*: de: e A I THE PHILIPPI ISLANDS By DEAN C. WORCESTER ____:: - SSeretanr of the Interior of the "-. i o I I i'i o 4 I ! I I I I II -11 I 11 I I - 7 - -, I W I I - I I II -1 I Sel Improvement:::::Tis often asked, how can we in this busy work-a-day J -, world find time for self-culture? The answer is that an earnest purpose finds time-or makes it. It seizes on spare moments and turns fragments of time to golden account. "It is astonishing," said Channng,: "how fruitful and important a short season becomes when eagerly seized and faithfully used. It has often been obsered that those who have the, most time at their disposal profit by it the least." An odd moment of the day given earnestly to the study of some profitable subject builds up an extraordinary acctumulation of knowledge. f7:E VER let us be discouraged with our shortcomings or lack of knowledge. It is not when we are conscious of our faults that we are unworthy. On the contrary, we are at our best. As Fenelon says, we then "see by a brighter light; and; let us remember, for our consolation, that we never perceive our shortcomings until we begin to cure them."::: HAT is the disciplineof s elfimprovement? '"To read much, to listen much, to talk little, and to reflect alone, said Sir William Tempcoursl I exour e of e y, however arduous and exactilg the work may, be, find:- ime to be alone if fbr iony a hf hour, and so engage tha m tat it shall pay you dividends i increase of knowlb i \;0 el ectio — a dsel t: improveament. "now thyself," said Sthe old philosopy;g Et "mpve tyef," says; h n M our golden ha each' dayie youkwdgofone UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN L BRARIES 'B THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS By DEAN C. _WORCESTER C> / Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands, 1901-1913 His father was a noted murderer. Until within a short time the people of this tribe have been slave hunters, and have A Young v excessive, a the g even sacrificed Manabo human beings Chief to their heathen divinities THE MENTOR DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL AUGUST i6, i915 MENTOR GRAJURES PEACE AND PROSPERITY-GENERAL AGUINALDO AND DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION FRANK L. CRONE ~ THE SAN JUAN BRIDGE - GOVERNMENT CENTER AT BAGUIO, THE SUMMER CAPITAL ~ IMPROVED STREET IN FILIPINO QUARTER OF MANILA ~ MAYON VOLCANO. TAAL VOLCANO IN ACTIVITY. T toHERE are more than three thousand islands, big and little, in the Philippine group, with a total area of about II5,026 square miles. Some I,Ioo00 are large and fertile enough to be inhabited; but most of the territory is included in eleven. Mindanao and Luzon together have more than half of it. The archipelago lies well within the tropics, and the lowlands have a warm, and at times damp, climate; but the division of the land area into so many small masses, swept by cool sea breezes, prevents the heat from becoming very excessive, and the greatest heat and greatest damp do not come at the same time. All of the larger islands are more or less mountainous, and in the great highland region of northern Luzon, at a height of 5,000 feet, there is one of the most healthful and comfortable temperate climates in the world. Occasional visits to this region make it possible for white people to live for years in the Philippines without losing health or vigor. The highest mountains reach a height of Io,ooo feet. There are many extinct volcanoes, and six which are still active, one of the latter, called Entered at the Post-office at New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Copyright, 1915, by The Mentor Association, Inc. THE PH I L I P P I N E I S LANDS Mayon, being perhaps the most perfect volcanic cone in existence. Taal, which rises from a lake distant thirty-nine miles from Manila, is one of the lowest volcanoes in the world. Its last eruption came in January, I9II, when it killed more than 1,400 people in a few minutes. Earthquakes are frequent, but seldom destructive. There has not been a serious one in more than thirty years. Some of the high peaks are of solid limestone, weathered into strange, picturesque, and beautiful forms, and pierced by great caves, in which are found the gelatinous birds' nests so highly prized by the Chinese, g who make soup from them. In Bacuit Bay COCOANUT PALMS towering cliffs, undercut by the waves, rise lowieoned scl inot the tbacgroun from a crystal clear sea in which are wonderful marine gardens, gay with corals, sponges, and brilliantly colored fishes. This region has been aptly called "The Garden of the Gods." From beneath a neighboring range of limestone mountains on the mainland of Palawan flows an underground river. One may ascend it in a ship's launch for nearly three miles. No one who makes this strange trip will ever forget it. The scenery in the Calamianes group of islands and in Malampaya Sound is finer than anything to be found in the wonderful inland sea of Japan. Very fine salt-water fishing may be had in many places in the islands. Deer, wild hogs, wild carabaos, and the savage tamarao (a vicious little buffalo peculiar to Mindoro) afford exciting sport for the big game hunter, and snipe, ducks, pigeons, and jungle fowl may be taken in large numbers by those who prefer to use the shotgun. The wonderful tropical vegetation of the fertile lowlands is worth going far to see, and during the cool, dry weather which prevails from November to March the lowland climate is delightful. The Philippines should become a popular winter resort for tourists, who can now go to Manila on the largest steamers crossing the Pacific, and on arrival there lodge PHILIPPINE VEGETATION in one of the best hotels in the Orient. 