 9. &Irap'rv.
Divorce my speech from the indictment, i. e. wander into other topics.
The verb is rarely used, and certainly its first meaning is to suspend
f'om, but also from its etymology it would bear the translation [bind
and] drag away. ov  &66dLvr'wv -rlv Katpiwv'AjuixdroXtv CUaocOat &ivatoe'
azv, d'rqp7prTi/O vL Kal Vrats LrapaoKe6aS KCal ras?yvuats.  Phil., I.,
p. 43.  "Being fettered and kept away both by the state of your
armament, etc." Lord Brougham, as cited by Whiston, here happily
remarks: "The extreme importance to Demosthenes's case of the
skilful movement, so to speak, by which he availed himself of
iEschines's error and at once entered on the subject of his whole administration, -thus escaping the immediate charge to which he had
no answer, and overwhelming his adversary by a triumphant defence
on ground of his own choosing, - requires that he should again and
again defend this movement, which he here does very carefully." —
12. yEypalqpivos.  Perfect middle of yptpeo-Oat.  The prosecutor
causes the defendant's name and offences to be inscrzbed on the charge
sheet. Hence the voice, in this usage. For he who prosecutes in the
psephisma the statement that I speak and act for your best interests, and
who has impeached this as not true, he it is that has made, etc.  VIt/o-caros is limiting genitive with rb Xlyetv.../xe. -15. E'Ta KCaL. In the
next place when there were many lines of public life open to my choice.
WHISTON. -16.'EXXqVpLK&S. So on p. 263, 1. 3, he distinguished
between r& Kare Tr-v r T6XWv -ro\Xre6ara and ir'EXXVcKd,, Home policy
and Foreign.
60- 65. I BEGIN THE HISTORY FROM THE DATE OF MY OWN CAI EER. GREECE WAS THEN TEEMING WITH TRAITORS WHO PLAYED
INTO PHILIP'S HANDS.' FOR THE POLICY PURSUED BY ATHENS I AM
RESPONSIBLE. I NOW ASK THE QUESTION, WHICH PARTY WAS IT
RIGHT FOR OUR STATE TO JOIN, THE CAUSE OF PHILIP OR THE
CAUSE OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE?  AND LOOKING AT THE FATAL
SEQUEL, WHO CAN DOUBT THAT ATHENS CHOSE CORRECTLY?
60. 19. Yrpb ToO. Sup. 18, and note TOTE, ib. - 20. rpotXape. He
alludes to the capture of Amphipolis in the year 358, of Pydna in
7*




154                           NOTES.
357, and Potidea in 356. -21. & 8LEKX AU.  Philip had several
successes, not enumerated here, in the period immediately following
the orator's entry on public life, e. g. the conquests in Thrace, 27;
but the only object in dwelling on this stage of history is to mention
all of Philip's checks and failures, so far as they could be attributed to
the orator's line of policy.- 22. lwer1Tn v.  Took my place in this
sphere, literally = stepped into this post of duty and continued to
stand there. On this pregnant force of 6ri, see Madvig, Gk. S., 79 a.
-23. $v40o.  Render, in submission to an inquiry.  Stronger than
&b6vat, 8.- rweLirdwv.  Having first premised thus much.  w7ro- here of
the foundation and substratum for his subsequent argument. 7T00OrTOV
with a force of limitation. - 25. viiqpgE. Possessed to begin with, the
same sense of lbro-. - 61. 26. gopav.  A harvest, or crop, analogous to
our use of yield. Diodorus copies the expression (XVI., 4), qopd TLS
7rpo8nrwlv 6r-qpfe. So also, cgop& ir77-6pw, wTOVqppV, Eschin., p. 87. Cf.
271, and note there. - 27. OEots ExOpPv.  God-detested.  The phrase
is used almost as if it were a single word (sup., p. 241, 1. 12, and p.
611, 1. 15), otherwise the abrupt introduction of the dative would be
rather inelegant. - P. 22, 1. 3. Kal wrpo'rfpov = even before. - 4. ItI?
XdEpOV 8'lqKe, he brought into a still worse state qf mind (disposition).
-6. 8Lto'r.wEV.  Split them up into many factions, the interest of all
being one and the same.  tuo-arivat, sup., 18, 8LELTIKEIL.   The participial
clause is.best preserved in its original form for translation, being antithetic but not strongly concessive. - 7. KWXV'ELV. In the position of
a genitive case, in apposition to roil ovuq95povros, and explanatory of
it. -62. 9.'uvwLo-rale'VOv.  Gathering.  The passive voice.  o-v-rvlTos, 18. iv ots Ljap'rTavov, 19. -11. rpoo'jKov. Proper. This
auxiliary use of iv constitutes the strongest form of the imperfect
tense, Madvig, 180 d. -1-rp'rrELv Kal rroLEtV, to achieve and effect.  So
7rpd5et Kal wrojaet, p. 327, 1. 28.  The distinction of the meanings is
scarcely perceptible, but 7roteZv has a sense of creation, which 7rpTTCrre
does not share, 7rp&dTrre  a sense of achievement, which is not common
to 7roeiv. Whiston renders, what course of conduct and action. - 13.
rokXLTECLas.  Partitive, depending on ivPraOa.  The present tense and
the emphasis on tyc, must be carefully preserved in translating. The
man who set himself in that department qf the administration am. - 63.
15.'&Eo'av.  To have sunk her spirit and dignity, and in the position
of Thessalians and Dolopians, to have aided Philip in acquiring the supremacy of the Greeks. -rdtet sup., 13, note s. v. The strong feeling




NOTES.                           155
against the Thessalians we have seen already in 43. Dissen remarks
that both they and the Dolopians had fought with the Persians
against the Greeks. Herod., VII., 132, 185. The DI)olopians, a remnlant of the Pelasgic stock, were in scattered localities between Epirus
and the foot of Pindus. — 20. KCX1V'EL.  The strict construction
would require the optative, but the future indicative is more vivid,
and grammar is sacrificed accordingly.- 21. WrEpLLSEV.  To allow
without inte:rference, to overlook. This verb admits various constructions,
being followed either by a participle, or by an infinitive, or by an
adjective with ellipsis of the participle, or by an accusative of the
person with ellipsis of the infinitive. — 64. 21. dXXi.  Nay but.
There is no transition implied. He only repeats in stronger terms
the contents of the previous sentence.- 22. tgywye. I.for my part
should like to ask the severest critic of whtat has been done, which sort of
party he would best have liked to have our city belong to. - 24. o-vvaLTLas.
Conjointly to blame for, not accomplice, which would be /LeTaLCTLos.  Cf..Esch., Eumen., 199. - 25.'s dv.  This td, and the one which follows immediately, give no sense of distribution to the relative, but
qualify the optatives only. Sup., 16. is is genitive of property, with
-yeve'o-Oa understood. - 27. IreptopaKvCasC.  The perfect of opdw and
its compounds has no double augment in pure Attic, although the
imperfect has. Many editions here erroneously substitute w for the o.
Cf. Lexicon. - P. 23, 1. 1. rXEovettas. This taunt is unjust. Arcadia and Messenia sought for protection against the tyrannical power
of Lacedemon, and Philip alone could give them the assistance they
required. Their conduct was in no way venal, as the word 7rXeove(la
would imply.- 65. 3. &qXX&XciX orLv.  Have come of.  In this intransitive force daraXXdaoetv always requires to be supported by an
adverb. - 7. iv dv is preceded by 6puws, in most editions, and oVK is
inserted before vavrtcOe'vTrwv. The latter alteration is very suggestive
of a copyist's taste and discretion.  And the manuscript evidence is
wholly against the oSK.  The sense of the text as above is excellent.
He says, if Philip had done no harm, but only good, there wofld have
rested [in spite of much which had justified the opposition —still]
a certain amount of blame upon those who had'opposed his policy.
The insertion of b',/sa will not affect the general sense, but that of
OVK would destroy it. Reiske earnestly defends the o5K, but no other
editor has done so.- 9. &LtotLa. Diqnity or authority as distinct from
actual power.  Philip., 3, p. 28; AEschin., F. L., 42. - iyEpovCav.




156                         NOTES.
Leading position in reference to smaller states, who looked up to them
as their actual superiors and chiefs. The Thessalians had several
such dependents forming a Hegemony. Miller, Dor., II., p. 65. -
EXEueepCav. Pugna ad Chceroneam interiit, ut constat, Grwecice libertas..
(DISSEN.) - 10.  OXkLEvatS.  Constitutions, i. e. democratic constitutions, ripavvot being appointed by Philip to supersede the existing
7roXLTelat, in the various cities where the step was possible.  Bo-ov is
genitive after 7repXeo'eaOa understood.
66-78. To RESUME: WHAT WAS THE CITY TO DO WHEN IT SAW
THE ENCROACHMENTS OF PHILIP? WHAT WAS I, YOUR POLITICAL
ADVISER, TO DO, WHEN I FELT SO DEEPLY FOR THE HONOR OF
ATHENS, AND SAW SO CLEARLY THE CHARACTER OF HER AGGRESSOR?
I PASS OVER HIS REMOTER ENCROACHMENTS; BUT WHEN HE CAME SO
NEAR TO OURSELVES AND BROKE ALL FAITH AND TREATIES, WERE
WE THEN TO DO NOTHING? IT WAS HE, NOT WE, WHO BROKE THE
PEACE. I PRODUCE OUR DECREES AND HIS LETTER TO PROVE IT.
AND AS TO MY SHARE IN THE PROCEEDINGS, I WAS NOT THE PRO-'POSER OF EITHER OF THESE DECREES; NOR CAN YOU, LESCHINES,
BRING FORWARD A SINGLE DECREE SUBVERSIVE OF THE PEACE
WHICH HAS MY NAME TO INDORSE IT.
66. 14. &ppX4v Kal.rvpavvtSca. A dominion and sovereignty.  The
words, as used here, are nearly synonymous both with each other and
also with UvvaoTrela, empire, in 67. Strictly aipx6 is of any official ruler
(or body of rulers) as the head of affairs; the term applies to any
form of government, including even a republic: rvpavvis applies to
the rule of a single despot only; but 5vvacarTea might also describe a
combination of oligarchs.  Cf. riv 8vvaoCrelaV Xv -rwVes rT iv r, T1 3ovEN
Cavrods KaTraoKevdo'ovotv., p. 1467, 1. 16. - 16. orV'o3vXov.  Your
adviser: the technical description of an orator when acting as a politician. wTV  7repI -wv 7rpWreELTWP  /61o3ovXov, inf.,'p. 297 (fin.).  So
Aristotle (Rhet., I., 1) divides oratory into the three heads, avpipovXevrLK6V (deliberative), &tKatK&V (forensic), and frtLeLKrTK&V (declamatory). -'17. GpR.  lMyself I mean: emphatic and in apposition to
ot6upovXov. The difference which he attributes to his own political
measures as compared with those of his contemporaries, he rests on
these two personal grounds: (1) that he had realized better than
others the nature of Athenian ambition; (2) that he had also realized
better the career and the aims of Philip. —18. owVV8ELv RIEv is
antithetic and preliminary to &ipwov 64, while on the one hand I knew...




NOTES.                           157
on the other I saw.  Both verbs are followed by the accusative with
the participle. -19. &vf3qlv. Ascended the Bema: ascended it, he
means, for the first time; here the phrase, of course, is merely the
technical description of taking a part in public business. We have
the more vigorous expression dva7rrqvp brl Or6  fjUa in p. 78, 1. 29.
20. wpordcEov. Primacy. So in the singular; Trqp tou wpwrelov 7rpoaipestrv rT  x6Xec &aavXdrreuv, p. 331, 1. 24.  r  xpwcre6ov  etxe, p. 151,
1. 8. - 21. Xpt!LaCa K. T. X. Money and men, so sup., p. 231 (fin.). Leland's rendering, blood and treasure, is decidedly beyond the mark. -
67. 25. 640akxXdv.  The date of this is probably 354 B. c.  "His
ita gestis Philippus iam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiam
quietos lacessit.  Quum  Methonam  urbem  oppugnaret, in pr.etereuntem de muris sagitta iacta dextrum oculum regis effodit." Justin,
VII., 6. 13. Methone on the Thermaic gulf is there alluded to, not
the Thracian Methone.  But see Grote, who dates the event at a
somewhat later period than Justin. Cf. also Diodor., XVI., 31 and
34; Polymn., IV., 15. - 26.;KKEKOFJ&1VOV. Constructed frequently
thus, with an accusative of respect.  Cf. ei''  e6KOrV, TrpT6repoV TrO
f/OaXgphv X10c, Aristoph., Nub., 24.  &KKo07re5 o  eXacztos d/:orepovs
-robS,OfaXkojs,  Esch., p. 24, 1. 31.  The verb in the active voice
is connected with 0q~OaX/6zv, in a well-known passage, p. 744, 1. 20,
Eiiv TLr ba 9XovTroS obOaX/b6v EKK61PZ tyJO aVeTKK6VaL aapX6teL. — KkEV.
The Scholiast says this happened in the expedition of Philip against
the Illyrians, 344 B. c. Plutarch alludes to the wound (Mor. 177 F).
The form KXetV for the more normal KXeCGa is a subject of copious comments in the Lexica.  Cf. Etym. M., p. 318, 1. 25;. Schol. Hom. II.,
E., 146.  [Dissen and Schafer.] —Trlv Xitpa, Tb OKIXOS.  This,
according to the Scholiast, was on his return from the Scythians and
Triballi, in 340 B. c. So also Justin, IX., 3 (but speaking only of a
wound in the thigh): "In femore vulneratus est Philippus."  Plutarch alludes to Philip's lameness.  Qucest. Sympos., IX., 4. 1.- 27.
itapos. Sacrificing any and every part that Fortune might like to filch.fionm his body, so that he might live with the relics thereof surrounded b.y
honor and glory. As to the antecedent 1tpos being drawn into the
relative clause, the construction is very common: 7rav 6, rL 7rdTOXwv Trs
ra0oos &avota tfoXe v6oov 7rpoo-p7rdov.  Plat., Tim., 86.  See Madvig,
G. S., 101 a. b, etc.; C. 553; G. 154; H. 809.  The emphasis of
erav is thus increased, as Whiston rightly notices, citing Dissen.  The
verb 7rapapeZo-Oat is rather of robbery than mere deprivation. Cf.




158                            NOTES.
7roXELS 7rap?7pt7rat ovoS  aOsrt  7rpoar/Ko0aaS, p. 289, 1. 5.   P. 24, 1. 2.
rO XoLr3 = all that was left; as in 69, Xour&v =the only thing remaining. -68. 4. &8d64,.  Pella was insignificant in the eyes of Greece
until it was invested with Philip's renown. Cf. in the De HIalonneso,
p. 78, 7-rv eK IhXXrls op/LxLUevov. -  5. TooaTYrlv... EyyEV4-Oa.L, that it
became the man who was brought up in Pella to have reached such an elevation of mind, literally, that such an elevation of mind should have
been generated in him. -9. OEwOPiJa-oL includes everything under
the observation of the eye or mind, - not to be limited to the theatrical dramas (as Kennedy), nor to spectacles (as Drake). Whiston's
paraphrase is far better: everything that meets your ears and eyes; but
even that is inadequate.  We may render perhaps in every expression
and every contemplation. - 11. a~TEcrrayy/XTovs. Somewhat redundant
in connection with gOeXov'Trs.  We can combine the two by paraphrase; of your own firee-will and accord.  Better with Whiston, by
your own offer, and of your own free-will. ae'rq1 (56vaexu) 7rdper-Ttv avrerayT'yeXTos veVE KLVSVWYV KCa 3aerdcv s LO5aaT eavr?7-v.  Thucyd., I., 33.
For edeXovTds cf. Lys., p. 181, 1. 36, and p. 182, 1. 9. — rrwapaXopqraL.  ConceLere.  Cf. o0 yap er' edvol~'y eo 7l rapeXcbpets EXkriLwv Kal
iXoOO Kagl TL/WV,, p. 317, 1. 9.  wrapaXwp&  o-ol roo 3g/uarTos.  _.Esch.,
p. 77. - 69. 16. typa+ov, was the mover of your resolutions, and the
adviser of ybur counsels.  WHISTON. --  KL   yi&.  I myself.  Another
example of the intensive Kal. Sup., 3 roXX& ie'v. —18. jr&VTca. Dismissing all the rest, dismissing all of Philip's remoter conquests from
our present consideration. Amphipolis, Pydna, and Potidma (" always
enumerated in this order." GROTE) were captured by Philip in three
successive years, commencing with 358; the island of Halonnesus
probably in the year 345. The inhabitants of the adjoining island,
Peparethus, attacked Halonnesus in 342 B. c., and ejected the Macedonian garrison.  Philip then attacked and devastated Peparethus.
See Winiewski, Comment., p. 128, etc.; and Vmnlel's dissertation on
the De Halonneso. —70. 20. YippeLov.  Cf. sup., 27. — AdpLo'Kov.
Also in Thrace, captured by Philip with other Thracian towns in 345.
-22. ov8'...ot8a.  I do not so much as know whether they occurred or
not.  In the same sense as ra&vra r&XXa aideis.  On el as the usual
particle to introduce a simple dependent question, see Madvig, G. S.,
199, b. 2.- 23. 9XOpav, i. e. enmity with Philip.  24. Ev4ovXov
of Anaphlystus.  Sup., 21 (fin.).  Ruhnken, Or. Gr., p. 65 sq.;
Bdckh (Econ. Ath. ), p. 242. According to others his deme was Pro



NOTES.                          159
balisia, but this correction is not adequately supported. He was the
constant advocate of peace-policy, and so far acted in concert with
Phocion.  A stronger connection afterwards subsisted between Eubulus and ZEschines as leaders of the Macedonian party. -'ApLo-rooqbvvos of Azenia probably, ~Esch., p. 81, 1. 39. Demosthenes calls him
eLvPos XEeyev, adv. Leptin., p. 501.  There were two other persons of
the same name who belonged to this period: Aristophon of Colyttus,
c. Mid., p. 584, and Aristophon the Archon Eponymus of the year
330, when this oration was delivered. See Clinton (Fast. Hell., II.,
p. 147), and Bihnecke (Qucest., I., 659).  Eubulus and Aristophon
were both dead at this time.  WHISTON. - ALoirEovs.  The commander of the Athenian forces in Thrace, 343 B. c. While Philip
was engaged against the Thracians in the north, Diopeithes attacked
the sea-coast of Thrace, and captured two of the cities.  Philip,
unable to crush him by force of arms, tried, but without success, to
induce the Athenians to recall him. See the speech De Chersoneso.
- 25. 4L,3v, i. e. the decrees were their proposal, not mine. - 6'vrov =
although they were. -71. 26. o8s:= not even.- 27. EtP3OLaV. Philip's
intrigues in Eubcea commenced probably about 349 B. c., when he
promoted the hostilities between the Euboeans and the Athenians,
but the peace of 346 then suspended his operations.  He resumed
them in 343 towards the close of the year as we gather from c. Philipp.,
2, compared with the de F. L. Cf. De Chers., p. 98, 1. 23 sq. - P. 25,
I1.. +eT)plo'LEvos-.  Annexinq; more exactly, appropriating. -   rLECX'o-ILcL. A base of hostile operations, p. 133, i. 22. rvpalvv'la cdravMrKpb Tr'ArtcLKjS 6'reretiXwtev b itv Ev -r- E%3otL.  We have the form ertretXtluos, 87.  Thuc., I., 142, etc. — 2. MEYC/POLS. Philip attacked
the city (probably in 343 B. c.) at the invitation of Pterilaus, Ptceodorus, and Helixus, pp. 368, 435.  Phocion, however, rescued Megara
then, and it did not fall into Philip's hands until after Chaeronea.
Hence the word, i7rtxetpv. -3.'2peo'v.  Oreus, Eretria, and Porthmus were the three cities of Eubcea which afforded the most convenient bases of hostility against the Athenians. Philistides was the
leader of the Macedonian. party at Oreus, Cleitarchus at Eretria.
The date of Philip's success was probably 342 B. c. Cf. pp. 98, 99,
104, and again 112, 115, 125. -5.'EXXr-rov-rov.  Philip's fleet
had possession of the Hellespont in the year 342-1.  He commenced the siege of Perinthus in 340, but, after three months' unsuccessful blockade, he withdrew a part of his forces to make an




160                            NOTES.
attack on Byzantium. The combined fleet under Phocion succeeded
in protecting the city.  Plutarch., Demosth., 17, Phocion, 14.- 7. &s
l.v...&s 84. For Tras elv, and r&as i, the regular inflections of the old
demonstrative r6S, as we find 6s in Homner, and Kai O's in prose. WHISTON.- 8. KmT&yCoV.  Bringing home.  eXOev txv elt's yv cO' SoTV LTFer
7ratrpas-. | qeywv 8' &civp  tKEL Tre Kal KaTeipxera.  Aristoph., Ran.,
1163, 5. -  iSCKEL.  The imperfects here describe the acts of Philip
as a continuous and protracted course of outrage.- 11. q Ciul, sc.
pavcvaL.  The orator might have written r o06 (sc. eXpiv); but the
construction he has chosen is the more vigorous of the two. The
difference may be stated thus in paraphrase: X AXu= ought he to have
abstained from  coming forward? and X1 ov= was it not his duty to
come forward? cf. C. 686, c. g.; Cu. 615, 617; G. 283, 3, Note; IH.
536, 537.- 72. 12. Mv'$v XECav.  The notorious proverb describing
a helpless victim. The state of Mysia, as exposed to pirates and brigands in the absence of its monarch Telephus, is said by the Scholiast
to have given rise to the phrase.  Harpocr., s. v.  Mva-Cv.  The
proverb is quoted by Aristotle, Rhet., I., 12. Telephus belongs to
the mythical period of the Trojan war. Paus., X., 28, etc. Euripides made him the hero of a tragedy as we see from the amusing passage, Arist., Ach., 430, etc. - KCoaXOup.qv= so called, or, as the phrase
is.  o-oav is complementary to 0q600vat and denotes state emphatically
=to be seen in the state of the /Mysian booty, as the phrase is. - 13. t'VTrov
Katl VTWoV. The same combination, p. 935, 1. 16 (quoted by Reiske):
TtioA506xh   Kac,DPv r't rivrt Kal aVrt.  A very weak conjecture has been
made of 6p c6rcz, in lieu of trwov. - iEp;LepycaLoEaL. P. 154, 1. 20, ooi ho
KL'vUJvo  esi 1utv w7irv  kXXwv vrkeov 7reptepycdoet, dXX& roiPvaVTlov srol LEv
e dpv pTyd6ete Kal weptep'yadet... The sense of reptep-ydaeo'Oat is to exceed
the proper limits of operation, hence to over-do it, to over-meddle. Kennedy uses the latter word in translating the passage cited. Whiston
renders, superfluous has been my labor in speaking on these subjects.  A
good example of mrepLep'yd&e-Oat will be found in Herodotus's wellknown story about the Samian exiles, III., 46; also in the charge
against Socrates, Plat. Apol., 19, c. -20.' rpoXayov.  So again inf,
p. 306, 1. 1, and Antipho., p. 126, 1. 17, 7rpoXeyov7cwv  (cautioning)
aMVT  Trw  &XXwv iarpv.-  21. wpotEcrOaL.  Sup., 67.- 73. 22. Kal,
sijv.  And, as to the peace, I protest (Oehc) it was he who broke it (when
he seized those ships), it was not the city. See 139. "At the same time "
(340 B. c.) "it appears that he now let loose his cruisers against the




NOTES.                          161
Athenian merchantmen, many of whom he captured and appropriated.
These captures, together with the incursions on the Chersonese, served
as last additional provocations, working up the minds of the Athenians
to a positive declaration of war."   GROTE. —25. rCS.  Who is to
blame for what.  Here and elsewhere -ns, as an interrogative, approximates somewhat to the relative o-rets. Strictly, however, there is
always a difference, which we have to ignore in translating, as it can
only be conveyed by paraphrase; e. g. here ctavepov = IWe shall see the
answer to the question, Who, etc.?  Again, p. 962, 1. 20, o5 y&p OpG
KatpBY iv riet EiXXov vp r- fgoTO 7otetev avlro. "The opportunity which
answers the question'In what crisis, etc.?'" Pind., Nemn., VII., 56,
OUK %XW  eire  irv |rive rorO  MoMpa TAXOs 9U/reov I Ipede.  "I cannot
solve the question'To whom, etc.?'" Many other instances might
be cited. -P. 26. *IIH-IXMA.  Another spurious document, defended however by Vdmel, and in part by Bbhnecke.  There is nohistorical mention elsewhere of the capture of these ships by Amyntas and their subsequent restitution.  Other indications of spuriousness will be noticed in their place. - NEOKX4oVS. No Archon Eponymus at this period is recorded as bearing the name. Theophrastus
was the Eponymus of 340 B. c. —! qvds. The mention of the day
of the month is omitted. -o-vyKXAlToV. This required to be summoned by the Prytanes as well as by the Strategi. — KdOrpELos.  Of
the deme Coprus, which was in the tribe Hippothoontis. But it is
clearly the famous Eubulus of whom he is speaking, and we know
his derme to have been Anaphlystus.  Sup., 70.  The only various
readings are K67rptos and KvuOptos. -vaitapXov.  Whiston appears to
think that a genuine document would have had o-rparTy6v here. The
word vaLapXos, however, is used by Thucyd., VIII., 16, 20, and by
Xen., Hellen., V., 1. 5. —  cvaTayioXEV.  Cf. 39, ELT'cL-oXoXdoL.    Kartiyetv ne 7rXob a (of piracy).  Lys., p. 150, 1. 11. —74. FEIEJLI+JOLpet, as
Whiston rightly says, is a word belonging only to the Greek of a later
period. Luci., Jup. Trag., c. 40; Polyb., IV., 60. 9. In any case it
would be most unlikely to be used in a formal and solemn document.
Before O'r o5 Ax. we have to supply q5aovctv from &taXVdovTat.  The
construction is awkward and unusual. — wXkljLXovwTra.  Another
awkward ellipsis.  We supply with Wolf, [rhO va6apxov AeeWd/xavra]
Xa/S3tv. -- XLyCp~as. Here neglect of duty. The classical use is simply
neglect and contempt in general. - &atCv. So 3'/tlav KaTr& rvy &ditav etf
X-qoe, p. 155, 1. 13. —t8ta.  Wilfully, Kennedy interprets.  Others




162                            NOTES.
solely. A more exact translation would be on their own account, i. e.
without provocation or justification. -U&yvoALOOVOvLV, are committing
trespass (Kennedy).  This is quite classical.  Xen., Hell., I., 7. 33.arroo-Etka.s.  Either the man who gave or the man who has received the
commission, i. e. either Philip or Amyntas. -X-EyELv depends on eTrev at
the beginning of the psephisma =that they (the ambassadors) state this
also.  A few codices prefix ypdiVat, others substitute it for Xe'yeT. -
75. 2.'HYI'roL- ros, p. 129, 1. 18, dEschin., c, Ctes., 118.  A strong
partisan of the Anti-Macedonian side at Athens. Envoy to Philip
344 B. c.  See pp. 81, 84, 85, F. L., 364.  Supposed author of the
Dellalotnneso. -'ApLo-ro4)ov, 70. -3. ~LXOKpaT.is, 17. -Kql)rLo'ov v.
Sup., 21, in connection with Eubulus. One of the envoys to Philip
on the peace question, and the friend of }Eschines. -4. r&vwes ot;kXXOL. He ceases to enumerate the individual names and comprehends the rest of the proposers in one formula; clearly he refers to a
large number of psephisms which he is turning over as he speaks. -'IE-IXEMA.  Also spurious.  As being merely tovus'P, yvluq (by vote
of the Boule) it should have been entitled 7rpo/3o6Xevia.  But this misnomer is only consistent with its other deficiencies. -NEOKXIouS. Sup.,
73. -aivVEyKo'vES, having reported.  A rare Attic use of the word at
this period.  Thucyd. (V., 28) has aVh5veyKav 7rob  X6yovs 9s re i7's
aoPXA Kal,rai 3ivuov.  The word XpquaT'leSv is technically accurate for
transacting business (in the ecclesia). Ipilv,Keiev'v  (3ovuX') XppllUartoaL Kai
irpo.oveovao. 169 (fin.).  Here it means, introduced for the consideration of the boule. -&CvaOLKOLSls = restoration. -&EO'rLS, release, is used
to express the same thing in the preceding psephisma and the following
letter of Philip. -P. 27.'ApLo-ropohv KoXXvrE6s see 70. The name is
also spelt KoXvr-reJs.  The deme referred to was in the tribe AEgeis;
whereas the tribe Hippothoontis is cited as 7rpvrave6ovoa.  But still a
member of the tribe dEgeis might have been a 7rpoebpos at this time.
He might, that is, have been one of the nine irpoebpot from the nine
vXaat who were out of irpvraviea.  So B6hnecke argues.  It is singular that even Kennedy should accept this and the preceding document
as genuine.  For 7rpvravela and rrp6ebpos see Lexicon and Dict. of
Antiq. -76. 4. &v 9XOLs.  This, as referring distinctly to the future,
contrasts well with the conditional sentence of past time which immediately follows: et ydp... rapio'Xov, if you had been able all the while
(imperfect)...you would now have broulqht it.forwzard (aorist).  Sup, 9. -
77. EIII;TOAH.  This document is clearly spurious, though ac



NOTES.                           163
cepted by Kennedy, and defended, as usual, by V6mel and Bdhnecke.
The siege of Selymbria by Philip, which is here alluded to, is nowhere
else so much as mentioned in any historical record. Yet the sieges of
Byzantium and Perinthus, which belong to the same period, are constantly referred to by Demosthenes, Philochorus, Diodorus, and Justin.
See Grote. — XacpLv depends on 7pda~et or some similar word, which is
omitted here as in classical and sacred epistles generally. - 7rpEw'3ev~raC. The form 7rp&iets is, no doubt, more usual to express envoys in
the plural, as Newman observes. Whiston, however, cites Deinarchus
c. Demosth., 22: ~i-rp 7'peo-3evUTpv Cs 7TO^TOV XO6vrpWV. A more interesting passage is in [Andocidis] c. Alcibiad.  p. 28- (fin.): 7rpeoP3euTVT&s o
7raivTas b5as At )eis ot 7rpoj3ELtS 7rotouevp''y&p rTJv XeLpa 1udXXHw atcpetr
OOTOLS  7rpe0J3ewvL   -TnTv,  r67o-rep  aC avTJ BOK-^, KaL Ijy EipV   PvP KaLt 7V
7r6Xe/ov 7roceiv. We may infer from this that vrpff3ects was the technical name for envoys, but 7rpepev/rTat the more forcible expression
implying plenipotentiaries. - AEoSJIa aS. A correction suggested by
Reiske and adopted by Dindorf, as consistent with 73. The codices
have Aaotf'&WH. - KO' 8kov, absolutely. On eviOelq1 cf. 11. -A-ilvov.
Lemnos still belonged to Athens, according to the peace of Antalcidas,
as did also Imbros and Scyros. JEschin., p. 37; Xen., Hist. Gr.,
V., 1. 31. —,oqteoovroa 8e. Supply W's dX7qi0s, in contrast to 7rp6aao-v ugpc which precedes. —78. crvvE'riXNl.  The verb avvrdarev,  is
usually of military operations to arrange, drill, or discipline, - its extension here to mean these orders were given, is post-classical, although,
Hesychius, cited by Schafer, gives Z vv vr a'  e L = rapayyeeXd. - iSLr8rv
pfv. The letter, if genuine, might have been expected to exclude
Demosthenes (76) in some specific manner; but this description out
of office would apply at that time to him as much as to any one.
- ~LXoTrLpouvwovv.  Ambitious, somewhat ironically put.  Cf.  tXodTLciuas, 66. — ovv- kETeo-0aL.  Perfectum  significanter positum de re
quam  isti quam  primum  ratam videre velint (DISSEN).  Rather of
the full and complete accomplishment of that purpose which they desire. And so in the very instance Dissen quotes, p. 91: 7rept roiT'wv
d' otlua T 7'v raXIoTv oav/p)peLy  Kat /3e/3ovXeuo-Oal Katl 7rdpeoKevdoiOaL.-.wrpo'oSov, a source of revenue.  ra's ouvtjuaiXv avt~oopa&s 7pooaovus -ro7s
7rpoao3eot. F. L., 159.
79-84.  PHILIP HIMSELF HAS MADE NO MENTION OF MY NAME.
INDEED, HAD  HE DONE SO, HE WOULD  ONLY HAVE REVEALED
HIS OWN DISGRACEFUL CONDUCT AND. MY -PATRIOTIC RESISTANCE.




164                         NOTES.
I THWARTED HIM BY PROPOSING THE EMBASSIES TO EUBO(A AND
TO THE PELOPONNESUS, BY PROPOSING THE MILITARY MOVEMENTS
WHICH  SAVED THE CHERSONESUS AS WELL AS EUB(EA.  THIS
BROUGHT YOU THE GREATEST GLORY AND STRENGTHENED YOUR
POSITION WITH YOUR ALLIES. BUT A FORTUNE IN MONEY MIGHT'HAVE BEEN MADE BY A MAN WHO WOULD HAVE PLAYED INTO
PHILIP'S HAND ABOUT EUB(EA, AS /ESCHINES SAYS THAT I DID:
ESCHINES, WHO  ENTERTAINED  IN  HIS HOUSE THE ENVOYS OF
THESE EUB(EAN TYRANTS! I WHO RECEIVED A CROWN OF HONOR,
UNQUESTIONED BY /ESCHINES, FOR OVERTHROWING THEIR POLICY!
79. P. 28, 1. 1. oviSacuoZ. The spurious document mentions, it is
true, no special names whatever except those of the ambassadors; yet
nothing call be more pointed than lSwmrdv as referring to Demosthenes.
Had this been the genuine document the orator would never have
brought it forward.  Again it nowhere' specifies ros &XXols whom
Philip is described as ytKaXdZ here. - 5. EJXL'qv. I clave: that is,
with the tenacity of a determined foe = laid hold of, grappled with, as
rendered by Whiston. The emphatic position of the words and the
form of the imperfect tense should be noted, for with these I was continually grappling and these I was constantly opposing. - 7. rpEo'3pEtav.
Dated about 344. c. Philipp. 3, p. 109. Demosthenes himself was
one of the legates as well as the proposer of the psephism. - &rE irpc3-rov. On the state of Greece at this time, cf. Philipp. 3, p. 115.8.'capFES'ETo, was trying to steal into. He did not actually invade the'Peloponnese till after Chaeronea.  4 yowv 2rapavo/Jia ad7'jl  a&ws XavOdvelt rapaovopdrqv. Plato, Rep., 424 D. -  rlv Is EPoLav. B. c. 342.
-1. 0. OVK4TL. The psephism on this occasion was to authorize the despatch of a military force to Eubcea, a step beyond the mere commissioning of envoys. The date was 341 - 340. Phocion commanded,
and his efforts were successful. Diod., XVI. 74. -'EperpCav. This
is the same expedition which first liberated Oreus and then Eretria.
Cf. 2Eschin. c. Ctes., pp. 67, 68, for the other side of the question. -
11. -vupvvovs. 71. -80. 12. &rooroXkovs, naval expeditions. Dissen
considers that the revision of the trierarchic laws (105 sq.) is partly
alluded to here, as well as the actual despatch of the fleet. -  aierELXa. Of course, as Schaifer remarks, Agypacka adrora-reFXal is what the
orator means, p. 262, 1. 15: ~rv di-rocTr6XwV'ymvyopuv1v KaT7a 7O'v PV6OV T7Yb
/rtv. -13. XeppovlqcroS. 73, note KaCI ljv. - 14. wravrTss o{ cVirj~CaXOL. He alludes to Proconnesus and Tenedos and the like, p. 326.




NOTES.                             165
— 17. vlptv depends on 7retwOeiotv: those who took your advice, as opposed
to those who neglected it.  TOVv &8LKouViE'ov is genitive of the whole
after the partitives roi /uxdv...-roo    -. 7repzey6vero is to be repeated
with 7r....LeJuvo'OaL Kal vojul'oet. -81. 24. $Vr&pxELv, to have these substantial materials for your injury, nrdptatr    1 note. - 25.  eEXkyXc-EocLL.
The verb iSeXIyXEv  means to investigate and expose; iSeTrdetL (inf.)
to question merely. - P. 29, 1. 1.'ravraTxo0, anywhere: cf. the use of
rcidvPTWv, 5, note. - 82. 5. KcTAvov. This very technical use of KaraXeEv is easily traced: the verb signifies 1. to unloose (sc. the sandals),
2. to rest, 3. to lodge. trap' ixol /yap ropyilas KatraXSeL Plat., Gorg., 447 B.
The expression is common in Plato, but rare in the orators, who employ the word more commonly of dissolution, destruction, or termination. - 6. wrpotfEVELs, were their public host. The office of 7rp6oevos was
analogous to that of our own consul, and the consul is called rpo6evos
in modern Greek.  For full particulars see Dict. Ant.  HOSPITIUM.
-a vrrv.  The genitive follows 7rpobevelv always in its literal sense:
it is a possessive genitive (= etvaL mrp6oevov a'r6v) the visitor having a
claim on the plighted friend of his native city: p. 194,1.18; p. 1237,
1. 17. In the secondary sense, to address, to recommend, ~rpotevev is
followed by the dative: p. 969, 1. 18; p. 1250, 1. 20.- 8.  aocav. We
have to supply or' for the subject out of ous before X4 ro6Xs. - o'otvvv
4.rp&X0Ol, accordingly none of these things was effected, which Philip and
his partisans designed.  WHISTON,-9. -9.   rtww   iev.  That I hold my
tongue when I have got a fee, and raise my voice when I have spent it.
AEschin., p. 85, 1. 8: oa& I' oAt at\apav ltrv areotyyKcas, dvtaXcdacs Be KtKpayas, i. e. you accept a bribe to induce you to be silent, but when
the money is gone you break your silence and your word together. -
12. &vTLJ'aacres, by disfranchising you.  See Bickh (Econ. Ath., I.
409). If AEschines failed to obtain the fifth part of the votes he would
be liable to disfranchisement.  This was called i1rwf.eXav 3qbesv. Cf.
p. 834, 1. 25; p. 1251, 1. 2, etc. The object of such penalties was to
prevent prosecutions on insufficient grounds. — o7ot, sc. the judges.
-83. 13. roroos, i. e. my successful resistance on this occasion' to
Cleitarchus and Philistides. -vuXXa3kkas, the same identical words: literally, syllables.  i0o oavXap/&s 7rpouOels, p. 270, 1. 22.  irdtvra -Tv
v&0ov' IXpL T2S  bo-rdrvqs avXafPi)s, p. 734, 1. 23.  This Aristonieus is
incidentally mentioned with honor by Demosthenes (below, 312) as
having contributed for the salvation of the state after the disastrous
battle at Chneronea a sum of money which had been collected by his




166                           NOTES.
friends as the means of recovering the Iwtrrjlda which he had lost.
16. iv rC 0ECi'Lp).  These words are very important, I think, for the
true interpretation of euvr-pov K7p0tiyj aTos which follows.  We know
fiom 2Eschines (c. Ctes., p. 58) the exact terms of the law which directed these proclamations.  If the crown was conferred by the 3ovXh, the locus of proclamation was to be the 3ovUXeUvriptov; if by the
h8ios, the locus of proclamation was to be the Pnyx at the time of an
EKKX7'Oia; these, according to the cited law, were the only two places
in which the said proclamations could legally be made: ~r6acov a\XhXoO 1. c. _Eschines is careful to insist upon this, as, of course, one
point in his accusation depended entirely upon it.  He then anticipates his opponent's reply, saying that Demosthenes will quote
another law, rv AsOVVo-LaKrV v6tyov, which permitted an exception
to the law already cited. According to this Dionysiac law, it was
quite legitimate for such proclamations to be made, not merely in the
two places specified, but also in the theatre itself, if only a special vote
should have first been passed by the 36~/os to sanction the exceptional
proceeding: v6,Sov 6e6WK6r-a'ovUlav' roeio'0at Tvj' avadpp-qo'v roO oTe~civov Tpcaypoios iv T7O'eiTpo a&v  Tq77io'77'TaL 6t 5  gos.  This exception,
according to _Eschines, only applied to a crown conferred by a foreign
city on an Athenian. But the orator contradicts him in 120. Of course
as a locus of proclamation the theatre had the advantage of considerably greater publicity, being open to all at Athens, citizens and strangers alike, whereas the POVXeUv74ptov and the e'KKXrq-La would only
admit the presence each of their respective members. The addition
therefore of v T7 0edrITpo enhanced the notoriety of such a donation;
it also enhanced the compliment, as it implied that the services of the
oTreqavo6pevos were cosmopolitan instead of merely Athenian.  We
can well understand that whereas the grants of crowns were common
enough at this time at Athens, it was not quite so common to receive
the grant of a crown which would be proclaimed in the theatre.  It
would only be done in the event of special and peculiar circumstances,
deserving special and peculiar honor. Demosthenes says, below, 120,
iUVPIOVUS vPLtdKLt Ke6K'pX0Oat, but this is an obvious hyperbole: he only.
means that the exception to the law had very constantly been taken
advantage of (but in each case, no doubt, on some plea of exceptional
reasons).  Had it been the normal practice thus to proclaim  the
crowns, that particular point of the indictment, which JEschines urges
so strongly, would have been a simple absurdity.- 16. SeuE'pov.




