HISTORY
VERMONT 
NATURAL, CIVIL AND STATISTICAL,
~n ~~tgre  rart",
WITHI A NEW
MIAP OF TIE STATE, AND 200 ENGRAVINGS.
BY ZADOCK THOMPSON,
Inb
tt t rlingt[t:
PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR,
BY CHAUNCEY GOODRICH.
1842.




Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1842, by
ZADOCK THOMPSON,
in the Clerk's office of the District Court, for the District of Vermont.




PREFACE.
EVER since the publication of his Gazetteer of Vermont in 1824, the author has
contemplated a larger work, which should embrace, not only the Gazetteer, but a
general History of the state, both Natural and Civil. He accordingly commenced
collecting and laying aside materials for that purpose, and during the four years last
past, he has devoted the greater part of his time to the preparation and publication
of the work. His means and facilities for the researches and investigations in
which he has been engaged, have not been such as he could have wished; but he
has endeavored to improve these, such as they were, to the best advantage; and
now, through the blessing of a kind Providence, he is enabled to lay before his
fellow citizens the result of his labors. That his work, embracing, as it does, subjects so multifarious and dissimilar, has many imperfections, he is fully sensible;
but he ventures to indulge the hope that it may be found to answer the reasonable
expectations of all, and especially of those who can duly appreciate the labor and
difficulties of a work of this kind.
For convenience in printing, the three several parts into which the work is divided, have been separately paged, and, to the two first parts, separate indices have
been prepared. On account of the alphabetical arrangement of the third part, an
index to that was thought to be unnecessary.
Part First is devoted to the Natural History of the state, and is almost wholly
the result of original investigations. The only general account of our Natural History, which has hitherto been published, is that contained in Dr. Williams' History.
Though highly interesting and useful, that account was prepared at a period and
under circumstances which necessarily rendered it imperfect, and in many respects
erroneous. Misled by the vulgar names, and depending upon the representations
of the hunters, he has in, perhaps, a majority of cases, applied the scientific names
of European animals to ours, which, though bearing considerable resemblance to
them, are specifically distinct. The first chapter of this part contains the result of
several years' meteorological observations made by the author at Burlington, and
also of observations made at several other places within the state. The author's
views will be found here, respecting the formation of ice, earthquakes, the cause of
the coldness of our climate compared with that of Europe, &e. The descriptions
in the four following chapters have been nearly all made by the author, directly
from Vermont animals. In some cases, where Vermont specimens could not be procured, and the animal was known to exist in the state, a borrowed description has
been introduced, but in all such cases the source from which it was derived has
been indicated, by placing the name of the author at the close of the description.
In making out his account of the Birds, he was much assisted by a list of Vermont
Birds, kindly furnished by Dr. THOMAS M. BREWER, of Boston; and in determining
several species of Reptiles and Fishes, he has been kindly aided by Dr. D. H.
STORER, also of Boston. For the full descriptions of our Molluscous Animals, in
the sixth chapter, he is indebted to the kindness of Prof. C. B. ADAMS, of Middlebury College, and the full and excellent Catalogue of Vermont Plants has been




P REFACE.
generously prepared for this work by WILLIAM OAKES, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass.,
who ranks among the first botanists in the country. The eighth chapter remains
to be written after a Geological Survey of the state shall have been effected.
Part Second contains a connected Civil History of the state from the first discovery of its territory down to the year 1842. That portion of the history, which precedes the admission of Vermont into the Union, being of a very peculiar and interesting character, has been treated more fully than in any previous history of the
state. The materials for this portion have been principally derived from Dr. WILLIAMS' History, the Hon. WILLIAM SLADE'S Vermont State Papers, and a valuable
series of papers recently published at Bennington, in the State Banner, under the
title of Historical Readings, and understood to be from the pen of the Hon. HILAND
HALL, one of our Representatives in Congress. Of these works he has made free
use, which he would here publicly acknowledge, as he has often copied their language as well as their facts, and has not been particular to disfigure his pages with
quotation marks.
From the admission of Vermont into the Union, only a rapid sketch of the politi~al history of the state has been given; but to compensate for deficiencies here, he
has added, in separate chapters, the history of the political, the literary, and the
religious institutions, with a closing chapter upon the state of society. The assistance, which he has received, in the preparation of these, will be found duly acknowledged in the progress of the work.
Part Third is, to a considerable extent, a reprint of the author's Gazetteer, published in 1824. Many additions and corrections have, however, been introduced,
together with the most important statistics collected at the last census, and the history of the towns has, in most cases, been brought down to the year 1841.
The JMap has been prepared with much care, and will, it is believed, be found
more correct than any map of the state hitherto published. It is engraved upon
steel, and that, and all the other engravings have been executed expressly for this
work, by Mr. J. H. HILLS, of Burlington, and in a manner, which we think
highly creditable to him as an artist.
From the beginning of his undertaking, the author has endeavored to keep two
objects constantly in view;-first, to embrace in his work everything of special
importance relative to the Natural and Civil History of the state; and, secondly, to
publish it in so condensed and cheap a form as to place it within the reach of all the
families in the state. In his endeavor to effect these objects he has spared neither
labor, nor expense; nor has he had any special regard to a pecuniary recompense
from the sale of his book, as will appear from the fact that he has added more than
150 pages to the aniount required in order to fulfil the conditions of his prospectus
the whole number of pages being 656, and the number promised only 500.
His work, such as it is, he now submits to his fellow citizens. If it shall answer
the purposes for which he has designed it, the author will expect his highest reward in the reflection that he has not added to the number of useless books.
Burlington, Oct. 3, 1842.




THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
CHAPTER TI
DESCRIPTIVE AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT.
SECTION  1.                     Vermont is in the township of Canaan,
Situation  Boundaries, Extent and Diis and the most western in the township of
Situation,  Boudaries  Etent and Diis-Addison.  This state  lies nearly  in the
middle of the north temperate zone. The
Situation.-Vermont is situated in the  longest day at the south line of the state,
northwestern  corner of New  England,  is 15h. 9m. 9s., and at the north line, 15h.
and lies between the parallels of 42~ 44' 25m. 50s.
and 4.5~ of north latitude, and between 30    Boundaries.-Vermont is bounded on
35' and 5~ 29' of east longitude from  the  the north by the province of Canada, on
Capitol of the United States at Washing-  the east by New Hampshire, on the south
ton, or between 71~ 33' and 73Q 25' of by. Massachusetts, and on  the  west by
west longitude from Greenwich Observa-  New York.  The north line of the state
tory.*   The  most eastern  extremity  of runs upon the parallel of latitude 45'
north.  This line was first surveyed by
* Where it is not otherwise specified, the longi- north.  This line was first surveyed by
tudes given in this work are in all cases reckoned  commissioners appointed by the provinces
from the Capitol of the United States. The longi- of New  York and Canada, in the year
tude of the Capitol from Greenwich, according to  1767.  It was afterwards run, but very
the most recent observations, is 77~ 1J 48/'. It is erroneousl  by I. Collins and I. Carden.
very much to be lamented that the longitude of erroneously, by I. Collns and I Caden
places in Vermont is so imperfectly known. We  in 1772.  In 1806, Dr. Samuel Williams
are not aware that a single point within the state  made some observations with the view of
has been determined with any pretensions to ac- ascertaining thetruenorthlineofthestate
curacy. True, a few solar eclipses have been ob-                 e 
served and some calculations have been made, for and still further observations were made in
the purpose of deducing from them the longitude of 1818, by Messrs. Hassler and Tiarks, surthe places; but the only observations within our veyors under the treaty of Ghent.  Acknowledge, which have hitherto been regarded as
entitled to any degree of confidence, were those of thelogitude oftheUniversity. But the opportuthe solar eclipse of 1811, made at Burlington by Prof. nity proved unfavorable, the sun being hid by clouds
James Dean and John Johnson, Esq., and at Rut- durin  the greater part of the eclipse.  Of the beland by Dr. Williams. The longitude of the Uni- ginning he had a tolerable observation, and from this
versity Dof Vermontc, deduced from these3   o tservat- alone he carefully calculated the longitude by Dr.
tions by Dr. Bowditch, was 73~ 14' 34", and of Rut- Bowditclis precepts, and the result was 73~ 10, 36"
observatory, an in accordance27 with thesfrom Greenwich thfor the longitude of the University, or about 4m. less
observatory, anti in accordance with these has the       was obtained from the preceding observations
longitude of the different parts of the state been  and, as he is inclined, from other circumstances, to
laid down upon our maps. In 1838,the author pre-think it as near an approximation to the true lmpared, with much care, for observing the large solar gitude as any yet obtained, he has adopted it in this
eclipse of that year, for the purpose of determining  work.
PT. I.              I




52                   NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PAlx IL
BOUNDARIES.                        EXTENT. —AREA,                          DIVISIONS.
cording to the latter, the 45th parallel lies former being about 175 miles, and the lata little to the southward of the line pre- ter, following the course of the Connectiviously established, but it is not yet finally  cut, 215 miles." The state is divided into
settled.  The eastern boundary was es- two equal parts by the parallel of 44d.
tablished by a decree of George IlI, July  9m. north latitude, and also by the meri20th, 1764, which declared the western  dian in 4d. 19m. of east longitude. These
bank of the Connecticut river to be the two lines intersect each other near the
western boundary of New  Hampshire. western line of Northfield, and about 10
The southern boundary is derived from  miles south westerly from Montpelier, and
a royal decree of March 4th, 1740, and  the point of intersection is the geographiwas surveyed by Richard Hazen, in Feb- cal centre of the state.
ruary and March, 1741.  This line, which    Divisions.-The Green Mountains exwas the divisionalline between Massachu- tend quite through the state from south
setts and New Hampshire, was to run due to north, and, following the western range,
west from a point three miles to the north- divide it into two very nearly equal parts.
ward of Patucket falls, till it reached the  These form  the only natural division,
province of New  York.  It was run by  with the exception of the waters of lake
the compass, and ten degrees allowed for Champlain, which divide the county of
westerly variation of the magnetic needle. Grand Isle from the counties of Franklin
This being too great an allowance, the  and Chittenden, and the several islands
line crossed  the  Connecticut river 2' which compose that county, from  each
57" to the northward of a due west line. other, and from the main land.  For civil
In consequence of this error, New Hamp- purposes the state is divided into 14 counshire lost 59,873 acres, and Vermont  33,- ties, which are sub-divided into 245 town897 acres, and the south line of the state ships, and several small gores of land,
is not parallel with the north line.  The  which are not yet annexed to, or formed
western boundary was settled by the gov- into, townships. The names of the counernments of Vermont and New York at ties, the date of their incorporation, the
the close of their controversy, in 1790. shire towns, and the number of towns in
This line passes along the western boun- each county at the present time (1842,)
daries of the townships of Pownal, Ben- are exhibited in the following table:
nington, Shaftsbury, Arlington, Sandgate,
Rupert, Pawlet, Wells and Poultney, to    Counties.  Incorporated.  ShireTowns. Ns
Poultney river; thence along the middle Addison,   Feb.27, 177 Middlebury, 22
of the deepest channel of said river, East Bennington Feb.11, 1779 Bennington 17
bay and lake Champlain to the 45th de-                                Manchester,
gree of north latitude, passing to the east- Caledonia, Nov. 5,1792 Danville,   18
ward of the islands called the Four Broth- Chittenden, Oct.22, 1782 Burlington, 15
ers, and to the westward of Grand Isle  Essex,          Nov. 5,1792 Guildhall,  17
and Isle la Motte. The portion of this line Franklin,   Nov. 5, 1792 St. Albans, 14
between the southwest corner of the state  Grand Isle; Nov. 9, 1802 North Hero, 5
and Poultney river, was surveyed in 1813  Lamoille    Oct.26, 1835 Hydepark,  12
and 1814, and the report and plan of the  Orange,    Feb.   1781 Chelsea,   17
survey are in the office of the Secretary  Orleans,    Nov. 5, 1792 Irasburgh,  19
of State at Montpelier.                    Rutland,   Feb.   1781 Rutland,   26
Extent and area.-The  length of Ver- Washington Nov. 1, 1810 Montpelier, 17
mont from north to south is 157A miles, Windham,  Feb.11, 1779 Newfane,  23
and the average width from  east to west Windsor,   Feb.   1.781 Woodstock, 23
67A miles, which gives an area of 9,0564l
7  miles, which gives an area of 9,056    * Dr. Williams (vol. I, p. 24) seems to have, insquare miles, or 5,7935,9(60 acres.  The  advertently, taken the mean of the two ends of the
length of the north line of the state is 90 state for its mean width and thus computed tho
miles, and of the south line 41 miles, but, area at 10,'371-4 square miles, or 1181m. too much;
on account of the great bend of the Con- lhut this is the area which has usually been given
teecticu to  mea  in our geographies and other works respecting Vernecticllt to the westward, the mean width  mont. As the area of countnies forms the basis of
of the state is considerable  less than  statistical tabies, it is a matter of somie consequence
the mean between  these two lines, as that it should be correctly statel. Suppose for exabove stated.  The width of the state  ample, we wish to know how Vermont compares
above stated.  The widthoft     with the other states in density of population, we
from Barnet to Charlotte through Mont- divide the population of each state by its area anld
pelier, which is 50 miles nearer to the  the quotient is the average numhler of persons to
each square mile in the states respectively. Now
northern than to the southern boundary, if we take the last census and the area at 10,237,
is only about 60 miles.  On account of the population is only about28 to a square nnile, hut
the irregularities in the western and east- if we take the true area, 9,056, it is 3'2 to the square
ern boundaries, both these lines are lon- mile,which would eftfect very materially its relation
r boundarithln thesmea. lines'  are I on- sta to the other states. According to the census of 1820,
ger than the mean length of the state, the Vermont was set down as the 10th state in density




CTse. 1.                DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 
FICE OF THE COUNTRY.                                            PRINCIPAL SUMMITS.
DIAGRAM
Of the relative altitudes of some of the principal hTeights in Vermont above the sea.
4279 The Chin, or North Peak of Mansfield Mountains...
4183 Camnel's Hump,                                                 -    -...........
4086 Shrewsbury MAountain,.. —- -...-*. ——.
3983 Tho Nose, or South Peak of Mansfield Mountains, --......... --
3924 Killington Peak,  -- -~
3706 Equinox Mountain, Manchester, -  -.. -. -.
3320 Ascutney Mountain,
3063 Middlebury turnpike, -..        
19421Peruturnpike,
1882 Keyes turnpike, - -- -- -- - --- -
951 Summit levelat Roxbnry,..
908 Summit level at Williamstown, ——......791.Manchester villiage...... ——.
485Montpelier villiage,..........
4301Norwich University,.........
3701University of VermAont,....:
90jSurface of Lake Champlain,
SECTION II.                 of the roads, more particularly in their
Face of the counttry.          more judicious location near the streams,
the difficulty of crossing the mountain has
Mountains.-The surface of Vermont is nearly vanished.  In the southern part of
generally uneven. A few townships along Washington county, the Green Mountains
the margin of lake Champlain may be separate into two ranges.  The highest of
called level; but with these exceptions, these ranges, bearing a little east of north,
the whole state consists of hills and val- continues along the eastern boundaries of
leys, alluvial flats and gentle acclivities, the counties of Chittenden and Franklin
elevated plains and lofty mountains. The and through thie county of Lamoille to
celebrated range of Green Mountains, Canadaline; whilethe other range strikes
which give name to the state, extends off much more to the east through the
quite through it from south to north, keep- southern and eastern parts of Washinging nearly a middle course between Con- ton county, the western part of Caledonia
necticut river on the east and lake Cham- county and the north western part of Esplain on the west.  From the line of Mas- sex county to Canada. Thislast is called
sachusetts to the southern part of Wash- the height of lands, and it divides the
ington county, this range continues lofty, waters, which fall into Connecticut river,
and unbroken through by any considera- in the north part of the state, from those
ble streams; dividing the counties of which fall into lake Champlain and lake
Windham, Windsor and Orange from the Memphremagog. This branch oftheGreen
counties of Bennington, Rutland and Ad- Mountains, though it no where rises so
dison. In this part of the state, the com- high as many points ofthe western branch,
munication between the eastern and west- is much more uniformly elevated; yet
ern sides of the mountain was formerly  the acclivity is so gentle as to admit of
difficult, and the phrase, going over the easy roads over it in various places.
mountain, denoted an arduous business. The western range, having been broken
But on account of the great improvement through by the rivers Winooski, Lamoille
and Missisco, is divided into several seeof population, whereas, if the true area had been  to, s ive           in    ee     sused in the computation, she would have ran- tions, these rivers having opened passaed as the eighth.                         ges for good roads along their banks,whilo




4                   NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                CHAP. L
MOUNTAINS.                                                        RIVERS AND STREAMS.
the intervening portions are so high and    Rivers and  Streams.-The rivers and
steep as not to admit of roads being made  streams lying within the state of Vermont
over them, with the exception of that por- are very numerous, but small.  They, in
tion lying between the Lamoille and Mis- most cases, originate among the Green
sisco.  This part of the Green Mountains Mountains, and their courses are short
presents some of the most lofty summits and generally rapid.  Connecticut river
in the state; particularly the Nose and  washes the whole eastern border of the
Chin in Mansfield, and Camel's Hump in  state, but belongs to New Hampshire, the
Huntington.  These, together with other western margin of that stream  forming
important mountains and summits in the  the boundary line between New  Hampstate, are exhibited in the foregoing table  shire and Vermont. The Connecticut reand cut, and will also be described in the  ceives the waters from 3,700 square miles
Gazetteer, under their respective names. of our territory.  It receives from VerThe sides, and, in most cases, the sum- mont, besides numerous smaller streams,
mits of the mountains in Vermont, are  the waters of the eleven following rivers,
covered with evergreens, such as spruce, viz: Wantasticook, or West, Saxton's,
hemlock and fir.  On this account the  Williams', Black, Ottaquechy,  White,
French, being the first civilized people  Ompompanoosuc, Wait's, Wells', Paswho visited this part of the world, early  sumpsic, and Nulhegan.  Clyde, Barton
gave to them the name of Verd MJont, or and Black river run northerly into MemGreen Mountain; and when the inhabi- phremagog  lake.   Missisco, Lamoille,
tants of the New Hampshire Grants as- Winooski and Poultney river and Otter
sumed the powers of government, in 1777, creek flow westerly into lake Champlain,
they adopted this name, contracted by the  and the Battenkill and Hoosic westerly
omission of the letter d, for the name of into Hudson river.  Deerfield river runs
the new state.'                              southerly from Vermont and falls into the
Connecticut in Massachusetts; and the
* This name is said to have been adopted upon Coatacook and Pike river head in the
the recommendation of Dr. Thomas Young-(see
part id, page 106.) The following account of the north part of the state and run northerly
christening of the Green Mountains, is given by the into  Canada, the former uniting  with
Rev. Samuel Peters in hisi life of the Rev. Hugh Massuippi river at Lenoxville and the latPeters, published at New York in 1807.      ter falling into the head of Missisco bay.
" Verd-Mont was a name given to the Greener faling int  o the  hea d  of Missisco bay.
Mountains in October, 1763, by the Rev. Dr. All these streams and many smaller ones
Peters, the first clergyman who paid a visit to the will be described in the Gazetteer under
30,000 settlers in that country, in the presence of their respective names.
Col. Taplin, Col. Willes, Col. Peters, Judge Pe-    No country in the world is better supters and many others, who were proprietors of a plied with  pure and wholesome water
large number of townships in that colony. The than Vermont.  There are scarcely any
ceremony was performed on the top of a rock farms in the state which are not well wastanding on a high mountain, then named Mount tered by springs, or brooks; and none,
Pisgah because it provided to the company a clear with the exception of those upon the islsight of lake Champlain at the west, and of Con- ands in lake Champlain, which are not in
necticut river at the east, and overlooked all the the vicinity of one, or more, considerable
trees and hills in the vast wilderness at the north mill stream.  But while Vermont is so
and south.  The baptism was performed in the abundantly supplied with water, there is,
following manner: Priest Peters stood, on the probably, no part of our country in which
pinnacle of the rock, when he received a bottle of so little stagnant water is found.  The
spirits from Col. Taplin; then haranguing the waters of the lakes and ponds are usually
company with a short history of the infant settle- clear and transparent, and nearly all the
ment, and the prospect of its becoming an impreg- springs and streams are brisk and lively.
nable barrier between the British colonies on the It is a common remark that the streams
south and the late colonies of the French on the    
in this state have diminished very much
north, which might be returned to their late own- in size, since the country began to be
ers for the sake of governing America by the dif- cleared and settled, and t is dountry began to be
ferent powers of Europo, he continted,' We have
here met upon the rock Etam, standing on Mount true to some extent.  Many mills, which
Pisgah,which makes a part of the everlasting hill,the   e then poured out the spirits and cast the bottle
spine of Asia,Africa and America,holding together upon the rock Etan,."
the terrestrial ball, and dividing the Atlantic from    There is no doubt that the name Verd.Mont had
the Pacific ocean-to dedicate and consecrate this been applied to this range of mountains long preextensive wilderness to God manifested in the vious to the above transaction, (if, indeed, it ever
flesh, and to give it a new name worthy of the took place;) hut we do not find that the name Verd
oAthenians and ancient Spartans,-which new  Mnt, or Verniont, was ever applied to the territory
generally known as the New Hampshire Grants,
name is Verd Mont, in token that her mountains previous to the declaration of the independence of
and hills shall be ever green and shall never die.' the territory in January, 17T7.




CHAP. 1.              DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                                6
LAKES AND PONDS.                                             LAKE CHAMPLAIN.
formerly had an abundance, have ceased state of New York, and more than half of
to receive the necessary supply of water it within the limits of Vermont. It exduring a considerable portion of the year; tends in a straight line from south to
and many mill sites, which were once north, 102 miles along the western bounthought valuable, have, from the same dary, from Whitehall to the 45th degree
cause, become entirely useless. One of of latitude, and thence about 24 miles to
the principal causes of this diminution of St. Johns in Canada, affording an easy
our streams is supposed to be the cutting communication with that province and
down of the forests, which formerly threw  with New York. This lake is connected
off immense quantities of vapor into the with Hudson river, at Albany, by a canal
atmosphere, which was again precipitated 64 miles in length; so that the towns lyupon the earth in rain and snow. But it ing on the shores of Lake Champlain
is believed that the quantity of water have direct communication by water with
which annually passes off in our streams the cities of Troy, Albany, Hudson, and
is not so much less than formerly as is New York, and, by means of the great
generally imagined. Before the country western canal, with the great western
was cleared, the whole surface of the lakes.  The length of this lake from
ground was deeply covered with leaves, south to north, measured in a straight line
limbs, and logs, and the channels of all from one extremity to the other, and supthe smaller streams were much obstruct- posing it to terminate northerly at St.
ed by the same. The consequence was, Johns, is 126 miles. Its width varies from
that, when the snows dissolved in the one fourth of a mile to 13 miles, and the
spring, or the rains fell in the summer, mean widthis about4A miles. This would
the waters were retained  among the give an area of 567 square miles, two
leaves, or retarded by the other obstruc- thirds of which lie within the limits of
tions, so as to pass off slowly, and the Vermont. The waters, which this lake
streams were kept up, nearly uniform as receives from Vermont, are drained, by
to size, during the whole year. But since rivers and other streams, from 4088 miles
the country has become settled, and the of its territory. Its depth is generally
obstructions, which retarded the water, sufficient for the navigation of the largest
removed by freshets, when the snows vessels.  It received iti present name
melt or the rains fall, the waters run off from Samuel Champlain, a French noblefrom the surface of the ground quickly, man, who discovered it in the spring of
the streams are raised suddenly, run rap- 1609, and who died at Quebec in 1635,
idly, and soon subside. In consequence and was not drowned in its waters, as has
of the water being thus carried off more been often said.*  One of the names givrapidly, the streams would be smaller en to this lake by the aborigines is said to
than formerly during a considerable part have been Caniaderi- Guarunte, signifying
of the year, even though the quantity of the mouth or door of the country.t If so,
water be the same. It is a well known it was very appropriate, as it forms the
fact that the freshets in Vermont are gate-way between the country on the St.
more sudden and violent than when the Lawrence and that on the Hudson. The
country was new.                       name of this lake in the Abena'qui tongue
The waters of the lakes, ponds and was Petawd-bouque, signifying alternate
streams are universally soft, miscible with land and water, in allusion to the numersoap, and in general free from foreign ous islands and projecting points of land
substances. And the same may be said along the lake. Previous to the settleof most of the springs, particularly on the ment of the country by Europeans, this
Green Mountains, and in that portion of lake had long been the thorough-fare bethe state lying east of these mountains. tween hostile and powerful Indian tribes,
The waters of most of the springs and and its shores the scene of many a mortal
wells in the western part of the state conflict.  And after the settlement, it
are rendered  hard and unsuitable for continued the same in reference to the
washing by the lime they hold in solu- French and English colonies, and subsetion, and tthere are many springs which quently in reference to the English in
are highly impregnated with Epsom salts, Canada and the United States. In conand others containing iron, sulphuretted sequence of this peculiarity of its locahydrogen, &c. These mineral springs tion, the name of Lake Champlain stands
will be described in another place.    connected with some of the most interestLakes and Ponds.  Small lakes and ing events in the annals of our country;
ponds are found in all parts of Vermont, and the transactions associated with the
but there are no large bodies of water names of Ticonderoga, and Crown Point,
which lie wholly within the state. Lake
Champlain lies between this state and the   * See Part HI, p. 2. tSpafford'sGaz.ofN.Y., p. 98.




(3                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PAaT L
MEMPHREMAGOG LAKE.                               BAYS, SWAMPS, ISLANDS, SOIL.
and Plattsburgh, and many other places, hall.  Besides these there are several
united with the variety and beauty of the smaller bays lying along the east shore of
scenery, the neatness and accommodation Lake Champlain, and a considerable bay
of the steamboats, and the unrivalled ex- at the south end of Lake Memphremagog,
cellency of their commanders, render a called South bay. Most of these bays
tour through this lake one of the most in- will be more particularly described under
teresting and agreeable to the enlightened their names in part third, and also some
traveller.  A  historical account of the of the most important bays lying along
most important transactions upon Lake the west shore of Lake Champlain, and
Champlain, together with some account belonging to New York.
of the navigation of the lake, and partic-   Swamps.-These are hardly of suffiularly of the steamboats which have been cient importance to deserve a separate nobuilt upon it, will be found in part second, tice.  Though considerably numerous,
and a much more minute description of they are, in general, of small extent, and,
the lake under its name in part third.    in many cases, have been, or may be
Memphremagog lake is situated on the drained and converted into excellent
north line of the state, and about midway lands. They are most common in the
between lake Champlain and Connecticut northern and northeastern parts of the
river. It extends from south to north, state. In the county of Essex are several
and is nearly parallel with lake Cham- unsettled townships, which are said to be
plain. It is 30 miles long, and the aver- made up of hills and mountains with
age width about two miles. One third swamps lying between them, which renpart of this lake lies in Vermont; the oth- der them to a great extent incapable of
er two thirds in Canada. The name of settlement. There isa considerable tract
this lake in the Abenaqui tongue was of swampy land at the south end of MemMem-plow-bouque, signifying a large ex- phremagog lake, and another in Highgato
panse of water. This, together with nu- about the mouth of Missisco river. When
mnerous small lakes and ponds, which lie the country was new, there were many
wholly within the state, will be described stagnant coves along the margin and
in part third, either under their names, or among the islands of Lake Champlain,
in the account of the towns in which they which, during the hotter parts of the sumare situated. There is abundant evidence mer, generated intermittent and bilious
that most of our lakes and ponds were fevers. But, since the clearing of the
formerly much more extensive than they country, these have been, to a consideraare at present, and that they have been ble extent, filled up, and, with the causes
diminished, both by the deposit of earthy which produced them, those disorders
matter brought in by the streams, and by have nearly disappeared.
the deepening of the channels at their   Islands. —The principal islands beoutlets; and there is also sufficient proof longing to Vermont, are South Hero,
of the former existence of many ponds in North Hero, and La Motte. South Hero,
this state, which have long since become called also Grand Island, is 13 miles long,
dry land by the operation of the same and Is divided into two townships, by the
causes. Several of these will be pointed name of South Hero and Grand Isle.
out in the descriptions of the rivers in North Hero is about 11 miles long, but
part third, particularly in the description very narrow, and constitutes a township
of Winooski river, Barton river, &c.   bearing the same name as the island.
Bays.-The shores of Lake Cham- Isle la Motte lies westward of North
plain are indented by numerous bays, Hero, and constitutes a township by the
most of which are small and of little con- same name. A more particular account
sequence. Missisco bay is the largest of of these islands, and also a description of
these, and belongs principally to Vermont, Juniper island and several others lying
lying between the townships of Alburgh in Lake Champlain, will be found under
and Highgate, and extending some dis- their names in part third.
tance iAto Canada. The other bays of    Soil and Prodluctions.-The soil of
most consequence, lying along the east Vermont is generally a rich loam, but vashore of the lake and belonging to Ver- ries considerably according to the nature
mont, are M'Quam bay in Swanton, Be- and compositions of the rocks in the diflamaqueen bay lying between St. Albans ferent parts of the state. Bordering our
and Georgia, Mallets bay in Colchester, lakes, ponds, and rivers, are considerable
Burlington bay between Appletree point tracts of rich and beautiful intervale*
and Red Rocks point, Shelburne bay between Red Rocks point and Pottier's   * Intervale. This word has not yet found A place
oint, Button bay in Ferrisburgmh,  and in our dictionaries, and there has been much carping
)        — J i              I   ---------   about it by bDr. Dwight, Mr. Kendall, and other
East bay between Westhaven and White- travellers and critics. But we use it, notwithstand



CHAP. L                DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY,                                  7
SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.                                         MEDICINAL SPRINGS.
lands, which consist of a dark, deep and the farmer who is saving and industrious
fertile alluvial deposit.  These intervales seldom fails of having his barn filled with
are level tracts lying but little higher than  fodder for his horses, cattle and sheep,
the ordinary height of the water in the his granary with corn, wheat, rye, oats,
streams, and are in most cases subject to peas and beans, and his cellar with potabeing flooded, when the water is very toes, apples, and other esculent vegetahigh. They were, while in a state of na- bles. A sufficient quantity of grain for
ture, covered with a heavy growth of for- the supply of the inhabitants might easily
est trees, such as oak, butternut, elm, be raised in all parts of the state, yet the
buttonwood, walnut, ash, and some other greater part of the lands are better adaptkinds. Back of these flats were frequent- ed for grazing than for tillage. The hills
ly others, elevated a few feet higher, and and mountains, which are not arable on
covered with white pine.  Still further account of their steepness, or rocks, afford
back, the land rises, in most cases very the best of pasturage for cattle and sheep.
gradually, into hills and upland plains, Of the fruits, nuts, berries, &c., which
and the soil becomes harder and more grow in Vermont, both wild and cultivagravelly, but very little diminished in ted, a more particular account will be
richness and fertility. The timber upon given in a subsequent chapter on the botathese lands, which constitute the greater ny of the state.
part of the state, was principally sugar  JMedicinal Springs.-There are in Vermaple, beech and birch, interspersed with mont springs which are more or less imbass, ash, elm, butternut, cherry, horn- pregnated with mineral, or gaseous subbeam, spruce and hemlock. And still fur- stances, but none which have yet acther back the lands rise into mountains, quired a very general or permanent celebwhich are in general timbered with ever- rity for their curative properties. Along
greens, such as spruce, hemlock and fir. the shore of Lake Champlain, in the
The loftiest mountains are generally rocky counties of A ddison and Rutland, the waand the summits of some few of them  ters generally are impregnated with Epconsist of naked rock, with no other traces som salts, (sulphate of magnesia).  Some
of vegetation than a few stinted shrubs of the springs are so highly charged with
and mosses; but they are, in general, these salts, in the dryer parts of the year,
thickly covered with timber to their very that a pail full of the water will produce
tops.  Along the western part of the a pound of the salts. They have been
state, and bordering upon Lake Cham- manufactured, for medicinal purposes, in
plain, are extensive tracts of light sandy some quantities, and, did the price of the
soil, which were originally covered with article make it an object, they might be
white, pitch and Norway pine, and in the made here to almost any extent.
northern part of the state, swamps are    The medicinal properties of most of the
numerous, which were well stored with waters in this state, which have acquired
tamarack and white cedar. A more full any notoriety, are derived from gaseous
account of the native vegetables found in and not from mineral substances. In difthis state will be given in a subsequent ferent towns in the northeastern part of
chapter.  Since the country has been the state, are springs of cold, soft and
cleared, the soil has, in general, been  clear water, which are strongly impregfound sufficiently free from stone to ad- nated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas,and
mlit of easy cultivation, and to be very said to resemble the Harrow.Gate waters
productive in corn, grain and grass. With- in Ensgland, and those of Ballcastle and
out manuring the intervales usually pro- Castlemain in Ireland. These waters are
duce large crops, and are easily cultiva- found to be efficacious in scrofulous and
ted, but these crops are liable, occasion- many other cutaneous complaints, and the
ally, to be destroyed by floods-the same springs at Newbury, Tunbridge, Hardagency which produces the fertility of the wick, &c., have been much resorted to by
soil on which they grow. All parts are, valetudinarians in their vicinity.
however, sufficiently fertile amply to re-   Of medicinal springs on the west side
ward the labors of the husbandman, and of the Green Mountains, those of Clarendon and Alburgh have acquired the greating,.because it will express our meaning more br    est notorieflty. It is now about   ye
and intelligibly to the greater part of our readers, est notoriety. It s now about 16 years
than any other we could employ. It may be derived since the springs at Clarendon began to
from inter-within, and vallis-a vale, or valley; be known beyond their immediate neighand in its specific signification, it denotes those allu- borhood.  Since that time their reputavial flats, lying along the margins of streams, which
have been, or occasionally are overflowed in conse- tion has been annually extending, and the
quence of the rising of the water. For the use of the number of visiters increasing, till they
word in this sense, we have the authority of Dr.  ave at lengt become a place ofconsiderBelknap and Di. Williams, the historians of New have at length become a place ofconsiderHampshire and Vermont, and other good writers.   able resort for the afflicted fromn various




8                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         ~AaP  I.
CLARENDON SPRINGS.                           CLARENDON AND PLYMOUTH CAVES.
parts of the country. They are situated in a of the year, and water stands in the lowpicturesque and beautiful region, 7 miles est parts of it at all seasons.*
southwest from  Rutland, and have, in   The Plymouth caves are situated at the
their immediate vicinity, good accommo- base of a considerable mountain, on the
dations for 500 visiters. The waters are southwest side of Black river, and about
found to be highly efficacious in affections 50 rods from that stream. They are exof the liver, dispepsia, urinary and all cu- cavations among the lime rock; which
taneous complaints, rheumatism, invete- have evidently been made by running
rate sore eyes, and many others, and they water. The principal cave was discovpromise fair to go on increasing in noto- ered about the first of July, 1818, and on
riety and usefulness. These waters differ the 10th of that month was thoroughly
in their composition from any heretofore explored by the Author, who furnished
known, but resemble most nearly the the first description of it, which was
German Spa water. For their curative published shortly after in the Vermont
properties they are believed to be indebted Journal at Windsor. The passage into
wholly to the gases they contain. They this  cavern  is nearly perpendicular,
have been analyzed by Mr. Augustus A. about the size of a common well, and
Hayes, of Roxbury, Mass., with the fol- 10 feet in depth. This leads into the first
lowing results. One gallon, or 235 cubic room which is of an oval form, 30 feet
inches of the water contained,         long, 20 wide, and its greatest height
Carbonic acid gas    46.16 cubic inch. about 15 feet. It appears as if partly filled
Nitrogen gas         9.63  "    "   up with loose stones, which had been
Carbonate of Lime    3.02 grains.    thrown in at the mouth of the cave.
Murate of Lime      )                From this to the second room is a broad
Sulphate of Soda    >2.74 grs.       sloping passage.  This room is a little
Sulphate of Magnesia                 more than half as large as the first. The
One hundred cubic inches of the gas bottom of it is the lowest part of the cave,
which was evolved from the water, con- being about 25 feet below the surface of
sisted of                              the ground, and is composed principally
Carbonic acid gas  0.05 cubic inches.  of loose sand, while the bottoms of all the
Oxygen gas        1.50  r            other rooms are chiefly rocks and stones.
Nitrogen gas     98.45   The passage into the third room is 4 feet
wide and 5 high, and the room is 14 feet
The Alburgh springs do not differ ma- long, 8 wide, and 7 high. The fourth
terially from  the springs at Newbury, room is 30 feet long, 12 wide, and 18 high,
Tunbridge, and other places in the north- and the rocks, which form the sides, ineastern part of the state, owing their med- cline towards each other and meet at the
icinal properties principally to the sul- top like the ridge of a house. The fifth
phuretted hydrogen gas, which they con- room, very much resembling an oven in
tain.                                  shape, is 10 feet long, 7 wide, and 4 high,
Caves. There are no caves in Vermont and the passage into it from the third
which will bear comparison with some of room is barely sufficient to admit a person
the caverns found in other parts of the to crawl in. At the top of this room is a
world, and yet we have several, which conical hole, 10 inches across at the base
are deserving the attention of the curi- and extending 2 feet into the rock. From
ous. Those at Clarendon, Plymouth and the north side of the second room are two
Danby are the most interesting.  The openings leading to the sixth and seventh,
Clarendon cave is situated on the south- which are connected together, and each
easterly side of a mountain in the wester- about 15 feet long, 7 wide, and 5 high.
ly part of that town. The descent into it From the seventh room is a narrow pasis through a passage 21- feet in diameter sage which extends northerly 15 or 16
and 31 feet in length, and which makes feet into the rocks, and there appears to
an angle of 35 or 40~ with the horizon. terminate.  When discovered, the roof
It then opens into a room 2() feet long, and sides of this cavern were beautifully
129 wide, and 18 or 20 feet high. The ornamented with stalactites, and the botfloor, sides and roof of this room are all of tom with corresponding stalagmites, but
solid rock, but very rough and fineven. most of these have been rudely broken off
From the north part of this room is a pas- and carried away by the numerous visitsage about 3 feet in diameter and 24 feet ers. The temperature, both in winter
in length, but very rough and irregular, and summer, varies little from 44~~, which
which leads to another room 20 feet wide, is about the mean temperature of the cli30 feet long and 18 feet high. This room, mate of Vermont in that latitude. A few
being situated much lower than the first,
is usually filled with Eater in the spring   * Williams' History of Vermont, vol. 1, p. 29.




CHAP. 1.               DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                                 9
CLIMATE AND TEMPERIATURE.                            METEOROLOGICAL JOURNALS.
rods to the westward of this cavern there places in this state, was as follows: Montis said to be another which is about two pelier -400, White River — 40, Bradford
thirds as large.                        -38~, Newbury -360, Norwich -36~,
Windsor -34~, Hydepark -360, Rutland
-30(), and Burlington — 26Q; and the
SECTION III.               temperature varied but little from  the'
Climate and iMeteorology.        above at those places on the 18th of December. For some time after the first
Temperature.-Though situated in the settlement of Vermont the thermometer
middle of the north temperate zone, the was hardly known in this part of the
climate of Vermont is subject to very country; and since that instrument has
considerable extremes both of heat and become common, very few meteorological
cold, and the changes of temperature are journals have been kept, and those few
often very sudden. The usual annual have not, in general,been kept with suffirange of the thermlometer, in the shade, is cient care to render them of much value,
from about 9320 above to 220 below zero nor have many of them been preserved in
on Farenheit's scale, though it is some- a condition to be accessible to those who
times known to rise as high as 100~, and may wish to consult them. And hence
at other times to sink as low as 360, and we possess few accurate data, either for
even to 390 or 400 below zero. But so determining the mean annual temperagreat a degree of cold as that last men- ture of the different sections of the state,
tioned, which is the freezing point of' or for settling the mooted question with
mercury, has not, to our knowledge, boen regard to a change of climate correspondexperienced but twice since the means of ing to the clearing and cultivating of the
measuring temperature have been in use country. The results of the principal ohin the state, and these were both in the servations, to which we have access, and
year 1835; the first on the 4th of January, which have been made in this state, to
and the second on the Inorning of the ascertain the temperature' of tile months
18th of December. The temperature of and the mean annual temperature, are
the 4th of January, as noted at several contained in the following tables:
Rutland. Burlington. Windsor.l             Burlington.
Williams.. Sandlers.  Fowler                Thompson.
MONS!)~\ 1 808.     180-7 |lH18t21   13.1833. 1838. 139. 18401
January,    1.0u o.440  422.Oo  25.0  19.7 22.8  26.1  18.6  12.2  25.3
February.,   18.5      1.9        265   31.1 19.3  15.3  12.3  24.2 28.4  19.6
March,       32.0      28.5       30).3   32.4  30.8 28.2  32.6  36.6  31.4 25.3
April,       41.0      39.5       38.1  39.21 39.4 46.1  35.8  46.3  47.0  39.1'
May,        50.0       56.3       57.1  57.6 52.4 57.0  51.7  53.31 57.2 52.8
June,       64.0       66.6       66.4  6!).7 61.3 59.6  68.1  60.7 65.6 67.1
July,        67.5      68.2       68.5  70.1  68.5 66.2  71.8  71.51 71.6  68.9
August,    67.5         67.6      64.3  70.2 68.3 63.3  67.5  68.3 72.5  70.5
September  57.0        57.1       62.1   60.;3 58.7 57.2  60.5  60.6 58.3 61.9
October,    41.0       45.2       49.5  46.7 47.7 44.9  46.8  50.8 48 0 45.0
November,  37.0        33.5       36.2  38.9 35.6 34.5  31.3  34.0  35.6  35.3
December,  30.0        24.7       24.6  29.3 231.6 24.7  19.1  26.2 21.1  26.4
43.6      43.4       4. 0   47.6 4    43.8 43.3  43.6  45.5  45.7  44.8
Meteorological observations at W1illiamstown by Hon. Elijah Paine.
MONTHS.   1829 1830 1831 1832 183311834 1835 1836 1837 183818391 1840 _1841
January,.4 10.9 1 7.1 19.3 12.5 17.9 173  97 23.9 15.3  9.0  21.6
February,      10.9 14.3 14.6 1-4.6 13.5 26.5 12.6 1(05 16.7  9.9 20.8 23.7 1 5.8
March,         23.5 26.4 26.4 25.4 23.5 27.2 I25.1 22.9 23.6130.9 25 8 26.0  24.1
April,         36.6 44.6 39.8      41.2 41.7 136.1 34.5 36.5 131.2 41.21 40.7 34 7
May,           54.8 49.6 53.2      54.7 48.9 4840 51.6 45. 148.5 48.7 51.7 47.7
June,          58.7 5.9 64.8 59.3  5.4 57.4 59.4 58.8 60.6 163.0 54.9  58.5  63.1
July,          60.2 64.1 64.4 63.3 162.3 68.2 64.6 165.4 61.2 166.2 65.2 64.8 62.6
August,        60.7 60.7 63.6 63.5 59.5 60.5 160.9 157.0) 59.8 61.6 161.4  64.6 63.9
September,    47.9 51.4 53.0 53.9 52.7 55.4 150.0 153.3 52.0 54.6 54.2 52.5  57.9
October,       42.6S 44.4 44.6 43.9 41.2 139.7 147.8 34.5 39.0 139.7 45.4  41.9  38.5
November,    2!).7 38.2 30.9:31.7 129.5 28.9 29!).8 28.7 30.6 125.3 i28.1  30.2  29.4
December,      27.3 24.9  7 1 19.7 21.1 16(i.0 13.1 17.8 114.4 14.1 121.4  16.2 21.7
40.7 39.4     39..5  O.2 38.8 37.7 37.5,3:.1 140., 39.  40.0)
PT.. 




10                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                  PART I.
MEAN TEMPER&TURE AT BURLINGTON AND WILLIAMSTOWN.                                 WINDS.
With the exception of the first three by the changes of temperature which are
columns in the first of the two preceding constantly going on at the surface of the
tables, the particulars of which are not earth; the temperature of these may,
known,. all the means for the months therefore, be regarded as a pretty fair inhave been deduced from three daily obser- dication of the mean annual temperature
vations, taken at sun-rise, 1 o'clock, P. of the climate.  The temperature of a
M. and 9 in the evening.  Now, as the well 40 feet deep, belonging to Mr. Samthree daily observations at Burlington  uel Reed, in Burlington, has been obsynchronize for several years with those served and noted during the year 1841 as
at Williamstown, the two tables enable follows, the.first number after the day of
us to make a very accurate comparison of the month being the depth in feet to the
the mean temperature of the two places; surface of the water at the time of the
and the comparison shows that the mean  observation: Jan. 1, 14-46~, Feb. 12,
temperature of Burlington, although sit- 18-44,~, April 14, 16-44~, June 1, 10uated 22' farthest north, is about 50 warm- 44~, July 20, 10-46AQ, and Dec. 8, 20er than that of Williamstown, that of the 4510, giving a mean of 45.1~, or.3~ higher
former being 44.6' and the latter 39.4o. than that deduced from  the daily obserBut the cause of this difference is obvi- vations.
ous in the location of the two places, Bur-   IWinds.-For small sections of country
lington being situated on the margin of the prevailing winds usually take their
lake Champlain, and the place of obser- direction from the position of the mounvation elevated  only 250 feet above it, tains and valleys. That is veryfmuch the
while Williamstown lies among the Green  case in Vermont.  Through the valley of
Mountains near the geographical centre the Connecticut and of lake Champlain
of the state, and, the  place of Judge  the winds usually blow in a northerly or
Paine's observation, elevated  1500 feet southerly  direction, while easterly  and
above the lake.*                             westerly winds are comparatively of rare
The mean annual temperature of Bur- occurrence. In the valley of lake Chamlington, deduced from all of the 12 years plain east winds are exceedingly rare, as
observations in the preceding table, is will be seen by the  following tables.*
44.1~, and from the seven years observea- Along our smaller rivers, particularly the
tions by the author 44.9Q, but, as the year Winooski and the Lamoille, the prevail1828 was very remarkably  warm, that ing winds are from the,northwest.  The
should, perhaps, be set aside, and the  following  tables  contain  the result of'
mean of the other six, 44.4~, taken as prob- observations made  at Burlington, for
ably a fair statement of the mean annual eleven years, and at Rutland for one
temperature  of Burlington.  The mean year.  In the journal kept by the author
annual temperature of Williamstown, de- at Burlington, and  from  which the taduced from  the whole of Judge Paine's bles on the following page were copied,
observations, is 40.3~.                     three observations of wind and weather
Many  perennial  springs, and  deep  were entered each day, which synchrowells are found to continue nearly of the nize with the observations of temperasame temperature, both in summer and ture for the same years in the preceding
winter, and to be but very little affected  table, on the ninth page.
The following table contains the results of five years observation at Burlington,
by Dr. Saunders, and one year at Rutland, by Dr. Williams.
Place.   1 Time. INo.Obs.  1  il N   s1El sI 4s3 II W   1 rw    fair. clody rain snwfog thun
Burlington 1803-81  16821739 111191! 8261 251 431 18 1025r1 676 289 127 19 45 27
Rutland   11789   |  109511531131161761272l182112512558     4521 643  89  411371 15 21
* The author has in his possession a meteorologi-   * Although, at Burlington, we seldom have a
cal journal kept at Hydepark by Dr. Ariel Huntoon, wind from the east sufficiently strong to turn the
for a period of 9 years, of which he had intended to vanes upon our churches, it is not uncommoni, dur —
insert an abstract; but, finding the three daily ob- ing the latter part of the night and early in the
servations to have been made too near the warmest morning, when the weather is fair, to have a light
part of the (lay to furnish the true mean tempera- breeze from the east, which is doubtless occasioned
ture of the 24 hours, and consequently unsuitable by the rolling down of the cold air from the mounfor comparison with the other tables, he concluded tains to supply the rarefactiorn over the lake. In
not to insert it. In order to render meteorological other words, it is strictly a land breeze, similar to
observations of service in determining the relative what occurs between the tropics. That these breezes
temperature of places, uniformity in the method of are local and limited is evident from the fact, that.
making them seems to be indispensable, and a want at the same time, the general motion of the air is in
of this renders a great part of the journals which a different direction, as indicated by the motion of
have been kept nearly useless.               clouds in higher regions of the atmosphere.




00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
WINDS.            WEATHER..          WINDS.              WEATHER.           Z.2-         WINDS.              WAHR
1832 ~    N  ne ErSI  S  sW wNW  fair. cldy r'n sno 1838 ~    N ne E s   s  w nw   fair cldyr'nsno 1840          N ne E SE  S SW WNW  fair. eldyr'nsno......~ —-,  -           -..                           _ _, ~.............-....................
Jan    93 16 2 0  2 401 4l l18 49    29 312 Jan    93 31 I 1 0 51 1 7 1   43 39 6 5  Jan    98 35  3 0 6 3010 8  1   52 33 2 6
Feb   87 35 0  1 0 37 24    8  42 24 3[18Feb    84 60 3 0 3 14 0 4 0   56 24 0 4[Fcb    87 24  0 1 1  54 4  2   1  47 36 4 0
Mar   93 37 1 0 2 44 13    5  59 23 2  9[Mar   93 54 0 2 232  00 21    56 33 1  3 Mar   93 26  31 7 38 5  2 11   59 20 9 5]
Apr   90 40  1 1 7 24 6 2  9  54 25] 8 3 Apr   90  42 0 0 0 31  0[15 2  59 27 4 0 Apr   90  24 0 2 9 42 4 2   7  63 15/11 I
May   93 40  1 0 4 31 0 5 12  54  2019  0 May   93 5a 3  0 0 3 36  0 2 0  66 20 7 0 May   93 30 4 3i13 33 0 5   5  72 13 8 0/=
J ne   90 42 1 0 1 38 0  4  4 62 20 8 0 Jne    90 33 2  11 51 0 2 0  63 20 70 oJ ne    90/24  1 2 5 48 1 6   3 64 21 5 0] 4July   93  30 4 4 0 471 2   5 59  23a11  O July   93 32 6/01 /46 1 3/3   7341 46  olJuly   93/171 1 3 3 54 2 8   51791 13 0 
Aug   93 21 0 0 0   64 10         7 6S  201 5' 0[Aug   93 33 31  6 37 1 10 2  75 13 50 oAug   93  91   5 5   52 213  6  69 18 6 o
Sept  90  14 0  0 0 52 312   9  70  15,15 0 Sept  9 45 0 3 2                           72 130 Sept   9019 7 0 537l16   15'a9 20illOt                         
Oct 93 22   2 2 532 2 212 53 30olO1 oOct  93,39100 o o44036 50 36  0ct  93o2445 4o7o3732 3211 49439 4 1 a
Nov   90 22 3 0 0 38 3110 13  36  41 7 6 Nov   90 36 2 0 2 46 0 2 2  50 31 6  3 Nov   90 19 10 9 3 27 3 9 10  36 49 2 3
I                                                                                    I'd~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/Dec/ 93[ 451 3 0 3 32 3 2  5  34  50' 0 9 Dec   93 24  4 0 4 55 1 4 1  68 23 0 2 Dec   93 27 8 5 6 27 2 9   9  48 32 310:
Total 1098 364,16 621500 26 571107 640632981157 Total 1095!482124  51251478 6155120 731/295:52117 Total 10981278!421361701479]37172 84 697 3076826  -
1833 Obs. N ne E sE  S sw   NW fair. cldyr'n s 1839 Obs. N ne E SE  S SW w nw fair. cldyirnsn 1841 Obs. N ne E SE  S SW W N W  fair. cidy r'nsno: 
Jan    93 361 2~ 0 0 43 3 2  7  45  37: 3 8 Jan    93 41 2 0 4 42 0 2 2  45 401 5 3 Jan    93'21 2 1 7 42 512   3  52 25 610 
Feb   84'41 0? 1 1 26 0 3 12  51  19: 0 14 Feb   84 21 2 0 1 57 0 1 2  42 37 3 2 Feb   84 18 I 0 4 34 313  11  50 28 0 6 /=
Mar   93 34  01 0o 1 471    4   6  65 22~ 3 3lMar   93 40 o/ 3 40 0 4 3   66 232,  2 Mar   93 4.5 6 42 21 3  5   7  64 19 3 7:=
Apr   90  43 0o 2 2 39 0 0  4  60 23  7 0 Apr   90  50  0 0 0 36 0 3 1  65 I6  6  3 Apr   90  33 1 1 2 28 610   9  63  9 810 i
May   93  34  1 1 8 40 1 5  3  63 19 11  0 May   93 39  3 1 0 47 1 2 0  69 16 8 0 May   93 20 2 0 5 33 5 4 24  65 1016 2/
J/ne   90 27 0 2 3 38 2 10  8  62 20  8 01J ne   90 47 0 0 7 21 4 7 4  60 19.11 0 Jn/e   9 0 20 4 3 7 40 2 6   8  55 28 7 08                            
July   93 29 11 0 0 58      5   0  65 25  3 OlJuly   93 131   5 4 65 I 11  3  71 14 8 0 July   93 280 o1 3 36  3/10  12  77 12 4 0
Aug   93  3811 102 501 1   0  55 2810  O              gl2                5      3 8Aug   93             1  9334          31  343       6   1      8105 0
Sept  90 45 01 0  0 41 0 2  2  66  20 4 0[Sept  90   8 0 1 9  54  5111 2 64 21 5 0|Sept   90 33 g( 0 7 40 04   4  60 23 7  0/
Oct   93  47 0 o 0    40 0 4  2  58 26 90 Oct   93 2   2 o    32            49  014 2   73 17 30 0oct   93 38 21 /0 343 3a312  44 42 6 1
Nov   90  35' 0 0 1 46 0 5  3  42 41 7 0 Nov   90  18 9 2 7 31 6 14 3  39 4.41 4  3 Nov   90 28 4 0 2 1.9 0o15  22  30 45 9 6
Dec   93  34,18  0 7 18 3 5            s 28 61 0 4 Dec   93 40 1[0  1, 4 23 3 012  51 32i 6 4 Dec   93 251 2 1 1 40 5 51 14  40 37 6o10
Total1o095!443 2-3 1.o25486I1 1461 5511660o341!65!29 Total Io1095361 38 1347;50312307 43 1729 285 64'17 Total11095343129 1343/410 37!93 107 6782881771521




12                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
ANNUAL QUANTITY OF RAIN.                                 ANNUAL FALL OF SNOrW.
Rain.-The quantity of water, which  speak with much confidence on this point.
falls in rain and snow  in any one year, Tile quantity of water, however, which
does not probably differ very considerably  falls at the same places in different years,
in the different sections of the state, but varies very considerably, as will appear
observations are too few to enable us to from the following table:
RUTLA ND.IV [iN DSO(R.  BURLINGTON.
MONTHS.  Williamls.  Fo wier  I                  T/hon7SOs.
1789.    1 (.   1828.J 1832.  18:33.  1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. _.
Inches.   IncIIes. I  Inches.  Inces. Inches  Inches. IncIles. Incles. Inchels. 
January,      3.50      2.90    1.30  3.56   1.26   2.52  0.85  1.26  3.49 C1
February,    2.78       2.44    2.10  3.22  2.63  1.32  1.20  2.19  0.80 o
March,        3.10      0.48    1.35  2.31  1.48  1.10  1.43  3.05  3.23
April,        3.01      2.78    2.75   1.96  1.28  1.34  1.60  4.69  3.54 I
May,          4.72     2.06    2.45  5.71  9.85  4.51  2.43  2.46  2.28
June,         3.91      2.73    3.70  3.41  4.28  5.37  3.70  2.84   5.16  eI
July,         2.31     4.34    5.95   3.52  7.54  3.25  6.26  4.18   2.87;
August,       2.11      0.95    4.30  4.76  7.34  2.41  1.91   3.51   1.40 
September,   2.48       4.57    9.85  1.81   4.17  1.33  2.91  4.71   3.62  Y
October,'    5.66      1.40    1.65  4.05  6.01   2.98  0.45   3.76  0.83
November,   4.10        2.17    6.25  3.01   1.91   3.78  2 57  2.22  2.47  d
December,   3.49       2 36    1.65  2.27  1.59  0.92  2.68  2.41   3.02 
Total,   841.17         29.l    43.30 39.59 49.24 30.83 1 27.99 37.28 32.71 1 
The depth of water, which falls during   Snow.-For more than three months of
a rain storm or thunder shower, is much the year the ground is usually covered
less than people generally suppose. A  with snow, but the depth of the snow, as
fall of 4 or 5 inches during a severe thun- well as the time of its lying upon the
der shower would not be thought at all ground, vary much in the different parts
extravagant by persons who have paid no of the state. Upon the mountains and
attention to the accurate measurement of high lands, snows fall earlier and deeper,
the quantity which fell. But during the and lie later in the Spring than upon the
seven years observations at Burlington low lands and valleys, and it is believed
contained in the above table, the depth of that they fell much deeper in all parts of
water which fell in one shower has nev- the state, before the country was much
er exceeded two inches, and the whole cleared, than they have for many years
amount in 24 hours has, in only one in- past. As little snow falls at Burlington,
stance, exceeded three inches, and that probably, as at any place in the state.
was on the 13th of May, 1833, when the The following table exhibits the amount
fall of water was 3.54 inches.          at this place for the last five winters:
Fall of Snow at Burlington in the'winters of
1837- 8. Inc.  1838-'9. Inc. 1839-'40. Inc.  1840-'1. Inc.  1841-'2.  Inc.!
Nov.   9,  2  Oct.  29   1  Nov.   6,  2  Oct.  26,  2  Oct.   8,  2
"   26,  5  Nov.  7,  3  l"    9,1 1  Nov.  22,  7,,   26,  3'
Dec.  10,  3    "   19,  2  Dec.  11,  3    " 26,27,  3a    "   29,  3
1.1,  1        "   28,  2    "   16,  9  Dec.   7,  6  Dec.   2,   1
"   18,  3  Dec.   7,  A    "   177  1    "   22,  3    "4  14    1
"   28" 17,  1       /          " 1,I  "  28, 527   8    L,  18  15
Jan.  15,  1    "   18,  4  /"   29,/   4  Jan.   2, 10  Jan.   5,  2
1" 19,  2       "   23,  6  Jan.   5,  4    " 6, 1.1,   5             9,  2
2" 8, 12        "   29,  1    "   15, 1/   "22,e25,  8    "   27,   3
Feb.  11, 5  Jan.   4,  1'"  23,  6    "   30,  2  Feb.  17,  15'l 13,  3       L"   5,  1  IFeb.  26,  1  Feb.   2,  2A   "   22,  1
"   17,  8    "   28,  1  March 7,  1    " 6, 10,  4&   "   26,  4
"   22,  1  Feb.   2,  1    "   10,  2          " 17,27,   7  March  7,  5
March, 6,  6  ["    8,  2  ]"   24,  7  March  7,  5              " 15    1
/"   21,  1    c"  27,  4                       "    9,  4      "   26,  5
"   28,  2  March  3,  1                        "   29,  7
"   30,  3  /"   19,  5                       Apr. 6,13,  2
April, 2,  1  April 13,  3  "   22,  5
60              41              48              92_I             64
I- o[    t-; —I~~~




CHAP. 1.                DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                               13
SLEIGHING.               SEASONS.          APPEARANCES OF BIRDS AND BLOSSOMS.
In 1838-'9, sleighs run from December or hail. The crops oftener suffer from an
23, to January 8, but there was no good excess, than from a deficiency,of moisture,
sleighing during the winter. In 1839-'40 though seldom from either.
sleighing was excellent from  December   Seasons.-During the winter the ground
]6, to February 5, fifty one days. In 1840- is usually covered with snow, seldom ex-'41, sleighs run from November 22, to ceeding one.or two feet deep on the low
November 29, and from  December 7, to lands, but often attaining the depth of
December 12, but the sleighing was not three or four feet on the high lands and
good. From December 27, the sleighing mountains.  The weather is cold, and, in
was good till the 8th of January, after general, pretty uniformly so, with occawhich there was no good sleighing, al- sional snows and driving winds, till the
though sleighs continued to run till the beginning of March, when with much
20th of March. In 1841-'2, sleighing to]- boisterous weather there begin to appear
erable from December 18, to January 20, some slight indications of spring. About
after that no good sleighing though sleighs the 20th of that month the snows begin
run at several periods for a few days at a to disappear, and early in April the ground
time.                                   is usually bare. But the snows fall some
The deepest snows, which fall in Ver- weeks earlier and lie much later upon the
mont, are usually accompanied by a north mountains than upon the low lands. The
or northeasterly wind, but there is some- weather and state of the ground is usually
times a considerable fall of snow with a such as to admit of sowing wheat, rye,
northwesterly, or southeasterly wind. A  oats,- barley and peas, the latter part of
long continuance of south wind usually April. Indian corn is commonly planted
brings rain, both in winter and summer. about the 20th of May, flowers about the
Although snows are frequent in winter 20th of July, and is ripe in October. Poand rains in summer, storms are not of tatoes are planted any timie between the
long continuance, seldom  exceeding 24 1st of May and the 10th of June. Frosts
hours. Storms from the east, which are usually cease about the 10th of May and
common on the sea board, do not often commence again the latter part of Sept.,
reach the eastern part of this state, and on but in some years slight frosts have been
the west side of the Green Mountains observed, at particular places, in all the
they are wholly unknown, or rather, they summer months, while in others, the tencome to that portion of the country from  derest vegetation has continued green and
a northeastern, or southeastern direction. flourishing till November. The observaThunder showers are common in the tions contained in the following table will
months of June, July and August, but afford the means of comparing the springs
seldom at other seasons. They usually of a few years past. They are gathered
come from the west, or southwest, but are from the Meteorological journal kept by
not often violent or destructive, and very the author at Burlington:
little damage is ever done by hurricanes 
Robins   Son,    Barn   Currants Red Plum Plumsand  Crab  Common
seen. Sparrows Swallows Blossom. Blossom. Cherries  Apple  Apple
iYear.        seen.   seen.                  Blossom. Blossom. Blossom.
182r'               April28 May  9          My 12            May 16
182i'                 i; 23  s"   9 May 12        16           "  22
1832 Mar. 25NMar. 28  it 26  "  12        14  "' 201Mav 24 June  3
1].833  ",  23  "'  28  "          4'   7,. 12  "  15 May 18
837  "  2(0  "  23  "  30  "  16  "  19  "  28  "  30June  2
18381 "  23       31 May  2  "  19  "  22 "       26 June 1  "   2'1839'  25  "  25 April26  "1  4  "  12'  141May 22 May 26'1840  "  15  "  21  "  21   "   3  "  12  "  17  "  201"   23
841.   "  27  "  27  "  2   "' 231  "  25/'    26,,  29  "  31'
Vegetation, upon the low  lands and ture, and bring fruits and vegetables to
along the margin of the lakes and large maturity which do not succeed well upon
streams, is, in the spring, usually, a week the high lands. To the above remark,
or ten days in advance of that upon the with regard to early frosts, there are sevhigh lands and mountains; but frosts usu- eral exceptions.  On the low islands and
ally occur, in the fall, earliest upon the shores of lake Charnplain, vegetation is
low lands, allowing to each nearly the frequently green and flourishing long after
same time of active vegetation. The low  the frosts have seared it in other parts of
lands, however, enjoy a higher tempera- the state, and, along several of the rivers,




14]               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
OPENING AND CLOSING OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN.            DISAPPEARANCE OF THE ICE.
vegetation is protected by the morning   It frequently happens that the ice confogs for some time after its growth has tinues upon the lake for some time after
been stopped upon the uplands.  The the snows are gone in its neighborhood
early part of the autumn is usually pleas- and the spring considerably advanced.
ant and agreeable and the cold advances In such seasons the ice often disappears
gradually, but as it proceeds the changes very suddenly, instances having been
become more considerable and frequent, observed of the lake being entirely covand the great contrast between the tem- ered with ice on one day and the next day
perature of the day and night at this sea- no ice was to be seen, it all having disson render much precaution necessary in appeared in a single night. People in the
order to guard against its injurious effects neighborhood, being unable to account for
upon health. The ground does not usu- its vanishing thus suddenly in any other
ally become much frozen till some time way, have very generally supposed it to
in November, and about the 25th of that sink. This opinion is advanced in the
month the ponds and streams begin to be account of this lake contained in Spafcovered with ice, and the narrow parts of ford's Gazetteer of New York, and the
lake Champlain become so much frozen anomaly is very gravely attempted to be
as to prevent the navigation fromnt White- accounted for on philosophical principles.
hall to St. Johns, and the line boats go in- But the true explanation of this phenomto winter quarters, but the broad portions enon does not require the absurdity of the
of the lake continue open till near the first sinking of a lighter body in a heavier. It
of February, and the ferry boats from Bur- is a simple result of the law by which
lington usually cross till the first of Jan- heat is propagated in fluids. That bodies
uary. The following table contains the are expanded, or contracted, according to
times of the closing and the opening of the increase or diminution of the heat they
the broad lake opposite to Burlington, contain, is a very general law of nature.
and when the steamboats commenced and Fresh water observes this law, when its
stopped their regular trips through the temperature is above 40~, but below 40~
lake from Whitehall to St. Johns, for sev- the law is reversed, and it expands with
eral years past:                      the reduction of temperature.
When winter sets in, the waters of the
lake are much warmer than the incumLake    Lake  Lineboats  Line   bent atmosphere. The surface, therefore,
Champl'n Champl'n comenc'd  Boats. 
Year.  closed.  opened.  running.  stopped. of the water communicates its heat to the
-... _..  -_. __            atmosphere, and, becoming heavier in
1816 Feb. 9                            consequence, sinks, admitting the warmer
1817 Jan. 29 Apr. 16                  water from below to the surface. Now
1818 Feb. 2 Apr. 15                   since heat is propagated in fluids almosten1819 Mar. 4 Apr. 17 Apr. 25           tirely by the motion of the fluids, this ciro1820  ( Feb.3 Feb.                   culationwill go on,if the cold continues,till
~ Mr. 8 Mar. 12                 all the water from the surface downward
1821 Jan. 15 Apr. 21                  to the bottom is cooled down to the tem1822 Jan. 24 Mar. 30                  perature of 400~. It will then cease. The
1823 Feb. 7 Apr. 5 Apr. 15            colder water now being lighter than that
1824 Jan. 22 Feb. 11                  below, will remain at the surface and soon
1825 Feb. 9                           be brought down to the freezing point and
1826 Feb. 1 Mar. 24                   congealed into ice. This accounts for the
1827 Jan. 21 Mar. 31                  ice taking soonest where the water is most
1828 not clos'd                       shallow, and also for the closing of the
1829 Jan. 31 Apr.   Apr. 6            broad parts of the lake earliest in those
1.830                                 winters in which there is most high wind,
1831                 Apr. 11          the process of cooling being facilitated
1832 Feb. 6 Apr. 17 Apr. 23           thereby.
1833 Feb. 2 Apr. 6 Apr. 8               After the ice is formed over the lake,
1834 Feb. 13 Feb. 20 Apr. 4 Dec. 5 and during the coldest weather, the great
1835  t JanlO Jan. 23                  mass of water, after getting a few inches
~ Feb 7 Apr. 12 Apr. 21 Nov. 29 below the ice, is of a temperature 80 above
1836 Jan. 27 Apr. 21 Apr. 25 Nov. 29 the freezing point. While the cold is se1837 Jan. 15 Apr. 26 Apr. 29 Dec. 10 vere, the ice will continue to increase in
1838 Feb. 2 Apr. 13 Apr. 19 Nov. 26 thickness, but the mass of water below
1839 Jan. 25 1Apr. 6 Apr. 11 Nov. 28 the ice will be unaffected by the tempera1840 Jan. 25 Feb. 20 Apr. 11          ture of the atmosphere above. Now the
1841 Feb. 18 Apr. 19 Apr. 28 Dec. 1 mean annual temperature of the climate
1842 notclos'd        Apr. 13         in the neighborhood of lake Champlain




CHAP. 1.               DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                                15
FORMATION OF ANCHOR-ICE.          SMOKY ATMOSPHERE.                  DARK DAYS.
does not vary much from 450, and this is scent, are successively brought in contact
about the uniform temperature of the with the stones at the bottom, which,
earth at some distance below the surface. themselves, soon become ice-cold, after
While then the mass of the waters of the which they serve as nuclei upon which
lake is at 400, and ice is forming at the -the waters are crystilized and retained by
top, the earth, beneath the water, is at the attraction, forming anchor ice.
temperature of 45~, or 50 warmer than the    Smoky.Stmosphere.-From the earliest
water. Heat will, therefore, be constantly settlement of this country there have been
imparted to the water from beneath, when observed a number of days, both in spring
the temperature of the water is less than and autumn, on which the atmosphere
45~. The only effect of this communica- was heavily loaded with smoke.  The
tion of heat to the water from beneath, smoke has generally been supposed to reduring the earlier and colder parts of the suit wholly from extensive burnings in
winter, is to retard the cooling of the lake some unknown part of the country. There
and the formation of ice upon its surface. is no doubt but that much of the smoke
But after the cold abates in the end of often is produced in this way, but it has
winter and beginning of spring, so that appeared to us, that, since smoke is not a
the lower parts of the ice are not affected product, but a defect, of combustion, it
by the frosts from above, the heat, which may be possible for it to be produced even
is communicated from below, acts upon where there is no fire. We have been
the under surface of the ice, and, in con- led to this conclusion by observing that
junction with the sun's rays, which pass the amount of smoke has not always been
through the transparent surface and are greatest in those years in which burnings
intercepted by the more opaque parts were known to be most extensive; and
below,*  dissolves the softer portions, by observing, moreover, that the atmosrendering it porous and loose like wet phere was usually most loaded with smoke
snow, while the upper surface of the ice, in those autumns and springs which suchardened by occasional frosts, continues ceeded warm and productive  summers.
comparatively more compact and firm. In These circumstances have led us to the
this state of things, it often happens that, opinion that the atmosphere may, by its
by a strong wind, a rent is made in the solvent power, raise and support the miice. The waters of the lake are immedi- nute particles of decaying leaves and
ately-put in motion, the rotten ice falls in- plants, with no greater heat than is neto small fragments, and, being violently cessary to produce rapid decompositioh.
agitated, in conjunction with the warmer When, by the united action of the heat
water beneath, it all dissolves and van- and moisture of autumn and spring, the
ishes in the course of a few hours.     leaves are separated into minute particles,
There is one phenomenon, which is of we suppose these particles may be taken
common occurrennce in many of our up by the atmosphere, before they are enstreams, during the coldest part of win- tirely separated into their original eleter, and which may not at first appear ments, or permitted to form new  comreconcilable with  what has been said pounds. This process goes on insensibly,
above, and that is, the formation of ice until, by some atmospheric change, a conupon the stones at the bottom  of the densation takes place, which renders the
streams, usually called anchor ice. An- effluvia visible, with all the appearance
chor ice is formed at falls and places and properties of smoke.
where the current is so rapid that ice is   Dark  Days.-It sometimes  happens
not formed upon the surface. In the case that the atmosphere is so completely fillof running water, and particularly where ed with smoke as to occasion, especially
the water is not deep and the current when accompanied by clouds, a darkness,
rapid, over a rough bottom, the tempera- in the day-time, approaching to that of
ture of the whole mass is probably reduced night. The most remarkable occurrennearly or quite to the freezing point be- ces of this kind, within our own recollecfore any ice is formed; and then, where tion, were in the fall of 1819, and in the
the current is so rapid that the ice cannot spring of 1820. At both of these seasons,
form at the surface, the ice-cold waters the darkness was so great, for a while
of the surface, in their tumultuous de- near the middle of the day, that a book of
i  ordinary print could not be read by the
* A remarkable phenomenon attending this dis- sun's light. The darkness in both cases
integration of the ice by the influence of the sun's was occasioned principally by smoe, and
rays, and one WVhich we think worthy of investiga- was occasioned principally by smoke, and
tion, is its separation into parallel icicles, or can- without any known extensive burnings;
dies, as they are sometimes called, extending per- but the summer of 1819, is known to have
pendicularly from the upper to the lower surface of been remarkable for the abundant growth
the ice, giving the mass, particularly the lower portions, somewhat the appearance of a honey comb.   of vegetation.  But the most remarkable




16                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART. L
DARK DAY.                       INDIAN SUMMER.                     METEORS.
darkness of this nature, which has occur- preceding articles, this is precisely what
red since the settlement of this country, we should expect. When our ancestors
was on the memorable 19th of May, arrived in this country, the whole conti1780, emphatically denominated the dark nent was covered with one uninterrupted,
day. The darkness at that time is known luxuriant mantle of vegetation, and the
to have covered all the northern parts of amount of leaves and other vegetable prothe United States and Canada, and to ductions, which were then exposed to
have reached from lake Huron eastward spontaneous dissolution upon the surface
over a considerable portion of the Atlan- of the ground, would be much greater
tic ocean. It was occasioned chiefly by a than after the forests were cut down and
dense smoke, which evidently had a pro- the lands cultivated.  Every portion of
gressive motion from southwest to noth- the country being equally shielded by the
east. In some places it wasattended with forest, the heat, though less intense, on
clouds and in some few with rain. The account of the immense evaporation and
darkness was not of the same intensity in other concurring causes, would be more
all places, but was so great through near- uniformly distributed, and the changes
ly the whole of this extensive region as to of wind and weather would be less frecause an entire suspension of business quent than after portions of the forests
during the greater part of the day, where had been removed, and the atmosphere,
the country was settled, and in many pla- over those portions, subjected to sudden
ces it was such as to render candles as expansions from the influence of the stll
necessary as at midnight. Several hypoth- upon the exposed surface of the ground.
eses have been advanced to account for It is very generally believed, that our
this remarkable darkness, such as an erup- winds are more variable, our weather
tion of a volcano in the interior of the more subject to sudden changes, our ancontinent, the burning of prairies, &c., nual amount of snow less and our mean
but by the one advanced in the preceding annual temperature higher than when
article, it receives an easy explication. the settlement of the country was comThe regions at the southwest are known menced. And causes, which would proto be extremely productive, and to have duce these changes, would, we believe,
been, at that period, deeply covered with be sufficient to destroy, in a great measforestsand plants,whose leaves andperish- ure, the peculiar features of our Indian
able parts would be sufficient, during their Summers. The variableness of the winds,
decay, to fill the atmosphere to almost any occasioned by cutting down large porextent; and nothing more would be neces- tions of the forests, would of itself be
sary for the production of the phenome- sufficient to scatter and precipitate those
non, than a change of atmospheric press- brooding oceans of smoke, and prevent
ure, which should produce a sudden con- the long continuance of those seasons of
densation, and a southwesterly wind.    dark and solemn stillness, which were, in
Indian  Summer.-It has been said, ages that are past, the unerring harbinthough we do not vouch for its truth, that gers of long and dreary winters and deluit was a maxim with the aborigines of this ges of snow.
country, which had been handed down   Meteors and Earthquakes.-Upon these
from time immemorial, that there would subjectsVermont affords nothing peculiar.
be 30 smoky days both in the spring and The common phenomenon of shooting
autumn of each year; and their reliance stars is witnessed here as in other parts of
upon the occurrence of that number in the country, and those uncommon disautumn was such that they had no fears plays which have several times occurred
of winter setting in till the number was about the 13th of November, have been
completed. This phenomenon occurred observed from various parts of the state.
between the middle of October and the In addition to these, several of those rare
middle of December, but principally in meteors, from which meteorolites or meNovember; and itbeing usually attended teoric stones are thrown, have been noby an almost perfect calm, and a high ticed, but the records of them are few and
temperature during the day, our ances- meagre. These meteors make their aptors, perhaps in allusion to the above pearance so unexpectedly and suddenly,
maxim, gave it the name of Indian Sum- and continue visible for so short a period
mer. But it appears that from the com- of time, that it is hardly possible to make
mencement of the settlement of the coun- observations sufficiently accurate to furtry, the Indian Summers have gradually nish data for calculating their velocity,
become more and more irregular and less distance or magnitude.'That most restrikingly marked in their character, un- markable meteor which passed over New
til they have almost ceased to be noticed. England in a southerly direction in the
Now upon the hypothesis advanced in thei mornirg of the 14Ath of' December, 1807,




CrtrP. 1,             DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                             17
REMARKABLE METEORS.                                  ~ REMARKABLE METEORS.
and from which fell large quantities of from the rest of New England, and from
meteoric stones in Weston, Connecticut, New York and Canada, about 10 o'clock
was seen fromRutland in this state,and the in the evening of the 9th of March, 1822.
observation there made formed one of the From  observations made at Burlington
elements in Dr. Bowditch's calculations and Windsor, Prof. Dean computed its
of its velocity, distance and size. A me- course to be S. 350 W., its distance from
teor of the same kind passed over New  Burlington 59 miles and from Windsor 83
England and New York in a southwest- miles, and its height above the earth about
erly direction a little before 10 o'clock in 37 miles when it first appeared, and when
the evening of the 23d of February, 1819, it disappeared its distance from Burlingand was seen from many parts of Ver- ton was 144 miles and its distance from
mont. We had the pleasure of witness- Windsor 133 miles and its height 29 miles.
ing it at Bridgewater in this state. The According to these computations, at the
meteor there made its appearance about first appearance of the meteor, it was ver100 south of the zenith, and, descending tical over the unsettled parts of Essex
rapidly towards the southwest, it disap- county in the state of New York, and at
peared when about 250 above the horizon. its disappearance, it was over the western
Indeed, its velocity was such over Wind- part of Schoharie county in the same
sor and Rutland counties as to give to all, state.
who observed it, though at the distance of   Several other meteors of this kind have
10, 20 and even 30 miles from each other, been observed, the most remarkable of
along the line of its course, the impres- which was seen from the northern part of
sionthat its fall was nearly perpendicular; the state and from nearly the whole of
and each observer supposed that it fell Lower Canada, about 4 o'clock in the
within a few hundred yards of himself. morning of the 28th of May, 1834. It beNow as this meteor was probably moving ing a time when people generally were in
nearly parallel to the horizon, the decep- bed and asleep, comparatively few had the
tion must have arisen from the rapid dim- opportunity of seeing it. Many, however,
inution of the visible angle between the were awakened by its light, and still more
meteor and the horizon, occasioned by the by its report. Residing then at Hatley in
great horizontal velocity of the meteor in Canada, which is 15 miles north of the
its departure from the zenith of the ob- north line of Vermont at Derby, we were
server. These facts should teach us to suddenly awakened by a noise resembling
guard against the illusions of our own that of a large number of heavy carriages
senses and to admit with caution the tes- driven furiously over a rough road or
timony of others respecting phenomena pavement, and by a shaking of the house,
of this nature.                        which caused a rattling of every door and
According tothe best of our judgment, window. ~ Supposing it to he an earththe meteor was visible three or four sec- quake, we sprung out of bed and reached
onds, in which time it passed through an the door two seconds at least before the
arc of near 50~ of the heavens. Its ap. sound ceased. The atmosphere wascalm
parent diameter was about 20', or two and the sky was perfectly clear, with the
thirds that of the moon, and the color of exception of a narrow train of cloud or
its light was very white and dazzling, like smoke,extending from southwest to norththat of iron in a furnace in a state of fu- east, and at considerable distance to the
sion. It left a long train of light behind northward of the zenith. It was nearly
it, and just at the time of disappearance a motionless, and was apparently at a vastly
violent scintillation was observed, and the greater height than clouds usually lie.
fragments detached continued luminous Indeed there was something so peculiar
at considerable distance from the main in its appearance as to nake it the subbody of the meteor, but no meteoralites ject of remark and careful observation till
are known to have fallen. Five or six after sunrise, when it gradually vanished,
minutes after the disappearance of the although at this time we had no reason to
meteor, a very distinct report was heard suspect its connexion with the noise and
accompanied by a jarring of the earth, like shaking of the earth, which had awakenthe report of a cannon at the distance of ed us. We,.however, soon learned that
five or six miles.  Now, assuming the a remarkable meteor had been seen, and
correctness of the above data, and that that its course lay along the very line octhe report was given at the time of the cupied by the remarkable cloud above
scintillation, the distance of the meteor mentioned. From an intelligent young
was then between 70 and 80 miles, and man, who was fishing at the time on Masits diameter about one third of a mile.    suippi lake in Hatley, and who had a full
Another, and still more remarkable me- view of the meteor during the whole time
teor, was seen from this state as well as it was visible, we learned that it made its
PT. I.          3




18                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART 1.
NEW ENGLAND EARTHQUAKES.                                   AURORA BOREALIS.
appearance at a point a little north of horizon towards a point not far from the
west at an elevation of about 35o, passed zenith; but at times it assumes forms as
the meridian at a considerable distance various and fantastic as can well be irnorth of the zenith and disappeared in the agined, and exhibits all the colors of the
northeast with an altitude of about 250. rainbow. It is not uncommon that it takes
He thought its apparent magnitude to. be the form of concentric arches spanning the
8 or 10 times that of the moon, and that heavens from west to east, usually at the'
it was visible about 10 seconds. It was north, but sometimes passing through the
of a fiery red color, brightest when it first zenith, or even at considerable distance
appeared;and gradually decreased in brill- to the south of it. At times the meteor is
iancy, all the time throwing off sparks, apparently motionless, but it is nQt anuntill it disappeared. About 4 minutes af- common thing for it to exhibit a violent
ter the vanishing of the meteor, a rumb- undulating motion like the whipping of a
ling or rattling sound, which sensibly flag in a brisk wind. But it is sovariable
agitated the surface of the lake, corm- in itsappearance, that it is vain toattempt
menced in the point where the meteor its description. We will, however, menwas first seen, and following the course tion a few of the remarkable occurrences
of the meteor died away at the point where of this meteor which have fallen under
the meteor vanished. This meteor was our own observation, and some of the atvertical on a north and south line,about 50 tending circumstances.
miles to the northward of Derby in this   On the 12th of October, 1819, at about
state, or nearly over Shipton in Canada, 7 o'clock in the evening, the Aurora Boand its altitude must have been at least realis assumed the form of three luminous
30 miles, and still the agitation it pro- resplendant arches, completely spanning
duced in the atmosphere was such as to the heavens from west to east. The lowbreak considerable quantities of glass in est arch was in the north a little below
the windows at Shipton, Melbourne and the pole star, the second about midway
some other places. The course of this between the pole star and the zenith, and
meteor was mostly over an unsettled the third 10~ or 15o to the southward of
country. The most remarkable circum- the zenith. These belts gradually spread
stances attending this meteor were the out till they became blended with each
train of smoke which it left behind, and other, and the whole concave heavens was
the long continued noise and shaking of lit up with a soft and beautiful glow of
the earth.                             white light. It would then concentrate
Since the settlement of New England, to particular points whose brightness
there have been recorded a considerable would equal that of an ordinary par,
number of earthquakes, and several have helion, and around them would be exhibbeen noticed in Vermont.  The sound ited the prismatic colors melting into each
accompanying these is usually described other in all their mellow loveliness. The
as having a progressive motion; and that, motions of the meteor were rapid, undu.
and the shaking of the earth have been latory and from north to south varying a
supposed to be produced by the rushing of little towards the zenith. The sky was
steam through the cavities in the interior clear and of a deep blue color where it
of the earth, but the effect known to have was not overspread by the meteor. It was
been produced by the meteor last de- succeeded in the morning of the 13th by
scribed, furnishes strong reasons for sus- a slight fall of snow with a northwest
pecting that the cause of many, and per- wind. The aurora exhibited itself in a
haps of all the earthquakes which have manner very similar to the above in the
occurred in New England, has been in evening of the 3d of April, 1820, and sev.
the atmosphere above instead of the earth eral times since.
beneath. Had this meteor passed with-   But the most remarkable exhibition of
out being seen, the sound and shaking of this meteor, which has fallen under our
the earth, which it produced, would have own observation,was in the evening of the
been regarded as a real earthquake, and 25th of January, 1837. It first attractits origin in the atmosphere would not ed our attention at about half past 6
have been suspected..            o'clock in the evening. It then consisted
Ilurora Borealis.-This meteor has been of an arch of faint red light extending
very common in Vermont, ever since the from the northwest and terminating nearly
first settlement of the state; but in some in the east, and crossing the meridian 15
years it is of more frequent occurrence, or 20~ north of the zenith. This arch
and exhibits itself in a more interesting soon assumed a bright red hue and gradand wonderful manner than in others. Its ually moved towards the south. To the
mostcommon appearance is thatofstreams northward of it, the sky was nearly black,
of white light shooting up from near the in which but few stars could be seen. Next




Chap. 1.              DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                             19
AURORA BOREALIS.                                        MAGNETIC VARIATION.
to the red belt was a belt of white light, This meteor,when very brilliant, is usually
and beyond. this in that direction, the sky regarded as an indication of an approachwas much darker than usual, but no clouds ing storm, but, like other signs, it often
were any where to be seen. The red belt, fails. It is most common in the months
increasing in width and brightness, ad- of March, September and October, but it
vanced towards the south and was in the is not unusual in the other months.
zenith of Burlington about 7 o'clock. The.Magnetic Variation.-Very few obserlight was then equal to the full moon, and vations have hitherto been made in Verthe snow and every other object from  mont for the purpose of determining the
which it was reflected, was deeply tinged variation of the magnetic needle, and
with a red or bloody hue. Between the these few have generally been made with
red and white belts, were frequently ex- a common surveyor's compass, and, probhibited streams of beautiful yellow light, ably, in most cases, without a very corand to the northward of the red light rect determination of the true meridian;
were frequently seen delicate streams of and hence they cannot lay claim to very
blue and white curiously alternating and minute accuracy. But since such obserblending with each other.  The most vations may serve to present a general
prominent and remarkable belt was of a view of the amount and change of variablood-red color, and was continually va- tion, since the settlement of the state, we
rying in width and intensity. At eight have embodied those to which we have
o'clock, the meteor, though still brilliant, had access, in the following table.
had lost most of its unusual properties.
JMagnetic Variation in Vermont.
Place of Observation.    Date.  Vari. west. Latitude. Lon.w.G'fi  Authorities.
Burlington,       1793    70 38'  440 28'    73"    Dr. S. Williams.
"6            1818    7 30    "c                J. Johnson, Esq.
1822    7 42      "        "
e; 1830    8 10         "         "
1831    8 15      "  
"c          1 1832    8 25 41'  "2
1834    8 50. 
"6            1837    8 45      "         "4    Prof. Benedict.
1840    9 42      C        cc    J. Johnson, Esq.
Rutland,          1789    7  3   43 37       72    Dr. S. Williams.
"C            1810    6  4'        "4 
cc            1811    6  1      C':" cc
Ryegate,          1801    7  0   44 10       72     Gen. J. Whitelaw,
Holland,          1785    7 40   45  0       71     "      4
St. Johnsbury,    1837    9 16   44 26       71     Prof. A. C. Twining.
Barton,           1837   10 51   44 44                    cc
Montpelier,       1829   12 25   44 17       72    Exec. Documents.
Pownal,           1786    5 52   42 46       72     Dr. S. Williams.
Canaan,           1806    9 00   45  0       71.      (
From repeated observations and from   lMagnetic Variation at Burlington.
a careful examination of the lines of the Year Var.w Year. Var.w Year. Var.w Year. Var.w
original surveys, John J ohnson,Esq.was -
of the opinion that in 1785, the westerly 1785 7012' 1800 6027' 1815 7~12' 1830 8o42'
variation at Burlington was about 7o 1786 7 9 1801 6 24 1816 7 18 1831 8 48
12' and that it diminished till the year 1787 7 61802 6 21 1817 7 24 1832 8 54
1805 when it was about 6~ 12". From  1788 7 31803 6 181181 7 301833 9 0
1805 the variation has been increasing  1789 7 0 1804 6 151819 7 36 1834 9 6
nptothepresenttime, 1842; andisnow  1790 6 571805 6 12 1820 7 42 1835 9 12
9~ 54. This would give a mean annual 1791 6 54 1806 6 18 1821 7 48 1836 9 18
change of variationof6' since 1805, and 1792 6 51 1807 6 24 1822 7 54 1837 9 24
of 3' previous to that time. And al- 1793 6 481808 6 30 1823 8 0 1838 9 30
though he thought the change of varia- 1794 6 451.809 6 36 1824 8 6 1839 9 36
tion may not have been perfectly uni- 1795 6 421810 6 42 1825 8 12 1840 9 42
form, yet he was of opinion that a table 1796 6 391811 6 4811826 8 18 1841 9 48
constructed with the above variation  1797 6 361812 6 5411827 8 24 1842 9 54
would not differ materially from the 1798 63418137 0 1828 830 1843 10 0
truth. The following is such a table. 1799 6 30 1814 7 611829 83611844 10 6




20                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART. I
REMARKABLE SEASONS.           GREAT FRESHET.       COMPARISON OF CLIMATES.
Remarkable Seasons. —Although  the   July 15. Thursday,... 940
mean temperature of Vermont has not      "  16. Friday,.... 92
usually varied much from year to year,   "  17. Saturday,... 921
yet seasons have occasionally occurred,  "  18. Sunday,...          92
which became, for a time, proverbial on  "  19. Monday,...          90
account of their unusual coldness, or heat,'  20. Tuesday,.    91
or on account of an excess or deficiency  "  21. Wednesday,          94
of snow or rain. Of the years, which Nor was the heat much diminished in
were remarkable on any of these ac- the absence of the sun. In some cases
counts in early times, we have no accu- the thermometer stood as high as 800
rate records. But it is universally con- during the whole night, and it sunk but
ceded that the year 1816, was the coldest, little below 80' during any part of the
and perhaps the dryest during the early time included in the above table. Another
part of summer, ever known in Vermont, such succession of hot days and nights
although we have no meteorological ob- was perhaps never experienced in the
servations for that year, and are therefore state. From the 15th up to Saturday the
unable accurately to compare the temper- 24th, the weather was for the most part
ature of its seasons with other years. clear and calm. On Saturday afternoon,
Snow is said to have fallen and frosts to the rain commenced and continued with
have occurred at some places in this State only short intermissions, till Thursday
in every month of that year. On the 8th following. During the 5 days from Satof June, snow fell in all parts of the State, urday noon to Thursday noon, the fall of
and upon the high lands and mountains, water at Burlington, exceeded 7 inches,
to the depth of five or six inches. It was and of this 3.85 inches fell on the 26th in
accompanied by a hard frost, and on the the space of about 16 hours, and this. is
morning of the 9th, ice was half an inch believed to be one of the greatest falls of
thick on shallow, standing water, and water, in that length of time, ever known
icicles were to be seen a foot long. The in Vermont. The Winooski, which was
weather continued so cold that several most affected of any of our large streams,
days elapsed before the snow disappear- was at its greatest height in the afternoon
ed. The corn, which was up in many of Tuesday the 27th, and was then from
places, and other vegetables, were killed 4 to 20 feet, according to the width of the
down to the ground, and, upon the high channel, higher than had ever before been
lands, the leaves of the trees, which were observed. Although the county of Chitabout two thirds grown, were also killed tenden, and the northern parts of the
and fell off. The summer was not only county of Addison, seemed to bethe secexcessively cold, but very dry. Very tion upon which the storm spent its greatlittle Indian corn came to maturity, and est force, yet its disastrous effects were
many families suffered on account of the felt with unusual severity throughout the
scarcity of bread stuffs and their oonse- valley of lake Champlain, and in all the
quent high prices.                   northern and central parts of the state,
The year, 1828, was nearly as remark- and the destruction of property in bridges,
able for warmth as 1816 was for cold. mills, buildings and growing crops was
The mean temperature of all the months great, almost beyond computation. But
of this year, with the exception of April, its most melancholly effect was the dewas higher than their average mean, and struction of human life. By a change of
the temperature of the year 3Q higher than the channel of New Haven river, in the
the mean of the annual temperatures town of New Haven, during the night,
which have been observed. The broad between the 26th and 27th, several buildparts of lake Champlain were not frozen ings containing families were insulated,
over during the winter.              and afterwards swept away by the waters.
The year 1830 was distinguished on ac- Of 21 persons, who were thus surprized
count of the great quantity of water which and washed away, 7 only escaped; the
fell in rain and snow, and especially for remaining 14 found a watery grave.'
one of the most extensive and destruc-   The whole quantity of water which fell
tive fteshets ever known in Vermont. at Burlington, in 1830, measured 59.3 in.
Up to the 15th of July, the weather was being half as much again as the mean ant
exceedingly cold as well as wet. It then nual quantity, and probably exceeding
changed, and became suddenly and ex- the amount in any other year since the
cessively warm.  The following table state was settled.
shows the height to which the ther-   Comparative view of the Climate.-As
mometer rose in the shade, on each day Vermont extends through 2Q 16' of lati.
from the 15th of July to the 21st, inclu- tude, there is, as might be expected, a
sBive.                                * See part III. Article, New Haven.




CHAP 1.                   DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.                                     21
CLIMATE OF AMERICA AND EUROPE.                                 CAUSES OF'DIFFERENCE.
sensible difference between the tempera- ical observations.  A  comparison of the
ture of the northern and southern parts, journals kept in this country with those
and there is a difference still more mark- kept in Europe shows us that the climate
ed between the elevated and mountainous of Vermont, which lies in the latitude of
parts and the lower country along our the southern part of France, is as cold as
lakes and rivers; but observations are too  that of Denmark, situated 11 or 120 furlimited to enable us to form any accurate  ther north.  The following table exhibits
comparison between the different sections pretty nearly the mean temperatures aof the state.* Between the climate of this long the coasts of the two continents, with
state and that of those portions of other the differences, from the 30th to the 60th
states, lying in the same latitude, there is degree of latitude.
no material difference, with the excep-                         Table.
tion, perhaps, of the sea-coast of New
Hampshire and Maine, whose mean an-               Lati-  Europe.   America.  Diffiernual temperature may be a little higher.         tude. Mean Temp. Mean Temp. ences.
But between Vermont and the countries              300     70.1       66.8_    3
of Europe, lying in the same latitude,             35      66.5       60.5    6.0
there is a remarkable difference, the tem-         40      63.1        54.2    8.9
perature  of the latter being no less than         4         5 56.8   45.0   11.8
11J~ higher than ours; and  there is a             50      50.8       37.9   12.9
like  contrast, increasing  towards  the           55       46 0      280   18.0
north, between the whole western coast             60      46 0       28.0   18.0
of Europe and the eastern coast of North           60      40.0.0
America.                                       A contrast so remarkable, as is exhibitThis singular contrast was observed by  ed in the preceding table, has been the
the earliest navigators, who visited the  source of much speculation, but, as it apcoast of North America, and has since  pears to us, without throwing much light
been confirmed by numerous meteorolog- upon the true cause of the phenomenon.
Among the earliest writers who at* As the extremes of heat and cold were not no- tempted to account for it was Father Brested in the preceding meteorological tables, we have
collected in the following table the extremes of ani, an Italian Jesuit, who spent most of
cold which have been entered at sun-rise upon his life in Canada.  He says that "' a cerjournals kept at three different places within the tain mixture of dry and moist makes ice,
state since 1829. Degrees in all cases below zero.  and that in Canada there is a remarkable
and that in Canada there is a remarkable
Year. Williamstowcn. Burlington.  Hydepark.   mixture of water and dry sandy soil; and... _-........._                           hence the long duration of cold and great
1829 Feb. 5.  11~                           quantities of snow."  To this he-adds an1830 Jan. 31, 18                            other cause, which is "the neighborhood
1831 Dec. 22.  18  Dec.   14~
1831 Feb.24) 22  Jan.26, 16                 of the northern  sea, which  is covered
1833 Jan. 19, 26  Jan. 19, 20  Dec.15, 12~  with monstrous heaps of ice, more than
1834  Dec. 15, 18             Jan. 24, 28   8 months of the year." FatherCharlevoix,
1835 Feb. 4,  24              Jan. 4,  36
1836 Feb. 2,  26              Feb. 18, 34   who visited Canada in 1720, and from
1837 Jani 4,  16  )ec. 22, 15 Jan. 26, 34   whose travels the forgoing opinions  of
1838 Dec. 13, 15  Jan. 21, 13  Feb. 2, 22   Bresani are taken, says* that, in his opin184039 Jan24, 24  Jan.24, 16  F             ion," " no person has explained the cause,
1840 Jan. 16, 17  Jan. 18, 16
1841 Feb. 9,   9  Jan. 4.  10               why this country is so much colder than
France in the same latitude."  cc Most
It wduld appear from various observations and  France  in the same  latitude."   "Most
circumstances, that during calm weather, when writers," he continues, "attribute it to
the sun does not shine, the temperature of vallies  the snow lying so long and deep on the
and low situations is lower than that of the high ground. But this only makes the difficullands, but in windy weather and when the sun             Whence those great quantishines, it is coldest on the high lands. In confir- ty worse. Whence those great quantimation of this statement, in part, we give the fol- ties of snow?"  His own opinion is that
lowing extract of a letter to the author from the the cold and snow  are to be attributed to
Hon. Elijah Paine, of Williamstown, (see pages 9 the mountains, woods and lakes.  Many
andl 10.) " I have found," says lie, " that in extremely cold, still weather, the mercury in the European writers have supposed the great
thermometer at Burlington, Montpelier, at North- lakes, which abound in the country, to
field, on Dog river, on the low lands at the         cause of the coldness of our climeeting-house in this town, at Woodstock, Hanover, N. H., and even at Albanv, N. Y., has some- mate; while others have imagined that
times been 14 degrees lower than in mine. Some- there must be a chain of very high mountimes, even in March, I have found the difference tains in the interior of the continent runequally great, when the wind was light and the      from s
weather very cool for the season. But the reverse ning from southwest to northeast, which
is the case in extremely cold, windy weather. I produce the coldness of our north westerhave known my thermometer in such weather 11 ly winds.  Doct. Dwight supposes these
degrees lower than some of those I have mentioned."                                       * Charlevoix's Travels in America,Vol. 1. p. 136



NATURAL HISTORY OF VELMONT.                       PAT I.
CHAXGE OF CLIMATE.                                   CURRENTS OF THE OCEKAf.
winds to be- descending currents from the of June, when the temperature of the air
higher regions of the atmosphere; and was 48Jo, that the temperature of the
hence their coldness. Doct. Holyoke at. ocean at the depth of 4680 feet, was 26,
tributed the coldness of our climate to the or 60 below the freezing point. On the
extensive forests of evergreens.  Doct. 31st of August, in latitude 69~ where the
Williams, the able historian of Vermont, annual temperature is 38', that of the air
attributed it to the forest state of the being 59~0, the temperature of the water
country, and has endeavoured to prove at the depth of 4038 feet was 320.*  At
that, eighteen centuries ago, the climate the tropic where the temperature does
of Europe was even colder than that of not vary more than 7~ or 8~0 during the
America at the present time.*  But other year, at the depth of 3600 feet the temwriters have, with  equal plausibility, perature of the water was found to be onshown that no considerable change has ly 530, while that of the air was 84~,
taken place in the mean temperature of making a difference of 310,and indicating
Europe within that period.t The fact, a degree of cold in the lower parts of the
moreover, that the western coasts of ocean nearly 250 more intense than is ever
America, which are wholly uncultivated, experienced in the atmosphere in that
are very much warmer than the eastern latitude,t How else can we account for the
coasts of Asia in the same latitude, which coldness of these waters, but by supposare cultivated to considerable extent, ing them to come from higher latitudes in
shows that these differences of tempera- the manner we have described?
ture do not depend upon cultivation, nor,   Of the opposite motion of the warmer
indeed, upon any of the causes which waters along the surface of the Atlantic
have been mentioned, but upon some more ocean, from the equatorial towards the
general cause. And this cause, we be- polar regions, the gulfstream, the currents
lieve, is to be sought in the influence of setting along the western coasts of Northe ocean upon the prevailing winds in way, and the vast quantities of tropical
high northern latitudes. We regard the productions, lodged upon the costs and
ocean as the great equalizer of tempera- islands of the northern ocean, afford ature upon the surface of our globe-as the bundant proof.
instrument for distributing the heat of   Now this transportation of the colder
the equatorial regions towards the poles waters towards the equator and of the
and bringing thence cold towards the warmer waters towards the poles, serves,
equator, and thus meliorating the climate as already remarked, to mitigate the otherofboth. We look upon it as a truth es- wise intolerable heat of the former, and
tablished both by theory and fact that the excessive cold of the latter; and afthere is a general circulation of the wa- fords an obvious manifestation of the wisters of the ocean between the equatorial dom and goodness of providence. And
and polar regions-that the warm water it is to the influence of the warm superfifrom the equator is flowing along the sur- cial waters of the ocean, which have
face of the ocean towards the poles, while come from  tropical regions, upon the
the colder water from the poles is ad- winds, or currents of the atmosphere, that
vancing along the bottom of the ocean to- we are to look for the cause of the differwards the equator. Such a motion of the ence of temperature in the climate of the
waters might be inferred, as the result of eastern coasts of North America and the
the unequal distribution of heat through western coasts of Europe, and also in that
the oceanic mass, increased by the rota- of the eastern coasts of Asia and the westtion of the earth on its axis. But inde- ern coasts of North America. If we obpendent of this, facts furnish indubitable serve the gulf stream, which is only a
proof of its, existence. The temperature concentration by the trade winds of those
of the earth, at a distance below the sur- warm waters which are flowing northerface, being a pretty correct index of the ly along the surface of the ocean, we
mean temperature of the climate, with- shall perceive it to be very narrow, preout the circulation we have supposed, the senting to the atmosphere only a small
temperature of the ocean at consider- surface of its warm water, while near the
able depths, ought, particularly in the American coast. But as it proceeds to
warmer parts of the year, to be as the northeast its warm waters are spread
high, at least, as the mean annual tem- out upon the surface of the ocean and are
perature. But on the contrary, observa- thrown directly along or upon the westtion proves it to be much lower. In lati- ern coasts of Europe. Observation also
tude 67~, where the mean temperature is shows that the prevailing winds in high
390, Lord Mulgrave found, on the 20th northern latitudes, are from a north west* Williams' History of Vermont, Vol. 1, p. 475.   * Count Rumford's Essays, Vol. II. page 304.
t Edinburgh Review, Vol. XXX, p. 25.  tPhil. Transactions, 1752.




CrAP. ~2.               QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                   23
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.                                    ORDERS OF *IAMWAIiLI.
erly direction, or passing nearly at right ice the greater part of the year; and
angles across the great northeasterly cur- hence they are excessively cold  In their
rent of the ocean, and we believe it to be progress over the Atlantic, they are gradthe influence of these warm waters of the ually warmed by imbibing heat from the
ocean upon the westerly and northwester- surface of the ocean, so that w. hen they
ly winds,which produces the phenomenon  arrive upon the continent of Europe, their
in question.  On the eastern coasts of temperature is so much  elevated as to
North America, these winds come from  produce the remarkable differen'eebsetmountainous, snowy regions, or from  ved between the climates of the coasts of
lakes and seas, which are covered with the two continents.*
CHAPTER II.
QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.
Preliminary Observations.         tion in an abdominal pouch, which inclos.
All animals are divided by Baron Cu- es the teats, of which the opossum is a
vier, the celebrated French  naturalist, example.
whose arrangement we shall endeavor   V. Rodentia —have large incisory teeth
mainly to follow, into four general divis- suitable for gnawing, and grinders with
ions, viz. I. Vertebrated animals, or such flat or tuberculated crowns, but no canine
as have a spine, or back bone, II. NMolus- teeth, as the rat, beaver, &c.
cous animals, or such as have no skele-   VI. Edentata-,having no incisory teeth
ton, III. Articulated animals, whose trunk in either jaw, and in some genera no teeth
is divided into rings, and IV. Radiated at all, of which the sloth and ant eater
animals, or zoophytes.  The first division  are examples.
embraces the mammalia, the birds, the rep-   VII. Packydermata-having  either
tiles and the fishes; the second, the shell three or two kinds of teeth, toes variable
fishes; the third, the insects, and the in number and furnished  with strong
fourth, polypi. In this work we shall at- nails or hoofs, and the digestive organs
tempt but little beyond an account of our not formed for ruminating, as the horse
vertebrated and moluscous animals.        elephant and hog.
VIII. Ruminantia-having no incisory
MAMMALIA.                    teeth in the upper jaw, cloven hoofed
The Mammalia are such animals as feet, and four stomachs fitted for xuminasuckle their young, and are divided by ting, or chewing the cud, as the oxt
Cuvier into the following orders:         sheep, deer, &c.
I. Bimana-having two hands and three   IX. Cetacea-Aquatic animals having
kinds of teeth.  Man is the only species. their bodies shaped like fishes, as the
II. Quadrumana-nanimals having four whale, dolphin, &e.
hands and three kinds of teeth. Mon-   Of these nine orders of animals, only
kies and baboons belong to this order.    three are found in Vermont, in a wild
III. Carnivora-having three kinds of state. These are the Carnivora, the Roteeth and living principally upon animal dentia and the Ruminantia.  We have one
food, as the dog, cat, &c.                order more, the Pachydermata, among
IV. MJarsupialia-producing their young our domestic quadrupeds, including the
prematurely and bringing them to perfec- horse, ass and hog.
* Mr. Daniels in his meteorological essays en- coasts contain little vapor to be condensed, and
deavors to account for the higher temperature of consequently do not produce an elevation of temthe western coasts of continents in a different perature. If this were the principal cause of the
manner. He supposes the northwesterly winds phenomenon under consideration, the quantity of
to arrive loaded with vapor and that the caloric, rain on the western coasts should be greater than
liberated by its condensation, raises the general upon the eastern in proportion as the temnperature
temperature of the atmosphere on the western is higher, but so far as observations extend the recoast; but, as the winds proceed eastward, they verse of this seems to be true, the quantity of rain
become dryer and when they reach the eastern on the eastern coast being greatest.




24                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I,
CATALOGUE OF QUADRUPEDS,   CARNIVEROUS ANIMALS.                           BATS,
QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                    GENUS VESPERTILIO.-LinntaUs.
The following is a catalogue of the-na-   Generic Characters.-Teeth from 32 to 36,tive quadrupeds of Vermont, arranged innCiSOrS 6, canines 11 grind 4-4, 5 5 to6'
the order, in which they are described in Upper incisors in pairs, cylindrical and pointed;
the following pages:                    the anterior grinders simply conical, posterior
having short points or prominences.  Nose,
ORDER,CARNIVORA-CarniVerous Animals. simple, without grooves, or wrinkles; ears,
with an auriculuti, lateral and more or less large;
Vespertilio subulatus, Say's Bat.       tongue smooth, and not protractile; index finger
"  pruinosus,   Hoary Bat.          with but one phalanx, the middle with three, the
"   carolinensis, Carolina Bat.     annular and little finger with two; tail comprised
"   noctivagans, Silver-haired Bat.  in the interfemoral membrane; sebaceous glands
Sorex Forsteri,     Forster's Shrew.   under the skin of the face, which vary in different
"  brevicaudus,   Short tail Shrew.   species.
Scalops canadensis,  Shrew Mole.          The bats consist of a great number of
Condylura macroura, Star-nosed.Mole.   species, but they agree very nearly in,
Ursus americanus,   Black Bear.         their general form and habits. They proProcyon lotor,      Raccoon.            duce and nourish their young in the manGulo luscus,        Wolverene.          ner of other quadrupeds, but unlike them.Justela vulgaris,    Weasel.           they are furnished with delicate mem"&  erminea,     Ermine.             branous wings upon which they spend
"   vison,       Mink.               much of their time in the air, thus seemc"  canadensis,  Fisher Martin.      ing to form the connecting link between
~"   martes,     Pine Martin.        the quadrupeds and birds. They are nocfephitis americana,  Skunk.             turnal in their habits, }ying concealed
Lutra brasiliensis,   American Otter.    during the day, but venturing abroad on
Canis ulvus,        Wolf.               the approach of evening, during the early
-"  ful us,        Red Fox.           part of which they may be seen flitting
aar. decussatus, Cross Fox.       lightly and noiselessly through the air in
s aar.can entatus,  Blacky orSilverFox. quest of food, which consists chiefly of inFSelis canadensis,    Lynx.             sects.  At such times they often enter
"  rufra,         Bay Lynx.           the open windows of our dwellings and
"  concolor,      Catamount.          sometimes commit depredations upon our
Phoca vitulina,      Common Seal.    larders, being exceedingly fond of fresh
meat. Their nocttirnal habits manifest
ORDER RODENTIA-Gnawing.Animals.
themselves in the domesticated state as
Castor fiber,       Beaver.             well as the wild, and it is with difficulty
Fiber zibethicus,   Musk Rat.           that they are made to mount upon their
Alrvicola riparius,    Meadow Mouse.    wings, or take food during the day., but
Alus decumanus,     Norway Rat.         in the evening they devour food vora"  rattus,         Black Rat.          ciously and fly about the room without
"  musculus,        Common Mouse.   reluctance. On the approach of winter
Gerbillus canadensis, Jumping Mouse.   bats retire to dry caverns and hollow trees
Arctomys monaz,    Woodchuck.            where they suspend themselves by the
8ciurus cinereus,    Gray Squirrel.     hooked nails of their hind feet, and thus
4   niger,       Black Squirrel.    remain in a torpid state during the win"   hudsonius,   Red Squirrel.       ter. They void their excrement, which
"   striatus,    Stiped Squirrel.   is found in abundance in these retreats,
Pteromys volucella,  Flying Squirrel.   by reversing their position and suspendHystrix dorsata,    Hedge Hog.          ing themselves by the hooks upon their
Lepus americanus,   Rabbit.             thumbs till their object is accomplished,
"  virginianus,   Hare.               when they resume their former position.
FORDER RUIMSNA:NTsA-Rum~inatiZg Animals. Bats produce their young in June or July,
and have from one to three at a time.
Cervus alces,       Moose.              The teats of the female are situated on
44  canadensis,  Elk.                the chest and to these, as we are assured,' virginianus, Common Deer.         by Dr. Godman, (Nat. His. I. 56.), the
young attach themselves so firmly as to
be carried about by the mother in her
ORDER CARN1VORA.                flight, till they have attained a consideraThe animals of this order have three ble size. The four following species are
kinds of teeth, a simple, membranaceous all that have hitherto been distinguished
stomach, and short intestines. They live in Vermont.  It is, however, probable
principally on flesh, or animal food.    that othersmay hereafter be detected.




CHAP. 2.             QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                              25
S&Y'S BAT.                      HOARY BAT.                    CAROLINA BAT.
and at the central part of the inside, tragus bent, club-shaped and blunt at the
tip. Canine teeth large and prominent;
incisors in the upper jaw conical with a
tubercle near the base, very near the canines, and nearly in a line with them;.snout cartilaginous and moveable; nostrils wide apart. Eyes black and prominent. Fur on the body blackish brown
at its base, then pale brownish yellow,
then brownish and terminated with clear,
Vespertilio subula.tus.-SAY.    delicate white, like hoar frost; fur on the
DESCRIPTION.-Head short, broad and throat, on and about the ears, and on the
flat; nose blunt with a small, flat, naked inside of the wings towards their base,
muzzle; eyes small, situated near the fulvous; snout, chin, margin of the ears
ears and covered with fur; ears longer and the posterior part of the wing memthan the head, thin ovate, obtuse and brane, blackish; the anterior part of the
hairy at the base behind; tragus thin, wings and the base of the fur on the inbroadly subulate below, tapering upwards terfemoral membrane, dark  chestnut.
and ending in an obtuse tip, at about two Tail, wholly embraced in the interfemoral
thirds the height of the ear; color of the membrane, which is thickly covered with
back yellowish brown, the belly yellow- fur, except at the very posterior extremiish gray; fur soft and fine, and blackish ty. Length of the specimen before me,
towards the roots; head covered with from the snout to the extremity of the
fur, excepting about the nostrils; color tail, 5J inches; spread of the wings, when
blackish about the mouth; whiskers few, fully extended, 16~ inches.
short and stiff; membrane between the   HISTORY.-This bat was also first dehind legs broad, thinly covered with scribed by Say in Long's expedition and
fur next the body, and tapering to a point has since been minutely described by
near the extremity of the tail, which it Richardson,* Coopert and others. It has
envelopes; toes of the hind feet long; been found in most parts of the United
hooked thumb including the nail i of an States and was obtained by Dr. Richardson
inch. Length of the specimen before as far north as]at. 540~. It is not common
me, from the nose to the insertion of the in Vermont, but is occasionally met with.
tail, 2 inches; tail 1 inches; spread of The onlyVermont specimen, which I have
the wings, 10 inches.                  examined, and that from which the preHISTORY.-This Batseemsto be distrib- ceding description was drawn, was sent
uted very generally through the conti- me alive by my friend, David Reed, Esq.,
nent. It was first described scientifically of Colhester. It was taken at his place
by Mr. Say, in the notes to the account of in Colchester the latter part of October,
Long's expedition, from a specimen ob- 1841, and was kept alive for some time in
tained at the foot of the Rocky Moun- a large willow basket with a flat cover of
tains. It was afterwards minutely descri- the same material. On opening the basbed by Dr. Richardson from specimens ob- ket, he was almost invariably found sustained on the upper branches of the Sas- pended by his hind claws from the central
katchewan and Peace rivers.*  Speci- part of the cover. When the basket was
mens have since been obtained from Lab- open, he manifested little fear, or disposirador, Georgia, Ohio, New  Hampshire tion to fly, or get away, during the day
and Columbia river. It is one of the small- time, but in the evening would readily
est, and, I think, the most common Bat mount on the wing and fly about the
found in Vermont, especially in the cen- room, and on lighting always suspended
tral mountainous parts, where it enters himself by his hind claws with his head
-the houses in the evening and is easily downward. He ate fearlessly and voracaptured. The specimen, from which my ciously of fresh meat when offered to him,
description was drawn was taken in Wa- but could not be made to eat the common
terbury.                               house fly.
THE HOARY BAT.                           CAROLINA BAT.
Vespertilio pruinosus.-SAY.        Vespertilio carolinensis.-GxomFFRoY.
DEscRIPTION.- Earsbroad, shorter than   DSCRIPTION.-Ears rather large and
the head, broadly emarginate behind,hairy naked except on the back side near the
on the outside more than half the length,  *Fauna Bureal Americana [.p. 1.
* Fauna Boreali     Americana, part I. p. 4.  t Annals N. Y. Lyceum of Nat. Hisi. Vol. IV. 54.
PT. I.          4




I NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART-.
SILVER-HAIRED BAT.                                             FORSTER S SHREW.
head, emarginate on the outer posterior description of this Bat*, who says that "it
edge, tragus shorter and less pointed than  was first described in 1831. by Major Le
in Say's Bat. Head long and narrow; Conte and Dr. Harlan, and that it may be
canine teeth very prominent; snout, in- easily recognized by its dark black-brown
terfemoral and wing membranes black fur tipped with white on.the back."  It
and entirely naked; a few  scattering  was named V. noctivagans by Le Conte
hairs on the feet. Fur on the head and back and V. qudiboni, by Harlan, and the forlong and color uniform  bright ferrugin- mer of these names is retained, because
ous; beneath yellowish brown; last joint Le Conte's account was first published.
of the tail not enveloped in the membrane.                                  / 
Bones supporting the membrane very ap-           GENUS SOREX.-Linnceus.
parent. Length of the Specimen before   Generic Characters.-Teeth variable from 26
me, from the snout to the extremity ofthe to 34. The two middle upper incisors hooked
tail 4.7 inches, head and body 3 inches, and dentated at their base; the lower ones
tail 1.7, fore arm 1.8, tibia.7, spread of the slanting and elongated; lateral incisors small,
wings 11.5 inches.                       usually five on each side above, and two below;
HISTORY.-Of the history of this bat I grinders, most commonly 4 on each side above,
know  nothing.  It is said to be quite and 3 below. The body is covered with fine,
common in the southern states particular- short fur; toes, five on each foot, separate, furly in the Carolinas and Georgia and also nished with hooked nails not proper for digging:
on Long Island near New York. The only  head and nose elongated, the latter moveable
specimen I have seen and that from which  ears short and rounded; eyes small but visible.
the above description was made, was taken in Burlington, and deposited in the
museum of the college of Natural History of the University df Vermont by Mr.
John H. Morse, a student of the University. A Vermont specimen of this species
is also preserved in the museum of N.at.
His. of Middlebury college.                      FORSTER'S SHREW.
Sorex Forsteri.-RICHARDSON.
DESCRIPTION.-Color yellowish brown
Vespertilio noctivagans.-LE CONTE.   or dark olive above, bluish white or cinDESCRIPTION.-Ears dusky black, rath- erous beneath; base of the fur plumbeous
er large, naked on the anterior portion, for two thirds its length both above and
somewhat ovate and obtuse, with two  below; teeth white at the base and at
emarginations, on the outer posterior bor- their points, deep chestnut brown; tail
der, produced by two plaits; naked with- long, four sided, covered with short hair
in, and with the tragus moderate, ovate and terminated in a fine pencil of hairs;
and obtuse. Color above, a uniform dark feet small, light flesh-colored and nearly
dusky brown, approaching to black.  On naked; nails slender and white; whiskers
the back the fur is somewhat glossy and half an inch long, light brown.  Length
tipped with silvery  white, forming an of the head and body 2 inches, tail 1.4,
interrupted line  across the  shoulders, head.9,from  the eye to the point of the
and thence irregularly mixed down the nose.3.
centre of the back. Interfemoral rem-   HiSTOY.v. —This little animal is occabrane thickly hairy on the upper part be, sionally met with in our pastures and
coming thinner downward and naked near fields, having their places of retreat in
the border. Tip of the tail projecting stone walls and under old fences and logs.
about a line beyond the membrane. Feet The specimen from which the above dehairy.  Wing membrane entirely naked. scription was made was taken in BridgeBeneath very similar to the upper parts, water and is now in my possession. This
though the light colored tips of the hairs shrew was first described by Dr. Richardare more yellowish. Total length 3.8 in- son who says that it is common throughout
ches, tail 1 5, fore-arm 1.8, tibia.8, spread the fir countries, even as far north as the
of the wings 11 inches.                  67~ oflatitude and that its delicate footHISTORY.-This Bat I have not seen in steps are often seen imprinted bn the
Vermont, but I am informed by my friend snow when the temperature is 40 or 50~
Prof Adams that there is a specimen of below zero.*  It is also found according
it, which was taken in this state, in the to Dr. Bachman on Long Island in the
museum  of Natural History of' Middlebu- vicinity of New York.t
ry College. The above is Mr. Cooper's
*Fauna Boreali, vol. I. page 6.
*Annals N. Y. Lyceum Nat. His. Vol. IV. p. 9' tJournal Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phil. vol. VI. p. 386i




OLP. 2.                   QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                  27'HORT-TAILED SHREW.                                                    SHREW  MOLETHE SHREW MOLE.
Scalops aquaticus.-LINNstus.
THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW., q
Scalops canadensis.-Desmarcst.
Sorer Brevicaudus.-SxY.              )DEscRIPTIos.-Color, grayish brown;
DrxscRTPTIoN.-Color of the head, body  body, plump, cylindrical and tapering
and tail dark plumbeous brown above, a from the shoulders backward; nose long,
little lighter beneath; lips naked fleshy  terminated by a button shaped cartilage:;
and flesh-colored; extremity of the snout eyes and ears concealed by the fur; fore
brown, notched; teeth tipped with dark  feet broad and strong, with the toes united
chestnut brown at their points fading in- up to the roots of the nails; nails broad,
to white at their base; feet flesh-colored, flat and strong; palms naked, bordered
nearly naked and slender; nails slender, by small stiff hairs, above slightly coverwhite on the fore feet, and on the hind  ed with grayishlown; hind legs and feet
feet chestnut brown at the base and white slender and delicate, with slender, sharp,
at the tip.  The inner toe on each foot is hooked nails; tail short and covered with
shortest, the outer a little longer and the hair.  Length of thespecimen before me,
other three nearly equal, the third being  from the nose to the insertion of the tail,
a little the longest. The tail is squarish, 5.3 in. tail I in. head 1.3in.
largest in the middle, slightly strangula-   HISTORY.-The Shrew  Mole inhabits
ted at the base and sparsely covered with  fields and meadows, but seems to prefer
short hairs.; whiskers whitish, sparse, the banks of rivers and other -wster courshalf an inch long, situated between the es.  In its habits it resembles the other
eye and th! snout and turned backwards. moles.  Its large and powerful paws are
No external ear, opening large.  Total well calculated for digging in the eartli,
length of the specimen before me 4-8 and by their aid it is enabled to burrow
inches, to the origin of the tail 3-8, tail 1, with surprising quickness.  They spend
head 1-1, hind foot to the point of the  most of their time in the ground, where
longest nail.6.                           they form  extensive and connected galHIsTORY.-This species of Shrew bears leries, through which they can range at
a very considerable resemblance to the  pleasure to considerable distances and in
Shrew  mole in its general appearance, various directions, without coming to
but is much inferior to it in size, and dif- the surface.  In excavating these gallefers from it remarkably in the structure of ries, they throw up, in a manner difficult
its fore feet.  As they seldom venture in- to be explained, little mounds of loose
to cleared fields, very little is known of earth, by which their burrows may be detheir habits, but in the woods they are of- tected.  These mounds occur at distanten seen and heard rustling among the ces, from one to three feet, and are from
leaves and digging little holes into the  three to six inches in height, but exhibit
ground, probably in quest of food.  This externally no appearance of passages inand the preceding species are occasionally  to the burrows.  The fur of this animal
caught and brought in by cats; but they  is exceedingly beautiful, being thick, fine,
will seldom attempt to eat them on ac- soft and even, with delicate glossy, or silcount, probably,of their disagreeable mus- very reflections.
ky odor.  In addition to the foregoing we
certainly have one other species, and pro-       GENUS CONDYLURA.-Jlliger.
bably more, but they require further examination.                                    Generic Characters. —Teeth, 40 —Incisors
A  canines 4-4 grinders 4_-  In the upper
GsNus  SCALOPS.- Cuavier.                     5 5   X    3 3
jaw are two large, triangular incisors, two very
Generic Characters.-Teeth 36 to 44-Incisors                   side a a
small ones, andon.each side a large, strong caX  canines 6.A or 6 6, grinders 3.3 OT 44.   ne.nt
canines    rinders 33   nine. In the lower jaw the four incisors slant
crowns of the grinders furnished with sharp tu- forward, and the canine on each side is small anrid
bercles; nose long and pointed; eyes very small; pointed. Body cylindrical, clumsy, and covered
no external ears; fore feet very broad and strong, with short thick fur, which is perpendicular to the
with long flattened nails fit for excavating the skin; nose elongated and sometimes furnished
earth; hind feet small and thin, with slender, with a membranous crest disposed in the fot m of a
arched nails; tail short; body thickly covered star around the nostrils; feet five-toed; fore feet
with fine, soft fur, which is perpendicular to the broad and strong, fitted for digging; hind feet
Akuin; feet five toed.                      slender; eyes very small; no external ear.