2 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS THE PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES Nowhere in the world can so many different peoples be found native to so small an area. When Magellan discovered the islands in 1521 there were very numerous distinct tribes of savages and barbarians ruled by datus, rajas, and "kings." Some of these numerous peoples had a certain degree of civilization, and were trading with one another and with the Chinese, who occasionally visited the islands. For many years after the active Spanish conquest began under Legaspi in 1565 it was conducted more as a great missionary enterprise than A TYPICAL NEGRITO HOUSE Simply a "lean-to" shelter. Dwellings of a primitive type found on the east cost of northern Luzon A TYPICAL NEGRITO He was photographed standing by the author to show relative size. as a military undertaking. The more tractable of the lowlanders were quite'rapidly Christianized and civilized, jand from them have been T NEGRITO AND TAGALOG and from them have been The head of a typical Negrito contrasted with that of a wise developed the eight civilized old Tagalog who served for several years as a provincial govipeoples present collectively ernor. The Negrito is a representative of the black race, while peoples at present collectively the Tagalog represents the brown or Malay race. called the "Filipinos." Descended as they are from tribes originally distinct, they now resemble one another in many particulars. They have accepted the Christian religion, and they live in organized towns, wear civilized clothes, till the soil, carry on trade, and are orderly, hospitable, and fairly industrious. In short, they have attained a degree of civilization not approached by any other Malayan people, and although there are some important differences between the Tagalogs, the Visayans, the Ilocanos, and the 3 P --— ~ — ~-c --- ----- ~I I IBF- - -~ THE P H I L I P P I N E I S LANDS ---------- -- MORO DANCING GIRLS In the background may be seen Judge Ide, General Wright, William H. Taft. and Professor Moses of the Philippine Commission Bicols, they would be comparatively 1 unimportant were it not for the tendency of these peoples to make overmuch of them. In spite of the comparatively great progress which the Filipinos had made, most of them were still steeped in ignorance and superstitoin at the time of the American occupation of the islands. T I Bo Unfortunately the great Spanish A YOUTHFUL MORO CHIEF AND HIS missionary movement lost headway ATTENDANTS before all the peoples of the islands He is a grandson of Sultan Hamn of Sulu. Though had been dominated till hardly more than a baby, he grasps the handle of had been dominated. Th ere stll his kreis to show his rank remain about I,ooo,ooo non-Christians, divided among twenty-seven tribes, while the Filipinos proper number about 7,000,000. The non-Christian tribes vary in civilization from woolly-headed, black, dwarfish Negritos, who are among the lowest of human beings, to Tingians, who have advanced further in some ways than have their Filipino neighbors. The Benguet Igorots are peaceful farmers. The Ilongots are wild, treacherous, and dangerous men of the forests. The Ifugaos, Bontoc Igorots, and Kalingas are bold warriors, who until a few years ago took as trophies the heads of enemies killed in battle. The Manobos, Mandayas, and Bagobos not only captured and held slaves, but even made 4 THE P H I L I P P I N E I S LANDS human sacrifices to appease evil spirits. The Mohammedan Moros hated all Christians, and even now are kept from piracy only by the presence of strong armed forces. They are ready at any time, should the chance come, to renew their conquest of the archipelago, which was interrupted by the arrival of the Spanish discoverers; but so long as American soldiers remain in the islands these unruly people cannot make any serious trouble. AMERICAN RULE IN THE PHILIPPINES Since American occupation the affairs of the islands have been administered solely for the benefit of their inhabitants. The great need of education for the masses was evident at the outset. The number of Filipinos fit to teach was very small; but schools were Ala ^ ' ^^/ -- opened before the fighting was over, with fid; i W. t BAmerican soldiers serving as teachers, and soon after the establishment of civil government a thousand teachers were brought from the United States. Civil government was established by a commission of five men under the presidency of William H. Taft. At the outset it was the sole legislative body of the islands. Mr. Taft became the first civil governor of the islands, and his companions were made secretaries of four executive departments; namely, Interior, Commerce and Police, A KALINGA TREE HOUSE Finance and Justice, and Public InstrucNote the women at the foot of the ladder and you can judge of its height. The tion. Numerous bureauswhichcollectively people of this tribe, who formerly builtof the houses high above the ground for safety's performed the administrative work of the sake, have now abandoned this custom as a result of improved conditions government were established under the I gt~~~L AN OLD STYLE BUKIDNON HOUSE NEW STYLE BUKIDNON HOUSES Some of the people of the non-Christian tribe called A typical street in one of the clean, sanitary villages Bukidnons. living in the highland of Mindanao, had which the people of this non-Christian tribe have their houses in the treetops. The one here shown been taught to build was the home of a chief 5 I I~~s~lllk13Clll~llsplllll1 1 1 1 11 1 1 II, THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS governor and the secretaries of departments. The members