NOTES.                          167
And whereas the present is now the second proclamation IN THE THEATRE
which is coming off in my honor. We may paraphrase thus: Whereas
this proposal of Ctesiphon's that my crown should be proclaimed (in
the theatre) is not the first honor (of the same exceptional kind) which
I have already received, but the second. With KJp56y/&aTos we supply
ev r OeCd&Tpt, carrying on the idea of the words from where they occur
immediately before. As to ro6troV, the pronoun itself can hardly refer
to any proclamation but that proposed by Ctesiphon; any other
would probably be IKEL ov.  But the tense of yryvobdvov is what most
forcibly points to the same conclusion; it is an instance of the present
with the force of a future, when the speaker feels certain that the
future event is to come off almost directly. The orator speaks in fact
with the confidence of a winning cause: he is so assured of. Ctesiphon's acquittal that he looks on his own crown and its proclamation
as things that are actually in the present. (On this use of the tense
see Madvig, 110, a. 3.) Had he referred to his previous crowning
which was proposed by Aristonicus, he would infallibly have written,yevo/uevov here. The interpretation may rest entirely on this change
of tense as contrasted with the aorists'ypcaiavros and dvapp-qOdros.
As regards the number of occasions on which it was proposed to
crown the orator, we have his own assertion  ro 7TOXXdcKtS avriOs oTreqaviwoOat wp6repov, 120.  Historically we can trace but four occasions:
(1) on his own proposal, in 346, when he returned from the first
embassy to Philip; (2) on the proposal of Aristonicus, in 340; (3)
on the proposal of Demomeles and Hyperides, in 338, vid. 223; (4)
on this proposal of Ctesiphon. I believe occasion (2) was the first
when the crowning was to be proclaimed in the theatre; and occasion
(4) was the second (8evU'pov roTrov) of the same exceptional kind. We
arrive at this result by a simple process of exhaustion: 7-ro0ro cannot
refer to (1) or (3), because the present context mentions neither of
them: and it cannot refer to (2) because of the tense of cyyvoul&vov as
has been explained above. Reiske and Schafer, though referring ro6roy to Ctesiphon's proposal, do not, I think, appreciate the point of,' Tr iOedrp': at least they pass it in silence. Biihnecke refers ro0rov
to the proposal of Aristonicus. And Whiston apparently inclines to
that view himself. Indeed, Reiske is partly converted by Bbhnecke's
showing the probable fact that Aristonicus' ordlqavos would be the
second in order of time. But this is at most a mere coincidence. See
120. - 84. TH4'IIMA.  This document has more claims to be




168                         NOTES.
regarded as genuine than any which have preceded. Its contents are
fairly in harmony with what is on record elsewhere. But the inscription and the date are full of perplexity. The Euboean affairs to
which reference is made occurred in the last six months of B. c. 340.
This compliment to Demosthenes would naturally have been paid at
the beginning of 339, when, as he says below, the matters were still
Pea Kal'yvcppcta (85).  Of that year Nicomachus was the Archon Eponymus. Chnerondas only came into office in 338. The addition of the
name'Hlyovos is also perplexing.  Its natural meaning would be the
son of Hegenzon. But no psephismr of the time of Demosthenes ever
recorded the name of the Archon's father. Now there was a man of
some mark who bore the name Hegemon, belonging to this period
(c. Aristog., p. 784; Plut., Phoc., 33), and who would doubtless have
been very eligible for the office of Archon Eponymus, though we do
not know that he ever held it. Possibly, therefore, some copyist, detecting the inconsistency of Xatpvpuov, wrote'HyO/ovos above it, as
a conjectural emendation, and subsequently both the names may have
been embodied in the text. This, I presume, must have been Dobree's reason for wishing to expunge Xatpobdov here, and retain'HI-y7uovos alone. - 4pe&ppLos.  The deme Phrearri is mentioned by Harpocration as belonging to the tribe Leontis, and designated after the
hero Phrearrus. -  iroXXks...wraper0CaL.  A  common formula, as
Bbckh has shown (Corp. Inscript.), occurring in documents of this
nature. Xpetas = services, is rare in the orators: their usual sense of
Xpe'a is need. But cf. Antipho (p. 121, 1. 11): rOs Xpetag ro70  ataos
aroorTepl-O.. - P. 30. KclLVOtS, 54, note. - avayopevyos. Postclassical. Plut., Marc., 4. The Greek of the period would be dvapp'7crecs. - &ycvoO~rqv.  General name for the umpire or steward at any
of the public contests, athletic, dramatic, or otherwise: used metaphorically by Eschines, p. 79, l. 29: aywvoOe'rrors iroXTtKS dpeTrjs.
85, 86. DID THIS DECREE, AS.ESCHINES SUGGESTS, MAKE YOU
RIDICUI,OUS IN THE EYES OF GREECE? THE MERIT OF AN ACTION
IS JUDGED AT THE MOMENT.  DO NOT ALL THE HISTORICAL CI1ECUMSTANCES BELONGING  TO THAT SPECIAL EPOCH  ATTEST THE
VALUE OF MY SERVICES?
85. 2. XXEVaou'dv.  Scoff: in p. 705, 1. 2, we have the cognate
form X\evauoa. - 4. via KC I~ -yVpLja, fresh and notorious, cf. note on,'THqTI MA, 84, as to the date. - 6.'s &4dpos.  212, quite otherwise,
by euphemism for KaKCVS, which the preceding KaCXas would suggest as




IjOTES.                         169
its obvious antithesis. Ar& repa Q rb0qlo-vTcao   0 8&KaCral, p. 1175, 1. 19.
-  os = quite. See lex. See also 34, 9TEpov.- 86. 11. "i vlcKav. Dative
of the instrument: by thefact of my carrying my measures. The fuller
phrase is viKca  /zsOoa. IEschin., p. 63,1. 21. PLKapV 7r AXEo, Id., p. 39,
1. 36; pKaPv yvmCuas, Aristoph., Nub., 432.-12. Xkeyov Kal yp4xeov limits
LKav = in my speeches and motions. —T r KcLTcarpcLXO]voIL and Tra... 7rEiroLfjraL are in the same construction as mr vtKav, and Bremi calls attention to the life and vigor which is imparted to these clauses by the
omission of the connectives. -14. wrporoSovs, i. e. to the temples = solemn processions. - 15. rTEwoLwOLt&L, perf. middlle = caused to be made.
87-92.  FAILING IN EUB(EA, PHILIP ATTEMPTED TO CUT OFF
OUR SUPPLY OF CORN, AND WITH THIS VIEW, TO SEIZE BYZANTIUM. WHO RESCUED BYZANTIUM? YOU, THE STATE. WHO ADVISED YOU? I. THAT POLICY SECURED YOUR PROSPERITY FOR
THE TIME, AND GAINED YOU THE VOTE OF THANKS FROM BYZANTIUMI AND THE CHERSONESUS.
87. 17. Tots!xiv wrXoLs, K. r. X., in arms indeed by you, but in statesmanship and resolutions by me. Here the dative expresses the instrument, while the agent is expressed by vi6rb with the genitive. -18.
8tappaywmL, burst, i. e. by straining their lungs to contradict me.
Sup. 21. Rumpe miser tensum iecur, Juv., Sat., VII., 117. -20. o-Trc..EtELO-rKT?.  Bockh calculates the amount of corn imported to
Athens at about a million.U&vUoi; the main supply being from the
neighborhood of the Pontus.  7rpbs da'vrapra rb, K  -wyv LXXzwv zIoplWv
dqLKVOt[levo O IK -oD IIovrov eT-XeWcoV 6-ripv, p. 466, 1. 24. -P. 31, 1. 1.
Lt~ov. The verb acit6w, from its first sense to think right, comes to
signify demand or claim, often with a notion of doing so arrogantly or
authoritatively, as here.  Cf. p. 553, 1. 19; p. 570 (fin.). - 2. ov'S
Irw, and said that they had not made the alliance on these terms, which assertion was true. Their refusal was mainly owing to the eloquence of
Demosthenes as the envoy of Athens at this time (340 B. c.). Cf. 230,
244. The orator appears to have foreseen the designs of Philip on
Byzantium  some months prior to this, pp. 93 -106, and p. 115. -
4. X&paLKa. Technically, vine-prop or stake: here, by synecdoche, for
XapdKw.aLa: stockade, intrenchment. Bekker reads the latter; but Z has
XdpaKa, and there is a gloss of Harpocration's XcapaKa = XapdKuLa.
On p. 71,1. 20,we have XapaKluara tal k   eXv u-Kacl -trcpo. Onp. 568,1. 16,
xdpaKas is simply timber. - 5. qXcfiV iptara, havingplanted artillery: the
expression indicates the severity and formality of the siege. Tobs r&
8




170                           NOTES.,uIjxav-6iara &Crraras, p. 115,1. 7. Grote quotes from Athenmeus, rSi/oa-arv o6 gXa/3ev i) rotl77 T Xavorotza Dira-a a... KaTia r,'v 4AXIrTwrov rod T'AUdPTov /3aoLTeiav 0oTe 67roXL6pK6L BvUaVrl'ovs 4iXLrrTTos (fragm.), as showing
that the siege of Byzantium formed an epoch in the history of besieging
enginery.- 88. 6. OVKic', i. e. he had repeatedly asked the question before: 72, 66, etc. -rb bl.Ets. See C. 522, d; Cu. 379; G. 141, N. 6.- 12.
irrkcas, in a word.  This adverb qualifies the whole sentence between
itself and &bods, not to be taken in connection with diee5~es, unsparingly, which merely qualifies M&ods.  The force of the impeUfect participles should be noted and expressed: who was it that was all the while
speaking and writing (making motions) and acting, and in a word giving
himself unsparingly to the public welfare. -89. 15. 4vacws, which was
then upon us. The aorist participle has the force of a full perfect participle: here we must regard it as a pluperfect, the consecution being
historic; lit. = which had then established itself anmong us as a fait accompli.  War was actually declared in the midsummer of 340, when
the Athenians passed a formal decree to remove the column on which
the peace of 346 stood recorded.  Diodor., XVI., 77.  See Grote.16. &vEv.  Besides, prceterquam quod.  Non excludit sed una quoque
complectitur (Reiske). - 17. SLyev, kept you in greater abundance and
cheapness of every necessary of life. 3paxi[7 Kcai Xot tKai r'irrapoa, 6foXoLr,
6a-rep aBOevodvrTa oi'u, i*ov &d&yovarv, p. 1459 (fin.). - 18. -rf$ viv.
Sarcastic: the peace of these days: that conceded by Alexander. With
-rpovia  sq. cf. 323. - 19. jLEXXoVo-aLs, with their prospective hopes; no
doubt sarcastically quoting some favorite phrase of the other party.20. X(v, K. r. X., which hopes may theyfail to realize and share those blessings [instead] which you with the noblest of aims implore the gods to bestow;
and never may they [the traitors] impart to you what they have deliberately
chosenfor themselves, i. e. may the traitors be disappointed in what they
expect to get from Macedon! may they share, however, the common
blessings of their native land! but may they never induce you to
share in their corrupt proceedings, or to partake the rewards which
such baseness aspires to win! The various reading,,u5 before 1eer-daXotev and HajdU (for Iux*) before Iuera&oZev, alters the blessing of the
former clause into a curse.  The reading of 2 (which I have retained)
gives the more generous tone to the sentence, but it may be doubted
whether the other is not more vigorous and Demosthenic. There is
nothing harsh in the asyndeton of uex —7rpojp-v'rae, as regards the preceding clause. The entreaty and the deprecation stand side by side,




NOTES.                           171
in effective contrast, and the contrast is emphasized by the omission
of the connecting particle.- 23. BvtavrtCov. Subjective genitive.
In 92 he prefixes the irapc. - 90. TH-KII   MA.  This document is
suspected of being spurious, partly on account of the mixture of the
dialects, partly because it mentions Byzantium  and Perinthus as
though they formed one united state, which we know historically was
not the case.  Dindorf is inclined to accept it as genuine; and so are
~Vmel and Bdhnecke, as usual.  But Droysen and Ahrens profess to
detect "certissima fraudis argumenta." -  Epopvw&[ovos.  The name
of the chief Byzantine magistracy, not to be confounded with the
Attic use of this name for "envoys to the Amphictyonic council,"
148, etc. Whiston suggests that he was a religious officer, perhaps
the high-priest of Poseidon, and adds, that this practice of naming the
year from a religious officer prevailed in other Dorian states.  Ken:nedy translates  wrl/ lepolvaYciovos, in the presbytership of.- Boca-rsopLoX.
Dorice for Boo-roptXov.  Ahrens denies that the Byzantine dialect admitted the severer Doric changes, (1) w for or and (2) V for et: it was
more akin, he says, to the Lesbian and Ionic. In the present document we have eleven inmore examples of (1) (PcoXU, XAt7r-rwO, -ra, rCes v6JwS &, T2  TdWS,, rs orepavews), and one example of (2) (~/kev
for etat). The form i/ayi is Lesbian, and Crtore'wvrTat pure Ionic. -
GaXL. The Doric equivalent for iKeXo7't01. -  pA'as.  More properly
yepovias.  But see iiiller, Dor., II., p. 91. -    a'rpcv.  The Doric
equivalent for 7rpolo6Xevnxa.  MViller, ib., p. 170.  Schffer, however,
takes it =   eovet-ia, yo XEIyeL. - P. 32. SLCTIEXEEL. The present tense
is much affected in documents of this nature. (Sup., 84, 6taTeXeC ev'vous bd.)  The consecution here is all primary. - -crvyyE'veo.  Plutarch (Qucest. Gr., c. 57) says that Perinthus was colonized by the
Megarians and Samians. DISSEN. Byzantium also was founded by a
colony from Megara with a mixture of Argives. - sevSpoKorrEov'Tos.
This cutting down of trees is always noticed as a prominent feature of
Greek invasions and raids.  Aristoph., Pax, 627, 9, Ach., 232, etc.
KaieCt  Kat Ko6r7'eV  is the favorite combination in Xenophon. - &d'.
a/U//e is the Doric equivalent for acus. — 91. Bv'avTrCUv KCa. The
article T7 should have been repeated before IIeptvOiwv to indicate that
they were separate states. -  Lnycqat.lav.  Right of intermarriage, entitling the alien to share the national privileges of the native married.-  ~yKTrc''Lv Iys. Right of holding house and land by purchase.
Strictly forbidden to an alien at this period in all the Grecian states.




172                         NOTES.
-- rovT. Dorice for 7rp6s, as 7r68osop for 7rp6oohoI. - PET& &T tepa, i. e.
immediately on the proceedings being formally opened. They began
always with sacrificial solemnities. -   LXEVloVpyiJToLs. Excused front
all public services. On the- Xet7rovp'yla of other states as well as the
Athenian, see B6ckh's Econ. Ath., Vol. I., Amer. ed., pp. 584, 689.
See also Die. of Antiq.- E6Kd6vas. The nature of the group of statues
to be erected is clear from the context. A figure representing Athens
would be sculptured as receiving a crown from two other figures representing Byzantium and Perinthus respectively. Dissen quotes very
aptly a similar case from Polybius (V., 88, 8), where Rhodes was
sculptured in the Rhodian exchange as receiving a crown from Syracuse. Whiston quotes Pliny (H. N., XXXV., 36, 5), who speaks of
Parrhasius' statue representing the Ajuos of Athens.- 92. TH4,IEMA. This document is probably spurious. Droysen, p. 812. -
XeppoviarLcvyv. The Thracian Chersonese is referred to, in which
these four towns had been razed to the ground by Philip 341- 340 B. c.
- &irb Ta'X6&vTrv iEKoVTra.  "dro6 hoc est ex, ut Herod., VII., 65."
DISSEN.  So again 102.  The general solution of this passage is to
suppose the talent here spoken of to have been the small golden
talent, equal to six Attic drachmwe (weight) of gold, i. e. sixty of
silver. Bbckh (Econ. Ath., I., 39). But the question of the value of a
talent in the Chersonese and other remote states is in great obscurity.
Smith, Diet. Antiq., Talentum. - X&PLTos POLpdv. Altar of thanksgiving.  So p3cooi 6iKrqS KUal ei'vozlar, p. 780, 1. 22. - w.apcCTlos y4yove.
Bath helped...to obtain (Kennedy).  The phrase is of no uncommon
occurrence in similar votes of thanks. -   s    t ILlrIrov.  We may
supply at discretion dpXs, wvcu/ewos, xetp6s, or the like.  Dissen prefers the last, citing iEschin., c. Ctes., p. 90, &K TWi Xetp p v lcXeoOatL rcV
ctXirrzrov. But the plural in such a case is more natural than the
singular. - T& repd, i. e. the temples and all thereto appertaining,
including the national religion.  Cf. Thucyd., IV., 98, 7-v &6 vP6/ov
-ois`EXX?7otv eliat iv &' 7 Tb KpdTOS 727 ~7S Kis KT77vs T70o6T&  KACl T& ep&
del'ylyveoOas. - ObK "CE+IEL. The subject, 6 bgios 7rfv Xeppolq0O'T7Vy,
is obvious from the context.
93-101.  MY POLICY DID  N-OT MERELY SAVE THESE PLACES,
AND PRESERVE THE FREEDOM  OF GREECE, BUT IT ALSO SHOWED
THE CHARACTER OF ATHENS IN THE MOST BRILLIANT CONTRAST
TO THE CHARACTER OF PHILIP. AND LET ME ALSO JUSTIFY MY
POLICY BY AN HISTORICAL RETROSPECT. LOOK AT THE CONDUCT




NOTES.                           173
INVARIABLY PURSUED BY YOUR FOREFATHERS, AND BY THE OLDER
AMONG YOU, IN THE TIMES OF LACEDEMONIAN, AND AFTERWARDS
OF THEBAN, SUPREMACY.  ATHENIANS HAVE ALWAYS FOUGHT FOR
HONOR AND LIBERTY.  NO  LEAVEN OF MALICE OR REVENGE HAS
EVER DEGRADED THEIR FEELINGS.
93. P. 33, 1. 1. ov' [ovov, 2, note, s. v. —4.  j Wpoctp-crLs KCa  i
rokrfELia. Dissen calls attention to this as a favorite expression of the
orator.  See 292, 317.  Render, My policy and administration. - 6.
KaXoKaya0CaV.   Spirit of honor.  The combination of high physical
and mental qualities, implied in the well-known phrase KaXbs K7ya6os,
approximates, in its idiomatic usage, to our own expression " man of
honor."  Here we have the antithesis KaKlaV, baseness.- 94. 10. o.
LEjq+4aEvoL...&v = ot /lt/'aoe /v.  C. 618; Cu. 595; G. 211;
H. 803. - 11. AyvOWloviKEfcav. Their acts of trespass (74), i. e. in the
Social War, B. C. 357-355; the then allies included, with Byzantium,
Chios, Rhodes, and Cos. - 12. oir Fovov. Showed yourselves not merely
as bearing no malice and never abandoning the victims of wrong, but even as
working their salvation. o-&bew is not simply to deliver from danger,
but to restore to a sound condition. -  17. arvL0ovkov.;. Piropoa, a
counsellor and orator I mean. He does not mean to deny that the generals had sometimes been the means of the state being honored with
crowns. -95. 20. E13otoicv.  JEschin., p. 65, 7rept T&jv Eioiev 7rp&7ro,,ve o0o-oaL.  The speech of AEschines as published does not contain any allusion to the Byzantines; but the speech, as spoken, we
must assume, had done so. - 22. pkXa4rnLCas = defamations, OVKOCLavTtas = malignant calumnies.- 23. {rVapXELV 1Es6Tac.  VbrcdpXet, as
an auxiliary verb presents the strongest form of the present tense.
Dissen cites as parallels, p. 190, i7rdPXeLv 7~YWK6EcS, and p.. 527, yvywde4va ircdppXe. We have another instance in 228. Whiston rendets:
Of this I believe you are already well assured. - 24. aXX  KaL Tc.. XPaao-aL, but also by the fact that it was for your interest so to conduct your
affairs as I conducted them. The clause is dative of means, limiting E7rLde'lw. -26. Koa' quias. In your time, literally in your track, i. e. in the
path of your own lives: on Kard, cf. 17: Ka.T' GKIECVOVS.   27. T'r
rAdXEL = by the state, dative of the agent after a passive verb. C. 461;
Cu. 434; G. 188, 3; H. 600. - P. 34, 1. 2.  x'v  nCoapXdvTrwv.  To
shape all their future with reference to the best of their present. -He quotes
a general ypvtvui  with a somewhat unusual application.  The connection shows that TWPv brapX6PTrwv includes their antecedents togethe,




174                            NOTES.
with the present. -96. 4. ACLKESaLILOVE(V. Vides tempus post Peloponnesiacum bellum. describi. DIssEN,. - 5. &pLorroLatS, 18: o otrp'prepov. - 6. EipoLav. Captured by the Lacedaemonians B. c. 411.
Thucyd., VIII., 93. - Tivaypav. Xen. (Hell., V., 4) mentions that
Tanagra remained attached to Lacedaemon after the rest of Boeotia
went to war with her. The whole of Bceotia was in the hands of the
Lacedemonians from the close of the Peloponnesian war to the battle
of Leuctra. -7. Miyapa. Taken from the Athenians by Brasidas,
424 B. c., and attached to Lacedremon from that time forward.
Thucyd. (IV., 66) mentions that the Peloponnesians garrisoned Nisaea for the protection of Megara against Athens. - AtyLVaV. Lysander, in the year 405, restored this island to its original inhabitants
whom the Athenians had ejected in 431. Xen., Hell., II.; 2, Thucyd.,
II., 27. - KXEova&s. The date of this city's capture by the Lacedmemonians is not recorded in history. It is singular, as Dissen observes, that the orator should not have arranged the names KXervcas,
E6j3otav, Aywcvav, 7as atXXas vjoaovs.  But the phrase "the rest of the
islands," even standing independently of any island previously mentioned, would always mean to Athenian ears the minor Egean isles.
Plut., Lys., 13, 14.- 8. oir rECXrl. Cf. Plutarch 1. c.  Lysander
destroyed the long walls, and limited the Athenian navy to twelve
ships of war only: o6re vaCs is therefore not to be understood as
literal. — 9.'AXCaprov. The scene of the battle in Bceotia, B. c. 395,
where Lysander fell. The inhabitants of Haliartus had implored the
aid of Athens: Thrasybulus with great energy had led the Athenian
forces to the rescue. Pausanias only arrived the day after the battle
with the Lacednemonian reinforcements: he was deterred from further
hostilities, made a truce and retired. - 10. KopLvOov. The centre
of the Corinthian war, which lasted for eight years after Haliartus
and was only concluded by the peace of Antalcidas, B. c. 387. The
alliance against Lacedamon was composed of the Bceotians, Argives,
Corinthians, and Athenians. p. 40, 1. 20; p. 258, 1. 13. - 11. &v
fXdV'rov. Might have borne many grudges = KalrotL a eTXov. - 12. AEKEXELKdV. The close of the Peloponnesian war was so called from the
occupation of Decelea by the Lacedmmonians, its position on the frontier of Attica making it a convenient base of hostilities. -?TWv'paXOcvTrwv is genitive of cause. - 97. 18. SL85vaL. To give themselves up.
A favorite use of the word, 80, cieLtS&s eavriov tobs eis TiL  7rpdy/cyara.
219, MaWKeV 6aCribv cis oS v 0' T7 7r6Xet.  The continual and customary




NOTES.                           175
action expressed by the imperfects irolovv, ecpwv,, 7rpotevro, and 10eXov
should be noted.-  rripas. For all mankind have death as their limit of
life, even if one shut himself up and keep himself safe in a dove-cote. This
is the meaning Harpocration assigns to OiKiLKor, afid the literl translation seems most vigorous here. Whiston translates chamber or closet.
The passage is greatly lauded by all the ancient critics, notably by
Ilernlogenes, Aristides, and Rufus.  Propertius (cited by Dissen)
illustrates the sentiment, III., 18. 25: Ille licet ferro cautus se condat et rare, Mors tamen inclusum protrahit inde caput. - 6p0is... ovksvXEV oL in this emphatic position = and a right and noble decision it
was. - 22..ya/l0v is separated from EX7tia to point the emphasis of
wtyaOo6s above.  Good men and true — taking for their shield good hope
and true.  7rpo3aXeOat, zl~v Ej30otav rS'ATTLKS, 301.  See the same
figure in Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, vi. 16.- 98. 24. rpdyovoL.
There was an interval of sixty years at least between these events and
the time when he is speaking. - 1rpEoV'1EpoL, i. e. when the Athenians under Iphicrates checked Epaminondas in his design of destroying Sparta and compelled him to evacuate Laconia, in the year 369.
Xen., H. G., VI., 5. - 25. 6vrns, concessive. - P. 35, 1. 2. ota  reworLoK'rcov, reflecting what the men had donefor whom you were to imperil
yourselves. On relative pronouns used interrogatively, as-oha here, see
Madvig, G. S., 198, b; H. 825; C. 564.  As to the interrogative
sentence in a participial form, cf. Madv., 198, a.  KarajuqeOc-aqKas oD,
-robS r 71rOLOvTraS  s rb VOlCa TroDo dlroKaXoo-Lv, Xen., Mem., II., 2;
H. 826; C. 566 -99. 8.  wokXoyLEir0E.  Take it into calculation:
explained by &aXkoytdciuevot and the preceding words in 98. v7ro- implying an underhand (as 3&a- a thorough) proceeding. -10. EiSJOLav.
In the year 358 there were two factions in Eubcea, one of which applied to the Thebans for aid, and the other to the Athenians.  The
Thebans were compelled to yield, and the democratic constitutions of
the several states were restored.  Diod., XVI., 7; Eschin., p. 65.
DISSEN. - EOjLrOVOS.  Themiso and Theodorus, the rvpavvol of
Eretria in 366 B. C., seized Oropus which was then Athenian.  Peace
subsisted at the time.  The city was put into the hands of the Thebans, to be held by them until the question, who had the right to
it, should be settled. The Thebans subsequently declined to give it
up. This is the allusion in Aristot., Rhet., I., 7, where he mentions
Callistratus and Chabrias as having been put on their trial:  They
had commanded the Athenian forces on this occasion. - 12. 0e9Xov



176                            NOTES.'rv.  The first instance of citizens volunteering to act as extraordinary trierarchs. On the general office of trierarch, see Smith, Dic. of
Antiq.-  14.  XX'' orww, sc. ebrecp A'uXXw.   On p. 403, aXXa& /Au7rwc
7TauTa (sc. esrW., And indeed though you did a noble thing in saving the
isllud, yet you acted much more nobly in that, when you had become masters
hbOth of their persons and their cities, you restored them justly, etc.  Kati be-,ore iTo aoaat    also; it emphasizes the comparison between the two
clauses, and can hardly be expressed in idiomatic English.  Kcarao-cTv-es agrees in case with the subject of i7roto-aacre, which is also the subject of &arohouvat. - 100. 18. 1q8Ev xv, having taken no account of your
past wrongs in regard to what you were trusted with: bv and ots by attraction for EKelvowv a and Tro6ros a respectively: fi&'Kv-0e, as a perfect
tense, indicating the complete and serious nature of the wrongs. The
sense of the passage is this: You did not take advantage of holding
their property so as to appropriate any to yourselves, by way of indemnification for past injuries received at their hands. -  23. EXevOepCas.
Genitive of cause, without a preposition to introduce it. For the
principle, see Madv., G. S., 58, a; C. 429. - 101. 26. Sirrp avr-S,
on her own behalf, p. 74, Kal (diX7r7ros) 7relroiqx Aj'ur Mi,!repl i-wv 6tKalcwv
squa  ibrhp r-v 95w 7rpay/ICir-v eivaL r7-v (ouvXv, 11 P  SXrvp Ti CV UTl XWPp#
Kal TOU 7rpiS'ATTrKilV TroXI/OV. -  27. PovAls o   is gen. abs. denoting time and cause, when the deliberation was in a manner in behaf of herself - KEXAoL'vr   = urge, move. — P. 36, 1. 1. JVTlI'LKaKitV.  The irony
is obvious.  As an example of vb Ala, in irony, Whiston aptly cites
the c. Mid., p. 527, 1. 14, tris avOpcorlv  Kait c eprpla oKELS /aveiral iWv
xrewrpayxfwov, ai7ry; 6bpy vPi Ala Kai y&.p -OrTO TVXbv XgEL. -  4. rcv
nrwapXovTv...KaCv v, glorious antecedents.  WHISTON.  Cf. note, 95.
-5. Xo'yp...7o yE gpyov. The favorite antithesis of Pericles, Thucyd.,
II., 35- 46 passim.
102-106. I PROCEED, IN MY RETROSPECT, TO MY NEXT POLITICAL
ACTION, WHEN I RECONSTITUTED YOUR NAVY, AND COMPELLED THE
SECTIONS TO DO THEIR DUTY.  HERE IS THE EVIDENCE.
102. 12. KcaTawoXVLevoO  in a state of dissolution.  KaTXdXvotS 7pthpovS
oeoXoo/yerat airv evat 7rpdrr7-q  ray i-s /,UrOlbvh / 7 8, p. 1209, 1. 11.  In
that passage there is a play upon the word which would mean disbanding as well as ruin. The orator was at this time in office as C7rtaTir~s -o0  vavTWKOU, i. e. a Member of the Naval Board.   Eschin.
(p. 85).- 13. &TeXs, immunes: exempted, airekX-s rwv aXXwv Xeurovp-'yiisv, p. 565, 1. 4. -   Irr6, at a cost of= the Latin pro: d7rob riv ab



NOTES.                           177
rTWv X-//cTrwv o'rpaCL&rqrS, i. e. at the same pay, p. 38, 1. 2.  Cf. sup.
dwrb  raXdvrTwv, 92.  Dissen cites fdrob o-/Kpo5 Aristoph., Plut., 377.
The wealthy citizens, when appointed trierarchs, used to contract for
the whole expense of the office at a cost of one talent: cf. p. 364.15. VorTEpCtov-iav, missing for want of punctuality.  ioTreptovuie, a7rdivrwv, p. 49, 1. 1.  ro7Ls d7ror6XovUs vrepi'ew rTv 5  KatpWv, p. 50, 1. 11.
-16.'E90Ka. Strictly the active rttOvat vo61ov would only apply to
one despotic lawgiver. Sup., 6. Here the orator applies it to himself, as he did before to Solon, to indicate the extent of his influence.
The law in question was proposed by him B. c. 340. -103. 20.
ypacets, having been indicted for this trial. The passive ypdoeo-Oat (in
this technical sense) is often constructed with an accusative of cognate meaning (see Madvig., G. S., 26, b. ), ypavij' f3pecos ypaoels ovi'irc,
ro06rwv IK-v 6i&WKe, Ismuis, p. 73, 1. 75.  The accusative a&yCwa has
to do double duty, depending on'ypapels in the above construction
and also on edLoaXOov which follows.  Cf. elo-'XOov 7r7v -ypaq/jv, 105. -
21. tELcrxeov, sc. eis Tr 6&KacTrptov. I came into court into your presence
is the literal meaning here.  Dissen remarks that eiolpxeo-Oa  and
eio-icat are used both of the prosecutor (see p. 501, 1. 19) and of the
defendant (see p. 1081, i. 13). We may paraphrase the passage: On
this count I was indicted and appeared before you and obtained
acquittal. -  rd, sc. rT  7rTgArov, 82 note  T-'q-av'res. —23. /lyEqdvas.  The Heads of the Sections.  At this time (from  358 onwards)
the expenses of the Navy were provided for on the same system as
the Property Tax. Each of the ten tribes at Athens nominated its
120 wealthiest citizens to serve as Subscribers (ovvreXes) to the Naval
Expenses. These 120 were divided into two Sections (ov/u/eoptas) of
60. Thus a company would be formed of 1200 Subscribers, divided
into 20 Sections. By a separate subdivision they were arranged in
four classes of 300 each, in reference to the actual amount of their
property. The first (i. e. the wealthiest) class were entitled 7rye/uv',es
or 7rdvv rXoStooL or ol -rptaK6o0o.  They appear to have served as a
general committee of management, and, in the event of any sudden
demand for money, it was their duty to pay over the amount at once
to thi state (c. Phcenipp., p. 146) on behalf of the whole Company.
The remaining three classes (TTrrov TrXoSLO ) would then reimburse
the i-yeg6oves by paying up their shares in instalments at their convenience.  By this system  every (rwvreX's paid exactly the same
amount of tax, whatever the amount of his income. The reform
8*                                   L




178                            NOTES.
proposed by the orator was, that the amount of tax henceforward
should be in proportion to the respective properties. This change,
of course, would b.e a great relief to the lowest class of avvreXCes, but
the   ego/6oves, the &6crepot, and the rpilro would have obvious reasons
for objecting.-  24. 8EvrpovS, the Second Class, i. e. the second
wealthiest 300. For fuller account of the Sections see Dic. Antiq.,
eio/opci and ov!topla. -8 L8OvaL, imperfect: were for giving me i. e.
offered me: 3paxa&'s 7revrTtKovTa a6ross iondov, p. 542, 1. 9.- 25. ILXLcT'ra!uv, if possible, lit. as most to be desired. This antithesis to el b&
/uz  is too common to require illustration. - 26. KaCaTcLaXOVTa.  I
agree with Kennedy in taking this to mean after having proposed it
(the law), lit. having entered it in the public register, kept ev tro MVrpcqo, the Temple of the Mother of the Gods.  -Whiston and others
prefer to interpret " having dropped it," as an expansion of i&v. But
I rather doubt this use of Karapd3XXei, in the orators.  We have, indeed, in Aristotle, 7roXXol X6yot rpios avr& Kara/X3ivtprat ("thrown
away upon") N. E. (3) 5 (fin.). —E&v K. T. X., to let it drop under an
affidavit. One method of obstructing a proposed law was for its opponent to take an affidavit that he would prosecute the proposer on a
charge of rapdzvota (13).   This affidavit being taken, the piece of
legislation had to be suspended until the action for 7rapcivoga should
have been settled.  Matters being thus in abeyance, there was a
famous opening for collusion and compromise: the prosecutor, for
instance, might agree with the legislator that the former would proceed no further with his action if the latter would proceed no further
with his law. This or the like conspiracy is implied in the present
passage. — ircojCoo'~q. Harpocration mentions another technical meaning of this word= "oath of excuse on the part of a defendant," the
object, however, being the same in that case also, viz., to " delay the
proceedings."  Ib b7eppTLOecTOaU  tKIV, 7rpop&doet XpCbevov dro7tOiy   e
v6yo-  l rtwL Tr,  Ia&parkvqXo-v t0eO' jpKOv. - 27.  ocra.  An amount that
I should be shocked to mention.  Rhetorical artifice.  Dinarchus states
the amount at three talents, and declares that the orator took it.
eCiLo rTies E' T7 tc &Kao —Cl-ptcV rV, oS -ios ptaLcKOitOS   ye-yevUeywvY 60' o-ios
cE-Oet bvl 7irep wTptSrpdpXpXw   v6txov; o6 ckpCdoere rots irX'qitov pjrt ptIa rdXavrra Xal3b, tzer'ypacpe Kacl tereoKceSeae rv v6/1ov Kca'  idorl-, &Tq EKKX'qiaav, Kal 7'&!xv trIbXet &v eiX S/cet Tj'Ov rtgLv, 7r& a' dawoU6/evos oSK
3cepatiov; c. Demosth., p. 95, 42.-104. P. 37, 1. 1. Kal  raiT'.  And.very natural were these intrigues on their part.  irpaTrov, as the imper



NOTES.                            179
feet of uncompleted action. - jv yap K. n7. X. For under the previous
laws they had to serve sixteen together, spending little or nothing themselves
but grinding down the impoverished of the citizens; whereas, under my law,
they had to return the rated amount in each case according to their property,
and the man appeared as trierarch of two triremes who previously subscribed
a mere sixteenth to one. - 2. XELTrOpyEtV.  This infinitive and Ttod6aL
which follows are the subjects of  rv, on which aiirors depends as a
dative of reference.  Madvig, G. S., 38, a; C. 459. - 3. iLLKp& KaC.
An instance of the Greek idiom which introduces the conjunctive
particle-where the disjunctive would be most natural.  T- 6vTouaXcbrTaTo Ti-P irpaypczai-wv 6itv Kai peXri-Trov, p. 10, 1. 9.  In such passages
Kal is emphatic=yes, even. - 4. rTOs rwo'povs, i. e. the fourth class
of the o~vvrXe?s above described. - -1LpL'povorLV.  The orator uses
ei7rrpLtfetL with another sense of ruin, p. 288, 1. 20, i7rtLrpieL rob~s Opcoas
KaKCS V7woKpLVP6/eVoS.- 5. TbO YLyV6J.1EVOV, the result produced: i. e. the
amount arrived at by calculating the rate on the whole amount of
their property (Kar& r'v oboiav).  By the law of Nausicus (B. c. 378)
the rate was one fifth. -  KacrTov, neut. agreeing with Tb  ysLY6tzevoV.
Whiston appears to take it as masculine, but this is in defiance of
the construction. - 6. 6. The ratable proportion of such a person's
property must have amounted to twice ten talents, according to the
second Ka-rdXoyos, 106. His property would therefore be one hundred
talents.  Tb TYLvYr6AezoV sup. note. - 7. rpLlpdpxovs, i. e. evading the
real duties of the rps-qpapxia they had even dropped the name under
the system  of ovvrTXet~a. - Os= not even.-iT =any longer.  For
they did not even any longer call themselves trierarchs. -  8.  Wo'.r'  8Si.
Sooth, to get these reforms suppressed and evade the compulsion to do what
was right, there is nothing in the world which they did not offer.  We have
to supply abrol with the infinitive advayKaeLOfrL. - 105. 11. KCL0' 8,
in consequence of which I was prosecuted= that line of procedure which
led to the result in question. -12. KaTaXO'OVS.  Schedules.  The
usual sense of KaTrdXoyos is a muster-roll or registered list. We should
have expected the documents which follow, as Newman observes, to
contain the- names of citizens with the respective amount of their
properties specified. As it is, they merely contain what appear to be
fragments of laws. - TH IYIXMA.   Clearly spurious from  its contents.  It is not a decree, but a mere historical memorandum. - IIoXvicXeovs. The date of the trierarchic reforms was 340. Theophrastus,
not Polycles, is the Archon Eponymus on record. DINDORF. - TpL['



180                            NOTES.
paopXLKdv.  Several codices insert ets r6 before this word.  The sense
would not be affected; only in that case we must render in relation to
the trierarchic department. The expression would be harsh and unusual.  Newman translates ets -6 K. 1. X., "laid a copy of the law
before the admiralty"; an interpretation hardly tenable. - ErEXELpo-'odvY<rEv.  Ratified the law.  The 7rtXeLporovta v6olwv is mentioned in
p. 706, 1. 7. - &'riiEyKE, sc. ypa9c5v.  Brought a charge; literally carried it off to the Archon.  See note 54. — &s  rEVCLaKocrTCcs.  Legitima
erat mille drachmarum pcena sed mninui poterat a populo. V. Lelyveld, de infamia, p. 235.  DISSEN.  See Smith's Dic. Antiq., rpa4.
Observe the force of the article=the usual or legal.-  106. 14. KaXOv.
That precious, viz., the old one. Ironical: KaXv ye &//3ptv    tleaav b/pppt-.d'vot, p. 128, 1. 2. - KaCXEtO-aL.  The trierarchs to be summoned, sixteenfor each trireape, Cir =per, distributive.  For the use of the infinitive here, see C. 670; G. 271.- XdXots.   Usually of a military division, but Aristotle uses it as correlative with yparpta and q56XV
which are civil (Pol., 5. 8). It is generally supposed to be synonymous with oavluloptats here.  Whiston translates, according to the associations in the classes.- iwrl u-ov, to an equal extent, i. e. share and
share alike, equally. - Xopllya.  Discharging their office.  Xop. here is
not in its strict acceptation, but in the general sense of Xetrovpyia,
which Wolf notices on the Leptin., p. 462, 1. 20.- P. 38. roVs TpLqpapXovs.  The trierarchs to be taken for each trireme, according to their
property by valuation, fram ten talents upwards, dar6 first of the " origin"
for the selection, secondly, of the "point from which" they should
begin to reckon. The notion of KaTe& rijlxoatv has been already explained: irb ycyv61xevov sup. 104 note. - -ev 8.  But if their property
be rated at a larger sum, let their service be in the same proportion up to
three vessels and a tender; i. e. for every ten talents in the rating let
them provide one trireme; but of this the following limit: no one to
be called upon for more than three triremes and a small vessel of war.
7rXoZov usually of merchant *ships, but used as the generic name for
any vessel. - KaT'&'i.  And let it (Xetrovpyla) be in the same proportion for those persons alsd whose property [as rated] is less than the ten
talents,formihg themselves into a company to make up the ten talents, i. e.
till the rated amounts of their joint properties make up that sum.
The use of ets here, as of &arr6 above, is somewhat harsh and overstrained; but the meaning is obvious from the context.
107 - 109.  WAS THIS A SLIGHT SERVICE OF MINHr,? DID IT NOT




NOTES.                          181
TRANSFER THE BURDEN FROM THE POORER CLASSES TO THE RICH?
DURING ALL THE WAR, THANKS TO MY DECREE, THERE WAS NO
APPEAL FOR RELIEF PRESENTED BY ANY OFFICER.  MY POLICY
WAS AS BENEFICIAL TO YOU AS IT WAS CONDUCIVE TO YOUR HONOR. AS I DECLINED TO CONCILIATE THE WEALTHY THEN, SO AM
I ABOVE SUSPICION IN THE MATTER OF PHILIP'S BRIBES.
107. 4. -rov. /Genitive of the object of the price, or of the purpose.
]Madvig, G. S., 65, 6; C. 664; Cu. 573, 3; G. 262, 2; H. 781.5.'rfXO'rLoL. We have to supply aoKOViOLv from  oK&e above. -- a.
Dative of cause. raegvivolac more usually has 6rL with dative, p. 617,
1. 5. - KaeuVEtVaL. To compromise. KaOvqeis Trv d-yva, p. 525, 1. 26;
p. 563, 1. 19; p. 652, 1. 21; literally to drop in an underhand manner.
- 6. o$8U, and not only, the force of the /6zdvov still continuing. Cf. 93
and 2, note. - 7. Iretpav 8ESKE'VaL, to have given proof in action.
p. 663, 1. 19, iredpav gp'yq XacL'v. - 8. CrdTCa Tibv WroXEuoOV. B. C. 340
(73) to 338.- y/yvoluvwOv. Being appointed. - &l-roor'Xwv, sup. 80.9. LKErq.pLav 0INKE. Appealed, literally deposited a bough of supplication:
the formal method of appealing to the state for relief. The bough
was of olive, bound with wool (elpeo'Lv)vq). There were two forms of
the appeal; one to the poXV, the other to the 8jbos: in the former
case the suppliant deposited his bough as an offering on the altar in
the povXevrTpov; in the latter case on the altar in the Pnyx. - 10.
zrap' viLtv, before you, sc. the people.  Observe the emphatic repetition of the negative oiVx...o0K...oVX...ov without any connective.  It
may be expressed by none. - 11. MovvuxCq.  The altar of Attemis
AMunychia; so called from its being situated ill the vicinity of the
port. This proceeding was another form of appeal. Soph., 0. T.,
2, 3. — im8terEo, seated himself, that is, took refuge. - &roorToXkov.
The Naval IBard who superintended the affairs of the  t1Or6oroXot.
They were ten in number'(p. 1147). From MMO70 which follows it is
clear that they had the power of imprisonment. - 12.'ec, at sea, opposed to auTro, in harbor.  Observe the distinction between KaTaXeqtOetra, abandoned, and aireXelko8, left behind. - 14. &vlyEOreOtL. To
put out. p. 910, 1. 7: the antithesis to KaTC&7ye6a-L, p. 96, 1. 27. -
108. &v TrotS'j'VqIoLV.  Thrown upon the poorer classes, Tb atrov is the
accusative case.  Madvig, G. S., 31, c. - P. 39, 1. 2. pd-KCravov, K.
r. X., malignant and malevolent and corrupt. The allusion in the author's
favorite words, /pd'Kavos, gaOKalvo, PaOKavla, is always to malicious
mischief, the literal sense which refers to the evil eye being me6rged in