248                NATURAL HISTORY 01 VERMONT.                          PART I.
STAR-NOSED MOLE.                                              THE BLACK BEAR.
cases, from a white viscous fluid contained in a sack near the vent.
GENUS URSUS.-Linne'us.
Generic Characters -Teeth, 32 to 44,-incis..
ors 6,  canines 1_-, grinders 44 to 7-.
Three of the grinders on each side in each jaw,
are large, with square -tuberculous crowns; the
THE  STAR-NOSED  MOLE.              other are small, most of which appear late and
Condylura imacroura.-HARL&AN        are shed early. Body thick, covered with strong
hair; ears long and slightly pointed; toes, five,
DESCRIPTION. —C olo r dark brown ap- furnished with strong, curved claws, calculated
proaching to black; body cylindrical; nose for climbing or burrowing; tail, short.
long, tapering and surrounded at the extremity by a fringed membrane, having
twenty points; tail nearly as long as the
body, strangulated at the base and then
becoming suddenly enlarged as if swollen
and thence tapering to a point. The tail
is scaly and sparsely covered with stiff
hairs. The fore legs very short; the
paws large and naked, excepting the edges, which are fringed with stiff hairs;
nails long and flat with cutting edges.          THE BLACK BEAR.
The hind feet are naked, long and narrow, and the nails, long, slender and sharp    Ursus americanus.-PALLAS.
resembling birds claws; eyes concealed    DEscRIPTIlOR.-Color shining black;
and very small; no external ear, 4 pec- hair long and not curled; nose fawn coltoral mammae; length from the nose to ored, projecting, brightest about the anthe insertion of the tail 4.7 inches, tail 2.8 gle of the mouth, and terminated by a
inches, hand.7 inches, longest nail.3 inch- naked black snout; forehead slightly arches, hind foot 1.                        ed; ears oval, rounded at the tip and far
HISTORY.-This animal being rare, its apart; palms and soles of the feet short
habits are not well understood.  They ap- in comparison  with  the brown bear;
pear, however, from  what is known of claws black and strong with the hairs of
them, to be similar.to those of the other the feet projecting over them; tail short.
moles. They are usually found about   HISTORY.-The specimen from which
old buildings,fences and stone-walls, and our description is drawn  was killed in
they occasionally find their way into  Williston in 1838, and presented to the
cellars of dwelling houses. I have two College of Natural History of the Universpecimens of this animal, both of which sity of Vermont. It measures 6 feet from
were before me, while making out the the nose to the tail; tail 2 inches; height
foregoing description. The color of one of the ears 4 inches; height to the top of
is a little darker than the other, but they the shoulders 3 feet; rump 2 feet 4 inscarcely  differ in any;other respects. ches. This Bear, which is found throughThey were both caught in Burlington, out all the woody parts of North America,
one in 1830, in the cellar of the Rev. G. was formerly very common in Vermont,
G. Ingersoll, and the other in 1840, on and continues so plentiful at the present
the surface of the ground in a door-yard. day, that our Legislature  continue in
Their fore feet are so closely attached to force a law allowing a bounty of $5 each,
their bodies, that they serve but little pur- for its destruction. It appears from  our
pose except for digging, and their prog- Treasurer's reports for several years past
ress upon the surface of the ground, is ex- that the number of bears for which the
tremely slow, labored and awkward. Like bounty has been paid has varied from  40
the shrew  moles, they probably reside to 50 annually. The black bear, under
most of the time in the ground and ven- ordinary circumstances, is neither very
ture abroad only in the night. On ac- carniverous nor very ferocious. Its facount of their clumsiness they are fre- vorite food consists of vegetables, such as
quently drowned in cisterns and tubs of Indian corn, nuts, berries and roots. But
water and are sometimes brought in by when these fail, it is compelled by necescats; but cats are not fond of eating them  sity rather than choice to resort to anion account of the musky odor which mal food. In such cases, impelled by
they have in common with the shrew and hunger, it will sometimes attack and deshrew mole. It proceeds, as in the other stroy young cattle, sheep and hogs, but




CRAP. 2.             QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                    29
THE RACCOON.                                                     THE WOLVERENE.
will seldom, if ever, attack a person ex- alternately ringed with black and. dirty
cept in defence of its cubs, or when pro- white; belly lighter; tail bushy, like that
voked, or wounded. The early settlers of the fox, but more tapering, surrounded
of this State suffered most from  them  in by alternate rings of dark and yellowish
consequence of their ravages upon their white, about six of each; head roundish
fields of Indian corn. They entered the with the snout projecting beyond the upfields in the night when the corn was in perjaw and terminating in a smooth black
the milk and broke down and devoured membrane through  which the nostrils
the ears with great greediness; and it open; face whitish in front, with ablack
was a common business for the settlers to patch surrounding the eye and descendwatch for them with guns and shoot them  ing to the lower jaw, and a black line dewhile committingtheir depredations; and scending from the forehead between the
in this way large numbers were annually eyes; pupils of the eyes round; the ears
killed. During the fall, when their fdod oval, rounded at the tip and the edges of
is abundant, bears usually become very a dirty white color; legs short; whiskers
fat, and, as the winter sets in, they retire strong. Usual length of the head and
to some natural den among the rocks, or body 22 inches, tail 9 inches; height 12
uprooted trees, or into some hollow tree, inches.
where they remain in a torpid state and    HISToRY. —Raccoons were very plenty
without food until the return of warm  in all parts of Vermont, when the counweather in the spring. The female pro- try was new, and they exist in the mounduces her young during her hibernation tainonls and woody parts in considerable
and has from one to five at a litter, but the numnhers at the present time. In the genmore common number is two. Their pe- eral aspect of this animal there is some
riod of gestation is about 15 or 16 weeks, resemblance of the fox, but in its moveand during this time the females conceal ments it is more like the bear. It also
themselves so effectually that we have no like the bear subsists both upon animal
record of any being killed while pregnant and vegetable food and its destructive prothough they are often discovered while pensity is well known. It sleeps during
the cubs are very small. When the bears the day in its nest in some hollow tree or
first leave their winter quarters, they are among the rocks, and prowls for its prey
said to be about as fat as when they retir- during the night; and is said to destroy
ed in the fall, but with exercisethey short- many more animals than it consumes,
ly lose their fat so as to appear in a few  merely sucking their blood or eating their
days much emaciated. When the bear is brain. It sometimes makes great havoc
in high order he is valued for his flesh, in the farmer's poultry-yard, and being an
his grease, and his skin. He is, with the excellent climber scarcely any roost can
exception of the moose, the largest native be placed beyond his reach. But it probaquadruped found in Vermont, and has bly does most mischief in the fields of Inbeen frequently killed weighing from 400 dian corn, of which it is extremely fond,
to 500 pounds. Their skins are worth while the corn is soft, or "s in the milk."
from $2, to $4, or $5 according to their Here it breaks down and destroys much
size and quality.                        more than it eats. The Raccoon is said
to be fond of dipping its food in water beGENUS PROCYON.-Storr.            fore it eats it, and hence, Linntous gave it
Generic Characters.-'lTeeth 40,-Incisors the specific name of lotor, which signifies
& canines 1.1 grinders 0 6   The thtee first washer. The price of the skin is variable,
X   1 11.   66  from 17 to 37i cents. The largest of
grinders on each side in each jaw, are pointed, these animals in Vermont, weigh about
the others are tuberculated. Body low set; nose 32 pounds, according to Dr. Williams,
pointed; external ears small, oval; tail long and;pointed; feet five toed; nails sharp; mammas six. who says that its flesh is eaten and considered very excellent food.
GENUs GULo.- Cuvier.
Generic Characters.-Teeth 36 to 38-Incisors A  canines,.L_._, grinders 4_4 or 5-5.'         1  1         6  6    6  6
The three first grinders in the upper jaw, and
four first in the lower are small, succeeded by
THE RACCOON.                   a large carniverous or cutting tooth, and small
tuberculous teeth further back. Body low; head
Proc yon lOtOr.-CUVIER.          moderately elongated; ears short and round; tail
DESCRIPTrION.-General color blackish short; feet with five toes armed with crooked
gray which results from the hairs being nails.




$03                NATURALwHISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART L
THE WOLVERENE.                                                    THE WEASEL.
THE WOLVERENE.                  with sharp. crooked claws, and glands producing
a strong, fetid secretion.
Gulo luscus. —SAB INE.
DESCRIPTION.-Head broad and rounded; jaws like the dog; ears low, rounded
and much hidden by the fur: back arched; tail low and bushy; legs thick and
short and the whole aspect of the animal indicates more strength than activity. Color dark brown, passing into almost black on the back in winter with a
pale reddish brown band passing from
each shoulder along the flanks and meeting on the rump. Fur similar to that of            THE WEASEL.
the bear, but not so long nor valuable.       Mustela vulgaris.-LIsNNeNs.
The tail is thickly covered with long
black hair. Some white marking on the             Putorits vulgarism-Cuvier.
throat and between the fore legs; legs   DESCRIPTION.-Color above, in summer
brownish black; claws strong and sharp. dull yellowish brown deepening into hair
Length 2 feet 6 inches; tail (vertebrae) brown on the upper part of the head and
7 inches; tail with the fur 10 inches.    nose, and yellowish white beneath, the
HISTORY-This animal was occasional- brown extending in a rounded spot into
ly found when the country was new, in all the white behind the angle of the mouth;
parts of the state, butwas never very plen- tail next the body the same color as the
tiful. For many years past, however, it has back, but darker as it approaches the exbeen known only in the most woody and tremity, where it is quite black, and the
unsettled districts, and in such places it hairs terminate in a point resembling that
is now extremey rare, none having been of a camel's hair p9ncil. Color in winter
met with to my knowledge for several wholly white, excepting  the posterior
years. According  to Dr. Richardson, half of the tail, which is always black, or
from whose work the above description is reddish brown. Forehead  flatish; ears
abridged, this animal is quite common in slightly pointed; eyes small, black and
the fur countries at the north, and is a lively; body long  and cylindrical; tail
great annoyance to the hunters, robbing short, less than half the length of the
their traps of game, or of the bait, which body. Length of the head and body of
they do so dexterously as seldom to be the specimen before me 8 inches; tail
caught themselves.*  The Wolverene is (vertebra) 2 inches.
represented as being very fierce and car-   HISTORY. —The  Weasel, though  noniverous in its disposition, and many mar- where greatly multiplied, is frequently
vellous stories have been told of its cun- met with in all parts of Vermont. It is
ning and artifice and gormandizing pro- generally seen in stone walls, old fences
pensities,which are totally unfounded. Its and heaps of bushes.  When in  sight it
food ordinarily consists of mice, moles, seems to be always in motion and its mohares and other small animals, seldom  tions are very quick. When in a stone
meddling with larger ones, excepting such wall or heap of bushes he will sometimes
as have been previously killed or disabled. show himself for an instant in half a dozIt produces once a year from two to four en places in the course of half that numcubs which are covered with adowny fur ber of minutes. The weasel feeds upon
of a pale cream color. It is found through- mice, young rats, young birds and birds
out all the northern parts of North Amer- eggsand sometimes commits depredations
ica, even as far north as the 75th degree upon the eggs and young of our domestic
of latitude.                             fowls. It is not uncommon for it to enter
the barns and granaries and cellars of the
GENUS MUSTErLA.-LinnoCus.           farmers in quest of food, and particularly
in pursuit of mice, of which it destroys
Generic Charaters.r-Teeth 34 or 38-Incls- large numbers, and on which account it
ers 6  canines'1, grinders 4 4  or 5 5.
6           5.   11   5 5,       6' might be regarded as a public benefactor,
Second inferior incisors on each side slightly re-were it not for its occasional depredations
ceding; canines strong; grinders cutting; the upon the poultry yard. The female proanterior false grinders, conical and compressed; duces her young several times in the
true grinders trilobate, the last with a blunt crown. course of the year and has from three to
Body long and cylindrical; head small and oval; five at a litter. Blt notwithstanding their
ears short and round; legs short; toes 5, armed
*Fauna Burent fecundity,1 41  very numever              become
~*Fauna Boreali, I. 41.                very numerous.




UCHAP. 2.             QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                              31
THE ERMINE.                                                         THE MI~X.
THE MINK..Tustela viSOn.-LINN. GMEL.
Putorius zrison.-Cuvier.
THE ERMINE.                   DESCRIPTION. —The head is depressed
Mustela erminea.-LINN. GIaEL.      and small; eyes small and far forward;
ears low and rounded; neck and body
Ptotr'ius erminea. —Cuvier.
DESmR I aN.-C r both. ismelong and slender; tail round and thick:DEscRIPTIoN.-Color, both in summer next the body and tapering towards the
and winter, nearly the same as that of the tip; legs short; toes connected by short
Weasel, excepting that the upper parts hairy webs; claws nearly straight, sharp,
of the Ermine are darker in summer and
of the Ermine arte darker in summer and white and concealed by the fur. The fur
the under parts a clearer white than the is of two sorts, a very dense down mixed
same parts of the Weasel. The Ermine with strong hairs; shortest on the head
also grows to a larger size than the Wea- and increasing in length backwards; color
sel and is likewise more thick set, its of the down brownish gray; that of the
forehead and nose more convex; its ears hairs varying in different parts from chocbroader and more rounded, and its tail a- olate brown to brownish black  occasionbout twice as long in proportion to the al white spots about the throat; two oval
length of the body. Length of the head glands which secrete a very fetid fluid.
and body of the specimen before me 8 in- Length of the head and body 20 inches,
ches; tail (vertebra) 3.5. The tuft or pen- tail 9 inches.
cil at the extremity extends about.7 inch-   HSTORY.-The Mink is a common anies beyond the vertebrae both in this and mal in Vermont' Its favorite haunts are
the Weasel.                            along the banks of streams, where it
HISTORY.-It has been a matter of dis- dwells in holes near the water, or in the
pute whether this and the preceding ani- ruins of old walls, or in heaps of flood
mal do or do not belong to the same wood, or in piers and abutments ofbridges.
species.  Dr. Harlan describes them  as It does not venture far from the. streams
two,' Dr. Godman, as one.t  With these and when pursued betakes himself immeauthorities before him, Dr. Richardson diately to the water. It does not run well
says that both these species are, indubita- on land, but swims and dives admirably,
bly, inhabitants of the American conti- and can remain a longf time under water.
nent, the Ermine extending to the most When irritated it ects    fluid, which
remote arctic districts and the Weasel as diffuses a very unpleasant odor. Its fine
far north, at least, as the Saskatchewan short fur, Otter-like tail, short legs and
river.+  Dr. Williams also describes the webbed feet, all denote its aquatic habits.
two as distinct species, and says that the Its fur though not highly prized, is more
Ermine, which he calls "ccone of the great- valuable than that of the Musk rat.
est beauties of nature" sometimes weighs The food of the Mink consists of frogs,
14 ounces, but that the Weasel is smaller.~ fishes, muscles and fish spawn; and also
The skin of the Ermine, in its winter pe- rats, mice, young birds and other small
lage of pure white, was formerly held in land animals. T'hey sometimes enter the
very high estimation, and was much worn poultry yard, where they make great havby the nobility and high functionaries of oc among the fowls, by cutting off their
Europe upon their robes and dresses, and heads and sucking their blood. It is not
particularly by judges. Thence it became a very timid animal when in the water,
the emblem  of judicial purity, and the but dives instantly at the flash of a gun,
judge who was any way corrupted was which makes it difficult to shoot them. It is
said to have soiled his Ermine. The value easily tamed and in that state is very
of the skins at present is hardly sufficient fond of being caressed, but, like the cat,
to pay for collecting them. The Ermine is easily offended, and, on a sudden proin its summer dress is, in many places, vocation, will sometimes bite its kindest
called the Stoat.                      benefactor. This animal is found throughout the United States and British Ameri* Fauna Americana p. 61. t Nat. His. I. p. 193.
t Fauna Borea i. Ip. 45. O H1is. Vt. [. p. 111.  ca, but there has been some confusion




32                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART 1.
FISHER MARTIN.                                                     PINE MARTIN.
with regard to its name. The Mink pro- sometimes called the Pekan, or the Pekan
duces from three to six at a litter. When  JWeasel, or the Fisher Weasel.
fully grown their weight is about four
pounds. Mink skins are worth from 20
to 40 cents, according to quality.
THE PINE MARTIN.
Mustela martes.-LINNAUS.
THE FISHER  MARTIN.                 DESCRIPTION.-General color, fulvous
brown, varying in different individuals,
JMustela canadensis.-LINNsUs.       and at different seasons, from bright fulDESCRIPTION.-Head, neck, shoulders vous, to brownish black; bright yellow
and top of the back, mixed with gray and under the throat; hair of the tail longer,
brown; nose, rump, tail and extremities, coarser and darker than that of the body;
brownish black; sometimes a white spot the color on all parts darker and more
under the throat, and also between the lustrous, and the fur more valuable in
fore and hind legs; lower part of the fore winter than in summer; nose and legs,
legs, the fore feet and the whole of the at all seasons, dark, and the tip of the ears
hind legs, black; tail full, black, lustrous light. The fur of this animal is of two
and  tapering to a point; fur on the kinds, one coarse and the other fine and
head  short, but gradually  increasing downy. The usual length of the head
in length towards the tail; the head has and body, 18 inches; tail, 9.
a strong, roundish, compact appearance;   HISTORY.-In Vermont the name of Marthe ears are low semicircular and far tin and Sable are indifferently applied to
apart, leaving a broad and slightly round- this animal,but the latter incorrectly,as the
ed forehead; fore legs short and strong; true sable is not found in this country. In
toes on all the feet connected at the base works on natural history it is usually deby a short web which is covered on both nominated the Pine Martin. This animal
sides with hair. Length from the nose to was formerly very plentiful in most parts
the insertion of the tail, 23 inches; tail, of the state, but it is at present chiefly
including the fur, 16 inches.           confined to the mountainous and woody
HISTORY.-This animal is known in dif- portions. Though small it is much huntferent places under a great variety of ap- ed for its fine and valuable fur, which,
pellations, but in Vermont it is usually with the clearing and settling of the councalled the Fisher, or Fisher Martin. This try, has very much reduced their numname is, however, badly chosen, as it is bers. Many are, however, still taken on
calculated to deceive those unacquainted  the forest-clad mountains along the cenwith the animal, with regard to its na- tral part of the state. They are usually
ture and habits. From its name theinex- caught in traps baited with some kind
perienced would conclude that it led,an of fresh meat.  Their food consists of
aquatic mode of life, and that like the ot- mice, hares, partridges, and other birds.
ter, it subsisted principally upon fishes  They often rob birds nests of their eggs, or
But this is by means true; and they, young, and will ascend trees for thatpurwho have had an opportunity to observe pose, or to escape pursuit. When its reits habits, aver that it manifests as much treat is cut off, it will turn upon its assailrepugnance to water as the domestic cat. ant, arch its back, erect its hair and hiss
It may, perhaps, sometimes devour fishes, and snarl like a cat. It will sometimes
which are thrown upon the shore, but it seize a dog by the nose and bite so hard,
usually subsists by preying upon small that, unless the latter is accustomed to the
quadrupeds, birds, eggs, frogs, &c. like combat, it suffers the little animal to esthe martin and other kindred species. It cape. It is sometimes tamed and will
is said to kill the porcupine, by biting it manifest considerable attachment to its
on the belly, and then devour it. It lives master, but never becomes docile. Marin woods, preferring those which are low  tins burrow in the ground.  the female
and damp.  This animal is much valued  is smaller than the male. Her time of
for its fur, and considerable numbers are gestation is said to be only six weeks, and
taken in the state, annually. The price she brings forth from four to seven at a
of the skin varies from  $1 to $2. It is litter, about the last of April.  A full




CHPp. 2.                 QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                    33
THE SKUNK.                                                     THE AMERICAN OTTER.
grown martin weighs about four pounds. no disagreeable odor, and whole nests of
The price of prime skins is from $1, to  them  may  lie under  a barn floor for
$1.25.                                     months, without betraying their presence
by their scent.  The flesh of the skunk
GENUS MEPHITIS.-Cuvier.              when the odorous parts have been removed
Generic Characters.-Teeth 34-incis- is well flavored and wholesome food.
ors, A canine A1-.  grinders 4.4   canines
l'                5 5                      GENUS LUTRA.-Briss.
strong and conical; superior tuberculous teeth very large and as broad as they are long; the inferi-    Generic Characters.-Teeth 36-Incisor grinders with two tubercles on the inside. ors, a  canines 1.1  grinders 5r.    canines of
6         51I I,       55'
Head short; nose projecting;  feet five toed, moderate length and hooked; the first superior
hairs on the bottom, and furnished with nails grinder small and blunt, the second and third cutsuitable for digging; trunk of the tail of moderate ting, the fourth with a strong spur on the inner
length, or very short; hair of the body long, that side, the fifth with three external points and a
of the tail very long; and glands, which secrete broad internal spur; the inferior vary from five to
an excessively fetid liquor.               six but resemble the superior. Head large and
flattened; ears short and round;'body very long,
and low upon the legs; tail long, flattened horizontally and tapering; feet webbed; nails crooked
and sharp; body covered with a fine fur mixed
with long bristlyhairs; two small oval glands secreting a fetid liquor.
THE SKUNK.
Mephitis americana.-DEs M.
DEscRIPTIo N. —General color black,
with a white spot between the ears, which
often extends along the sides towards the
hips in the form of the letter V, and a narrow strip of white in the face; tail bushy,      THE  AMERICAN OTTER.
tipped with white; nails of the fore feet         Lutra  brasiliensis.-DEsm.
strong and about the length of the palm;
hair on the head short, longer on the body    DESCRIPTION. —COlor dark reddish glosand very long on the tail. Length from sy brown; pale or whitish about thethroat
the nose to the insertion of the tail 16 inch- and face; head globular; neck long; body
es, head 44 inches, body 11A inches, tail long and cylindrical; tail depressed at
(trunk 10, tuft 4) 14 inches.              the base; feet webbed, short and strong;
HISTORY.-The skunk is a very com- 5 toes on the anterior feet, and 4 with the
mon animal in Vermont.  It is not con- rudiment of a 5th on the posterior.  Tofined to the forests, nor to the thinly set- tal, length of one of the largest size, 4
tled parts of the country, but frequently  feet; length of the head 44 inches, tail
makes its residence in the midst of' our 17 inches, height 10 inches, circutnfervillages.  During the day he shelters him- ence at the middle of the back 19 inches.
self in stone walls, or beneath barns, or   HISTORY.-The Otter lives in holes in
out buildings, and prowls for his'food du- the banks of creeks and rivers, and feeds
ring the night. This consists of eggs, principally upon fish, frogs and other
young birds, mice and other small quad- small animals. They were formerly very
rupeds and reptiles.  He frequently does common in this state, particularly along
considerable mischief in our poultry yards, the streams which fall into lake Chamby the destruction of eggs and fowls. plain and lake Mernphremagog.  Otter
What renders this animal most remarka- Creek derives its name from  the great
ble is its peculiar weapon of defence. abundance of otter, which formerly inWhen pursued, or attacked, it has the  habited its banks.  They are now become
power of ejecting in the face of its enemy  scarce, but are occasionally taken at seva fluid of the most nauseating and stifling  eral places within the state.
scent, which exists in nature.  This fluid    The Otter is an active, strong and vorais secreted by glands situated near the cious animal.  When attacked and unaroot of the tail, and seems to be designed  ble to escape they fight with great fiercewholly as a means of defence, being total- ness, and when fully grown are more
ly independent of the ordinary evacua- than a match for a common-sized dog.
tions.  When undisturbed the skunk has The teeth of the Otter are sharp and strong
PT. I. 




S34                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
THE COMMON WOLF.                                               THE COMMION WOLF.
and his bite very severe.  His legs are Length of the specimen in the collections
very short and his feet webbed, on which of the College of Natural History of the
account he seems to be better fitted for Vermont University, from the nose to the
swimming than for running upon land; tail 4 feet 3 inches, tail 17 inches; height
and he is so eminently aquatic in his hal-  at the shoulder 2 feet.*
its that he is seldom seen at much distance    HISTORY.-For some years after the setfrom the water.  This animal when fully tlement of this state was commenced,
grown measured according to Dr. Wil- wolves were so numerous and made such
liams, 5 or six feet in length and weighed  havoc of the flocks of sheep, that the keepabout 30 pounds, but the total length of ing of sheep was a very precarious busithose taken at present seldom  exceeds ness. At some seasons particularly in
4 feet. The price of the skin is at pres- the winter they would prowl through the
ent from 5 to 7 dollars, but it has been at settlements by night in large companies,
times in such demand as to be worth 10 destroying whole flocks in their way, and,
or 12 dollars.                           after merely drinking their blood and perhaps eating a small portion of the choicest
and tenderest parts, would leave the carGENUS CAN1S.-Linnmus-.            cases scattered about the enclosure and
Generic Characters.-Teeth 42-Incis-  go in quest of new victims. Slaughter
ersa, canine X, grinders 6_-,  The three and destruction seemed their chief defirstgrinders in the upper jaw are small and edged, light; and while marauding the country
and are termed false molars, or grinders; the they kept up such horrid  and  prolonged
great carnivorous tooth above bicusped, with a howlings as were calculated, not only to
small tubercle on the inner side, and two tubercu- thrilI terror through their timorous vici)us teeth behind each of the carnivorous ones. tims, but to appall the hearts of the inMuzzle elongated, naked and rounded at the ex- habitants of the neighborhood. Though
tremity; tongue smooth, ears pointed and erect in the sheep seems to be their favorite victim,
the wild species; fore feet with 5 toes and hind wolves sometimes destroy calves, dogs,
feet with 4, having robust nails.        and other domestic animals; and in the
forest they prey upon deer, foxes, hares
and such other animals as they can take.
Impelled by hunger they have been
known in this state to attack persons,*
but they usually flee from the presence of
man. The wolf bears a strong resemblance to our domestic dog; is equally
prolific, and its time of gestation is said to
be the same. It produces its young in
the early part of summer, having from
four to eight at a birth.  Between the dog
THE COMMON WOLF.                  and the wolf prolific hybrids have often
been produced, which however partake
Canis lupus. —LIrNnEUs.          more of the nature of the wolf than of the
DESCRIPTION. —General color yellow- dog.
ish or reddish gray, blackish on the shoul-   Wolves have  always been so great an
ders and rump, and yellowish white be- annoyance that much pains have been taMeath, but varying much according to age ken for their extermination, but at presand climate, being in some cases nearly ent, their number is so much reduced
black and in others almost white.*  On that comparatively very little damage is
the back and sides there is usually an done by them  in this state. The legisintermixture of long black, and white hairs lature, however, continues in force a law,
with a grayish wool, which partially ap-: giving a bounty of $20 for the destrucpears, giving to those parts a grayish hue, tion of each grown wolf within the state,
which deepens along the back into blatk; and $10 for each'sucking whelp of a wolf;
hair on the back part of the cheeks, bushy; and the amount paid annually for wolf
tail'straight and bushy like that of the fox certificates is usually from one to two hunand nearly the color of the back; eyes dred dollars. The largest wolves killed
oblique; ears erect; teeth: very strong. in Vermont have weighed from 90 to 100
pounds. The only part of the wolf which
*Difference of colour has been the occasion of the is valuable is its skin, which affords a
division of this species into the following varieties: warm and durable fur.
Variety 1. Lupus griseuss Common Gray Wolf.
9 2. Lupus albav,  White Wolf.
c'  3. LsUpus alwcte    Pied Wolf.     * This specimen is distorted by too much stuffing.
34. Lupssbi tue,  Dusk Wolf.     It was killed in Addison county about ten years ago.
4. Lupus nubilu, Dusky Wolf' 
" 5. Lupus ater,   Black Wolf.        *Williams Hist. I. 101.




CGAP. 2.              QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT                               35
THE RED FOX.                                                  - THE CROSS FOX.
ed. The law authorizing the bounty was
repealed in 1841.
The red Fox is the common fox in Vermont, as well as in all the northern parts
of the United States and Canada. Much
doubt has existed with regard to the identity of this fox with the common fox of
Europe, Canis vulpes,but it is at present regarded by the best naturalists as a distinct
species. The particulars in which the
THE RED  FOX.                two species differ are pointed out by Dr.
Richardson in his Fauna Boreali Americana, Vol. I. p. 91. This fox is sometimes
DEscRIPTION.-General color yellow- taken in traps, but he is so sly and susish red, or straw yellow, less brilliant to- picious that to trap for him successfully
wards the tail; chin white; breast dark requires much skill. The best fox hunters
gray; belly whitish, tinged with red to- attribute their success to the use of assawards the tail; fronts of the legs and feet famtida or castoreum, with which they
black; tail very bushy and less ferrugin- rub their traps, believing the foxes to be
ous than the body, the hairs being mostly attracted by such perfumes. The fox is
terminated with black, giving it a dark ap- however more commonly taken in Verpearance, with usually a few white hairs mont, by being shot under the pursuit of
at the tip; eyes near to each other;-  the hound. When the hound is put upon
length- of the head and body 28 inches; their track they do not retreat directly to
tail including the hair 16 inches; height their holes, nor lead off to any consideraof the shoulder 13 inches.              ble distance in one direction, but take a
HISTORY.-The Fox has always been circuit around the base of some hill which
proverbial for slyness and cunning, and they will often encompass many times beto illustrate these traits of character in fore they proceed to their burrows. The
the human species this animal has been hunter, knowing this to be the habit of
largely taxed by fabulists, particularly by the fox, can judge of the course he will
ZEAsop,who composed his fables 2400 years, take and is enabled to place himself in a
aguo. Foxes have their xesidence chiefly situation to shoot the animal as it passes.
in holes, which they dig in the earth, or The skins of red foxes, if prime, are alof which they get possession by ejecting ways valuable and the price for several
the woodchuck from his. These burrows years past has been from $1 to $1,25 and
have two or more entrances and usually sometimes a little higher according to
extend under ledges of rocks or roots of quality. The fox is a prolific animal. It
trees so that digging out the animal is of- produces its- young usually in April and
ten attended  with considerable labor. has from three to six at a litter.
Though sometimes seen skulking about
in the day time, or basking in the sun,    THE AMERICAN CROSS FOX.
the Fox does not usually venture much
abroad excepting in the night. He then      Canisfulvus.-Var. decussatus.
prowls for his prey through the woods   DESCRIPTION.-A blackish stripe passand fields and even among our out-build- ing from the neck down the back and
ings. His food consists of hares, rats, another crossing it atright angles over the
mice, small birds and poultry. He is said shoulders; sides ferruginous, running into
sometimes to feed upon frogs, snails and gray on the back; the chin, legs and
insects, and is fond of several kinds of under parts of the body black, with a few
berries and fruits. The fable of the fox hairs tipped with white; upper side of the
and sour grapes, shows that the partiality tail gray; under side and parts of' the
of this animal for the fruit of the vine body adjacent, pale yellow; tail tipped
was understood in the days of ]Esop. with white. The cross upon the shoulThe Fox is a great annoyance in mnany ders is not always apparent even in speciparts of the state, sometimes destroying mens, which, from the fineness of the fur,
young lambs and oftenmaking great hav- are acknowledged to be Cross Foxes.
oc among the poultry. A bounty of 25 Size the same as the common Fox.
cents each has been for several years   HisTORY.-Instead of considering the
paid for killing Foxes within the state; Cross Fox a distinct species, as most Aand the amount paid out of the treasury merican writers have done, I have conon this account has varied from $1000 to eluded to adopt the opinion of Dr. Rich$2000 annually, showing that from 4000 ardson, who regards it merely as a variety
to 8000 foxes have been annually destroy- of the common fox. In form  and size




36                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
THE BLACK, OR SILVER FOX.                                             THE LYNX.
the Cross Fox agrees very nearly with in general short and triangular; pupils of the
the red fox, and differs from  it chiefly eyes in some circular and in others vertically
in color, and perhaps a little in the fineness oval; fore feet with 5 toes, hind feet with 4, all
of its fur.  The skin of the Cross Fox furnished with long sharp retractile claws.
bears a much higher price than the red fox,
which is owing almost entirely to the
color. The price of a prime skin of this
fox in Vermont is from $11,50 to $2,50.
THE BLACK, OR SILVER FOX.
Canisfulvus. —V ar. argentatus.
DEscRIPTION.-Color sometimes entirely black and shining, with the exception
of the tip of the tail, which is white; but          THE LYNX.
more commonly hoary on some parts from'      Felis candensis.-LniNLus.
an intermixture of hairs tipped with white;
the nose, legs, sides of the neck, black, or   DEscRIPTIoN.-General aspect hoary,
nearly so; fur long and thick upon the sometimes mottled; lighter and yellowbody and tail, and short on the paws and ish beneath, the extremity of the hairs beface; soles of the feet covered with woolly ing white, and below, yellowish brown;
fur. One of the largest of this variety  head rounded; ears erect, terminated
measured from the nose to the insertion with black pencils or tufts, 14 inch long,
of the tail 31 inches, and the tail, includ- black at the tip, with a black border on
ing the hair, 18 inches.                 the posterior side. Anterior border yelHiSTORY.-The Black or Silver Fox is lowish. Base of the jaws surrounded by
regarded by Dr. Richardson as another va- a fringe of long hair, intermixed with
riety of the common fox. It is much less gray black and white; brownish around
common than the preceding variety and the mouth, white beneath; whiskers black
usually grows to a larger size. It has and white; tail terminated with black;
sometimes been taken in Vermont, but legs yellowish; toes 4 on each foot, much
very seldom. Its fur is exceedingly valu- spread; nails sharp, white and concealed
able, prime skins being worth from $10 to in long silky fur or hair. Total length 3
$15 each.                               feet 4 inches; tail 5 inches. Height of the
There is another variety in Vermont, back 1 foot 4 inches; height of the ear 1I
whichis not uncommon,called theSampson  inches.
Fox. The fur is coarse resembling wool   HiSToRY.-The Lynx was never very
and of little value. The Gray Fox, Canis greatly multiplied in Verniont, but when
virginianus, is said to have been taken in the country was new, it was frequently
this state, but as I have seen no Vermont met with, and individuals have been taspecimen, it is here omitted. As we have ken occasionally, down to the present
before said, it is disputed whether our time. It resembles in fierceness and subtcommon red fox is, or is not identical with lety the other animals of the cat kind,
the common fox of Europe.  Harlan, preying upon hares, rabbits, mice and othGodman, Richardson, and  others, de- er small animals. Nor does it confine
scribe it as a distinct species. But Dr. itself to small game, but sometimes desMcMurtrie, the translator of Cuvier's An- troys larger animals, such as deer, sheep,
imal Kingdom, says that the Canisfulvus, calves &c. This it is said to do by dropor American red fox, is identical with the ping upon them  from  branches of frees,
European, and was introduced into the clinging upon their necks with their sharp
United States many years ago by some claws and opening their jugular veins
Englishmen, who thought they afforded and drinkingtheirblood. Sheepandlambs
better sport than the American species.*  have sometimes been destroyed by them
in this state. This animal is found in
GENUS FELIS.-Linnavus.          large numbers in the vicinity of Hudson's
Generic Characters.-Teeth 30-Incis- Bay. Their skins are valuable and the
ors 6 canines L   grinders 44  Inferior in- Hudson Bay Company procure annually
6        5 1         3 3'             from seven to nine thousand of them. The
cisors forming a regular series; canines very flesh of the Lynx is used for food and is
strong; grinders, above, two conical ones on each said to resemble that of the hare. It is a
side, one carnivorous one with three lobes and a timid animal and makes hut little defence
small tuberculous one, below, two false compres- when attacked. Its gait is by bounds but
sed simple grinders and one carnivorous bicusped. not swift. It swims well and will cross
Head round, jaws short, tongue aculeated; ears
v....... lakes 2 miles wide. It breeds once a year
* Cavler's Animal Kbigdom, Vol. 1, p. 433;  and has two'young at a time.




CHAP. 2.              QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                               37
THE BAY LYNX.                                                  THE CATAMOUNT.
sides and belly, longer, looser, lighter,
and tipped with white; hairs of the face
like the back, with whitish hairs intermingled, giving it a reddish gray tinge;
body  long, head  round, jaws strong;
1teeth  strong; canines conical; claws
strong, retractile, and of a pearly white
color. Dimensions of the specimen from
which the above description is drawnTHE BAY LYNX.                 length from the nose to the tail, 4 ft. 8
Felis rufa.-GuILIDENSTED.        inches; tail, 2 ft. 6 inches; from the top
of the head to the point of the nose, 10
DEscRIPTION.-Color yellowish, or red- inches; width across the forehead, 8 indish brown. Inferior parts of the throathes; length of the fore legs, 1 ft. 2 inwhite, or whitish.  Eyes encircled with ches the hind legs, 1 ft. 4 inches.
a whitish band. Front and portions about   HISTORY.-This ferocious American anthe upper lip striped with darkish; irides imal has been known in different places
yellow. Ears short, tufted with black under a great variety of different names.
hair springing from the back of the ear, In the southern and western parts of the
near the tip. Inside of the legs spotted United States it is called the Cougar
with brown. Tail short, terminated with Painter, or American Lion; in New Engdark brown, and obscurely  banded.- land it is known by the name of CataFringe of hair longer than in other parts mount, or Panther; while in Europe it
near the base of the jaw. Ears surround- has more commonly borne the name of
ed posteriorly with a black border, within Puma. This is the largest and most forwhich is a triangular patch of yellowish midable animal of the cat kind found in
white. Length of the head and body, 2 America. In form it bears considerable
ft. 3 inches; tail, 4 inches; height, 16 resemblance to the domestic cat, but
inches.                                 when fully grown is about two-thirds the
HISTORY.-This animal has been fre- size of a lion. It, however,-differs from
qulently met with in our woods, and has the lion in not having the tail tufted, and
perhaps been most generally known by the male being without a mane. These
the name of Wild Cat. It is, however, to animals, though scattered over all the
be distinguished from  the smaller wild temperate and warner parts of the conticats with long tails, which are met with, nent, do not appear to have been any
and which have probably sprung from the where very numerous. They were fordomestic cat. In its habits it resembles merly  much  more common in Vermont
the preceding species, preying upon squir- than at the present day, and have at times
rels, birds,and othersmall animals. This done much injury by destroying sheep
animal is now very rare, being only occa- and young cattle.  They usually take
sionally seen, in the most unsettled parts their prey, like the common cat, by creepof the State.                           ing softly within proper distance, and then
leaping upon it and seizing it by the
throat. If the victim be a large animal,
like a calf, sheep, or deer, they swing it
upon their back, and dash off with great
ease and celerity, into some retired place,
where it is devoured at leisure. Some
years ago one of these animals took a
large calf out of a pen in Bennington,. where the fence was four feet high, and'carried it off on his back. With this load,
he ascended a ledge of rocks, where one
THE CATAMOUNT.                 of the leaps was 15 feet in height.* DurFelis concolor.-LINN2EUS.       ing the day the Catamount usually lies
DESCRIPTION.-General color, brown- concealed, but in the night prowls for his
ish red on the back, reddish gray on the prey, and in early times his peculiar cry
sides, and whitish or light ash on the bel- has often sent a thrill of horror through a
ly; tail, the same color as the back, ex- whole neighborhood. When the country
cepting the extremity, which is brown- was new, much precaution was considerish black, not tufted; chin, upper lip, ed necessary, when  travelling in the
and inside of the ears, yellowish white; 
and inside of the ears, yellowish white; woods in this state, in order to be secure
the hairs on the back are short, thick, from the attacks of this ferocious beast.
the  hairs on the  back are short, thicke      iiams   y, Vol. 
brownish, and tipped with red; on the  * Wiliams' History, Vol. 1, p. 104.




NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART. I.
THE COMMON SEAL.                                                     THE BEAVER.
Travellers usually went well armed, and Be not surprised, kind reader. It is even
at night built a large fire, which served so, and there are living witnesses of the
to keep this cautious animal at a distance. fact.  While several persons were skaUnder such circumstances a catamount ting upon the ice on lake Champlain, a
will sometimes approach within a few  little south of Burlington, in February,
rods of the fire, and they have been thus 1810, they discovered a living seal in a
shot in this state by aiming between the wild state, which had found its  way
glaring eye-balls, when nothing else was through a crack and was crawling upon
visible. The Catamount will seldom attack  the ice. They took off their skates, with
a person in the day time, unless provoked which they attacked and killed it, and
or wounded. In the New York Museum is then drew it to the shore. It is said to
the skin of one of these animals, of which  have been 4A feet long. It must have
the following account is given in Dr. God- reached our lake by way of the St. Lawman's Natural History.* "Two hunters, rence and Richelieu; but it was not asaccompanied by two dogs, went out in certained whether the poor (fat) wanderquest of game, near the Catskill moun- er had lost his way, or having taken a miff
tains. At the foot of a large hill, they at society, was seeking voluntary retireagreed to go round it in opposite direc- ment from the world-of seals.
tions,and when either discharged his rifle,                             r' -,
the other was to hasten towards him to aid
him in securing the game. Soon after parting, the report of a rifle was heard by one
of them, who, hastening towards the spot,   This is the same as the order Glires of
after some search, found nothing but the Linnueus, and embraces those animals,
dog, dreadfully lacerated and dead.  He whose teeth are fitted for gnawing. They
now became much alarmed for the fate of'have two large incisors in each jaw, sephis companion, and, while anxiously look- arated from the grinders by a vacant space,
ing round, was horror struck by the harsh No canine teeth.  The grinders in some
growl of a catamount, which he perceiv- of the genera have flat or ridged crowns,
ed on a large limb of a tree, crouching up- and in others blunt tubercles.  Under
on the body of his friend, and apparently jaw articulated by a longitudinal condyle;
meditating an attack on himself. Instant- stomach simple; intestines long; cuecum
ly he levelled his rifle at the beast, and large;  mammte  variable in  number.
was so fortunate as to wound it mortally, They feed generally on vegetables, but
when it fell to the ground along with the the species with tuberculated grinders
body of his slaughtered companion. His are nearly omnivorous.
dog then rushed upon the wounded catamount, which, with one blow of his paw,         GENUS CASTOR.-Linnaeus.
laid the poor creature dead by its side.   Generic Claracters.-Teeth, 20-incisThe surviving hunter now left the spot, ors    no canines, grinders, 4-4   Incisors,
and quickly returned with several other    2'                      4 4a
persons, when they found the lifeless cat- very strong, smooth on the outside, and angular
amount extended near the dead bodies of within; grinders have a fold on the internal edge,
and three similar folds on the outer edge of the
the hunter and the faithful dogs." So
hehunter an0 the  of thfl ds." mas  upper teeth, which are inverted in the lower ones.
recently as 1830, one of these animals
sprang upon an unfortunate woman, as Eves, small; ears, short and round; feet, five
toed; fore feet short; hind feet longer and palshe  was passing along a road in Pennsyl- mated; tail, large, flat, and scaly; a pouch near
vania, and killed her instantly.t        the root of the tail in the male filled with an uncThe weight of a full grown catamount tuous, odoriferous secretion.
is usually about 100 pounds. One of the
largest taken in this State, to my knowledge, was killed in Roxbury, in December, 1821. It measured 7 feet from the
nose to the extremity of the tail, and
weighed 118 pounds. Under the name of
panther, our legislature give a bounty of
$20 each for the destruction of this animal within the state.
THE COMMON SEAL.                             THE BEAVER.
Phoca vitulina.-LIsNNUs.                   Castor fiber.-LIN]NeUs.
But what.! exclaims one, the Seal in    DEscRIPTION.-Fur   r dense, consisting
Vermont-that inland mountain state? of two sorts, one coarse, long, and of a
* Vol. 1, p. 301.  t Griff. Part V, p. 438.  chestnut, or reddish brown color, the oth



CHAP. 2.              QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                              39
THE BEAVER.                                                      THE BEAVER.
er shorter, very fine and of smoky or sil- their houses. The beaver dams differ in
very gray; head flattened; nose short shape, according to the nature of the
and thick; eyes small; ears short, thick, place in which they are built. If the warounded and covered with short fur; neck ter in the stream have but little motion,
short; body thick; back arched; tail flat the dam is almost straight; but when the
and broad horizontally, oval and covered current is more rapid, it is always made
with oval angular scales; fore legs very with a considerable curve convex towshort and small; and the fore feet are us- ards the stream.  The materials made
ed as hands for conveying food to the use of, are drift-wood, green willows,
mouth; hind feet with long, hard and birch and poplars, if they can be got; alcallous soles, and long toes connected by so mud and stones, intermixed in such a'
a web.  The usual length of the beaver manner, as must evidently contribute to
from the nose to tle origin of the tail, is the strength of the dam; but there is no
from 30 to 40 inches, and the tail about 1 1 order or method observed in the dams exinches long and 6 broad at the widest cept that of the work being carried on
part. The usual weight of a full grown with a regular sweep, and all the parts
Beaver is stated by Dr. Richardson to be being made of equal strength. In places'
about twenty-four pounds.              which have been long frequented by beavHIsToRv.-The beaver, though former- ers undisturbed, their dams, by frequent
ly a very common animal in Vermont, is repairing, become a solid bank, capable of
probably now nearly or quite extermina- resisting a great force both of water and
ted, none of them  having been killed ice; and as the willow, poplar and birch,
within the state, to my knowledge, for generally take root and shoot up, they by
several years. The last, of which I have degrees form a kind of regular planted
any account, was killed, in Essex county, hedge, which I have seen in some places
12 years ago.*  The vestiges of its la- so tall that birds have built their nests
bors are, however, still found in " the among the branches.
beaver meadows" in all parts of the coun-   "The beaver-houses are built of the
try.- The peculiarities in the form of the same materials as their dams, and are albeaver, and especially the remarkable in- ways proportioned in size to the number
stinct, which guides him in the construc- of inhabitants, which seldom exceeds four
tion of his dwelling, have always render- old and six or eight young ones; though,
ed him an object of admiration, and ma- by chance, I have seen above double that
ny accounts of him have been published, number. Instead of order or regulation
most of which abounded in exaggeration being observed in rearing their houses,
and fable.  The following account by they are of much ruder structure than
Hearne, who studied the habits of this an- their dams; for, notwithstanding the saimal for 20 years, in the fur countries gacity of these animals, it has never been
around Hudson's Bay, is pronounced by observed that they aim at any other conDr. Richardson,* who, himself, had the venience in their houses, than to have a
best opportunity for ascertainingits truth, dry place to lie on; and there they usuto be the most correct and free from ex- ally eat their victuals, which they occaaggeration, which has ever been publish- sionally take out of the water. It freed.                                    quently happens that some of the large'" Where beavers are numerous, they houses are found to have one or more
construct their  habitations upon  the partitions, if they deserve the appellation;
banks of lakes, ponds, rivers, and small but it is no more than a part of the main
streams; but when they are at liberty to building, left by the sagacity of the beavchoose, they always select places where er to support the roof. On such occathere is sufficient current to facilitate the sions, it is common for those different
transportation of wood and other necessa- apartments, as some are pleased to call
ries to their dwellings, and where the them, to have no communication with
water is so deep as not to be frozen to the each other but by water; so that, in fact,
bottom  during the winter.  The beav- they may be called double or treble housers that build their houses in small riv- es, rather than different apartments of
ers and creeks, in which water is liable the same house. I have seen a beaverto be drained off, when the back supplies house built in a small island, that had
are dried up by the frost, are wonderfully near a dozen different apartments under
taught by instinct, to provide against that one roof; and, two or three of these only
evil, by making a dam quite across the excepted, none of them had any commustream, at a convenient distance from  nication with each other but by water.
As there were beavers enough to inhabit
* Letter of the Hon. J. Parker, of Orleans, to the each apartment, it is more than probable
Author, Sept. 27, 1841.                each  amn  ti  o     an           al
Fauna Boreali Americana, Part L. pago 1.   that each family knew their own, and al



40                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
THE BEAVER.                                                       THE BEAVER.
ways entered at their own doors, without   Judge Parker, who has devoted considany further connection with their neigh- erable attention to the habits of our native
bors than a friendly intercourse, and to quadrupeds, after confirming the above
join their united labors in erecting their statement of Hearne, in relation to the
separate habitations, and building their structure of the dams and houses of the
dams where required. Travellers, who beaver, observes: " I have thought the
assert that beavers have two doors to correct judgment exercised by the beaver
their houses, one on the landside, and the in the selection of the place for his dam,
other next the water, seem to be less ac- to be the most remarkable part of his
quainted with these animals than others, character.  The choice seems to be made
who assign them an elegant suite of apart- with reference to the plenty of timber
ments.  Such a construction would ren- suitable for his food, and the proportion,
der their houses of no use, either to pro- which the space to be, overflowed bears
tect them from  the attacks of their en  to the length of the dam; and with regard
emies, or guard them  against extreme to these, they seem to judge as correctly
cold weather.                           as man. So far as they have fallen under
"' So far are beavers from driving stakes my own observation, I have always found
into the ground, when building their them at the very best places, which could
houses, that they lay most of the wood be selected on the whole stream. One chief
crosswise, and nearly  horizontal, and object of their pond seems to be, to float
without any other order than that of leav- timber, which is to serve them for food,
ing a hollow, or cavity in the middle; to their dwellings; and where the water
when any unnecessary branches project does not prove deep enough for that purinward, they cut them off with their teeth, pose, they deepen it by digging a trench
and throw them in among the rest, to pre- along the bottom, and cutting off the logs
vent the mud from falling through the roof. which lie in their way, with their teeth.
It is a mistaken notion, that the wood work I have seen logs 20 inches in diameter,
is first completed and then plastered; for which had been thus cut off and removthe whole of their houses as well as their ed."'
dams, are, from the foundation, one mass   Their fo6d during the winter consists
of mud and wood, mixed with stones, if principally of the root of the pond lily,
they can be procured. The mnudis always JXupthar luteum, which they find in the
taken from the edge of the bank, or the water beneath the ice. They also feed
bottom of the creek or pond, near the door upon the bark of' the poplar, birch and
of the house; and, though their fore paws willow, which they cut down in the fall
are small, yet it is held so close up between and drag into the water opposite the doors
them under their throat, that they carry of their houses, as a part of their supply
both mud and stones, while they always for the winter. In the summer they rove
drag the wood with their teeth. All their about, feeding upon different kinds of
work is executed in the night; and they herbage and berries, and do not return to
are so expeditious, that in the course of repair their houses and lay in their winter
one night I have known them  to have stock of wood till towards fall. When
collected as much mud as amounted to they are to erect a new habitation, they
some thousands of' their little handfulls. fell the timber for it in the spring, but do
It is the great policy in these animals to not begin to build till August, and never
cover the outside of their houses every complete it till cold weather sets in.
fall with fresh mud, and as late as possi-   The beaver is a cleanly animal, never
ble in the autumn, even when the frosts allowing any excrement or filth within
become pretty severe, as by this means it its lodge. They are said to pair in Febsoon freezes as hard as a stone, and pre- ruary and bring forth their young in the
vents their common enemy, the wolver- latter part of May, producing from four
ene, from  disturbing them  during the to eight at a litter. Beavers seldom  cut
winter. And as they are frequently seen down trees which exceed 5 or 6 inches in
to walk over their work, and sometimes diameter, and they always leave the top
to give a flap with their tail, particularly of the stump in the form of a cone. They
when plunging into the water, this with- gnaw all round the tree, but direct its
out doubt, has given rise to the vulgar fall by cutting  one side higher than the
opinion that they use their tails as a trow- other. The weight of a full grown beav-'el, with which they plaster their houses; er does not often  exceed 30 pounds,
whereas that flapping of the tail is no though, according to Dr. Williams, they
more than a custom, which they always have taken in Vermont weighing from
preserve, even when they become tamne 40 to 60 pounds.t
and domestic, and more particularly so   *Letter to the Author.
when they are startled."                 t Mis. of Vermtont, Vol. 1. p. il.




CHAP. 2.                   QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                       k41
THE MUSK-RAT.                                                        THE MEADOW  MOUSE.
GENUS Fll:EIt.-Cuvier.               These are made principally of mud mixed
Genrric  Caractrrls. —Teethl, 15 —ncisors 1with grass,and in the form ofa dome, with
no canines, grinders  t    t Lower incisors a iwarm  bed of leaves and grass within.
1shar  pointed an       3 conve~x jlent;  inders withl The only pllace ofenltrance is fromn beneath,
sharp pointed and convex in fi'ont; grinders will) and fron this there are usually  several
flat crowns, firnished withi scaly, transverse zig-e  are                       lly  several
zag lamini;  four t<oes, with the rudinYenjts (f a subterranean passages leading in different
fifth, on the fore feet five toes on the bind fet. directions.  When ice fornms over the surhaving the edges furnished with stiff hairs, tise(i le of the swamp, they rsake breathing
in swimmnin, like the membrane of palnated feet; holes through it, wllichl they sometimes
tail long, compressed laterally; both sexes secrete  protect from  frost by a covering of mud.
an odoriferous, riusky urtu lnt.               When disturbed in their dwellings, the
Musk-rats retreat through their subterranean passages.  They feed principally
upon the roots and bark of aquatic plants,
1     buit do not, like the beaver, lay in a store
of provisions for the winter.
During the winter several families of
M lsk-rats usually reside together.  But
\lheln warm weather approaches, they deTIl3E  51\ lS    K  RAT.            sert their house, and during the summer
Fiber zibcthiclts. —Dls[s.          live in pairs and rear their young, of whichl
DEsc 1iPTrio N.-G-eneral color, yellow —  they have fromn  three to six at a litter.
ish, or reddish brown, lighter beneath   They are very watchful and shy, seldom
body thick and flattish, with a short head  venturing abroad during tle day time, and
and indistinct neck; incisory teetl  very  hence they are very seldom  seen, even in
largre; lips covered with coarse hair; nose  nighborloids wlere they are known  to
abound.  They run badly upon the land,
short; eves small and lateral, and partly  abound.  They run badly upon the land
concealed by the hair; ea.s low, oblulong, but swim  witll fecility artd dive instantly
covered with hair and inconspicuo us; til  o  perceivig th  fsll of a gun,   sully
nearly as long as the body, flatttened later-  giving a stlart blow upon the water, with
ally, and covered with sll ll brown scales, tle tail, in tle act (if diving. l'ey   are
interspersed with short black hairs; legs  usually taken in steel-traps.  The skins
and feet covered with short, brown shin-  are of little value, seldol briniin- more
ing hair; toes 5 on each foot; thuanbs  than  17 cts. and often less than 10 cents.
very small; claws strong and sharp; a
brown spot beneath the tip of the under                    GF.NUs ARVICOLA.
jaw.  Length of the specirtion before me,    GeneiC C/tesctrs.- Teeth 16-nisfrom the nose to the origin of the tail 13                                         In
inches; tail 9: inchles; weiihlt S3 pounds. or 0     nocaer' -il-lllltd         The   inders
HIsToRY. —MNtsk Rats, or Mlusquashes, ate flat on the crowis, n sd lmarltled wi:h zigzag
as they are often called, have a strong  lires of enmel. 11'or to's awl hi rudirnts of
smell of musk, particularly tie males. a fiftf on te f-e feet; ol tl hi  feet five toes;
Their fur is used  in the nmanufacture of lIe' firnt!ed  i!l ck eialls Iolt nelher palnmhats, and  great numbers of' their skins  edl nor firtjic-jed wit' lhins on tleir borders; ears
are shipped to Europe.  Dr. Richardson            e; tai tod, hPirt nl nearly as lug as the
imnformls us that from four to five hundred  body.
thousand  are  annually  inported  fiom               THEI   MEADOW  MOUSE.
Narth America into Great Britain. AMusk
Rats were  very numerous irn  Vermilont                 jRrcirclte miy)lmitS.-OrnD.
when  the  country,was new, and their           DF.scI'IPrioN.-General color  above
skins afforded to the early settlers an ita- grtayish  brown, resulting fiotn  the fur,
portant article of export.  Althoughl now  be einl plultbeous at the  base, and tipnmuc1h diminislhed, they are still found in  ped with olray and  reddish  brown; beconsiderable  numbers,  inlhabiting  tlhe  neath itht yellowishi lead  color; head
banks of our larger stre ams.                  rather large e; ars broad, short, and slightIn its aquatic and nocturnal habits, as  ly covered with  hair on both sides towell as in its appearance and the mode of wards the mnargin, openinl large and apconstructing' its dwellinr, the lMusk-rat is parent; eyes Illolderately large, black and
closely allied  to the beaver.  Like the  unconceale d; wh iirkeirsfew and blaclkish;
beaver he is an excellent swimrnmer, dives  tail short  anmd  sparsely  covered  with
well tend remains for a considerable timne  short stiff hairst     e Ies and feet slender;
under water.  It is only in low swampy  toesi follr,  tit  a rudiment       t of a fifth on
situations that the Muslc-rat resorts to the  the fore fiet, the sec ndfl i-'e longest andt
construction ofhallbitationts bove,round.l  111,t't('1r -]),rot'    -'o Iities  beh3ind, the
P'r. i.           ()




A146                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART'1
THE MEADOW MROUSE.                                    TLIE NORWAY OR BROWN RAT,
three middle ones nearly equal.  Length  and slightly curved; whiskers of unequal
of the specimen from which the above de. length, partly black and partly white.
scription was nmade, 5 inches; tail 2 in- Total length of the specimen before me,
ches.                                     which is a femajle, from the snout to the
HISTORY.-We  have doubtless as many  tip of the tail, 16 inches; head 1.8; body
as two or three species belonging to this 7.5; tail 6.7.  Six pectoral and six vengenus, but they have not been sufficient- tral mammme.
ly examined to enable me to speak witl    HISTORu. —This rat, which is at presconfidence respecting  them.  Meadow  ent the comi on rat of the United States,
mice are quite common in most parts of is supposed to have been originally a nathe state, and at times they become so tive of Persia, or India, and was first
greatly multiplied as to do much injury  known in Europe in the early part of the
to the meadows and to the stacks of hay  18th century.  It was carried to Engand grain.  They have their burrows in land, about tIie year 1750, in the timber
the banks of streams, and  under old ships from  Norway, and from  this- cirstumps, logs and fences; _and in neig!bor- curmstance it received the name of N\'orhoods where they are plenty, numerous zway _at. From  Europe it was brought
furrows may be seen along the roots of over to America, about the commencethe grass, forming lanes in which they  mnent of the American Revolution, and is
may travel in various directions from  now diffused over the greater part of the
their burrows.  Their nests are some- continent.  The Norwayor, as often calltimes constructed in their burrows, and ed, the Brown rat is very prolific,bringing
are also found at the season of hay har- forth from 10 to 16 at a litter, and but for
vest, in great numbers, among the vege- its numerous enemies, and. its own, rapatation upon the surface of the ground. cious disposition, it would soon become
They are built of coarse straw, lirred with an intolerable pest. Ihappily, however,
fine soft leaves, somewhat in the manner for man, they are not only destroyed by
of a2 bird's nest, with this difference, that weasels, cats, and dogs, but they are very
they are covered at the top, and the Pas- destructive enemies to one another, both
sage into them  is from beneath.  These  in the young and adult state.  They are
nests frequently contain 6 or 8 young  sometimes caught in traps, but on account
ones.  The meadow mice, though very  of their caution and cunning it requires
prolific, have many enemies which serve nmuch art.  The surest way of destroying
inr a measure  to check  their undue them is by poison, and arsenic is commultiplication.  Large numbers of thenm  nonly used for that purpose, but so many
are destroyed by owls, hawks, foxes, cats, fatal accidents occur from having this pois&c., and the country people, when at la- on about our buildings, that its use is not
bor in the field, are vigilant in putting  to be recommended.  If poison is to be
them to death.                            used for the destruction of rats, the powder of nuxlz v;oica, mixed with meal and
GE~NUS Mus.-Linnacus.            scented with oil of rhodium, should be emGeneric Charzacters.-Teeth 16-Incis- ployed, and it is found very effectual for
ors   no canines, grinders 3      The grinders that purpose.  The brown rat is a deadly
are furnished wiih blunt tubercles. Destitute of enemy to the black rat, and destroys it, or
drives it from the neighlborhood. It also
cheek pouches; fore feet with four toes, and a drives it food.  It also
wart in the place of a thuimb, covered with an ob- destroys riee. eBt   it does not confiae
tuse nail; hind feet with five toes; na:ls long,
m1mls.  It often destours eggs, chicoukentsharp, and incurved; tail long, tapering, naked,
and scaly; some part of the hair ofthe bodye lon- d the young of other domestic fowls.
ger and stiffer than the rest; ears oblongr, or It however becomes the greatest nuisance
sound.                                    and does most mischief by the destruction of grain, fruit, roots &c. in our graTHE NORWAY  RAT.                 naries and cellars.  The graphic character given it by Dr. Godman will not be
MPlus decunsasnslrs. —PAL.       disputed by any who are acquainted with
D)ESCRIPTION.-General color, light red- its habits.  " It must be confessed," says
dish brown intermingled with ash, lifght- the Doctor, "that this rat is one of the
er and grayish beneath; feet pale flesh veriest scoundrels in the brute creation.,
colored, and nearly naked; tail nearly as though it is a misfortune in him  rather
long as the body, covered with smnall dus- thanl  a fault, since he acts solely in obeky scales, with short stiff hairs thinly  dience to the impulses of nature, is guid.scattered among them; four toes and a ed by no other law than his own will, and
small tubercle in place of a thumb before, submits to no restraints, but such as are
five behind; nails small, light horn color, imposed by force.  He is, therefore, by




CHAP. 2.                QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                     a43
THE BLACK RAT.                                                   THE COMMON MOUSE.
no means as bad as the scoundrels of a mont till some time after the settlement
higher order of beings, who, endowed  of the state was commenced, but that,
with superior powers of intelligence, and  when he wrote, they had become quite
enjoying the advantages of education, do common.  The Norway or Brown rat is
still act as if they possessed all the vil- now the common rat in all the older parts
lainous qualities of the rat, without beinci of the state; and yet it is but a few years
able to offer a similar apology for their since it was said that none of these rats
conduct.  Among  quadrupeds  this  rat hlad ever been seen in the -coulty of Ormay be considered as occupying the same  leans.
rank as the crow  does among bhirds.  He
is one of the most impudent, troublesome,
mischievous, wicked  wretches that ev-             THE  COMMON  MOUSE.
er iTested the habitations of man.  To                fXus musculus.-LINNs.
the most wily cunning he adds a fierceness   D scuSRIro'iIoN.-Color, dusky gray above
and malignity of disposition that frequent- and ash gray beneath; forehead, reddish;
ly renders him a dangerous enemy, and a whiskers, slender, numerous and black;
destroyer of every living creature he can  feet, white; nails, reddish  with white
master.  He is a pure thief, stealing  not points; tail, round, sparsely covered with
only articles of food, for which his hun- very- short hilirs, and tapering from  the
ger would be a suffcient justification, but ins(ertion to tilhe extremity; ears large.
substances whichl can be of no p-ossible Total length about seven inches, of which
utility to hir.  When he gains access to  the tail constitutes one half.  A  variety
a library he does not hesitate to tran.siaete of this mouse which is wlhoily white is
and appropriate to his own use the works frequently met with in the neighborhood
of the most learned authors, and is not so of lake Champlain, on both sides of the
readily detected as some of his brotlher pi- like, and another variety, less common,
rates of the human kind, since he does s   white spotted with black.
not carry off his prize entire, but cuts it   tllST,,RY.-This l ischievous little creainto pieces before he conveys it to his ture, like the precedinog, did not exist in
den.  He is, in short, possessed of no one  North America at the timne of the discovquality to save him from being universal- ery of this continent by the Europeans,
ly despised, and his character inspires no  but finding its way over in ships, in bales
stronger feeling than contempt, even in  of mnrchandize, &c.,  by its great fecunthose who are under tle necessity of put- dity it filled the country with a rapidity
ting hifm to death."5                       equal to tile adv-ancement of the new settlcment,and is nlow very common throughTIlE BLACK  RAT.                   out all the settled parts of tlle continent..Prfes ratts.- LINs.            This mouse takes up his residence chiefly
in houses, barils and granaries,  where he
DJnscm.PaiON.-Head elongated; snout. l.             I
D* cn1~roN. —~ead,longatt~d.. not  is often exceedringly   troublesome, and
pointed; lower jaw  very  short;  eyes is often exceediigly troublesome, and
large and projecting; ears naked, large, does much misif  He is very apt to
trad  and nrl te;    skes la    find hits way into cellars and pantries, ofbroad and nearly ovate  whiskers lon g;r -
r  ten by crnaw ino  hloles throulh boards, and
five flat toes on the hind feet, and on theo    ole                  r       
f,wi             l.5ie is sure to libble every kind of eatable
fore feet four, with a nail representin  a     t flls i is way    On tis account,
thumb; lateral nails, both behind and be- and ol account of he peculiar odor wi
fore, very short; tail iearly   akeld  and        con unicat of  the peculiar odor xich h
furnished with scales disposed in rings  lie coisi,I
s fi'euents, lhe mouse, thourgh a beautifil
amounting in soime cases to 25(;  color fiequents    e role, is   a   u. z
and sprihrlitly criature, is every: where recinerous black, ligl-ter beneath; whiskers   c-,sr.                   e
rarded wviti dlisust.  Thle imouse builds
black; top of the Ibet covered with smallt o  a b
t.s n est very much like that of' a b irdj,
white hairs; mammnre 12.  Len(rth   ofthe   in te  in                  
head and body 7 inches, tail 7.5 ilnches.    Cl  ni t iids.    It hl    t  o       nr t
er soft materials.  It!-n;r-:s ~ orth young
HISTORY.-It seems to be a inatter of
some doubt whiether this Rat is india'-.    iroil1 6 to 1O at a;liller, so t!at ils tin.ltinous in this country or was introducedl  ri1 t   I 
firom Europe.  But whethe  introdJuced, llicatih'   or 0 iiheeked, s execee meg!l rapid. Arl:;totle, lin his hiistory (.fa ni.or indigneous, it is certa tin             tthat ithy   wesrehise.l              ma
t is certain tl..     lla   ileeteons thoat a, pren-lot liatle of
very numerous here before tlhe iltieoduction of the preceding spitcies.  It s tatedtis.*'rain and in a s'l1 rt ti:ne 1.9i idividuals
by Dr.vWilliamst that neiter the Nor awaiy   Hid i,i    u',,         v  *  XTOwere Counted, iston w hich it would aprat, nor the Black rat, was known i n v      ear that t-e iiuse was as inuai distin
* Natural History Vol. 2.-page 78.         nuished cn account of its ~ecundtityl,004
i Historv of Vermont, Vol. 1, p. 113.     years ago as it is at present.




44:.                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                PART 1.
THE JUMPING MOUSE.                                                    THE WOODCHUCK
GENvS GERRILLUS.-Desmarest.                   GENUS ARCTOMYS.-Geoffroy.
Generic Characters.-Teeth, 16-Incis-    Generic Charafters. —Teeth 22-3Incisors 2 nocaniries, grinders a_3   The ginders ors o2 no canines, grinders g_5   The incisors
r 3   ocant,                            grinders "'
are tubercilous; thle first with Ihrllee,!ile second tare very  ron witl Iile ant erior sut.tace rounded;
withi two and the thirnl with one tubercle. Head  grinders f'lishlie  with ridges and lubercles. Body
elongated; ears moderalely  lonrd, roiud(led  at tihe lhick and heavy;,head and eyeslarge; ears short;
extremrity; fore feet short with four toes and a  tpavs strong; fore feet wvith four toes and a rudirudimentary thumbl; hind feet long, having five ryentary ilttimb; hind feet with five toes; nails
toes with nails; each foot with a proper rmetatar- strong and conmpressed;   tail generally  short, hairy.
sal bone; tail long, and mrre or less hairy.
THE WOODCIIUCK.. rctomys monax.-GMELIN.
DsEscRIPTION.-General color, grayish
ferruginous brown, paler beneath and ap~'~il           Iproaching to red between the legs; top
THE JiJIUMPING   IOTUSE.              of the head and nose brown; feet and
nails  black; whiskers black  and  stiff,
Gerlbillus canaadensis. —Dss.          standinge in three-clusters on each side;
DESCRIPTION.-General color, yellow- tail covered with long reddish brown hair.
ish brown abo)ve, grayish yellow on the  Length of the specimen before me from
sides, and yellowish white on the belly; the nose to the insertion of the tail 16~
tail tapering, longer tlian the body, sparse- inches; head 34 inches, body 13 inches,
ly covered with very short hair, and the  trunk of the tail 5 inches, with the hair
tuft at the end very small; head small, nar- extending i A inch beyond, fore legs 4 inchrow and pointed; fore legs very short; hind  es, feet 24 inaches; longest nail.6 inch;
legs very long; nails slender and sharp; hind legs 41 inches; feet 3 inches; larears moderate and covered on both sides gest nail.4 inch.  Weight5 lbs.  This
with  short hair; upper incisors grooved  though an adult is not one of the largest
on the outside.  Length of the specimen  size.
before me, from the nose to the insertion    IIsTonY.-The Woodchuck is a comof the tail 4 inches, head 1 inch, body 3 mon and well known animal in all parts
inches,tail 5 inches, hind leg 2 inches,fore  of the state.  They are found both in the
leg j of an inch.                            woods and open fields, where they reside
HISTORY.-This timid and active lit- in pairs or families, in holes;which they
tle animal is frequently met with in the  dire in the ground.  These holes are usugrain fields and meadows in all parts of ally made beneath a large rock, or stump,
the state.  When not in motion it might or in the side of some dry bank, and are
be mistaken for a common field mouse; sometimes very extensive, consisting  of
but its usual method of progression is very  several apartnments with several opendifferent.  It sometimes runs on all its  in s.  In these recesses they form  their
feet, but it more commonly moves by leaps nests of dry leaves and grass in which
on its hind. legs, particularly when pur- they spend much of their time in sleep.
sued.  It will often clear five  or six feet Their food is entirely vegetable, of which
at a leap, and its leaps are made in such  they eat various kinds.  They are parquick  succession  that it is not easily  ticularly fond of clover and beans, and
caught.  On examination, it is found  to  are occasionally injurious to the farmers
differ considerably in form from the mouse, by  the  extent of their  depredations.
particularly in the great disproportion be- When feeding they frequently rise upon
tween the fore and hind legs, tile latter their haunches to reconoitre, raising their
being more than twice the length of the  fore feet like hands.  In this position,
former.  In this respect it resembles the  when the weather is fine, they will somekangaroo of Australasia, and the jerboa times sit for hours at the entrance of the
of the eastern continent.  They pass the  holes, but they seldom venture far abroad
winter in a torpid state and are not usu- in the day time.  On the approach of
ally out in the spring before June.          cold weather they confine themselves to




CHAP. 2.                QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                    45
THE GRAY SQUIRREL.                                            THE BLACK SQUIRREL.
their holes by closing the passage be- found in considerable numbers but less
tween themselves and the surfice of the plentifully at present than some of the
ground and spend the winter, like bears, smaller species.  This as well as some
in a torpid state.                         of the other species, in some years, beThe Woodchuck is a cleanly animal, comes exceedingly  multiplied, and then,
is capable of being tamed, in which state perhap)s, for several years very few  of
it becomes playful and fond of attention. them  will be seen. This sudden increase
It is a low-set, clumsy animal, and when  aniddinminution of their numbers, seems
the retreat to his hole is cut off, he will to depend upon two causes, the supply of
boldly face a dog in battle, and is fully a food  and the  severity  of the  winters.
match for one of his own size.  His bite, Their great multiplication generally folwith his long and projecting incisors, is lows a mild winter, which was -preceded
very severe.  The female produces from  by a productive summer.  I believe it to
four to six at a litter.  The weight of a be generally true that when one species
Woodchuck of the largest size in Ver- becomes very plentiful, the others beconme
mont when fat is 10 or 11 pounds.  Its so too.  The Gray Squirrel prefers woods,
flesh is sometimes eaten, but is not much  which abound in oak, walnut, butternut
esteemed. Sometimes called Ground Hog. and chestnut, because these furnish him
with such food as he prefers.  During
GENUS SCIURUs.-LinnlCus.            the fall they collect a supply of food for
Generic Characters.-Teeth'22-Incis- the winter, which they carefully deposors 2 nocanines, grinders 5 5  Te upper in- it in hollow  trees or obscure recesses.
2'                 4 4 -                Their nests which are built with sticks
cisors are flat in front and wedge.shape at the ex- and lied with leaves, are usually placed
treinity, the lower are pointed and compressed  in thile forks oflarge and lofty trees, or in
laterally. The grinders are tubercular. Body the hollows of old trees, and in these they
s  the hollows of old trees, and in these they
small and elongated  tlined smalnl  ears erlect
eyes large; fore feet wiith for toes and a tuhrcle  sl)end most of their time during the wininstead of a tlhuob; hire d iet withs five long tesr ter, leaving therm  only to visit their deall furnished witih long hooked nails; tail long and positories of food for the purpose of obfrequently shaggy; two pectoral and six ventral taining a supply.  This is one of the most
mnantnwe.                                  active and beautiful of our squirrels.  It
is easily tamed, d,, in captivity, is remarkably playful, but rather disposed to
be mischievous, often using its teeth to
the injury of the furniture.  About acentury ago these squirrels were so troublesome in Pennsylvania that government
gtranted a premium of 3d a head for their
destruction, which in 1749, amounted to
8~~,0)00 sterling; from  which it would appear the number killed  in one year was
about 1,280,000.
6 —'S2~'~ ~'~~  ~:-~THE  BLACK  SQUIRREL.
Tlll   GPLR.Y  SQUIR.REL.                    Sciurus niger.-LlNNXUvs.
Sciuruts cinzcreus. —GIELIN.          DESCRIPTIO.N.-Top of the head, back,
DEscRIPTIo N. —General color, gray  tail and extremities of the feet, covered
above and white beneath; sides of the  with hair of a deep black color; throat,
head and body, and the exterior of the legs, breast and belly brownish black, lighter
reddish fawn mixed with gray; inside of on the flanks; ears short, black, and not
the legs and thighs bluish  white; tail pencilled; smaller and the tail proportionlarge and bushy, composed of hairs mark- ally shorter, and the fur softer than in the
ed with zones alternately fawn andblack, preceeding species.  Length of the head
and tipped with white; ears without pen- and body about 8 inches.
cils, rounded and covered with very short   III STO itY.-The Black Squirrel is much
hair; whiskers black, 22& inches long. less common in Vermont than  the gray
Length of the specimen before me, from  squirrel, particularly in the western parts,
the nose to the insertion of the tail, 10 and  is perhaps, frequently  confounded
inches; tail, (trunk.93, tuft 2,) 11A inch- with ablackish variety of tile gray squires. Weight 14 pound.                       rel.  Having  obtained no  specimen of
HIsToRY.-According to Dr. Williams, this squirrel, Ihave copied, above, the dethe Gray Squirrel was formerly the most scription contained in Dr. Harlan's Faucommon squirrel in Vermont.  It is still na Americana.  According to Dr.- Will



46                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
*lrE RED SQUIRREL.                                         TIIE STRIPED SQUIRREL.
iams our largest black squirrels weigh but lastly, a reddish brown stripe; the throat,
2& lbs., while our largest gray squirrels'belly, and inner surface of the legs, white;
weigh 3j lbs.                             head tapering from the ears to the nose;
forehead slightly convex; nose covered
THE RED  SQUIRREL.                 with short hairs, with a black spot near
thile extremity; ears short, rounded, and
covered with very fine hair, which is redDESCRIPTION.-Color, reddish gray a- dish brown within; tail less busily than
bove, and whitish beneath, with a dark  in the preceding species, blackish above,
line extending along each side, separating  and red beneath, bordered  with gray.
the color above from  that below; eyes Length of the specimen before me, from
black; whiskers long and black; hairs of the nose to the insertion of the tail, 6 inthe tail cinerous at their base and then  ches; tail (trunk 3- in., tuft I in.) 4 inblack, tipped with red on the upper side, ches.
and with yellow on the under.  Length    HisTORY.-The Striped Squirrelis more
of the specimen before mse, from the nose common in Vermont than either of the
to the insertion of the tail, 74 inches; preceding species, and differs from them
tail, (trunk 5, hair 1,) 6 inches.        in being furnished with cheek pouches,
HISTORY.-This animal is every where  in which it carries the food it collects, to
known in Vermont by the name of Red  its store-house.  It also differs from  the
Squirrel.  They are much more common  preceding in havin( its chief residence in
than either of the preceding species, and the ground, while the others inhabit holin some seasons they have multiplied so low trees, and hence it has received the
exceedingly as to be a great annoyance  name of Ground Squirrel.  It is likewise
to the farmer, and do considerable dam- frequently called the Clhipmnuck, or Chipage by their depredations.  They spend  ping Squirrel, from its note; and it is almost of their time in the tops of trees, so called in many places the Hackee.
feeding upon nuts of various kinds, and    This squirrel is generally seen running
upon the seeds contained in the burs of along upon the lower rail of fences, or sitspruce and hemlock.  Their nests are ting  upon stone walls or logs.  When
usually in the hollow of some old tree, frigriltened  they immediately retreat to
and here they lay up for winter their their holes, which they enter with a pestore of' provisions, often amountingr to clliarly shrill chit-te-rio, indicative of safeseveral gallons, and consistila  of butter- ty, which is as much as to say, "catch
nuts, beechnuts, acorns, and  different me now if you can."  When their retreat
kinds of grain.  Their food in summer to their hole is cut off, they become much
consists of grain,sweet apples, and differ- alarmed, and, in such -ases, will someent kinds of berries, as well as nuts.  In tinles ascend trees, but they betray much
the fall and early part of winter they of- timidity, and will seldom go up more than
ten come around our barns, and purloin  20 or 30 feet.  Their burrows are by the
their subsistence from our granaries. This sile of stone walls, fences, or the roots of
squirrel is often called the Chickarce, prob- trees, and in places where their food is
ably from its noisy.chatter when alarmed. easily obtained. These burrows are often
It is also called the Iludson, or 1tudson extensive, with two openings, at considBuy Squirrel.                             erable distance fromn each other, and what
is remarkable, is that the dirt which has
been removed in nmaking  the excavation,
is no where to be found.  This squirrel
~ ~~ ~'   /'~~           retires to its burrow  on the approach of'
cold  weather, wlhere  it spends  the
winter, subsistingI upon its stores of nuts
and seeds, which it had carefully provided, and beinr seldom seen after the be-,4inriing  of November, before the first of
April.   i' 
THE STR1PED SQUIRREL.
Sciurus St riutus.-K11.                  GEN-.
DESCRIPTION.-Top of the head dark    Generic Characters.-Teeth r22 —Incireddish gray; eye-lids whitish; neck ors,        no tit,:  i   tdrsa.4    Head
gray; back striped, having a black stripe  rolnd; cars short:ildl roil.de; e     ess la:e; frre
along the spine, then on each side a broad  fet:.lh teur eiongattd toes, ilrnilihed vitfh sharp
reddish gray stripe, then another black:ils and a rtiltlentarv ht;lib having an o'tose
stripe, succeeded by a white stripe, and, rail; hi.id fret rNith five:ion, t oes, luch divided~




CHAP. 2.              QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                       47
THE FLYING SQUIRREL.                                                THE HEDGE IOG
and adapted for seizing; tail long, villose; skin of they ascend, and proceed in like manner
the sides extending from the anterior to the posle- to another tree, thus passing to a considrior extremities fornming a kind of parachute.  erable distance without coining to the
ground.  Their habits are nocturnal, and,
untless disturbed, they seldom leave their
nests in the day time.  When this animal
sleeps, it rolls itself up, and so wraps its
large flat tail over its head and limbs as
completely to conceal them, and give it
~  the appearance  of a simple ball of fur.
The flying squirrel is often tamed as a
pet, but is more admired on account of its
w"~~isLtj~'~singular form, soft fiur, and gentle disposition, than for its sprightliness and.activity.
GENUS HIIYSTnIX.-LinnfUs.
Generic Characters.-Teeth 20-Incisors, 2  no canitnes, grinlders 4.4   The grinders have flat tols, but are firnished Nwith ridges
_  of enamel.  Head strongX and convex; muzzle
thick and turned; cars short aud rounded; tongue
THE FLYING  SQUIRREL.                 fuirnished wi!h spinv scales; fore feet, with four
Pterornys Voltuccla.- DEsSA REST.      toes, and the rudirnent of a thumb; hind feet
witlh five toes; nulls strong on all the feet; body
DEscRtTa ON. —General color, reddish  covered with smriues, intermixed with strong hair;
gray  above, yellowiT~sh  white ~benleath; tail more or less long, and sometimes prehensile.
head large; nose rounded; eyes large,
black, prominent, and far apart, and stirrounded by a blackish ash color, with a
white spot over each; ears broad, rounded, and nearly naked; whiskers black,
two inches long; tail long, thickly covered
with fine long fur, brown above,lighter beneath, and flattened; a bony appendage,
about an inch long, proceeding from the
wrist, and used in stretching the flying
membrane. Length of the specimen before me, from the nose to the insertion of
the tail, 6 inches; tail 51 inches; spread          THE  hEDGE  HOG.
of the membrane, measured across the
breast, 64i inches.                                llystriz dorrata.-GtELIN.
HisTotRY.-This interesting little ani-    D;scRePTIo. N -General color, brownmal is frequently met with, livin! in fain- ish black; hair rather long, thick, and inilies, in all parts of the State, but is nev- terspersed with  spines or quills, which
er so greatly multiplied as some of the  vary from l to 4 inches in length; quills
preceding species ofsquirrels. Theyusu- black at the tip, below  brownish, and
ally inhabit the hollows of trees, and feed  white towards their base.  Ears small,
upon nuts, grains, seeds and buds. Their and covered by the hair; snout short and
wings are not calculated f)r rising in the thick.  Legs and feet covered with hair,
air and flying in the manner of bats and  the latter armed with long curved nails.
birds.  Consisting only of an extension of Tail thick, flattened, and not prehensile.
the skin of the flanks, they form  only a Length 26 inches; tail 8; height of the
kind of parachute, by which they are sup- back 14.
ported for a while in the air, and are thus    HIsToRY.-The Hedge Hog was originenabled to sail from one tree to another at ally very common in Vermont, but is now
a distance of several rods. Irn proceeding  confined principally to the mountainous
through  the forests, they first ascend  and woody parts, where it is still found
high uporn a tree, arid, leaping  off in the in considerable nunibers.  This animal is
direction of another tree, and at the same remarkable, principally, on account of the
time spreading their wings, they are ena- quills or spines, which are intermingled
bled to sail, while descerndingl, to a con- with the hair, on nearly all parts of its
siderable distance, and to alight on the body; and as he runs very badley, and is
tree designated, near the grotsnd.  Tinis moderate and awkward in all his move



48                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                               PART I.
THE AMERICAN nRABBT.                                             THE VARYING HARE.
ments, he relies mostly upon his quills  hairy; tail short, hairy and elevated; mammoa
for defence and safety.  When his en- from 6 to 10.'
emy approaches, if allowed sufficient
time, he will generally retreat t(: a fissure
among the rocks, or take refuge in the
top of a tree, which he ascends with facility: but, if overtaken, he places his
head between his fore legs, draws his body into a globular form, and erects his
barbed spines, which now  project in all.
directions.  In this condition they d-efyv
the attack of all enemies but man. Tile
fox, the wolf and the dog attempt to seize       TIE AMERICAN RABBIT.
him only to be severely wounded in the                 Lepaes americanus.
nose and mouth by the sharp projecting        DESCRIPTION.-Color, above  grayish
quills.  These quills, being barbed at the        varied with blackish brown and redextremity, and adhering in the wound, dish; more red about the shoulders than
are detached from  the  owner, and  bay  elsewhere; a whitish spot before the eyes
their rankling, and by penetrating deep- and another behind the cheeks; breast
er and deeper, not only discourage the at- and belly white; feetreddish before with
tack of the assailant, but very often occa- the point of the foot fawn color; upper
sion his death.  The vulgaIr notion that part of the tail the color of the back, bethis animal has the power of projecting or neath white, fur on the body white in
shooting his quills at his assailant, is with- winter, but the ears and tail are of the
out a shadow of foundation.                same gray color summmer and winter.
The quills of the Hedge Hog are highly  ~Lengrth 14 inches, head 3~ ears 2-, tail 2
prized by the aborigines on all parts of' inches
the continent, and are used by them in HIsToRY.-This animal though strictly
various ways as ornaments of their dress- a Ifare has acquired very generally in this
es, pipes and war instruments. For this country the name of Rabbit. Indeed the
purpose they are dyed of several rich and   name  of Rabbit is not only applied to this
pernmanent colors, cut into short pieces, species,but also to the following,and this is
strung upon threads or sinews, and then  distinguished by the appellation of Gray
wrought into various forms and figures rabit, on account of its not becoming so
upon their belts, buffalo robes, moccasins, white in the winter as the other.  This is
&c., and in these operations they mnani- the rost common species of hare throughfest considerable in'genuity and a great out the United States, and is also one of
deal of patient perseverance.              the rmost prolific species.  It produces its
The Hedge Ilog is a solitary, sluggish
Tnime Hedal e    og is a sylitary, slgisI    young three or four times in the course
animal, seldom   venturin   to   ch  dis-of the year and has fromn from five to sevtance from  his retreat armong the rocks. en at a birth.  This animal has been supTheir food consists of fruits of different posed to formiburrows in the earth  like
kinds, roots, herbs, and the bark and btads the European Rabbit, but this is probably
of trees.  Their flesh is sometimes eaten,a mistake.  It is true they are sometimes
and is esteemed by the Indians as the  foirund in burrows, but it is believed to be
greatest luxury. They have three or foar only in cases in which they have taken refvoung at a litter, and their period of ges- Urc in the holes of foxes or woodchucks.
ation is said to be 40) days.  The Hedge
~log or American Porcupine, when full
grown and fat, weighs about 16 pounds.            THE VARYING  IIARE.
Lepes Vairritiat(17US.-HARLAN.
GDvsce RPTION.-General color, in  its
GENUS LEPU S. —Linnus.S           ssummer     dress, reddish brown, darkest
Generic Chartacters.-Teeth, 2S- Ineis-  alono the back, lighter about the shouldors 4 no canines, grinders A.5   Thle ul,)per in- ers, and parsing into white on the belly.
are placed in  pairs, moo,vedae-haive lHairs on the upper parts bluish at their
cisors are placed- in pairs, twvo wedgcr-sh1ap,cdi
with a longitudinal firrowv in firont, and two srnal-basSe then liht reddish yellow, and tipler ones intermediately behind;l  the Inder incisors ped with black. (lain and ears bluish
square, grinders with flat crowvns anii transverse white mixed with reddish brown, the latlaminue of enaniel. Hlead rather large; ears ter margined exteriorly, towards the tip,
long; eyes large, projecting laterally; fore feet with black,and slithtly edged with white;
with five toes; hind feet with four very lone toes; orbits surrounded by reddish fawn; flatnks
all the toes arrmed withi monderate sized nails. tineged with oranSe; sides of the feet whiwhich are slightly arched; bottoms of the feet tish; soles covered with long hair of a




CHAP. 2.                QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                 49
THE VARYING HARE.                                                      THE MOOSE.
tawny yellow  color.  Ears and head of lower, which are opposed to acallosity on
equal length; tail very short; nails long. the upper gums.  In some species there
slightly arched, compressed at the base, are canines only in the upper jaw, and
and entirely covered by the hair.  Incis- others have them  in both. The grinders
ors above and below nearly equal, the for- are twelve in each jaw, marked with two
mer slightly arched and marked by a lon- double  crescents of enamel on  their
gitudinal groove.  Length of the speci- crowns, of which the convexity is outmen before me, which was taken in Sep- wards in the lower, and internal in the
tember, from the nose to the root of the upper jaw; articulations of the jaw adaptail, 16 inches; tail, including the fur, ]J,; ted for a triturating motion. The Iimbs
ears 35; hind foot, 56.  Color, in its win- are disposed for walking; the feet with
ter dress, white, or nearly so, resulting  two hoofed toes; the two bones of the metfrom the hairs being bluish at their base, acarpus and metatarsus, consolidated inthen yellowish fawn, tipped with white.  to one; organs of digestion calculated for
IIISTORY.-This hare is quite common  ruminating, consisting of four stomachs;
in Vermont, and, in the winter season, is intestines long; two or four inguinal
usually called the white rabbit.  It is less mammae. The males have horns, and the
prolific than the preceding species, pro- females, too, in some species-; food always.
ducing its young only once or twice a year, vegetable. The most remarkable faculty
and having from 4 to 6 at a time.  The of these animals is that of rumination, oryoung are able to see at birth, and are of returning the food into the mouth for
covered with hair. They are able to pro- the purpose of chewing it a second time,
vide forthemselves in a very few days, af- called chewingr the cad, and hence the
ter which they receive but little aid from  name of the order, Ruminantia.
their mothers.  The hares feed in summer upon grass, juicy herbs, and the             GENUS CERvus.-Linnme    us.
leaves and buds of shrubs, but in winter,   Generic Characters.  Teeth 32, or 34when the snow is deep, they gain a pre- Incisors.-canines Q,0 or I    grinders.Q6
carious subsistence from  the buds and            8         0 0       o        s 6.
bark of bushes and small trees. The bark  The canines, where they exist, are bent back and
of the willow, birch, poplar, and the buds cotpressed. Head long, terminated by a muzof the pine, are with th~em favorite arti- zle; eyes large, pupils elongated transversely;
cles of food. The hares are the most timid  most of the species have a lachrymal sinus; ears
long and pointed; tongue soft; horns solid, decidand deferceless of all quadrupeds, and no  nuous, palmated, branched, or simple, in the males;
animals have more numerous or formidable females destitute ofhorns, except in one species;
enemies. They are pursued and destroy- four inguinal mammre.
ed in great numbers, by men and dogs,
by eagles, hawks, and owls, and by all the
carnivorous beasts of the forests; and yet,
notwithstanding this destruction, nature
has sufficiently provided, in their great
fecundity, for the preservation of the several species.  When pursued, the American rabbit soon becomes wearied, and to
avoid being overtaken, takes shelter in
some hole in the earth, in a heap of logs,
or stones, or in a hollow log, but this species is so fleet as to be in no fear of being
overtaken by its pursuers, and, therefore,
does not seek concealment.  It has been
ascertained by measurement that it can
leap 21 feet at a bound, and its body is so;
light in comparison with its broad furry           _
feet that it is enabled to skimn easily along
the surface of deep snows, while the wearied hounds plunge in at every bound,                 THE  M1OOSE.
and soon give up the hopeless pursuit.            Cervus alces.-LtlNNEUS.
The skin of the hare is of no value, but   DEscRIPTION.-Head long narrow  bethe flesh is considered nourishing food.
fore the eyes and enlarged towards  the
mouth, which has somle analogy to that of
ORDER RUMINANTIA.                 the horse; upper lip exceedingly develAnimals of this order have three kinds oped and very thick; nostrils, a lateral
of teeth.  They have no incisors in the slit, more opess anteriorly than behind;
upper jaw, but have usually eight in the eyes small, near the base of the horns;
PT. I         7




so.                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART Lo
THE MOOSE.                                                            THE ELl.
lachrymal pits small; neck short; ears their neck. They move with along shamvery large and thick; horns, consisting bling trot, and with a rattling of their
of a very large flattened expansion, fur- hoofs, which may be heard at a consider-nished with numerous prongs on the ex- able distance. Their course is swift and
ternal border,with a large isolated branchof straight, and they leap over the highest
the principal stock. Tail excessively short. fences with ease. The males only have
A tuft of long hair, like beard, beneath horns, which are shed and reproduced anthe throat, in both sexes, and a protuber- nually. The rutting season is in Septemance in the same place in the male. Legs ber, and the young are produced about
long; feet long, and placed obliquely on the first of June, usually two at a birth.
the soil. Hair coarse and friable. Gen- The female is smaller than the male.+
eral color fawn-brown.  Dimensions, as This animal was called Jlonsall by the
given by Dr. Harlan: length from  the Algonquin Indians, Orignalby the French
nose to the base of the tail, 6 ft. 10 in.; inhabitants of Canada, and M3oose, or
height before, 5 ft. 2A in.-behind, 5 ft. Mloose Deer, by the English.t
4{ in.; length of the head, 23 in.; ears, 10   Since the above was written, I have
in.; horns, 37 in.; neck, 18 in.; tail, 11 had an opportunity of examining a living
inch.  Weight of the horns sometimes 60 Moose in Burlington. It was a female,
pounds.                                 two years old, an-d had then been in capHIsToRY.-Moose were formerly very tivity about two months, having been taplentiful in Vermont, and in many places ken in Canada, near the north line of this
the early settlers depended upon their state, in March, 1842. The height at the
flesh for no inconsiderable part of the sub- shoulder was about 6 feet, and it agreed
sistence of their families. They are now  fully with my description, so far as it is
exterminated from all portions of the state applicable to the female, that sex being
excepting the county of Essex, in the without horns. It had become so tame
northeastern part. There they are still as to be led by a halter without difficulty.
found, and several were killed there during the two last winters.  The head and              THE ELK.
horns of one of these, obtained by Judge
Parker, of Orlean's, and now in his pos-      Cerrus canadensis.-GMEL.
session, weighed 95 pounds, of which the   DFSCRIPTIore.-Head well formed, tahorns are supposed to constitute one half. pering to a narrow point; ears large and
The hide and quarters of this Moose,when  rapidly moveable; eyes full and darkdressed,weighed a little more than 800 Ibs. horns lofty, graceful, with numerous
The height of its horns exceeded 3 feet, pointed cylindrical branches, which curve
and the distance between their tips was forward. The hair is of a bluish gray
more than 5 feet, and larger than this are color in autumn; dark gray during the
not often found at the present day. But 
7ofen a te pre t d.      winter, and at the approach of spring asit would appear from the statement of Dr. sumes a reddish, or bright brown color,
Williams that larger individuals were ta- which it retains during the summer. The
ken in early times. He says that one of croup  of a pale yellowish white or clay
these animals in Vermont was found by.. a.    y
these animals in Vermont was found  by color. Colors nearly the same in the two
measure to be 7 feet high, and that the sexes; but he feaes are wihot hors.
D X.    Sexes; but the females are without horns.
largest Moose were estimated by the hun- Height at the withers, accordine to Dr.
ters to weigh from 1300 to 1400 pounds. 1Harlan, 4 feet, the horns 3 feet, first antThe food of the Moose consists of grass, ler I foot, second 10 inches, length of the
shrubs, the boughs and bark of trees, es- tail 2 inches.
pecially the beech, which they seem  to   HISTORY.-The horns of the elk have
prefer above all others, and a species of been often found in Vermont which may
maple, Xceerpennsylvanicnum, which is call- be regarded as sufficient proof of the fored: MRooseewo,.  In summer they keep mer existence of that animal within the
pretty much in families. In winter they state; and if the anial was found here
state; and if the animal was found here
herd together, sometimes to the number after the settlement of the state was conof 20 or 30 in a company. They seem to menced, it is doubtless now compoetely
prefer cold places; and when the snow is  exterminated.  Elks live in families.
exterminated.  Elks live in families.
deep they tread it down for a space of sev- Their rutting season is in September, and
eral acres, forming what is called a yard. the young, one and sometimes two in
Within this space they range, and sub- numer,are produced in July. Their horns
sist upon. the twigs and bark of the trees, are generally shed in March. This spe*.    t3   *?    *? are generally shed in March. This spewhile the snow remains deep upon the cies is sid to be still fund  in nmbers
ground. In order to eat from the ground,
they are obliged to kneel or spread their   * Williams' Htistory, Vol. 1, p. 99.
fore legs,, on. account of the shortness of  t. Harlan, Fauna Americana, p. 23'2.




CRAP. 2.              QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT                               51
THE COMMON DEER.                                       DOMESTIC QUADRUPEDSin the western states. A specimen of this most other species; but at the same time
species, preserved in the Philadelphia it possesses great muscular power, and
MIuseum, measures seven feet and seven runs with surprising speed. It is a very
inches from the tip of thie nose to the timid and shy animal, and, possessing a
base of the tail, and the horns measure keen sense of hearing and smelling, it is
three feet and ten inches. The animal found to be very difficult to approach
was 13 years old.                      within gun shot of him without.his taking
alarm. In the fall the deer are in good
condition, and the venison valuable. In
the winter they herd together, and, when
the snow  is deep, they form what are
called "yards," where they tread down
the snow and gain a scanty subsistence by
browsing the trees and bushes. During
this period they become very lean, and'
neither the skin nor the flesh is of much
value. They produce their young in the
sometimes three, at a birth. The fawns
are at first reddish, spotted with white.
They lose their spots in autumn and become gray in winter. This coat is shed
about the first of June and in sumnmer
they are nearly red, which color continues
TH:E COMMON DEER.               till August and then changes to blue. The
skin is said to be thinnest in the gray,
Cesrvus virginianlus.-GMlEL.     toughest in the red and thickest in the
DESCRIPrTIoN.-Form light and slender; blue; the skin and the flesh being most
color reddish fawn in summer, and gray- valuable in the blue. The horns of' the
ish in winter; horns moderate, with an male are shed in January. The deer is
antler placed high on the inside of each said to manifest great enmity to the Ratshaft, and two or three others on the pos- tie-snake.  When it discovers one of
terior side, turned backwards, but varying these reptiles, it leaps into the air above
with the age of the animal; lachrymal it and alights upon it with all four of its
pits formed by a fold in the skin; muzzle feet brought together in the form  of a
partially developed; tail proportionally square, and this operation is repeated till
longer than in the preceding species, and the hated reptile is destroyed.
thin; no canine teeth. Length 5 feet 5
inches, tail 10 inches, height 3 feet,     DOMESTIC QUADRUPEDS.
length of the head 12 inches, of the
horns, following the curvature, 22 inches.   Thus far we have confined ourselves to
Weight from 90 to 130 pounds.          an account of the Quadrupeds which have
HIsTonY.-When the country was new  been found in Vermont in a wild state.
this deer was one of the most common In addition to these we have several quadand valuable quadrupeds found in our rupeds which have been introduced and
forests, and upon its flesh were the first are kept in a domesticated state. The folsettlers of the state, to a very considera- lowint is a list of such as may be rega-rd-,lle extent, dependent for food. Indeed ed as permanent residents.
so eagerly was it hunted, and still so           ORDER CARNIVORA.
anxious were the people for its preserva-   Canisfamiliaris,   The Dog.
tion, that a law for its protection from the   Felis catus,    The Cat.
10th of December to the 10th of June
was one of the earliest acts of our legislature. But notwithstanding all that has   Equus caballus,       The Horse.
been done for their preservation, their   Equus asinus,        The Ass.
numbers have been constantly diminish-   Sus scrofa,           The Hog.
ing within the state, till they have be-         ORDER RUMINANTIA.
come exceedingly scarce, except in a few    Bos taurus,        The Ox.. of the most unsettled and woody sections.   Ovis aries,       The Sheep.
The range of this species is very exten-sive, reaching front Canada to the Oro-   There are a few  other Quadrupeds,
noco in South America. In its form this which are sometimes kept as a matter of
deer is slender and delicate; and its neck curiosity, such as the Goat, the English
and tail proportionally longer than in Rabbit, the Guinea Pig, &c.




52                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART I.
THE DOG.'                           THE CAT.                          THE HORSE.
THE DOG.                   most families consider it to their advanCanisfarmlileris.-LiNN.          tage to keep one at least upon their premises.  Cats were formerly held in so high
estimation  on account of their mousing
state fromn time imlnemorial; and from        ation on account of their mousing
him has sprung so greatt a number of va- qualities, that in the 10th century laws
In a  pugs   ra,nme  fv-were passed in England regulating the
rieties, that it is perhaps impossible to de-t passed in England regulating the
termine which now approaches nearest to price of then. It  as also enacted, that
the original stock. The dog is mention-   whoever stole or killed the cat that
ed as being a familiar animal nearly two guarded the granary of the prince, should
ed as being a familiar animal nearly two f, w     h
thousand  ears before the Christian era, fbrfeit an ewe, with her fleece and lamb,
thousand years before the Christian era, or as much wheat as, when poured upon
but the allusions to ii in in the Bible seem
to imply that he was formerly more san-a cat, suspended by its tail, (the head
guinary and savage in his disposition than  touching     the floor,) would form  a  heap
hirh enouch to cover the creature to the
at present.  The dog is the only quadr- tp of its tail."
ped which has been the companion of p os 
man in every state of society, and in every region and climate of the earth, and no     ORDER PACHYDERMATA.
other animal manifests so great and so   This order is named from the thickness
faithful an attachment to his master as of the skin of the animals which compose
this; and this attachment seems to arise it. They have two and sometimes the
from  the purest gratitude, and  truest three kinds of teeth.  The four extremifriendship.  In works on natural history  ties are furnished with toes, variable in
we have no less than sixty permanent va- number, and terminated with strong nails
rieties of the dog named and described.* or hoofs. They have no clavicles; and
In Vermont, each family in the country  the organs of digestion are not formed for
usually finds it convenient to keep one ruminating.  We have no animal of -this
dog, and very few have more than one. order existing in Vermont in a wild state,
In our villages a few dogs are kept, (bet- and only three, the Horse, the Ass, and
ter if fewer,) but as a person's standing in the HIog, which have been introduced.
society is not here, as in some countries,
indicated by the number of his dogs, the          Genus Equus, LINsmUS.
dog mania has never prevailed to any   /Generic Characters.-Teeth 40-Incisconsiderable extent, and consequently lit- ors -, canines 1.1, grinders 6_6.  Grinders
tle pains have been taken to procure rare fuirrowed on each side with flat crowns, and sevand popular varieties.  As the expense of eral ridges of enamel; between the canines and
keeping a dog is generally much more grinders a vacant space.  Upper lip capable
than the profit,an d as di reful consequences of considerable motion; eyes large; cars rather
are to be apprehended when dogs are nu- large, pointed and erect; feet with a single vismerous, from the occurrence of hydropho- ible toe, covered with a strong hoof; tail with
bia among them, we should by no means long hair, or in some species with a tuft at the
regret the reduction of the dogsin this extremity; two inguinal teats; stomach simple
state to a moiety of their present number. and membranous; intestines and crecum large.
THE DOMESTIC CAT.                              THE HORSE.
Felis catus.-LlNN.                   Equus caba7lus.-LirNNa s.
Our domestic Cat is said by Cuvier to   This generous and noble spirited anihave been originally from the forests of mal, next to the sheep and the ox, has
Europe, where it is still found in a wild probably been the most useful servant of
state.  The color of the wild animal is man. At whatperiod he became domesgrayish brown on the back and sides, with ticated we have at present no means of
dark transverse undulations, while below  knowing. It must, however, have been
it i s lighter colored, and the inside of the soon after the deluge, if not before that
thighs and feet are yellowish. There are event, as there is mention of the horse
three bands upon the tail, the inferior and his rider in the book of Genesis nearth~ir  of whichis blackish. Inthe domes- ly 2000 years before the Christian era.
The horse is the associate and assistant
ticated state this animal varies, as is wellT       he hor se is the associate  and assistant
known, in the length and fineness of its of man in war, in the  chase, and  in the
hair, but infinitely less so than the do   orks of agriculture, of the arts and of
and is also much less submissive and af-commerce.  Although wild horses exist
fectionate.  The Cat renders essential at the present day in several parts of the
service by the destruction of vermin, and  world, yet it is believed that there are
now no wild horses, which have descen* 1rown's Zoological Text Book, Vol. 1, p 75.  ded in a wild state from the original stock.




CHAP. 2.              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              53
THE ASS.                          THE MULE.                              THE HOG
The wild horses in Asia and America are one employed as a beast of burden.  It is
all descended from such as had been for- much more sure-footed than the horse,
merly domesticated, and had been set at and  on that account is much used in
liberty.  These wild horses are said to be rough mountainous ciuntries. The hoarsevery-numerous, going in troops upon the ness of the bray of the Ass is well known,
prairies at the southwest, and that the In- and it is produced by two small, peculiar
dians supply themselves with horses, by cavities, situated atthe bottom of the larcatching and taming them.  The period lynx.  The Ass is not keptin Vermontfor
of gestation in the horse is 11 months and  its labor, but a very few are kept for the
in the domesticated state the colt is al- production of Mules from the mare.
lowed to suck 5 or 6 months. At the
age of two years the sexes are separated;
at three they are handled and at four are    TIE MULE. —The  Mule is an unprolifbroke to the saddle and harnes, nd are  ic hybrid, produced betwixt the horse and
capable of service and  of propagating  theass When the sirewas a horse ard the
without injury to themselves. The life damn a she-ass, the offspring was termed
of the horse is from 23 to 30 years, but Hinnus by the ancients, but when the sire
they  are not of much value after they  was a jack ass and the dam a mare, itwas
reach 20 years.  The age of a horse may then called Mulus.  At some periods a
be pretty nearly ascertained by his teeth. considerable number of Mules have been
According to Cuvier the milk teeth appear produced in Vermont, but they have alabout 15 days after the colt is foaled; at ways been reared for exportation, none
2J years the middle ones are replaced; at ofthem  being kept within the state for
3J the two following ones; and at 4A the their labor.
outermost ones or corners. All these
teeth have at first indented crowns, which         GENUS Svs.-Linneus.
are gradually worn down by use and en-    Generic Characters.-Teeth 42 or 46tirely effaced at 7 years old.  The lower incisors, 4 or, canines, _,l grinders, 7-7
canine teeth appear at 3 years old, and Lower incisors directed obliquely forward, the up.
the upper ones at 4. They remain poin- per ones conical; the canines protruded and bent
ted till 6, and begin to peel off at 10.  upwards; grinders simple and tuberculous Body
Vermont produces excellent horses and covered with bristles; nose elongated, cartilagin.r
considerable pains have been taken to in- ous and furnished wvith a particular bone to the
troduce the best varieties.  The greatest sntout; feet with foir toes, the two middle ones only
part of the labor upon  the farms, and  touching the ground, furnished with strong hoofs.
nearly the whole of the travel and transportation in this state is performed by hor-      THE  COMMON  HOG.
ses, and large numbers of fine horses are          Sus scrofa.-LiNNsvS.
annually sent to market out of the state.   The color of the Hog, in a wild state
The whole number of horses in Vermont, is blackish   brown  mixed  with  gray.
(including the mules which are very fb,) is blackish brown mixed with gray.
(including the mules     o which are very few,) Its tusks strong, prismatic, curved outaccording to the returns of 1840, was as wards and slightly upwards; its body short
Addison,        5,425 Orange,       6,674 and thick; its ears erect, and the young
Bennibngton,    3,397 Orleais,      3,459 are striped with black and white. In the
Caledonia,      5,85*2 Rutland,     6,200 domestic state it is subject to very great
Chittenden,     4,'2314 W\ashington,  4,360 variety, both in form and color.  Pork or
Essex,          1,207 Windham,      4,969
Franklin,       4,427 Windsor,      8,440 the flesh of the Hog, has always been to
Grand Isle,     1,161             --    the people of Vermont one of the most
Lamoille,      2,597 Total number,  62,402. important articles of food.  When the
THE ASS.                   country was new, the first settlers of the
state depended, to a very considerable exEquus asinus,-LiNN^mS.            tent, upon the spontaneous productions
The Ass is distinguished by his long of the forests for the means of fattening
ears, by the tuft which terminates his tail, their hogs.  Hogs are extremely fond of
and by the black cross on his shoulders. acorns, beech nuts, and other nuts, and
His usual color is a brownish gray.  He with these the forests abounded.  When,
was originally from the great deserts of on the occurrence of frosts in autumn,
central Asia, where these animals are still these nuts began to fall from the trees, it
found in a wild state, and where they  was the practice of the early settlers to
range in immense herds from  north to turn their hogs into the woods and let
south, according to the season.  The Ass them run till the setting in of winter and
in the domesticated state, is a patient, the fall of deep snows, when they were
submissive and serviceable animal, and in  usually found in good condition to be
many parts of the world is almost the only  butchered.  Btlt on account of the great




354                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART. I.
THE OX.                                                                    THE OX.
number of bears, wolves and catamounts, however, have been domesticated at a
which embraced every opportunity to de- very early period, as the keeping( of cattle
stroy them, the fattening of hogs in this is mentioned as an occupation before the
way was, at best, a precarious business. flood."' After that event the keeping of
In some places,where a considerable num- cattle and sheep afforded the means of
ber of hogs were turned into the woods subsistence and constituted the principal
together, a person was kept with them to part of the wealth of a large proportion of
protect them  during the day, and collect the human race; and has continued to do
them into a place of safety for the night, so down to the present time.  We read
and often has our blood chilled in our that when Abraham  was in Egypt, 180
veins as we have heard our fathers nar- years before there is any mention of the
rate, with  quivering  lips, their bloody horse, he was possessed of sheep and oxstruggles with bruin for the possession of en;t and this account of the early domesa favorite hog. Almost every family in tication and acknowledged value of the
the state fattens one hog, or more than  ox is confirmed by the records of profane
one, for their own use, and by most of our history. This animal was held in so high
farmers,more or less are fattened for mar- estimation as to be an object of worship
ket.  Hogs are usually butchered in this in Egypt, and among the Hindoos was
state when about 20 months old, and  highly venerated and believed to be the
their weight when dressed is from 150, to first animal created. The traditions of
400 pounds, according to kind and condi- the Celtic nations also enrol the cow
tion. Considerable pains have been taken  among the earliest productions, and repwithin a few years to improve our breed of resent her as a kind of divinity.
hogs, and several new varieties have been    Cattle, like most other domesticated
introduced, one of the latest and most ap- animals, have run into a very consideraproved of which is called the Berkshire ble number of varieties, and it is now,
Hog. The Hog is a prolific animal, pro- perhaps, impossible to ascertain which
ducing  young twice a year, and often  approaches nearest to the original stock.
having 14 pigs at-a litter.  The period of The cattle which were first introduced
gestation is 4 months.  Thehog increases into this country by the early settlers,
in size for about 5 or 6 years, and some- were such as were the common cattle of
times lives 20 years. The number of hogs Great Britain 150 or 200 years ago, and
in the several counties in Vermont, ac- from these the present stocks have gencording to the returns of 1840, was as fol- erally descended, and, till within a few
lows:                                     years past, very little pains have been taAddison,       i4,301 Lamoille,     7,287 ken for their improvement.  These, comBenningtona,    98,991l)rarge,     2,rlan,ing from different parts of England, ScotCaledonia,     18,991:)rleans,     9,750
Chittenden,    25,31(! Rutland,    15,56:t land and Ireland, consisted of many vaEssex,          3,630 vNashington,    12,150 rieties, which here became amalgamated,
Franline        8,93179 Windhsm,   29,4834 and which have here formed what may be
called the.m7nerican stock, retaining, like
our American people, many both of the
G-ENUS  Bos.-Linnters.           good and bad qualities of the races from
which it is descended. For many years
Generic Charactcrs.-Teeth 32 or 30-  past much pains have been taken to imIncisors 8 or 6o canines' 0o grindersi.. Head prove the breeds of cattle, particularly in
large;forehead straight; muzzle square; horns oc- England, and within a few years some of
cupying the crest of the forehead; eyes large; these improved breeds have been introears funnel shaped; dewlaps on the neck; female duced into this country.  The most apwith an udder, havingfour teats; tail long and tuf- proved of these are the Ayrshire and
ted; horns simple, conical, round with various in- Durham, and these are doubtless in many
flections, sometimes directed laterally.  respects superior to our native  cattle.
Still, it is the opinion of many, that the
THE OX.                    proper method of improving stocks of
cattle is not by the introduction of foreign
Bos taur us.-LINN.             materials, but by selecting, for breeders,
We here use the term  ox in a general from our native stocks, the best varieties,
sense, to denote neat cattle, the male of and, from these, those individuals which
which is called bull, and the female cow, possess the properties desired in the highalthough it is ordinarily applied to the est perfection.  In this way we shall be
male in an altered working state. Neith- sure to have a race of cattle which is
er the native country of the ox; nor the adapted to our country and climate, and
time when he was reclaimed from a wild
state, is now certainly known.  It must,   * Genesis IV-20. tGenesis XI —16.




CHAP. 2.               QUADRUPEDS OF VERMONT.                                 55
THE SHEEP.                                                            THE SHEEP.
but a few years would elapse in the pur- a large,hardy, coarse woolled variety, and
suance of this policy, before we should be before the commencement of the present
as proud to compare the American stock  century very little pains had been taken
of cattle with the cattle of foreign coun- to improve their quality or increase their
tries as we now are to compare the Amer- numbers. The first fine woolled sheep inican with foreign nations.               troduced were the Merinos, from Spain,
Upon lands which  are uneven and in 1802. In that year Chancellor Livrough, the farming operations are carried ingston imported a buck and two ewes inon to better advantage by oxen than by to New York, and Col. D. Humphreys
horses, and on this account large numn- inported 200 sheep of this breed, and plabers of oxen are kept for labor in Ver- ced them  on his farm near New Haven,
mont, particularly in the central and east- Ct. But these sheep attracted very little
ern parts; but cattle  are here raised attention till the embargo of 1808 and
chiefly for the dairy and for market. No the non-intercourse which followed it had
part of our country affords better grazing, cut off the accustomed supply of woollen
and for the production of good beef cattle goods from England. In 1]09 and 1810
and good butter and cheese, Vermont nearly 400 Merinos were shipped to this
may challenge comparison with almost country by the Hon. Wm. Jarvis, then
any part of the world. According to the American consul at Lisbon, and these,
grand lis-t of the state in 1841, there were together with about 2,500 imported by
31,130 oxen, and 154,669 cows. The nurn- others, were distributed over the greater
ber of cattle of every description according part of the United States. A considerato the returns of 1840, was as follows:    ble number of the Merinos introduced inAddison,      39,718 Orange,       36,855 to this country by Consul Jarvis were
Bennington,    16,879 Orleans,     18,293 brought by him to Vermont, and placed
Caledonia,    392,66t4 Rutland,    40,09       his unrivalled farm  in WeathrsChittenden,    24,140   Washington,  25,415
Chittende,    24,142 Washington,    25,415 uponI his unrivalled farm  in WeathersEssex,         6,837 Windham,     4'2,661 field; and from  the importations above
Franklin,     26,965 ]Windsor,    51,863 mentioned nearly all the Merino sheep in
Grand Isle,    5,46 a            -  -   the United States have been derived.
Lamoill  16555 Tal number,  384,341   History informs us that Merino sheep
existed in Spain as early as the days of
GENUS OvIS.-Linneus.             Augustus Caesar, and as the name signiGeneric Characters.-Teeth 32-Incis- fies beyond sea, they were probably imors 0 canines o grinders.6.  Horns corn- ported thither from some other country.
mon to both sexes, often wanting, particularly in
the female; thick, angular, wrinkled transversely, were   from       into  axony,
pale colored, turning laterally and spirally; ears and subsequently many more. In these
small; legs slender; hair of two kinds; tail more Saxony Merinos the wool became much
or less short; two inguinal mammae.      improved, and from  this improved race
importations have taken place into the
Uniited States, under the name of Saxony
THE SHEEP.                   sheep. The first, consisting of only two
Ovis aries.-LISN.             or three bucks, were imported in 1823, by
In the 4th chapter of the book of Gen- Col. James Shepherd, of Northampton,
esis we read that Abel was a keeper of Mass. The two following years a considsheep; from  which it appears that this erable number of Saxony sheep were imanimal has existed in a state of domesti- ported by the Messrs. Searles, of Boston,
cation from  the very beginning of our and the year 1826 witnessed the introduc
race.  And we learn from history that tion of no less than 2,5(10.  From these
man has, in almost all ages of the world, and subsequent importations the Saxony
depended upon the sheep for a very con- sheep are now scattered into various parts
siderable share of his food and clothing.    the  country, and in  man   places
In the Scriptures the sheep is frequently crossed with the Merino and the coarse
mentioned, and the lamb, which is the  wooled sheep.  In Vermont they have
young of this animal, on account of its been introduced into many towns, but are
gentleness and meekness, was employed  not very generally diffused over the state.
under the Mosaic dispensation to prefig-   There are, probably, few countries in
ure the meek and lowly Jesus-" the the world better adapted to the  rearing of
Lamb of God which taketh away                        the sinoil
of the world.*"                          and climate of the hills of Vermont seem
oThe sheep first introduced int        to be peculiarly suited to that purpose.
country by the European settlers, were of Experience has likewise shown that while
the Merino and Saxony sheep thrive here
* John 1: 29.                           ins remarkable manner, their wool suf



56                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
DISEASES OF SHEEP.                                           STRUCTURE OF BIRDS.
fers no deterioration in quality, but with be put on with a paint-brush, being caresuitable attention  is rather improved. ful to apply it thoroughly to those parts
Sheep require an airy location, both in of the feet which are most inflamed. For
slummer and winter.  In summer thevy the scab the best remedy is to immerse
thrive much better in elevated, dry pas- the sheep, excepting the head, in a strong
tures than on low, moist lands.  In win- decoction of tobacco, scrubbing thoroughter they should be yarded from the last of ly the parts affected. The best time for
November till the latter part of April, but doing this is immediately after shearing;
should never be crammed, in large num- hut it may be done any time during the
bers, into small or tight enclosures. They season.  For lambs the decoction should
should be salted weekly both in summer be weaker. For the bloat in sheep a great
and winter, and at all seasons have free spoonful of castor oil mixed with a teaaccess to pure water. The best season spoonful of pulverized rhubarb may be
for lambing is thought to be from the 1st given in about a gill of hot water.  It
to the 10th of May. The daily allowance may be poured down the sheep's throat
of food per head for sheep  in winter with a great spoon.
should be 3 lbs. of hay, or 2 lbs. of hay    From  1830 to 1837 wool met with a
and half a pint of oat meal, or other food ready sale, and commanded a high price,
equivalent.                              in consequence of which the farmers of
Sheep are subject to several diseases, Vermont, during that period, devoted
the most common and fatal of which are their chief attention to the production of
thefoot-rot and scab. The most approved  wool, and the flocks of sheep, in most
remedy for the former consists of 3 parts parts of the state, were increased many
of blue vitriol and I of verdigris pulver- fold.  The whole number of sheep in the
ized as fine as Indian meal and mixed several counties, in 1840, was as follows:
with a sufficient quantity of sharp vine- Addison,      261,010 Orange,      156,053
gar to make it as thick as milk. The Bennington,    104,721 Orleans,         46,669
Caledonia,    100,886 Ritland,     271,727
vinegar should be nearly as hot as boiling Chittenden,    110,7741 Washington,   110,872
water when poured upon the other ingre- Essex,           14,188 Winldham,    114,336
dients, and the mixture should be stirred Franklin,     87,38.5 Windsor,     234,826
Grand Isle,   27,451
briskly while hot.  This mixture may LGramoille,        27,440,0 Totalnumber,,6181
CHAPTER III.
BIRDS OF VERMONT.
Preliminary Observations.         tongue is principally cartilaginous, and
Birds are organized for flight; have a their taste probably imperfect. Their eyes
double respiratory and circulating sys- are so constructed that their sight is very
tem, and produce their young by eggs. acute, whether the object be near or disThey are distinguished from all other ver- tant.  In addition to the eye-lids, they
tebrated animals by being clothed with  have a membranous curtain to cover and
feathers.  Their whole structure is adap- protect the eye.  Birds which fly by day
ted- for flying   Their bones are hard and have no external ear, but owls, or such
hollow, which give them  at the same as fly by night, have one, but it is not so
time lightness and strength. Their lungs much developed as in quadrupeds.  The
are attached to their ribs, and are com- brain of birds is rernarlkably large. Their
posed of membranes penetrated by orifi- wind-pipe consists of entire rings, and, at
ces, which permit a free passage of the  the lower end, where itbranches off to the
air into almost all parts of the body. lungs, it is furnished with a glottis This
Birds have long necks, and bills compo- is called the lower larynx, and with this
sed of horny substance, but they are al- the voice of birds is produced, which
ways destitute of teeth.  Their organ of has great compass, owing to the large volsmell is situated at the base of the bill, and ume of air contained in the air vessels.
is generally hid by the feathers.  Their I  Most birds undergo two moults annual



CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                57
ORDERS OF BIRDS.                                           GENERA AND SPECIES.
ly. In some species the winter plumage    XII. Pinnatipedes-with the tarsi slendiffers considerably from that of the sum- der and compressed; three toes before
mer; and the male and female also vary and one behind, with a rudimentary memin color in many species. The digestion brane along the toes, the posterior one
of birds is rapid in proportion to the ac- joined interiorly to the tarsus.
tivity of their life and the force of their   XIII. Palmipedes —with  short feet,
respiration. Their stomach is composed more or less drawn up to the abdomen;
of three parts; namely, a crop, a mem- anterior toes partly or wholly connected
branous stomach, and a gizzard. The giz- by a membrane.
zard is armed with two strong muscles,   The following table contains a list of
and, by the assistance of small stones, the Birds of Vermont, arranged in the orwhich the fowl swallows, grinds up the der in which they are described in the
food, and thus performs the office of mas- subsequent pages.
tication.
The velocity with which birds travel
through the air exceeds that of any ter-     ORDER RAPACEs —Birds  of Prey.
restrial animal. Eagles, and many other Falco leucocepholus, Bald Eagle.
birds, fly at the rate of 60 miles an hour.   "  chrysa'ttos,    Golden Eagle.
Most birds are migratory, very few con-   c, halietus,      Fish Hawk.
paratively spending the whole year in the   "  lineatus,    Red-should'd Hawk.
same neighborhood. The crow, the par-   "  pennsylvanicus Broad winged Hawk.
tridge, and a few species of woodpeckers,   " fuscus,        Slate colored Hawk.
owls, hawks, and water fowl, are all   "  peregrinus,   Large footed Hawk.
which are known to reside permanently   "  palumbarius,  Gos-Hawk.
in Vermont. Several species are seen here   "  Cooperi,      Cooper's Hawk.
in winter which are never seen in surn-       cyaneus,      Marsh Hawk.
mer, and many are seen to pass northerly   "  borealis,      Red-tailed Hawk.
in the spring and return to the south in   "  columbarius,  Pigeon Hawk.
the fall, which make scarcely any stop Strix asio,           Screech Owl.
with us.                                  " funerea,        Hawk Owl.
The characters by which birds are dis-  -"  nyctea,       Snowy Owl.
tinguished into orders and genera are de-   "  virginiana,    Great-horned Owl.
rived principally from  the formation of   "  cinerea,      Cinereous Owl.
the bill and feet. We have adopted the   "  brachyotus,    Short-eared Owl.
classification of Telnminck, which is fol-   "  nebulosa,    Barred Owl.
lowed by Mr. Nuttall, in his valuable   "  acadica,          Saw-Whet.
Manual of Ornithology. The following   "  americana,    Barn Owl.
are the Orders.                           ORDER OMNIVORES-Food of all kinds.
I. Rapaces-birds of prey.
II. Omnivores-living on all kinds of Sturnus lbdavicianus Meadow Lark.
food.                                   &Icterus baltimore,    Baltinmore Oriole.
III. Insectivores-feeding on insects.    "   plenicus,   Red Winged Black Bird
IV. Granivores-feeding on grain          "   pecoris,     Cow Black Bird.
V. Zygodactyli-with the toes disposed         agripennis. Bob-o-link.
in opposite pairs.                       Quiscalus versicolor, Crow Black Bird.
VI. Tenuirostres-birds with slender    "   ferrugineus, Rusty Black Bird.
bills.                                   Corvus americanus, Common Crow.
VII.  lcyones-with three toes before,    "   coral,      Raven.    I
united, and one behind; the tarsi being f  "   cristatus,   Blue Jay.
very short.                           M    " ~ canadensis, Canada Jay.
VIII. Chelidones-with three toes be- Parus atricapillus,  Chicadee.
fore, divided, or only united at the base    "  hudsonicus,  Hudson Bay Titmouse.
by a short membrane; the back toe often Bombycilla carolinensis, Cedar Bird.
reversible.                             ORDER INSECTIVORES-Living' on Insects
IX. Columbe —with toes before entire- Lanius borealis,    Butcher Bird.
ly divided, and one behind.            JMuscicapa tyrannis, King Bird.
X. Gallince —with three toes before,    i"  fusca.,       Phcebee.
united by a membrane; the back toe join-     "   virens,    Wood Pewee.
ed to the tarsus above the joint of the oth-  "   acadica,    Small Pewee.
er toes.                                    c"  canadensis. Spotted Flycatcher.
XI. Grallatores —with long slender Vireoftavifrons,    Yellow throalecdl  ireo.
legs, naked above the knee; three toes   "  noveboracenlsis White eyed Vireo.
before and one behind, all nearly on the'c  olivaceus,    Red eyed Vireo.
same level.                                "  solitarius,    Solitary Vireo.
PART I.      8




58                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
CATALOGUE OF BIRDS.                                  ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Turdus rufus,       Brown Thrush.              ORDER ALCYONES.-Halcyons.
" felivox,       Cat Bird..Alcedo alcyon,       Belted King Fisher.
E migratorius,  Robin.
Wilson~i.,      Wilson's Thrush,    ORDER CHELIDONEs-The Swallow Tribe.,1 Wilsonzz,     Wilson's Thrush,," noveboracensis New York Thrush.  Hirundo purpurea, Purple Martin.
", aurocapillus,  Golden crowned do.    "    rufa,          Barn Swallow.
" solitarius,    lHermit Thrush,           "    fulva,      Cliff Swallow.
Sylvia coronata,    Yellow crowned Warbler   I"   bicolor,    White bellied Swal.
"  petechia,     Yellow red poll do.       "    riparia,    Bank Swallow.
"   cestiva,     Summer Warbler.    Cypselus pelasgius, Chimney Swallow.
"   maculosa,   Spotted Warbler.       Caprimulguts vociferus, Whip-poor-Will.'"  rubricapilla, Nashville Warbler.       "  virginianus, Night Hawk.
~ avirens,       Black throated Green do.   ORDER COLUmBna -The Pigeon Tribe.
"4  pinus,       Pine Creeping do.    Columba migratoria, Passenger Pigeon.,, caxrulea,    Ccerulean Warbler,
atcoeulea,   Ccerulean Warbler,        "   carolinensis, Carolina Dove.
it  Blackburniet, Blackkurn's Warbler, icterocephala, Chestnut sided do.    ORDER GALLIN.E- Gallinaceous Birds.
"  canadensis,  Black throated do.   Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey.
at  trichas,     Maryland yellow throat. Perdix virginianus, Quail., vermivora,   Worm eating Warb'r Tetrao umbellus,    Partridge.
"   varia,       Black & White Creeper.    "   canadensis,  Spruce Partridge.
Regulus calendulus, Ruby crowned Wren   ORDER GRALLATORES-Wading Birds.
tricolor,    Fiery crowned Wren
Troglodytes tedon,  House Wren.           Caledris arenaria,  Sanderling Plover.
"  hyemalis,  Winter Wren.           Fulica americana,  Common Coot.
"  ame~ricanus, Wood Wren.           Grus americana,   Whooping Crane.
Sialia Wilsonii,    Blue Bird.           d.rdea nycticorax,   Night Heron.
Jnthos spinoletta,   Brown Lark.            "   Herodias,    Great Blue Heron.
ORDER GRAANIVORES-Living on Seeds.   6"  virescens,    Green Heron.
Tolanus Bartramius Upland Plover.
Emberiza nivalis,   Snow Bunting.           I"  chloropigius, Solitary Tatler.
graminea, Bay winged Bunting    " C macularius, Spotted Tatler.
-    savanna, Savannah Bunting.  Scolopax WFilsonii,  Common Snipe.
Fringilla melodica,  Song Sparrow.        Rusticola minor,    Woodcock.
"' hyemaiis,     Snow Bird.
"  canyeadlis,   eSnow Birdr.          ORDER PINNATIPEDES-Lobe-footed Birds.
I  canadensis,   Tree Sparrow,'  socialis,     Chipping Sparrow.   Podiceps carolinensis,  Pied-bill Dobchick.' juncorum,    Field Sparrow.           ORDER PALMIIPEDES-Web-footed Birds.
"  palustris,    Swamp Sparrow.rtii,                        Bonapartian Gul
tisti        Gold Finch.           Las Bonapartii,   Bonapartian Gull.'"  inaria,      Pine Linnet.                               Canadian Goose.
"  iliaca,       Ferruginous Finch.an Goose.
"pennsylvanica White throat. Finch.   nas sponsa,        Wood Duck.
"   boschas,      Mallard.
l leucophrys,   White crown. Finch.   "  obsca,             Dusky Duck.
"  actica,       Arctic ground Finch.   "  discors          Blue winged Tea.
erythrophthalma Towhe-ground Finch        discors,      Blue winged Teal.
purpurca,    Purple Linnet.         Mergus merganser, Goosander.
Colymbus glacialis, Loon.
Pyrrhula enucleator, Pine Grosbeak.       Co     us gacals,  oon.
Loxia curvirostra,  Common Cross bill...,"  leucolptera.   White Winged do.               BIRDS OF PREY.
ORDER ZYG.ODACTYLi-The toes in pairs.   Birds of this order are distinguished by
Coccyrus americanusYellow bill Cuckoo. their hooked bills and powerful claws.
cc   dominicus. Black billed Cuckoo. They pursue and destroy other birds and
Picus auratus,      Gold wing. Woodpecker. small quadrupeds; and they are among,, erythrocephalus, Red headed do.      birds what the carnivora are among quad" varius,         Yellow bellied do.   rupeds.
" villosus,       Hairy Woodpecker.
" pubescens,      Downy Woodpecker           GENUS FALco.-Linn. and Tem.
"1 arcticus,      Arctic three toed do.
arcticus,        Arctic three toed do.   Generic Character.-The head covered
ORDER TENUIROSTRES-Slender bill Birds. with feathers; the bill hooked, commnonly curved
Sitta carolinensis,  White breast. Nuthatch. from thie base; cere colored and more or less
"  canadensis.   Red bellied Nuthatch  hairy at the base; the lower mandible obliquely
Certhia familiaris,  Brown Creeper.      rounded, and both sometimes notched; the nosTtochilus colubris, Ruby throat Hum'g Bird. trils lateral, routnded, or ovoid, situated in the cere




CHAP. 3.                   BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                  59
THE BALD EAGLE.                                               THE GOLDEN EAGLE.
and open; tarsus clothed with feathers or scaly; the eagle and borne away to his nest.
the toes, three before and one behind-the exteri- When this eagle cannot procure a suffior toe commonly united to the adjacent one by a cient supply of fish, which is its favorite
membrane; nails sharp, strongly hooked, mova- food, it preys upon other birds, and small
ble and retractile; tail feathers, twelve.  quadrupeds and reptiles. The nest of the
This Genus embraces the Eagles, Falcons,     Eagle is built in the top of sole
Hawks, Kites and Buzzards, and is divided by lofty tree. It is constructed of sticks
modern Ornithologists into no less than ten gen- lined with coarse grass. The egfs, acera; but we deem it unnecessary to give the dis-cording to   dubon, are from two to four,
tiuctive characters of these genera in this work.  and are of a dull white color. they ale
and are of a dull white color. They are
usually hatched in May, and require the
aid of the parents in procuring food till
September.
THE GOLDEN EAGLE.
Falco ch rysactos.-LIN, N.
DEiSCRIPTIOx. —Bill bluish gray at the
base, black at the tip; cere yellow; eyebrows light blue; iris chestnut; fore
part of the head, cheeks, throat and under parts, deep brown; hind head, posterior and lateral parts of the neck light
brownish yellow, the shafts and concealed parts of the feathers deep brown.  The
back deep brown, glossy, with purplish
reflections; wing covertslighter; primary quills brownish black; the secondaries,
with their coverts brown, those next the
body more or less mottled with brownish
THE BALD  EAGLE.                 white, excepting at the ends; edges of
Falco leucocephalus.-LIsNNsEs.      the wings at the flexure pale yellowish
DESCRIPTION.-Color of the body and brown. Tail dark brown, lighter towards
wings deep lively brown or chocolate; the base, with a few  irregular whitish
head, upper part of the neck, tail and tail markings; tail long  slightly  rounded.
coverts clear white; bill, cere and feet Wings long; 4th quill longest, and the
yellow, with the soles of the feet rough 6 first abruptly cutout o  theinner webs.
and warty; iris light yellow. Length of                                the wings
the female 3 feet, spread of the wings 7 7 feet; bill along the hack 2- inces;
feet; male 2 or 3 inches shorter.  The edge of lower mandible 2L; tarsus 4.;
white of the head and tail is not clear till middle toe and claw 44; hind claw  2;.
the third year, being previously blended  Extremities of the folded wings 1 inch
with grayish brown.                      short of that of the tail.-.-udubon.
HISTORY.-The Bald Eagle is found in    HISTORY.-The Golden Eagle, though
the northern parts of both continents, but  are, is occasionally seen     ont and
is much more common on the western  hhas somettitres been known to build its
than on the eastern continent. It is nest and rear its young within the state.
found in all parts of the United States, The nest is placed upon the inaccessible
and is frequently seen in Vermont, but is shelf of some rugged precipice, and connot known to breed within the state. sistsofafew sticks and weeds barely sufThis Eagle is the adopted enmblem of our ficient to keep the eggs from rolling down
country, but we should hesitate to ac-the rocks.  The eggs are two or three in
number, A. inches lone o   of         te
knowledge him to be the true represent            3 inches  n      f a dull wite
tive of our national character.  He has color with undefined patches of brown.
the reputation of being a free-booter, liv-   e eagles feed upon young ftwos,
ing by robbing the fish hawk of his hion- hares, raccoon, wild turkies, partridges
est gains.  For this purpose he takes his and other quadrupeds and birds, but will
stand upon some lofty tree growing near feed on putrid flesh, only when severely
the shore, and when he sees the fish pressed by hunger.
hawk rise from the water with his prey,
he commences the pursuit, and the fish    The following  description  is drawn
hawk, in order to effect his own escape, from a specimen preserved in the museum
s compelled to abandon the fruit of his of the Collegre of Natural History of the
abor, which is inmmediately secured by  University of Vermont.