of the commission were subsequently increased to nine by adding five Filipinos, and it was made the upper house of a legislature with an elective lower house of eighty-one members, called the Philippine Assembly. The commission remains the sole legislative body for certain territory inhabited chiefly by non-Christians not represented in the Assembly, and approves certain appointments of the governor-general. Otherwise both houses have the same powers. The islands have been divided into provinces of two kinds,-special government provinces, so called because the presence of a large proportion of non-Christians among their inhabitants made special legislation for them necessary; and regularly organized provinces, peopled chiefly by Filipinos. The former have appointive officers, the governors of the latter are elected, and the treasurers are appointed. Governors and treasurers, with elected third members, constitute administrative provincial boards. The Filipino towns are organized as municipalities, with elective officers and quite complete autonomy. Their treasurers are appointed, and are subject to certain control by the provincial treasurers. Some of the more ignorant Filipinos and are organized in townships, which have a simpler form of OD STY...E P N Gmunicipal government, while the settlements of the more backward non-Christians are called rancherias, and have appointive officers. Since the American occu*h-Ihm -lh c1111't pation wild and savage peoples have been brought under OLD STYLE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT BUILDING governmental control, with OF THE BETTER CLASS practically no bloodshed outside of the Moro country. ii Many of them are progressing |11.:!i.~:~. /,_'X0 Xvery rapidly in civilization, and show great friendliness for Americans and keen appreciation of what has been I: ir7000001 l; E -g A}done for them. Head hunting and slave hunting are now things of the past. Today American women ride unescorted, and schoolboys tramp NEW STYLE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT BUILDING. os MADE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE on foot, through regions which 6 THE P H I L I P P I N E ISLANDS the Spaniards were never able to penetrate because of the hostility of their people. Many adult savages are devoting saae h e r themselves to agriculture. Many of their children are learning English and receiving valuable industrial training. BONTOC IGOROT CONSTABULARY SOLDIERS B rigandage, formerly wide- These former head-hunting savages have been converted spread among the Filipinos ito well-disciplined, brave. efficient. and loyal troops. spread amo ng the Filipinos and are used to police their own country themselves, has been almost completely abolished, and life and property are now safe throughout the islands, except in a small part of the Moro country. Good order was established in the first place by American troops, aided by some of the more intelligent FHilipinos. It is now maintained chiefly by the Philippines constabulary, an armed police force with a military organization recruited from Filipinos, Mores, A TYPICAL GROUP OF FILIPINO MUNICIPAL Igorots, and Ifugaos; but the OFFICIALS work of the constabulary is rendered easy by the presence of American troops, ready for any emergency. A splendid school system has been developed, and 6oo,00ooo pupils are attending primary schools, which are supplemented by high schools and a university, and by trade schools and a business college. Eight thousand Filipino school teachers PRACTICAL EDUCATION have already been trained, A Filipino class in iron working at the Manila many of them being graduates Industrial School 7 I lblllllYsCll llsl ---- _ II -- c ---- L -__IIIPs~ —b --- —~- I1II - - - - THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS of an excellent government normal school. There has also been great improvement in private educational institutions, including the University of Santo Tomas, founded in I619. It is the oldest university under the American flag, and most of the leading Filipinos of today were educated there. Tlis scene illus The Bureau of Health has checked the dreadful epidemics of contagious disease which formerly swept through the country, and indeed has almost wiped out cholera, bubonic plague, and smallpox. It has also isolated all known lepers and has decreased by more than fifty per cent. the number of victims of this dreadful disease. The Philippines were a dumping ground for adulterated AN medicines and food products, Th Filipinos fa which have now been driven which were cont out of the market by the active enforcement of the Pure Food and PLOWING RICE LAND itrates the primitive agricultural methods which are still employed A., MLI mmlh UP-TO-DATE WATER SUPPLY >rmerly obtained their drinking water from s, springs, or shallow surface wells, all of taminated. The sinking of more than eight n wells has greatly decreased the death rate Drugs Act. Millions of doses of quinine have been distributed free. Much has been done to remedy insanitary conditions throughout the archipelago, and these various measures have greatly lowered the death rate. The Bureau of Public Works has constructed thousands of miles of splendid carriage roads where none previously existed. They are supplemented by some 1,500 miles of cart roads and horse trails leading into the more mountainous regions. None A TYPICAL MOUNTAIN TRAIL More than a thousand miles of such trail have been constructed by the non-Christian inhabitants of the Philippines, under the direction of Americans, opening up country which was previously almost inaccessible 8 THE P H I L I P P I N E I S LANDS bridged for passenger travel in