182                           NOTES.
the metaphorical.  We have pcidKavos again 119, 132, 242, 317.4. oE$ -rarrELvdv is emphatic = no, nor mean.- 5. gXwv...cavfijooLa%,
I shall be shown to have, that is, it will be clearly proved that I have. -
109. 10. &VT'r.  In preference to.  ca&r  7roXXwv XpuqaTcoiv iek'VOat, p. 9,
1. 1. This use of the preposition is very common.
110. I WILL NOW REPLY TO THE SPECIAL CHARGES OF ILLEGALITY IN THE MATTER OF THE PROCLAMATION AND THE AUDIT.
13. KqpVYiaLoros..E..eOVuVv, 55. - 16.'&a Y/LyLrcL. He alludes to the
sequel of his policy up to the date of Cheeronea. - 18. VirroXkacpLvov,
K. T. X. Conceiving as I do, in the first place, that, next in order, I must
render the explanation concerning the illegality itself (with which I am
charged); in the second place, that, although I say not a word about thesequel of my policy, yet I shall equally (all the same) have to my credit that
consciousness of the facts which is in each of your hearts.
111-116. I DO NOT DENY MY RESPONSIBILITY TO AUDIT.  BUT
I DO DENY ON PRINCIPLE THAT A DONOR IS PRECLUDED FROM  A
VOTE OF THANKS  BECAUSE  HE CHANCES TO BE AN  OFFICIAL.
OTHER DONORS HAVE RECEIVED THE THANKS OF THE STATE FOR
THEIR DONATIONS THOUGH HOLDING  OFFICE AT THE TIME  AND
THEREFORE RESPONSIBLE  AS I WAS.  I CITE THE DECREES TO
PROVE IT.
111. 23. &VA* KalI K&rT, up and down, the favorite phrase to indicate
total confusion, p. 51, 1. 2; p. 120, 1. 19; p. 424, 1. 27. The French
bouleversement is analogous. -  24. 8LaKVKWV, jumbling.  KENNEDY.
Perhaps the whole may bq paraphrased in d bewildered medley. - rxapayEypcaqLefvwv.  Transcribed for comparison.  The clauses of such
laws as conflicted with Ctesiphon's proposal /Eschines would exhibit
in writing side by side with particular clauses of the latter. Cf.
p. 640, 1. 20, o0 rolv0v rTOTOVS /g6VOp Tros V6juovs, t WVipes'AOvadot,
7rapapepKev aXX& Kal kXXovs 7roXXobs ots oS rrapaye-ypdp/jeea ft& ro'
rXo80o. -- 26. -rovs woXXoVis, sc. 6,5uovs, the majority of them. — rhv
6pOfiv, sc. 6o'v. Adverbial accusative. Cf. 322. - 27.'rocroivrov y&p
s~o. For I am so far from disowning n~y responsibility, as alleged by the
plaintiff in his recent imputation and asseveration, that I own myself to have
been responsible, my whole life through, for any commission or policy which
I have sustained before you.  8&cpie-ro describes the minute exactness
with which ~schines had defined the illegal acts: ~v, by attraction,
depending on b7red0vvos: &8aKEXEPLKca of special offices, as distinct from
general administration. -112. P. 40, 1. 4. xv iLv'TOL YE. But for




NOTES.                            183
what I have given to the commonwealth on my own offer from my private
property, for that, I say, I am not responsible, no not for a single day.bwoKxa in connection with ~erayyetXcideros amounts to Cre8CwOKta.  On
the subject of rsobo-etrs (patriotic donations) cf. Smith, Dic. Ant., sub
verbo.- 6. oa'  Xkov oZ'iva, sc. bvre80vvov et2vat: the subject of ceva
here passes into the accusative, as it is no longer identical with the
subject of q/jtl. Madvig, G. S., 160, 161.- 7. o8' dlv. Not even
if he chance to be one of the nine Archons; i. e. however distinctly official
may be the position which he holds, it would not preclude him from
receiving the thanks of the state for his patriotic donations. That
would be virtually making him bxre6vvos (forsooth) in respect of the
donations themselves.  The orator's argument, put more plainly, is
this. I gave large donations to the state: true I was a state official
at the time, and so far responsible to scrutiny; but the vote of thanks
was awarded to me not at all as a state official, simply as a state
benefactor. The argument of /Eschines had been that the orator's
donations must not be allowed to justify a proceeding which was ipso
facto illegal, viz. the crowning of a commissioner before the accounts.
of his commission had been audited (c. Ctesiph., p. 56). -  10.  i.Xd&wpov.  Munificent. We should naturally expect a word so formed to
meanfond ofgifts, notfond of giving. SCHXFER. It is the only exception to the rule of words compounded with  ItXo-. -11. auKo4vQras.
To take him before the Pettifoggers and set them to audit his donations.
For Xoyto-rcs or ev0,6vovs he substitutes, by contempt, ovKo4dvTas,
the acme of opprobrious designation.   It would be monstrous, he
means, for such a donor to be cited before the Auditors at all; still
more monstrous if the Auditors in question happened, as was likely
enough, to be a set of pettifogging scoundrels.- 113. 15. o0ros is
subject of Shrptv in the next line. -  16.  7rX&8oKa. Cf. d7ra'yryeXdievos
6CogKa, 112, note, and 28.-  rEv''verev. JEschines had said nothing of
the kind. See c. Ctesiph., p. 55, where the whole and sole point is,tx o'refavoov. The orator; however, prefers to cite the substance and
not the letter of the charge, for obvious reasons. The strength of the
charge lay in its letter entirely. -  17. ov'repl...ovSevo's, yes, but not.for any ofthese. yl = yes but. So'yl, below, 1. 20, may be rendered yes. -
21. o$K  bXoyLtod1qv, made no account of it, that is, did not charge it to
the state. -- Io  v yc&p XOyLo'jAs, K.'r. X., for an account requires audits
and examiners, but afree gift deserves thanks and praise.- 24. S8(. Deictic: pointing to Ctesiphon, who would be standing by. - oi;,o cpL



184                           NOTES.
o-ra; = this is a settled principle. -  114 26. 0E'LV. This is an almost
irresistible correction for the manuscript /Oeo-'v, suggested by Reiske
and adopted by Dindorf.  The antithesis of o0os, conventional practice,
to v6gtos, legal rule, is so very constant, p. 414, 1. 8, and 275, Troi?
aypadots v6tzots Kral ois davOpOrtvots Oe-t.  On the contrast of 90os
and 0Oos, cf. Aristot., N. E., II. 1. So Holmes. The best editors,
however, generally adhere to 8Oea-tv, habits, ethics, which is equally
appropriate. - 27. NavorLKXks. His case corresponds to the orator's
only so far, that he was bTre60vvos as being in office (Lrpar7Jycv) and
yet received a crown several times in that period. - orparnpycv. In
command of the Athenian contingent which supported the Phocians
in 352. Diodorus, XVI., 37. - P. 41, 1. 2. STE. There is a various
reading b'Tt, because; but only in b. The alteration seems undesirable,
especially as we need a particle of time to explain the change of tense
in go-reoavoOvro compared with the perfects which precede and follow.
Drake, in his edition of the two Orations on the Crown, says: The
perfect (Eore&cvworat and Trerl/uvrat) denotes that Nausicles and Neoptolemus were still living, the imperfect (ea-recavovvro) that Diotimus
and Charidemus were dead.  But? The last is rather the relative
imperfect. - ALO6TLLOS.  Possibly the same person as is mentioned in
the c. Mid., p. 581, where o Eihowvuew6s is added. Spalding considers
them identical. Arrian (I., 10. 6) mentions a Diotimus as one of the
ten orators whose surrender Alexander demanded. Sup., 41 (fin.). —
3. XapBtslos. Probably the same person as appears in the c. Aristocr.,
623 sq., a native of Oreus in Eubcea and commander of the mercenary
auxiliaries to Cersobleptes in Thrace. - o'roa-Ct. Deictic, as bat, 113.
We have Neoptolemus mentioned in the c. Mid., p. 583, 1. 14. -
4.'9pyov, i. e. public works. See Die. Ant., s. v.'E7rorrdr'7s.- 7.  4iG'TL(. Is to be allowed. The indic. future is more vigorous in this protasis than the natural optative; cf. 63, KcOXMEL. - 115. 9. To0'OLS....
acirT&, the very decrees which have been passed in honor of these men. —"ApXwv.  This pendent nominative, in lieu of the usual'Erti dpxovros, at
once suggests a spurious document. - 4'XvE1's. The dome Phlyes was
in the tribe Cecropis. Droysen (p. 924) pronounces Demonicus to be
"pseudonymus." The addition of the deme to the name of the
archon is unusual and marks the document as spurious. -  KTq. The
twenty-sixth.  Usitatior altera numerandi ratio  I'U7~IrTq (pO'VOVTOS: sed
illius quoque exempla attulit Bickh., de Arch. Pseudep., pp. 150, 154.
DissEN.  See Die. Ant., Calendar. - SOKtZ.  On the present tense,




NOTES.                          185
cf. 90, 8t&aeXVet, note. - SrkXov. Sup., 38, note, s. v.: where also
t&otKirewS inf. is explained. — "I[3pp?. Dissen supposes that- this
refers to the Social war of 355. Diodorus, XVI., 21. There must
have been Athenian garrisons at that time in Lemnos and Imbros
both. - KaCLoLKoUfLV, i. e. as colonists (KX'qpoixot). - XELRpCvaLS.  Referred by some commentators to the Etesian winds. Dindorf takes it
of ordinary bad weather. - Eiorirpate.  Exacted repayment from.  arms
oVrX Kal v1V wrpoo7'KeL ta&s 7rorov eloirpaatl zot 7r& dCvaXcIbcaTrc; p. 1227,
1. 9. - 116. rpveLVEowv XEydVTwV. The expression is without a parallel,
and suggestive of a spurious document. It appears to mean on the
motion of the Prytanes.- rror'ua)oD. According to Winiewski (Comment.,
p. 63) the river Bocarus in Salamis is intended; but there is nothing
to substantiate that view. Newman, with greater probability, suspects that the designation irl oi   f 7ro-ratzoO is derived, by a blunder,
from 216 (inf.), where the river meant is certainly the Cephisus, and
where there is no allusion to Salamis whatever. -- -KVXEVOe'VTov.
Stripped of their arms, which would necessitate fresh supplies in the
armory department.  Cf. Lys., p. 143, 1. 44. — rois vravvorKovs.
A strange term for'orpartbras.  WHISTON. - P. 42. HIvaeOivaToLs.
A- time when there would be a great concourse in the city, as in
hypoth. 2, 6'Te 7rkX'0 ovv'TpLxet. On the Panathennea and the Dionysia, see Smith, Dic. Ant., s. v. - y/VWVK, i. e. on the day of the
gymnastic contests, which would appear from this to have been the
special attraction of the Panathennea. - ee'r&oOlas.  The six junior
Archons, besides their judicial functions, were ex officio presidents at
the Festivals and on similar public occasions.  daywvoe'ras, 84 (fin.).
See Diet. Ant., s. vv.
117. THESE PERSONS WERE NOT HELD DISQUALIFIED.  THEREFORE I MUST NOT BE.  I WAS NOT LIABLE ON ACCOUNT OF MY
BENEFACTIONS. I HAVE PASSED THE AUDIT OF MY OFFICE. WHY
DID YOU NOT OPPOSE MY PASSING AT THE TIME?
3. oZKOZv, strictly speaking, is always interrogative, equivalent to
nonne igitur in Latin, and requiring an affirmative answer.  In its
practical use, however, the interrogative form disappears, and the
particle becomes inferential only, but stronger than the simple o~v.
The interrogative force, however, is always present though latent.
For instance, the literal translation here would be: Am not I therefore myself also [of% Vire6veosm]?-'rTr& yip.. For I have, I presume, the same rights as other people about the same things. The sarcastic




186                           NOTES.
tone of the platitude is obvious. - 4. rots &XXoLS, dative after aTrtd.
C. 451; Cu. 436, b; G. 186; H. 603. -  iraTWvoiJaLLL. I receive a vote
of thanks: historical present; and the 6v which follows is the same. -
4. vi7Orevvos, i. e. disqualified by official responsibility from receiving
the vote of thanks.  The platitude, of course, is again sarcastic.6. ipXOV. I WAS in office at the time, no doubt. And so far he admits
that he was b7re660vos. - Ka C  SESoK& ye, yes, and I have given account
for that, not for what I gave as patriotic donations. - (KEcVov, as emphatically distinct from  Cv i7r&owKa, sup., 112, note on oOb' dv. He
could not, he admits, qua officer receive any public vote of thanks;
but qua benefactor he contends that he could. The argument might
be defended in equity, but in law it is certainly no reply to Eschines.
The reply should have shown either that the orator had ceased to be
tbre6U0vos when the vote was proposed, or else that the law made a
special exception in favor of benefactors. - 7. vh AC'. But,forsooth,
I did wrong in office. Then why did you not appear to accuse me when the
auditors had me up? vPi Ala (you will say: at enim:) in its constant
ironical use to preface a supposed assertion of the opponent. elodcyetv
here has its technical sense of the magistrate presiding in court; see
Dic. Ant., AiKl7. - 8. XoyL-tra. For a full account of these officers,
see Smith's excellent article Evb06zr, Dic. Ant.  The conciseness,
vivacity, point, and vigor of this passage are remarkable even in
Demosthenes.
118-120. Now  READ THE WHOLE BILL, THAT I MAY PROVE
MY OPPONENT'S MALIGNITY BY HIS OMISSIONS AS MUCH AS BY HIS
SPECIFICATIONS.  HE DWELLS ON THE INIQUITY OF PASSING ME A
VOTE OF THANKS, BUT HE QUITE FORGETS TO MENTION WHAT I
HAVE DONE TO DESERVE IT.118. 12. T0V'TOLS.  Dative of the instrument: antecedent to oTs
which is the object of?ypd&a-ro but attracted into the case of its
antecedent. By the points of the bill which he did not indict, by these very
points, I say, his charges shall be proved calumnious. The usual construction of the verb ovKoiavzretv is with an accusative either of the person
or of the thing: I can find no instance of it with a dative, and therefore have deviated from the usual translation, which connects 7o6Trot
with oVKo0avxTr'v here (calumnious in those points which he does attack) as
a contrast to & OK above. The dative in this case must be taken as a
dative of relation, but the construction will not be so satisfactory.
The sense, however, is excellent in either case: cf. racr' go0' & &&



NOTES.                          187
Ke6S, 119. - TH4,IMA.  Another spurious document.  The date
of Ctesiphon's psephisma was 337 B. c.  Euthycles was not the
Archon: for the first six months Chmrondas was in office, then Phrynichus. Again, this document is clearly not bXov 7h ypa0dP, for we
find in the speech of JEschines, p. 87, that the genuine 7rpofio6Xevj/a
began with an allusion to rdopovs as distinct from reLX-x. Lastly, the
document has no particular connection with what goes before or
comes after in the argument.  See Bbhnecke, Vol. I., p. 581. —evGT!
&rLovros, the twenty-first.  See Calendar in Die. Antiq. --  poo-avakXoas.  Observe the force of the 7rp6s, in addition to the public
moneys, thus corresponding with the dTrl in Tri&ewK6. -  t.Eopots. This
is Schafer's, Jacob's, and Dindorf's accepted emendation.  They
understand Oewpol here to be commissioners who were to superintend
the public sacrifices, e. g. the Eleusinia. There is, however, no authority for the existence of such an office at Athens. There is an
equally ingenious interpretation of the MS. reading OeWpLKO6S - the
theatrical funds of all the tribes- assuming that each tribe had a separate funid for this purpose, and that Demosthenes gave 100 minm to
each. Considering that the whole document is spurious, it is a matter of surprise that so much ingenuity should have been lavished
upon this single word. - &peejs K. T. X. Sup., 54 note. -119. P. 43,
1. 5. irapavo'uv ypa&~f, you indict for illegality.  wapav6xwv genitive
of the crime; 7ypd&eL, middle voice to express the act of the prosecutor in getting the name of the defendant entered (written) by the magistrate. - 7. irotsd TLS. In heaven's name what WOULD be the ideal of an
utter villain, God-detested and calumnious thoroughly? 6vrTW  qualifies the
whole sentence, whether we take it with the three epithets or with
the verb. 7rpbs OeGv is only used in questions, adjurations, and entreaties; never to strengthen an affirmative oath or assertion. - 120.
8. de&TpT.  The peculiar honor of this proclamation in the theatre has
been already discussed at 83. As regards the number of times (tvptdKtS...7OXXdKLS) besides rhetorical hyperbole, there is also another
explanation. We learn from LEschines (pp. 58 sq.) that these proclamations in the- theatre in the first instance were made without
requiring the sanction of any law whatever: that they then became so
frequent as to be a positive nuisance: that their publicity made them
to be regarded erroneously as a greater honor than the legally sanctioned proclamations in the Boule or Ecclesia: that on this account
the Dionysiac law (83) was ultimately passed to limit them. We




188                           NOTES.
may well suppose that the orator refers to the period'before the Dionysiac law when he talks of /JvPLdKIs and 7roXXdKtS, as well as referring
to the period after the Dionysiac law was passed when the occasions
would naturally be more rare.- 12. oi sUwvacra-.  There is another
reading o5  aivoO0ae, which would be the same in translation, and but
slightly different in meaning.  When Ware is followed by the indicative mood the consequence is described as a certain fact, either in the
present or in the past, coincident in time with the tense of the verb on
which the consecutive sentence depends (33, /uo0o5zra): when Wo-re is
followed by the infinitive, the consequence is described as a probable
result, future in time to the tense of the verb on which the consecutive
sentence depends. The former construction is a strong and indisputable assertion; the latter is less strong and less indisputable. Supposing the consequence to be of a negative shape, that negative in the
stronger construction will always, of course, be o5, in the weaker construction it will usually be the weaker negative, /ux. But if the result
is future in time, yet also certain in fact, the two constructions are so
far fused that the mood is the infinitive on account of the futurity,
and the negative is ou on account of the certainty. Two examples
may be cited at once:(1) o0 /LaKp&v  yap TeretxIV  rept7rTvxat
i-OJ' oSX a7ravr d  etgvat r& 3pcj/eva.
EURIP., Phoen., 1357, 8.
Here the knowledge obtained was future to the time when the walls
were built, and yet certain, for Creon possessed it.
(2) &Ta ofre VVKrTS I'.7rvov o67 ff   I ipas
SOPH., Elect., 780, 1.
Here the consequence was future to the threat and yet experience had
made it a certainty to Clytemnestra.   See, however, Mr. Shilleto's
admirable note (de F. L., p. 203), and Whiston's note on this passage.
C. 671; Cu. 565, 617; G. 266; H. 770, 771.  The force of Ta o0
KaXd compared with Td )Uh KaXd is somewhat analogous. - 13. rbOv
ai'rbv tikov.  This answers ZEschines' remark p. 60, &areiir',u1 KOp67-reoOat rots rpay7&os'ta /7J&Les  epavls'tvv, re/b'dovs Kal KOp67y/arca
/ev6s  0ptX0ortqdav KTaCrat.  Demosthenes contends that the greater
publicity enhances the benefit, not to the man who receives the.




NOTES.                          189
crown, but to those who confer it or see it conferred. - NOMOX.
Clearly not a genuine document. It does not correspond'with the
account of the Dionysiac law given by 2Eschines (p. 58 sq.), nor with
the words of Demosthenes in the next section (7rXq'v...IP-0lTa),
which are obviously a verbal citation. Nor would it at all strengthen
the orator's argument here, but quite the contrary.  Judging from
the two conflicting orations, the law must have run in substance
thus: "No crowns are to be proclaimed in the theatre, except the
Demos or the Boule sanction them by a special decree. And these
crowns let the herald proclaim."  2Eschines interprets the word
" crowns" in this law as limited to EVLKOI T-regavol absolutely (et -y
aC rLS XX-7 7r6 XLPs oreqTaPo).  Demosthenes interprets the word as including any and every species of " crown." He cites usage in confirmation of his view. ZEschines cites law (the other law about crowns)
in confirmation of his.  So far as the law goes Eschines seems to be
right; but his interpretation could not have been familiar to his
audience, or else he would not have required to enforce it with such
prolixity (p. 58 sq.). So far as usage went Demosthenes must have
been right, or else his audience would never have tolerated his saying
what he does. No doubt both interpretations of the Dionysiac law
were possible; one was elaborate and strict, the other familiar and
lax. There is no need, so far as I can see, to impute insincerity to
either view: but in this I differ from former editors. -121. P. 44,
1. 3. Lva-yopEverTo, i. e. o KIpV~.  Reiske however supplies i 3 ovXh or
o 6.u&os. Surely the act of proclamation could not be attributed to
the corporate body. - kXXEkOptCELS.  Take a course of hellebore; the
supposed cure for madness.  Cf. Horace, 2 Sat., iii., 82, 3; 166.
De A. P., 300. —  06vov, gen. of motive; daLK'raTOs of crime.
So in English the relation in both may be expressed byfor.-8. 61poiLOKd6GL. On the oath of the Dicasts see 6, note o5 /6vov; and 2, rov
bpKov. — 122. 10. 8lJqOTLK@. Patriot.  This is in answer to the passage in.Eschines, p. 77, where he draws the picture of the ideal " demotic," attributing five qualities as essential; to be -(1) free born,
(2) of patriotic family, (3) of high morality, (4) able and eloquent,
(5) courageous. The " oligarch," he says, is the antipodes to this; and
it is needless to say under which head he classes Demosthenes. - 11.
GKSESOKc6S.  Given out: quasi locavisses faciendum: cf. p. 522, 1. 1.Kar& -rvuyypa+iv.  To be made by contract. Dissen cites p. 916, cal
oW'e ulav 7rpos me hio avyypa&as 67roto-avTro  vrwp roS avupokailov.  The




190                            NOTES.
~vyypaoqn  was always in writing, the o-v/P6Xatov might or might not
be. - ELr...KOILLtO'JEEVOS,  and then had it delivered to you deficient in what
it ought to have had under the contract.  WHISTON. - 14. / YYVoI)OKOJLCvovs.  Or as if patriots were known by their words, and not by their deeds
and measures.  5ou7rep...'yTyvwoKo/.kvovs-= tanquam   noscerentur; o9 the
construction of this ace. absol. see Madvig, G. S., 82.- 15. puir&i
Kal ~LppTira.  With promiscuous scurrility.  A phrase as common as
dicenda tacenda in Latin. More exactly rendered by Whiston, you
shout, and call me all sorts of names mentionable and unmentionable. -
Wornrep 4 &!J.i&s.  As if you were on the top of a wagon taking part in
the riot of the X6es, the second day of the Anthesteria.   See Diec
Ant. Dionysia. Cf. Aristoph., Ran., 416 sq. Equit., 544. 7ro~/reig,
sup., 11 note.  Billingsgate, as the Londoners would say.  KENNEDY.
-16. KacTOL KCal Troiro, sc. EvOv/w-rro.  The same phrase is found
p. 43, 1. 15; p. 442, 1. 7; p. 568, 1. 12.   So ered KcdKeddo, p. 1097,
1. 5, etc. -123. 19. 9XELv.  Implies wrongs (really received by the
person who brings the accusation, and who is merely seeking for legal
redress).- 20. pXa-i!CcLas.  Slanders which enemies come to speak of
one another as their own spirit dictates (although no wrong has really
been inflicted, and there is no claim for redress at law). All the
editors quote in illustration the notorious passage from Cicero pro
Ccel., c. 3: aliud est maledicere, aliud accusare, etc. - 23. ovx Tva. Not
that we might get you together in court (eis TaCL7a, sc. 8LKaCor7-pta), and then
abuse one another with abominations' in the way of private scandal, &a7r6 r'ov
ltiowv: ex vita privata.  Dissen, who cites aptly p. 1335, Xotbopov/edvovs Kal 7rX6vovTas aurous rawrrpplT-a.   The phrase KaKWS XlyeLU is
exactly Cicero's maledicere. - 124. 27.'oroL'rE:ELv. To blackguard.  Cf.
7rop/zrelas 11.   The Greek requires a colloquial equivalent here.P. 45, 1. 1.  Xavrov, sc. Tav XOL8opWtv.  evrav8a is equivalent to  nrl
-7r  woro/reIas.  And yet not even here (sc. in blackguarding) is it right
for him to come off with less, sc. than he gave.  61Kac6S Icortv, personal
construction for impersonal.  C. 573; Cu. 571; H. 777. -5  SifXov
&An, C. 717; Cu. 633; H. 868. -oi jipv...o  84, where...but where, C,
433 c.; H. 590. -6. vrwp'rovTv. ProcL vibus Atheniensibus, according to Reiske, who understands?6iKovr to have for its object the salme
-ro6rovs.  Possibly, however, -ro6rwxv is neuter andX8btcovV absolute:
ro6rwv in that case would refer to all the offences which 2Eschines in
his speech had imputed to the orator.  The.i.s9 d       P6Kv below is in
favor of Reiske's view. -125. 8. QOi4os &raorL.  Scathless on every




NOTES.                            191
ground; that of law, that of time, that of limitation, that of constant previous awards, that of my never having yet been convicted of doing you a
single wrong; the protasis goes on to rots;6-vs, the 6' after rjq ArXet
answering the tiv after 7yc&, where I, on the one hand, am scathless,... while
the city, on the other, must needs share more or less in the glory of my public
acts, there you have met me face toface.  To oppose Demosthenes on this
ground was to arraign the character and conduct of the people, who
had not only adopted his policy but shared in the honor of it. Herein lay the strength of Demosthenes in all this trial.  On a&?r5VqKaCLS,
see 15 note s. v.; and on rpoOeL-tke see s. v. Dic. Ant. - 9. KEKpC-0acLL.
Dissen understands this as referring to the prosecutions conducted by
Diondas against the psephisms of Aristonicus and Hyperides, by Patrocles against the trierarchic law of Demosthenes, etc., etc. Cf. pp.
302, 628.
126-131. HAVING THUS REFUTED  HIS ACCUSATIONS ON THE
LEGAL AND TECHNICAL POINTS, I PROCEED NOW TO RETALIATE
HIS PERSONALITIES. LET ME GIVE A BRIEF SKETCH OF HIS PARENTAGE AND OF HIS BREEDING.
126. 15. EuwEpiS refers, as before, to the oath taken by the Dicasts,
1 6trep (end). -16. 8&ELKTaCL, i. e. I have shown you all distinctly what
your verdict should be as regards the charges of illegality brought by
my opponent against Ctesiphon. ecKv6ivaL here, as before, means to
exhibit rather than to prove, 4 K&V Slv. A different interpretation has,
however, been suggested, assuming that a burst of applause had followed the preceding sentence, and that the orator is pleased to estimate it as a clear indication of the coming verdict. No doubt it would
have been easy for the orator to provide this burst of applause as at
52. But we should certainly in that case have found him taking far
greater advantage of it and expressing himself with a more clear construction. - 17. [kacr'-llql ac  This word, according to strict syntax,
would follow instead of preceding elprtIdas.  Similar inversions are
noticed by Schiifer, p. 323, 1. 13; p. 329, 1. 29; p. 347, 1. 28; p. 361,
1. 25, etc. They may be ascribed merely to the taste of rhetorical
euphony, the sense remaining unaffected. - 19. T&VayKaLdTac'.   The
barestfacts: the minimum sufficient for the absolute exigencies of the
situation: just what is absolutely necessary. WHISTON. - 20. KaMt rTCvOv,
and of what parentage. C. 412; Cu. 409. -21. kdyovs Trivas, certain
expressions.  Eschin., p. 77, o0 tkuvvaOee acroD ra& Ftap& Kal dcri8ava
~ptuaTa, & 7rCOs 7ro0' bgds,  b o'?popeOL IKaprepeTe CiKpoCLtevoLt; K.'r. N.




192                            NOTES.
The whole passage in iEschines is well worth perusal. He derides the
extravagance of the orator's language in having used such phrases as
acUreXovp/youot rill Tr6XVtp-CiVarerteTCKact 7Ta KXi/Lara roD  hju-ov —opbtoppafcoOixeda, and the like. - SLaov'pEL.  Sup., 27, sULGVpe. -- p. -
ToS  Epi9Ks, although he has himself said.  The participle is circumstantial. -  22. CO1'yEcLeOCl.  Here the protasis ends without any
apodosis, which, as Hermogenes rightly interprets, is intended to mark
indignation. -  127. 23. ALLaK6s...MCvtos. Judges in the lower world
(see Plato's Gorgias, 524), and so models of dignity and integrity. -
24. o-'rWEpokdyos.  Schafer cites Eustathius (Hom., Od., p. 1547, 41)
6d KvupiLws qadi, t-7rep/xoX60yos e66s e'rTLv dpleov XcvwYevov r& a7ripguaora
(Aristoph., Av., 232) i  0t  ol'ATtK-LKOi TreplgoX6yovs eKa'XOVV robs 7repI
ra ieL7ropta KaCl diyopSs otapi/3vio ras, ta 7T- dvaXtyeoOat 7- raK 7i-C',Opticwv avappeovra Kal taCaS5v.  eK TOrToV id ri7l aCtriv IXtiXaCvov KKXio'w
Kal oi ovs',os X6-yoV aitot. VWe may translate babbler, i. e. a retailer of
second-hand and second-rate information.  So in the notorious passage, Act. Apost., xvii. 18. - -repLTrpL.jL.  The etymology of this
substantive suggests at once its twofold meaning: "something thoroughly rubbed in contact " would suggest either "conversant," "expert," etc., or "trite," "worn out," etc.  Aristophanes (Nub., 447)
clearly intends wreptirptucua &>KWJ as a compliment.  The orator here as
clearly intends the opposite.   In either case we have no English
equivalent and are reduced to paraphrase.  Whiston translates, a
drudge of theforum; Kennedy, a hack of the market. -  XkeOpos. A brute
of a secretary or a wretch of a clerk. iEschines appears to have acted in
this capacity to some of the Athenian authorities judging from 261,
ypaMcsardevetv -ros aipxtslots. The substantive used as an epithet in lieu
of the adjective is not uncommon in Attic. -  26.  rraXOets, 10, et 8S
irokXk  (fin.). -   roplo'a-OaL.  The verb insinuates that the phrases
were far-fetched. Schafer cites p. 938 and p. 1392 for similar usage.
We may render, to imagine such offensive expressions. —27. IL yfq, K. T. X.
The citation is almost verbatim from the last paragraph in the speech
of AEschines,'Eyc  Iv olav iJ, yi Kal iXLCe Kal dpeiTl Kati r6vesrs KaCl rataec. 6taayt/yvKouoV. Te L KaX& Kal s wcs    alo-Xpca... Having been taxed by
his opponent with using florid language the orator seizes this obvious
opportunity for a retort. - 128. P. 46, 1. 4. K&OapLa.,  According to
the Scholiasts, in time of public pestilence or other national diaster
the vilest members of the state were put to a violent death as scapegoats for the whole community.  Aristoph., Plut., 454, Ran, 733,




NOTES.                           193
Eq., 1136, etc. From thi the word would naturally become a term
of extreme abuse: You scum of creation. — 6. Is -rav!pv.  Of those
who have really enjoyed it not a man would use such an expression about
himself, but would even blush if any else were to utter it. Whiston is
doubtless right in taking this to refer to the remarks of AEschines,
p. 88.- 9.'rots 8' &WOXEl+etTLv.  While to those who, like you,
have missed education but ajfect it, the result is, that whenever they speak
they pain their hearers by their brutality, but never appear educated men.
On-dvato-'Oo-as, see 35, &vacyi-CCas. - 129. 15. OeqoECw. See Smith's
Dict. Geogr., Athens. This beautiful and well-preserved temple is now
the national museum of Athens.-  16. BLUO'KOVML yp&,lTarLa.  Tle
school-work of the period consisted in reading, writing, and reciting
passages of poetry with explanations. Cf. Plat., Protag., 325 E. In
the F. L., p. 419, the father of.Eschines is described as himself LdaiOKCwv ypdcilara, somewhat inconsistent, though not entirely so, with
this passage and that below on p. 313.- 16. XOCVLKas. Leg-irons
(Aristoph., Plut., 276), so called from their resemblance in shape to
the standard vessel of dry measure. The Scholiast interprets this as
merely an insinuation that Tromes was a worthless slave under perpetual punishment. Dissen compares Plaut., Capt., ~. 5. 64 and 75:
crassas compedes. -  vXov.  Here apparently of the w'oden collar for
the neck.  Aristoph., Nub., 592, and Plant., Capt.,.k 2. 107, are
cited by Whiston in illustration. Cf. Act. Apost., xv. 24. - 17.!uE0),FEpLvots.  By daylight.  Coitus qui sunt imprimis flagitiosi.  DINDORF.  Xp-OaLac /eOr/epwvos /y&d/os  est de die in fornice prostare.
REISKE. —18. KXiEeic. Hovel: according to others, brothel here.
Bekker reads KXtiS@  and Z KXeLexiw&. - KOXaOCLT-.  The clew for interpreting this is, no doubt, to be found in the F. L., p. 419, where
the father of 2Eschines is described as keeping school 7rpbs rT  ro0'Hp$
-roo larpov. Ingenious commentators show us how KaXa/1ltr-s, the man
of splints, is a natural synonym in a facetious passage for laTp6s.
I think, however, they all omit to notice that the orator intends a
pun also on the name Ileros here. He is affecting to invest the early
life of Aschines with supernatural influences, and as he alluded to
the Theseum just before, so now by way of ridicule he introduces
another hero. I have, therefore, with Dindorf, retained the small m,
though I quite agree with those who believe that the allusion is to
Heros the physician. So Holmes.  In a paper read before the American Philological Association at Easton, in 1873, Prof. Goodwin ex9 




194                           NOTES.
plains the Tr KaXa/ClTfg ilpOF' as referring to a Scythian physician,
named Toxaris, who came to Athens in the time of Solon, died there
and was buried in the Cerameicus, and, his spirit a century later having given the Athenians advice whereby a plague was caused to cease,
he was deified and worshipped as the "Stranger Physician."  His
monument bore on it a representation of a Scythian bowman with a
strung bow in one hand and a book in the other. Now KaXaL/Jr-qs can
mean bowman (or more exactly arrow-?nan) as KdXae/os very often means
an arrow of reed. This monument was a relic of antiquity even in
the time of Demosthenes, and he naturally refers to it as marking
a well-known locality, which, as recent discoveries show, would have
been not far from the Theseum. — rbv KLXbv &vSpLva.rcL. Dissen cites
from Bekk., Anecd., p. 394, ev r  avvrOeliet Xayovary at 1x7rd-pes 7rept
-&v Uthijv, O KCaXks dvptds xouv.  He also sees an allusion to the fact,
that _Eschines avoided all gesticulation in speaking (F. L., p. 421).
The author of the Vita AEschinis describes him  as euvu?5s, "a fine
figure of a man." - 19. TpLvayovLwo-v v. A tip-top actor of third parts:
see Dict. Ant., Histrio. - kidp4+E.  To be taken in connection with
ya/uos....Xpwugdvr, which denotes the left-handed means by which she
reared up her son, the beautiful statue and tip-top actor of third parts. -
21. -rpLpqpacvX~qs has no exact English equivalent, but may be rendered boatswain as the nearest. The crew of a trireme rowed to the
music of a flute-player who marked the time for them-;So Aristophanes mentions acXwv KeXev-aTvw as a prominent feature of the dockyard.  Acharn., 554.  Kennedy translates it galley-piper.- 22.  vE'oa1o'Ev. Raised her out of this honorable trade. There is a double entendre in this sarcasm, depending on-the literal meaning of cwu-rcdvac
as contrasted with KaO2eiac, KaOeo-SOatL  r-' oiKhtJaTos, which were
euphemisms to describe prostitution.- 23. vhi rbv ALa.  Here a
simple asseveration, not as above, 117. - 130. 27. o8i& y&p... KaTap&arCL. For they (sc. the acts of his life, iv av'robs peptwKev) were not of
an every-day sort, but such as the nation execrates. This sentence in 2 precedes the sentence raiOra!&v oWi... dp~oCzat, and in that reading the
subject of iv would be AEschines and the antecedent of ols his parents:
he was not the son of every-day persons, but, etc. So Schaifer and Jacobs.
The arrangement of my text is the same with Dindorf's, and is
approved by quite the majority of editors. Indeed the context alone
is enough to settle the question. - P. 47, 1. 1. 6+4, K. T. X. For it is
quite lately, - lately do I say? - nay it is yesterday only or the day before




NOTES.                        195
that he has become at once an Athenian and an orator. A good instance
of the corrective puv oiv (immo vero). JEsch., Eum., 38; Eurip., Hipp.,
1009; Plat., Gorg., 466.- 3. 8io wukkpajs.  Referring only to the
change of the name Tromes into Atrometus, of which the former was
a fit name for a coward (rpUOw) and a slave, while the latter was suggestive of an intrepid freeman.- 5. "Ewrrovo-cv. As a nickname no
doubt. Cf. Aristoph., Rance, 289, where the Scholiasts explain that
it was the title of a malignant goblin. In the F. L., p. 256, Eschines
speaks of his mother's brother as Glaucus, whence it has- been fairly
inferred that his mother's real name was Glaucis. - 6. rrivwra. Incessant changing of shape and figure is alleged by the Scholiast as
the'distinctive quality of the goblin Empusa. The coarse double entendre here is sufficiently obvious from what has preceded. - 131. 9.
(K. Instead qf: as coming out of one state into the other. The idiom
is very common. Soph., O. T., 454, Antig., 1093, etc. —10. ovX
Swrcs. Not only not. The idiom involves an ellipsis of VXyw. Fully
stated it would mean, "I do not mention your showing gratitude:
that would be absurd to expect in your case though it wvould be merely
natural in any one else."  Our own idiom "not to speak of" is often
similarly used. Analogous are the uses of jut /6rt and oX &r&. For
examples see Madv., G. S., 212; C. 717, g; Cu. 622, 4; H. 848, c.
- 13. Apta. It seems (i. e. in JEschines' representation): ironical, as
in 22.- 15. wp4rrov. In strong antithesis to the epqKUev which
immediately precedes.
132-134. As A SPECIMEN OF THE ATROCIOUS CONDUCT OF ZESCHINES LET US TAKE THE CASE OF ANTIPHO. HE WAS ARRESTED BY
ME AS A TRAITOR, BUT NEARLY ESCAPED PENALTY THROUGH THE
INTRIGUES OF MY OPPONENT. AND FOR THIS THE AREOPAGUS CANCELLED THE LATTER'S APPOINTMENT AS ADVOCATE OF ATHENS BEFORE THE AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL, REGARDING HIM AS A TRAITOR.
132. 16.'Avrn~,vra. The case is mentioned by Plutarch (Vit.
Demosth., 14) and by Dinarchus (c. Demosth., p. 98, 1. 25). The latter
deplores Antiphon as a victim. The facts seem to have been as follows. Antiphon had been disfranchised, for some reason not recorded.
In revenge he attempted to betray his country to Philip, and conspired with him in a design of burning the Athenian fleet. The date,
according to Dissen's calculation, would be shortly after the &ta'7?5qots held in the year 346. Demosthenes denounced Antiphon before
the Ecclesia, who, however, acquitted him. DIemosthenes then




196                          NOTES.
brought him before the Areopagus, who had the right to take extraordinary cognizance of extreme cases where the safety of the state was
involved.   They condemned Antiphon; but their sentence (cir6Paaus) would then require to be formally approved by the Boule and
Ecclesia. After this Antiphon would be tried once more before the
Heliea.  We know that the result was his torture and execution.
He appears to have been one of the family of Harmodius according
to Dinarchus (1. c.), but we know nothing more of his history. He
is not to be confounded with Antiphon, one of the ten Attic orators. - &roll+LVOrElw  = struck off the register of voters: see Smith,
Dic. Ant., ~&at'(LTt-s. -21. ev 8l9lOKpaCLq. Plutarch himself describes this proceeding of Demosthenes as Drloop& adpr7-oKpaTrK6S. -
22. +,ln+CrpcLTos.   -Warrant, to be granted by a vote of the Ecclesia.
The orator seseth to have acted so far illegally that he arrested Antiphon in his own house, although he was not justified in doing so
either by official position or sanction of the people. -133. 24.'ApECov.
Smith, Die. Ant., Areiopagus.- 25. ovi 8ov-rL.  Another instance
of meiosis: anything but opportunely. The absence of the article gives
additional strength to the phrase, and is the more appropriate for an
antithesis to' biovrt. - etwEIrrlo-E. Made further inquiry: the force of
frl  in composition is here strongly marked. — g7. itprao'T' &v.
Such a traitor as this would have been snatched out of your grasp, and having slipped throuqh the clutches of penalty would have been despatched to
freedom by this master of imposing eloquence.- -P. 48, 1. 2. arpePXd-aIVTES. The -rp@eX'q seems to haved corresponded exactly to the rack
of our own semi-barbarous ages.  A list of modes of torture in which
this is included will be found in the notorious passage, Aristoph.,
Ran., 620 sq. Some discussion has been raised as to how a free Athenian could have been put to the torture at all? There are two obvious answers: (1) Antiphon as darof7o'w-OeIs was no longer a free
Athenian; (2) The rack was applied, not for his examination under
torture, but for this execution under sentence.  See Smith, Dic.
Ant., sub. Biaoaos. — vv=as it was. —3. ye intensifies the bitterness of the taunt: as you OUGHT to have done to this creature likewise,
sc. so far at least as your duty and his deserts were concerned. - 134.
5. O'VV8LKOV. Advocate: i. e. they retained him to plead their case
before the Amphictyonic Council.  His appointment, however, was
afterwards cancelled; as we see, by the Areopagus, on suspicion of
his sympathies with Macedon, which naturally, on this as on other




NOTES.                          197
occasions, was opposed to the Athenian interests.  Hyperides was
anti-Macedonian in his politics.- 6. Ton iv Aijp. The question at
issue, which had been already long disputed, was whether the Athenians or the Delians were entitled to have the custody of the temple
of Apollo at Delos: the date of the case being tried before the Amphictyonic Council was 345. —l ja-rep.  By attraction to d&ypolas
instead of the dative, which would be the natural construction.
There is a various reading d' 17jr7rep but only in a small minority of
the MSS.- 7. wpoaECXkEoee. This is Wolf's emendation, adopted by
Dindorf, in place of 7rpoeiX~eoe MSS. Schafer approves it as especially consistent with the Kal in KaKEL7Vp.  Translate, associated to you
that body in addition, i. e. requested the Areopagus to co-operate in
their deliberations with the Boule and the Eccle'ia, giving them ab'
solute power over the decision to be formed; Those who read rrpoelXeo0e interpret it eiXeo-Oe 7rpo vI'A'y, i. e. delegated to act for you. No
other instance can be cited of the verb being thus used, but certainly
it is a possible interpretation. - 10. &wob ro0 Po.6.: Tendering their
votefrom the altar, i. e. advancing to vote immediately after having taken
an oath with the fullest solemnity. Taylor cites p. 1265, 1. 6, rpobs
rv, fPCWA  dlyovres Kal tOptdl'ovres.  Cic., pro Balb., 5: ut mos Grsecorum  est, iurandi causa ad aras accederet. — 11. o$EISCa. The extreme solemnity of the occasion has been mentioned as enhancing the
effect of this public censure on }Eschines. - 135. MAPTYPEX.
Another spurious document according to Droysen and Winiewski, but
defended, as usual, by V6mel. The question is not worth discussing.
But we may notice as irregular the absence, in each case, of the name
of the witness's father; the phrase i7rap a&7rdwTw which appears so
redundant and superfluous; and the absence of any details about the
voting on which the orator has so strongly insisted in 134.- 14. XEyovros.'2 has giXXOV7OS, which would much improve the sense, an
ellipsis of Xyest being easy: b has gXXovros Vyetv and adds aro'v
after darXaa-ev. I believe, however, that Dindorf's text is the most
correct, and we must take XYovros as imperfect, when he was going to
speak.
136. TAKE ANOTHER INSTANCE OF MY OPPONENT'S POLITICAL CONDUCT IN CONTRAST WITH MINE. WHEN PYTHON AT THE CONVENTION WAS VITUPERATING ATHENS, I DENOUNCED AND CRUSHED HIM,
ASCHINES AIDED AND ABETTED HIM.
18. vEav(ov.  _Eschines was 45 in the year referred to (345).