60                    NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                PART I.
THE FISH.HAWK.                                          THE RED-SHOULDERED HAWK.
DESCRIPTION.-General color grayish choco- whole coast of the  United States and is
late brown resulting from the feathers being dark  also seen along the lakes and rivers in
chocolate edged with  brownish -ash; feathers the interior.  It usually arrives in New
white at the base, which makes it appear spotted  England about the first of April and dewith white when the feathers are disturbed; tail parts to the south again in the fall. Acwith irregular whitish marks towards the base. cordingr to Audubon some of them winter
Bill clear blue-black; upper mandible obtusely       New-Orleans.  This  awksubsists
about New-Orleans. This hawk subsists,
toothed; tarsus rouridish, two thirds feathered  as;tsname would imply, principally upfeet strong, toes rasp-li ile on tile underside. Length  on fish  which it takes by hovering over
from the point of the bill to the end of the tail 3 the water and plunging upon them as they
feet 7 inches, folded  ing6   ii:hes; tail beond  rise near the surface and then bears them
the folded wings f6.j iclts; frnm the tip of the off in its talons.  Thev sometimes catch
upper mandible alon l the curve to the cere 2.5, fishes in this way weighing  four or five
width of the cere.9. enider mandible 2.9, depth
of the upper bill 1.2, middle toe without the nail pounds.  They breed all along the coast
2.5 inches.
2.5 inches.                                  of the middle states.  Their nest is usuThis eagle was killed several yrears ago near ally placed in the top of a large tree near
ally placed in the top of a large tree near
Burlington. It was discovered sittin, upon the the shore and is of great size, sometimes
beach apparently asleep, and in that condition it measuring four feet in  diameter and the
was approached and killed Nwith an oar. It would same in height.  It is composed of sticks
appear from  the partially feathered tarsus to be- intermingled and lined with sea weed and
long to the farmily of sea eagles, and 1 was at first grass.  The eggs are 3 or 4 in number, of
disposed to consider it the yolmg of the Bald Ea- an oval form, yellowish white color and
gle, but by measuring I found it to be larger than  spotted with reddish brown.  The arrival
the adult of that species. Though it differs some- of the Fish Hawk along the sea coast in
what in color, it resembles Audubon's figure of the the spring is hailed with joy by the fishVasiingtot Eagle more nearly than any other.   ermen, who regard it as the harbinger of
the arrival of shoals of fishes.
THE FISH HAWK.                      THE RED-SHOULDERED HAWK.
Falco haliietus.-SAVIG.e                      Falco Lineatus.-GMEL.
DEscRIPTION.-General color of the    DEscRIPTION.-Color of the head, neck
upper parts dusky brown, tail barred with  and back, yellowish brown, resulting from
pale brown.  The upper part of the head  the feathers being dark brown, edged with
and neck white, the middle part of the  ferruginous; wings, and  wing  coverts
crown dark  brown.  A  broad  band  of spotted and tipped with white; tail dark
brown from the bill down each side of the  brown, tipped with white, crossed by four
neck; upper parts of the neck streaked  narrow grayish white bars.  Breast and
with brown; under parts whitish; anterior belly bright ferruginous, with a black line
tarsal feathers- tinged with brown.  Bill along the shafts of the feathers, and spots
brownish black, blue at the base and mar- of yellowish white.  Vent, femorals, and
gin; cere light blue; iris yellow; feet pale  under tail coverts, of a light ochrey tint,
greenish blue tinged with brown; claws  with some of the feathers spotted with
black.  Length 23 inches; spread of the  brown, and the outer femorals long and
wings 54; bill, along the back, 2; tarsus barred with ferruginous.  Legs and feet
24; middle toe 3. —qutditbon.                bright yellow; bill and claws dark horn
HIsTORY.-The  Fish  Hawk  is  quite  color. Length of the specimen before me,
common during the summer along the  19 inches; folded wing 13, reaching be



CHAP. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.                               61
THE BROAD-WINGED HAWK.                              THE SLATE-COLORED HAWK.
yond the third white bar on the tail; tail eggs in different stages of enlargement,
8, reaching 2A beyond the folded wings.  one of which appeared to be fully grown
HISTORY.-In Vermont this hawk pass- with shell quite hard and in a condition
es, with several other species, under the to be deposited in the nest. Its color was
general name of Hen Hawk, but is some- light sky-blue finely specked with brown
times distinguished as the Red Hen Hawk. towards one end, with a smooth surface.
It confines itself more to the woods than The nest of this hawk is about the size of
several other species, where it may be the crow's, built in the top of a tree with
seen flying among the trees, or sitting up- sticks, and lined with grass, roots and
on a limb watching for the appearance of moss.
a squirrel, or some other small animal, upon which he may make a repast. This
hawk breeds in Vermont. Its nest is
about the size of the crow's nest. It is
placed in the forked branch of a high tree,  THE SLATE-COLORED HAWK.
made of sticks,lined with moss. Its eggs,      Falco fuscus.-GMELIN.
usually four or five in number, are laid in
April. They are of a broad, oval form,   DESCRIPTION.-Form slender; general
granular on the outside, and ofa light blue color above reddish slate, the feathers
color, spotted towards the small end with being brown slate slightly edged with
reddish brown.  Whenever their nests rufous; scapulars and upper tail coverts
are approached, they manifest much un- with large concealed white spots; wings
easiness, and their ICee-o6 becomes very obscurely barred  with dark and light
loud and angry.                        brown; tail with alternate bars of blackish brown and dark ash, five of each, the
terminal bar being ash edged with white;
chin, throat and belly yellowish white,
THE BROAD-WINGED HAWK.  with a line or brown stripe along the shafts
of the feathers on the chin and throat, and
Falco pennsylvanicus.-WILsON,    large tear shaped reddish brown spots on
DEscRIPTIoN.-General color of the the belly; thighs reddish, lighter on the
head,back and wings above brown, tinged outside, with large hastate spots on the
with buff on the neck; wings very faint- outside, making them appear barred; unly barred with black; tail short with three der tail coverts pure white; bars on the
brownish white bars, and narrowly termi- under side of the wings and tail distinct;
nated with the same. Breast brownish buff legs and feet yellow; claws black; bill
spotted with white; belly, sides and fe- bluish black; cere greenish yellow; iris
morals, white with the feathers thickly bright yellow. Length of each of two
marked with large hastate spots of yellow- specimens before me 13.4 inches, spread
ish brown; vent and under tail coverts of the wings 24 inches, folded wing 8,
white with a few spots. A brown stripe tail 6.2, reaching 3.5 beyond the folded
from the mouth towards the throat; bill wings, tarsus 2.5, bill along the ridge.6;
bluish black, nostrils oval, head large and along the gap.8.
flattened above; cere and legs yellow;   HISTORY.-This hawk is very common
legs short and strong; tarsus shielded in Vermont, and generally passes under
with parallel scales; anterior outer toes the name of Pigeon Hawk. It is usually
slightly connected; space between the seen in our fields and pastures, flying very
nostril and eye bristly; wings broad, the swiftly near the surface of the ground in
fourth quill longest; the three first ab- search of its prey, which consists of small
ruptly  notched on their inner webs. birds, mice and reptiles.  It sometimes
Length of the specimen before me, which approaches our dwellings and carries off
is a female, 15 inches; spread of the young chickens. This species is very
wings 33A.                             widely diffused over our country, being
HIsToRY. —This hawk bears a cpnsid- found, according to Audubon, as far south
erable resemblance to the precediie it is, as Texas, and according to Richardson as
iiV it   far north as lat. 510. The nest of this
however, though smaller, proportionally north as    lat. 51. The nest o  f this
more thick and robust, less ferraginous, hawk is built sometimes in rocky cliffs
has a shorter tail, and is without the white and sometimes on trees. The eggs are
marking on the exterior of the wings. usually four or five in number, rounded
The Broad-winged Hawk breeds in Ver- at both ends, of a livid white color, blotchmont, and the.specimen from which the ed with chocolate. This is the Sharpabove description was made, was shot, shinned Hawk, figured and described by
while building her nest, in Burlington, in Audubon in his Birds of America, 1-100,
April, 1840. Within her were found five plate 25.




62                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
THE LARGE-FOOTED HAWK. THE GOS-HAWK.-COOPER'S HAWK. THE MARSH HAWIK.
Their ordinary food consists of young
THE LARGE-FOOTED  HAWK.   hares, squirrels, young geese, partridges,
Falco peregrinus.-GAIEL.        pigeons, and other smaller birds and quadrupeds. It builds its nest in the manner
DESCRIPTION. —-Head and hind neck of the crow, in the central part of the top
grayish black, tinged with blue; the rest of a high tree. Its eggs, usually 3 or 4,
of the upper parts dark bluish gray, indis- are of a bluish white, marked and spotted
tinctly barred with deep brown. Quills with brown.
blackish brown, with elliptical reddish
white spots on their inner webs.  Tail
grayish brown, marked with about twelve         COOPER'S HAWK.
bars. Throat and fore neck white; a
broad band of blackish blue from the angle of the mouth downwards; sides,  DEscRIrTIoN.-Tail rounded; tarsi mod.
breast and thighs reddish white, trans- erately stout. Adult male, dull bluish
versely marked with dark brown spots in gray above; the tail with four broad bands
a longitudinal series; under wing feath- of blackish brown, and tipped with white;
ers whitish, transversely barred.  Bill upper part of the head grayish black;
blackish blue at the tip, pale green at the lower parts transversely barred with light
base; cere oil green; bare orbital space red and white; the throat white, longituorange; iris hazel; feet lemon yellow; dinally streaked Female similar, with the
claws brownish black. Length 161 in.; bands on the breast broader. Young, umspread of the wings 30 inches. —./udubon. ber brown above, more or less spotted
HISTORY.-This hawk is common to with white; the tail with four blackish
both the eastern and western continents. brown bars; lower parts white; each
It is found in most parts of the United feather with a longitudinal, narrow, obStates, and, according to Audubon, has, long brown spot. Length, male 20 in.,
within a few years, become much more female 22,-spread 36, 38.-s-ud.  Legs
common than formerly. I am not sure and feet yellow; cere greenish yellow;
that any of this species have been taken iris bright yellow. Tail reaches 5 inches
in Vermont, but, from their being com- beyond the folded wing. —N-Auttall.
mon in neighboring states, the probabili-   HisToRY. —This is quite a common
ty of their existence here is so strong that hawk in Vermont, and, with several oth1 have thought it best to place it in my ers, passes under the general name of
list. According to Nuttall it builds its Hen Hawk. Nor is the name in this case
nest in the most inaccessible clefts of inappropriate, since this hawk, more frerocks, and lays 3 or 4 eggs, which are of quently perhaps than any other, bears off
a reddish yellow  color, spotted  with hens and chickens from the farm yard.
brown.                                 This hawk breeds in this state, and its
nest, according to Audubon, is usually
THE GOS HAWK.             placed in the forks of the branch of an
THE GOS HAWK.                 oak, towards the top, and resembles that
Falco palumbarius.-LINxr.       of the crow, being composed of crooked
DESCRIPTION.-Adult male, dark blu- sticks, lined with grass and a few feathish gray above; the tail with four broad ers. But that they do not build upon trees
bands of blackish brown; the upper part exclusively appears from the fact that a
of the head grayish black; a white band, nest of this hawk, containing two eggs,
with  black  lines, over the  eyes; lower was found, a few years ago, by George
parts white, narrowly barred with gray, H1. Peck, Esq., built upor the ground, in
and longitudinally streaked  with dark Burlington. The eggs are usually 3 or4,
brown.  Younrf, brown above; the feath- "almost globular, large for the size of the
ers edged with reddish white * the head bird, of a dull, white color, strongly granand hind neck pale red, streaked with ulated and rough.
blackish brown; the lower parts yellowish white, with oblong longitudinal dark      THE MARSH HAWK.
brown spots. Length 24 inches; spread
of the wings 47 -qudubon.
HIsTORY.-This hawk is rare in Ver-   DESCRIPTION.-Color of the male blumont, but is sometimes met with in the ish gray; quill feathers white at their orinorthern part of the state. The Gos- gin, and black towards the extremities;
Hawk in Europe is sometimes trained for internal base of the wings, rump, belly,
falconry. Its disposition is very savage, sides, thighs, and beneath the tail, white,
and it is withal so much of a cannibal as without spots; upper part of the tail cinsometimes to devour its own young. ereousgray,with ends of the feathers whi



CHAP. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                  63
THE RED-TAILED HAWK.                                           THE PIGEON HAWK.
tish.  Iris and feet yellow.  Female, dir- Tailed Hawk breeds in Vermont.  Its
ty brown above, with the feathers border- nest is built in the fork of a lofty tree,and
ed with rusty; beneath rusty yellow, with is composed of sticks, twigs, coarse grass
large longitudinal brown spots; quills and moss. The eggs are 4 or 5, of a dull
banded exteriorly with dark brown and  white color, blotched with brown and
black; interiorly with black and white; black.
rump white, with rusty spots; two middle tail feathers banded with blackish and
dark gray; lateral feathers banded with          THE PIGEON  HAWK.
yellowish red and blackish. Length 22            Falco columbarius, LINN.
inches. Male I or 2 inches less. Young    DEscrPTioN.-Whole upper parts of a
very similar to the fbmale.-M-uttall.
svery similar to the female-euttall s deep dusky brown except the tail which
HIsTOaY.-This     very commoi. species is crossed by five narrow whitish bars;
of hawk is also known by the name of Hen beneath yellowish or reddish white, spotHawk and Hien Harrier.  It is very wide- ted and streaked with brown. The bill
ly diffused, being found in Europe, Afri- is of a light bluish  gray, tipped with
ca, North and South America, and the black; cere and skin round the eye greenWest Indies.  This hawk builds its nest ish; iris deep hazel; legs yellow; claws
ish; iris deep hazel; legs yellow; claws
upon the ground in swampy woods, or black; feathers on  the thighs remarkin marshes covered with sedge or reeds. aly long. Female with the cere and legs
It selects a spot a little elevated above the  greenish yellow; upper parts dark graysurrounding marsh, and the nest is cor- ish brown; the lower pale and spotted as
pactly built of dry reeds and grass. The in the male.  Young with the head redeggs are usually four, bluish white, and  dish brown streakedwithdusky inother
sometimes sprinkled and  marked with respects resembling the female. Leth
pale reddish brown. This hawk feeds up- resp ets resemblinhes, spread of the wing
of the male 11 inches, spread of the wings
on partridges, plovers, and smaller birds, 23.-JVutt. Iud.
and also upon lizards, frogs, and snakes.    HIsToRY-The Pigeon Hawk is much
less common than several other of the
THE RED-TAILED  HAWK.                smaller species of hawk. Audubon informs us that this hawk breeds in Nova
Falco borealis. —GrHEL.         Scotia, New  Brunswick and Labrador.
DESCRIPTION.-General color dusky The nests are usually placed upon the top
brown tinged with ferruginous above, be- of small firs with which those countries
neath whitish with dark hastate spots; abound, at the height of 10 or 12 feet
wings dusky, barred with blackish; tail from the ground. They are built of sticks
rounded, extending 2 inches beyond the slightly lined with moss and feathers.
wings, of a bright brown or brick color, The eggs are usually five, and are an inch
with a single band of black near the end  and three quarters in  length.  Their
and tipped with brownish white.  Chin  ground color is a dull yellowish brown,
white, bill grayish black; iris, cere, sides thickly clouded with irregular blotches of
of the mouth and legs yellow, breast dull dark reddish brown. This hawk is
somewhat rust colored; vent and femo- shy and watchful, seldom being seen out
rals pale ochreous, the latter with a few  of the forests. It feeds upon small birds,
heart shaped spots of brown. Length 20 mice and reptiles.
to 22 inches, spread of the wings 45
inches. —JVuttall.
HISTORY.-The Red Tailed Hawk, ac-                   GENUS STRIX.
cording to Audubon, is a constant resident in all parts of the United States.   Generic Characters.-Beakcompressed,
This hawk feeds upon young hares and  bent from its orioin; base surrounded by a cere
other small quadrupeds and birds. He is covered wholly, or in part, by stiff erect hairs;
so strong and powerful as to be able to head large, mnuch feathered; nostrils lateral,
overcome. and bear off doves, goslings and rounded, open, pierced in the anterior margin of
dunghill fowls, and  his depredations upon the cere, concealed by hairs directed forwards;
the farmer's poultry yard are by no means eyes very lare; olbits surrounded by feathers;
of rare occurrence.  And yet he is so shy legs and feet feathered, frequently to the very
and wary, that it is extremely difficult to claws; feet with three toes before and one behind,
and  wary, that it is extremely difficult to separate; the exterior reversible; first quills denapproach near enough to shoot him with  lated on their anterior border, the third longest.
a gun, of the use of which he, like the    This Genus embraces the Owl Family, and is
crow, seems to have an intuitive knowl- now divided by naturalists into no less than six
edge. The best method of getting a shot genera. The owls are called nocturnal birds of
at these wary birds in open land is to ap- prey, because they seek their prey chiefly by
proach them  on horseback. The Red- night. The pupil of the Owl's eye is so large




644               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
THE SCREECH OWL.                 THE HAWK OWL.                  THE SNOWY OWL.
and admits so many rays of light that the, are fully feathered in August, when they apdazzled, and unable to see by the full light of day, pear as described above.  This owl is ofbut by faint twilight and by moonlight they appear ten designated as the Little Screech Owl,
to see clearly. Several of the species are furnish- and is also called the Mottled Owl.
ed with ear-like tufts, and are called horned owls.
THE HAWK OWL.
Strix funerea. —GMELIN.
Surniafunerea-Aud. Am. Birds, 1-112, pl. 27.
DESCRIPTION.-Tail long, much rounded, the lateral feathers two inches shorter
than  the middle. Upper part of the
head brownish-black, closely spotted with
white; hind neck black, with two broad
longitudinal bands of white spots; the
rest of the upper part dark brown, spotted
with white; tail with eight transverse
bars of white, the feathers tipped with the
THE SCREECH  OWL.                same; facial disks grayish white, marStrzx asio.-hLINN~.          gined with black; lower parts transversely barred with brown and dull white.Bubo asio.-Aud. Birds Am. 1-147, p1. 40..dud. Bill yellow; feet thickly featherDESCRIPTION.-Upper parts pale brown, ed; nails horn-color.-J-utt.  Length of
spotted and dotted with brownish black; the male 16 inches; spread of the wings
a pale gray line from the base. of the up- 32; female larger.
per mandible over each eye; quills light   HISTORY.-This species forms the conbrownish  gray, barred  with  brownish necting link between the hawks and the
black; their coverts dark brown; secon- owls, having, in several respects, a condary covertswith the tips white; throat yel- siderable resemblance to both, and hence
lowish gray, lower parts light gray, patch- its name, Hawk-Owl. We are informed
ed and sprinkled with brownish black; by Dr. Richardson that this owl is comtail feathers tinged with red.  Young, mon throughout the fur countries from
with upper parts light brownish red; each Hudson's bay to the Pacific ocean, and
feather with a central blackish brown that it is more frequently shot than any
line; tail and quills barred with dull other. It must, however, be a rare bird
brown; a line over the eye and the tips in the United States, generally, since the
of the secondary coverts reddish white; indefatigable Audubon confesses that he
breast and sides light yellowish gray, spot- has never seen it alive. But it is because
ted and lined with brownish black and he has not visited the north part of our
bright reddish brown; the rest of the low- own state that he has been denied this
er parts yellowish gray; the tarsal feath- pleasure; for he is assured by no less auers pale yellowish red. Length 10 inch- thority than Dr. Thomas M. Brewer, of
es; spread 23.-./ud.                    Boston, that the Hawk-Owl is so common
HISTORY.-This little owl is found in about Memphremagog lake in Vermont,
nearly all parts of the United States, but that a dozen of them may be procured by a
is much more common in northern than good gunner in a day, and that their nests,
in southern sections. The Screech Owl which are in hollow trees, are frequently
is by no means rare in Vermont, and ma- met with. Its eggs, according to Richny a Green Mountain lad, as he has been ardson, are white, and usually two in
passing through a wood in a dark night number.
has felt his hair rise, his heart leap,
and himself flying as upon wings of the          THE SNOWY OWL.
wind, at the terrific scream. of this bird,
perched in a tree just over his head. Al-        Strix nyCte.-.-LisN13US.
though more common in the fall and fore  Surnia nyctea.-Aud. Am. Birds, 1-113, p1. 28.
part of winter, many of them spend the   DEscRIPTloN. —General color white,
summer and rear their young in this more or less spotted and barred with
state. Their nest, which is made of grass brown; the tail rounded and extending a
and feathers, is placed at the bottom of a little beyond the folded wings; the sechollow tree or stub, often not more than ond and fourth quills equal, the third lon6 or 8 feet from the ground. The eggs gest; bill bluish black, curved from the
are white, of a globular form, and usually base; upper mandible thickly studded
4 or 5 in number. Only one brood is with stiff, bristly white feathers; throat
raised in a season. The young become and legs covered with soft, pure white




CHAPA. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.                              65
THE GREAT HORNED OWL.                                     THE CINEREOUS OWL.
down, which becomes hairy upon the feet, brownish yellow. Length of the male 21
and nearly conceals his long, black, and inches, female 2 inchtes longer. —'utt.
sharp claws. Length ofthe specimen be-   HISTORY.-ThiS is iS one of the largest
fore me 27 inches; spread of the wings 56 species of American Owls, and is found
inches; longest quill 15 inches.       through all the regions from the gulf of
HISTORY.-The principal residence of Mexico to Hudson's bay. It breeds in
this species of owls is in the northern- this state and in some of the unsettled
most parts of both the eastern and west- woody parts is quite common. Its nest,
ern continents. It is very common in which is large, is built of dry sticks and
Lapland, Iceland, and in the countries lined with leaves and some feathers. The
around Hudson's Bay, and its large size eggs are from  three to six in number,
and thick downy plumage are well fitted about the size of those of the common
to resist the climate of those icy regions. hen, but rounder and of a yellowish white
" In those dreary wilds, surrounded by color. This owl is often called the Cat
almost perpetual winter, he dwells, breeds Owl, from the resemblance of its face to
and obtains his subsistence. His white that of the cat. It confines itself mostly
robe renders him  scarcely discernible to the retired and dark thickets of the forfrom the overwhelming snows where he ests, and particularly to thickets of spruce
reigns like the boreal spirit of the storm. and other evergreens, and,in many places
His loud, hollow, barking growl,'whowh  during the summer these owls may be'whowh,'whowh, hah, hah, hah, and other heard responding to one another their
more dismal cries, sound like the unearth- waugh ho! waugh ho! waugh hoo-during
ly ban of the infernal Cerberus, and the whole night. Their food consists of
heard amidst a region of cheerless soli- various kinds of birds, hares, squirrels
tude, his lonely and terrific voice aug- and other quadrupeds, and they somements rather than relieves the horrors of times come around our barns, and carry
the scene."*  The Snowy Owl seeks his off our domestic fowls. These owls are
food by day as well as by night, and in said sometimes to have pounced upon
the midst of winter many of them are cats, mistaking them perhaps for rabbits,
compelled to proceed to the southward but finding themselves to have caught a
to procure the means of subsistence. At Tartar, they are generally very willing to
such times they are seen, usually in relinquish their grasp.
pairs, in various parts of the U. States.
They do not make their appearance in
Vermont until winter is fully set in, and    THE CINEREOUS OWL.
leave us with the earliest indications of       Strix cinerea.- -G~mEL.
spring. They breed in the regions far to Syrnium cinereum.-Aud. Am. Birds, 1-130, pi. 35.
the north, and are said to make their nest   DESCRIPTION.-Upper parts grayish
upon steep rocks, or old pine trees, and brown, variegated with grayish white in
to lay two eggs, which are of a p ure irregular undulated markings; the feathers
white. They feed upon other birds, mice, on the upper part of the head with two
on the upper part of the head with two
rats, and other small quadrupeds.      transverse white spots on each web; the
smaller wing-coverts-of a darker brown,
THE GREAT HORNED OWIL.    and less mottled than the back; the outer
scapulars with more white on their outer
webs; primaries blackish-brown toward
Bubo virginianus.-AvD. Am. Birds, 1-143, pl. 39. the end, in the rest of their extent markDESCRIPTION.-Bill black  iris bright ed with a few broad light-gray oblique
yellow. Above whitish and ferruginous, bands, dotted and undulated with darker;
thickly mottled with dusky; face ferru- tail similarly barred; ruff-feathers white,ginous, bounded by a band ofr black. A towards the end, dark brown in the cenwhitish space between the bill and the tre; disks on their inner sides gray, with
eyes.  Beneath marked with numerous black tips, in the rest of their extent
transverse dusky bars on a yellow and grayish-white with 6 bars of blackishwhite ground; vent paler. Feet covered brown irregularly disposed in a concenwith hair-like pale brown feathers; tail tric manner; lower parts grayish-brown,
rounded and broad, reaching an inch be- variegated with grayish and yellowish
yond the wings, mottled with brown and white; feet barred with the same. Length
tawny and crossed with 6 or 7 narrow  301 inches; spread, 48.-tuft
ars of  rown;  hin  HISTORY.-This is the largest species
broad, 3 inches long, formed of 12 or 14
feathers, with black webs and edged with occasionally met with in the northern
parts of the United States, but further
*Nuttall. Xnorth it is by no means a rare bird, being
PT. 1.       9




66                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART 1.
THE SHORT-EARED OWL.            THE BARRED OWL.               THE SAW-WHET.
according to Dr. Richardson common in of the eye ends in long black hairs; bill
the woody districts between Hudson's Bay yellow; legs covered with feathers, exand the Pacific ocean, as far north as the tremities of the toes covered with scales;
68~ of latitude. Dr. R. found a nest of nails long, sharp, and of a dark horn color.
one of these owls on the 22d of May, Length 20 inches.
containing three young. It was built of   HISTORY.-The Barred Owl inhabits
sticks on the top of a balsam poplar, and both the eastern and western continents.
was lined with feathers. The eggs are It is found in i1ll parts of the United
said to be spotted. This owl is rarely States, and is one of the most common
seen in this state, but occasionally makes owls found in Vermont. It does not conhis appearance here in the depth of win- fine itself to the woods, but comes around
ter.                                   our dwellings and is often seen among
our shade trees and orchards in the midst
THE SIHORT-EARED OWL.              of our villages. 1 have before me two
specimens,both of which were shot in the
Strai brachyota. —LATHA.M.      village of Burlington. Their food conOtus brachyotus —Aud. Am. Birds 1-140, pl. 38.  sists of young hares, squirrels, mice,
DEscrPTIos. —Ear-like tufts inconspic- grous and other birds, and also of frogs
uous, consisting of 2 or 3 short feathers; and other reptiles.They sometimes destroy
general color ochreous spotted with black- chickens. This owl, according to Auish-brown; face round, the eyes blackish; dubon, does not build a nest, but lays its
tail ochreous with about 5 brown bands, eggs, in the latter part of March, upon
not extending beyond the wings, and the soft rotten wood in a hollow tree, and
tipped with white; beneath yellow with sometimes in the old nest of a crow or
longitudinal spots of blackish-brown; iris red-tail hawk. The eggs are of a globubright yellow; bill black; feet and toes lar form, pure white, with a smooth shell
feathered. Female with the general tints and from 4 to 6 in number.
paler. Length from 13 to 15 inches.NJutt.
HISTORY.-This species migrate to the          THE SAW-WHET.
south in the fall, and during the winter       Strix acadica.-GmEL.
are so numerous in Florida that Audubon   Ulula acadica. —Aud. Am. Birds, 1-123, pl. 33.
says that he has shot no less than seven    DEscRIPTIoN.-General color above
of them in a single morning. They pro- olivaceous brown, scapulars and some of
ceed to the north on the approach of the wing-coverts spotted with white; the
spring for the purpose of rearing their first six primary quills obliquely barred
young, but some of them are known to with white; tail darker, with two narrow
spend the summer, and, occasionally, to white bars; upper part of the head streakbreed as far south as Pennsylvania. This ed with grayish-white; ruff white, spotted
owl is found in Vermont, and I am as- with dusky. Lower parts whitish; the
sured by Dr. Brewer that it breeds in sides and breast marked with broad elonthe northeastern part of the state. It gated patches of brownish-red. Length
builds its nest upon the ground, and its of the male 7A inches, spread 17. Female
eggs, which are about four, are of a dull 8A, 18.-Audubon.
bluish white color. The short-eared owl   HiSTORY.-This little owl is not unis attracted by nocturnal fires, and will common in Vermont, and it is generally
sometimes approach so near as to be known by the name of Saw-Whet; and
knocked down with a stick.             this name is derived from the sound of its
peculiar note, which resembles that of
THE BARRED OWL                 the filing of the teeth of a large saw.
People, who are unacquainted with this
Strix nebulosa.-LINN.vs.       bird, travelling in the forest, are often
DESCRIPTION.-General color umber- deceived by its note, supposing thembrown, spotted and barred with white and selves to be approaching a saw-mill,while
yellowish white above; beneath whitish, far remote from any settlement. Audubarred transversely on the breast and bon relates that be himself was several
longitudinally on the belly with umber times deceived in this way. This bird
brown, and having large sagittate spots is sometimes called the Little Owl, or
of the same on the feathers towards the' Little Acadian Owl.' It is retired and
tail; tail long,reaching 4 inches beyond the solitary in its habits, confining itself durfolded wings, rounded, tipped with white, ing the day to evergreen and other thickconvex above,and crossed by six broad bars ets of the forest. For rearing its young,
of umber brown, separated by narrow  the Saw-Whet takes possession of the old
bars of yellowish white; plumage in front nest of a crow, or some other large bird,




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                  67
THE BARN OWL.                                                  THE MEADOW LARK.
or of a hollow cavity of an old tree. The
eggs are of a form approaching to globular, are of a glossy-white color, and are
from  three to six in number. This owl
feeds upon  mice, beetles, moths and
grasshoppers.
THE BARN OWL.
Strix americana.-AUDUBON.
DESCRIPTION.-Bill pale grayish yellow; claws and scales brownish yellow.           THE MEADOW  LARK.
General color of the upper parts grayish      Sturnus ludovicianus.-LLIsNuvs.
brown,with light yellowish-red interspersed,produced by very minute mottling,each    DESCRIPTION. —The color above is vafeather having towards the end a central riegated with black, bright bay and ochrestreak of deep brown terminated by a ous; beneath and a line over the eye
small oblong grayish-white spot; wings bright yellow; a black crescent on the
similarly colored; secondary coverts and breast; tail wedge-form, feathers pointed,
outer edges of primary coverts with a and the four outer ones nearly all white;
large proportion of light brownish-red, bill brown above, bluish white beneath,
fading anteriorly into white, each feather conical with deep rounded sinuses at the
having a small dark brown spot at the tip. base; legs and feet large, reddish white.
Lengtlr and spread, male 17, 42; female The sexes differ but little in color, but in
18, 46. —udubon.                          the young the yellow is much fainter.
HISTORY.-This owl, though very com- Length of the specimen before me 10
mon in the southern states, is so rare at inches; folded wing, 5.
the north-east, that Audubon says that    HISToRY.-The Meadow  Lark  is a
he has never seen it to the eastward of harmless bird, and is common in all parts
Pennsylvania, and yet I am assured by of the United States, and particularly so
Dr. Brewer that it is not only found in in Vermont, where  it breeds in large
Vermont, but breeds here. This owl is numbers.  Their residence is chiefly in
entirely nocturnal in its habits, and when  meadows and old fields. They build their
disturbed in the day time flies about in a nest in some thick tuft of dry grass.  It
irregular, bewildered manner.  Audubon  is usually constructed of the coarse grass,
supposes its food to consist entirely of lined with finer blades of the same, and
small quadrupeds.  This owl is said to approached by the bird through a conbear a close resemblance to the Strifilam- cealed covered way, and hence they are
mea, or White Barn Owl.                   not readily found. The eggs are large
and white, with a bluish tint, and marked
OMNIVOROUS BIRDS.                 with brownish spots. They are usually
These have the bill robust, medium- 4 or 5 innumber. The food of the Meadow
sized, and sharp on the edges; upper Lark consists of the larvae of various kinds
mandible more or less convex, and notch- of insects, worms, beetles and grass seeds;
ed at the point; feet with four toes,three but it does not meddle with fruits and
before and one behind; wings of medium  berries. It is of a shy, timid and retiring
length; quill feathers terminating in a disposition, usually spending the whole
point.  They live, for the most part, in summer in the moist meadows, and only
companies or flocks and are monogamous. retiring from  them  on the approach of
The greater part of them build their nests winter.
on trees, but some of the species occupy
the crannies of old walls, and some build        GENUS ICTERUS.-Brissot.
upon the ground.  Their principal food
consists of insects, worms and carrion, to    Generic Characters.-Bill in the form
which they often add grain and fruit.    of an elongated sharp pointed cone, somewhat
conipressed, rounded above, and rarely somewhat
GENUS ST[URNLus.-Linnwaus.          curved; with the margins inflected.  Nostrils
oval, covered by a membrane. Tongue sharp and
Generic Characters.-The bill in the cleft at the tip. Tarsus longer than the middle
form of a lengthened cone, depressed and some- toe; inner toe but little shorter than the outer, and
what blunt, with the edges vertical; above some- nearly equal to the hind one; middle toe longest;
what rounded. Nostrils partly closed by an arched hind nail twice as large as the others. ]Wings
membrane. The tongue narrowed, sharp, and sharp; first arid second primary, but little shorter
cleft at the point; the hind nail longest and lar- than the third and fourth, which are longest. The
gest; the first quill short, the second and third female very different from the male, and the younmg
aongest.                                  resemble the female.




68                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PARs IF
Til1' BALTIMORE ORIOLE.                         THE RED-WINGED BLACK-BIRD.
berries, but do not often commit depredations upon these fruits in our gardens.
They are thought to possess an extraordinary relish for green peas, as they sometimes attack those growing in our gardens. They split open the pod without
detaching it from the vine, and, as is generally supposed, for the purpose of obtaining the young and tender peas. But Mr.
Peabody informs us that it has been ascertained by Dr. Harris, that the Oriole
opens the pods not for the sake of the
peas, but for the grub of the pea-bug; and
that instead of mischief, he is performTHE BALTIMORE ORIOLE.    ing a service, for which he is more deserving of gratitude than reproach. AlIcterus Ballimore. —BONAPARTE.     though we have several birds which ocDEscRIPTIoN.. — Color of the shoulders, casionally do a little mischief in our fields
rump, lateral tail feathers, breast and and gardens, it is at least doubtful whethbelly bright orange; head, back, wings, er we have any which would not be found
middle tail feathers'and chin black; wing to be beneficial rather than otherwise,
feathers and coverts slightly edged with were their history fully known. From
white on their outer webs; bill bluish its manner of building, this bird is often
horn color; legs, feet and nails brownish; called he Hang Bird, or Hang JNest.
iris hazel. In the female and young the
orange is pale, and the parts which are
black in the male are grayish; tail even;
hind toe and nail strongest; bill very
acute; 2d and 3d primaries equal and
longest. Length of the specimen before
me 7 inches; folded wing, 44.
HISTORY.-The Baltimore Oriole, or
Golden Robin, as he is here more commonlyv called, is one of our most gay and lively birds. It arrives in Vermont in the
early part of May, and about the beginning of June may be seen busily engaged
in the construction of its nest. For this THE RED-WINGED  BLACK-BIRD.
purpose they usually select a flexible
branch of a tree standing on the side of a    Icterus phlniceus.-DAUD.
gentle declivity. The nest is suspended    DESCRIPTION.-Color of the male rich
from this by strings or threads in the form  glossy black, with the exception of the
of a pendulous cylindrical pouch 5 or 6 lesser wing coverts, in which the lower
inches in depth. The exterior is formed row of feathers is of a buff orange color
of strings, strips of bark and other fibrous tipped with white, and the rest of a bright
substances, and the interior lined with scarlet; legs, feet and bill glossy black,
grass, moss, wool, hair or downy sub- the latter an elongated, straight, sharpstances. The eggs are usually 4 or 5 in pointed cone, slightly flattened in front;
number. They are white with a faint iris hazel; tail rounded, reaching 2 inches
tinge of blue, and are usually marked beyond the folded wings. Length of the
at the large end with irregular brownish specimen before me 9 inches, the folded
lines and spots. The period of incubation, wing 5 inches, spread of the wings 13&
according to Audubon, is 14 days, and inches. Thefemale is considerably smalthe same pair frequently rear two broods ler than the male, and her general color
in a season. Though shy and suspicious, dull reddish brown.  The lesser wing
they seem to prefer building their nests coverts usually exhibit something of the
upon the high trees in the open land by reddish and orange hue, but seldom, if
the side of roads and about farm-houses. ever, is the bright scarlet observed in the
They feed their young principally with female.
soft caterpillars, and the male and female   HISTORY.-This singularly marked bird
both unite in this labor. The food of the usually arrives in Vermont early in April,
old birds consists mostly of caterpillars and takes up its residence in flocks in the
and insects of different kinds. They are marshes and swamps. Here they comalso fond of cherries, currants and straw- me-nce building their nests about the mid



CHAP. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.
THE COW BLACK-BIRD.
die of May. These are usually construct- rives its name from  its habit of being
ed in a thicket of alders, or other bushes, much among the cattle as they are feedat the height only of a few feet from the ing in the pastures. Its food consists alground, and are made of the leaves of most entirely of insects, and it might be
flags, swamp-grass, &c., something in the regarded as a public benefactor were it
form of that of the Golden Robin. The not for certain habits which render it deeggs, varying from 3 to 5 in number, are testable and  prevent its receiving the
bluish white, with irregular faint purple credit to which its good qualities would
markings on the larger end. About the otherwise entitle it. Being strangers to
beginning of September they begin to col- the joys which spring from conjugal filect in flocks, and sometimes do consid- delity and having a strong aversion to doerable damage to the unripe corn. But mestic cares, this bird contrives to escape
it is believed that the advantage derived them by laying its eggs in the nests of
from  these birds in the destruction of other birds. This it does in the absence
larvae and insects in the spring of the of the owners of the nest, and when the
year vastly more than compensates for all owners return they usually manifest much
the damage they do.  It is stated by uneasiness and make strong efforts to
Kalm, that after a great destruction of throw out the intruded egg. When they
these and the common Black-Birds for do not succeed in this, they often build
the legal reward of 3d. per dozen, in 1748, a flooring over the strange egg and elethe worms and grubs multiplied so ex- vate the sides so as to form a new nest
ceedingly as to destroy a great part of the within the old. But in many cases cirgrass in New England. *                cumstances will not allow them  time for
this labor, and then they are obliged patiently to submit to the imposition. The
egg of the Cow-Bird is always hatched
first, and the young by its superior size
often smothers the lawful heirs. The
proprietors of the nest, however, feed the
foundling and treat it with the same kindness as if it were their own offspring.
A case of this intrusion of the Cow
Black-Bird occurred  in Burlington in
1840, in the garden of my friend R. G.
Cole, Esq. Cashier of the  Burlington
Bank. He had noticed a pair of common
yellow birds, Fringilla tristis, busily enTHE COW  BLACK-BIRD.              gaged for several days in building a nest
Icteruspecoris.-TEM.          upon one of his trees. A day or two afDESCRaPTION.-Color glossy black with ter he had supposed it complete, he noviolet reflections from the back and breast; ticed that it had suddenly undergone a
head and neck above and below  dusky very considerable enlargement, so much
cinamonbrown; billrobust, conical,acute, so that his curiosity was excited, and
slightly compressed towards the end, and upon examining it he found that it consisof a glossy black com lors upper   mandible ted of two nests, one within the other,and
of a glossy black color; upper mandible that the lower nest contained an egg of
the forehead, sides of thein  a l  ower ma ndable the Cow Black-Bird. The upper nest was
the forehead, sides of the lower mandable
inflected; nostrils basal and partly cov- entirely of cotton, and  upon the circumered; neck short, body robust; tarsus stance being known, it was found that
compressed, acute behind and covered my friend Mr.S.E. Howard,whose yardis
anteriorly with seven longish scutella; adjacent to the garden containing the
toes free, lateral ones nearly equal; legs, nest, had observed two birds eagerly
feet, and claws brownish black.  Tail searching his premises for building materather short and slightly forked. Wings rials, and that he had, with his accustomlongish, curved, slightly rounded and the ed liberality, purposely thrown out sev2d and 3d quills longest. Lengthof the eral handfuls of cotton, all of which disspecimen before me 7 inches; folded appeared in the course of a few  hours,
wing 4A,spread of the wings 12, tail reach- and were found neatly wrought into the
wing 4I, spread        n               nest above-mentioned.
es 1 inch beyond the folded wing. Fe-   The egg of the Cow Black-Bird is a
male less than the male, and of a dusky little larger than that of the   Blue bird,
color. little larger than that of the Blue bird
HISTORY.-The Cow  Black-Bird  d- oval, whitish tinged with green and spotted with brown. Its notes are affected
* Travels in North America, 1-372.    and unpleasant.




70                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART I.
THE BOB-O-LINK.                                             THE CROW BLACK BIRD.
nuptial dress,and assume thegray,unostentatious garb of the female and the young,
and by the middle of August they begin
to collect in flocks in the swamps and wet
meadows, and soon after leave for a more
southern climate.
GENUS QUISCALUS.-Vieillot.
Generic Characters. —Bill bare, compressed from the base, entire, with sharp edges
bent inwards; upper mandible forming an acute
angle with the feathers of the head, curved from
THE BOB-O-LINK.                  the middle, projecting beyond the lower, and proIcterus aglripennis.-BONAP.        vided with a long heel within. Nostrils oval, half
closed by a membrane. Tongue cartilaginous,
DESCRIPTION.-The spring dress of the flattened, torn at the sides and clait at the point.
male:-the top of the head, wings, tail, Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe; inner
sides of the neck, and whole under plu- toe free, outer one united at the base to the middle
mage, black, with the feathers frequently  one  Wings moderate in length; Ist primary
skirted with brownish yellow; back of equal to the 5th, and but little shorter than the 2d,
the  head  yellowish  white; scapulars, 3d, and 4th, which are longest. Tail of 12 feathrump, and tail coverts white, tinged with  ers, more or less rounded.
ash: extremities of the tail feathers similar
to those of the woodpeckers; bill bluish
black; legs dark brown.  Color of thefemale, the young, and the male, in autumn
and winter, varied with brownish black
and brownish yellow above, dull yellow
beneath.  Length of the specimen before
me 7 inches; spread of the wings 11 inches.
HISTORY.-This is a common bird in the
~summer throughout the United States. In
many parts it is called the lice Bird, or
Rice Bunting, from  the circumstance of
its feeding much upon wild rice. It is
also sometimes called the Skunk Black   COMMON  CROW  BLACK-BIRD.
Bird, from the resemblance of its black
and  white  markings to  those of the          Quiscalus versicolor.-VIrILLOT.
skunk. But Bob-o-link is its most common    DESCRTPTION.-Color of the head, neck,'designation.  This bird does not usually  and breast, deep violet, with greenish and
make its appearance in Vermont till the purplish reflections; back, belly, and scanlatter part of May, and the males are gen- ulars dark bronze color; wings and tail
~-erally seen a few days earlier than the fe- reflecting various shades of purple, with
males.'They take up their residence in green blue and coppery tints.  Bill and'the low meadows, and upon these and the' legs black.  Upper mandible longer, but
neighboring ploughed fields they destroy not so stout as the lower, and the keel'vast"numbers of insects and larva; and  within large. Feet and claws strong. Iris
this kind of food being abundant, they  bright gamboge yellow.  Tail of l2feathseldom  leave it for the purpose of doing ers, rounded or wedge form, and reaching'injury by feeding upon grain or fruits. 3 inches beyond the folded wings. Length
Hence they are rather regarded as bene- of the specimen before me 12 inches; tail
factors, and being of an animated, jovial 54; folded wings 5.7; bill above 1.2, to
-turn, though somewhat boisterous, they  the angle of the mouth 1.4. Length of
*are received on their return in the spring the female usually 11 inches.
with a hearty welcome. The Bob-o-link    HIsToRY.-The Crow Black Bird is an
builds its nest on the ground, among the active and sociable bird, which warns us
grass.  It is placed in a slight depression  by his loud, clanking note, late in the
and constructed of grass, coarse on the spring, that he is once more in our fields
outside and lined with that which is finer. and gardens, apparently unconscious that'The female lays from 4 to 6 eggs, which there can be any objection. He is one of
are of a dull yellowish white color, spot- those creatures concerning which it is difted with brown. About the last of July  ficult to say whether they are friends or
the males put off their black and white foes; sometimes they are the one and




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 71
THE RUSTY BLACK-BIRD.                                                  THE CROW.
sometimes the other, and it is only by           GENUS CORVUS-LinnaEus.
striking a balance between the service    Generic Characters. —Bill thick, straight
and injury, that we can determine how toty ben Chaac towards the pickstraight
regard them.  That he pulls up corn for at its base     y bent towards the point; nosthe sake of the seed is u.ndeniable; but it trils basal, open and hidden by reflected bristly
feathers; feet with three toes before and one beis also true that he devours immense numiers aof truecthat hegdevous  immee f.ilm.  hind, divided; the tarsus longer than the middle
bers of insects, grubs and caterpillars. toe; wings pointed; first quill short, third and
Perhaps it may be possible to secure his fourth longest. The tail consists of 12 feathers.
services and prevent his depredations.
Some attempts to effect this object have
already been made, by soaking tlie seed
in some solution, which shall make it less
palatable to the bird.*  Crow Black Birds
build their nests in communities, sometimes on bushes and sometimes on lofty
trees, and several nests are frequently
seen upon the same tree. The nest is
composed outwardly of mud and coarse
grass,and is lined inwardly with fine grass,
hair, &c. The eggs, usually 5 or 6, are
greenish, spotted with dark olive. Only
one brood is usually reared in a season.
About the time the leaves fall in autumn
the old and young collect in very large
flocks and commence their migration to                THE CO
the south, laying the whole country un-       Corvus americanus.-AUDUBON.
der contribution as they advance.          DESCRIPTION.-Color black and glossy,
with violet reflections from the wings,
tail and shoulder feathers; tail rounded,
THE RUSTY BLACK-BIRD.                and extending an inch and a half beyond
Quiscalusferrugineus.-LATHs.        the folded wings; bill, legs, feet and
DEscavTsoN.-.Generall color of th^e.claws black; bristly feathers incumbent
DESCRIPTION. —General color of the
upon each side of the bill covering the
male deep black, with greenish and bluish  upon each side of the bill covering the
reflections; bill and feet black; iris pale nostrils; the fourth quill feather longst;
yellow.  Wings long; second quill lon- usual length 19 inches.
HIsToaY.-The Crow  is found in all
gest; tail long, slightly rounded; plumage parts of the world, and is one  of the few
parts of the world, and is one of the few
soft, blended, and glossy.  Bill straight, large birds which pass the whole winter
tapering, and compressed from the base; in Vermont. During the winter the Crows
nostrils, basal, oval, half closed above by reside in flocks, but on the approach of
a membrane. Body rather slender; feet
a membrane. Body rather slender; feet spring they separate into pairs, and retire
strong; tarsus covered anteriorly with a into the forests for the purpose of rearing
few  long scutella.  Length 91 inches;
few  long scutella.   Gength  9  inches;  their young. During this period they are
spread 141, in males.  General color of...
she fr i malebws            thenerl sides of vigilant, suspicious, and upon any real or
the female brownish black; the sides of   o  
supposed intrusion upon their purpose
the head over the eyes, and a broad band they  become  very noisy.  They build
beneath it, light yellowish brown; the the   e                   v
feathers of the lower parts more or less their nests upon lofty trees, and usually
feathers of the lower parts more or less
brownish   Bill irisan...select for that purpose such as have thick
margined with brownish.  Bill, iris, and tops, in which the nests can be more effeet as in the male.- uludubon.
R  feet as in the nale.-?udubon.       fectually concealed. On this account the
HISTORY.-The Rusty Black Bird, call- pine and other evergreens are often choed also the Rusty Grakle, passes through sen. The nest is constructed exteriorly
this state in its spring and fall migrations, of sticks, plastered with earth  and lined
and is sometimes seen here in considera-      
ble flocks, part i te         with mnoss, wool, or other soft substances.
ble flocks, particularly in the fall. Some
r.Some Their eggs, front 4 to 6 in number, are of
of them  probably breed in the north part a pale green color, marked with streaks
of the state. They resenmble the Redwinged Black Birds in their habits and in
the construction of their nests, which are nivorous, devouring insects, worms, car-.ilt upcon  low  busthes in neist meadows. rion, fish, grain, fruits, snakes, frogs and
bm.it  upon  low  bus s.   other reptiles,  and  also   the  eggs of other
The eggs are 4 or 5, of a light blue color, birds  In the spring of the year he does
birds. In the spring of the year he does
streakedand dashed with lines of brown
streakedand dashed with lutes of brown the agriculturist considerable damage by
and black.                               pulling up the young Indian corn for the
* Peabody.                              sake of the kernel, on which account a




72                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
THE RAVEN.                                                     THE BLUE JAY.
bounty of 10 cents a head for his destruction was, for a time, authorized by legislative enactment. To prevent his depredations upon the corn fields various kinds of
scare-crows have been devised, but that
which is most commonly resorted to at
present, consists in stretching threads of
cotton yarn across tile field in various directions. To compensate for the mischief
which they do, it must be acknowledged
that crows do the farmer some service by
the destruction of grubs and insects, besides acting as general scavengers in removing the carcases of dead animals. It
is said they know how to break open nuts
and shellfish,in order to eat what is within,    THE BLUE JAY.
by letting them fall from a great height     Corvus cristatus.-LINNsaus.
upon the rocks below; and there is a sto-  I)EcRIPTION.-General color light blue
ry that, as a certain ancient philosopher above, grayish white beneath; a stripe of
was walking along the sea-shore gather- black passes over the head and down on
ing shells, one of these unlucky birds, each side of the neck, forming a collar
mistaking his bald head for a stone, drop- under the throat; a black spot before each
ped a shell-fish upon it, and thus killed at eye connected by a black line over the
once a philosopher and an oyster.'     base of the bill; crest pale blue in front,
The crow is easily tamed, and soon approaching to black on the back part;
learns to distinguish those who have the outer webs of the primaries, and both
care of him, but is of a thievish propensi- webs of the secondaries and wing coverts
ty, and often carries off valuable articles bright blue, the two latter barred with
and hides them by thrusting them into b        b     t   t   l
and  hides them by thrusting them into black and tipped with white; tail of 12
holes and crevices.                    feathers, wedge-form, bright blue, barred
with black excepting the two outer feathers, and tipped with white excepting the
THE RAVEN.                 two inner ones; mouth, bill, legs, feet
Corvus corax.-LINNNEUS.         and claws black. Length of the specimen
before me 11 inches.
DESCRTPTIoN.-Color of thelue plumage    HIsTonY.-The Blue Jay is one of our
deep black, glossed with blue and purplish most elegant and lively birds. It is comblue, the lower parts with green; feathers mon in every part of the United States,
of the foreneck lanceolate and elongated; and is found as far north as the 56th~ of
tail much rounded, reaching 2 inches be- latitude. It breeds in Vermont as well
yond the wings; nasal feathers half the as in almost or quite every other state in
length of the bill; bill and feet black; the Union. They are somewhat migrairis dark chestnut brown. Length 26 in- tory, most of them  proceeding to the
ches, spread 50. —qud. Rich.           south in the fall. Audubon says they are
HIsToaY. —The Raven is a well known
bird, being found iRaven almost a well knparts of very numerous in the southern states durbird, being found in almost all parts of ing the winter. They are most plentiful
the world. Dr. Richardson says that it in Vermont in autumn, when they comabounds in the fur countries, and extends mit depredations upon fields of corn and
its migrations northward even to the po- oats. The greater part of them proceed
lar seas. It has for several years been to the south before winter sets in, but
less frequently seen in Vermont than for- some remain with us after the snows fall,
merly, and it was always a rare'bird and purloin a scanty subsistence from our
here compared with the crow. It feeds corn cribs and granaries.-Thesebirds are
principally upon the carcasses and offals truly oinnivrous, feeding upon almost
of the larger animals which are slain by any thing which falls in their way. In the
hunters or wolves, or that die by disease. summer season it destroys the eggs and
The Raven does not, like the crow, build young of other birds. When confined in
its nest upon a tree, but in the inacces- a cage with several oth er birds, it has
sible clefts of lofty precipices. The Raven been known to kill and devour them all.
is easily tamed, and manifests much at- The Blue Jay is a very active, noisy bird,
tachment to its keeper. It may be taughtand is capable of imitating the voice of
to imitate the human voice and to articu-hawk so    nearly as to frighten
the sparrow-hawk so nearly as to frighten
late many words very distinctly.       all the small birds in the neighborhood.
* Nuttall.                            Its nest, which is composed of twigs and




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 73
THE CANADA JAY.                  THE CHICADEE.        THE HUDSON BAYr:'ds,    E.
fibrous roots, is built in trees. The eggs black; a white ilne from the no.
are 4 or 5, of a dull white color, spotted ing beneath the eye, spreads 0o.  upon
with brown.      -                       the side of the neck; back ash color;
THE —CANADA  JAY.                quill and tail feathers brownish black,
Co-rvus canadensis.-LINN.         edged with grayish white; belly brownish white, deepening into brownish yelDEscRIPTION. —General color dark low upon the sides and beneath the tail;
leaden gray; hind head black; forehead, bill black; legs and feet bluish; fifth
collar beneath, and tip of the tail brown- quill feather longest; fourth and sixth
ish white; interior veins of the wings nearly as long; tail long and rounded.
brown and partly tipped with white; bill Length 5j inches, tail 23; folded wing
and legs black; iris dark hazel; plumage 2.7, spread of the wings 64.
of the head loose and prominent; tail    HIsToRY.-The Chicadee, or Blacklong and wedge-shaped.  Sexes alike in cap  Titmouse, seems to be common
color. Length 11 inches; spread, 15. through the whole continent, from Mex-JVuttall.                               ico to the 65th degree of north latitude.
HISTORY.-Thisjay, which is called in They rear their young in all parts of the
some places the Whiskey Jack,and in others United States. For that purpose they take
the Carrion Bird, inhabits principally be- possession of the hollow of a decayed tree
tween the 44th and 65th  parallels of or of the deserted holes of the woodnorth latitude.  It is found in the state of pecker, or where these are not to be
Maine, and in the north parts of New  had they excavate a cavity for themselves
Hampshire, Vermont and New York, but in some rotten stub of a tree.'The ma —
is seldom  seen further to the southward. terials of which the nest is composed, acIt breeds in each of the states above namn- cording to Audubon, vary in different dised. The nest is usually placed in the tricts, but are generally the hair of quadthick top of a spruce or fir, at the height rupeds in considerable quantities, and
of 6 or 8 feet from the ground.  It is pla- disposed in the shape of a loose bag or
ced near the trunk of the tree, and is purse lining the inside of the excavation,
made of twigs and fibrous roots, lined while  others have  said  that without
with moss and grass. The eggs are from  constructing any nest, they  lay their
4 to 6, of a light gray color, faintly mark- eggs, usually 6 or 8, upon the dry rotten
ed with brown. They feed, during the wood at the bottom of the cavity. The
summer, upon worms and insects, and, eggs are white, with specks of brownish
during the winter, they are driven by ne- red. This industrious little bird resemcessity to feed upon the buds and leaves bles the wood-peckers in many of its habof spruce and fir.                       its, running round upon the trunks and
limbs of the trees with the greatest ease,
GEFNUS PARUS.-LinnoU s.           frequently with its back downward, while
Generic Cacters.-il sortstraight, searching for its food. Late in the fall,
Generic Characters. —Bill short,straight, they may bh seen in considerable numbers
conic, compressed, entire, edged and pointed, hav-they may be seen in considerable numbers
ing bristles at the base; the upper mandible lon- bout our orchards and shade trees, and
ger, rounded above and slightly curved; nostrils they doubtless render essential service by
at the base of the bill, rounded and concealed by destroying the eggs and larvam of insects
the advancing feathers; tongue blunt and cleft or which have been deposited in the crevientire, and acute; feet rather large, toes almost ces of the bark, to be hatched the next
wholly divided; the nail of the hind toe strongest, spring.
and most curved; fourth and fift.h primaries longest.
The female and young differ but little from the  THE HUDSON  BAY TITMOUSE.
adult male. Moult, annual; pIlumage, long and
slender.                                        Parus hudsonicus.-LA TH.
DESCRIPTION.-General color dull leaden, tinged with a light brown; head umber brown; throat and fore neck black,
with a band of white under each eye;
breast and belly grayish white, sides light
yellowish  brown.   Bill black,  short,
straight, slightly convex and acutely pointed; iris dark brown; feet lead color.'HE CHICADEE.                  Length 5 inches, spread 7. Female resembles the male, but the colors are dulParus atricapillus.-L INN.        ler.-Audubon.
D.ESCRIPTION.-The whole upper part   HISTORY. —This species is much less
of the head, nape, chin and throat, velvet common in Vermont than the preceding,
PT. I.              10




74,                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                 PART I.
THV_    A,,I OR CHERRY BIRD.                                    INSECTIVEROUS BIRDS.,:t often seen farther to the south- winter and in the northern during the
ward.oin the north part of this state. It sunmmer.  These birds are very social in
breeds in the state of Maine, and some of their habits, usually living in small flocks,
them  very probably rear their young in  even during the period in which they are
the northeastern part of this state.  Its  rearinog their young; and hence we usunest, like that of the preceding, is in the  ally find several of their nests in the same
hollow  cavity  of an old tree, and one, neighborhood, and often  within  a few
which Audubon found in Labrador, was rods of each other.  The nest is usually
completely lined with fur.                   placed in the top of a spruce or hemlock,
at the height of 15 or 20 feet from  the
ground, and is constructed with sticks,
GENUS BoMtBYCILLa.-Brisson.            roots and grass, lined with lint,down and
other soft substances. The eggs, usually
Generic Characters.-Bill short, straight 4 or 5 in number, are of a pale clay-white,
and elevated; upper mandible slightly curved to- spotted  with  umber at the large end.
wards the tip, and provided with a strongly mark- These birds, which mostly migrate  to
ed tooth; nostrils at the base of the bill, oval, the south in the fall, return to Vermont
open, hidden by stiff  hairs directed forward  in April, and are found here during the
X.                        in April, and are found here during the
tongue cartilaginous, broad at the tip and lacera- summer in large numbers.  During the
ted; feet with three toes directed forward, and
one backward, the exterior united to the middle toe. early  part of summer they feed upon
Winws moderate, 1st and 2d primaries longest; worms and insects, and render an essen"Wings moderate, 1st and 2d primarin    tial service by the destruction of these
the spurious feathers very shorl. Sexes alike in  tihl service by the destruction of these
al'earancp and both crested.                  and the catterpillars, which infest our orchards; but this service is  soon  forgotten, and when the little bird claims
for his reward, a few of the cherries,
which he has protected, he is only answered by the gun of the ungrateful and
cruel gardener. Although they feed upon
fruits and berries of various kinds, they
seem to be more fond of cherries and the
berries of red cedar than any others, and
hence their name Cherry Bird, or Cedar
Bird.
INSECTIVEROUS BIRDSIn birds of this order the bill is either
short or of moderate length. It is straight,
irounded or awl-shaped. The upper mandible is curved arid notched towards the
THE  CEDAR, OR  CHERRY  BIRD. point, most commonly provided at the
base with  stiff hairs directed forward.
The feet have three toes before and one
DEscRIPTIoN. —Head, neck, breast, behind, all on the same level.  The outer
back and wing coverts yellowish brown, toe is nnited to the middle one as far as
brighest on the front of the crest and  the first articulation.  Their food is indarkest on the back; frontlet black, with  sects in the summer, but principally bera black line over the eye extending back- ries during the colder part of the year.
ward under the crest; chin blackish, a Their voices are, for the most part, melowhite line along the margin of the under dious.
jaw; belly yellow; vent white; wings
dusky; rump and tail coverts dark ash; tail         GENUS LAsIUS.-Linnxus.
ofthe same color deepening into dusky and
broadly tipped with bright yellow; more  ienston  shr
broadly tipped with bright yellow; more size, strong, straight from the base, considerably
or less of the secondaries of the wings          e,  rsightfrom  the base, considerably
sometimes ornamented  with small ver- compressed; upper mandible much bent, toothed.million  colored appendages, resemblig  and hooked towards the tip, which is acute; base
smelion cowaore  appendbl,  resembacings  of the bill without a cere, furnished with strong
sealinog  wax. The bill, legs and claws bristles directed forward; nostrils close to the
are black; iris red.  In  the female the  base, lateral, nearly round, half closed by a vatltints are duller.  Length 74 inches.         ted membrane, and nearly concealed by the brisHIsToRY.-This  species  inhabits  all tles; tarsus longer than the middle toe; feet with
parts of the United  States. It is most three toes before and one behind, free; the third
eommon in the southern states during the  and fourth quills longest.




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                  75
THE BUTCHER BIRD.                                                  THE KING BIRD.
THE BUTCHER BIRD.
Lanius borealis.-VIEILLOT.
DESCRIPTION.-Color above pale ciner-              THE KING  BIRD.
eous, becoming nearly white towards the
tail; wings and tail brownish black, with      Muscicapa tstraznus.-BRIssoN.
a black bar extending from  the nostril   DEscRIPTIoT.-Color of the head when
through the eye to the neck; beneath  the feathers are smooth, shining velvet
white, beautifully waved with pale brown; black, but when the feathers are ruffled a
outer feathers of the tail partly white and  spot of bright ochrey yellow  appears on
a whitish spot on the wings just below  the crown; back brownish black; wings
their coverts; legs and feet black; bill very dark, hair brown, the secondaries
and claws bluish black.  Tail rounded, and wing coverts edged with gray; tail
extending 3 inches beyond the folded even, pitch black, tipped with white, and
wings; third primary longest. Length  extending far beyond the wings; breast
of the specimen  before me 10 inches, light ash; belly white; bill, legs and
spread 13.                                feet black; bill wide at the base gradually
HIsToRY.-The Butcher-Bird, or, as he narrowing to the tip; upper mandible
is, perhaps, more generally called, the  with convex sides, meeting in an obtuse
Great Aforthern Shrike, though frequently  ridge and hooked at the point; short, stiff
seen in Vermont, is not very common. bristles at the angle of the mouth; second
The specimen from  which the above de- quill longest.  Length 8inches, spreadof
scription and figure were made, was shot the wings 14.
in Burlington in Alay, 1842. Dr. Rich-   HIsToRY.-The King Bird, or Tyrant
ardson says that this bird is common ill Fly-catcher, as he is sometimes called,
the woody districts of the fur countries spends the winter at the south,beyond the
as far north as the 60th parallel of latitude. limits of the United States.  Early in the
Many of them migrate to the south in the  spring he proceeds to the north and durfall, but some remain in the fur countries ing the summer is found rearing its young
through the winter.  Its nest is built in in all parts of the United States, and, acthe fork of a tree, of grass and moss, and  cording to Richardson, as far north as
lined with feathers.  The eggs, 5 or 6 in the 57th parallel of latitude.  It arrives
number, are of a pale bluish gray, spotted in Vermont in the early part of May, and
at the large end with dark  yellowish  in the summer is common in all parts of
brown.  Like the king bird it attacks ea- the state. Its nest is built in the tops of
gles, hawks and crows, and drives them  orchard  and  forest trees, at  various
from  the neighborhood of its nest.       heights from the ground, and is composed
of coarse dry grass, weeds and loose pieces
of bark, compactly connected and bedded
GENUS MUSCICAPA.-Linntwus.           with  down, tow  and  woolly  substanGeneric Characters.-Bill mediuln si- ces, and lined with fine fibrous roots,
ed, rather trout, angular, considerably widened grass, and hair. The egIs are frot 3to 5,
and flattened towardsthe base, which is guarded of a bluish white color, marked  with
by longish bristles; upper mandible notched to'- spots of deep bright brown. The same
ards the end and bent at the tip; nostrils basal, pair frequently tears two broods in a sealateral and ovoid, partly hid by hairs; tarsus the son.  The food of the king bird consists
same length as the middle toe or a little longer; almost entirely of insects, such as bee.
inner toe free, or scai cely united at the base; hind ties, crickets, grasshoppers and various
nail more curved than the rest, and larger than kinds of flies and catterpillars, and the
that of the middle toe; wings long and s,nlewhat only harm, which he is accused of doing,
sharp; first quill very short, the second shorter is that of catching a few honey bees as
than the third and fourth, which are longest.  they are gathering honey from the flow



76                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I1
THE PH(EBE.                   THE WOOD PEWEE.               THE SMALL PEWEE.
ers, which is very trifling compared with observation. About the year 1826 two of
the services which he renders the farmer these birds built a nest upon a shelf in
and gardener. The king bird manifests my wood-shed, and for two years in sucno fear of the larger birds, but whenever, cession raised broods of young-ones in
during their breeding season, a hawk or the same place. The third year when
crow comes near his nest, he boldly at- the young were about half grown the fetacks him, pounces upon his back. and male bird disappeared. The male bird
persecutes him till he is glad to abandon remained about the nest, but, hot feeding
the neighborhood.                      the young ones, they died. The male
staid till fall and then left, but returned
alone in the spring; and for three successive summers thatbird sung his solitary and sad lament for her to whom  his
young heart and early vows had been
plighted, around the place which had
been the scene of mutual joys.  The
name of this bird is derived from  the
sound of its note. It is also called the
Pewit Flycatcher.
THE WOOD PEWEE..Muscicapa virens.-LINN.
DESCRIPTION.-Color dusky brownish
olive; head brownish black, slightly crested; below pale yellowish, inclining to
THE PHCEBE.                 white. Tail forked; 2d primary longest;
Mf/uscicapafusc. —BoNAP.        1st much shorter than the 3d, and longer
DEscRIPTION.-General color above than the 6th. Length 6 inches; spread
brown with an olive tinge, darker on the. The female a little smaller.-Jutt.
head; wings and tail blackish brown, the   HISTORY. This species bears considerfeathers having the appearance of being able resemblance to the preceding, but
faded and worn, and the color of their differs from it in its habits and notes. It arshafts dark umber; an indistinct grayish rives later in the spring, and confines itcircle around the eye, the pupil of which self principally to the thickets and forests.
is bluish black and the iris dark hazel; Its nest is usually attached to the horibelly yellowish white; tail slightly fork- zontal branch of a tree, and is very curied. ~B~ill broad, hooked at the point, and ously constructed of grass, fine roots, lichwholly black; legs and feet black with ens and cobwebs, held together by a g]usharp claws. Length of the specimen tinous cement, and is so thin as to appear
before me 6J inches; folded wing 3.4; almost transparent. The eggs are 4 or 5,
tail 2.7 and reaching 1.4 beyond the fold- of a light yellowish hue, spotted with reded wings. The 3d quill longest, 2d and dish brown towards the large end.
4th equal.
HISTORY.-This well known and fa-            THE SMALL PEWEE.
miliar bird arrives from the south about
the beginning of April and retires again  JD uscReapo   acadora.-GoEL.
in October. During the summer it is   DESCRIPTION.-Color above dusky olfound in all parts of the state. It seems ive green; yellowish white beneath, into prefer building its nest beneath bridg- clining to ash on the breast; wings dusky
cc brown, crossed with two bars of dull
es, in'sheds and under the eaves of barns.
The nest is usually constructed of mud white; outer edge of the lt primary,
and moss, and lined with grass, hair and edges of the secondaries, and ring around
other fibrous substances, and is sometimes the eye, whitish; under wing coverts pale
built upon the top of beams, and at others yellow; 2d, 3d, and 4th primaries nearly
stuck upon the sides. The eggs are 4 or equal and longest. Tail pale dusky brown,
5, and are white and unspotted. These notched; legs and feet black.  Sexes
birds become very much attached to pla- nearly alike. Length 54 inches; spread
ces where they have reared their young, 9.-JVuttall.
and the same pair will resort to a partic-   HSTORY.-This species is common dullar locality.for that purpose, many years ring the summer in all the northern parts
in succession, In illustration of this of the United States and Canada, but
statement I will mention one, of several none of them were seen by Audubon or
cases which have fallen under  ly own his party in Labrador. It breeds in this




CHAP. 3.                   BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 77 
THE SPOTTED FLY-CATCHER.                                            THE VIREOS.
state, and usually fixes its nest in the up- male and young  duller.  Length  5j,
right forks of a small tree, at a height of spread 9. —-uttall.
from 8 to 30 feet from the ground. The   HISTORY.-This species rears its young
eggs, from 4 to 6 in number, are white in the south part of the state. Its nest is
and unspotted.  It feeds, like the other suspended upon the limb of a tree, and is
species of this genus, upon bees, flies and constructed of strips of bark and fibrous
moths.                                  substances, which are cemented together
with saliva. The eggs are about 4 in
THE SPOTTED  FLY-CATCHER.  number, are white and spotted towards
Afuscicapa canadensis.-LINN.       the larger end with blackish.
DESCRIPTION.-Male with the upper
parts ash-gray; the feathers of the wings   THE WHITE-EYED  VIREO.
and tail brown, edged with gray; the    Vireo noveboracensis.-BoNAPARTE.
head spotted with black; loral space, a    DESCRIPTION. —Yellow  olive above,
band beneath the eye proceeding down white beneath; sides, line round the eye
the side of the neck, and a belt of trian- and spot near the nostrils yellow; wings
gular spots across the lower part of the dusky, with two yellow bands; tail dusky
fore neck, black; lower parts, and a bar brown, forked; bill, legsand feet light
from the nostril over the eye ure yellow; brown, forked; bill, legs, and feet light
from the nostril over the eye ]Dure yellow; bluish-gray; iris white.   Length 5j;
lower wing and tail coverts white; the  spread 7.-    iris whiutt.
third quill longest, the second and fourth   HISTORY.-This species constructs its
but little shorter; tail rounded. Female  nest very much in the manner of the presimilar to the male, but the colors fainter. ceding, but usally  builds ner of   the
Youg with theneckunspottd. L h ceding, but usually  builds nearer the
Young with the neck unspotted. Length ground. It lays 4 or 5 eggs, which are
5, spread 9.-.dudubon.
HsTOaRY.-This bird, according to Au- white, spotted towards the large end with
HsTORY. —This bird, according to Au- brown.
dubon, gives a decided preference to
mountainous districts, and particularly to
such as are covered with a thick growth THE RED-EYED VIREO.
of underwood and shrubbery. We are              Vireo olivaceous.-BoNAP.
informed by the same high authority that   DEscRIPTIoN.-General color above yelits nest is placed in the fork of a bush, low olive; crown dark ash; a light gray
made of moss and lined with grass-that line from the upper mandible passes over
the eggs, usually 5, are white, with a few  the eye and widens behind it, with a dark
spots of bright red towards the large end. line above and another below, extending
it probably breeds in Vermont,but 1 have from the eye to the rictus; all beneath
no positive proof of the fact.  *',' -  whitish, tinged with light yellow under
-  v,    t,.....  w'..  the wings and on the sides; wing and
GENUs  VIREO.  + i:        tail feathers brownish black, with their
Generic Characters-Bill rather short, a outer margins yellow  olive; 2d and 3d
Generic Characters. —Bill rather short, a primaries longest; bill brown above, lightlittle compressed, and furnished with bristles at primaries longest; bill brwnabovelightits base; upper mandible curved at the extremity er beneath, straight, abruptly bent and
and strongly notched; the lower shorter and re-   t   at the point; nostrils roundish,
curved at the tip; nostrils basal, rounded; tongue basal; a few weak bristles at the angle of
cartilaginous and cleft at the point; tarsus longer the mouth; iris bright brick red; legs
than the middle toe; wings rather acute, the 2d bluish gray; tail slightly forked. Length
or Sd primary longest. Female resembles the 6 inches; tail 2.4; folded wings 3.3; bill
male, and both sexes more or less tinged with above.5, to the angle of the mouth.75;
olive green.                            tarsus.7.
HISTORY.-This is probably the most
THE YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. common species of Vireo found in Vermont. They arrive early in May, and
Vireo fa~vifr7ons.-V1ElLLOT.      take up their residence in the forests and
DEscRIPTION.-Color yellow-olive above, the lofty trees around our fields and garbelly white; throat, breast, frontlet and dens. Their song is loud, lively, and enline round the eye yellow; lesser wing- ergetic. They feed principally upon incoverts, lower part of the back and rump, sects and catterpillars. Their nest is conash; wings nearly black with two white structed of strings, strips of bark, and fibars; tail blackish, a little forked; pri- brous substances, agglutinated together
maries edged with pale ash, secondaries into the form of a pouch. The eggs are
with white; exterior tail feathers edged 3 or 4, white, with a few blackish brown
with white; legs, feet and bill grayish- spots towards the large end. The cow
blue; iris hazel. The yellow of the fe- black-bird lays its egg in the nest of this




78                   NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART I.
THE SOLITARY VIREO.              THE BROWN THRUSH.                     THE CAT BIRD.
bird more frequently than in any other. Birk, and surely no bird, if we except the
The specimen from  which the foregoing  Mocking bird (Turdus polgglottus), excels
description was made, was shot in Bur- it in the variety and sweetness of its song.
lington.                                   It arrives here from  the south the latter
part of April, and commences building its
THE SOLITARY  VIREO.                 nest early in May   The nest is commnonVireo solitaries.-VIEILaLOT.        ly built upon the ground, or but little elevated above it, in some little thicket,
DEscRIPTIoN.-Dusky olive above; bel- and is constructed with sticks and lined
ly white; head bluish gray; breast pale  with fine fibrous roots.  The eggs are 4
cinereus, inclining to reddish gray on the  or 5 in number, of a greenish white color,
throat; flanks and sides of the breast yel- and sprinkled all over with reddish brown
low; wings dusky brown, with two white  spots.  During the period of incubation
bands; tail emarginate and nearly black; the male will often sit and sing for hours
primaries and tail feathers bordered with  upon the top of a neighboring tree.  His
light green; a line of white from the nos- music is original, but varied, full, and
tril to the eye, which it encircles; bill charming. The food of the Brown Thrush
short, broad; upper mandible black, low- consists of insects, worms, berries, and
er pale bluish gray; iris hazel.  Female  fruits of various kinds. This bird is known
with the head dusky olive and the throat in many places by the name of Thrasher,
greenish. Length 5 in.; spread 8.-JVut. or Red Thrasher.
HISToRY.-T-his is a rare bird in this
state; but is said to resemble the preceding species in its habits.  It suspends its
nest from the forked twigs of bushes, and
lays 4 or 5 eggs, which are light flesh color, with brownish red spots towards the
large end.                - 
GENUS TURDUS.
Generic Characters.-Bill of moderate dimensions, with cutting edges, compressed and
curved towards the point; the upper mandible generally notched towards the extremity, the lower
roundish; a few scattered bristles at the angle of    THE  CAT-BIRD.
the mouth; nostrils basal, lateral, roonded, and
half closed by a naked membrane; tongue notched
at the tip; feet rather stout; tarsus'ionger than   DEScRIPTION. —General color dark slate,
the middle toe, which is at ached at the base to lighter beneath; top of the head, bill, and
the outer one; wings ratler short; the third, inside of tlhe mouth, black; under tail
fourth and fifth quill longest. The female and coverts reddish chestnut; bill a little
young differ little from the male, excepling the hooked at the point; legs and feet brown;
young are more spotted. They moult annually.  first quill very short, the 4th and 5th longest; quill feathers lighter on the outer
THfE  BROWN  THRIUSH.                edges; tail long and rounded.  Length
84 inches; spread of the wings 114 in.
Terdus rufus. —L1NNu.s.              HISTORY.-The Cat Bird is very comDESCRIPTrO,1. —All the upper parts, and  mon in all parts of Vermont, where it arthe under side of the tail, bright reddish  rives from the south in the early part of
brown; breast and belly yellowish white, May.  This bird, like most others of the
marked with long pointed dusky spots; family, is an excellent songster, and may
wings crossed by two whitish bars, re- be heard in almost every neighborhood
lieved with black; tail long, reaching  during the early part of summer, ushernear 4 inches beyond the wings, and roun- ing in the dawn with his cheerfill strains.
ded; bill long, slightly arched, black  When this bird is disturbed while rearing
above, and whitish below  near the base; its young, its note is harsh and unpleasnostrils naked; short, stiff, black bristles ant, somewhat resembling the mewing of
over the angle of the mouth.; legs, feet a cat, and fromn this circumstance it unand claws dusky brown; tarsus scutila- doubtedly received the name of Cat Bird.
ted in front; middle toe much the long- The Cat Bird builds its nest in a thicket
est; iris bright orange.  Length 11 in.; of bushes, at the height of 5 or 6 feet from
spread of the wings 13 inches.              the ground.  It is constructed with sticks
HISTORY.-This bird is known in many  and briars, and lined with fine threadplaces by the name of French Mocking  like roots, which are of a dark color. The




CHAP. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                79
TIHE ROBIN.                    WIISON'S THRUSIH.           NEW YORK THRUSH.
eggs are 4 or 5, of a bluish green color, and blades of grass. The eggs, usually
and without spots. Like the Mocking 5, are of a bluish green color and unspotBird, the Cat Bird is often known to im- ted. During the summer their food conitate the notes of other birds, and sounds sists of worms, insects, and various kinds
of various kinds. The food of the Cat of berries. The Robin is easily tamed,
Bird is similar to that of the preceding and in the domesticated state may be
species, being made up of worms, beetles, taught to imitate not only the notes of
cherries, and various other insects, fruits other birds, but various strains of music.
and berries..
WILSON'S THRUSH.
Turdus Wilsonii.-BoNAPARTE.
DESCRIPTION. —Upper parts uniform light
reddish-brown, a little deeper on the head;
quill and tail-coverts light olive brown,
the outer webs of the former like the
back; lower parts grayish-white, the sides
and lower part of the neck, and a small
portion of the breast tinged with pale yellowish brown, and marked with small,
faint and undecided triangular brown
spots; wings with the 3d quill longest;
the 4th scarcely shorter, and slightly exTHE AMERICAN  ROBIN.              ceeding the second. Length 7; spread
T12.-Iudubon.
Turdus migratorius.-L]nN NUs. e.     HISTORY. —This species arrives from
DEScRIPTION.-Color of the head, back the south in the early part of May, and
of the neck and tail brownish black; the immediately commence the construction
back and rump dark ash; breast dark red- of their nests. These are built in low,
dish orange; belly and vent white; chin thick bushes, in the dark parts of the forwhite, spotted with brownish black; wings ests, sometimes upon the ground, but
blackish brown; the exterior edges of the more commonly from 1 to 3 feet above it.
feathers faded and grayish; exterior tail The eggs, 4 or 5 in number,are of an emefeathers white at their inner tip; three raid green without spots, and differ very
white spots margin the eye. The bill is little from those of the Cat Bird, with the
lemon yellow, with a brownish tip; legs exception of being a little smaller. They
and feet dark brown. The young, during usually raise two broods in a season.
the first season, spotted with white and
dusky on the breast. Length 9 inches.
HISTORY.-This universal favorite is     THE NEW  YORK THRUSH.
found, during the summer, throughout    Turdus novcboracensis.-NUTTALL.
nearly the whole of North America,   DEscRIPTION.-Color of the whole uThey retire to the south late in atumn. per plumage a uniform deep hair brown 
where they pass the colder part of the stripe over the eye and whole under surwinter; but, returning early to the north, face pale primrose yellow, marked with
reach Vermont usually about the 20th of pencil-shaped spots of the color of the upMarch; and their arrival is always hail- per plumage; inner wing coverts yellowed with joy, as the unerring harbinger of ish gray, spotted with brown near the
approaching spring. While the snow con- edge ofte sinot    will dark uller brown
tinues upon the ground, the Robin sub- above, palerb ath   ll  br h  fl
above, paler beneath; leas brownish flesh
sists principally upon the berries which color. The three first quillsn y equal
remain upon the sumach, mountain ash and longest; tail  nearly  even; lateral
and red cedar. The Robin, as is well  es nearly equal; nails small and of the
known, is a very familiar bird, and seems color  of the bil.  Length 5s   inches
to seek to place its nest where it shall be tail 2A; folded wing 3; bill from the anunder man's protection.  And hence we gle of the mouth i inch.
find its nest most frequently in gardens   HISTORY.-The Aquatic  Thrush is
and orchards.  The nest is sometimes
quite a common bird in Vermont, but is
built upon a fence, a wall, or a stump, of retring habits and therefore seldom
but more commonly in the fork of an ap- seen except in the thickest parts of the
pie-tree or other small tree. It is con- forests. Its nest is built upon the ground
structed with grass and mud firmly bed- and is constructed of leaves and moss, and
ded together, and lined with fine straw  lined with fine roots and sometimes 
lined  with fine roots and sometimes with
*Seeepage 13.                         hair. The eggs are 4 or 5, of a yellow



80                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
THE THRUSHES.                                                    THE WARBLERS.
ish white color and pretty thickly sprink- from 4to 6, are of a light blue color, sprinkled towards the large end with two shades led with blotches towards the large end.
of reddish brown. The specimen from', 
which the above description was made;.was obtained, with its nest and eggs, in        GENUS SYLVIA.-Latham.
Burlington, in June, 1840. This bird from    Generic Characters.-Bill straight, slender,
its preference to neighborhoods of water awl-shaped, higher than wide at the base, and usis sometimes called the.quatic Thrush. ually furnished with scattered bristles; lower
mandible straight, upper sometimes notched; nostrils lateral, oval, situated at the base of the bill,
THE GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH.  and partly covered by a membrane; tarsus longer
Turdus aurocapillus.-WILsoN.        than the middle toe; inner toe free; hind nail
DESCRIPTION.-Color above rich yel- shorter than the toe; wings short.
low-olive; the tips of the wings and inner vanes of the quills dusky brown; the THE YELLOW-CROWNED WARBLER.
3 first primaries nearly equal; a dusky
line from the nostril to the hind head;        Sylvia coronata.-LATHAM.
crown brownish orange; beneath white;   DESCRIPTION.-Back dark ash, spotted
the breast covered with deep brown pen- or striped with black; crown, sides of the
cil-shaped spots; legs pale flesh-color; breast and rump bright yellow; wings
bill dusky above, below whitish. Crown and tail black, with the outer vanes of the
of the female paler. Length 6, spread 9. feathers margined with white or light ash;
JV'uttall.                               wing coverts tipped with white, forming
HissTOR.-This bird is pretty common two white bars across each wing; outer
in nearly all parts of the United States, tail feathers on each side with a large
but is shy and retiring, and found only in white spot on their inner vane; breast
the thickets of the forests. Its oven sha- white, spotted with black; belly and vent
ped nest is placed in the side of a dry and white; bill black, straight, slightly bent
mossy bank and is constructed with great at the point and rounded above and beneatness. It is formed of grass and cov- low; legs and feet black; tail forked;
ered with leaves and sticks, having the the 2d, 3d and 4th primaries nearly equal;
place of entrance upon the side. The eggs 1st but little shorter.  Winter dress and
are 4 or 5, whitish, irregularly spotted that of the young paler, and of an olivawith reddish brown. The food of this cious hue. Length of the specimen bebird consists wholly of insects and their fore me 5j inches; spread of the wings
larvit.                                  74 inches.
HisTORY.-The Yellow-crowned WarTHE HERMIT THRUSH.                 bler, or Myrtle Bird, as it is sometimes
called, is common in Vermont, and I
ITurdus' solttarius.M-WsrLsoN.    am  informed by Dr. Brewer that they
DESCRIPTION.-Color above plain deep breed in the north part of the state. The
olive-brown, below  dull white; upper nest, according to Audubon, is placed uppart of the breast and throat cream color; on the horizontal branch of a fir or other
the dusky brown pencillated spots carried evergreen. It is compactly built of sticks
over the breast and under the wings and strips of bark, and lined with hair,
where the sides are pale olive; tail and feathers and down. The eggs are of a
coverts as well as the wings strongly tin- rosy  tint, thinly spotted with reddish
ged with rufous; legs pale flesh color; brown towards the large end. Their food
bill short black above, flesh-colored below; is insects and  caterpillars in summer
iris large and nearly black; tail short and and they  feed upon seeds, and myrtle
emarginate; 3d primary  longest. The and other berries during the winter.
female darker, with the spots on the
breast larger and more dusky. Length
74; spread 10A. —JVutt.                 THE YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER.
HISTORY.-The Hermit Thrush is said
to inhabit every part of the United States.
It is a solitary bird living wholly in the   DESCRIPTION.-Male with the crown
woods, and is said by Nuttall to be scarce- deep brownish red; upper parts yellow
ly inferior to the Nightingale in its pow- olive streaked with brown; rump greeners of song. Its nest according to Audu- ish yellow without streaks; wings and tail
bon is placed upon the limbs of trees a dusky brown with the feathers edged with
few feet from the ground, and is compos- whitish or yellowish; a bright yellow
ed of dry weeds and leaves, and neatly streak from the nostril over the eye; lowlined within with fine grass. The eggs, er parts yellow; the sides of the neck, its




CHAP. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.                              81
WARBLERS.                                                         WARBLERS.
lower part, and the sides of the body on;page 69; and, as I have learned since
streaked with deep red; the three outer that article was printed, that the nest
quills nearly equal; tail emarginate. Co- there described was built about the beginlors of the female duller. The young dull ning of June, much earlier than the Friinlight greenish brown, tinged with gray. gilla tristis usually builds; it is probable
Length 5A, spread 8$. —flud.          that the yellow bird there mentioned, was
HISTORY.-Very little is yet known of the,Sylvia aestiva, or Summer Yellow
the history of this bird. During the win- Bird, as this is often called.
ter it is found in large numbers in the
southern states, and early in the spring  THE SPOTTED  WARBLER.
passes through New England, to rear its
young at the north and returns again in       Sylvia  maculosa.-LATH.
the fall.  Audubon found them plentiful   DESCRIPTION.-Crown ash; back blackin Labrador and Newfoundland, in Au- ish; tail coverts, tail and wings black,
gust, feeding their young, but did not the latter crossed by two bars of white;
succeed in discovering any of their nests. rump and beneath bright yellow; breast
spotted with black; vent white; legs brown;
bill, front, lores and behind the ear black.
Female with the breast whitish, and the
A_,;~~                     Icolors duller. Length 5, spread 7H. —JVutt.
HISTORY.-This beautiful species is
only occasionally seen in its passage towards the north in the spring. It is said
to build its nest around Hudson's Bay,
upon the willows. It is considered one of
the most musical and most beautiful of
the American Warblers.
THE SUMMER WARBLER.
Sylvia aestiva.-LAT H.
DEscRIPTioN.-Greenish yellow above;   THE NASHVILLE WARBLER.
crown and beneath bright golden yellow;     Sylvia rubricapilla.-WILsoN.
breast and sides with long spots of red-   DEscrPTIoN.-Yellowish green, or oldish orange; wings and tail brown, edged ive above; breast, chin and under tail covwith yellow; tail einarginate; bill gray- erts yellow; belly whitish; head and neck
ish blue; legs pale. Fe'nmale with the dark ash, inclining to olive; crown deep
colors duller, and the breast unspotted. chestnut; wings and tail hair brown;
Young greenish olive above, with the feathers more or less edged with yellow
throat yellowish white. Length 5, spread on the outer vanes; tail slightly forked;
7.                                    bill brownish, straight and very sharp;
HISTORY.-ThlS  is one of our most legs and feet brownish yellow. The febeautiful and musical Warblers. It ar- male is said to be paler beneath, grayish
rives in Vermont in the early part of May, and without the chestnut on the crown.
and the female is soon engaged in the Length of the specimen before me, which
construction of her nest, while the male is a male, 41 inches, spread of the wings
is spending the most of his time in cheer- 6A in.; the 2d and 3d primaries longest;
ing her and the neighborhood with his the 1st and 4th nearly equal.
song. The Summer Warbler seems to  IHsToRY.-This species was discoverdelight in building its nest and rearing ed by Wilson near Nashville, Tennessee,
its young in our orchards and on the trees and is represented by ornithologists as
around our dwellings, as if conscious of being a very rare bird. Audubon says he
its ability to afford us pleasure by its has never seen more than three or our
music. Several pairs of these birds are of them. The specimen from which the
now (June 24, 1842,) rearing their young above description was made, was shot in
and warbling in the heart of our village, Burlington, in the spring of 1840, and is
and two have their nest on a tree in my the only one 1 have seen.
garden. It is built of a few coarse straws,
shreds of bark, and woolly lint, lined with
horsehairs and bristles. The eggs are 4,   BLACK-THROATED GREEN
of a yellowish white color, sprinkled with         WARBLER.
specks of pale brown towards the large
end. It is said that the Cow-Black Bird
often deposits its eggs in the nests of these   DESCRIPTION.-Color yellowish green
birds, and that they are in the habit ofin-  above; beneath whitish; front, checks,
carcerating them in the manner described sides of the neck, and line over the eye,
PA KT 1.    11




82                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
THE WARBLERS.                                                  THE WARBLERS.
yellow; chin and throat to the breast ers black, edged with blue, with a white
black; wings and tail dusky, the former patch on the inner web of each toward the
with two white bars, and the latter with end; lower parts white, with a band of
the three lateral feathers, marked withl dark bluish gray across the foreneck, and
white on their inner webs; bill black; legs oblong spots of the same along the sides.
and feet brownish. Fenmale with the chin Female with the upper parts light bluish
yellow, and the throat blackish, tinged green, the lower yellowish; yoitne like
with yellow.  Length 5, spread 7-.-  the female. Length 4., spread 8. —du-.Jlutt.                                dubon.
HISTORY.-This species, though rare,   HISToRY.-This species is not very-comprobably breeds in this state. Mr. Nut- mon in the northern part of the United
tall found one of their nests in Massachu- States. Its nest, according to Audubon,
setts, in June, 1830. It was in alow, thick is built upon bushes, constructed xwith
and stunted Virginia juniper, and was stalks and fibres of vines, and lined with
made of fibrous bark, and lined with feath- moss. The eggs are 4 or 5, white, spoters, grass, and a few hairs. The eggs ted at the large end with reddish.
were 4, whitish, sprinkled towards the
large end with brown and blackish.
BLACKBURN'S WARBLER.
PINE CREEPING  WARBLER.                   Sylvia Blackburnize.-LATH.
Sylvia pinus.-LATI1.            DESCRIPTION.-The head striped with
black and orange; back black, skirted
S3licola pinls. —Aud. Am. Birdas, 11.-37, r. 82.  with ash; wings black, with a large latDEscRIPTrlO. —Male with the upper eral patch of white; throat and breast
parts yellowish green, inclining to olive, reddish-orange, bounded by streaks and
the rurmp brig~hter; streak over the eye; spots of black; belly dull yellow, streakeye-lids,throat,breast and sides bright yel- ed with black; vent white; tail a little
low, with a greenish tinge; the rest of forked, 3 lateral feathers white on the inthe lower parts white; wings and tail ner web; cheeks black; bill and legs
blackish brown; secondary coverts and brown. Femaele yellow, without orange,
first row of small coverts tipped with dull and black spots fewer. Length 4A, spread
white; primaries edged with whitish, sec- 7.-JNutt.
ondaries with brownish gray; outer two   HIsToTRY.-This is a rare bird in the
tail feathers with a patch of white on their United States. But few of them are seen
inner web near the end. Wings moder- in Vermont, and yet it is said that some
ate, first three quills nearly equal; tail of them rear their young here. The nest
emarginate.   Fernalleand Tyoung brownish is placed in the fork of a small tree but a
above, other colors duller. Length 5, few feet from the ground, and is lined
spread 8.-haud.                        with hair and feathers. The eggs are
HISTORY..-ThiS iS one of the rnost white, sprinkled with red towards the
common species of Warblers in the Uni- large end.
ted States,being met withifrom Louisiana
to Maine, but more abundantly at the
south than at the north. It resembles the
Creepers in running upon the trunks of       Sylvia icteroce/h7Iala.-LATH.
trees. Its nest is placed high upon- the    DESCRIPTION.-Crown yellow; feathlimbs of trees, and is composed of dry ers of the back and rump black, edged
grass and roots, lined with hair. The with greenish white; wings dusky, the
eggs, from 4 to 6, have a light sea-green primaries edged with white and the sectint, and are sprinkled with reddish brown ondaries with greenish yellow; the first
dots, thickest towards the large end.  and second row of coverts broadly tipped
with light yellow, forming two bars on
THE CCERULEAN WARBLER.   each wing; a triangular black spot beneath the eye; chin and belly white;
Sylvia cverulea. —WIas.        sides, from the black beneath the eye to
DESCRIPTION. —Winrgs long,r 3 outer the thighs, and across the breast, bright
quills nearly equal, 1st and 2d longest; chestnut; tail forked, dusky above, white
upper parts fine light blue, brighter on beneath; legs, feet and bill dusky; iris
the head; the back marked with longitu- hazel. Length 5, spread 7.
dinal streaks of blackish; a narrow band    HISTORY.-This beautiful warbler is
of black from the forehead along the lore represented by Audubon as being exto behind the eye; two white bands on tremely rare in all parts of the United
the wings; quills black, margined with States. The specimen, from which the
pale blue; tail slightly emarginate; feath- above description was drawn, was killed




CHAP. 3.                      BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 83
THE WARBLERS.             THE BLACK AND WHITE CREEPER.             GENUS REGULUS.
in Burlington, on the l1th of June, 1842, ved with dusky olive; bill blackish above,
and it is thought to be rather a common  below flesh colored; legs pale flesh color;
bird here, and I have but little doubt that iris hazel; bill stout. Length 54, spread
it breeds in this state, although I have 8. —JYuttall.
never seen its nest.  Audubon profes-   HiSTORY.-This active and industrious
ses himself ignorant of their breeding  little bird is-said to arrive late fiom the
places; but Nuttall and Peabody assure south  and  retire early, and resembles
us that several of their nests have been  somewhat the Chicadee in its manners
found in Massachusetts.                   and notes.  Its nest, according to Audubon, is made of dry mosses, hickory and
chestnut blossoms, and the eggs are 4 or
THE BLACK.THROATED  WARBLER. 5, cream  colored, with a few  dark red
Sylvia canaedensis.-LATH.          spots near the large end. The nest is usually placed between two twigs, 8 or 9 feet
DEscRIPTIoN.-Light blue slate above; from the ground. /
beneath white; wings and tail dusky:
black, the latter wedge-shaped, edged                       c,
with blue, feathers pointed, external ones  BLACK  AND  WHITE  CREEPER.
with a large white spot; throat, cheeks,
upper part of the breast and sides under            Sylvia varia.-LATH.
the wings, deep black; legs and feet   DEsCIPTION-The crown white, bardusky yellow; bill black; a white spat dered on each side by a band of black,
on the wings. The black in the female dered on each is again bounde by a band of black,
dusky ash, or wanting. Length 5, spread  which is again bounded by a fine of white
7J.-AJ\lutt.                              passing over each eye ~ ear feathers black,
HISTORY.-This species is rare and  as well as the chin and throat; wings the
very little known.  Its nest, according to same, with 2 white bars; breast back,
Audubon, is placed  cn the horizontal sides, and rump spotted with black and
white; tail and primaries edged with
branch of a fir, 6 or 8 feet from the white; tail and primaries edged with
ground. The eggs, 4 or 5 in number, light gray, the coverts black, bordered
are of a rosy tint, sprinkled with reddish- with white; belly white; legs and feet
brown at the large end. dusky yellow; bill rather long,black above,
paler below.  Female with  the crown
wholly black, and without the black earfeathers.  Length 5, spread 74.-Nuttall.
HISTORY.-This bird is found in most
Sylvia trichas.-LATse.           parts of the United States, and in many
DEsCRIPTION.-Yellow-oliv-e above, in- of its habits is closely allied to the Creepclining to cinereous on the crown, front ers and Nuthatches.  It seldom  perches
and wide patch through the eye black; upon the branches of trees, but creeps
throat, breast and vent yellow, fainter on spirally round upon the trunk and large
the belly; wings, and unspotted wedge- limbs, searching for insects and their eggs
shaped tail, dusky brown; quills of both  in the crevices of the bark.  Dr. Brewer
edged With yellow-olive; bill black above, informs us that this bird builds its nest uppale beneath; legs pale flesh-color; iris on the ground. It is composed externaldark hazel.  Female without black on the ly of coarse straw, and lined with hair.
face, and beneath dull yellow.  Length  The eggs, about 4 in number, are white,
5, spread 7. —sutt.                       with a few brownish red spots, chiefly to;
HISTORY. —-This is quite a common  wards the large end. X:?/].5
bird.  It arrives from  the south in the
early part of May.  Its nest, accordingr to.
Peabody, is constructed on or near the           GENUS RE.GULUS. —.Cuvier.
ground, among dry leaves,brush or withGeneric Characters. —Bill short,straight,
ered grass.  The eggs, 4 or 5, are white,   Generic Chzacters. —Bill short,straight,
with blotches and elines of brown chiefly  very slender, subulate, compressed from the base,
towards the large end.                    and narrowed in the middle, furnished with bristies at the base, and. with the edges somewhat
bent in; the upper nrandible is slenderly notched,
THE  WORM-EATING  WARBLER. and a little curved at the tip. Nostrils basal, oval,
Sylvia vermivora.-LATH.           half closed by a membrane,-and additionally covered also with two small projecting, rigid, decomDESCRIPTION.-Dusky olive above ex- pound feathers. Tongue bristly at the tip. Feet
cept the wings and tail, which are umber slender; tarsus longer than the middle toe; laterbrown. Head buff, nmarked with 4 longi- al toes nearly equal; the inner one free'; hind toe
tudinal stripes of' timber brown; breast stoutest. Winos slirt, rather acute; 3d and 4th
orange buff, mixed with dusky; vent wa- primaries longest; tail notched.




g41                 NATURAL HISTORY OF' VERMONT.                         PART I.
THE RUBY AND FIERY-CROWNED WRENS.                 THE HOUSE AND WINTER WRENS.
THE RUBY-CROWNED WREN.
Regulus calendulus.-STErPHEs NS.
DESCRIPTION.-Color above olivaceous,
yellowish on the rump and grayish on the
head, with a bright vermillion colored spot
on the hind head, which is partly concealed by the dark feathers; wings and
tail brownish black, with the onter edges
yellow; wing coverts terminated with
white, forming a whitish bar upon the
wings; a yellowish white line around the
eye; beneath, brownish  white on the             THE HOUSE WREN.
neck, changing into yellowish white on         Troglodytes aedon.-VIEILLOT.
the belly; upper mandible slightly curv-    DESCRPTON.-Clr above reddished near the tip; legs, toes and nails long,
slender, and of a smoky brown color brown, darkest on the head and neck,
slender, and of a smoky brown color.
Length 4; spread 5)-                     lighter towards the rump, feathers mostly
HISTORY.-The   istory  of this little barred with dusky; beneath dull pale
songster is very imperfectly known.  It gray, nearly white on the belly; sides and
is found durinog the winter, in considera-       il coverts barred with brown; a
ble numbers, in the southern states, and, yellowish line from the upper mandible
in the northern states, is frequently seen over the eye; cheeks yellowish gray,
in its migrations to the north and south, spotted with brownish red; bill dark
n    ou brown above, lighter beneath; iris hazel;
in spring and fall. Audubon has no doubt feet flesh color; wings short, 3d and 4th
but that it breeds in Labrador, but neither he nor any other of our ornithologists quills longest; tail rather long. Length
has succeeded in finding its nest. The 4, spread             a a
beautiful specimen from which the above    HiSTORt.-This famiiar and interestdescription was made, was killed in Bur- ing little bird is common in all parts of
linffton on the 26th of April, 1842.     the United States, from  April until the
beginning of October, when it retires to
the south: but the place where it winters
THE FIERY-CROWNED  WREN.   seems yet to  remain unknown.  The
Regulus tricolor.-NUTT.           House Wren is sprightly, active and diliRegulus satrapa.-Aud. Am. Birds, 11-165, pl. 132. gent, and has received its name in consequence of its delighting to make its resiDERIPTI-Color above ash gray  dence in our orchards, gardens, and about
on the neck, and the back yellowish  our houses. Its nest is formed with coarse
olive; cheeks grayish  white; crown sticks, shreds of bark, hair, &c., in some
flame colored, bordered with yellow and natural or artificial cavity, such as a holblack; beneath whitish, tinged with olive low stump, or post, or the vacant space at
gray; bill slender and rather short; bris- the foot of a brace in the frame of a buildties at its base.; plumage loose and tufty; ing, or a box provided for it by the gar4th primary longest; the first very short; dener. And whatever the cavity select"legs rather long, tarsus slender. Length
4legs rather long, tarsus slender. Length ed, it seems to be its object to fill it with
T4; spread 7.-Audubon.                   sticks and other articles, leaving room
HISTORY. —This is an active little bird,      r itself and young.  The eggs,
and is often seen in company with the
from 6 to 8, are of a reddish flesh-color,
creepers and titmice, searching for flies sprinkled with reddish-brown. Audubon
— nd insects. It is put down by Dr.Brew- has represented this wren as feeding its,er as breeding in this state. Audubon
found it rearing its young in Labrador.   young in a nest constructed in an old hat.
f'ound it rearing its young in Labrador.    The Wren manifests great antipathy to
The Wren manifests great antipathy to
the cat, and will scold her till she is out
GENUS TROGLODYTES.-Cuvier.               sight.
Generic Characters..-Bill slender, subulate, somewhat arched and elongated, also acute,  THE WINTER WREN.'compressed, and without notch; mandibles equal.
Nostrils basal, oval, half closed by a membrame.    Troglodytes hyemalis.-V.EILLT.'Tongue slender, the tip divided into 2 or 3 small   DESCRiPTION.-Dark brown above, crossbristles. Feet slender; tarsuts longer than the ed with transverse dusky touches, except
middle toe; inner toe free; posterior with a lar- on the head and neck, which are plain;
ger nail than the rest.  Wings short, con- the black spots on the back terminate in
cave and rounded; 3d, 4th, and 5th primaries lon- minute points of dull white; the same,gest.                                   colored points are seen on the first row of




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                  85
THE WOOD WREN.                     GENUS SIALIA.                   THE BLUE BIRD.
wing-coverts; the primaries are crossed          GENUS SIALA.-Swtainson.
by alternate rows of cream color; throat,
line over the eye, sides of the neck and    Geeric Claractes-Bill of ordinary
breast dirty white, with minute transverse  length. nearly straight, about as broad as high at
touches of drab; belly and vent mottled  the base; upper niandible rounded carinated towitlh sooty black, deep brown, and white, wards the base, notched and curved at the tip;
tongue cartilagitous, shortly lacerate at the base,
in ba rs; tail very bill short; legs and feet and emarginate at the point; nostrils basal, open,
*pale cla-color; bill straight, half an inch  partly obstructed by an internal ttubercle, the nasal
long, dark brown above, whitish beneath; fosse extensive and depressed; tarsus rather roiris hazel.  Length 3A, spread 5.-Jutt.  bust, a little shotter thanr the middle toe; inner
HISTORY.-This sprightly and musical toe free; the hind one stoutest, longer than the
little bird bears a very strong resemblance nail; wings rather long and acute; 1st and 2d
to the preceding, and might easily be mis- primaries longest, the 3d scarcely shorter.
taken for it. It may, however, be distinguished by its shorter tail, more slender
bill, and by having the under parts more
distinctly barred.  The nest of this wren
is built upon, or very near the ground, at
the foot of a tree, or by the side of a rock.
It is formed of moss and leaves, and lined
with hair, and has its entrance on the
side. This bird is said to lay from 10 to
18 eggs, but the nests, discovered by Audubon, contained no more than 6. Their
color is light blue, spotted with reddish
brown. The song of this wren is very
agreeable and loud for the size of the bird.        THE BLUE BIRD.
Sialia WYilsonii.-SWAINSON.
THE WOOD  WREN.                     DESCRIPTION.-Color sky-blue above;
ferruginous, passing into brownish white,
Traglodytes americanus.-AUD.         beneath; vent white; wings full and
DESCRIPTION. —Bill of moderate length, broad; inner vanes of the quills and their
DEaSC sTiON.-Bill of moderate lengtho shafts dusky, outer vanes blue; bill and
nearly straight, slender, acute; neck short; legs black; inside of the mout  yellow.,legs black; inside of the mouth yellow.
body rather full; plumage soft, blended, Colors of the female duller tha  in the
slightly glossed; wings short, broad; male. Length 6n, spread 1th.
4th and 5th'quills longest; tail rather long,   HiSToRY.-This well known and fa
graduated; general color above dark rd-  miliar bird is found in all parts of the
dish brown, duller and tinged with gray  United States and of the British North
on the head, indistinctly barred with darkA         provinces. It
brown; wings and tail waved with dark  a         great  favorite, and is return in the
brown, edges of the outer primaries light- a great i      s hailed with hardly less joy th
under parts pale brownish gray, bar- spring is hailed with hardly less joy than
er; under parts pale brownish gray, bar- that of the Robin. It seems to delight in
red more or less distinctly.  Length 4J, being around our dwellings, and rears its
4spread 64.-Iud.                  young in hollow stumps and posts and in
HISToRY.-This new species was dis- little boxes made for that purpose and
covered by Audubon in the summer of placed on upright poles. The nest con1832, in the state of Maine, where it sists of a slight lining of the cavity with
breeds in hollow logs in the woods, sel- a few straws and feathers.  The eggs are
dom  if ever making its appearance in usually 5, of a pale blue color and withcleared land. The color of the egg of the out spots. They often raise two or three
Wood Wren is dull yellowish white, with broods in a season.  Their food consists
blotches and streaks of purplish-red and almost entirely of insects,such as beetles.
blackish-brown.  This wren breeds in spiders and grasshoppers, and, on account
Vermont, and Audubon describes an egg of their destruction of these, they are,
procured, in this state by Dr. Brewer. like most others, real benefactors of the
Late in the fall of 1840, I saw a pair of farmer, and richly deserve his protection.
these wrens in a little wood in Burling- Birds seem  to be specially designed by
ton, and watched them  for some time. Providence to prevent the undue increase
They were silent except a low chirp occa- of noxious insects, and so useful are they
sionally, and were intently and diligently  that, in general, whoever destroys a bird,
searching for spiders and insects upon the destroys a friend.  Blue Birds are very
sides and beneath the logs.               common in all parts of Vermont, and their




86                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                  PART I.
THE BROWN LARK.                    GRANIVOROUS BIRDS.               THE SNOW BUNTING.
agreeable warble is heard from March together in the fall and migrate in large
till October.                                flocks.
GENUS  ANTIUS.-Linneus.                     GENUS EMBERIZA.-LinnCU us.
Generic Characters.-Bill straight, slender,    Generic Characters.-Bill short, robust,
cylindric, and subulate towards the point, with  conic, somewhat compressed, and without notch;
edges somewhat inflected towards the middle, and the margins contracted inward, a little angular toat the base destitute of bristles; the base of the wards the base; the upper mandible rounded
upper mandible carinated, with the point slightly  above, acute, smaller and narrower than the lownotched and declining. Nostrils basal, lateral, er; the palate with a longitudinal bony tubercle 
half closed by a membrane. Feet slender; tarsus the lower mandible rounded beneath, and very
longer than the middle toe; inner toe free; hind  acute. Nostrils basal, small, partly covered by the
toe shortest, with the nail generally long and near- feathers of the forehead.  Tarsus about equal to
ly straight; winags moderate; three first primaries the middle toe; the lateral toes equal; outer unilongest; secondaries notched at the tip; two of ted at the base to the middle toe. Wings with the
the scapulars nearly equal to the longest prima- 1st primary almost equal to the 2d and 3d, which
ries; tail rather long and emarginate.       are longest.  Tail even or ernarginate.
THE BROWN LARK.
THE SNOW BUNTING..snthus spinotetta.-BONAP.eriza nivali.-L
Emb6erizxa nivalis. —Ll T~N'E:S.
DESCRIaPTtON-Grayish brown above, Plectrophanes nivalis.-Aud. Am. Birds, Ii1-55
with a darker shade in the centre of each                       pi. 155.
feather; beneath and line over the eye,    DESCRIPTION.-Male, in winter, with
white; breast and  flanks spotted  with  the head, neck, lower parts, a great prograyish brown, or blackish; tail feathers portion of the wings, includig the smallnearly black, the outer one half white, er coverts, secondary coverts, several seupon the 2d and often upon the 3d, a co- condary quills, the bases of the primaries
nic white spot; lower mandible straight and their coverts, and the greater part of
and livid, the upper blackish; legs chest- the outer tail feathers on each side,white;
nut; iris hazel. Female more spotted be- the head and hind neck more or less ting-'low.  Young dark brown, incliningto ol-d with brownish red; the upper parts
ive; strongly spotted on the beast.-JVutt. reddish gray, or yellowish red mottled
HISTORY. —The Brown  Lark  is met with black, the concealed part of the pluwith in every part of the United States as mage being of the latter color; the bill
a bird of passage.  It feeds upon insects brownish yellow.  Female, in the winter,
and seeds, and may often be seen run- with the white less extended.  Young, at
ning along the margin  of ponds  and  this season, like the female, but browner.
streams, and in old fields in pursuit of Mazle, in summer, with the back, scaputhese.  It was found by Audubon breed- lars, inner secondaries, terminal portion
ing abundantly on the coast of Labrador, of the primaries, and 4 middle tail feathand. Dr. Brewer obtained its eggs  from  ers deep black; all the other parts pure
Coventry, (now  Orleans), in this state. white; bill black. Female with the black
The nest is placed at the foot of a wall or parts tinged with brown, and more or less
rock, curiously formed of bent grass, and  reddish  brown on the head and rump.
partly buried in dark mould.  The eggs Length 7; spread 13. —Audubon.
are usually 6.  Their ground color is a    HlsToRY.-The Snow  Buntings spend
deep reddish chestnut, darkened by nu- the great part of the year in high northern
merous dots, and various lines of reddish  latitudes.  They breed, according to Dr.
brown. This bird is also called the Amer- Richardson, in the most northerly part of
ican Petit, or Titlark.                      the continent, and on the islands of the
arctic ocean. The nest is made of' dry
GRAN1VOROUS   BIRDS.                  grass in the crevices of rocks, and lined
with deer's hair and feathers.  The eggs
The Birds of this order have a strong, are greenish white, spotted and blotched
short, thick, and more or less conic bill, with umber.  They usually make their
which extends back upon the forehead, appearance in Vermont in December, in
The ridge of the upper mandible is usual- the midst of storms of snow.  They arly somewhat flattened, and both portions rive in flocks. frequently in company with
of the bill are generally without the tooth- the Tree Sparrow  and Blue Snow Bird,
ed notch.  The feet are arranged with 3 and, in descending upon our gardens and
toes before and I behind.  The wings are  fields, to collect their scanty pittance of
of moderate  dimensions.   These birds seeds from the dry weeds which rise above
spend the summer in pairs, but assemble  the snow, they always come down in a




CHAP. 3.                   BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                   87
THE BAY WINGED AND SAVANNAH BUNTINGS.                          THE SONG rt'ARROW.
spiral direction, passing several times a- turgid and a little bent at the tip, without keel, deround the spot on which they are to alight, pressed at tile upper part, arind often prolonged inThey are much more plentiful in some to an angle entering the feathers of the forehead;
winters than in others, and are generally  nostrils basal, round, covered by the feathers
known by the name of [White Snow Bird.  tongue thick, acute compressed arid bifid at the
tip; tarsuis shorter than the middle toe; toes disTHE BAY-WINGED  BUNTING.   connected at the base; hind nail largest. Wings
short; 1st and 2nd primaries but little shorter
Emberiza graminea. —Gn IEL.         than the 3d and 4th, which are longest.
DEsc HPTrIoN.-General color of the
upper parts light brown,streaked and mottled with darker; lesser wing-coverts reddish-brown; first quills margined externally with white; outer tail feathers marked with an oblique band of white; a narrow circle of white round the eye; throat
and breast yellowish white; the latter and
fore part of the cheeks streaked with dark
brown; sides and belly yellowish brown,
fadino into white towards the tail, and
sparsely streaked with dark brown; wings
with the 3d and'4th quills longest; plunmage compact; tail rather long; tarsus,
toes, and claws flesh color. Length 53,          THE SONG  SPARROW.
spread 1O.-JAud.                                 Fringilla 7nelodia.-Wl  s.
H IsT ORY.-The Bay-Winged Bunting,
DE SCRIPTIOS. —Crown brownish chestor Finch, is foiund in all the northeastern     DesieTsot-Crown brownish chestportion of the United  States.  I learn  nut, divided longitudinally by a grayish
from Dr. Brewer that itbreeds in Vermont line; line over the eye  light ash, becomas well as other parts of New England, ing white towards the bill; mottled above
and that its nest is placed upon the ground  and below with brown,chestnut and ash;
witlhout concealhent, but that it uses utuch lightest on the belly, each feather
much art in decoying enemies from the being marked with brownt along the midneighborhood of it.                       dle, surrounded by chestnut and edged
with ash, giving the bird a striped appearance, particularly on the back and lower
THE SAVANNAH BUNTING.                 part of the breast; wings and tail chestEmberiza savaznna.-WILS.           nut brown; bill darkl horn color, lighter
DESCRI PTioN. —General color above below; legs light fleslh-colored; feet and
pale reddish browst, spotted with brown- nails dusky.   Length 64 inches; spread
ish black; the edges of the feathers be- ofthe wings 8 inchesr.  Tail wedge-form,
ing of the former color; lower parts 2 inches longer than the folded wines;
white, the breast spotted and the sides 1st primary short, 3d and 4th longest.
streaked with deep brown; cheeks and    HISTORY-This is one ofour most comn
space over the eye light citron yellow; mon and fanlar sparrows.  It arrives
bill dusky above, pale brown beneath; eatly from the south,ttnd in company with
wings and tail short, the latter emargin- the Blue Bird and Robin, ushers in the
ate;  head  rather large; neck  short. spring with its cheerful notes, while the
Length 5W, spread 8A.-sJud.               snows are yet lingering upon the ground.*
HISTORY.-The Savannah Bulntiny, or This sparrow  breeds in all parts of the
United  States and Canada.  The nest
Savannah Finch, as he is also called, is,
according to Audubon, one of the most iS usually placed upon the ground bit is
sometimes a little elevated above it in a
abundant and hardy species in the United
Stabundans.  It and hardy species in this state  and   on- low bush. Itis usually formed of dry grass
Stats. It breeds in this state, ad con- and lined with hair. The eggs, usually
structs its nest very much in the manner
of the Song Sparrow, at the foot of a tuft 5, are of a bluish gray color, thickly spotof grass, or in a low bissh.  The eggs, ted withdifferentshades ofbrown.  They
from  4 to 6, are of a pale bluish color, are very prolific, frequently raising three
softly mottled with purplish brown.       broods in a year.  The Song Sparrow  is
common in our gardens, orchards and
Genus Fringilla.-LINNEUS.         meadows, preferring the open fields and
low  bushes to the woods.  They feed
Generic Characters.-Bill short, robust, upon worms, insects, larva arid seeds.
conic on all sides and generally without a notch;
upper mandible wider than the lower, somewhat  * For the time of their appearance see Part I-13.