I898. More than 5,000 bridges and culverts, mostly of reinforced con- crete, have now been constructed. The bureau has also constructed important irriga- FILIPINO SUPREME COURT JUSTICES tion works, making From left to right: Justice Torres. Chief Justice Arellano, and Justice Mapa. If these men are contrasted with the Negritos. some idea will be gained of the two crops of rice extreme difference between the highest and lowest peoples of the Philippines a certainty in regions where one was formerly an uncertainty. It has sunk more than 80o artesian wells. The opening of one such well has sometimes reduced the death rate of a town fifty per cent. The Bureau of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Bureau of Science, the constabulary, and the Philippine scouts, has checked rinderpest, which was decimating the cattle of the islands, and this bureau has also interested the people in improving their domestic animals and their agricultural methods. The Bureau of Forestry has checked wanton destruction of woods, and has aided in building up an important lumber industry. Very few Filipinos had titles to the land which they occupied and claimed, and tenants on the great estates owned by religious corporations could not purchase their holdings. Most of these estates have been bought by the insular government and sold again to the tenants, while very liberal laws make it easy for those who occupy and have cultivated land to get title to it, and others may homestead, lease, or purchase rich vacant public land. By the establishment of a supreme court, courts of first instance, and peace courts, quick and substantial justicehasbeenbrought within reach of the masses. The Philippine government is not supported in whole or in part by United THE ATHLETIC FIELD AT THE BAGUIO TEACHERS' CAMP States funds, as many peoHere, among the cool, pine-clad hills. American and Filipino teach- ers find rest and recreation during the vacation in the hot season ple suppose, but has been 9 I THE P HILIPPINE ISLANDS strictly self-supporting from the outset. Revenues are derived chiefly from customs dues and internal revenue taxes, and taxation is very low. LOOKING FORWARD Are the peoples of the Philippines ready.! for independence? If THE MANILA HOTEL not,will they become so, One of the most modern structures of its kind in the Orient and when? The answer to the first of these questions is "no." Although the use of English is extending rapidly, many years must pass before the several peoples will have a common means of communication. The million non-Christians must go far before they overtake the Filipinos in civilization, and the great mass of the latter are still sunk in ignorance and superstition. The welding of these many different peoples into one will cost us long years of hard, efficient, unselfish work. The Filipinos are now profiting by the chance to get practical experience in provincial and municipal government; but they still have much to learn, and close supervision in financial matters is still very necessary to keep them from spending all their funds in salaries and to prevent theft. The establishment of the Philippine Assembly has proved decidedly premature. Filipinos qualified to fill many of the important and necessary government offices are lacking. The granting of independence at this time would be followed by disturbances between Filipinos and non-Christians, and by far more serious o -;: I: 0 am 00 f }trouble between Filipinos growing out of the jealousies and hatreds of their political leaders. Elections would soon become sorry farces, and there would follow a state of bloodshed and anarchy worse than that which has prevailed in Mexico. Foreign intervention would speedily result, and would become more TYPICAL CHURCH BUILDINGS Each Filipino town has its Catholic church and con- than justified. The islands vent, or rectory. which ate usually the best buildings would be unable to defend their in the place. The architecture of some of the old Their churches i very fine independence. Ther revenue of To THE PH ILIPPINE ISLANDS $I5,ooo,ooo a year or less is needed for the purposes for which it is now used, and the cost of one dreadnaught would bankrupt the government. WHAT OF THE FUTURE? By the pursuit of a wise policy the resources of the country can be enormously increased. It has rich soil enough to support 80,000,000 people where 8,000,000 now live. It has a rapidly growing population willing to work for a reasonable wage. It is capable of producing the kinds and amounts of tropical products required by the United States and now obtained from countries to which we sell much less than we buy, furnishing them mostly our raw materials or the partly manufactured products on which we make our smallest profits. The Philippines buy from us more than they sell to us, and ninety per cent. of their purchases are made up of our manufactured or partly manufactured goods. The prospects for profitable employment of American brains and investment of American capital are almost limitless. Rice and beef are now imported in large quantities to feed the Filipinos. The islands should export rice to China and send refrigerated beef to the United States. Their hardwoods should be marketed in Europe and America. Coffee and cocoa should promptly be added to the list of important exports. The Philippines can be made one of the world's garden spots. We have as yet no satisfactory ground on which to judge of the capacity of the great dark mass of the people to establish and maintain a just and stable government. It would be as unjust to judge them by the attainments of the mestizo politicians, who now fill many public offices, as by those of the