198                         NOTES.
Clearly there is no allusion here to age but only to character. The
same sense of violence or extravagance is constantly found in veavLcteeoOat and veavcK6v, of which the Lexica give abundant examples.  We
may here render this gallant fellow as spoken in irony. -ye is also
ironical. -19. 5TE. Either just before Cheeronea (Diodor., XVI.,
85) or in the year 344 (p. 81, 1. 23). The latter view is supported
by Winiewski.'We know nothing about the facts except from this
passage and that in the De Halonneso (p. 81, 1. c.). That Python was
a famous orator is attested by Demosthenes, p. 1469, 1. 18, and
LEschines, p. 44, 1. 35.- P. 49, 1. 1. iv aliXvwtl.  To plunge in disgrace. The phrase is exceptional, as Schafer notices. - 3. Gpaouvvo[pvy. Bragging and bursting full upon you. Colloquial phraseology.
Pev of eloquence is very common. Aristoph., Eq., 527, etc.; Juvenal, X., 128: torrentem et pleni moderantem frena theatri.  Dissen
also cites Hor., 1 Sat., II., 28.
137. ANOTHER INSTANCE. AESCHINES WAS CAUGHT CONFERRING
WITH THAT NOTORIOUS SPY OF PHILIP'S, ANAXINUS.
11.'AvaCvw,. A native of Oreus in Euboea, who came to Athens
in 341 ostensibly to make some purchases for Philip's Queen Olympias (Eschin., p. 85). At this date the Athenians were contemplating the liberation of Eubcea and a despatch of forces to assist the
Hellespont. Anaxinus was, rightly or wrongly, denounced and executed as a spy for these proceedings (1. c.). -  Eschines especially
taunts the orator with having caused the death of a man who had
been his host in Euboea. -- Kaoac-Krcw. We have here, of course, a
brilliant petitio principii. Whether Anaxinus was a spy or not, history has left uncertain. But the argument noscitur a sociis falls
through in the other event, and therefore the orator promptly assumes
that he was. - MAPTYPEYE. Another spurious document. The
witnesses are mentioned without the address of their several demes.
No one of the name of Nicias is found in the list of Archons at or
near this year (341). - troc avro,  swore to it before the generals.
138. I COULD ADD MUCH MORE TO THE SAME EFFECT. BUT YOU
NEVER FEEL THESE THINGS AS YOU OUGHT.
18. ov'rao  VoWs, somewhat as follows.  Accordingly the following
clause is without a connective as being explanatory. &v would regularly be acc. =in respect to which, but is in the gen. by attraction.P. 50, 1. 3. T(OeTaL. Stored, deposited, laid on record, a financial expression in the first instance, p. 1236 (fin.), p. 186, 1. 10, etc. Scored




NOTES..199
up is the closest rendering here. - 4. oWi8'.v...6pyiv, nor for proper
resentment, acc. after els. — 8ES&Ka.rE.  You have, through a vile custom,
given vast license to any one who wishes to trip and slander him who speaks
for any of your interests. In kbroaKeXM~ewv we have another wrestling
metaphor. - 8. &VTaaXXCTTEyVOL. Bartering for.  The sentiment has
been already illustrated in 3, note YTEpOV es. —11. r1TV. Cf.  13.'Fa.EL, note.
139. BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF WAR }ESCHINES DID HIS BEST
TO HELP PHILIP; AND AFTER THE WAR BEGAN HE NEVER PROPOSED
A SINGLE MEASURE FOR THE GOOD OF ATHENS.
12. [uv 8i. The sense of these two particles combined is usually
to dismiss a consideration; cf. the notorious phrase roravcra tk&v o6r
TaT-a. The 8h in itself implies so strong an assertion of the protasis
that no further question can possibly be raised about that, whatever
may be said about something else. The 1tv paves the way for the
introduction of that something else, if necessary, in the apodosis.
But no apodosis is absolutely required.  For examples see Soph., El.,
103; Platon., Polit., 287, Prot., 315. - 16. T& IrXota. Sup., 73, KaC.
J'_v.- Xepp0dvq'os. Sup., 92, XEppovo'rqC(Tov. —17.'ATTLK)V. The
reference is here to the seizure of Elatea in 339 (the autumn) when
Philip was appointed by the Amphictyonic Council to command the
forces attacking Locris. The excitement caused at Athens by this
seizure of Elatea we read 169 sq.- 18. WVELcI"KEL. 89, ivo'racS, note.
20. LCELoc& yos.  The Scholiasts interpret this  5XkoXo1topos,
and so we find in the Etym. M., s.,v.'Iacupoqd-yos, the Iambic verse
being the distinctive metre of lampoon:'Iau/Pi-esv yap 7o6 KjrreTv
eorlp. But surely we must also understand an allusion here to that
already threadbare topic, the histrionic profession of iEschines. Of
course the double entendre cannot be preserved by any English. Whiston's rendering, mouther of iambics, is as good as any. - 22. SEL4Tco,
i. e. I will sacrifice part of the time allowed me for speaking, to give
him the opportunity, if he can take it, forsooth. - 23. iVSarL. eYXe?-'rat y&P'6!A v rpT7'ov iJp'rop t Karno'6pto Kal'TOtS v6/Ots Ktal r'j'yzIOKp tvUTL,
76 hi 8e6repoV VO6tp To TJV yPpactv ce6'7OVT KCtL TOalS ES eals Tao     TP TYpatCa
X&yovotv. Alsch., 82. A description of the clepsydra, by which the
time allowed' to each speaker was measured, is given in Smith's Dic.
Ant. Whiston alludes, in this connection, to the joke at the sobriety
of Demosthenes, viz., that other men spoke by water, he composed by
it. - 24. G&rEpov. An obvious ellipsis of rotriat, or, better, alpedaOcO.




200.                          NOTES.
The construction is very common: p. 113, 1. 10. Platon., Charm.,
160 c. *With an impersonal subject the ellipsis would be of yevdaOat.
- i p>8$V K. T. X.  That either he proposed no measures conflicting with
mine because he could find no fault in what I was then doing, or else that
he did not bring forward better measures than mine because he was studying
the interest of the enemy. The participial sentences are causal. Madvig,
G. S., 174, b; C. 674; Cu. 581; G. 277, 2; H. 789; the force of
crapc is here decidedly against: not simply beside but beside, with the
object of contesting and obstructing. - 27. SEpEwv  {s pe'S rov (proferre in
medium), as usual, is merely the technical phrase for publication.
140, 141. IF HE FRAMED  NO POLICY, DID  HE AT ANY RATE
HOLD HIIS TONGUE WHEN MISCHIEF WAS IN THE WIND? NAY, HE
MONOPOLIZED THE BEMA.  REMEMBER THAT MONSTROUS CASE OF
THE AMPHISSIAN LOCRIANS.  I MOST SOLEMNLY SWEAR TO TELL
YOU THE WHOLE TRUTH ABOUT IT.
140. P. 51, 1. 1.'Ap' oiv. Did he then make no speeches either (as
he certainly moved no measures) when it was needful to do some mischief?
The point is this: no single psephism of AEschines' proposing can
be found in the records of the war period (139); but he made plenty
of speeches, -and he always spoke with a mischievous intent. Reiske
and Schafer are both anxious to limit the clause 65oTrep- typacqev by
understanding either 67re or idIca 9pydraaoOal rt  6eL KaX6C. But they
thus ignore the obvious antithesis of 9-ypaqoe to AXeyev. He moved
nothing, but he said plenty; and all that he said was bad.- 2. oa
p.v otv. Nay, no one else had a chance of speaking, i. e. he let no one
else get a hearing. - 3.?T& lav &kXa. Other things the state could bear,
as it seems, and this man could do without detection. C. 677, f.; Cu. 590;
G. 279, 2; H. 801. - 6. rXdos, finishing stroke. - 8. 8dylaaTa, i. e.
the decrees passed by the Amphictyonic Council respecting these
Locrians of Amphissa.  Schafer compares Me-yapwv  /qlhpa;a "the
vote concerning the Megarians": Thucyd., I., 140. -8. rd has here
its original force of a distinctive pronoun. See Donaldson, New Cratylus, 148, and note As,gv, 71 sup. - 9. &KVIEL.  Wash out, strictly
of the hands. The middle voice here denotes action on self. On the
metaphor, which is frequent and familiar, particularly in dramatic
literature, ancient and ntodern, cf. Eur., I. T., 1223,' Ws 96vcp 06vov
/uaoapov  EKPvWO. - 10. oix O{rTo. You will not talk enough for THAT,
however prominent and prolix you may show yourself as a speaker.
The emphasis falls on OUTw. - 141. 11. KaX&. This passage may




NOTES.                         201
well be compared with the exordium. He justifies the solemnity of
the language in the next paragraph.- 13. rrwarpos. Father-god, and
hence tutelary divinity. Apollo, according to Athenian mythology,
was the father of Ion by Creusa, daughter of Erectheus, king of
Athens, and wife of Xuthus. Ion succeeded to the throne. (Eurip.,
Ion, 1574, etc.)  Hence the Athenians had 7raaTppat Ova-tai at Delphi.
All the Ionian states seem to have worshipped the Pythian Apollo as
their Oehos rarpaos.  See Muller, Dor., I., p. 244. -15. ErwOLILL KaCL
dwrov, if I speak the truth and did speak it then immediately.
142-144. WHY HAVE I MADE THESE SOLEMN ASSEVERATIONS?
BECAUSE, WHATEVER STRONG PROOF I ADDUCE, YOU WILL HARDLY
BELIEVE.ESCHINES HAD THE POWER TO DO SUCH MISCHIEF. JUST
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PHOCIAN CASE. I WARNED THE ECCLESIA
AND THEY WOULD NOT BELIEVE ME.
142. 23.'Xwv. Concessive: and so elibs which follows. Madvig's
G. S., 174 b; C. 674, f; Cu. 582; G. 277, 5; H. 789, f. -Sqlotc~.  The Archives: the word describes any public building: its
character is settled here by the context. Herod., VI., 52, 57. - 26.
eX&'?Tv.  Minor quam ut conficeret: incapable of, literally less than
the mischief i. e. unequal to such a magnitude of mischief.  Cf. the
analogous use of zeldouvs in the F. L., p. 350 (init.). -P. 52, 1. 1.
DoKEa&L, 18, and Introduction II.- 143. 2.'Aptwro',.  This city belonged to the Locri Ozolae and stood on the Phocian frontier.  Ingenious Scholiasts have noticed that the words 7r'o  ya&p...'EXdTetLa
make a hexameter. - 3.'EX4TEfCv.  Metropolis of Phocis on the
frontier of Epicnemidian Locris. -6. Eds &vIp.  Was the author in
his single self of the greatest disasters. The common use of eds as anl
intensive in connection with a superlative.  Cf. Soph., Trach., 459,
obXl Xalrpas I 7rXEiaras cavip ets'HpaKXis fy7./e h r;-6. Tro'r, i. e.
when AEschines had just come back from acting as deputy at the
Amphictyonic Council, who had declared war on the Amphissians at
his instigation.   We must compare throughout 2Eschines' own
account of this (p. 71 sq.). —9. {K 7apCaKilcrecos.  Dissen aptly
remarks that the name 7rapalKX?7To was given to the party of friends
who would rally round an accused person, or a person in any critical
position, the Latin advocati. Cf. the use of the word in the New Testamenit, rendered in the common version sometimes Advocate, and
sometimes Comforter. We may paraphrase here: his clique who were
seated by him. — 10. oL 84=the rest. —144. 15. EiKKXS.'qTiE. But ac9*




202                         NOTES.
cording to Eschines (1. c.), Demosthenes did impress his views on the
meeting, and it was owing to him that the Athenians dissented from
the Amphictyonic policy instead of joining the attack upon the Amphissians. - 15. 6e...r-vTEOEV. eb passim seiungitur a voce ad quarn
pertinet.  See Heind. at Platon., Charmid., p. 11I (Schafer). —17.
SELVOVTS.  Craft: calliditas (Schafer).
145 -159. FOR PHILIP'S PLANS IT WAS INDISPENSABLE TO CREATE
HOSTILITIES AGAINST US ON THE PART OF THEBES AND THESSALY.
HENCE HIS INTRIGUE IN THE AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL, WHICH LED
TO THE SACRED.WAR, AND FOR WHICH HE EMPLOYED ESCHINES
AS AN INSTRUMENT. THE ACCOUNT iESCHINES GAVE YOU IS FALSE.
THE ATTACK ON THE LOCRIANS WAS UNPROVOKED.  PHILIP'S APPOINTMENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF WAS ACHIEVED BY THE MEAN
PARSIMONY OF THE AMPHICTYONS WHO WISHED TO ESCAPE THE
EXPENSES OF THE WAR. DIRECTLY HE WAS APPOINTED HE DROPPED
THE LOCRIAN BUSINESS AND SEIZED ELATEA.  LISTEN  TO THE
DOCUMENTS WHICH PROVE WHAT I SAY. FOR ALL OUR SUFFERINGS'ESCHINES, AS A TOOL OF PHILIP, IS DISTINCTLY RESPONSIBLE
AND TO BLAME.
145. 24. Xncr'rv. Guerillas. The orator wishes to deny the regular
army any share in such successes as were won (146). The chief damage
done to Macedon, he alleges, was the interference with their comlmere
by these irregular marauders. - 25. k'rs XO'pas, By constructio
pregnans for oi-re?y&p e4i1iyETo TCV el 7r, Xc~pa y^yYvoE8Cvwv ecK -Ts Xa'pas
ovabe.  C. 704; H. 680.-146. P. 53, 1. 1. tirE SLLv'rcov. If they
did not allow him a passage through their territory. The negative (/5)
has its usual force with a participle, of introducing a conditional
clause. -2. Kp0aTOovTL. Concessive: cf. 142.  Kpac-eiv with the accusative = to conquer: with the genitive = to conquer and hold. The accusative is that of relation, not of the direct object. Madv., 31; C. 480, b;
Cu. 400, c; G. 159; H. 544, a. Though victorious in war over the generals.you were in the habit of sending out, of whatsoever sort they were (for
Ipass this), it was his fortune to stffer losses froim the very nature of the
locality and the circumstances of each party. - 4. 4o-re 7o Tio o6rrov. Dissen compares Philipp., I. 48 (p. 93), r6srov r's xcbpas. He could not
attack them by land because Thebes and Thessaly obstructed his approach; and he could not attack them by sea because their navy was
superior. -r-wrapxo'Vwv KcaTvIpoLs. Macedon was strong in land forces,
Athens in maritime: but the land forces were useless, as has been




NOTES.                           203
just explained: so that Athens had the advantage in point of armament in the aggregate.- 147. 6. cruvvrEC00o.  Induce to join him.
Hence the element av/t- is introduced. There is a mixture of moods
in this conditional construction which may thus be preserved in English: His idea was that, were he to try and induce either Thebes or Thessaly to join him in attacking you, no one would listen to him; but supposing
him elected commander as having taken up their common grievances, then his
expectation was that he would, with comparative ease, deceive them partly
and partly persuade them. The imperfect optative avouredOot introduces
the more improbable alternative (si persuaderet), the aorist subjunctive alpeOd states the very condition which was actually fulfilled afterwards (si electusfuerit): the imperfects Tyero,,X7rtge suggest the
duration and deliberate character of Philip's plans.- 11.'ALu~KTV-oorL. For the Amphictyons. Dativus commodi precisely. -12. rapaX4v. A disturbance at the Pylkea. The meeting of the Council was
called HIIvXalc from the place of meeting, Therrgae; so also the
members were called HvXay6pat.  See Dic. Ant., Amphictyons..rept here is of time and place both. -12. Ets Tairr'. For thereupon
he thought they would immediately address him with entreaties, i. e. to cooperate with them in the quarrel. - 148. 14.'rap' LavToi.  Philip
obtained this privilege as part of his victory in the Phocian war. -
LEpo1Lv~.O'VOV.  Religion-commissioners.  An office apparently for life,
at any rate superior to that of the Pylagorme. See Smith, Dic. Ant.,
for a full discussion of the point. - 15. 4KIEvov. Philip: change of
-pronoun to avoid repeating av'roO.  Schafer recites exactly the same
construction from Xen., Hell., I. vi. 14. - Etw1YOtiTo.  Were to introduce this matter. The optative here of the condition which did not
happen, the subjunctive. of the condition which did. See 147, oru'LrEt0oL. —-188.3 revav7rvc. His (sc, Philip's) adversaries.  The element i7r- modifies the force of the adjective a little: there was no
open war between Athens and Macedon just at this period.  Still
vrrevavTlos and eivavTios, according to the Lexica, are used almost
synonymously. -19. Xkio-ELv. lie (Philip) would evade suspicion.
The subject of X'aoet to be taken from   valfk/e which precedes. -149.
22. wrpokXqeECs.  Was proposed as Pylagoras, and three or four hands
having been held up, was declared to be duly elected: that the whole thing
was a job, or an oversight, is what the orator wishes to imply. - 25.
Xaptov.  With all the prestige of the city about him.  Like {Xxv,  epcov,
tycow, so Xa,8cb is frequently thus used in lieu of a preposition.  As




204                           NOTES.
the elected representative, AEschines would of course possess all the
influence of Athens to his hearers in the Council. - 26. ke'pCLtVEV,
imp. to denote the beginning of a process = set about accomplishing:
WrECOEL below, histor. pres. --' ots. The endsfor which.  irti here of the
basis in connection with which the contract was made. See also 16, Eir'
&XIqeOEas, note. - 27. Xdyovs K.I IL'ouvs, facts and fables. - &EdpoVs
XdyLov, were unused to speeches, the hieromnemons.  This might well
be asthey were appointed bylot. WHISTON.-P. 54, 1. 1.  0eEV. As
to how: the matter being old in history has to be traced from its origin:
hence 60ev rather than 6brws. - KLppaCcL.  The tract of Cirrha: a frequent resort of pilgrims to Delphi. According to JEschines, the Cirrhsans grossly overcharged and plundered these sojourners. Hence
the first Sacred War (B. c. 595) was undertaken by the Amphictyons
to punish them. Their city, which stood on the Sinus Corinthiacus,
close to Delphi, was captured and destroyed in 585, and the ground
on which it had stood was consecrated to Apollo. This no doubt is
historical fact (1Eschin., pp. 68, 69), though it suits the orator here
to speak of it as a myth. - 150. 4. rEpLEXeEiV, to make a survey, with
the object of inspecting, to see if the sacred ground was being encroached upon. - 5. oocrav.  As beiny their own. The participle constitutes here a causal sentence.  Madv., G. S., 174 (quippe quum sua
ipsorum esset).- 6. Xypas.  A portion of the sacred tract.  Genitive
strictly partitive. - 8tKqv. AccoriTng to JEschines (I. c.) the Locrian
representatives had moved in the Council that a fine of fifty talents
be imposed on Athens for dedicating sundry golden shields, in the
new Temple of Apollo, inscribed "taken by the Athenians from the
Persians and Thebans when fighting against the Greeks." Besides the
offensive inscription, there was a further transgression in the shields
having been dedicated before the new Temple was fully consecrated.
There is no reason to doubt that the Locrians did move this resolution to have the Athenians fined; true, it was not a case of 6LtKqV ITrdyetv, but Eschines had never said it was; he had only described them
as 66y7ua eio-rpovras.   All that Demosthenes could fairly have urged
in reply would have been that this Locrian resolution was not worth
being noticed by the representative of Athens; or, at any rate, that
Eschines, if he did notice it at all, ought to have noticed it in a different way.  In this part of the speech the orator's argument is
decidedly weak, not to say evasive. - 7.  racyo'vrov, circumstantial
part.: although the Locrians were bringing no suit against us, nor charging




NOTES.                            205
what this man now pretends, saying what was not true.  ~Eschines (I. c.)
had represented that his charge of sacrilege against the Locrians
(alleging that they had desecrated this hallowed Cirrhaean territory)
was provoked entirely as a cIountercharge in answer to their charge
of sacrilege against Athens. The orator tries to prove that they had
not really made such a charge. -  10.  Xe'ao'r-OeaL.  To accomplish a
prosecution of our state uithout serving a summons. vreXo-aoa-Oa is a little
unusual in connection with &Klqv, but distinguishes the actual bringing of an action into court from the mere threatening to bring one,
which is all the orator admits the Locrians to have done. The summons, of course, would be before the court of the Amphictyonic
Council. - 8/iSrov = surely, or of course. -  KXiiwEv0-eV. Name the man
who served the citation.  On 7rp6oKXVqoLs see Smith, Dic. Ant., Dike, and
Cleteres. -  11. (irl woCls &pXqs.  Literally, in what Archonship?
i. e. name the year. -  rOv EAs'rT.    Tell us the man who knows of it, i. e.
adduce confirmatory evidence. All this, though strong in rhetoric, is
somewhat absurd in logic, as no one had ever alleged that the trial
had taken place at all. -  13. KaerXP.  The element Kar- here of
abusing rather than of using to thefull.  But both senses are implied.
- 151. 14.  4v$iy r-Lv. Direction. The word has an interesting technical use in Platon., Protag., 326, D, iva-yKdTC ovoL ypcdeLv KaTa& vTv i5by7qo-wv 7r   p ypagCqUUwv.  Some understand that the writing-master traced
the letters faintly in pencil, and that the pupil followed the lines so
traced. Others understand that the lines were merely ruled to keep
the writing straight.  See Heind. 1. c. — 15. EILKpoV.  Genitive of
separation: within a littly, almost.  See 6XIyov  eZpv, note wT  oiv, 20.
C. 665; H. 575, a. -  KalTKO'VTlrCLaV.  Shot down.  &4et7XOCe && to0
o7rparo7re'ov  h,5Lux  &s KCaraKOVTLet afas.  Her., IX., 17. -  19. KOT-.vnos. K6OrrvOV rbv (Capo'dXtov Thv 7r6re 7-&s 7yvd4Uas erc41/q5ovra ("a
native of Pharsalia and president of the Amphictyons," 2Eschin.,
p. 71 fin.). We know nothing more about him.- 21. oi8Ev. iEschines gives a very different account, pp. 71, 72: Kac 7rapeXOvvres Trj
wrporwv o-Tpa-Te~L Kal AzdXa xe-rplws fXp'h5avro rois'Au/to-aeodoeft, dhTr, yia p
TWjv tJe/lyowV  civ/ d d&K-TWV    Xp'jtyaia'v aTrous Ei71f/i/tocav...tIrethl 8h o6wre r&
Xp/,.taOra r.t&pVOV     r  Oeo r o6'S r'T vayes KaT7roayov, ObwVTS 16Vq T'7V  6&ev7pap o-TpaTelacv eirl robs'ACuxqto-o'es 6wrontaal ro: that is, that the Amphictyonic troops invaded the territory of the Amphissians and compelled them to submit to certain conditions, which, however, they
did not fulfil, so that it was necessary to make a second expedition




206                          NOTES.
against them. It is, however, quite possible, as Whiston observes,
that both accounts were true in the main. -We have to allow for each
of the two orators regarding the matter from such a different standpoint. - errrovoav.  The next, i. e. the autumn meeting of the Amphictyons.  See below, ETEPON AOFMA. - Eis = for or by. - 22.
ilyov.  Werefor handing the war over to Philip.  We understand 7r6Xeiuo' as the object of Wyov, which Reiske renders ablegabant, and Bremi
mnandare studuerunt.  Cf. p. 125, 1. 20.- 152. 25. Elt'+pELV.  They
must either themselves subscribe, i. e. to provide funds for raising an
army.  The caloopa was an extraordinary war tax.  See Die. Ant.,
sub v. -  e'vovs. Enlist foreigners, i. e. as mercenary troops.-  26.
gluLOOV, i. e. to enforce the payment of the subscription. - 27.  KEiZvov, i. e. Philip, if elected general, would bear the whole expense of
the war. - P. 55, 1. 1. {K rovTrov, from these considerations. - Eae0~s.
The capture of Elatea was in the winter of 339; we do not know the
exact date, but at any rate within three months of the autumn Pylea
referred to.- 3. fpporOaLM. Having bid a long adieu, i. e. having dismissed from his consideration.  byd U  T'6TOLS /&V IppoOat XAgyw,
p. 62, 1. 19. The phrase is common in this -sarcastic usage. - 153. 8.
ro y' gaCLCVl's. At all events for the moment, sc. though not ultimately.
- SpXL4troc  jav...dtra pJV'rOL.  Chiefly, it is true...but in a secondary
degree. I have already noticed dv7rot as an adversative, 12; no adversative was necessary here, as clra is itself antithetic.  See note on.w7rera, 1. - 11. Xpdvovs. We are at a loss to understand in what
form these dates were preserved on record; certainly it could not have
been as they appear in the spurious document below. We should
have expected the reading of successive  q1t',uta-ra passed at the
period in question, with the dates of the day and month attached,
and distinct reference to the several events; or else of the particular
i5po-gua describing the appointment of /Eschines as Pylagoras. Cf.
155, end. -154. AOrMA.  The contents of both these Dogmas
stamp them as forgeries. They merely embody the statements of
Demosthenes, and quite ignore the conflicting statements of lEschines
(p. 71 sq.).  Of course the indefatigable Bbhnecke and Vimel defend
both as genuine. But the elaborate criticisms of Droysen and others
effectually demolish their validity. The curious will refer to Dindorf's
Demosthenes, Vol. V., p. 406, for a resume of the discussion.- LepfEs.
Supposed to be an Arch-Hieromnemon corresponding to the Archon
Eponymus. - -apLvps.  Both decrees are dated in the spring, which




NOTES.                            207
directly contradicts r7lv ertoiT oav, 151.  Reiske corrected eaptv.s into
6orwptvps in the Second Decree, which the ungrateful Bdhnecke is
pleased to style coniectura infelicissima. - ruvXacyo'poLs is the older form.
See Lex. -  oruvvEpoLs.  We know of no such office in connection with
the Amphictyonic Council, but of course it may have existed. - 155.
T,) KOLVM.  Some critics object to this as an unusual term for the general body, but it is a most common expression in Attic.  Thuc., IV.,
78, etc., etc. -  KaravELLC'lLEVOL. Having divided among themselves: the
active KaTavieovuov, in the first dogma, is used less correctly, treat as
pasture for flocks; zv'yovoc immediately below is quite classical, they
send to pasture. -'ApKsacL.  /Eschines calls him  a Pharsalian: 151,
Ko'r-TVos.- -&LOV iva.  The infinitive after citou~v is the natural
and obvious construction, though the final'va is not absolutely ungrammatical here. 8-  TL = that.  Classical usage would require o'rf
preceded probably by dyye'XXetv, unless we are to understand the
latter from  wrpeofpeveoa. -  XPONOI.  The most meaningless of all
the forgeries; it specifies a date minutely, but omits to mention what
happened upon it.-  MvlrLOeC8,ls.  IEschines says he was appointed
rvXaVy6pas irli OeopaCirov &pdXopros, p. 69 (fin.).  According to the
Fasti, the Archon Eponymus of 339 to 338 was Lysimachidas.  At
any rate it was not Mnesithides (qui neque archon unquam neque opinor
scriba prytanice, aut prcetorfuit. DROYSEN.)- 156. 3. Ws oix'irAi4KVouov.
When they refused to comply, as already stated, 153. -  5. o-vLuX4u ovs.'ApKdcas,'Apyelovs, Meorwovlovs,'HXeiovs.  SCHOL. -6. &X'qO1 WrpdarCLOv.  This use of 7rp69aoa' for the true reason is rare and scarcely
recognized in the lexicons.  It is often opposed to aX-q7vs (irpp.actv
yev...zrb cXaeLg   &), and is used just below to denote the pretexts alleged
by Philip and presented by ZEschines. - KoLVi. The universal interests
as specified by the Amphictyonic decree.  The Kal has here an intensive
force, not a copulative; 3, first note.- 157. EIIIXTOAH.  This
document is not so obviously a forgery as most of those. which have
preceded. The points of suspicion will be noticed as they occur. -
8,t!LLoUpYots.  So Thucyd., V., 47, oL 6yu10ovpyol Kal X7 fovXk, where
the historian is speaking of Mantinea and of Elis. As a designation of
chief magistrate it very likely existed in other Peloponnesian constitutions also. Compare our public servants. — P. 57.  o'r'  o'vvaVTrTre&. And
so assemble, etc. This use of fla7e with the imperative is rare, though
not without example both in prose and poetry. -  Xkov.  It is pretty
fairly established that the Macedonian month Lous was not identical




208                         NOTES.
with the Athenian month Boedromion (Clinton's Fasti, II., 358), but
with Hecatombaeon. Panemus, which was a Bceotian and Corinthian
as well as a Macedonian word, corresponded to the Athenian month
Metageitnion (Bickh., Inscript., I., 732). No genuine document would
contain such a blunder as this. - rots S arvjpL3ovXoLs. These words
and the two which follow Dindorf places in brackets, and Schafer
wishes to erase. The text is hopelessly corrupt, and it seems useless
to suggest emendations. Omitting these words the meaning is: Those
who do not assemble with all their force we shall treat as subject to the usual
penalties, i. e. as enemies. - wcav8SlqEL = irapo-rpar't. - 158. 5. p!"...
rEpdLLOVTES. Do not then go about and say: a favorite combination:
7reprt6vT arbvw 7rvvsadveaoOat 7'w'l T7irrore ~v/fL/f'p7Ke6, 3pp'Oivcat. p. 525
(end). - 6. {v+' ivds, sc. ro0 IMtlrTrov. - 159. 9. ILq&v EVaXctpe1vTrca.
Without reserve: i. e. dismissing all delicacy and respect for the hearers. - 12. rodwcov. Tracts of territory either with or without buildings
and inhabitants: 7rboXeov, distinctively of the inhabited.  Whiston
makes r6~rwp = Xwpliwv, places, i. e. forts, and compares Virg., -En. II.,
573: Trojam et patrise communis Erinnys. -13. pracpacxoSv =furnished.
- 14.  vEarrp4c4npE. The passive airoo-rpdeo-Oat is constantly thus
constructed with the accusative, without any preposition to connect
them. The same remark applies to all verbs of motion. Madvig,
G. S., 21, r. 2; C. 472, f; Cu. 398; H. 544, a. Render: and how it
is that you did not turn away from him as soon as ever you saw him, I
wonder. - 15.  KO6TOs. The neuter gender of this word is specially
affected by Demosthenes (p. 411, 1. 25, etc.), but is rare in Attic authors generally.- 16. irpo. Between you and the truth, lit. abiding
with you before the truth.
160 - 167. IN DENOUNCING THE POLITICAL CAREER OF XESCHINES,
I HAVE NOW COME TO SPEAK OF MY OWN C-AREEIR AT THE TIME.
DISCERNING PHILIP'S OBJECTS, I RESISTED THEM TO THE UTMOST;
NOT THAT MY POLICY WAS ORIGINAL; I ONLY FOLLOWED BETTER
HIEN, WHOM YOU, ESCHINES, CRINGED TO LIVING, THOUGH YOU REVILE THEM DEAD. I REPEAT, IT WAS YOU AND YOUR ACCOMPLICES
WHO BY THAT POLICY BROUGHT US NEAR TO RUIN.
160. P. 58, 1. 3. EL yc' driv. If, after I sustained on my part the
doing of the laborfor your sakes, yet you on your part will not have patience
to hear the words which describe them. The common antithesis of fp/yov
and X6yos =realities and reports.  av'crv is objective gen. - 161. 5.
Opov y&p Eyi. For seeing that the Thebans and, to some extent, you




NOTES.                            209
also, under the influence of the partisans of Philip and those who were
bribed in either state, were overlooking and in no single point guarding
against what was dangerous and required much watching, viz., suffering
the growth of Philip. CKKarTpots each of the two (Athens and Thebes)
separately, opposed, as Dissen observes, to ac/bo odpoLs, both collectively. 
14.'ApLcr1ojxvTrL, 70, and E'fovXov also.- 15. irp&caL.  To ach'ieve
this friendship, i. e. between Athens and Thebes.   The dvqr't ovprcta
which follows is concessive, cf. 142, eLtW&s; 146, KpcaToUvTL. -18.
KlcLvaos, cf. K6p/PS, Kp6'raXov, KilavOS,'p6Uk), Aristoph., Nub., 448. -
ois. This accusative is governed by KoXaKe6wv', but, by an easy zeugma, suggests the dative which 7rapvlKoXo06ecs requires.  /Eschines is
said to have been secretary to Aristophon. - 19. O1K atLo0aeL.  You
fail to perceive, i. e. your stupidity prevents you from perceiving, that
you denounce them, now they are dead.  But the old reading alcX6ve&
gave a better sense: you do not blush to denounce them, now they are dead,
the imputation of icvaLtarOqla  is so inconsistent with the epithet Kivea3os. However Z has aloi'dvet and all the editors seem to have adopted
the correction. —22. sOKLCM'&MWVTWV.  Examined and approved, sanctioned. -163.  EKto'E, i. e. to his statements, 147-153. -  23. roU7TO
RLv K. Tr. X. It was through his having caused the war at Amphissa and the
rest of his accomplices having developed our hostility with Thebes, that Philip
contrived to come down upon us. -  26. o0Vr1p...crVViKpo v V, the very purpose for which these men were embroiling the states, lit. knocking them
together, cf. 19, and note there. -  27. irpoecave'rrlqEv.  Had. we not
uprisen a little before him, we should never have been able to retrieve our
position; to such lengths did these creatures promote the ill-feeling. - P. 59,
1. 1.  4iXpL is common with an adverb of time or place, as here.  So
with &Opo,  vrciOa, &6rot, r6re, h   v.-164. - 164. tH4'IMMA.  The
contents of this and the three following documents are sufficient to
stamp them as'forgeries. The orator introduces them by saying that
they will show the state of feeling existing between Athens and
Thebes at the time.  Now the first psephisma says nothing about
Thebes, and the second next to nothing.  Both of them are confined
to an account of the state of affairs between Athens and Macedon.
The same remark applies to the first apocrisis, and the second refers
only to Thebes in its relation to Macedon. After the documents have
been read, the orator describes them (168) as of a nature to exasperate
Thebes against Athens, and encourage Philip to attack Elatea.
Nothing in the documents justifies this description.   Some other
N




210                             NOTES.
indications of spuriousness will be noticed in their place. —'HpowrvOov. No such person was Archon in the year 339 or 338. But Elatea was captured in the winter of 339, or at latest at the beginning
of 338. - -ovkXs...yv  l-,,   cf. psephisma, 37, and note there. — s
Rev, 71, note s. v. - KV4akawC.  In fine.  rb 6' 0ov Ke6diXatov 213
(iqf.). - s wLaXLP&EToaL. This use is quite classical: throws himself upon,
i. e. desires, purposes. — ELpivqv.   But the peace of 346 had been
regularly broken in 340 (89, evo-rrs), and if any subsequent peace
bad been made, the orator or.Eschines would surely have mentioned
it. - SEd.X6aL.  Cf. 29, note. - Er8 Si lj.  But, failing that (the constant formula of apodosis to /aota-ra /Adv, above all), i. e. as the most
desirable alternative if it can only be achieved: in the simplest paraphrase =if possible...but at any rate.  On the construction of eti 6U uz
see Madvig's G. S., 194, b; C. 717; H. 754, b. - &vox&s. Inducias.
The usual Attic form is. aV&OKWXh. -  capyrlXLvos.  The next month
but one to Elaphebolion, Munychion intervening.   See CALENDAR
in Smith's Dic. Ant. -165. IwoXEciJpXOV!yv'F1.  There is no authority for supposing that the Archon Polemarch had any distinctive
voice or power on these occasions.  Droysen notices this as one of
the marks of forgery in the document. - KipvKa.  It is highly improbable that the herald would be mentioned in any psephisma.
Schaifer suggests, as a reason, quo plus Philippo offerretur religionis.
But a herald would be attached to such a party as a matter of course,
and would need no official mention. - EvSEXopIvwoS. Post-classical:
appears in Polybius: "pro ratione temporum, i. q. IK &vP eVozXdVwv."
IREISKE. -- P. 60. IETp'cov, i. e. under any reasonable condition, tolerable position. - 166. XatpCEv.   Greeting.  Cf. 39, note. - al'pErLv.
Instead of the more usual 7rpoalpeact.  So Plato, Phcedr., 256 c. -
anrovS$iv.  Effort. — A.  Classical Greek would require ob, as the
sentence is causal, not conditional. -  E  wooirTpofp4js: Reversing the
procedure, i. e. doing the opposite of what the Thessalians, etc., have
done. The phrase is quite classical, though somewhat too poetical
for its surroundings here. -  rErkrXu11qLEXkflLEVOL.  This use of the passive 7rXqyuueXeZoOat as meaning to be injured is quite classical, though
rare.- 7rk XueXoCuevos t6 Kal O5K i, 6iK[l Xotbop06eis. Platon., Phcedr.,
275 (end). --  rvyKcaTar'iweLaL, sc. -ri  acVrv 36tav.  And so Plato
-writes it in full, Gorgias, 501, c.  I concur with. - rrpawe'+avrEs.
Having dismissed.  Post-classical; the usual sense being to convey or
to escort. - 167. AIIOKPIMIU. Even if this were genuine, it would




NOTES.                         211
be of little value without the Theban resolution which it professes to
answer. - SLdTL. Sup., 155. -- rpo EpoVTCL. Proffer: post-classical
in this sense: the verb usually meaning to take (food or medicine). -
ruyKcLra.CVOVS. Abettors: a post-classical word. - KCTy~yVo-rKov. I
was disposed to blame you on the prospect of your being persuaded. A
harsh construction where we should rather expect cs /eeXX6vrwv. --
P. 61. ot'OrELV'oriv. Bring you no small advantage. po7rf as the critical turn of the scale is quite classical, and as common in prose as in
poetry. However, exception has been taken to the phrase as it stands
here by Whiston and others. It is perhaps unsuitable to a purely
formal document. - rpoedoroEs. Purpose: not used in this sense by
the Attic writers, but found in Aristotle, Polybius, etc.
168. IN BRIEF THIS WAS HOW PHILIP BROKE UP OUR UNION AND
WON THE DAY. REMEMBER OUR EXCITEMENT AT THE TIME OF ELATEA'S CAPTURE.
4.'EXaTECav. Cf. note 143. It was 78 miles from Athens, and
commanded the approach towards that city. - ov8' &v E;. This dvx is
repeated with oavu7rvevdvrw-v,  Madvig, 138; C. 622. The phrase et
TL  yvo7ro is euphemistic: even if some awful crisis were to happen. ovi'
er  rT&dOots, Theocr., VIII., 10. -5.   vjWrrvvu4VTWV in this participial construction has the force of the optative mood. C. 658, a;
Cu. 595; G. 226, 3; H. 803. There is a varia lectio orvpvevo-6vrOTv,
which, strange to say, has been adopted by Bremi and others. But
Irvew and its compounds use only the middle form of the future,
never the active. - i.!C~v. As though the Thebans and ourselves would
never again co-operate, come what might.
169 - 179. AT THAT FATAL CRISIS, WHEN IN FULL ASSEMBLY
ATHENS APPEALED TO HER STATESMEN FOR DIRECTION, WHO WAS
IT THAT ROSE TO ANSWER? I ALONE. IF EVER THERE WAS A DEMAND FOR TRUE PATRIOTISM AND SOUND POLICY, THAT WAS THE
TIME. SO I MOVED A RESOLUTION THAT WE SHOULD CO-OPERATE
WITH THEBES IN RESISTANCE TO MACEDON; THAT OUR ENVOYS
SHOULD BE DESPATCHED FORTHWITH, AND OUR ARMY AT ONCE MAKE
A DEMONSTRATION.
169. 9.'Eoarirpa. This splendid pictorial passage is duly lauded
by Longinus (c. 10) and Hermogenes (p. 284): quoted also by Diodorus, XVI., 84. — 10. irpVT&VELS who, from their official position,
would be the first recipients of all intelligence. us=-7rp6s. C. 711, a;
Cu. 445; G. 191, 3; H. 614, 621. -11. SElwVOrvTES in the Pryta



212                          NOTES.
neum at the public expense: a privilege of their office. Athen., V.,
p. 186, A.- 12. eietpyov. Began driving the shopkeepersfrom their booths
in the Agora, sc. in order to clear the Agora, so that the Ecclesia might
be convened with all possible expedition.  Aristoph., Ach., 21, 2. -
13. yippa. WTicker-work literally, but used, according to Harpocration,
of any covering or roofing, whether it were canvas or leather, or other.
wise. All editions seem to understand it here either as sheds, or else
coverings of the OK?7Vat.  I cannot but think myself that it refers to
the'yeppa which fenced in the place of assembly so as to exclude
strangers (c. Necer., p. 1375).  They expected a "monster meeting"
under such exciting circumstances, and made every preparation to
receive an extraordinary number. To save time they burnt the
hurdles instead of carrying them away, and so threw open ample
space for all comers. - 4vEvrtprrpacrauv.  To serve as a beacon, according to Schafer, but, as Whiston truly observes, the Agora was not a
likely situation for that purpose. The sole object of burning these
articles was most probably to clear them all away as fast as possible.
-   carpa/yyois.  At such a crisis of the war a formal conference between the Strategi and the Boule would be necessary; and probably
it was desirable that the Ecclesia should be convened by a joint proclamation from the Strategi and the Boule (37) in order to make the
summons as impressive and imperative as possible. - 14. oakrX7LK'Tv v.
Perhaps it was a special formality to send out the summons by the
oaX7tKrtts, as well as by the ordinary KhpvUKeS, whenever the Strategi
were responsible for calling the Ecclesia together. The invariable
use of oaaX7rrKrs as a military term, and its juxtaposition to or-par7q-,yois here, combine to suggest this notion.  In the spelling of aaX7rLK-r/s I have followed Dindorf and all the modern editors, who agree
in omitting the y.  But cf. LIDD. and Sc. s. v.- fLe-EvrifLrroVTo...
K&CXOVV, imperfect, indicating the simultaneous occurrence of many
exhibitions of alarm.- 16. &lCa Tn i'iLpq.  At dawn of day: there
was nothing, however, extraordinary in this: the early hour of these
meetings is constantly noticed: Aristoph., Ach., 20, Eccl., 312, 377,
etc. - EKaXovv.  These imperfects add to the pictorial force of the
description. -17. IovXEu7TlpLov. A brief notice of the topography
is here almost indispensable. The Bouleuterion stood in the Agora,
probably on the extreme eastern side just below the Tholus or Prytaneum, which was in the northeast corner.  Thus they were both
immediately at the foot of the Acropolis, which bounded the Agora