88                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART I.
THE, BLUE SNOW BIRD.                       THE TREE AND CHIPPING SPARROWS.
THE BLUE SNOW-BIRD.                HISToRY.-This beautiful little sparrow
Frinlgilla hysmalis.-LINNEUS.     is a winter resident in Vermont. It arDEscR1TION. —General color dark rives in flocks from the north about the
DEscRiPTION. —General color dark first of November and proceeds again
brownish ash,or bluish slate above and on first of November, and proceeds again
the breast; belly white; feathers on the northerly about the first of April. During
back slightly tinged with ferruginous; the winter these sparrows are often seen
wings and central tail fbathers dark slate; in flocks  by themselves or in company
outer tail feather on each side pure white, with the snow buntings, gathering their
and the next white wholly or in part; scanty pittance of seeds from the weeds
tail forked, the lateral feathers curving which rise above the snow in our fields
outward towards the tip; bill short, acute; and gardens. They are sometimes seen
bill, legs and feet brownish in summer, seeking shelter, in the midst of woods,
pale flesh-color in winter; claws slender from  the  winds  and  storms.  Some of
and compressed. Female and young ting- them rear their young in Vermont, but
ed with brown. Length 6      inches, spread the greater part breed farther north, in
of the wings  inches, spread the neighborhood of Hudson's Bay. They
HISTORY.-This is one of our most build their nest among the herbage, with
common and numerous species, and in mud and dry grass, and line it with hair
the spring and autumn they are met with or down. They lay 4 or 5 eggs at a litin every part of the state. Late in the ter, which are of a pale brown, spotted
fall they mostly migrate to the south, and with darker color.
in the early part of summer they mostly
retire from the low lands either beyond   THE CHIPPING SPARROW.
the limits of the state to the north, or to  Fringilla socialis.-WILs.
the central mountainous districts for the
purpose of rearing their young. They   DEscRIrTIos.-Frontlet nearly black;
breed in large numbers in all the moun- crown  bright chestnut; back varied with
tain towns, through the whole length of brownish-black, ash and bay; wings and
the state. The nest is built upon the tail dark chestnut brown; line over the
ground by the side of a rock, stump, tuft eye, chin and vent white; breast and
of grass, or in the side of a dry bank, and sides of the neck pale ash; rump dark
is composed of small sticks and wither- ash; bill blackish above, dark flesh-color
ed grass.  The eggs, from 3 to 5, are below; legs and feet slender, pale fleshof a pale green, brushed and spotted color; hind nail a little shorter than the
with  darker.  They breed  in small toe; first four primaries nearly equal;'numbers in the low lands in this state. I tail forked, reaching 1i inch beyond the
found one of their nests in Burlington, folded wings. Length 5 inches, spread
near Winooski river, on the 27th of of the wings 74 inches.
July, containing 3 young nearly fledged.   HISTORY.-Of all our sparrows this is
The most common note of this bird is a the most familiar and most common. It
sharp chip, and hence it is often called breeds abundantly in every part of the
the Chipping Bird, or Blue Chipping state, and seems to take much pains to
tBird.                                place its nest as near as possible to our
dwellings, or close by the side of the most
frequented walks in our yards and garTHE TREE SPARROW.               dens.  Sometimes it is placed upon a
Fringilla canadensis.-LATHAM.    lilach or other shrub so near to a window
DESCRIPTION.-Crown ofthe head bright as to be easily reached with the hand.
bay, slightly mottled with ash color; a The female will sit upon her nest with
stripe over the eye,white at its commence- apparent unconcern while people are alment near the bill, and backwards fading most constantly passing and repassing
into pale ash; sides of the neck, chin and within 2 or 3 feet of her. The nest is
breast pale ash; on the centre of the rather slight, and always composed, interbreast an obscure dark spot; from the nally, of hair, and hence it is often called
lower angle of the bill and behind the eye the flair Bird. The eggs, 4 or 5, are
proceeds a small stripe of chestnut; back bright greenish blue, with a few spots of
varied with black, bay, brown and drab; brown of different shades. They usually
wings marked with two white bars; outer raise two or three broods in a season.
feathers edged with white, inner with pale
brown; bill black, yellowish beneath; TIIE FIELD, OR RUSH SPARROW.
tail forked, feathers black, edged with
white; vent white; legs slender, dusky       iila  juncorum.-Nu.
brown; feet black. Length of specimen   DEscRIPTIoN.-Above varied with bay,
before me 6 inches; spread 9 inches.    drab anid dusky; crown chestnut; cheeks




CHArP. 3.                  BIRDS OF VERMONT.                               89
SWAMP SPARROW.            YELLOW BIRD.-PINE LINNET.          LESSER RED-POLL.
throat and breast pale brownish drab; bel- seldom builds its nest till some time in
ly and vent white; tail dusky, forked and July, and is less disposed to build in the
edged with whitish; bill and legs reddish immediatexvicinity of our dwellings than
cinnamon color; hind nail as long as the several others of the family. The nest is
toe; the 3d primary longest, the 1st short- usually placed in the top of a young forer than the 6th. Length 54 in. —Jutt.   est tree, from  15 to 30 feet from the
HISTORY.-This species very much re- ground, and is composed of the dry bark
sembles the Chipping Sparrow, but the of herbaceous plants, thickly bedded with
bay above is brighter, and the tail propor- cotton-like down of the Canada thistle.
tionably longer. It builds its nest of dried The eggs, 4 or 5, are white and without
grass, upon the ground, in the shelter of spots. This bird seems to be extremely
a low bush or grassy tuft. The eggs are fond of the seeds of the thistle, and of othso thickly sprinkled with ferruginous as er compound flowers; and it often visits
to appear almost wholly of that color,    our gardens for the purpose of feeding upon lettuce and flower seeds. They soon
THE SWAMTA11~P SPARRO~W,         become reconciled to the cage, and their
song is nearly as sonorous and animated
Fringilla palustris.-WILs.       as that of the Canary Bird.
DESCRIPTION.-Blackish brown above,
belly white; crown bright bay, undivi-         THE PINE LINNET.
ded, bordered with blackish; line over
the eye, sides of the neck, and breast ash    Fringilla pinus.-WILson.
color; wings and tail dusky, the prima-   DESCRIPTION.-Color dark flaxen, spotries edged with brownish white, the sec- ted with blackish; wings black, with two
ondaries with bay; bill dusky; iris hazel; yellowish white bars; quill shafts and latlegs stout and long, and with the feet pale eral tail feathers on the lower halfyellow;
brownish horn color. Young spotted with rump, breast and sides spotted and streakblack and olive brown. Length6; spread ed with blackish brown; bill dull horn
8. —JVuttall.                          color; legs purplish brown; iris hazel.
HISTORY.-This species is aquatic in its Length 44; spread 8A.
habits, and resides principally in low wet   HISTORY.-The Pine Linnet passes most
lands and swamps, and hence its name, of the year to the northward of the United
Swamp Sparrow.  It arrives from  the States; but, in the depth of winter, often
south in April, and builds its nest in a makes its appearance here and in states
tuft of rank grass in the midst of a marsh. still fuirther south. Of its history we
The eggs are 4 or 5, of a dirty white know very little.
color, spotted with reddish brown.
THE LESSER RED-POLL.
YELLOW  BIRD, OR AMERICAN GOLD               Fringilla linaria.-LINNEUss.
DESCRIPTION. —- General color of the
Fringilla tristis. —LNNAUrS.     upper plumage yellowish gray, darkly
DEscRIPTION. —General color of the streaked with blackish brown; wings and
male, in summer, rich gamboge yellow, tail feathers blackish, slightly edged with
fading into white towards the tail; crown white, with two narrow yellowish white
and frontlet black; wings and tail black, bars on each winrg; crown bright deep
varied with white; smaller wing feathers crimson, with a crimson tinge on the
and coverts tipped and edged with white; rump and sides of the throat; a brownish
tail sharply forked, with the feathers black band around the base of the bill,and
acutely pointed, and shaded off into white reaching down upon the throat; belly
on their inner webs towards the tips; bill bluish white, spotted and striped with
conical, acute, brownish yellow, and the brown upon the sides and beneath the
gap straight; legs, feet and claws slen- tail; feathers on the thighs yellowish
der, and of a yellowish brown color. Fe- brown.  Bill slender, straight, acutely
male, young, and male, in autumn, brown- pointed, yellowish on the sides, and brown
ish olive above, yellowish white beneath. above and below towards the tip; wings
Length 5 in.; spread 8. Four first pri- long, the three first quills longest, and
maries nearly equal.                   nearly equal; tail sharply forked; legs,
HISTORY.-The Yellow Bird, or Amer- feet and claws black; claws slender, curican Gold Finch, is common in summer ved, acute, the hind one much the longfrom tropical America to the 50th paral- est. Length of the specimen before me
lel of north latitude. It arrives in Ver- 54 inches; tail 24; folded wing 3.
mont later than several of the other spar-   HISTORY.-This elegant species is selrows, and is later in rearing its young. It dom  seen among us, excepting in the
PT I.         12




90                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART I.
THE FINCHES.                                                  THE FINCHES.
winter, when they often appear in large   WHITE-CROWNED FINCH.
flocks. They breed, according to Audu-    Fringilla leucophrys.-TEMM.
bon, in Maine, Nova Scotia, and Labra-   DESCRIPTION.-CrO n white, line surdor, and a few probably rear their young rounding it and through each eye black
in this state. Dr. Richardson says that back streaked with dark rusty brown and
it is a permanent resident of the fur coun- pale bluish white; winga dusky, with
tries, where it may be seen in the coldest pale bluish white; wings dusky, with
weather. Its nest resembles that of the two white bands; tertials black; rump
and tail coverts drab; chin and belly
Yellow Bird. The eggs, usually 5, are whitish;  vent pale  ochreous; tail
bluish green, spotted with reddish brown whitish;  vent  pale  ochreous; tal
bluitowards the large end.    reddish rown  long, rounded, dusky, broadly edged with
the large end.  drab; bill, legs and feet cinnamon brown.
Female with the colors duller. Length
7A, spread 10. —J"utt.
THE, FERRUGINOUS FINCH.              HISTORY.-This species is seen here
only during its spring and fall migrations.
Firingilla iliaca. —MERREM.     Audubon informs us that itbreeds in NewDESCRIPTION. —Above varied with foundland, Labrador and still further
reddish brown and gray; beneath white, north.  Their nest is built upon the
largely spotted with bright bay and dus- ground, made of moss and lined with
ky; head:and neck cinereous, the feath- hair. The eggs, usually 5, are of a seaers margined with ferruginous; wings green color, mottled and blotched with
and tail rust color, inclined to reddish different shades of brown.
brown; 1st and 2d row of wing-coverts
tipped with white; bill stout;dusky above;ROUND FINCH.
iris hazel. Length 6, spread 9. —JVutt.  ARCTIC G
HISTORY. —Most of this species spend      Fringilla arctica.-SwAIN
the summer to the northward of the Uni-   DESCRIPTION.-The head, neck above
ted States, and appear among us only and below, scapulars, all the wing covduring their spring and' fall migrations. erts and tail pitch black; some of the
Some few of them, however; breed in the breast feathers fringed with white; back
northern states, and I am informed by scapulars, and wing coverts striped or
Dr. Brewer that they rear their young in tipped with white; quills hair brown;
the north part of this state. They build middle of the breast and belly pure white;
their nest upon the ground, and their sides, flanks and under tail coverts deep
eggs, 4 or 5, are of a dull greenish hue, and bright ferruginous; bill black; leg
irregularly blotched with brown.     pale brown. Female with upper plumage'ferruginous-brown. Length 83, tail4.-  Niutt.
E-THROATED FINCH.  HISTORY.-This species is migratory,
WHITE-THROATED FINCH.
spending the summer and rearing its
Fringilla pennsylvanica.-LATH.    young in the Fur Countries, and retiring
DESCRIPTION.-The head striped with in; the winter, to warmer regions. Dr.
dusky and white; a yellow line from the Brewer informs me that it breeds also
nostril to the eye; upper parts varied about Coventry, (now Orleans,) in this
with dusky, bay and light brown;. shoul- state. The nest is made of grass and
der of the wing edged with. greenish yel- leaves upon the ground, and the eggs,
low; cheeks and breast cinereous; throat 4 or 5, are white, spotted with reddish
and belly white; legs pale flesh-color; chocolate.
bill bluish horn-color; iris hazel. Female
below, and stripes on the head, light     TOWHE-GROUND FINCH.
drab. Length 7, spread 9A. —Jutt.
HiSTORY.-This large and handsome    Fringila erythrophthalma. —LnN.
Finch, or Sparrow, spends the winter, in   DEscRIPTION.-Upper parts black; bellarge numbers, in the southernstatesbut, ly white;  flanks and vent bay; tail
on the approach of spring, proceed to the rounded, 4 outer feathers partly white;
north and rear their young throughout a white spot on the wing below the covthe whole region, from New England to erts and an interrupted white margin on
the Fur Countries about Hudson's Bay. the primaries-; bill black. Female olive
A few of them breed in the north part of brown where the male is black, the head
Vermont. Their nest is built upon the and throat inclining to chestnut; 3 only
ground, made of grass, and lined with hair of the lateral tail feathers marked with
and feathers. The eggs are pale green, white. Length 8, spread 11.-JNVutt.
marbled with reddish brown.            HISTORY.-This common bird derives




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                     91
THE PURPLE LINNET.              THE PINE GROSBEAK.          THE COMMON CROSS-BILL.
its name Tow-he from  the sound of its            THE  PINE  GROSBEAK.
note, when calling to its mate. It is found
in all parts of the United States and Can-        Pyrrkula   enucleator.-TEai
ada, but retires to the southern states to     DESCRIPTIoN. —General color red 
pass the winter.  This bird breeds in Ver- wings and tail dark cinereous. wing covmont.  Its nest is built upon the ground, erts forming two white bands; quills, lesand the eggs, from 4 to 6, are white, tin- ser coverts and tail-feathers tinged with
ged with flesh-eolor, and spotted with  crimson; under plumage more red than
reddish browa.                             the upper, except the middle of the belly,
vent and tail coverts, which are bluishgray; bill blackish brown; legs black.
Tail broad and forked; 1st -quill slghltly
THE  PURPLE  LINNET.                 shorter than the 2d, which hardly exceeds
the 3d.  Length 111,  tail 41, wing 4j.
-Richaz'dson.  Length given by AuduDESCRIPTION.-Head, breast and rump  bon, 8j; by Nuttall, 9.
deep rich lake, approaching to crimson,   H-IsToRY.-The Pine Grosbeak, or Bull
and fading into rose color on the belly; Finch, inhabits the northern parts of both
feathers on the backbrownish lake fringed  continents, and, according to Audubon,
with ash, producing a spotted appearance; is a constant resident in the state of
vent and under tail coverts white; wings Maine, and to the northward to Hudson's
and tail dusky, edged with reddish white; Bay, where it builds its nest upon small
bill grayish, dark horn color, having a trees, and feeds upon the seeds of the
fringe of creem-colored feathers at the  white spruce and other trees.  They are
base; tail forked; legs and claws brown; seen in most parts of the United States
head and neck rather large; outline of only in the winter.
each mandible a little convex; nostrils
nearly concealed by the feathers. Female
and young brownish above, and yellowish            GENUS LOXIA.-Brisson
white beneath, without the crimson. Sec-    Generic Characters.-Bill robust and conond and third primaries longest; 1st and  vex, with the mandibles crossing each other, and
4th a little shorter.  Length 6 inches, compressed towards the points, which are exspread of the wings 9 inches.              tended in the form of crescents. Nostrils basa],
HISTORY.-This beautiful and cheerful lateral, rounded, hidden by the advancing hairs of
little songster arrives from  the  south  the front. Tongue cartilaginous, short, entire and
about the beginning of April, and contin- pointed. Tarsus nearly equal to the middle toe;
ues till October.  Although the greater toes divided to the base; hind nail largest, much
part of them proceed still further north to curved. Wings moderate, 1st and 2d primaries
spend the summer, considerable numbers longest. Tail notched. Female and young differ
of them are known to rear their young in from the adult male.
this state.  Their nest is usually built
upon a cedar, a fir or other evergreen,        THE  COMMON  CROSS-BILL.
and is described by Dr. Brewer as being
rudely made of grass and weeds, and lined          Loa  currostra.-LINN.
with roots.  The eggs are bright emerald    DEsc   RIPTION.-General color dull light
green.  These birds are often tamed and  red inclining to vermilion, darker on the
kept in cages, where they sing very pleas- wings, with quills and tailfeathers brownantly.           "                         ish black; lower parts paler, nearly white
on the belly; plumage blended, but firm;
tail short, small, emarginate.  Femnale
GENUS PYRRHULA.-BriSSOH.              with the upper parts grayish-brown tingGeneric  Clharacters.-Bill short, robust, ed with rreen, the rump dull grayish yellow. Young with the colors duller and
thick, convex-conic, turgid at the sides, compress- low.  Young with  the  colors duller and
ed at the point, the upper mandible acute, and ob-more inclining to ellowish  green. Length
viously curved, as well as the inferior more or less; 7, spread 10.-sseud.
palate smooth and scooped; nostrils basal, later-   HISTORY.-This species is quite comal, rounded and most conmmonly concealed by the mon in this state and to the northward of
feathers; tongue thick und somewhat fleshy; tar- it, but further south is seldom seen, exsus shorter than the middle toe, which is united cept in the winter.  It feeds principally
at the base to the outer;wings rather short; the upon the seeds of the different kinds of
S first primaries graduated, the 4th longest; tail pines and spruces, and its crossed mandisquare or slightly rounded. Female differs consid- bles are peculiarly fitted for extracting
erably from the male.  They moult generally them from tlme cones.  This bird breeds
twice in a year.                           in Vermout, antd its egg was obtained by




9U2         ~    NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT,                             PART I
WHITE WINGED CROSS-BILL.   YELLOW BILLED CUCKOO.   BLACK BILLED CUCKOO.
Dr. Brewer from Coventry (now Orleans,) dle feathers the color of the back; the
in this state. Its color is greenish white, others dusky gradually shortening to the
thickly covered, more especially towards outer ones, with large white tips, the two
the large end, with very brown spots. outer scarcely half the length of the midThey are said to breed in winter, and to dle ones; below white; feathers of the
have their nests in pines, spruces and firs. thighs large and hiding the knees as in
the hawks; legs and feet pale greenishblue; iris hazel; lower mandible and
WHITE WINGED  CROSS-BILL.   lower part of the upper mandible yellow.,
Female, with the 4 middle tail-feathers
Lozia leucoptera -GMEL.          without white spots. Length 12, spread
DESCRIPTION. —General color of the 16. —Vutt.
male rich carmine, inclining to crimson,   HISToRY.-The Yellow-billed Cuckoo,
dusky on the middle of the back; scapu- returns from the south about the first of!ars, wings, tail and upper tail coverts, May and is much oftener heard than seen,
black; two broad bands of white on the as it keeps itself for the most part conwings; sides brownish  streaked  with cealed in the thick tops of trees and bushdusky; wings pointed, 3 outer primaries es. It breeds in the southern part of the
longest; tail emarginate.  Female with state. Its nest is placed on the horizonthe upper parts dusky, the feathers mar- tal branch of a small tree, and is very
gined with grayish-yellow; rump, breast slovenly put together. The eggs, from 2
and lower parts yellow, streaked with to 4, are of a pale bluish green color. This
dusky.  Length 6j, spread 10f. —.ud.   cuckoo destroys many catterpillars,beetles
HISTORY.-The White Winged Cross- and other insects, but he gets a share of
Bill resides mostly to the northward of his living less creditably by sucking the
the United States, and comes hither in eggs of other small birds.  His note is
flocks during the winter. They are, how- coarse and unpleasant. The cry of this
ever, according to Audubon, not uncomn- bird has been thought to presage rain, and
mon in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, hence it is sometimes called the Reainwhere a few of them breed. Mr. Hutch- CrOZo.
ins says that this migratory species reaches Hudson's bay in  March, where it
breeds, making its nest of grass, mud and
feathers, in pine trees, and laying 5 white  Coccyzus dominicus.-NurrTALL.
eggs marked with yellowish spots.
DESC RIPTION. —General color above
light hair brown with glossy bronze re~Y~OKED-TOED BIRDS,              flections; beneath white approaching to
In this order the form of the bill is va- brownish ash on the throat, breast and to-.rious, but in general more or less arched wards the tail; tail feathers, excepting
and hooked. The toes are always in pairs the two middle ones, tipped with white;
directed two backward and two forward, a naked space of a bright brick red color
and hence they received the name Zygo- around the eye; bill as long as the head,
daectyli, or yoked-toed. The hind exterior conpressed laterally, arched and acute;
atoe is, horwever, often reversible.     upper mandible brownish black; lowerbluish; tarsus and feet bluish and scutilated; nostrils basal, lateral and partly
GENUS CocCYZUs. —Vieillot.        closed by a membrane; legs rather short;
Generic Characters.-Bill strong, compres- body slender; tail long, graduated, consed with a distinct ridge and slightly bent from  sisting of 10 feathers.  Length of the speits base; under mandible straight, sloping at the cimnen before me 11 inches; folded wing
tip; nostrils basal half covered by a naked mem- 541; tail 6, and reaching 33 beyond the'brane; tongue short, narrow and acute;tarsus folded wing; gape 1.2, billabove.9.:naked, longer, or about the length of the longest   HISTOR. —his species is believed to
toe; two anterior toes united at the base; nails be more common in Vermont than th
short and but little curved; wings rather short  preceding, but resembles itin appearance
preceding, but resembles it in appearance
3Sd and; 4th primaries longest,         and mode of living. It, however, arrives
later and passes the  breeding  season
YELLOW  BILLED  CUCKOO.    more in the woods.  Their nests are
Coccyzus americanus.-13ONAPARTE.   made of twigs and lined with moss, but
are very flat and shallow. The eggs,
DESCRIPTION.-Color above dark gray- from 3 to 5, are of a bluish green color,and
ish-brown, with greenish and yellowish smaller than those of the preceding spesailky reflections; tail long, the two mid- cies.




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 93
GOLDEN-WINGED-V"ODPECKER.                             RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.
GENus Plcus.-Linnorus.           of our most common Woodpeckers.  Itis
Generic Characters.-Bill large or mod- known by several names, such as Flicker,
erate, usually straight, pyramidal, compressed, Yellow Hammer, and Partridge Woodcuneate, and edged like scissors towards the point; pecker. This Woodpecker spends the
nostrils basal, oval, open, partly concealed by winter in the southern states, and returns
bristly feathers at the base of the bill; tongue some time in April. Their nest is made
long, extensile and vermiform; legs strong; feet by excavating a cavity in an old tree with
robust, suited for climbing; two toes before, uni- their bill, and they have been known in
ted at the base, and usually two behind, divided; this way to make a winding borough in
1st primary very short, 3d and 4th longest; tail solid oak, 15 inches in length. The eggs,
cuneiform, with 12 feathers, the lateral ones being usually 6, are pure white.
very short.
The Woodpeckers resemble one another in   RED-HEADED  WOODPECKEIL
their habits and manner of life. Their nests are  Picus erythrocephnlus-LINN
in excavations in old trees, and the young of most
of the species emit a rank disagreeable odor.   DESCRIPTION.-Color of the head, neck
They do some injury by pecking holes in the bark and throat rich crimson; fore part of the
of our fruit trees, in the pursuit of their favorite back, scapulars and wing coverts bluish
food; but it is trifling compared with the service black; greater quills, anterior border of
which they render by the destruction of eggs,larvwe the wings, and tail pitch black; secondaand insects.                             ries, rump and all the under parts of the
body white; tail forked, several feathers
tipped, and the two outer ones edged with
white; shafts of the secondaries black;
bill greenish blue, darker towards the tip,
stout and slightly arched; iris yellowish
brown. Colors of the female dull. Head
and neck of the young grayish. Length
_9, spread 16; 3d primary longest.
HisToRY. —The  Red-Headed  Woodpecker, although at present by no means
rare in Vermont, is much less common
than formerly.  They pass the winter in
the southern states, and return in the
early part of May. Their migrations, according to Audubon, are performed in the
night.   They are remarkably fond of
sweet apples, and are often seen in orchards.  Their nest is excavated in the
trunk or large limb of an old dead tree.
The eggs are about 6, white and marked
GOLDEN-WINGED  WOODPECKER.  with reddish spots at the large end.
Picus auratus.-LTNN.
YELLOW  BELLIED WOODPECKER.
DESCRIPTION. —Upper plumage umber
brown barred transversery with black; upper part of the head cinereous with a crim-   DEscRIPTIoN.-Color varied with black,
sonredcrescent behind; cheeks and throat white, yellow and crimson; fore part of
bright cinnamon color; from the lower the head and throat crimson; back mot.mandible descends a stripe of black to tled with black, white and pale yellow;
the throat; a black crescent on the breast; wings black, with most of the feathers
under plumage generally yellowish white, spotted and tipped with white; tail mostbeautifully spotted with black, the spots ly black, with the two central feathers
circular on the breast, and  hastate or white, spotted with black on their inner
heart-form  towards the tail; under side webs, and some of the outer ones tipped
of the wings and tail and the shafts of most with yellow; breast and belly light yelof the larger feathers, saffron yellow; low; sides under the wings dusky yelrump white; tail coverts white, notched low, spotted longitudinally with black;
and banded with black; tail black above legs and feet dusky blue, inclining to
with some of the feathers slightly edged green; feet four toed; bill blackish horn
and tipped with yellowish white; bill color, long and stout. Female, with the
bluish black; legs grayish blue; iris throat and back of the head whitish;
dark hazel. Length 1 inches; spread young with a broad white band across the
19; length of the bill 1P.               wings, and nearly without yellow on the
IfSTORY.-This is our largest, and one back. Length 8; spread 14.




94                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
THE WOODPECKERS.                                           THE WOODPECKERS.
HISTORY. —This species is commoh permanent resident in this state, but as it
throughout the continent, from the tropic rears its young for the most part in the
to the 53d degree of north latitude. Du- forests, it is not much seen during the
ring the summer they confine themselves summer, but on the approach of autumn
principally to the forests, where they rear it makes its appearance upon our orchard
their young in cavities excavated in old and shade trees in considerable numbers,
trees. Their eggs are white, and usually This is one of the most diligent of the
4 or more. The cavity in which they rear feathered tribe, and may be recommended
their young is often excavated to the as a pattern of industry and perseverance.
depth of from 15 to 24 inches in the solid So intent is it in searching for eggs, larwood.                                  vte and insects, that it scarcely heeds
what is doing around it, and may often be
THE HAIRY WOODPECKER.    approached so near as almost to be taken
into the hand before it will abandon its
Picus villosus.-LINNsEs.       b siness.
business.
DESCRIPTION.-Color varied with black
and white above; wholly white beneath; ARCTIC  THREE TOED  WOODPECKback clothed with long, loose, downy                     ER.
feathers; wings brownish black, thickly       Picus arcticus.-SWANSON.
spotted'with white; tail pointed, forked,
outer feathers white, with an umber tinge   DESCRIPTION.-Back velvetblack, with
at the extremity, second feather on each bluish and greenish reflections; crown
side black at the lower part, central and saffron yellow; 5 rows of white spots on
the quills; sides of the neck and under
longest feathers pitch black; the crown, the quills; sides of the neck and under
a stripe down the back of the neck, and a plumage white,thicklybarred with black;
spot on each side of the head back of the two middle tail feathers brownish black;
eye, black; occipitalband red in the male outer ones barred with black and tipped
and black in the female; bill and claws with white; bill bluish gray above, whibluish horn color; bill covered at the base tish beneath; legs lead colored. Length
with yellowish white hairy feathers,black 10 inches; wings 5.-Richardson.
attheirextremity. Length 9; spread 15.   HiSTORY.-This large species of WoodHISTORY.-This species is ipread ver  pecker is very rare in comparison with the
extensively over the country, and in this preceding. It is marked in a list kindly
state is much more common than the pre- furnished me by Dr. Brewer, as breeding
ceding, being often seen in the open fields in this state, in the vicinity of Burlington.
and upon our orchard and shade trees. It has usually been confounded by orniIts nest is constructed in the manner of thologists with the Picus tridactylus, or
the preceding species, and it lays about 5 Common Three-Toed Woodpecker; The
white eggs-                            hind toe is completely versatile, and may
be placed forward perfectly on a level
with the others.         -
THE DOWNY WOODPECKER.
Picus pubescens.-LiNiEus.           SLENDER BILLED  BIRDS.
DEscRIPTIoN.-Color of the top and    Birds of this order have the bill long,
sides of the head, wings and middle tail or moderately extended, partly arched and
feathers, black; the chin, two stripes awl-shaped; it is also entire and acute or
along the sides of the head, a stripe down sometimes wedge-shaped at the extreithe back, and numerous roundish spots ty.  The feet have three toes before
on the wings, pure white; under plumage and one behind, the outer united at the
pale ash gray; outer tail feathers yellow- base to the middle one; hind toe generish white, barred with black; feathers           the nails extended and curved.
ally long; the nails extended and curved.
long, loose and downy on the back; head  In their habits and method of running
of the male crossed by a scarlet band, upon the trunks and branches of trees,
which is black in the female; nasal feath- they bear considerable resemblance to
ers tawny white; bill and claws bluish the woodpeckers.
black; legs greenish; four toes on each
foot. Total length of the specimen before me 6.2 inches; spread 11 inches; fol-     GENUS SITTA.-Linnleus.
ded wings 4 inches.                      Generic Characters.-Bill straight, moderHJSTORY.-This is our smallest and, by ate sized conic-awl-shaped, round and sharp edfar, our most numerous species of Wood- ged towards the point; lower mandible usually
pecker. In color it has a very close re- recurved from the tip; nostrils basal, orbicular,
semblance to the preceding, but differs open, half closed by a membrane, and partly hid
from it very considerably in size. It is a by the advancingg bristly feathers of the face;




CHAP. 3.                   BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                    95
THE WHITE-BREASTED AND RED-BELLIED NUTHATCEIES.              THE BROWN CREEPER.
tongue short, wide at the qase, notched and hard  GENUS CERTHIIA.-Linnveus.
at the tip; feet robust, hind toe stout and long;
wings short; tail rather short consisting of 12   Generic Characters. —Bill long, or middling,
feathers. Sexes similar in color.         more or less arched, entire three-sided, compressed, slender and acute; nostrils basal, naked,
WHITE-BREASTED  NUTHATCH.  pierced in grooves, and half closed by a small
membrane; tongue acute; feet slender; inner toe
Sitta carolinensis.-BRISSON.       free, somewhat shorter than the outer; hind toe
DEscRIPTION.-General color dark lead longer and more robust; nails much curved, that
above, grayish white beneath; head and of the hind toe largest; wings rather short, spurineck black above, white on the sides and ous feathers small; tail of 12 feathers, elastic,
beneath; central part of the wing feathers ridged, and acuminate. The sexes and young
and wing coverts black, edged with lead nearly alike.
color or white; ferruginous tinge about
the vent; bill bluish black, lighter beneath towards the base, long and straight;      THE BROWN  CREEPER.
upper mandible longest; feet and legs          Certhia familiaris.-LINNEUvs.
dusky; hind toe stout and long with a
large nail; claws all hooked and sharp;   DESCRIPTIOS —Clor varied with dusky
2d 3d and 4th primaries  longest and brown, ferruginous, and  white  above,
nearly equal. Length5Ainches; spread white beneath; rump bright rust color;
11.                                       tail rusty brown, as long as the body, with
HISTORY.-The White breasted Nut- the extremity of each feather attenuated
hatch is a permanent resident throughout to a sharp rigid point, as in woodpeckers;
nearly the whole of North America, and under tail coverts tinged with rusty; 3d
is very common in this state.  During and 4th primaries longest, and all the prithe fall and winter they come into our maries, excepting the two first, with a
orchards and yards, where their rough yellowish white spot near the middle;
quank, two or three times repeated, may legs and feet brownish. Length 54 inchbe often heard as they run around like es; spread 7 inches.
the Woodpecker upon the trunks of the   HiSTORY.-This industrious little bird
trees.  Early in the spring they retire to is seldom seen in the summer, on account
the forests, where they rear their young of its passing that season in the depth of
in the hollow  of a tree or large limbs. the forests, but on the approach of winter
The eggs, usually 5, are of a dull white he may be seen upon the trees in more
color, spotted with brown at the large open places, diligently seeking for its
end.                                      food. It very much resembles the smaller Woodpeckers and Nuthatches in its
THE RED-BELLIED  NUTHATCH.  habits, hopping about upon the trunk of
the tree, searching every nook and crevSitta canadensis. —LINNmEUS.       ice in the bark for spiders, insects, eggs
DESCRIPTION.-Lead color above, red- and larva.  The Brown Creeper breeds
dish, or rust-color on the belly; head and in this state, and for this purpose it takes
neck above and line through the eye, possession of the deserted hole of a squirblack; a white stripe above and below  rel or woodpecker.  The nest, according
the eye and on the margin of each wing; to Audubon, is loosely formed of grasses
lateral tail feathers black and white, cen- and lichens, and lined with feathers. The
tral ones lead color; feet and legs dusky; eggs, from 6 to 8, are yellowish white,
hind toe stout and long; bill black, large, irregularly marked with red and purplong and straight; 3d primary longest, lish spots.  Nuttall found one of their
2nd and 4th nearly as long.  Iength 4A nests in Roxbury, Ms., upon the ground
inches, spread of the wings 8 inches.     by the side of a rock, containing 4 young.
HISTORY.-This species resembles the
preceding in general appearance and habits, but is said to have a predilection to
pine forests, feeding much upon the oily       GENUS TROcHILUS-.-Linneus.
seeds of evergreens.  The flight of the    Generic Charactess.-Bill long, straight, or
Nuthatches is short,. seldom  extending- curved, tubular, very slender, with the base defarther than from  one tree to another; pressed and acuminated; upper mandible nearly
and yet they have great powers of flight, enveloping the under one; tongue long, extensisince Audubon saw one come on board ble, bifid and tubular; nostrils basal, linear, and
his vessel 300 miles from the shore. The covered by a membrane; legs very short; tarsus
specimens from which both preceding de- shorter than the middle toe; fore toes almost
scriptions were made were obtained in wholly divided; wings long and acute; first quill
Burlington.                               longest.




96                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
THE HUMMING BIRD.                                            THE KING FISHER.
GEDNUS ALcEDO.-Linnveus.
Generic Characters. —-Bill long, straight,
quadrangular, compressed, and sometimes curved
at the point; nostril basal, lateral, oblique, and
nearly closed by a naked membrane; tongue short
and fleshy; legs and feet short; tarsus shorter
than the middle toe; hind nail smallest; wings
rather short.
THE COMMON HUMMING-BIRD.
Trochilus colubris.-LINNEu S.
DESCRIPTION.-The whole upper plumage shining golden green; wings glossed
brownish black; tail broad, dusky, outer
feathers tipped with white, or rusty
white; throat and breast of the male with
changeable ruby-colored, greenish and orange reflections; bill black and a little
arched; legs and feet dusky black; nails    THE BELTED KING FISHER.
very sharp and hooked.  Female and
young yellowish white beneath. Length         -.lcedo alcyon.-LlsNNEts.
3& inches, spread of the wings 44 inches;   DEscRIPTION. — -General color bluish
length of the bill along the gape 1 inch, slate; the primaries, the central parts of
nearly.                                the secondaries and of the feathers formHISTORY. —Of American Humming- ing the crest, and the shafts generally of
Birds there are said to be upwards of 100 the dorsal plumage, pitch black; a small
species, but of the very few species which spot before and another under the eye,
venture beyond the tropics, this is the spots on the wing and tail feathers and
only one which visits Vermont. It ar- their tips, and all the under plumage,
rives in May, and during the summer is white, except the band around the neck,
seen in all parts of the state collecting its which is bluish slate; bill straight; claws
food, which consists of insects and nectar brownish black; legs small and short.
from the various flowers. While many Length 12 inches; spread 20 inches. Feof them extend their migrations still fur- male shorter, with some parts ferruginous
ther north, and rear their young on the and more white on the wings.
very confines of the arctic circle, consider-   HISTORY.-The King Fisher is found
able numbers of them stop by the way, along the borders of streams and ponds,
and not a few of them breed in this state. in all parts of the United States, and is
The puny nest, constructed of lichens and quite common in all parts of this state.
down, cemented together with saliva, is It feeds principally upon small fishes,
placed upon a large branch of an orchard which it takes by darting upon them as
or-forest tree, at heights varying from 4 they are gliding near the surface of the
to 40 feet from the ground. The eggs, 2 water. The note of the King Fisher is a
in number, are white, and the period of rough grating crackle. Its nest is formed
incubation 10 days. While rearing its by perforating horizontally the side of a
young the Humming-Bird bravely attacks steep bank, in the manner of the Bank
the King Bird and the Martin, and drives Swallow. These perforations sometimes
them from the neighborhood of its nest.  extend 5 or 6 feet into the bank, with an
enlargement at the extremity for the reception of the nest, which consists only
HALCYONS.                  of a few twigs, grass and feathers. The
eggs are white, and usually 6 in number.
In this order the bill is long, sharp- Their period of incubation is 16 days.
pointed,almost quadrangular and straight,
or slightly curved; feet very short; the
tarsus articulated; the middle toe united    THE SWALLOW  TRIBE.
with the outer, commonly to the second   The birds belonging to this order have
joint, and with the inner toe to the first a very short bill, which is much depressed
articulation. The female and young dif- and very wide at the base; upper mandifer but little in color from the adult male. ble curved at the point; legs short; three




CHAP. S.                   BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                  97
THE PURPLE MARTIN.                               THE BARN AND CLIFF SWALLOWS.
toes before, and one behind which is frequently reversible; nails hooked; wings
very long and acute.  The sexes and
young are nearly alike. They feed on
insects, which they catch flying. They
migrate to tropical countries to spend the
winter.
GENUS HIRUNDo.-Linn&eus.
Generic Characters.-Bill short, triangular,
depressed, wide at the base, and cleft nearly to the
eyes; upper mandible notched and a little hooked
at the point; nostrils basal, oblong, partly closed
by a membrane and covered by the advancing
feathers of the frontlet; tongue short, bifid; tarsus short; toes and claws long and slender, three  THE BARN  SWALLOW.
before and one behind; the exterior united as far  tirundo rufa.-GRMELIN.
as the first joint of the intermediate one; wings
long; the first quill longest; tail of 12 feathers,   DESCRIPTION.-Color above and band
and forked.                              on the breast steel-blue; front and beneath
chestnut brown, paler on the belly; tail
THE PURPLE MARTIN.                 forked, with a white spot on the lateral
feathers, the outer ones narrow and an
Hirundo purpurea.-LINNvEUs.         inch and a half longer than the next;.
DESCRIPTION.-Color of the head, whole legs dark purple; iris hazel. Female with
body and scapulars black, with a rich belly and vent rufous-white.  Length 7,
glossy shade of bluish purple; wings and spread 13.
tail pitch black, with little gloss; bill,   HISTORY.-This swallow is, perhaps,:
legs and claws black; margins of both more generally diffused over the state
mandibles inflexed in the middle; nostrils and better known than either of the other
basal and oval. Fenmale brownish black species; but it would seem  that their
above, with very little of the purple gloss; numbers have rather been diminishing
belly brownish white with hair brown for several years past in this state, while
spots; breast brownish gray. Length 8 those of the Cliff Swallow have been
inches; spread of the wings 16 inches.   vastly multiplied. This swallow arrives
HISTORY.-The Purple Martin is the in Vermont about the 28th of April. (See
largest of our swallows, and is more inti- page 13.)  They generally build their
mate with man than any other undomes- nest against a rafter or beam in the barn,
ticated bird. It returns from the south  It is formed-principally of mud, and lined
about the last of April, and formerly  with fine grass and a few feathers. The
reared its young in the hollows and exca- eggs, usually 5, are white, spotted with
vations in old trees; but since the country reddish brown.
has become settled, habitations have been
provided for this general favorite in al- FULVOUS, OR CLIFF SWALLOW.
most every neighborhood, by the erection
of martin boxes.  Its nest is made of            Hirundo fulva.-VIEILL.
leaves, straw and feathers; and the eggs,   DESCRIPTION.-Top of the head, back,
from 4 to 6, are pure white and without upper side of the tail and wings brownspots. The Martins have sometimes ar- ish black, with violet reflections from the
rived so early in the spring as to become head, back and wing coverts; forehead
chilled to death in their houses during a marked  with a crescent of yellowish
cold storm. This was the case a few years white; chin, throat and sides of the neck
ago in the vicinity of Bnrlington.  The brownish red; rump yellowish red; belly
flight of the Martin is very rapid, and, white tinged with reddish brown; bill
like the redoubtable King Bird, it pursues black, short, depressed, and very broad
and boldly attacks eagles, hawks and  at the base. Wings long, slender; first
crows, and drives them  from the neigh- quill longest, second nearly as long; tail
borhood of its dwelling. There is said evtn, extending as far as the folded
to be a tradion that the Martin was not wings. Length of the specimen before
seen in New England till about the time me 55 inches; folded wing 4j.
of the revolution. It is, however, men-   HISTORY.-This swallow seems to have
tioned by Kalm as being common in New  been hardly known to ornithologists till
Jersey in 1749. They usually depart to about the year 1815, when they were nothe south about the middle of August.   ticed near the Ohio river int Ohio and
PA.Rt'.      13




98                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
THE SWALLOWS.                                                   THE SWALLOWS.
Kentucky. In 1817 they made their ap- white. Often from  30 to 60 or more of
pearance at Whitehall, at the south end these Swallow holes may be counted in a
of lake Champlain, and shortly after at bank, in the space of one or two rods.
Randolph, Richmond, and some other The voice of this swallow isa low mutter.
places ini this state. In unsettled places
they build their nests upon the sides of
rocky cliffs, but here they are usually        GENUS CYPSELUS.-Illiger.
placed beneath the eaves of barns and oth-   Generic Characters.-Bill very short, tsier buildings. They are constructed prin-  angular, cleft to the eyes, depressed, the upper
cipally of clay or mud, in the form of a mandible slightly notched and curved at the point;
retort or gourd, and are lined with dry nostrils lateral, contiguous, large, partly covered
grass. The eggs, usually 4, are white-, by a membrane; tongue, short, wide and bifid at
spotted with brown. These swallows al- the tip; feet very short; toes divided, hind toe
ways build their nests in companies, and shortest, reversible, generally directed forward;
are so remarkably gregarious, that from  nails retractile, channeled beneath; wings very
50 to 100 of their nests may often be long. Sexes and young nearly alike in plumage.
counted at the same time beneath the
eaves of a single building.
O~~.                     ~THE CHIMNEY SWALLOW.
WHITE-BELLIED  SWALLOW.                    Cypselus pelasgius.-TEmmmcx.
DESCRIPTION. —-General color sooty
Hirundo bicolor. -VIEIL.         brown, approaching  to black, lightish
DE)sCRIPTION.-Color above light glos- about the throat and over the eye; legs
sy greenish blue; wings and tail brown- and feet bluish, muscular, with exceeding
ish black; belly white; the closed wings sharp claws; the folded wings very narextend a little beyond the tail, which is row and long, extending 14 inch beyond
forked; tarsus naked. Female like the the tail, which is short and rounded, with
male, but less glossy. Length 5h inches; the shafts of the feathers reaching beyond
spread 10.                              the vanes into sharp, strong, and very
HISTORY.-This Swallow is much less elastic points; 2d quill of the wings loncommon in Vermont than the other spe- gest. Length from the end of the bill to
cies. Their nests are made of grass and the extremity of the tail, 4A inches; to
lined with feathers, and are placed in va- the extremity of the folded wings 6 in.;
rious situations, such as beneath the eaves spread of the wings 12 inches.
of old buildings, or in hollow trees, and    HIsToRY. —The Chimney Swallow  is
they not unfrequently take possession of one of our most singular birds. It arrives
Blue bird and Martin boxes. The eggs, from the south, where it has spent the
4 or 5, are pure white.                  winter, about the beginning of May. On
their arrival here before the country was
THE BANK SWALLOW.                  much settled, they took up their residence
in large flocks in particular hollow trees,
Hirundo riparia. —LINN.          which, in consequence, received the name
DESCRIPTION.-Color above, and band of Swallow Trees. Three of these trees,
on the breast, cinereous brown; beneath all large hollow elms, are mentioned by
white; wings brownish black; tail fork- Dr. Williams (Hist. I-140) as being pared, with the outer feathers edged with ticularly noted in this state soon after the
white; tarsus naked, excepting a few  settlement was commenced. One of these
tufts of downy feathers behind; chin was in Middlebury, one in Bridport, and
slightly fulvous. Length 5j in.; folded the other in Hubbardton. About the bewing 4 in., and reaching nearly to the ex- ginning of May the Swallows were obtremity of the tail.                    served to issue from these trees early in
HZsToRY.-The Bank Swallow, or Sand the morning in immense numbers, and to
Martin, is gregarious, like the Cliff Swal- return into them  again just before dark
low, and may be found in companies in all in the evening. The same phenomena
parts of the state which afford suitable were also observed in the latter part of
places for its habitation. These are usu- summer, before the entire disappearance
ally sandy cliffs on banks of rivers. They of the swallows and as their departure
commence 2 or 3 feet below the surface to the south  was not observed, they
of the bank, and perforate the ground in  were generally believed to spend the wina horizontal direction to the distance of ter in these trees in a torpid state. Befrom 2 to 4 feet, and at the further ex- fore this country was muchsettled,Chimtremity they place their nest, which is ney Swallows built their nests on the incomposed of a little dry grass and a few  terior surface of large hollow trees, but
feathers. The eggs, usually 5, are pure they now take advantage of unoccupied




CH&P. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 99
THE WHIP-POOR-WILL.                                             THE NIGHT HAWK.
chimneys for that purpose, and for roost- along the streams and low  lands in variing places. The nest is formed of slender ous parts of the state, even up to the
twigs, interlocked and cemented togeth- northern boundary. For a nest this bird
er, and to the chimney or tree, by an ad- makes a slight excavation upon the surhesive mucilage secreted by the stomach face of the dry ground, in the forest, usuof the architect.  The eggs are white, and ally by the side of a rock, a log, or a pile
usually 4. This Swallow is often called of bushes; and, in this, about the 1st of
the Chimney Swift.                       June, the female lays two eggs, which
are of a bluish white color, thickly blotched with dark olive. The young, like
GENUS CAPRIMULGUS.-Lnnveus.
chickens, are able to run about and hide
Generic Characters. —Bill extremely themselves as soon as they are hatched;
short, feeble and cleft beyond the eyes; upper and being without a nest, and very nearmandible usually surrounded with spreading bris- ly the color of the ground, they very
tles,sometimes hooked at the tip,the marlgin turn- easily escape notice.
ed outward; nostrils basal, wide, partly covered
by a feathered membrane; tongue small, acute
and entire; tarsus partly feathered; anterior toes
united by a membrane to the first joint; hind toe
reversible, nails short; wings long; tail of 10
feathers; the sexes distinguishable by their plumage; the young similar to the adults.
THE NIGHT HAWK.
Caprimulgus virginianus.-BRIssor.
DESCRIPTON.-General color dark liver brown, often with a greenish gloss;
the head, neck, back, scapulars and wing
coverts spotted with white, and yellowish brown; quills of the wings brownish
black, with a broad bar of white across
the middle, above and below; a broad
sagittate spot of pure white on the throat,
and white across the tail in the male;
under plumage and inner wing coverts
marked with alternate bars of dark liver
brown and yellowish white; wings swalTHE  WHIP-POOR-WILL.               low-like, reaching a little beyond the tail;
1st quill longest, 2d nearly as long; bill
Capr-imulgus vocfcrus. —WILsON.    blackish without bristles; leas short, pale
Dx;scCRIPTlN.-Variegated above with brown. Length 9A inches; spread 23 in.
black, brownish  white and rust color, Female 9 inches long, and color ochrey
with fine streaks and sprinkles; upper about the head and throat.
part of the head brownish gray, marked    HrsToRY.-The Night Hawk arrives in
with a longitudinal stripe of black; tail Vermont in May, and is very common,
of 10 feathers rounded, the 3 outer feath- during the summer, in all parts of-the
ers white at their extremities; the 4 mid- state.  They rear their young in meaddie ones without white at the ends, but ows and old fields. The eggs, which are
with herring-bone figures of black,. and only two, are laid upon a bare spot of
pale ochre; cheeks and sides of the head ground, without any  manner of nest.
brick color; chin black with small brown They are of a muddy white color, thickly
spots; a semi-circle of white across the freckled all over with reddish  brown.
throat; breast and belly mottled and streak- During the period of incubation the males
ed with black and ochre; bristles on the are often sporting upon the wing, and
cheeks much longer than the bill; mid- emitting their sharp squeak, high in the
dle claw pectinated; female less than the air, towards the close of the day,occasionmale. Length 9A, spread 19.-JVutt.       ally precipitating themselves towards the
HISTORY.-The Whip-poor-will arrives earth, emitting at the same time their pein Vermont early in May, and his plain- culiar poo-6-o, and then rising quickly to
tive note is soon heard in the groves, their former nheight. This sport is usual.




100               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART I.
THE PASSENGER PIGEON.          THE CAROLINA DOVE.          GALLINACEFOUS BIRDS.
ly continued till nearly dark, and hence that to the westward of Connecticut rivthis bird, probably, received the name of er, he found pigeons' nests so thick upon
Night Hawk, or Xight Jar.               the beech trees that 500 could be counted at one time. At Clarendon, according to Dr. Williams, (Hist. vol. I-137,)
GENUS CoLUMBA.-Linneus.            the pigeons bred in  immense numbers.
The trees were loaded with nests for hunGeneric Characters. —The  bill, in this
Genus, is of moderate size, compressed, vaulted, dreds of acres; 25 nests being frequently
turgid towards the tip, which is more or less cur- seen upon one tree, and the ground beved. The base of the upper mandible is c  cvered   overed with their dung to the
with soft slkin, protuberant at its base, ill which depth of two inches. These accounts are
the nostrils are situated. Nostrils medial. longi- far exceeded by what is told of their roostudinal. Tongue acute, entire; feet short, ro- ting and breeding places at the west,
bust; tarsi reticulated; toes divided; wings mod- where they often covered thousands of
erate; tail of 12 or 14 feathers.       acres, and all the trees and under growth
were killed in consequence. From90 to
]00 nests have frequently been counted
on a single tree. The nests are made of
twigs, the eggs are 2 and white. Pigeons
are much less abundant in Vermont than
formerly, but they now, in some years,
appear in large numbers.
THE CAROLINA DOVE.
Columba carolinensis.-LINNJEUS.
DESCRIPTION. —General color above
pale yellowish brown; below brownish
yellow; crown and upper part of the
neck greenish-blue; forehead and breast
vinaceous; black spot under the ear;
bill blackish, purplish-red at the base;
TIHE PASSENGER  PIGEON.              tail of 14 feathers, with the 4 lateral ones
Columba migratoria.-LINN.         black near the extremity, and white at
DESCRIPTION.-General color of the the tip. Length 12, spread 17.-JVutt.
HisToRY. —The Carolina Dove, called
upper plumage and breast light umber   HISTORY.-Tbe Carolina Dove, called
upper plumage iuqd breast light umber also the Turtle Dove, is not very common
brown; rump bluish, belly and under tail also the Turtle D    r. Brewer saw a flock of
coverts dirty white; nearly all the feathers above and on the breast tipped with them near Woodstock in August, 1839;
yellowish white, forming little crescent- and they have been occasionally seen in
shaped bars; outer webs of the primaries      parts.  From its plaintive 
edged with buff or rufous; tail of 12 cdo-coo, it is sometimes called the Mournfeathers, with middle pair dark brown  ing Dove. They are by no means shy,
and longest, the others with a basal s are said to be easily tamed, and their flesh
and longest, the others with a basal spot is pronounced equal to that of the Woodof rufous and a central black spot or band nounced equal to that of the Woodon the inner web, outer feathers shortest,
and white, excepting the spots, much
longer than the folded wings; bill black;     GALLINACEOUS  BIRDS.
legs and feet dull red; breast of the male
with a reddish tinge. Length 15 inches;   Birds of this order have the bill short
spread 23 inches.. 1st and 2d primaries and convex; the upper mandible vaulted,
equal and longest.                      curved from the base or only at the point;
HISTORY. —The American Wild Pig- nostrils basal, partly covered by an archcon is met with in greater or less num- ed rigid membrane; feet stout, tarsus long;
bers throughout the whole region from  toes usually three before and one behind,
Mexico to Hludson's Bay. These birds are the latter articulated higher than the rest,
remarkably gregarious in their habits, al- scarcely touching the ground at the tip,
most always flying, roosting and breeding sometimes  wanting;  wings generally
in large flocks.   When the country was short and concave; tail consistingof from
new there were many of their roosts and 10 to 18 feathers.  Colors of the female
breeding places in this state.  Richard less brilliant than those of the male. Our
Hazen, who run the line between this domestic land fowls, as hens, turkies and
stateand Massachusetts, in 1741, stated  peacocks, belong to this order.




CHAP. 3.                      BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 101
THE WILD TURKEY.                    THE QUAIL.                      THE PARTRIDGE.
GENUS MELEAGRIS.-Linneus.            varied with black and whitish; crown,
Generic Characters.-Bill entire, and at neck and upper part of the breast reddish
the base covered by a membrane which is pro- brown; line over the eye and throat pure
longed into a pendulous, fleshy, conic, erectile, white, the latter bounded with a black
hairy carbuncle; nostrils oblique; tongue fleshy crescent; wings dusky, coverts edged
and entire; feet rather long; tarsus naked, pro- with yellowish white; belly yellowish
vided with a blunt spur in the male; middle toe white, varied with wide arrow  heads of
longest; nails wide and blunt, flat beneath; wings black; tail ash colored, finely spotted with
short; 1st primary smallest, 4th and 5th largest; reddish brown; bill black; iris hazel; legs
tail of 14 to 18 wide feathers, and capable of a ver- and feet light lead color. Length 9, spread
tical expansion; head small, naked and warty; a 14.-J-utt.
pendulous tuft on the lower part of the neck. Fe-    HISTORY.-This bird, generally known
male smaller; colors duller and more obscure.    as the Quail in New England, is in other
places more commonly called the 2.meriTHE WILD  TURKEY.                   can Partridge.  It is not found in this.Meleagris gallopavo.-LiNNmvs.      state at present very plentifully, but is
DEscstrTbON. —Upper part of the back  more common in the southwestern parts
DESCRIPTION.-Upper part of the back
than elsewhere.  They generally go in
and.wings yellowish-brow-n of a metallic
lustre, changing to deep purple, thte ipsc small flocks, spending most of the time on
lustre, changing to deep purple, the:tips.'.    
the fround and in autumn are often seen
of the feathers broadly edged with velvet   e                                  n 
black primaries dusky, banded with gleaning in fields from which corn and
black; primaries dusky, banded  with  grain have been harvested. The quail is
white; tail of 18 feathers, ferruginous grain have beenharvested.  The Quail is
hicklyte.; tail of 18 feathers black, ferruand with a very prolific, laying from  10 to 18 eggs,
hickly waved  with black, and wnear the extremity; lower which are white, in a nest formed partly
part of the back and tail coverts deep  in the ground, under the shelter of a tuft
of grass.  Frequent attempts have been
chestnut, banded with green and black;
legs and feet purplish-red; iris hazel; made to domesticate the Quail,            ith
beneath duller.  Female and young with  very little success.
the colors less brilliant.  Length 48,
spread 68.-Nutt.                                  G       TT
HISTORY.-The Wild Turkey, which
was formerly common  throughout our    Generic Characters.-Bill short, robust,
whole country, has every where dimin- arcuated above, convex and bent towards the
ished with the advancement of the settle- tip, naked at the base; nostrilsbasal, half
ments,and is now become exceedinglyrare closed  by an arched membrane, and  hidin all parts of New England, and indeed  den by small feathers'; tongue short, fleshy, and
in all the eastern parts of the United  pointed; tarsus feathered and spurless in both sexStates.  A few of them, however, contin-  es; three toes before united to the firstjoint.
ue still to visit and breed upon the moun- hind toe half as long as the inner, and roughen
tains in the southern part of the state. ed.
The Domestic Turkey sprung from this
species, and was sent from  Mexico to                THE  PARTRIDGE.
Spain in the 16th century. It was introduced into England  in 1524, and into               Tetrao umbelnus.-LINc.
France and other parts of Europe about    DEScRIPTvON.-General color above
the same time.                             and beneath black, pale chestnut, and yellowish  white, marbled, and disposed in
GENUS PERDIX.-Latham.               spots, bars and lines.   Ruff brownish
black with greenish or cinnamon colored
Generic Characters.-Bill entire and reflections.  Quills liver brown, their
bare; upper mandible vaulted and strongly curv- outer webs barred near the base and moted towards the point; nostrils basal, lateral, half tled towards the tip with cream  yellow;
closed by a vaulted naked membrane; feet naked, 4th quill longest.  Tail with alternate unfore toes united by a membrane to the first articu- dulating bars of brownish black, gray and
lation; hind toe less than half the length of the in- faint chestnut, the subterminal bar being
ner; nails incurved, acute; head wholly feather- brownish black and broad; a light stripe
ed, often with a naked space around the eye; tail from  the nostrl to  the eye.  Bdl dark
short, rounded, and deflected, consisting of from   ho rn c olor, short, arched, and covered at
12 to 18 close feathers. Female and young scarce- the base by feathers; head and neck
the base by feathers; head and neck
small; body bulky; tarsus feathered half
THE  QUAIL.                   way down before and some lower behind.
Wings short and broad.  Tail large, fan
Perdix virgtiniana. —lsTH.          like, of 18 feathers.  Length 18, spread
DEscRIPTIoN.-Cinnamon brown above, 24.




102                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART I.
THE SPRUCE PARTRIDGE.                                   THE SANDERLING PLOVER.
HISTORY.-This bird, which is usually             WADING  BIRDS.
known as the Partridge in New Eng-   In this order the bill varies in form,
land, is called the Pheasant in most but is usually straight, and carried out
other parts of the United States, and by into a lengthened and compressed cone,
ornithological writers is more commonly though rarely it is depressed, or. flat.
distinguished as the Ruffed Grouse.  It is
iticommon and a permanent       sd    The legs are long and usually naked some
quite common and a permanent resident distance above the knees; toes usually
in all parts of Vermont. The nest of the long and slender, three before and one
Partridge is upon the ground by the side behind, the latter on a level, or a little
of a bush or log, and is very simple, con- more elevated than the rest. Most of the
sisting only of a few leaves. The eggs, Waders are more or less nocturnal in
usually about 12, are of a yellowish white their habits. The sexes differ but little
color, and the young  run about, like in external appearance. They live along
chickens, after their clucking mother, as the borders of seas, lakes and rivers, and
soon as they are hatched. They are ex- feed upon fish, reptiles and insects.
ceeding wild and difficult to tame, and it
is amusing to see how quick they will
hide themselves under leaves and logs         GENUS CALIDRIS.-illi. Temm.
whenever they are approached. The male   Generic Characters.-Bill of moqerate size,
of this species is distinguished for his pe- slender, straight, rather soft, flexible in every
culiar drumminga which is performed, part, compressed from its base, with the point destandng upon a log n a thick part of the pressed, flattened and wider than the middle. Nawoods, and rapidly beating his sides for sal groove elongated nearly to the point of the
about half a minute at a time, with his bill; nostrils lateral. Feet slender, the 3 toes
wings. This operation is repeated about all directed forward and almost entirely divided
once in 8 or 10 minutes, and the sound to their base. Wings of moderate size; the first
produced, somewhat resembling distant quill lonaest.
thunder, is often heard at the distance of
half a mile. Their flesh is much esteemed for food.
THE SPRUCE PARTRIDGE.
Tetrao canadensis.-LNN.I.
DESCRIPTION. —Upper parts marked
with semi-circular bars of black and yellowish brown, the paler color always forming the terminal bar; outer edge of the
wings, primary coverts and quills clove
brown; tail black tipped with orange;
breast and belly with feathers blackish    THE SANDERLING  PLOVER.
tipped with white; cheeks and throat
barred and mottled with white; bill and        Calidris arenas-ia.-ILLIGER.
nails black; fringed comb over the eye    DESCRIPTION. —-Color above mottled
bright red; toes pectinated. Length 17, with black, white and yellowish; wings
wing 7j.-Rich.                           brownish black, with the shafts and tips
HISTORY.-This Grouse,which is called, of the quills, and a broad band extending
at different places, the Spruce, the Wood across the whole wing, with the excepor the Swamp Partridge, from its favorite tion of the first 4 primaries, white. All
places of resort, is seldom seen in Ver- the under plumage white, excepting a
Aint excepting in the most northerly broad collar round the lower part of the
ptrts, and there it is scarce, compared with neck, which is grayish; bill, legs, feet
the preceding species. Its food in win- and nails black; iris hazel; two middle
ter is said to consist principally of the tail feathers longest, brownish, and edged
leaves of the white spruce, and its flesh with yellowish white. Folded wings a
has then a strong, disagreeable flavor. In little longer than the tail; thighs feath-.summer it is better, but still inferior to ered more than half way down; nails
the preceding.  Its nest is upon the short; upper mandible longest, and curvground, and the eggs, which are usually ed a little at the point.  Winter plumage
not more than 5 or 6, are said to be va- nearly white. Length of the specimen
Tied with yellow, white and black.  It is before me 74; folded wing 5; spread 14;
known to breed in several towns in Or- bill, along the ridge, 1.
leans county.                              HlSTORY.-This beautifnl species, ac



CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                    103
THE WHOOPING CRANE.              THE NIGHT HERON.                 THE GREAT HERON.
cording to Dr. Richardson, breeds on the the other three; wings of moderate dimensions,
coast of Hudson's Bay.  Its nest is rude- obtuse; 1st primary nearly equal to the 2d and 3d,
ly made of grass in marshes, and the eggs which are longest: tail short, rounded, containing
are 4, dusky, spotted with black.  This 10 or 12 feathers.
plover is only occasionally met with in
Vermont, along the shores of our lakes             THE  NIGHT HERON.
and ponds.  The specimen from  which
the above description and figure were             Irdea nycticorax.-WILSO N.
drawn was shot in Burlington, in Sep-    DESCRIPTION.-General color nearly
tember, 1841.                              white; front, — inital feathers and line
over the ey  white; crown, back
and scapular,:sh; tail coverts, wings
GENUS GRus.-Pallas.               and tail pale       lower parts yellowish
Generic Characters.-Bill a little longer cream-color;       yellowish green;.bill
than the head, strong, straight, compressed, atten- black, 4J inche   long the gap. Without
uated, and obstuse at the point; ridge of the bill crest in autumn.  Young brown streaked
elevated; mandibles with a wide furrow on each with rufous white. Length 28, spread
side of the base; nostrils in a furrow in the mid- 48.-JV- utt.
die of the bill, pervious, posteriorly closed by a   HISTORY.-Vermont is about the limit
membrane; feet long and robust, naked for a large of the northern  migration of this Heron,
space above the knee, middle toe united to the and here it is rare.  It is usually called
outer one by rudimental membrane, hind toe artic- the Qua Bird.  It breeds all along the
ulated high on the tarsus; wings moderate 2d, Atlantic coast to the southward of New
3d, and 4th primaries longest, secondaries broad- England. They build their nests in trees
er than the primaries, tail short, of 12 feathers.  in the retired parts of swamps, and frequently there are two or three nests on
the same tree. The eggs, about 4, are of
THE  WHOOPING  CRANE.                 a pale greenish-blue color, and as large
Grsus americana.-TEMM.             as those of the common hen.
DESCRIPTION.-The forehead, crown
and cheeks covered with orange colored
warty skin, with a few black hairs; hind
head ash-color; the rest of the plumage
pure white, except the primaries, which
are brownish black; bill and iris yellow,
legs and naked part of the thighs black.
From the base of each wing arise numerous large flowing feathers, which project
over the tail and tips of the wings, some
of them being loose and webbed like those
of the Ostrich; length 48, bill 6, height
60. —Muttall.
HISTORY.-This bird is one of the largest of the feathered tribes in the United
States, and is known in Vermont only by
being occasionally seen during its inigrations. It is common in summer in the
fur countries where it breeds.  Its two
eggs are bluish white and as large as
those of the swan. When wounded, says              trdea Herodias.-LaNNEUs.
Dr. Richardson, he has been known to    DEscRIPTIo N.-G-G        neral color grayish
put the fowler to flight and fairly drive ash; crest brownish, the middle of the
him from the field.                        feathers striped with whitish; back of the
neck ash; small feathers on the wings
edged with ferruginous; feathers on the
GENUS ARDEA.-Linn. Tem.              neck and breast white in the centre, edgGeneric  Characters. —Bill long, robust, ed with brown, giving a striped appearstraight, pointed, compressed to an edge, the ridge anee; thighs naked some distance above
rounded; upper mandible slightly furrowed; nos- the knees; feathers on the upper part of
trils lateral, basal, situated in the furrow, and half the thighs buff; legs brownish, tinged
closed by a membrane; orbits and lores naked; with yellow; chin, cheeks and sides of
legs long, slender, lower part of the thighs without the head whitish; quills slate color; tail
feathers;-middle toe united to the outer one by a a little longer than the folded wings; genshort membrane; hind toe on the same level with erally two tapering feathers in the crest




104               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART I.
THE GREEN HERON.                                           THE UPLAND PLOVER.
5 or 6 inches long. Length of the speci- trees, and lays 4 blue eggs. They come
men from which the above description is from the south about the first of May, and
dr/awn, from the point of the bill to the return in October.
extremity of the tail, 46 inches; height,
when standing, 40 inches; length of the
bill, from the angle of the mouth, 7 in.;    GENUS TOTANUS. —Bech. Temm.
folded wing 19; tarsus 7;  longest toeBill of moderate
HISTORY.-The Great Blue Heron is   Generic Characters.-Bill of moderate
frequently seen in the neighborhood of length, straight, or a little recurved, flexible at
lake Champlain.  The  specimen from  the base, hard and acuminate at the point; both
hlake Champlain.  Thesritio nspecimenr    mandibles furrowed on each side to the middle;
which the above description was drawn nostrils in the furrow, basal, linear and pervious;
was shot near    of the College of Natural n legs long and slender; feet with three anterior
the Museuory    of the U College of Natural toes, the exterior united to the middle one, someHistory of the University.  They are said tinestothesecondjoint; wings of medium
to rear their young in companies, making lensth; to
their nests with sticks in the tops of tall
trees. The eggs, usually 4, are larger
than those of the hen, light green, and
unspotted.
THE UPLAND PLOVER.
Totanus Bartramius.-TEMMINCR.
DESCRIPTION. —General color above
blackish, the feathers edged with tawny.rdea viresccns.-LINN.          rufous; lower part of the back and upper
DEsCRIPTION.-Color of the back, tail, tail coverts pitch black; wings brownish
crown and wings dark glossy green, ap- black above, shaft of the first primary
proaching to black; wing feathers mostly white, and most of the primaries with contipped with white; wing coverts and scap- cealed white spots or bars on their inner
ulars tipped and edged with white and webs; chin and belly white; under tail
ferruginous; neck above andon the sides coverts tinged  with rufous; brownish
dark wine color; chin and line under the sagittate spots on the breast and sides; unangle of the miouth, white; throat and der sides of the wings barred and waved
under side of the neck, with the feathers, with brown and white; tertials long; bill
white, tipped orsmargined with brownish; blackish above and at the point, yellowbelly brownish white; lore and iris bright ish below; tongue sagittate; 1st primary
yellow; bill black, lighter beneath and longest; length 12 inches; spread of the
yellowish towards the base; legs and feet wings 22 inches; bill from the angle of
greenish yellow; feathers on the back of the mouth 1A inch.
the head and neck long; tail short, con-   HISTORY.-This species was first desisting of12 feathers; the 1st and 4th pri- scribed by Wilson, who named it Barmaries a little shorter than the 2d and 3d, tramius in honor of his friend Bartram.
which are longest. Length 17 inches; It is quite common in the western parts
spread 23; folded wing 7A; bill from the of this state during the summer, and
angle of the mouth 3; along the ridge resides principally  in meadows, feed24 inches.                              ing upon grasshoppers and other insects.
HIsToRY.-The Green Heron, better Its nest is made upon the ground usually
known by a more disgusting name, is very in a little clump of bushes. They are a
common in many parts of the state.  It shy bird and quite plain in appearance
seems to prefer the solitude of swamps when seen at a distance, but closely viewand marshes, Where it feeds upon fishes ed their-colors appear beautifully variegaand reptiles, and also upon dragon flies ted, especially beneath. They live for
and other insects. It builds its nest upon the most part, in pairs or families.




CHAP. 3.                     BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                105
THE SOLITARY AND SPOTTED TATTLERS.                             THE COMMON SNIPE,
THE SOLITARY TATTLER.                the most numerous of the two, and breeds
in this state in considerable numbers.
Totanu9s chWlorlopyg(ius.-V1EILL0T.  The nest is made in a tuft of grass, with
DESCRIPTION.-The whole upper plu- a thin lining of hay.  The eggs, usually
mage dark hair brown, interspersed with 4, are of a dull cream color, spotted with
small, irregular, marginal spots of white, brown, most thickly towards the large
and usually slightly glossed with green end. The femnale, when alarmed, pracreflections; the lateral tail feathers with tices much art for the  safety of her
their coverts regularly barred with black young.
and white, the bars being broadest on the
former; middle tail feathers dark brown,         GENUS SCOLOPAx-Linn.
with small white spots on the edges; primaries, their shafts and coverts brownish    Generic ChSaracters.-Bill long, straight,
black, unspotted, the shaft of the 1st pri- slender, compressed, soft and flexible; the point
mary a little lightest; a short stripe over depressed, dilated, tumid and obtuse, minutely tuthe eye, the chin. belly and under tail berculated or dotted, projecting over the lower
coverts white; neck and breast spotted mandible; both mandibles furrowed to the midor striped with brownish; under side of die. Nostrils in the furrow of the bill, basal, latthe wings next the base and axiliaries eral, linear, pervious and covered by a membrane,
finely barred or waved with brown and Feet and legs moderate, slender, 4 toed, naked
white; bill brown, with the nasal groove space above the knee small; toes entirely divided.
two thirds its length; legs and feet dusky Wings moderate, the 1st and 2d primaries longest
olive.  Length 84 inches, tail f21, folded and nearly equal. Tail short, rounded, consisting
/ 4X      of 12 or more feathers.
wing 5, bill 14, tarsus 1.3.
HISTORY.-This bird is often seen along
the shores of our streams and ponds, and,       THE  COMMON  SNIPE.
as it spends the whole summer with us,         Scolopax Wilsonii.-TEMaINCK.
it doubtless breeds here; but I have not
known of its nest being found.  Accord-    DESCRIPTION. —Tail rounded, of 16
ing to Dr. Richardson it breeds in most feathers, with a bright ferruginous, subof the  intermediate  districts between terminal bar; back and scapulars black,
Pennsylvania and the northern extremity with bronzy reflections; rump dusky,
of the continent, depositing its eggs upon faintly mottled and barred with pale yelthe beach, without forming any kind of lowish brown; crown black, divided by
nest. It is generally seen running along an irregular line of pale brown, and anupon the shore, frequently stopping, and other of the same tint passes over each
often nodding, or balancing its head and eye; neck and  upper part of the breast
tail, and hence its vulgar appellation is pale brown, with small, dusky, longitudinal spots; chin white tinged with brown;
bill brown, blackish at the tip.  Length
11 to 11~, spread 17, bill 2j. to 23.-JVutt.
THE SPOTTED  TATTLER.                  HISTORY.-This species, which is nearTotanus macularius.-TEMMINCEC.   ly related to the European Snipe, is found'
throughout the whole of America from
DEscRIPTION.-Color glossy olive brown, Hudson's bay to the equator. This bird
waved with dusky; one or more of the arrives from the south earlvy in the spring,
outer tail feathers white, barred with and spends the summer in low, moist
black; quills dusky brown, the two outer grounds, breeding in swamps, where it
plain, the next marked with an oval white lays its eggs in a hollow loosely lined
spot on their inner webs; secondaries with a little grass. The eggs.are 4, of a
white on their inner webs and tipped with yellow-olive color, speckled with different
white; below white, tinged with gray at shades of brown.  The young leave the
the sides of the neck, with roundish dusky nest as soon  as  they are hatched.  The
spots; bill yellow below,black at the tip; flesh of the Snipe is in high  estimation on
legs waxyellow; iris hazel.  Length 7A. account of its exquisite flavor, on which
Young white below,without spots.-J-utt. account it is eagerly sought by the sportsHIsTORY-This bird is often called the man.  They are frequently seen striking
Peet-W eet, from  its shrill and peculiar their bill into  the  black marshy soil.
note. It resembles the preceding species Their food consists principally of worms,
in general appearance, and in most of its leeches and aquatic insects.
habits, particularly in that of balancing or
wagging its tail, and it bears the same
vulgar name of Tip-up, the two kinds not        GENUS RUSTICOA.-Vicill..
being distinguished from  each other by    Generic Charactcrs.-Bill similar to that of
ordinary observers. This species is much the Snipe, but more rcbust, w;ith tlhe extremity atPT I.          14




100                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART I.
THE WOODCOCK.                                                    THE VIRGINIA RAIL.
tenuated and not depressed; the under mandible pressed; upper mandible furrowed on each side;
is also deeply grooved beneath. Eyes placed far somewhat arched and curved at the extremity,
back in the head. Legs short, robust and wholly  with its base extending upwards between the
feathered to the knees; tarsus shorter than the feathers of the forehead; nostrils situated in the
middle toe; toes cleft from the base, and the hind furrow of the bill above its base, oblong, pervinail truncated. The 1st or 4th primary longest. ous and covered at the base by a membrane;
Tail of 12 feathers.                       tongue narrow, acute and fibrous at the tip; forehead feathered; legs small, with a naked space
above the knee; toes wholly divided; wings
tmoderate, rounded; tail of 12 feathers, not extending beyond their coverts. Plumage of the
sexes, in general, nearly similar.
THE VIRGINIA RAIL.
Rallus virginianus.-L NNAEU S.
DaESCRIPT1ON.-Upper part black, the
feathers edged with olive brown; cheek
and stripe over the eye ash; over the
lores, the under eye-lid and chin white;
THE  WOODCOCK.                    wing coverts chestnut; quills deep dusky;
Rusticola rminor.-NUTTALL.           throat, breast and belly reddish brown;
DESCRIPTIONs. —Back darkly marbled  sides and vent black, with white bars;
with black ferruginous and ash;  chin  legs and  feet  dusky  reddish  brown.
white; throat grayish; belly yellowish  Length 10, spread 14.  The female a litwhite; thighs and posterior parts beneath  tie less, and paler.-J       m cutt.
bright ferruginous; crown black, crossed    HISTORY.-This bird is sometimes calIwith three light ferruginous bands, the ed the Clapper Rail, but more commonly
middle one broadest  A black stripe fromHenf   It is met with 
the eye to the angle of the mouth, and  fresh water marshes in most parts of the
another from  the bill up the frontlet;United States, during the summer, but
front part of the head grayish; marbling  migrates to the south on the approach of
winter.  With its neck stretched out and
the back; legs and feet light flesh colorn  its short tail erected, it runs with great
bill dusky horn color, nearly black at the speed: but, when closely pursued, fretip; nails brownish black, small. First quently rises upon the wing, yet seldom
4 primaries nearly equal, 3 first narrow. flies far at a time. It breeds in this state,
Len4gpth  of  the specimen before me II  snaking its nest in the wettest part of the
inches, folded wing  me, bill 2.9.        nmarsh, of rushes and withered grass. The
HISTORY. —-The  Woodcock  is quite  eggs, from  6 to 0JO, are of a pale cream
common in Vermont, although very sel- color, sprinkled  with brownish-red  and
dom   seen, on account of its nocturnal purple.  The female is so much attached
habits.  It feeds and moves from place to to her eggs that she will sometimes suffer
place almost exclusively in the night.
place almost exclusively in the night. herself to he taken in the hands sooner
This bird returns from the south early,
and selects a breeding place in the woods.
The nest is made upon the ground, of              LOBE-FOOTED   BIRDS.
grass and leaves.  The eggs, usually 4,   This order takes its name from the cirare of a yellowish clay color blotched with  cumstance of the toes of the different spepurple and brown. The young leave the cies being, in most cases, margined with
nest as soon as hatched, but are unable  a membrane.  They are aquatic in their
to fly for 3 or 4 weeks.  During the pe- habits, and swim  and dive with facility.
riod of incubation the peculiar note of the  They live in small flocks along the sea
male may often be heard morning and  coast, and along the shores of lakes and
evening, while he rises spirally into the  ponds, feeding upon fish, reptiles, worms
air and then descends again to the neigh- and vegetables. The sexes are nearly alike
borhood of the nest.  The flesh of the in plumage.
Woodcock, like that of the Snipe, is high-       G. NUS FUIICA. —Briss. Linn.
ly esteemed and eagerly sought, on ac-    Generic Ctaracters.-Bill shorter thatfil
head, stout, nearly straight, conical, compressed,
GENUS RA;LLus.-Linn.................higher than broad at base, acute at tip; mandibles
equal, furrowed each side at the base, the upper
Generic Characters.-Bill varying in length, covering the margins of the lower, and spreading
hick at the base, and generally straight and com- out into a naked membrane over the forehead 




CRAP, 8.                     BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                      107
TIlE COMMON COOT.             THE PIED-BILL DOBCHICK.          THE BONAPARTIAN GULL
lower, boat-like; nostrils in a furrow,medial lateral, a broad black band around its middle, inconcave, oblong, pervious, half closed by a turgid  eluding the nostrils; legs black; iris hamembrane; feet moderate, far back; nakled space zel.  Length 14 in.-JNVuttall.
above the knee small; tarsus compressed, almost   HIsToRY.-These birds make some stop
edged behind; anterior toes very long, nearly di-in our waters during their fall migration,
vided to the base, margined on each side by a but are not known to breed in this state.
broad scolloped membrane; hind toe bearing on They feed upon fishes and water-insects.
the ground, edged on the inner side by an entire When alarmed they conceal themselves
membrane; wings nioderate, rounded, 2d and 3dby sinking in the water  with only the
primaries longest; tail short, narrow, of 12 or 14 end of the bill, by which they are enabled
feathers; sexes and young nearly alike in plu- to breathe, elevated above the surface,
to breathe, elevated above the surface,
ina~e,                                    and this is not easily seen.  From this
THE  COMMON  COOT.                   and other singular habits they have re.
ceived the name of Water-Witcdes.,Fulica americana.-GM EL.
DESCRIPTION.-Head and neck velvet                 WEB-FOOTED  BIRDS
black; fore part of the back, scapulars
and wing-coverts blackish gray; tertia- IW  this orde, whi             ch consists wholly o f
ries, tips of the scapulars, rump and tail- Water Birds, the billis much varied in
coverts clove brown, with  a greenish  form; the legs short, generally  placed
tinge; quills, tail and vent pitch black; far back; the anterior toes wholly or parunder tail coverts and tips of the secon- tially connected by  webs, and, in some
daries white; bill pale horn color, with a families, all the toes are united by one
chestnut  ring near its tip; under plu- membrane; the hind toe articulated; interi.
mage lead-gray; legs and  toes bluish  orly upon the tarsus, or wholly wanting,
green, the scolloped membrane mostly
lead color.  Length 16 inches.-Rich.                 GENUs LARUS.-L nnaeus.
HISTORY.-The American Coot is found          Generic Characters.-Bill moderate, strong,
throughout nearly the whole continent, hard, compressed, with the edges sharp and curvand seems almost indifferent to climate, ed inward, a little bent at the tip; nostrils lateral,
regulating its migrations principally by  longitudinal, linear, open and pervious; feet rather
the scarcity or abundance of food, which  slender; tarsus nearly equal to the middle toe;
consists of seeds, grasses, worms, snails, web entire to the tips of the toes; hind toe very
insects, and small fishes.  It is nocturnal small and high on the tarsus; wings long and
in its habits, and is said to perform its mi- acute; tail even, of 12 feathers. Female smaller
grations by night.                           than the male; otherwise alike.
GENUS PODIcEPs.-Lath.
Generic Characters.-Bill moderate, robust,
hard, straight, and compressed, conically elongated and acute; upper mandible deeply and broadly furrowed on each side at the base, somewhat
curved at tip; the lower boat-shaped; nostrils in
the furrow, basal, lateral, concave, oblong, pervious, posteriorly half closed by a membrane; feet
turned outward, situated far back; the thigh almost hidden in the belly; tarsus much compressed;  _
anterior toes greatly depressed, connected at the
base by a membrane, formning a broad lobe round  THE BONAPARTIAN  GULL.
each toe; nails wide and flattened; wings short    Larus Bonapartii.-SwA. & RICH
and narrow; tail, none. Femnale similar to the
male in plumage.                  v DESCRIPTION. —Head  bluish  black,
male in plumage.:.-ick and upper part of the wings light
THE  PIED-BIL.L  DOBCHICK.'lad color, or pearly gray; neck, tail and
whole under plumage pure white; the
Podiceps carolinensis.-LATi.          outer edge of the first primary and  the
DESGRIPTIoN. —Upper plumage dusky  extremities of the others,black, in some
brown; secondaries obliquely tipped with  cases slightly tipped with white; in some
white; a roundish black spot under the  cases the outer edge of the 2d primary is
chin; throat and cheeks below  brownish  edged with a line of black; bill shilling
gray; patch on the breast dotted or cloud- black, nearly straight, a little turgid and
ed with brownish white and black; bel- notched near the tip; inside of the mouth
ly almost white, mottled under the wings legs and  feet light bright red; folded
and on the flanks; rump dusky; bill with  wings 2 inches longer than the tail which




10Z8               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PAART I.
THE HERRING GULL.                                             THE CANADA GOOSE.
is slightly rounded. Length 15 inches, broad and elevated; the nail somewhat orbicular,
the folded wing 10; bill along the gape, curved ani obtuse; marginal teeth short, conic and
3]~.                         — _       Iacute; nostrils media], lateral, longitudinal, ellipHISTORY.-This beautiful Gull is often tics large, open and pervious, covered by a memseen in small flocks in Lake Champlain, brane; tongue thick, fleshy and fringed on the
but is most plentiful in autumn, when sides; feet central, stout, webs entire wings modthose  which  have been rearinog  their erate, acute; quills strong; tail rounded. Sexes
young at the north are proceeding south- similar in plumage.
ward to spend the winter.  Numbers of
them are however said to breed upon the
islands in lake Champlain, particularly
-upon those called the Four Brothers.
They fbed principally upon insects and
are distinguished by a peculiarly shrill
and plaintive cry. Their flesh is esteemed good food. The specimen from which
our description was made, was shot, with
several others belonging to  the  same
flock, in Shelburne Bay.
THE HERRING GULL.
Larus argentatus.-BRu.NN.
p)ESCRIPTION.-f Winter plumage.  Top
of the head, region of the eyes, occiput,       THE CANADA  GOOSE.
nape and sides of the neck white, each         ser canadensis. —Bo NAAT.
feather with a longitudinal pale brown
streak; front, throat, all the lower parts,   DEscRIPTION.-Head, two thirds of the
back and tail white; top of the back, neck, greater quills, rump and tail pitch
scapulars, and the whole wing bluish ash; black  back and wings broccoli-brown
primaries blackish towards the end ter- edged with wood-brown; base of the
sninating in white; bill ochre yellow; neck before and the under plumage yelorbits and iris yellow, the latter pale; feet lowish gray, with paler edges; flanks and
reddis- flesh-color.  SuLmmer plumcage, base of the plumage generally brownishwith the head  and  neck pure white. gray. A few feathers about the eye, a
Young blackish ash, mottled with yellow- large kidney-shaped patch on the throat,
ish rusty. Length about 24 inches.- the sides of the rump, and tail coverts,.Ts1~uttalt.                             pure white; bill and feet black; neck
HISToRY.-The Herring Gull derives long. Length 41, tail 9, wing 19. —Rich.
its vulgar name from the circumstance of   HISTORY.-The Wild Goose is well
its feeding much upon Herrings, which known in all parts of the United States as
it catches by following the shoals. They  a bird of passage. In Vermont they are
are common to the milder parts of both seen in large  numbers during their s'ring
continents, and are not uncosmnsntn in and fall migrations, and it is not uncomlake Champlain, where numbers of them  mon for them  to alight in our lakes and
breed upon the small, uninhabited islands. ponds to feed and rest themselves, where
The Rev. G. G. Ingersoll has procured they are frequently shot, but they are not
the eggs of this Gull from one of the isl- known to breed within the state. Their
lands called the Four Brothers, situated  principal breeding places are further north
five or six miles from Burlington. Their between the 50th and 67th parallels of
ground color is light olive, irregularly  latitude.  They lay 6 or 7 greenish-white
spotted with dull reddish-brown and dirty eggs in a nest rudely made upon the
ash. The nest is usually made of sticks ground. The residents about Hudson's
upon the ground or a rock, but Audubon bay depend much upon geese for their
found them at the Bay of Fundy, breed- supply of winter provisions, 3 or 4,000 of
ing uo *pon low fir trees.               them being killed annually, and barrelled
up for use. In their migrations, Wild
Geese usually fly in large flocks, arranged
GFNUS ANsER.-DB iasson.         in the form of the letter A;, with the verGeneric Clharacters.-Bill moderate, stout, at the tex of the angle forward.  Sometimes
base higher than broad, somewhat conic, cylindri- they alight in fields and meadows, and,
cal, depressed towards the point, andnarrowedand not unfrequently, they are compelled to
rounded at the extremity, upper mardible not cov- alight in consequence of being bewildered
ering the margins ofthe lower; the ridge of the bill and lost in thick fogs and severe storms.




CHAP. 3.                    BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                109
THE SUMMER, OR WOOD DUCK.                                          THE MALLARD.
Under such circumstances numbers of on the rump, the fine lines on the flanks,
them are frequently shot.                with shorter crest,and less vivid plumage,
mostly of a brownish hue, Length of the
GENUS ANAS.-Linn.              specimen before me (male) 20 inches; the
folded wing 81.
Generic Characters. —Bill broader than high   HISTORY.-The Wood Duck is one of
at the base, widening more or lessat the extremi- the most beautifil birds seen in this state,
ty, somewhat flattened, obtuse and- much de- and is one of the very few permanent respressed towards the point; marginal teeth lamel- idents here. Their food consists of tadliform, weak; upper mandibleconvex, curved and poles, insects and worms, and also of
furnished with a slender nail at the end; the low- beechnuts and various kinds of berries.
er narrower, flat, and entirely covered by the mar- Their flight is rapid and graceful, and
gins of the upper; nostrils basal, approaching to- they also swim and dive well. Their
gether, oval, open, pervious, and partly closed by sense of hearing is very quick, and when
a membrane; tongue stout and obtuse, fringed at alarmed they sonetimes conceal them
the sides; neck about the length of the body; fetet lves in the water   ith the bill only
central, small, weak, web entire; wings moderate acute; quills long, 1st and 2d longest; tail of above the surface. Their nests are upon
from 14 to 16 feathers. Plumage of the sexes dif- trees, usually in the hollow  ofa broken
ferent.                                  and decayed trunk, or large limb, and the
eggs, from 8 to 14, are yellowish white,
and a little smaller than those of the common hen. The young, when hatched,
are carried down in the bill of the parent,
and then conducted to the water. The
flesh of this Duck is esteemed for food.
THE MALLARD.
qJnas boschas.-LIsN.
DEscRIPTION.-Head and upper part of
the neck green, with blue and dark purple reflections; collar around the neck
white; feathers of the breast dark reddish
chestnut, slightly  edged  with  white;
scapulars, back and parts beneath sprinkled and waved with blackish on a white
SUMMER, OR WOOD  DUCI.    ground, much lighter towards the tail;
Anas sponsa. —LNNaEUS.           rump and tail coverts blackish green;
DESCRIPTION.-Top of the head, crest, sides of the rump partly, and interior of
and about the eyes, different shades of the wings wholly, white; folded wing
green, with purple reflections; crest and shorter than the tail; bill yellow; iris
side of the head marked by two white reddish brown; legs orange; Female and
lines, one terminating behind the eye and young brownish varied with yellowish
the other extending to the bill; a black and blackish.  Length of the specimen
-patch on each side of the neck; chin, before me, which is a male, 26 inches;
back part of the cheek, and ring round folded wing 11; bill 2.1; tarsus 1.8;
-the neck white; lower part of the neck longest toe 2.4; width of the bill 1.1.
and breast bright chestnut-brown, spotted    HIsTORY.-This is our common domes-:with white; back, scapulars, wings and tic duck in its wild state. It is frequenttail exhibiting a play of green, purple, ly seen in small flocks inlake Champlain,
blue, gray, and velvet black; a hair-like, but is more plentiful at the south and
splendent, reddish purple tuft on each southwest. The specimen from  which
side of the rump; belly whitish; flanks the above description was made, was shot
yellowish gray, beautifully waved with  in the lake near Burlington in May 1842.
black, the tips of the long feathers, and It is finely preserved and is now in the
also those on the shoulder, broadly barred  museum of the College of Natural Histowith white and black. On most of the ry of the Vermont University.  Their
plumage is a play of colors with metallic nest is made upon the borders of rivers
lustre; bill higher than wide at the base, and lakes at some distance from the wanarrowed towards the point, flesh color ter. The eggs, from 1.0 to 18, are bluish
above, with a black spot between the nos- white.  The female frequently covers her
trils and at the tip; black below; tail of eggs when she leaves them. The young are
14 wide rounded feathers, longer than the led to the water as soon as hatched and
folded wings. Female without the tufts are at once able to swimanddive with great




110                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART I.
THE DUSKY DUCK.              THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL.               THE GOOSANDER,
expertness.  Wild ducks feed upon fish, and the tail liver brown; sides of the
aquatic insects and plants; and they fly in rump and under wing coverts white; unthe form of the letter.., with the meet- der plumage reddish-orange, glossed with
ing of the two lines directed forward.   chestnut on the breast, with  blackish
spots; bill bluish-black; feet yellow.
THE DUSY DUCK.  Female brownish, without the white before the eye and on the rump, and the
Jnnas obscura.-GMEL.            purple tint on the head and neck. Young
DEscRIPTION.-Upper part of the head  without the green speculum; in other redeep dusky-brown, with small streaks of spects like the female. Length 18 inches.
drab on the fore part; the rest of the head    HISToRY.-The Blue-Winged Teal inand greater part of the neck dull yellow- habits, according to the season, all parts
ish-white, each feather marked down the of the continent up to the 58th parallel of
centre with a line of blackish-brown; in- latitude. It arrives in this state from the
ferior part of the neck and whole lower south in the latter part of April, and I
parts dusky, the feathers edged more or have before me a specimen which was
less broadly with brownish white; upper shot in Winooski river, at Burlington,
parts the same, but deeper; speculum  about the first of May, 1842. They feed
blue, with green and amethyst-red reflec- upon insects and vegetables, and are said
tions; wings and tail dusky; the tail to be particularly fond of wild rice. They
feathers sharp pointed; bill greenish ash; usually become very fat, and their flesh
legs and feet dusky yellow; female brown- is highly esteemed for food.
er. Length 24, spread 38.-JVWutt.
HISTORY.-This Duck is said to be
found only in North America. It is met          GENUS Mevs. —Linneus.
with throughout the United States and    Generic Characters. —Bill long, or moderBritish provinces, from Florida to Labra- ate, straight, nearly cylindrical, slender, and
dor, and is generally but  improperly broad at the base; the edges serrated, and the
called the Black Duck. It is found alike teeth subulate, sharp, and inclining backwards;
along the sea coast, in salt marshes, and  the upper mandible hooked and furnished with a
along the fresh water rivers and lakes. nail at the tip; nostrils lateral, open, situated near
They breed in marshes, making their the middle of the bill; legs short, strong, placed
nests of weeds, and laying from 8 to 12 far back; three anterior toes webbed to their points:
eggs, which are of a dull ivory white and hind toe articulated high with a broad membrane:
about the size of those of the common wings moderate, acute: Ist and 2d primaries londuck. Their voice, or quack, is also sim- gest: tail short and rounded. Female and young
ilar to that of the common duck.         differ considerably from the male.
THE GOOSANDER, OR SHELDRAKE.
THE BLUE-WINGED  TEAL.                      Mergus merganser.-LINN.
Ilnas discors.-LINN.              DESCRIPTION.-Color of the old male
DESCRIPTION.-Upper surface of the above nearly black; head and upper part
head and under tail coverts brownish of the neck greenish black, with reflecblack; a white crescent from the fore- tions; belly white, shaded with rose colhead to the chin bordered with black; er. Humeral wing coverts blackish; lowsides of the head and neck purple; base er part of the back and the tail ash; bill
of the neck above,back, tertiaries and tail red on the sides, but black above and becoverts brownish-green; fore parts mark- low; iris reddish; legs vermillion.  Feed with semi-ovate pale brown bars; les- male and young above light slate or grayser wing coverts pure pale blue; specu- ish ash, shafts of the feathers darker; seclum dark green; primaries, their coverts ondary wing feathers and their coverts




CHAP. 3.                   BIRDS OF VERMONT.                                 111
THE LOON.                                                       DOMESTIC FOWLS.
white on the posterior part; head, crest spotted with white, the spots squarish
and neck reddish brown; chin and upper and largest on the middle of the back,
part of the breast gray; belly yellowish  roundish forward, and very small towards
white; wings black, 2d quill longest; bill the rump; beneath white; neck spotted
reddish brown above, red below; legs and  with black, with a black and whitish ring;
feet reddish yellow; webs brownish.-  wings brownish  black  above, without
Length of the specimen before, which is spots; legs black; bill dark horn color.
a female, 25 inches; folded wing 9A; Length of the specimen before me to the
spread 32; bill, from  the angle of the extremity of the tail 35 inches, folded
mouth, 2a1; tarsus'2A; longest toe 3 inches. wing 14 inches, bill to the angle of the
HISTORY.-The Goosander inhabits the mouth 4A inches, foot to the extremity of
northern parts of Europe, Asia and Amer- the longest nail 5A inches.  The first
ica, where  they  breed and spend the quill longest.
greater part of the year. On the approach    HISTORY.-The Loon, or Great Northof cold weather they migrate towards the ern Diver, is found in the northern parts
south, but still many of them spend the of both the Eastern and Western Contiwinter in high northern latitudes.  They  nent.  In this country it resides princiare occasionally met with in our lakes and pally in the lakes in the interior, spendrivers at nearly all seasons, but are not ing nearly its whole time in the water.
found in Vermont in very large numbers. It dives with great facility, and is able to
The specimen from which a part of the remain for a long time under water. Its
above description was made, was shot in legs are situated so far back that it is with
Winooski river Sept. 4, 1841. This fowl the greatest difficulty that it walks at all
is very voracious, and feeds principally up- upon land. The Loon is not uncommon
on fishes, of which the stomach of the one in our lakes and ponds, where numbers
above described contained the fragments of them spend the summer and rear their
of several, one of which was three inches young. Their nest is upon the ground
long. The rough incurved papillae upon near the margin of a pond, and somewhat
the tongue, and the sharp serratures along elevated above the surface of the water.
the edges of the bill, seem admirably adap- The eggs are about the size of those of
ted for seizing and retaining its finny the domestic goose, of a dark smoky olive
prey.                                    color, blotched with umber brown. The
flesh of the Loon is tough and unpalataGENUS COLYMBUS. —Linntaus.          ble.
Generic Characters.-Bill longer than the head,
stout, straight, nearly cylindrical, compressed, with
the point subulate and acute; the edges bent     DOMESTIC FOWLS.
in, sharp and entire; nostrils basal, concave, and   The only birds we have in a state ofperhalf closed by a membrane; feet large, placed far manent domestication are the Goose, the
behind; tibia almost drawn up into the belly; tar- Turkey, the Duck, the Barn-door fowl,
sus strong, compressed; the three anterior toes  the 
very long, united to their tips by webs; hind toe eacock the Guinea Hen and the
small, touching the ground merely at the tip, united to the outer toe by a rudimental membrane;   THE COMMON GoosE,.nasanser,whichI
wings moderate; 1st and 2d primaries longest; tail has acquired so many colors in our poultshort, rounded and composed of I8 or 20 feathers; ry yards, originated from a wild species,
the sexes alike in plumage.              which is gray, with a brown mantle undulated with gray, and an orange colored
beak. The name of the species in a
wild state is./nser cinereus. Geese are
kept in considerable numbers in this state,
principally for their feathers.
THE DOMESTIC TURKEY, AJeleagris gallopavo, in its wild state, has been already
described on page 101.  in the domesticated state it has acquired, a variety of
colors and undergone some change in
form  and size. Turkeys are raised for
THE  LOON, OR  GREAT  NORTH- their flesh which is highly valued.
ERN  DIVER.                    THE DOMESTIC DucK,snasdomestica,
sprang from the common Mallard Duck,
Colmbnas boschas. See page 109. The change
DESCRIPT1ON.-Head and back of the produced in the Duck by domestication
neck glossy black; back gfiayish black  is much less than in the two preceding




112                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
DOMESTIC FOWLS.                                            REPTILES OF VEItMONT,
species.  Very few of them are raised in    THE GUINEA HEN,.JVumida meleagris.
this state, and these are kept rather for The Guinea Hen was originally from Afcuriosity than profit.                   rica. Its slate colored plumage is everyBARN-DOOR FOWL, Gallus domesticus. where springled with small round white
This species, denominated the Cock and spots. In its wild state it lives in flocks,
the Hen, varies almost infinitely in col- in marshes.
ors, and very considerably in size and   THE DOVE. Our common Dove is said
form. It has been in a domesticated state to be descended from the Rock Dove,
from time immemorial, and more or less Columba livia.
of them are kept by almost every family   The three last are kept only in small
in the state. Their flesh and eggs form  numbers, as a matter of curiosity.
almost indispensable articles offood; and   The following table contains the estiwith suitable attention and precaution a- mated value of Poultry in the several
gainst mischief, the keeping of hens for counties in this state, according to the retheir eggs is not unprofitable.          turns of the census of 15840.
THE. PEACOCK, Pavo cristatus.  The Addison Co.,   $8,637 Orange,         $14M395
Bennington,    9,414 (Orleans,      4,269
Peacock is said to have been originally Csdogia,',     10,029 (arledn,       3,092
C:aledonia,    1 0,0'29 Ruiland,  13,092
from the north of India, and to have been C(hittenden,   8,014 1Washington,    15,840
introduced into Europe by Alexander the Essex,           1,744 Windlam,      13,854
Great. It is celebrated only for the mag- Franklin,      5,912 Windsor,     20,313
G iGrand Isle,  1,873           --
nificence and beauty of its plumage.     Lanoille,       4,192  Totalvalue, $131,578
CHAPTER IV.
REPTILES OF VERMONT.
Preliminary Observations.           Reptiles all produce their young by
Reptiles are usually regarded as disa- means of eggs; these are not, however,
greeable and loathesome objects, though hatched by the parent, but deposited in
many ofthem, on account of their singu- situations favorable for their developelar structure and habits, are highly inter- ment. In some genera the young are
esting.  These animals have cold red produced perfect, while in others they are
blood, with a dry skin, which is naked or of a widely different form, being shaped
covered with scales, and, in many species, like, and having the habits of a fish, and
periodically renewed. Their temperature like insects undergoing a transformation
usually corresponds with that of the me- before arriving at perfection, of which the
dium in which they are situated.  When tadpole and frog afford a familiar example
the temperature is down to freezing they    In his classification of Reptiles, Cuvier
become torpid. They are found largest adops the arrangement of Brongniart,who
and most numerous in the hottest portions takes the characters of his orders from the
of the earth.                            principal organs, in conjunction with the
The bones of reptiles are in general animal functions. In this arrangement
softer than those of quadrupeds and birds, they are divided into the four following
and vary much in their connection and orders.
number in the different genera  Frogs   I. Cihelonia, or Tortoises. Body covand loads have no ribs; serpents have ered with a shield, or plate.
them detached without a sternum; tortois-   II. Sauria, or Lizards.  Body covered
es have them  all united together; and with scales.
lizards have them  like birds. Some of   III. Ophidia, or Serpents.  Destitute
these animals have four feet, others two, of feet.
and others none. Some are fitted for leap-   IV. Butrachia, or Frogs, &c.  Body
ing, others for crawling, and others for covered with a naked and loose skin.
swimming, and several for all these modes   The following is a list of the Reptiles
of progression.  Their circulation is im- found ill Vermont, arranged in the order
perfect, their sensations obtuse, and they  in which they are described in the subseare in general sluggish in their habits.   lquent pages.




CHAP. 4.                  REPTILES OF VERMONT.                               1]3
ORDERS OF REPTILES.                                       THE PAINTED TORTOISE.
ORDER CHELONIA-Tortoises.           antprior with five nails and posterior with four;.
Emys picta,        Painted Tortoise.    head of ordinary size; tail long.
"   insculpta,    Sculptured Tortoise.
Emysaurus serpentina, Snapping Tortoise.
ORDER SAURIA.-Lizards.
There are none of this order found in
the state.
ORDER OPHIDIA-Serpents.
Coluber sirtalis,    Striped Snake.
saurita,     Ribband Snake.
c'  ordinatu s,  Brown Snake.              THE PAINTED  TORTOISE.
CC occipito maculatus, Spotted-neck Snake.    Emys Picta.-SCHNEIDER.
cc  punctatus,  Ringed Snake.
4 4   vernttlis,    Green Snake.        DEScRIPTIoN.-Shell oblong, oval, rathconstrictor,  Black Snake.       er depressed, smooth, and of a dusky
"   eximius,    Chicken Snake.         brown color; all the dorsal and lateral
"   sipedon,    -Water Snake.          plates margined with yellow; a reddish
Crotalus durissus,  Rattle Snake.        yellow line along the middle of the back;.
first vertebral plate quadrangular, wider
ORDER BATRA~csIA.-Batrachians.    on the fore part and slightly elongated,
Rana pipiens.       Bull Frog.           behind, the second six sided, the third'  fontinalis,    Spring Frog.         quadrangular, the fourth six sided, nar-:'  halecina,     Leopard Frog.        row  behind, the fifth seven sided; the
"  palustris,     Pickerel Frog.       first lateral plate four sided, upper edge
c'  sylvatica,    Woods Frog.          narrow, the lower rounded; the second
c"  horiconensis, Horicon Frog.        and third nearly square. The intermedic  melanota,      Black Frog.          ate marginal plate is narrow, with a notch
Hylodes Pickerisngii, Pickering's Hylodes, on each side; all the rest are either obHyla versicolor,    Tree Toad.           long or square, each having a red spot in
"  squirella,     Peeping Tree Frog.  the centre, surrounded by irregular conBufo arnmericanus,   Common Toad.        centric red lines; marginal plates mostly
Salamandra syrtmetrica SymmetricalSalamander red beneath; sternum  reddish  yellow,
"   dorsalis,   Many Spotted do.    serrated before; pectoral plates narrow;
"   salmonea,   Salmon colored do.  caudal plates triangular, rounded behind;
"'  tigrina,    Tiger Salamander.   head and skin generally dark brown; an
C"  venenosa,   Violet colored do.    oblong yellow spot behind each eye, and
"C   erythronota, Red-backed do.      another upon the back part of the head;
c'  glutinosa,  Glutinous do.         cheeks and chin striped with yellow, bebislineata,  Two lined do.       coming red on the neck; legs striped and
Menobranchus maculatus, Proteus.         spotted with red; tail with two yellow
stripes above and two red ones on the
ORDER I —CHELONIA.              sides, which unite beneath in one; eyes
TO R TOIS 1  E S.              small, pupil black; iris golden, with a
Animals of this order have four feet, a broad black stripe through the middle.
heart with two auricles, and the body en- Length of the shell of the specimen beveloped in two plates, or shields, formed fore me 5 inches; width 44; height 2k.:
of the vertebra and ribs above and ster-   Plates D. 5, L. 8, M. 25, S. 12.*
num  beneath. Tortoises have no teeth,   HISTORY.-This is our most common
but their jaws are invested with a bony species of tortoise, and exists in large
substance which serves as a substitute numbers in the coves along the margin
for teeth. The sexes may in general be of lake Champlain and in the stagnant
distinguished by the cavity in the ster- waters about the mouths of our rivers. It
num  of the male.  They possess great is very aquatic in its habits, and is seldom
tenacity of life, moving for a long time seen more than a few feet from the water.
after their heads are cut off. They re- In the spring of the year, when the marquire little nourishment, and can pass shes are inundated, hundreds of these anmonths, and even years, without eating.   imals may be seen at a time, sitting upon
X_,                   the rocks and logs which lie partly above
GENUS EMYS.-Brongnidrt.           the water, and basking in the sun. On apGeneric Characters-Shell depressed sol  proaching them they in mmediately plunge
into the water and disappear.  When the
id; sternum  broad, solid, immoveahbe, filmlly
joined to the shell, consisting of twelve plates. and   * D-dorsal, L-lateral, Al —arginal, S —sterour supplemental ones; extremities palmated, nal.
PT. I.       15




114               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART I.
THE SCULITURFD   TORTOISE.                                THE SNAPPING TORTOISE.
painted Tortoise is first hatched it is very   GENUS EMYSAURUS.-Dumeril.
thin and nearly circutlar, and tile color of
the sternumn  deep red. As it grows tile    G
back becomes more elevated and the sides with swtall plates; snout short; jaws hooked
two war:s beneath tlhe chin; sternum immoveacompressed, and the red of the sternum  twio rvalbs beneath h cm   hin; sternus   immoveablc, crticiforn? composed often plates; three sterusually assumes a yellowish hue, and in   -cotuplflea thre feet with flae claws, hind
some cases thle red entirely disappears,,, tio-costal plates; fore feet with five claws, hind
some eases tile red entirely disappears,  fet with four; tail long, luruounted vith a
leaving the sternum  wholly yellow.  It                                       scaly
feeds upon shell-fish, insects and reptiles.
TIlE SCULPTURED TORTOISE.
Emys inscullta.-Le   CONTE.            THE SNAPPING  TORTOISE.
DEsCRIPTION.-Shell oval, slightly car-    Emysaur5us serpentina.-LINNJEUs.
inated and emarginate behind; all the    DEscRIPTION. —General color dark
plates with yellowish radiating lines and greenish brown above, lighter and yelstriie, cut by other concentric strie; first lowish beneath; upper shell oval,depressvertebral plate pentagonal, the 2d, 3d and ed and notched behind; vertebral plates
4th subhexagonal, the 5th octagonal; six scabrous; lateral marked near the base
of its faces anterior; 1st and 4th lateral with concentric strie; marginal oblong,
plates pentagonal, 2d and 3d subheptago- the six posterior ones forming six obtuse
nal; intermediate marginal plate very teeth, projecting  backwards; sternum
narrow; the first pentagonal projecting a narrow, lozenge-shaped, pointed and enlittle beyond the next; the rest mostly tire at both ends; head, neck and limbs
quadrangular; the three plates on each very large and strong; jaws sharp, hookside of the caudal plates slightly revo- ed; skin of the neck and legs granular
lute; sternum  notched behind, yellow  above and warty beneath; two prominent
and striated, all the plates being marked  warts under the chin; fore legs with
with a large black spot on their posterior rows of broad sharp scales; hind legs
part; plates under the throat triangular; with several broad scales beneath; claws
all the rest quadrangular; skin granula- strong, five before and four behind; tail
ted or scaly, reddish black above, dull red straight, about two thirds the length of
beneath; head, nails and tail black; jaws the shell, tapering, and crested with large
dark horn color, marked with yellow. bony prominences, which gradually diLength of the shell of the specimen be- minish towards the end; sides and under
fore me 6.A inches; width 5.1; width of part of the tail covered with smaller
the head 1 inch: length of the tail beyond scales.  Length of the shell, of the specithe shell 11 inch; height 3 inches.       men before me, 11 inches; width 9 inPlates D. 5, L. 8, M. 25, S. 12.        ches; tail 8 in.; head 3; in. long, 2A wide.
HISToRY.-This species, when fully    Plates D. 5, L. 8, M. 25, S. 11.
grown, is a little larger than the preced-   HISTORY.-This is the largest species
Ing. It is not so aquatic in its habits, it of Tortoise  found  in  Vermont, often
being frequently found at a considerable  weighing firom 5to 18 or 20) lbs. It is
distance from the water, and being often  much more disposed to bite than the premet with in the woods, it is sometimes ceding species.  It will seize upon a stick
called the Wood Tortoise. The Sculptured  held towards it, and suffer itself to be
Tortoise not only resorts to coves, and raised by it from the ground sooner than
the deep, still waters of rivers, but is fre- relinquish its hold; and hence it is usually
quently found taking shelter in the deep, called  in New  England the Snapping
narrow rills in our pastures and meadows. Turtle, or Tortoise.  At the south it is
The lateral plates seem in this species to called the Alligator Tortoise, from the rebe subject to some variation.  In  one semblance of its crested tail to that of the
of my full grown specimens the lateral Alligator. This species is often found at
plates are only three, instead of four, a considerable distance from water, and
upon each side. Food ofthis species the will live a long time without water. It
same as of the preceding.                 feeds upon  fishes, reptiles, and young




CHAP. 4.                  REPTILES OF VERMONT.                                115
LIZARDS.                 SERPENTS.-THE STRIPED SNAKE.    TIIE RIBBAND SNAKE.
birds, and is said sometimes to catch    HISTORY.-This is the most common
chickens.':                  and generally diffused species of snake in
Vermont, and is universally known by
ORDER II —SAURIA.              the name of Striped Snake.  It is perfectL I Z A R D S.               ly harmless, excepting sometimes to catch
a chicken, gosling, or young turkey or
These have  elongated rbodifes, covered  duck, and rob birds' nests of their eggs,
with scales, usually four feet; some with or youn. They also feed upon toads and
w.,       2,. or young. They also feed upon toads and
claws and some without; an elongated  frogs.  Serpents do not chew their food
tail; mouth furnished with teeth.  No like quadrupeds but whatever they eat
species of this order has been observed in they swallow whole. Their jaws are so
Vermont.   The reptiles usually called they swallow whole. Their jaws are so
Vermont.  The reptiles usually called  constructed as to be separable at the joint,
Lizards here all belong to the Salamrnan- which enables them to swallow  animals
der family.                              much larger than themselves; and instances of their swallowing such animals
ORDER III-OPHIDIA.              fall under the-observation of every field
S E R P E N T S.              laborer.  Often does a large sluggish
Serpents have a heart with two auri- snake lie in his way, with a portion of his
cles, an elongated, cylindrical body, des- body distended to near the size of his fist.
titute of feet, and for the most part cov- On killing and opening him, a large frog,
ere<d with scales. They move by mneans toad, or other animal is found, which the
of the folds and flexure of their bodies. gorrnandizer had caught, lubricated and
They are sometinmes divided into venonomocs swallowed ali ve; and for the digestion of
and non-venomrrous.  The Rattle Snake is which all the energies of the animal were
the only venomous or poisonous serpent now 0mploycd.  Often have we ourselves
found in Vermont.                         been startled by the piercing and mournful cry of a poor frog, which had been
caught by one of these animals; and how
GENUS CoLUnEEr.-Linneus.           indignant have we been, on going to the
Generic  Characters.-Body long, cylin- spot, to see the horror-stricken sufferer,
drical and tapering, head oblong, covered above with his hind quarters ingulfed in the
with smooth polygonal plates; above covered throat of a Iu(re snake, vainly struggling
with rhomboidal scales, imibricate, reticulated, with his fore feet to extricate himself, and
carinated, or smooth; abdomen with transverse at the samne time uttering a most piteous
plates; beneath the tail with double plates; anus moan.  Under such circumstances it has
transverse, simple; jaws furnished with sharp afforded us real satisfaction to destroy the
teeti; without poisonous fangs. Some species cruel aggressor and liberate his wretched
are oviparous, and others ovo-viviparous.  victim.  For the  purpose  of robbing
birds' nests this snake will climb fences
THE STRIPED  SNAKE.                and bushes several feet from the ground.
The usual length of this snake is about
Colutber sirtalis.-LINtrEu N s.
two feet, of which the tail constitutes one
DEscRIPTIo N-Upper part of the body fourth.  lIe sometimes attains the length
dark brown, with a narrow yellow line of about three feet.
extending fiom thle head along the back
to the tail, and a broader parallel stripe of
the same color on each side joining the         THE RIBBAND  SNAKE.
abdomrninal plates; belly greenish yellow;       Coluber saurita. —LlNs.
abdominal plates marked on each side with    DESCRIPTION.-Form more slenJr and
two black spots; scales oblong, carinated, graceful than that of the striped snake,
small on the back and increasing in size which it resembles in the arrangement of
towards the abdomen; head flattened, its stripes. A bright yellowish white line
covered with ten plates, one at the nbse, begins between the posterior plates on the
two pair back of this, three between the head and extends along the back to the
eyes, and behind these two larger ones; extremity of the tail.  On each side of
pupil of the eye black, iris reddish; simall this, commenciig at the orbit of tle eye
sharp teeth in the jaws and palate  Of is a shiningr black line wlich fades into
three specimens before me, the first, 22 brown towards the posterir extremity
inches long, has 154 abdominal plates, Then comes a narrow yellow line ion each
and 75 pair of subcaudal scales, the sec- side, conmellcing half an inch;back of
ond, 21 inches long, has 146 pla.tcs, and the angule of the mouth, wlhich also fhdes
62 pair of scales, and the third 27 inches into unmber brown towards thle tail.  Belong, of whicla the tail measures 6, 141  low thes, os cach sile, is a broad, wellplates and 69 pair of scales.             defined stripe of umber'brown, slightly




116                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
THE, BROVWN SNAKE.                                   THE SPOTTED-NECK SNAKE.
bronzed, embracing a row of large scales, spots, and two rows of similar spots, but
whose keels form a distinct lateral line, much smaller, along the extremities of
and extending down upon the abdominal the abdominal plates on each side, the
plates and subcaudal scales. The margin spots becoming obsolete towards the tail;
of the upper jaw, the under jaw and belly scales carinated, small on the back but inare white; all the colors fainter and creasing in size towards the belly; head
blended towards the tail. The upper jaw  small, covered with ten plates of an olive
margined by 15 and the under by 21 mar- brown color, the two posterior, and the
ginal plates; two rows of teeth in the up- middle one between the eyes, largest.
per and one in the lower jaw, all small The upper jaw is margined by 14 scales,
and sharp. Length of the specimen be- and the lower by 12, besides the tip; an
fore me 29 inches; to the vent 20, tail 9. oblique black band crosses the angle of
Head covered with 10 plates, the poste- the mouth, and another a little back of it
rior largest. Abdominal plates 165, sub- on the upper part of the neck; teeth in
caudal scales 110 pair.                both jaws, and two rows of hooking teeth
HISTORY.-I forwarded a specimen of in the palate; eyes small; iris bright hathis snake to my friend Dr. Storer, of zel. Length of the specimen before me
Boston, who, in acknowledging its recep- about 15 inches; abdominal plates 130;
tion, says that it " is without any ques- a small part of the tail broken off.
tion the sirtalis."  After so decided an   HISTORY. —This plain and harmless
opinion from such high authority, it may little snake is frequently met with, but is
be thought presumption in me to intro- less conmmon than several other species.
duce it as a different species; but know- I have met with only two or three indiing it, from my own observations, to dif- viduals in Burlington. It feeds upon infer very considerably from the common sects.
C. sirtalis, both in appearance and habit~s, and finding it to agree as nearly with
the descriptions which I find of the C.
saurita, I have ventured to describe it
under that name. that the differences between it and the sirtalis may be seen.
Besides differing in form and color, and
in the much greater number of subcaudal
scales, it is far more lively and quicker
in all its motions, and so far as my own
observation extends is alwavs found in
low  grounds, and at no great distance    THE SPOTTED-NECK  SNAKE.
from water. Amiong hundreds of the C.  Coluber occipito-maculatus.-SToRER.
sirtalis which I have seen upon the high   DESCRIPTION.-Color above varying in
lands and mountains in this state, 1 have
never met with an individual answering       specime ns before me, Si in number,
to the description here given.  Shaw  from light ash gray and reddish brown to
calls the color of the stripes of both these nearly black; belly from a light brick red
species bluish-green,   from  which it is to a very dark copper color; three fulvous
species bluish-green, from  which it is spots on the neck, one at the occiput
probable that his descriptions were made above, and one below, on each side; in
presrvedinsit, s above, and one below, on each side; in
from specimens preserved n spirits, since some of the specimens a row of blackish
the yellow stripes in these serpents, un-scales, usually slightly marked with white,er such circumstances, assume that hue. on each side of the dorsal line, and another row at the commencement of the
abdominal plates; in others the color
above is uniform; 12 plates margin the
upper jaw besides the one at the snout;
snout and under jaw yellowish white, and
a white spot at the angle of the mouth;
throat grayish, gradually passing into red
on the abdomen; width of the head equal
to that of the body; neck small, body
THE BROWN  SNAKE.               gradually enlarges from the neck to near
the vent, where it is largest; tail short
and sharply pointed, contained 4J times
DEscRIPTIOs.-Brownish ash or clay in the total length; iris reddish hazel.
color above, lighter beneath; a light stripe Length of the longest specimen 9.9 inchalong the back from the head to the tail, es, tail 2.2, with 119 abdominal plates and
on each side of which is a row of black 45 pairs of subcaudal scales; another




CHAP. 4.                REPTILES OF VERMONT.                             117
THE RINGED AND GREEN SNAKES.                                THE BLACK SNAKE.
about the same length had 122 plates and ish white; margin of the upper jaw yel46 pair of scales; the shortest 3.7 in., tail lowish; pupil black, upper edge of the.8, plates 119, scales 42 pair; the others iris yellow, below grayish brown. Scales
not counted.                           not keeled, smooth, rhomboidal, with the
HISTORY.-This mild and inoffensive acute angles truncated, giving them the
little snake, though very common in and appearance of unequal sided hexagons.
about Burlington, is seldom seen in the Head flattened and covered with 10 plates,
early part of summer. They begin to one at the snout, two pair behind these,
make their appearance abroad about the then 3 plates between the eyes, 2 larger
beginning of September, and during that ones behind these upon the occiput, upmonth, and the greater part of October, per jaw bordered by 15 scales, including
they are in some years met with in large the one at the snout; nostril circular, and
numbers, varying in length from 3 to 10 near the end of the snout. Length of the
or 11 inches, which is about the extent to specimen before me  18$ inches, head A in,
which they grow.  The shade of color from the snout to the vent 11, tail 6.,
above seems to be as various as the indi- width of the head.3. Tail terminated in
viduals. In the whole number which I a sharp, horn-colored spine. Abdominal
have examined I have not found two plates 131,sub-caudal 170 in the two rows.
alike; but in all, the contrast between    HIsToRY. —This beautiful and lively
the color above and that of the belly is little snake is very common in the westvery marked, and the spots on the neck ern parts of the state, and particularly in
and at the angle of the mouth have been the neighborhood of lake Champlain. It
constant, and in most cases very plain.  is perfectly harmless, and feeds principally upon insects. On the east side of the
Green Mountains in this state, it is quite
rare, if found at all.
Coluber punctatus.-LINNNUvS.
DESCRIPTION. —Color above uniform           THE BLACK SNAKE.
bluish brown, approaching to black in       Coluber constrictor.-LINNEUS.
some specimens; beneath yellow; marDEscrIPTIoN. —Color above almost
gin of the upper jaw, lower jaw and band
round the neck, yellowish white; a row  black; beneath, slate-color; neck, marof small black spots along each side of the gin of the jaws, and snout, yellow. Plates
abdomen at the meeting of the dark color on the top of the head very large; that at
above with the light color below; usually the snout convex, projecting, yellow bora similar row of spots along the middle of dered with black at the upper and lateral
the abdomen from the chin to the vent, margins; first pair of plates nearly quad.
but this is wanting in the specimen before rangular; the second, pentagonal; midme. Head flattish. about the width of the dle plate between the eyes hexagonal and
body, neck but little smaller than the largest of the three; 16 plates border the
body. Length 13 inches, tail 3, plates upper jaw; eyes large; nostrils large,
164, scales 60 pair.                   vertical, situated between the 2d and 3d
HIsTORY.-This snake is of a timid dis- plates back of the snout; three pair of
position, being seldom seen abroad, but elongated plates on the throat just back
is often met with in different parts of the of the chin; back of these two pair of
state, concealed under stones, logs, and smaller ones; back covered with large
the bark of old, decayed trees. Its food rhomboidal smooth scales.   Length 51
consists principally of insects.      inches, tail 11. Abdominal plates 184,
scales 85.-Storer.
HISTORY.-This snake is met with only
in the south and southwestern parts of
the state, and even there it is not very
common.  It sometimes grows to the
length of 6 feet, and runs with great
speed, on which account it is sometimes
called the Racer. It is perfectly harmless, and feeds upon toads, frogs, meadow
mice and small birds, swallowing thom
whole. It was formerly very generally
THE GREEN SNAKE.                believed to possess the power of fascination, and Dr. Williams adduces (Hlist. I
Coluber vernalis.-DE KAY.        -485,) the testimony of several persons
DESCRIPTION.-Color above beautiful in support of the opinion, but the notion
grass green; beneath greenish, or yellow- is now very generally exploded.




il a               NATURAL HISTORY OP VERMONT.                             PART I.
THE CHICKEN AND WATER SNAKES.                         THE BANDED RATTLE SNARE.
with large club-shaped spots upon the
sides of light yellowish brown surrounded
by blackish, which join the light color of
the belly, and usually run to a point on
the back, sometimes meeting, but more
commonly alternating with the spots on
the opposite side; belly  mottled with
blackish, yellowish-brown and yellowishwhite, the latter mostly triangular, and
THE  CIIICKEN  SNAKE.               in longitudinal rows; darker beneath the
Comltber esimius-.DE KAY.         tail. Body thick in proportion to the
length, and nearly uniform  in size from
DEscRIPTIPoN.-Color    light ash,  with  tle neck to near the vent, after which it
numerous large  ocellated  wvootd bI>rowrn  tapers rapidly to a point; scales strongly
spots surrounded with black, which cover carinated, especially on the posterior part
more than half of the upper surface.  A  of the body. Length of the specimen berow of these spots, which are very large, fore me 284 inches, tail 7A, plates 140,
passes from  the head along the back to scales 72 pair.
the extremity of the tail; another row of   HIToY-Thi Snake is never seen
similar but smaller spots passes along  at luch distance from  the water, but is
each side, the spots lying intermediate quite common in the marshes and grassy
between those on the back; belly light coves along the margin of lake Chamflesh color, with quadrangular brownish  plain, and about the mouths of our large
spots; iris reddish orange.  Body elon-  rivers. It sometimes grows to the size of
gated; size nearly uniform from the head  a  man's wrist, and is generally avoided
to  the vent, and covered  above with  as venomous.  It feeds upon frogs and
rhomboidal scales, each having two punc- salamanders.
tures, or indentations, near the posterior
extremity.  Head covered with 10 plates,
the central one between the eyes trian-        GENUS CROTAIUS.-Lin.
gular, and the two posterior ones very    Generic Characters.-FHead large, triangnlarge; upper jaw margined by 14 and the lar, rounded in firont, covered with plates ante.
lower by 18 scales, besides the one at the riorly; vertex and occiput with scales; a deep
tip; tail terminated in a blunt horny spine. pit between the eye and nostril, upper jaw armed
Length of the specimen before me 32 with poisonous fangs; body elongated, thick; tail
inches, tail 4A, head 1, width.4 the length. short and thick, terninating in a rattle, which is
Abdominal plates 206, subcaudal scales a corneous production of the epidermis; plates
46 pair.                                  on the abdomen and under the tail.
HISToRY.-This snake is occasionally
met with in all parts of the state, but is
not very common. It is called the Chicken Snake on account of its occasionally
destroying young chickens.  It is also
called the House Snake, because it is often
met with in and about old houses; and
the.Milk Snake from  its supposed fondness for milk. In some places it is known
by the name of the Chequered./iddcr,
or Thunder-and-Ligohtninog Snalke.  This
snake sometimnes exceeds five feet in
length, with a circumference in the larmrest part of more thanr 4 inches. They feed
principally upon toads, frogs and salamanders, and are supposed also to catch   TE   NED             TTLE     SAE.
mice. The opinion seems to be prevalent          Crotalts durissus.-KALA1.
that this snake is poisonous, but we have
seen no evidence adduced in its support.   DrscnRPTtoNN:-Jpper parts yellowishIt is very sluggish in its habits and move- brown, with rhomboidal black spots along
ments, and may be often seen stretched  the back, margined  with bright yellow;
along in the side of a stone wall, basking  Uponl the sides of these rhomlbs a black
in the sun.                               band Is continued to the sides of the body,
where it terminates in an irregular quadTHENATE-E        SN.:I.rate black spot; tail black; under parts
Coluber sipcdon. —LlNNAiUs.      | yellow, with fuliginous (lots and blotches;
DESCRIPTION.-Colorabove darkbrown  scales on tle back elongated, carinated,




CHAP. 4.                  REPTILES OF VERMONT.                                119
FROGS AND SALAMANDERS.                                            THIE BULL FROG.
larger and less carinated on the sides; with a naked skin. In their mature state
top of the head flattened, scales upon the they are provided with llngs; but before
top small, on the sides large, pentagonal their transformation  they  breathe  by
— on the edges of the jaws quadrangular; branchir  or gills. This order may be disnout terminated by one plate; a quad- vided into two families. The Frog Famrangular plate on each side of this; di- ily and the Salamander Family, or the
rectly back of these a smaller one in tailless and the tailed batrachians.
which are the circular nostrils, situated
obliquely, pointing forwards; above the            I.-FROG  FAMILY.
two lateral plates, two others are sit-   This family embraces the Frogs, Tree
uated; the first meeting the snout ante- Frogs and Toad.  Their common mode
riorly, and the second extending some of progression is by hops or leaps.
distance beyond the nostrils behind; a
large plate at the anterior angle of the          GENUS RANA.-Linneeus.
eye, separated from  the nostrils by two    Generic Characters.-Body covered with a
quite small ones, at the anterior inferior smooth skin; upper jaw furnished with a row of
angle  of which  is  the  aperture  for minute teeth; another interrupted row in tho
the poison; a large plate over the eye; middle of the palate; no post-tympnanal glands;
two still larger upon the throat.  Length  posterior extremities long, and in general fully pal37 inches, head 1&, width of the head one mated; fingers four; toes five in number.
inch. Rattles, 6; abdominal plates 170,
caudal 24.-Storer.
HISTORY. —This is the only poisonous
reptile known to exist in Vermont; and
although Rattle Snakes were formerly
found here in considerable numbers, they
were mostly confined to a very few localities, from which they have now nearly
disappeared, but still the remembrance of
these localities is,in most cases, preserved _
in the name of "Rattle Snake Hill," or
"Rattle Snake Mountain."  The Rattle               TIlE  BULL FROG.
Snake feeds upon young birds, nlice,'and          Rana p7ipiens.-LINNAUS.
reptiles. Its poisonous fangs are situated
in the upper jaw, and used only as weap-       SCRPTION.-Clr above yellowish
ons of defen    and as it always gives green, approaching to brownish olive towards the posterior parts, and sparsely
warning with its rattles before it strikes,wards the    p    osterior parts, and sparsely
spotted with pale rusty brown; the poscases of persons being bitten by it in t    teor extremities with  a few brownish
state have been extremely rare, and in no barsisead and upper lip green; tynpacase, within ry own knowledge, fatal. bars; ll            iptical, large, rusty  round theypaThe rattles consist of horny portions of num elliptical, large, rusty round the
the tail loosely attached to one another, margin, greenish in the middle; under
and it has generally been supposed that lip, chin and throat yellow; other parts
a rattle is added every year, and that the beneath yellowish white; nostril mid-way
between tie eye and the snout, and the
number of rattles indicates the age of the between the eye and the snout, and the
animal.  But this is a mristake.:In some distance between the nostrils equal to the
cases several new rattles are added in a distance from  the nostril to the snout;
year, and in others none at all.  The eyes prominent, pupil black, iris reticulaRattle Snake has also been supposed to ted with black and yellow; a cuticular
possess the power of fascination, by which fold from the orbit passes over and down
it charmed birds and squirrels, causing  sehild the tympanumer fold passing fro
them to leap into its mouth, but the opin- the moulder meets another fold passing fro the abion is totally erroneous.  The motions of   e mouth along te lower part of the abthis serpent are moderate, and its body domen; skill granulated.  Length of the
and its body  head and body of the specimen 11fbre mn
thick and clumsy, in which respect, as 5A posterior extrei; heind feet fully
well as in the form of the rattles, whiclh 1, posterior extreities 8;  nd  et fully
ware not spi      ra        ttleswlll, our figure iss  webbed; greatest diameter of the tympaare not spiral, our figure is erroneous, num.7.
being much too slender
being much too slender  ISTORY.-This is the  largest frog
found in Vermont, often growing considORDER IV.-BATRAC[ITA.            erably larger than the specimien above
F.ROGS AND  SALAM~1ANDEltRS.   described.  It is very common in various
parts of' the state, particularly in  tilhe
In animals of this order the heart has neighborhood of lake Champlain.  It is
but one auricle, and the body is covered  very aquatic in its habits, being seldom




120                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART I.
THE SPRING FROG.                THE LEOPARD FROG.               THE PICKEREL FROG.
seen at a distance of more than a few feet along each side; sides separated from the
from  the water.  It feeds upon worms, back by an elevated bronze-colored ridge;
water insects and small molluscous ani- fore legs with spots, and hind legs with
mals. The stomach of the specimen from  spots and bars, similar to those on the bowhich the above figure and description  dy; a black line along the margin of the
were made, contained the elytra of large  upper lip, excepting at the point; tymcoleopterous insects.                      panum small, bronze-colored, and nearly
round; eyes prominent, pupils black, and
THE  SPRING  FROG.                 iris varied with black and bronze, the latter forming a long line over the pupil;
throat and belly white and smooth; feet
DESCRIPTION.-Head and anterior por- palmated; the fourth toe much larger
tion of the body above green, irregular- than the rest, and tubercles beneath the
ly spotted with brown; posterior parts joints of all the fingers and toes. Length
brownish or greenish ash, spotted with  of the specimen before me, which is of
black; snout yellowish; chin yellowish  about the usual size, 3A inches; length
white; posterior margins of the  jaws of the hind leg to the end of the longest
black, or spotted with black; belly white toe 51 inches.
and skin very smooth; skin above and on    HISTORY.-This is one of the most comthe posterior parts of the thighs granula- mon and least aquatic of all our frogs.
ted; eyes very prominent, pupil black, During the summer, it is met with in
surrounded by a golden line; iris finely  fields and moist meadows, at a great dismottled with black and golden, and sur- tance from any water.  It was called by
rounded by a golden line; tympanumn yel- Kalm, who first described it, the Shad
lowish brown; a dark colored band along  Frog, from its making its appearance in
the posterior of the fore leg; hind legs  the Spring at the same time with the
darker, irregularly barred and blotched  Shad, but it is better known by the name
with black; nostril nearer the eye than  of Leopard Frog, on account of its ocellathe snout; a cuticular fold from the orbit ted spots.*
along the side of the back, from which a
fold passes down behind the tympanum.             THE  PICKEREL FROG.
Anterior toes 4 in., posterior 5.  Length         Rna palustris-LE CONTE.
34, posterior extremities 5a.                     Rana palustris. —E CONTE.
HISTORY. —This frog is found more    DESCRIPTION.-Color brownish ash agenerally diffused over the state than any bove; throat and belly white; flanks and
other. It is common in most of the small under sides of the limbs yellow; back,
streams, and especially about springs, sides, upper sides of the limbs, and the
and hence its name, Spring Frog.           margin of the under jaw  spotted, or barred with brownish black. Spots along
the back squarish, in two longitudinal
rows, with two rows of similar, but smaller spots, on each side below the lateral
line, which is distinct, of a bronzy hue,
and extends from the eye to the posterior
part of the body.  There are usually two
spots between the eyes and one in front;
Ihind legs barred with brownish black,
and a few spots of the same on the fore
* Frogs seem to be able to subsist for an unlimit.
ed length of time in a torpid state. There have
been repeated and well authenticated instances of
their being dug up, in this state, from depths and
under circumstances which made it nearly certain
that they must have lain there for many centuries.
TUIE LEOPARD  FROG.                 Dr. Williams (Hist. I —150, 479) has given the particulars respecting a considerable number of frogs
Rana halecina.-KALM.              which were dug up in Windsor, Castleton and Burlington, at depths of from 5 to 30 feet below the surDESCRIPTION. —Upper part of the body  face of the ground. A number of those dug up in
brownish bronze, marked with large, dis- Burlington were preserved in spirits in the musetinct, circular, oblong and irregular spots, um of the University,where I frequently saw them,
of acdarkulgree orbrowng col and isr- regular  and although they were all lost when the college
of a dark green or brown color, and usu- edifice was burnt, in ]824, I think I can safely say
ally  surrounded by a delicate light, or from present recollections, that they were all ofthe
yellowish green border; usually two ir- species Rana halecina, which is at present our most
regular rows of spots along the back, and  cn Bridgewateratthe depth of 26 feet ro  the surin Bridgewaterat the depth ofre6 feet froae of  the surone, two, or three still more irregular face of the ground.