Negritos, who are apparently incapable of civilization. For the first time in history the Filipinos are being given a chance to show what is in them. When the boys and girls of today have become the men and women of tomorrow, then, and not until then, will there be a basis for intelligently judging their possibilities. If the day comes when they can support an independent government and are fit for it, will they then want it? That is a question for the future. My own belief is that their connection with the United States will prove so helpful to them that they will never wish completely to sever it. SUPPLEMENTARY READING THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS By John Foreman THE PHILIPPINES PAST AND PRESENT A political, social and commercial history. Two vols. Illustrated. By Dean C. Worcester A comprehensive, authoritative account of the THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THEIR Islands, their people and their resources. PEOPLE By Dean C. Worcester PHILIPPINE LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY An account of observations, experiences and adven- By James A. Le Roy tures during four years of investigation. THE ODYSSEY OF THE PHILIPPINE COMTHE AMERICANS IN THE PHILIPPINES MISSION By D. R. Williams By James A. LeRoy An account of the second Philippine Commission. A history of events which led up to the revolt of A WOMAN'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE PHILIPthe Filipinos against Spain, and to the establish- PINES By Mary H. Fee ment there of the United States government. The experiences of an American teacher. II IChlllllFrcc - _ _ - --- _I _ _ lr _ _ _ _ _ _ I THE OPEN LETTER R What are the results of American rule in The Philippines? They are described in detail books. Let us repeat some of the facts. Amorican rule has brought to the Philippines a condition of order, and life and property are today safe have been established with a large THE. METAMORPHOSI majority of thewild Two photographs of Pit people. Under con- The second was taken trol Filipinos and wild men have been utilized as police officers and soldiers, and have been an important factor in government. Manila and numerous provincial towns, formerly pest-holes of disease, are now safe and healthy places. Modern sewer systems have been introduced, and pure water now pours from the mountain watersheds to hundreds of thousands who were previously compelled to depend on infected wells, springs, and streams. The death tolls have been steadily reduced. Not in years has there been a widespread epidemic of disease. Moreover, under skilled scientific treatment the insane and the lepers are being well caredefor. Pure food and pure drugs may be had throughout the land, and skilled medical and surgical service. Through the American school system thousands of children are provided for who formerly had little or no educational facilities. At the same time boys and girls are taught the principles of good sanitation and right living. Girls are taught to cook, to sew, to embroider, and to make lace. Boys are instructed in gardening, wood work, iron work, and other useful trades. Natives are being educated for the professions of trained nurse, physician, and surgeon. S.a v Under government instruction men are learning surveying, printing, binding, and forestry, and outside of the hours of instruction they are encouraged in the development of their bodies by athletic sports. Baseball and tennis have done away with the corrupt cockpits. On account of the number of islands water transportation is imporm OFt A BONTOC IGOROT tant in commercial a-pit, a Bontoc Igorot boy. devel ment. nine years after the first More than twothirds of the coast lines have been surveyed. Light-houses have been added, and an admirable weather service. Good roads have been constructed to the extent of 4,400 miles, so that small farmers are able to bring their products to market conveniently. The I22 miles of railway of I 898 have been increased to 6I I. Currency of the country is now on a gold basis, a powerful factor in promoting material prosperity. An efficient civil service has been installed which is non-political, appointments and promotions depending on merit alone. The result is that Filipino employees as compared with Americans have increased from 49 per cent. in I903 to 7I per cent. in I9I3. And as to the effect of American rule on the character and style of the people, the two pictures at the head of this page bear eloquent testimony. It is one of many similar human documents. "Up to the present time," says Mr. Worcester, "the successes of American administration certainly overbalance its mistakes, and in my opinion they afford just cause for pride in the results of the Philippine stewardship." * IfEDITOR ~i...,~.... ~~ ~...i - 'iV ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`"~....... ~~~ ' ~? ~:~ ~ ~? ~ ~ ~.... i'~' i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,li.i~~~~~~~~~.... 