NOTES.                          213
on the east. -18. wrpCv. So eager were they to commence the business
that they went and took their seats in the Pnyx long before the Boule
had had time to consider and prepare their report.- 19. &vo, i. e.
on the top of the Pnyx, the Bouleuterion being down in the Agora.
The Agora occupied the whole of the level valley which was bounded
on the west by the Pnyx, on the east by the Acropolis, on the north
by the Areopagus, and on the south by the Museum. The members
of the Boule, when adjourning to the Pnyx with their report, would
have to traverse the Agora from east to west and ascend the hill of
the Pnyx.  For fuller particulars see the excellent article ATHENE
in Smith's Dic. Geog., or Wordsworth's Athens. - 170. 20. EflO-XOEv,
sc. into the Pnyx, having held their deliberations in the Bouleuterion
and now proceeding to report the result to the Demus, and put the
question to their vote. - oL -rpV)T&VELS. It would be only the committee (ol 7rpoi4pot) who would actually attend to read the report
(dcwrdyyeLXav); or perhaps only o  -7rLo-rdrcqs, as the mouthpiece of the
whole body. -21.'rpoorlqyyXpLEa, sc. vrb r6is CovEXs. The report
which they had been commissioned by the council to deliver.- 22.
rapcipyayov. Introduced to the meeting the messenger who had come. Cf.
Aristoph., Ach., 22-172, for a description of the ordinary proceeding
at an Ecclesia.- EirEV. Had told hiis tale; i. e. told the Demus the
details which he had already told to the Prytanes and Boule. — /ip&ra.
Kept asking: the imperfect sense being here strongly marked. --  s
CyopEVELV PoS1XEraL; The regular form of commencing the business.
Aristoph., Ach., 45.- P. 62, 1. 3. raCpdvrov. The force of the participial construction is concessive. - 4. Aqrdpov contrasts curiously
with orparrjyG.v, the latter being officials appointed by the state, the
former merely self-appointed professionals, but yet recognized as a
class, and a class on a par with the state officers.  Our own "Government" and "Press" suggest an analogy. - 5.  Ob'v fpov0O'. Some
one to speak for the common weal, owarvptas, as usual, of sound condition
reconstituted from a state of decay or danger. The absence of the
article is noticed by Reiske, but, as Schdfer comments, "articulo
facile caremus: p. 146, 11." — 171. 10. Tb Pftpa. -The famous XlMos,
a cubic platform of ten feet cut out of the rock in the middle of the
Pnyx semicircle. -12. ot TpLaK6OLOL, i. e. the first class of the Finance Sections: their arrangement has been already described (10,
h-yqepvacs) in the account of the Naval Sections, whose organization
was identical. - &J4oTepa, in apposition.with ro6s, those who were Iboth




214                            NOTES.
those things at once, loyal to the state and wealthy. - 14. o.L..rS80VTEs,
those who subsequently gave the great voluntary contributions. 7rt5o'6-ets are
gifts after or in addition to their quota of assessed taxes. - 172. 17.
rMapTlKOXOV011KOT?.  Who had followed up, traced the course of.  o ra
roesTOV 7rovqpe5aT ir'p aKpt3e'rcaTa eil&js y/dj Kal 7rapKKoXoUO'77Kws dloart,
p. 423, 1. 23.  Cf. St. Luke's Gospel, c. i., v. 3. -  18. avkXXEXoyLcrpivov.  Perf. Midd. who had concluded: qui collegisset. -21. oOT'.
The reduplication of the negatives throughout this clause is very
noticeable. -22.  fl4EXXEv.  Was no more likely.   C. 598; Cu. 501
H. 711. -173. 24. OiTos.  Well, then: I showed myself the man, sc. O6
o Katpbs eKePos Kal 7') rgpa dVKei'v fKacXet.  With this emphatic position
of Ckyc  cf. 62 (fin.). - 25. &. The relative must here be paraphrased
for the sake of the English: I spoke before you...and hear what I said, with
your best attention,for two reasons. - P. 63, 1. 1. TrS4LV. My post, 138
(fin.).  Whiston cites c. 1Mid., 155, XeXot7revat tri', toU &KalOV Tdclt.
-2. E!v7a6Ltjlv.  Approved myself; 197 (fin.). — 3.  o3epots.  In
the very hour of panic.  poo3epos always of horrors only, 6ELvjS of wonders also. -  LLKPO'V in pointed antithesis to 7roXXw,. -  4.  rfs.  The
genitive depends on rA Xo-7rd, not on  /7Aretp6repot: you will have fhr
greater knowledge for the future of your whole administration. - 174. 5.
EtLrov. So in Philip. II., Demosthenes quotes at length from a speech
which he had addressed to the Messenians and the Argives. - 6.
&nrcpX6vTrv.  Were supporting Philip.  So 358, 7, rlv XC'rITrov vz7rzcpxew aor'ots, they had Philip, i. e. as a substantial basis of support.
Cf. birdprat in I (note).  In the older editions  lXawv was inserted
after vzragpXS6rwv here, but Bekker erased it. See Schafer's note. -
175. 14.  VJlrTp41rLrrTaL.  Perf. Midd.; the action being for his own
interest. - 18.,axpcu.  Supply /po6Xerat, in answer to the question
above.- 176. 22. SiVcrKoXov. Unpleasant, euphemism for KaKO6v. The
state of feeling between Thebes and Athens has often already been
adverted to; 96, etc.- 23. O1[cCtoLs, dat. of the agent by the Thebans, C. 461; Cu. 434; G. 188, 3; H. 600.'- P. 64, 1. 1.  Observe
the emphatic position of &utx'rEpoL. -.    rrpbs?,.  Close application to the subject' is here the preposition's force.  7repl ie &v Xe'y?
obviously belongs to both the infinitives. —177. 6. -ErLa0io0cL, sc.
-rh c56jBov: i. e. they are to dismiss apprehension for themselves, anld
to entertain apprehension for Thebes.- 7. srowv SevLv, gen. with
eyyds.  C. 445; Cu. 415; G. 182; H. 589. -  8. yrpoT4poLs.   As a
predicate: the peril is theirs first. -  9. 4gXrovras.  Secondly that all




NOTES.                           215
of you who are of the age (i. e. for military service, 18 to 60) and all
your cavalry should march out towards Eleusis and show the world that youl
are yourselves under arms.  The article 7ros has from the context the
force of 7ra'Tpras btas in both cases.  The road to Thebes via Eleusis
was the most convenient for an army, though not the most direct, as
Whiston points out. -12.  t Lo-rov yevlrcal. May have equal liberty to
speak boldly. Literally: that this liberty may arise for them on a par.
- 13. QcZrFEp, i. e. that both sides will have equal military support.
- 178. 19. KvpCovs. To give them absolute power in conjunction with the
Strategi to settle their time of going there (to Thebes) and the campaign.24. cWarXpdS. Because they would not be in a position to refuse.
Observe the fondness of the Greek for the personal, or subjective form
= it would be dishonorable under the circumstances. - P. 65, 1. 1. KOal &.
If Kat is here both, it introduces the apodosis extending to 7rpdSw/uev:
if Kal is and, the apodosis is not expressed but understood to be 7ra'rTa
el6 9X  or the like: a common aposiopesis before ei i u5X.  Madv.,
194, b, r.  The former is to be preferred. -SKrqJpVOL.  The middle
voice again with the sense of action for their own interest. - 2.
rpocrXlcLraTos, Holmes renders here magnificence. But the commentators generally, with better reason, take the word in its more ordinary sense of pretext, or apparent motive, sc. of acting disinterestedly.
— 3. &v 8' Slpa. p~h  vp4.  If after all it be not our fortune to succeed.
Having done everything in their own power for success, their failure
could only be attributed to  6x-.m -  179. 5.' TaCire.  The extreme
ease and simplicity of the orator's language on this occasion has been
noticed by all commentators, and is obvious to any reader. It may
be very reasonably supposed that the orator at such a crisis would
speak his very plainest, dismissing all elaboration and rhetorical ornament.  So Lord Brougham  appears to understand him. -8. Etirov
-iv. This vigorous climax has been universally admired, perhaps a
little beyond its merits, which are due rather to the exquisitely antithetic power of /uv and Zd than to any intrinsic vigor of thought in
the sentence. I did not speak thus, and yet not move a resolution; and I
did not move a resolution, and yet not serve on the embassy; and I did not
serve on the embassy, and yet not convince the Thebans. Instead of yet
not, Drake well renders ouK..:.8i by then not.  However we render the
passage, it will be awkward and clumsy in English.  The Latin translators are equally hampered. Aquila Romanus (p. 21) has "et non
dili heec quidem  non auterm scripsi, etc."  Quintilian (ix., 3), cited




216                          NOTES.
by Whiston, "nec hsec quidem dixi sed nec scripsi, etc."  The noto.
rious instance of climax in Cicero (pro AIil., 23) is effected by "nee
solum...sed etiam" in each clause. - 11. BSWK'. I devoted myself entirely to your interests.  Cf. roS 6eevok? a'To0   t &66vac 97, where the sense
of self-sacrifice is yet more prominent. - 12. Eits. In the face of, i. e.
so as to meet and encounter. - 13. jipE. Apparently the clerk has
to search for the document, and while they are waiting for it the
orator seizes the opportunity for the following lament.
180. AY, ISCHINES, WHAT WAS MY  PART IN  THE  DRAMA,
AND WHAT WAS YOURS? WAS YOUR SCENIC MAJESTY OF MUCH
SERVICE TO HIS COUNTRY? OR WAS IT YOUR DERIDED RIVAL WHO
WAS HERO OF THE HOUR?
16. &G, ponam: depict, represent.-  18.  B&r'raXov.  Some MSS.
have BarTaXov, but not so well; the a of the first syllable is short by
nature, and yet Athenneus in a pentameter (IV., 176, D) quotes the
word as a dactyl: Kai Tr, v ciKprTots BdrraXov Uir6rmov.  As to the
meaning of the nickname there are various solutions offered. The
Scholiasts on iEschin., p. 17, 1. 42, render it profligate, effeminate, giving several different derivations, (1) as the actual name of a fluteplayer or poet Batalus, notorious for his effeminacy: (2) as the
name of the &brorw6&ov (instrument for beating time) which the
flute-player worked with his right foot; hence metaphorically a
term of contempt. They add one or two coarser etymologies. ZEschines (p. 41, 1. 13) explains the name similarly as given a6 aloXpovpyiav:
and he quotes with derision the explanation of Demosthenes, that it
was a pet name given him in infancy by his nurse (p. 17, 1. 42).
Schafer, with the approval of Whiston, Drake, and many of the best
editors, connects the name with flarroXoyertv and takes it as an allusion to the orator's notorious defect in speech. It is probably onomatopoetic, like our words stammer and stutter. -  iLuS'...rvXVTLa.
Not even an ordinary hero, i. e. more than an ordinary; cf. ou6'  yltp &v
&rvXEv yv, 130. - 19. r6iv &rrb 9rsg cK'qvs, those of the stage, i. e. one
of the characters so often acted on the stage.  See Lex., sub adr6.  It
was the privilege of third-rate actors to act such tyrants and kings as
Cresphontes and Creon. l-L-r &so-rep?yapas roNS TpTa7aVLt-TaS TOb rToro
TvpcaVovs Kal roiS Tr& oKq7rTpa gXovras eilo'tat, p. 418, 1. 12. - Kpe-o'v'rTqv. A play of Euripides bore this name.  Aristotle's Poet.,
14, 19. _Elian tells us (V. H., 14, 40) that Merope, wife of Cresphontes, was the chief character in this tragedy, and Plutarch (Mor.,




NOTES.                         217
998 E) describes her in one of the scenes as taking up an axe to slay
her son. Cresphontes, according to early history, was a Heracleid,
king of Messenia, murdered in a rebellion by Polyphontes, one of his
nobles, who then constrained Merope to marry him. Welcker conjectures that the action of the drama would be all subsequent to the
death of Cresphontes, who would only appear to speak the prologue,
as a ghost, like Polydorus in the Hecuba. - KploYva. In the Antigone of Sophocles; also a subordinate part.- 20. Kokk-vra  One
of the demes where dramatic performances took place during the rural
Dionysia, outside the boundaries of the city. The site of Collytus
was in the valley between the Pnyx and the Museum. It was the
deme where Plato resided, and probably AEschines also, if we can
trust at all to the evidence of the spurious letters. KOXX6TOV e'v vy.TrVTe Kai T7erTapdKOVTa T77 cOKcaa. [LEschin.] Ep. 5.- O- vdioaov. In
the (Enomaus of Sophocles, where the principal part would, of course,
be that of Pelops or else Hippodamia. - K-aKs. You murdered by your
vile acting. One MS., b, inserts KaK6S before KaIKWS, greatly improving
the sentence, but none of the other MSS. contain it. It is probably
the embellishment of some later hand. With e7rwTpoLas we can compare lXviuaivov, 267. Dissen cites Memnona iugulare. Hor., 1 Sat., X.,
36  - VrKoKpLv4LEVOS. The story goes that Eschines, on one occasioh,tripped and fell down on the stage while running after Pelop~ in
the character of (Enomaus (Vit. zEschin.).  Others opine that his
fall was only metaphorical, Kavra7rirrevw corresponding to aoupl-rreaoOa
(explodi) = to break down and be hissed off the stage. -21. IIaMLavLEvs,
i. e. he accepts the name of contempt and facetiously adds his own
correct address; similarly he bestows on AEschines the name of dignity, attaching also his address in form. "Forsooth I am the miscreant and you the monarch; well, the miscreant on that occasion
was the hero of the hour, the monarch of Elis was a mere nonentity."
-181. P. 66. TH'IMEMA. Another forgery; the name of the Archon
is wrong; the whole document is pointless and ungrammatical, needlessly long, and as feeble as it is verbose. That such a composition
should claim Demosthenes for its author is, of course, ridiculous.
Even V6mel does not defend it. There is a special absurdity in supposing he could have written the mythical allusions with which the
psephisma concludes. - Navr;LKXovs. The date is still 339, of which
year the real Archon wasLysimachidas. This forgeryis also inconsistent
with the forgery of ~ 164, where the Archon's name is given as Hero10




218                            NOTES.
pythes; it must be remembered that both documents, from their contents, refer to the same year, that the former is dated Thargelion,
this latter Skirophorion (the next month later), between which months
no change of Archon would naturally occur. -  6 MagES0vo5v  pa-rLXEvs. Philip in an Athenian document would usually be called o MaKe&bv.  And so one MS. reads: another merely omits paatXE6s.avvOiLKas. According to Bdhnecke, the peace of Philocrates, B. c. 346.
Cf. 20. -a w'XEs.  On the Thracian coast (27). —wpo&y~E.  Postclassical for 7rpolpXerat (cf. p. 29, 1. 18). -  182. fip4~povipovs.  Postclassical in this sense: Opoupav eio?-yayev els... 2Eschin., p. 532. -
ov8Ev.  This censorious observation is quite out of place in a public
resolution, and is only worthy of so poor a forgery as this. - KaraKOpoS.  Post-classical for daeXky6s (cf. p. 120, 1. 10).-  183.  i$Cas.
Proprias nostras; Athenian; whereas [3ap3dcpovs means the Thracian
7r6XELt olv 7rpoo'77Ko6cas in 181, distinct from -rLv's Kal'AOscvaiw,. -
axirdv, sc. Ti-'v  )U~ov: meaning that Athens was indifferent so long as
the aggression was merely on their own colonies; but when it came
to be on'EXX-7vtKas 7ro6Xer, then Athens could refrain no longer. - 184.
8W.  There is no apodosis to the long sentence e7rert&i...KaracovXovu/e'vovs. Schifer, however, considers this as Demosthenic and compares
126. Grote (XI., 673) remarks on'this psephisma, that it implies
that Athens was now about to pass out of pacific relations with Philip,
whereas, on the contrary, they had for some time been at war, a fact
which made the seizure of Elatea all the more formidable and significant. -  Eitaujvovs.  This passage is apparently adapted from the
beginning of Xenoph., Cyrop., II., 7rpoo-evSaa'voc Oteois Ka' " pwIa rois
Rlepotaa yi7v Kare'XouoLv (which Schafer cites as an illustration).
Dissen, however, takes it seriously as a natural preparation for a
"bellum  gravissimum  futurum." -- poo-, sc. iworvw6ots, whose ten
statues stood in the Agora. - SBo'n. Post-classical for o'rt as in 155,
167. - vwavapxov, 73, note s. v. — 185. P. 67. 4XXd'pLov.  By euphemism; as 660KOXOv, 176, which section illustrates this whole
clause. - &XXoXaov.  The Macedonians were a mixture of Illyrians
and Pelasgians. The orator disregards the claim of their kings to be
descended from the Argive Temenidae, Her., V., 22, VIII., 137.  He
always speaks of Philip as 3cipf3apov (p. 35, p. 119, etc.). -  otr....
6ZouovXw, neither in connection byfamilies nor identity of race.  h oqo<Xot,
of course, as Hellenes, and avyyeveis, as is conjectured, through the
Gephyraei, an Athenian gens originally from Thebes.  WHISTON. -




NOTES.                           219
alrooerepovujevovs. By Eurystheus, according to traditional history.
Cf. Muller, Dor., I., p. 54. - OL~Srrovv. (Edipus had been a connecting link between Thebes and Athens, as we see in Soph., O. C., 91,
1521. - 9rEpa, e. g. at Haliartus, 395; in the recovery of the Cadmea
at Thebes, 379; in the alliance between Thebes and Athens, 378, etc.
The reference is to services rendered by the Athenians, which would
serve as a precedent for their rendering similar services now. - 187.
irvyapLav, 91. — w  rpo3ets. Only five names are given, yet in 178
we read XEtpoTrovaaat KEXe6W oKa 7rpOeLS.
188-191.  THIS DECREE PROVED OUR SALVATION.  IF THERE
WAS ANYTHING BETTER WE COULD HAVE DONE, WHY DID NO QNE
POINT IT OUT AT THE TIME? OR WHY DOES NO ONE POINT IT OUT
EVEN NOW? IT IS JUST THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATESMANSHIP AND FACTION, THAT THE FORMER COMMITS ITSELF TO RESPONSIBILITIES, ~THE LATTER SIMPLY CARPS AT EVENTS AND RESULTS.
3. $vrb -oivnW, i. e. by the Athenian political party who favored
Macedon. - P. 68, 1. 1. W"-~rep v4os. Why this trite simile should
be so much admired by Longinus, Hermogenes, Demetrius, etc., is
not so easy to understand. To say, as they do, that the rhythm of
the sentence is perfect, is only the same as saying it is Demosthenic.
But I cannot see that in this passage the orator has at all surpassed
himself. - 2. ph. vGv rZLTLjL&V. Observe the force of the pres. inf. in
contrast with the aor. (&egats): not to be censuring now. - 189. 3. 6 yap.
For the Statesman and the Sneak, though alike in nothing, differ from each
other most in this; the one speaks his mind before the event and commits
himself to the mercy of those who have believed him, offortune, of occasion,
of any one that chooses; while the other holds his tongue when he ought to
have spoken, and afterwards, if anything unpleasant results, comes girding
at that. The word VuKoqb&dvTrS (118) is quite untranslatable, but had
come to be synonymous by this time with 7rov-,p6s, cf. JEsch., F. L.,
105: i   rV rro,'pbV, KOLV, w-rwvvula.  Whiston translates it caviller or
common accuser; Lord Brougham, partisan; Kennedy, pettffogger; while
all agree that no English word renders it exactly, since the thing
exactly does not exist out of Athens.  The redundant rTm  a&XXwv disappears in English. By rrots'eurOeot we understand the members
of the state who have accepted the policy suggested by the aol6povXos,
and who hold him responsible accordingly; the success or failure of his
policy depends on circumstances, in which sense he is also liable to
these. paaKakvev in the sense of reviling takes an accusative either




220                          NOTES.
of the person or thing (p. 94, 1. 10).  By Tr  povXoguvq, is meant any
member of the state who may choose to rise and speak against the
statesman after his policy has been proved a failure; such a member
is distinct from oL 7reLc0vrres, inasmuch as he may have opposed the
policy at the time, or may have passed it in silence without expressing
approval. - 190. 10. iKEiVOS in strong contrast to vvP which follows.
- 4povriovSros.  Who has a regard for the state andfor saying what is
right: X6,yov in reference to  5aas above.- 12. {rnEp~B$V. I make
such a superabundance of concession, i. e. I show a generosity which is
simply extravagant in giving my opponents another chance of attacking me. Demosthenes specially affects the word b5repA36qX. (p. 35,
1. 18; p. 553, 1. 12, etc.) — 13. ilvfv. Was practicable, lit. was admitted by the circumstances of the crisis. - 16. 1.i1 XaOEtv, this ought
not to have escaped ME. The me is emphatic. - 17.,1siTrow, not even
to this day: Kal again intensive. Another good example of the reduplicated negative.  Cf. 139. - 18. aLvoiE'Vwv.  Visible: illustrated
by WeZ4ac and ~6paKev above. - 191. 21. oi.  The amusing sarcasm is
sufficiently explained by the context -roV-o f3ao-KaIeJEL, 189; Itre0vvov,
T7p  6X-, (ib.). - 22.  Wyyu&'O;u.  To be answerable for.  cav dpa tzX
-vwes iBiXWW  a     -Tov TWi' /iXwv wEyyvTa1ai re Kal OvvCKTiVoPeS aireXevOepoiv, Plat., Leg., 955, B.- 25. &XX&. Yet, introducing the apodosis, f3eLtas being of course supplied in the protasis. This use of
aXXd, though common in conditional sentences, is rare in causal. -
26. ris in an indirect question, 73, note. By the slight trajection of
X this TIs is made to refer to X67os and Kacp6s equally. -27.', ar6XEL.
Dative of relation, here decidedly in the category in commodi. — P. 69,
1. 1. a-vpcLaXCam  Combined also with 7rplts above, 22.- 2. TovrouWo-. Deictic: he would point to his present hearers, the Athenian
nation in assembly.
192-195. LOOK AT THE PRINCIPLE OF MY POLICY, NOT AT THE
ISSUE OF EVENTS. OF COURSE, NO ONE CAN COMMAND SUCCESS, BUT
DID I OMIT ANY MEANS TO DESERVE IT? THE STORM WRECKED OUR
VESSEL, BUT DID THE CAPTAIN NEGLECT HIS DUTY? IF WE FARED
THUS BADLY EVEN WITH THE THEBANS FOR ALLIES, WHAT SHOULD
WE HAVE DONE WITHOUT THEM?
192. 3. Tb 1xv irapXXklv0eds.  "Let the dead past bury its dead";
"Let bygones be bygones." — 4. &Li^taL.  The perfect gives the
force of utter and thorough dismissal. - 6. &wraCLTt.  Demands the
office of a statesman, i. e. requires the statesman to be at his post and




NOTES.                           221
taking his proper part.  See 13, TqEL. — 8.''poaCpEo-LV.  Principle,
12.  Cf. also 93. - FLI... OVKO &V'rEL.  Do not be continually carpingq at
the events. 7rdpas, which follows, corresponds exactly to exitus and end.
So also rAios in the next sentence. - 193. 15. XoyLoUo'v. Calculation,
i. e. forecasting of the future and preparations to meet it. -16. virWp
8vvaCLLv.  With an industry above my power; i. e. an extraordinary and
amazing effort. -17. fvEQo'rrT1r pqv. To be taken with oS, which belongs to the verb entirely here, not to the adjectives: that I did not
institute. — 18. TOd' 481. Turnm demum: then but not before, 47 (last
note). - 194. 19.  KwrlrTds.   Most MSS. add  ) Xety.Wv, but Reiske
and Bremi concurred in expunging those words as a gloss. So also
Dindorf.   The word OKrp7r6,s, as its etymology indicates, would
equally describe a squall or a thunderbolt.  The gloss would limit it to
the former sense, whereas the latter is more appropriate here. With
the metaphor Bremi compares Xei&dppovs, 153. -20.  LECltwV.  So
&XdtrrTv (142) in the converse meaning (Madv., 90, r. 4): too strong
for. -21. &iarrEp &dv introduces the implied answer to the question
which precedes. Do just as you would in the case of the captain of
the vessel, that is, not censure him, nor hold him responsible for the
shipwreck when he has dope all he can to prevent it. C. 662 d; H.
754. - vaiVKXlqpov. Ship's captain: originally the captain was always
the owner of the vessel, so that the two senses were embodied in vaSKXpcOS; afterwards the sense of ownership disappears, and that of
seamanship, or supreme direction, predominates. - 22. o'wTIJpC, for
a safe voyage. This technical sense of acbae-Oat as applied to a ship
is notorious (cf. p. 883, 1. 15, etc.): so awoeOaOeOat which immediatelys
follows would strictly mean to arrive safe in harbor. - KaTcLaKE&a avrTao,
after he had fitted up: another nautical phrase, and so OrKevZ;' (tackle)
which follows.- 24. XpqaOa'epvov, usum. Having met with, or experienced.  The verb Xptuat, like utor and our word experience, applies to
any material or influence, whether beneficial or pernicious, with which
the subject is brought in contact. Cf. i7rXol'q XpxotOat. Eur., I. A., 88.
-- rovlO'ciVTv, labored, in the nautical sense, i. e. suffered.  Xathios
g'rav Xdi 7rb6vos Opavoldvas Kepalas. BAsch., Eumnen., 526. - 25.  rvvrpLpe'vTov.  Another nautical phrase: wrecked: qbvXaao-ro4e'ovs re'v
vep,!l $vxrpliWootv.  Thuc., IV., 11. -26. &gv3Epvwv.  There was
nothing to prevent a va6KX7pos from steering his own vessel. But the
orator, of course, cites an instance where the Kvf6epv'Irrs has been left
in sole charge of the helm. - 27. iokrrEp ouir', just as I too myself was




222                           NOTES.
not in command.  The force of oive is to emphasize the parallel, where
the case of a  Sq3&ovXos differs from that of a va6KX'qpos: in the next
sentence the cases are identical and the negative becomes o6re.  See
Madv., 208,  GC. 701, 1, c; Cu. 625; H. 858.-195. P. 70, 1. 3.
EpaLpTo sums up the effect of Tr6xq, 6 atai/wv, 6 0e&6. - oiv'Tw...IrpLaEU,
to fare thus. - 4. piS4, not even: i. e. a different policy would have left
us without even that advantage. - 5. CKEWVOS, SC. Philip.  ischines
would have been o5roT. - &fXjKE, sent.forth letters, messages, addresses
(literallyvoices) ofeve ykind. Reiske and Schafer render: nihil indictum
reliquit, left nothing unsaid. Cf. 277; ol'as r6T' RgetL  /wva&s iXt7r7ro. -
6. Et viv.  If, as it was, when the battle was fought three days' march Jinom
Attica. 6b6s is constantly used to estimate distance, and iyiepc7v is here
a genitive of quantity. vip is used with the same force in the next sentence, opposed to 6Tre, in the other case. - 8.  nfjs Xcpas, partitive, depending on 7rov. — 10.  rIfvacL, to stand, to concentrate, to take breath, to
do many things that conduced to the preservationrr of the state. The asyndeton
is especially vigorous, implying rapidity of thought and action at the
crisis. - K$a Swio. The conjunctive particle where English requires
the disjunctive. 104. fULKp& Kat. - 12. rO6E  8'.  The common aposiopesis to express horror.  Quintil,, IX., 3, 61. - & ye IpS!.  The
negative gH distributes the force of the relative, to which it entirely
belongs in this clause, having no reference to the verb. - 13.'rEtpav
8OKQE. Cf. note, 107. The verb has no subject according to the
reading of my text, which is Dindorf's and also that of the majority
of editors.  Only one MS. reads ebvola...T6.  The rest all agree in
reading e6votl...rT.  Two explanations may be suggested: (1) that
this is a mixture of constructions not inappropriate in a moment of
agitation (Madvig, 216); (2) that we understand for the subject of
to&Ke the Supreme Aaluwv, as in the elliptical phrases bet, viet, oEdet
K. r,,X.-R:'Render: It is not.worth while to mention those things of which
we have not even been suffered to undergo the experience through the kindness of some one of the gods, and by reason of the state having shielded itself
with this alliance which you inveigh against.
196-198. 1 ONLY DWELL ON THESE DETAILS FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF YOU WHO ARE MY HEARERS. _ESCHINES KNOWS THEM ALL
FULL WELL, AND FOR HIM I SHOULD HAVE FEW WORDS. HE Is THE
VILEST AND MOST PERNICIOUS OF ALL YOUR POLITICIANS, ALD, IF
THINGS WERE RIGHT, NOT I, BUT HE WOULD BE THE PERSON AIRRAIGNED BEFORE YOU THIS DAY.




NOTES.                            223
196. 16. raxv'r...T& rroXX.  All this my long story.  -rt r& 7toXa& Zv
Xeyot rts; p. 886 (fin.). —17.  Jtgoev.  Outside the bar, or wooden
railing (p6oaKeros) by which the court was surrounded.  Aristoph.,
Eq., 675, etc. -19. 4itipKEL, were enough. The same use of the imperfect and pluperfect obtains in Latin (e. g. Hor., 2 Od., XVII.,
28, and Verg., Georg., II., 132). The imperfect without av is used
to denote what would be an immediate and easily foreseen consequence of anything. Cf. Madv., 118, b, where numerous examples
are given. This was probably the original form of the conditional
apodosis of past time, and da, the particle of futurity, would come to
be added to the verb merely for the sake of greater precision and
exactness.  C. 631, f; Cu. 542.- 22. jrpo BELs.'jletoOa or  bCornca
are the more common Attic forms in the simple verb, as Whiston
observes in his excellent note, citing Lobeck (Phryn., 237).- 23.
Tots &XXoLS  depends on -ris alrij~s.  Madv., 37, R. 2; C. 451; Cu.
436, b; G. 186; H. 603. - 197. P. 71, 1. 3.  o  y&ip, 47 note oSbev
yb&p dv. The passage implies a high compliment to the people. — 5.
T.r  rioXEL.  This dative belongs both to the clause which precedes it
and to the clause which follows it, referring as much to 7roOTo0 7r6eT0KSs as it does to OavX6Taros and 6vo'tevo-'raros, and being in each case
dativus incommodi.- 7.'ApL/rTpaTos.  It would appear from the context that Aristratus and Aristolaus were working for Philip's interest
in their respective localities. History, however, leaves us in the dark
as to their operations.  The sense of Kpivovat is the same as Kpivet in
15, and KaOdvar  resembles our colloquial phrase out-and-out. —198.
11. IvV80oKLJt.ev, to be distinguished in, that is, to found a reputation
upon.  The inf. may be explained as an acc. of respect (Holmes), or
as an inf. of result with which ware is usually expressed.  Dobree
notices that'EXX vasv...darKeLTo is hexametric. - 15. 6qlXots 8  KaCt,
and you show this too. -    nv s.  Cf. Cb   - efiKCev 130, note. - 16. oi
FroXLTEJVeL.. Kennedy preserves the contrast aptly: your political action
and your political inaction. -  17. &LVTKpOUo-E.  o oirpaCr-yol EvOs  sy
dOUvtzq iCrav 0tb' aVrTOZS -oir6 -re TrpTOV aVri-eKeKpo0SKet.  Thuc., VI., 46.
-19.  4py/aCTac KaCLI i     aroawrc.  Cf. Olynth., 2, p. 24.'wa-vep y&p 6Y
-TONS O/jCLaOatv 4)/uv ws /tv a&v ippw/dvos  2 irs, ovllv  7racaoOdvecTaL iKaO' gKaora caappwv, erav  U  aippwo'7-/d iL 0U oVP - rdvria   KLYeLTat, KaV
Pr/!Yia K&Pv i-~rpgaJ K&V atXXo 7- 7iw-  birapx6rowv   aaopbv i. - 20. KLVEZTa%, are disturbed, i. e. the limb originally fractured or sprained gives
symptoms of the old weakness returning.




224                           NOTES.
199- 205. SUPPOSING WE HAD ADOPTED ANY OTHER POLICY
THAN THAT, SUPPOSING WE HAD DEMEANED OURSELVES TO SUBMIT TO MACEDON, HOW  COULD WE HAVE FACED THE DISGRACE
OF OUR POSITION?  How  COULD A NATION LIKE OURS WITH ITS
SPIRIT AND TRADITIONS AND  RENOWN  HAVE ENDURED  SUCH  A
DEGRADATION? SURELY  IN  OUR ESTIMATION DEATH  IS BETTER
THAN DISHONOR.
199. 21.  ~yKELTcaL, incumbit in: lays great stress upon: cf. sup. up. &
ovp/fdspra -vKoaovrei, 192. iro:as is used in the same way (adverbially)
by Herodotus, VII., 158, and Thucydides, IV., 22. - 24. Et y&p, i. e.
if all had been going on as ZEschines falsely represents it to have been.
On the imperfect tenses, cf. 9, note. - 27. 8s. You who did not so
much as make a sound, did not even open your mouth. - ov8' ovI'os.  Not
even then ought the city to have abandoned this course, if it had aly regard
for its honor, or its fo,:efathers, or itsfuture.  By ro67rw  is clearly meant
7rpoo7idCat arcv dXXws, 200.- 200. P. 72, 1. 2. &irolrvXEv, to have
failed: a good instance of the aorist retaining its preterite sense in
the infinitive mood. Madv., 172, a. - 4. 4LQih-rac, after claiming continually to be the leader of others, i. e. to lead the rest of Greece in their
opposition to Philip.  Observe the difference between the imperfect
in cditovoa and the aorist in c&7ro'rapa, the former denoting a continued, and the latter a momentary action. - 7. wpotimo.  Pluperf.
midd. had she thrown away.  The adverb dKOTIr, without a struggle, occurs in Thuc., IV., 73, Kal abTOis &d'rep aKosITl r7'V VIKV, &KaLbS ad
rtOeadOa.  Vocabulum ex palaestra desumptum.  BREMI. - oidva...
oZx, every conceivable peril.  On o5ieis  oarTs o6, see Madv., 105, b, n.
-9. Ail ydip. Subin. e7ro: i. e. you, IEschines, would alone have
been to blame; not the state; not I; heaven forefend I should name
either as responsible.  A similar ellipse of etirw in the phrase   geL 6tL
has been already noticed.  The genitives r6Xews, /zoOu are, of course,
governed by Kal7r-vT-e. - 201. 10.  owp&pev &v.'With what face,
pray, could we have looked on any one visiting' our city, had matters con-.erqged to their present crisis, and Philip been elected leader and lord of all,
anwl'had the struggle to prevent this been fought by others without ourselves,
antd that though our state has never yet, in all her former ages, preferred dishonorable safety to perilfor the sake of hobnor?  The whole sentence from
et rci to.pm77,gevrs is one sustained protasis, of which, however, there
are two branches, slightly distinct, the first ending with var&cTvdw, and
the & of Tb'V' trarp answering to the IAv of T& dL&: i. e. the facts are




NOTES.                            225
put as the first consideration, the omissions are put as the second. -
202. 18. -rls...'EXXiwvcv, rIs...c3appcipov, i. e. who in the wide world.
-  19.   qulcacwv, whose supremacy extended, from the date of Leuctra to that of Mantinea (18), nine years. -  rrporEpov, i. e. between the
establishment of the Thirty, and the battle of Leuctra; thirty-three
years. - 20. IIep1rov.  Tracing history backwards he arrives at the
strong point of Athenian history, the period of the Persian wars.
Ditien cites in illustration here Herod., V'III., 136-144; IX., 1-5;
and Philipp., II., p. 68. -21. XQPLTos. That is, they would have been
thankful to secure at any sacrifice the resignation by Athens of her
post as the champion of Greece, it being assumed that the strength of
Greece in reality depended solely on the fact of the Athenian supremacy.- 22.  3oSXErcaL. The indicative again in an historic consecution.
Madlv., 130, b.  The primary tense is here also the more vigorous. -
Xacpouo-,. That she should take whatever she pleaseel, retaining also whatever she possessed, provided she would submit to dictation, and allow some
other power to hold the supremacy of Hellas. A striking example of the
participial clause dominating over the principial clause to which it is
in form subordinate (Madv., 176, b).  We must notice Xa8po6ao-, the
aorist, of single acquisition, iXoSv, the imperfect, of permanent possession.  Cf. di/ovka and a'rooraocSa, 200.  By rb KeXev6/jevov 7roceiv is
meant simply a state of submission and subjection, the exact opposite
of 7rpoeo-rdvac.  So again 204. -  203. 25.  r&rpLa, national: i. e. the
feelings which the Athenians, as a nation, inherited from their forefathers. -  27.  lh 8sCKLcL.  The negative is 57' to make the designation indefinite and hypothetical. C. 686; Cu. 618; G. 283, 5; H. 840.
It is trajected from its true position (which should be immediately
after 56) in order to keep it close to l&Kata.  Translate: those who are
powerful, it is true, but who do what is wrong. -- P. 73, 1. 1. rrpooOELe'vqV
denotes the manner or means, by attaching herself to. - 2. &XX' ayovwto.i'vq, but in her struggle for pre-eminence, for honor, for glory, she has
persistently imperilled herself through her whole history.  dywvileoaOat, of a
severe and protracted effort, as in 20.  aicova accusative of duration
of time. - 3. SLaTrTEXEKE, cf. C. 677, e; Cu. 590; H. 798; G. 279,
note. - 204. 5. 4OEorLv, character as the result of manners and habits.
~0os.= a prolonged and strengthened 90os.  4/ b' }OLKb At fOUvS 7repiylverat, 60ev Ka  ro'0voua T0X77Ke  tc[Kpbv' 7rapiKKXLvov dw -ro oU  foovs.
Aristot., Eth., II., 1. -  7. &y&acLLro. Who would not admire the valor
of those heroes? It is pretty clear, as Dissen remarks, whom the
10 *                                  o




226                          NOTES.
orator intends for the Themistocles of his own period, and whom for
the Cyrsilus. - 8. KalI'riv xW'pav KaC  riv 1r5XLv, not only their territory,
but even their city. - 10. rb KEXEV04EVOV, i. e. to submit to the terms
dictated by Persia. - 12. &aro4v&.qvov.  We have had the full
phrase d7roqalverat yvu3/v&v, 189. - 13. KvperCXov. A question arises
here on a small historical point. Is this Cyrsilus the same person
whom Herodotus (IX., 5) calls Lycidas? If not, there was a singular coincidence in the fate of these two unfortunate men. Each of
them is represented as having advocated submission to Persia, and
being stoned to death in consequence. But the dates differ. The
death of Cyrsilus, according to the orator, took place when the Athenians had only just resolved to abandon Athens and take to their
wooden walls. The death of Lycidas, according to Herodotus, took
place immediately after the capture of Athens by Mardonius, who then
made overtures of peace to the Athenian government who were with
the fleet at Salamis. This difference of date is almost conclusive
against the identity of the two cases. And surely it is very possible
that in this exciting year there were two victims to the patriotic furyof the populace, both of whom died under exactly similar ji4instances. The first case would be only too likely to serve as a precedent
for the second.  Cicero clearly accepts it as a true history, judging by his context in the De Off., III., 11, 48. The commentators,
however, generally consider the two cases as one, with a discrepancy
in the names. - 14. riv yuvvaK'. In the case of Lycidas not only
the wife but the children also were murdered.  Herod. (1. c.). —
205. 16. SovXESo'oCrLV E(iruvxcs, who would secure them a con~fortable
slavery. Here the indicative again in the historic consecution adds to
the force of the picture. So also e4o/rat in the following clause.
Besides adding to the vivacity, the indicatives here "identify the
Athenians of the two.different ages-C'and represent the liberty and independence of one epoch as the unbroken continuity of the freedom
asserted in another."  WHISTON. - 1. oVX1 T,  warpL. Cf. [Platonis] Epist., IX. (translated by Cicero, De Off., I., 7', 22), 9Kac-ros iLL V
ovX avo b6vov?ylyovoev, &XX& Xrs yevkoeows i i/v TOb hi T'L i rartpls /eplewTaL, Tob'    T ol yezvvo'apTes, rTb & ol XoLrotl OlXot. BREMI.- 22. WEPLFEVEL. Awaits his appointed and natural end: eip/apu9Pv7s, as distinct from
suicide; avT'6/Laov as distinct from  death by external violence.KaCt'r waL'rpCSL, sc.'ye'yevoOaac vol Yowv, while the other deeming himself
born for his country also. - 23. &rL8etv in its very frequent sense of