CHAP. 4.                 REPTILES OF VERMONT.                            121
NVOODS FROG.           HORICON FROG.-BLACK FROG.    PICKERING S HYLODES.
legs: nose pointed; eyes prominent; iris      THE HORICON FROG.
dark golden; tympanum small and near-      Rana horiconensis.-HOLBROOK.
ly the color of back; a brownish line
from the snout to the eyes; tubercles on  DrscRIPTIo N.-ttead large, with snout
the lower surface of the toes at the joints. rather pointed, the whole  dusky green
Length of the head and body 3 inches.         nostrils lateral, nearer the snout
HISTORY.-Thi;S  prettily marked frog than the orbits, eyes large, prominent,
bears considerable resemblance to the pre- and beautiful, pupil black, iris reticulaceding species, and like it varies, in the ted, black and golden; tympanum large,
different specimens, very much in the bronzed with a light spot in the centre;
brilliancy of the colors and the form of upper lip light bronze, with dusky bars;
the spots. It was named palustris, by above this an indistinct and of bluish
Le Conte, on account of his finding it white, with black spots, which extends
Le Conte, on account o         f his finding it fgom  near the snoutunder the orbit and
about salt marshes, but it is equally com-fom  near  the snouder the orbit and
mon about fresh water streams, ponds tympanum, to the shoulders; lower jaw,
and marshest                           chin, and throat white.  Body robust,
dark olive, interspersed —with irregular
black spots, with an elevated cuticular
fold on each side, of lighter color, from
the orbit to the posterior extremities; abdomen silvery white. Anterior extremities dusky above, white below; posterior
dark olive above with transverse black
bars; posterior part of the thighs granulated and flesh colored, feet dusky, above
and below. Length 3J inches —Hol.
HIISTORY.-This frog was found by Dr.
Holbrook, at the outlet of lake George,
and, if found there, there can be no doubt
of its existence in Vermont. I think I
have flet with it in Burlington, but at the
time supposed it to be the Spring Frog.
THE WOODS FROG.
Rana sylvatica.-LE CONTE.                THE BLACK FROG.
DESCRIPTION.-Color varying from light     Rana^`melanota.-RAFINEs QUE.
-drab to reddish brown above and whitish   DESCRIPTIOr.-Back olivaceous black;
beneath, often with rusty patches in the a yellow streak on the sides of the head;
young; a longitudinal black line commen- chin, throat, and inside of the legs whicesat the point of the nose, and, widening tish with black spots; belly white, iunas it extends backward so as to involve maculate: total length, 24 inches. Raf.
about two thirds of the eye and the whole   HISTORY.-I give this on the authority
of the tympanum, terminates at the shoul- of Rafinesque, who says that it inhabits
der; usually a fine black line along the lake Champlain and lake George.
margin of the upper lip, with a yellow
line separating it from the vitta passing
through the eye; hind legs with broad, ob-  GES HYLODES.-Fitzinger.
scure, blackish, transverse bands. Length    Generic Characters.-Mouth furnished with
when fully grown about 3 inches.       a tongue; teeth in the upper jaw and palate; tympanum visible; extremities slender; tips of the
HIsToRY-This frog is found in all parts,fingers and toes terminating in slightly developed
of the state, and, though frequently met tubercles.
with in moist meadows, is much more
common in woods, and hence its name,
Woods Frog. This, liketthe Leopard Frog,
is often seen at a great distance from any
water. It varies greatly in the intensity
of its general colors, varying fromn nearly
black to light reddish brown or almost
white, but is readily distinguished from
all the other species by the black vitta or  PICKERING'S HYLODES.
stripe passing through the eye and em.
bracing the tympanum. The young are              Hylodes Pickeringii.
usually darkest colored and become light-   Dsc RIPTION. —Color varying from yeIer aS they increase in age and size.   Vowish ash to light olive above, with irP't r.        16




122              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          CHAP. 4
COAMMON TRKB)'T'OAI).                                      PEEPING TREE FROG.
regular brown markings and numerous   HISTORY.-The Tree Toad is so called
small brown spots; hind legs faintly band- on account of its often being found upon
ed with brown; beneath, whitish yellow  trees, which it climbs by means of the
and granulated; head rather broad; nose pellets upon its toes. By these it is able
blunt; fore feet with four toes, one dis- to sustain itself upon the smooth surface
posed like a thumb for clasping; hind feet of a perpendicular pane of window glass.
slightly webbed, with five toes, and two They for the most part remain silent and
tubercles on the heel; all the toes termi- concealed during the day time, but during
nated in small tumefactions or soft tuber- warm rainy weather they sometimes becles; a considerable cavity between the come very noisy, and ascend upon logs,
orbits.; a dar.k marking on each side of fences, and trees, but asthey assume very
the head embracing the tympanum. To- nearly the hue of the object upon which
tal length.of the head and body about 1 they are situated, they are not readily disinchl                                  coveted. They feed and move from place
HISTORY. —I have two fine specimens to place mostly by night,but when discovof this beautiful little animal,, both. of ered during the day, they will often sufwhich I captured in Burlington.  The fer themselves to be taken in the hand
first measures just 1 inch from, the snout without making any effort to escape. In
to the posterior of the body. I captured their general form they resemble the comit in a dry pine-grove,. October 6, 1840. mon toad.
Though. the weather was cool it was very.
active, and it was with difficulty that I
succeeded in taking it. Its leaps were often from four to six feet. It would bound
into the air and cling to the small limbs
and bushes 4 or 5 feet from the ground.
The other I caught in August, 1840, near
what is called the High Bridge. The
length of the head and body is.8 in.
TIlE PEEPING TREE FROG.
GENUS HYLA.-Laurenti.
Generic Charactersl-Body is generally e-     Hyla squirella.-Bos.
longated; upper jaw and palate furnished with    DESCRIPTION.-Form  slender; semi
teeth; tympanum  apparent; no post-tympanal transparent; color brownish red above,
glands; fingers long, and, with the toes, termina- with obscure, irregular, br own blotches,
ting in roundedviscous pellets.        bars, and specks on the upper side of the
head, body, and legs; chin and throat
greenish; belly and under side. of the
thighs yellowish white, with the flanks
and posterior of the thighs light orange, a
cuticular fold along each side; eyes small,
pupil black, iris golden; a large cavity on
the head between the orbits; head broad.
er than long; mouth large, tongue fleshy;
minute teeth on the upper jaw and palate;
upper jaw margined with whitish; bones
THE COMIMON TREE1  TOAD.    of the head very thin and transparent;
limbs slender; 4 toes on the anterior and
Hyae versicolor.-LE CONTE         5 on the posterior feet, all terminated in
DESCR1PTION.-General form like that rose colored pellets; one toe on each fore
of the common toad, with the posterior foot disposed like a thumb for clasping;
portion more slender.  Usual color above, hind feet palmated. Length of the spelight ash with irregular brownish blotch- cimen before me, 1.I1 in.,> bead,.3; thighs,
es, frequently  cruciform  between the.5; tarsus to the end of the toes,.7; great.
shoulders, and commonly two brown bars est width of the head,.35
crossing the thighs and hind legs; belly   ITISTORY.-This species, though not so
white and granulated; flanks and under common as the preceding, is met with in
side of the thighs orange; head broad; different parts of the state, but is much
snout blunt; pupils black; iris golden, oftener heard than seen.  During the
reticulated with black; anterior extrem- warm summer evenings its shrill peep is
ities rather small; four toes before and heard to a great distance. It ascends trees
fivebehind on each foot, all terminated by and is often found concealed between the
tumefactions or pellets. Usual length 2 loose bark and wood of old decayed trees.
incles.                                This species, in its general form, has a



CHAP. 4.                  REPTILES OF VERMONT.                              [123
THE COMMON TOAD.                                       THE SAILAMANDER FAMILY.
nearer resemblance to the frogs than to the prey attached to it. -During the night
the common toad. The specimen from  they venture abroad, and are often met
which my figure and description are made with in large numbers in places where
was captured in Burlington.              few if any are to be found in the dty time.
GE:NUs Buro.-Laur'enti.              II.-SALAMANDER  FAMILY.
Generic C/daracters.-Head short; jaws
withont teeth: tympanum visible; behind the ear    GENUS SALAMANDRA.-Bronrgti&Crt.
is a large glandular tumor, having visible pores;   Generic Claracters.-Body elongated; tail
body short, thick, swollen, covered with warts or long; extremities f)ur; fingers follr; toes five;
papilla; posterior extremities but slightly elonga- no tympanum; numerotis small teeth in the jaws
ted.                                     and palate; tong:ue as in frogs; no sternuan; ribs
rudimental; pelvis susjpended by ligaments.
This genus comprehends those animals which
are generally known by the name of efts and
newts.
SYMMETRICAL SALAMANDER.
Salamandra symmetrica.-I-ARnLAN.
DESCRIPTION.-Color brownish orange
THE  COMMON  TOAD.                 above, bright orange beneath; on each
side of the spine a row of from three to
seven ocellated spots of beautiful vermilDEscs(,RIPTIo.N-Color of the back and lion color, with the surrounding circle
nutsideof the limbs reddish brown, with  black; the sides and under parts of the
brownish blotches edged with black and  body sprinkled with minute black points,
surrounded by a dull yellowish line, with extending from the chin to near the exa light ash colored stripe from  the top of trernity of the tail; head flattened; nose
the head along the middle of the back to blunt; eyes bright and not very promithe posterior extremity of the body. Bel- nent, with two longitudinal ridges belydull yellowish white, sprinkled with  tween them; four toes on the fore feet,
brown spots.  Two very large porous five on the hind; skin on the body and
glands back of the eyes. The body above legs roughened by minute t-abercles. The
covered with warts or tubercles, the color specimen before me  has six cnellated
of the central part of which is usually fer- spots on each side of the spine, and mea:sruginous; body beneath granulated. Tym- ures 3.3 inches. Length of the tail, which
panum small.  Eyes brilliant; iris beau- is cylindrical, next the body, and-flattentifully reticulated with'black and golden. ed vertically towards the extremity, 1.7
Four toes on the anterior feet, five onl the inches.
posterior, with a hard excrescence form-   HISToRY. —This species of Salamander
ing the rudiment of a sixth toe; hard ti- is frequently met with in different parts
bercles on the under side of the feet and  of the state, but isless cornmon than sevtoes. Head rather large. Lenogth 3A in. eral of the following species. It exists
HISTORY.-Tbe toad, which has been throughout the United States, from Maine
too long looked upon with disgust, and -to Florida. 1 tis foundin water, under old
regarded rather as an  enemy  than a logs in moist places, and is sometimes
friend, is beginning to be viewed by hor- seencrawling abroad on the wetground afticulturists as a benefactor, and there can ter a shower. Its motions are rather modbe no doubt that it renders an essential erate.  It feeds upon spiders and small
service by the destruction of noxious in- insects.      
sects, and deserves rather to be cherished  MANY-SPOTTED SALAMANDER
than driven from cultivated grounds. During the day the toad usually sits motion-    Salamandra dorsalis. —HARLAN.
less in some retired, obscure place, watch-    DEscRIPTION. —General color olive
ing for flies and other insects, and when above, with a blight tinge of green, and
any one approaches within suitable dis- varying from sulphur yellow  to reddish
tance, he suddenly darts out his tongue, orange beneath; a row of ocellated verto which the insect adheres, and he sel- million colored spots,with a blackish halo
dom fails of returning it to his mouth with  on each side of the dorsal line, which va



124                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART 1
tHE SALAMANDERS.                                            THE SALAMANDERS.
ry in number and size in different indi- Head large and flat; snout obtuse; nosviduals; the whole surface of the body, trils small; a strongly marked cuticular
limbs and tail thickly sprinkled with ini- fold upon the neck; eyes remote and
nute black dots. The head is short, rath- very prominent; pupil black; iris coper broad behind, and pointed at the snout, per-colored; body elongated and cylinwith the nostrils near the extremity; drical; posterior extremities twice the
eyes rather prominent, pupils black, iris size of the anterior. Tail longer than the
light yellow; tail roundish at the base, body, rounded at the root, compressed lathen compressed  laterally throirih its terally and pointed at the tip. Length
whole length, and very thin at tile Cx-  (i; tail beyond the vent 2^.-Storer.
tremity; fore legs and feet small and del- | lISTORY.-This species was first deicate, with 4 small toes; hind legs near.  sribed and named by Dr. Storer, of Bosly twice as large, with 5 toes. Lei),tlt  to!n, from a specimen found by Dr. Binof the largest of two specimens before mlue, ney, in Vermont, and his description,with
3.7 inches; head and neck.6; body 1.1; a figure, was pulblished in Dr. Holbrook's
tail 2.                                Amer. Herpetology, Vol. 111-101. A
HISTORY. —This is one of the most description is also given in Dr. Storer's
common species of Salamander in Ver- Report, p. 248. I have a specimen of this
mont, and is ~eminently aquatic, spend- salamander, taken in Bridgewater, but as
ing nearly all the time in tne water. it is not fully grown I give Dr. Storer's
When kept in a vessel of water it rises to description. It is found upon moistlands.
the surface every few minutes for the
purpose of taking in air. It is an aninmal
of considerable activity, and its movements are often very sudden. It is perfectly harmless, and usually manifests
much anxiety to conceal itself from view.
This salamander seems to be much at-    THE TIGER SALAMANDER.
noyed by a species of parasitic animals.    Salamandra. tiirrina.-GREEN.
One of the specimens before me has atr blackish above,
least 20 upon it at this moment. They DESCKgTy oN. —-Color blackish above,
are soft animals, resembling a snail in ap-   arked irregularly and thickly with roun
pearance, but more pointed at the two dish, oblong and agular yellow spots of
extremitie.  They move in the manner different sizes; belly brownish gray; legs
of caterpillars, by reaching forward and the same color as the body, with a few
then bringing up its posterior. They fas- yellow spots on the outside. Head rathten themselves upon the salamrnander by er large; snout rounded; eyes black and
their mouths, in the manner of the lam- prominent; four toes on the fore feet, 3d
preys or bloodsuckers, and adhere with the longest; 5 on the hind feet, 3d and
such force as not to be easily separated. 4th longest; hind legs about twice the
The animal upon which they are fastened size of the fore legs; a distinct cuticular
seems to be in much agony, and frequent- fold under the throat; tail longer than
ly struggles, but in vain, to rid himself of the body, roundish at the base, but soon
them.  When fully extended they meas- becoming flattened, and edged towards
ure one third of an inch. On being taken the extremity and terminated in a flatten
from the water, they die as soon as the ed point. Hind legs midway between the
water which adheres to them is evapora- snout and the extremity of the tail.ted.                                   Length of the specimens before me 3 in.,
but it grows larger.
HISTORY. —This Salamander is frequently met with in Vermont, living in
swamps and marshes. I obtained 3 good
specimens of this species from the stomach of a Ribband-Snake, C. saurita, besides some others which were partly diSALION-COLORED SALAMANDER.  gested. The snake from which they were
Salamandra smlmonea.-STORER.    taken measured about 2 feet, and the salamanders 3 inches. On the 4th of AuDEscsrPTION.-Color yellowish brown gust, 1842, I caught with a scoop-net
above, salmon color at the sides, with a more than a dozen salamanders, out of a
bright salmon-colored line from the nos- small muddy pool in Burlington, which I
tril to the upper part of tihe orbit; upper suppose to belong to this species. They
jaw pale salmon color, with a few brown were about 3 inches in length,ofa brownspots; lower jaw, and body beneath whi- ish yellow color, and most of them were
tish; light salmnon color beneath the tail. in the larva state, having the fin along




CH.P.-4.                REPTILES OF VERMONT.                             125
THE SALAMANDERS.                                            THE SALAMANDERS.
the back, and the branchiae remaining, hbut longest of two specimens before me 3.4
from  several of them  these appendages inches; from the snout to the fore legs.5
had disappeared.  I have kept two of the -to the hind legs 1.55; from the hind
former and one of the latter, in a vessel of legs to the point of the tail 1.85; width
water, up to this time, August 17, 1842. of the head.2.
The branchira and fins have vanished,   HISTORY.-This salamander is quite
their color has become quite dark, and the common in Vermont, and is probably the
yellow spots are making their appearance least aquatic of all our salamanders. It is
very distinctly.                       often met with under the rotten logs on
dry pine plains; and also in ledgy places
in the hard wood forests, under the loose
VIOLET-COLORED SALAMANDER.  stones and among the decayed leaves. Its
Salamandra veneneosa.-BARTON.      appearance is lively, and its motions often
very sudden. Aided by a sudden vibraDESCRIPTION -Color above dark gray- tion of the tail, it has the power of leapish brown, with a row of large roundish ing several times its length. I have bebright yellow spots on each side of the fore me two specimens, both found in
dorsal line, which unite into a single row  Burlington, one with a brownish red
towards the extremity of the tail; sever- stripe along its back, and answering to
al of these spots on the head and upper Dr. Green's S. erylthronota, and the othsides of the legs; color lighter beneath, er, which is a little larger, answering to
with some minute white spots; tail roun- his S. cincrea. The stripe on the back
dish at the base, but slightly flattened seems to be the only difference, and I bethrough the greater part of the length, lieve they are now regarded by herpetoland terminated in a flattened rounded ogists as belonging to the same species.
point; snout bluntly rounded; eyes not
very prominent; hind legs midway between the snout and end of the tail. THE GLUTINOUS SALAMANDER.
Length of the specimen before me 6J inches; width across the head.6, across the  Salamandra glutinosa.-GREEN.
body.5.                                 DESCRIPTION.-Whole upper part of the
HISToRY.-This large species is not body dark brown, sprinkled with distinct
very common in Vermont. The speci- light blue spots; sides light colored from
men from which my description is made the blue spots becoming confluent; abdowas found in a marshy place in Burling- men lighter, exhibiting the spots more
ton.                                   numerous and distinct than the back;
eyes prominent, wide apart, of a deep
black color; head flattened above; nostrils small; legs color of the body and
spotted like it; anterior feet 4 toed, posterior 5 toed and unusually long; tail,
length of the body, much compressed
throughout its whole extent, save the exRED-_BACKEL)   SALAMANDER.   tremities, the anterior of which is circular, the posterior pointed. Length 6 inSalamandra erythronota.-GREEN.    ches; head.75; width of the head.5.S. eryth'vonota. G            Storer.
s. cinerea.                     HIsTORY.-This species I have not seen
DESCRIPTION.-Sides brownish, and of- in Vermont. I insert.it on the authority
ten with minute light specks, fading into of Prof. Adams, who informs me that
steel-gray  on the belly, usually a broad there is a Vermont specimen of it in the
brownish red stripe along the back; belly         of Middlebury College.
dark steel gray, lighter and yellowish towards the chin; head above darker than THE TWO-LINED  SALAMANDER
the body; form slender, cylindrical; tail
nearly cylindrical, and longer than the    Salamandra bis-lineata.-GREEN.
head and body; vent midway between    DESCRIPTION.-Tail longer than the bothe snout and the extremity of the tail; dy, tapering, compressed, and pointed;
head broader than the body, short in front snout oval; back cinereous, with two and
of the eyes; snout bluntly rounded; eyes sometimes three dark lines, if three, the
prominent, lively, pupil black, iris gol- middle one broadest near the head, and
den.. A distinct cuticular fold on the about the length of the body, the lateral
throat; legs slender, brownish; toes short, ones extending from  behind the eyes to
4 before and 5 behind. Length of the the end of the tail; sides cinereous; be



'126                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT,                                 PART 1.
THE PROTEUS.                                                              THE PROTEUS.
neath whitish or yellowish; anterior toes lake Charnplain.*   This specimen was
4., posterior 5. Length 3 inches. —Green.  probably  obtained  at  Winooski falls,
HlsToRY.  This salamander I have not which  were, for some time, the only
seen  in  Vermont, but Prof' Adams in- known locality of this animal, and where
forms me that he has a Vermont specimen  more or less of them are now taken every
which belongs to this species. According  spring, upon the hooks  suspended  on
to Dr. Green it inhabits shallow waters, night lines for taking fishes.  The fisherappears early in spring, and is very active. men formerly considered them  poisonous,
and when they found them upon their
lines they were glad to rid themselves of
GENUS MENOBRANCHUSs.-Harlan.    them  by cutting  the lines and letting
them go with the hook in their mouths;
Generic Characters.-Head large, flattened, hut they are now  found to be perfectly
trnncate, two rows ofteelh in the upper jaw, a harmless and inoffensive.  This animal is
single row in the lower; teeth sniall, conical, seldom  seen excepting in the months of
pointed; gills and tail persistent during life.  April and May, and this is the season for
depositing its eggs. In a specimen taken
on the 13th of April, 1840, I found about
150 eggs of the size of a small pea and,
apparently just ready to be extruded. The
food of this reptile consists of various
kinds of worms and insects.  The stomach of the one above mentioned contained
two  hemipterous  insects, each  three
fourths of an inch long, the wings and
bodies of which were entire, besides nuTHE  PROTEUS.                    merous fragments of other insects.  Of.Menobranchus maculatus.-BARNEs.    the habits of this animal very  little is
DEscRIPTioN.-General color dark cin- known.  It seems to spend the greater
ereous gray, produced by minute yellow- portion of the time about falls, concealed
ish specks on a dark bluish ground, and ir- in the inaccessible recesses and crevices
regularly interspersed with circular spots of the rocks below the surface of the waabout the size of a pea, of a darker hue; ter, and not to venture much abroad exthe throat and central parts of the abdo- cepting at the season  for depositing its
men nearly white; a brownish stripe eggs. Although it passes nearly the
commencing at the nose and extendinw  whole time in water, it is truly an amphibackwards over the eye; the margin of biots animal, having lungs for breathing
the tail often of an orange tinge, with  in the atmoslhere, as well as branchia
blackish  blotches  naear the  extremity. fbr breathing in water.  It does not, howThe head is large, flattened, and  the  ever, breathe in water by receiving the
snout truncated; eyes small and far apart; water into its mouth and passing it out
mouth  large; throat contracted  with a through the gills, in themannerof fishes
transverse fold in the cuticle beneath - but simply by the vibrations of its brantongue large and fleshy; teeth small and  chin in the water.  When kept in a vessharp, two rows in the upper jaw and one sel containing a large quantity of water,
in the lower.  The gills are external, or in which  the water is frequently relarge, and each consists of three delicate- newed, it manifests but little disposition
ly tufted or fringed lobes, which, when  to rise to the surface for atmospheric air.
vibrating in the water, are of a fine blood- But when the quantity of water is small,
red color; body cylindrical, covered with    * The following is Schneider's description, and
a smooth mucous skin; tail long, flat- our reptile answers to it in almost every particular.
tened and broad vertically, and rounded    Corpus ultra 8 pollices longum et fere pollicem,
at the end like tat  f an eel  legs fou   crassum, molle, spongiosum, multis poris pervium,
at the end like that of an eel; legs four, in utroque latere trilus mnacularunn rotuntlarum, nieach foot furnished with four toes resem- grarurn seriehbs variegtumrn; cauda compressa et
bling fingers, but without nails, although  anceps, utrinque maculata, inferiore acie recta, suthe cuticle at the extremities is dark col- periore curvata, in finern teretiusculum terminatur.
Caput latunm et pilanum: oculi pnarvi, nares anteril
ored, having  much the  appearance  of ores in mnargine labii superioris, naxillee superiorix
nails.  The total length of the specimen  geminae ut inferioris dentes conici, obtusi, satis lonbefore me, and from  which the above  gi; lingua lata, integra, anterius soluta: aperture
figrure and description are made, is 121 oris patit usque ad octlorum lineam verticalein; lafigure and description are made, iscium  labiis  simi1ia* pedes dissiti               tebia piscium labiis similia; pedesudissiti quatuor, teinches, and this is about the usual length. tradactyli omnes, absque unguiculis; ani nrima in
HISTORY-. This singular reptile  was longitutdinem patet t; branchise utrinque ternae extus
first described by Schneider, about the  prtiaginei, quappomitesuperne totidem arcubus cart
yilagined from  g ie, quorum latus in erumre,  tuerant. &o,
year 1799, from a specimen obtained from  giaea, velut in prcium geners, exasperant. &a,




CHAP. 5.                 FISHES OF VERMONT.                               127
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
and not often changed, it soon finds the answer to our Menobranchus, but as Prof.
air in the water insufficient for its pur- G. W. Benedict has furnished Dr. H. with
pose, in which case it comes to the sur- an accurate colored figure, drawn from a'
face, takes in a mouthful of air,and sinks living specimen by the Rt. Rev. J. H.
again with it to the bottom. After re- Hopkins, we hope to see it correctly reptaining the air for a time, probably long resented in a future volume of his, splenenough for the consumption of its oxygen did and valuable work. We are strongly
in the lungs, it suffers it to escape through inclined to believe the animal which he
the mouth and gill openings, and it is describes to be a different species from
seen to rise in small bubbles to the sur- ours. Notwithstanding what he and othface. This animal is said to be found in ers have said in proof of the identity of
several places at the west, particularly in the Triton lateralis of Say, the lMenobranstreams falling into lake Ontario, where chus lateralis of Harlan, Holbrook, and
if is said sometimes to attain the length others, with  the reptile  described by
of two feet. The length of those taken Schneider, I am strongly inclined to the
at Winooski Falls varies from 8 to 13 in- opinion that they are different species. I
ches. I have never seen one which ex  have therefore given the name suggested
ceeded 15 inches. The best figure of our by Prof. Benedict, and adopted by Barnes,
animal which I have seen published is in the preference, and have described our
the Annals of N. Y. Lyceum, vol. I, plate animal under the name of Menobranchus
16. The description and figure in Dr. maculatus, that being descriptive of our
Holbrook's American Herpetology do not reptile, and the other not so.
CHAPTER V.
FISHES OF VERMONT.
Preliminary Observations.        difficult to distinguish them. The nosFisiHEs constitute the Fourth Class of rils are simple cavities placed at the front
the animal kingdom. They are vertebra- of' the snout, and usually double. The
cornea of the eye is very flat, and has but
ted animals, with cold red blood. They little aqueous humor, but the crystalline
respire by means of branchime, or gills, is hard and globular. The ear of fishes is
and they move in water by means of fins. very obscure, and,having neither eustachTheir entire structure is as evidently fit.- ian tubes nor tympanal bones, their
ted for swimming as that of birds is for sense of hearing must be very imperfect.
flight. The tail is the principal organ of The head is attached to the body in such
motion, and progression is effected by manner that its mtini exceedingly limmanner that its motlonws exceedingly limstriking it alternately from right and lefte varies in different fa!n    =       1 #   ited. The tontgue varies in different famairainst the water. The mean specific ilies: in some it is fleshy, but in many cagravity of fishes is the same as the fluid ses it is osseous and frequently covered
in which they live, so that no effort is re-  ith teeth, so that their sense of taste
quired to keep them  suspended, and a
quired to keep them  suspended, and a must be very obtuse. The body of fishes
large part of them are furnished with an is in mostcases covered with scales,which
air bladder, by the ompression or dilata-cannot allow  much  sensibility to the
tion of which they can vary their specific touch. This imperfection is  probably
gravity, and thiis rise or descend without
gravity, and tht'imscor descend. witht supplied in some cases by the fleshy cirri,
the aid of their fins.
with which several species are furnished.
The head of fishes is usually larger in The teeth of fishes vary almost infinitely
proportion to the size of the body than in number, form  and situation.  Besides
that of other animals; and although it is the jaws, they are often found upon the
subject to great variety of form, it in al- tongue and palate, and not unfrequently
most all cases consists of the same rum- in the throat and at the base of the gills,
ber of bones as is found in other ovipar- while some families are entirely destitute
ous animals. These bones are separate of them. The stomach is generally sirmin young fishes, but in older ones become pie and the intestines short.
united and consolidated so as to make it   The sexes of fishes are distinguished by




128               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
ORDERS OF FISHES.                                           ORDERS OF FISHES.
the male having a milt and the female a   Cuvier divides fishes into two sub-clasroe. The roe is composed of a multitude ses. I. OsseouS Fishes, or such as have
of eggs, which the female deposits in some hard, solid bones. II. Cartilaginous Fishsuitable place.  After their extrusion, es, or such as have cartilage in the place
they are impregnated by the male, and of bones. Most of our fishes belong to
left to hatch, without the further aid or the first of these divisions. The followcare of the parents.                   ing is a Catalogue of Vermont Fishes, arFishes are long-lived animals, and their ranged in the order in which they are defecundity is very remarkable. We have scribed in the subsequent pages.
authenticated accounts of a pike having
lived 260 years, and a carp 200; and I.   SEOUSOR BONY FISHES.
Leuwenhoek computed the numberof eggs
in the roe of a cod fish to be 3,686,760,   ORDER I.-ACANTHOPTERYGII.
and in that of a flounder to be 1,357,400.,Family. —Percides.
In a country like Vermont, situated so
remote from the ocean, and watered only PerLciPerca se anto-granulata, Common Perch.
by small fresh water streams and lakes, a Pomotis vulgaris.  Common Sun Fish.
very great variety or abundance of fish is Pomotis  galotis   Big Eared Sun Fish.
hardly to be expected; and yet it is a no- Centrarchus mneus, Rock Bass.
torious fact, that when the country was C r    fasciatus,Black Bass.
new all our waters swarmed with fishes Etheostoma aprodes,Hog Fish.
of various kinds. Salmon and Shad were
taken in the greatest plenty and perfec-        Family I.-Scienidae.
tion in Connecticut river; and the for- Corvina oscula,   Sheep's Head.
mer together with the salmon trout,
were abundant in lake Champlain, and in ORD.II. — MaLCOTERYoll ABO-OMIILZS
most of the streams connected with it. In       Family I. —Cyprinide.
the spring of the year, when these fishes
were ascending our streams to their Catastomuscyprinus,Carp Sucker.
breeding places, they could be taken atons    Lake Mullet.
the falls and rapids in scoop-nets, or in    teres,       Sucker.
baskets fastened to poles, in almost any    "  nioi-icans,  Black Sucker.
quantities desired. Brook trout, weigh-       longirostrum,Long Nosed Sucker.
ing from one to three pounds, were plen- Leuciscus pulchellus,Common Dace.
tifiil in nearly all our streams and'ponds.    "   crysoleucas,Shiuer.
But with the clearing and settling of the  "   atronasus, Brook Minnow
ratronrasusea, B   Mud Fish.
country these kinds of fishes have dimin-Hydgy            Mud Fish.
ished till the three former have become         Family II.-Esocidee.
extremely rare, and the latter, though Esoz estor,        Common Pike.
still numerous in many parts, are seldom    "  reticulatus,   Pickerel.
taken exceeding half a pound in weight.         Family t.-Siluiceel
Family III.-Siluride.
For the production of this state of things
several other causes have operated be- Pirnelodus vulgaris, Horned Pout.
sides their diminution by fishing. The     "    nebulosus,Bull Pout.
salmon and shad have probably been         "      cenosas, Cat Fish.
driven from our waters, chiefly by the         Family IV.-Salmonidee.
erection of dams across nearly all our Salmosalar,        Salmon.
streams, which prevent their ascent to       nanmaycitsh,  Namayctish, or Longo.
their favorite spawning places. Freshets,   fcmtinalis,   Brook Trout.
also, which have become more sudden Osnerus eperlanus, Smelt.
and violent since the country has becomlle  Coregozs   lbus,    White Fish.
cleared,have swept out the logs and other                         
obstructions, which formed their places of      Family V-Clupide.
resort and concealment, and have thus Alosa vulgaris,     Shad.
tended not only to diminish the number of Hiodon clodalus.   Winter Shad.
our fishes, but to prevent their attaining Lepisosteus oxyurus,Bill Fish.
so great magnitude as formerly. Those    "        lineatus, Striped Bill Fish.
fishes of our lakes which do not ascend ORD. II.-MALACOPTERYGII SUBBRACHIATI
far up our streams to deposit their spawn,
have not been so much affected by these
causes. These, however, though stillta- Lota maculosa,    Ling.
ken in considerable quantities, are not so   " compressea,    Eel-pout.
abundant as formerly.                  ORDER IV.-MALACOPTr.R6Itn APODEs.




CHAP. 5.                    FISHES OF VERMONT.                                   I29
ORDERS OF FISHES.                                                        THE PERCH.
Family,.Murenide.              grooves extending  forward from  them.
Jlurena vulgaris,   Common Eel.            The edges of the inter-operculum  and
"   bostoniensis, Black Eel.            sub-operculum  are finely serrated, and
"   arrentea,   Silver Eel.             the latter is prolonged into a membranous
a,3~~~   ~point lying under the spine of the operII.  CARTILAGINOUS FISHES.   culum.  Humeral bones  grooved and usFamily I.-Sturionidee.            ually serrated.  Jaws equal; eyes rather
AcippPnser rubicunrus, Round Nosed Sturgeon. large; iris yellowish; dorsal and caudal
Coxyrhynclus, Sharp Nosed Sturgeon.  fins brownish; pectorals orange on the
lower part; the others more or less ruddy..-CyclostoThe irst du:rsal more than twice as long
Petromyzon nigrlicans,  Blue Lamprey.     as hii jrh, with a black spot or clouded with
flmmoctes concolor, Mud Lamprey.          black towarids the posterior part, the seci;> i:;.  -                             oend two thirds as longr as the first. Depth
1. OSSEOUS, OR  BONY  P'ISHES.   of' the body to the total length of the fish
ORD ER I.-ACANTHOPTERYGSI.            as 1 to 4.  Length of the specimen beORDpEI.Cu ayedFisEs.     fore me 12 inches, depth 3, thickness 2.
Spinous rayed Fishes.                              7
Rays, B. 7, P. 0, V. 115, D. 13111j14,
Fishes of this order are recognized by  A. 217, C. 17. 
the spines which occupy the place of the    HJSTORY.-The Yellow Perch is one of
first rays of the dorsal fin, or the rays of the most common fishes found in lake
the first dorsal when there are two. SomeChamplain, and in the mouths of the rivtimes, instead of a first dorsal, there are.nly  a,ew free   n.  ~     ers falling into this lake. They are taken
only a few free spines.
both with the seine and hook, but chiefly. PERCD   OR  PERCH  FAMILY.  with the latter.  In the winter they are
GENUS PERCADIEORr.         caught by cutting holes in the ice. They
GE~N~US PERCAL.-Cav17ier.          vary from  8 to 12 and even 14 inches in
Generic Characters.-Two separate dorsal length, and are carried round for sale
fins; rays of the first spinous; tongue smooth; from house to house in the villages along
teeth in both jaws, in front of the vomer, and on the lake, at all seasons of the year, neatly
the palatine bones; preoperculum notched below  scaled and dressed ready for cooking. In
and serrated on the posterior edge; operculunl  this condition they are sold at from 10 to
bony, ending in a flattened point directed back- 20 cents a dozen, accordine  to the season
wards; branchial rays seven; scales rough, hard, and their abundance. The flesh of the
and not easily detached.                   Perch is white, firm and agreeable to the
palate, but is rather dry and bony.
This fish agrees throughout with Dr.
Mitchell's description of his Bodianus
flacescens, and is undoubtedly the species
from  which his description was drawn.
Cuvier, having obtained specimens of this
and another species which very closely
resemble it, from the waters of the United
States, gave to this species the name
THE  COMMON  PERCH.                  of P. serrato-granulata, on account of its
Perca serrato-graaulata.-Cuv.         serrated and granulated gill covers; to
the other, distinguished from  this by the
Cuv. et Val. Hist. Nat. des Poiss., 11-47.            1' I
T.-Body deep and thick  want of granulations, by its smaller size
I and greater number of brown bands upon
but becoming slender and nearly cylindrt- its sides, he gave the name'of P. flavescal towards the tail; head rather small. cens.
and tapering towards the snout; both
jaws and palate covered with small teeth;
color greenish, or yellowish brown above;        GEN US LtcIo-PERC A.-Cuvier.
sides yellow, crossed by 7 transverse
brownish  bands  bsides ye llow, crossedy  white  laterseal    Generic Characters.-In the form of the
line parallel to the cllrve of the back; body and situation of the fins like a Perch; head
tail concave.  Preoperculum  narrow, and  more like a Pike; edge of the pre-opercultim with
its edge armed with small spinous teeth, oloe simple emargination; sonle of the maxillary
and palatine teeth long and pointed.
those on the lower margin larger, with
their points directed forwards; the opertheir points directed forwards; the oper-    The letters indicate the fins, and the figures the
culum radiated with granulated rays, ter- number of rays in each; H. Branchial rays; P.
minating posteriorly in a spine, with sev- Pectoral; V. Ventral; D. Dorsal; A. Anal, and
eral spinous denticulations beneath, and  C. Caltial.
Pt. t.         17




v]30                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                               PART I
THE PIKE-PKECH.                                                        THE SUN FISH.
ed; body compressed and oval; a merbranous
p)rolongalion at the angle of tile operculnm.
AMERICAN PIKE-PERCH.
Lurcio-Perca amcrtican.-CuvEn.           SUN  FISH, OR  POND  PERCH.
Cuv. et Val Hist. Nat dies Poiss. Ill. p. 12, pl. 16.
Fauna Boreali Americana, Fishes, p] 10.       Po7notis vulgari$.-CuvvlER,
DESCRIPTION. —Body tapejringi and cyl- Shawv's Zoology, IV —4-2. Lit. and Phil Trans.l.
Y., 1 -403 Fauna Borcali Americana, p. 23. Stoindrical towards thie tail; color nearly   rer's Report, p. 11.
black above, sides brown and orange, bel-   DESCRIPTION.-CoIor brownish  green
ly yellowish or bluish white, tail and fins
spotted with black on a yellow  ground, above; below  yellow; sides bluish, spotbut varying  much in different individ- ted with brownish, umber, and dark puruals; head dt eressed; eyes large, pupil pie; sides of the head striped longituditransparent, iris yellow; lowerjaw longer nally  with u ndllating    deep blue lines,
than the upper; two rows of teeth in the with umber spots; a large  black  spot,
upper jaw  and one in the lower; teeth edged with silvery ahove and below, on
hookinge inwa.rd and many of them  lon(;r the posterior angle of the operculum and
operculum  tertrinated by a iembranous its skinny prolontration, tertminating backpoint, preoperculum serrated and spinous ward in bright scarlect; all the fins brownat the angle; a bony plate over the pec- ish, portions ofthe lorsal -nd caudal spottoral fin; rays of the first dorsal fin spi- ted finely with black; head between the
nolls.                                     eyes smooth, dark green, with 3 pores, or
Rays, Br. 7, P. 13, V. 6, D. 14 —21  pits, the lines connecting which form very
A- 14, C. 17.                              nearly an equi-lateral triangle; teeth IniI[STORY — The usual-length of this fish nute and sharp in both jaws; upper jaw
rprotract'le; under jaw  longest; mnouth
is frorn fourteen to twenty inches, and' its protracti                 n
weight from one to four pounds. It is ta- small; nostrils'double, with a pore, makweight tom one to fourr pounds. t is a- ing r it appear triple; eyes largre and round;
ken very plentifully from  the waters of nback rea larly  curve;   from the nape to
lake Champlain and its tributaries.  It is back regularly curved from  the nape to
a Chrmabony fish, tbut as the bioes are the posterior of the dorsal fin; lateral line
a firm, bony fish, but as the ones are
large amid easily separated from the flesh, parallel to the curve of the back.  Depth
they are much less troublesome than in of the body to the total length of the fish,
the Perch, and some other species.  Its as I to 3, nearly; commencement of the
flesh is well flavored, though not so juicy  anal fin equi-distant from  the two exand rich as that of our White Fish and trerities; usual length about 5 inches,
some few others.  In the form of its body    Rays Br. 6, P. 13, V. 115, D. 9112, A.
and the situation of its fins, it closely re- 3110, C. 17.
seimbles the Perches,but its head and teeth    HrsToaR. —This is a very common fish
are more like the Pikes, and hence its in the coves along the margin of lake
name, Lucia-Percia, or Pike-Perch.  This Champlain, and about the mouths of our
rivers. Though extensively known by
fish is called by Dr. Williams, in his His- thers.  Though extensid Pely  known by
tb r of Vermont, the White Perch but is the name of Sn Fish, and  ond Perch, it
Ytry ow Vermont        i   Pl   y  b  is, perhaps, more generally known by the
generally known in Vermont simply by nae ofPpki   Seed.  It is also someY name of Pumpkin Seed. It is also somethe name of Pike, while the fish usually times called Bream.  This fh, though
called Pike in other places is here called  said in Jardine's Naturalists' Library to
Pickerel.  This fish, on the contrary, is                                 one of the
called Pickerel in Canada. We have an- be of unobtrusive colors, is one of the
led Picke rl  in Can.  Whave   highest colored and most beautiful fishes
other species of this genus, probably the found in our waters —  oftentimes vicing
L. canadensis, but I am unable to say so in brilliancy with  the tropical fishes.'
positively at present.                     The Sun Fish, though often taken with
other fishes in the seine, is more commonly taken with the hook, at which it bites
GENUS POMOTIS -Cuvier.              with avidity.  Its flesh is white and palatable, but the fish being smnall, thin, and
Generic Chatracters.-A  single dorsal fin; bony, is little sought as an article of
6 gill rays on each side; teeth small and crowd- food.




CHAX. 5.                     FISHES OF VERMONT.                                   ]31
THE BI G-AKRrD SUN FISH.            THE ROCK BASS.                   T'HE BLACK BASS.
DEscRIPTlIoN.-Form elliptical; body
deep and thin.  Back darkl; si des yellowish, approaching to white on the belly;
a quadrangrular black spot in the centre
of each scale, giving the sides a striped
appearance from  the gill-opening to the
tail.  Scales large on the sides, with the
exposed part circular, and the concealed
TI-IE  BIG-EARED  SUN'  FISH.    part finely grooved and truncated at the
Pomrnotis m.egalotis.-RArFINES UE.      base; smaller on the back, belly, cheeks
lc.thelis tnegalotis, clhtlhyologia Ohieensis, p. 29.   and ope'culum; lateral line'parallel to
DErCKIPTloN.-Color brownish  olive the curve of the back, containing  42
above, head darker; sides alproachingto  scales; opercula scaled, preopercaluin
chestnut; belly coppery, or ruddy white; serrated at the angle; the opercuiumn- tersides of the head and bodv with flexuose  rninates backward in two thin lobes, with
greenish, or bluish  stripes  and  spots. an acute notch between, and a dark colMgmbranous prolongation of the opercu- ored membranous prolongation; plate alum verylong and whollyblack, eyes dark, bove the pectoral stnoot.  Teeth s]all
the pupils bei~ng black, and iris browrn..and thick like velvet pile in both jaws, on
Tail and fins brownish.  All the colors the vomner, and on the edges of' the palaless brilliant than in the Poinotis vulr~t- -tine bones.  Eyes large and dark.  Vent
i-is, its mouth proportionably larger, its anterior.  Ventral fins directly under the
tail less forked, and its pectorals broader pectorals; anal commences under the 8th
and less pointed.   Depth  contained  a spinoens ray ofthe dorsal; dorsal and anal
little more than twice in the total length. expanded posteriorly.  The first veAtrill,
Length of the specimen before nme 4  in- the first twelve dorsai, and t:he'first six
ches, depth 1.9, heightofthe pectoral 0.9, anal rays spinous.  Length of the specilength of the black portion of the prolon- men before me 7' inches, from  the snout
gation of the operculurn 0.4.               to the vent 34-;-to the posterior margin
Rays, B., P. 41, V. 1 15, D. 10111, A. of the opercoluin 21; depth-23 and con3110, c. s1.                                tained near twice and a half in the total
HISTORY.-The specimen frorm which  length.
the above figure and  description  were    Rays, Br. P.. 14, V. 115, D. 12110, A.
drawn, was taken in Connecticut river at 61,9, C. 17.
Barnet. It bears considerable resemublance    HISToav.-This fish is here known by
to the preceding species, and is thlere  no other name than Rock  Blass.  It is
known by the same vulgar names.  It quite a conmmon fish in lake Champlain,
may however readily be distinguished by  and its larger tribufaries.  It is usually
the greater  prolongation  of the black  taken witl the hook along the precipitous
membranous portion of the gill cover,and  rocky banks of the lake and rivers, and
the absence of the scarlet termrinaltion, as from this circumstance it derives its name.
well as by its greater depth in proportion  it is considered a very good fish for the
to the length, it. nearly even tail, deeper table, and its weight is usually about half
cleft mouth, and  its broader and less a pound.
pointed pectoral fins.
G-ENUS CEINTRARCHUS. —C1IV. et Val.
Genericf Ch/racters. —Body oval, conmpresl.sed; one
dorsal fin; teeth like velvet, pile, on tihe jaws,'roilt
of the vomer, ipalaitille bones and tile ba-e f thie
tonglle; pIreoperculuin elilire; angile i tihe opeicnlllum divided into two flat points; anal spines frtom:3to 9.
THE BLACK BASS.
Centl-archius fascialus.-LE SvEuR.
Cichla fasriata, Le Sme. Jour. Ac.Sc.Phil. [, p 214.
DESCRIPTION.-Form  somewhat eliptiTHE  ROCK  BASS.                  cal, compressed, a little convex on the
sides, and pointed forwards.  Color dark
Cichla  ea, Le Sueur Jor Ac. S.  i.,4  greenish above, lighter and faintly mot
CichLa emnmea, Le Sueur Jomir. Ac. Sc. Phil. It, p'4.  tied on tile sides, and grayishl  white beCsntrarchls snel.s, (Ctv. et V\a!. iii, Il. 48.-Fauna
Boteali Americana (Fishes) p. 18.    neath; sides of the head fine, light green.;




]32                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART 1.
THE BLACK BASS.                                                       THE HOG FISH.
scales firm, moderate on the sides and
operculum, but very small on the cheeks,
back of the neck, throat and belly.  Preoperculum with its upper limb nearly vertical and nearly at right angles with the
lower, without spines or serratures; in-              THE  HOG  FISH.
teroperculuin and suboperculum scaly up.
on the upper side, and smooth below;             Etheostoma caeprodes.-RAF.
operculum triangular, with a membranous  Rafinesque Ich. Ohiens. p. 38. Kirt. Rep. Zool.
prolongation posteriorly, and the bony        hio, p. 168. Boston Jour. Nat. His. 111 —346.
part terminating posteriorly in two thin
lobes, with a deep notch between them,   DEscJTo               y    lengthened  and
the lower lobe, w Wichh is lnargest, en'lin   cylindrical; head elongated, flattened on
in several short spines; teeth spall,sharphead, with the snout protruded
and rounded like that of the hog; under
and numerous in both jaws, on the lower and rounded ike  that of  the hog; under
anterior edges of the palatine bones, and jaw narrower and shorter than tie upper;
on the vomner with a small cluster near mouth beneath, small.  Color yellowish,
the base of the triangular tongue, all darkly spotted  and barred  with brown
standing like the pile on velvet, but above and on tle sides; belly yellowish
hooking a little inward, those on the jaws white; 10 brown bars or blotches on the
largest. Fins small, brownish, and their ides, the posterior one at the base of the
soft parts covered with a rather thick mu-tail black, with about 20 less distinct bars
cous skin; the dorsal rounded  behind, above and  between these passing over
low at the junction of the spinous and soft the back; caudal and dorsal fins finely
parts, and the spinous rays capable of be- spotted  or barred with brown; pectoral,
ing reclined, imbricated and conceal'd in  ventral and anal transparent, unspotted
a longitudinal groove along the back; and yellowish; posterior part of the head
ventrals a little behind the pectorals; the above nearly black, but lighter towards
anal under the posterior portion of the  the snout; eyes middling size, promidorsal, and extending a little fuirther back; nent; pupil black, surrounded by a bright
tail slightly ernarginate, with the lobes line and a yellowish  silvery iris; tail
rounded.  Vent a trifle nearest the poste- slightly  lunated; scales  ciliated  and
rior extremity;* eyes moderately large; rough; operculum terminated posteriorly
lower jaw a trifle longer than the upper, in a sharp spine; minute teeth in both
with several visible pores along its mar- jaws and on  the  vomer; lateral line
gin.  Length of the specimen before me straight; ventrals behind the pectorals
19 inches; the greatest depth equals one and under the anterior part of the second
third of the lenoth, exclusive of the tail. dorsal. Length 3.2 inches; pectoral fin
as long- as the head.
Rays Br. 6, P. 17, V. 115, D. 1011.5, A. as y, Br. 6, P. 14 V. 6. 14114, A.
3111, C. 17.                                2, C. 17.
HisToRY.-The Black Bass, by which    HisTORY.-This fish,.though its vulgar
name this fish is here generally known, name might be thought to imply the conranks as one of the best fishes taken from  trary, is certainly one of the most symour waters; but, as is apt to be the case  metrical and beautiful fishes found in our
with good fishes, it is much less abundant waters.  It received the name of Hog
than  several other species  which are  Fish from  a resemblance in the form  of
greatly its inferior in point of quality. It its snout and lower jaw to those of that
is usually taken with the seine, and its quadruped.  It is quite common in the
weight varies from  one to five or six  mouths or the streams which fall into
pounds.                                    lake Champlain, but being a slender fish,
and never exceeding 4 or 5 inches in
length, no account is made of it as an arGENUS ETIIt:OSlOM A.-RB nesqsu   e      ticle of food, and very little is known of
its habits.  It swims low  in the water,
Generic Characters. —Body nearly cylindri- and when at rest usually lies at the botcal and scaly; nmouth variable with small teeth; torn.
gill cover double or triple, unserrate widh a spine
on the operculum, and without scales; branchial
rays six; rays in the ventral six, one of which is II.-SCIENIDE OR SC1ENA FAMILY.
spiny, no appendage; dorsal more or less divided   GENiJS CoRvsNA.-Cuvier.
into two, with all the rays of the anterior portion
spiny; vent nearly medial.                    Generic Characters.-Head gibbous, cavernous, and scaly; stones in the sack of the ear very!arge; no canine nor palatine teeth; all the tcelh




CHAP. 5.                     FISHES OF VERMONT.                                      133
THE SHEEP S HEAD.                                                     THE CARP SUCKER.
small and crowded; preoperculum dentated; bran- ered one of the most delicious fishes for
chial rays seven; anal fin short, with the seconld the table, the former is seldom carried to
spine robust and strong.                      the table.
ORDo. II-MA[LACOPTERYCII  ABDOMINALES.
Soft rayed albldomtinal fishes.
The Malacopterygii are distinguished
by  havintg nearly  or quite  all of the
fin-rays  soft and brancling as in the
trout, and the order abdolninales embraces
the soft-rayed fishes, whose ventral fin's
THE  SHEEP'S  HEAD.                  are situated fair back upon the abdomen,
Coruiaa oscular-LIE SUEUR.             as in the trout, sucker and pickerel.
Sciena oscula. Le Su., Jour. A. N. Sci., ii, p. 252.
DESCRIPTION.-Back  elevated; body
deep, thick  through  the abdomen, and            GENUS CATASTOMUS. —LE SUEUR.
compressed to an edge along the back,    Generic Clia.racters.-Back vith a single
and slender near the tail; head declining; dorsal fin;,illi membrane three rayed; heatd and
snout short, rounded, with  three small o{,ercnla smiooth: jaw:R  too:hless and retractile;
openings at the end, and large pores near trnili beneath the -rontt; lips plaitel, lobed, or
tile tip of the lower jaw; mouth rather cartlnc!at!d, suitable for sncking; throat with
slnall, lips distinct; teeth in both jaws co- P)ectinated teeth.  This Genits embraces the
nic and crowded, the outer series largest; Suckers Of lie Unied Sttte, of which there are
eyes large, round, and near the snout; about 20 species.
nostrils double, the posterior much the
largest, and very near the eye; head and
opercula covered with scales; preoperculum coarsely serrated; base of 2d dorsal,
pectoral. anal and  caudal fins covered
with scales; the 9 rays of the first dorsal,
1 ray of the'2d dorsal, the first ventral and
two first anal rays,spinous; the 1st dorsal
and 1st anal spine very short, the 2d large
and stout; scales rough. Color brownish gray above, sides silvery, and pearly
white, or cream color, beneath; head
with livid purple reflections; dorsal,pec-            THE  CARP SUCKER.
toral, anal and caudal fins brownish; ven-        Catastomnus cyprinus.*-LE SUEUlt.
trals yellowish; lateral line parallel to the     Jour. Acad. Sci. Phil., vol. I. p. 9t, plate.
arch oftlhe back, and visible on two-thirds    DEscniPTroN. —Form  gibbous; back
of the length of the tail; tail rounded; arched, thin and sharp; belly thick and
height of' the second dorsal niarly uni- flattened between the pectoral and venform, the posterior reachine tie base of tral fins.  Head small and sloping; snout
the caudal; depth of the fishli conta   d 3 short; eyes rather small, pupil black, iris
times in-the total length.  Lenoth of the  g          yellowr   nostrils large  and double
golden yellow; nostrils large and double;
specimen before me 17. inches; greatest  iUt  sall  and  und.   Color light
depth just behind tile pectorals at.          silvery  brown, with  golden  reflections
Rays Br. 7, P. 16, V. 1 15, D.  — 1131, above, approaching to yellowish white, or
*A. 2f, C. i..cream  color below.  Scales very large,
HISTORY.-.This fish is quite cornmorn  excepting along the base of the dorsal fin,
in lake Champlain, and is here gene rally  of a semi-rhom]boidal form, and beautifulknown by the name of Sheep's Head.  It ly radiated; the lateral line first bends
is also found in the western lakes and the  downward, then nearly straight; 40 scales
Ohio river, where it is more comm,,nly  on the lateral line and 13 in the oblique
called the White Perch. This fish, taken  row, extending from te beginning of the
from the Ohio river, is said to be fat,ten-  dorsal to the middle of the ventral fin.
der, and well flavored; but ours is lean, Fins brownish  flesh-color,  all the rays
tough, and  bony, and seldom  eaten.  It coarse; the dorsal cornmences  at the
received its vulgar name from its resern- highest part of the back, a little forward
bling  in  appearance  the  SesrgrSn.s 0;,, of' the  ventrals, and  terminates nearly
which is also called Sheep's Head on account of its' arched  nose and smutty    * This species wvas removed by Cuvier from the
face;' but the resemnblance is in appear- genus Catas'lmrua, of Le Sueur, to his own subgenus Labeo, which is distinguished from the Caance only, for while the latter is consid-  tastonrus by the greater length of tbe dorsal fin.




1344               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART 1.
TIHE LAKE MULIET.                                                   THE SUCKER.
over the middle of the anal, three or four ers are confounded, although it belongs
of the first rays being much elongated, the to a family of fishes entirely distinct from
others short; the anal fin slightly luna- the real Mullet.  This is one of our most
ted, the caudal forked with pointed lobes.  comnmon fishes, and in the spring and
The swirmmino bladdder divided in three early part of sunlner is caught with the
sacks, connected by tiubes. Length of the seine in large quantities, both in lake
specimen before Ime fronl the snout to the  Champlain and ill the mouths of its larextremity of the tail 16 inches,-to the ger tributaries.  The flesh of this fish is
tail 13, to the vent 0(),-to the middle of' rather soft, and is considerably filled with
the gill opening 34; greatest depth 5; the knots of fine bones so common to this
greatest thickness 2.&; hIeight of the front famnily, and yet it is regarded as a very
part of the dorsal 4.; length of the deor- good fish for the table. There are various
sal 5, scale on the side.8 by.7.        methods of cooking it, but it is generally
Rays, Br. 3, P. 16, V. 10, D. 28, A. 9, most highly esteemed when baked.  The
C. 18.                                    fish grows to a larger size, and is taken in
HISTORY.-Tlhis fish, though said to be lake Champlain in larger quantities than
common further south, is only occasion- any other species of this fhanily. Their
ally taken in our waters, and here varies usual length is from 15 to 20 inches, and
from 1 to 3 or 4 pounds in weight.  It is their weight from  2 to 5 pounds.  But
considered a very good fish for the table, individuals are often taken which are
but like the others in this family it is much larger, weighing, in some cases, 9
wanting in firmness.                      or 10 pounds.  The usual price, when
fresh, is front 3 to 4 cents a pound.
THE SUCKER.
Catastontus teres.-MITCHELL.
Cyprinus tertes -Mitchell. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soo
of N. Y., 1 —459.
DEscRIPTlIoN.-Body lengthened, thick
and subcylindrical, the head one-sixth the
THE LAKE MULLET.                  total length; color blackish brown above,
Catastomus olblongrus.-MITCHELL.    darkest on the head, often tinged with
green; sides brownish, often with golden
Cyprinus oblongus-Alitchell. Trans. Lit. and Phil. reflections from the scales; belly white.,
C. o IN. Y., -9.   and sometimes yellowish; dorsal and
DEscRltT.TON. —Form  gibbous; back  caudal fin brown; the other fins ruddy, or
arched; body deep and thick; head short  ellowish brown. Head rather small, and
and smooth; mouth under, smlall and with the cheeks and opercula smooth
toothless; gill openings narrow.  Color eyes small, iris golden, but very dark in
above dark brown, lighter with bronzy re- some specimens; nostrils large, double
flections om the sides, and dirty cream- and very near the eye in front.  Scales
color beneath; scales large with radiating  of middling size, radiated, with 17 in the
strive, and arranged in about 13 lonoitu- oblique row extending from  the anterior
dinal rows on each side; lateral line me- base of the ventral to the posterior ray of
dial and njearly straight, but not very con- the dorsal, the middle scale being crossed
spicuous. Dorsal fin brownish, the other by the lateral line which is straight in
fins lighter and usually more or less rud- the middle of the body, and contains 61
dy; pectorals, situated low and far for- scales.  Pectoral fins situated very near
ward upon the throat; ventrals under the the gills, the dorsal on the middle of the
middle of the dorsal; the anal reaching  back, and about as long as high; the venthe base of the caudal; tail deeply forked; trals rather small, under the middle of the
swimmnrningr bladder in three sacks con- dorsal; the anal far back, reaching the
nected by tubes. Length of the specimen  base of the caudal, and its length conbefore me 25 inches, depth in front of the trained 24 tinmes in its height; the tail
dorsal 6, thickness 3, height of the dor- forked; all the fin rays coarse, particusal 3.2.  Weight 61 lbs.                  larly those of the anal fin. The swimRays, B. 3, P. 17, V. 9, D. 16, A. 9, ming bladder in two sacks connected by
C. 18.                                    a tube.  Length of the specimen before
HISTORY.-This fish is described by  me 224 inches, from the snout to the posDr. Mitchell under the name of the Clnub terior edge of the gill covers 4.4, from the
of NJ.cw  York.  It is here very generally  gill to the base of the tail along the laterknown by the name of MJullet, under al line 15.  Its greatest depth 5.4, thickwhich name several species of lake suck- ness 3: and its weight 5x* lbs.




CHAP. 5.                  FISHES OP  VERMONT.                               135
THE BLACK AND LONG-NOSED SUCKERS.                                     THE DACE'
Rays, Br. 3, P. 18, V. 10, D. 13, A. 8, zontal, terminated in along snout. Length
C. 18.                                   of the individual described -5 inches.
HIIsToRY.-This is generally known on    Rays, P. 16, V. 9, D. 12, A. 7, C. 18.
the west si de of the Green Mountains by -Le Seuzer.
the name of Sucker, or Black Sucker,   1IISToRY. —'       This fish I discovered,"
while another species is known by the says Le Sueur, " in the state of Vermont;
same names on the east side of the inoun- I have not seen it in any other state."
tains.'[his fish is quite common in lake Not having met with this fish, 1 can only
Chamnplain, and in most of the large give lbe Sueur's account of it.
streams and ponds connected with it.
GENus LrucIscus. —Klein.
THE BLACK SUCKER.
Catastornlus nigricans.-L. SUEUR.      Generic Characters. —The dorsal and anal
fins short and without strong rays at the comJour. Acad. Nat. Science, 1 —10. Storer's Report, nenelt of either; no cirri.
Fishes or Mass.> 1). 86.    >Imenceme'n1t of either; no cirri.
EsRIshPTe.-Color ofthe back black p  This genilis embraces those fishes which are
N.-Color of  generally known in New England, by the names
sides reddish yellow with black blotches;     e, Chub and Shiner.
beneath white, with golden reflections;
scales moderate in size; head quadrangular, one fifth the length of the fish; top
of the head of a deeper black than the
body; eyes moderate, oblong; pupils
black; irides golden; mouth large; corrugations of the lips very large, particularly those of the lower lip; lateral line,
rising back of the operculum on a line op-     THE COMMON DACE.
posite the centre of the eye, makes a very
slight curve downwards and then pursues      Leuciscus pulchellus.-STORER.
nearly a straight course to the tail, and Storer's Report on Fishes of Massachusetts, p. 91.
contains 60 scales; back between the
head and dorsal fin rounded; pectoral,ven- and taEl blackis     h back approaching to
tral and anal fins reddish; caudal and       tail blaci;    back ap acing to
dorsal blackish; height of the dorsal equal olive  sides li
to two thirds its length; third and fourth gill covers and lower fins more or less
rays of the anal reach the base of the ruddy; scales striated, exhibiting a most
caudal. Leingth of the specimen from  beautiful play of green, blue, golden and
which the description is drawn 15 inches. silvery reflections.  dark colored memRays, D. 13, P. 18, V. 9, A. 8, C. 18. brane visible at the junction of the scales,
R-Storer,                               giving the sides of the fish a reticulated
HIsTo RY.-This I suppose to be the appearance; 49 scales on the lateral line,
common Siucker on the east side of the which begins near the upper part of the
Green Mountains in this state; but not gill-opening, bends rapidly  downward
having obtained any good specimen of it, through i scales, and then pursues a
I have copied above Ir. Storer's descrip- straight course to the tail. Head and
tion, which was made from a specimen  opercutlum smooth, the latter with cupreobtained from Walpole. They frequently  ous reflections.  Scales rather large and
weigh 3 or 4 pounds, and exceed 20 inch- much crowded above the pectoral fins.
es in length.                           Eyes small, pupil black, surrounded by
a golden line which fades into gray on
the iris. Mouth large; lips, tongue and
THE LONG-NOSED SUCKER.
palate fleshy; jaws toothless; two patches
Catastomus longirostrum.-LE SUEUR.   of pectinated teeth in the throat, with
Journal Academy Nat. Sciences, Phil., I —102.  four teeth in each. Ventral fins under
DESCRIPTION. —Body sub-cylindric, the front of the dorsal; the anal fin twice
straight, delicate; head flat; eyes large, its length from the caudal; the two first
irides yellowish white; aperture of the rays short and closely applied to the third
mouth greatly arcuated, and large; scales in the dorsal and anal fin. Swimming
very small and roundish; color of the bladder in two sacks connected by a tube.
body above reddish, paler on the sides; Length of the specimen before me 17
abdomen white, with a bluish tint; later- inches-from  the snout to the posterior
al line curved above the pectoral fin. part of the operculum 31-1o the vent 9A.
Dorsal fin deeper than broad, quadrangu- Total length 44 times the greatest depth.
lar; the extremity of the anal fin does not   Rays, Br. 3, P. 16, V. 8, D. 10, A. 10,
reach the base of the caudal; head hori C. 19.




136                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART J.
THE SHINER.                                                   THE BROOK MINNOW.
HISTORY.-This fish is quite common where it is found associated with perch,
in lake Champlain and its tributaries. It bull-pouts and mud fishes.
is readily caught with the hook, and the
flavor of its flesh is agreeable, but it is
so soft and filled with small bones that it is
not much valued as an article of food.
The length of those usually taken varies
from 5 to 12 inches, but they sometimes
grow to the length of 20 inches.               THE BROOK MiNNOW.
Leuciscus atronasus.-MITCHELL.
Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. p. 460. Storer's Report
on Fishes of Mass., p. 92.
DESCRIPTIoN.-Body rather thick and
deep through the abdomen; head a little
flattened above, and narrowed towards
the snout. Color above brownish olive
THE SHINER.                  spotted with black-; beneath white with
Leuciscus crysoleucas.-MITcHELL.   cupreous and silvery reflections,and someTrans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of N. Y., p. 459.   times red; a dark band passes round the
Fauna Boreali Am-r. Fishes, page 122.  nose, crosses the eye, passes along the
Storer's a I)eport, Fihss of Alass., page 88.   sides and through the middle of the tail,
Dzsclim ioN. —Form ovate; body deep which is forked; above this band is usand thin, the depth contained 4 times in ually a yellowish stripe; eyes middling
the total lengtmh. Color greenish above, size; iris bright yellow, whlere it is not
lighter on the sides and yellowish white darkened by the above mentioned dark
beneath; a very bronadl indistinct yellow- band. The lateral line commences on the
ish or cupreous stripe along the side to nape of the neck, passes obliquely downthe middle of the tail.  The fins of a dull wards across the dark band on the side
yellow color, with the extremities of the and along the lower margin of the band
dorsal, caudal and anal fins and the first to the tail.  Nostrils large, double and
ray of the pectoral more or less black; tubelar.  Dorsal fin behind the ventrals
cheek and operculum  with yellow  and and twice as high as it is long. Vent mesilvery reflections; scales rather large, dial and under the posterior rays of the
radiated, crossed by concentric undula- dorsal fin. Fins brownish yellow. Swimtions, or striom; the whole side exhibiting ming  bladder in two sacks connected by
blue, green, cupreous, yellow and silvery a tube.  Length 2A inches; head a little
reflections, according to the direction of more than one sixth of the total length.
the light. Eyes large; iris bright yellow.   Rays, Br. 3, P. 12, V. 7, D. 7, A. 7,
Head and gill covers smooth, mouth in C  19.
front of the eyes, small, toothless, and di-   HIsToRY.-This species is quite comrected upwards.  The lateral line com- mon in most of the streams in Vermont,
mences near the upper part of the gill and particularly so in those that fall diopening, bends downwards and passes rectly into lake Champlain.  It is an acalong nearly parallel to the curve of the tive, lively little fish, and on account of
abdomen, to the tail, being only one third the stripes on its sides, the colors of
as far from the belly as from  the back at which are changeable, according to the
the ventral fin. Swimming bladder in direction of the light falling upon them,
two sacks.  Length of the pectoral fins it is one of our most beautiful fishes.
to their height as 2 to 7; ventrals before When fully grown this fish is only from
the dorsal with slender bracts above their 2A to 3 inches long, and, though found in
base; dorsal fin medial, its length being great numbers, its diminutive size rento the height of the anterior part as I to 2; ders it of no account as an article of
the anal fin commnences under the termi- food. It is chiefly sought to be used as
nation of the dorsal, its length being to bait for Pike and other large fishes.
the height of the anterior part as 7 to 6;   The Eyoglosson nigrcscens, described
tail large and forked. Length of the spe- by Rafinesque in the Journal of Academy
cimenm before me 4.6 inches; depth 1.1.   Nat. Sci., Phil., 1-422, which he says he
Rays, Br. 3, P. 17, V. 8, D. 10, A. 15, found in lake Champlain, and several othC. 19.                                   ers of this family, which I know  to exist
HISTORY.-This fish is quite common, in our waters, I have thought it best to
particularly in the small ponds and coves omit, because I cannot speak of them
along the shore of lake Champlain, and with confidence without further examiabout the mouths of our large streams, nation.




CHAP. 5.                      FISHES OF VERMONT.                                    137
THE MUD FISH.                                                        THIE COMMON PIKE.
GENUS HYDRARGYRA. —L  SzeeL'r.           and recede from the coves, they have the
Generic C7tarctctrs.-Ventral fins 6 rayed; power, by a springing motion, of transteeth in the jaws arid throat; those of the jaws porting themselves from one little puddle
conic and reckrved; none in the,alate; jaws pro- to another.  They also have the power of
tractite; lovwer jaw longer than the uipper one; partially burying themselves and living.
one dorsal fin, siIualtcd tnearer the tail than the in the mud and alnong the moist grasshead, opposite to the anal fin; scales on the oper- roots, after the other small fishes associacula and body; hiead flat, shielded above with  ted with them are all dead for the want of
large scales, the centre scale largest.      water.  In these situations vast numbers
of them are devoured by birds, muskrats,
and foxes. In severe droughts, like that
of 1841,the quantity of small fishes which
die in consequence of the drying up of
the coves, is exceedingly great.  In one
small cove, which I visited on the 24th of
September, 1841, I found lMud Fishes and'
THEI-   MUD  FISH.                other small fishes dead in piles, in the low
places which had become dry. One small
Hydrargyra fusca.                portion of the cove, still covered with water and leaves to the depth of 4 or 5 inDESrCsrrTIoN. —Color above dark olive, ches, was literally filled with fishes strugmottled with blackish; sides mottled or (ling together for existence.  This pervariegated with brown, green and golden, tion amounted to about one square rod),
with faint indications of yellowish bars; and in this space there could not have'
belly dull brownish, bronzy yellow; fins been much less than a barrel of fishes,.
dusky yellow; sides yellowish at the base  They consisted of pickerel, yellow perch,
of the tail, crossed by a verticalblack bar, shiners, hull pouts and mud fishes, but
with a brownish, crescent-shaped line a- mostly ofthe two last.  My feelings werelong the base of the caudal rays, making, really pained at the siglht, and moved by
with a.vertical Wine, the form of the letter compassion for the poor fishes, I heartily
D.  Form thick and plump; head slight- wished for rain, which, on the next day,
ly flattened  above; upper jaw  shorter came in abundance, to the joy, not only
than the lower, and broadly truncated; of the fishes and their sympathizers, but
lower jaw  curved upward and rounded; of the whole country
mouth slightly cleft; teeth in both jaws
and front part of the vomer, stnall,crowded, and incurved; four patches of short,  II.-ESOCES, OR  PIKE FAMILY.
conical teeth in the throat.  Eyes moder-             GENUS Esox.-Linnasus.
ately large, pupil black, iris yellow, cor-    Generic  Chlaracters. —-Snout elongated,
nea very prominent and clear.  Scales on  broad, &epressed, and obtuse; sides of the lower
the body, head, cheeks and operculum; jaw with long acute teeth; intermaxillaries, palthose on the back part of the head largest. ate, vomer and tongue studded with small teeth;
Tail fully rounded, a little sh-orter than  asingle dorsal fin, siutated far back and over the
the head, which is a little more than one- anal fin.
fifth the total length of the fish.  Ventral
fins sm-rall, medial, and slightly in advance
of the beginning of the dorsal; anal fin
under the posterior part of the dorsal and
about as high as long; the dorsal nearly _
twice as long as high, and about its length
from  the caudal.  The dorsal and anal
have their first rayv  short and closely applied to the second ray; outer rays of the           THE  COMMON PIKE.
caudal also very short. Length of the
longest of 12 specimens hefore me 4J inches; greatest dp:li.S; thiicknsrss.5.        Journal Acad: Nat. Sei. Phil., t -419.
Rays, Br. 4, 1'. 15, V. (6, 1). 11, A. 10,    EsOX lircirs, RRi1   urena 13oreati p 124.
C. 16.                                         D DicSCRIrToN.-Body thick, somewhat
HISToRY. — T!1,'se fisesvs exist in con- four-sided; back nearly straight from the
siderable numbers  in the  tmarshes and  head to the dorsal fin, and parallel to the
coves along the margin of lake Cham- abdomen.  Color of the back blackish
plain, and of the rivers which fall into it. green; sides lighter,  with violet and silThey are very tenacious of life, and live  very reflections and several longitudinal
longer than nmost fishes without water. rows of rounded  and oblong yellowish
During droughts, as the waters subside  spots; belly  pearly  white.  Head one
PT. 1.        18




138                  NATURAL HISTORY OF'VERMONT                           PART I.
THE PICKEREL.                                                      THE BULL POUT
fourth the total length, flattened or con- was sent me as a Maskalong6e, but which
cave on the upper part, and of a dark bot- proved to be only a plump specimen of
tle green color; large pores on the head  the Common Pike.
and lower jaw; upper jaw broad, flattened and thinned down to an edge at the                TIE  PICKEREL.
extremity; lower jaw reflected and longer than the upper; tongue truncated at             re  ereiots.-n1 4UEUR.
the extremity; teeth on the tongue, vo-         JOurllL;lelnV  Nt..-414.
Storer's 1clort,'isfh(' of Mlass.,  p). 97.
ruer, palatine bones and jaws, of different
sizes, and either straight or hooking in-    DEscRhtPTro N. —Color  variable  from
wards; eates lateral, close to the crown, greenish brown to brilliant golden, but in
and mid-way between the gill opening  all cases marked with irregularly distriband end of the snout; pupil surrounded  nited longitudinal lines; beneath white.
by a golden line and grayish iris. Scales Snout  obtuse; gape of the mouth great;
small, often emarginate, and towards the  lower jaw longer than  the upper; teeth
hack marked with bright lines in the form      ont of the lower ja
of the  letter V.  Lateral line nearly  sides large and pointed.  Eyes moderate
straight, nearer the back than belly, and in size, pupil black, iris yellow; nostril
formed by a deep notch in every 3d or 4th double; fins greenish; the pectoral and
scale; usually several irregular rows of anal reddish after death; dorsal fin longer
these notched scales on the sides resem- than the anal; pectorals commence on a
bling lateral lines. Fins all marked with  line with the 16th branchial ray; vent
brownish and yellow, and usually more large, 2 lines in front of the anal fin;
or less ruddy except the dorsal; pectoral from the dorsal fin to the commencement
and ventral fins small; the posterior at- of the caudal 2 inches. Length of the
tachment of the ventrals medial; vent specimen from  which the above descripunder the front part of the dorsal, and  tion was made 16 inches; head about one
anal fin under the posterior part; tail fourth the length of the body; width of
forked.  Preoperculumn irregular, narrow  the head in front of the eyes equal to half
in the middle; operculum  quadrangular, its length.
scaly on the upper part; suboperculum    Rays, B. 17, D. 18, P. 13, V. 11, A. 17,
narrow, and a little longer than the oper- C. 19.-Storer.
culum; interoperculumn small and mostly    HISToRY.-This is the Common Pickconcealed.  Lenth of the specimen be- erel on  the east side of the sGreen Mounfore me 17 inches-to  the pectorals 4, tains in Vermont, as the preceding speventrals 8. anal 11A.                     cies is on the west side. It is found in
Ra~ys, Br. 15, P. 13, V. 10, D. 18, Connecticut river and most of its larger
A. 16, C. 19.                            tributaries, and it has multiplied exceedingly in several ponds to which it has
HIsTORY.-This species is very com- been transported by the inhabitants in the
mon in lake Champlain and all its larger neighborhood. This is the Common Picktributaries.  It is generally known in erel of Massachusetts and the other New
Vermont by the name of Pickerel. About England states.
the north end of the lake and in Canada
generally it is called the Pike, on account III.-SILURIDZE OR CAT-FISH FAMILY.
of its resemblance to the English Pike.
Indeed the resemblance is so close that        GENUS PIMELODUS.-LCepcde.
Dr. Richardson regards them as identical,   Goncric Car1tearctcrs.-Body covered with a
and has described our Pike in, his Fauna naked skin; no lateral armature; jaws and often
Boreali Americana under the name of the palatine bones fuirnished with teeth, but there is
foreign species, Esox lucius, but they are no band of teeth on the vorcer parallel to that on
generally regarded  y         naturalists as dis- the upperj sv. The forn of the head varies extinct species. This fish grows to a larg  ceedin lv as well as the nlber of cirri.  Two
size, frequently exceeding 30 inches in dorsal fins, the second adiprose.
length, and weighing 10 or 12 pounds.
It is very voracious, and devours great            THE  BULL POUT.
numbers of reptiles and small fishes.  It            Plalod'v7s t?/,aers'is.
is taken both with the hook and seine, Silurus catus, Mitch. Traiis. Lit. Phi. Society of
and is considered a very good fish for the            New York, page 4r33.
table.  The fishermen say that there is    DEscRIPTION. —Br ody without scales,
another fish of this family in lake Chafn- covered with a mucous skin, tapering and
plain, which they call the JIMaskalonr'. If cylindrical; head largc, broad, depressed,
so, it is probably the fish which Richard- color above dark, approaching to black;
son (Fauna Boreali, p. 127) calls E. estor, sides dark olive, or fuliginous, the color
Maskinonge. I lately received one which  rubbing off or becorming lighter after be



CHAP. 5.                   FISlES OF VERMONT.                                 139
THE HORNED POUT.                                                    THt  CAT FISH.
ing taken from  the water; belly dirty    HISTORY.-This fish is common in Conwhite, often tinged with red; fins dark, necticut river, and in many of its larger
often purplish; mouth broad; under jaw  tributaries.  The specimen front which
longest, and a broad band of sinall conical my description was drawn was taken in
teeth in each; cirri 8,% 4'il at row  upon  Connecticut river at Barnet  It is there
the under lip, the two oltor ones nearly  called the Pout, or Horned Pout.  Havtwice as large as the middle ones, one ing had an opportunity to compare only
still larger at each  anole of the mouth, this one small specimen fronm Connecticut
and a simall one at each nostril; the first river with the Bull Pout found in lake
dorsal ray and the first ray in each pecto- Champlain, I ain not prepared to say
ral fin a strong spine, with the point free  with confidence that they do not both beand sharp. A bomy process projects back- long to the same species; but as this speward over the base of the pectoral fin. cimen differs from the lake fish in having
Tail slightly rounded.  Length of the its body more flattened towards the tail,
specimen before me 121 inches, width of in having its upper jaw  longest instead
the head  2.3, depth of the body 1.8, of shortest, in having the cirri at the
thickness 1.6.                            angles of the mouth proportionally longer
Rays, B. 7, P. 117, V. 8, D. 116-0, A. and the adipose fin more distant from the
20, C. 17.                                tail, I have introduced them  as distinct
HisToRY. —This fish, which is quite  species.
plentiful in lake Chan-plain, is here generally known by the name of Bull Pout.
Those taken from  the lake are usually
from 9 to 13 inches in length.  For the
table they require skinning like the Eel;
but, though their flesh is tender and well
flavored, there is so much waste in dressing, because of the great size of the head,
that very little account is made of them
as an article of food. This fish I suppose          THE  CAT FISH.
to be the species described by Dr. Mitch-           1'i..'Clodnls * * * * *.
ell under the name of Sisluttrus caths, but   DEscRIPTIlo.-Color dark smoky brown
whether it is the Piniel,[iils ca/tis of Le approaching to black above; cupreous or
Sueur, I have no means of judging, nev- fuliginous on the sides; belly dull ruddy
er having seen his description.           white; skin scaleless and smooth; fins
dull smoky brown, more or less ruddy
below.  Head slopes gradually from the
THE HORNED POUT.                  nape of the neck to the snout, which, as
Pimnclodus:',,!/(i.; es. —La SUEUR?  well as the head, is narrower and more
Memoires du AiNu. d'li,  Nit., V-149. Storer's pointed than the preceding species; the
letjr t, p a,,'g, 102.      body also is more elongated; 8 cirri in
DEscRIPTION.-Color dark olive, or fu- the usual situations, all blackish excepting
liginous, darkest on the head and back, the two middle ones on the under lip
yellowish or cupreous on the sides, ap- which are flesh-colored, and not more
proaching to ruddy white on the belly; than half as large as the two outer ones;
fins mostly ruddy at the base and brown- those at the angle of the mouth very long,
ish towards the extremity; head flattened  reaching beyond the pectorals half way
above; upper jaw  rather longest; both  to-the ventral fins; those at the nostrils
jaws furnished with numerous small coni- smallest. Mouth narrow, with the upper
cal teeth; 8 cirri about the head, 2 short jaw overlapping the lower; teeth small,
ones at the nostrils, 4 longer ones orf the conical and numerous.  Bony spine in
chin, and 2 much longer, being 1.1 inch, the pectoral fin very strong, with about
extend backward frori the angles of the 20 sharp teeth on the posterior edge, and
mouth, and terminate in a fine filament. a strong bony process lying over the base
Spine of the 1st dorsal articulated, arid of the fin; first dorsal mid-way between
free at the point; spines of' the pectorals the pectorals and ventrals, twice as high
also free at the point, and strongly serra- as long, spine more slender than in
ted interiorly; adipose firl over the poste- the pectorals; height of the adipose fin
rior part of the anal.  Tail nearly even. 1 inch, situated over the posterior half of
Length of the specimen before me 44 the anal, which is long  and'slightly
inches, width of the head.8. Body much I rounded; tail rather deeply forked with
flattened vertically towards the tail.    spreading, pointed lobes; lateral line inRays, B. 7, P. 1 17, V. 8, D. 1Il5, A. 20, distinct.  Len!eths of the specimen before
C. 17.'        mn, which was caught in Winooski river,




140                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART I.
THE SAI.LMON.                                              THE NAMIAYCUSH TROUT.
18 inches; from the snout to the pectoral posterior angle of the gill covers; length
2~; to t4e first dorsal 44; width of the equals one fourth their height; ventrals
head 2.4, longest cirri 4.3.              on a line opposite the middle of the dorRays, B. 8, P. 117, V. i, D. 116-0, A. sal, having on their sides-a large axillary
25, C. 18.                                scale; anal fin white, higher than long;
HlSTsRY.-When I prepared Iry list of caudal dark brown, forked.
fishes at the beginning of this chapter, I   Rays, D. 12, P. 15, V. 9, A. 10, C. 19.
supposed our Cat Fish to be the dP. ctwc- -Sto'cr.
sus of Richardson. Upon re-examination,   HlsToRY.-The Salmon, formerly very
since that list was printed, I find our fish  plentiful in nearly all the large streams in
does not agree withl his descrlption, and this state, is now so exceedingly rare a
I am now satisfied that it does not belonr visitant that I have not been able to obto that species.  It is probably one of thei tain a specimen taken in our waters, from
eight species described by Le Sueulr in  which to make a description for this work.
the Mcnrloifres du( 3iscu.,m,sl:Slt,-oirc Nla/l,- They have entirely ceased to ascend our
relle, at Paris, but not havino access to rivers, and only stragg.rling individuals
that work, I am unable to designate the are now inet wvith in lake Champlain.  I
species, or to say with certainty that it is have heard of only one being taken here
embraced among those there described. during the past summer, and that I did
This species is only occasionally taken in not see. The causes which have been
the vicinity of Burlington, but is regarded  principally operative in driving these fishas very good fish for the table.  In some es from  our waters have already been
parts of lake Champlain it is said to be mentioned. When the country was new,
quite plentiful.                          according to Dr. Williams, there was a
regular and abundant migration of these
IV. —SALMONID2E-SALMON FAMILY. fishes to and from  our waters, in spring
GExus SALMIO.                and autumn.    They came up ConnectiGeneric Characters.-Hcad smooth; body cut river about the 25th of April, and
covered with scales; two dorsal fins, the first sui- proceeded to the highest branches. Slortported by rays, the second fleshy, wi;hout rays; ly after they appeared in lake Champlain
mouth large; sharp teeth on the jaws an( tolgue; and the large streams which fall into it.
branchial rays usually about ten; ventral fins ot- So strong is their instinct for migration,
posite the cenrtre of lhe first dorsal one.  that, in  ascending  the  streams, they
forced their passage over cataracts of sevTHE SALMON.                   eral feet in height, and in opposition to
-Salmo saler.-L1irNmus.          the most rapid  currents.  They  were
DESCRIPTIOaN. —Color bluish  silvery  sometimes seen to mnake six or seven atabove, lighter on the sides and white be- ternpts before they succeeded in ascendneath; black blotches upon the sides  Ming the falls. When thus going up in the
much more numerous above the lateralpring they  were plunlp and fat, and of
line, for the most part surrounding tih-e an excellent flavor; and from the beginoutline, forleaving the mcolor ofp ning of May to tile Iniddle of June they
the body unchanged; the spots upon the  were taken in great numbers.  When
scaleless head are unbroken, and of a         they  arrived in the upper parts of the
deeper color.  Length of the head equal streams they deposited their spawn. Toto one fifth the length of the fish; head  wards the end of September they returned
sloping, darker colored above than the to the ocean, but so eIaciated and lean
back of the specimen.  Gill covers light as to be of little account as an article of
back of      food. In the spring, salmon were often
silvery colored.  Eyes small, pupil black  taken weighing f       rom 30 to 40 pounds.
irides silvery; diameter of the eye equal
to one fourth the distance between the
eyes.  Nostrils nearer the eyes than the
extremity of the snout.  Upper jaw longest, receiving into a notch at its middle
the promninenit tip of the lower jaw; both
jaws, the  palatine  bones, vomer and
tongue armed with sharp incurved teeth;
lateral line nearly straight.  The first
dorsal fin commences on the anterior half
of the body, height of its first rays equals    TIHE NAMAYCUSH, OR LONGE.
its length; dark colored, with longitudi-     Salvno snamaycush,.-PrNNANT
nal rows of black blotches upon its base;
length of the adipose fin equals one third    EscRroN. —For_      resembling the
its height; pectorals arise in front of the   * Illistory of Vermont, vol. 1, page 147.




CHAP. 5.                   FISHES OF VERMONT.                              141
THE LONGE, OR SALMON TROUT.                                   THE BROOK TROUT.
Salmon; head flattened and slightly con- found in most of the lakes and large ponds
vex between the eyes; greatest depth  in the northern parts of Nortli America. In
contained about five times in the total the great lakes at the northwest it is often
length.  Color dark bluish brown above taken weighing from 30) to 60 pounds, and
approaching to black on the head; sides according to Dr. Mitchell, it has been
thickly spotted with roundish, yellowish taken at Michilimnackinac of the enormous
gray spots on a dark brownish  gray weight of 120 pounds. This fish was
ground, the spots unequal, but usually formerly common in lake Champlain and
about the size of a small pea; belly yel- in several ponds in the western part of
lowish white; fins dark brown mottled the state, but, like the Salmon, it is now
with yellowish white; the pectorals, ven- rarely caught in those waters. It is, howtrals and anal slightly tinged with orange ever, still found in considerable plenty in
yellow.  Lateral line plain, promninent several ponds in the northern part of
and nearly straight. Scales small and  Verlmont, particularly in Orleans county.
thin, but much larger than on the Brook  Bell-water pond in Barton, and several
Trout.  Eyes midway between the tip of ponds in Glover, Charleston, &c., are
the snout and the nape, and twice as much celebrated on account of the fine
near the former as to the hind edge of the Longe which they afford. These usually
gill cover, the measurement being made vary from half a pound to 10 pounds, but
from the centre of the pupil; iris yellow- are often much larger.  Individuals are
ish..J\ostrils nearer the eye than the tip said to have been taken recently in Glovof' the snout, double, orifices nearly equal, er weighing 25 pounds, and in Charleston
the anterior having  a raised margin. exceeding 40 pounds.
Jaws equal, strong, and armed with in-   This fish passes -llost of the tilme in the
curved, sharp, conical teeth; similar teeth  deepest parts of the lakes and ponds, but
on the front part of' the vomner, on the according to-Dr. Riclhardson, resorts to
palate bones, and two rows on the tongue, the shallows to spawn in October. It is
with a deep groove between them. Pre- a very voracious fish, and is sometimes
operculum  but little curved, and nearly  termed the tyrant of the lakes. It is tavertical, suboperculum  large and finely ken with the hook and line, and is also
grooved. The dorsal fin mredial, higher speared by torch light  Its flesh is of a
than long, and the ventral situated nearly reddish yellow  color, and is very much
under the middle of it; adipose fin club- esteemed as an article of food. Roasting
shaped and nearly over the posterior ray is said to be the best method of cooking
of the anal; the anal higher than long, it.'" The Canadian voyageurs are fond
the anterior part being three times the of eating it raw, in a frozen state, after
height of the posterior; tail forked, with scorching it for a second or two over a
pointed lobes. Length of the specimen a quick fire, until the scales cn be easily
before me 231 inches-to the posterior detached, but not continuing the applicaedge of the operculumn 5 —to the begin- tion of' heat long enough to thaw the inning of the dorsal 10 —to the vent 15- terior."*
weight 4 pounds.
Rays, B. 12, P. 15, D. 11, V. 9, A. 11,       THE BROOK TROUT.
C. 19.
HISTORY.-This species of Trout bears        Sanlmo fontinalis.-MITCHFLL.
considerable resemblance to the Sulmo   DEscrlPTION. —Color above brown, with
trutta, or Salmon Trout, of Europe, and darker markings, fading into white or
being mistaken for that fish by the first yellowish white on the belly; sides with
European settlers of this country, it has numerous roundish yellow spots of unsince usually borne the name of Salmon equal size, but usually about the bigness
Trout.  In the northern parts of this of a small pea; and also very small bright
state and ini the eastern townships in red spots commonly situated within the
Canada, it is at present extensively known yellow ones. These red spots are exby the name of Longe. In. Pennant's tremncly variable, being very few in some
Arctic Zoology, And by the fur traders at spIeciiens and numerous in others.  The
the northwest, its more common appella- caudal and first dorsal fin transversely
tion is JVarLmaycush, or Jamay cush Sublnon. banded or mottled with black. Head one
It is called by Dr. Mitchell the Great seventh the total length, darker colored
Lake Trout, and lie describes it under the than the back. Eyes large, iris silvery.
scientific name of Satlto amethystus.* Teeth hook innrald, on the jaws, tongue,
This magnificent trout equals or surpass- palatine bones and volmer; those on the
es the Commnon Salmon in size, and is tongue largest. Jaws equal. Scales very
* Jour. of tlhe Acad. Nat. Science, Phliladelphia,  * Richardson's Fauna Boreali Americana, vol. II,
Vol. 1, page 410.                       page 180.




142                  NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART I.
THE BROOK TROUT.                                                         THF SMELT.
minute. Lateral line straight. First dor- they thuis increased in numbers they also
sal fin on the anterior half of tile body; became nmore than double their former
adipose fin small, brownish yellow  nmar- size. This great increase of fishes is supgined with black, and behind the anal; posed to have been occasioned by the
pectorals under the posterior part of the  incre;sed means of subsistence, in conseopercullm; ventrals under the nmiddle of quence of carrying the water over a larme
the first dorsal; first ray of the apal, yen- tract of rich and uncultivated land.' "
tral and pectoral fins white; the second    The trout is usually taken  with the
or third ray usually black, the rest of the  hook, and the bait universally used is the
fin reddish.  Tail slightly forked.        red earth worm, every where known by
Rays, Br. 11, P. 13, V. 8, A. 10, D. 10, the name of Jlnogle Worm.  Fishin'o for
C. 19.                                     trout is a favorite and common amuseHISTORY.-The Brook. Trnult is more  ment, and parties frequently go 15 or 20
miles for the sake of' indulging in it.
generally diffused over the slate than any
other species of fish; thereJ beinlg scarcely
a brook, or rill of clear water, descending       GF.NUS OsIERvs. —Jrtedi.
from our hills and mountains in which it    Generic Chrctcrs.-Bodv elngated, covis not found. When the country was
is not found.  When the country was  red with small scales; two dorsal fins. the first
new  they also abounded in the larger wilh rays, the second fle.shv without rays; ventral
streams, where they often grew  to the                                first dors. Buttheyfins undr the front part of the first docrsal; teeth
weight of two or three pounds. But          on     the jaws and ton-,me, two distinct rows on
have been diminished by the causes al- the palatine bones. but none on the vomer, except
ready mentioned, and have been sought at the most ant rior part; branchial rays eight.
after with such eaerness as the most delicious article of' food of the fish kind,
that they are now  seldomt taken in our
streams exceeding half a pound in weight,
and much the greater number of them
weigh less than a quarter of a pound. In
many of the ponds they are still taken of
of a larger size, but their flavor is thought           THE  SMELT.
to be less delicious than that of those taken in running water, especially in ponds        Osmerus cpeflausts.-AA RTEt I.
with muddy bottoms.  The rapidity with          Yarrell's British Fishes, 1t-75, fig.
which this and other species of fishes mul-      Journal'Acad. Nat. Sci, Phil., 1-230
tiply under favorable circumstances was          Fautna r"s elti Amer,s Fishes, page 18.o
exemplified in an astorlishing manner at.  DsteTrs -Semit                parent,   color
an early day, in Tinouth, in this state. silvery, greenis  above and white bent color
silvery, greenish above and white beneath;
(A stream whiclh was about 20 tieet wide,, top of' the head and edges of the jaws
and which, like other streams, containeduest, with a keel
trout and suckers of the ordinary size and     k     u.
shaped projection  near its extremity'
number, had a dam built across it for the                     
purpose of supplying water for a saw mill. teeth on the tongue and palate, and two
rows on each jaw, mostly large and hookThis dam formed a pond, which covered,.   i
ing inwards; mouth large' nostrils very
by estimation, about 1000 acres, where                    mouth are  nostrils very
lar(re and nearer to the sniout than to the
the trees were thick and the soil had nev-        e a     er      e       
eye.  Eye rather large, iris silvery; later been cultivated. In two or three years,.   e  ra.  aes                at
eral line straight.  Scales of moderate
the fish were multiplied in this pond to an                              Fins slender
size, thin and transparent.  Fins slender
incredible number.  At tile:iplper end,
rede  uber  t the f   were, and transparent; the dorsal, caudal, and
where the brook fell in, tile fish were to         edges of the pectoral brownish
upper edges of the pectoral brownish;
be seen in the spring running over one.           n
be seen in the spring radnning  over one all the rest white and delicate; height of
another, so embarrassed  by their own            st dorsal twice its   gth  ventrals
numbers as to be unable to escape from  under t         irst rys of the dorsal; tail
a t t e t,    under the first rays of the dorsal; tail
any attemlpt made to take them.  They  ford,   ith  spreadin,   pointed  lobes.
were taken by the hands at pleasure, and
swine   caught them  without   difficulty. Length of the longest of two specimens
swine caught them  without difficulty.
before me 9 inclIes, greatest depth 1:
With a small net the fishermen would  nere                    es, greatst depth 
take halfa bushel at a draught, and re-        ays, B.,., V.,.,. 
peat their labors with the same success.   R                                         I
Carts were loaded with them  in as short                              is one of those
a time as people could gather them  up.                         i           t s e
migratory species of fishes, which pass a
when thrown  upon the banks; and it' art of the timne? in salt walter and a part
was customary to sell them in thle fishingter and a part
season for a shilling a bushel.  While   * Williams' History of Vermont, vol. 1, p. 149.




CHAP. 5.                   FISHES OF VERMONT.                                 143
THE WHITE FISH.                                              THE HERRING FAMILY.
in fresh.  Though not a constant visitant   HISTORY.-This fish, though the same
in our waters, he occasionally makes his as the celebrated White Fish of the westappearance, and is sometimes taken in ern and northwestern lakes, is generally
lake Champlain in very considerable num- known in Vermont by the name of Lake
hers.  The form  of this fish is long and  Shad.  Its Indian ntatme  at the northwest
slender, and its bright silvery  hue ren- is.ltihawmner.  This fish is quite conders it very beautiful.  It is solnetirmes  mon in lake Champlain, and, in some
taken with the hook, but more commonly  years, is taken in the months of 2M1ay and
with the net, and is very lhighly esteemed  June in considerable quantities with the
as an article of food. In Massachusetts, seine.  It is also found in many of the
according to Dr. Storer's Report, 750,000 small lakes, in Lower Canada, connected
dozen of these fishes are taken annually  with the St. Lawrence on the south side,
in Watertown alone, and sent to Boston  notwithstanding the assertion of Dr. Richmarket.                                   ardson * that it does not exist in the St.
GENUS COREGONUS.               Lawrence below  the falls of Niagara.
Generic Chlarecters. —lead small; mouth This is universally considered a most exsmall and elertatc, or firnished with very small cellent fish, and nearly all are disposed to
teeth; scales large; lenolh of the first dorsal fin acquiesce in the opinion of Charlevoix,
less than the hei'!hlt sf its anterior portion, second that, " whether fresh, or salted, nothing
dorsal adipose and without rays; branchial rays of the fish kind can excel it;" but few, I
seven or eight.                           think, will agree with the Baron La Hontall, who says that it should be eaten
without any kind of seasoning, because
" it has the singular property that all
kinds of sauce spoil it." In warm weather this fish should be either cooked, or
salted, soon after it is taken, as it quickly
becomes soft and is spoiled. It is excellent either boiled or fried. The mode of
boilin(r at the northwest, according to Dr.
WHITE FISH, OR LAKE SHAD.  Richardson, is as follows: "After the fish
Coregronus albus.-LE SUEUR.          is cleansed, and the scales scraped off, it
Journal Academy Nat. Sci., Psil., 1-332.    is cut into several pieces, which are put
Fauna Boreali Aner., Fishes, page 195, fig.   into a thin copper kettle, with  water
Boston Journal Natural History, II —477, pl. 28. enough to cover them, and placed over a
DEscRIPTION.- — Form  ovate, slightly  slow fire. As soon as the water is on the
tapering towards the tail; body deep and point of boiling the kettle is taken off,
thick; head pointed, and with the mouth, shook by a semi-circular motion of the
very small; teeth in the jaws few, and so hand backwards and forwards, and reminute as scarcely to be perceptible to placed on the fire for a short time. If the
the sight or touch in the recent specimen; shaking be not-attended to exactly at the
color silvery, bluish gray on the back, proper moment, or be unskilfully perlighter on the sides, and pearly white on formed, the fish, coagulating too suddenthe belly, with a delicate iridescent play  ly, becomes comparatively dry  to the
of colors throughout.  Scales large, thin, taste, and the soup is poor."  The stompearly and very deciduous, arranged in ach of this fish is remarkably thick; and
about 20 longitudinal rows, giving the when cleansed and cooked is esteemed a
fish a slightly striped appearance; lateral great luxury.  Thb  White Fish is very
line very nearly straight; fins small, thick and fleshy, and on account of the
brownish, often tinged with red; the dor- smallness of the head, fins and intestines,
sal mid-way between the snout and the the waste in dressing is less than in any
extremity of the tail; the posterior rays other fish. The greater part of those taof the dorsal and anal fins much shorter ken in lake Champlain are from 15 to 20
than the anterior, giving those fins a tri- inches in length, and weigh from  1 to 3
angular appearance; adipose fin rather pouInds, though smaller ones are often talarge; caudal forked and spreading; a ken, and occasionally larger ones, weighlong, slender bract above and partly be- inog from 3 to 6 pounds. They are usually
hind the ventral fins.  Length of the sold fresh as- taken from the water, and
specimen before me, which is considerably  the price varies from  6 to I0 cents a
larger than the average size and very fat, pound. The White Fish seems to subsist
22 inches, depth (i, thickness 2-, and principally upon small molluscous aniweight 5A ~pounds.                        mals.  I have sometimes found more
Rays, Br. 8, P. 15, V. 11, D. 14,-0, A.
14, C. 19-                                  * Fauna Bloreali Americana, vol. 111, pIage 196.




1'S44                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                  PART 1.
THE COMMON SHAD.                                                      THE TWINTER SHAD.
than 100 univalve and bivalve shells in
the stomach of a single fish.
V.-CLUP1DJE oR HERRING FAMILY.
GENUS ALosA. —CtVuier.
G71n,rsic C_4aa'cclers.- Body compressed; caes      THE    INTER  SHAD
large, hiin, and decidoons;  head compres.sed;
teeth ninltc', or wantine; a single!otsal fin; ab-   ] Ii'7odo? clo/do6als. —LE SUEUR.
dornial line formine a sharp lcel-like edge, which Hiodon clodalus et F1. tergisus. Le Sueur, Jour.Ac.
in some- s;,pcies is serrated; upper jaw  with a        Nat. Sci. Plil. I-364, fig.
deep notch in the centre; gill rays 8.          Dr;scniPrTos.-Body  deep  and thin:
back elevated and nearly straight; belly
ETH    COMMION  SHAD.            trenchant; dorsal fin quadrangular; venAlosa. v1l7?ari.S.-Cuv.            trals with  large branching rays, and a
McMurtrie, Cuvier, ii, 935. Yarrell's British Fish- long bract over their base; anal fin long,
cs, ii, 13t]. Stm:er's Report, Fishes of Alassachu- with the anterior portion large and pointsetts, page 116.                            ed, and nearly straight, or rounded with
DESCRIPTION.-Color of the top of the  a depression between it and the posterior
head and back bluish; upper portion of portion.  Color towards the back bluish,
the sides, including the opercula, cupre-  with metalic reflections, pearly and silous; beneath  silvery; whole body coy- very below; head small, greenish brown
ered with large, deciduous scales, with  above, with  bronze  reflections  on the
the exception of the head, which is na- sides;  dorsal and  catudal fins brown,
ked; eyes large; pupils black; irides sil- tihe others  lighter.  Eyes far forward,
very; diameter of the eye equal to the  large, round; pupil black; iris with yeldistance between the eyes; nostril nearer low and pearly reflections. Nostrils large,
the eye than the snout; upper jaw notch- double, and very  near the end of the
ed in the Centre; its lateral edges slightly  snout; lateral line nearly straight, near-.crenated;  abdomen  serrated;  a  black  er the back than the belly; tail deeply
blotch at the posterior angle of the oper- forked; scales rather large, brilliant, aculum; dorsal fin on the middle of the  bout 60 on the lateral line.  Mouth obback, shuts into a groove; height equal lique; jaws even when shut, but on acto two-thirds its length; pectorals silvery; count of the obliquity of the gape the
height to the length as 3 to 1; ventrals  lower jaw appears longest when the mouth
opposite the middle of the dorsal; anal is open; numerous small conical teeth in
received  into  a groove; caudal deeply  both jaws, on the votner, palatine bones,
forked.  Length of the head to the whole  and tongue, the latter largest and hooklength  of the  body  as 1 to 6.  Usual ing inward.  Length 134 inches; depth
weight from 1 to 4 pounds.                   3L ~ diarnm. of the eye.7.
Rays, D. 19, P. 16, V. 9, A. 20, C. 20.    Rays, B. 8, P. 12, V. 7, D. 11, A. 30,
-SWorer.                                      C. 18.
HIsToRY.-This excellent and valuable    HlsTony.-Le Sueur's account of the
fish, which is common both to Europe  genus Hiodon was published in 18t18, in
and America, was formerly taken in Con- the Journal of the Academy of Natural
necticut river in large quantities; partic- Sciences.   In  this  paper he describes
ularly  in the neighborhood of Bellows  what he considers two species, to which
Falls. It is still takenplentifully in Mer- lie gives the name of H. tergisus and H.
rimack river, and in many other streams  clodfals, but at the same time intimates a
which flow into the Atlantic ocean fro    possibility that they may both belong to
N.England. I cannot learn that it has ever the same species.  The difference upon
been taken in lake Champlain, but on ac- whlich he constituted the two species, was
count of some resemblance in form  and  in the formn of the anal fins, the H. tergiappearance between this species and the  sus havisng the anterior portion of that fin
Coregornvs atllns, or White Fish, the name  rounded, with a depression between that
of Shad, or Lake Shad, is here very gen. and the posterior portion, and 1I. clodaelus
erally applied to the latter.                 withl the anterior portion pointed, and the
line to the posterior angle nearly straight.
GENUS HionoN.-Le Sueur.               I have before me two specimens, which
Generic Characters.-The formr of a her- were caught at the same time.  One is
rins; abdomen trenchant, but not serrated; one 13J inches long, and- has the pointed and
dorsal fitn opposite to the belinning ofthe anal; straight anal fin of Le Stteur's I. clodalus,
hooked teeth on the janws,vomvr and tonlue; head and the other, 13' in. loni, has tile rounadsmasall; cycs very larg,; andl sitlnated near the end ed, notched anal fin of his I-. tergisss. In
ofthe snotit; bronchial rays ei'!ll or nine.  other respects scarcely any difference can




CHAP. 5.                    FISHES OF VERMONT.                                145
THE COMMON BILL FISH.                                      THE STRIPED BILL FISH./
be discovered, and I have no doubt that   Rays, P. 11, V. 6, D. 8, A. 9, C. 120
they both belong to the same species.   IIIsTORY. —This singular fish was deThis fish is often called the White Fish  scribed by Samuel Champlain, as an
by the fishermen.  It is considered a very  inhabitant of the lake now bearing his
good fish for the table, but is not taken in name, more than 200 years ago.  He
lake Champlain very plentifully.          called it C/aiusarou, which was probably
the indian name. The Indians assured
GENUS LEPISOSTEUS.-Lacepede.          him  they were often seen eight or ten
feet long, but the largest he saw was only
Generic Characters.-Both jaws with rasp- five feet long, and about the thickness of
like teeth, havini a row of longer, pointed ones a man's thigh.  It is considered a very
on the margin; branchin united on the throat by voracious fish, and when any of them are
voraclouls fish, and when any of them are
a common membrane, which has three rays on taken, or seen in the water, the fishermen
each side; scales of a stony hardness; dorsal and calculate upon little success in taking
anal fins opposite to each other, and far back  other kinds.  Charlevoix tells us that lie
preys not only upon other fishes, but upon
birds also; and that he takes them by the
following stratagem: Concealing himself
among the reeds growing on the marshy
borders of the lake, he thrusts his bill out
THE COMMON BILL   ISH.  of the water in an upright position. The
bird, wanting rest, takes this for a broken
Lepisosteus oxyurus.-RAFINESQUE.   limb, or dry reed, and perches upon it.
Ichthy. Ohiensis, p 74. Kirtland's Report, p 196. The fish then opens his mouth and makes
Boston Jour. Natural History, IV-16.  such a sudden spring that the bird seldom
Lepisosteus luronensis, Fauna Boreali Americana, escapes him. Charlevoix also asssres us
r   *37..         that the Indians regarded the teeth of this
DESCRIPTION.-Body long, cylindrical; fish as a sovereign remedy for the headback slightly arched in a regular curve; ache, and that pricking with it where the
head flattened above and on the sides, en- pain was sharpest took it away instantly.
cased in a bony covering, having distinct The scales with which this fishbis covered
strin, grooves and sutures, with the jaws, are so thick and strong, as to form a coat
which are thickly set with teeth of differ- of mail, which is not easily pierced with
ent sizes, lengthened out into a slender, a spear. They are taken only occasionally
flattened beak; upper jaw reaches beyond  in the seine at the present day, but are
the lower,with nostrils near its extremity; said to be sometimes seen in considerable
tongue fleshy, bilobate; roe green; eyes numbers lying in the marshy coves. Its
just behind the angle of the mouth, and flesh is rank and tough, and is not used
near the articulation  of the lower jaw. for food. The usual length of those now
Color above brownish leaden, sometimes taken, is from two and a half to three feet,
with -an umber hue, darkest on the head, tlough they are often much longer. The
yellowish pearly white below; sides spot- specimen, from which the preceding figted with blackish towards the tail; pecto- ure asd description were made, was taken
ral and ventral fins brownish; dorsal, at the mouth of Winooski river, May 11,
caudal and anal yellow and ruddy, spot. 1841 One of the largest specimens which
ted with black; dorsal fin commences I have seen was taken at the same place,
over the posterior part of the anal; the  June 16, 1838, and is now in my possesattachment of the caudal oblique, fin roun- sion.  It is 46 inches long, mid when
ded, with the outer rays armed with
ded,  with the outer rays armed with,caught weighed 91 pounds. This species
sharp, spiny scales.  Body covered with cgh wege 
is found in the great western lakes, and
thick, strong, hard, bony scales, of rhom- is found in the great western lakes, nnd
boidal form, and regularly arranged in ob- in the Ohio river, where this and several
lique rows.  Upon the lateral line, which  other species are known by the name of
is straight, but indistinct towards the tail,(ar FisWs.
there are C() scales. Length of the specimen before mie 3 ft. 4 in.; upper jaw to
the angle of the imouth 7 in.; from the                 _       _
angle to the orbit 1.2 in; from the point
of the bill to the middle of the gill opening 12, or just one third of the total length,  THE STRIIED  BILLFISII.
measured through the middle of the cau-              Llpisosle/.s la.,tifus.
dal fin; ventrals midway between the    DESC RPTION.-Color above lightolive,
point of the bill andextremity of the tail. with a dark line along the middle of the
Weight 6 pounds.                          backl and dark roundish S;pots Otl the upP'..




146                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
THE STRIPED BILL FISH.
THE LING.
per mandible and towards the tail. A  ORDER II. —.l.lace lfesyIii-s'tbbrachiati.
broad dark bluish brown stripe commen-   Fishes of this order have their gills
ces on the side of the bill, passes back-   Fishes  of tis  order have their gills
ward throu(rh the eye, across the cheekectinatel, or colb-like,  and the ventral
and opercullurn, <and along the side and i fins very near the pectoral, either before,
throurgh the middle of the tail to its ex-          a very little behind.
tremity; below this, commencing on the
lower jaw a little forward of the angle of 1.-GADIDJE, OR COI)-FISH FAMILY.
the mouth, is a bright yellowish white
stripe, which touches upon the lower side        GENUS LOTA.-Ctvier.
of the eye, passes through the base of the    Gcenric Ch/aractc.rs.-Body elongated, one
pectoral fin and vanishes near the tail; anal and two dorsal fins; the second dorsal and
still lower is a grayish brown stripe, with the anal fin long; cirri more or less nunlerous.
a lighter one alongr theimiddle of the belly to the vent; fins yellowish, spotted
with brown; under mandible black; eye
close to the angle of the mouth, and directly behind it; pupil black, surrounded
by a bright golden line; iris brown where
covered by the brown stripe, but lighter 
on the upper and lower margin. Bill flatter and broader, proportionally, than in      THE  ING  OR METY.
the L. o.yrt/7urs; teeth sharp, and of differ-  Lott milactlosa. —Lr SUEER.
ent sizes, 4 rows above and 2 below; up- Rich. Fauna Boreali, p. 248. Kirtland's Report, 196.
per jaw considerably longest, terminated  BDst. Jour. Nat. flist. IV —24. Gadus mnaculosus,
in a knob on whiclr the nostrils are situa-   Le Su. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phil., 1-83.
ted, and which is articulated over the tip   DEsscRIPTIO.-Bod y thick; back nearof the lower jaw; all the fins proportion- ly straight from the snout to the tail;
ally much longer and more slender than abdomen capacious, and often flabby when
in the L. o.exsrezs, the dorsal and anal not distended with food or spawn; head
reaching  the base of the caudal.  Lateral broad and much depressed; upper jaw
line straight, passing along near the up- longest, with the upper lip extending
per edge of the dark lateral stripe, con- considerably beyond the jaw; snout pointtaining 62 scales.  Scales rhomboidal, ed; orbit elliptical; eyes rather small and
arrantged in oblique rows. Pectoral fins nearly round, pupil bluish black, iris
situated under the membranous prolonga- grayish golden. Above varied with browntion of the gill cover; ventrals nearly ish, olive and fuliginous, darkest on the
medial; height of the dorsal 1 in., leng'th head; sides obscurely spotted with whi-.4, commences over the posterior part of tish; belly yellowish, rusty-white, with
the anal, and extends Ihalf its length be- ruddy tinges; lateral line commences
yond it; height of the anal fin 1 inch, above the gill opening and runs a straight
length.5; the attachment of the tail course to the middle of tile tail: nostrils
oblique; tail contained about 6 times in double, the anterior lengthened into short
the total length; the head, including the cirri; the cirrus depending from the tip
bill, a little more than 3 times. Length of the under lip reddish brown; all the
of the specimen before me 10.3 inches; fins brownish with their margins blacklower jawv 2, upper 2.2, from the snout to ish; ventral fins before the pectoral, slenthe eye 2.3, to the posterior part of the der and pointed; pectorals broad and
gill cover 3.2, to the ventral fins 5, to the rounded; first dorsal short; second dorcommencement of the anal 7, of the dor- sal commences nearly over the vent, and
sal 7.3; longest rays of the caudal 1.7.   extends to the base of the caudal; whole
Rays, P. 12, V. 6, D. 8, A. 9, C. 12.   outline of the caudal rounded; anal fin
HsToORY.-The only specimen which I commences about an inch behind the behave seen of this fish was the one from  ginning of the second dorsal, and termiwhich the preceding description and fig- nates a little anterior to the termination
ure were drawn. It was taken in Bur- of the dorsal; teeth small and card-like
lington during the drought in Auigust, on the jaws, palate and throat; tongue
1841, in a small cove, whose communica- fleshy and smooth. Length of the largest
tion with the Winooski river had been of three specimens before me 23 inches,
cut off by the subsiding of the water. head, to the upper partof the gill opening,
This fish may be the young of the prece- 4, first dorsal 1.5, second dorsal 9.5, anal
ding species, but finding so many points 8.3, height of the dorsals and anal 1, of
of difference, I have thought it best to the jugular and pectorals 3, cirrus on the
introduce a separate description.       lip 1.3; orbit.4 by.5, distance between




CHAP. 5.                   FISHES OF VERMONT.                                 147
THE EEL-POUT.                                                    THE COMMON EEL.
the orbit 1.2; vent 1 inch nearer the snout to be compressed at the sides, at the exthan to the extremity of the tail.        tremity of the pectorals, gradually becomRays, B. 7, V. 6, P. 20, D. 10-74, A. ing more so towards the tail, so that the
68, C. 40.                                caudal rays appear a menmbranous prolonHIsTORY.-This fish, which is quite gation of' the body; body covered with
common in lake Champlain and its tribu- minute scales, looking like cup-shaped
taries, I have referred to Le Sueur's spe- depressions; lateral line straight, concies the Gairs vmacetloses, as agreeing more spicuous. Head much compressed; eyes
nearly with his description than with any circular; nostrils double; a minute cirother to which I have access. There are, rus rises from the back of each anterior
however, several differences between  nostril, and from the tip of the chin; upthem.  In Le Sueur's species the jaws per jaw  longest; jaws and palate armed
are said to be equal; in ours, the upper with minute teeth.  First dorsal lighter
jaw is uniformly longest;-in his the lat- than the body, situated the length of the
eral line is said to be in the middle of the head back of head, short; second dorsal
body; in ours, anterior to the vent, it is long, reaching to the tail; anal, the same
much nearer the back than the belly. length as the dorsal; caudal rounded;
Our fish bears considerable resemblance  most of the fins margined with black.
to the Lota br-osmiana described by Dr. Length of the specimen 6 inches, head 1.
Storer in the Boston Journal of Natural Rays could not be counted on account of
History, vol. IV, page 58.  But it differs the fleshy texture of the fin-membrane.
from his description and figure in having — S!orcr.
the upper jaw  longest, in having the    HISTORY.-This fish is found in Consnout more pointed and less orbicular, necticut river and its tributaries.  Not
&c. Judging from the descriptions with- having obtained a specimen of it, I have
out specimens for comparison, I should  copied Dr. Storer's description.  It was
say that our fish differs as much from eith- first described by Le Sueur, from a specier of the species referred to, as they differ men obtained at Northampton.
from each other, and that they eifther constitute three distinct species, or are all
varieties of the same species.            ORDER IV. —MIALACOPTERYGI —APODEs.
The Ling is held in very low estimaFishes of this order have long bodies, a
tion as an article of food, the flesh bein  thick skin  s order have   long bodies, a
tough and the flavor unpleasant.  This
fish is one of the greatest gormandizers
found in our waters.  If he can procure   MURAXNID1E, OR EEL FAMILY.
food, he will not desist from  eating so        GENUS MURNA.-Liamccs.
long as there is room for another particle
in his capacious abdomen. He is firequent-   Generic Chates.-Body cylindrical, elonly taken with his abdomnen   so much dis- gated, covered with a thick and smooth skin; the
tended with food as  to give him   the ap- scales very small, lubricated with copious mucous
pearance of the globe or toad fish.  The  secretion; mouth with a row of teeth in each jaw,
smallest of the three   or def-re  ie, when my and a few on the anterior part of the vorner; pecsmalldesription  was made beforeing  16 inches my  toral fins close to a small branchial aperture; no
ldescription was made, being 16 incthes ventral fins; dorsal fin, anal fin and caudal fin
long, was so completely filled with the united.
fishes swallowed, that their tails were
plainly seen in its throat by looking into
its/mouth.  On opening it, I found no
less than 10.dace, L. pXzlchellts, all about
the same size, and none of them less than
4 inches long. Seven of these were entire, and appeared as if just swallowed.
Upon the others, the digestive process
had commenced.                                    THE COMMON EEL.
liltrcna vtllgaris.
THE EEL-POUT.                  Murena anguilla, Lin. et. Pen. Anizuilla acutirostris, Yarrell, BLit. Fishes II —284.  vulgraris
Lota comprPressa.-LE SUEUR.          Tr1ans. Lit. and Phi. oc. N. Y., 1 —360.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1-84. Storer's Report, 134.   DESCRIPTION.-Specimen 31 inches in
DEscRIPTION.-Color of the back and length; from the tip of the snout to the
sides yellowish brown, variegated with base of the pectorals 3.6, to the vent 13.3,
darker brown spots; gill cover and snout to the commnencement of the anal 13.8;
darkest; abdonen whitish.  Body in fiont circumference just lbefore the eyes 2.3,
of the first dorsal cylindrical, beginning  one and a hlalf inch from  the tip of the




14f1-              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONTq.                        PART h
THE BLACK EEL.                                                THE SILVER EEL.
upper jaw 3.7, at the base of the pectorals length: from the tip of the snout to the
5, at the commencement of the dorsal 6.5, base of the pectorals 8 inches; circumferof the anal 5.7, distance between the eyes ence of the body back of the head, at the.6, height of the pectorals 1.4, base.6. commencement of the pectorals, 3.4 inchBody cylindrical; color above dark olive es; at the commencement of the dorsal
brown, extending down low upon the fin 3.4; around the head 3.2, at the dissides; belly white, or yellowish white, tance of 1.5 from the snout; in front of
sometimes with a ruddy tinge; lateral the eyes 1.7; from the tip of the lower
line irregular, indistinct, and above the jaw to the anal fin 104 inches; width of
middle of the body, before the vent, be- the body over the pectorals 1.2, pupil
hind it, medial and straight to the middle black, iris golden; width between the
of the tail; jaws narrow and rounded at eyes.4; lateral line indistinct.  Color
the end; lower jaw longest, tipped with grayish brown above; yellowish white
brown; lips fleshy; a broad band of srmall, beneath, with a tinge of red about the
short teeth in each jaw and upon the vo- tail.-Storer.
mer; eye over the angle of the mouth,   HISTORY.-The Common Eel, found in
pupil black, iris golden; nostrils near the Connecticut river, and in the streams and
eyes; a short fleshy cirrus on each side ponds in this state on the east side of the
of the snout; small mucous pores on va- Green Mountains, I suppose to belong to
rious parts of the head; gap of the mouth this species. Not having obtained specismall; gill opening small and under the mens of this and the following species, I
anterior origin of the pectoral fin, which can only give Dr. Storer's description of
is pointed; dorsal, caudal and anal fin them. In some of the ponds this Eel
united. Pectoral rays 12. Vent 3 inches grows to a very large size. They are frenearer the snout than to the extiemity of quently taken at the outlet of Barnard
the tail.                               pond weighing 8 or 10 pounds.
HISTORY.-This is the common Eel in
Vermont, on the west side of the Green
Mountains, and also in Canada, where it
is taken in very large quantities. When          THE SILVER EEL.
skinned and skilfully  cooked it is an
agreeable and nourishing article of food,        cL     gente.-LE SUEUR.
and is by many considered one of our best    DEscCRIPTION.-Specimen 23 inches in
fishes; some, however, find it difficult to lengthll; from the tip of the snout to the
surmount the prejudice occasioned by its base of the pectorals 74 inches; circumslender snake-like appearance. The or- ference of the body back of the head at
dinary  weight of those taken in our the commencement of the pectorals 3J,
streams is from ] to 3 pounds. By com- around the head 14 inch from the snout
paring the above description with the two 3, in front of the eyes 1.4, at the origin of
following, it will be seen that this Eel dif- the dorsal 34; from the tip of the lower
fers very materially from those found in jaw to the anal fin 9.; width of the body
other parts of New England, particularly over the pectorals.7; width between the
in the relative position of the pectoral eyes.3. Lateral line exceedingly disfins. By comparing our Eel with the de- tinct, appearing to divide equally  the
scription and figure of the Sharp-nosed darker colored back from  the beautiful
Eel, Anguilht acUtirostris, in Yarrell's Brit- lighter silvery abdomen   For the extent
ish Fishes, vol. II, p. 284, 1 find the agree- of 6 inches in front of the anal orifice, a
ment in the position of the fins, &c., so well marked line or furrow resembling in
perfect, that I have little doubt that they appearance the lateral line.-Storcr.
belong to the same species, and that the   HISTORY.-The fish known by the name
Common Eel of the St. Lawrence and its of Silver Eel on the east side of the Green
tributaries is identical with the Common Mountains in this state, I suppose to beEel of Great Britain.  Between our fish lone to this species, hut I have had no
and Yarrell's figure there are some slight opportunity for deciding the point by the
differences. In the figure the head is too examination of specimens.
broad, and the middle rays of the pectoral
fins are too short. In our fish the middle
rays are longest, making the fin appear   II. CARTILAGINOUS  FISHES.
pointed.
THE BLACK  EEL.                1. STURIONIDJE, OR STURGEON FAMMr2rrviba bostoalicnsis.-LE SUEU.                    I     LY.
Journal Acad. Nat. Science, Phil., I —S7. Storer's   Fishes of this Family have free branReport, page 157.          chin, wide gill openings, an operculum,
DEsCRIPTIo~N.-Specimen 23 inches in but no rays in the gill membrane.




CHiAP. 5,                FISHES OF VERMONT.                              149
THE ROUND-NOSED STURGEON.                         THE SItARP-NOSED STURGEON
GENUS ACIPE~NSER. —JiiexbUnaIS.   cut into slices and fried in butter, with
suitable seasoning; but whether eaten
Generic Chharacters.-Body elongated, which, fresh or salted, the skin should always be
with the head, is provided with rows of radiatedt
bony prominences; snout pointed, conical; mouth containedn that imparts a disagreeable
placed on the under surface of the head, tubular, flavor. The Indian method of capturing
and without teeth.  flavor. The Indian method of capturing
the Sturgeon in lake Champlain,according
to Charlevoix (Travels, Vol. 1-119), was
X          as follows:' Two men placed themselves
in the two ends of a canoe. The one behind
steered and the other stood up holding a
dart in one hand, to which one end of a
long cord was fastened, and the other end
EROUND-NOSED  STURGEON.    fastened to the canoe. When he saw a
Acipenser rubiceundus.-LE SUEURn.   Sturgeon within his reach, he threw his
DESCRIPTION. —General color bluish dart and endeavored to strike where there
gray above, white with brushes of ruddy were no scales. If the fish was wounded
eneath; all the fins of a brownish hue, he darted off, drawing the canoe pretty
and slightly ruddy, with the outer margin swiftly after him, but usually died after
whitish; form rounded, elongated and ta- swimming about 150 paces, and was then
pering regularly to the caudal; head roun- drawn in by the cord.'
ded; snout short and rounded; upper
part of the head with a bony covering;
three rows of small and slightly developed bony tubercles without spines extending the whole length of the body, one on
the back, and one on each side along the
lateral line. Plates or tubercles on the  THE SHARP-NOSED STURGEON.
lateral line 31 or 32; also a few plates between the dorsal and anal, and the cau-    Acipenser oxyreyAelhus.-MITCHELL.
dal; but there are no ventral rows as   DESCRIPTION.-Body elongated, taperthere are in the oxyrhynchus and most other ing; form  pentagonal, with the angles
species. Eyes rather small, prominent, covered with rough, radiated bony plates,
iris dark golden; nostrils double and each having a saddle-like base and a spurlarge; four equal cirri suspended in a like process arising from  its centre and
transverse line between the mouth and hooking backward, and usually terminaend of the snout, but nearest the latter, ting in a sharp point; the rest of the skin
being 2 in. from the snout and'2 from  roughened by small scabrous patches of
the mouth; cirri 2A inches long, round, bony matter, resembling the spicule of
the size of a goose-quill at the base, and minute crystals; head encased in a bony
tapering to a point; color brownish white covering, and lengthened into an acute,
excepting their points, which are red; conical snout; mouth on the under side
mouth under side of the head, tubular, of the head, ovate, toothless, and protracovate, 3 in. by 2 in., and capable of 2 in- tile; four cirri depending in a cross row
ches protrusion. All the fins thick. The between the mouth and the end of the
anal commences 4A in. behind the vent, snout, a little nearest the latter. The
and a little behind the middle of the dor- operculum is a single radiated bony plate;
sal. Color of the intestines dark; stom- eyes rather small, the anterior part of the
ach a thick sack resembling a fowl's giz- orbit just midway between the point of
zard. Length of the specimen before me the snout and the posterior margin of the
4 ft. 2 inches; weight 26A lbs. Length operculum; nostrils before the eyes, donof the head to the total length as 1 to 5; ble, lower orifice much largest. Color
distance between the eyes 4 in., from the grayish brown above, yellowish white beeyes to the end of the snout 4A; from the neath. Bony plates 12 between the en.
nose to the commencement of the dorsal casement of the head and the dorsal fin,
37 inches.                             one of which rests upon the base of the
HISTORY.-This fish is quite common dorsal, and is usually without a spine; bein lake Champlain, and grows to a very tween the dorsal and the caudal is usuallarge size. It is frequently taken in the ly one large plate and two or three smal.
seine measuring more than 6 ft. in length, ]er ones; lateral plates variable, but genand weighing 100 pounds or more. Its erally 28; ventral plates from 8 to 10;
flesh, though not generally very much the spur-like processes longest and most
esteemed, if properly cooked is very good pointed in the smaller specimens; usual
eating. When eaten fresh it is usually length from 2 to 3 feet.