6 I. r: PEACE AND PROSPERITY-GENERAL AGUINALDO AND DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION FRANK L. CRONE THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Director of Education ONE General Aguinaldo and Crone HE photograph here reproduced admirably illustrates the real meaning of American rule in the Philippines. General Aguinaldo, having failed in an earnest and brave effort to secure national independence for the peoples of the Philippines, has turned, farmer and is on the best of terms with the Director of Education, whose task is to dispel ignorance and superstition, and to give to the children and youth that practical instruction without which the peoples of the islands could neither establish nor maintain a decent government of their own. Although General Aguinaldo has long devoted himself to farming, the corn here grown was not raised by him, but by his little son, in a corn-growing contest conducted by the Bureau of Education, in which some 30,000 schoolboys took part. General Aguinaldo has had a varied and interesting career. In his youth he was a rather poorly educated primary school teacher. Later he became the gobernadorcillo, or mayor, of Cavite Viejo, his native town. He was then also an officer of a secret political society called the Katipunan, and upon the discovery of this fact, believing his life to be in danger, he started a local uprising, which finally spread throughout a considerable part of northern Luzon. The Spaniards ended it by buying off its leaders with fair promises and hard cash, and in accordance with the agreement reached at this time, called the treaty of Biaconabat6, the more important leaders' went to live in Hongkong. General Aguinaldo had charge of the money paid them by the Spanish government, and administered the fund so honestly and economically that he offended some of his associates, who brought suit against him. To escape legal difficulties he started for Europe just at the time when war was declared between Spain and the United States; but after a conference with the United States consul general at Singapore, he returned to the Fhilippines by way of Hongkong, under instructions from the Filipino junta at the latter place, to start another insurrection against Spain, arming the Filipinos if possible at the expense of the United States, using the Americans to help drive out the Spaniards, and then driving them out in turn if they did not leave voluntarily. In attempting to carry out this policy General Aguinaldo became general in chief of the Filipino insurrectionary forces, president of the so-called Philippine republic, and dictator of the military despotism into which it promptly developed. After the Spaniards had been expelled he matured elaborate plans for attacking the American forces; but hostilities probably began a few days sooner than he personally desired. With the failure of the insurrection he became a fugitive; but finally found a quiet refuge in the isolated village of Palanan on the east coast of northern Luzon, where he lived in hiding until finally captured by General Funston. Aguinaldo was more humane and honest than were most of his associates. He apparently recognized his own deficiencies as a political leader, and tried to remedy them by surrounding himself with good advisers. His attitude since his capture has been dignified and conservative. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 3. No. 13. SERIAL No. 89 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. P. * M pw,.v WHERE THE FIRST SHOT WAS FIRED _ __ I I __ __ _ __ ___ THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS TWO The San Juan Bridge HE SAN JUAN BRIDGE, near which was fired the first shot in the insurrection of the Filipinos against the United States, is situated in the outskirts of the city of Manila. In the foreground we see a typical group of Filipino laundresses. One cannot watch them at their work without being reminded of the mistake of the newly arrived American boy who ran to his mother and excitedly told her that there was "a brown woman in the river trying to break a stone with papa's best shirt." After wetting soiled clothes the native laundresses usually place them on a rock and pound them with a wooden paddle, or twist them up into a roll and beat a rock with them. As in the present instance, the water employed is often none too clean, and such methods have been a frequent cause of the transmission of disease. A number of suitably situated sanitary public laundry places have now been provided in Manila. The bridge has much historic interest. Although Filipino troops were asked to keep out of the attack which ended in the capture of Manila by the Americans on August 13, 1898, they refused to do so, and some of them entered the city almost side by side with our soldiers. They promptly began to loot the parts of the town which they occupied, and it soon became necessary, after mild means had failed, to order them out of the city. They reluctantly obeyed this order, but established lines practically surrounding it, forcing the Americans to establish parallel lines confronting them. Later, when the tension between the Filipinos and American soldiers increased, the former jeered at and taunted the latter, probably for the purpose of provoking an attack. At this time the line between the opposing forces crossed the center of San Juan Bridge, with an American picket at one of its ends and a Filipino picket at the other, so that it became a danger point. It was near this bridge that Filipino soldiers advanced on the night of February 4, 1899, until they necessarily drew the fire of an American sentry. It was promptly returned, a general engagement followed, and so the war began. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 3, No. 13, SERIAL No. 89 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC. GOVERNMENT CENTER AT BAGUIO ---THE SUMMER CAPITOL -...1__ _:_ __ _ ___ __ -_ _ -- __ --- - - __ i _ - ~_ THE PHILIPPINE ISLA NDS Government Center at Baguio THREE HE sanitary work which the United States government has carried out in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Philippines;, has done much to dispel popular illusion concerning tropical climates. We know that many of the ailments commonly called "tropical diseases" are due not to climate, but to insanitary conditions, which often can be readily remedied. Nevertheless, it is true that the steady, damp heat of tropical lowlands tends in time to debilitate white men who are continuously exposed to it, and to upset them nervously. Uninterrupted severe cold also produces undesirable results. Indeed, we are justified in the conclusion that any monotonous climate is objectionable, and that occasional changes, if not too sudden and severe, are therefore beneficial. The Fhilippines are very fortunate in having at Baguio, near Manila, a wonderful highland country with an average height of 5,000 feet above the sea. In this favored region 77 degrees Fahrenheit is the usual maximum during the hottest weather of the year, and the mean temperature for the warmest month is but 64. Forests of pine and oak cover the gently rolling hills, and wild roses, huckleberries, raspberries, "Jack-in-the-pulpits," and violets, make one imagine oneself in New England. The Spaniards, after careful investigation, had decided to establish a health resort in this wonderful region, but did not carry out their plans. The American government has made it accessible to the people of the Philippines. Naturally, Americans were better able to appreciate its possibilities at the outset than were Filipinos; but the latter soon discovered that they fprofited greatly by the change, and many of them have built summer homes there, while many others go there annually for vacations. After careful investigation it was decided to transfer most of the insular government offices to Baguio during the hot season, and the several bureaus were housed in the larger buildings here shown. At the left are tennis courts for Filipino employees. Cn the hilltop at the right may be seen the great government mess hall. Employees were at first glad to live in tents, but were later given quarters in dormitories or in modest cottages. An athletic field at the Teachers' Camp, golf links at the Country Club, a polo field and numerous baseball fields, tennis courts and volley ball courts, afford abundant or. portunity for invigorating outdoor sports. An army post, a government hospital, a great observatory, schools, churches, rest houses, and numerous simple but comfortable private residences, scattered along twenty-one miles of fine roads, make a rapidly growing little city. Tuberculosis, which is all too common in the lowlands, is very rare among the inhabitants of this highland region, and many of its victims improve rapidly when they can breathe the cool, pine-scented highland air. The trip to Baguio is made by rail and automobile, and now takes about eight hours. In 1916 it will probably be possible to make the whole trip by train. Baguio should then become the great health resort of the Far Eastern tropics. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 3. No. 13, SERIAL No. 89 (COPYRIGHT, 1915. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC lIF Et IMPROVED STREET IN FILIPINO QUARTER AT MANILA THE PHILIPPINE ISLNDS Improved Street in Manila THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS An Improved Street in Manila FOUR T the time of the American occupation sanitary conditions were bad throughout the city of Manila, and in the regions occupied by Filipino laborers they were very shocking. Here houses were crowded helterskelter. There were large areas entirely with together out streets, and in passing through them one was often forced to use narrow footpaths between populated areas have been drained, filled, buildings so low that one could not walk and provided with fine streets. The enerect. Garbage and other harmful waste forcement of proper building ordinances would have had to be removed by hand if has resulted in the construction of decent at all, and were simply allowed to accu- little houses like those here shown, spaced at mulate. Drinking water was obtained proper intervals to admit sunlight and air. from shallow, infected surface wells or Good city water has been supplied, with horribly filthy canals. As a result dysen- a resultant rapid fall in the death rate. tery was always prevalent, and when The installation of electric street lights has cholera appeared the mortality was fright- greatly diminished crime. These and ful. In some parts of the city there was other improvements have made Manila an no lighting system. exceptionally clean, healthful, and orderly Now many of the low-lying, thickly tropical city. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 3, No. 13, SERIAL No. 89 COPYRIGHT, 1915. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. is -'*:is '" ' ~* ~ i~: Bk;:: 7 :~ *:- ~:~::: ~ii I:~ i, t MAYON VOLCANO MAYON VOLCANO I ~ I I I' ~ ------- ------------- --------— ^I --- —--— ~~111 ----1 — --- THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS FIVE Mayon Volcano OLCANOES, active or extinct, are a picturesque feature of many Philippine landscapes. Preeminent among them is Mayon, situated in Albay, one of the southern provinces of Luzon. It is 7,916 feet high, and 20o miles in circumference at the extreme outer limit of its base. It rises from a plain, and there is nothing to mar or conceal its perfect outline. Whatever the viewpoint, one gets the same perfect concave curve from crater to base. A fine automobile road extends round it fairly well up on its lower slopes, and the ride of sixty miles can readily be made in half a day, with occasional short stops at points of special interest. The region through which one passes has a very rich volcanic soil, in part occupied by hemp and cocoanut plantations, and in part by forests, where one sees wonderful tropical foliage at its very best. Photographs do Mayon scant justice, as they are necessarily foreshortened, and give little idea of the steepness of its slopes. It