NOTES.                         227
living to see evil.  LEsch., Ag., 1246, Soph., Trach., 1206, etc. -24.
roS.... arMLpUa, the outrages and indignities.  Observe the emphatic
position of 7TO Oava7rov = death itself. WHISTON.
206-210. SUCH HAS BEEN ALWAYS YOUR SPIRIT.  I DO NOT PRETEND THAT I INSPIRED IT, BUT I DO MAINTAIN THAT I MINISTERED
TO IT MOST EFFECTIVELY. IF YOU CONDEMN MY FRIEND, YOU CONDEMN YOUR OWN CONDUCT AT THAT PERIOD. YOU ATTRIBUTE YOUR
FAILURE TO MISJUDGMENT, NOT TO MISFORTUNE. BUT OH! BY THE
MEMORY OF OUR ANCESTORS, YOUR CONDUCT WAS RIGHT BEYOND
QUESTION. IT WAS PERIL FOR THE SAKE OF FREEDOM. THE IDEA
OF _ESCHINES SPEAKING AS HE DID ABOUT NATIONAL TROPHIES AND
HONORS, AND THEN EXPECTING THAT YOUR STATESMEN SHOULD DIRECT YOU OTHERWISE THAN WAS WORTHY OF THESE PAST TRIUMPHS!
IN PUBLIC LIFE WE ARE ALL OF US BOUND TO FOLLOW THE FOOTSTEPS
OF OUR NOBLE FOREFATHERS, AND TO ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH OUR
NATIONAL SPIRIT. YOU, GENTLEMEN, IN YOUR JUDICIAL CAPACITY
FEEL THIS, I AM SURE, AS I DO, AND ACT UPON IT WITHOUT FAIL.
206. P. 74, 1. 3. br[Erepas. The predicate is put first for the sake
of emphasis. -5. r-Ts piVvrOL SMLKOvagS. In the execution, however, of
every single thing that has been done; I say that -'also hhve had a share.
On the primary sense of 7rli see 17: here we might render it connected
with. - 207. 6. Trv SXwv.  The entire business, i. e. both r&s 7rpoatp4aets and T"L 7rezrpa-yALia, both our policy and its execution. To7s
oXots 39.- 9. rLrJS.  ylly honor, sc. -ro o-reqdv/,ov. - 10. ~yKPJLCa.
Your triumphs.  Aristotle (Rhet., I., 9) defines EyKCbug/ov as special
laudation bestowed for particular and brilliant actions, f7racos signifying praise in general.- ris W  iv... &i 8'.  These particles mark and
emphasize the comparison between the less injury done to the orator
and the greater wrong inflicted on his country: seeks to deprive me,
indeed, of my honor for the present, but robs you of your triumphs for all.future time. - 12. TovCS. If you condemn my fiend Ctesiphon, on the
plea that I have not advised our state for the best, you will adjudge yourselves to have done wrong, and not to have suffered those results merely
th7rough the perverseness of fortune.  He means that in condemning
his policy and action they would practically condemn their own, as
le had been merely the mouthpiece and instrument of the national
will. Thus their failures would be deserved, not accidental. On the
participial construction see Madvig, 175, 176.  With EdyvwuoaSro.1
Schafer compares Soph., O. C., 86: Dot/T 7re Kca'oul!b yP77eo0' 6yvb



228                            NOTES.
~,oves: also p. 1468, 1. 15. In 866erF here there is much of the technical meaning to be formally decreed which 3oKeZv so often possesses.208. 17. wpoKLv8vvfaCcLVarcs.  Who bore the brunt.  The compound
7rpo- is of locus here, i. e. the forefront of the battle.  The expression is probably adopted from Thucydides (I., 73), who says that, we
alone, sc. the Athenians, at Marathon bore the brunt of battle with
the barbarian, n7poKKLvv'eVr^ar rt papdapp.  This apostrophe is deservedly admired by Longinus (c. 16), Hermogenes (p. 260), Aristides
(p. 170), Quintilian, XI., 3, etc. -18.  wrcapcagaae'vovs.  Who stood
in the ranks: Thuc., I., 29. It has been well observed by all critics
that the orator carefully avoids in this description any allusion to the
victories of Marathon, Platsea, etc. He is citing examples, not of success, but of intrepidity, else of course his parallel would fail.  And he
justifies his parallel most happily by the words at the close of this
sentence ovs dwrav-ras....6vovs. See Longinus, 1. c., Lord Brougham
(Works VII., 124), Whiston in loc., et al.- 20.  vpaoIJ   -L.  TOiLaatv
oiv   T Orb r. xU6o'tov o'ima, 6 eoTLp iri -ro KaXXiTroV 7wpoasr-etoU rS r6rXews
(the Ceramicus) Kal del i, iare   Odarrovo-t robs dK rIY 7rTOX4wUv. Thuc.,
II., 34. He excepts the heroes of Marathon who were buried on the
spot where they'fell. - 24. 8LKaCtS. Cf. eiKorToS 23. - 209. 27. ypaliLa0Kroxvov.   Derived, according to Etym. Mag., either fro0m KvOS
(Ort o01  pa/G/IaTeLS 7TpOKeKlv6TeS ypdCPovUtv) or else from K6b9wV the pillory (C'rel ot &yopapoa rc K10WVLt cayaortayovTaL)! We have no English
equivalent.   Perhaps you scribbling scoundrel would be sufficiently
abusive. -P. 75, 1. 2. XEyes.  Eschines, p. 79 sq. r6repov viALZV dutel-,CoV aCiP etvas aOKe? Oe/ ELrUoKk Xjs  o aTpaTyi7'a-as idre riv 7repl ZaXa/tdva
vav/xaxia, II- por'v 1 K1o a, tre,    AluoOevs 6o Ti aS 7T-dets Xt7rbv; K. T. X.
--  v, i. e. they were, he alleges, irrelevant in the present action
against  tesiphon.  And yet what of these were required for the present
trial?-/ r(vos. We must resolve this, in English, into an interrogative principal sentence, Madv., 198, a. -4.'rbv yrepC.  And I who
was coming forward to advise the state about her supremacy, in whose spirit
ought I to have mounted the Bema? The spirit of a man who would say
what was unworthy otthe past?  TrpwTreiP, i. e. to suggest a policy by
which she should retain her primacy, 66. The masculine gender of,-rios is clear from the context. The gender of ro0rtov is neuter, and
it must include the notion of rp67wraa, /dXaS, K. r. X. which he has
specified above. So Holmes. But Westermann, Whiston, Kennedy,
Leland, and the commentators generally, take it to be masculine, and




NOTES.                           229
refer it to the Athenians, unworthy of the people. — 210. 7. 8sKaCos.
Nay, but I should not have been fit to live; strictly, I should have deserved
to be executed. We have to supply et op6vqyLa rotoLrov Xapov. - iAs,
Trobs LKcidoras as distinct from himself b'v o-6/pfovXov. - 8.'rw. Starting from, i. e. in: &avoias spirit. - 9. TM t[v. But to judge the affairs
(lit. contracts, o-vgp6XaLa) of every-day life, on the one hand with a view
(aKoWro7vras) to special laws and acts, but public measures on the other
hand looking only, etc.  o-vp6kaXa is object of Kptvelv.-  L8~Ov.
Special. In ordinary cases, civil or criminal, they would be bound
to form their decision according to the definite statutes of their
code, applied to each individual case. But in a political trial they
might frame their sentence according to traditional spirit and precedent, rather than by any letter of written law. The orator's drift
is clear.  He wishes the jury to overlook the formal illegality of
Ctesiphon's proposal, in consideration of the great political services
which that proposal was intended to remunerate. -12. &iroSX\rwov'ras.
Observe the force of the preposition, looking back, or looking away.
aciLuaTa= worthy examples, strictly, the obligations imposed by the
illustrious deeds of their ancestors. Compare Whiston's note.- 13..IT  PaKicLqpCL  His staff and his ticket, i. e. his official paraphernalia.
On the staff which each dicast received was painted the letter indicating the court in which he was to serve.  The ticket he delivered to
the prytanes after the sitting, and thus received his fee of three obols.
See Dic. of Ant., Dicastery, and Dicasts.
211, 212. BUT I HAVE BEEN DIGRESSING AND MUST NOW SUPPLY
AN OMISSION. YOU MUST TAKE THE LETTER WE WROTE AS YOUR
AMBASSADORS AT THEBES.,ESCHINES GIVES ME NO CREDIT FOR OUR
DIPLOMATIC SUCCESSES, BUT ONLY FOR OUR MILITARY FAILURES.
YET WITH THE LATTER I HAD NOTHING TO DO, AND' WITH THE FORMER EVERYTHING.
211. 17.'AXXa yap. 42. On goTtv &9 see Madv., 102, b., and
Liddell and Scott's Lex. - 19. &r6o'Ev, i. e. 9KeC'e &6r68eev 66.- 22.
ri'v aXwv. Puta AEnianorum, Dolopum, Phthiotarum, Etolorum.
DISSEN. - 23. zrP4o'3ELS. See Plutarch's Vita Demosth., c. 18. Amyntas and Clearchus are named as the Macedonian envoys.- 25. viv.
At this present moment (while the story told at the time of the embassy was very different). He appeals to the records of the actual
period to confirm him. - 212. 27. KaCorL. And, I assure you, my opponent has adopted such an extravagance of calumny that, if, on the one




230                         NOTES.
hand, any of our objects was achieved, he says it was thanks to opportunity
not to me. Cf..Esch. c. Ctes., 141, p. 76, 1. 1. On (ooTe with the
indicative see 33, 120, and on eTrepws see 85. W's adds emphasis=quite
otherwise, strictly as different as possible. C. 711; Cu. 631; H. 664.
- P. 76, 1. 6. ovvas(Los, i. e. he does not give me credit for even a share
in the good, while he imputes to me the whole of the evil. orvvaTL'as
64. Render: so it seems I, the counsellor and orator, am judged by him
to have no share in any of the results of argument and counsel, but to be the
sole author of the misfortunes that have attended our arms and strategy. -
EIII.TOAH. At this point the forgers' ingenuity or perseverance
would seem to have been exhausted, and to the great relief both of
reader and commentator we are troubled with-no more spurious documents in the rest of the oration.
213-217. THE ASSEMBLY WAS HELD: THE ALLIES OF PHILIP
SPOKE FIRST; WE MADE OUR REPLY.  I NEED NOT WEARY YOU
WITH DETAILS. THEBES ACCEPTED OUR PROPOSAL AND CALLED UPON
US TO AID THEM. THEY COULD NOT HAVE PAID US A HIGHER HONOR.
AND -WE ACTED WITH THEBES THROUGHOUT THE CAMPAIGN IN A
MANNER WHICH SHOWED WE DESERVED THAT HONOR. REMEMBER
OUR PUBLIC REJOICINGS AT THE TIME. DID ZESCHINES TAKE HIS
PART IN THEM? THEN WHAT DOES HE MEAN BY HIS PRESENT DENUNCIATION? DID HE TAKE NO PART IN THOSE PUBLIC REJOICINGS?
THEN WHAT A WRETCH HE MUST HAVE BEEN!
213. 11. 7r0oLio-cavTo, sc. the Thebans. - 12. E'KioVS, the ambassadors of Philip and the Thessalians. -16. rob 8' ovv. And in fine
they required them to show their gratitude for the benefits they had received
fiom Philip and to take satisfaction for the wrongs which they had received
from you. KeaciXatov is another adverbial accusative, Madv., 31, d;
Cr. 483; Cu. 404; G. 160; IH. 552.  The imperfect i79lovv refers to
the whole tenor of their speech; as also  v/xr/yb6povv above. -19.
o1roTipos. They demanded either that Thebes should join in the
invasion, or at any rate that they should give the invaders free passage. They promised a share of the spoil in either event, and threatened the devastation of Bceotia in any other. - s8EVTCas and orvwLveaXo'vwas agree with a6ro6S in the previous line and denote the two
ways, either of which they (the Thebans) may choose. - 21. {K -$S,
i. e. plundered from.  Constructio pregnans.  C. 704; H. 618, a.23. iK 8& &v... 4a'rav, while as the result of what they said we should
advise, property in Boeotia would be plundered by the war. 7&... &apwraerO1



NOTES.                          231
o-/leva, like poo-Kg'/aTra...   oz'ra is governed by  diKz'voav. —P.  77,
1. 1.'uv'rsivovT'. All aiming at the same result. - 214. 2. &v'rECwoso v.
Absent from Z, but found in all the other MSS.  Its ellipsis, though
quite grammatical, would not at all improve the sentence. - e-y/ Riv.
I myself would give my very life to repeat. The transposition of toV plov
is for the sake of emphasis.  The meanings of dvrl seem to pass
through the following steps, (1) over against, (2) a counterbalance,
(3) an equivalent, (4) a substitute. — 4. V1L&s with 8E'OLtKa is emphatic for i/ets with vogl4o-re.,v4 is lest governing vopr-?re. - 5.
taLaKuVcaKvoov. A deluge had swept over the events, i. e. all sign and
trace of them had been obliterated: on 6o-rep &t ei see Madv., 139,
c; C. 622, d; H. 754. -215. 9. MEr&  7aTaUT. With this we must
compare throughout the corresponding passage of Eschines (pp. 7375) where he represents that the Thebans begged for the aid and alliance of Athens, simply under the pressure of their alarm at the
seizure of Elatea by Philip, and prior to "a single syllable of any
decree being proposed by Demosthenes." The Athenians then having marched in force to Thebes, Philip, according to iEschines, was
afraid to continue the war, and wished to make peace. So, he says,
did the Thebans: and the latter requested the Athenian troops to
retire to Athens, and the Ecclesia to be convened for discussion of
Philip's proposal. It was only at this later Ecclesia, says JEschines,
that Demosthenes urged the policy of carrying on the war against
Philip, and over-persuaded the Thebans into the same course, for fear
the latter should make peace -independently, and get pay from Philip
for doing so, from which pecuniary benefit Demosthenes would be
excluded. Perhaps AEschines believed all this when he said it; the
historical records of the period seem to have been in the greatest confusion; and it was impossible to prove distinctly why or when Thebes
joined with Athens against Macedon. But the account given by
Demosthenes in the description of that Ecclesia (169 sq.'Eoa7rpa tu~'yap hv) is so circumstantial, and appeals so directly to the memory of
those amongst his hearers who had been present on that great occasion, that if he had not been speaking the truth, exposure and ruin
must have followed.  In explanation of this confusion in the facts
and of the discrepancy between the orators, it sill be remembered
that eight years had elapsed between the battle of Cheronea and the
delivery of the speeches on the Crown, and a still longer interval (it
is not known how long) between that battle and the revised edition




232                           NOTES.
of LEschines's speech. Whiston agrees with Dissen that iEschines's
statements, so far as they differ from the narrative of Demosthenes,
were inserted in the revised edition, and are "manifesta mendacia." -
10. tjrET, po,0E0'Ete. This simple asyndeton is much admired by
Bremi, as descriptive of rapid action. -11. 6wIriTv.  The Theban
infantry and cavalry were encamped outside, while the Athenian
forces were admitted within the walls. The compliment to Athens is
obvious, and the nature of the confidence so displayed receives illustration from the sentence eis r 1 o'Kias...T-trt.rrara.  Dissen objects to
this the absence of the proper pronouns, their and your.  But the
articles take the place of the pronouns and emphasize the distinction
which is evident from the connection. Render: while their infantry
and their cavalry were without the walls they received your army, etc. - 15.
lrao'rv.  In the eyes of all mankind.  Dative of relation, Madv., G. S.,
35. -- Kace.  Upon.  A good example of KaTd without its sense of hostility preceding the genitive case (cf. 17 note).  So p. 135, tluyt/rovo
KaO' ViUyv   YKULovp. - 20. w&o'l 8'.  The particle &  connects the
sentence Kat'-oL...3et1ac, with the sentence Kail'yp... XLr7rrov.  As
examples of bt standing further on in a sentence than its usual place
of second word the Lexica all quote Soph., El., 1117; Xen., Hdellen.,
V., 2, 37, etc. The translation of Kai 7& wrap' ac'otS Kai thus becomes,
both with them and.- 22. o'-c4poor'vts.  Showed they had confidence in
you, as regarded your morality.  The Greek is literally belief-in morality
as regarded you.  No single English word can render rwqpo56vrjs.
Whiston translates it self-command, and. Kennedy good behavior. The
connection shows that self-command is especially intended, although
something more is also comprehended. - 24. &CvlCo'a-v, were shown
by the facts in the case. -216. P. 78, 1. 3.!i4Xas. Accusative of
time, Madv., G. S., 30.  Others take it as a sort of cognate accusative, Madv., 26, a; C. 477; Cu. 400; G. 159; H. 547. - Tog rroTaiuou. The Cephissus. The first battle was fought in the valley of
the Cephissus between Elatea and Thebes. -4. XELFLEPwviV.  In the
winter, according to Grote, who supposes a ten months' interval between October of 339 and August of 338. On the other hand Thirl-.wall prefers to render of the storm.  The Lexica all concur in asserting
that this latter idea would in Attic be usually expressed by xetygpos,
not by Xetqepv6os, which generally beyond question means in the winter.
In the great obscurity of the history concerning this period, it is quite
impossible to settle such minor details with precision. I prefer the




NOTES.                           233
view of Grote, as being the best in regard to the language here, and also
quite consistent with the other history. But I cordially agree with
Reiske also when he says, " hec tanti non est qumrere.  Quod sciri
nequit de eo ne quaerendum quiderl est. Multa sunt in vetustis auctoribus obscura qune nulla vis ingenii, nulla investigandi industria, nulla
dies unquaIm aperiet." —217. 9.  ikXov. Bliss. oe'as Xarpetas dvO' o'ov
Xou vrpe'qet. Soph.,Aj.,503. So Holmes. Better, emulation,oradmniration.- 13. TgT&EiTO. Was proved to have been along with the rest, i. e.
taking a share in the general rejoicings. — 14. pIkXXov...80L'a, or, rather,
does he not act inmpiously even. - 15. Et dv...OEovs, if what he himself called
the gods to witness as being most excellent, this he now expects you to condemn
as not most excellent, you who have sworn by those gods, sc. the very gods
to whom he then appealed for just the opposite. - &pprvpas, i. e. by
means of the OvoiaL Kal 7oAreral 17. He means that nothing can more
effectively put a national success on record than the circumstance
that it has been the subject of national thanksgiving to heaven. -
16. 4nLq a0-0atL, i. e. by condemning Ctesiphonl they would condemn
the orator's policy and its results, among which would be included
the particular triumph referred to here. - 17. 6LWUILoKdrcLs. 7TOV'pKOV
2. -E 8 i gu. The dilemma is merely rhetorical, as Lord Brougham
well observes; AEschines could easily have answered that he saw the
fallacy of those rejoicings, though no one else at Athens did so; that
therefore he declined to share them, and stayed at home in seclusion
and sorrow. At the same time, his Lordship admires the rhetorical
excellence of the dilemma and the exquisite beauty and force of the
passage.
218.  So THEBES AND OURSELVES WERE REJOICING AND GIVING
THANKS: AND PHILIP WAS IN A STATE OF ALARM AS HIS LETTERS
PROVE. THIS WAS ALL MY DOING.
218. 21. iJpEv iv.  We were full of thanksgivings.  The preposition
of place introduces the status in quo. - 22. VOPtELV. Belief: the awkwardness of the construction is redeemed by its antithetic success.
IrEpLtLa-JKEL.  It had come about that those who seemed likely to need succor, owing to the conduct of these men, were themselves sending succor to
others in consequence offollowing my'counsels.  There is no difference of
translation between ad' Cv and  f Cbv in this sentence; the change is
merely for variety. - 25. i4lEL. The double augment is peculiarly
Attic.  "In Demrnosthene id deesse nusquam  notavi."   BPEMI.
+owv&s.  Strong expressions.  Cf. wrarav, rb XeY6yoevop,,  c ewv, E'VTa,




234                         NOTES.
Plato, 890, D, 530, etc.  Cf. 222. -- P. 79, 1. 4. awvvXEam. Persistence; pertinacity. From the context, which is sarcastic, we must rather.
take the word in its bad sense. - rXklvoL. Rovings, i. e. 7rploPeLtat:
the derisive tone is very marked both in this and the two next
phrases. -- aLXcLrropLL.  Tribulations. — ar& roMXXC  Those numerous.
Cf. ra. 7roXX&',yp6dtzuara, Act. Apost., xxvi., 24, where the same irony
is underlying. These norninatives are the subjects of a7retpydaoao,
which is singular to agree with the neuter plural iPVq0~ohaT'a, and to
sum them all up together = what it all accomplished.
219 - 221.  ATHENS HAS HAD A HOST OF GOOD STATESMEN BESIDES MYSELF, BUT NEVER ONE WHO WORKED SO HARD OR DEVOTED
HIMSELF SO ENTIRELY.  NOT THAT I HAD  ANY EXTRAVAGANT
OPINION OF MY OWN POWER. BUT I THOUGHT THE CRISIS EXACTED THE UTMOST PERSONAL EFFORTS, AND THAT NO ONE'S PERSONAL
EFFORTS COULD BE MORE EFFECTUAL THAN MINE.
219. 7.  oXXoko.  Compare the exactly parallel passage, p. 436,
1. 12, De F. L. - iKEiVOS, thatfimous. C. 542, b. - 9. KcLXX(-rpaTros. /IeT& KaIoXXt7paTO  7Vb ~'A/06Cva-ov 7'rv adXXwv fLdXto7a elredv dvaeoal, ZEschin., p. 44 (med.). Mentioned as an exile endeavoring to
return illegally in Demosthenes adv. Polycl., p. 1221. Honorably
mentioned by the orator, pp. 1187, 1353, 1359, if those orations are
genuine.  Cf. Plut., Dem., 5.  Libanius (Vit. Dem., p. 503) says that
the orator when a boy heard Callistratus speak on the Oropus question, and thence conceived his own passion for rhetoric and public
speaking. -'ApLo-ro+ov, 70. - K4+aXos. A leading statesman in
the political crisis of 403. Although so prominent, he seems to have
never committed himself, 351. 2Eschines speaks of him with enthusiasm, p. 81. So does Dinarchus, pp. 95, 100. - Opaao6j3ovXos.
The hero of the revolution in 403.  Dinarch., p. 93 (med.); Lys.,
p. 124; Isocr., p. 375 (fin.); ZEschin., p. 82, etc. All the Attic orators concur in the praises of this Opaaii@ovXos (ASKov IreCpce6s).
There were four Thrasybuli in the same period, but no other of the
same reputation. We need have no doubt as to which of the four the
orator speaks of here. — 11. ets ov8iv.  Closely connected with &a
Travros. Whatever movement they took up they did not (so the orator alleges) persevere in supporting it through every phase and
department, as he professes to have done lhinself. - 12. &v iErp'ofeva-ev. Frequentative: like our idiom would not, though literally
would not have. Cf. Aristoph., Pax, 640-644. - 13.,rrwXeCre. Al



NOTES.                           235
ways reservedfor himself.  The v7r- describes the underlying motive.
The force of the imperfect is here strongly marked. A parallel expression is in iEschin., p. 41 (fin.), aSi'ro? Ka-rXLrTov Tr)Vp dvaopdv. -
14. &uta.iv...&.La 8', at once...and, or not only...but also.- &vacopi.v.
Resource, something tofall back upon. - 220. 17. oiiVros. So thoroughly:
referring, I think, to the whole sentence, though Whiston limits it
to tz~yav, as in 163. - 19. X4pcav. To allow any place or even forethought for my personal safety.  XSpa seems to be very rare in this
sense. The Lexica only quote Aristot., H. A., X., 3. 4, Xcbpav 7rapeXeLV (locum dare), which is not an exact parallel.  The orator means
that he did not give his personal safety a thought, or reserve himself
any avenue of escape from the consequences; that he risked all without exception. - 20. &ayClqmTdv. Must be thankful if one could do one's
duty without a single omission, i. e. man's sole aim at that crisis should
have been to do his duty thoroughly, reckless of personal considerations, and then to take the consequences be they what they might.
And a man should have been thankful even to have the opportunity
of so doing his duty; whatever the personal peril which might be involved in the deed.  Others take & aei 7rpdietev to meet his fate, but,
I think, not so well. -221. 22.'rvXdv.  It may be; perhaps.  Adv.
Acc., Madvig, G. S., 182; C. 483; Cu. 401; G. 160; H. 552. -
23.,iTEl yp4&OVT, K. T. X. The participle here and in the following
clauses denotes the condition: neither if he proposed measures would
any one propose them better, nor if he tried (imperf., C. 594; Cu. 489;
G. 200; H. 702) to execute them, etc. fPX\,tov is to be supplied with
7rp&aat. - 26.'rar'rov. I always in everything put myself at the post.
For iv 7ri&rv we should rather expect &irl 7rdv-ra according to the usual
construction of Trdoetv: but the sense is not altered, for we supply
the i7rl out of the proleptic iv.
222. SUCH WAS THE RESULT OF MY POLICY. FOR THIS IT WAS
RIGHTLY PROPOSED THAT I SHOULD RECEIVE A CROWN.
P. 80, 1. 1. Ets TarCra, to such a state. — 2. TraVniqv T?4v  xvsiVv, such
the voice he uttered, although accustomed to vaunt. The participle is concessive.  The middle voice expresses the personal motive from which
boasting must proceed. - 4. &o-reavo1LTqv.  Was to be crowned. On
this use of the imperfect, see Madv., G. S., 113, F. 1; C. 594; Cu.
489; G. 200, N. 2; AI. 702.- 5. ypa,4iLevo9.  Who indicted the
proposers (Demomeles and Hyperides; see 82, evUrTpov). The full
phrase would have been ob ypa/d&leevos rbv A. Kac'br'T. aapcaw6jwv.




236                         NOTES.
On 7ypacS, cf. 3, note iXEZv. - 6. ALvSaS. Atbv&ovu!avia, 249. - Tb
iIrpos. 103, and 82 aTtl/bxcoavres. - 7. &wowEEvyd'aC.  Which were
then legally confirmed, lit. acquitted. He means that they passed through
the ordeal of a public prosecution against their proposer, and as he was
acquitted, their justice and correctness were thoroughly vindicated.
223 - 226. WHY DID NOT iESCHINES OPPOSE THIS DECREE WHICH
WAS IDENTICAL IN TERMS WITH CTESIPHON'S? BECAUSE HE KNEW
HE HAD NO CHANCE OF GETTING A VERDICT ON THE FACTS AS LONG
AS THE FACTS WERE FRESH IN PEOPLE'S MEMORIES.  HIS ONLY
CHANCE WAS TO WAIT TILL THE FACTS HAD BEEN FORGOTTEN, AND
THEN TO CONCOCT A FRAUDULENT PROSECUTION DEPENDING ON
QUIBBLES OF LAW AND RHETORIC.
223. 13. T6TE. For the date, see 82. - 15. p.6XXov EiLKdOrs, with
more reason. —16. Tdv8'. AMy fiiend here: deictic. So rs3e = my client.
He means, that to prosecute Ctesiphon, after omitting to prosecute
those who had done exactly the same already, was an irrational proceeding. Whether Ctesiphon's act was right or wrong, at all events
it had precedents. If he was to be prosecuted now, why were not the
former offenders prosecuted in their time?- 224. 17. QVeVEyKEtV is
exactly the Latin referre ad and our own refer to (as precedents).yvrt-ELs. The decision pronounced in the Demomeles case. No other
is meant.  The plural only introduces the idea of the abstract. - 18.
aTrrdv. If Demomeles was prosecuted, at any rate it was not.Eschines
who was the prosecutor. Why does he bring an action now, whereas
he did not bring any then? — 20. wpaXX0Tvwv. Settled: like our
colloquial use of done. He claims that the verdict on his policy was
pronounced once for all in the Demomeles case, and that the question
cannot be reopened legally. - 21. aLTO.  The actual fact would have
been tried per se, before it had contracted any of these precedents. The
bare question, whether Demosthenes was a good statesman or not,
would have been put before the court, without legal or rhetorical
complication. - 225. 23. ObK jv. There was no opportunity or it was
not possible. - P. 81, 1. 1. &KXla~cvra has for its object the sentence
0 fl7re — PrmOgvat; but this sentence represents also the cognate accusative after 8taa3c6etv.  Translate: picking out what no one knew before, nor supposed would be said to-day, to calumniate them, by changing
dates and substituting fJlse mnotivesfor- action instead of the true ones, to appear to speak to the purpose.- rtL XyEwv is the opposite of oviev X-yetv.
Compare our something to say and nothing to-say. Plato is particularly




NOTES.                           237
fond of these phrases. - 3. wrpoa&oaEs. Very nearly motives in our cornmon use of that word. - 5. ireirpayL/fvoLS is the dative of the remote
object after /LeTaOevTa. - 226. 6. TiS &XiqOECaS. 17 first note.  The
article adds to the emphasis: the truth par excellence; i. e. real truth,
absolute truth: t6ovoP oVK, only not = all but, almost. - 9. srap' arr, 13,
note, s. v. —10. priq6pov &yivva:  An oratorical arena. Whiston aptly
cites Thucyd., III., 67. - 12. Xkyov KplOpLV. A decision on power of
speaking. This objective use of the genitive is well illustrated in
Madv., G. S., 48.
227-231.  I MUST NOTICE HERE AN INGENIOUS SOPHISM OF MY
OPPONENT'S.  HE SAYS YOU OUGHT TO CAST UP MY SERVICES AND
REWARDS ARITHMETICALLY, AND SEE WHETHER THERE IS ANY BALANCE IN MY FAVOR; OR RATHER, HE SAYS, YOU WILL SEE THERE IS
NONE. NOW  1 DENY ALTOGETHER THAT PUBLIC SERVICES CAN BE
TREATED LIKE SUMS IN ARITHMETIC. BUT YOU MAY SET FACTS
AGAINST FACTS, SET WHAT HAPPEINDI) AGAINST WHAT WOULD HAVE
HAPPENED HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR ME.  I AM QUITE CONTENT TO
ABIDE BY THAT CALCULATION.
227. 14. qo-rC It is indispensable to quote in full the passage of
EiEschines here referred to, viz., p. 62, 59: et 6 TLOWrv  ilcv e:aigrvs
aKoo0'aoVr cdirorS6repos 7rpoo7r'r7TWKceV 0 rOLOVTrO Xh6yos, JK6tiLelS r' Vr6Xot7rov 7rotoaaoate dtKp6aotv, acrrep rTav 7repl Xp7fUdT'Vw d&v 1Xw!Y wv &t&
7roXXog Xp6ov oKaOe/bwLeOa  rl -robs Xoy/o7Uo6S. PX 6jEeOa O6 rov ~kevueZs
orKoOev &Lfore 356as  XOVTreS KaT& TWvP XoyLtO/Lv.  dXX' /c6WS e7 retLv o
X6yoso o'vycepaXakOj,   oeltYe 6tz&5'v o'rwv o'rce & o KoXos'1v  po  6orrt
OVK arTpXeC'at roO' 6toXo-yoCas Kai CraveVfoas a'XeOs etvaLt 8it &tv a rb6s
O? XOytcSS atipp. oTsW Kal PVO r7v  acKp6atov rToo'Ca0e.- 15. OgKoOEV...
lEAXjracLL, to forget the opinion concerning us which you have brought from
home. The phraseology, it will be seen, is borrowed from iEschines.
- 17. XoyCtqo'e. Cast up accounts under the impression that a man has
a balance. The commentators differ as to the question whether the
illustration is drawn from the auditing of official accounts by the Aoy?o'ral, or from the settling of accounts in trade and at the bank; Holmes,
Kennedy, and others insisting on the former, Dissen, Whiston, etc.,
preferring the latter view. Perhaps the passage in _Eschines favors the
former. But the language of Demosthenes, o6Wtzeyot repelvyal Xphtrara,
certainly accords better with the latter. Perhaps we may say with
Westermann that while 2Eschines seems to have in mind the auditing
of official accounts, Demosthenes makes it general. - Kac0apal...+iqoL,




238                          NOTES.
if the sums are even: i. e. if the amount on the credit side is exactly
the same as the amount on the debit. The expression arose from a
primitive method of keeping accounts with pebbles (~0Xoo), literally,
if the pebbles are clear, with no balance left on either side. -18. o-vryXoPetE, you acquiesce in that result; the acquiescence involves concession of the previous idea that there was a balance in hand, and concurrence in the correctness of the accounts examined.  The verb
avUyXwpeLv combines both these meanings. - oiT, i. e. if they found
no balance in the orator's favor, however much they expected beforehand to find it, JEschines had begged they would act upon that finding, not upon their previous and misconceived idea.  wpooe'-Oac
depends on 7rpo0-Kewv and means consent to, accept. -- 228. 22. imrrpXELV, that we are, to begin with (~ 1), thoroughly convinced in ourselves (perfect tense, middle voice). b7rapxo6o-7s which follows is exactly our preexisting. - 24. ov y&p lv, 47, second note. - 229. 26. ob SCKaLa, 18,
s. v. - P. 82, 1. 1. TLOECS. Not by casting accounts, literally, playing
pebbles.  The adf3KIov contained a number of parallel columns, the
extreme right-hand column being reserved for the units, the first on
its left for the tens, the next for the hundreds, and so on. Each
number in each column would be represented by actually placing on the
board in that column the same number of pebbles; for a debit and
credit account two  /apdKLa would be required.  If their columns
tallied exactly, then the V/'95ot were KaOapai. This was usually ascertained by examining the two a/3c Kta side by side, and column by
column, and taking off (dvTaveXerv) a pebble from the one dpdKiLoV for
every pebble in the other.  See Smith, Dic. Ant., for a diagram of
the Abacus. - oi y/p...XoyLo-los, for this mode qf reckoning, sc. the
arithmetical, does not belong to public affairs. - 230. 10. Si1p&s, the object of <e'pePv Kat &dyerv, is placed before them  for emphasis.  So do
eip'vr, the predicate of elval, precedes even the subject of the verb for
the same reason. —12. {K OaMX&n*lS. At sea is exactly the equivalent
of this praleptic use. -231. 15. 4rflooLs. Sum's in arithmetic. His
retort relies on the technical character of the method for casting up
accounts. Facts, deeds, cannot, like pebbles, be taken up and laid
aside. - 16. &vravEXEtv, or that we ought to clear these off, that is, balance them  against our misfortunes. - 18;. rpoaoriC01LL. This arithmetical term is, of course, introduced avec intention = add to the account.
-21. +LXavO0pw7raCs. The clemency with which Philip treated Athens
after the battle of Chmronea was in marked contrast with his severit y




NOTES.                          239
to others, particularly the Thebans. Demades writes (Fragm. 1), 9ypaLa Kal  rXi-rrro rtl as  ObK. dpvoOuac.  &oXtXlovs 7yap aiXuaXcbrovs ivev
X6trpWV, KCai XXta 7roXLTv.  ocbLLaTa XWopI KhpvKoS, Kal 7Tb'2pwroiv'vev
7rpeopetas Xa3dn'v biAv rTa0' eypaca. - 22. VrepLPXUoJ'FuevoS, investing
himself with. The phrase is common enough, but meant to be sarcastic
here, as though Philip draped himself in royal and lordly generosity
to produce afictitious impression on the mind of Greece. - KaXcos wIOLOVTES. Fortunce beneficio: happily. The distinction between this and
KaXS 7rpadTrovTtL is illustrated in the notorious passage, p. 490 (med.),
6Tre' idetS, KaXS 7rotov'res, CaL KeaTa  riS KOWvS 7 rpdaEts -KaC KaCT& ridXXa
7ravTa duLetvov eKfLVOPJ rpTrrere.
232, 233. AND REALLY I MUST NOTICE HOW UNWORTHY IT WAS
OF MY OPPONENT TO MIMIC MY LANGUAGE AND GESTURES. HIS
BUSINESS WAS TO EXAMINE OUR PUBLIC HISTORY: AS HE HAS NOT
DONE SO, I SHALL DO IT MYSELF.
232. 25. oVuKoavQTETv may be paraphrased here to libel. Cf. 118,
188.  So below 233 = to make a wilfullyfalse and censorious accusation.
-  27.  rpa8SELy~aa.rXk6rowv, fabricating illustrations, such, for
example, as that of striking the balance by counters.  Compare
Whiston, in loc.- P. 83, 1. 1. l L[LLov[Levos.  iEschin., p. 77 (med.),
otJ,iluvrPaoe avTro  TL  utap& pLuarac.... Ka  7raciXv Alre I6KXqJ 7reptL&vim.eaVTbV ed7rti to Pth5.aros XeYES, C. r. X. - irap& TOOto.  All zn consequence of this, (don't you see?) the affairs of Greece have turned out as
they have. - et, if, instead of iort, because. Madv., G. S., 75. Cf. Cic.,
Orat., VIII. - 233. 5. av iVK6IrCL continues the apodosis: would have
considered in detail (imperfect). -  wr' aLrrVv T'rCv 9pyiov, in view of the
simple facts, or on the basis of them.  Whiston renders: keeping to
them. -6. 4E0jE'v. Entered into public business, cf. 60. -11. 4r.dEvycs.
Have shirked, i. e. avoided putting the mFatter on its true issue. Cf. 116.
234-239. OUR STRENGTH CONSISTED OF THE MINOR ISLANDS
ONLY, BESIDES OUR HOME RESOURCES. ALL OUR NEIGHBOR STATES
WERE HOSTILE. PHILIP ON THE OTHER HAND POSSESSED DESPOTIC
POWER, TRAINED ARMIES, AMPLE MONEY, AND INDEPENDENT PERSONAL ACTION.  WHAT HAD I, HIS ANTAGONIST? NOTHING, EXCEPT THE PRIVILEGE OF SPEAKING, AND THAT HIS ATHENIAN
SUPPORTERS SHARED ALONG WITH ME. STILL, EVEN THUS, I GOT
YOU ALLIES, ARMIES, FUNDS.  IT  IS ABSURD  TO DISCUSS NOW
WHETHER THOSE FUNDS WERE RAISED IN FAIR PROPORTIONS FROM
EACH  CONTRIBUTING  STATE.  WE NEVER OURSELVES PUT THAT




240                          NOTES.
QUESTION ABOUT OUR SHARE IN SALAMIS.  SMALL THANRS WILL
ANY OF THESE STATES GIVE YOU FOR BRINGING'THIS CHARGE
AGAINST ME NOW, INSTEAD OF WATCHING THE CASE FOR THEIR
INTERESTS AT THE ACTUAL TIME.
234. 15. XMos.  This and the other two islands had won their liberty in the Social War of 355. - 16. a'vTragv. A subscription. This
term was invented as a euphemism for 06pos tribute; see Harpocra*tion, s. v. The subscription here alluded to was paid under the
arrangement of the new confederation formed in 377. Cf. Dinarch.,
p. 92. These changes of the relation between Athens and the islands
are fully described in Grote.  See also Bickh, Pub. Econ., II., i62.
- 17. zrpoeSELXEyI4vca  Collected beforehand, anticipated. So Xenophon
(tEcon., IV., 9) uses KXeyovUtv.  DISSEN. - 20. OVTOL.  _Eschines
and his associates. -21. IXOpas...4yyvr74po. More enmity than friendship.  C. 445; -Cu. 415; G. 182; H. 589. - 25. irws, sc. V7irgpXev
9XovTa, supplied from above.  Concise and pointed. -235. 26. aiToKpCTop. Compare Olynth., I., p. 10. -27.  irXaka...&E(. Compare
01., II., p. 24; Phil., III., p. 124. - P. 84, 1. 4. ov8' birb,'. Mo. K.
These words are only found in one MS.; but otherwise there is nothing in them which would suggest their being spurious. On the contrary, they are quite Demosthenic and add to the force of the sentence.
- 6. LirXows...r&v'ov, absolutely master, leader, lord of all. The climax
is made more lively and forcible by the asyndeton.- 236. 9. o$ IJovov. My only privilege. The force of /eT'eXjov cannot be translated;
he means that his privilege, such as it was, was not exclusively his
own, but shared to the same extent by Philip's Athenian supporters.
— 10. irpovrCOE'.  You extended.  Thucyd., VI., 14.- 13. Iv...'SXol.  On whatever pretext each (of their successes) might happen.14. &WrflE, sc. Or6b ris eKKXl7ias, in these points you took counsel in
the interests of your enemy and so went home. WHISTON. - 237. 14. AK.
Proleptic: we should say under; these defeats were not the cause of
his success, but he had to start in each instance out of the positions
into which they had sunk him.- 17. f~pLOL. The same numbers
are given by Plutarch, Vit. Demosth., 5. Their insignificance for purposes of modern warfare is sufficiently striking.- 18. dvEv. Independently of the national forces of the several states, i. e. these foreign
mercenaries were an extra army altogether.  Each state had its own.
army of native troops as well. - 20. a-vv-r&eLEaV. Joint-contribution;
a much more emphatic term than OvrTat4s, 234; but the avpviXCeta




NOTES.                          241
was voluntary, the other compulsory. - 238. 20. kXyfLs.  Eschines,
p. 74, rev eis rol 7r, ar6Xe/oh, &VaXLdLTWV T& LV r 60Ao dpl7q bLWv CiEOlKCeP o0e
~crav a'roTerpoW ot KLtVvvoL, Tra  i rTpTOV /T.pos Onfatios. - T& Yrpbs...t&KaLLa, i. e. what would have been just on the part of Athens to Thebes,
etc., in reference to their respective shares of the expense. - 22.
BvtCVTrCVS..Eschin., p. 90. - Eipoas, pp. 66, 67.  But nothing
in Aischines' speech corresponds to this exactly. - 24. EKeiLVov.
Those famous.  The allusion is, of course, to the battle of Salamis.
Cf. 2Esch., Pers., 341; Herod., VIII., 48; Thucyd., I., 74. - 25.
Tsas. " Where parts of a whole are stated in numbers, the article is
sometimes prefixed to the numeral (to denote the definiteness of the
relation)."  Madv., G. S., 11, r. 6.- SLaKoo'(ras.  It is sufficiently
amusing that in the speech de Synmm., p. 186, the orator states this
number at one hundred. It suits his argument there to depreciate;
not so here. The number of the whole fleet is stated by AEschylus as
300, by Herodotus as 378, by Thucydides as 400. The Atheniancontingent is stated by Thucydides to have been two thirds; and by
Herodotus to have been 180 ships.  Compare Whiston's note de
Sqmnm., 35. - 26. Xa/rToiOrC&L. To be defrauded, i. e. made to do and
to pay more than the fair share. - P. 85, 1. 2. 4d, that, Madv., G. S.,
194, c; cf. note, 232. - 239. 4. EZTa KEY&S, K. -r. X., and after all they
are but poor favors which you are conferring on those persons by calumniating me. WHISTON. -5. TroliOLo't.  0PfOaios, Bv favfrios, EVfotoct,
238.  If they had been defrauded (as alleged), it would be but a poor
satisfaction to them to see Demosthenes libelled; they would have
been more thankful for a policy maintained at the time, to save them
from  being defrauded. - 8.  rap&.  Of time: as in 10 (fin.), 13
(med.), etc., at the moment of - implying that there was no leisure for
deliberation, or discussion of abstract right; the action had to be instantaneous on the emergency: they had to secure, not all they
wanted, but all they could get. Whiston, however, takes irapd as in
232 = under the existing circumstances. - 8owa. This word is definite
with /ovX/uLeOa and hence takes the indicative, while with dopq it is
indefinite and so takes the optative. Compare Whiston's note. -
10.   &v' rvvov[pevos, he that was bidding against us. Philip was ready
to buy up for himself any allies whom the Athenians alienated from
themselves.- 11. KaI...7rpoo'scdeiEvoS KaC...irpoaeiova-v, not only to
receive them, but also to pay them money into the bargain.
240- 243. SUPPOSING I HAD HESITATED IN DOING WHAT I DID,
11                                  p




242                           NOTES.
HOW IMMEDIATELY PHILIP WOULD HAVE GAINED ALL: AND THEN
WOULD NOT MY OPPONENTS HAVE LAID THE BLAME ON ME? THERE
IS NOTHING SO VILE AS SLANDER.,ESCHINES OF ALL SLANDERERS IS
VILEST, BASE IN THE WHOLE OF HIS LIFE AND HABITS, AND WITH
TALENTS UTTERLY PERVERTED TO WORK YOUR RUIN.
240. 14. T?  &V, sc. 7rotei below: a reduplicated question, the full
phrase being reserved for the end of the sentence, where the dv is
repeated. - &KpLP3oA0oyovJ4V = XVyovrTos  Ta&  KaLa, 3taXe-yo/eMvou wrepi
TriP  -cw.  238.  Whiston: while I was refining about these points. -
19.   E650Trajoav.  Given up: here, of an opportunity thrown away,
not of a right surrendered, nor of a trust betrayed. -241. 20. TiO
p,.v. We must supply inverted commas from here to yeyovev, as the
next sentence explains, i. e. and then, would they not have said, "he
has got the command of the Hellespont by means of the Byza ntines"? etc.21. arLTo7ro-wirLas, 87.  The same region in the southeast of Russia is
now a great corn-growing country. - 24. 6pplo*ivov, 71, riy E3otCav
Karao'Kevudcwv dWrLreiXwtLa. - 25. Kal... yE =yes, and. -242. 26. Frovrqpdv. A vile thing: the neuters are contemptuous. The same strain
of vituperation is kept up in the diminutive rcivOp&rtov, nmonkey.
P. 86, 1. 1. vr'fEL KivaSos. A born beast. The meaning of Ktva6os is
not limited to fox, as the Lexica abundantly testify.  Kal=even. -
2. et &pXfis. Never in his life.  The idiom  cannot be rendered literally. -3.  aMrroTpayLKOs.  The ideal Tragedy-baboon.  The form
alTor'pacyK6s is after the Platonic avroaXM1Oes, amvroayaObv K. r. X., the
eternal archetype (is5a) as distinct from the human counterpart (eMos).
— &povpatos. (Enomaus of the country. The epithet is easily understood as referring to rough and rude country theatricals in the demes
adjoining the city.  Iv KoXXuVTr  Oiv6juaov, 180. - 4.  rapai'L!os.
Counterfeit, lit. mis-stamped. The adjective is a common epithet of
bad money, p. 766, 1. 6 (cited by Harpocration), but signifies a counterfeit in any and every sense. No true and genuine orator, he means,
would have so spoken and acted. Cf. Esch., Ag., 760; Aristoph.,
Ach., 517 sq.- 5. vwv.  To-daqy=only now at loast. The position of
this word at the beginning of the sentence gives it all that emphasis.
And it retains the same in 243. -243. 6. co-srep &v EL. Cf. 194.
The parallel passage in Eschines, p. 86, runs thus  es-' 7repwrTav lye,
UWs ays 7rwvvOdvocuat, xUXX1e TrlIS av eml TOtOOTOS tlarps, 6~rTts T'i voaoYovrT
ge-raJb ALtV  f'Oevoiuvi cTL 178Jv Uv/PovmXemot,.TeXevThroavros 8' afVToO iEXOwcv
elSo T' ia vva'r 8&elom 7rpbs robs olcKE6ovs & ea7rTveS1`aCS &yLtS &v iY6eTro.