16R0                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
THE BLUE LAMPREY.                                              THE MUD LAMPREY.
HISTORY.-This fish is occasionally ta- ordinary fishes. They obtain their subken in lake Champlain, and is here known  sistence principally by attaching themby the name of Rock Stiog-con.  It seldom  selves by their mouths to the bodies of
exceeds 3 feet in length or 20 pounds in larger fishes, and drawing nourishment
weight, but is much more generally and  fromn them  by suction; for this purpose,
highly esteemed as an article of food than  their mouth and tongue are admirably
the preceding species, some even ranking  adapted, tlhe latter acting in the throat
it as one of our best fishes for the table. like the piston of a pump, while the cirThis, like the preceding, should be skin- cular lips of the former adhere closely to
ned before it is cooked, and for the same the side of the fish, and by these means
reasons.                                  the softer parts of the larger fish are drawn
into the mouth and swallowed by the parII.-CYCLOSTOMIDE,  OR  LAMPREY  asite.  When a Lamprey once fastens
FAMILY.                   himself, in this manner, upon a large fish,
he adheres with such force as to baffle all
Fishes of this fambily have their bran- the efforts of the fish to rid himself of his
unwelcome incumbrance. Fishes are frechin are fixed with numerous openings.
qu(ently taken in the seine with Lampreys
still adhering to them, and others with
GENUS PETROMYZON.-Linnteus.          deep depressed wounds upon their sides,
Generic Characters. — Body eel-shaped; mouth affording indubitable proof of their having
circular, armed with tooth-like processes; lips been attached.  The fresh water Lainforming a continuous circle around the mouth; preys seldonm  exceed 6 or 8 inches in
seven openings on each side ef the neck, leading length, and no account is made of them
to seven branchial cells; no pectoral or ventral as an article of food.
fins; dorsal, anal and ca udal fins formed by an extension of the skin on those parts.            GENUS AltOC(ETEs.- n
Gceric Characlcrs.-Forml of the body, the
branchial apertures and fins, like those of the Lamnpreys; upper lip semi-circular, with a straight,
transverse under lip; mouth withouit teeth, but
furnished with numerous short membranous cirri.
THE MUD LAMPREY.
THE BLUE LAMPREY.                       Ammocccts concolor.-KIiTLAND.
Petromyzon0 nitr'icans.-LE SUEUR.    Boston Journal Nat. History, vol. III. p. 473, pl. 2f.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. S.l. 385. Storer's Rep.197.   DESCRIPTION.-Form  nearly cylindriDEscRIPTON. —Color above dark bluish  cal for two-thirds the length, then gradgray, beneath and fins dingy white; sev- ually flattened to the extremity of tho
eral rows of blackish dots about the head tail, where it is quite thin; color yellowand neck.  Anterior third of the body  ish brown above, gradually  becoming
cylindrical; the posterior two-thirds flat- lighter towards the belly, but without the
tened laterally, and very much so toward dividing line between the lighter and
the tail; head slightly flattened above and  darker parts, mentioned by Le Sueur in
terminated in an oblique, oval or circular his description of the A. bicolor. Eyes so
mouth, which is armed within with nu- minute as hardly to be seen by the naked
merous yellowish, spinous teeth, projiect- eye; nostrils on a light colored disk on
ing from widened bases, and surrounded  the upper part of the head in front of the
by a fleshy lip which is margined with a eyes; upper lip longer than the lower, in
row of fine papillae; a small white spot on the form of a horse-shoe, protractile and
the top of the head between the eyes, in capable of being closed so as to conceal
front of which is a spiracle.  The first the lower one; small papillae on the in.
dorsal commences in the middle of the side of the lips and fringes within the
fish, the separation between the dorsals mouth. The branchial openings, seven
merely a notch; the length of the first in number, commence below and a little
dorsal contained 4A times in the second. back of the eye, and extend backward,
Length of the specimen before me 5 inch- passing obliquely downward, the aperes,-head, to the eye, 1 inch, to the vent tures appearing like short oblique slits.
3z, width of the mouth.4.                Sides with an annular, or ribbed appearHisToRY.-The fresh water La2lpclys, ance. The fin, which is of a dull yellowor Larnprey/-Eels, as they are more com- ish color, commences near the middle of
monly called, resemble, in their habits, the back, passes round the tail and termithe Blood-Sucker much more than the nates just behind the vent. About three




CITAP. 6.       INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                            151
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
fourths of an inch from the commence- depression in the dorsal, and that the
ment is a considerable depression in the broadest part of the dorsal is some disfin for more than half an Inch, but it does tance behind the vent. During the drought
not amount to a division. The fin rays in September, 1841, I found large numare white, minute and forked. The long- hers of these fishes, which had buried
est of three specimens before me 5.3 inch- themselves in the mud at the bottom of
es; from the snout to the posterior bran- the small coves along the banks of Wichial opening 1.1, to the vent 4.1. Rays nooski river, from which the water had
too small to be counted.                evaporated. This fish is known in many
HISTORY.-This fish agrees very well places by the name of Mud-Eel, or Blindwith Kirtland's description excepting the Eel.
CHAPTER VI.
INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.
Preliminary Ob.rservcations.     nearly orbicular, with the margins united. OperInvertebral animals are such animals as cuilurn thin, corneous, concentric. Animal with
are destitute of a spine or back bone, and the head short; rostrum small and truncate; tenare so exceedingly numerous that, with tacles slender, with the eyes on an enlargement
the exception of the molluscous animals, at their base; foot broad, thin.
we shall not even attempt to give a catalogue of them. The animals of this great
division are extremely various in their
structure, habits, and dispositions. Some
have their bodies protected by a shelly
covering, while others have their bodies                  
and limbs surrounded  by  crustaceous
plates, while, again, others have no other
covering than a soft and tender skin   A
few only of them have red blood, and             Paludina decsa.-SAY
none of them possess all of the five senses.
In many cjses the sexes are united in the   DEsciPTloN. —Shell ovate-conic, with
same individual, and in some cases the revolving rows of bristly filaments when
species is continued by a process some- young, smooth when mature, green; apex
what resembling vegetation. They all truncate; whorls six, convex; suture
afford eminent manifestations of the wis- deep; spire a little longer than the aperdom and skill of the Creator; and, though ture, which is pyriforin  umbilicus very
generally regarded as insignificant and sma.  Length 125 inch; breadth 0
contemptible, many of them contribute inch; divergence of the spine 585Q
largely to the comfort and interest of man,    REMARKS.-his species is very comwhile a still greater number are employed mon in ponds and streams, and is found
in  asnnoying and injuring  r h eim.    near the water's edge partly buried in
mud or sand. Sometimes they are found
SECTION I.-MOLLUSCA.             crawling at the distance of a few feet
from the water. They are viviparous, and
Fresh- Weater and Lanzd S/ells.    produce their young in May.  These, at
birth, are furnished with a shell about an
Prepared expressly for this work,
eighth of an inch in diameter, globular,
By CHARLES B. ADAMS, A. M.,         and of a pale horn color, and are nearly
Professor of Natural History, MJIiddlebury Collegre. transparent. In the progress of growth,
FAMILY PERISTOMIANA.               the shell becomes propoftionally more
elongate, and the part which was formed
GENUS PALUDINA.               previous to birth is invariably broken off.
Generic Characters.-Shell conoid; whorls They are very rarely found heterostrophe.
convex, modifying the aperture, which is ovate or One such individual, of the size of a pena




152                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                               PART I.
FRESH TWATER AND LAND SHELLS.
was found in Otter Creek, in Middlebury. well impressed; whorls three or four,
Paludina integra.-SAY.            rendered subquadrangular by the revolving  carinae, of which  two  appear on
DESCRIPTION.-This species so much the spire, and three on the last whorl;
resembles the preceding, that a formal de- these are very  much raised, rounded,
scription is unnecessary.  Its apex is not  equi-distant, the  inferior bor dering the
truncated, so that, with a greater diver-  umbilicus, which is broad and deep. —
gence of the spire, it is, neverthelessumbilicus, which is broad and deep.gence of the  spire, it is, nevertheless, Length 0.13 inch; breadth 0.22 inch; dilonger than  that shell.    It is also thicker, vergence of the  spire 90~, sometimes
and the whorls are less convex.  This   uch               re, sometimes
shell is common in the western states, but   REmARKs. —This shell, very curious on
it is extremely rare in Vermont, only three account of its carinshell,   is c ommo n in lake
or four specimens havincr been obtained account of its carinw  is common in lake
or four specimei n     Lg been obtaCinced Champlain, and in some of our streams.
in lake Champlain.  Leng0th   1.3 inch; Varieties occur in which the middle caribreath 0.75 inch; divergence of the spire, na is obsolete, or in which none are very
Paludina por63ata.-S.          distinct.*  Other varieties have the spire
Paludinea pora(ta.-SAY.           less elevated, or even in the plane of the
DESCRIPTION.-Shell conic, horn col- last whorl.
or; whorls four and a half, convex; suture rather deep; apex subacute, spire as
long as the aperture, the labium of which    DESCRIPTION. —Shell globose-discoid,
is appressed to the penultimate  whorl; obsoletely striate,brownish-green; whorls
umbilicus rather large.  Length 0.27 in.; three and a half, accurately rounded, rapbreadth  0.19 inch; divergence of the idly enlarging to the aperture; suture
spire 720.                                 deeply impressed; spire but little elevaREMARKS.-This species is found plen- ted; apex obtuse; umbilicus deep, about
tifully in streams and in lake Champlain. two-thirds as wide as the last whorl; marIt is sometimes brownish or greenish.      gin of the aperture touching the penultiPaludina lustrica.-SAY.            mate whorl.  Length 0.1; breadth 0.2
inch; divergence of the spire about 1350
DESCRIPTION. —Shell ovate-elongate,   REMARKS.-This shell is much like the
horn color; whorls four and a half, con- var. simplex of the preceding  species.
vex; suture rather deep; apex very ob- The umbilicus is usually a little larger,
tuse; spire as long as the aperture,which but the most striking characteristic is the
is ovate-orbicular, with the labium  not rapid enlargement of the whorls, the last
appressed to the penultimate whorl, and being more than three times the diameter
sometimes scarcely touching it; umbili- of the penultimate. The divergence of the
cus small.  Length 0.16 inch; breadth spire is never so small as in that species,
0.11 inch; divergence of the spire 47~. but like that is sometimes much more
REMARKS. —This small species is com- than in the type of the species, even to
mon in lake Champlain.  It differs from  180o.
the preceding in the obtuseness of the
apex, less divergence of the spire, and            FAMILY  MELANIANA.
small umbilicus; also  in  the labium,                 GENUS MELANIA.
which is quite distinct from  the penultimate whorl, so that the shell much resem-   Gc~w ric  C/~arcacters.-Shell  turrited; aperture
mate whorl, so that the shell much resem   entire, ovate, effuse; columella thickened, arcuate.
GENaUS VALvATA.                Operculum horny, subspiral. Animal oviparous;
Goot short; rostrum truncate; tentacles filiform,
Generic Characters.-Shell discoid or co- with the eyes outside, at or near their base,
noid; whorls cylindrical; aperture orbicular, not
modified by the penultimate whorl; margins contintlous,distinct frotm the penultimate whorl. Operculum orbicular, concentric. Animal with the
foot bilobed before; head proboscidiform; tenta-  Melanin  depygis. —SAv. Var.
cles very long, slender, obtuEe, cylindrical; eyes    DJCScRIPTION. — She ll elongate-conic
sessile behind the tentacles, with a branchial fil- yellowish horn-color, with a broad rufous
ament resembling a third tentacle.         band on the whorls of the spire, with a
second similar band on the lower third of
EIN   AgftL      A       the last whorl; upper whorls carinate on
4N         {                 the lower side; whorls eight or nine;
spire twice as long as the aperture. Length
Valvata tricarinata.-SAY.          0.53 inch; breadth 0.22 inch; divergence
D)EscRIPTIoN.-Shell depressed,  co~J, _  of the spire 33~.
thin, green, obsoletely striate;              Vat..S * AVa. simlplcr. —G0oJLD.




CHAP. 6.            INVERTEIBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                                   163
FRgESH WATER AND1 LAND SHELLS.
REMAARKS. —T lis species i-; interesting,              LTiiil /C   2   Srrdcili,. —JAY.
as tile only rereseltntative in New  Eng-    I)EspTIOPToN.         -Shell very  long  and
land of a  ifily lwho'so species are so inu- slender, pale horn color;,Twhorls four and
merous in tire  3,';,;Atl. ri and  Western  a half, very oblique, sligltly and regularstates. Ilere it i-; fiuntl.ly on our west-  ly convex; suture not much impressed;
ern border in lia}<4 Chll.amp!'in, vwhere but ap-nrt Lre mlore than  11tlft as long as the
a few slpcieni1s have been obtained.  It spir,         n iolg-ova!; labiu.mr  entirely separate,
has some claims to be regalrded as a new  firom the penultimate whorl, moderately
species, differing much in its proportiolns  reflected, witil a large rima behind it, as
from the type of Say's species. But since  stroner as the labrum.  Length 1 inch;
specimens froim  Ohio vary much in their breadtll ().1S inch; divergence of spire 18'.
proportioris,  we have not been satisfied    RrEIaARRS.-This extremely rare spethat it is a distinct species.                 cies was discovered by Prof. Benedict, in
Lake Champlain, at Crown Point.  One
FAMILY  LIMNIEANA.                    or two specimens have been found on the
GEN-US LIMiNAA.                  Vermont side of the lake.  The shell is
Gcncr-ic Cha, raCrtc-s. S/RcZl thin, oval or elon- remarkable for its length, which is nearly
gate; spire elevated, more or Icss acute; aperture  six times the breadth, although the whorls
longer than wide; margins rot continrtus; coltu- are very few.  The development of the
mnlla with a single oblique fold. No opto;'cvzl,n. labliun is also very remarkable.  No othAiefintl   hermaphrodite, spiral; head depressed; er species can be compared with this.
tentacles flattened, triangu!ar, short,  with the      L.nnr p..ida.-AnDS.
eyes at their base, on the inn r fiont side; foot
thin, oval, shorter than the shlell.               ESCRIPIO.-She  moderately elogate, ovate-fusiform, very pale horn color,
semri-transparent, not very thin, with fine
irregular strie of growth, whorls five and
a half, moderately convex; suture well
impressed; spire four-fifths as long as the
aperture, acutely conic; apex sub-acute 
body whorl not much enlarged, somewhat
Liurnte~ mceacomt.e SAV.               produced below; columellar fold modeDF,scmIPTroN.-Shell lar ge> ovate, brown, rate; umbilicus large. Length 0.48 inch;
with coarse incremental strie; whorls  breadth  0.22 inch; divergence  of the
five, convex; last whorl very large, infla- spire 450.
ted;' suture  deep; spire two-thirds as    REMaARs. —This species is rather cornlong  as the  aperture, which  is large. mon in lake Champlain, clinging to rocks
Length 2 inches; breadth 1.2 inch; di- and stones.  It has not yet been found in
vergence of the spire 580.                    any other region except in Andover, Ms.
REIARKS.-This large and noble spe- It is sometimes nearly white.  It differs
cies was origfinally  discovered  in  the  froim L. desidiosa in having its columella
North  West Territory, in latitude 48o. much less tortuous, and its aperture less
Subsequently it has been found only in  elongated below the fold.
Burlington.  It is very rare in cabinets,                Limln   elodOs.-SAY.
but quite  recently  the  author of' this
DEscRIxTInO.-Shell brown horn-color;
work discovered a large numlner in Bur-   hESCRIPTIs. —Se, e1,rown   rn-ce ir;
whorls  seven, convex' suture well  im
lington, at a low stage of the water.
pressed; spire longrer tl-an the aperture,
Lint1, eea (7i]7j!~,,':s:2l(.-S_ Y.  conic, sub-aclnte; last whorl solnetvhat
DEsceRPTMrN.-Shell large, thin, horn  ventricose; labium  appressed closely to
color, elongate; whorls seven; u)pper ones  the penultirm ate \whorl; columlella i)roiiiplanulate, lower ones convex, last one  nent, with a very stronrl  fold.  Lenlgth
much enlarged and obtusely shouldered  1.2 inch; breadth 0.5i5 irlch; divergence
above; sutnture not much impressed; spire  of the spire 45~,
long, slender aptex acute; aperture long-    RIEaxRKis. —.ittimicr  aiuii (rosa, SAY, is
oval;  aritt;rxisvtlii n ari sdit arp; colurnellar 1)roably only a vatriety ol' tIis species, its
fold stroti-.  1,on11til 1.7'; inilmh; breadtlt   principal ditrf rette ic.-;istiil,  il tile fee0.75 illnch;,diliee lf   tlie spire above  blelnesCs of' its (tluLinehltlar t;il, whiich is, i
33~, below  40i.                              tlis species, o' a vntriaubl cllarcter. This
RUlARKs.-This speci les ltets been found  variety is mI:t   Iniore   abutidan;t io Ver-for the most part wvith trhe preceding at mont than tlI-   type of L. clodes.  Tlis
Burlington.  Its clairus-to be rc. arded as species dliflrs frol. desi (tl os   chlifly
distinct from  thie IL.:?,7 -,i'/;:, of Europe, in not havisiig tfle:,lotuill1a pro(licedl it
are very slit-ht.                              a s ri.tt'lit liile below  the foIldIs fiot  L.
~* Wh Iorls inaivere,le tI t.            ii the 1 -,:-.  t.,!icsal size of othi,ino!n,~ oay ili,mr sirlle.




}15.               -NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT                           PART I.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
last whorl, and greater convexity of the    RE MARKRS.-This species, seldom found
whorls; fromL.prlahstris of Europe chiefly  plentifully, is not uncommon in  lake
in the greater convexity of the whorls Champlain.  It is there found of a deep
and less acumination of the spire. By bay color.
some it is regarded as a variety of the
latter.
Limneaa desidiosa.-SAY.
DESCRIPTIoN.-Shell brown horn color, elongate-ovate; whorls nearly six,
slightly convex; suture distinct; spire         Physa heterostropha.-SA~.
about as long as the aperture, which is    DEScnuPTION.-Shell ovate, brown;
lengthened below; columellar fold feeble; whorls five, slightly convex; suture slightlabium appressed; columella produced be- ly impressed; apex acute; aperture acute
low the fold in a straight line.  Length  and somewhat narrowed above; columel0.55 inch; breadth 0.25 inch; divergence la produced in a rigrht line; outer lip ofof the spire 450 to 55~.                 ten thickened within.  Length 0.75 inch;
REMARKS.-This species is very com- breadth 0.45 inch; divergence of the
mon, and is subject to great variation of spire varying in different shells from 65~
form, frequently being elongated, and re- to 70o.
sembling L. elodes. Other individuals are    REMARS.-  -This species is abundant in
short, as in Say's figure (Am. Conch.,) various parts of this state. Its young are
and the upper part of the last whorl is in- not easily distinguished from those of the
flated and more or less shouldered, while preceding species.
the lower part is produced as is usual.
This variety approaches L. umbilicata of           Physa gyrina. —SAr.
Mass., which has the umbilicus larger,   DESCRIPTION. —Sh ell long-ovate, yeland. the lower part of the last whorl ab- lowish brown; whorls five, slightly conbreviated, inflated, and. globular.      vex; suture moderately impressed; apex
Limnea caperata.-SAY.            acute; aperture less acute above than
DikscRsPTION. —Shellovate, brown, with the preceding species; columella a little
minute revolving raised lines, which are curved below; outer lip often thickened
in some very distinct, and in others mostinch; divergence of the spire 50~.!y obsolete; whorls nearly six, convex  inch; divergence ofthe species is very rare in
suture distinct; spire about as long as the this state.
aperture, conic, acute; columella reddish,
slightly folded, thickened, and reflected       Physa hypnorum.-DaR,?.
over an umbilicus. Length 0.45 inch;   DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, yellowbreadth 0.24 inch; divergence of the ish brown; whorls six, moderately conspire 57.  vex; suture well impressed; apex acute;
REMARKS.-This species is well char- spire nearly as long as the  aperture,
acterized by the revolving raised lines, which is regularly narrowed to the tip;
which will generally be seen around the columella oblique, in its lower part turned
umbilical region,when obsolete elsewhere. backwards and' upwards;- outer lip not
The last whorl and the aperture are more thickened' within.  Length 0.58 inch;
regularly rounded than in the preceding breadth 0.25 inch; divergence of the
species.                                 spire 45'.
GENUS' PHYS-..                 REMARKS.-This species, described by
G'eneric Charactcrs.-Shell heterostrophe, shi- Say as P. elongata, does not differ from
ning, otherwise like Limnaa; operculum want- the European shell, whose name we have
ing; animal with long, slender tentacles; having prefixed to it. It is found in swamps and
the eyes at their base on the inner side.  in! small sluggish' streams.
Physa ancillaria. —SkY.            The above four species of Physa differ
DESCRIPT1ION.-Shell ovate, yellowish chiefly in the ratio of the spire to the aper —
brown, sometimes of a bay color; whorls ture, again the divergence of the former,
four, flattened; suture not impressed  whicht depends on the ratio of the length
spire less than one-fifth of the length ofth so far as it is uniform in difthe aperture; apex acute; last whorl very ferent parts of the spire. The gradation
large; aperture acute and narrow above, in these characters is parallel, as may be
wide below; outer lip often thickened seen by a comparison of their measurewithin; columella produced in a right ments.
line below  its fold. Length 0.65 inch;
breadth 0.48 inchl; divergence of the               GENUS PLANORBIS.
spire 11'00-                                Generic Characters.-Shell with the rev-o




0CAP. 6.    INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                                   155
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
lutions of the spire in a plane, and subsequently while in that species, owing to the rapid
visible on both sides; aperture hinated by the in- enlargement of the whorls from the centrusion of the penult whorl; operculumr none; tre, the last greatly exceeds all the others.
animal long, rolled tI, like the shell; head saddle-  Planorbis bicarinatus. —SA Y.
shaped; tentacles long, contractile, with the Vyes
~ their inner b~ase.             DESCRIPTIoN.-Shell brown, or greenish horn color; irregularly striate across,
with very slight revolving strie; whorls
three, carinate on both sides, but more
acutely on the left side; suture generally
coincident with the carinas except in the
last semi-volution on the right side; concavities of both sides equally deep, that of
Planorbis lentus, P. coreuzlentus,   and the right wider; inclination to the left
P. trivolvis, of SAY, are undoubtedly va- about 20~; aperture large, angulated by
rieties of one species, to all of which the the left carina, embracing four-fifths of
following description will apply.         the length of the penult whorl.  Greatest
DEscRPTIoN. —Slell brown,sotmetimes breadth 0.62 inch; least breadth 0.44 in..;
greenishrcoarselystriate across the whorls, height of aperture 0.31 inch.
of which there are four and a half; inner
REMaPsE s. —Thi s s peCieS inhabits both
whorls sharply carinate on the left side;
suture very deep, eept   tween the in  quiet and running waters in ponds and
suture very deep, erecept between the in- streams of every size. It is very common.
ner whorls of the left side, where it is not streams o
depressed below the carina; inclination         Planorbis armnigerus. —SAY.
of the shell to the left from a perpendicu-   DEscRIPTIoN. —Shell brownish  horn
lar 150 to 200; aperture extending beyond color, feebly striate, shining; whorls four,
the plane of the left side, sometimes be- subcarinate on the left side; right side
yond that of the right side, narrowing slightly concave, left side deeply umbilifrom the right to the left, with about three cated; suture distinct and well impressquarters of the height of the penult whorl ed on both sides; inclination to the left
moderately intruding.  Greatest breadth about 40; aperture  nearly  orbicular,
1.1 inch; least breadth 0.36 inch; height slightly intruded upon by one-fourth of
of aperture 0.58 inch.                    the height of the penult whorl, very far
REMAaRKs. —Sometimes the carination within armed with six teeth, of which
of the left side extends through all the two are on the inner side, one on the midwhorls. The extension of the aperture dle, elevated, lamellar, oblique, tortuous,
on the right side is of a very variable large, the other just below it very small,
character, especially at different ages, nearly conical; four on the outer side, of
and in some localities the growth is very which the two left are large, elevated, laexuberant.  A remarkable example of the mellar, oblique, converging outwardly,
latter case occurred in Otter Creek, just the two on the right small, subconic, but
below  the falls in Middlebury, where little elevated.   Greatest breadth 0.34
great numbers of large and beautiful spe- inch; least breadth 0.29 inch; height of
cimens were obtained in the spring of aperture 0.13 inch.
1839, although they have since entirely    REMsRuS. —This species is remarkable
disappeared.                              and singular in the genus for its teeth,
Planorbis campanvedatus.-SAY.       which have been elevated by Haldeman
DEscRIPTIoN.-Shell brownish or green- to a generic character.  It is common
ish yellow, finely striate; whorls four and among dead leaves in still water.  In
a half, narrow, sub-carinate on the left swamps which are dried in the summer,
side; inner whorls on this side scarcely it then takes refuge in the moist earth and
depressed below its plane, exhibiting the leaves.
apex distinctly; cavity of the right side        Planorbis exacutus. —SAY.
very profound; inclination from  a per-   DEscRrPTIO.-.Shell extremely thin and
pendicular to the left about 20~; aperture fragile, brown, sometimes encrusted with
abruptly campanulate, oblique, including a blackish substance, meniscoid; whorls
the lower two-thirds of the height of the four, carinate on the  left side; ittner
penult whorl. Greatest breadth 0.59 inch; whorl on the right side slightly depressleast breadth 0.45 inch; height 0.27 inch. ed; left side deeply umbilicated; last
REMARKS.-ThIiS species resembles some whorl much broader than all the others,
small varieties of the preceding; but is convexly compressed on both sides to an
distinguished by the abruptly campanu- extremely acute; medial carina; inclinalate aperture, and the narrowness of the tion to the left about 600); aperture large,
outer whorl, which in  this species is cordiform.  Greatest breadth 0.24 inch;
searcely wider than the penult whorl, leastbreadth 0.1.9 inch; height 0.055 inch.




15) 6                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                               PART 1.
FREStI WVATEFR AND LANI') SHELLS.
RF..N1ARcK(S.-ThiS species is inore con-             MLFAMILY  COL1BIACEA.
pressed than any other native l'lanorbis,               G1,NuS SUCCINXA.
the breadth  beang- usually  allnost four   Gullrz   C;Ir/  — fS.-S!el o'1ate or ovatetimes the height; tile regul(ar d01', ( orl-n cotiC lber      7 a    i  are ler tohavex form is also ir earkable   elso it. ten- iv'i, oiter i  -   ner -e        c;ln
uity, a fill grown specimen wcIii'a on-: i t t; ic;ll 
ly.05 of a grain.                          foir Itetaclc,  wi~ h the eyes at tiheir sulenit as it,
Itelix.
Planortis ptlrvis.-S nA t.
DEscRIPTION. —-Shell brown ish1 horn
color, feebly striatc,shining; whorls three
fnd a half orfour, moderately inc reasinfr; 
both sides concave, but the left more tl;tn 
the right; last whorl subcarinate inll the           iccmnc'l uh1a.v-Sa.
middle; inclination to thle left about 40L;
aperture subelliptical, slilghtly modifled by  DaSCRIPTION.-Slih l ovate, striate
the intrusion of two thirds of the height wliorls three, oblique; spire half as long
of the penllt wvhorl; gIeatest lbrenadth  as thle aperture; last whorl verylarge and
0.25 inch; least breadth 0.2 inchl; height convex; aperture ovate, nearly as broad
0.07 inch.                                  above  as below, somewhat obliquine.Length 0.97 inch; breadth 0.55 inch; diREMaRKS.-This species is found plen-  ergeilce 70g.
tifully in a great variety of stations.       RnAaRKs.-In the New England states
Planorbis dCeftctUns. —SAY.         this shell is generally of a deep umber
color, but in Ohio it is pale.  It is found
D.:scRIPTboN.-Shell horn color; fine- il moist grounds, under stones and wood.
ly striate; whorls four; last whorl well The animal is beautifully mottled with
rounded, indistinctly  carinate  below; dark purple on a cream-colored ground.
right side convex, flattened at the apex; It goes into winter-quarters in October,
left side deeply concave; suture deep; forming a thIin  transplarent epiphragm.
inclination to the left about 45o; aperture  T'lhe shell whichl we have described may
round-ovate; greatest breadth 0.17 inclh; be S. camnpestsris, SaY, or more probably
least breadth 0.13 inch; heiglht 0.06 inclh. the latter is only a variety of S. oblique.
REMARKS.-The shell above described.Succinea ovnais.-S.aY.
is P. elevatus, AnA-MS, whicl is probably    DESCRITION.-Silell ovate, somnewllat
the young of' Say's species.  It is very  conic, striate, whorls tlree- spire less
nearly allied to the preceding, but differs n  one-tid  as lol              the aperture
than one-third as longr ns the aperture,
in the elevation of tile spire on the right sll, cellic  last very large, elongate,
side, and deeper concavity of the left, and  s.tllos      asrtur   very large, eoibiting
in the absence of a mnedial carina; tue  patalous ~ aperture very large, exhibiting
much of thle interior of the spire, ovate.
last whorl is also often abruptly deflected  Lenth O.(61 inch; breadth 0.3 inch; didownwards.                                  vergence 640.
Planorbis hirsutnzus.-GouI.D.           REKM.RAmTS. —This species is common
about the margins of water.  It is exDEsCRIPTION.-Slhell horn-color, striate; tremnely fragrile.
epidermis green, with raised revolving                          
*,  SI1   1. $uccinca ara'a.-SSAY.
hirsute lines; whorls three and a half, last
one strongly carinate in mature shells,   DESCRIPTION.-Shell sm1all, ovate, coless so in the young, and in the former nic, striate; whorls three, very convex,
often abruptly deflected downwards near wit tle suture very deeply ilpressed
its termination; righlit side withl  a small spire conic, five-sevenths as long as the
narrow  concavity; left side sonietimes aperture, which  is not large, ovate.generally  concave, sometimes like the  Length0.3 iisch; breadtl ().7 inch; diright; inclination to the left about 400 to  vergence G7F.
50', increasing with age; aperture nearly    RE3IAIRKs.-Ti'le shlell wlhicli Say deorbicular, scarcely modified by the intrii- scribes under the;lamle of S. rcrincta is
sion of the penult whorl. Greatest breadth  probably the atult of this species.  The
0.31 inclt; least breadtl 0.25 ncll; hsci~glt aperture is proportionally larger in the
)0.1 inch.                                  young, as is also true of S. obliquca. When.RESIARES-Thle 1at1nre  shcll1 resem- young a viscid substance attaches dirt to
bles P. dqficctaus, but is distinguished by  the shell, wlich becomes clean  when
the medial carina of the outer whorl.  It mature.
very nearly resembles P. Ilbus of' Europe,               GENUS  BULIsIIS.
and probably is not specifically distinct.    Gz~,?,ic PwC/rcfo/r.-.-S!ll   ovate, or oblong



CHAP. 6.    INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                                         157
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHEILS.
ovate, with the last whorl lar er than lhlc penult:  try, was originally discovered in Middleaperture longer than wide  wi:ll the lmargins not bury.  Its weight is 0.005 of a grain.  It
continuous; columella smooth, s,,retiuns truli- lives uinder moist decaying leaves, and at
cate. No operculum.  Aci,nal of tie lo irm  F the the foot of limestone ledges.  None but a
shell, with four tentacles, of which the latr er are naturalist would find it.
oculiferous. The nuinber of species in tlhis eri.s.,
including the subI-genus Achatina, exceeds two           Piqta ovata.-SAY.
hundred.  But not more than six or eight are    DESCRIPtION.Shell brown  ovate taknown in the United States, and only one in New  pering  above  the  penultimate  wXlorl
England.                                  iwhorls five, convex, with a distinct suBulimus lubricus.-DRAP.              ture; aperture small, ovate, with an indenture on the right side; with six priDESCaRIPTION. —-Shell oblong  ovate, mary teeth, of which two are on the transbrown, shining; whorls six, moderately  verse lip, viz. a large one on the middle,
convex; suture well impressed;  spire  and a small one to its right; two are on
twice as long as the aperture, which is the left and two on the right side; someovate; labruin a little thickened within, times a very small tooth is found on the
making a little more than a right angle  left part of the transverse lip.  Length,
with  the coluinella, which is truncate. 0.Ot0 inch; breadth 0.05 inch.
Length 0.26 inch; breadth 0.1 inch; di-    REITARKS.-In color this species resemvergence 450 in the upper part of the  bles P. milizum, but is easily distinguished
spire, below it is nluch less.               by its size and proportions, and the arr
REItARKS.-This species, being  com- rangement of the teeth. P. modesto, Say,
mon over a large part of Europe, is sup- for which this species has sometimes lbeen
posed by some to have been introduced  mistaken, is described as lhaving  only feotr
thence into this country.  It is remark- teeth.
able, on this supposition, that it should
have spread  as far as the lake of the                 Ptl   badzn.-Auxams.
Woods and lake Winnipeg.  As the di-            DEJ'CR' TION.-Shell reddish  brown,
vergence below the middle is very slight, cylindrical, very obtusely tapering in the
the shell, when half grown, is nearly as two upper whorls; whorls seven, moder.
wide as when mature.                         ately convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture orbicular, less than one
third of the length of the shell, with the
Gass  PUPetA.                 margin slightly  reflected, and  the subGc-cric Charrc.tere. —-Shcll cylindrical; apex margin  contracted, with a single rather
obtuse; aperture parallel to ihe axis of the shell, small tooth on the penultimate whorl; umrounded below, more or less hiangular above; mar- bilicus moderate.  Length 0.14; breadth
gins reflected, separated by a lamina appressed on 0.07 inch.
the columella. No operculum. Animal with the    RERARIis.-Thlis rare species was disform of the shell; with four tentacles, of which covered by Prof. Benedict at Crown Point,
the larger two are oculiferous at their summit, where, only, it has yet been found.  Its
and the others are very minute.              aperture is wider, and umbilicus less thIa
Although a large portion of the exotic species.
exceed a half inch and many an inch in length, the may  be  only a variety.  I t is easily dist
native species are all minute, and some of them  angushed by its maiogIny  color.
are the least of all our shells.             tinguished by its mahogany color.
aro the least of all our shells.
Pupa milium.-GouvnD.                          Pupa armifcra. —SAY.
DESCRIPTioN. —Shell ovate, brown, shi-    DESCRTrTION.-Shell oblong ovate, of
ning, with slight incremental strim not a dingy white, striate; whorls seven, a
discernible without a microscope; whorls  little convex, with a moderately impressfive, convex; suture well impressed; apex  ed  suture; apex very  obtuse; aperture
very obtuse; aperture horizontally trun- subovate, with six teeth, of which the larcate above by the penult whorl, indented  ger on the transverse lip is obliquely elonon the outer lip, with six teeth, of which  gated, and nearly meets the labrum above;
one is at the indenture of the labrum, two  one is on the left side, and four are below
very small teeth are in the lower part of and on the right side; of the latter, the
the aperture, on the left side is a larger first and  fourth  are the least, and are
tooth double at its base, and at right an- sometimes wanting.  Length 0.17 inch;
gles to this are two on the horizontal mar- breadth 0.09 inch.
gin; the  umbilicus is large.   Length    REsIARKs s.-This is the largest species
0,06 inch;,breadth 0,03 inch.               of Pupa found in the United States, and
REMAR:s. —This species, the least of all by its color is distinguished from all which
wvhich have been described in this coun- approximate to-it in size.  It occurs plen



158                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART I.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
tifully at Crown Point under stones in stant in size; umbilicus open. Length
very dry situations. A few dead speci- 0,08 inch; breadth 0,05 inch.
mens have been found in Bridport, on the    REMARKS. —This species is easily dismargin of lake Champlain, which may tiriguished  from  the preceding by its
have been drifted from the opposite side. teeth.
Pupa albilabris.-WARD.  Inedit.
DESCRIPTION.-Shell brown, finely striate, long-ovate, tapering above the penult
whorl; whorls six, convex, with a well
impressed suture; aperture a little less
than half as long as the spire, without            Pupa exirrua.-SAY.
teeth, with a reflected, white, thick, flat-   DESCRIPTION. —Shell white, shining,
tened  margin;  umbilicus moderate.-  elongate, tapering above the penultimate
Length 0.18 inch; breadth 0.07 inch.     whorl; whorls six, convex, with a well
REMARKS. —This species is wellknown  impressed suture; aperture ovate, with
as Say's cyclostomia marginata.  As the the upper lip oblique, margin reflected
latter specific name is preoccupied in the and thickened, teeth two, of which the
genus Pupa, to which it belongs, it has larger is on the oblique lip, and the other,
received the name under which we have which is small, is on the left side; umbildescribed it. A very few specimens only icus distinct. Length 0,08 inch; breadth
have been found alive at Crown Point, 0,03 inch.
and one dead on the Vermont shore of the    REMARKS.-This shell is easily distinlake.                                    guished by its neat, shining appearance,
Pupa contracta.-SAY.            and graceful form. It is more common
than any other species of this genus in
DE~scRIPTIoN.-Shell white, ovate, ta- Vermont, and is found under stones and
pering above the body whorl; whorls five, logs in moist places.
convex, with a well impressed suture;
aperture sub-triangular, with the transverse lamina raised, and forming with the             G.ENUS HELIX.
labrum a continuous lip, much contracted   Generic Characters.-Shell orbicular or globose,
in the throat, with three teeth, one on the usually convex or conoid above, but sometimes
transverse lip, large, prominent, and sin- flattened; aperture wider than long, semi-elliptic
uous, another on the right side, where the or lunate, contiguous to the axis of the shell, with
throat is most contracted, and the third is the outline interrupted by the intrusion of the pemerely a convexity caused by the fold of a nult whorl. No operculum. The animal, cornlarge umbilicus. Length 0.1 inch; breadth  monly called a snail, has four tentacles, of which
0.06 inch.                               the posterior pair are larger and oculiferous.
REMARKS.-This species is easily recognized by its elevated transverse lip. It
is found under wood or stones in moist
pastures.
Pupa Tappaniana.-WARD. Inedit.
DESCRIPTION.-Shell very small, pale
horn color, translucent, tapering above
the penultimate whorl; whorls a little            Helix albolabris.-SAY.
more than five, convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture sub-orbicular,   DESCRIPTION.-Shell globose-conic, with
(the penult whorl cutting off about one- a light brown, sometimes reddish eRiderthird of the circle,) about one-third of the mis, with five parallel oblique incrernenlength of the shell; margin sharp, with a tal strin, and very minute revolving lines;
narrow  contraction in the sub-margin, whorls five and a half, convex, with a
beneath which is a thickening within, on well impressed suture; aperture contractwhich are the labial teeth; teeth eight, ed by the labrum, which is white, flat,
five primary and three secondary; of the broadly reflected, and extends beneath to
former the largest is on the penultimate the centre of the shell, covering the umwhorl, the next largest on the left side of bilicus, which is open only in the young.
the aperture; at the base, beginning at Greatest breadth 1.35 inch; least breadth
the left hand, is a primary, then a secon- 1 inch; height 0.8 inch; divergence of
dary, a primary, a secondary, a primary, the spire 135o.
and another secondary, extending nearly    REMARKS. —This species is found very
to the upper extremity of the right mar- commonly in most parts of Vermont.
gin-: the last three primaries are not con- On the islands called the Four Brothers,




CHAP. 6.    INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                               159
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
in lake Champlain, it is abundant, in com- and the other below is long and lamellar;
pany with Succinea oblique. The reddish the labrum is continued over the umbilivariety is rare. The size of mature speci- cal region in a white callus.  Greatest
mens is sometimes less than an inch in breadth 0.9 inch; least breadth 0.6 inch;
their greatest diameter. During the day, height 0.48 inch; divergence about 1600.
except in damp weather, they are confined    RrEIIARKS.-This species, which is not
to their retreats under logs and stones. rare in the western states, is seldom found
Their eggs are white, nearly globular, and in Vermont. It is easily distinguished
about 0.2 inch in diameter. The young from H. tridentata by the want of an urnmshell does not receive the reflected lip bilicus.
until of its full size.
Helix monodon.-RACKETT.
Helix thyroidus. —SAY.           DESCRIPTION.-Shell globose-conic, with
D.scRIPTIoN.-Shell globose-conic, with a brown hirsute epidermis, with minute
a light brown, sometimes reddish epider- incremental strime; whorls six, with a dismis, with five parallel oblique incremen- tinct suture; aperture contracted by a
tal strie; whorls five, convex, with a well deep groove behind the tip, which is
impressed suture; aperture contracted by white, reflected, flattened, covering more
the labrum, which is widely reflected, or less of the umbilicus, which is deep
flat, white, next the aperture, yellowish but not wide; inner lip with a compressexternally; inner margin with an oblique ed elongated tooth, parallel with the lowtooth; umbilicus partly covered by the er part of the margin.  Greatest breadth
reflected labrum, exhibiting only one vo- 0.45 inch; least breadth 0.42 inch; height
lution. Greatest breadth 0.95 inch; least 0.26 inch; divergence 1350.
breadth 0.7 inch; height 0.47 inch; di-   REMARKS.-In this description we have
vergence 140~.                          included H. fraltrna,  SAY, a variety in
REMARKS.-This species is extremely which the umbilicus is entirely covered
rare in Vermont, but is more common in by the labrum. As this is a variable charthe western states. It might, at first, be acter, and the other characters present no
confounded with the preceding, but is distinction, we cannot separate them.
distinguished by the tooth on the inner Rackett's name has the priority both of
margin of the aperture, the partially open Say's description of the variety and -of
umbilicus, and the yellow color of the Ferussac's use of the same name for anoutside of the labrum.                  other species. This is common on hill
Helix dentifera.-BINNEY.         sides in rather dry places. Specimens
vary in respect of size and the elevation
DRSCRlrTsos.-Shell depressed, with a of the spire.
yellowish horn-colored epidermis, with
fine parallel oblique incremental striae;        Hlix Cocnv(.-SAY.
whorls five, with the suture distinct but   DESCRIPTION.-Shell depressed, a little
not deep; aperture contracted by the lip, convex above, with fine oblique increwhich is white, and broadly reflected; mental strim; epidermis pale greenish
inner lip with a large tooth, long and par- horn color; whorls five, flattened above,
allel with the lower margin; umbilicus elegantly rounded below, the outer one
none. Greatest breadth 0.9 inch; least dilating towards the aperture, with a well
breadth 0.6 inch; height 0.44 inch; di- impressed suture; labrum  partially revergence 135~.                          fleeted below, simple above; inner lip
REMARKS.-This very rare species has with a thin callus, which connects the exbeen found only by Dr. Binney on the tremes of the labrum; umbilicus wide
east side of the Green Mountains.       and deep, exhibiting all the volutions.
Greatest breadth 0.75 inch; least breadth
0.6 inch; height 0.33 inch; divergence
DESCRIPTION. —Shell depressed, with a about 1550.
dark reddish brown epidermis, which is   REMARKS.-This species is rare in Verthickly covered, when in a perfect state mont, but more common in the western
of preservation, with acute hair-like pro- states. West of the Rocky Mountains it
jections; with numerous fine oblique in- is of a much greater size, exceeding an
cremental strime; whorls five, flattened, inch in diameter.
with a distinct suture; aperture much
contracted and made three-lobed by the          Helix pulchella.-MULL.
teeth; labrum white and broadly reflect-   DEsCRIPTION.-Shell much depressed,
ed; teeth three, of which one is long and pale horn color, nearly transparent, finely
curved, nearly covering the pillar lip; striate, with a colorless epidermis; whorls
two are on the inner margin of the la- three and a half, convex, with a deep subrum.; one above is acute and prominent, ture, the last one much larger than the




160                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART 1.
FRESII WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
preceding; aperture nearly orbicular, di- neath; epidermis brown, sometimes inlated; labrum  much thickened, white,  clining to horn color; whorls six, convex,
reflected, scarcely interrupted by the in- with a well impressed suture; labrum
trusion of the penultirnmate whorl; umbil- thickened, reflected, and usually reddish
icus large.  Greatest breadth 0.095 inch; brown; inner mnargin with two compressleast breadth 0.078 inch; height 0.05 ed, perpendicular, parallel teeth, which
inch; divergence 160~.                    are prolonged into the throat of tile aperREMAITAtKs. —This species is renlarkable ture, rescinbling the track of a rail road;
for its wide geographical distribution. It but the lower tooth is smaller, and someis common in Great Britain and a large times obsolete; umbilicus narrow and not
part of Europe, and in this country is deep.  Greatest breadth 0.1 inch; least
found as far south as South Carolina, as breadth 0.08 inch; height 0.08 inch; difar west as Council Bluffs, and as far vergence 135~ in the upper third, half as
east as Maine.  It is very abundant in  much below.
some parts of Vermont.  It is the H. nti-   RJ.SITARKS.-This beautiful little shell
1nuta of Say.                             is at once distinguished by its peculiar.Helix Slii.-BINNEY.  teeth.  The aperture is sometimes of an
elegant red color.  It is found under
DEscRIPTIoN.-Shell depressed globose, leaves in the forests, and at the foot of
with numerous fine oblique incremental limestone ledges.  It occurs as far west
striae; epidermis very light brown, shi- as Council Bluffs.
ning; whorls five and a half, convex,
with a well impressed  suture; labrum              Hclix: i'cdlcrla/a. —SA~.
white, narrow, reflected, with a smnall
tooth, on  nne   b w        DESCRIPTION. —Shllell much depressed,
rounded tooth on the inner edge below; convex above shining, of a pale horn colinner lip with a small oblique tooth on the            7  
middle; umbilicus not very wide but deep or, nearly transparent, with distant, nearand exhibitin7 all the volutions. Great- ly equi-distant impressed transverse lines,
of which there are 25 to 30; there is often
est breadth 1 inch; least breadth 0.8 inche 
height 0.55 inch; divan impressed line parallel with and immeheight 0.55 inch' divergence 135..        diately below the suture; whorls four and
REsmARKls-This species was originally  a half, slightly convex, with a distinct
described by Say with the name of H. ldi-  ipressed  suture, and rapidly enlarging;
impressed suture, and rapidly enlarging;
donta, but as thls name had been preoccu-.,
ie, Dr.ut as this nae haproposd been preocc- aperture large; labrum sharp, terminating
pied, Dr. Binney proposed that of H. beneath at the centre of the shell, where
Sayii. The species is rare in Vermont.         deep indentation rather than umbiliIt is easily recognized by its narrow lip cus.  Greatest breadth 0.18 inch; least
and two small teeth, of' which, however, breadth 0.15 inch  heiaht 0.08 inch; di
the one on the inner margin is somne- verence 160
times wanting. 
times wanting.                 REIIARKs. —This species resembles It.
Helix tridcet(al.-SAY.          arbor;CCa, SAY, but is distinguished by its
DESCRIPTION.-Shell depressed, a little distant impressed lines, by the enlargeconvex above, with crowded oblique in- ment of the last whorl, and the want of
cremental stri; epidermis brown; whorls an umbilicus. It is rare.
five, a little flattened above, with a dis-         Relix arborcE —SAY.
tinct suture; aperture three-lobed, contracted by a groove behind the labrurn,    Di scrl-rilo,-. —-Shell somewhat dewhich is white, reflected, flattened, fur- pressed, convex above, shining, of a pale
nished with two acute prominent teeth'; horn color or brown, nearly transparent,
inner lip with a prominent, oblique and  witli very fine crowded incremental strim;
slightly curved tooth; umbilicus rather whorls nearly five, convex, with a well
wide, deep.                               impressed suture; aperture a little modiREMARKS.-This species is widely dis- fled by the intrusion of tile penult whorl;
tributed, having been found in Florida, labruin sharp; umbilicus deep, about three
and in the western states.  In the former fourths as wide as tle last whorl. Greatregion it is very small, in the latter very  est breadth 0.3 inch; least breadth 0.26
large.  In Vermont it is of. an interme- inch; height 0.15 inch; divergence 135~.
diate size.                        -        RE.MARKs. —This very common species
is found both in a dry and in a wet station.  In the former, the shell and the
DESCRIPTIOX. —-Shell small, elevated  animal are of a pale horn color, and smalconic above, flattened below, with very  ler.  In the latter the shell is brown, and
coarse, regular, oblique incremental strim, the animal nearly black. The dimensions
so crowded thalt the intervening spaces above given are of a large specimen of
are rmounded rils, nwhich are obsclet,- b1e- tlhe latter var;ety.  The species is very




CHAP. 6.        INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT:                           161
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
widely distributed through the United   REMARKs.-This species is not comrnStates and Missouri Territory.          mon.  It resembles the preceding, but
differs in size, color, form of the aperture,
and greater width of the umbilicus.  It is
DEscRIrTrrON.-Shell much depressed, the HI. lucu6brata of Say, a name perhaps
convex above, shining, of a pale horn col- entitled to preference, since that of Grifor, sometimes yellowish or brownish,near- fith, although previously in use in cabily transparent. with numerous very fine nets, was not published until after Say's
inequidistant impressed lines or striaw of name had appeared in print.
growth; whorls three and a half, slightly
convex, with a well impressed suture, and
an impressed line immediately below the   DESCRTPTION.-Shell much depressed,
suture, and parallel with it; the last conoid above, shining, reddish brown,
whorl rapidly enlarging; aperture large, translucent, with very fine, somewhat regslightly modified by the intrusion of the ular impressed lines or striie of growth;
penult whorl; labruin sharp; umbilicus whorls seven, narrow, convex, often with
narrow and deep. Greatest breadth 0.2 a very small impressed line revolving just
inch; least breadth 0.16 inch; height0.1 above the suture, which is deep; the
inch; divergence 1650.                  whorls increasing but slightly in diarneREMARKS.-This species much resem- ter; aperture narrow, very much modibles H. indentata above, but has the strim  fled by the intrusion of the penult whorl;
much more numerous, and usually one labrum sharp; teeth in rows, far within
whorl less; beneath the resemblance to the aperture, on its outer and lower half;
H. arborea is equally striking, but the the rows are curved, with the convexity
umbilicus is not so wide. Without exam- towards the aperture, and contain from 4
ination of both sides, it is very liable to to 6 closely approximate teeth, appearing
be confounded with one or the other of through the shell, under a magnifier, like
the above species. It has been found in glass beads; the number of rows varies
Missouri, Ohio, Massachusetts, New York from two to four, of which one-only is
and Vermont.                            visible from the aperture; the umbilicus
Hclix inornrata -SAY.          is very narrow and deep. Greatest breadth
0.12 inch; least breadth 0.11 inch; height
DESCRIPTION.-Shell much depressed, 0.06 inch; divergence 150w;
convex above, shining, with very fine ob-   RaraRs. —This   elegant little species
lique incremental strine; epidermis brown was discoveredAby Dr. Binney in Strafhorn color; whorls five, slightly convex, ford, and has since been found in Middlewith a distinct but not deep suture; the bury, also in New York, at Malone. It
last whorl much larger than the prece- has so little resemblance to any other
ding; aperture very wide, much modified species, that comparison is un.necessary.
by the intrusion of the penultimate whorl,
with an opaque white deposit within,           Helix mninuscula. —BINNEY..
which is a little distant from the sharp la-   DEscRIPTIoN. —Shell depressed, whibrum; the latter extends nearly to the tish horn color, with microscopic increcentre of the shell, projecting into the mentalstrine; whorls more than four, very
small umbilicus. Greatest breadth 0.55 convex, with a deep and very conspicuinch; least breadth 0.47 inch; height 0.27 ous suture; last whorl not much larger
inch; divergence 165o.                 than the preceding; aperture nearly cirRi.EMARKS.-A single specimen only of cular, not much modified by the intrusion
this species has been found in Vermont, of the penult whorl; labrum sharp; umin Middlebury, It closely resembles H. bilicus very large. Greatest breadth 0.08
cellaria, Mull.                         inch; least breadth 0.07 inch; height
Itelix fuliginosa. —GRaIFFITH.    0.03 inch; divergence about 1500.
REMARKS.-This little species has been
DzSCi1PTOi.N-Shell globose-conic, with found in Ohio and in this state.  In size
very minute irregular oblique strim of and color it is like I. pulclella, but in tl-he
growth; epidermnis dark smoky brown; other characters is at once distinguished.
whorls four and a half, convex, with a
well impressed suture; the last whorl             I/elix liLetea. —SAk.
much larger than the preceding; aperture    DFscRmPTIoN.-Shell very much denearly orbicular, not much modified by pressed and discoid, with parallel equithe intrusion of the body whorl, with a distant raised revolvinr lines; epidermis
very thin deposit on the inside; umbili- green; whorls four and a halllf, very concus deep, moderately wide.  Greatest vex, narrow, with a deep suture, last
breadth 0.95 inch; least breadth 0.8 inch; whorl very little cilarged;'aperture lu.
height 0.5 inch; divergence 135-',      nate, very much miodifie   by the int'ruson
PT. I.      21'




162                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART I.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS,
of the penult whorl; labrum  sharp; um.- impressed suture; aperture very oblique,
bilicus concave, very broad and deep, esx- nearly circular, brilliant, sometimes pearly
hibiting very distinctly all the volutions within; labrum  sharp; umbilicus broad
to the apex; far within the aperture may and deep, exhibiling all the volutions;
often be seen a pair of conical teeth on the beneath, the colored bars are more reguinner side of the outer whorl, one on the lar, and converge into the umbilicus: they
middle, the other below; sometimes one are interrupted by a colorless zone a little
is obsolete; often a second and sometimes below the middle of the last whorls. Greata third pair may be seen through the sides est breadth  1 inch; least breadth 0.87
of the shell much farther within.  Great- inch; height 0.59 inch; divergence 1250
est breadth 0.1_4 inch; least breadth 0.13 to 135o.
inch; height 0.06 inch; divergence never   REMARKs.-This species has been found
less than 1600, usuaily 170~.              throughout most of the territory of the
REMARKs.-Above, this shell resembles United States. It is very common in this
H. msultidentata, in the depression of the state, living under stones and logs on
spire and narrowness of the vlwhorls, but hill-sides in rather moist but not wet plain the other characters is very different. ces.  When young, its outline is carinaNo other native species has such revolv- ted.  It resembles the }I. radiata, of Euing minute carint. It has been found rope, but cannot be mistaken for any othin the northern and middle states.         er American species.
Helix striatella.-ANTH.                      Helix chersina. -SAY.
DEscRIPTIoN. —Shell depressed-convex,   DESCRIPTIoN. —Slell elevated and conwith very much crowded deep incremen- ic above, convex and shining beneath,
tal stripe; epidermis reddish or yellowish striae of growth excessively minute; epibrown; whorls four, convex, with a well dermis brownish amber-colored; whorls
impressed suture, moderately increasing six, very convec, with a deep suture, not
in diameter; aperture nearly circular, increasing much, so that the last is but
slightly modified by the intrusion of the little larger than the penultimate whorl;
penult whorl; labrum  sharp; umbilicus aperture very wide, reaching to the axis
not so wide as the last whorl, deep, dis- beneath, much modified by the intrutinctly exhibiting the volutions to the sion of the penultimate whorl; labrum
apex.  Greatest breadth 0.25 inch; least sharp; umbilical region indented. Greatbreadth 0.22 inch; height 0.12 inch; di- est breadth 0.115 inch; least breadth
vergence 140~ to 1500.                     0.105 inch; height 0.09 inch; divergence
REzARIS. —This species is quite cornm- 90
mon in Vermont.  It resembles H. per-   REMARKS.-This and H. labyrinthica
spectiva, SAY, a species, which has not are distinguished from other native spebeen found in the New  England states. cies of Helix by the elevation of the spire,
The latter has one or two more whorls, and are very distinct from  each other in
the umbilicus much wider, and the strire most characters other than size and form.
much coarser  It is also a larger shell. The species is not very rare in this state,
This- species does not appear to differ and having been found in Georgia and the
from  the European shell, H. ruderata, North WestTerritory, is, no doubt, wideSTUDER.   Comparing  specimens  from  ly d;spersed.  From  its minute size it is
Stiria with those of Vermont, we are un- liable to escape detection.
able to detect any difference. But as
some naturalists are not convinced of their        FAMILY  LIMACIANA.
identity, we have retained the name of                  GENUS VITRINA.
the American author, although the European name has the priority of many years.   Generic Characters.-Shell with a depressed,
convex, obtuse spire, with but few whorls, of
which the last is extremely large; the aperture is
very large, wider than long, interrupted by the penult whorl; umbilicus wanting. The shell is extremelv thin anld transparent, and is capable of
containing only a part of the animal. No operculum. The animal is much too large to enter
Helix alternata. —SAy.           the shell, resembling a Helix. It is long, mostly
straight, with the posterior part distinct, spiral,
tDESCRIPTION.-Shell depressed-convex, protected by the shell; with four tentacles, of
with  acute, raised, equi-distant obliquely which the anterior pair is very short.
curved strice, which render the shell scabrous; epidermis horn color, variegated            Vitrina  pellueida. —DRa'.
with rufous spots and bars obliquely ar-   DESCRIPTION. —Shell globose-discoid,
ranged; whorls six, convex, with a well shining, with the incremental strim ex



CHAP. 6.    INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                                         163
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
cessively minute, transparent, and nearly  eral surface."  It is found under wood
colorless; whorls two and a half, scarcely  and stones in various situations.
convex, with the suture but little impressed, sometimes with a slighltly impressed line revolving near the suture;
aperture elliptic, not much modified by          GENUS TEEENNOPHtoRuS. —Bit ney
the intrusion of the penultimate whorl;    GenEric Characters.-;' Mantle coverina the
labrum thin and sharp; inner lip slightly  whole superior surface of the body; pulmonary
reflected.  Greatest breadth 0.24 inch; cavity anterior, orifice on tile right side towards
least breadth 0.18 inch; height 0.12 inch; the head; orifice of the recumrn contiguous to and
divergence about 1(i60.                      a little above and in advance of the pulmonary
REMARKS.-This species, well known  orifice; organs of generation unied, orifice beover a large part of Europe, was observed  hind and below the superior tentacle of the right
first on this continent by Mr. Say, who  side; without testaceous rudiment, terminal muremarks that it is was first founfd  near cous pore, or locomotive band of the foot."
Coldwater Lake, in lat. 485  N., under    Tebennophlorus Carolinien.sis. —Bosc.
stones, fallen timber, &c.  It afterwards       DESCPTiT. —Body  whitish,  with
occurred, in similar situations, until we  brownish or blackish spots arranged in
approached Lake Superior, when it Was three ill defined, longitudinal, anastomono more seen."  This side of Lake Supe  sing bands, with snall spots between;
rior it has been found only at Rogers'                margin cream colored; foot whirock, near the N. E. extremity of' Lake tisll superior tentacles knobbed at the
George, within the space of a square rod. extremity, with the eyes on  the upper
As it occurred so near to Vermont, and  part of the knob: "cuticle covered  with
will very probably be found within its lim-irregular, verniform glands, anastomosing
its, we have included it among our spe- with  each  other, and having a general
cies.  It does not appear to differ from  tendency to alonuitudinal direction, with
the European shell, except in the want of shallow furrows between, lubricated with
a greenish tinge.                            a watery mucus."  Length, when fully
extended, upwards of three inches.
GENUS LIMAx.                     REMARKS.-This species inhabits forGeneric CLarctrs.-~Animal  vwiitout a shell  ests, in damp, shaded places, about deoblong, convex above, furnished with a leatherv caying wood.  In the   cabinet of Midshield over the anterior dorsa!~:egion; b eneath
shield over the anterior dorsal -ion* beneath  dlebury college are two specimens, which
with a flattened longitudinal foats; with four ten- were taen from   the nest of the brown
tacles, of which the posterior pair are larger and hawk, (Falcofuscus,  GM.)
oculiferous; with the branchial cavity beneath the
shield, opening on the right side.
The species of this and of kindred genera are
commonly slugs, or snadils, from their resemblance  GENUS PsILOMYCUS.-Rafinesque.
to the inhabitants y9fsnail shells. In turning over   Generic C'haracters. —Animal resento)lng the
stones and logs or boards, they are often seen,    preceding, but entirely destitute of a mantle.
Limax campestris.-BINNEvY.                 Pliilomycus dorsalis. —BNN EY.
DESCRIPTION. —  " Color usually of vari-    DESCRIPTION. —" Color of upper surous shades of amber, without spots or face ashy, with a shade of blue, an uninmarkings, sometimes blackish; head and  terrupted black line extending down the
tentacles smoky. Body cylindrical, elon- cente4. of the back; superior tentacles
gated, terminating in a very short carina  black,  about one eighth of the length of
at its- posterior extremity, mantle oval, the body; lower tentacles blackish, very
fleshy, but little prominent, with five con- short; body cylindrical and narrow, tercentric lines; back covered with promi- minating posteriorly  in an acute point;
nent, eloingted  tubercles and furrows;: base offbot white, very narrow, its sepafoot narrow, whitish; respiratory foramen  ration from  the body not well defined;
on the posterior dextral niusrgin of the  upper surface covered witlh elongated and
mantle; body covered with a thin watery  slightly prominent glandular projections,
mucus.  Lengrth about one incl."             the furrows between indistinct; respiraREMrAnrKS. —This species is smaller than  tory orifice very minute, situated on the
L. agrestis, LINN.  "The tuberosities of right side, about one eigrlith of anl inch bethe surface are more prominent in propor- hind the insertion of' the superior tentation to their size, are not flattened or plate  cle."  Length nearly anl inch.
like, and are not separated by darker col-    REA.RnKss. —This species is found in the
ored anastomosing lines, the intervening  forests, in tlhe soil about decaying wood.
lines being of the same color as the gen- It is probably t:t vcry comn mon.




NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT:                              PART L
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
FAMILY  CALYPTRACIANA.                 ish or greenish brown, usually with two
GENUS ANCYLUS.                 or three dark green rays posteriorly, in
old shells of a very dark color, obscuring
Geo'ri~ C/taractej's.- -Shlcl thin, oblong-elliptic, obliquely conic; apex actute, curved back- the rays; beaks rather small, wrinkled,
wards; aperture elliptic; margirns sharp. Ani- approximate  discs moderately inflated
real covered, not concealed, by Ihe shell, willh two anterior side two tlirds to one half as long
compressed tentacles and the eyes on the inner   the posterior;  hinge mar
part of the base; fLot elliptic, not so wide as the anterior and pQsterior margins straight
body.                                      and divergent above, below abruptly roun-.lncylus pttraelleusU-I-1Ar.NDEM4N.   ded into the basal margin, which is moderately curved througfhout, except in old
DESCRIPTION.-Shell nearly transpa- slhells, in which it is straight or even inrent, oblong-ovate; epidermis thin, horn  curved in the  middle.  Dimensions of
color; sides straight, slightly  divergent two specimens::No. 1, length 4.5 inches,
forwards; apex subacute, moderately ele- height 2.75 inches, width 1.7 inch; No.
vated, with two fifths of the length of the  2, length 3.87 inches, height 2.5 inches,
shell behind, leaning to the right. Length  width 1.5 inch.
0.25 inch, width 0.15 inch, height 0.08    REMARKs.-lt will be seen in the abovt
inch.                                      measurements,  that the  proportionate
REMARKS. —This species is found in length is subject to considerable variastreams and ponds in many parts of the  tion, which affects only the posterior side,
New England states.  It was supposed to  and in part is a sexual distinction.  This
be Say's  /. rivuleris, not on account of species is abundant in lake Champlain,
any resemblance between the two shells, but is not found elsewhere.  It is much
but from the meagerness of the description. larger than any other Anodonta in this
From some remarks of this learned natu- state.
ralist, comparing.r. rivularis with J.. tardus, it seems probable that the former is          /nodontl narginata.-SAY.
not an elongate species.                      DEscCRIPTION.-Shell ovate, widest benclylus tardus.-SAY.              low the beaks, thin; epidermis yellowish
and greenish brown, with very irregular
E N-Sh    nary  trapa- striw of growth; beaks rather prominent,
rent, elliptical; epidermis thin, horn col- with numerous small wrinkles; discs  oor; sides somewhat curved; apex subor- sides some\-nhat clrved;  apes sub- derately inflated, flattened;  anterior side
acute, elevated, a little behind the mid- derately inflated, flattened; anterior 
about two fifths as long as the posterior;
dle, leaning backwards but scarcely to the  hinge  margin  curved;  posterior  margin
right.  Len~rthinge margin  curved; posterior margin
right. Length 0.25 inch, width 0.16 inch, slightly curved in a descent of one third
height 0.13 inch                        of the length of the shell, then rapidly
REMARKS.-Thisis at once distinguishR ARS.-TiSi  at once disinguish- rounding into tlhe basal margin, which is
ed from the preceding by its proportions.               t
ed from the preceding by its proportions, nearly straight at and behind the middle;.-. -rivularis differs in having  the apex more anterior margin regularly rounded  inte*~l.  1   t     anterior marg in regularly rounded. inteon one side, and one end distinctly wider rior bluish. Length 3.8 inches, height 1.6
than the other.                            inch, width 1.15 inch.
REMAnRKs.-This species may be most
easily distinguished from the J. untdulata
GENus ANODONTA.                 by the greater size and very minute wrinGeneric ChOaracters.-ShelI equivalve, inequi- kles of the beaks, and the flattening of the
lateral, transverse; hiinge toothless; the two nus- umnbo.  It has been found in Otter Creel,
cular impressions remote; ligament long. The at WalTingford.  If it be not the.3. taarshell is usually very thin. Animral with the lobes ginata of Say, that species cannot now,ofthe mantle entirely separate.            be recognized.  It has been found more
-..         abundantly  in  Massachusetts  by  Dr.
Gould, on whose authority I have given
it this name..nodonta fluviatilis — DIIIW'N.
DscReRPTIos. —Shell oblong-ovate, widest behind the beaks, thin; epidermis
smooth, yellowish, and brownish green,
olivaceous posteriorly and above, where
are a few obscure dark rays; beaks quite
small, with numerous small wrinkles;
discs moderately inflated, convex; anteDESCrIPTION.-Shell ovate-trapezoidal, rior side between a third and a fourth as
thin; epidermis coarsely striate, yellow- long  as the  posterior; hinge  margin




CHAP. 6.,   INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                                   165
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
straight, rising into a wing posteriorly; black, with very distinct strite of growth,
posterior margin very obliquely descend- very much developed  at the margin;
ing to a truncate extremity; inferior mar- beaks small, depressed, much eroded;
gin nearly straight; anterior margin reg- discs moderately inflated, flattened; anularly rounded; interior surface bluish, terior sides more than one-fourth as long
iridescent. Length 2.4 inches, height 1.25 as the posterior; hinge margin regularly
inch, width 0.9 inch.                     curved into the posterior, which descends
REMARKS.-A few small specimens of at first very obliquely, and is then irreguthis species have been found in Middle- larly rounded into the basal margin; this
bury. In Massachusetts and further south  is incurved, and the anterior is regularly
it attains a much greater size.  It is very  rounded; interior with a brilliant, thick
similar to the preceding, but is distin- nacre, iridescent posteriorly. Length 4.9
guished by its wing, small beaks, and  inches; height 2.2 inches; width 1.35
convex disc.  It inore nearly resembles inch.
A.  cygnea of Europe.                       REMARKS.-This species has been found.Rnodonta undnleata.-.SAY.         at Burlington.  It has been considered
DESCRIPTION.-Shell oblong ovate, wi- tdentical with Unio margaeitiferus   of Judest behind the beaks, not thin, with  rope, but that shell is shorter, and has the
coarse and fine strioe of growth; epider- beaks more central and elevated.  It yet
mis yellowish, brownish, or blaekishmoe nearly resemblesthe  Unio sinuatus
green, with numerous irregular dark of Europe, which is higher and has the
green rays, which are obscured when the beaks more central. Perhaps it may not
beaks more central. Perhaps it may not
general color is dark; beaks quite prom- be distinct from  the latter.  The young
inent, much undulated; discs moderately  have the  basal margin straight.  It is
inflated, convex; anterior side usually found throughout New England.
less, sometimes more than one third as.lasmodonta rugosa. —BARNES.
long as the posterior; hinge margin nearCD   ~             DESCRIPTION.-Shell ovate; epidermis
ly straight; posterior margin descending  with irregular incremental stri., which
in a curve through a third of the length  are mostly fine, greenish brown; beaks
of the shell, then abruptly rounded into  small, not prominent, undulate; discs
the inferior, which is slightly curved or flattened, with two ridges extending posstraight; anterior margin regularly roun-          slightly curved lines, between
ded; interior bluish, but often covered and above which the surface is crowded
with a light salmon colored nacre, with a with numerous crowded wrinkles, which,
dark * blue or brown margin; hinge with for the most part, run posteriorly and upobsolete teeth.  Dimensions of two speci-; anterior side much depressed,
wards; anterior side much depressed,
mens: No. 1, length 2.75 inches, height about one-third as long as the posterior;
1.4 inch, width 0.85 inch. No. 2, length hinge margin arcuate behind the teeth,
2.65 inches, height 1.45 inch, width 1.1  otherwise nearly straight, ascending posinch.
REMARKS-This species is found in.teriorly;. posterior margin descending in
smallst ms a nd in le Ca pn.    a straight line to the upper umbonial ansmall streams and in lake Chaniplain.- gle; extremity truncate between the umWhen the epidermis is of a light color and bonal  anglesm  inferior margin  nearly
bonial angles' inferior margin nearly
the rays conspicuous, it is a very beauti-                             t 
ful shell. More frequently it is dark and straight; anterior margin regularly roundful shell. More frequently it is dark, and ed; inner surface often with a light salthe appearance unattractive. It is inter-                  o
mon-colored deposit. Length 4.1 inches;
mediate between this genus and the next. height 2.3 inches; width 1.25 inch.
REMAR;s.-This species is common in
the western states, where it attains a
Generic Characters.-Shell as in Anodonta,
but furnished with a stout, striated, and sinlmplegrea ter size. Lake Champlain and the
or divided cardinal tooth in each valve; also tie streams west of the Green Mountains apshell is usually thicker. Animal as in Anodonta. pear to be the Inost eastern limit of its
-,. habitation..3lasmodonta undulata.-SA Y.
DDESCRIPTiON.-Shell ovate, epidermis
smooth, blackish or greenish brown, with
obscure darker rays; beaks large and
prominent, with large and deep undulations; discs much inflated and convex,
with a ridge more or less obtuse extend-./lasmodonta arcuata.-BARNES.        ing posteriorly; anterior side small, oneDESCRIPTION.-Shell very long ovate, sixth to one-third as long as the posterior;
P.rcuate; epidermis black, or brownish hinge margin sinuous or simply curved;




166                 NATURAL HIISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART I.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
posterior margin descending obliquely in  been found.  In the western states it is
a straight or slightly curved line, rounded  common.
below; inferior margin slightly curved;              Unio gracilis.-BARN ES.
anterior margin regularly rounded; inner    DEscRTiON. —Shell ovate-triangular,
surface bluish, sorneties with a light sal- rather thin; epidermis straw-color, coarsemon-colored nacre anteriorly or through- ly striate near the margins, otherwise
out.  Dimensions of two specimens: No. smooth and shining; beaks small, not
1, length  2.2 inches; height 1.4 inch,; prominent, smooth; discs considerably
width 1.0S inch. No. 2, len~gth 2.06 inch- inflated, convex, with two or three slight
es;;height 1.2 inch; width 0.9 inch.      ridges proceeding posteriorly  above; anREMARKS.-This species is rather corn- terior side small, compressed, about onemon in the northern  middle  states.-  third as long as the posterior; hinge marWhen young the epiderrnmis is of a lighter    n nearly straight, much elevated postecolor, the rays are more c66nspicuous, and riorly into a triangular connate wing, of
the shell is shining and beautiful.         which the posterior margin is incurved;
other margins regularly rounded, the baGENUS UNIO.                  sal moderately; inner surface iridescent,
Generic Ch/teacte?.- Shell as in Aalsmo- bluish, pink above; cardinal teeth very
donta, bll is also fernashed wh  very  n;lllli  small. Length 5 inches; height 3.5 inchlateral posterior teeth, usually one on Ihe ri,'i es; width 1.6 inch.
valve entering betwveen two on the left.  Very    Rm:MAtsS.-This     species has the form
rarely the riglt vTlve id onra  el, beween and size of the preceding, but is easily
two on the lef..  The cardinal Rcelt' are often
tootel    1eansl e a  oen distingeuished by the color of the epiderdouble, sometimes triple. Animal as in Anodon- distingished   by the  color of the epidernis, of the nacre, greater inflation, and
thinness.  It is common in lake Clham-./t.e.' In''~             plain, and, like U. alatus, is not found
any farther to the eastward, but is common through the western states.
Unio coempressus.-LEA.
DESCRIPTION -Shell oblong-ovate, not
thick; epidermis grass-green, or olivaceous, with numerous irregular yellowish
rays, with distinct strire; beaks small,
pointed, much wrinkled; discs moderately inflated posteriorly, scarcely convex;
anterior side three-sevenths  to  three-'DEscCRIPToNs.-Shell ovate-triangular, eighths as long as the posterior; hinge:moderately  thick; epidermis olive, or nmargin straight, rising posteriorly into a,brownish green, with numerous fine and  slightly elevated  wing, which is often
some coarse strine of growth; beaks small, more or less'connate; posterior margin
not prominent, in the young shell exhib- descending obliquely in a straight line to
iting small wrinkles; discs moderately  a somewhat rounded truncate extremity;:inflated posteriorly, compressed anterior- inferior margin somewhat rounded; an-'ly, with one or two small posterior angles terior margin regularly rounded; interior
above; anterior side small, one-fourth to  bluish, solmetines tinged with pale brownone-fifth as longr as the posterior; hinge  ish yellow; cardinal teeth much commargin straight, very mutch elevated be- pressed, on the left valve deeply and
hind into a triangular connate wing, the broadly bifid, or even trifid; oftthe lanielposterior margin of which is incurved; lar teeth of the left valve one is very
the remainder of the posterior and the an- small.  Ilength'2.85 inches; height 1.6
terior margins are regularly rounded; in- inch; width 0.8 inch.
ferior margin nearly straight; inner sur-    REaIARtcs.-This species also is found
face usually purplish red, rarely very pale  in the western states, and has its eastern
red, sometimes of a rich reddish salmon  limit in the streams west of the Green
color; cardinal teeth rather small.  Di- Mountains.  It is much larger in the
mensions of two specimens: No. 1, length  west.
5.3 inches; height 3.85 inches; width ].75    Var. plebeius.-ADASMS. Epidermis oliinch.  No. 2, length 5.9 inches; height vaceous, rays obscure; wing scarcely ele3.85; width 2.2 inches.                    vated; lamellar teeth very  small, with
REMARKS.-NO. 2 is a very old shell. the three divisions of the left cardinal
In such the wing is nearly obsolete, and  very remote. Length 4.3 inches; height
consequently the form  is more  ovate. 2.3 inches; width 1.25 inch.  This vaThis species is very abundant in Lake  riety is foiund in a small brook in MiddleChamplain, east of which it has never bury.




CHAP. 6.    INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMONT.                               167
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
Unio complanatus.-LEA.          MARCK, and the latter name has the right
DESCRTPTION. —-Shell oblong, rather of priority; but according to others, Lathick; epidermis blackish or greenish mark's species above quoted is U. cariobrown, sometimes yellowish, with numer-sus, S Y. We therefore, provisionally,
ous irregular green rays; stria of growth give the preference to the name affixed
rather coarse; beaks rather prominent, by Mr. Barnes.
small; discs compressed, sometimes con-       Unio ventricosus.-BARNES.
siderably inflated, but always flattened;   DESCRIPTION.-Shell short, ovate, not
anterior side from one-fifth to one-third very thick; epidermis usually pale yelas long as the posterior; hinge margin lowish brown, with green rays, of very
nearly straight; posterior margin a little unequal width, sometimes numerous, ofcurved, oblique; inferior margin straight, ten obsolete, except on the corselet;
sometimes a little incurved or excurved; smooth and shining; beaks large and
anterior margin well rounded; nacre pur- prominent, wrinkled; umbones very tuplish red, pink, sometimes light salmon mid, with a more or less distinct angle
color, rarely white; lamellar teeth nearly extending to the bottom of the posterior
straight; cardinal teeth double. Dimen- imargin; discs convex; anterior side about
sions of three specimens: No. 1, length half as long as the posterior; hinge mar3.9 inches; height 2 inches; width 1.4 gin sinuous; posterior extremity irreguinch. No. 2, length 3 inches; height larly rounded, in the females high and
1.53 inch; width 0.8 inch. No. 3, length truncate, in the males somewhat tapering
3.05 inches; height 1.53 inch; width 1.36 and produced; inferior margin more or
inch.                                   less rounded; anterior extremity depressREM.ARKS.-This species is subject to ed, well rounded; nacre white; cardinal
great variations of form, of which the teeth not large, deeply bifid; larnellar
most remarkable in this state is that of a short, distant from  the beaks. Dimengibbous variety in lake Champlain.  No. sions of three specillens: No. 1, length
3 is an example  No. 2 exhibiting on the 5.5 inches; heright 3.3 inches; width 2.3
contrary a very compressed form. This inches. No. 2, length 3.35 inches; height
species is the most common of the Naia- 2.35 inches; width 1.77 inch.  No. 3,
des in this, as in the other New England length 3.8 inches; height 2.3 inch.; width
states. Immense numbers cover the shores 1.83 inch.
of lake Champlain.                        RFMAaRrs.-The variations of form are.-io. liquoideus.-BARNES.   for the most part those of sex, as exhibitUnio siliquoideus.-BAKNEs.        ed in the above measurements. Nos. 1
DESCRIPTION.-Shell ovate, not very and 3 are males, No. 1 being unusually
thick; epidermis yellowish or somewhat large. No. 2 is a female. This species is
greenish brown, with numerous irregular not rare in lake Champlain, which is its
green rays, shining; striwe of growth us- most eastern limit. It is common in the
ually rather fine; beaks small, rather western states.
prominent, wrinkled; discs convex, tu-          Unio rectus -LAMARCK.
mid; anterior side a little more or less   DEScRIPTION.-Shell very long ovate5
than one-third as long as the posterior; thick; epidermis olivaceous above or
inferior margin sometimes curved, some- throughout, usually yellowish brown betimes straight; other margins rounded; low, but nearly covered with dark, broad,
nacre clear white, sometimes light salmon more or less confluent, green rays; beaks
color; cardinal teeth equally bifid in the rather prominent, smooth; discs moderleft valve, unequally in the other; lateral ately inflated, scarcely convex; anterior
teeth a little curved, not long. Dimen- side about one third as long as the postesions of three specimens: No. 1, length rior; hinge margin slightly curved; pos2.7 inches; height 1.9 inch; width 1.3 terior extremity  sub-rostrate;  inferior
inch. No. 2, length I2.43 inches; height somewhat curved, straight, or in females
1.3 inch; width 0.85 inch. No. 3, length  incurved; anterior margin rounded; na3.05 inches; height 1.inchn; width 1.4 cre white, pink above; cardinal teeth
inch.                                   pink, double, both divisions stout on the
REMARKS.-This species, although al- left valve, also the inner one on the right.
ways ovate, varies much in the ratios of Length 5.75 inches; height 2.3 inches;
the three dimensions. To illustrate this, width 1.55 inch.
the above measurements are taken from    REeiAr.KEs.-This species is common in
examples of the greatest extremes; No. the western states, and has its most east1, of height; No. 2, of length; and No. 3, ern limit in lake Champlain, where itlis
of width.  The largest individuals are rare. The females are much higher in
about 4 inches in length. According to the posterior half, in consequence of a deMr. Lea this species is U. luteolus, LA- velopment of the inferior margin.




168                 NATURAL HISTORY OF VtRMONT.                            PART a.
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.
FAMILY  CONCHACEA.                         Cyclas rhomboida.-SAY.
GENUS CYCLAS.                   DESCRIPTION.-Shell rhombic, nearly
Gcnecric Characters.-Shell small, thin, globose- equilateral, very coarsely striate; epiderelliptic, hinge with two minute cardinal teeth in mis yellowish horn color; beaks not proeach or in one valve, which are sometimes obso- minent, nor undulate; umbones protnilete, with cotmpressed lateral teeth on each side. nent; discs moderately tumid; anterior
Animal with the Imantle posteriorly prolonged into and posterior margins nearly straight, ditwo siphons, which have no retractor muscle; foot vergent; superior and inferior margins
very thin and long.                       moderately curved; within white; cardinal teeth  rudimentary, lateral teeth
strong.. Length 0.46 inch, height 0.38
inch, width 0.27 inch.
REMARKS.-This species is very nearly
allied to the preceding, but the difference
is constant. That shell is longer, and the
umbones less elevated. The young of
Cyclas elegans.-ADAMS.           this species, although  rectangular, are
DESCRIPTION.-Shell subglobular, rhom- more tumid, which is the cause of the difbic-orbicular, equilateral, finely and ele- ference in the umbones of mature shells.
gantly striated; epidermis rather light This species is very  plentiful in lake
olive green, with two straw-colored con- Champlain, and is the only one which occentric zones, of which the exterior is curs in the open waters of the lake in its
marginal; beaks not prominent, slightly southern part.
undulate; umbones very thin; within               Cyclas partumcia.-SAY.
bluish; lateral teeth large and strong;
cardinal teeth rudimentary. Length 0.43      DrcatPT          Shell ovate-globose,
inch; height 0.36 inch; width 0.26 inch. higher behind, nearly equilateral, very
REMARKS.-This species was discover- thin, translucent, rather finely striate;
epidermis shining straw color, or bluish
ed in Weybridge, in a swamp, near the epidermissh             straw color, or blutsh
site of an old Indian encampment.  It hashorn color; beaks not prominent umalso been found at Burlington.  It is re- hones moderately tumid; discs much inflated and quite regularly convex; postemarkable for its shining and elegantly  flated and quite regularyin     s nearly straight;
striated  surface, and for its inflation, riorand hinge
which continues far over the disc, and other margins much rounded; cardinal
terminates abruptly near the margin. C. teeth small; lateralteeth much developrhomboida, SAY, resembles it, but has 0.25 inch, width        inch.         height
coarse strim, no yellow  zones, and the 0.25RinchE  w       idt h 0.17 inch.
discs are less inflated.  This is a rare spe-  nant water, and even  swamps in habits stag
cies, and the most beautiful of the genus  dried during  t       he autumn. The young are
in our knowledge.                         dried during the autumn. The young are
in... owledge.         less tumid, very regularly elliptical, and
Cycles similis.-S &Y.           of a light honey yellow.  In MassachuDESCRIPTION.-Shell subelliptic, near- setts this species attains a greater size. It
ly equilateral; epidermis dark brown or resembles C. cornea of Europe, which,
yellowish and greenish brown; strie of however, is wider, has the umbones more
growth coarse, deep; umbones not much  prominent, and both sides of equal height.
inflated, broad; disc rather tumid; ante- C. similis is longer, much larger, and mbre
rior and posterior margins subrectilineal coarsely striate.
and divergent; inferior and superior margins rounded; within bluish; cardinal
teeth small; lateral teeth  compressed,   DESCRIPTION. —Shell rhombic orbicustrong. Length 0.68 inch, height 0.5 inch, lar, higher behind, nearly equilateral, exwidth 0.4 inch.                           tremely thin and fragile, translucent, with
REMARKS.-The form of the young dif- very fine strite; epidermis shining, bluish
fers much from  that of the adult.  It is horn color, or lemon yellow; beaks swolrectangular, longer than high, and much len,and very prominent,resembling knobs;
compressed. This species differs from the umbones moderately tumid; discs with a
preceding in the coarseness of the strite; small degree of convexity; posterior and
the discs near the margin are less tumid, hinge margins nearly straight. making an
and the form is much less quadrilateral, obtuse angle; anterior and inferior marand the young, although quadrilateral, gins rounded; anterior much shorter than
are longer and much more compressed. the posterior margin; cardinal teeth exSometimes there are in this species also tremely minute; lateral teeth small, comyellow zones.                             pressed; inner surface colored like the




CHAP. 6.        INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS OF VERMIONT.                          169
FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.                                         ANNtJL ATA.
exterior. Length 0.35 inch, height 0.29 of them is inferred from the fact that Mr.
inch, width 0.17 inch.                  H. received them from the writer of this
REMARKS.-This species has been found article.
in a swamp in Middlebury, and in Putt's
swamp, onil the west side of lake Chain-     SEcTION II.-1NVERTERRATA.
plain.  It has also been found in Maine.
The very young are tumid and elliptic,
and of a lemon yellow. Some were found
in an embryo state in the early part of Ju-   The above are four of the classes into
ly. Its dimensions are, length 0.07 inch, which Cuvier's third great division of the
height 0.055 inch, width 0.04 inch. The animal kingdom is subdivided.  The anishell of the parent did not exceed 0.002 mals belonging to the first 3 classes, which
inch in thickness. The species is easily are found in Vermont, are of very little
distinguished by the prominence of the importance, and only a few of them are
beaks. There seems to be no ground for generally known.  We shall pass over
separating our shell from the European them all withonlya few remarks.
species, whose name we have prefixed.
Cyclas minor.-MIGcHELS AND ADAMS.                    dnnulata.
DEscRIPTIoN.-Shell ovate, tumid, ine-   These are small, insignificant animals,
quilateral, oblique, very finely striate; ep- with elongated bodies, consisting of segidermis straw color, shining; beaks pro- ments, and having red blood. Some of
minent, two fifths of the difference from  them are protected by a shelly tube which
one extremity to the other; umbones and theX never leave during life, and breathe
discs tumid; posterior and hinge margins by means of branchire at one extremity of
slightly rounded; the other margins much the body. These constitute the order Turounded; both cardinal and lateral teeth bicola.  Others have their organs and
well developed. Lengthll 0.18inch, height branchire disposed longitudinally along
0.15 inch, width 0.11 inch.             the body. These last belong to the order
REMARKS. —This species inhabits swamps dorsibranchiata.  Our brooks and ponds
and is the least of all the native species of furnish several animals belongingto the
this genus. It differs from C. dubia, SAY, above orders, but they have not been proin having the beaks less removed from the perly examined.  The third order of Ancentre, and the posterior and dorsal mar- nelides are denominated Abranchiatp, on
gins more rounded.                      account of their having no apparent external organs of respiration. The horse
leech, Hirudo sanwgurisluga, L., which is
so common in marshes and muddy places
LimneaE expansa.-HALDEMAN.         in this state, belongs to this order. It
This species is said by the describer to grows to a much larger size than the mehave been found in Vermont, on the au- dicinal leech, H. medicinalis L., and is
thority of I)r. Gould, who received itfroin sometimes used for the same purposes;
a third person as a Vermnont shell.     but its teeth are more blunt, and the
Auricula bidentata.-SAY.         wound produced by them is said in some
cases to be dangerous. A specimen beThis species, referred by its describer fore me, which was taken in Burlington,
to the genus Melampus, was given to Dr. is a very dark olive green above, and the
Gould by some one who professed to have same color, but a little lighter beneath,
found it in Vermont. As this species has with a few small spots of black. When
not otherwise been found out of the reach not in motion he lies in an oval form, and
of salt water, we cannot, without better au- is about 3 inches long, and 14 inch wide,
thority, regard it as a native of this state. but when moving he stretches himself to.mnicola.                the length of 6 or 7 inches. The animal
Dr. Gould and Mr. Haldeman have pro- is furnished with a flattened disc at each
posed a sub-genus of Palindinat under this extremity, fitted for adhering to bodies by
name. It includes of the shells of this what is called suction, and its locomotion
state, Paludina porata and P. lustrica. i, performed by reaching forward its antenia   ll -xtremity, fixing the disc, and then
Amnicota,allida. —HALD.
brincing  forward the posterior, which is
On the cover of No. 4 of the Monog. fixed. in like manner, and the anterior
Limniad. Mr. H. has described with this again thrust forward.  [In this manner it
name one of the species just nanied, but ascends the side of a perpendlicular pane
the description is not sufficiently exact to of glass without difficulty, but when at
determine to which of them it must be re- rest it usually adheres by tahe whole unferred. That the shell in question is one der surface
PT 1.         22




170                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I
FRESH WATER LOBSTER.                                      SPIDERS AND INSECTS.
The little animal commonly called the ceps; anterior forceps large, strong, toothHair Snake also belongs to this order, and ed, orange colored at the point and edges
to the genus Gordius. These are very and besprinkled with spots formed by incommon in the still waters and mud in dentations. Tail terminated by5 fan-like
all parts of the state. They are usually plates, forward of which, upon the under
about the size of a large horsehair, and are side, are two rows, with three in each, of
from one to 6 or 8 inches in length. In small fringed fins, and still further forcolor they vary from pure white to nearly ward are 4 bony limbs which fold inward
black, and hence we probably have sev- towards the abdomen; horns, or feelers,
eral species. The vulgar notion that they 6, two of which are 3 inches long, the othoriginate from hairs which fall from hor- ers much shorter.,  Limbs edged with
ses and cattle, and become animated in sparse, downy hairs; body and limbs covthe water, would seem to be too absurd to ered with shell, with numerous articulaneed contradiction; and yet, absurd as it tions. Length of the specimen before me
is, people are to be found who believe it. 4s inches.
Another, and, indeed, the most com-   This singular little animal is so exact a
mon animal belonging to this class in Ver- miniature of the large salt water Lobster
mont, is the earth worm, Lumbricus ter- that some have supposed it to be the young
restris, L., called here the JAngle worm, of that species, or rather a dwarfed variety
on:account of the great use made of it for of it. But it is evidently a distinct spebait in' fishing. Its body is cylindrical, cies, and though it lives and continues to
of a reddish color,and grows to the length grow fobr many years, it very seldom exof 5-or 6 inches, with the size of a com- ceeds 4 or 5 inches in length. It is very
mon goose quill. It is destitute of teeth, common in many of the small streams in
eyes, and limbs. It traverses the ground the western parts of the state. It is somein all directions, and seems to subsist times eaten, and by some is esteemed a
chiefly upon the rich soil, which it swal- luxury. It is often called the Craw Fish.
lows. It comes to the surface of the
ground during the night, and in wet wea- [rachnides.
ther, but descends during the day and in
dry weather, so as to be in contact with   The principal animals in Vermont which
the moist earth.                        belong to this class are the Spiders, of
which we have, probably. about 100 speCrustacea...             cies. The Spiders belong to the genus
This class embraces the crabs, lobsters, Jranea of Linneus. And though usually
and the like. They usually have a crus- called insects, they differ very materially
taceous covering, which is more or less from the proper insects in their form and
hard, with articulated limbs, and distinct habits, and constitute a very interesting
organs of circulation. They breathe by family, but we are neither prepared nor
means of branchiwe, which vary much in have we room to go into particulars reform and situation, being in some cases specting them.  Their classification is
on the abdomen, and in others-on the bot- based to a considerable extent upon the
tom of the feet. The animals of this class arrangement of their eyes, which are usare very numerous, but they are confined ually eight in number.
principally to the ocean, and to tropical
Climates. The following is the only one
found in Vermont, which. we shall describe.                                   Insects constitute the most numerous
division of the animal kingdom. European naturalists have computed that there
are on an average 6 insects to one plant.
This computation is probably too high fort
our country, but, estimating only two
thirds of that number to a plant, as we
have about 1000 plants, it will give us
4000 species of insects. The number of
known species of New England insects is
THE FRKESH  ~WATER LOBSTER,  now about 3000, of which the greater part
are fouind in Vermont. How many re..Istacus Bartonii. Bosc.        main to be examined and described is, of
DESCRIPTION.-General color greenish course, unknown, but the number is,
brown or dark olive; legs 10, the three doubtless, very considerable. The word
anterior ones on each side each termina- Insect conies from the Latin word Insecta,
ted by two claws forming a kind of for — and is applied to these small animals on




CHAP. 6.        INVERTEBRAL ANIMALS'OF VERMONT.                          171
TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS.
account of their appearing to be intersec_
ted, or divided into sections. Most insects are subject to several chang(es of
form and habit called nmetunorpihoses, and     1 i
in this consists their most remarkable peculiarity. Their existence is made up of
four principal stages, viz: the egg, the
larva, the chrysalis, and the perfect animal. Directed by instinct, the parent in- 
sect is sure to deposit its eggs in the place
most favorable for the support of the
young, which are in due time to be hatched from them. From these the larva are
at length produced in the form of maggots, worms, or caterpillars. In this state,
which is entirely dissimilar to the parent   This Butterfly measured 1.7 inch in
in form and mode of life, they feed vora- length, and the spread of its wings was
ciously and grow rapidly, often attaining just 6 inches. The color of the body belts
a weight and bulk much greater than that on the abdomen and portions of the wings
of the perfect.inect. At length they was a dark brick-red. General color of
cease to feed, become stationary and en- the wings different shades of brown beaucased in a shelly covering, which is often tifully variegated with white, blue, and
surrounded by a cocoon formed of silky tiolet. A roundish black spot, containfibres. This is what is called the chrysa- ing a lunated light blue spot near the exlis or pupa. After remaining for a while tremityofeach outerwing,&c. This indiin this condition, the shell is burst and                     in
vidual was a female, and In the course of
thrown off, and the insect emerges in its the seven days which it lived it laid
perfect state, usually provided with wings about 200 eggs.
and often exhibiting the mostbrilliant and
beautiful colors. In this state only is it
capable of propagating its species. But
it, irn general, continues in this state
only a short period, just long enough to
lay its eggs and die. Most insects feed
much more sparingly in their perfect   On the 17th of August, 1840, a caterthan in their larva state, and some do not pillar was picked up in the door-yard, of
feed at all in their perfect state.     which the above is a figure.  It was 3.5
inches long and 0.75 inch in diameter.
Its color was light pea-green. Upon its
body were six rows of spines, two on each
side, which were blue and pointed, and
two on the back, the four anterior ones
terminated by balls of the size of small
pin-heads, which were red, and covered
with small black thorns; all the rest yellow with black points. Being placed under a glass vessel, it immediately commenced spinning, and, before the next
day, had completely enveloped itself in a
cocoon, precisely similar to the one above
described. This remained in a chamber
during the winter, and in the spring of
1841, we had from it another butterfly,
The Cocoon, of which the above is a answering exactly to that figured above.
figure, was found on a pine plain in Bur-   These details are introduced merely to
lington, upon a small bush, as above rep- illustrate the metamorphosis which inresented, in March, 1840. The Cocoon sects generally experience, and to show
vas composed of strong brown silk, and the manner in which many of them are
measured 3.5 inches in length and 1.5 in preserved through the winter. Others,
thickness. After being kept about three however, pass the winter in the larva
weeks, or till the 20th of April, in a warm  state, in the ground, and still more are
room, a large butterfly, of which the fol- preserved in the efrgg, while some live
lowing is a figure, came out of it, by ma- through the winter in their perfect state.
king an opening in the upper end.         While much pains have been taken,




172                NATURAL HISTORY OF VEFRMONT.                        PART 1.
IOCUSTBORER.                   CUCUMBER-BUG.                     COCK-CHAFER.
and legislative enactments have been re- ny of the fine locust trees in this town
sorted to for the destruction of the larger were entirely spoiled, and others more or
kinds of noxious animals, insects have less injured. During the month of Aufor the most part been regarded as too in- gust they were in the chrysalis state, and
significant to deserve notice, while the consequently inactive. About the first of
damage sustained on account of the rava- September they emerged from that state,
ges of insects is probably  three times and during the first half of that month
as great, on an average, as that produced the perfect insects were seen in large
by all the vertebral animals together. We numbers, often paired, depositing their
have been paying liberal bounties for the eggs upon the locust trees in the crevices
destruction of catamounts, wolves, bears, of the bark, which were in due time
and foxes, while the wheat fly, from which hatched. The same operations have been
we were sustaining far greater damage repeated during the past summer, and
than from  all those larger animals, has now (Sept. 6, 1842,) the insects are busihardly received any attention.  We have ly engaged in depositing their eggs for a
even paid a bounty for the destruction of new generation. The following is a figcrows, while in consequence of that de- ure of this insect:
struction our fields were suffering from
the ravages of grubs, which the crows are
designed to check. Crows may do some
mischief in the spring by pulling up corn,
but it is believed to be more than counterbalanced by the good which they do,
principally by the destruction of vermin.
We are of opinion that all birds, without
a single exception, are to be regarded as            Clitus pictus.
friends to the farmer and gardener, kindy provided by Povidence to prevent t he color of this insect is black, with
ly provided by Providence to prevent the the xvinu cas
undue multiplication of noxious insects,
and we cannot too severely reprobate the lar bright yellow bars, and there are about
barbarous practice in which boys are per- the same number ofyellow bars upon the
mitted to indulge, of shooting birds for dish umber. The color of the legs is redamusement. Itisapracticewhich should            umber. Lenth of t      male.8
be discountenanced by every friend of his inch;-the male smaller. The color of
country-by every friend of humanity.   the larva, or Borer, is yellowish white.
Some insects are most injurious in their   The Cucumber-Bug, Galeruca vittata,
perfect state. Of these are the various is one of our most troublesome insects in
kinds of bugs, which feed upon vines, gardens. It usually makes its appearance
&c. But far the greater part do most upon cucumber, squash and melon vines
mischief while in the larva state. Of these early in June, or about the time the leaves
are the various kinds of caterpillars, which begin to expand. Various means have
are the larva of butterflies and moths, — been resorted to for the purpose of prethe weevil, which is the larva of the wheat venting its depredations, but from two
fly,-the maggots which cause the fruit years' experience we are inclined to beto fall off prematurely, and wtiich are the lieve that sprinkling the plants occasionlarvne of curculio and other insects,-the  ally with ground plaster of Paris, is the
borers, which are the larvae of' beetles, most simple and effectual remedy.
bugs, &c.                                 The Cock-chafer, or May Beetle, JleloThe Borer, which at present appears to lontha qucercina, is often plentiful, and
be doing most injury in this state, is the does considerable mischief by the destruclarva of the Ciitus pictus, which feeds tion of the first leaves and blossoms upon
upon the Locust tree, Robinca pseudo- our fruit trees. During the day they lie
acacia. It commenced its ravages in the concealed, but come forth front their resouthern part of the state, about ten or treats and commit their depredations in
twelve years ago. It made its appear- the evening. The larva of this beetle is
ance at Middlebury, where it destroyed the large white grub, which is so often
nearly all the locust trees, about 1835. seen in rich grounds and in turfs. This
A year or two after this it had proceeded insect continues four years in the larva,
northwardly as far as Vergennes, and in or grub form, and often does extensive
1840 it had reached Burlington, but did damage by eating the roots of grass, corn
little injury that year. About the first of and other vegetables' At the end of the
June, 1841, its operations began to show  fourth year it descends deep into the
themselves, and were continued till the earth, constructs its cocoon from which
beginning of August, in which time ma- the beetle is hatched in its perfect fornm




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                               173
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.                                 NATIVE FOREST TREES.
the following spring. This is the large siderable benefit. Atnong the most valbeetle which so often enters houses in uable of these in this state, mav be reckthe evening, attracted by the light with- oned the Honey Bee and the Silk Worm,
in.                                      which furnish us with most exquisite arAlthough a large proportion of insects tides of food and clothing.  But of the
are more or less injurious, there are also great majority of insects scarcely any
others from which man derives very con- thing is known either of good or evil.
CHAPTER VII.
BOTANY OF VERMONT.
SECTION W1.              ~White Beech. Fagus sylvestris.
Red Beech. Fag'lls ftJ'ruginea.
Catalogue of Vermont Plants.       Chestnut.  Castanea vesca, var. Americana
White Oak.  Quercus al/ba.
By WM. OAKEs, of ipswich, Massachusetts.   Swamp White Oak.  Qevrcvus bicolor.
O vercup White Oak. Querccus macrocarpa
Preliminary Observations.        Black Oak.  Qvercls ticatoria.
THE State of Vermont, in the richness Red Oak.  Quelrcus?rubra.
and beauty of its vegetation, is scarcely  Rock Chestnut Oak.  Q2ercus montana.
equalled by any of the New  England  Scarlet Oak.  QWcircus cocci,7a.
States. It owes this, no doubt, to the fer- Large     Birch. Betala papyracca.
tility of its soil, the moisture of its cli- Small White Birch. Betdlapopulifolia.
mate, and its situation on the ridges and Black Birch. Be/tla lenta.
western borders of the mountains. Its Yellow Birch. Betula excelsa.
ranges of mountains,stretching the whole Balsam Poplar. Poputlus balsanifera.
length of the State from north to south, Heart-leaved Balsam  Poplar.  Populus
intercept and often exhaust the summer   candicans.
clouds and rains, which generally come Cotton Poplar. Poplm/us Canadensis.
from  the west, so that the destructive  Vermont Poplar. Poplels moniliftira.
droughts, which are so often felt in New  Large Aspen. Popdeus grandidentata.
Hampshire and the other New England  American Aspen. Popllts tremnuloides.
States, are almost unknown in Vermont. Button Wood. Platanus occidetais.
The State excels in the number and vari- Common Elnlm  Ullas Amnericana.
ety of its Forest Trees, possessing, with Slippery Elm.  UI/euSflu/va.
the exception of eight, all the known  Northern Cork Eln.  UinPs racemosa.
species of New England. The following  Hoop Ash,or Hackberry. Cetis occidentalis.
is the list of                           Butternut, or Oilnut. Jlglans cinurca.
Shellbark Hickory. Carlya squamzosa.
THE NATIVE FOREST TREES OF VERMONT. Pignut Hickory.  CaJrya porcina.
Lime Tree, or Bass Wood.  Tilia Anmeri- Bitter Pignut Hickory.  Crya anzaran.
cana.                                  White Pine. Pinbus Stroba/s.
Wild Black Cherry.  Cerasuts serltina.    Red Pine, or Norway Pine. Pinus resinosa.
Sugar Maple. Acer sacc/harinutl.         Pitch Pine. Pinus rigida.
White Maple. Acer dasycarpscse.          Double Spruce. Piavsiits ig1ra.
Red Maple. Aces rubrunt.                 Single Spruce. Pi'nns alba.
White Ash. Fraxinsus acuminata.          Balsam Fir. Pin.s balsaiena.
Red Ash. Fraxinus pubescens.             Hemlock Spruce. Pinius CalnadcLnsis.
Black Ash. F;raxints sambecifolia.       American Larch, or Hackmatack. Pinus
Sassafras. Laur7us Sassafras.             pcnlds/a.
Tupelo, or Sour Gum. Nyssa multiflora.  Arbor Vitue, or' White Cedar."  Thutja
Red Mulberry.  Moars rulwa.                orcidentalis.
Hornbeam.  Carpinrus Americana.         Red Cedar. Jletiperus Virginiacts
Iron Wood.  Ostrya Virginica,                                     52 species.




174                NATURALI HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
SMALL TREES.                             VERMONT PLANTS RARE IN OTHER STATES,
Besides the aboYe, there are several Torrey.  (According to the younger Mitrees of small size.                    chaux, the Cotton Poplar is found native
Striped Maple. Acer PenaLsyIvaniciml.   in the west of New York.)
Mountain Maple. Acer vl/oa(??um.           The Vermont Poplar, and the HcartChoke Cherry. Pie rinls Vi1r-'iaianacr.  leaved Balsam Poplar, which Dr. Robbins
June Berry. Amelavtc/ier Canadcnsis.    found wild in many parts of Vermont,
Mountain Ash.  Sorbus Americcia.r.      were not seen native in North America
Wild Yellow Plum, or " Canada Plum." by either the elder or y-ounger Michaux,
PrUnus Amecricana.                    and do not appear to have been previousAnd also many large shrubs, which ly seen in a wild state by any Botanist in
sometimes become smnall trees.          the United States.
The Stag's Horn Sumac. Rhtl.s tljp,7ina.    List of VERMONT PLANTS not found in
The Poison Sumac, or Dogwood. Raus any other New England state.
vencnata.
The Hawthorns.  Cargltaeogs coccinca, (pc.    Anemone Pennsylvanica,
The Witch Hazel. Hlameillis Vbi-inianz.         "      Hudsoniana,
The High Laurel. Karlbe latifolzia.          Corydalis aurea,
Several species of Willow and Alder.          Nasturtium natans,
Several species of Cormus, Vibsrt'rs,    4-c.  Sisymbrium teres,
Draba arabisans,
The Forest Trees of New England not         Sinapis arvensis. Introduced.
found in Vermont are,                         Cerastium nutans,
The Tulip Tree. Lie'iodendron Tulipifera.     Flmrkea proserpinacoides,
Sweet Gum. Liquideambar Styraeciflua.         Ceanothus ovalis,
Black Walnut. Je glans nigrea.                Lathyrus ochroleucus,
White Hickory, Carya ealba.                  Phaca Robbinsii,
White Cedar of Middle States.  Cupressus      Zizia integerrima,
thyoides.                                   Symphoricarpus racemosus,
Chestnut Oak.  Querctls Castanea.             Viburnum puhescens,
Post Oak.  Qu ercits obtisiloba.              Valeriana sylvatica,
Cotton Tree. Populus heterophylla.            Aster ptarmicoides,
There are three species found in Ver-       Solidago humilis,
mont, and not elsewhere in N. England.        Pterospora andromedea,
Justicia Americana,
The Overcup White Oak.  Qnercus m-            Shepherdia Canadensis,
crhocarpa.                                  Euphorbia platyphylla,
The Northern Cork Elm. Ulnvus racemosa.       Quercus macrocarpa,
The Heart-leaved Balsam Poplar. Popu-         Populus candicans,
lus carndicans.                               "    monilifera
The Overcup White Oak belongs to the        Ulmus racemosa,
states of the West, and has not been found    Listera convallarioides,
even in New York. It was found in 1829,       Calypso bu!bosa,
by Dr. Robbins, in many towns on the          Trillium grandiflorum,
western border of the state from St. Al-      Zannichellia Ipalustris,
bans to Bennington. It is distinguished       Carex eburnea,
by the great. size of the acorn, and the      kiJ,~qJv"m tl.,
fringed border of the cup.                    Aspidium aculeatum,
The.Northern Cork Bark Elm was first       Pteris gracilis.
found in the state of New York, and was
described by Mr. Thomas, in Silliman's   Besides the species in the above list,
Journal, in the same year (1829) that it many of which are among the rarest and
was found by Dr. Robbins in Bennington most interesting plants of the LJ. S. there,
and Pownal. It is easily distinguished are a great number of species common
from the other New England species by in the west of Vermont, and of Massachuthe broad plates of cork on its branches. setts and Connecticut, which are entirely
Three fine species of Poplar,the two Bal- unknown in the eastern parts of New
sam Poplars, and the magnificent Vermont England. Among these we may mention
Poplar, Populus monilifera, are scarcely the Ginseng, theeF1f               the
found unless cultivated, in any other of curious and beautiful species of Dielytra,
the  New  England states.  Neither of and the Spring Beauty, Claytonia Carolithese three Poplars, nor the Cotton Pbp-   Of the four beautiful species of Ladys
lar, have been found native in New York most delicate and brilliant blossoms.
by the Botanists of that State, according ground iln the woods with its cheerful and
to the late Report and Catalogue of Dr. niana, which in early spring spangles the




CrAP. 7,                 BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              175
NUMBER OF PLANTS.                                  WESTERN PART OF VERMONT.
Slipper,only two, Cypripedium acaule and    We must not forget to mention that the
arietinum, are found in the eastern part vegetation of the eastern part of Vermont
of New England.                        is greatly inferior in beauty and variety
Four species of Trillium are also found to that of the western border. The pines
in Vermont, of which one, the magnifi- and firs prevail more at the east, and the
cent Greatflowered Trillium, is found no- species of forest trees are not so numerwhere else in New England. In the eas- ons. While the west has nearly every
tern part of Massachusetts, no species is plant of the east, the east is destitute of
found except Trillium cernuum.         a vast number of those of the west.
Vermont is peculiarly rich in Orchideae. Among the species of Vermont plants
The rare and beautiful Calypso has been wanting at the east, we may mention the
found no where else in the United States, Vermont Poplar,both the Balsam Poplars,
and Listera convallarioides in no other the Cotton Poplar, the.Tforthern Cork
New England state. All the species of Elm, the Ocercup White Oak, Viola CanaNew England are found in Vermont, ex- densis and rostrata, Dielytra Canadensis,
cept two, Tipularia discolor and Orchis Uvularia grandiftora,./splenium angustirotundifolia.                          folium, rhizophyllum, and Ruta muraria,
Of the beautiful order of Ferns, Ver- &c., besides others to be immediately nomont contains two species not found else- ticed.
where in New England, Pteris gracilis   The western ridge of the Alleghany
and lqspidium aculeatum, and several fine mountains, which at the head of lake
species which are wanting or rare in the Champlain ceases to exist, is broken and
east of New England, are common in Ver- interrupted in the state of New York opmont. It has all the species of New Eng- posite the southwestern border of Verland  except Lygodium palmatum  and mont, and thus an indirect and difficult
IWoodwardia onocleoides.               entrance is opened to some of the plants
On the other hand Vermont is wanting of the west and northwest. The western
n a great number of plants common in the border of Vermont thus appears to besouthand east of New England. Of course come the eastern limit of a considerable
it is destitute of all the species peculiar to number of' plants, of which the following
the sea shore, and of all the numerous and is a pretty complete list.
beautiful" Weeds" of the Sea. The ele-       Anemone Pennsylvanica,
gant Tulip Tree, common in the south-        Corydalis aurea,
west of New England, the splendid Rose-      Symphoricarpus racemosus,
bay, and the fragrant.Magnolia, are not     Justicia Americana,
found in Vermont. In the whole there are     Flcerkea proserpinacoides,
more than 500 NewEngland species which       Ceanothus ovalis,
it does not possess, of which we will only   Nasturtium natans,
mention Berberis vul aris, Silene Pennsyl-   Viburnumn pubescens,
vanica, Tephrosia Virginiana, Rhexia Vir-    Zannichellia palustris,
ginica, Liatris scariosa, Clethra alnifolia,  Carex eburnea,
Euchroma coccinea,.Inagallis arvensis,      Lathyrus ochroleucus,
Hypoxis erecta, dletris farinosa, Lilium     Ulmus racemosa,
superbum, Poa Er0grostis, and Baptisia       Quercus macrocarpa,
tinctoria.                                   Aster ptarmicoides,
The number of known phanogamous            Pterospora andromedea,
plants of New England, with the addition     Pteris gracilis,
of the Ferns, is nearly or quite 1500, ex-   Zizia integerrima,
cluding a great number of nominal spe-       Lonicera hirsuta,
cies generally admitted. The number of       Pollnisia graveolens,
plants of Vermont of the same Orders, in     Trillium grandifiorum,*
the present catalogue, is 929. The whole   Many of the above species, thouh not
number of species of the same orders ex- found  more eastwardly in the  United
isting within the limits of the state, is States, may possibly extend fther to the
doubtless as many as 1100 or 1200, so that    along the banks of the St.Lrorence.
there is still a very ample field for the   The summits of annsfield and Camel's
The summits of Mansfield and Camel's
discovery of additional species.  Many Hump Mountains, the highest mountains
species, indeed, exist on the very borders in the state, have heen pretty thoroughly
of Vermont, in New Hampshire and Mas- examined by Dr. Robbins, Mr. Tuckersachusetts, which we have no authority man, and Mr. Macrae. These mountains,
for inserting as natives of the stale, ad  though destitute of trees at their very
have not admitted into the catalogue, al- summits from the violence ofthe winds
though we have no doubt that they are       its, from the violence of the winds
also Vermont plants.                    $* Found in New Brunswick, according to Hooker.




176              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART IMATERIALS FOR THE CATALOGUE.                                     AUTHORITIES.
which sweep over them, do not probably and collected a vast number of rare and
quite reach the true limits of trees, and interesting speries, a large part of which
possess only a few of the alpine plants of were additions to the Flora of New Engthe White Mountains, which are about land, and many of them were also new to
80 miles distant to the eastward."  The the United States.
only truly alpine species found on these   The collections of JOHN CAREY, Esq.,
mountains are, perhaps, Juncus trifidus, of the city of New York, well known to
and Hierochloa alpina.  Other species, Botanists by his contributions to the Floalmost alpine, are Poa alpina, Empetrum  ra of Torrey and Gray, who resided at
nigrum, Salix; Uva-ursi, Bartsia pallida, Bellows Falls during the five years preLycopodium Sclago,&c.                  ceding 1836, and who also made frequent
The materials upon which the present visits to the northeastern counties of the
Catalogue is founded, are the following.  state. Though Mr. Carey's examinations
The Catalogue of the plants of Middle- were principally confined to the eastern
bury, published in 1821 in Professor Hall's part of the state, which is very inferior as
"Statistical Account of the town of Mid- a botanizing region to the western border,
dlebury," and which was subsequently yet he collected very many rare and interrepublished in the first edition of the pres- esting plants, among which we may menent work, with the addition of the com- tion Calypso bulbosa, Listera convallarioimon cultivated plants, and about 30 indi- des, and Equisetum variegatum.  Mr. Cagenous and naturalized species, some of rey has also added to the catalogue a
which were probably collected in other large number of common species, espeparts of the state, making in the whole cially Grasses and Cyperacee.
569 indigenous and naturalized species.   The collections of W. F. MACRAE, Esq.
The author of this Catalogue was Dr. ED- of Montreal, Canada, who, while resident
WIN JAMES, the well known botanist in at Burlington a few years ago, as a stuLong's Expedition to the Rocky Moun- dent!in the  University  of Vermont,
tains. It was probably made almost en- examined with great zeal the Botany of
tirely from  his own collections, and that vicinity, and besides the more comthough literally a mere list of names, it mon plants of that region, collected mabears the marks every where of the great ny rare and interesting species, among
accuracy and research of its author, then which were Pteris gracilis, and Draba
a young botanist. It is still the only au- arabisans, the first new to New England,
thority for several rare species.      the last collectedithere only by Michaux.
The collections made by JAMES W. Mr. Macrae also, in 1839, in company
ROBBINS, M.D., of Uxbridge, Mass., who with EDWARD TUCKERMAN, JR., Esq., the
in the year 1829 examined with the great- author of several valuable papers on the
est care and success the whole western Lichens of New England, visited Camel's
border of Vermont, from Massachusetts Hump and Mansfield mountains, where,
to Canada. Dr. Robbins entered the state besides other rare species, they collected,
at Pownal, on the 20th of May, and pass- on the sides of Mansfield,.Aspidium aculcing slowly along the western border to atumn, found in the United States only by
the Canada line, examined the large isl- Pursh, and by him in the same region.
ands of lake Champlain, and afterwards Mr. Tuckerman has also communicated
visited Camel's Hump Mountain, leaving other species collected by him in various
the state at Windsor on the 10thl of June. parts of Vermont.
On the 20th of July he again entered the   Several very interesting species were
state at Guildhall, and after examining added to the Flora of Vermont by the late
the southern border of lake Meinphrema- J. CHANDLER, M. D., of Bennington, Vt.,
gog, and the towns in that vicinity, he who also accompanied Dr. Robbins duvisited Mansfield Mountain. From thence ring a part of his first tour, and several
he proceeded to Burlington and Colches- are given on the authority  of ISAAC
ter, wvhere he first discovered the remark- BRANCH, M. nD., of Abbeville District, S.
able botanical region at High Bridge and C., JEREMIAH t1URGE, M. D., of DrewsWinooski falls, so rich in rare and inter- ville, N. H., M. M. REED, M.D. of Jackesting plants, and after examining the sonville, Ill., and P. T. WASIHBURN, Esq.
shores of the lake and the islands of South of Ludlow, Vt.
and North Hero, he visited the mouth of   All the rarer species collected by Dr.
Otter Creek, and, proceeding along the Robbins, and many of the common ones,
western range of towns from Shoreham to are ascertained from specimens received
Pownal, left the state at Brattleboro' on from him-the remainder rest on the authe 23d of August. Dr. Robbins found thority of his journals in my possession,
* Height of Mansfield mountain 4,279 feet, and of which were made daily during his tour.
Camel's ttump 4,183 feet, above tide water.  FroIn his thorough acquaintance with the




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY Of VERMONT.                            177
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
plants of New England, and our mutual  In preparing the Catalogue, I have gent
knowledge of each other's species, deri- erally followed, especially as to the nomved from  long intercourse and inter- enclature of the species, the truly excel.
change of specimens, 1 believe that very lent North American Flora of Torrey and
few if any mistakes have occurred as to Gray, now published as far as Vol. 2, No.
the species received from him.        2. which corresponds with the -first part
I have received specimens from Dr. of the Catalogue as far as the genus Bi.
Chandler of all the plants given on his dens, inclusive. As to the remaining part,
authority, and Dr. Robbins saw and ex- I have preferred such names and synoamined the species derived from  Drs. nyms as are most certain and familiar to
Branch, Burge, and Reed, in the herba- American Botanists, not always followria of those gentlemen.               ing my own opinions, as such a catalogue
1 have also seen specimens from Mr. affords no room for their explanation and
Macrae, of nearly all the species given on support. Owing to the excellent matehis authority.                        rials at my disposal, the Catalogue is
I have seen only a few specimens from  doubtless as complete as that of any state
Mr. Carey, but have not hesitated to de- of the Union yet published, and I hope
pend on his known accuracy, and intimate that it will be found useful and acceptaintercourse with Drs. Torrey and Gray. ble to Botanists.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
[The sign ~ is prefixed to such species as have been introduced and naturalized.]
Z X
CLASS I. EXOGENS, OR C COTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
ORDER RANUNCUJILACEE.  The Crowfoot Tribe.
Clematis, Linn.  Virgin's Bower.
Virginiana, L. Borders of thickets &c., in moist soil. Aug.
verticillaris, DC. Shady ledges. Rather rare. May, June.
Anemone, Haller.  Wind Flower.
nenorosa, L. Woods, &c. May.
Virginiana, L. On dry rocky hills, &c. June,July.
var. alba. Castleton, Branch, Robbins. Colchester, Burlington, &c. Robbing,
By an accidental transposition, placed under A.. cylindrical
in Hovey's Mag. Vol. 7, p. 18~.
cylindrica, Gray. Dry hills, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey  Burlington, Macrae,
July.
Hudsoniana, Richardson. Torrey &  Gray, Vol. Suppl. p. 658. A. mnltifida.
var. Hudsoniana, DC. T. & G. I. p. 13. On the limestone
ledges of the Winooski river, at Winooski falls, Colchester,
and below High Bridge, Burlington, Robbins. May, June.
Pennsylvanica, L. In stony places occasionally overflowed, on the banks of
lake Champlain. Westhaven, South Hero, &c., Robbins.
At Mallet's Bay, Sharpshi'n Point, and Winooski falls,
Burlington, Macr~ae. June, July.
Hepatica, Dillen. Noble Liverwort.
triloba, Chaix:. Anemone Hepatica, L. Woods. April.
Ranunculus, L. Crowfoot.
aquatilis, L. var. capillaceus, DC. Small streams. June-Sept.
reptans, L. var. filiformis, DC. Overflowed borders of rivers and lakes.
July, Aug.
abortivus, L. Shady banks, &c. May, June.
sceleratus, L. Ditches, &c. July, Aug.
acris, L. Buttercups. Meadows, &c. June-Aug.
bulbosus, L. Buttercups. Pastures on hills, &c. May, June.
repens, L. Low moist grounds. June-Aug.Pennsylvanicus, L. Low moist grounds. July, Aug.
recurvatus, Poir. Shady moist banks. June.
Purskii, Richardson.  R. multifidus, Pursh. Ponds and lakes.  Castleton,
Ckantdler. South Hero,Alburgh, Colchester, &c., Robbins.
Middlebury, Burge. May, June.
PT. I.     23




178               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Caltha, L. Meadow Cowslip. Marsh Marigold.
palustris, L. Wet meadows and swamps. May, June.
Coptis, Salisbury. Gold Thread.
trifolia, Salisb. Woods, in boggy soil. May.
Aquilegia, Tourn. Columbine.
Canadensis, L. Rocky places. May, June.
Actaea, L.
alba, Bigelow.  White Cohosh. Rocky woods. May.
rubra, Bigelow. Red Cohosh. Rocky woods. May.
Cimicifuga, L.
racemosa, Elliott..ictoea racemosa, L. Black Snakeroot. Woods. Middlebury,
James. Mansfield mountain, Shelburne and Sharpshin
Points near Burlington-rare.-Macrae.
Thajictrum, Tourn. Meadow Rue.
dioicum, L. Shady rocky banks. May.
Cornuti, L. Moist grounds. July.
ORDER MEN1SPERMACEE.  The Moonseed Tribe.
Menispermum, Tourn. Moonseed.
Canadense, L. Woods, &c. Middlebury, James. St. Albans and South Hero,
Robbins. Burlington, Carey. Vergennes, Macrae.  June,
July.
ORDER BERBERIDACELE. The Barberry Tribe.
Leontice, L.
thalictroides, L. Blue Cohosh. Woods. May.
Podophyllum, L. May Apple.
peltatum, L. Woods in rich soil. Castleton, Bracnch. May.
ORDER CABOMBACEIE.
Brasenia, Schreber.
purpurea. Hydropeltis rpurpea, Michx. Brasenia peltata, Pursh. In water. In
Minaud's pond, Rockingham, Carey. In Colchester pond,
Macrae. July.
ORDER CERATOPHYLLACEE.
Ceratophyllum, L. Hornwort.
echinatum? Gray. In ponds and rivers. Near the mouth of Winooski river,
and in lake Memphremagog, Robbins.
ORDER NYMPH2EACE/E.  The Water-Lily Tribe.
Nymphea, Tournefort.
odorata, Aiton. White Water-Lily. Ponds and rivers. July, Aug.
Nuphar,, Smith.
advena, Aiton. Yellow Water-Lily. Ponds and rivers. June, July.
lutea. var. Kalmiana, Torr. & Gr. N. Kalmiana, Pursh. Ponds and rivers.
July.
ORDER SARRACENIACE4E.
Sarracenia, Tourn.
purpurea, L. Side-saddle Flower. ForefRther's Cup. Sphagnous bogs. June.
ORDER PAPAVERACEJE.  The Poppy Tribe.
Sanguinaria, Dillenius. Blood-root.
Canadensis, L. Woods, &c. May.
Chelidonium, Tourn.
*~ majus, L. Road-sides, and about houses. June-Sept.
ORDER FUMARIACE]E. T/he Fumitory Tribe.
Dielytra, Borckh.
cucullaria, DC. Woods, &c. May.
Canadensis, DC.  Squiirrel Corn. Woods.  St. Albans, Robbins.  In the
southwest of Vermont, Oakes. May.
Adlumia, Raf.
fungosa.  Corydalis fungosa, Ventenat. Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf. Rocky woods.
Middlebury, James, Burge.  Castleton, Burlington, and
Westhaven, Robbins. Ludlow, Washburn.  July-Sept.




CHAP. 7.                 BOTANY OF VERMONT.                               179
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Corydalis, DC.
aurea, Willd. Rocky woods. Castleton, Chandler. Burlington, Macrae. May,
June.
glauca, Pursh. Rocks and ledges. May, June.
ORDER CRUCIFERE.  The Cruciferous Tribe.
Nasturtium, R. Br.
palustre, DC. Wet places. July, Aug.
natans, DC. var. Americanum, Gray, T. & G. I. p. 75. In shallow water on
the borders of Otter Creek belotr Vergennes, abundant for
several miles, Robbins. July, Aug.
Barbarea, R. Br.
e vulgaris, R. Br. Winter Cress. Road-sides, &c., generally in moist soil. June.
Arabis, L. Wall Cress.
hirsute, Scop. A. sagittata, DC. Tiurritis hirsuta, L. Rocks. June.
laevigata, DC.  Turritis levigata, Muhl. Rocks. June.
Cardamine, L.
rhomboidea, DC. C. rotundifolia var., Tor. & Gray. Wet meadows. Castleton,
Robbins. May, June.
hirsuta, L.  C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Brooks &c.  June, July.
pratensis, L. Lady's Smock. Cuckoo Flower. Wet meadows. Whiting and
Alburgh, Chandler. St. Albans, Robbins. May, June.
Dentaria, L. Toothwort.
diphylla, Michx. Pepper Root. Woods. May.
laciniata, Muhl. Woods. Castleton, Robbins. May.
Sisymbrium, Allioni.
~ officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Road-sides and about houses. June-Aug.
teres, Torr. & Gray, I. p. 93. Cardamine teres, Michx. Vermont, on Lake
Champlain, Michaux. No botanist except Michaux has ever
collected this species.
Sinapis, L. Mustard.
~ nigra, L. Black Mustard. Old fields, &c. June-Aug.
~ arvensis, L. Road sides, old fields,&c., called " Charlock," which it resembles.
Charlotte and Alburgh, Robbins. About Burlington, Macrae.
May, June.
Draba, L.
arabizans, Michx. On rocks. On Lake Champlain, Michaux. At Sharpshin
Point, Burlington, and on the north side of Juniper Island,
Macrae. May.
Cochlearia, L.
~ Armoracia, L. Horse-radish. Banks of rivers, and about houses, in moist
soil. June. This well known species is also thoroughly
naturalized in Massachusetts, often in places distant from
habitations.
Camelina, Crantz.
~ sativa, Crantz. Old fields, flax fields, &c. Ferrisburgh, Robbins. Bellows
Falls, Carey.
Lepidium, L. Peppervort, or " Pepper Grass."
Virginicum, L. Sandy fields and roadsides. June, July.
Capsella, Vent. Shepherd's Purse,
~ Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. Gardens and fields. April-Sept.
Raphanus, L.
~ Raphanistrum, L.  Charlock.  Wild Radish.  Cultivated grounds.  South
Hero, Robbins. June, Sept.
ORDER CAPPARIDACEIE.  The Caper niibe.
Polanisia, Raf.
graveolens, Raf. On the gravelly banks of Lake Champlain, above high water.
July, Aug.
ORDER POLYGALACE]E.  The Milkwort Tribe.
Polygala, L. Milkwort.
verticillata, L. Dry Soils. At Bellows Falls, Tuckerman, Carey. July-Sept.