is said that many years ago two daring Jesuit priests reached the crater rim, where one of them was suffocated by poisonous fumes, the other escaping with difficulty. After this ascent, which was perhaps the first, renewed activity of the volcano long prevented further attempts to climb its steep upper slopes, which were covered with volcanic ash, steadily creeping downward like the sand in an hour-glass, so that a person walking through it was likely to start an avalanche which might sweep those below him into one of the many deep canyons that furrowed its side. The mem bers of one party that attempted the ascent and was never heard of again are believed to have perished in this manner. For centuries Mayon "smoked" steadily, and at times burst forth in violent and destructive eruptions, pouring lava down its steep slopes and destroying towns and villages around its base. The last important outbreak occurred in 1900, and after it the mountain seemed to cool off. Its crater finally ceased to discharge steam. The fierce tropical rains rapidly washed the looser materials from its slopes, uncovering old lava flows which afforded comparatively safe footing. Adventurous Spaniards and Americans again attempted the ascent, and after unsuccessful efforts and narrow escapes finally discovered a practicable route to the crater's rim. The ascent may be made in a day; although it is better to camp the first night and rush the upper slopes in the early morning, for at midday the'sun's heat breaks up the fissured volcanic rocks and one is in danger from falling boulders. Unfortunately there is reason to fear that the steam which no longer pours fronI the crater of Mayon is gathering in its bowels, and that the next eruption may be more violent and destructive than any that has recently occurred. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 3, No. 13, SERIAL No.S9 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, IN(. .I8;~.~.:~ *~-.TB':';:; i:~:~~;: -- I " 1 I I P ";;i a " 4:"' ::. v Ii m i-; 7'1 1f: C 01 Tol -:: TAAL VOLCANO IN ACTIVITY I - 1 I ~, - - ----- I -- ~ -~ - THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The Crater of Taal Folcano sIX AAL is said to be the second lowest active volcano in the world. It rises from Bombon Lake, and is distant only thirty-nine miles from Manila. The lowest point of its crater rim is but 369 feet above the level of the lake, and the ascent is very easy. Some geologists the site of a great prehistoi which was blown to fragme some terrific eruption. Beds tua, formed of materials whic] parently thrown out by a vole vicinity of the Taal of today, the northward beyond Manil historic times the comparatively cano which now remains has be enormous volumes of steam, quantities of volcanic ash, and ing boulders, wrecking and burn boring towns, and so obscuring to compel the people of Mani candles at noonday. In 1572 good Father Gaspa Augustine described it as "a fire, which is wont to spit forth very large rocks, which are gl destroy the crops of the native There were especially notewo tions in 1707, 1716, 1731, 1745, 1808, after which came a long comparative quiet, broken only disturbances in 1874, 1878, an< During the night of January the apparatus for recording es at the Manila Observatory bega ter shocks, which rapidly increa quency and violence, and were have their center in Taal volcar The government photographs nila promptly for the scene c turbance, arriving there on the January 29, and finding the 1 believe that Bombon Lake marks tic volcano eruption. Undeterred by the awe-inspirnts during ing sight, he climbed to the crater's rim, of volcanic with the ground shaking under his feet, h were ap- and remained there, making a photographic!ano in the record of the imposing scenes which quickly extend to followed one another, until his plates were i. Within exhausted and it was necessary to return r small vol- to the mainland for more. lched forth The view here reproduced is the last one, immense ever taken. At two-twenty the next huge glow- morning there came a terrific explosion, ying neigh- which tore out the greater part of the the sun as crater floor and hurled it skyward. la to light Wonderfully beautiful electrical flashes played round the towering black column rd de San thus formed, and the extraordinary display volcano of was visible at Baguio, 200 miles to the many and northward. The noise of the explosion was owing and heard throughout an area 600 miles in ls5. -diameter. rthy erup- Fortunately the volcano island and the 1749, and 1749, and adjacent mainland were but thinly popuperiod of lated. Even so, 1,400 people were killed by minor in the twinkling of an eye. d 1904. Today a quiet lake fills the great der 27, 1911,, 2t k '1 pression in the crater floor left by this ntqris t noteworthy eruption; but under its placid in to regisLsed in fre- waters mighty forces may again be gatherfoud to ing, and in order to prevent further loss of n ~o. life the government has established an ob-r left Ma- servatory to keep track of the activities >f the dis- of this disturber of the peace, and to give morning of seasonable warning should danger again volcano in threaten. PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 3, No. 13, SERIAL No. 89 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. 30EI~? 0. HU3I3EN, b"'y ADVISORYBOR.~~~~AI~Q W.MBE A1o roesro Germut avrtlti*t.~~~~~~~rfso oft). ifstor of'N Art Rutgers CoeeDIGTL IIN)RLetrrnIdr PI~HE urpos oTeMetrAscation Is o~v t ebri r knowledge wic e o wants to, have h f parte d byiteetng readin-ma-tter preare uInder thedrcino edn aut or, b aif pictures, pro md~ern poess. 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