NOTES.                           243
It is suggested with some reason that LEschines inserted this in his
oration after hearing the orator's reply. -9. voFELtgLev'. olr' dlro0avwv
2TW VOVo/zoe'lo/ v 7,b&O- Isocr., p. 391.  Our word solemnities is exactly
parallel. The sense of e'pocro (were being performed) alludes to the
funeral procession. And avTo), in his honor, is another example of the
Dative of Relation. - 10. rb KaC 7rd.  So and so, another instance
of the article (or relative) used as a demonstrative pronoun. 71.
Donaldson's New  Cratylus, 148. -11.  6ppp6v'irre.  Lunatic, lit.
thunder-stricken.  Cf. TeT6fpW/JaL (note), 11. - 12.  ETra vOv XVyCLs. So
then, you speak at last, do you?  vv = nunc demum as above.  elra expresses irony and indignation.
244-247. WHAT CHANCE HAD  I AGAINST PHILIP?  HE HAD
MIGHT ON HIS SIDE, AND I HAD ONLY RIGHT: I COULD BEAT HIS
SIDE IN ARGUMENT, BUT THEY COULD WIN BY ARMS. ALL THAT A
SINGLE STATESMAN COULD DO I DID. AND OF THIS I CHALLENGE
THE FULLEST INVESTIGATION.
244. 13. JTTaV.  Cheronea.  The dilemma is again merely rhetorical (cf. 217).  Eschines might deplore the calamity, and yet
feel satisfaction in his rival's policy having been proved a mistake.ov'84=not even.- yaupujs.  Exult: strictly of a spirited horse.  The
present tense here includes the imperfect=did and still do: on the
other hand 7rpoaoKev refers back to a past issue which might have
happened but never did; precisely " imperfect." - 14. Tv ovSEvl rTIv
irap' epo(, you will not find it (the defeat) to have befallen the city in any
one of my measures, literally, the things pertaining to me, i. e. Athens was
victorious in its embassies and plans which were managed by Demosthenes, and defeated only in battle where he was not responsible. Iv,
not by, as rendered by some, but, as usual, in. - 20. ao-rkXowv, e. g.
Cersobleptes who is so prominently mentioned in the speech c. Aristocr.
(see also p. 160, etc.) and Teres (ib.).- 21.   Xevrrata.  Here follows
7rp4q5v in one MS., and vvv in all the other MSS.  But Z reads as
above: and either adverb looks very like an interpolation.- 22.'raCra. These points he (Philip) came and carried by force of arms. -
245. 25. jpaXaK(av.  Eschin., p. 74 (fin.): o ya&p pl Wp o0'rpdTevUros
Kal XLtr&V  r'jV rdtpV a7ro6bS &VoOir'Vnoev.  - Tbv ai'rdv, the same man,
sc. Demosthenes. - 26. KOa -avTra and that too, sc. KpecT-r  yaeve'Oat.
ToILS 6yots, dat. of means.- 246. P. 87, l. 4. rrw&av. Make any and
every examination: 5, 7-dvTrw. -7. rEwpaKratC [or. Grote thoroughly
indorses the orator's opinion here, referring especially to the Olyn



244                           NOTES.
thiacs and Philippics, above all to the First Philippic. -8. irrOXLTLK&
If we render 7r6XErs states, perhaps constitutional is the best translation
of roXLTlKd.  Whiston well renders: which are found in all states as
constitutional and necessary defects. - 11.'p1iLv. An impulse to do their
duty. —13. ov*SEs  &itro9'.  The construction is the common oi.../uh
with the subjunctive where we supply 6elv6v or Udos ro-L, between the
two negatives, simply amounting to a future with the very strongest
negation. See Madv., G. S., 124, a, 3; C. 627; Cu. 620; H. 845.
- 247. 18. of0' /iyepuv. The phraseology in this passage is a reiteration of 21, 24, 60.  The senses of 7rpbs are noticed 17. -oi8'   Xkoyos...Yrpos Eig4.  The question does not even pertain to me. - 20. q ILA.
These words are omitted in one MS., which inserts tuz between Tr and
&ta/qapilvas to the great detriment of the sense.  But Z and the rest
read as above. Translate: And really as regards being bribed or not, I
-have beaten Philip (i. e. in the game of corruption where one party
tries to bribe and the other to resist the bribe): for as the bidder has
defeated the acceptor if he buys him up, so the refuser, the uncorrupted, has
defeated the bidder. Whiston cites Herod., I., 68, 69.
248-250. THAT CTESIPHON IS JUSTIFIED IN SPEAKING OF ME IN
THESE TERMS IS SUFFICIENTLY PROVED BY THE FACT THAT AFTER
CIHERONEA, IN THE  SERIOUS CRISIS OF  OUR FORTUNES, I WAS
ELECTED AGAITN AND AGAIN TO SERVE ON OUR -MOST IMPORTANT COMMISSIONS, AND THOUGH ATTACKED BY INCESSANT PROSECUTIONS ON
THE PART OF THE MACEDONIAN'FACTION, I WAS ALWAYS ACQUITTED
HONORABLY.
248. 24. & p.iv.  The materials then with which I supplied my friend
(Ctesiphon) to enable him to write these words with truth about me. Here
ypd/ew has its technical sense, referring to the psephisma which proposed the vote of the crown. The real primary meaning of $&KaLos is
always right or righteous: the narrower senses true or just are merely
secondary notions of the word. As one good instance, see Soph.,
Trach., 348.- 26. a s8'...  etLs, but those which you, the whole people,
supplied. - P. 88, 1. 3.  IL~[IEP1qKwS.  In the very midst of its perils and
alarms, lit. walking in them. WHISTON. It agrees with 5igCos. — &ywo[LOvqoraL. Cf. 207. The state had reason to feel provoked then if
ever at the orator's policy. -4. iv with the force of hiv &v, as so
often.  See 196, note ehpKfe. -- or-oqpLas.  Salvation, i. e. deliverance from impending destruction and restoration to perfect soundness.
The use of the word to describe political successes is incessant in the




NOTES.                          245
Attic orators. - 7. a"'r&poL. See the parallel passage in Lycurgus
(c. Leocr., p. 154), &retgeXoovro 7yp or Ev TrS rTvP TrELXCv KaTaCKevjj,
o0t U Tr TWVj rdpOPW, K. r. X.- 9.  rrT6VqV.   Corn commissioner.
Besides the regular ~Lroo6XaKes, who had the charge of the public
granaries (ovro6iK&a), there were appointed in any crisis of scarcity
(oLTrodea) special commissioners to procure an extra importation of
foreign corn.  See Dic. Ant.  SITOS.- 249. 11. ypac&s.  See 3,
note on EXeZv.  On eio-acyyeXtas, see 13.  On eu06vas, 55, 117, etc. -'vorQvrTwyv, having combined (aor.);  reay6vYrcov, contin'ually bringing
(imperf. part.). - 12. oZi 8i' fav'rv, i. e. they suborned persons to
make these accusations and carry on these prosecutions, taking care
to keep their own share in the proceedings out of sight, and choosing
such instruments as were least likely to be suspected of connection
with themselves: subornabant alios quorum nomine sperabant fore ut ipsi
laterent. BREMI. — 14.'p&Trovs, sc. Er& rnp'v iv Xatpwyvelq ikdXrTv
(Schol.). In 338, when the triumph of Macedon was assumed, there
would naturally be a great opening for the Macedonian party at
Athens to persecute the Opposition. -16..o';LKMXious.  Only mentioned here: the same remark applies to Melantus. - 4;LXoKpiovs
of Eleusis (c. Aristog., p. 783): not the person mentioned above (21).,
who was of Hagnus. - 17. Auiv8ov. 222. -18. ro(vvv.  There is
an anacoluthon here. After the long protasis and parenthesis the
speaker takes breath and starts as if with a fresh sentence.  Translate: well, through all these troubles.  Whiston renders: on all these
occasions, I say.- 22. etopKa.   Who had taken their oath and gave
their verdict on oath, i. e. who gave a conscientious verdict. On the
contrast of tenses in these participles cf. the parallel passage, 6; on
Irtp = to the honor of, cf. 1 and 8; and on e6opKa, 2. -250. 24. rb
pipos.  222. -P. 89, 1. 1. E'eroapw(veo-0e.  Continued to sign and,'seal, i. e. to approve officially as correct. ~Eschines uses the word
metaphorically, de F. L., p. 34, indorsing. -2.  wpoo'oaokooyetE, you
further certified. WHISTON. -4.  voRaY. What name was it proper or
rightfor Ctesiphon to assign to my actions, - was it not that name which he
sawthe public assiqning? etc.
251. BUT, IT WILL BE SAID, A MAN OF HONOR WOULD NEVER HAVE
BEEN PROSECUTED AT ALL. IF SO, HAPPY THE MAN! YET HOW IS
HE BETTER THAN THE ACCUSED, WHO IS HONORABLY ACQUITTED? I
TOO MAY SAY I HAVE NEVER BEEN PROSECUTED -AT LEAST BY
AESCHINES.




246                           NOTES.
8. Tb roi KE4dXov.  That remark of Cephalus was fine: never to be
put on public trial. More exactly: that affair of Cephalus was beautiful:
never in any instance to have been prosecuted: yes, indeed, and fortunate
too. The passage in 1Eschines runs thus (p. 81, fin.):'AXX' oxl 6o
KIgaXos o iraXalos gKedvOS, O  cOKWV 5B7orLtKlTraroS yeyovvat, oX OrToWS
dXX' eril ro0' evavrlosV7l  fO LXorteZro, 5TL o3eLCYav 7rbIro7re ypa~q5v s-4/ev/ye
7rapov6p/uwv.  We have had Cephalus already mentioned, with the
other eminent statesmen, 219. -12. wrpos yE vovrov, so far as he
(LEschines) is concerned at least.- 14.  typa4rvo, sc. AtoXlv-s.  Another taunt on the indirect attack (15, 16).  ypdoeo-Oat describes the
mere commencement of the action, &bKeLV its prosecution. - 15. WpuoXoylLaCLL p.8qev.  Although the normal construction would be od'ey
we more usually find the negative to be xh~ after verbs of assertion or
concession.  If o3U&v had been written here the negative would not
have had so close a connection with dvac.  Whiston agrees with
Schafer that /z,18v, not ov6v, is used to express the admission of
2Eschines.
252 - 255. Now FOR HIS ARGUMENT REGARDING FORTUNE.  ANY
ARGUMENT FOUNDED ON FORTUNE IS WIEAK, BUT HIS PARTICULAR
ARGUMENT IS WRONG IN PRINCIPLE.  HOW  CAN THE FORTUNE OF
ANY PRIVATE CITIZEN AFFECT OR IMPAIR THE FORTUNE OF THE
STATE? HOWEVER, LET US EXAMINE HIS PRIVATE FORTUNE AND
MY OWN, SIDE BY SIDE, IN DETAIL.
252. 17. ayvoa-irvqv.   Unfairness, 207.  Cf. dyoEvlwovijoat, 248.
ue-ydXfv & Oeos d'Voyo06v77-v [OgEevot], Soph., Trach., 1266, injustice.
-19. 8Xos piv, in general.  It is correlative to 97ret ~5 h8. - 20..rpO+pEL.  Cf. p. 576, 1. 13, KatTroL r&s o'rtL'KatOp Tro6volGa #/&v 70OUTO
USg 5vreOT rpooipelv /4xO'. So objicere in Ibtin. - 21. Tv refers to racels below: how is it proper to speak of that, or how reproach another for
that which, etc. - 27. &vOpo1TLVc&TpoV, lit. more humanly, i. e. with a
more just apprehension of human life: with how much more truth, and
the moderation befitting the nature of man. - 253. P. 90, 1. 3. A&8&ovacov. He assigns this ancient and venerable title here to Zeus, because he wishes to represent him as the Lord of oracles and prophecies,
whose estimate of Athenian fortune once declared oracularly must be
always true; the fortune of Athens is therefore intrinsically good;
though not exempt from sharing in the common distresses of the
world, when such distresses are universal as they are at the present
crisis. The good fortune of Athens, involving also the favor of the




NOTES.                           247
gods, is a favorite theme with Demosthenes. Compare Phil., I., 12,
where he says, "fortune always takes better care of us than we do of
ourselves." - Rintv.  After this word one MS. inserts Kati irv'A7robXXw
Trv IHIVLov.  Dindorf, following 1, reads as above.  But Bremi, Bekker, and Whiston retain the insertion. If retained it weakens greatly
the force of Kai before rbv  Ala, Zeus himself, and weakens somewhat
the force of the whole sentence. - 4. 4ir'xEL, obtains, prevails. - 254.
7. Tb p.v'roCvvv.  Now the fact that we chose the noblest policy and the
fact that we are in better case than those very Hellenes who expected that
their position would be constant prosperity, provided they threw us over —
this I set down to the state's good fortune. - 9. s8t&ELV, i. e. that they
would live their lives out in a state of perfect happiness. - 10.?i'071
is in its technical sense of recording in a valuation or estimate under
a particular item. -  rb 8$ 1rpOaKpoVr'LL.  But that we have met with
reverses and that events have not all turned out as we wished, - this I consider the state has participated as our allotted share in the fortune of the rest
of the world.  The infinitives are the direct objects of ueraXa,4pcWvo
which like bier0Xw and!zercaslwxt is often constructed with an accusative, as well as with a partitive genitive, and r-....glpos is in apposition with these infinitive clauses. In wrLq3dXXov we have an example
of the intransitive use of that verb: so Herod., II., 180, robs Aekqobs
i e7rdfpaXXe 7rapaorXev.  Id., IV., 115, rTv KT7'Jav 4TW Tb iwi,3aXXov.255. 14. s~lav.  Personal, i. e. Eschines has no right to say that my
sins bring a curse on the state (iEsch., p. 73): a man's personal fortune only affects his own personal affairs and extends no further; any
estimate of it must be made within that limit. -18. KvpL0'r*'pv.
More supreme than: i. e. more potent in producing effects. Cf. zEsch.,
p. 73, 1.
256. As HE HAS MADE PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON ME, I AM
OBLIGED, HOWEVER RELUCTANT, TO RETALIATE.
25. vX)p6TqTa.  Ungenerousfeeling: a lack of that human warmth
of heart and sympathy which would naturally produce great tenderness of word and deed towards the unfortunate.  This use of the
word qvxp&r-7s is finexampled; but the context explains it.  The
Lexica, however, and the editors translate it otherwise: indifference,
puerility, absurdity.   But L. and S.: coldness of heart, indifference.26. iy& yap, for I (emphatic) do not consider any one wise who insults another for being. poor, nor prides himself for being brought up
in affluence. — P. 91, 1. 3. Lcs &v  ISve1Oa[.  The full form  of the




248                          NOTES.
adverbial expression which is usually elliptical. Cf. 4 throughout. -
i TrC-v i'Vd'VTrv, under (lit. out of) existing circumstances.
257 - 264.  I HAD THE EDUCATION  OF A  GENTLEMAN  FROM
CHILDHOOD UPWARDS, AND I TOOK THE POSITION OF A GENTLEMAN
IN PUBLIC LIFE AND BUSINESS. /ESCHINES BEGAN LIFE AS AN
ERRAND-BOY OF VERY DUBIOUS PARENTAGE, WAS THEN ENGAGED
IN A SUCCESSION OF MENIAL AND VULGAR OCCUPATIONS, FINALLY
EMERGED AS A STATESMAN, BUT WHAT A STATESMAN! — WITHOUT
HlEART AND WITHOUT CHARACTER!
257. 6. 4OLT&V has here its common technical sense to go to school.
ras bv  polrass s irviLOS  tac-KctXov; Arist., Eq., 1235; Plat., Prot.,
326, C, etc. The course of school education is fully described in the
Protaqoras, p. 325; it consisted of (1) "ypdguuara (language spoken and
written), (2) study of authors, (3) music, and (4) eSKoyxila (good
principles and good behavior). - Kal IXELv, K. r. X., and to have what
(i. e. such an inheritance or allowance as) one must have who is to do
nothing mean through indigence, i. e. I was exempt from the necessity
of earning my bread in any menial way, 258.  The vulgarity of this''odious comparison" requires indeed all the apology of 256, and even
so is intolerable. - 8. fgEXo5vTL, i. e. when I became an 995vf3os and
was entered in the X-qlapXLK6v ypajuizareTov as now  eXwv eIt dvS apas,
and of ripe age to hold office.  Cf. c. Mid., pp. 564, 565; c. Aphob.,
p. 857; c. Onet., 865, etc.; Dic. Ant., "Eqf3qPos. -  a&Kovea, suitable,
the natural sequel: i. e. undertaking those state offices which only the
wealthier class,'104, were required to serve.  The Choregus volunteered, as the accepted representative of his tribe, to bear the whole
expense of putting one of the selected Dramas on the stage. We have
a full account in the Midias of how the orator served the Choregia and
the Trierarchia (pp. 540, 564). The duties of the Trierarch have been
already noticed, 104- 106. The system of the Eisphora (extraordinary
Property Tax) was identical with that described 103, note, iyrep6vas.
For fuller particulars on the various technical allusions' in this paragraph, see Die. Ant., s. vv.: and with all this account of the orator's
early life compare the speeches against Aphobus, p. 811 sq. - 10. +LXoTLICcLas. Fell short in no point of duty either public or private. Bremi
says: "officia ex quibus honorifice pr&estitis laus redundat in eum
quli prestiterat: hic etiam officia complectitur amicis prmstanda."
Though  LXo7ri,'a is literally honorable ambition, we cannot but paraphrase it here. - 16. KaX4 yc, honorable at any rate, whatever may be




NOTES.                            249
said of their utility. - 258. 17. ovuP3ECLoKa with the next seven
words happens to make a Hexameter. - woXX' &v YXwv, though I could
say many other things about it, sc. if I would. -  19. iv -os. By dwelling
on what I am proud of. The sentiment is exactly the same as in 4.
The unexpressed antecedent to ev ols is rods 7rp&yclkat, dative of the
cause (i. e. the cause of their probable annoyance), in immediate connection with Xv7riiat. -  20.   Ev6sOs.  Imposing: here false assumption is implied in contrast to just pride (ewuvi6voai'). On oeuYv6s, cf.
35, r&i'IjaTa. - 21:; rpbs arctvv, in comparison with this. - wotC...
vrX lx, what kind of fortune you have experienced. - 23.?wpocrE8pevCv.
Sitting in attendance on; i. e. not a member of the school, but only
there as errand-boy and drudge. - p&av. We know little or nothing
about the ink used at this period; but from this passage we must
infer that it was prepared like our Indian ink by rubbing from
a cake.   See Die. Ant., Atramentum. -  24.  P3&pa.   Subsellia
scholastica.  Cf. Platon., Protag., 325, E,  irapar8Oacrv,  aoLro s  nrl
TV pa'COpwv davayLyvCbKeLv 7rOL7TTjV d'yaeOv rotm/ara. -  araoyco/ydov.
Synonymous with &aao'KaXedov. The word 7raLaaoyw-y6s has the general sense of tutor as well as its particular sense of the slave who
escorted the boy on his way to school. -  25. OtK&OV.  Exactly our own
domestic: an in-door servant only. - 259. 26.  reXoi'arqJ.  Suidas calls
Glaucothea a -reXeo'rpa, the orator styles her rvtu7ravLorppLa, 284.  In
these initiations, which were of Phrygian origin, Glaucothea as high
priestess would play the cymbals, and LEschines would read the
requisite passages out of the mystic books. The deity worshipped
in these solemnities seems to have been Sabazius, a Phrygian god,
afterwards identified with Dionysus Sabazius.  Aristoph., Av., 875,
evXe8Oe Kal bpv7yLX   Zagarqu, where 4p5ytXos is a wretched pun on
PptSycos. -  27. V'UvVE'KEucpoO.  And helped in all the other business
(ceremonies, Kennedy; impostures, Whiston), i. e. all the technical
performance connected with the rites, as the context explains. -
P. 92, 1. 1..rev vvK'a, during the night.!Ug4 is correlative to 6d with
eV rais i'aulpaLs. - veppCtov.  A  coined word, contemptuous in its
form; so KparT-plc'v also: working away with fawn-skin and bowl. The
wearing of the fawn-skin in Dionysiac rites is sufficiently notorious;
here it is probably meant that the business of AEschines was to robe
the candidates for initiation, as well as assuming the dress himself.
See Harpocration (s. v.).  The KpaT'rp would be indispensable, both
for libations and for the orgies which followed.-  KaOatpwv.  Dissen




250                           NOTES.
cites here the excellent explanatory note of Wyttenbach on Plutarch,
de Superstit., 166, a.  " Lustrationis pars erat ut corpus lustraldum
circumlineretur et quasi circumpinseretur imprimis luto, 7r-X ), turn
abstergeretur, quorum  illud est 7reptudrrete  hoc a7ro/uiretvw, sed utrumque promiscue de tota lustratione dicitur." See also Harpocration, s. v.
a'7roUaTTWv. As here described, the clay was first smeared all over the
skin and then rubbed off with bran. The total operation is meant by
KaOacpwPv, the details by Kal...7rLT6poLt. - 3. &VLQoirs is transitive, raising, or making them  rise. —4. 9i4vyov.  I've escaped the bad; I've
found the better. The idea of initiation is to consecrate and purify the
nature of the initiated. Hence the candidate is told to describe himself as renouncing sin and cleaving to good forever. Cf. the notorious
passage of Isocrates (Panegyr., 28) concerning the origin and conception of the Mysteries.  Also Cic., de Leg., II., 14.  Eurip., Bacch.,
900, is compared by Elmsley.  The same formula of devotion, as
Dissen notices, was used at Athens in certain nuptial ceremonies:
Suidas, s. v. ovwyov. -- 5. XokXiSatLL is the howling in the orgies. -
KaV...voCtw, andfor my part I believe it, sc. that no one ever did howl
so. - 6. oviro p.ya. Cf. 285, e6qbwvov; 313, Xaz7rpoq5wS6raros. Also,
p. 449, de F. L., where the voice of /Eschines is fully criticised.260. 8.  i[Lorovs has here its technical sense of a Dionysiac procession
or rather riot, — IaKXe X8O r6v6Y' av& XeqLiveo xopeI6owv oLovUs s OtaLCocras.  Arist., Ran., 326. -9. paopa&c. Fennel, the Attic form  of
papdOcpy. The plant was supposed to have magic powers. dElian,
H. A., IX., 17, cited by Dissen. - XE16KE. The white poplar was
supposed to grow in the infernal regions. Harpocration cites Hornm.,
11., XIII., 389; XVI. 482. That this Dionysus of the Mysteries was
one of the xO6vtot is sufficiently clear from the Rance, of Aristophanes
(1. c.). — 10. wrapECas.  Squeezing the big-cheeked snakes.'Like, if not
the same as, the "puff adder." W. The serpents were so called from
the puffed shape of their heads; they were not venomous.  Cf.
Aristoph., Plut., 690. On their use in Bacchic rites, cf. Eurip.,
Bacch., 697:'    Katraoa-lKTovs 6op&ds I &peCoa KaTre'caavro XtluXW'vt 7yvvv.
— 11. Ebo'i aapot.  Evoe Saboe.  The joyous interjections eboi, eda,
eudv (said to be of Eastern etymology) were specially appropriate to
Dionysiac revels.  Zapot is understood to be the abbreviated vocative
of Za,Bdtsos. - iqs &m-ls. The words of the song put to represent
the tune of the dance - Hymen, Hymensee, is always cited as a parallel. The ancient lexicographers explain Ibms Atrks as being mystio




NOTES.                            251
names either of Dionysus or of Atys; and support the former view
by fanciful derivations, -  vies from beoT6s, dTrr    from  artq.  We have
no other information as to the meaning or origin of the words.riropXoiv5Evos = dancing to the song. -  12. gtapXos applies to the music, 7rpo-rlqyeWv to the procession, = prcecentor, leader of the dance. The
meanings of KLaoro/6poS and XtKV0e6pos are somewhat disputed. But it
is pretty well established that the KloTfr referred to was the chest in
which the mystic articles were shut up and carried in procession (cf.
the proverb dvos &t7ov ruva-r'pta, Aristoph., Ran., 159, Schol.): and
that the MXLKVO was a fan-shaped basket containing first-fruits and all
necessaries for the sacrifices, Dionysus having, among other epithets,
the yipas of XKV'IrlS. -  14.  vOpUr'TcL.   coWltol ol'vT /ef3pe-yptvot oOs
w rotovv eis o'KairTzv dprovS  taOp6iavres -  Kal eoaKcV EtrcatKeo'aaPvTes
(Ulpian), i. e. bits of bread soaked in a bowl of wine and sprinkled
over with pulse.  It may be rendered sweetmeats. -   -rTroirTo's, twists.
-  15. vel1XaTa, according to Harpocration were rolls of fresh-ground
barley-meal steeped in honey and studded with raisins and chick-peas.
Lobeck, however, derives the word, with much more probability, from
iXaSvw, Qiting the use of iXaar'p for pastry in Aristoph., Equit., 1181.
-261. 17.;vEypA4lqs.  Enrolled on the list of your deme.  The presiding officer in every deme (38hiapxos) kept a register of all citizens of
full age who could be counted among its members; this was called
the X7.tapXLcOKv ypau/xLarEZov, and was the necessary record to prove
citizenship. - TOUTo, i. e. the difficulty you had to get your name put
on the list, on the ground of your parentage.- 18. oev. After all. Here
oAv has its full original force already noticed (23) as an accusative
absolute of the neuter participle of etiui - this being so, i. e. the point
being assumed to be true, though not worth discussing.  Compare
our I say, and however, in their resumptive use. -  19. ypaclJFaJiLtrvELV.
127, kXeOpos ypaL,ulares'e.  De F. L., p. 371, 1. 20, etc.  The diminutive dpxtt'ots is sarcastic  and contemptuous = petty magistrates.
Aristoph., Av., 1111, c&v XaXSvres a pXtLtov rI' &p7rdioat poAX-qo'8 TL.
-262. 23.  tppvo-ro'voLs.  To those actors nicknamed the Lugubrious,
doubtless because they overacted the pathetic.  We know nothing of
them from  other sources.  In the de F. L., p. 418, we find AEschines
acting as tritagonist to a different pair of artistes, Theodorus and Aristodemus; but that was at Athens, not in the rural (or, as we should
say, "provincial ") performances. -  26.  rw(opdvis.  A costermonger,
lit. a small fruiterer who would purchase a stock of fruit from the




252                           NOTES.
market-gardens and sell it on his own account. The rustic audience,
according to the orator, pelted LEschines so freely for his bad acti'ng,
that he might have set himself up in the olive and fig trade with the.
quantities which they threw at him. - 27.?pavlLaTa.  The remarki
is meant to be facetious: i. e. AEschines received more wounds from
figs and olives in his desperate and deadly battles with the audience
than he ever did in the state's service. With Dindorf I prefer to
retain rpaciaTa  here, though Z omits it; all the other MSS. have it,
and Schafer retained it, though with a different interpretation;
according to his view iEschines robbed the orchards and got caught
and thrashed while loing so. But the other explanation is simpler
and better. So Holmes. But rpa6tuara is probably a gloss, and is
omitted by most editors.  And elycovwv, especially with the relative
clause which follows, can hardly mean anything else than the dramatic
contests in which _Eschines and his associates were continually battling
(imperf.) for dear life. The result was, Demosthenes means to say,
that they got more (both kicks and coffers) in this way than from acting in the plays. -  P. 93, 1. 2. &Glorov8os KaL &KiipvKTOS, an implacable
and unceasing war, where there is no mention of a treaty and no suspension of hostilities on the appearance of a herald with a flag of
truce. W.- 4. o-K6rTELS.  As Eschines charged Demosthenes with
cowardice in the battle of Chemronea, e. g. p. 76, Karayaayo6o?7s 8' afTbV ELS Tj' 7r6Xt 7'T, dLrpoo-5oKr4*"i  roT7)pias robs /AL  7rpcbTrovs XpO6ovU
vrTOcpO/UOS Xp tOt po7OS, Kal irapctdov    4ryxv&,s  7 r- TOrb Dla eclplvo/fXaKa
vtas ab,-rv  CidXeve Xetporoe?7v. —5. &v...atCLoTa(cLT', which'might be
imputed to his poverty, lit. for which one might blame his poverty.
C. 431; Cu. 422; G. 173, 2; H. 577, b. - 6. a*TQ&...KanqyOplctLaT,
the actual charges against your character.- 8.  rore.  At last: continuing the taunt that zEschines was long excluded from political life
by his low origin and occupations.- 9.  XcaLyZ  lov. Herod., III.,
108, o Xayos virb 7rarbS Opeeracs   Ovpltov KUial pLOOS Kal aivOpbrov.
"Lepus," says Bremi quaintly, "omnibus gentibus et aetatibus imago
est timiditatis, quippe qui ne dormiens quidem audeat oculos occludere." -264. 12. XLXLwv. Diodorus (XVI., 86) returns the loss in
the battle of Chaeronea at more than a thousand killed and quite two
thousand taken prisoners. - 13. E0&ppqrie.  Was in high spirits, i. e.
was absolutely and obviously exhilarated and emboldened by the
circumstance.




NOTES.                         253
265, 266. I RECAPITULATE AND SUMMARIZE THE COMPARISON OF
OUl PRIVATE FORTUNES.
265. 21. A8lSaicEs. This passage has been universally admired by
a host of critics from Hermogenes downwards; but I cannot myself
admire it at all, except for the neatness with which the " antitheta"
are balanced. It appears to me not only vulgar but fallacious. In
what respect is the school-boy superior to the pupil-teacher, or the
candidate for initiation to the acolyth who initiates him, or the audience to the artistes? The utmost the orator says against _Eschines is
this, that owing to inferior birth and poverty he had no social advantages, and had to fight his own way in the world. The more honor
to him for having successfully achieved it. - IETELS...iKKX1qcLOatOV.
You performed initiations, and I was initiated; you danced in the choir,
and I was choregus; you were a clerk in the assembly, and I was a member.
-2 4.  wiVLrr.Es. You were hissed off the stage, and I hissed you: for the
enemy has alR your policy been, mine for my country. It may be heterodox to say so, but all this antithesis seems to me studied and unnatural, and not at all consistent with the honest indignation which
Demosthenes affects.  But no doubt it would be very effective as
oratory. With eiwrtirres compare de Fals. Leg., p. 449. Mr. Kennedy
quotes from Milton's Apology for Smectymnuus an imitation of this
passage. Speaking of the young divines and students at college,whom
he had so often seen upon the stage 1 ting before courtiers and court
ladies, he proceeds thus: "There while they acted and overacted,
among other young scholars, I was a spectator; they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools; they made sport, and
I laughed; they mispronounced, and I mimicked; and to make up
the Atticism, they were out, and I hissed."  W. -266. P. 94, 1. 2.
KLV8VEVELS, you are on trial whether you are still to continue doing this (the
work of an informer) or forthwith to be silenced, and you are sure to,
lose in eithlx event: if you get your verdict, you go on with your
established but degrading profession of traitor and informer; if you
do not get a verdict, you're a ruined man and even that career is
closed to you. Accordingly, iEschines is said to have left Athens,
even before Demosthenes had concluded his speech, and gone into
exile at Rhodes. —5. oibX 6pas. Parenthetical as in 232.  Good,
indeed, —don't you see? is the fortune in which having passed your lfce,
etc. W.- 267. 9. 4XvuaCvov. Murdered, or used to murder, cf. 180.
The first iambic cited is Eurip., Hec., 1; the author of the second is




254                          NOTES.
unknown. On the word KaKacy7yeXeLv to be bearer qf wretched tidings the
point of the next sentence turns: and wretch as you are, may you come
to a wretched doom, — by the judgment of heaven, if so it may be, if not, by
the judgment of all here present.'7re-Ta (1) answers uaciXtTa /e'v with a
little more force than e'i U 1j  (103), respresenting a closer and more
immediate alternative. The Greeks were fond of paronomasia, like
this: KaKbv KaKWs airoXdeerav, cf. Plutarch., De Sera, VII.; Mat.,
XXI., 41. See also the Latin: malos male perdere.
268, 269. I WILL NOT MENTION MY PRIVATE BENEFACTIONS. IT
IS MEAN OF A MAN EVEN TO RECOLLECT HIS OWN GOOD DEEDS OF
THAT KIND.
268. 18.  uwcrac, K. T. X. This rhetorical figure "I will not say,"
"I will not mention," is alike frequent and plausible in ancient and
modern oratory. -20. AvrXuo&v. Ransomed.  Cf. de F. L., p. 394;
adv. Nicostr., p. 1250. -- 21. uVEEScWKa. Helped to dower —rt Trotvv
Kal i1st  TLotL TZV' 7roXtMrWv daTopoUL~ crvveg&WKte   Otryawrpas Kal d8eXcdrs.
Lys., de Aristoph., pec., 59. -269. P. 95, 1. 4. tLLKpOV 8EiV, almost.
C. 665; Cu. 564; G. 268; H. 772. — VEL8tLgEV, sc. with ingratitude
and forgetfulness. Compare the well-known sentiment in Terence,
And., I., i., 16:Nam ist hec commemoratio
Quasi exprobratio est imlnemoris benefice.
— 7. &pKit fJOL.  Whatever may be my general reputation as to this, that
is enough for me.
270-275. Is DISASTER LIMITED TO US AT ATHENS? IS IT NOT
UNIVERSAL, EVEN WHERE MY NAME HAS NEVER BEEN HEARD OF?
BLAME BAD FORTUNE: DO NOT BLAME MY BAD STATESMANSHIP.
WHY DID NOT tESCHINES SUGGEST A BETTER POLICY?  BECAUSE
THERE WAS NO BETTER. WHEN A MAN HAS DONE HIS BEST TO WIN,
LOSING DESERVES NOT CENSURE BUT SYMPATHY.
270. 11. b&0eos, unscathed of or by, followed by a gen. of source or
cause. -12. vvv, i. e. the year 331-330.  So in 253, rTX6qv X VUV
frexeL. The supremacy of Alexander was at its height; the news of
his Asiatic triumphs was constantly reaching Greece, and his lieutenant Antipater had just crushed the Peloponnesian secession at
Megalopolis.- 14.,rv E/i'v... lo1iXEL, my fortune or ill-fortune, whichever you choose to call it. -- 271. 20. ~opav is rendered by some here as
in the corresponding passage, 61, crop; but most editors take it here,
if not also there, in the sense of rush, current, torrent. oZx oi'av {ce is




NOTES.                           255
an adj. clause and may be rendered, lamentable, intolerable, lit. such as
ought not to have been. 7rpay/ldrTwv has here its frequent sense of troubles.
272. 22.'rbv ircap& TOUTOLtO clearly means, me whose political career
has been at home among my own citizens. W. - 273. P. 96, 1. 4. ot y,&p
r E'vow% -y' pFot, for it was not out of good-will to me, assuredly, that you
resigi d to me prospects, and admiration, and honors...but because you were
compelled by the truth, manifestly, and because you had nothing better to say
(advise). Surely you did not sacrifice these in order that I might win
them. The fact is, my policy was so good that it was impossible to
suggest anything better. As to the construction of the Greek: egol
is the dative of relation (Madv., G. S., 35, a), AXrl8wv the genitive
of privation (57, b). -274. 12. 6pyJiv. The accusatives are in apposition to  tcopawudva the object of 6p. - 15. oZ Kacr&po'a-E. Failed
in common with all,.failed with a failure which all shared. The orator,
here as throughout, imputes the failure of his own policy not to bad
judgment but to bad luck, -not to his own bad luck, but to the bad
luck of the universe at this particular epoch. On the distinction be.
tween a&7vXea-'a,  6. aprT.a7ra, and a&K7LaTraa,    cf. Aristot., Rhet., I.,
13 cited by Dissen. On unwritten laws, see Soph., Antig., 452, and
Xen., AMem., IV., 4, 19, cited by Whiston. —276.  27. 8ELdv.  A
man of art, and juggling, and sophistry. We find thesame contemptuous
collocation in Plato's Symp., 203, D. On the difference between ao-oni-s and.ertcop, cf. Aristot., Rhet., I., 1 (fin.). - P. 97, 1. 1. &s here,
like bar7rep just above, marks its clause as subjective, that is, expressing the view of 2Eschines, C. 680; Cu. 588; G. 277, N. 2; H. 795, e;
and the participle gXovra is in the acous. although it is not impers.
C. 675; G. 278, N; H. 793.  Render: as though when one is the first
to say things about another which belong to himself, these, forsvoth, must also
be true. -277. 6. K&KCE-Lo...SEGLVdn1"r', that also I know well, that in regard to my skill as an orator (but let this pass), -for be it so, i. e. if it
be admitted: he completes the sentence here interrupted with the
words ebphjre7re rdvres, K. T. X., 1. 12, below.  He admits that there
may be some truth in imputing to him professional talent as orator;
but he argues, pretty correctly, that an orator's professional success
depends on his being found to meet the sympathies and to serve the
interests of his hearers. The very imputation, therefore, of oratorical
success is a sort of guaranty of patriotic service. - 9. &cs yap...ou'rcos,
for as (according as) you may accept andfeel kindly towards each, so (and
oQ only) das the speaker sm to be wise (have credit for wisdom).  His




256                           NOTES.
reputation both as a statesman and orator rests entirely on the verdict
of his audience.   For o'rws=so only, only to that extent, compare 7,
note in r& &LKata. - 11. oiv, resumptive, 261. - 4elpCa here takes
the place of ew6Cv77ra above, and shows what it means.- 13. eTera-,ojEvqv, proved by the test and examination of facts, 173. -278.
19. rbv KLXbV K&yac0v.  Both these adjectives are attributes alike to
the mental, the moral, and the physical, - Ka6s implies the beauty
of goodness and dOya6& the integrity. In their present common juxtaposition they mean pretty nearly what we call the man of honor, and,
what Cicero calls honestus. - 20.'ovis...SLtKaoris, thou who have come
into the court as judges for the public weal. - 21. JloDv a/rrd  PEpaLoZv, to
require them to secure to himself, that is, to gratifyj his own personal resentment and enmity. - 26. iv ots. In cases where the people have to deal
with their enemies, i. e. to defend themselves against their enemies' attack.
On this dative of relation depending on the impersonal aors, see Madvig's G. S., 38, a. - 279. P. 98,1.1. JlJ8SeVbs 8U &&8LKiparos. Translate:
But that without ever having claimed to get satisfaction from  me for any
public nor, I will add, even any private wrong either on the state's behalf or
his own, he should now come'forward having gotten up an accusation against
my being crowned and honored, etc.  WHISTON. -5. a0UVVeaKVacLU.Vov.
Perfect middle.  This sense of OauKevfv& e  as concocting and conspiring
is abundantly illustrated by the Lexica. -x-280. 10. ojvco-KLcas. JEschines speaks of the orator's voice as Wectav Kal zdv6obov (de F. L., p. 49,
157). Here Demosthenes retorts that _Eschines had chosen to take up
this contest from  a wish (fovuxuevos denoting the motive) to make an
exhibition of oratory and vocal practice (X6'ywov Kal ovacKl&wo), not to get
satisfaction for any wrong. - 14. 6'rdvos. Raising qf his voice. LEschines had taunted him as rzewtv4devos nrv /TovmIv (de F. L., 1. c.) and had
asked -ls 7  Kpav-y7; r-is o6 6YP'osr DS ~ov; p. 84. Cf. Cic., Or., XVIII.
Quintilian, XI., 3.- 281. 19. silS asrGs.  We understand dylcKpas
from the context oppet?.  This genitive has been already discussed 17
(dfirst note). The meaning of the proverb not to ride at the same anchor
is obvious; here alluding to Eschines's Macedonlah proclivities. As
one of many illustrations we may cite p. 1296, 1. 1, /uv8$' erZl vov
dyKbpatv o6pnev  av'ro5 Jane.  Cf. Eurip., Or., 68; Plat., P/wed., 227.
Bremi, however, understands it to mean "im  gleichen Schiffe mit
den andern fahren."- 21. 6p&s: 266. - ey~, sc. fXw, I have. - 282.
24. 41ropE6ov, wished to go. - See Grote, XI., 699; Plutarch, Phocion, c. 10.  W. -26. 4pvoip.tvos, Imperfect teuse, — althougjk be,