180              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Senega, L. Seneca Snake-root. Dry rocky woods and banks. June.
polygama, Wait. P. rubella, Willd. Dry fields and borders of woods. July,
Aug.
paucifolia, Willd. Pine woods and sphagnous swamps. May, June.
ambigua, Nuttall. Dry fields, &c. Pownal, Robbins. July, Aug.
ORDER VIOLACEAE. The Violet Tribe.
Viola, L. Violet.
palmata, L. Woods and shady banks. Pownal, Robbins. May.
cucuulata, Ait. Wet meadows and woods. May.
sagittata, Ait. var. ovata, T. &. G. I. p. 138. V. ovata, Nutt. Dry hills, &c.
May.
rotundifolia, Michx. Woods. May.
blanda, Willd. Wet meadows and woods. May.
Muhlenbergii, Torrey. Moist woods. May, June.
rostrata, Pursh. Woods. May, June.
pubescens, Ait. Woods. May, June.
Canadensis, L. Woods. May, June.
ORDER DROSERACEE.  The Sundew Tribe.
Drosera, L. Sundew.
rotundifolia, L. Sphagnous bogs. June-Aug.
longifolia, L. Sphagnous bogs. June-Aug.
Parnassia, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. -
Caroliniana, Michx. Wet meadows, &c. Aug., Sept.
ORDER CISTACE]E.  The Rock-rose Tribe.
Helianthemum, Tourn.
Canadense, Michx. Dry sandy pastures, &c. Pownal, Robbins. Bellows Falls,
Carey. Burlington, Macrae. June.
Lechea, L. Pin TVeed.
major, Mich. Dry pastures, &c. Middlebury, James. July, Aug.
minor, Lam.  Dry  hills, &c.  Middlebury, James.  Burlington, Macrae.
Bellows Falls, Carey. July, Aug.
ORDER HYPERICACE/E. The St. John's Wort Tribe.
Hypericum, L. St. John's Wort.
pyramidatum, A it. H. ascyroides, Willd. Banks of rivers. Burlington, Bigelow.
Near Rutland, Robbins. On Black river, Springfield, Carey.
On White river, between Royalton and Hartford, Oakes.
July, Aug.
~ perforatum, L. Common St. John's lWort. Grass fields, pastures, &c. July,
August.
corymbosum, Muhl. Shady banks, &c. July, Aug.
ellipticum, Hooker. Moist meadows, &c. Middlebury, Burge. Westford and
Ferrisburgh, Robbins.  Burlington, Tuckerman.  Bellows
Falls, &c., Carey. July, Aug.
mutilum, L. H. parvifiorum, Willd. Wet soils. July, Aug.
Canadense, L. Wet soils. July, Aug.
Elodea, Adans.
Virginica, Nutt.  Swamps, &c.  Middlebury, James.  Burlington, Macrae.
July Aug.
ORDER ILLECEBRACEE. The Knot-grass$ Tribe.
Spergula, Bartl.
~ arvensis, L. Old fields, &c. June, Oct.
Anychia, Michx.
dichotoma, Michx. Dry hills, &c. Pownal, Robbins. July, Aug.
ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  The Pink Tribe.
Mollugo, L.
verticillata, L. Sandy soils. Bellows Falls, Carey. July-Sept.
Arenaria, L. Sandwort.
stricta, Michx. Rocks. June.




CQar. 7.                BOTANY OF VERMONT.                             181
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Grienlandica, Spring. A. glabra, Bigel. non Michx. On the summits of
Mansfield mountain and Camel's Hump, Robbins, Tuckerman,
and Macrae.  July, Aug.  (Ideti-with - A.g/r.   of
~ Serpyllifolia, L. Sandy fields. Burlington, Tuckerman. May-July.
lateriJflora, L. Moist woods. Middlebury, Burge. Fairhaven, Robbins. June.
Stellaria, L.
~ media, Smith. Chickweed. Gardens, &c. April-Nov.
longifolia, Muhl. Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
borealis, Bigel. Swamps, and on mountains. June, July.
Cerastium, L. Moznse-ear Chickweed.
~ eedlgatwm  L. Roadsides, &c. June.
nutans, Raf. Moist shady places. Middlebury, Burge. Danby and Rutland,
Robbins. May.
Silene, L. Catchfly.
antirrhina, L. Dry fields, &c. On the rocks about Winooski falls, Colchester.
Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
~ noctiflora, L. Old fields, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aurlington, Macrae.
July.
Agrostemma, L.'Githago, L. Corn Cockle. Cultivated fields, &c. June.
ORDER PORTULACEAE. The Purslane Tribe.
Portulaca, L.
I oleracea, L. Purslane. Gardens, &c. July, Aug.
Claytonia, L.
Caroliniana, Michx. Spring Beauty. Woods. April, May.
ORDER LINACE/E.  The Flax Tribe.
Linum, L. F/ax.
~ usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. Old fields, &c. July.
Virginianum, L. Dry woods, &c. Pownal, Robbins. June-Aug.
ORDER GERANIACEiE.  The Geranium Tribe.
Geranium, L.
maculatum, L. Woods. June.
Carolinianum, L. Dry soils. Bellows Falls, Carey. Burlington, Oakes. June.
Robertianum, L. Shady ledges, &c. June-Sept.
ds4imsL.....I-iAls. Cautleton, Robbins; -JanoJuly, Exactly the European
plant, and foun4 also by Dr. Robbins at Augusta, Me,, and
ljxbridge. Mass.
ORDER BALSAMINACEE.  The Balsamz Tribe.
Impatiens, L. Balsam.
pallida, Nutt. Moist shady grounds. Pownal, Oakes. At the base of Mansfield
mountain, Westhaven, Jericho, &c., Robbins. Guildhall,
Carey.
fulva, Nutt. Moist grounds. Aug. Sept.
ORDER LIMNANTHACEE.
Flcerkea, Willd.
proserpinacoides, Willd. Wet banks, and margins of streams, &c. Castleton,
Robbins. May.
ORDER OXALIDACE2E.  The Wood-sorrel Tribe.
Oxalis, L.  Wood-sorrel.
acetosella, L. Mountain woods. June, July.
stricta, L. Cultivated grounds. June-Sept.
ORDER XANTHOXYLACE2E.
Xanthoxylum, L..Smericanum, Miller. X.fraxineum, Willd. Prickly Ash. On rocky hills and
banks. Middlebury, James. Ferrisburgh, Shoreham, Grand
Isle, Shelburne, St. Albans, and Arlington, Robbings. April,
May.




182               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
ORDER ANACARDIACEAE.  The Cashew Tribe.
Rhus, L. Sumac.
typhina, L. Stag's horn Sumac. Hills. June.
glabra, L. Smooth Sumac. Hills, &c. July.
copallina, L. Mountain Sumac. Hills and pastures. July.
venenata, DC.  R. vernix, L. in part.  Poison Sumac.  Poison Dogwood.Swamps. June.
Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy. Woods and along fences. June.
aromatics, Ait. Dry hills and banks. Shoreham, Dr. Hill. Westhaven and
Pownal, Robbins. May.
ORDER MALVACESE.  The Mallow Tribe.
Malva, L. Mallows.
~ rotundifolia, L.  Road-sides and about houses. June-Sept.
Sida, L.;J.dbutilon, L. Waste places, cultivated grounds, &c. Pownal, Robbins. Aug.,
Sept.
ORDER TILIACEE.  The Linden Tribe.
Tilia, L. Linden or Lime Tree.
Americana, Lr Bass Wood. Woods. July.
ORDER VITACE]E.  The Vine Tribe.
Vitis, L. Vine.
Labrusca, L. Fox Grape. Woods and thickets. June.
cestivalis? Michx. Summer Grape. Banks of rivers, &c.  On the alluvial
banks of the Winooski, near High Bridge, Colchester,
Bobbins. Rocks at Sharpshin Point, Burlington, kliacrac.
Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
riparia, Michx. Thickets on the banks of rivers. Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
cordifolia, Michx. Frost Grape.  Winter Grape. Borders of thickets, &c. June.
Ampelopsis, Michx.
quinquefolia, Michx. Common Creeper. Woods, &c. July.
ORDER ACERACE]E. The Maple Tribe.
Acer, L. Maple.
Pennsylvanicum, L. A. striatum, Michx. Striped Maple. Woods. May, June.
spicatum, Lam. A. montanum, Ait. Mountain Maple.  Woods. June.
saccharinum, L. Sugar Maple.  Woods.  May.  var. nigrum. A. nigrum,
Michx. Black Sugar Maple. Woods. May.
dasycarpum, Ehrh. White Maple, Soft Maple. Banks of rivers. April.
rubrum, L. Red Maple. Swamps, &c. April, May.
ORDER CELASTRACEIE.
Staphylea, L. Bladder-nut.
trifoliq, L. Rocky banks, &c. Middlebury, James. Pownal, Robbins. May.
Celastrus, L.
scandens, L.  Wax-work. False Bitter-Sweet. Borders of woods, fences, &c.
June.
ORDER RHAMNACEIE.  T/e Buck-Thornn Tribe.
Rhamnus, L. Buck-thorn.
alnifolius, L'Her. Sphagnous swamps. Castleton, Whiting, Craftsbury, &c.,
Robbins.  Hubbardton, Chandler.  Danville, Carey. May,
June,
Ceanothus, L.
Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Dry woods, pastures, &c. July
ovalis, Bigel. Dry open sandy woods, &c. Burlington, June.
ORDER LEGUMINOS,E. The Pea and Bean Tribe.
Vicia, L. Vetch.
sativa, L. Common Vetch. Tare. Old fields, &c. July.
Cracca, L. Old fields, &c. Middlebury, Burge. June, July.




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              183
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Lathyrus, L.
maritimus, Bigel. Pisum maritimum, L. Shore Pea. On the sandy shore of
lake Champlain, Burlington, Macrae. June, July.
palustris, L. Wet meadows, &c. June.
var. myrtifolius, L. myrlifolius, Muhl. ", In Vermont.  Torrey. Gray."
ochroleucus, Hooker. L glaucifolius, Beck. On the banks of lake Champlain,
in dry soil, in North and South Hero, Robbins. June, July.
Apios, Boerhaave.
tuberosa, Mcench.  Glycine Apios, L.  Ground Nut. Moist shady places. Aug.
Amphicarpaea, Elliott.
monoica, Elliott.  Glycine monoica, L. Woods. July.
Trifolium, L. Clover. Trefoil.
~ arvense, L. Dry sandy soil. July, Aug.
~ pratense, L. Red Clovor. Meadows, fields, &c. June-Sept.
repens, L.  White Clover. Meadows, fields, woods, &c. May-Oct.
Melilotus, Tourn. Melilot.
6 officinalis, Willd.  Yellow Melilot. Middlebury, James. June-Aug.
Medicago, L.
~ lupulina, L. Nonesuch. Fields,&c. South Hero. Robbins. June, Aug.
Phaca, L...
Robinsii, Oakes, in Hovey's Mag., May, 1841. On a limestone ledge in
Burlington, on the banks of Winooski river, a quarter of a
mile below High Bridge, Robbins. May, June.
Desmodium, DC. Hedysarum, L.
nudiflorum, DC. Dry woods. Aug.
acuminatum, DC. Dry woods. Aug.
Canadense, DC. Woods and by fences. July, Aug.
canescens, DC. Dry soil. Pownal, Robbins. Aug.
paniculatum, DC. Dry woods. Ferrisburgh, Robbins. Aug.
Dillenii, Darlington. Dry woods. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug.
Lespedeza, Michx, Hedysarum, L.
violacea, Pers. Dry woods. Rockingham, Carey. Aug.
hirta, Ell. Dry fields, banks, &c. Colchester, Robbins. Aug.
capitata, Michx. Dry pastures, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. August.
Lupinus, L. Lupine.
perennis, L. Wild Luptne. Sandy woods and fields. June.
Cassia, L.
JMarilandica L.  Wild Senna. Orwell, Dr. Hill. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug.
ORDER ROSACEE. The Rose Tribe.
Prunus, Tourn. Plum.
Americana, Marshall. P. nigra, Ait.  Canada Plum.  Wild Yellow Plum.-  oods. May.
Cerasus, Juss. Prunus, L Cherry.
pumila, Micllx. Sand Cherry. Rocky or sandy shores. May.
Pennsylvanica, Loisel. C. borealis, Michx. Wild Red Cherry. Woods. May.
serotina, DC.  C. Virginiana, Michx.  Wild Black Cherry. Fields, woods, &c.
June.
Virginiana, DC. P. obovata, Bigel.  Choke Cherry. Fields, woods, &c. June.
Spireea, L.
salicifolia, L. Meadow Sweet. Low grounds. July, Aug.
tomentosa, L. Hardhackl. Low grounds. July, Aug.
Geum, L. Avens.
strictum, Ait. Low grounds. July.
Virginianum, L. Fields, &c. June, July.
rivale, L. Water Avens. Bogs. June.
Waldstenia, Willd.
fragarioides, Tratt. Dalibardafragarioides, Michx   Woods. June.
Agrimonia, Tourn. Agrimony.
Eupatoria, L. Woods and pastures. July.
Potentilla, L. Cinquefoil.
fruticosa, L. Bogs. July-Sept.
Canadensis, L. P. simplex, Michx.. Five Finger. Woods. May, June.
var. pumila. P. Pumila, Poir, Pastures, &c. May-Aug.




184              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Jorvegica, L. Old fields, &c. June-Aug.
tridentata, Ait. On the Alpine summits of Mansfield mountain and Camel's
Hump, Robbins. July, Aug.
arguta, Pursh. P. coRfertifora, Torrey. Rocky Hills. Pownal, Castleton,
Robbins  Bellows Falls, Carey. May, June.
anserina, L. Overflowed places. June, July.
argentea, L. Dry hills, &c.  Bellows Falls, Carey.  Burlington, Macrae.
Pownal, Robbins. June.
Comarum, L.
palustre, L. Bogs. Burlington, Robbins. Charleston, Carey. July.
Fragaria, Tourn. Strawberriy.
Virginiana, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry. Woods and meadows. May.
vesca, L.  Common " English" WoOd Strawberry.  Woods, especially on
mountains. May.
Dalibarda, L.
repens, L. Woods, especially on mountains. June-Aug.
Rubus, L. Bramble.
odoratus, L. Flowering Raspberry. Shady rocky banks. June-Aug.
strigosus, Michx. Red Raspberry. About woods. May, June.
occidentalis, L. Thimble-berry. Black Raspberry. By fences, &c. May, June.
villosus, Ait. High Blackberry. Borders of woods and fields. June.
Canadensis, L. R. trivialis, Pursh. Low Blackberry. Fields, &c. June.
hispidus, L. R. sempervirens and setosus, Bigelow. Woods. June.
triflorus, Richardson. R. saxatilis, Michx. Swamps and woods. June.
Rosa, Tourn. Rose.
Carolina, L. Borders of swamps, &c. July.
lucida, Ehrh. Pastures, &c. June.
blanda, Ait. On rocks. Bellows Falls, Carey. Burlington, Macrae. On the
ledge near High Bridge, Burlington, with Phaca Robbinsii,
Oakes. June.
~ rubiginosa, L. Sweet Briar. Thickets, pastures, &c. June, July.
Crategus, L. Hawthorn.
coccinea, L. Borders of thickets, &c. May, June.
tomentosa, L. var. B., Torrey & Gray, 1-466. Thickets, &e. Bellows
b'alls, Carey. May, June.
punctata, Jacq. Borders of woods, &c. Ferrisburgh, Charlotte, Colchester,
&c, Robbins, May, June.
Pyrus, L.
arbutifolia, L. f. var. erythrocarpa. Dry woods. June.
var. melanocarpa. Chokeberry. Swamps. June.;Americana, DC. Sorbus.mericana, Willd. Mountain Ash. Woods, especially
on mountains. June.
Amelanchier, Medic. DC. Mespilus, L.  Aronia, Pers. Juneberry.
Canadensis, T. & G. 1-473..Mespilus Can. L. Pyrus Botryapium, L. fil.
var. Botryapium, T. & G. Woods, &c. May, June.
var. oblongifolia, T. & G. Woods, &c. May, June.
var. rotundifolia, T. & G. Rocky banks of rivers, &c. May, June.
var. oligocarpa, T. & G. Near the summits of Camel's Hump and Mansfield
mountain, Robbins, Tuckerman, and.Macrae. In a swamp
at Guildhall, Carey. June.
ORDER LYTHRACEAE. The Loosestrife Tribe.
Decodon, Gmelin.
verticillatum, Elliott. Lythrum vert., L. Borders of ponds, &c. Colchester,
Robbins.
ORDER ONAGRACEAE.  The Evening Primrose Tribe.
Epilobium, L.  Willow Herb.
angustifolium, L. E. spicatum, Lam. Burnt woods, &c. July, Aug.
coloratum, Muhl. Wet places. July, Aug.
palustre, L. var. albiflorum, Lehm. E. lineare, Muhh E. squamatum, Nuttall.
Swamps. Aug.
CEnothera, L. Evening Primrose.
biennis, L. Old fields, &c. July, Aug.




CEIAP. 7.                BOTANY OF VERMONT.                            185
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
pumila, L. Old fields, &c. June-Sept.
Circaea, Tourn. Enchanter's Nig/htshade.
Lutetiana, L. Woods, &c. July.
alpina, L. Old woods, on fallen mossy trunks, &c. July, Aug.
SUB-ORDER HALORAGEE.
Proserpinaca, L.
palustris, L. Ditches, borders of ponds, &c. July, Aug.
Myriophyllum, Vaill.  Water Milfoil.
spicatum, L. In ponds, &c. July.       - 
ORDER CUCURB1TACE2E.  The Gowrd Tribe.
Sicyos, L. Single-seeded Cucwmber.
angulatus, L., Cultivated grounds and river banks. Aug.
Echinocystis, Torrey 4- Gray, 1, 542.
lobata, T, & G. Momordica echinata, Willd. Hexameria echinata, T. & G. in New
York State Cat. p 137. Alluvial banks of rivers. On the
Hoosic, Pownal, Vt., Oakes. On the Winooski, below High
Bridge, Colchester, Robbins. Aug.
ORDER GROSSULARIACEE. Th Clurrant and Gooseberry Tribe.
Ribes, L. Curracnt and Gooseberry.
Cynosbati, L. Rocky woods, &c. May.
lacustre, Poiret. Rocky mountain woods. May, June.
prostratum, L'Herit. R. rigens and trifidum, Michx. Mountain woods. May.
rubrum, L. Red garden Currant. Swamps. St. Johnsbury, Carey. Also on
the rocky banks of the Winooski, Oakes. May, June.
ORDER CRASSULACEAE. The Hoiuse-leek Tribe.
Penthorum, L.
sedoides, L. Low moist places. July, Aug.
ORDER SAXIFRAGACEE.  T7he Saxifrage Tribe.
Saxifraga, L. Saxifrage.
Virginiensis, Michx. Rocks. May.
Pennsylvanica, L. Wet meadows and swamps. May, June.
Mitella, L.
diphylla, L. False sanicle. Woods. May.
nuda, L. M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx. Shady bogs. May, June.
Tiarella, L. Mitre Wort.
cordifolia, L. Woods. May, June.
Chrysosplenium, Touarn. Golden Saxifrage..imericanum, Schweinitz.  C. oppositifolium, Michx. &c. not L. Wet boggy
soil. May, June.
ORDER HAMAMELACEE.  The Witch Hazel Tribe.
Hamamelis, L. Witch Hazel.
Virginiana, L. Woods, &c. Oct., Nov.
ORDER UMBELL1FERXE.  The Unbelliferous Tribe,
Hydrocotyle, Tourn. Marsh Penny Wort.
Americana, L. Swamps, &c. July, Aug.
Sanicula, Tourn. Sanidce.
MJarilandica, L. Woods. June.
Ciouta, L.
maculata, L. Water Hemlock. Moist meadows, &c. July, Aug.
bulbifera, L. Borders of swamps, &c. August.
Sium, L. Water Parsnip.
latifolium, L. Wet places. July, Aug.
Cryptotaenia, DC.
Canadensis, DC. Sison Canadense, L. Shady banks, &c. July.
Zizia, Koch.
aurea, Koch. SnLyniuom aureum, L. Meadows, &c. July.
integ, DC. myrierrima, DC. Smyrnium integerrimum, L. Shady banks, &c. June.
Thaspium, Nutt.
cordatum, Torrey & Gray, 1, 615. Middlebury, James, June.
PT,. X-        24




186               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PaRT I
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. -
Conioselinum, Fisch.
Canadense, T. &  G. 1, 619.  Selinlum Can., Michx.  Cnidium Can., Spreng.
Cedar swamps and wet woods. Fairhaven, and at the base
of Mansfield mountain, Robbins. B -!..ge'.cj,eIr-.. July.
Archangelica, Hoffm.
atropurpurea, Hoffm. Angelica triqeuinata, Michx. Angelica. Low  grounds
July.
Pastinaca, Tourn.
~ sativa, L.  Common Parsnep. By fences, &c. June, July.
Heracleum, L.  Cow Parsnep.
lanatum, Michx. By fences, &c. June, July.
Osmorhiza, Raf.
longistylis, DC. Sweet Cicely. Woods. May, June.
brevislylis, DC. Woods. May, June.
Conium, L. Hemlock.
~ maculatum, L. Poison Hemlock. Road sides, &c. July, Aug.
ORDER ARALIACEE.  The Aralia Tribe.
Aralia, L.
nudicaulis, L.  Wild Sarsaparilla. Woods. May, June.
racemosa, L. Spikenard. Woods and shady banks. July.
hispida, L. Burnt woods, &c. July.
Panax, L.  Ginseng.
quinquefolium, L.  Common Ginseng. Woods. July.
trifolium, L. Dwarf Ginseng. Moist woods. May.
ORDER CORNACE]E.  The Dogwood Tribe.
Cornus, L. Dogwood.
alternifolia, L. Woods. June.
circinata, L. Woods, &c. Middlebury, James. Castleton, Colchester, and
Burlington, Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
stolonifera, Michx. Cornus alba, Wang. Banks of streams, &c. May, June.
paniculata, L'Her. Borders of woods, &c. June.
sericea, L. Low grounds, &c. July.
florida, L.  Comrmon Dogwood. Woods. Castleton, Robbins. May, June.
Canadensis, L.  Woods. May.
ORDER CAPRIFOL1ACEE.  The H1onewynxkk Tribe.
Linnwea, Gronov.
borealis, Gronov. Linnaea. Old woods. June, July.
Symphoricarpus, DilleniZus.
racemosus, Michx. Saowbevrry. Rocky banks. On Grand Isle andSSouth Hero,
at the " Point of Rocks" in Shoreham, and at Fort Cassin,
Robbins. On the extremity of Sharpshin Point, Burlington,
Macrae. July, Aug.
Lonicera, L. Honeysueckle.
hirsuta, Eaton. Rocky woods. Middlebury, James. Castleton, Branch. Pownal,
Robbins. June.
parvijfora, Lam. Rocky banks, &c. June.
ciliata, Muhl. Shady ledges, &c. May, June.
cterulea, L. Xylosteunm villosum, Michx. Bogs, &c. May, June.
Diervilla, Tou1rn.
trifida, Moench. D. Canadensis, Willd. Rocky woods. July.
Triosteum, L.
perfoliatum, L. Feverwort. Rocky woods, &c. Bennington, Robbins. May, June.
Sambucus, Tourn. Elder.
Canadensis, L. Common Elder. Along fences, &c. July.
pubens, Michx. Red-berried Elder. Woods and mountains. May.
Viburnum, L.
nudum, L.  V. pyrifolium, Pursh.  V. cassinoides. L. Moist woods, &c. June.
Lentago, L. Moist thickets. June.
dentatum, L. Arrow wood. Moist thickets. June.
pubescens, Pursh. Dry rocky banks. Middlebury, James. Shoreham, Castleton,
and Westhaven, Robbins Sharpshin Paint and a high rock
behind it, Burlington, Macrae.  June.




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              187
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
acerifolium, L. Rocky woods. June.
Opulus, L.  var. Americannum, Ait.  V. O. xycoccus, Pursh.  Cranberry Bush.
Woods, &c. May, June.
var. eradiatum, Oakes in Hovey's Mag., May, 1841.  V. pauciflorun7m, La
Pylaie. T. &. G. 2, 17. Near the summit of the
Mansfield mountain, 2Tuckerman and Macrae. July.
Lantanoides, Michx. Hobble Bush. Old woods. May, June.
ORDER RUBIACEE.  The Madder Tribe.
Houstonia, L.
oevrulea, L. Wet pastures, &c. May, June,
longifolia, Michx. Dry woods. July.
Galium, L. Bedstraw.
iparine, L.  Goose grass.  Cleavers. Shady banks. June.
trifidum, L.  G. tinctoricum, L.  G. obtusum, Bigel. Low grounds. June, July.
asprellum, Michx. Moist thickets. July.
triflorum, Michx. Woods. June, July.
pilosum, Ait. Dry pastures, &c. Pownal. Robbins. June.
circaezans, Michx. Woods. June, July.
var. tanceolatum, Torr. & Gray. G. lanc. Torrey. Woods. Castleton,
Branch.  Middlebury, Burge.  Essex, Robbins.  Bellows
Falls, Carey.
vat. montanum, T. & G. 2, 24.  G. Littellii, Oakes in Hovey's Magazine,
May, 1841. On the sides of Camel's Hump mountain,
Robbins.  Notch of Mansfield mountain, Tu'cklerracc  and
Macrae.  July, August.  A -- peee — - ia.-.grQws —on
Sh"PokPiW-p o, H,  0
Cephalanthus, L. Button Bush.
occidentalis, L. Small ponds and wet places. July, August.
Mitchella, L. Checker-Berry.
repens, L. Woods. June, July.
ORDER VALERIANACEA.  Thle talrian Tribe.
Valeriana, Tourn.  Valerian.
sylvatica, Herb. Banks.  Cedar and other swamps. Fairhaven and Craftsbury.
Robbins. May-July.
ORDER DIPSACEXE.  The Teasel Tribe.
Dipsacus, L. Teasel.
~ sylvestris, L.  Wild Teasel. Waste grounds. Castleton, Reed.
ORDER COMPOSITE.
Vernonia, Schreber..J'oveboracensis, Willd. Iron-weed. Low grounds. Middlebury, James. Aug.
Eupatorium, L.
perfoliatum, L. Thorough wort. Bogs and wet grounds. Aug.
ageratoides, L. f. Shady banks, &c. August, Sept.
purpureunt, L. E. verticill. and maculatum, L. Moist grounds. Aug., Sept.
Nardosmia, Cass. *
palmata, Hook.  Tussilago palmata, Ait.  Swamps.  Fairhaven, Robbins.
April, May.
Tussilago, TournR.
I ~ Farfara, L. Colts-foot. Banks of streams, and moist banks. Pownal, Oakes.
Danby, Castleton, Grand Isle, Arlington, &c., Robbinls.
Burlington, Tuckcer'lan. Rockingham, Cariey. April, May.
Aster, L. Starwort.
conyzoides, Willd. Dry open woods, &c. Pownal and Arlington, Robbins.
July, August.
laavis, L. Borders of woods, &c. Bellows Falls, &c., Ca'rry. Aug., Sept.
undulatus, L. Dry woods, &c. Burlilugton, laKirae-. Bellows Falls, Carry.
August, Sept.
corymbosus, Ait.  Woods.nld shadyr banks, Aiu. Sept.
cordifoius, L. AWoods, &c. Scpt.
multiJcorus, Ait.  Dry hills, pastr,,is  &c.  Poeral, f'c.,:. Ac t Seltp



188               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
dumosus, L. var. strictior, T. & G., 2, 128. Borders of woods, &c.
Tradescanti, L. var.fragilis, T. & G., 2, 129. Rocky banks of the Winooski,
Colchester and Burlington, Robbins. Aug., Sept.
miser, L. var. hirsutwaulis.  T. &  G., 2, 131.  Borders of thickets, &c.
Bellows Falls, Carey. Burlington, Macrae. Aug., Sept.
simplex, Willd. Wet grounds. Bellows Falls, Carey. August, Sept.
prealtus, Poir. Moist woods, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. August, Sept.
puniceus, L. Low moist grounds. August, Sept.
oJVboe-Angli~a, L. Moist grounds, &c. Middlebury, James. Sept.
acuminatus, Michx. Woods. August, Sept.
ptarmicoides, T. & G., 2, 160.  Chrysopsis alba, Nutt.  Helkastrum album, DC.
Rocky hills, Pownal, Robbins. August.
linariifolius, L. Dry sandy pastures, &c. August, Sept.
umbellatus, Miller. Moist thickets. August, Sept.
macrophyllus, L. Dry woods. Sept.
Erigeron, L. Flea-bai-e.
Canadense, L. Old fields, &c. July-Oct.
bellidifolium, Muhl. Poor- Robert's Plantain. Borders of woods, &c. May,
June.
Philadelphicum, L. E. purpureum, Ait. Banks of rivers. Putney, Reed.
Burlington, Robbins.  Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
strigosum, Muhl. E. Philadelphicum, and E. integrifolium, Bigel. Fields,
&c. June-Aug.
annuum, Pers. E. heterophyllum, Muhl. E. strigosum, Bigel. Old fields, &c.
July, August.
Solidago, L. Golden Rod.
Canadensis, L. About fences and woods. August, Sept.
gigantea, Ait. Borders of woods, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. August, Sept.
juncea, Ait. S. arguta, Torr. and Gray. Borders of woods, &c. Burlington,
Carey.
neglecta, Torrey & Gray. Moist woods, &c. Fairhaven, Robbins. Aug., Sept.
altissima, L. Low grounds, &c. August, Sept.
nemoralis, Ait. Dry fields and hills. August, Sept.
odora, Ait. Woods. August, Sept.
bicolor, L. Dry woods. August, Sept.
ccesia, L. Woods. Bellows Falls, Carey. Sept.
flexicaulis, L. S. latifolia, L. Shady banks and woods. Sept.
virgaurea, L. Bigel. S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer. T. &  G., 2, 207.  Woods
on the sides of Killington Peak and of Mansfield Mountain.
Robbins. August.
squarrosa, Muhl. Dry banks and woods. Castleton, Essex and Colchester,
Robbins. August, Sept.
ianceolata, L. Low grounds, &c. August, Sept.
humilis, Pursh, 2, 543.  On limestone rocks at Winooski falls, Colchester,
and also on the ledge with Plsaca Robbinsii, Burlington,
Robbins. August.
Inula, L.
5 Helenium, L. Elecampane. Road sides. August.
Xanthium, L. Cocklebur.
y Strumarium, L.  var. Canadense, Torrey  and  Gray.  Road sides, &c.
Middlebury, James.  South Hero, Robbins.  Burlington,
Carey. August.
Ambrosia, L.
A.rtemisiaefolia, L... elatior, L. Bitter Weed. Old fields, &c. Aug., Sept.
trifida, L. Low grounds. Pownal, Robbins. August, Sept.
Rudbeckia, L.
laciniata, L. Low grounds, &c. August, Sept.
Helianthus, L. Sun flower.
divaricatus, L. Sandy woods, &c. August, Sept.
decapetalus, L.  Moist places and woods about Burlington and Colchester,
Macrae. August, Sept.
Bidens, L. Bur Marigold.
frondosa, L. Moist fields, &c. August, Sept'




CUAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              189
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
chrysanthemoides, Michx. Wet grounds. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug., Sept.
cernua, L. Wet grounds. August, Sept.
Beckii, Torrey.  Lakes, ponds, &c.  In Lake Champlain, near Benson,
Chandler. August, Sept.
connata, Muhl. Moist grounds. Middlebury, James. August, Sept.
Anthemis, L.
cotula, L. May weed. Road sides, &c. July-Sept.
Achillea, L.  Yarrow, Milfoil.
~ MJillefolium, L. Pastures, &c. July, August.
Chrysanthemum, L.
Ileucanthemum, L.  Whiteweed. Pastures and grass fields. June-Aug.
Artemisia, L. Wormwood.
~ Absinthium, L. Common Wormwood. Road sides, &c. Naturalized abundantly
in Danby, Barre, Williamstown, Mount Tabor, Dorset,
Pownal, &c., Robbins. Aug.
~ vulgaris, L. Mugwort. Road sides, &c. In Castleton, Branch. Middlebury,
Burge. In North Hero, St. Albans, Georgia, Danby, &c.
Robbins. Hubbardton, Chandler'. Swanton, Carey. Colchester,
Oakes. July, August.
Tanacetum, L.  Tansy.
~ vulgare, L.  Common; Tansy. Road sides, &c. August.
Gnaphalium, L.  Cudweed.
decurrens, Ives. Fields and pastures. Near Mansfield Mountain, Robbins.
Highgate, Tuckherman. Bellows Falls, Carcy. Burlington
and Colchester, Oakes. August, Sept.
polycephalum, Michx. Life everlasting. Fields and pastures. August, Sept.
uliginosum, L. Low grounds. August, Sept.
Antennaria, R. Br.
margaritacea, R. Br.  Gnaphalium marg. L. Pastures, &c. August, Sept.
plantaginea, R. Br.  Gnaph. plant. L. Pastures, &c. April, May.
Senecio, L.  Groundsel.
Balsamitoe, Muhl. Rocky banks. June.
obovatus, Muhl.  Dry rocky banks, &c. Bennington and Pownal, Robbins.
May, June.
aureus, L. Bogs, &c. June.
var. lanceolatus, Oakes, in Hovey's Mag. May, 1841. In a cedar swamp at
Brownington, Robbins. July.
hieracifolius, L. Fireweed. Low grounds, &c. Aug.
Cirsium, Tourn.  Thistle.     A
~ lanceolatum, Scop.  Cardus lanceolatus, L. Road-sides, &c. July-Sept.
discolor, Spreng. Cnicus discolor, Muhl. Fields and woods. Aug.
pumilum, Spreng.  Cnicus odoratus, Muhl. Carduuspumilus, Nutt. Pastures.
Essex, Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey. Sept., Oct.
muticumn, Michx.  Cnicus glutinossus, Big. Moist woods. August, Sept.
~ arvense, Scop. C(nicls arvensis, Hoff.  Canada Thistle. Fields, meadows,
roadsides, &c. July, Sept.
Onopordon, L.  Cotton Thistle.
~ 2tcanthium, L. Dry pastures, &c. Williston and Grand Isle, Robbins.
Arctium, L.
9'Lappa, L. Buirdock. Waste places. July-Sept.
Lactuca, Toqrn. Lettuce.
elongata, Muhl. Along fences, &c. July.
var. sanguinea. L. sanguinlea, Big. Dry pine woods. July, Aug.
Leontodon, L.
qTaraxacum, L. Dandelion. Fields, gardens, &c.
Sonchus, L. Sow thistle.
e oleraceus, L.  Co7nmon Sow thistle.  Gardens, &c. August, Sept.'var. spinulosus,.  S. spinulosus, Bigel. S. oleraceus E. Smith E. MI., 3, 344.
Pluk. t. 61, f. 5. Waste grounds, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey.
Common in the east of Massachusetts, and apparently a
starved variety of S. oleracenls, though the 7chenia are also
smoother than in the common variety.
floridanus? L. S. acuminatus, Bigelow. Moist woods. August, Sept.
Hieracium, L. Hawk-weed.




190                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
venosum, L. Dry open woods, &c. June.
Marianum, Willd.  Dry woods, &c. Aug.
Canadensis, Michx. H. Kalrnii, Bigelow, &c. Borders of woods. Aug.
paniculatum, L. Dry woods. Aug.
Krigia, Schreber.
Viraginica, Willd. Dry sandy pastures, &c. Middlebury, James.  May-July.
Prenanthes, Vaill.
altissima, L. Shady banks, &c. August, Sept.
alba, L. Woods, &c. August, Sept.
ORDER LOBELIACEIE.  The Lobelia Tribe.
Lobelia, L.
Kalmii, L. Moist rocks and bogs.  Brownington and Colchester, Robbins.
Burlington, Car cy, M1zacrae, Oakes. July, Aug.
Claytoniana, Michx. L. pallida, Muhl. Moist meadows. June.
Cardinalis, L.  Cardlinal FPlower. Wet places.  August, Sept.
inflata, L. IndlianL Tobacco. Fields, road-sides, &c. Aug.
ORDER CAMPA NULACE]E.  The Bell Flower Tribe.
Campanula, L. Bell Flower.
rotundifolia, L. Hare-bell. Rocky banks, &c. June, July.
amplexicaulis, Michx.  C. peifoliata, L. Dry ledges, &c. Middlebury, James.
Fairhaven, Chandler. June, July.
aparinoides, Pursh. Wet meadows, &c. June, July.
ORDER ERICACEIE.  Tlhe Heath Tribe.
Andromeda, L.
polifolia, L. Sphagnous bogs, especially on the edges of ponds. May, June.
paniculata, L. Pepper bush. Swamps, &c. Pownal, Robbins.  Bellows Falls,
Carey. Ludlow, Washbuern.  June, July.
calyculata, L. Bogs, &c. May.
Arbutus, L.
Uva-ursi, L. Bear berry.  Rocky hills, &c. April, Mlay.
Gaultheria, L.
procumbens, L. Partridge Berry. Dry woods. June, July.
Rhododendron, L. Rosebay.
nudiforum, Torr. Azalea nuCdiflora, L.  IWild Honeysuckle. Swamps and moist
woods. Middlebury, Jamces. Pownal, Oakes. Fairhaven and
Georgia, Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey. Ludlow, Was  et'm.
June.
viscosum, Torrey. Azalea viscosa, L. Swamps. Middlebury, James. July.
Canadernse, Torrey.  Rhodora Can., L.  Bogs, &c.  Brattleboro', Robbins.
Guildhall, Carey. May, June.
Kalmia, L.
latifolia, L.  Calico butsh. High Laurel. Rocky hills, &c. Rockingham, Carey.
June, July.
angustifolia, L. Sheep LauLrel. Low Laurel. Moist places. June, July.
glauca, Ait. Sphagnous bogs. May, June.
Epiguea, L.
repens, L.  Ground Laurel.  Sandy woods and on mountains. April, May.
Ledum, L.
latifolium, L. Lazbradlor Tea.  Bogs. On the summits of Camel's Hump and
Mansfield mountains, Robbins and Tuckerman. May, June.
Vaccinium, L.
frondosum, L. Da'nglbe'rry.  Woods. Middlebury, James. June.
resinosum, Ait. "t Hicklcbcrvy," or Black Whortleberry.  Dry woods, &c. May
June.
corymbosum, L. H      Mr;h Bltc1bery?/. Swamps, &c.  l'Tay, June.
Pennsylvanicum, Lam.  V  rirhravs, Ait. Big. L.   l.:,?. Dry woods.
Essex, Robbints.  May, June.
tenellum, Ait. Big. L,,i ]I,, i;:,!i;i'.   I).-y  swoods, astrel's, &C. Or! thiPe -rs:rmits
of Camteis i uitu[m ali?vtl MSnif! d;?u...na~,:,f:bias,, os 0iacac',
and iatiCr('I/zCa?-ra,?.   nruaay, Jtmea




CRAP. I.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              191
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Canadense, Richardson. Low Bluebe'rry. Pastures, swamps, &c. Bellows tcalls,
Carey. Fairhaven, Oakes. May, June.
uliginosum, L. On the summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump mountains.
Robbins, Tuckerman, and Macrae. June.
Vitis Idcea, L.  Cowberry.  With the preceding, R., T. and M3. June, July.
macrocarpon, Ait.  Common Cranberry. Bogs, &c. June.
oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry. Bogs. On the summit of Mansfield mountain,
Robbins. June, July.
Lasierpa, Torr.
hispidula, Torr.  Gaulthteria serpyllifolia, Pursh.  Old pine woods and
swamps. May, June.
Pyrola, L.  Winter green.
rotundifolia, L. Woods. July.
chlorantha, Swartz. P. asarifolia, Torrey. Not of Michx. Old pine woods,
&c. June, July.
elliptica, Nutt. Dry woods. July.
secunda, L. Old Pine woods, &c. June, July.
uniflora, L. Rare. In a cedar swamp, Brownington, Robbins. In Pine woods,
Burlington and High Bridge, Macrae. In Charleston, with
calypso borealis, Carey. July.
umbellata, L. Pipsissewa. Dry woods. July.
maculata, L. Dry woods. Middlebury, James. July.
Monotropa, L.
uniflora, L. Indian Pipe. Woods. July.
Hypopithys, Dillen. Pine sap.
lanuginosa, Nutt. MIonotropa lanquginosa, Michx. Woods. July, Aug.
Pterospora, Nntt.
andromedea,  Nutt. Dry rocky pine woods, near High Bridge, Colchester,
Robbins, and Burlington, Oakes. Shady rich soil on the
rocks of Sharpshin Point, Burlington, M2acrae. July.
ORDER AQUIFOLIACEIE.  The tIolly Tribe.
Nemopanthes, Raf.
Canadensis, Raf. Ilex Canadensis, Michx. Swamps, &c. May.
Prinos, L.
verticillatus, L. Black Alder. Winter Berry. Swamps. Middlebury, James.
July.
ORDER OLEACE&E. The Olive Tribe.
Fraxinus, L. Ash.
sambucifolia, Lam. Black AsIh. Moist woods, Middlebury, James. Lyndon,
Carey. In Vermont, Tuckerman. May.
acuminata, Lam. F. Americana, Michx. f.  White Ash. Woods. May.
pubescens, Walter.  F. tomentosa, Michx. f.  Red Ash.  Woods, &c. In
Castleton, Chandler. In Burlington, and in Grand Isle,
Robbins. May.
ORDER APOCYNACEIE.  The Dog's-bane Tribe.
Apocynum, L. Dog's-bane.
androsaemifolium, L. Borders of woods, by fences, &c. June, July.
hypericifolium, Ait? Pursh. Gravelly banks of ponds and rivers. June, July.
ORDER ASCLEPIADACEYE.  The MKilkwed Tribe.'? 
Asclepias, L. Milkweed.
Syriaca, L. Common 3Milkweed. Along fences, &c. July.
phytolaccoides, Pursh. Woods, &c. July.
incarnata, L. Low grounds. July, August.
obtusifolia, Michx. Dry sandy soil. July.
quadrifolia, Jacq. Rocky woods. June.
tuberosa, L. Pleurisy-Root. Sandy fields, &c.  Pownal, Robbins.  Bellows
Falls, Carey. July, August.
cd{**Zai4//   - hamlh sr~.-t~,xri4%,tsrn-,.s'~.  July.




192              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
ORDER GENTIANACEE.  The Gentian Tribe.
Gentiana, L. Gentian.
saponaria, L. Soap-wort Gentian. Moist thickets, &c. August, Sept.
quinqueflora, L. Woods. Castleton, Reed. Pownal, Robbins. Rockingham,
Carey. August.
crinita, Frcel. Wet meadows. Sept., Oct.
Centaurella, Michx.
Virginica. Sagina Virginica, L. Centaurella paniculata, Michx. C. autumnalis,
Pursh. Swamps, &c. Rockingham, Carey. August, Sept.
Menyanthes, L.
trifoliata, L. Buckbean. Bogs, &c. Burlington and Georgia, Robbins. Derby,
Carey. Colchester, Macrae. May, June.
ORDER CONVOLVULACE2E.  The Bindweed Tribe.
Convolvulus, L. Bind weed.
sepium, L. Moist borders of thickets, &c. July.
spithameus, L. Dry sandy plains. July.
Cuscuta, L. Dodder.
Americana, L. Low grounds. August.
ORDER BORAGINACE]E.
Lithospermum, L. Gromwell.
~ ojficinale, L. Dry pastures, &c. Sudbury and Benson, Chandler. Middlebury,
St. Albans, and South Hero, Robbins. Burlington, Macrae,
Oakes. June, July.
~ arvense, L. Corn Grolvmwell. Old wheat fields, &c. May.
Lycopsis, L.
~ arvensis, L. Road sides, &c., in dry soil. Pownal, Reed.
Echinospermum, Lehm.
~ Lappula, Lehm. Myosotis Lappula, L. Road sides, &c. July, Aug.
Virginiaqvum, Lehm. Borders of thickets, road sides, &c. Bellows Falls,
Calrey. July.
Cynoglossum, L. Hound's Tongue.
~ officinale, L. Road sides, &c. May, June.
Virginianum, L. Woods. Rare. June.
ORDER HYDROPHYLLACE]E.
Hydrophyllum, L.
Virginqianum, L. Woods. June.
Canadense, L. Woods. At the base of Mansfield mountain, and frequent in
the south west of Vermont, Robbins. June.
ORDER LABIAT]E.  The Mint Tribe.
Lycopus, L.  Water Horehound.
sinuatus, Ell. L. Equropeus, Pursh., not of Linn. Low grounds. Aug.
Virginicus, L. Low grounds. Aug.
Mentha, L. Mint.
~ Piperita, L. Peppermint. Ludlow, Washburn.
borealis, Michx.? Tor. Manual, Bigel. Wet grounds. Aug.
Canadensis, L.? Torrey, Manual. Banks of rivers, &c. On the Hoosic, at
Pownal, Oakes.
~ viridis, L. Spearmint. Moist meadows, about springs, &c. July, Aug.
Monarda, L. Horsemint.
fistulosa, L. M. allophylla, Michx. M. oblongata, Ait. Dry rocky woods. At
Middlebury, James. July, Aug.
Blephilia, Raf.
hirsuta, Raf. IMIonarda hirsuta, Pursh. In Castleton, Branch. In a wet meadow,
Craftsbury, Robbins. In moist woods, Chester, Oakes. July,
August.
Pycnanthemum, Micklx.
incanum, Michx. Mountain Mint. Rocky woods. Cavendish, Macrae. Aug.
tlawcolatum, Pursh. Borders of thickets, &c. Pownal, Robbins. Bellows Falls,
Carey. July, Aug.




OeAp. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                            193
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
muticum, Pursh. Pastures, &c. Pownal, Robbins. July, Aug.
Collinsonia, L.
Canadensis, L. Horse-weed. Shady banks, &c. Middlebury, James. Arlington,
Robbins. July, Aug.
Hedeoma, Pers.
pulegioides, Pers. Penny-royal. Pastures, &c. Middlebury, James. Bellows
Falls, Cuarey.
Melissa, L. Balm.
~ Clinopodium, Benth. Clinopodium vulgare, L. Rocky banks. July.
Prunella, L.
vulgaris, L. Self Heal. Pastures, &c. June-Sept.
Scutellaria, L. Scullcap.
lateriflora, L. Common Scullcap. Low grounds. Aug.
galericulata, L. Moist places. Aug.
parvula, Michx. S. ambigua, Nutt. Sharpshin Point, Burlington, Macrac.
July.
Lophanthus, Benth.
nepetoides, Benth.  Hyssopus nepetoides, L.  Thickets and along  fences.
Middlebury, James. Rutland, Branch. Pownal, Bennington,
and Arlington, Robbins. July, Aug.
Nepeta, L.
~ Cataria, L. Catnep. Roadsides, &c. July, Aug.
~ Glechoma, Benth, Glechoma hederacea, L. Ground Ivy. Gill. On cultivated
grounds, &c. May, June.
Leonurus, L.
~ Cardiaca, L. Motherwort. Roadsides, &c. July, Aug.
Stachys, L. Hedge Nettle.
aspera, Michx. Old fields, &c. Grand Isle and South Hero, Robbins.
Burlington, JMacrae and Tuckerman. July Aug.
Galeopsis, L. Hemp Nettle
~ Tetrahit, L. Roadsides, &c. July, Aug.
~ Ladanum, L. Waste places, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. July.
Teucrium, L. Germander.
Canadense, L. Low grounds. South Hero, Robbins.  Bellows Falls, Carey.
Red Rocks, Burlington, JMacrae. July, Aug.
ORDER SOLANACEXE.  The 2Night Shade Tribe.
Solanum, L. Night Shade.
~ Dulcamara, L. Bitter-sweet. Roadsides, &c.'July, Aug.
~ nigrum, L. Cultivated grounds. July, Aug.
Physalis, L. Ground Cherry.
viscosa, L. Dry fields, &c. Pownal, Robbins. June, July.
Datura, L.
~ Stramonium, L.  Thorn Apple. Waste grounds. July-Sept.
Hyoscyamus, L. Henbane.
~ niger, L. Roadsides, &c. Panton, Burge. Mount Independence, Dr, Hill.
June, July.
ORDER SCROPHULARIACEE'   The Figwort Tribe.
Verbascum, L. JMullein.
~ Thapsus, L. Common Mullein. Old fields, &c. July, Aug.
Veronica, L. Speedwell.
~ serpyllifolia, L. Meadows and Pastures. May, June.
scutellata, L. Ditches, &c. June.
Beccabunga, L. Brooklime. In grounds wet by springs, &c. June.
flnagallis, L.  Water Speedwell.  Ditches, &c.  Middlebury, Burge. June,
July.
peregrina, L. Cultivated grounds. Middlebury, James. May, June.
4 arvensis, L. Old fields, &c. May, June.
Virginica, L. Moist bank on Mr. U. H. Penniman's grounds, with Trillium
grandiftorum, Colchester, Oakles. Aug.
Linaria, Tourn.  Toad Flax.  Snap Dragon.
~ vulgaris, Mcench. Antirrhinwn  Linaria, L. Roadsides, &c. Manchester,
Robbins. July-Sept.
PT. I.         25




194b             NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART r.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Canadensis, Spreng. Moist bare soils. Bellows Falls, Carey. July, Aug.
Scrophularia, L. Figwort.
Marilandica, L. Alongfences,&c. Middlebury, James. Colchester, Robbins.
July, Aug.
Mimulus, L. Monkey Flower.
ringens, L. Wet grounds. Aug.
Gratiola, L. Hedge Hyssop.
aurea, Muhl. Borders of Ponds, &c. Middlebury, James. August, Sept.
Lindernia, L.
Pyxidaria, L.
var. dilatata. L. dilatata, Muhl. Moist open grounds. Middlebury, James.
Brattleboro' and West Haven, Robbins.
var. attenuata. L. attenuqata, Muhl. Craftsbury and Cambridge, Robbins.
July, Aug.
Chelone, L. Snake-head.
glabra, L. Borders of swamps, &c. August, Sept.
Pentstemon, L'Her.
pubescens, Ait. Rocky hills, &c. Middlebury, James. Castleton, Chandler.
Benson, Prof. Woodward. Pownal, Robbins.
Gerardia, L.
tenuifolia, Vahl. Dry soil. Pownal and Brattleboro', Robbins. Bellows Falls,
Carey. Aug.
flava, L. Dry woods. Near Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug.
pedicularia, L. Dry woods, &c. Pownal, Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey.
August.
quercifolia, Pursh. Woods. Castleton and Pownal, Robbins.
Pedicularis, L. Lousewort.
Canadensis, L. Borders of woods, &c. May, June.
Castilleja, Mutis. Bartsia, L.
pallida, Kunth. Bartsia pallida, L. On the north side of Mansfield mountain,
near the summit, Tuckerman and Macrae. July.
Melampyrum, L. Cow TWheat.
Americanum, Michx. Woods. June-Aug.
ORDER OROBANCHACEE.  The Broom-Rape Tribe.
Orobanche, L. Broom-rape.
lAmericana, L. Woods. On White Creek, Chandler. Skmpin-Poimt
uniflora, L. Woods. June.
Epiphegus, Nutt. Beech Drops.
Virginiana.  Orobanche Virginiana, L. Epiphegus Americanus, Nutt. Woods,
under beech trees. Sept.
ORDER VERBENACEJE.  The Vervain Tribe.
Verbena, L: Vervain.
hastata, L. Low grounds, roadsides, &c. July, Aug.
urticifolia, L. Roadsides, &c. July.
Phryma, L.
leptostachya, L. Woods and shady banks. Middlebury, James' South Hero
and Arlington, Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey. Burlington,
Oakes. July.
ORDER ACANTHACEIE
Justicia, L.
Americana, Vahl. J. pedunculosa, Michx. In water. " At Ferrisburgh." Dr.
Paddock's herbarium in the Museum of the University at
Burlington, the specimen thus ticketed, seen by Dr.Robbins.
ORDER LENT1BULACEE.
Utricularia, L. Bladder-wort.
vulgaris, L. In ditches, ponds, &c. Aug.
cornuta, Michx. Bogs, &c. Vermont, Carey. July, Aug.




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                            195
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
ORDER PRIMULACEE. The Primrose Tribe.
Trientalis, L.
Americana, Pursh. Wet woods and swamps. May, June.
Lysimachia, L. Loose-strife.
thyrsifora, L. Swamps. Castleton, Chandler. Burlington, Macrae.
stricta, Ait. Low grounds, &c. July.
quadrifolia, L. Woods. June, July.
ciliata, L. Borders of woods, &c. July.
hybrida, Michx. Wet grounds. Ferrisburgh and South Hero, Robbins. July.
Samolus, L. Water Pimpernel.
Valerandi, L. Borders of rivers. Middlebury, James. July-Sept.
ORDER PLANTAGINE2E.  The Plantain Tribe.
Plantago, L. Plantain.
~ major, L. Common Plantain. About houses, fields, &c. June-Sept.
ORDER AMARANTHACEE.  The Amaranth Tribe.
Amaranthus, L.
~ hybridus, L. Gardens, &c. Aug.,Blitum? L. Cultivated and waste grounds. Pownal, Robbins. Aug.
ORDER CHENOPODIACEE.  The Goosefoot Tribe.
Chenopodium, L. Goosefoot.
~ album, L. Gardens, fields, &c. July, August.
~ Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Sandy banks of Lake Champlain, &c. Alburgh,
Robbins. Middlebury, James. Burlington, Oakes. Bellows
Falls, Carey. July, August.
~ hybridum, L. Waste grounds. August.
~ rubrum, L. Cultivated grounds. Bennington, Robbins. August.
Blitum, L.
~ capitatum, L. Strawberry Blite. Road sides, &c. Hubbardton, Branch.
Newport, Robbins. North Troy, Carey. June..2AC
ORDER PHYTOLACEXE.
Phytolacca, L.
decandra, L. Poke. Waste places, &c. July-Oct.
ORDER POLYGONACEE.  The Buckwheat Tribe.
Polygonum, L. Knotweed
~ aviculare, L. Knot-grass. About houses, &c. June-Oct.
Virginianum, L. Rocky woods. Arlington and Castleton, Robbins. Waterbury,
Macrae. July, August.
Hydropiper, L. Water Pepper. Low grounds, ditches, &c. August.
mite, Pers. Wet places. West Haven, Robbins. Castleton, Chandler. July,
August.
~ Persicaria, L. Gardens, &c. July-Sept.
amphibium, L. var. natans, Michx. Floating in water.
var. emrersum, Michx. Margin of ponds, &c. Aug., Sept.
Pennsylvanicum, L. Low grounds, &c. July, August.
sagittatum, L. Scratch-grass. Low grounds. August, Sept.
arifolium, L. Swamps, &c. August, Sept.
scandens, L. Fields, &c. July, August.
cilinode, Michx. Woods, &c. July, August.
~ convolvulus, L. Road sides. July, August.
~ Fagopyrum, L. Buckwheat. Old fields, &c. July, August.
Rumex, L.  Dock.
~ crispus, L.  Curled Dock. Cultivated grounds. July, August.
obtusifolius, L. Cultivated grounds. June, July.
verticillatus, L. In water. July.
~ Acetosella, L. S/heep Sorrel. Pastures and cultivated grounds. May —July.




196               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
ORDER LAURACEE.  The Cinnamon Tribe.
Laurus, L.
sassafras, L.  common Sassafras. Woods, &c. Pownal, Robbins. May.
Benzoin, L. Fever Bush. Swamps, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. May.
ORDER ELEAGNACEIE.  The Oleaster Tribe.
Shepherdia, Nutt.
Canadensis, Nutt. Rocky banks of Lake Champlain, &c. May.
ORDER THYMELACE]E.  The Mezereon Tribe.
Dirca, L. Leather-wood.
palustris, L. Moist woods. April, May.
ORDER SANTALACE/E.  The Sanders-wood Tribe.
Nyssa, L.
multiflora, Walt. NJ. sylvatica, Michx. f. J\. villosa, Willd.  Tupelo, or Sour
Glum. Woods and swamps. Craftsbury, Robbins. June.
Comandra, Nutt.
umbellata, Nutt. Thesium umb., L. Borders of woods, &c. June.
ORDER ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. The Birt/hwort Tribe.
Asarum, Tourn.
Canadense, L.  Wild Ginger. Rocky woods. May.
ORDER EMPETRACE/E.  The Crowberry Tribe.
Empetrum, L.
nigrum, L.  Crowberry.  Summit of the Mansfield and Camel's Hump
Mountains, Robbins, Tuckerman and Macrae. June, July.
ORDER EUPHORBIACE]E. The Spurge Tribe.
Acalypha, L.  Three-seeded Mercury.
Virginica, L. Fields and road sides. Middlebury, James.
Euphorbia, L. Spurge.
~ Helioscopia, L. Waste ground, &c. In Addison county, Burge. July, Aug.
~ platyphylla, L. E. obtusata? Pursh. Road sides, &c. Benson, Chandler;.
Vergennes, South Hero, and Grand Isle, Robbins, Aug.
maculata, L. Sandy fields, &c. July-Sept.
hypericifolia, L. Dry sandy fields, &c. Burlington, Tuckerman. Aug., Sept
ORDER URTICACEAE.  The JNettle Tribe.
Urtica, Tourn. Nettle.
pumila, L. Shady places. July, August.
~ dioica, L. Road sides, &c. July.
Canadensis, L. Shady, moist woods, &c. July, August.
Parietaria, Tourn. Pellitory.
Pennsylvanica, Muhl.  Shady rocks.  Fair Haven, Robbins.  Extremity of
Sharpshin Point, Burlington, Macrae. July.
Bcehmeria, Willd.
cylindrica,  Willd. Swamps, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. July, Aug.
Cannabis, Tourn. Hemp.
~ satira, L. Waste places. June, July.
Humulus, L. Hop.
~ Lupulus, L. Borders of thickets, &c. Middlebury, Burge. Castleton,
Robbins. August.
Morus, Tourn. Mulberry.
rubra, L. Red Mulberry. Banks of rivers, woods, &c. Pownal, Oakes. May.
ORDER AMENTACEE.
SUB-ORDER CUPULIFERE.
Carpinus, L. Hornbeam..Americana, Michx. Woods. May.
Ostrya, Scop. Hop Hornbeam.
Virginica, Willd. Carpinus ostrya, Michx. f. t. Iron-wood. Woods. May.




CHAP. 7.                 BOTANY OF VERMONT.                             197
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Corylus, Tourn. Hazel Nut.
Americana, Walt. American Hazel Nut. Thickets, &c. April.
rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel Nut. Shady banks, &c. April.
Fagus, Tourn. Beech.
sylvestris, Michx. and Michx. f. t. White Beech. Woods. May.
ferruginea, Ait? Michx. f. t. Red Beech. Woods. May.
Castanea, Gwrt. Chestnut.
vesca, Gaert. var. Americana, Michx. Chestnut. Woods. July.
Quercus, L. Oak.
tinctoria, Bartram. Black oak. Woods. May.
rubra, L. Red oak. Woods. May.
ilicifolia, Wang. Q. Banisteri, Michx. Scrub Oak. Barren plains, &c.
Bellows Falls, Carey. May.
macrocarpa, Michx. Over-cup White Oak. Woods, &c. Burlington, Colchester,
St. Albans, Grand Isle, South Hero, Shoreham, West Haven
and Bennington, Robbins, This is perhaps Q. olivceformis
of Dr. James' catalogue.
alba, L. White Oak. Woods. May, June.
bicolor, Willd. Q. Prinos discolor, Michx. fil.  Swamp  White Oak.  Wet
woods. May.
montana, Willd.  Q. Prinos monticula, Michx. f. t. Rock Chestnut Oak. Rocky
woods. Bennington, Robbins. May.
chinquapin, Pursh. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Dry hills, &c. Pownal, Robbins.
May.
coccinea, Wangenheim. Scarlet Oak. Woods. May.
SUB-ORDER BETULE.E. The Birch Tribe.
Betula, Tourn. Birch.
populifolia, Ait. Small White Birch. About barren fields, woods, &c. May.
papyracea, Ait. Large White Birch.  Canoe Birch. Woods. May.
lenta, L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch. Woods. May.
excelsa, Ait. B. lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Woods. May.
Alnus, Willd. Alder.
serrulata, Willd. Common Alder. Swamps, &c. April.
glauca, Michx. f. sylv. t. Swamps, &c. April.
crispa, Hook. Betula Alnus crispa, Ait.  Near the summit of Camel's Hump
and Mansfield mountains, Robbins. June.
SUB-ORDER SALICINExE. The Willow Tribe.
Salix, Tourn.  Willow.
candida, Willd. Pursh. In a sphagnous swamp on the borders of Lake
Bombazin, Hubbardton, Robbins. April.
JfMuhlenbergiana, Willd. Dry woods, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. April, May.
pedicellaris, Pursh. Bogs and swamps. Burlington, Robbins. Macrae. May.
conifera, Wang. Wet thickets, &c. April.
rostrata, Richardson. Borders of thickets, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. April,
May.
nigra, Marshall. Banks of streams, &c. May.
lucida, Muhl. Borders of swamps, &c. May.
cordata, Muhl. Low wet grounds. April, May.
rigida, Muhl. Low wet grounds, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. April, May.
grisea, Willd. Borders of swamps, &c. April, May.
~ vitellina, L. Road sides, &c. May.
Uva-ursi, Pursh. On the summit of Mansfield Mountain, Robbins. June.
Populus, Tourn. Poplar. (According to Michaux's Sylva.)
balsamifera, Michx. Michx. f. Sylv. t. Balsam  Poplar. Woods and banks of
rivers, &c. Pownal, Oakes. Westhaven, Robbins. April.
candicans, Ait. Michx. f. Sylv. t. Heart-leaved Balsavm Poplar. South Hero,
Grand Isle, Cambridge, Jericho, &c., Robbins. Burlington,
Macrae, Oakes. April.
Canadensis, Michx. f. Sylv. t. Cotton Wood. Cotton Poplar. Banks of rivers,
&c. On the Hoosic, Pownal, Oakes.
monilifera, Ait. Michx. f. Sylv. t. Vermont Poplar. Banks of rivers, lakes,
&c. In Orwell, Branch, Chandler. In Pownal, Brattleboro',




X198         -NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
North Hero, South Hero, Alburgh, Johnson, and Hydepark,
Robbins. Burlington, Oakes. April.
tremuloides, Mich.  Michx. f. Sylv. t. American Aspen. Woods. April.
grandidentata, Michx. Michx. f. Sylv. t. Large Aspen. Woods. April, May.
SUB-ORDER MYRICE..  The Gale Tribe.
Comptonia, Banks.
asplenifolia, Ait.  Sweet Fern. Dry hills and plains. April, May.
SUB-ORDER PLATANEAE. The Plane Tribe.
Platanus, L. Plane Tree.
occidentatis, L. Button Wood. Sycamore. Banks of rivers, &c. May.
ORDER ULMACEAE.  The Elm Tribe.
Ulmus, L. Elm.
Americana, L.  Common Elm. Woods, banks of rivers, &c. April.
fulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Woods, banks of rivers, &c. April.
racemosa, Thomas in Sill. Journal, 1829. Northern Cork Elm. Moist woods,
&c. Bennington and Pownal, Robbins.
Celtis, L. Hackberry.
occidentalis, L. Hoop Ash. Woods, &c. Burlington, Robbins. May..
ORDER JUGLANDACE/E.  The Walnut Tribe.
Juglans, L. Walnut..cinerea, L. Butter Nut.  Oil Nut. Woods, &c. May, June.
Carya, Nuttall. Hickory. Juglans, L.
alba, Nutt. Juglans alba, L. J. squamosa, Michx. f. not J. alba, Willd, Bigel.
Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hiekory. Woods. May, June.
porcina, Nutt. J. porcina, Michx. f. Sylv. t. J. glabra, Muhl., Bigelow. Pig
Nut. Woods. Middlebury, James. May, June.
amara, Nutt. J. amara, Michx. f. Sylv. t. Bitter Pig Nut. Woods. Colchester,
Robbins. Burlington, Carey, Macrae. May, June.
CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS.
ORDER CONIFERS.  The Fir Tribe.
Pinus, L. Pine.
resinosa, Ait. P. rubra, Michx. f. Sylv. t. Red Pine. "Norway Pine," a bad
nameas itis not found in Norway. Dry barren woods. June.
rigida. Pitch Pine. Woods, in poor soil. June.
Strobus, L. White Pine. Woods and swamps. June.
nigra, Ait. Black or Double Spruce. Woods and swamps. May, June.
alba, Ait.  White or Single Spruce. Woods and swamps.  May, June.
balsamea, L. Balsam Fir. Silver Fir. Mountain woods, &c. June.
var. Fraseri.  P. Fraseri, Pursh.  Near the summits of Mansfield and
Camel's Hump Mountains, Robbins, Tuckerman, and Macrae.
Essex, Macrae.
Canadensis, L. Hemlock Spruce. Rocky woods, &c May, June.
pendula, Ait. Larix Americana, Michx. American Larch. Hackmatack.  Tamarack. Woods and swamps. May, June.
Thuya, Tourn. Arbor Vitae.
occidentalis, L. American Arbor Vitae. " White Cedar." In swamps and rocky
woods. May.
Juniperus, L. Juniper.
Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. J. prostrata, James? Dry rocky woods, &c. May.
communis, L.  Common Juniper. Dry rocky pastures, &c. May.
Taxus, Tourn. Yew.
Canadensis, Willd. American Yew.  Ground Hemlock. Swamps, &c. May.
ORDER CALLITRICHACEJE.
Callitriche, L.
vernalis, L.  C, autumnalis, L.  C. terrestris, Raf. In water, and on moist soil
on the margins of ponds, &c. May-Sept.




CHAP. 7.                 BOTANY OF VERMONT.                             199
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
CLASS III. ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.
ORDER IRIDACEIE. The Iris Taibe.
Sisyrinchium, L. Blue-eyed Grass.
anceps, Cavan. Meadows. Burlington, Macrae.
var. mucronatum. Dry soil. Burlington, Macrae. Bellows Falls, Carey.
June.
Iris, L.
vcrsicolor, L. Blue Flag. Wet meadows, &c. July.
ORDER HYDROCHARACE]E. The Frog-bit Tribe.
Udora, Nutt.
Canadensis, Nutt. Elodea Canadensis, Michaux. Serpicula occidentalis, Pursh.
In water. Middlebury, James. At the mouths of Winooski
river and Otter Creek, and in lake Memphremagog, Robbins.
August.
Valisneria, Micheli.
spiralis, L.  V. Americana, Michx. In lakes and slow flowing water. Middlebury, James. At the mouth of Winooski river, in Castleton
river, in lake Champlain near the mouth of the Lamoille, in
Shoreham, and in the Connecticut at Brattleboro', Robbins,
August, Sept.
ORDER ORCHIDACEA.  The Orachis Tribe.
Orchis, L.
Sect. 1. Orchis.
spectabilis, L. Woods. May, June.
Sect. 2. Habenaria, Willd.
orbiculata, Pursh. Woods. Leaves flat on the ground. June, July.
Hookeriana, Habenaria Hookeriana, Torrey. Woods. June.
blephariglottis, Willd. " Sphagnous margin of a closely shaded pond in North
Troy, Carey. Aug.
hyperborea, L. H. Huronensis, Spreng.  Swamps, &c. Base of Mansfield
mountain, and Burlington, Macrae. July.
var. dilatata.  O. dilatata, Pursh. Swamps, &c. July.
psycodes, L. not of Bigelow, &c. O.fimbriata, Ait. Wet meadows, &c. July,
August.
grandiflora, Bigelow Wet meadows, &c. July.
lacera, Michx. O. psycodes, Willd, Big. &c., not of L. Bogs, &c. Middlebury,
-  James. July.
ciliaris, L. Swamps, &c. Middlebury, James. Aug.
obtusata, Pursh. High mountains and sphagnous swamps at the North. In
Charleston, with the Calypso, Carey. Brownington, Robbins.
July.
viridis, Swartz. 0. bracteata, Muhl. Woods. May, June.
tridentata, Muhl. On the east side of Mansfield mountain, Macrae. July.
flava, L. Habenaria herbiola, Brown. Burlington, Macrae.
Microstylis, Nutt. Malaxis, Swartz.
ophioglossoides, Nutt. Woods. July, August.
monophyllos, Lindl. JM. brachypoda, Gray. Ophrys monophyllos, L. In Vermont,
probably near Castleton, Chandler. July.
Liparis, Richard. Malaxis, Swartz.
liliifolia, Richard. Hills near Bellows Falls, Carey. June, July.. Laselii, Richard. JMalasis forreana, Barton. Boggy soil, &c. July.
Aplectrum, Nuttall.          ^
hyemale, Nutt.  Cymbidium  hyemale, Muhl.  Woods.  Middlehury, James.
Near Castleton, Chandler.
Corallorhiza, Haller.
innata, R. Brown. C. verna, Nutt. Sphagnous swamps. May, June.
multiflora, Nutt. Pine woods, &c. August, Sept.
odontorhiza, Nutt. Woods. Bellows Falls, Carey. Sept.
Arethusa, L.
bulbosa, L. Bogs. Hubbardton, Robbins. Near Burlington, Macrae.




200              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS
Pogonia, Juss.
ophioglossoides, R. Brown. Bogs. Near Burlington, Robbins, Macrae. July.
verticillata, Nutt. Woods. Near High Bridge, Colchester, Robbins, Oakes.
May, June.
Triphora, Nuttall.
pendula, Nutt. In a dry wood of beech, birch, &c., on a hill south of Fair
Haven village, Chandler. August.
Calopogon, R. Brown.
pulchellus, R. Brown. Bogs. July.
Spiranthes, Richard. Neottia, Swartz.
cernua, Richard. Moist grounds, &c. August, Sept.
gracilis, Hook. N. gracilis, Big. Dry woods. Colchester, Robbins. Burlington,
Mlacrae. July.
eestivalis, Rich. JVeottia aestivalis, Lam. JV. cernua, var. latifolia, Torrey.
Moist woods, banks of rivers, &c. Burlington, Macrae.
Bellows Falls, Carey. June.
Goodyera, R. Brown.
pubescens, R. Brown. Woods. July, August.
repens, R. Brown. Old woods. July.
Listera, R. Brown.
cordata, R. Brown. On high mountains and in sphagnous swamps. Fairhaven,
Chandler. Near the summit of Mansfield Mountain and
Camel's Hump, Robbins, Tackherman and Macrae. North
Troy, Carey. June, July.
convallarioides, Nutt. In Charleston, with Calypso borealis, Carey.
Calypso, Salisbury.
bulbosa. Cypripedium bulbosum, L. Calypso borealis, Salisbury. In a dark
sphagnous wood or swamp on the line between Charleston
arid Morgan, the entrance to which is opposite the house of
Mr. Charles Cummings. Carey.
Cypripedium, L. Lady's Slipper.
pubescens, Willd. C. parviflorum, Ait. Yellow Lady's-Slipper.  Dry woods
and in swamps. May, June.
acaule, Ait. Red Lady's-Slipper. Dry woods, and also in swamps. May, June.
spectabile, Swartz.  White Lady's-Slipper. Swamps. June, July.
arietinum, Ait. Dry woods and sphagnous swamps. In the cedar swamp at
Fair Haven, Chandler, Robbins. In Grand Isle, and in dry
woods near High Bridge, Colchester, Robbins. Burlington,
Carey, Macrae, and Oakes.
ORDER PONTEDERIACEME.
Pontederia, L.
cordata, L. Pickerel- weed. In water. July, August.
Schollera, Schreber.
graminifolia, Muhl. Middlebury, James. In Otter Creek near its mouth,
Robbins. In Castleton River, Chandler. July, August.
ORDER MELANTHACE]E.  The Colchicum Tribe.
Veratrum, Tourn. White Hellebore.
viride, Ait. Swamps, &c. June.
ORDER TRILLIACE/E.
Trillium, L.
erythrocarpum, Michx. T. pictum, Pursh. Woods and swamps. May.
erectum, L. Woods. May.
grandiflorumrn, Salis. Woods, shady banks and swamps in the west of Vermont,
from Pownal to Alburgh, Robbins. May, June.
cernuum, L. Woods. Castleton, Branch, Robbins. May.
Medeola, L. Indian Cucumber.
Virginica, L. Woods, &c. June, July.
ORDER LILIACE]E.  The Lily Tribe.
Lilium, L. Lily.
Philadelphicum, L. Wild Red Lily. Pastures, &c. July.
Canadense, L.  Wild Yellow Lily. Moist meadows. July.




CHAP. 7.                BOTANY OF VERMONT.                             201
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Erythronium, L. Dog's-tooth Violet.
Armericanurm, Smith. Moist grounds, &c. May, June.
Allium, L. Onion and Garlic.
tricoccum, Ait.  Wild Onion or Leek. Woods. July.
Convallaria, L. Lily of the Valley. Solomon's Seal.
pubescens, Willd. Woods. May, June.
bifolia, L. Woods. May.
stellata, L. Moist meadows and banks. May, June.
trifolia, L. Sphagnous swamps and bogs. May, June.
racemosa, L. Rocky woods, &c. June.
borealis, Torr.  Dractena borealis, Ait., not C. umbellulata, Michx. Woods. June.
Streptopus,.Michz.
roseus, Michx. Woods, especially on mountains. May, June.
amplexifolius, var. Americanus, Gray.  Uvularia amplexifolia, L. S. distortus,
Michx. Mountain woods. On the sides of Mansfield and
Camel's Hump, Robbins, Macrae, and Tuckerman. Newport
and Danville, Carey. June, July.
Uvularia, L. Bellwort.
grandiflora, Smith. Woods. May.
sessilifolia, L. Woods. May. -
ORDER ALISMACE.E.  T/Ye Water Plantain Tribe
Sagittaria, L. Arrow-head.
sagittifolia, L. Ditches, ponds, &c. July, August.
Alisma, L.
Plantago, L.  Water Plantain. In water. July, August.
ORDER JUNCEE. T2/e Rush Tribe.
Luzula, DC. Juncus, L. Wood Rush.
campestris, DC.   Woods, pastures, &c. May.
pilosa, Willd. Woods and swamps. May.
parviflora. L. melanocarpa, Desv. Juncus. parvijlora, Retz. At the base of
Mansfield Mountain, Robbins. On the Chin of Mansfield
and on Camel's Hump, Macrae and Tuckerman. June, July.
Juncus, L. Rush.
effusus, L. Wet meadows, &c. June, July.
filiformis, L. On the summits of Camel's Hump and Mansfield Mountains,
and on the shore of Lake Champlain at Ferrisburgh,
Robbins. June, July.
nodosus, L. Wet meadows, &c. June.
tenuis. Willd. Low grounds, &c. June, July.
acuminatus, Michx. Margins of ponds, &c. Burlington, Macrae, Oakes.
bufonius, L. Low grounds, &c. July.
trifidus, L. On the summit of Mansfield Mountain, Robbins, and of Camel's
Hump, Tackermuan and Macrae. June.
ORDER REST1ACEA.
Eriocaulon, L. Pipewort.
septangulare, With. E. pellucidum, Michx. Borders of ponds, generally in
the water. Seymour's pond, Morgan, and Minaud's pond,
Rockingham, Carey. August, Sept.
ORDER SMILACEJE.  The Smoilax Tribe.
Smilax, L.
rotundifolia, L. Green Briar. Woods and thickets. June.
herbacea, L. S. peduncularis, Muhl. Borders of woods, &c. June,
ORDER ARACEAE. The Arum Tribe.
Arum, L.
Dracontiurm, L. Dragon-root. Moist grounds. Shoreham, Rohbins. May, June.
triphyllum, L. Indian T7rnip. Shady banks and swamps. May, June.
Peltandra, Rafinesque.
Virginica, Raf. Calla Virginita, Michx. In water on the borders of ponds and
rivers. Colchester pond, Robbins. June, July.
Calla, L.
palustris, L.  Swamps.  Middlebury, James.  Fair Haven  and Whiting,
Robbins.  Bellows Falls,and Guildhall, Carey. July.
PrT.                     26




202               NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Symplocarpus, Salisbury.  SkXltnk Cabbage.
fwttidus, Nutt. Pothosfxetida, L. Wet meadows and swamps. April.
Acorus, L.
Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Wet meadows, &c. June.
ORDER TYPHACE]E.  The Cat's-tail Tribe.
Typha, Tourn. Cat's tail. Reed Mace,
latifolia, L. Ditches, pools, &c. July.
Sparganium, Tourn. Blur Reed.
ramosum, L. In ditches, &c. June, July.
simplex, Hudson. S. lmericanum, Nutt. Borders of streams, &c. July.
ORDER FLUVIALES.
Najas, L.
Canadensis, Michx.
var.fragilis.  Cauliniafragilis, Willd. Middlebury, James.
var. flexilis.  Caulinia flexilis, Willd. In water three feet deep at the
mouth of Otter Creek. Ferrisburgh, Robbins. July, Aug.
Zannichellia, Micheli.
palustris, L. Tn shallow water, in Lake Champlain, at South Hero. Robbins.
Potamogeton, L. Pondweed.
natans, L. Ponds, and slow flowing waters. July, August.
heterophyllum, Schreber. Ponds, and slow streams. August.
diversifolium, Barton.  Ponds, &c.  In Lake Champlain at South Hero,
Robbins. July.
perfoliatum, L. Ponds, &c. August.
lucens, L. Ponds, &c. August.
compressurn, L. Rivers, ponds, &c. July, August.
pauciJiorum, Pursh. P. graemineuwm, Michx. Ponds, &c. July, August.
pectinatum, L. Ponds, &c. July.
The species of Potamogeton as above are all according to Torrey's Flora of the
Northern States, vol. I, p. 196.
ORDER JUNCAGINACEiE.  The Arrow-Grass Tribe.
Scheuchzeria, L.
palustris, L. Sphagnous swamps and bogs. In Georgia, Chandler. At the
southern end of Colchester Pond, Robbins. In North Troy,
with Orchis blephariglottis, Carey. June.
ORDER PISTIACEA.E  The Duckweed Tribe.
Lemna, L. Duckweed.
polyrhiza, L. Ditches, &c.
minor, L. Ditches, &c. At North Hero, Robbins.
trisulca, L. Ditches, ponds, &c. At North Hero, Robbins.
ORDER CYPERACEE.  The Sedge Tribe.
Dulichium, Richard.
spathaceum, Rich. Borders of ponds, &c. July, August.
Cyperus, L.
diandrus, Torr. var. castanets, Torr. Margins of ponds, &c. August.
strigosus, L. Low moist grounds. August.
repens, Elliot.  C. phymatodes, Muhl. Wet sandy soil. In South Hero, West
Haven, and on the banks of Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh,
Robbins. August.
filiculmis, Vahl.  C. mariscoides, Ell. Dry sands  August.
inflexus, Muhl.  C. uncinatus, Pursh. Sandy shores of rivers and lakes. Aug.
Eleocharis, R. Brown. Scirpus, L.
palustris, R. Brown.  Wet places, ditches, &c. May, June.'
obtusa, Schultes. Scirpius capitatuts of American authors,inot of Linnreus. Ditches and margins of ponds. June, July.
acicularis, R. Brown. Margins of ponds, &c. June.
tenuis, Schultes. Margins of ponds, &c. June.
Scirpus, L.  Club Rush.
lacustris, L. S. acutus, Muhl. Bulr?'ush. In water on the borders of lakes,
ponds, &c. July.




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              203
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
triqueter, L.  WVet places, borders of rivers, &c. July.
atrovirens, Muhl. Moist meadows, &c. July.
brunneus, Muhl. Swampy grounds. Pownal, Robbins. August.
Eriophorum, Michx. Wet meadows, ditches, &c. August.
Eriophorum, L. Cotton Grass.
alpinum, L. Bogs. Brownington, Robbins. Danville, Carey. May, June.
vagxtinatum, L. Bogs. June, July.
Virginicum, L. Bogs. July, August.
polystachyon, L. Bogs. May, June.
angustifolium, Reichard. E. g-racile, Roth. Bogs. May, June..
Isolepis, R. Brouwt. Scirpus, L.
capillaris, Rcem. and Sch. Dry sands. Bellows Falls, Carey. August.
Rhyncospora, Vahl.
glomerata. Moist pastures, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. July, August.
Carex, Micheli. Sedge.
disperma, Dewey. Sphagnous swamps.
rosea, Schk. Woods and shady banks.
cephalophora, Muhl. Woods, &c.
sparganioides. Mahl. Moist shady banks, &c.
stipata, Muhl. Wet meadows.
bromoides, Schk. Moist woods, &c.
vulpinoidea, Michx.  C. multiflora, Muhl. Moist pastures, &o
paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl. Bogs.
siccata, Dewey. Moist banks, &c. Burlington,.Macrae.
trisperma, Dewey. Bogs and swamps.
Deweyana, Schw. Woods, &c.
tenuiflora, Wahl. Cedar and other swamps. In Salem, in a shady swamp
near a small pond at the head of Lake Memphremagog, also
in Burlington, Robbins. On the western side of the great
cedar swamp at Fair Haven, Oakes.
stellulata, Good. C. scirpoides, Schk.  C. sterilis, Willd. Wet meadows and
swamps.
curta, Good. Swamps.
scoparia, Schk. Wet meadows.
var. lagopodioides.  C. lagoqpodioides, Willd. Wet meadows.
festucacea, Schk. Moist woods and meadows.
aurea, Nutt. Moist rocky ledges, &c. Pownal, Burlington and
Colchester, Robbins. Belloxs Falls, Carey.
saxatilis, L. Summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump mountains, Robbins,
Tuckerman and Macrae.
cespitosa, L. Wet meadows, &c.
acuta, L. Wet meadows.
crinita, Lam. Wet shady banks, &c.
leucoglochin, Ehr. C. paucfljora, Willd. Bogs, especially at the north, and on
mountains. At Colchester pond, Robbins. At North Troy,
with Orchis blephariglottis, Carey.
polytrichoides, Muhl. Swamps, &c.
pedunculata, Muhl. Woods, &c.
squarrosa, L. In a low wet wood on the margin of Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh,
Robbins.
gracillima, Schw.  Wet meadows and woods. Burlington, Carey. Colchester,
Macrae.
vestita, Willd. Borders of woods, &c. Middlebury, James.
Pennsylvanica, Lam.  C. varia and marginata, Muhl.  Woods.
Emmonsii, Dewey.  C. alpestris, Torr. and Schw.  C. Davisii, Dewey.
Bellows Falls, Carey.
oligocarpa, Schk. Woods.
laxifiora, Lam. Woods, &c. Castleton, Robbins.
granularis, Muhl. Moist shady rocks. Burlington, Oakes.
eburnea, Boott. C. alba, Dewey. Limestone rocks. On the rocks at High
Bridge, Colchester, and at Grand Isle, South Hero, West
Haven and Pownal, Robbins.
anceps, Muhl. Woods and shady banks.
plantaginea, Lam. Woods.
sylvatica, Huds.  Woods, especially on mountains.




2041             NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART L.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
flava, L. Wet meadows. Sutton, Carey.
intumescens, Rudge.  C.follicutata of Schk., not of Linn. Wet woods.
lupulina, Muhl. Wet meadows and woods.
tentaculata, Muhl. Wet meadows.
retrorsa, Schw. Swamps, &c.
bullata, Schk. Wet meadows, &c. South Hero, Robbins.
vesicaria, L.  C. ampullacea, Dewey. C. utriculata, Boott. Wet meadows, &o.
lacustris, Willd. Borders of ponds, &c.
scabrata, Schw. Swamps, &c.
hystericina, Muhl. Wet meadows.
Pseudo-cyperus, L. Ditches and margins of ponds.
longirostris, Torrey. Shady ledges, &c. On the sides of Camel's Hump, and
at Castleton, Robbins. Rocky banks of Saxton's river, near
Bellows Falls, Carey.
limosa, L. Bogs, especially at the the north.
miliacea, Muhl. Moist banks, &c.
pallescens, L. Wet meadows, &c.
uimbellata, Schk. Rocky hills, &c. Summit of Mansfield mountain, Robbins
ORDER GRAMIN EE.  The Grass  hibe.
(Mostly according to Torrey's Flora of the Northern States, Vol. I.)
Agrostis, L. Bent Grass.
~ vulgaris, Smith. Red-top. Meadows, pastures, &c. June-Aug.
~ alba, L. Meadows, pastures, &c. June-Aug.
laterifiora, Michx. Moist meadows, sides of hills, &c. August, Sept.
sobolifera, Muhl. Rocky shady hills, &c. August, Sept.
tenuiflora, Willd. Rocky shady hills, &c. July, Aug.
sylvatica, Torrey. Dry rocky hills, &c. August.
canina, L.
var. alpina, Oakes. Agrostis rupestris, Gray in Sill. Jour., vol. 42. On
the summit of Camel's Hump mountain, Robbins, Tuckerman
and Miacrae. July. This variety is common on the White
Mountains, and is connected with the common variety, which
is abundant in Essex county, Massachusetts, by several
intermediate forms, found at the base and on the sides of the
White Mountains.
Cinna, L.
arundinacea, Willd. Wet woods, &c. August, Sept.
Polypogon, Desfontaines.
racemosus, Nutt. P. glomreratus, Willd. Wet meadows, &c. Aug., Sept.
Brachyelytrum, P. de Beanv.
aristatum, P. de B. Muhlenbergia erecta, Roth. Woods, &c. June, July.
Alopecurus, L. Fox-tail Grass.
~ pratensis, L. Moist meadows, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. May, June.
geniculatus, L. Wet meadows, &c. June.
Phleum, L. Cat's-tail Grass.
~ pratense, L. Herd's Grass, Timothy. Fields, &c. July, August.
Phalaris, L. Canary Grass.
~ Canariensis, L. Pastures, &c. Cavendish, Macrae. July.
Milium, L. Millet Grass.
effusum, L. Woods, &c. Banks of Saxton's river, Bellows b'alls, Carey. July.
pungens, Torr. Dry rocky woods, &c. May.
Piptatherum, P. de Beauv.
nigrurn, Torr. Shady ledges, &c. August.
Oryzopsis, Michx.
asperifolia, Michz. Woods, especially on mountains. May, June.
Panicum, L. Panic Grass.
~ Crus-Galli, L. Cultivated grounds, &c. July-Sept.
clandestinum, L. P. pedunculatum, Torrey. Woods. July.
latifolium, L. Sandy woods, &c. July.
dichotomum, L. P. nitidum, Lam. Low grounds. July.
depauperatum, Muhl. P. rectum, Roemer and Shultes Sandy soils. Bellows
Falls,               Carey. Burlington, Macrac, July.
xanthophysum, Gray. Sandy woods, &c. Burlington, Carey. June, July.
capillare, L. Sandy fields and cultivated grounds. August, Sept.




CHAP,. 7                   BOTANY OF VERMONT.                            205
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Setaria, P. de Beauvois.
~ viridis, P. de B. Panicum viride, L. Cultivated grounds, &c July, August.
~ glauca, P de B. Panicum glaucum, L. Cultivated grounds, &c July, Aug.
Digitaria, Haller.
~ sanguinalis, Scop. Cultivated grounds, &c. August, Sept.
glabra. Sandy fields, &c. Castleton, Colchester, West Haven, and Ferrisburg,
Robbins. August, Sept.
Paspalum, L.
ciliatifolium, Michx. Dry fields, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug.
Aristida, L.
dichotoma, Michx. Barren fields, &c. Pownal, Robbins. Aug.
Calamagrostis, Roth. Arundo, L.
Canadensis, P. de Beauv. Arundo Canadensis, Michx. Calamagrostis Mexicana,
Nntt. Wet meadows, &c. July.
Anthoxanthum, L. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass.
~ odoratum, L. Meadows and pastures. Middlebury, James. May, June.
Aira, L. Hair Grass.
flexuosa, L. Dry rocky woods. June.
cespitosa, L. Aira aristulata, Torrey. On the moist rocky banks of rivers. On
the Connecticut, at Guildhall, Robbins. July.
Trisetum, Pers.
striatum, I.   T. purpurascens, Torrey. Avena striata, Michx. Rocky woods.
Castleton, Georgia, and Woodstock, Robbins. May, June.
molle, Trinius. Avena moltis, Michx. On dry limestone rocks, at High Bridge
and Winooski falls, Colchester, Robbins. June.
Hierochloa, Gmelin.
alpina, Roem. and Sch. On the summit of Mansfield mountain, Tuckerman and
Macrae. July.
Arundo, L. Reed Grass.
Phragmites, L. In water on the borders of ponds, &c. In lake Memphremagog, Robbins. Aug.
Danthonia, DC.
spicata, P. de B. Dry barren woods, pastures, &c. June, July.
Festuca, L. Fescue Grass.
~ duriuscula, L. Dry pastures, &c. June.
tenella, Willd. Dry sandy fields) &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. June, July.
~ elatior, L. Grass fields, &c. Middlebury, James. June.
~ pratensis, Huds. Grass fields, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. June, July.
Glyceria, R. Brown.
fluitans, R. Br. Stagnant water, Burlington, Carey. June.
Poa, L. Meadow Grass.
~ annua, L. Cultivated grounds, &c. May-Aug.
dentata, Torrey. Ditches and wet places. July, Aug.
aquatica, L.  Wet meadows, &c. July, Aug.
~ pratensis, L. Grass fields, roadsides, &c. June, July.
compressa, L. Sandy fields, and in woods, &c. June.
serotina, Ehrh. Wet meadows. July.
nemoralis, L. Woods. May, June.
nervata, Willd Wet meadows. June, July.
obtusa, Muhl. Wet meadows, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug.
Torreyana, Sprengel. P. elongata, Torr. not of Willd. Woods. At the base
of Mansfield mountain, Robbins. Morgan, near the line of
Charleston, Carey.; Burlington, Macrae. July.
Canadensis, Torr. Briza Can., Michx. Wet meadows and swamps. July.
hirsuta, Michx. Sandy and gravelly beach of Connecticut river, at Bellows
Falls, Carey.
alpina, L. Summit of Mansfield mountain, Robbins. July.
reptanLs, Michx.' Wet sandy shores of rivers and lakes. On the banks of the
Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, and of the Winooski, Colchester,
Robbins. July, Aug.
Tricuspis, P. de Beauv.
seslerioides, Torr. Poa quinquefida, Pursh. Sandy soil Middlebury, James. Aug.
Dactylis, L. Orchard Grass.
~ glomerata, L. Grass fields, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. June.




206                NATURAL HISTORY -OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Bromus, L. Brome Grass.
~ secalinus, L. Chtess or Cheat. Cultivated grounds. July.
ciliatus, L. Woods, &c. July.
purgans, L. Woods, shady banks, &c. Castleton and Brattleboro', Robbins.
Secale, L. Rye.
~ cereale, L. Old fields and on rocks, &c. June.
Elymus, L. Lyme GIass.
Canadensis, L. and  yar. glaucifolius. Rocky river banks, &c. July, Aug.
striatas, Willd. El- villostus, Torrey, Flora. Dry rocky banks, &c. Middlebury,
Jarmes. July, Aug.
Hystrix, L. Rocky woods. Middlebury, James. West Haven, Robbins.
Triticum, L. Wheat.
~ repens, L. Cotch Grass. " Witch Grass." Cultivated grounds,&c. June, July.
Spartina, L.  Cord Grass.
cynosuroides, Willd. Banks of rivers, &c. Bellows Falls, Carey. Aug.
Andropogon, L. Beard Grass.
scoparius, Michx. Dry fields, &c. Pownal, Robbins. Bellows Falls, Carey.
Burlington, Macrae. August, Sept.
fu'rcatus, Muhl. Dry rocks and fields.  Colchester, Robbins.  Bellows Falls,
Carey. Aug. Sept.
nutans, L. Dry fields, &c.  Pownal and Brattleboro', Robbins. Bellows Falls,
Carey. Burlington, Macrae.  Aug. Sept.
Leersia, Solandcer.
Virginica, Willd. Wet woods, &c. Aug.
oryzoides, Swartz. Ditches, &c. Aug. Sept.
Zizania, L.  W4ild rice.
aquatica, Lambert. In shallow water in rivers and lakes. Burlington and
S. Hero, Robbins. Aug.  
1! 1.
CLASS IV. A CROG ENS.
ORDER EQUISETACEIE.  The Horsetail Tribe.
Equisetum, Totrn. Horsetail.
li7nosum, L. Bogs, borders of ponds,.&c. June.
sylvaticum, L. Moist woods and shady banks. May.
hyenale, L. Wet woods and banks. June.
varieoatum, Schleich.  Interstices of rocks on the shores of the Connecticut
river, near low water mark, Bellows Falls, Carey.
scirpoides, Michx. Moist woods and banks. June.
ORDER FILICES.  The Fern Tribe.
Polypodium, L.
vulgare, L. Shady rocks, &c.
Dryopteris, L. Woods and swamps.
Phegopteris, L. Woods and shady banks.
var. connectile. P. connectile, Michx.
var. hexagowpterum- P. P. hexagonopterum, Michx.
Aspidium, Swartz.  Shield Fern.
acrostichoides, Swartz. Rocky woods, &c.
Goldianum, Hooker. Woods. In Orleans county, Carey.
Thelypteris, Swartz. A. noveboracense, Willd. Moist woods.
cristatum, Sw. A. Lancazstriense, Sw. Moist woods near Burlington, Macrae.
marginale, Sw. Rocky woods.
dilatatum, Sw. Woods.
aculeatum, Sw. Woods about the " Notch" at the north base of Mansfield mountain. Macrae and Tuckerman.
Cistopteris, Bernhnardi.
fragilis, Bernh. Aspidium tense, Sw. Moist rocks, &c.
bulbijera, Bernh. Aspid. bulb. Willd. Shady rocks, generally on limestone.
Dicksonia, L'Heritier.
pilosiuscula, Willd. Moist pastures, shady woods, &c.
Woodsia, R. Brown.
Ilvensis, R. Br. On rocks. Fairhaven, &c., Robbins. On the summit of Mansfield mountain, ThlckerCma? and M.Tacrae.




CHAP. 7.                   BOTANY OF VERMOIT.                                207
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
obtusa, Torr.  Aspid. oblusum, Swartz.  IF. Perriniana, Hooker and Greville.
Rocks. Bellows Falls, Carey.
Asplenium, L.  Spleenwort.
rhizophyllum, L.  Shady limestone rocks.
anfgustifolium, Michx.  Woods. Middlebury, James.
ebeneum, Ait. Rocky ledges.
Trichomanes, L. Steep rocky ledges.
thelypteroides, Michx.  Woods and shady banks.  Bellows Falls, Carey.  In
Colchester, on the eastern side of High Bridge, Oakes.
Ludlow,  iaes/ilburn.
Ruta muraria., L.  Wall rue SpleetLwort.  In the crevices of limestone rocks,
facing the woollen factory at Winooski falls, near Burlington,
Robbins and Macrae.  At the place of the former bridge, near
High Bridge, Colchester, also at Pownal anA West Haven,
Robbins.
Filix-feemina, Bernh.:lspidiumn Filix-femina, Sw. flspidium asplenioides, Sw.:. angustum, Willd.  Woods.
Woodwardia, Smith.
Virginica, Sw.  Bogs. At Colchester pond, Robbins.
Pteris, L.  Brake.
aquilina, L.  Common, Brake.  Dry woods, &c.
atropurpurea, L. Crevices of limestone rocks. Near High Bridge and at
Winooski falls, and at Pownal and West Haven, Robbins.
gracilis, Michx. On rocks overhanging the "Devil's Den," Burlington, Macrae.
Adiantum, Tourn. Maidenh/air.
pedatum, L. Woods.
Struthiopteris, Willd.
Germanica, Willd,  S. Pennsylvanica, Willd. Woods, and low grounds.
Onoclea, L.
sensibilis, L. Moist woods and banks.
Ophioglossum, L..ldders' Tongue.
vulgatum, L.  Bellows Falls, Carey.  Burlington, Macrae.
Osmunda, L. Flowering Fern.
Claytoniana, L.  0. interruplta, Michx. Moist grounds, &c.
cinnamomea, L.  Moist grounds, &c.
regalis, L.  0. spectabilis, Willd.  Moist grounds, &c.
Botrychium, Swartz. JMoonwort.
fumarioides, Willd. Pastures, &c.
var. dissectum, Oakes.  B. dissectqnm, Muhl. Rockingham, Carey.
Virginianum, Sw. B. gracile, Michx.  Woods.
sinmplex, Hitchcock.  At Sutton, near the village, on the road leading to
Burke, Carey.                                    i, d, tc
ORDER LYCOPODIACEXE'   The Clzb-Moss Tribe.
Lycopodium, L. Club-11Moss. Winter-greetn.
clavatum, L. Dry woods.
compllanatum, L. Woods.
obscurum, L. L. dendroidecm, Michx.  Grmanld Pine.  Woods.
annotinum, L. Woods, especially near the mountains.
rupestre, L.  On dry rocks.  Georgia, Robbins.  Fair Haven, Chandller.
Selago, L.  Summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump mountains, Robbins,
Tcl,'ermzan and M1acrae.
lucidulum, Michx. Woods.
INDEX TO THE GENERA IN THE PRECEDING CATALOGUE.
Acalypha,   196 Agrostemma, 181 A Amaranthus, 1951Anthemis,    189 Aralia,      186
Acer,       182 Agrostis,    204 Anmbrosia,    188 Anthoxanthum205 Arbutus,-    190
Aciillea,    189 Aira,     205 Armpelopsis,  182 Anychia,     180 Archangelica, 186
Acorus,     202 Alisma,     201 Amphicarpaea, 183 Apios,       183 Arctium,     189
Actae,      178 Allium,      201 Andromeda,  190 Aplectrum,   1-99 Arenaria,    180
Adiantum,   207 Alnus,       197 Andropogon, 206 Apoeynum,  191 Arethusa,    199
Adlumia,    178 Alopecurus, 204 Anemone,-   177 Aquilegia,    178 Aristida,     205
Agriimonia,  183 Amelanchier, 184 Antennaria   189 Ara}lis,    179 Artemisia,   189




208    -                 INDEX TO GENERA.-Continued.
Arum,         201 Cuscuta,      192,Kalmia,       190 Osmunda,    207 Secale,         206
Arundo,       205 Cynoglossum, 192|Krigia,        190 Ostrya,       196 Senecio,      189
Asarum,       196 Cyperus,      202 Jucylans,     198 Oxalis,       181 Setaria,      205
Asclepias,    191 Cypripedium, 200 Juncus,        201 Panax,        186 Shepherdia,  196
Aspidium,    206 Daciylis,      205 Juniperus,    198 Panicum,      204 Sicyos,       185
Aspleniunm,   207 lalibarda,    184 Justicia,     194 Parietaria,    196 Sida,        182
Aster,        187 Danthonia,   205 Lactuca,       189 Parnassia,    180 Silene,       181
Barbarea,    179 Datura,        193 Lasierpa,     191 Paspalum,    205 Sinapis,       179
Betula,       197 Decodon,      184 Lathyrus,    I83 Pastinaca,    186 Sisymbrium, 179
Bidens,       188 Dentaria,     179 Laurus,       196 Pedictlaris,   194 Sisyrinchium, 199
Blephilia,    192 Desmndium,  183 Lechea,         180 Peltandra,    201 Slum,         185
Blitum,       195 Dicksonia,    206 Ledum,        190 Penthorum,   185 Smilax,        201
Bcehrgeria,   196 Dielytra,     178 Leersia,      206 Pentstemon,  194 Solanum,       193
Botrychium,  207 Diervilla,     186 Lemna,        202 Phaca,        183 Solidago,     188
Brach'elytrum 204 Digitaria,    205 Leontice,     178 Phalaris,     204 Sonchus,      189
Brasenia,     178 Dipsacus,    187 Leontodon,   189 Phleum,         204 Sparganium, 202
Bromus,       206 Dirca,        196 Leonurus,    193 Phryma,        194 Spartina,     206
Calainagrostis,205 Draba,       179 Lepidium,    179 Physalis,      193 Spergula,     180
Calla,        201 Drosera,      180 Lespedeza,   183 Phytolacca,   195 Spirtea,       183
Callitriche,   198 Dulichium,   202 Lilium,      200 Pinus,         198 s;piranthes,   200
Calopogon,   200 Echinocystis, 185 Linaria,       193 Piptatherum,  204 Stachys,      193
Caltha,       178 Echinosper'um192 Lindernia,    194 Plantago,      195 Staphylea,    182
Calypso,      200 Eleocharis,   202 Linnaea,      186 Platanus,     198 Stellaria,    181
Camelina,    179 Elodea,        180 Linum,        181 Poa,          205 Streptopus,   201
Campanula,  190 Elymus,         206 Liparis,      199 Podophyllum, 178 Struthiopteris, 207
Cannabis,    196 Empetrum,   196 Listera,        200 Pogonia,       200 Symphoricarp.186
Capsella,     179 Epiphegus,   194 Lithospermuml92 Polanisia,    179 Symplocarpus, 202
Cardamine,   179 Epigaea,       190 Lobelia,      190 Polygala,     179 Tanacetum,   189
Carex,        203 Epilobium,   184 Lonicera,      186 Polygonum,  195 Taxus,          198
Carpinus,    196 Equisetum,   206 Lophanthus,  193 Polypodium,  206 Teucrium,    193
Carya,        198 Erigeron,     188 Lupinus,      183 Polypogon,   204 Thalictrum,   178
Cassia,       183 Eriocaulon,   201 Luzula,       201 Pontederia,   200 Thaspium,    185
Castanea,    197 Eriophorum,  203 Lycopodium, 207 Populus,          197 Tiarella,     185
Castilleja,    194 Erythronium, 201 Lycopsis,    192 Portulaca,    181 Tilia,         182
Ceanothus,   182 Eupatorium,  187 Lycopus,        192 Potamogeton, 202 Tricuspls,    205
Celastrus,    182 Euphorbia,   196 Lysimachia,  195 Potentilla,    183 Trientalis,    195
Celtis,       198 Fagus,        197 Malva,        1$2 Prenanthes,  190 Trifolium,    183
Centaurella,  192 Festuca,      205 Medeola,      200 Prunella,     193 Trillium,    200
Cephalanthus, 187 Flcerkea,     181 Medicago,    183 Prinos,        191 Triosteum;   186
Cerastium,   181 Fragaria,      184 Melampyrum, 194 Proserpinaca, 185 Triphora,       200
Cerasus,      183 Fraxinus,    191 Melilotus,    183 Prunus,        183 Trisetum,    205
Ceratophylluml78 Galeopsis,    193 Melissa,       193 Pteris,       207 Triticum,     206
Chelidonium, 178 Galium,        187 Menisperm um178 Pterospora,   191 Tussilago,    187
Chelone,      194 Gaultheria,   190 Mentha,       192 Pycnanthe'um 192 Typha,         202
Chenopodium, 195 Gentiana,    192 Menyanthes, 192 Pyrola,           191 Udora,        199
Chrysosplen. 185 Geranium,    181 Microstylis,  199 Pyrus,          184 Ulmus,        198
Chrysanthem. 189 Gerardia,      194 Milium,       204 Quercus,      197 Urtica,       196
Cicuta,       185 Geum,         183 KMimulus,     194 Ranunculus,  177 Utricularia,   194
Cimicifuga,   178 Glycerian,    205 Mitchella,    187 Raphanus,   179 Uvularia,      201
Cinna,        204 Gnaphalium, 189 Mitella,        185 Rhamnus,    182 Vaccinium,   190
Circata,      185 Goodyera,    200 Mollugo,       180 Rhododendron 190 Valeriana,    187
Cirsium,      189 Gratiola,     194 Monarda,      192 Rhus,         182 Valisneria,    199
Cistopteris,   206 Hamamelis,  185 Monotropa,   191 Rhynchopora 203 Veratrum,    200
Clay tonia,    181 Hedeoma,    193 Morus,         196 Ribes,        185 Verbascum,  193
Clematis,     177 Helianthemum1S0 Mvriophyllum,185 Rosa,            184 Verbena,      194
Cochlearia,   179 Helianthus,  188 Najas,         202 Rubus,        184 Vernonia,     187
Collinsonia,   193 Hepatica,    177 Nardosmia,   187 Rudbeckia,   188 Veronica,       193
Comandra,   196 Heracleum,   186 Nasturtium,  179 Rumex,            195 Vibarnum,    186
Comarum,    184 Hieraciuin,   189 Nemopanthes, 191 Sagittaria,    201 Vicia,          182
Comptonia,   198 Hierochloa,  205 Nepeta,         193 Salix,        197 Viola,        180
Conioselinum, 186 Houstonia,   187 Nuphar,        178 Satnbucus,   186 Vitis,         182
Conium,       186 Humulus,    196 Nymphrea,   178 Samolus,          195 Waldsteinia,  183
Convallaria,  201 Hydrocotyle, 185 Nyssa,         196 Sanguinaria,  178 Woodsia,     206
Convolvulus, 192 Hydrophylluml92 CEnothera,   184 Sanicula,         185 Woodwardia, 207
Coptis,       178 [Hyosevamus 193 Onopordon,   189 Sarracenia,   178 Xanthium,   188.
Corallorhiza, 199 Hypericum,   180 Onoclea,       207 Saxifraga,    185 Xanthoxylum,181
Cornus,       186 Hypopithys,  191 Ophioglossum, 207 Scheuchzeria, 202 Zannichellia, 202
Corydalis,    179 Impatiens,   181 Orchis,        199 Schollera,    200 Zizania,     206
Corvlus,      197 lnula,        188 Orobanche,   194 Scirpus,       202 Zlzia,        185
Crategus,    184 Iris,          199 Oryzopsis,    204 Scrophularia, 194
Cryptotsenia, 185 Isolepis,     203 Osinorhiza,   186 Scutellaria,   193  TotaT,     393
*** Having been obliged, contrary to expectation, to work off the preceding Catalogue without awaiting
the return of the proof sheets from the author, some typographical errors, &c., have occurred, for the
correction of which see the Errata at the end of the volume.




CHAP. 7.                   BOTANY OF VERMONT.                              209
BASSWOOD.                        BLACK CHERRY.                    SUGAR MAPLE.
-SECTION IL                and sometimes rivals mahogany in beau:
ty, but it has been sought for with so
Trees and Fruits.            much eagerness, that there is very little
To the preceding full, and very perfect now remaining in our forests large enough
catalugue of Vermont Plants, kindly fur- to be sawn into boards. The bark of this
nished for this work by Wm. Oakes, Esq., tree is aromatic, has an agreeable bitter
of Ipswich, Massachusetts, we here sub- taste, and is often used as a tonic.
join a brief account of our most important
Forest Trees, a list of which has already
been given on page 1.73, and also a few
words respecting our Shade Trees, Fruits,
&c., which is all our limits will admit.
THE SUGAR MAPLE.
BASSWOOD, OR LIME TREE.                          Acer saccharinum.
Tilia Americana.               The Sugar Maple is one of our most
This tree is found in all parts of the common and valuable forest trees.  It
state, and under favorable circumstances grows to a larger size than any other spegrows to the height of 70 or 80 feet with cies of maple, and its wood, when season.
a proportional diameter. In newly clear- ed, is much heavier and harder.  Hence
ed lands the stumps and large roots of the it is often called Rock JMaple or Hard MJabasswood are apt to send forth shoots ple. Its ordinary height is about 60 feet,
which grow with great rapidity. To pre- with a diameter of from 2 to 3 feet. The'
vent the growth of these the bark is some- wood, when first cut, is white, but by ex;
times stripped from the stumps, or they posure assumes a rosy tinge. Its grain is
are seared by building a fire around them. fine and close, and when polished has a
The inner bark of this tree is sometimes silky lustre.  It is strong and heavy, but
macerated in water and formed into ropes. when exposed to moisture soon decays,
The wood is white and tender, but is val- on which account it is little used either irn
uable for very many purposes.  It is civil or naval architecture.  When thorsawed into planks and boards, and is used oughly seasoned it is used by wheelfor chair seats, trunks, and in the manu- wrights for axletrees and by sleigh makers
facture of a variety of other articles.  for the runners of common sleds. It is also
used by chair makers and cabinet makers
in many kinds of their work. The wood
of this tree exhibits two accidental forms
of arrangement of the fibre, of which cab.
inet makers take advantage for manufacturing beautiful articles of furniture. The
first consists of undulations, forming what
BLACK CHERRY.        is called Curled Maple. The second, which
occurs only in old trees, appears to arise
Cerasus serotina.            from an inflection of the fibre fromn the
This is our largest species of cherry circumference towards the centre, produtree, and sometimes, though rarely, ex- cing spots, which are  sometimes conceeds 50 feet in height and 15 inches in tiguous, and at others a little distance
diameter.  It is scattered, but very spar-' apart. This is what is called Bird's-EJye
ingly, over the greater part of the state. Maple, and the more numerous the spots,
It is sometimes called Wild Cherry; and the more beautiful and more esteemed is
also Cabinet C/terry, from the use made of the wood.  Like the curled and striped
it by cabinet makers. But it is more gen- maple, it is used for inlaying mahogany.
erally called Black Cherry, and this name It is also made into bedsteads, portable
may be derived either from the color of writing desks, and a variety of other artithe bark or the ripe fruit. The perfect cles, for which purposes it is highly valwood is of a dull light red color, which ued. The sugar maple is the most valudeepens with age. It is compact, fine able wood for fuel found in the state. Its
grained, brilliant. and not liable to warp ashes are very abundant and rich in alkawhen perfectly seasoned. It is extensive- li. Its charcoal is of the most valuable
ly used for almost all species of furniture, kind. Its wood may easily be distinguishPT 1.          27




21(0              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
THE MAPLES.                                                      THE MAPLES
ed from the other kinds of maple by its
weight and hardness. Valuable as this
tree is on account of its wood, and for being one of our most beautitful and flourishing ornamental shade trees, its value
is greatly increased on account of the sugar extracted from it. When the country was new, nearly all the sweetening        THE WHITE MAPLE.
consumed in the state was obtained from
the sugar maple, and although the pro-            Acer dasyeayrm.
portional quantity has been diminished by   This tree so nearly resembles the Red
the destructton of the maple forests, our Maple, that it is very generally confounpeople have become so sensible of its val- led with it in Vermont, both being called
ue, both for fuel and for its sugar, that Soft Maple, The name of White Maple
they are taking much pains to preserve may be derived either from the leaf or
groves of the second growth. It is a tree from the wood. The color of the under
which grows rapidly, and considerable side of the leaf is a beautiful silvery white,
quantities of sugar are now made from  and the wood is also very white, and of a
trees which sprung from the seed since fine texture; but it is softer and lighter
the settlement of the state was commen- than either of the other species of maple.
ted. The quantity of sugar manufactured It is sometimes. used. in the manufacture
in the state in 1840, was 4,647,934 lbs.   of furniture, for inlaying mahogony, cherThe quality of the sugar made in the ry and walnut, but it is liable to change
state is very unequal. While some of it its color. Wooden bowls are sometimes
is black, dirty and disagreeable, there is made of it, but ash and poplar are prefermuch made which is no wise inferior in able when they can be had. Sugar is
color or flavor to the very best West In- sometimes made from the sap of this and
dia sugar; and this depends entirely upon the Red Maple, but the same quantity of
the manner and care with which it is sap does not yield more than half as much
manufactured. The dark color, the clam- sugar as that of the sugar maple. Like
miness and disagreeable taste of much of the Red Maple, the extract from the inour maple- sugar, are owing chiefly to ner bark of this tree produces a black prethree causes. 1. The neglect to scald the ceptale with copperas, and is sometimes
buckets, &c., used for catching the sap, used for coloring.
and to keep the sap clear from all impurities. 2. Allowing the kettlesto become
so much heated at the top as to cause the
syrrup to burn upon them, and afterwards
to be dissolved and mingled with the syrrup. 3. Allowing syrrup to remain too
ong in iron kettles. It should in no case
be allowed to stand in the kettle over
night. If these causes be guarded against
and the syrrup be well settled, well            TIE RED MAPLE.
cleansed, and done down without being               acer rubrum.
burnt, there can be no failure of having   This tree is found in most parts of the
good sugar. To make white coarse grain- state, but in no part is so plentiful as the
od sugar, it should be done so that only Sugar Maple.  Its: flowers appear in
about three fourths of it will grain. It April, long before the leaves, and are the
should then be poured into a tub, and re- first indications which the forests exhibit
main unstirred till the graining has ceas- of the returning spring. They are small,
ed. The molasses should then be drain- of a deep red color, and hence the name,
ed or poured off, and the sugar will be Red Flowering.Maple. This tree is most
found to be very beautiful. It may be common in low moist lands, and on the
still further whitened by spreading upon banks of streams and ponds, but is somethe sugar a clean white cloth, and cover- times met with at considerable elevations
ing it for a few days with moist dough, on our hills and mountains. Its usual
made of Indian meal. The sugar made height is about 50 feet, with a diameter
from this tree, in addition to its excellent from 20 to 30 inches. The wood is lightqualities, has two important recommen- er and more porous than that of the sudation. It is the production of our own gar maple, but when seasoned under shelstate, and it is never tinctured with the ter it makes excellent fuel, and is valuasweat, and the groans, and the tears, and ble for various other purposes. It is easithe blood of the poor slave.           ly wrought in the lathe, and is- much us



C nP. 7.                   BOTANY OF VERMONT.                                 11
THE ASHES.                          SASSAFRAS.                          SOUR GUM.
ed for yokes, the handles of agricultural im- possesses most of the other properties of
plements, wooden dishes and other domes- the White Ash, and is, in general, aptie, wares.  In old trees, the grain is some- plied to the same purposes.
times undulated constituting as in preceding species, what is called Cl.rled Mfaple.  This is wrought into various articles
of furniture, which for richness and lustre, often equals the finest mahogany. It
is also used for the stocks of guns.  From
the inner bark of-this tree an extract of
a purple color is obtained, whichis darkened by the addition of a little copperas
or alum and sometimes used for writing
ink, and also for dying black.                        BLACK  ASH.
Fraxinus sambucifolia.
The Black Ash requires a moister soil
than the White Ash, and is commonly
found growing on low lands, and in and
about swamps; and hence it is sometimes
called Swamyp  sh. The perfect wood is
of a brownish complexion, and by malling
may be separated into thin narrow strips,
which are employed for bottoming chairs,
making baskets, riddles, &c. The sapWHITE ASHI.                  lings of this tree are much used for hoopFraxinus acuminata.            poles.
This tree is thinly scattered over nearly
the whole state, and seems to delight in
cool situations. It is most frequently met
with near the banks of streams, and on
the acclivities surrounding  ponds and
swamps. In these situations it frequently attains the height of 70 or 80 feet, with
a diameter of from two to three feet. It
is universally known by the name of                   SASSAFRAS.'White Ash, and this name may be derived             Laurus sassafras.
either from the color of the bark, the sap-   This interesting and valuable tree is
wood, or the under surface of the leaves, found, but sparingly, in the southwestern
all of which are white.  By the light parts of the state, and this seems to be its
color of the bark it is readily distinguish- most northern limit. On account of its
ed from  the other species.  The wood small size and scarcity, little account is
of this tree is highly esteemed for its made of the wood, but it is highly valued
strength, suppleness, and elasticity, and for its medicinal properties.  For more
is applied with advantage to a great va- than 200 years it has maintained its repuriety of uses. It is always selected byation as an excellent sudorific, and it
carriage makers for fills or shafts, the fel- is employed to advantage in cutaneous
loes of wheels, and the frames of carriage affections and chronic rheumatism.  The
bodies. It is also used for chairs, scythe bark of the roots contains the greatest
snaths and rake handles; for hoops, sieves, quantity of the peculiar extract of' this
boxes, wooden bowls, and a variety of tree. The dried leaves and youngbranchother domestic wares; also for the staves es contain a large amount of mucilage.
of casks, blocks for pullies, and on account of its strength and elasticity, it is
considered superior to any other kind of THE TUPELO, OR SOUR GUM.
wood for oars.                                      Jtyssa multiJfora.
HRED  ASH1.         This tree, which is here usually called
Pepperidge, is found sparsely scattered
Fraxinus pubescens.            through the southern and western parts
The Red Ash is a handsome tree which  of the state, but no where in large quangrows to the height of about 60 feet. tities. It grows to the height of near 50
The bark on the trunk is of a deep brown feet, with a diameter of 15 or 20 inches.
color, and the wood differs from that of The limbs usually descend low upon the
the White Ash in being redder, but it trunk, which continues of nearly uniform




f212              NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT'                         PAR' 1.
RED MULBERRY.                    IRON WOOD.                     WHITE BEECH.
size for some distance. The wood of this er constitutes the principal part of the
tree holds a middle place between the forest, but is thinly scattered among the
hard and soft wood trees. The most re- other trees in almost all parts of the state.
mnarkable peculiarity of this tree consists It seldom exceeds 40 feet in height or 10
in the arrangement of its woody fibres, inches in diameter. The wood is white,
which are so united into bundles and compact, fine grained, and very heavy.
twisted and braided together, that it is It is used for making the cogs of wheels,
nearly impossible to split it. Hence it is for mallets, and for various other purpooften employed for the naves of wheels, ses. When seasoned it makes the very
and other articles, which are liable to best of fuel, but its slow growth and limsplit when made of common materials.  ited quantity prevents its being an object
of much regard.
THE RED MULBERRY..Morus rubra.
Vermont is near the northern limit of
the growth of this tree, and here it grows
very sparingly. At the south it is said to
attain the height of 60 or 70 feet, and the
wood is employed for many useful purposes, but here neither its size nor its
numbers render it of much consequence.             RED BEECH.
Fagus ferruginrea.
The Red Beech is found in all parts of
the state, and in some places is so much
multiplied as to form almost entire forests'~s   sr                    of considerable extent. Its usual height
when full grown is from 60 to 70 feet,
HORNBEAM, OR BLUE  BEECH.  with a diameter of 2 or,2J feet.  The
wood is valuable for fuel and in the arts.
That of the second growth in open lands
CThis tree is not common excepting in is strong, compact,fine grained and heavy.
-the western part of the state, where it is As it is not liable to warp when well seagenerally known bv the name of Blue soned, it is very suitable for the backs of
Beech. It seldom exceeds twenty feet in cards, and is generally chosen for that
height or 4 or 5 inches in diameter. The purpose. It is also used for shoe lasts, for
bark is smooth and undivided, and sets the wood of joiners' planes and other
very close to the wood, the surface of tools, and for the handles of various kinds
which is usually irregularly furrowed. of instruments. For fuel it is but little
The wood is white, compact and fine inferior to the sugar maple, if it be seagrained, but the tree is so small and rare soned and kept under shelter from rains
that little account is made of it.     and moisture, but if exposed it is soon injured, and the sap wood soon rots. The
fruit of this tree, is usually abundant, and
as swine eat it with avidity the early settlers of the state relied much upon beechnuts for fattening their hogs. As beechnuts are injured by the fall rains, those
which are  designed for preservation
should be gathered as soon as ripe, and
should be thinly spread in a dry place till
IRON WOOD.                 they are thoroughly seasoned. They are
Ostmrya Virginica.          often eaten, but are not very highly es.
teemed. A rich oil may be extracted
The body of this tree,while small,is much from the nut.
ilsed for levers in rolling logs, and hence
it is frequently called Lever Wood. It is
also called Hop-Hornbeam, from the re-              WHITE BEECH.
semblance of the fruit to that of the hop.         Fagus sylvestris.
The growth of this tree is very slow, as   The two kinds of Beech are distin.
may be seen by the great number of con- guished chiefly by their wood and dura.
centric annual layers contained in a tree bility. In the White Beech the greater
of only a fhew inches in diameter. It nev- part of the tree is sap-wood and very per.




CHAne. 7.                BOTANY OF VERMONT.                            213
THE CHESTNUT.                    THE OAKS.          THE LARGE WHITE BIRCH.
ishable, while in the Red Beech the sap and is preferred to any other wood for
wood is thin, and the heart, or perfect the frames off coaches, waggons, and
wood exceedingly compact and durable. sleighs, and also for the felloes, spokes
The White Beech also grows to a greater and naves of wheels.. The wood of the
height, and its trunk is freer from limbs stocks of young trees is very tough and
than that of the Red Beech.            elastic, and is susceptible of minute division; and hence it is much used for baskets, the hoops of sieves, and for whip,
pail and axe handles. It also makes the
best of staves for casks, and is the most
valuable wood for ship-building.  The
bark of the White Oak is much used in
medicine on account of its astringent properties. It is taken internally in the form
of a decoction, or powder, for intermittent
CHESTNUT.                  fevers, and is applied externally to wounds
Castanea vesca, var. Americana.   and ulcers as a styptic and antiseptic.
The Chestnut in Vermont is confined Inhaled in the form  of an impalpable
mostly to the south western parts, and powder, it is said to cure the phthisic in
to the towns lying along the bank of Con- its advanced stages. For medical purnecticut river in the counties of Wind- poses the inner bark on small branches is
ham and Windsor. The basis of the soil to be chosen.
in which it there flourishes is an argillaceous slate. According to the journal of
Samuel Champlain, he found this tree
growing on the shore of the lake which
bears his name, in 1609. The wood is
durable, and where it exists in sufficient
quantities, it is used for posts and rails for
fences, for shingles, and for staves of dry
casks. For posts, trees from six to ten
inches in diameter are employed, and                RED OAK.
they are generally charred on their sur-           Quercus rubra.
face before they are set in the ground.
Chestnut rails are said to last more than    This oak, though not very abundant
50 years. The wood being filled with air in Vermont, is more plentiful and widely
snaps as it burns, and on that account is diffused in the state than the preceding
not much esteemed for fuel; but coal species. The wood is reddish and very
made of it is excellent.               coarse grained, and is of little value compared with that of the White Oak. It is
used principally for staves and heads of
casks. The bark is used in tanning leather.
The other species of oak, mentioned
on pages 173 and 174, are found in Vermont only in small quantities.
THE WHITE OAK-                     LARGE WHITE BIRCH.
Quercus alba.
The growth of the White Oak is confined principally to the southern and   This tree is quite common, and often
western parts of the state, and even there attains the height of 60 or 70 feet. It is
was never very much multiplied. The often called Canoe Birch, from the circumoriginal growth sometimes attained the stance of its bark often being employed
height of 70 feet, with a diameter of three by the Indians in the construction of caor four feet, but the old trees have been noes. They also manufacture the bark
nearly all cut down, and only a second into baskets and boxes. Divided into thin
growth, which has sprung up since the sheets it has been used as a substitute for
country was settled, now remains. The paper. Ill new settlements large plates
wood of this tree is more valuable than of the bark of this tree were sometimes
that of any other of the American oaks. used for covering the roofs of houses.
It is of a reddish white color, and is very The wood of this tree is lighter, when
strong and durable. When perfectly sea- seasoned, and less valuable than that of
soned it is much used by carriage makers, the Yellow Birch and Black Birch.