NOTES.                         257
fore he always refused this service (of going on embassy). By IrdVrc
Xppvov he probably means only from 346 to Choeronea. The statement
any way is quite inconsistent with the spurious psephism (29) which
mentions.tEschines among its 7rpgo3PEts.- P. 99, 1. 2. KaTvap&a.L. A
general imprecation of all who were $xOpol -'j 7rX'et was a formal part
of the proceedings in every IKKXj-Va.  Cf. Dic. Ant., s. v. The orator implies that his opponent was that worst of all foes, a traitor. -
283. 10.!IvtSBv...rwpaypcl.   Compare the familiar expression: TIi ito
Kal coi, what have I to do with thee? John, ii., 4. -284. 18. givos $
*Ckos I yvQp'.uos, guest-friend, or Jfiend at all, or acquaintance. Compare 51, 52. "The repetitions, the enforcement again and again of
the same points, are a distinguishing feature of Demosthenes, and
formed also one of the characteristics of Mr. Fox's great eloquence."
LoRD BROUGHAM. — urvwravTlrpcts, cf. 259, note. - 21. ELtXqpLpvos
and -yeyovJs are concessive=althoulgh you have yourself been manifestly
found (lit. caught) a traitor, etc. C. 674, f; Cu. 582; G. 277, 5;
HL 789, f.
285-291. THE CITY HAS BEEN GRATEFUL TO ME FOR MY MANY
SERVICES, AND AS AN INSTANCE OF IT, I WAS APPOINTED TO MAKE
THE FUNERAL SPEECH OVER THOSE WHO FELL IN THE BATTLE. MANY
OF YOU EMINENT ORATORS ASPIRED TO THE HONOR. BUT THE STATE
KNEW HOW YOUR SYMPATHIES AND FRIENDSHIPS LAY, AND THEREFORE REJECTED YOU ALL AND TOOK ME. THE EPITAPH ON THOSE
WHO WERE SLAIN CONFIRMS MY ASSERTION THAT THEIR FALL WAS
DUE TO EVIL FORTUNE, NOT TO EVIL POLICY.
285. 26. -rbv  pov'r'. The nature of these funeral orations is suf.
ficiently explained by Thucydides (II., 34). Compare also Platon.,
Menex., p. 236; Demosth., c. Leptin., p. 499; Aristid., Panath., I.,
p. 331; Cic. Leg., II., 24, 62; Orat., 44, 151. -P. 100, 1. 2. Aqiu&Svy. This person was no less remarkable for eloquence than for corruption (Plutarch., Phoc., 1): he was a bitter'enemy of Demosthenes
(Id., Demosth., 28) and an ardent supporter'of Philip, whose good
graces he secured when a captive after Chberonea (Diod., XVI., 87):
he maintained the same influence with Alexander, and was bribed by
the friends of Demosthenes to use it for the preservation of the
anti-Macedonian orators when Alexander demanded their execution.
Eventually Demades was put to death by Antipater, who detected
him playing a double game between himself and Perdiccas (Diodor.,
XVIII., 48). For further particulars see Smith, Dic. Biog. — 3.
Q




258                           NOTES.'Hyipova.  This orator and Pythocles were both put to death by
order of the Athenian Assembly in the year 317, sharing the fate of
Phocion whose supporters they had been. Plut., Phoc., 35. Pythocles is mentioned by the orator, pp. 411, 442. - 7. *F' iJLEvov. Dissen comments thus: "etiam  studiosius et luculentius.  Similis usus
adverbii KaXws de quo vide Schaeferum  ad Soph., (Ed. R., 1008."
We may render the phrase yet the more. The passage in Sophocles
runs: KaXWZs et 6i~os O1K eiSo's 7l 6ps.  "'T is all too clear thou
know'st not what thou dost."  286. 11.  eBoevosvmrv, a rare word in
Attic Greek and of doubtful etymology, but used repeatedly in the
Eumenides of 2Eschylus: for what you denied upon oath when affairs
were prosperous, this you confessed in the misfortunes of the state. - 13.
$v...&iLav.  Schafer understands this to mean freedom to express their
feelings without reserve. But the phrase will hardly bear this extension. Rather: secured impunity for their designs. So Whiston also
takes it.  The context would fit either translation. — 287. 17. Lj1'O
iOUOp$DLOv, literally, under the same roof.  Should have neither shared
the dwelling or the meal: as these acts would be typical always of sympathy and association.  The phrase yeyevrnuov etvat instead of yeyeiv4a0ac seems to be only for variety, the latter form having occurred
so instantly before. This usage of the auxiliary eTvaL:is not at all
uncommon, as Reiske supposes.  Cf. Soph., O. R., 580, 1146; Plat.,
Tim., 26; Phil., 39; Soph., 217, and Madv., G. S., 180, d. -19.
4KEt, in the court of Philip.  He seems to be speaking here of the
Macedonian rejoicing after the defeat of the Phocians. WinsToN. -
IK~t&Elv. All the editors cite the parallel from the de F, L., p. 380;
oiTos els riaT7rLKLa Trot r    rpay/ldt&ov Kal TOo TrokX4ov &  f0l//XCO& Kal MIXrT7ror 9vov, e7LCartro lXOBv Kal ot'ro0p45i   tXeTeLXe   KaXl eiXWiv  a hrl i roS r3v
rv/ugdXwv    7'rv b/leT4pov T-EIXet Kai XPq Kal AhrXots diroXwX6ov 7.19XETO
dKeLvoS, Kal  vVeoTeatvorroLT  Kal TavveraLb'eL 4'ItXbF7r7r  KA' LX0or77ol~as
7rpovrrtvev. - 20.  roKpLVdIVOV. Acting his part.  The orator reiterates his taunt on Eschines's original profession, 15. - 288. 27. b pt.v
Altos.  Another good instance of the really subordinate sentence
being introduced by,iv and the principal by &. Cf. 3. Paraphrase:
and it was not te case that while the people voted thus, yet the parents, etc.,
voted otherwise. - P. 101, 1. 2. rpC8ELsrvov. The fineral banquet, called
also yelKP6&ServoV. Lucian de Luetu, c. 24. -  s. Fully expressed this
phrase would run rap' OiKeOTdTrW W's uvva-r6, ~v. Cf. 4. Render: with
the nearest possible relatiue. The addition of cus always intensifies -the




NOTES.                           259
superlative to this maximum degree, and if a preposition is connected
with the superlative it naturally comes between it and the &s. Abundant examples are cited: p. 309, 1. 2, p. 585, 1. 3, etc. See also Madv.,
G.S., 96; C. 553, c; Cu. 631, a; H. 664.-6.  p yop.  For he who
had the deepest interest in their life and fortune, surely he had the largest
share of the anguish felt for them all, when they had met that.fate, which,
oh! that they never had. With 4/hz.rore we obviously supply 7raOeEv.
The argument is this: the statesman holds as most precious to himself the life and welfare of every single citizen; therefore he feels
most keenly the blow of their loss in every single instance. Kindred
would only feel for their individual kin; but his own grief is universal. - "The sentiment is like that which (Edipus expresses in the
beautiful lines of Sophocles ((Ed. Rex, 88)."   KENNEDY.- 289.
EIIIrPAMMA.  Gottling contends ingeniously, but strangely, that
Demosthenes himself was the author.of this Inscription. He relies
especially on the parallel passages in this oration, pp. 297 and 322.
Bekker contradicts him.  We have no historical evidence on the subject; but if Demosthenes was the author, why does he not say so
here? And if he was the author himself, what becomes of his argument in 290?  To the many verse translations which have been
already published of this, I venture to add the following paraphrase:
Here lie the dauntless, for their country's right
Who drew the sword, and crushed the foeman's might.
Death, in the fray, they set by common claim -
(Their lives they spared not in the thirst for fame)As umpire of their glory or their shame:
And this for Hellas' sake; that never thrall
Nor curse of bondage on her neck should fall.
Sore had they toiled: their mother earth hath pressed
(So heaven decrees) their bodies to her breast.
Heaven's the unerring aim, th' eternal power:
For man no respite from his destined hour.
-14. EL S jpLv Mcvrwo.  Literally, set their weapons to theffight: a ponderous yet feeble expression: Oto-at as applied to arms being propertly
to pile them, and only bearing the former sense when applied to troops,
not to weapons.- 15. ornErKTSaKrav.  Here, with brilliant rhetorical
facility, the will is put for the deed. -16. SEp~Laos.  I must differ
(for once) from Dindorf in the reading of this ill-expressed and confused passage, which no amount of emendation will make even toler



260                           NOTES.
able.  He reads X/zuacrot; but the MSS. all agree in u8el/aros.  I
think we may interpret it thus: in thefighting-a game whose stakes
are courage andfear (i. e. display of courage is tantamount to winning
the game,; display of panic is tantamount to losing the game) -they
spared not their lives; but took Death as their common umpire.  In other
words they fought till they lost their lives, and thus appealed to the
Lord of the Unseen World to decide whether they had been brave or
cowards, winners or losers, in the game of battle. On the construction of tdper~js here without 7rept or any similar preposition, see Madv.,
56, Genitive as Object of the Verb; and 53, Genitive of Reference.
Soph., Trach., 1122; Plat., Rep., V., pp. 459, 470. It is quite true
that dperiis is meant to be governed by t3pap[3  also, but not, as some
editors contend, by [3papti only. In translating, however, we cannot
avoid taking it exclusively with the latter: we might say in English
they fought for death or victory, but we really could not say fought for
shame or glory.  Whiston translates thus: In their contest they did not
save their lives, but of timidity and courage they made Hades the impartial
umpire.- 23. 1wopev. The subject is clearly o Oe6s, and nothing can
be more awkward than the ellipsis. The 54 after Asompav is perhaps
meant to have the intensive force of 6h.  So Dissen takes it.  But
among the many defects of the poem such a trifle as 86 coming the
fourth word in the sentence, and yet acting as conjunctive, may
surely pass unchallenged. Why this inscription has ever been admired I am quite at a loss to discover: to me it seems a tissue of
platitudes very clumsily expressed in language, by no means original.
And the sentiment is false throughout it. These heroes fell not as
victors but as vanquished, - they (lid not avert the doom of Hellas,and their defeat was due not to destiny, but to the vacillating policy
of the country for which they fought so hard and so well. The orator is probably conscious of this last opening being left for his antagonist, and he tries to close it up accordingly in the next sentence,
straining the simple sense of the epitaph to suit his purpose. -24.
Kal &v, aiT;'.roVT', in this very epitaph also, as well as from me. - 290.
26. &vi01KE, he attributes.  This use of the aorist is just parallel to
the Epistolary imperfect in Latin, the time of action being restricted
to the very time of writing, i. e. a past time; whereas our own
idiom looks on the thing written, as an agency, on the part of its
writer, which is present as well as past.   P. 102, 1. 3. Tpi4tEav.
Strictly optative: i. e. to express a prayer.




NOTES.                           261
291-300.  YOUR UNDISGUISED  SYMPATHY WITH  OUR ENEMIES
BRANDS YOU, iESCHINES, AS A TRAITOR.   IF IT WAS MY DOING,
AS YOU ALLEGE, THAT WE OPPOSED THE DESPOT, I GLORY IN THE
DEED. BUT YOU TAUNT ME WITH BEING A PARTISAN OF PHILIP.
SURELY IT IS YOU, AND THE LIKE OF YOU IN OTHER STATES, WHO
DESERVE THIS IMPUTATION.  I AND MY STATE UTTERLY DISCLAIM
IT.  IN WORD, THOUGHT, AND DEED I HAVE PROVED MYSELF PHILIP'S UNCOMPROMISING FOE.  I APPEAL TO FACTS FOR CONFIRMATION.
291. 7. Ls /iV. Supply gorXe, would have had, not, as Schifer says,
Xot. - 9.'rrapa$s, with his voice raised and in exultation and with a
screech.  Xapvyytub -ross PrTopas (i. e. screech them down), Arist., Eq;,
358.  More literally: raising his voice and exulting and straining his
windpipe. - 12. fros y/Ey/EVTup.voLS.  In the miseries that had come to
pass he had no feeling in common with the rest (of his fellow-citizens):
i. e. he stood alone in his glee, every one else being in despair. This
is mere repetition of 244, 217. - 292. 13. KaCaot. And yet one who
professes regard for the laws and constitution, like my opponent at present,
should at any rate have this attribute if nothing else, that he sympathizes in
sorrow and in joy with the nation, and never in his public policy bands himself with the party of their foes. rots iroXXos is the natural dative fol.
lowing an expression of identity; rTeTXOaL as a perfect tense suggests
entire and complete partisanship; KOWYGV depends on 7rpoatpe'es, which
is a dativus modi. - 293. 21. jroEC. For if you were to grant me this, that
it was through MY instrumentality you utterly o)posed that despotism over
Hellas which was being organized, you would grant me a greater boon than
all uwhich you have given to the rest.  e1gg is emphatic both by its form
and its place in the sentence; by ltXXoss are meant any other statesmen who have received public votes of thanks or emoluments.
294. P. 103, 1. 5.  kLXOMrwrl6dv. Lord Brougham compares "Jacobinism." We have already had qStXL7r7rtso-dvwv, 176.- 7. esW &XOeCas,
17.' If layinq aside falsehood and all malic;ous speech you ought to inquire
on the basis of truth who they are in reality on whose head all would
naturally and justly lay the blame of what has happened - 11. Kx4aCoX V,
einem etwas auf den Kopf schuld geben (Schbfer). -295. 17. ilr6wpxovio,.  Schbfer explains bdlonginq to them, i. e. of their own.faction: Dissen, available, i. e. open to being led away: Westermann, like Schafer,
their own severally, and so Whiston. But the word must surely mean
a little more than a mere possessive pronoun. Transl. who were in their




262                           NOTES.
hands: i. e. who were subordinate members of the states in which
these others were leaders, and who blindly trusted to their leadership.
- SL6aEiCpovres.  The orator always divides the Greek world into
two classes: those who sympathized with his own Athenian policy,
and those who did not: to the latter he gives the sweeping designation of traitors.  Against this Polybius (XVII., 14) makes a very
proper protest: 7rtKpJ7rarov 6veLtos Tors E'rLpaveo'rdrots rTv'EXXqv'le
eCK7 Kal dKptros. rpoodppute. - 18. Aaoxos. Harpocration, under the
name M6rts, mentions a number of these revolutionists, quoting the
lost histiry of Theopompus where further particulars seem to have
been giFen.  No historical interest attaches to any of the names:
some of them we have had already in 48, 69, 71 cited with the same
application. Hipparchus is mentioned by the orator, p. 125. And
Demaratus is named by Plutarch (Alex, 9) as a friend of Philip, and
companion of Alexander in his expedition to the East.  Cicero
imitates this passage, in his oration against Verres, II., 4.296. 27.  irLXEr+IEL suggests at once the obvious parallel in the
Epistle to the Hebrews, xi., 32. - P. 104, 1. 4. A&Xkaropes.  eavcel
dXdcicrwp X KaKOS 8alatzwv iroOv, Esch., Pers., 354.  7ov6'  6 raXaobs
Bpt/is iXdcrTWp, Id., Ag., 1501.  The orator speaks of these persons
as if they were sent for divine visitations on the sins of their respective states - national curses. Whiston renders the three epithets, foul
and fawning and fiend-like. —5. ilKponlppLaOlP4voL.  Perfect middle.
Kal rGCv vrjlv Kwarpiovs 1xovewOv ras wrpdpa's  KpwoTrpiaoav.  Herod.,
III., 59. Here exactly crippled, as Kennedy translates. - 6. irpowrerWOK6TdS.  According to the Scholiast whom  Dissen quotes (Pind.,
01., VII., 5), 7rporlveLv strictly is to present the drinking-cup as a gift
to your guest at the banquet where he drinks from  it.  That it
means to pledge a health (propinare) we have abundant evidence in the
Lexica. The orator (p. 284) dwells on the fact that Philip 7rpi6orwev
1KrdcarT' apyvp& Kai Xpvoa& at6ros.  And on p. 34 he uses the phrase
7rpoa7roTrat Tr& rpdiyaTra  in a sense exactly the same as here: toasted
away. So Lord Brougham. - 10. 5poL KaI Kavdwvs, normce et regult:
standards and rules. - &vcaTerpod'TES.  While they have subverted liberty
and independence (lit. the having no master over themselves).  The
similarity of form in the perfects of rTpraw and rp&0w is sufficiently
noticed in all grammars and lexica. The later form in each case was
Tdpaepa, and some editions here read darerpaCp6res. I have followed
Dindorf in retaining the omicron. - 297. 14. et 86  lh xnpEtv,- ifw




NOTES.                            263
must speak in earnest, lit. not trifle. — 17. KaOl y   wrca' rfptv, and I before you, sc. have been made guiltless (sub. dvatcrros yeyova). -  vlrt,
followed by the genitive of price, for, in return for. The answer to
this question which follows is greatly admired by Lord Brougham. -
238. 25...27. OU8$...opUIEpO0VXEVKa,   nor in all the advice that I have
ever given to my hearers, have I ever, like you (LEschines and the other
hirelings just mentioned) advised as if I were the tongue of a balance
inclining towards lucre.  If this reading of Dindorf (&Wf7repavel TpvTrdv)
be correct, the orator compares himself to the tongue of a balance,
but disclaims any bias or leaning in one direction, that direction
being private advantage.  The common reading is 5o-7rep &v eti v TpvCrdmV, with an inclination towards lucre, as if set on the scales [with a
bias]. AP7rwv in either reading would be intransitive, describing the
speaker's own bias, not the direction he gives to that of others. The
passage in De Pace, 12, is an excellent illustration: 6Tav 6' i-rl Od&epa
o6i-rep eiS Tpv7Tdp' dp/y6fptOV 7TpOUC6V4lYKS O.?   fTaE7t O pOV KaL KaOCtIKVKC
rTby XoytL/Jlv 6' aCrui-, Kca OdK CoAV 9E  rOpS 0Os o' LS 6 -roTrowrowTo-as
repl oivevb6s Xoylo-caro. -P. 105, 1. 1. 4vXfis.  Here follow in most
editions the words -rT 7r-dvTa gCot 7rerpaKrat. They are not found in 2,
and look very like an interpolation. - 299.'5. I.ov. There is not,
I think, the emphasis on the pronoun here which Whiston conceives.
It would in that case be 9go0. The passage in AEschines is p. 87. et
uLv yiCp Xiyets 60ev  pv   e d TpX'OV 70o tl/p2/1SuaTOS 7rooL0cw, 6Lr r&s rdafpovs
Tacs repl  i re6yjX? KaXs? f&rdq5pevoe, 0avgd4w   0ov, a. r. X.  For the
agreement of'dta, see C. 496; Cu. 366; G.,138k N. 2; H. 511. -
-  6.  rdppw, i. e. far below.  So rp6~o-. &MKaao' )Esch., Eumen., 414.
-  rov = perhaps.  See Lex.-  7. or k~eoLs.  This is the passage
quoted at the beginning of Libanius's Hypothesis.- The idea, though
not quite original, is clothed in good and bold language by the orator,
and comes in as a most effective repartee on his opponent. The
well-known ode of Sir W. Jones, " What constitues a state? " is cited
by Whiston in illustration.- 9.  tyLacr-rov Rpove.  Ifeel most proud.
The genitive Trav CuaavroO depends on the superlative: lit. most of my
doings.  Fully expressed the phrase would have run' s lceyilrots o3OL
iY-wv vw' euavroU wrerpa-ycudvWy.  But the compression gives it thrice as
much force.- 11. rrovu, K. T. X. The allusions are clearly, as Dissen remarks, to Euboea, B1eotia, Megaris, Corcyra, and Leucadia (see
227- 237). These accusatives have all to be understood afterwards
as the object of dcvvouovuovu, rot0rwY  being the whole body of the




264                              NOTES.
citizens supposed present in their public assembly which the speaker
is addressing. - Kal vroXXovs... &plvvovjivovs, and many to defend them
for us.  wroXXo6s, however, is not in the best MSS. and edd. - 300.
17. ToEs XoyLrpFoos, calculations, i. e. tactics. He means that his own
political calculations were the best humanly possible; that he cannot
admit Philip to have been his superior in political judgment, but only
in successful fortune. Observe the emphatic position of ey5b in contrast with Philip and his tactics. - 18. o-rpcruyot. Tamen Athenienses post cladem  Lysiclem  proetorem, accusatore Lycurgo, capitis
damnarunt, conf. Diodor., 16, 88.  DISSEN. - 19. SUV&!ELfS.  The
singular is more usual in speaking of military forces. But the plural
may be justified here by the fact that several states were combining
their respective forces.
301 - 323. Oonclusion: I MYSELF HAVE ALWAYS ACTED AS A
TRUE STATESMAN.
301. 23. oZK...1rpo3aXe'~]caaLL sc. XpY: was it not his duty to place
Eubcea as a defence before Attica on the side of the sea? - 26. ObUdpovs.
He means Achaea, Corinth, and Megara. - rLTorot1rCacv, 87 sq.  As
to the construction, Schafer cites a very happy illustration, p. 1262,
1. 16, ot /I& -yAp V6,toL Kal 7T&5s dvacyKaias vrpo~qdoers 6'irws!ql xeptovs
ylyowv'TaL rpoelo'vro. - 27. 4LXEav.  Supply,yiv, according to the
very common Attic ellipsis: 7roXeplia is used in exactly the same way.
-   ap% = along.- 302. P. 106, 1. 2. {nrapXdvrcov, of what we have
already, i. e. subject allies: a very similar use of v7rdpxeVi to that
already noticed in 295. -  Ksre'lrovrTa agrees, of course, with iroXtrlv,
which is understood together with Xp~v in all these clauses: by sending out succors from time to time; the imperfect participle denoting
a continued or customary action. -3. IIpoKOvv'ro-oV, in the Propontis, originally a free ciony from Miletus; then subjected to Athens;
and ultimately to Cyzicus, the modern Marmora:  In the speech
against Polycles, p. 1207, the orator speaks of Proconnesus as an ally
of Athens. The dates of its history are uncertain. - 4. *r& 8', constructed like aLTro7ro ariav above, that is, after 7rpa&at, with Tb BvdivrtOV, K. T. X., as appositions.- 7. xv.  The genitive of privation
depending on,veXetre, which is here impersonal.  6v  ieXetrre as
opposed to brapxovuo'v represents & oX Vwr^pXe. - 303. 10. & KaC.
The Kal = both, emphasizes the connection of plan and execution, for
both of which the orator claims equal approval. - 13.   pEO&vrTc, i;.:e.
he disclaims any sin of (1) omission, or of (2) ignorance, or (3) treach



NOTES.                           265
ery. - 15. jKEv, were dependent on, - a favorite Attic use of the verb.
lTo'f e gl   Ket rAm   7r6XAews r& 7rpdcty7aa.  Aristoph., Plut., 919. -
18.  XvplaCvero... &v4rpEmv, went on (imperf.) damaging our cause till
they ruined (aor.) all. W.  Holmes makes rots 6Xots adverbial.  But
better dative after EXvtuaiveTo, which, as Drake with the approval
of Whiston observes, here takes the dative because it has the no.
tion of successive attacks upon or against. See also Lex., s. v. -
304. 23. DpoC. Dative after -rard.  Cf. aEXXots, 291; roXXos, 292.
-24.;K1XpllT' Ev, would have experienced.  305. P. 107, 1. 2. &arTOO- in its position here as a predicate requires us to paraphrase instead of translating: That ye may know that the words I employ are far
less than the deeds I refer to. Drake well renders XdTr7 —L, falling far
short of. —3. EGkap3ol'lEvos. Cf. 3, 4. - Xye. See 28, last note. The
words from  rbi, dipOUbv to  95tla-1,ra  are put in brackets by some
editors, and have indeed something the air of an interpolation, but
Dindorf retains them, and Schafer defends them. - 306. 7. Kacropeovqr4vwv. Here follows I - y? Kalt Ool in most editions. Dindorf
omits the words and they are not in Z. Render with Whiston: in
the event of the success of which indeed, beyond a doubt, we might have been
pre-eminently great. -!pyCrots agrees obviously with,4uiAL, which we
supply as the dative depending on in6ripXev. The use of these imperfects without da in a conditional apodosis of past time has been already
noticed, 248. - 9. Tb 8sKaCos.  The attribute of justice would have been
ours as well: i. e. we should have been justly supreme as well as
unquestionably. - Ws  ripws is euphemistic = quite otherwise, that is,
adversely. See note, 212. - 10.  epeO-.rL, in connection with the rest
of this sentence, gives the idea of something saved from a wreck.
Whatever we have lost, at any rate we have saved reputation and
honor.  And although they have turned out quite otherwise, there remains
at any rate a good reputation. - 307. 12. ov pa  AC' O$K &doo-r&vara,
(thus should a patriot kct) and not, no not by any means, deserting the interests of the state and hiring himself to its enemies, cherish the opportunities
of the enemy instead of those of his country, and malign the man who has
undertaken both to advise and propose courses of action worthy ojf the state,
and iwho has made it a principle to abide by them.  6'roorrg~vat, of putting
one's shoulder under the burden, in contrast to dirooTrgvt above; the
genitive with  nri; has been discussed in 17. - 18, &v S4, while if any
such person annoy him (Tm PCoiKaCCov) at all individually, he lays it up in
his memory and keeps an eye iupon the person. The  eZ? at the beginning
12




266                           NOTES.
of the paragraph is carried all through this long sentence, and the o065
following Oepaare&ewy has to be carried on to,e/uvwo-Oac also. - 19. oM84', t any rate he ought not to maintain an unriyhteous and hollow silence.
The epithet OvrovXos suggests a festering sore of which, however, the
surtace is healed and gives no symptom of mischief. So iEschines, as
the orator alleges, holds his tongue and looks pleasant, although his
heart is full of venom. The alleged sins of iEschines are threefold in
this paragraph: (1) treachery to his own state, (2) malignant envy
of her true statesmen and private malice against them, (3) affectation
of being perfectly satisfied at the time, and subsequent show of great
indignation. The first of these is introduced by oi lU&a At', the second
by o6le, the third by oo; 7y'.- 308. 22. &irXAs, honestly, as distinct
fiom VrovXos.  All this is in answer to /Eschines, p. 84. - P. 108,
1. 1. To03 orvvexiS, sated of the man whoLm you hear incessantly: our
idiom requires this amount of paraphrase: he alludes to the fact that
the prominent statesman must needs be always making public speeches.
-2. s8ookoXoY, provoking, euphemistic, like iTrpWs, 306. -309. 4.
ror-vXCas. Suddenly he comes out as a speak-er fiom his silence,- like a gale
after a calmn. e-odv-   is the gnomic aorist. C. 605; Cu. 494; G. 205;
H. 707.  oavxtas must be taken also in close connection with   e v/e-ua,
the eK being transitional only, as in TrvUXbS &K SeKOpKhrOS  (Soph., 0. T.,
454), etc. - 5. WrEcovKaeKlqKS, with well-trained voice and words and
phrases collected, 279. - cr-veLXoxs.   oarwvXtoaGvXXEKtierdS, Arist.,
Ran., 866; oavX>ywv aovw5ias, 874; &r6XXMa, Ach., 405. - 6. crvvEtpeL, he strinqs them. together with distinct utterance and without drawing
breath. -13. 4llarop(ov, provision for commerce between Athens and any
particular foreigA city, which would require a commercial treaty, etc.
to be arranged. - 15. &MioSEIX0Eo-LV, declared, i. e. open and undisguised. — 310. 16. aiga.ros, opening, lit. a process of examininq: hence
an open examination, where any competitor may enter and distinguish
himself. - 17. i&oSeqLs, opportunities: lit. displa.ys of ability; i. e.
Occasions on which a man might display it. -18. os8alpof,  The
metaphor is still from  a competitive race.  On the auxiliary use of
aiefrOat,'avepis eTarI, &kXos e',at, see Madv., G. S., 177, b; C. 657,
k; Cu. 590; H. 797.- 20. 6roo'oroarovv, the any-eth whatever.  The
termination -O7TrS, commencing with the ordinal twenty, is common
to all ordinal nunlbers above the twentieth. The correlative ov corresponds to the Latin -cunque.  Donaldson's G. G., 245.  Dissen
thinks the orator is here alluding to the notorious oracle addressed to




NOTES.                            267
the Megarians: Ames 5' c Meyapes ofre rplroL o6re T&aproT ore vE w6KaTor OtrT'  X67yMI  o   C'p e  piOiW, Schol., Theocr., XIV., 48.- AirC y'
ots, at any rate not in anything which led to the advancement of your country.
As ols here is neuter, I take the oTs before oiva/uoO to be neuter also
(meaning in which competition), not masculine, as Reiske interprets. -
311. 23. SLuKovCa would include home government and policy, while
7rpeao-ela would be limited to'foreign. - 25. iEVLKCQV, e. g. Thrace and
the Bosporus, 244. - 26. 1rotaL with its usual sense of sarcasm, as in
each of the questions where it follows. Dinarch., c. Demosth., p. 102,
7roiat'y&p rpL5pers ea0l KaerKevelacwuevt & 8& -rTO7oV, W(roirep drl E/po6Xov'ITIrXe; X mrotor YeS0o-KoL T0o6roV  roXtreuOpEvoV     yevy6p vaL; 76re O05TOS
) &l& Vtoaros X e o V61oV  zr-vcpOw0e 7rb 7rrsK6O'; K. T. X. -  27.  rC'irv rwrvmr w, in what possible department? 7rd'rwc, 5. - P. 109, 1. 1.
6EropoLs are the iryeo6vas of 103, as air6pots are the,re'Vutov of 107. -
2. roXLTLK...X.P'Plrv, financial relieffor the state and the public. W.
312. 3. sr&v, my goodfriend: the colloquial appellative, which, however, occurs once in tragedy (Soph., Philoct., 1373). Buttmann has
argued with great probability that it is an archaic vocative ra of Tv
(ah6) with v ephelcusticon added. The old derivation made it the
vocative of Trs. -  6. 6reSCSoo-cv. There were special patriotic funds
started directly after Chseronea, and again to assist Thebes in the
revolt against Alexander.  But, -indeed, during the whole period
B. c. 338 to 335 there would be constant opportunities for wealthy
persons to show their public spirit in this form.- 7.  wL'rrdl(av, restoration to civil rights, cf. 15. He appears to have been disfranchised by
the imposition of a heavy fine. His friends then subscribed to pay
the fine for him. But he handed over the money so collected to be
used not for his own restoration, but for the expenses of the state.
It is suppesed that this Aristonicus is the same mentioned in 83, etc.
- 11. lpnvov. A contribution of two talents as a present from the Heads
of the sections, for which consideration you murdered the trierarchic law.
The word 9pavos only implies that the sum was raised by joint subscription among the rcuye6zves (103) as a retaining fee to JEschines for
taking up the case in support of their vested interests. How far he
succeeded in the " slaughter of the innocent," and when, we have no
historical information. Others render d+' ols, for the damage which.you
did, taking ots as the (cognate) object of the verb, attracted into the
dative by the preposition.  Either translation is possible and makes
equally' good sense. Compare Whiston in loc. and Grotei XI., 645.




268                           NOTES.
- 313. 14.  pKKpOtVo, put myself off, lit. adjourn myself, eKKpo0SCas els
T P 6CTrepalap, p. 385 (fin.).  Dissen wrongly quotes l54Kpovbv x6e,
p. 348, where it means they hissed me off (explodere).  The orator
means here that if he goes into every detail one after another, he
will lose the time for arguing his present and immediate point.
Render: that I may not by speaking of one thing after another cut myself
offfrom the matter in hand. - 16. ~VuX&Tr??V   is opposed to &' tvbetav:
it was notfor want of means that you did not contribute, but firom your care
that no act of yours should be opposed to those for whom you manage everything in your public life. -  17  roirvroLs ols.  Masculine: i. e. Macedon and the Macedonian party, oks being the dative of relation in the
category commodi. —18. veavcas, vigorous.  Youth as the type of
(1) vigor or (2) violence appears in the uses of veavlas and all its derivatives, as the Lexica abundantly testify. The context will always
show whether the good or bad sense predominates. Cf. p. 37, 1. 10;
p. 557, 1. 25; Aristot., Eth., I., 1 (fin.), etc. - 19. Xalwrp6s, brilliant, a favorite combination with veavtKJv, as in the passages above
cited. -'VLK'... jSq, whenever you must needs speak against the people
here.- 21. OEoKplvlqs.  Harpocration informs us that this person
was a  wVKOcdv'T7-s, as indeed the speech [Demosth.], c. Theocr., would
lead us to infer. There is no other interpretation of the sarcasm than
Dissen's, viz., that Theocrines, like AEschines, affected to deplore the
fate of those who fell victims to his intrigues (cf. LEsch., 72, 76).314. 25. wpoXaGO5vTa, havirng drawn upon the good-will which subsists on
your part towards the dead (the good feeling which you cherish to the
memory of the departed), to examine me and compare me with them, -
me who am still alive amonq you.  IEschines had done this in his peroration, p. 79, alluding to Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides.  The
orator justly protests against any comparisons of "virtus incolumis"
with " virtus sublata ex oculis."  The language (evoav, K. T. X.) is
closely parallel to that 6f 1. - 315. P. 110, 1. 2.  d06vos.  Cf.
Thucyd., II., 45, 005vos'yap ros po' 7rpbs rTb dar7'raXov, -rb 5 tu-g  i7ro&z, davracow;,lorc  eotq TreIlIr7Tat. The sentiment is too notorious
to need further illustration. - 4. KpLvyoLaL. Am I to be prlt on trial
and examineld?  The subjunctive in questions paves the way for the
imperative in answers. For examples, cf. Madv., G. S., 121. The
sense of Oewp&/lat is made plain byv l'erd6etV in 314.- 6. &XXov.
Any one elsCe yot plase ef those X'hove policy is id ntic, l with yours, and wlio
are 10ow alive. The orator only challenges comparison of merit with




NOTES.                           269
the living, not with the dead; and only with the opposition party;
not with those whose policy had been his own.- 316. 9. 1vrep[eyiGELS, which are colossal —nay more; one could not express their magnitude.
A good example of yaw oab in its corrective force, which is quite as
common in prose as in poetry. Plat., Gorg., 466, etc. - 12. LyELv,
to expose to thanklessness and insult such services as are being done for the
present period.  The sense of d'yerv suggests a speaker dragging some.
thing out of its existing position into another to which it does not
belong. -317. 14. &pa, as it seems, i. e. judging by my opponent's
argument. - 18. KaO' EKEIVOUS, all through their time (17, note, KaT' IKel-;ovU) as ear' KeiYK6V would mean simply in their time.  In some texts
robs xpovovs is added here, but it is not found in 2, and I follow Dindorf in excluding it. - 19. 8avrupov, 27, 218, 323.- 318. 23. &SeX*ds.  Philochares, one of the ten  orpa',rlyol, reappointed three
successive years (Eschin., p. 48). He had also a younger brother,
Aphobetus, who served in distinguished civil capacities.  But the
former is probably alluded to here. - 26. *oVs KaG' airdv, and with
those of his own age.- 319. P. 111, 1. 1.  Xk6.aplov.  Mentioned by
Harpocration as a distinguished boxer and athlete. Cf. Aristot.,
Rhet., IllI., 11; Eustath., on Hom. Il. W., 686.- rXaViKov.  Mentioned as having won the prize for boxing in the twenty-fifth Olympiad. Cf. Pausan., VI., 10; Lucian, de Imagin, c. 19. LEschines
(p. 81) replies to the orator's argument here, having obviously inserted
the reply for the first time in this published oration, though he so
phrases it that it might seemn a part of the original speech; but the
coincidence is a little too remarkable. - 6. 8pa.  Cf. 315 (end). -
7. o$8,va. I shrink from none, i. e. I will stand side by side with any,
to be looked at and compared. Of this accusative, Madvig (G. S.,
23, a) states the principle thus: "Many intransitive verbs, which
denote a motion, on composition with a preposition, assume a transitive signification "; e. g. uereTpXoEatL, irepettrauaa, a lo-ra/tae, bro&5o~Lat.
But we see that IV-Trauac also retains its force as an intransitive verb,
for it is constructed quite as often with a dative of reference. Soph.,
Aj., 673, is an example of the latter; and ib, 82, is an example of
the former. In translating any verb of this twofold construction, we
must be careful to observe the context and to modify the English
accordingly.  If the reading ob8ve, which many MSS. give here,
were taken for our text, we should translate: I yield to none, i. e. consider myself the equal of any.  Cf. p. 460, 1. 2; p. 617, 1. 15, etc. —




270                          NOTES,
320. 8. cdv = of whom, part. gen. after yc  KpdI'torTa.-    a!LLCvXXo,
Open (for competition). This use of the adjective is peculiar to the
orator: so p. 488, 13.  The more usual sense is equal, a match.13. Pjro''. We supply avcupatvet.  The euphemism is too common
to need illustration. - 17. Yrepov, sc. iXtarirov. - *t&CiarLS. Ironical;
he draws a picture of the Macedonian party at Athens, looking out
for leaders and members; they would hold, he suggests, an inspection
of the public men, to pick out not the best advisers for state, but the
most venal and treacherous and ready supporters of Philip.. Cf. 310,
eCo&ams. - 18. {v 6ftL.  At your post, i. e. you were exactly the sort
of people whom this inspection would cause to be selected for office.
- 19. Lwlro'rpd+os. Schafer and Dissen agree in understanding this
to be typical of luxurious and wealthy position, comparing p. 1046,
1. 8; Xen., (Ec., 2. 6, etc.  In Attica, as in Palestine, keeping horses
was a sign of wealth and luxury. Isocr., 16. 33. RIeiske and others
understand it of volunteer cavalry, but with no authority to support
their view; which, however, if supported, would give by far the best
force to the passage. We may paraphrase, a great man, andfamous for
his stud. -321. 21.?rpmov = respectable, fair. Cf. note 10, where it
is used in the same way as here, with the same reason for choosing the
word, viz. to avoid envy and odium.  b6aet, as we see from the
use of b6atc just below, means according to the measure of human
capacity, as opposed to the superhuman and the supernatural; that
which is within the compass of human attainment or control in distinction from that which is controlled by fortune or providence.  ibv:inet dg'TptOw, therefore, means the reasonably good citizen, or, as Lord
Brougham renders, the citizen of ordinary worth. This seems to accord
better with the signification of the words and the demands of the context, than the well-disposed citizen, which is the reading of Kennedy
and Whiston, but which is too nearly identical with Etvota, one of the
things that the citizen must possess. — 23. -owCrals. When in power:
as we should say, when a memnber of the government. Cf. Aristot., Eth.,
II., 3, for an instance of this sense of iowilats.  I quite agree with
Whiston in declining Dissen's translation, opportuna momenta. - 25.
E0voLav. Goodfeelisg towards the state here, as in 1.  It would correspond to our patriotismn. He means that, whereas political disasters
and misfortunes may destroy a statesman's policy, nothing should
ever destroy, or even impair, his devotion to his country: for, he
argues, this is in nature's control, i. e. the man's own spirit is respon



NOTES.                            271
sible for keeping him a true patriot; while power and strength are in
other hands, i. e. depend on fortune and chance.- 322. P. 112, 1. 1.
i;arLTOv'tEvos.   Alluding again to the demand made by Alexander
for the surrender of Demosthenes and the other leading orators
in 335.  Plut., Vit. Demosth., c. 24.- 2.  iraydVTrwv, sc. T7ivp  LtXtr-?rLrTWV.  AEschines mentions (p. 76) that an attempt was made to
arraign Demosthenes before the Amphictyonic Council, apparently
on the ground of his having deserted from an embassy. The passage
runs thus: i7rerL8  r'ept eOea1 sV Tvb oaTpaT67re0ov?rpeopEvTlw's iU' WiVu(
XeLPOTO'vtnS droy ph0 JK   o:OOV Too KtOaLpvoo JKey   )otorpI/ass o6z, TY
tip5vq or' iv TroX4LCj( XpJaO1ov  iavTrbv 7rapXwv'- Kal Tb 7rdvrwv  etrv6Taro7v U/.esL A,  TOJOV 01 7o rpooTre, O') E&IFoaTe KptLOflaL iv nT riV,'EXXhvw, avvesply.  The embassy in question was charged to convey the
apologies of Athens to Alexander for the attempted revolt in 336.
Demosthenes may have known that his presence would be specially
obnoxious to Alexander, and also may have had fears for his own personal safety. But whatever the motive of his desertion, that could
not have been made a charge before the court of Amphictyons (see
Smith, Dic. Ant.), who would have no jurisdiction in the matter.
Dissen suggests that the charge was against the orator as having been
the open antagonist of Philip when the latter was acting as Amphictyonic general. No better explanation has been suggested. - 2.
EYrayWyXopIvov, when they kept making offers, i. e. offers of bribes on
the part of Macedon.- 4. rporpMoXXo'vrwv, when they set these accursed
wretches at me like savage beasts. With this use of rpocrjdXXetv we may
compare its common signification in the middle voice to make an attack
on.- 5. 6pO/V KaA sLKacLv has the predicative force, hence the article
with odo6.  Render with Whiston: for.from  the very first, straightforward and honest was the course of policy which I chose. -  8.!l& -roiVrcov
EtvaL, to be-on their side, sc. of the honor and glory of my country.  So
Bremi, and this gives the proper force- of /erd better than the more
common rendering: in these to have my being. - 323. 9. f'ipwv, the
other side, sc. the Macedonians. -  11.;Ket(E, to Macedon. - 15.
iwoarep.  Who vilify the state as though, forsooth, they were not thereby vilifying themselves (as responsible for the state policy) while they turn their
eye abroad (in admiration), and where another has triumphed by the ruin
of the Greeks, they glorfy. this, and protest that it must be so maintainedforever. Their sympathies are entirely with Macedon and against
Athens: they despise and abuse the latter, they admire and glorify
the former.




272                            NOTES.
324. Peroration.   HEAVEN- CHANGE THEIR HEARTS, OR HASTEN
THEIR DOOM, OUR ONLY CHANCE OF SALVATION!
20. [Lph BT'.  Never, I implore you, ye powers of heaven, never bestowv
your sanction on that!  But, if it may be, inspire even them with a better
mind and heart!  Or if, as the y seem, they are past repenltance, gire THEM
— and them alone — to utter and speedy ruin by land and sea: and to ITs
the rest, grant ye the quickest relief from  our inmminent terrors, -yea, a
salvation that knows no fall.  The force of this would be a good deal
destroyed in English if we took literally the 1zvjetls with which it commences,- let no one of you, i. e. no deity either lower or higher.  The
sense of 7rpo in 7rpo6Xeg implies before they have finished our ruin;
their doom must be speedy or else our salvation will be past praying
for.  The commentators all admire the rhetoric of this passage, and
confess their inability to preserve either the music or the full meaning of the language in a translation.  It is often compared with the
conclusion of Cicero's first Philippic.
THE END.
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