214         -   NATURAL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                        PART I.
THE BIRCHES.                     BUTTONWOOD.                      WHITE ELM.
THE BLACK, OR CHERRY  BIRCH.
Betula lenta.
This tree is called Cherry Birch, from
its resemblance to the wild cherry. It is
also sometimes called Sweet Birch, or
Spice Birch, on account of its agreeable
aromatic smell and taste. It grows best
in a deep loose soil, and somnetilnes reaches the height of 80 feet, with a diameter,
at the bottom, of more than three feet. It        Platanus occidentalis.
is not so abundant as the following species, but the wood is more highly valued   The Buttonwood is usually found groxby the cabinet makers, being finer graineding alon, the banks of streans and marand susceptible of a higher polish. When gins of lakes and ponds, and, although, in
freshly cut the wood has a light rosy hue, Vermont,it does not,in magnitude, exceed
which deepens by exposure to the light. some other trees, it is said in some parts of
It is much used in the manufacture of our country to grow to a greater size than
bedsteads, tables, sofas, armed chairs, and any other tree in the United States.  We
a variety of other articles, and with age have accounts of button wood trees in the
assumes very much the appearance of western part of the state of New York
and on the Ohio river, measuring more
than 40  feet in circumferance  at the
_height of five feet from the ground. This
tree, though generally known by the
name of Buttonwood in New England, is
called in other places by various other
-THE YELLOW  BtRCH.             names. In Virginia it is sometimes called
[Water Beech. At the west it is frequentBetula eccelsa.           ly called Sycamore, or Plane Tree, and in
-The Yellow  Birch is common in all Louisiana and Canada it bears the name
parts of the state, generally preferring a of Cotton Tree. The wood of this tree in
rich moist soil. It ranks as one of our seasoning, becomes of a dull red color,
largest trees, often attaining the height of and is susceptible of a bright polish. It
70 or 80 feet, with a diameter of three or is but little used by cabinet makers, in
four feet. It is remarkable for the color the form of boards, on account of its liaand arrangement of its epidermis or outer bility to warp, but it answers well for
bark, which is of a golden yellow color, bedsteads, and requires only to be polished
and which frequently divides itself into and varnished, without paint, to make a
narrow  strips, rolled backwards at the very neat article.
ends and attached in the middle, giving
to the tree a ragged appearance.  The
bark and young shoots have an agreeable
aromatic odor and spicy taste. The wood
o.f this tree is very valuable. It ranks
next to the sugar maple in excellence as
an article of fuel, and is used for various
other purposes. it is sawed into joists,           WHITE  ELM.
planks and boards, and is used by theus J.
cabinet maker for bedsteads, tables, and          Ulmus e rneo-ica a
numerous other articles of household fur-   With the exception of the white pine,
niture. It is also made into yokes for we have no tree which grows to a greater
oxen, and ox-sleds.  The saplings are size, or which appears more graceful and
used for hoop-poles, and from these most majestic than the White Elm. This tree
of the brooms were made which were used is found, though not very plentifully, in:by the early settlers. The bark is used all parts of the state, and is sometimes
in tanning leather. Russia leather is said seen towering to the height of 100 feet,
to owe its peculiar odor, and its power of with a diameter at the base of more than
resisting moisture and the attack of worms 4 feet. The wood is of a dark brown coland insects, to an oil used in currying, or, and is wrought for several valuable
which is extracted from the paper-like purposes. It is often sawed into planks,
bark of the birch. Hence its value for and has been considerably used for the
book-binding.  The oil is obtained by naves of wheels. During a part of the
heating the bark in closed earthern or year the bark of this tree is very easily
iron vessels.                          detached, and this, after being soaked in




CHAP. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                             - 215
THE SLIPPERY ELM.       THE EUTTERNUT. —TIE HICKORY.         THE NORWAY PINE.
water and rendered supple by pounding, sometimes sawed into boards and clapwas formerly much used for bottoming boards.  It is also used  for posts in
common chairs. For fuel, the elm is in- fences, for corn shovels, wooden dishes,
ferior to several other kinds of wood, but troughs for catching the sap of the sugar
its ashes are strongly impregnated with maple, and for panels for coaches and
alkali, and no wood yields a greater quan- chaises. For all these purposes it antity. The young of the elm is much ad- swers well, as it is not liable to split, and
mired, and much employed as a shade receives paint in a superior manner. The
tree around our yards and dwellings, and extract of the bark of this tree is used for
seems to be preferable to the locust, inas- a cathartic. Its operation is said to be
much as it thrives in all parts of the sure, and unattended, in the most delicate
state, and is not, like the locust, liable to constitutions, with pain or irritation.
be destroyed by the Borer.
RED, OR SLIPPERY  ELM.
Ulmus fulva.
This tree, though found in most parts
of the state, is less abundant than the preceding species, and of less magnitude, seldom exceeding 60 feet in height, with a
diameter of 2 feet. The wood is of a reddish color, and is less compact than that
of the white elm. It makes excellent and           Carya squamosa.
durable rails, into which it is easily split,   This tree, though no where greatly
but this last property renders it unsuita- multiplied, is by no means uncommon,
ble for the naves of wheels. It is, how- particularly in the neighborhood of lake
ever, said to answer a good purpose for Champlain. It is usually found on, moist
the blocks of pullies. The inner bark of lands, and often about swamps and in plathis tree is an important article of materia ces which are liable to be inundated in
medica.  Macerated in water it yields high water.  The wood possesses the
a thick and abundant mucilage, which characteristic properties of the hickories
makes a refreshing drink much used in generally, being very elastic and tenacolds, coughs and fevers.  The bark, cious. It also possesses their common
when dried and reduced to flour, is said defect of soon decaying and being very
to make excellent puddings.             liable to be eaten by worms.  The wood
is straight grained and easily split, and,
being also easily wrought when green, is
made into ax handles and whip handles,
which are much esteemed on account of
their smoothness,suppleness and strength.
BUTTERNUT.
Juglans cinerea.
The Butternut is common in most parts
of the state, and is known in some places
by the name of Oil-nut, which it derives
from  the oily nature of its fruit.  It
thrives best on a dark cold soil, and often    THE NORWAY PINE.
measures three or four feet in diameter,
although it seldom  exceeds 60 feet in              Pinus resinosa.
height. The roots of the Butternut us-   The Norway Pine, though originally
ually extend horizontally, with little vari- plentiful in some places in Vermont, was
ation in size, and but a few inches below  never so abundant as the following spethe surface of the ground, often to the cies,and,though alarge and lofty tree, does
distance of 30 feet or more, which makes not equal the white pine in size and height,
it a troublesome tree, when growing upon seldom exceeding 3 feet in diameter or
or adjacent to lands designed for tillage. 80 feet in height. This tree is often callThe wood of this tree is light, and of a ed Red Pin? and sometimes Yellow Pine
reddish color, and, though it has little from the color of its bark. The wood is
strength, it possesses, in a good degree, fine-grained, compact, and on account of
the property of durability  The timber is the resin it contains much heavier than
little used for frames of buildings, but is that of the white pine, and for many put



216                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART I.
THE PINES.                                                          THE SPRUCES.
poses is more valuable. It is employed in ing species. When sufficiently free from
architecture in various ways and is much knots it makes firm and durable floors,
esteemed for floors in dwelling houses. and for fuel it is much esteemed by bakers
It is becoming scarce.  Leaves in twos. and by glass and brick-makers.  From
the knots and resinous stocks of this tree
lamp black is manufactured. The leaves
are in threes.
THE WHITE PINE.
Pinus strobus.
The white pine is much the- most lofty
tree which grows in our forests and the           DOUBLE SPRUCE.
most valuable for its timber. Dr. Williams             Pinus nigra.
states the height of this tree to be 247
This tree is found in all parts of Verfeet,* but it is probable that a very few  mont, and is so greatly multiplied on maonly have obtained that height in Ver- ny of our hills and mountains, as to conmont. The tallest trees which have fal- stitute almost entire forests of consideralen under our own observation have not ble extent.  The usual height of this tree
exceeded 170 feet. While the pine for- is from 60 to 80 feet, with a diameter of
ests were standing, trees measuring from  from lI to 2 fbet. It seems to prefer a
140 to 180 feet were not uncommon, and cool gravelly or sandy soil, and is mott
hey have often measured more than 6 common upon northern or northwestern
feet in diameter at the base.            declivities. It is found, though of diminThis species of pine was originally utive size, on the very summits of our
very abundant in all the western parts of mountains, and to this tree, more than
the state, particularly in the neighbor- any other, are we indebted for the name
hood of Lake Cnamplain, and was founda   o           a
hood of Lake Champlain, and was found of our state, Verd-Aont, it being the most
in considerable quantities along the bank plentiful evergreen upon our mountains.
of the Connecticut and most of our smal- The wood of the Double Spruce is distinler rivers.  But in consequence of the in- guished for strength, lightness and elastidiscriminate havoc of our forest trees by city, and is extenively used for frames of
the early settlers, and of the common use houses and other buildings. It is also
of this tree for timber, boards and shingles sawed into boards and clapboards, which,
for buildings and other domestic uses, to- though harder to plane and more liable to
gether with the great demand for it, for split in nailing, are, for many purposes,
exportation, our forests of  white pine little inferior to pine, and for some purposhave mostly disappeared, and boards and es are preferred. It likewise makes good
shingles of good quality are becoming shingles. In the interior parts ofthe state
scarce and diflicult to be obtained. The
scarce and diffic~ult to be obtained. The houses, barns and other buildings are very
leaves a-re in fives,                    often made entirely of spruce. The young
branches of this tree, boiled in water, and
the decoction sweetened with molasses or
THE PITCH  PINE.                maple sugar, makes what is called spruce
Pinus rigidta.             beer, which is said, in long sea voyages,
hspieisalways  fod   uto be a sure preventive of the scurvy.
This pine is always found upon light The wood is not of much value for fuel.
sandy lands and seldom exceeds 50 or 60 It contains  little  resin, except what
feet in height. It is remarkable for the ekudes and forms concretions in  the
great number of its limbs, which usually seams of the bark, and is called spruce
occupy two thirds of the trunk and render
the wood extremely knotty. A large pro- gum.' 
portion of the trunk consists of sap wood,         SINGLE SPRUE.
and for architectural purposes it is much
less valuable than either of the preced-                Pinus alba,
*Hist. Vt. Vol. 1. p. 87. The author of Memoits   This Spruce is much less plentiful in
of LDr. -Wheelock, late president of Dartmouth Col- Vermont than the preceding species, to
lege, states that he measured a white pine which which, in most respects, it bears a strong
grew on the plain where that College now stands, resemblance, and is applied to the same
and found it 270 feet from the butt to the top. Memoirs p. 56.                             uses.




CRap. 7.                  BOTANY Ok VERMONT.                             217
THE BALSAM FIR.           TH`E HEMLOCK.-THE LARCH.         THE MOUNTAIN ASH.
The size of the body of this tree is nearly
uniform for about two thirds of its length.
In very old trees the large limbs are often broken off four or five feet from the
trunk by the weight of the snows lodged
upon them, giving to the trees a decrepid
and unsightly aspect. The wood of this
tree, though abundant, is unfortunately
coarse grained, and inferior to most of the
THE SILVER, OR BALSAM  FIR.  other evergreens for architectural purposes. It is, however, extensively used for.
Pinus balsamea.            frames and joists of buildings, for the timThe fir tree flourishes best in a cold, bers and planks of bridges, for the floors
moist, sandy loam, and hence it is most of barns, for lining boards, lath boards,
commonly found growing on the north &c. The logs are used for building dams,
side of our mountains and about the mar- wharves and breakwaters, and they are
gin of cold springy swamps. It some- bored and much used for aqueducts. The
times, though rarely, reaches 50 feet in bark of the hemlock is extensively used
height, and its diameter seldom exceeds in Vermont in tanning leather.
12 or 15 inches. Where this tree stands                  D e
alone, and developes itself naturally, its
branches, which are numerous and thickly garnished  with leaves, diminish in
length in proportion to their height, and
thus form a round pyramid or cone of remarkable regularity and beauty.  The
wood is very white, but its texture is
coarse and open. It is sometimes used
for staves in making casks,, and answers
well for dry casksi but is not so good for
holding liquids.  It is also sawn into         AMERICAN LARCH.
boards for making boxes, and is used for           Pinus pendula.
rafters, joists, &c., in frames. The bal-ly known in Ver;
sam, for which this tree is somewhat cel- mont by the name of Tamarack, but is
ebrated, is obtained from  the blisters or sometimes called Larch, and sometimes
tumors on the bark. It may be collected Hackmatack. It seems to delight in a
with considerable facility with a teaspoon. cold wet soil, and in this state it is most
For this purpose an incision is made in commonly met with in cold swamps. In
the lower part of the blister with the the southern and eastern part of the state
point of the spoon, and the pressure re- this tree is extremely rare, but in the uesquired in the operation causes the balsam  tern and northern parts it is much more
to flow into the spoon, from which it is common, and in some swamps is found in
transferred to phials. The balsam is near- considerable quantities. A short distance
ly colorless, has the consistency of honey, further north, in Canada, it becomes still
and is of an acrid penetrating taste. It is more abundant. With us this tree selcommonly known in this state by the dom exceeds 80 or 100 feet in height,with
name offir balsam, but is said to be sold a diameter of about 2 feet; but to the
in many places abroad under the improp- north it attains a greater magnitude, and
etl name of Balm of Gitlead. It is of some in the neighborhood of Hudson's Bay it
celebrity as a medicine, particularly in is said to emulate our white pine, rising
pulmonary complaints and sprains of the to the height of nearly 200 feet. This tree
chest and stomach, for which it is taken, a sheds its leaves in autumn, though its apfew drops at a time, internally. It is also pearance in summer  ight lead one to
in repute for its healing properties when suppose it to be an evergreen. The wood
applied to external wounds and sores.   is strong and durable, and makes valuable timber for frames of buildings. It is
THE HEMLOCK.                 also used for posts in fences, and for
Pinus Canadensis.           staves of dry casks. Although it snaps
The Hemlock is found in all parts of considerably, it is much superior to the
the state, and in most parts in abundance. evergreens for fuel.
It flourishes best in a sandy loam at the
foot of hills and on lands slightly inclin- MOUNTAIN ASH, OR MOOSEMISSA.
ing. In such situations the trees are of-         Sorbus Americana.
ten from three to four feet in diameter.   This beautiful little tree is very comn
PT. 1.        28




218                NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART I.
THE CEDARS.                      HOOP ASH.                     SHADE TREES.
mon upon our hills, and mountains, and high, and their growth is so very slow
by transplanting is fomu  to thrive well that there seems to be little prospect of a
in, all parts of the state. It seldom ex- supply by reproduction.
seeds 25 feet in height, or 4 or 5 inches   The perfect wood of this tree is of a
in diameter. It is generally known by bright reddish tint and hence it is called
the name of Mountain Aqsh, but is not un- Red cedar. The wood is compact, fine
frequently called.Moosemissa. No use is grained and very light, though heavier
made of the wood, but the bark affords an and stronger than the White cedar. It
agreeable bitter, and is considerably used contains an essential oil, which exhales
as a tonic. But this tree is chiefly valued considerable odor, and which serves as
as an ornamental shade tree, and its beau- a protection both against insects and moistiful white blossoms, its pinnated globrous ture. The recent chips and splinters of
leaves, and bunches of red berries, which this -wood are often placed in drawers
remain upon the tree during the winter, with woollen cloths and beneath carpets,
make it much admired for that purpose.  and they are found to be a very sure protection against moths. The wood is also
much used in making black lead pencils.
But the quality which renders the Red cedar most valuable is its durability; and
for this it excels every other wood found
in the state. There are red cedar posts
which have been standing in the common
fences in Burlington and other places for
50 years, and which are now, excepting
WHITE CEDAR, oa ARBOR VITAE. the mere surface, as sound as when set.
Thluya occidentalis.        These are eagerly sought out and preferred to new posts of any other kind, for
This tree is found growing only in fences, where great durability is desired.
swamps, and along the rocky banks of
streams and ponds, and is universally
known in Vermont by the name of WThite   HOOP ASH, OR HACKBERRY.
Cedar. It was originally very abundant            Celtis occidentalis.
inathe northern and western parts of the   This tree is found very sparingly in
state, and is still found in many places in Vermont.  In favorable situations, at
considerable quantities. The wood of this the south and southwest, it grows to
tree is nearfy white, with a slight tinge the height of 70 or 80 feet, and with
of red. It is very light, soft, fine-grained the disproportional diameter of not more
and somewhat odorous.  For durability than 1l or 20 inches. The wood is neithit ranks next, among our forest trees, to er strong nor durable, but where plentithe red cedar, and is extensively used for ful, as it is easily split, it is much emposts and rails for fences.            ployed for the rails of rural fences.
For some notice of the Northern Cork
Elm, Ulinus -acemosa, and the Poplars,
see page 174.
Shade Trees. There are few if any of
the forest trees which we have described,
RED' CEDAR.                which are not more or less employed for
shade, or ornament, about our yards and
Juniperus Virrniana.          dwellings; but there are some which
Red Cedar formerly existed in some seem to be much more suitable than othquantities along the banks and islands of ers for this purpose. Among these are
lake Champlain, but on account of the ea- the sugar maple, the elm, and the moosegerness with which it has been sought missa, or mountain ash. To the growth
for posts and other purposes, it has now  of these, the soil and climate of most parts
become exceedingly scarce. Trees were of the state are well suited, and they are
formerly found 30 or 40 feet in height and all transplanted without difficulty. The
10 or 12 inches in diameter, but few now  larch too makes a beautiful shade tree,
remain which are more than 10 or 12 feet and so do several of our evergreens; but
their transplanting is attended with much
* Our cut was made from a young v.illous brancb, more difficulty. The best time for transwhich differs materially fiom that of the old tre,.  planting trees generally is believed to be




CmiAr. 7.              BOTANY OF VERMONT.                            219
FRUIT TREES.                                                        APPLE.
in the spring, just before the appearance few years past much more attention has
of the leaves.                       been given to this subject, and many
Besides the native forest trees which choice varieties of these fruits have been
have been used for shade and ornament, introduced and extensively propagated by
several exotics have been introduced for grafting and budding.
the same purposes. A little more than 30   APPLE.  Pyrus malus. —This is our
years ago the Lombardy poplar, populus most important and abundant fruit, and is
dilatatta, was brought into the state, and found to flourish in all parts of the state.
was, for a time, extensively propagated, In the older parts the orchards became
and much admired. Its growth was ex- very extensive, the trees large, and imtremely rapid, and the appearance of the mense quantities of apples were produced.
young tree was very pretty, but it was These were mostly manufactured into cisoon found that these were its only recom- der, in consequence of which much more
mendations, which were more than coun- cider was.made than could well be conterbalanced by several positive objections. sumed, in its crude state, even- when it
The wood was found to be soft and brit- was customary for all to drink it as freetie, and nearly useless for fuel or any ly, or more so, than water, and the price
other purposes. As the barten and fertile abroad did not warrant the expense of
flowers of this poplar grow on separate transportation. Distillation was therefore
trees, and as none but trees bearing bar- resorted to, and large quantities of cider
ren flowers have been introduced into brandy were manufactured. The farmers
this country, no seed is brought to perfec- generally having large orchards could
tion, and being propagated wholly by each make, without inconvenience, from
shoots, its growth, though rapid, was soon half a barrel to two or three barrels of this
found to be feeble and sickly. Before the liquor, and when they had it in their houtrees attained any considerable magni- ses, as it did not seem to have cost them
tude, the top branches would begin to die much, they felt themselves at liberty to
and fall off, rendering them unsightly, use it very freely; and to this single cirand giving them, while young, the ap- cumstance may be traced the temporal
pearance of decrepitude and decay, and and perhaps everlasting ruin of many of
littering the grounds and walks with limbs our previously thrifty farmers. This cause
and rubbish. These circumstances, and of ruin and misery was in the full tide of
the disgusting worms bred among their operation when  the  first general movefoliage, gradually lessened them  in the ment was made in New England on the
public estimation, and for many years subject of temperance.
past no pains have been taken to propa- But after the spell was broken, which
gate them. Many of the old trees have been had so long bound down all our people to
cut down, and those which remain are the use, or acquiescence in the use, of
generally in a decaying, dilapidated con- distilled spirits, and it was perceived that
dition, and the prospect now is that they these liquors were not only unnecessary,
will, in a few years, become extinct.    but hurtful as a common drink, our farThe locust tree, Robinia pseydo-acacia, mers began to perceive that those large
is one of our most beautiful and agreeable portions of their laids which were covershade trees, and is very much prized, par- ed with apple orchards were not only
ticularly in the western part of the state. yielding them no profit, but that which,
It thrives best on the light, warm soil, under their present management, was dowhich was originally covered with forests ing them a real injury. From  this time
of white pine, but either the soil or the many endeavored to turn their apples to
climate of our mountain towns is unfa- a better account, by feeding them to their
vorable to its growth; and hence it is not cattle, and hogs, and horses, and for these
often met with in the central parts of the purposes they were found to be valuable,
state. Fears are now entertained that all but caution was necessary, that they
our locust trees will be destroyed by the should not be fed in too large quantities
Borer. -                             at a time, especially when the fruit was
Fruit Trees. For many years after the hard and sour. Many, whose orchards
settlement of this state was commenced, were extensive, cut down large portions
very little attention was paid to the culti- of them, that the lands might be more
vation of fruit trees. Apple orchards, it profitably employed in the production of
is true, were early planted in many places, something else. At present our people
and in some cases a few plumbs, cherries appear more anxious-to improve their fruit
and perhaps pears, but they were gener- by grafting or inoculating, choice varieally suffered to produce their natural fruit, ties upon the trees they already have,
and very little effort was made to improve than to enlarge their orchards; and their
it by pruning and cultivation. But for a are few countries which are capable of




220                NATURA,-HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PARTL
THE PEAR AND CRAB APPLE.             NUTS.                            BERRIES.
producing a greater variety of fine apples siderable variety of berries, both wild and
than Vermont.                           cultivated, and many of them are highly
The Pear Tree does not grow so well serviceable, not only for desserts, but as
in the northern and central mountainous articles of food. One of the most imporparts of the state, but it flourishes in the tant of these is the currant, of which we
southeastern and western parts, where have four species.  Of these the red,
many choice varieties are cultivated and white, and black currant are largely culbear well. A few  Quinces and Peaches tivated in-gardens, but the two former
are raised, but very little attention has are most esteemed, and are much eaten,
been paid to their cultivation. That as stewed or made into pies when green;
good peaches may be raised in Vermont and when ripe they are eaten raw, or in
as in any other place, we think will hardly pies, or are preserved in sugar, and their
be disputed by any who ate of those which juice mixed with clean' sugar at the rate
grew in our own garden in Burlington  of one pound of the latter to a pint of the
during the past and present year. Our former, and boiled from 15 to'20 minutes
remarks respecting the pear tree will ap- in a tin or brass kettle, makes an exquisply also to the Plum.  In the northern ite jell, which may be kept in glass vesparts of the state, the native, or Canada sels for years without difficulty.  The
Plum is much cultivated. It bears plen- black currant has a peculiar musky taste
tifully, and the fruit is tolerable. Our and odor, and, though liked by some, is
plum trees generally are very uncertain not so generally esteemed. Black curbearers. After bearing profusely one year rants are found in a wild state in our forthey often pass several years without pro- ests, and red currants are also found
ducing any fruit.  Cherries flourish well, growing wild upon our mountains, the
and several varieties are cultivated.   taste of which is much less agreeable than
The Siberian Cr-ab Apple is cultivated in that cultivated in gardens.
the northern parts of the state, where it   Whortleberries. of the various kinds, are
flourishes well, and bears abundantly. produced in great plenty in different parts
With sugar this fruit makes an excellent of the state, particularly on the pine
marmalade.                              plains in the neighborhood of lake ChamNJuts. These are the walnut, chestnut, plain. In plentiful years, the quantities
butternut, beech-nut, oak-nut or acorn, of these berries offered for sale in our viland hazle-nut. Of walnuts we have three lages along the western part of the state
kinds, but the pignuts are much the most are very considerable. In 1841, which
common.  The shell bark hickory is was remarkably productive in these berfound in some parts, but is not very ries, the quantity brought into the village
abundant. The chestnut thrives only in of Burlington between the 25th of June
the southern part of the state. Butter- and the Jst of September, could not have
nuts are common in most parts, and some fallen much, if any, short of 200 bushels.
years they are produced in very great   We have three kinds of raspberries,
abundance. It is esteemed a luxury by the red, black and white, all of which
many, and in plentiful years large quan- grow wild. The two latter are much imtities are gathered and dried. Seepage 215. proved by cultivation, and are considerThe beechnut is the most plentiful nut ably cultivated  in gardens.  The red
found in the state, and it abounds in all raspberry is very abundant on most of
parts.. When the country was new the our hills and mountains.  Gooseberries
early settlers depended principally upon are found growing wild in all parts, but
this nut for fattening their hogs. But the fruit is generally small.  Several
it was in many places as necessary that choice foreign varieties have been introthey should be attended by a guard to duced into our gardens, where they are
protect them against the original proprie- easily cultivated and brought to a high
tors, the bears, as it was that the first degree of perfection. They are a luxury,
settlers should be guarded against the which, with very little trouble, every
attacks of the Indians. Seepage 212. The family might enjoy.
hazlenqt grows on a shrub four or five   Blackberries, of two or three kinds, are
feet high; and, though quite common, common, and they are universally regardbut little account is made of it. The ed as the most wholesome and delicious
above are all indigenous, and grow in a wild berry found in the state. A variety
wild state without cultivation. Acorns of this berry is occasionally found the
too were formerly plentiful in many parts color of which is a delicate yellowish
of the state, and these, like the beechnut, white. It is sometimes cultivated in garwere for swine and bears a favorite arti- dens, and, contradictory as the terms may
cle of food.                            seem, several have been able to assert,
Berries. Vermont produces a very con- without contradiction, that they could ens




Cosp. 7.                  BOTANY OF VERMONT.                             221
BERRIES.-MEDICINAL PLANTS.
tertain their visitants with a dessert of vassed, and their proper places assigned
white black-berries.                   them among the articles of our materia
The barberry bush grows well in most medica.
parts of the state, but so little use is made   In the preceding account of our forest
of the berry that no effort is made to mul- trees, we have briefly mentioned the metiply it. Two kinds of cranberries, the dicinal purposes to which the parts of sev.
high and the low, are common in many of eral of them are applied.  We had intenthe swamps, and preserved in sugar they ded in this place to notice a few of the
make an agreeable and wholesome sauce. many herbs and' roots which are, or have
Of strawberries there are several kinds. been, of repute for their medicinal virThe wild, or woods strawberry, though a tiles, but we have not room. We would,
pleasant fruit, is not found in sufficient however, remark that the Ginseng, Panax
quantities to be an object of much regard. quinquefolia, was the first medicinal root
The common field strawberry is diffused which attracted much attention in this
over the whole state, and in its season af- state, and is the only one which has been
fords considerable quantities of delicious to any considerable extent an article of
fruit, though it seldom grows to a large exportation.  This root had long been resize. Several varieties of foreign straw- garded in China as a panacea, and was
berries are cultivated in gardens. Some supposed to be indigenous only in that
of these grow to a great size, and with country and Tartary, till 1720, when it
proper attention a small plot of ground was discovered by the Jesuit Lafitan, in
may be made to yield a very large quan- the fo4ests of Canada.  Such was the detity of choice fruit. The fox and frost mand for the root in China, at that perigrapes grow  wild in most parts of the od, that it soon became a considerable arstate, and several exotic grapes are su- ticle of commerce. Upon the settlement
cessfully cultivated in gardens, and bear of this state the ginseng was found to
well. The large purple grape endures grow here in great plenty and perfection,
our climate and ripens its fruit without and it soon began to be sought with eaprotection, and this is undoubtedly the gerness for exportation. For many years
most profitable for general cultivation. it was purchased at nearly all the retail
The more choice varieties must either be stores in the state, and was sent to the
housed or buried to preserve them through seaports to be shipped to China. Those
the winter, and many of them require pro- who dug the root sold it in its crude state
tection and artificial heat, in order to for about 2 shillings or 34 cents per lb.,
bring their fruit to maturity. In addition and it was so plentiful in some places that
to the above, we have the hobbleberry, digging it was a profitable business. The
the mulberry, the checkerberry, the par- root is a mild, pleasant, and wholsome
tridge berry, and some others which are bitter, but it has never ranked very high
eaten, and several kinds, as the sumac, as a medicine in this country, and its exelder, juniper, &c., which are used in portation and the clearing of the country
medicine or the arts.                  has rendered it scarce.
-Medicinal Plants.-The native vegeta-   Flowering Plants.- This state is particbles of Vermont already contribute some- ularly rich, considering its northern sitwhat to the MateriaMedica of the country, uation and mountainous surface, in beaugnd when the medicinal properties of our tiful flowering plants. Several of these
plants become better known, it is proba- have already been noticed in the observable that the list of those which deserve to tions preliminary to the preceding catabe employed in the healing art will be logue. Among our most singular flowergreatly increased. 5We are of the num- ing shrubs may be mentioned the Witch
ber of those who look with much more Hazel, Homomelis Virginica. This shrub
confidence to the vegetable than to the puts forth its modest yellow blossoms usmineral kingdom, for antidotes to the va- ually in October, after the leaves have
rious diseases and ills which flesh is heir been killed by the frost, but the seed is
to. Not that we would go to the lengths not matured till the following year.
of some of our name, and banish all miner-   Poisonous Plants, which are natives of
al substances from our pharmacopoeia, but, Vermont, are not numerous.  Enough,
being fully persuaded that for removing a however, exist to render caution necessagreat majority of diseases, the remedies ry in gathering herbs, either for food or
derived from the vegetable kingdom are medicine. A few poisonous plants have
not only more effectual, but far more safe also been introduced, and to some extent
than those derived from the niineral king- naturalized. Of these may be mentioned
dom, we would gladly see the Mrnedicinal the poison hemlock, which may be seen
properties of our plants more thoroughly growing in many places by the road.
investigated, their reputed virtues can- sides.




NATURAL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART I.
ROCKS.                         GRANITE.-GNEISS.                    MICA SLATE.
CHAPTER VIII.
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF VERMONT.
When we commenced our undertaking of rocks extend through the whole length
four years ago, we had little doubt that of the state;  On the east side of the
there would be a Geological Survey of' Mountains the geological features are not
the state, under the patronage of the gov- so well defined, nor so well known. Al1ernment, in season to enable us to em- though there are here indications of
brace the results of it in the present work. ranges nearly parallel with those on tho
In consequence of this expectation, we west side, they are frequently interrupted
have devoted less attention to the geology and jumbled together; the different rocks
of the state than to the other departments often being arranged in alternating layof our natural history; and, a survey not ers. The principal ranges of rocks in
having been undertaken, as we anticipa- the central part of the state are nearly as
ted, we must content ourselves for the exhibited in the following diagram of a
present with only a few general remarks vertical section passing from east to west,
on, these interesting subjects. Enough is through Camel's Hump:
already known to make it certain that our   1            2      3           4
state ranks among the first in the Union
in mineral resources, and by private and
individual enterprise something has already been done towards turning these           c d  e  f  g 
resources to account, as may be seen by                References.
reference to our account of Strafford, 1. Lake Champlain.. Slates, Graywack
s 1. Lake Champlain.   6. Slates, Graywacke
Bennington, Plymouth, and some other 2. Camel's Hump.          Argillaceous, &c.
towns in part third. The few remarks 3. Montpelier.        f.Mica Slate.
which we shall offer will be presented 4. Connecticut River.  g. Quartz, Talcose Slato
pnder the heads of Rocks, Metals, and a. Sandstone.        i: Argillaceou Slato. 
~Minerals.                              b. Argillaceous slate.  I. Granite.
Rocks.                 c. GraywackeSandstone. I. Lime.
d. Limestone.!. Argillaceous Slate.
The ranges of rocks in this state,
for the most part, extend through the    Granite. This rock shows itself very
state in lines parallel to the principal sparingly in the Green Mountain range,
range of the Green Mountains.  The and on the west side of the mountains
greater part of the rocks are of primitive hardly exists at all, except in small rolled
formation. The ranges, commencing on masses. On the east side of the mounthe west side of the state, according    tains it occurs in many places in WindProf. Eaton, are nearly in the following ham and Windsor counties. In the northorder:-1. Old Red Sandstone in an in- ern part of Orange county, the southeastterrupted range; —2. Graywacke;-3. ern part of Washington and southwestern
Transition, or Metaliferous Limestone, al- part of Caledonia county, it constitutes
ternating with Transition Argillite; —4. the principal rock in situ.  From  this
Transition, or Calciferous Sandstone;-  great granite region was obtained the ma6. Transition Argillitef; —6. Primitive terial for building the State House. (See
Argillite; —7. Sparry Limestone; —8. Part III, p. 9.). Orleans county abounds
Granular Limestone;-9. Granular Quartz, in huge granite boulders, which make
Gr~anularlimesto Granular      & t excellentbg
containing hematitic iron ore and manga-         building stone.
nese, and lying  at the  foot of the    Gneiss. This occurs in many places
Green Mountains on the west side;-10. along the summits of the Green Mountain
Hornblende Rock;-11. Gneiss, with al- range and in the counties of Windham
ternating layers of Granite; —12. Mica and Windsor, where it serves a good purSlate, constituting the middle ridge of the pose for walls, under-pinnings, &c.
Green Mountains, and extending, in na-   Mica Slate.  This constitutes almost
ny places, a considerable distance down the entire middle range of the Green
the eastern side. Most of these ranges Mountains froni Massachusetts to Cana



CGAP.., GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF VERMONT.    22
ROCKS, METALS AND MINERALS.
da, and is met with more or less abun- places;-most extensively at Cavendish
dantly in all the counties on the east side near Black river, and at Lowell,near the
of the mountains. It is of little value as source of Missisco river. At the former
a building stone, excepting for wall fen- place, its connection with the limestone
ces, but is found in many places suitable and steatite forms that most beautiful vafor covering stone bridges, for flagging riety of marble called Verd Antique. (See
stone, &c. In Halifax and some other Part III, p. 48.) At the latter place is
places it is found of a quality suitable for found beautiful precious serpentine, and
common grave stones.                   several varieties of amianthus and asbesArgillaceous Slate. Several considerable tos.
ranges of this slate are found in Vermont              Metals.
extending from  south to north.  It is  Iron ore, in the form of oxydes, is found
abundant along Connecticut river, and in in greater or less quantities in almost all
Windham county it is extensively quar- parts of the state. The most important
ried at Dummerston and other places for beds of this ore which have been opened
roof and writing slate. A range of this on the west side of the mountains are at
slate extends north from  White river Bennington, Tinmouth, Pittsford, Chitthrough Montpelier, which, at Berlin and tenden, Brandon, Monkton and Highgate,
some other places, affords slate of a very and on the east side of the mountains at
good quality. A dark colored glazed va- Troy and Plymouth, for an account of
riety of this slate extends along the east- which, see part third, under the respective
ern margin of lake Champlain, the seams names, particularly the latter. Sulphuret
of which are filled with calcareous spar.  of iron is also abundant in many places.
Lime.  The range of granular lime- See Strafford, in part third.
stone, which enters the state at Pownal,   Manganese is abundant in connection
and extends almost directly north to Can- with the iron ore at Plymouth, Benningada, is the most important in the state. ton, Chittenden, &c., and has already beThis range affords excellen t marble, which come a considerable article of exportation.
is extensively wrought in many towns in   Lead ore has been found in small quanthe counties of Bennington, Rutland and tities at Thetford, Sunderland, MorrisAddison. Very beautiful marble is also town, and some few other places. There
found at Swanton. Throughout all the is some prospect that the vein at Morriswestern parts of the state limestone, for town may prove valuable. It is situated
the manufacture of lime of the best qual- upon the top of a large hill, in the seam
ity, is abundant. On the east side of the in talcose slate, the strata of which are
mountains, the best for the manufac- nearly vertical, and extend from north to
ture of lime is probably at Plymouth, south. The seam at the surface of the
near the head of Black river. (See Part rock, which is bare for some distance, is
III, p. 140.)  Some of this limestone is perhaps 18 inches wide, and can be traced
found to receive a very good polish as it north and south several rods. This'seam
has been wrought to some extent for mar- is filled with a substance which seems to
ble. The other most important localities be mostly quartz,in which the sulphuret of
are at Whitingham  and in the southeast- lead, or galena, is scattered, being in
ern part of Caledonia county. The lime masses from the size of a pin-head to that
on the east side of the mountains is not of a man's fist.  The seam, which has
only more limited in quantity, but is been opened to the depth of several feet,
darker colored, and otherwise inferior to is found to increase in width downward,
that on the west.                      and to become richer in ore, but whether
Tdlrosc State. This rock forms an in- it will repay the expense of working is at
terrupted range from  Whitingham, on present problematical.
Massachusetts line, to Troy on Canada   Copper ore is found sparingly at several
line. In this range are extensive beds of places. At Strafford, where it has been
excellent steatite, or soap stone, which is, found most plentifully, it has been smeltin many places, wrought into fire places, ed for the copper. (See Part III, p. 166)
stoves, aqueducts, &c. The most impor-   Silver is said to exist in a small proportant localities are at Grafton, Plymouth, tion in the lead ore, but has been found
Bridgewater, Bethel, Moretown and Troy. here in no other connection.
Talcose slate also abounds on the west   Gold has been found in the lower part
side of the mountains in the county of of Windham county, but in no other part
Lamoille, and the eastern part of Frank- of the state. In 1826 a lump of native
lin county.                            gold was found in Newfane weighing 8
Serpentine. Nearly in connection with ounces, and in Somerset it has been found
the Talcose range, on the east side of the in small particles in connection with talmountains, this rock shows itself in many cose slate.




224               NATURAL HISTORY~ OF; VERMONT.                    -PImr'LOCATION OF MINERALS.
Milerals.        -       Kaolin. —Monkton, Brookline.
We shall close this short chapter by   Lead, (Sulphuret) or Galena.-Sunderindicating some of the principal localities land, Thetford, Danby, Morristown.
of interesting minerals, many of which   Lime,;'luat. —Putney, Rockingham,
will be still further noticed in part ttiird, Thetford.
under the names of the towns in which   Lime, Fetid Carbonate.-Bennington.
they are sitiiated.                    Lithomarge.-Bennington..
Actynolite.-Windham, Grafton, New-.Macle. —Near Bellows Falls.
fane, Brattleboro', Norwich —the latter  AManganese, Ozyde. —Bennington, Branvery beautiful.                      don, Monkton, Pittsford, Chittenden, PlyAgaric MJineral.-Lyndon, Groton, Man- mouth.
chester.                               Marble.-Shaftsbury, Manchester, DorAluminous Slate.-Pownal, Rockinghamn. set, Rutland, Middlebury, Swanton, PlyAmethyst.-Westminster, Ludlow.    mouth.
J/lmianthus.-Weybridge, Mount Holly,   Marl,-Peacham, Barnard, Benson, AlLowell, Barton.                      burgh.
Argiltaceous Slate.-Common.          Mica. —Chester, Craftsbury, Orangej.Ssbestos. —Mount Holly, Lowell, Troy. Grafton, &c.
AJugite.-Charlotte, Chester.         Novaculite, -or Oil Stone. —Thetford,
Bitter Spar. —Grafton, Bridgewater, Memphremagog Lake.
Lowell.                                Potstone.- Grafton, Newfane.
Blende.-Orwell.                      Potter's Claw.-Middlebury.
Calcareous Spar.-Vergennes, Shore-   Prehnite,.-Bellows Falls.
ham, &c.                               Quartz. —Common. Fetid Q., ShrewsCalcareous Tufa.-Clarendon, Middle-    bury. Greasy Q., Grafton, Hancock,
bury, Hubbardton, Manchester, Orwell.    New Haven, &c. Quartz Chrystal,
Carbonate of Lime.-Common.             Castleton, Vergennes, Waitsfield, St.
Chalcedony.-Newfane.                   Johnsbury, &c. Milky Q., StockChlorite. —Grafton, Windham, Bethel,    bridge, Grafton, Middlebury. Radia&c.  t' ted Q., Hartford. Smoky Q., ShrewsChrysophrase.-Newfane.                 bury, Wardsborough.  Tabular Q.,
Copper, (Carbonate Green). —Bellows    Windham.
Falls, (Su.lphluret,) Strafford, Waterbury.   Rubollite.-Bellows Falls.
Copperas.-Strafford, Shre wsbury.    Scapolite.-Brattleborough.
Cyanite.-Grafton, Bellows Falls, Nor-   Schorl.-Grafton, Bridgewater, Brattlewich.                                borough, Newfane, Dummerston, &c.
Diallage.-New Haven.                Serpentine, Precioes.-Lowell, Ludlow,
Dolomite.-Jamaica.                 Troy, Cavendish, Windham.
Epidote.-Middlebury, Chester, Berk-   StamLrotide.-Rockingh am, Vernon.
shire, &c.                             Steatite. —Grafton, Bethel, Moretown,
Feldspar.-Townshend, Thetford, Monk- Bridgewater, Troj, &c.
ton, &c.                               Stelactite. —Bennington, Dorset, PlyFetid Limestone.-Shoreham, Bridport, mouth, Montpelier.
&c.                                    Sidlphur.-Wilmington, Bridgewater.
Flint.-OrwellI.                       Tac. —Grafton, Windham, Newfane,
Fluate of Lime. —IPtney, Rockingham. Ludlow, Bridgewater, Hancock, MontpeGarnet —-Bethel,  Bridgewater, Nor- lier, Fletcher, &c.
wich, &c.                              Titaniutm.-Whitingham.
Graphite, Plumbago, or Black Lead.-   Tourmaline.-Peacham.
Hancock, Charlotte.                    Trenwolite.-Bellows Falls, Wardsboro'.
Hornblende.-Jericho, Ludlow, &c.     T.lfa Calcareous.-Orwell, Clarendon,
Hornstone.-Middlebury,Shoreham, Sal- Middlebury, &c.
isbury, Bennington, Orwell.            Zinc.-Orwell.
Jasper.-Middlebury, in rolled masses.   Zoisite.-Rockingham, Wardsborougb.




THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
a-rt  eton
CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.
CHAPTER I.
INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.
SECTION I.             the Indian town of Hochelaga, where he
Discovery of lmerica-Discover yand Set- arrived on the 2d day of October, 1535.
tlement of Canada —Discovery of Lake To this place he gave the name of MontChamplain.t ofCanada-Discovery of Lakereal, (Mlount-royal,) which it has ever
since retained. This was doubtless the
The discovery of the American con- first voyage ever made by civilized man
tinent by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, into the interior of North America, and
awakened a spirit of enterprize not only the first advance of a civilized people into
in Spain, but in all the principal nations the neighborhood of the territory of Verof Europe. From each of these, expedi- mont.
tions were fitted out, and swarms of ad-   Cartier and his companions were eveventurers issued forth, either to immor- ry where received by the natives with
talize their names in the annals of discov- demonstrations of joy, and were treated by
ery, or to enrich themselves and their them with the greatest respect and vencountry with the treasures of a new  eration. The savages seemed to consider
world. Spain took the lead in the career the Europeans as a higher order of beings,
of discovery, and was followed by Eng- whose friendship and favors they deemed'
land, France and Holland; but while it of the highest importance to secure.
Spain, invited by the golden treasures of And this was true not only of the Canada
the Incas, was pursuing her conquests Intdians, but of the natives of every part
and exterminating the defenceless natives of the American continent; and the susin the south, the three latter nations were, picions of the natives were not generally
for the most part, peaceably and success- aroused, nor preparations made, either for
fully prosecuting their discoveries in more defence or hostility, till the new comers
northerly regions.                   had manifested their avarice and meanIn 1534, James Cartier, in the service ness by the most cruel acts of injustice
of France, while exploring the continent and violence.
of America in the northern latitudes, dis-   On the 4th of October, Cartier decovered the great gulf and river of Cana- parted from Hochelaga, and on the 11th
da, to which he afterwards gave the name arrived safely with his party at the island
of St. Lawrence. The next year he re- of Orleans. Here he spent the winter,
turned with three ships, entered the St. during which he lost many of his men by
Lawrence, and, having left his ships at the scurvy, and in the spring returned to
anchor between the island of Orleans and France. In 1540, Cartier again visited
the shore, he ascended the river St. Law- Canada and attempted to found a colony;
rence with his boats, 200 miles further, to but this colony was soon broken up,and no
PT. II.        1




~2    ~        CIVIL HISTORY' OF VERMONT.                         PaR II.
QUEBEC SETTLED BY THE FRENCH.                     LAKE CHAMPLAIN DISCOVERED.
further attempts were made by the French scalps were taken and carried to Quebec.
to establish themselves in this part of the This was doubtless the first time the Incountry for more than half a century. In dians, in these regions, ever witnessed the
1603, Samubl Champlain, a French noble- effect of European arms, and it is probaman, sailed up the St. Lawrence, visited ble the panic produced in the astonished
the several places, which Cartier had de- natives, contributed, not a little, to a fascribed, and, having obtained all the in- vorable and speedy termination of the
formation, which he could derive from the combat.*
natives, respecting the interior of the   Thus, so early as the year 1609, was
country, he returned to France to com- lake Champlain, and the western borders
municate his discoveries and to procure of the present territory of Vermont, disassistance in establishing a colony.    covered and partially explored by. "the
It was not, however, till the year 1608, French; and although, after this event,
that the French court could be induced to more than a century elapsed, before this
fit out a fleet for the purpose of founding tract of country became the residence of
a colony on the river St. Lawrence. This any civilized inhabitants, it was, during
fleet was placed under the command of this period, and long after, the theatre of
Champlain, who, in the beginning of July, war, and a scene of Indian havoc and cruarrived at a place called by the natives elty, of the most appalling character. But
Quebec. The situation of this place being these wars were wholly carried on by the
elevated and commanding, and it being Canada Indians and the French, whose
mostly surrounded by water, rendering its settlements were rapidly extending up the
defence easy, Champlain had in a former St. Lawrence, on one part, and by the
voyage designated it as the most eligible confederated nations of the Iroquois on
spot for beginning a settlement.  He the other, previous to the year 1664. This
therefore, immediately commenced cut- year the Dutch settlement of New Neth-.ting down the timber, clearing the land, erlands, was surrendered to the English,
building houses, and preparing the soil and its name changed to New York; and
for cultivation. Here he spent the fol- from this period the country, now called
lowing winter, in the course of which his Vermont, and lake Champlain became
little colony suffered extremely from the the great thoroughfare of the French and
scurvy and-from the severity of the cli- English colonies and their Indian allies in
mate.                                   their almost incessant wars with each
In the spring of 1609, Champlain left other.
Quebec, accompanied by two other
Frenchmen and a party of the natives, for
the purpose of exploring the interior of the
country, particularly the southern lakes,             SECTION II.
whkich. the Indians informed him opened a Progress of the English and Dutch settlecommunication with a large and warlike
nation called the Iroquois. Champlain           ments, from 1607 to 1638.
proceeded up the St. Lawrence and the   While the French were founding their
river now called the Richelieu, till he ar- colony at Quebec, exploring the regions
rived at a large lake. To this lake he gave of Canada, and rapidly extending their
his own name, which it still retains. Pro- settlements along the banks of the St.
ceeding southward, he reached another Lawrence, the other nations of Europe
lake lying to the southwest of lake Cham- were not inactive. The English, after
plain, which he named St. Sacrement, several unsuccessful attempts, succeeded
but which is now known by the name of in 1607, in making a permanent settleLake George.*                           ment upon the banks of James river in
On the shores of lake George, they fell Virginia, and about the same time planted
in with a party of the Iroquois, between a small colony in the present State of
whom and the Canada Indians, a war had Maine. In 1614, Capt. John Smith exlong subsisted. A skirmish immediately plored the sea coast from  Penobscot to
ensued, but the Frenchmen being armed cape Cod, drew a map of the same and
with muskets, it was soon decided in favor of Champlain and his party. TheIr-  * Champlain was made governor of the colony of
oquois were put to flight, leaving 50 of Canada which he established;i became a prisoner to
the English, when Quebec surrendered to Sir David
their number dead upon the field, whose Kirk in 1629; was restored to the government of
Canada after the peace of I632; and died at Quebec
*It is said to have been called Horicon by the in December, 1635. He was upright aud amiable
natives. Mr. Spafford, in his Gazetteer of New in his deportment-was zealous in propagating the
York, page 272, says that the Indians called it RomanCatholicfaith, and wasoftenheardtoremark,.Canideri-oit, signifying the tail of the lake, in allu- that " the salvation of one soul was of more value
sion probably to its connexion with lake Champlain. than the conquest of an empire."




CHAP. 1.           INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS. 
NEW YORK SETTLED.       PLYMOUTU SETTLED BY THE ENGLISU.    PEQUOT WAR.
denominated the country New England. sual hardships and a mortal sickness
In 1609, Capt. Henry Hudson, at that which prevailed, reduced their number to
time in the service of Holland, discovered 56 before the opening of the next spring.
and gave his own name to Hudson river, Their drooping spirits were however renow in the state of New York, and in 1614, vived during the next summer, by the
the Dutch began a settlement on the isl- arrival of supplies from England and by a
and of Manhattan, where the city of New  considerable addition to the number of
York now stands. To the country they settlers. From this time the affairs of the
gave the name of NewNetherlands and the Plymouth colony assumed a brighter astown they called New Amsterdam, in al- pect, and the settlements in these parts
lusion to the country and city they had were rapidly extended.
left in Europe. Aboutthe same time they   As early as the year 1623, the English
built fort Orange where Albany now is, had begun settlements at Portsmouth and
and soon after began settlements at Sche- Dover in the present state of New Hampnectady and other places in the vicinity. shire, and, in 1633, they had penetrated
In 1620, a band of English subjects, the wilderness to Connecticut river and
who, to avoid persecution, had 20 years established themselves at Windsor in
before, taken refuge in Holland, and who Connecticut. In 1635, they had extended
were denominated puritans from their their settlements northward up this river
scrupulous religious conduct, embarked as far as Springfield in Massachusetts,
for America, where they hoped to be al- and soon after they established themselves
lowed the privilege of enjoying, undis- at Deerfield. Thus early were the French
turbed, their peculiar notions, and of wor- on the north, the Dutch on the south and
shipping their Creator in that unadorned the English on the east advancing their
simplicity of manner, which they suppos- settlements into the neighborhood of the
ed the scriptures to inculcate, but more present state of Vermont.
perhaps to indulge the. spirit of enterprise   A short time previous to the arrival of
inherent in the Saxon race, and to find the Plymouth colony a mortal sickness
room for the exercise of bodily and mental had prevailed among the natives, by which
powers, which could not remain inactive the country, in the neighborhood of their
nor brook to be controlled. Their place landing, had been almost divested of inof destination was the mouth of Hudson habitants. But the natives, who remainriver; and, as they contemplated forming ed, welcomed the English with demontheir settlement under the protection of strations of joy, and seemed disposed to
the English, they had obtained a patent admit the new comers into their country
of lands from the Virginia company in upon friendly terms. But the repeated
England previous to their embarkation.  acts of injustice and extortion on the part
After encountering many difficulties of the settlers, and the astonishing rapidiand delays they finally got to sea, but ty with which their settlements were extheir pilot, either through treachery or tending over the country, at length arousignorance, shaped his course so far to the ed the jealousy of the Indians, and in
northward, that the first land they discov- 1630, a general conspiracy was formed by
tred was cape Cod, distant more than 300 the Narragansets and other tribes, the obmiles from the nearest civilized settle- ject of which was the total extermination
ment, and not within the limits of their of the English. The settlers, however,
patent. The season was so far advanced, were seasonablyinformed of the plot, and
it being now the 9th of November, that it their vigorous preparations to defeat it
was deemed expedient to attempt a set- effectually deterred the Indians from attlement in the section of country where tempting its execution.
they were, and preparations for that pur-   But, soon after this event, the English
pose were immediately commenced. Af- settlers were involved in a war with the
ter spending some time in exploring the Pequots, a powerful tribe of Indians, who
coasts and harbors; and after having inhabited the northwestern parts of Conformed themselves into a body politic necticut. This war was prosecuted with
under the crown of England and chosen vigor on both sides, but was terminated in
John Carver, their governor, they landed 1637 by the complete overthrow of the
on the 22d day of December, and began a Pequots. Seven hundred of the Indians
settlement, which they called New Plym- were slain, some fled to the Mohawks, by
outh, (now Plymouth in Massachusetts,) whom they were treacherously murdered,
in allusion to the town they had left in and the Pequots, who remained in the
England.                             country and the other tribes of Indians
This colony at first consisted of 101 were so much terrified at the prowess of
persons; but the severity of the climate, the English as to be restrained from open
the want of accommodations, their unu- hostilities for nearly forty years.




$4               >CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PARt. IL
XONTREAL BURNT.    SALMON RIVER FORT TAKEN.    SCHENECTADY DESTROYED.
SECTION III.             midst of winter, they were reduced to
such extremities of hunger and fatigue,
French and English Colonies-Transac- when they arrived in the vicinity of this
tions in the vicinity of Vermont from  place, that they thought seriously of sur1638 to 1705.                       rendering themselves to the English as
Although both the French and English prisoners of war. They, however, sent
colonies had long been in the habit of fur- forward their spies, who reported, on their
nishing the Indians with arms, ammuni- return, that  the  inhabitants were in no
tion, provisions and clothing, when going apprehension of danger-that the soldiers
to war either among themselves, or with were few and undisciplined, and that the
an opposite colony; yet previously to the place was in no condition for defence.
year 1689, no expedition had ever been   Encouraged by this intelligence, the
fitted out in one colony for the express party moved forward, and on the 8th of
purpose of aiding the Indians in their dep-February, 1690, at 11 o'clock in the evenredations upon another. This year it was ing, they entered the village of Schenecresolved by the French to attempt, by the tady, and, separating into small parties,
aid of tile Canada Indians, the conquest appeared before every house at the same
of the province of New York, which had time. Never was a place more completenow been for some time in possession of ly surprised. Without the least apprethe English. They looked upon this hension of danger the inhabitants had just
course as the only effectual method of retired to their beds, and, while their
subduing their most inveterate and troub- senses were now locked in the soundest
lesome enemy, the Iroquois.*          sleep, the terrible onset was made. A
It was proposed that a large body of general shriek aroused the place, and to
Canadians and Indians should march by many it was the shriek of death. The
the way of lake Champlain, and fall upon terrified and bewildered inhabitants atAlbany and the other northern settle- tempted to rise from their beds, but they
ments; and that the city of New York rose only to meet the tomahawk, which
should be at the same time attacked by a was lifted for their destruction. The whole
fleet,ordered forthatpurpose fromFrance. village was instantly in flames; and to
But while preparations were making and add to this heart rendin'g scene, the inferbefore the arrival of the fleet, the Iroquois nal yell of the savae  was incessantly
made a descent upon Canada, plundered commingled with the shrieks and the
and burnt Montreal and broke up most of groans of the dying.
the frontier settlements. Frontenac, the   In this massacre no less than 60 perFrench general, was so much dishearten- sons perished; and 27 were taken prisoned by these calamities, thathe relinquish- ers and carried by the French and Ined the hope he had entertained of con- dians into captivity. They, who escaped
quiering New York, but he considered the hands of the enemy, fled nearly nasome Attempt against the English settle- ked towards Albany through a deep snow,
ments indispensable, in order to resive the  which had  fallen  that very night. Of
drooping spirits of the Canadians and In- those who succeeded in reaching Albany,
dians.,         no less than 25 lost some one, or more, of
Two parties were therefore sent out. their limbs by the severity of the frost.
One of these, under the command of M. The news of this awful tragedy reached.,
Hertel, on the 18th of March, 1690, su- Albany about day break and spread uniceeded in destroying the fort at Salmon versal consternation among the inhabitfalls in New Hampshire, where they slew   ants. The enemy were reported to be
30 of the English and took 54 prisoners, 1400 strong, and many of the citizens of
Wvhomthey carried to Canada. The otherAlbany advised to destroy the city and
party, consisting of 200 French and 50 retreat down the river towards New York.
ndians, commanded by D'Aillebout, set Blt Col. Schuyler and some others at
out from Montreal in the beginning of length succeeded in rallying the inhabitJanuary,, and, proceeding- by the way of ants, and a party of horse soon set off for
lake Champlain, directed their march to- Schenectady. Not thinking themselves
wards Schenectady, a settlement on the. sufficiently strong to venture a battle, the
Mohawk river, 14 miles northwest from  enemy were suffered to remain in the
Albany. But on account of the length of place till noon, when, having destroyed
their march through deep snows in the the whole village, they returned to Canada with their prisoners, and with 40 of the
* The Iroquois, or Six Nations, had their chief best horses loaded with the spoils.
residence on the Mohawk river, and to the south.   On the first of May following, commisward of Lake Ontario in the state of New York,
but their predatory excursions and the terror of sioners from the several English colonies
their arms extended to a great distance around.   met at the city of New York for the pur



CnAP. I.             INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.                                5
SCHUYLER S ENGAGEMENTS WITH THE INDIANS.   i            DEERFIELD DESTROYED.
I
pose of concerting measures for the cor- Proceeding down the Connecticut ppon
mon safety and defence. Here it was the ice, they arrived in the vicinity of
agreed that the conquest of Canada would Deerfield on the 29th of February. Here
be the only effectual means of securing they concealed themselves till the latter
peace and safety to their frontiers, and it part of the night, when, perceiving that
was recommended that vigorous efforts be the watch had left the streets and that all
made for the accomplishment of that ob- was' quiet, they rushed forward io the
ject. Two expeditions were therefore attack. The snow was so high as to enplanned; one under Sir William Phipps, able them to leap over the fortifications
which was to proceed against Quebec without difficulty, and they immediately
by Water, and the other under John Win- separated into several parties so as to
throp, which was to be joined by the Iro- make their attack upon every house at
quois, and, proceeding by the way of lake the same time. The place was completeChamplain, was to attack Montreal. The ly surprised, the inhabitants having,no
latter expedition was abandoned on ac- suspicions of the approach of the enemy
count of the lateness of the season and till they entered their houses.
the refusal of the Iroquois to join it, and    Yet surprised and unprepared as they
the one under Phipps proved unsuccess- were, the people of Deerfield made a
ful.                                    vigorous defence; but were at length
In the summer of 1691, Col. Schuyler overpowered by the enemy. Forty-seven
put himself at the head of a party of Mo- of the inhabitants were slain, the rest
hawks, who were a tribe of the Iroquois, captured and the village plundered and
and passing through lake Champlain and set on fire. About one hour after sunrise
the western borders of Vermont, made a the enemy hastily departed; and although
successful descent upon the French set- pursued and attacked by a party of the
tlements on the river Richelieu, in which English, they succeeded in escaping to
were slain 300 of the enemy; a number Canada, where they arrived with their
exceeding that of his own force. In Jan- prisoners and booty after a fatiguing march
uary, 1695, a party of six or seven hun- of 25 days.*  For several years after the
dred French and Indians marched by the destruction of Deerfield the frontiers, both
way of lake Champlain and attacked the of Canada and the New England provinMohawks in their own country. Intelli- ces, were one continued scene of massagence of these transactions no sooner cre and devastation.
reached Albany, than Schuyler, at the
head of 200 volunteers, hastened to their
relief. Several engagements ensued, in
which Schuyler had the advantage, and                SECTION IV.
the enemy were soon compelled to make
a hasty retreat to Canada.        ~     French and English Colonies. —Transaea hasty retreat to Canada.
These reciprocal depredations were   tions in Vermont and its Fi9inity from
continued till the treaty between France   1 05 to 1749.
and England, in 1697, put an end to hos-   The merciless depredations upon the
tilities and restored peace to the colonies. frontiers of New England still continuing,
But this peace was of short continuance. it was again determined, in 1709, to atWar was again declared in Europe in tempt the conquest of Canada. The plan
1702, and in this the colonies were soon of operations was very similar to that deinvolved. During this war the frontiers vised in 1690. Quebec was to be attackof New England were kept in continual ed by water, and an army of provincial
alarm by small parties of the enemy and troops was at the same time to proceed by
suffered severely. The town of Deerfield the way of lake Champlain and reduce
in Massachusetts had been settled some Montreal. But the failure of Great Brityears and was at this time in a very flour- ain to furnish a fleet for the enterprise
ishing condition: but, being the most against Quebec, and the mortal sickness,
northerly settlement on Connecticut riv- which prevailed among the troops collecter, excepting a few families at Northfield,
the French and Indians devoted it to de-   * One of the prisoners, taken in this descent upon
struction.                              Deerfield and carried to Canada, was the Rev. John
In the winter of 1704, a party of about Williams, who was grandfather of the Rev. Samuel
300 of the enemy under De Rouville set Williams, L. L. D. the earliest and ablest historian
of Vermont, and great grandfather of the Hon.
out upon an expedition against this ill- Charles K. Williams, the present Chief Judge of the
fated place. They proceeded up lake Supreme Court of this State. le was born at
Champlain to the mouth of Winooski, or Roxbury, Mass. in 1664; graduated at Harvard
aOnion river, and, following up that stream  College in 1683; settled at Deerfield, where hlie was
Onion river, and, following up that stream, Cotaken in 1704; was exchanged and returned to
they passed over to Connecticut river. Deerfield in 1706; and died in 1728.




6          "        CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
EXPEDITION AGAINST CANADA.  FORT DUMMER BUILT.  CROWN POINT FORT BUILT.
ed at Wood Creek, and designed to act successful expedition against the Indian
against Montreal, defeated all their plans, town of Norridgewok, where they slew
and the army raised was consequently dis- the Jesuit missionary, Rasles, and 80 Inbanded. The failure of these designs dians, and destroyed the town; and it was
against Canada, again left the Engrlish during this war, in the year 1724, that
frontiers exposed to all the horrors of In- the first civilized establishment was made,
dian warfare.                          within the present limits of Vermont, by
The next year the English colonies fit- the erection of fort Dummer.
ted out an expedition against the French   To the year 1725, a long peace succeedsettlements at Acadia, and encouraged by ed, not only between France and Engtheir success, they now began to medi- land, but also between the colonies and
tate another attempt upon Canada. The the various Indian tribes. But the colosame plan of operations was adopted, nies, during this time, were not inactive.
which on two former occasions they had They were busily employed in advancing
been unable to carry into effect. Quebec their out-posts, extending their settlewas to be invested by water, and Mont- ments and preparing for future emergenreal was to be at the same time assailed cies. The English had established a
by an army, which was to enter Canada trading-house at Oswego in 1722. In
by the way of lake Champlain. The fleet 1726, the French, in order more effectudesigned to proceed against Quebec was ally to secure to themselves the trade
therefore collected and equipped at Bos- with the natives, launched two vessels
ton, and the army, which was to reduce on lake Ontario and repaired their fort at
Montreal, was collected at Albany; and Niagara. In 1731, the French came up
the most sanguine hopes of success pre- lake Champlain and established themvailed throughout the colonies. But all selves in the present township of Addison
these hopes were blasted in one fatal in Vermont, and shortly after erected a
night. The fleet sailed from Boston on fortress upon a point of land on the west
the 30th of July, 1711, and just as it enter- side of the lake and nearly opposite,which
ed the St. Lawrence it encountered a storm  they called St. Frederick, but which afin which eight of the vessels were wreck- terwards took the name of Crown Point.
ed and more than a thousand of the men   The country along lake Champlain,
perished.                              where these establishments. were made,
The army designed to enter Canada by belonged to the Iroquois Indians, but was
the way of lake Champlain, had advanced claimed by New York and was granted in
but a short distance from Albany, when 1696 to one Dellius, a Dutch clergyman
they received the disheartening intelli- at Albany. By the English colonies, the
gence of the disaster which had befallen proceedings of the French were observed
the fleet. They immediately returned; with much solicitude; yet on account of
the expedition was given up and the ar- the internal divisions in the province of
ny disbanded. Thus terminated the third New York, no effectual measures were
attempt at the conquest of Canada, leav- taken to prevent them. Thus were the
ing the frontiers still exposed to the in- French permitted to make their advances
roads of a merciless foe. A peace was, towards the English settlements and, uphowever, concluded in Europe between on lands claimed by the English, to erect
Great Britain and France about this time, a fortress, which would enable them to
which put an end to the contest between prosecute their future expeditions against
their colonies in America, and during the the frontiers of New York and New' Engnext year treaties of peace were made land, with facility and safety.
with most of the hostile Indian tribes.  In 1744, Great Britain and France were
But the peace with the Indians was of once more involved in war, which soon
short continuance. They had long been extended to their colonies and their Injealous of the growing power of the Eng- dian allies, when the English began to
lish, and were ready to seize upon the experience in the depredations of the enemost trifling injury as a pretext for the my, their extreme folly in permitting the
renewal of hostilities.               French to establish themselves at Crown
From the year 1720 to 1725, a very de- Point. Hoosic fort, at Williamstown in
structive war was carried on between the Massachusetts, and near the south-west
eastern Indians and the New England corner of Vermont, was at this time the
provinces. The French and English were most northern post of the English in the
at this time at peace; but the French mis- western part of New England.* Against
sionaries, and the governor of Canada this place an army of about 900 French
himself, were actively employed in instigating the Indians to hostilities. In the   * The site of this fort is still pointed out between
the two villagesof Williamstown and North Adams
progress of this war the English made a in Berkshire county, Mass.-Hall.




CHAP~. 1.           INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.                             7
HOOSIC FORT TAKEN.    FORTS BUILT IN VERNON.      DEFENCE OF CHARLESTOWN.
and Indians, under M. de Vaudreuil, pro- resistance.  To all this Stevens coolly
ceeded from  Crown Point in August, replied; 1 I can assure you that my men
1746, and on the 20th of that month ap- are not afraid to'die."  After this interpeared before the fort. The garrison con- view the attack was renewed with much
sisted of only 33 persons, including wo- spirit,~ and after continuing it for three
men and children, and was commanded days without success, the French comby Col. Hawks, who, after a vigorous mander proposed to Stevens that he would
defence of 28 hours, and having expended abandon the siege and return to Cankda%
all his ammunition, surrendered to the on condition that the garrison would sell
enemy. Hawks lost but one man, while them  provisions for the journey. This
more than 40 of the assailants were either Stevens absolutely refused, but proposed
slain or mortally wounded; and he sup- to give them five bushels of corn for eveposed that, had he been well supplied ry captive for whom they would leave a
with  ammunition and  provisions, he hostage, until they could be brought from
should have been able to have defended Canada. The enemy, not relishing these
the fort against all the assaults of his conditions, after firing a few guns, withnumerous army.                        drew, leaving Stevens in peaceable posThe English had, at this time, extend- session of the fort.
ed their settlements as far northward   In this siege Stevens lost not a man,
along Connecticut river as JVumber Four, and had but two men wounded. The loss
now Charlestown, in New Hampshire, of the enemy was not ascertained, but
and had erected several small forts on the must have been very considerable. And
west side of that river, in the vicinity of so highly was the gallantry of Stevens on
fort Dummer. Among these were Bridge- this occasion esteemed by Sir Charles
man's and Startwell's fort in Vernon, Knowles, a British naval officer then at
Vermont, formerly a part of the township Boston, that he presented him an elegant
of Hinsdale, New Hampshire. Bridge- sword; and from this circumstance the
man's fort was attacked the 24th of June, township, when it was incorporated, re1746, by a party of 20 Indians, who killed ceived the name of Charlestown. Durtwo of the English, wounded one and ing the remainder of the war, which did
took several prisoners, but were finally not entirely cease till 1749, the New Engrepulsed. They, however, succeeded the land frontiers were continually harrassed
next year, in taking and destroying this by small parties of Indians, but no confort, in killing several of the inhabitants, siderable expeditions were undertaken,
and in carrying a number of others into either by the French or English colonies.
captivity.
In 1747, the settlement at Number Four
was abandoned by the inhabitants, and
the fort at that place was garrisoned by           SECTION V.
30 men under the command of Capt. French and English Colonies-from 1748
Phinehas Stevens. On the 4th of April F      rench and English Colonies-from 1748
a party of 406 French and Indians under to 1756. Braddock defeated-the French
M. Debeline surrounded this fort, and   defeated atfort William Henry.
commenced an attack by firing upon it   By the treaty concluded between Great
on all sides.  This proving ineffectual, Britain and France in 1748, at Aix la
the enemy next endeavored to burn the Chapelle, the  controversy respecting
fort by setting fire to the fences and huts claims in America was to be referred to
around it, and by discharging flaming ar- commissioners appointed by the soverrows upon it. Not succeeding in this, eigns of the two nations. These commisthey next prepared a wheel carriage which sioners met at Paris in 1752, and labored
they loaded with faggots, and by pushing for some time to establish the claims of
this before them, they endeavored by it their respective courts; but they found
to set fire to the fort while it protected it impossible to come to an agreement on
them from the fire of the garrison.   the subject, and soon after the two counAll these attempts were, however, de- tries were again involved in war, in
feated by the vigilance and bravery of which their colonies, as usual, shortly
Stevens and his men, and at length an after participated.
interview took place between the two   In 1754, a convention of delegates from
commanders. At this interview Debeline the several English provinces convened
boasted of his superior numbers, express- at Albany for the purpose of devising
ed his determination to storm the fort, some general and efficient plan of operaand described in glowing colors the hor- tions in the struggle which was about to
rid massacre which would ensue if the ensue. Here it was resolved to apply to
fort was not surrendered without further the British Parliament for an act consti



8          ~        CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PaT 1.
PROVINCIAL UNION.       EXPEDITION PLANNED.           BRADDOCK DEFEATED.
tuting a grand legislative council, to be like yells of the savages, but the Virginia
/composed of delegates from the several militia, which Braddock had disdainfully
legislative assemblies in the colonies, and placed in the rear, being trained to Indian
subject to the negative of a president gen- fighting? continued unbroken and, by the
eral appointed by the crown. But this prudent management of George Washplan of union had the singular fortune to ington, then a Colonel of the militia and
be rejected both by the colonies and the Aid to Braddock, so effectually covered
mother country. By the colonies it was the retreat as to save a part of the army
supposed to give to the crown preroga- from destruction.
tives which would endang6r their liber-   The army, designed for the reduction of
ties, and by the king it was supposed to the fort at Niagara, effected nothing, exconcede to the colonial assemblies rights cept the strengthening of the fortifications
and powers, which he was by no means at Oswego. Johnson, having collected
prepared to acknowledge.             five or six hundred provincial troops at
It was on the 4th of July, 1754, that Albany for the expedition against Crown
the above plan of American union was Point, sent them forward, under the comagreed to by the convention, and it is mand of Gen. Lyman, to the carrying
worthy of remark that this plan was con- place between the Hudson and lake
summated, July 4th, 1776, just 22 years George, where they erected fort Edward.
from that day, by the declaration of Amer- Johnson did not leave Albany till the 10th
ican Independence.  During the delib- of August, and the latter part of that
erations of the convention, and the inter- month he advanced 15 miles beyond fort
change of views and opinions between Edward and encamped near the south
the colonies and the mother country, the end of lake George.
colonies themselves were making every   Shortly after his arrival at this place, he
preparation for the defence of their fron- received intelligence from his scouts that
tiers. In the beginning of the year 1755, the French had taken possession of TiconGovernor Shirley convened the assembly deroga, which commanded the communiof Massachusetts, and communicated to cation between lake George and lake
them a plan, which he had formed, for the Champlain. Johnson was aware of the
reduction of the French fortress at Crown importance of this post, and hastened his
Point. The assembly readily concurred, preparations that he might move forward
and commissioners were sent to the neigh- and dislodge the enemy. But before his
boring provinces to request their assist- batteaux and artillery were in readiness,
ance and co-operation.               the French had erected fortifications sufCol. Johnson, of the province of New  ficiently strong to defend themselves
York, was appointed to command this ex- against surprise, or an easy conquest.
pedition, and all the northern colonies   Alarmed by the exaggerated account
were engaged in-making preparations for of the English force assenmbled at lake
it, when Gen. Braddock arrived in Vir- George, and designed for the reduction
ginia with two Irish regiments. A con- of the fort at Crown Point, Baron Dieskau
vention of the several governors and hastened forward to its defence with a
commanders in the English colonies, was considerable army of French and Indians.
therefore immediately assembled at Alba- But having ascertained that an immediate
ny, in which it was determined that, attack from the English was not to be exduring the summer, four different expedi- pected, he resolved to move forward and
tions should be undertaken against the attack the English in their camp, and if
French; namely;-one under the direc- successful, proceed further and perhaps
tion of Braddock against fort Du Quesne, get possession of Albany and Schenecta-one under Shirley against Niagara,- dy. He embarked his army, consisting
one under Johnson against Crown Point, of 1800 men, in batteaux and landed at
and one under Cols. Monckton and Wins- South bay, which is near the south end of
low against the French settlements in lake Champlain. Here he learned from
Nova Scotia.                         an English prisoner that fort Edward was
Braddock set out for fort Du Quesne on almost defenceless, and that Johnson's
the 20th of April, with 2200 men and camp at lake George was protected neimarched forward confident of victory and ther by entrenchments, nor by cannon.
fame, but, disregarding the advice of his   Dieskau, therefore, directed his march
officers and unaccustomed to American towards fort Edward, and when within
warfare, he fell into an ambuscade of three or four miles of the place, commuabout 400 French and Indians, by whom  nicated to his army his design of attackhe was defeated and slain. The regular ing the fort, and expressed to them entire
troops were thrown into the utmost con- confidence of success. His army, which
fusion by the unexpected onset and fiend- consisted mostly of Canadians and In



CHAP. 1.            INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.                             9
DIESKAU ADVANCES TOWARDS FORT EDWARD.             DEFEATED AT LAKE GEORGE..
dians, were not however so sanguine in were seen to approach in regular order,,
their expectations. They by no means aiming directly towards the centre of the'
relished the idea of making an assault encampment. When they arrived within
upon the fort, where they should be ex- about 150 yards of the breast work, they
posed to the destructive fire of can- halted, and the Canadians and Indians
non; but they expressed a willingness to filed off upon the right and left -flanks.
attack the English in their camp at lake The regular troops then moved forward
George, where they supposed that mus- and commenced the attack upon the cenkets would be the only arms employed tre by platoon firing, which, on account
against them. Under these circumstances of the distance, produced little effect. A
Dieskau found it necessary to comply brisk fire was now opened upon the enewith the inclination of his troops and im- my by the artillery stationed at the breastmediately altered the direction of his work, which so terrified the Canadians
march and proceeded towards the Eng- and Indians, that they immediately belish encampment.                      took themselves to the swamps, where
Johnson had no intelligence of the ap- from behind logs and trees they kept up
proach, or of the designs of the enemy an irregular fire upon the encampment.
till after their departure from South bay,   The engagement now became general,
when he learned that a large body of and the French regular troops, for some
French and Indians were on their march. time, maintained their ground and order;
towards fort Edward. He immediately but finding themselves abandoned by the
sent off two separate messengers to ap- Canadians and Indians, and suffering seprise the garrison of the intended attack, verely by the incessant fire from  the
and to bring him intelligence respecting breast-work, they at length directed their
the force and designs of the enemy. One attack to the right, where they were reof these messengers was intercepted and ceived with firmness by the regiments of
slain; the other returned about midnight, Ruggles, Williams and Titcomb. After
and reported that he saw the enemy about continuing an unsuccessful attack upon
four miles to the northward of fort Ed- this point for about an hour, and sustainward, and evidently designing an attack ing a heavy loss from the fire of the Engupon that place. In the morning it was lish, Dieskau attempted a retreat, as the
resolved in a council of war that one only means of saving the remainder of his
thousand English and a number of In- troops.
dians should be detached and sent under   Observing his intention, a party of the
the command of Col. Williams to inter- English leaped over their breast-work,
cept the enemy in their return to lake and falling upon the rear of the French,
Champlain, either as victors or defeated soon dispersed them. Dieskau was found
in their designs upon fort Edward.    resting upon the stump of a tree, woundThe English encampment had lake ed and unable fo walk. As a provincial
George on one side, and two other sides soldier approached him, he was putting
were covered by swamps and thick woods; his hand in his pocket for his watch to
and after the departure of the detachment present to him; but the soldier, supposa slight breast-work of logs was thrown ing that he was feeling for a pocket pistol,
up and a few cannon, which had just ar- discharged his musket at'him  and gave
rived, were planted in front, which was him a mortal wound in his hip.
the only assailable side.  Williams had   The enemy on their retreat collected
proceeded only four miles when he met and made a halt at the place where the
the enemy in full march towards John- engagement began in the morning with
son's encampment. An engagement im- the detachment under Col. Williams..
mediately ensued, but Williams was obli- Here they were attacked by a party of 200
ged to retreat before the superior force of men under the command of Capt. M'Ginthe enemy. Johnson, hearing the firing nes, a New Hampshire officer, who had
and perceiving that it approached', beat to been ordered from fort Edward to the aid
arms and dispatched Col. Cole with 300 of the main army under Johnson. The
men to cover the retreat, while he made attack was made with impetuosity and
the best preparation he could for receiv- spirit, and the French, after a resistance
ing the enemy. About 10 o'clock some of nearly two hours, were again dispersed
small parties came running back to the in every direction. In this last engagecamp with intelligence that the detach- ment the English lost 12 men, and the
ment was attacked on all sides and wvas brave M'Ginnes died a few days after his
retreating; and soon after they who es- arrival at Johnson's encampment, of the
caped returned in considerable bodies to wounds lie had received..
the encampment.                          The whole loss of the English in these
At half after eleven o'clock, the enemy several engagements was 130 slain, and
PT. 11.        9




10                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART 11,
FORT WILLIAM HENRY BUILT.                           ASSAILED BY THE FRENCH.
60 wounded. Among the slain were Col. ry prospect of success, the expedition was
WVilliams, Maj. Ashley, and Captains In- consequently abandoned.
gersoll, Porter, Ferrel, Stoddard and M'-   During these transactions the French
Ginnes, and among the wounded was under Montcalm were by no means inacCol. Johnson. Of the Indians belonging tive. As early as the 20th of March, they
to Johnson's army about 40 were slain, made an attempt to take fort William
among whom  was Hendrick, a distin- Henry by surprise, but their object was
guished Mohawk sachem. The loss of defeated by the bravery of the garrison,
the French was about 700 slain, and and several of their number slain. They,
among these were several officers of dis- however, succeeded in burning three
tinction. Johnson was deterred by fear, sloops, a large number of batteaux, three
or some other cause, from pursuing the store houses, and indeed every thing of
retreating enemy, or making any attempt value, which was not protected by the
upon their works on lake Champlain; and guns of the fort.
the remainder of the campaign of 1755,   At the opening of the spring, Col. Parwas spent in erecting a fort at the south ker was sent down the lake, with a deend of lake George, which was afterwards tachment of about 400 men, to attack the
called fort William Henry.            enemy's advanced guard at Ticonderoga,
but he was decoyed into an ambuscade of
French and Indians, who fell upon him
with such impetuosity and success, that
SECTION VI.              only two officers and 70 privates of his
French and English  Colonies —from  1T5(6 number escaped.  Encouraged by this
to 1758. Fort William Henry surren- success, Montcalm resolved once more to
dered to the French-MaJssacre of the attempt the reduction of fort William
Henry. For this purpose he collected, at
Crown Point and Ticonderoga, all his
In 1756 a considerable number of troops, forces, amounting to 10,000 men, and conand several distinguished officers arrived sisting of regulars,Canadians and Indians.
from England, and a large provincial ar-   General Webb, upon whom the commy,vas collected at Albany and at fort mand of the English forces devolved on
William Henry. But while the English the departure of Lord Loudon, wishing
officers were deliberating upon the course to examine the works at lake George, and
to be pursued and the troops were lying to ascertain the force and condition of the
inactive, the French, under the brave enemy at their posts on lake Champlain,
Montcalm, were prosecuting their affairs selected Major Putnam with 200 men to
with energy and success. With scarcely escort him to fort William Henry. Soon
any loss on their part, they succeeded in after their arrival, Putnam set out with
taking and demolishing the forts at Os- 18 men in three boats for the purpose of
wego, where they took 1400 prisoners, reconnoitering the enemy at Ticonderoga;
120 pieces of cannon, 14 mortars, and a but before he reached the northwest bay,
large quantity of ammunition, military he discovered a body of men on an island,
stores and provisions, and also 2 slodps and leaving two of his boats to fish he
and 200 batteaux. The English suffered hastened back in the other with the inthe season to pass away without any at- formation.
tempt to retrieve their loss, or annoy the   He communicated the intelligence to
enemy.                                Webb only, who, with much reluctance,
The command of the English forces in permitted Putnam to return for the purAmerica having been given to Lord Lou- pose of making further discoveries and of
don, he sailed from  New York in the bringing offthe boats. In accomplishing
spring of 1757, with 6000 men for the this business, he was observed and purpurpose of attacking the French fortress sued by the enemy, and, although at
at Louisburg. At Halifax his force was times nearly surrounded by their canoes,
increased to 12,000 men, with a fleet of effected his retreat to the fort. These trans15 ships of the line and a large number actions were carefully concealed from the
of transports under admiral Holburne. garrison by an injunction of secrecy from
But he here received intelligence, that a Webb, who ordered Putnam to prepare
French fleet of 17 line of battle ships and immediately to escort him back to fort
three frigates had arrived at Louisburg-  Edward. Putnam, wishing to be engaged
that their land force amounted to 6000 in surprising the enemy, observed, "he
regulars, 3000 natives, and 1300 Indians, hoped his excellency did not intend to
and that the place was well provided neglect so fair an opportunity of giving
withammunition, provisions and military battle, should the enemy presume to
stores. This information, dissipating eve- land,"  To which the general coldly re



CHAP. 1.            INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.                             1
FORT WILLIAM'HENRY TAKEN BY THE FRENCH.            MASSACRE OF THE GARRISON.
plied, " what do you think we should do were apprehended. But the garrison had
here."                                 no sooner marched out of the fort, than a
The next day Webb returned to fort scene of perfidy and barbarity began to be
Edward, and the day following, Col. Mon- witnessed, which it is impossible for lanroe was sent with his regiment to reinforce guage to describe. Wholly regardless of
the garrison at lake George. The day the articles of capitulation, the Indians
after his arrival the French and Indians attached to the French army, fell upon
under Montcalm appeared upon the lake, the defenceless soldiers, plundering and
effected a landing with but little opposi- murdering all who came in their way.
tion, and immediately laid siege to the The French were idle spectators of this
fort. Montcalm, at the same time, sent a bloody scene; nor could all the entreaties
letter to Monroe, stating that he felt him- of Col. Monroe persuade them to furnish
self bound in humanity to urge the Eng- the escort, as stipulated in the articles of
lish commander to surrender before any capitulation. On this fatal day about 1500
of the Indians were slain and their savage of the English were either murdered by
temper further inflamed by a resistance, the savages or carried by them into capwhich would be unavailing. Monroe re- tivity, never to return.
plied that as the fortress had been entrust-   The day following these horrid transed to him, both his honor and his duty actions, Major Putnam  was despatched
required him to defend it to the last ex- from  fort Edward with his rangers, to
tremity.                               watch the motions of the enemy. He
The garrison, amounting to about 2500 reaclhed lake George just after the rear of
men, made a gallant defence; while Mon- the enemy had left the shore, and awful
roe, aware of his danger, sent frequent ex- indeed was the scene which presented itpresses to fort Edward for succor. But self. " The fort was entirely demolished,
Webb remained' inactive and apparently the barracks, out houses and buildings
indifferent during these alarming trans- were a heap of ruins-the cannon, stores,
actions. On the 8th or 9th day of the boats and vessels were all carrie4 away.
siege, Gen. Johnson was permitted to set The fires were still burning-the smoke
out for the relief of fort William Henry and stench offensive and suffocating. Inwith the provincial regiments and Put- numerable fragments of human skulls and
nam's rangers; but he had proceeded on- bones, and carcasses half consumed, were
ly three miles, when he received orders still frying and broiling in the decaying
from  Webb for his immediate return. fires. Dead bodies, mangled with scalpWebb then wrote to Monroe that he could ing knives and tomahawks, in all the
afford him no assistance, and advised him  wantonness of Indian fierceness and barto surrender on the best terms he could barity, were every where to be seen. More
obtain.                                than 100 women, butchered and shockMonroe and his garrison, in hourly ex- ingly mangled, lay upon the ground, still
pectation of relief from fort Edward, de- weltering in their gore.  Devastation,
fended themselves with much spirit and barbarity and horror, every where apresolution, till the 9th of August, when, peared; and the spectacle presented was
their works having become much injured too diabolical and awful either to be enand  their ammunition nearly expended, dured or described.'"
all their hopes of holding out were at once   The French satisfied with their sucblasted by the reception of Webb's letter, cess, retired to their works at Ticondewhich Montcalm  had intercepted, and roga and Crown Point, and nothing furnow sent in with further proposals for a ther was effected in this quarter worthy
surrender of the fort. Articles of capitula- of notice, either by the French or English,
tion were therefore agreed upon and sign- during the remainder of the year; and
ed by Montcalm and Monroe, by which thus terminated the campaign of 1757, in
it was stipulated, that the garrison should which the English suffered exceedingly
march out with their arms and baggage — in lives and property and gained nothing.
should be escorted to fort Edward by a This want of success was doubtless owdetachment of French troops, and should ing, in some measure, to the inefficiency
not serve against the French for the term  and ignorance of the British ministry in
of 18 months-that the works and all the relation to American affakirs, but it is prinwarlike stores should be delivered to the cipally to be attributed to the want of
French-and that the sick and wounded ability and energy in the generals, to
of the garrison should remain under the whom the prosecution of the war was enprotection of Montcalm and should be trusted.
permitted to return as soon as they were
recovered.* It is statedl by D)r. Belknap that the Indians
served in this expedition, on the promise of plunAfter the capitulation no further troubles der,and were enraged at the terms of capitulation.




12                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
PLAN OF OPERATIONS FOR 1758.  ADVANCE OF THE ENGLISH AGAINST TICONDEROGA.
SECTION VII.              and the next morning landed, without
French and English Colonies-Events of opposition, near the north end of lake
1758.  Capture of Louisburo —Aber- George.  Forming his men into three
crombie defeated —Fort Erontenac and columns, he moved forward towards the
Du Quesne tatken.                   enemy, whose advanced party, consisting
of one battalion, lay encamped behind a
The repeated failure of the British arms breast-work of logs. On the approach of
in America, having created much dissat- the English, they set fire to their breastisfaction both at home and in the colonies, work and tents and retreated with prea change of ministry was found to be in- cipitation. The English continued to addispensable, in order to secure the public vance, but were soon embarrassed and
confidence and revive the drooping spirits thrown into some disorder by the thickof the nation; and this was effectually ness of the wood.
done by the appointment of William Pitt   Lord Howe was in the front of the cenone of the secretaries of state. From this tre column with Major Putnam, when a
time the British affairs in America assurn- skirmish commenced on the left with the
ed a more favorable aspect. Instead of party of the enemy which had retreated
defeat and disgrace, victory and triumph from the breast-work. One hundred men
now usually attended the English arms. immediately filed off under Putnam and
Measures were concerted with wisdom  Howe, and they soon fell in with the
and prudence and executed with prompt- enemy, whose first fire proved fatal to his
ness and vigor.                       lordship. Howe had made himself the
In planning the campaign of 1758, it idol of the army by his affability and virwas determined that the French settle- tues, and his fall animated Putnam and
ments should be attacked upon several his party to avenge his death. They cut
different points at the same time. Twelve their way through the enemy, and being
thousand troops were to attempt the re- joined by another party of the English,
duction of Louisburg in the island of Cape slew about 300 of the French, and took 148
Breton, 16000 were to proceed against prisoners. But the English columns, beTiconderoga and Crown Point, and 8000 ing broken and embarrassed by the thickagainst Du Quesne; and the several ness of the wood, Abercrombie deemed it
American colonies were called upon to advisable to march back to the place
furnish troops, and to make all the exer- where they had landed in the morning,
tions in their power to aid and facilitate rather than pass the night where they
these expeditions.                    were.  The next day Col. Bradstreet,
General Amherst took command of the with a detachment of the army, took posexpedition against Louisburg, assisted by session of the saw mills without opposiGens. Wolfe, Whitemore and Lawrence, tion, and the general once more advanced
and by Admiral Boscawen,who command- upon the enemy.
ed the fleet. The fleet, consisting of 157   The fort at Ticonderoga was very fasail, and having the troops on board, sailed vorably situated for defence. It was surfrom Halifax in Nova Scotia, on the 28th rounded on three sides by water, and about
of May, and on the 2d day of June, an- half the other side was protected by a deep
chore about seven miles west of Louis- swamp, while the line of defence was
burg. On the 8th a landing was effected completed by the erection of a breastunder the gallant Wolfe, and in a few  work nine feet high on the only assailadays the place was completely invested. ble ground. The ground before the breastThe garrison consisted of upwards of 3000 work was covered with felled trees and
men, mostly regulars, and the harbor was with bushes, arranged with a view to imdefended by six ships of the line and five pede the approach of the English. The
frigates, all under the command of cheva- French garrison consisted of 6000 men
lier Drucour.  Amherst proceeded with and a reinforcement of 3000 troops under
caution, but with such vigor that the M. de Levy, was expected soon to join
French ships were soon destroyed, and them.
the garrison surrendered themselves pris-   Abercrombie, wishing to get possession
oners of war on the 26th of July.     of the fort before the garrison should be
The expedition against the French posts augmented by the expected reinforceon lake Champlain, devolved upon Gen. ment, sent forward his engineer to reAbercrombie.  Having assembled about connoiter the works, who reported that
7000 regular and 9000 provincial troops, the breast-work was unfinished and that
with a fine train of artillery and the neces- he believed the place might be immedisary military stores, he on the 5th of July ately assaulted by musketry with a fair
embarked his'army at fort William Henry, prospect of success. The general conon board 900 batteaux and 135 whale boats, fiding in this intelligence, marched for



CnuP. L           INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.                              13
ABERCROMBIE DEFEATED.                                FORT DU QUESNE TAKEN.
ward to the attack in regular order and surrenderat discretion. In the fort were
with undaunted firmness. The French found 60 cannon, 16 mortars, and small
opened upon them awell directed fire from  arms, military stores, merchandise and
their artillery, notwithstanding which, the provisions in large quantities. He also
English moved forward undismayed till captured all the enemy's shipping on the
they became entangled and stopped bythe lake, consisting of nine armed vessels;
timber which had been felled to impede and having destroyed them  and the fort
their approach. For four hours they strove he returned to Oswego.
to cut, with their swords, their way to the   While these things were transacting,
breast-work through the limbs and bush- General Forbes was making his advances
es, but without success.  All this time towards fortDu Quesne, of which he got
they were exposed to the deadly fire of possession on the 25th of November, the
the enemy, who were completely shelter- French having abandoned it and retreated
ed by their breast-work. Their numbers down the Ohio river. Having repaired
continually diminishing and no prospect of the works, he changed the name of the
success appearing, Abercrombie thought fort to Pittsburgh, in honor of William
it expedient to retreat, and accordingly Pitt, the secretary of state who was then
led back his army to their former encamp- at the head of American affairs. Such
ment without being pursued or molested were the events of the year 1758. The
by the enemy.                         British arms had every where been sucThe English lost in this encounter 1800 cessful, excepting in the attack upon Timen, killed and wounded, and 2500 stand conderoga, and the hopes and confidence
of arms. Every part of the army engaged of the public were every where revived.
behaved with coolness and intrepidity, General Amherst, having left a strong
but the loss fell heaviest on a highland garrison at Louisburg, returned to Bosregiment, commanded by Lord Murray. ton.  Thence he proceeded, about the
Of this regiment, one half of the privates middle of September, to Albany with six
and 25 officers were either slain on the regiments, and the remainder of the fall
spot or severely wounded. So severe a and winter were there spent in concertloss determined the commander-in-chief ing measures and making preparations for
to withdraw from this scene of carnage, the campaign of the following year.
and he hastened back with his shattered
-army to the encampment at lake George,
from whence he sent off all the wounded,
who could be safely removed, to fort Ed-          SECTION VIII.
ward and Albany.                      French and English Colonies —TransaeHow far the conduct of General Aber- French  nd English a olonies-Transaocrombie is reprehensible in'this unfortu-   actions of 1759    and 1760. Quebec tanate affair, it is difficult now to determine.  kNigara taken-Expedition againt tha
The censure of mankind almost always   St. Francis Indians-Montreal and Canfollows misfortune; and so it was in the   ada surrender.
present case. The attempt to take the
fort by storm was considered a rash and    The advantages obtained over the
imprudent measure-and the retreat was French in the preceding campaign gave
condemned as pusillanimous and unne- the British Minister reason to hope this
cessary. And, indeed, with troops, who year to complete the conquest of Canada.
had manifested such courage and intre- Three expeditions were therefore projectpidity in the assauft, it is very difficult to ed-one against Quebec, under the comconceive what could have prevented the mand of Gen. Wolfe, one against the forts
commencement of a regular siege.      on lake Champlain, under Gen. Amherst,
Notwithstanding his defeat and morti- who was commander-in-chief of the Britfication, Abercrombie did not suffer his ish forces in America, and one against
army to remain inactive. He dispatched the French fort at Niagara, to be conductGeneral Stanwix to erect a fort at the ed by Gen. Prideaux and Sir William
carrying place between the Mohawk and Johnson. It was believed that while these
Onondaga rivers; and Col. Bradstreet, generals were making their attacks on
with 3000 men, mostly provincials, was different points, they would assist each
ordered to proceed against fort Fronte- other, by dividing the forces and embarnac, situated at the outlet of lake Ontario. rassing the councils of the enemy.
Bradstreet landed his men within one   The conquest of Quebec was looked
mile of the fort, before the enemy had any upon as the most important and the most
intelligence of his approach, and the gar- difficult object of the campaign. The city
rison, consisting of only 110 Frenchmen, was strongly fortified by nature and art,
with a few Indians, could do no other than formidable on account of the number and




14]L,               CIVIL, HISTORY OF VERMONT.                   PART IL
QUEBEC TAKEN.        ADVANCE OF GEN. &MHERST.          ROGERS' EXPEDITION.
bravery of its inhabitants, and in a situa- and immediately began to make preparation in which it could not be much injured tions for reducing the fortress by a reguby a fleet, or be approached but with ex- lar siege. The enemy at first manifested
trerne difficulty and hazard by land. As a disposition to make a resolute stand, but
soon as the season would permit, Wolfe soon dispaired of holding out against the
embarked his troops at Louisburg, sailed cautious advances of Amherst, and, on
up the St. Lawrence and in the latter part the 27th of July, having dismantled the
of June landed his whole army on the fortress, they abandoned it, and repaired
island of Orleans a little below Quebec, to Crown Point.
without difficulty or opposition.      The next day Amherst took possession
Quebec was commanded by Montcalm, of the fort, and began immediately to rean able and experienced general; and was pair and enlarge it, and to make preparadefended by works which were deemed tions for proceeding against Crown Point.
impregnable, and by an army much more He had scouting parties continually emnumerous than that of the English. Wolfe ployed to watch the motions of the enecontinued his offensive operations with- my, one of which returned to the English
out a prospect of success till the begin- camp on the first of August with intellining of September, when it was resolved, gence that the French had abandoned
if possible, to effect a landing above the Crown Point also, and had gone down the
city, and bring the enemy to a general lake without destroying their works. A
engagement. The fleet, with the army body of rangers was immediately dispatchon board, moved up the river under Ad- ed to take possession of the place, and on
miral Saunders, and effected a landing on the 4th the whole army moved forward to
the 12tlh of September, a little after mid- Crown Point, where they commenced the
night. Wolfe put himself at the head of erection of a new and strong fortress.
the first party, ascended the heights, and   The French troops retired to the isle
drew up his men in order as fast as they Aux Noix, which is situated at the north
arrived.                             end of the lake, and effectually commands
Montcalm no sooner learned that the the passage into Canada in this quarter.
British had gained the heights of Abra- Here they collected their forces, to the
ham, than he abandoned his strong camp amount of 3500, well provided with artilat MAontmorenci, resolved to hazard an lery, and resolved to make a stand against
engagement.  Both armies were soon the English.  The French having four
drawn up in order of battle with their re- vessels on the lake, mounted with canspective generals at their head. About 9 non, Amherst thought it not advisable to
o'clock the French army advanced, open- proceed further, till he had provided a
ing at the same time an irregular and ill superior naval force. In the mean time
directed fire. The fire of the English was he was determined that the Indians should
reserved till the enemy had approached feel his resentment for their repeated depwithin 40 yards of their line, when it was redations upon the  English colonies.
opened with effect and kept up with much Maj. Rogers, a brave and experienced ofspirit. Both generals were determined to ficer from New Hampshire, was therefore
conquer or die, and for a while the con- selected to conduct an expedition against
flict was dreadful. But the English ad- the St. Francis Indians, whose village
vanced with such firmness and intrepidi- was situated on the south side of the St.
ty, that the French were unable to stand, Lawrence, not far from Three Rivers.
and were soon defeated and dispersed or These Indians were noted for their masmade prisoners.                      sacres and cruelties to the English.
Wolfe and Montcalim both fell at the   Rogers embarked at Crown Point on
head of their respective armies. The loss the 12th of September, with 200 men, and
of the French in this battle was 500 slain, proceeded down the lake in batteaux. On
and about 1000 prisoners. The English the fifth day after he set out, while enhad 50 killed, including 9 officers, and 500 camped on the eastern shore of the lake,
wounded. The French disheartened by a keg of gunpowder accidentally explodtheir losses, were thrown into great con- ed, by which a captain and several men
fusion; and on the 18th of September, the were wounded, who were sent back to
remainder of the French troops and the Crown Point, with a party to attend them.
city of Quebec were surrendered into the This event reduced Rogers' force to 142
hands of the English.                men. With these he moved forward to
While these things were transacting at Missisco bay, where he concealed his
Quebec, General Amherst was cautiously boats among some bushes which hung
advancing along lake Champlain.  He over one of the streams, and left in them
arrived in the vicinity of Ticonderoga in provisions sufficient to carry them back
the.latter part of July, without opposition, to Crown Point.




CHAP. I.           INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS.
INDIAN TOWN OF ST. FRANCIS DESTROYED.  FORT NIAGARA TAKEN BY THE ENGLISH.
Having left two of his rangers to watch   In the mean time, by order of General
the boats, Rogers advanced into the wil- Amherst, Samuel Stevens and three othderness; but, the second evening after ers proceeded from Charlestown up Conhe left the bay, he was overtaken by his necticut river, with two canoes, loaded
trusty rangers, and informed that a party with provisions. They landed on Round
of 400 French and Indians had discovered island, at the mouth of Passumpsic river,
the boats and sent them away with 50 where they encamped for the night; but
men, and that the remainder were in pur- in the morning, hearing the report of
suit of the English. Rogers kept this guns, and supposing Indians to be in the
intelligence to himself, but despatched a vicinity, they were so terrified that they
lieutenant and eight men, with the two reloaded their provisions and hastened
rangers, to Crown Point, to inform Gen. back to Charlestown. Rogers was at this
Amherst of what had taken place, and time encamped a few miles up the Pasrequest him to send provisions to Coos on sumpsic. About noon he reached the
Connecticut river, by which route he in- mouth of that river, and, observing fire
tended to return.                    on the island, he made a raft and passed
Rogers now determined to outmarch over to it; but to his surprise and disapthe enemy, and pushed onward towards pointment, no provisions had been left.
St. Francis with the utmost expedition. His men, already reduced to a state of
He came in sight of the village on the starvation, were so dishearted by this disevening of the 4th of October, and, leav- covery that a considerable number of them
ing his men to refresh themselves, he died before the next day. Rogers now gave
dressed himself in the Indian garb, and up the command of his men, and told
went forward to reconnoitre the town. them to take care of themselves. Some
He found the Indians engaged in a grand were lost in the woods, but Rogers and
dance, without apprehensions of danger, most of his party, after almost incredible
and, returning about one o'clock, he led hardships, succeeded in reaching Charlesforward his men within 500 yards of the town. Here, having collected and refreshtown. At four o'clock, the dance was ed the survivors of his heroic band, Rogers
ended, and the Indians retired to rest.   proceeded with them  to Crown Point,
Having posted his men in the most fa- where he arrived on the first day of Devorable situation, at day break Rogers cember, and joined the army under Gen.
commenced the assault. The place was Amherst; and upon examination he found
completely surprised. The Indian meth- that his loss, after leaving the ruins of St.
od of slaughter was adopted. Wherever Francis, was 3 commissioned officers and
the savages were found, without regard 46 non commissioned officers and privates.
to age or sex, they were slain without   While Rogers was humbling the Indistinction. and without mercy. As the dians, Amherst was preparing a naval
light appeared the ferocity of the provin- force to attack the enemy at the Isle Aux
cials was increased by discovering the Noix. This being in readiness, he proscalps of several hundred of their coun- ceeded down the lake in the beginning of
trymen, suspended on poles and waving October; but, the season being far adin the air. They were determined to re- vanced, and the weather becoming temvenge the blood of their friends and rela- pestuous, the expedition was abandoned,
tions, and spared no pains completely to and he returned to Crown Point, after
destroy the village and its inhabitants. having taken, or destroyed, nlost of the
Of the 300 souls, which the village con- enemy's shipping.  Here Amherst spent
tained, 200 were slain on the spot, and 20 the remainder of the autumn in enlarging
taken prisoners. The English lost only the works and putting every thing in
one killed and six slightly wounded.    readiness for another campaign.
Having reduced the village to ashes,   Gen. Prideaux had proceeded to Niagand refreshed his men, Rogers set out on ara in the beginning of summer, and inhis return, at 8 o'clock in the morning, vested the fort about the middle of July;
with the addition of five English captives, but, being uniortunately killed on the
whom he had retaken, and such articles 20th of that month, the command deof plunder as he could easily carry away. volved upon Sir William Johnson. JohnTo avoid his pursuers he proceeded up son prosecuted the siege with the greatthe river St. Francis, and directed his est vigor, and, on the morning of the 24th
course toward Coos on the Connecticut. of July, intercepted and defeated, after a
On his march he was several times at- severe conflict, a body of 1200 French
~tacked in the rear, and lost seven men; and some Indians, who were marchin( to
but forming an ambuscade on.his own the relief' of the garrison. This battle
track, he at length fell upon the enemy  was fought in sight of the fort, and, in
with such success as to put an end to fur- the evening of the same day, the garrison
ther annoyance or pursuit.           surrendered themselves prisoners of war.




16                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART. 11.
MONTREAL SURRENDERED.                       CANADA CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN.
Montreal was now the only place of the 6th and 7th of September, within two
much strength, or consequence, in pos- days of each other.
session of the French; and towards this   Amherst began immediately to prepare
point, at the opening of the campaign of for laying siege to the city, and was get1760, the English concentrated all their ting on his artillery for that purpose, when
efforts.'It was resolved that, while Gen. he received a flag of truce from Vaudreuil,
Murray, with the English forces at Que- the French commander, who sent two
bec, proceeded up the St. Lawrence, Col. officers, demanding proposals for a capitHaviland should lead on the forces from  ulation. Amherst stated his terms, to
lake Champlain, and General Amherst which the French finally submitted, and,
should approach Montreal with a consid- on the 8th of September, 1760, the whole
erable force by the way of lake Ontario. province of Canada was surrendered to
These armies moved forward with but the British; and by the treaty of peace
little opposition, and, what is remarkable, signed at Paris, February 10, 1763, this
without any knowledge of each other's province was formally ceded to the King
progress, they all arrived at Montreal on of Great Britain.
CHAPTER II.
SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSY WITH NEW YORK.
SECTION I.              The western parts of Vermont, includVYermont previous to tie year 1760.   ing the southern portion of lake Chainplain, appear to have been claimed by
During the Colonial and Indian wars, the Iroquois and the northern and norththe territory of Vermont,'as already remar- eastern parts by the Coossucks and St.
ked, was the great thoroughfare, through Francis Indians, but the territory seems
which most of their expeditions pro- rather to have been regarded as ahunting
ceeded, and on which many of their battles ground than a permanent residence.
were fought. Being situated nearly at   Although this tract of country was in
an equal distance from the French on the some parts mountainous and unproducone hand and the English on the other, it tive, tile forests were, in general, well
was constantly exposed to the depreda- stored with game, and the lakes, rivers
tions of both, and became the favorite lurk- and smaller streams abounded in excellent
ing place of their Indian allies. On this fish, which might have afforded subsisaccount the settlement of the country had tence to a very considerable population
long been regarded as dangerous and im- in the savage state. We must therefore
practicable: nor was it until after the corn- look to some other cause for the scantiness
plete conquest of Canada by the English of the population of these regions, than
in 1760, that any considerable settlements the incapacity of the country to support
were made. Several places, it is true, it; and this is undoubtedly to be found in
had been previously occupied both by the its local situation with respect to the variFrench and English; but they are rather ous Indian nations. Lying on the fronto be regarded as military posts than ac- tier of several powerful tribes who were
cual settlements.                     incessantly at war with each other, it
The first civilized establishment with- became the bloody theatre of their battles
in the present limits of Vermont, was and was constantly exposed to hostile invamade in 1724, by the erection of fort Dum- sions from  every quarter.  Hence we
mer, in the southeastern corner of the perceive that the same cause prevented
township of Brattleborough. The whole its becoming a permanent residence of the
of this tract of country had previously, Indians in earlier times, which operated
from time immemorial, been in possession during the colonial wars to prevent its
of the native Indians. But it does not being settled by the French and English.
appear that, subsequently to the discovery    As early as the year 1752, it was proof this territory by Champlain, the natives posed by the English to lay out two townhad resided here in very large numbers. ships and commence a settlemlent at Coos




CHAP. 2.         SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                           17
FIRST SETTLEMENTS.                                 FIRST TO~WNSHIPS GRANTED.
on Connecticut river, where Haverhill and value of the lands lying between
in New Hampshire and Newbury in this Connecticut river and lake Champlain,
State now lie. In pursuance of this plan, and the conquest of Canada having now
in the spring of the year 1752, the gov- removed  the difficulty and danger of
ernor of New Hampshire ordered out a settling them, swarms of adventurers beparty to explore the country, survey the gan to immigrate hither, and from the year
townships and erect stockades and lodg- 1760, the population of Vermont began
mentfor 200 men in each. The object to increase with considerable rapidity.
was, partly to get possession of the rich
meadows at Coos, and partly to form a
barrier against the incursions of the St.
Francis Indians in case of war; but the             SECTION II.
timely remonstrance of that tribe caused
the immediate relinquishment of the un- Contro r  sy betwoeen NeZ Hampshire and
dertaking; so much was their resentment   J\ew York, -espectng the territory of
dreaded at that early period.            Vemont-from 1749 to 1764.
Soon after the erection of fort Dum-   When the English commenced their
mer, several block-houses were built for establishment at fort Dummer, that fort
the protection of the settlers in that part was supposed to lie within the limits of
of Hinsdale, N. H. which was situated on Massachusetts, and the settlements in
the west side of the Connecticut, and that vicinity were first made under grants
which is now called Vernon; and before from  that provincial government. But
the year 1754, settlements had been after a long and tedious controversy becommenced in Vermont as far up the between Massachusetts and New HampConnecticut as Westminister and Rock- shire respecting their division line, King
ingham.  But their advancement was George II. finally decreed, on the 5th of
now  stopped by the breaking  out of March, 1740, that the northern boundary
what was called the French War, which of the province of Massachusetts be a
continued, as related in the preceding similar curve line, pursuing the course of
chapter, till the final conquest of Canada the Merrimac river, at three miles distant
in 1760. During this war these feeble on the north side thereof, beginning at
settlements were continually harrassed the Atlantic ocean, and ending at a point
and annoyed by the French and Indians. due north of Patucket falls; and a straight
The inhabitants could not cultivate their line drawn from thence due west until it
fields without being every moment ex- meets his Majesty's other governments.
posed to the deadly fire of a lurking foe.   This line was surveyed by Richard HaTheir block-houses were frequently sur- zen, in 1741, when fort Dummer was
prised and taken, and the inhabitants found to lie beyond the limits of Massaeither massacred, or carried into captivity. chusetts to the north; and, as the king of
No permanent settlement was effected Great Britain repeatedly recommended to
in Vermont on the west side of the Green the assembly of New Hampshire to make
Mountains, till after the conquest of provision for its support, it was generally
Canada by the English.  When the supposed to have fallen within the jurisFrench proceeded up lake Champlain and diction of that province, and, being situaerected their fortress at Crown Point, in ted on the west side of the Connecticut,
1731, they began a settlement on the east it was supposed that New Hampshire exside of the lake in the present township of tended as far westward as Massachusetts;
Addison. Thissettlement was, however, that is, to a line twenty miles east of
broken up and all the settlers retired, Hudson river.
with the French garrison, into Canada,   In the year 1741, Benning Wentworth
before Gen. Amherst in 1759.           was commissioned governor of the provSuch was the original condition of ince of New Hampshire. On the 3d of
Vermont, and such were. the establish- January, 1749, he made a grant of a
ments made within its limits previous to township of land six miles square, situathe year 1760. No permanent settlements ted, as he conceived, on the western borhad been made, at the close of this period, der of New Hampshire, being twenty
except upon the banks of Connecticut miles east of the Hudson, and six miles
river, in the present county of Windham, north of Massachusetts line. This townand here the settlers were few and scat- ship, in allusion to his own name, he
tered, probably not amounting  in the called Bennington. About the same time,
whole to more than two or three hundred. a correspondence was opened between
But in their expeditions against the him and the governor of the province of
French, the English colonists had made New York, in which were urged their rethemselves acquainted with the fertility spective titles to the lands on the west
PT. II.           3




18                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II
TOWNSHIPS GRANTED.                                       CONFLICTING CLAIMS.
side of Connecticut river; yet without lamation was calculated to produce, and
regard to these interfering claims, Went- to inspire confidence in the validity of
worth proceeded to make further grants. the New Hampshire grants, the governor
These grants had amounted to 15 town- of New Hampshire, on his part, put forth
ships in 1754, but, this year, hostilities a counter proclamation, on the 13th of
were commenced between the French March, 1764, in which he declared that
and English colonies, which put a stop to the grant to the Duke of York was obsofurther applications- and grants till the lete;-that New Hampshire extended as
close of the war, in 1760. During this far west as Massachusetts and Connectiwar, the New England troops opened a cut, and that the grants made by New
road from Charlestown, in New Hamp- Hampshire would be confirmed by the
shire, to Crown Point, and by frequently crown, if the jurisdiction should be alterpassing through these lands, became well ed. He exhorted the settlers to be indusacquainted with their fertility and value; trious and diligent in cultivating their
and the conquest of Canada having final- lands, and not to be intimidated by the
ly removed the danger of settling in this threatenings of New York. He required
part of the country, tqese lands were now  all the civil officers to exercise jurisdiceagerly sought by adventurers and spec- tion as far west as grants had been made,
ulators.                              and to punish all disturbers of the peace.*
The governor of New Hampshire, by This proclamation served to quiet the
advice of his council, now ordered a sur- minds of the settlers. Having purchased
vey to be made of Connecticut river for their lands under a charter from a royal
sixty miles, and three tiers of townships governor, and after such assurances from
to be laid out on each side. As the ap- him, they had no idea that a controversy
plications for lands still increased, further between the two provinces, respecting the
surveys were ordered to be made, and so extent of their jurisdiction, would ever
numerous were the applications, that du- affect the validity of their titles.
ring the year 1761, no less than sixty   New York had hitherto founded her
townships of six miles square were grant- claim to the lands in question upon the
ed on the west side of Connecticut river. grant to the Duke of York, but choosing
The whole number of grants, in one or no longer to rely on so precarious a tentwo years more, had amounted to one ure, application was now made to the
hundred and thirty-eight. Their extent crown for a confirmation of the claim.
was from Connecticut river on the east to This application was supported by a petiwhat was esteemed twenty miles east tion, purporting to be signed by a great
of Hudson river, so far as that river ex- number of the settlers on the New Hamptended to the northward, and after that shire grants, representing that it would
as far westward as lake Champlain.    be for their advantage to be annexed to
By the fees and other emoluments, the colony of New York, and praying that
which Wentworth received in return for the western bank of Connecticut river
these grants, and by reserving five hun- might be established as the eastern boundred acres in each township for himself, dary of that province. In consequence of
he was evidently accumulating' a large this petition and application of the govfortune. The government of New York, ernment of New York, his Majesty, on
wishing to have the profits of these lands, the 20th of July, 1764, ordered that " the
became alarmed at the proceedings of the western bank of Connecticut river, from
governor of New Hampshire, and deter- where it enters the province of Massamined to check them. For this purpose, chusetts bay, as far north as the 45th deMr. Colden, lieutenant governor of New  gree of north latitude, be the boundary
York, on the 28th of December, 1763, is- line between the said provinces of New
sued a proclamation, in which he recited Hampshire and New York."t This dethe grants made by Charles II. to the termination does not appear to be founded
Duke of York, in 1664, and in 1674, which on any previous grant, but was a decision
embraced among other parts " all the which the wishes and convenience of the
lands from the west side of Connecticut people were supposed to demand.
river to the east side of Delaware bay."   Surprised as were the settlers on the
Founding his claim upon this grant, he New Hampshire grants at this order, it
ordered the sheriff of the county of Alba- produced in them no serious alarm. They
ny to make returns of the names of all regarded it as merely extending the jurispersons who had taken possession of lands diction of New York, in future, over their
on the west side of the Connecticut, un-. territory. To this jurisdiction they were
der titles derived from the government of
New Hampshire.                          * Slade's Vermont State Papers, p. 17.
To prevent the effects which this proc-  t Slade's Vermont State Papers, p. 19.




CHAP. 2.          SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES                         19
DIFFERENT VIEWS OF THE ROYAL DECREE.               AGENT SENT TO ENGLAND.
willing to submit; but they had no ap- nothing to hope from the customary forms
prehension that it could, in any way, af- of law, and therefore determined upon
feet their title to the lands upon which resistance to the unjust and arbitrary dethey had settled. Having purchased and cisions of the court, till his Majesty's
paid for them, and obtained deeds of the pleasure should be further known. Havsame under grants from the crown, they ing fairly purchased their lands of one
could not imagine by what perversion of royal governor, they were determined not
justice they could be compelled, by the willingly to submit and re-purchase them,
same authority, to re-purchase their lands at an exorbitant price, of another; and
or abandon them. The governor of New  when the executive officers of New York
Hampshire, at first, remonstrated against came to eject the inhabitants from their
this change of jurisdiction; but was, at possessions, they met with avowed oppolength, induced to abandon the contest, sition, and were not suffered to proceed
and issued a proclamation recommending in the execution of their business.
to the proprietors and settlers due obedi-  For the purpose of rendering their reence to the authority and laws of the col- sistance more effectual, various associaony of New York.                     tions were formed among the settlers;
and, at length, a convention of representatives from the several towns on the
west side of the mountains, was called.
SECTION III,             This convention met in the fall of 1766,
Controversy with TJVew York from  1764 and, after mature deliberation, appointed
ith    Yor from  1764 Samuel Robinson, of Bennington, an
to 1773.              agent to represent, to the Court of Great
The royal decree by which the division Britain, the grievances of the settlers,
line between New Hampshire and New  and to obtain, if possible, a confirmation
York was established, was regarded very of the New Hampshire grants. The acdifferently by the different parties con- tions of ejectment were, however, still
cerned. The settlers on the New Hamp- going on in the courts at Albany, but no
shire grants considered that it only placed attention was paid to them by the setthem hereafter under the jurisdiction of tlers, nor was any defence made; but the
New York, and to this they were willing settlers were very careful that none of
to submit; but, they had no idea that the decisions of the court should be cartheir titles to their lands, or that any past ried into execution.
transactions, could be affected by it. Had   On the 3d of July, 1766, the colonial
the government of New York given the assembly of New York had passed an act
royal decision the same interpretation, no erecting a portion of the territory covered
controversy would ever have arisen. The by the New Hampshire grants into a new
settlers would have acknowledged its ju- county, by the name of Cumberland,*
risdiction and submitted to its authority and making provision for building therein
without a murmur. But that government a court house and jail, to be located at
gave the decision a very different con- Chester; but in consequence of the repstruction.  It contended that the order resentations made by Mr. Robinson at
had a retrospective operation, and decided the British Court, his Majesty in council,
not only what should thereafter be, but was pleased, on the 26th of June, 1767, to
what had always been, the eastern limit issue an order annulling this act of the'
of New York, and consequently, that the provincial legislature; and on the 24th of
grants made by New Hampshire were July following another special order was
illegal and void.                    obtained, prohibiting the governor of New
With these views, the government of York, upon pain of his Majesty's highest
New York proceeded to extend its juris- displeasure, from  making any further
diction over the New Hampshire grants. grants whatsoever of the lands in quesThe settlers were called upon to surren- tion, till his Majesty's further pleasure
der their charters, and -re-purchase their should be known concerning the same.t
lands under grants from  New  York.   But before Mr. Robinson had fully acSome of them complied with this order, complished the business of his mission in
but most of them peremptorily refused. England, he was so unfortunate as to
The lands of those who did not comply take the small-pox, of which distemper
were therefore granted to others, in whose he died at London, in October, 1767, and
names actions of ejectmenrt were com- it is not known that a detailed account of
menced in the courts at Albany, and his proceedings was ever transmitted to
judgments invariably obtained against the
settlers and original proprietors.     * See part third, article Cumberland County.
The settlers soon found that they had   t Slade's Vermont State Papers, p. 20.




20                 - CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART IL.
TERRITORY DIVIDED INTO COUNTIES.                         SURVEYS ATTEMPTED.
the people on the New Hampshire grants, This organization of counties continued
who had made him their agent.         till the declaration of the independence
Notwithstanding the annurling of the of Vermont in 1777.
act of the provincial legislature above   In 1769 the council of New York had
mentioned, and the prohibition contained decided that the King's order " Did not
in the order of the 24th of July, 1767, the extend to prevent the governor from the
government of New York continued to granting of any lands which had not been
make grants, and to proceed in carrying previously granted by New Hampshire."
out their designs in the division of the The governor had, therefore, continued to
territory into counties. They had already make new  grants to his favorites and
established a court of common pleas, and friends; nor did he confine his grants,
appointed judges in the county of Cum- agreeably to the decision of the council,
berland, when, on the 2d of December, to the ungranted lands, but in many cases
1767, they received official notice of tile regranted such as were already covered
annulling of the act by which that county by New Hampshire charters. But while
was established. But instead of desisting, the success of Mr. Robinson's mission to
in obedience to the royal decree, they, England had hardly served as a tempowith the advice of the Attorney General, rary check upon the proceedings of New
on the 20th of February, 1768, re-passed York, it inspired the settlers on the
the act which had just been annulled, grants with new.confidence in the justice
and proceeded in the organization of the of their cause, and gave them  strong
county.                                grounds to hope that their rights would
The courts for Cumberland county be eventually acknowledged and protectwere held at Chester for four or five ed by the Crown.
years, but no county buildings were   In the meantime, the efforts of the
erected. In 1772, upon the recommenda- claimants under New York to get possestion of the supervisor of the county, the sion of the lands were unremitting. Surcounty seat was removed to Westminster, veyors were sent on to allot them, but
and a court house and jail erected. A  these, when discovered by the settlers,
portion of the inhabitants was disposed to were not permitted to proceed. In Octoacquiesce in the jurisdiction of New York, ber, 1769, a party of New York surveyors
while another portion was equally, and was observed to be running a line across
even more, disposed to resist, and this the farm of Mr. James Breckenridge, in
state of things continued, as will be seen Bennington, and being forbidden to proin the subsequent pages, for some time ceed by Breckenridge and others, who
after the declaration of the independence had collected at the place, they desisted,
of Vermont in 1777.                    and went home. Whereupon, Abraham
The county of Cumberland extended Ten Broek, one of the proprietors of the
northerly to the south line of the towns patent of Walloomscoik,* petitioned the
of Tunbridge, Strafford and Thetford.    governor and council of New York, setThe territory lying north of this coun- ting forth that the commissioners and surty and east of the Green Mountains, was, veyors for dividing that patent had been
on the 7th of March, 1770, erected into a "riotously opposed by sundry persons,
county by the name of Gloucester, and and prevented by their threats from exethe county seat soon after fixed at New- cuting the trust reposed in them."  The
bury. This county, at the time of its es- governor issued his proclamation, "for
tablishment, was said to contain about apprehending the principals and ring700 inhabitants, who were generally op- leaders," and at the following January
posed to the jurisdiction and authority of term  of tile court at Albany, the Rev.
New York. In 1772 another county was Jedediah Dewey, Joseph Robinson, Eliconstituted on the west side of the moun- jah Fay, Thomas Henderson, Ebenezer
tain, by the name of Charlotte. It was Robinson, and John Stewart were indictbounded south by the north line of Sun- ed as rioters, but none of them were arderland and Arlington and a line extend- rested, or brought to trial.
ing westward thence to Hudson river,  In this state of things, the settlers, on
and included all the country to the north- the 18th of October, 1769, petitioned the
ward, on both sides of lake Champlain, to governor and council of New Hampshire
Canada line. The county seat was fixed to interpose with the Crown in their beat Skeensborough, now Whitehall, and half,. and again on the 24th of the same
Philip Skeene was appointed one of the month. The last of these petitions was
judges of the court of common. pleas. signed by Samuel Safford for Bennington,
All that part of Vermont on the west side
of the mountain lying south of this coun-   * This is said to be a Dutch word, signifying
Wallum's patent. It is uniformly written Wallumty was included in the county of Albany. schaik in all the N. Y. records.




CHAP. 2.         SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                          21
DEFENCE AT ALBANY.                                     MILITIA ORDERED OUT.
Benjamin Gardner for Pownal, Jehiel were indicted as rioters; but the officers
Hawley for Arlington, Benjamin Purdy sent to apprehend them "were seized by
for Manchester, Thomas Barney for Sun- the people," says a writer of that period,
derland, and Benjamin Colvin for Shafts- " and severely chastised with twigs of the
bury. In the meantime, the government wilderness."
of New York continued to make grants,   At this period, and for sometime afterand actions of ejectment against the set- wards, one of the most efficient supporttlers continued to be brought in the court ers of the authorify of New York was
at Albany; and Ethan Allen, afterwards John Munro, who was proprietor of a paso distinguished, first coming to reside in tent under that province, lying upon
the grants about this time, undertook the White Creek, and extending into what is
defence of the New Hampshire grantees called Shaftsbury Hollow. He held the
in the actions brought against them. He office of justice of peace for the county
proceeded to New Hampshire, procured of Albany, and resided on his patent near
the necessary documents from the colo- the west line of Shaftsbury.  He had
nial government there, engaged the ser- about him a number of tenants and devices of Mr. Ingersoll, an eminent lawyer pendants, and by his boldness and energy
in Connecticut, and in June, 1770, they of character was very troublesome to the
appeared before the court at Albany, and New Hampshire grantees. By his assistthe trial of Josiah Carpenter, of Shafts- ance, the sheriff of Albany county surbury, came on. The counsel for the de- prised and arrested Silas Robinson in
fendant produced to the court the docu- Bennington, early in the morning of the
ments above mentioned, among which 29th of November, 1770, and succeeded
were the charter of the township and the in conveying him to Albany, where he
defendant's deed from the original pro- was imprisoned. At the January term of
prietors.  But these were immediately the court in 1771 he was indicted as a
set aside by the court, on the alleged rioter, and kept in jail till October,,when
ground that the New Hampshire grants he was liberated on bail. Simeon Hathawere illegal, and a verdict was readily way, Moses Scott, and Jonathan Fisk
obtained against the defendant.       were also indicted, but none of them
Two other cases being tried with like were arrested.
results, no further defence was made be-   Whenever the sheriff appeared upon
fore the court.  And it is related that the grants for the purpose of arresting
before Allen left Albany, he was called rioters, or ejecting the settlers, he was
upon by the attorney general and some sure to be met by a party larger than his
others, who told him that the cause of the own, fully determined to frustrate his obsettlers was desperate, and urged him to ject. Being required to serve a writ of
go home, and persuade his Green Moun- ejectment on James Breckenridge, the
tain friends to make the best terms they sheriff, by order of the governor, called to
could with their new landlords, remind- his assistance aposse of 750 armed iniliing him of the proverb that might often tia. The settlers having timely knowl
prevails against right. Allen coolly re- edge of his approach, assembled to the
plied to them, that the gods of the vallies number of about 300, and arranged their
are not the gods of the hills; and when plans to resist him. An officer with 18
asked, by Kemp, the King's attorney, to men was placed in the house,-120 men
explain his meaning, he only added, that behind trees near the road by which the
if he would accompany him to Benning- sheriff must advance, and the remainder
ton, the sense would be made clear.   were concealed behind a ridge of land
When the news of the proceedings at within gun shot of the house; and the
Albany reached the grants, it created forcing the door by the sheriff was to be
loud murmurs of discontent among the made known to those concealed without
people. A convention of the settlers was by raising a red flag at the top of the
held at Bennington, in which it was chimney.
" Resolved, to support their rights and   When the sheriff approached all were
property which they possessed under the silent, and he and his men were comNew Hampshire grants, against the usur- pletely within the ambuscade before they
pation and unjust claims of the governor discovered their situation. Mr. Ten Eyck,
and council of New York, BY FORCE, as the sheriff,.,went to the door, demanded
law and justice were denied them." Hav- entrance as sheriff of the county of Albaing thus appealed to the last arbiter of ny, and threatened, on refusal, to force
disputes, their resolution was followed by it. The answer from within was, " ata spirited and determined resistance of tempt it, and you are a dead man."  On
the authority of New York, in conse- repeating his demand, with a threat of
quence of which several of the settlers using force, he received for a second an



22                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART II.
DECREES OF CONVENTION.         MILITARY ASSOCIATION.         BAKER TAKEN.
swer-hideous groans; and at the same in defiance of the New Hampshire grantime the two divisions exhibited their tees.  In October, 1771, Ethan Allen,
hats on the points of their guns, which Remember Baker, and Robert Cochran,
made them appear much more numerous with six others, inhabitants of Rupert, all
than they really were. The sheriff and well armed, proceeded to warn off the
his posse seeing their dangerous situation, intruders, who, finding opposition vain,
and not (says Ira Allen) being interested in fled to New York, and the log houses
the dispute, made a hasty retreat, without which they had erected " were pulled
a shot being fired on either side.   down, laid in heaps, and burned with
The New York claimants finding that fire."
the militia of Albany county could not be   Alexander McNaughton, a New York
relied upon to act against the settlers, justice of the peace, upon this issued a
they now sought to accomplish their ob- warrant for the apprehension of the perject by other means. By making favor- sons above mentioned as rioters, but at
able offers of titles under New York to the same time wrote to the governor of
some prominent individuals on the grants, New York that their situation among the
by conferring offices on others, and by mountains was such that no sheriff or
encouraging persons from New York to constable could take them; and recomsettle upon the unoccupied lands which mended that a reward be offered for their
had been granted by New Hampshire, apprehension. Accordingly, on the 27th
they hoped to divide the people, and ren- of November, the governor, by advice of
der the New York interest predominant. his council, put forth a proclamation,
To thwart these plans of their enemies, offering a reward of ~20 each for the apcommittees of safety were organized in prehension of Cochran, Allen, Baker, and
the several towns, and a convention of the six others.
the settlers on the grants was assembled,   In February, 1772, the sheriff of Albawhich decreed, among other things, that ny county came to Rupert with the govno officer from New York should be al- ernor's proclamation, but did not succeed
lowed, without permission of the commit- in taking any of the persons concerned in
tee of safety, to carry any person out of the alleged riotous proceedings. On his
the district of the New Hampshire grants, return, he reported to the governor that
and that no surveys should be made, nor the rioters had retired, but from the conlines run, nor settlements made under duct of those at home, not concerned in
New York, within the same. The viola- the riot, "he found the greatest appeartion of this decree was to be punished at ance of a determined resolution not to
the discretion of a court formed by the submit to the government, and this he
committees of safety or elders of the peo- found partciularly verified by the conduct
ple. At the same time the civil officers of eight or nine, who were armed with
were to be allowed to exercise their prop- guns and clubs, in which manner they
er functions in collecting debts and other came to the house of one Harmon near
matters not connected with the contro- Indian river, where he then was, and
versy.                               from their conduct it plainly appeared
To carry out these measures, and be in what they intended."
readiness in case of emergency, a mili-   Shortly after this John Munro, the New
tary association was formed, of which York justice already mentioned, moved
Ethan Allen was appointed Colonel Com- by the hope of the reward and the desire
mandant; and Seth Warner, Remember of notoriety, resolved to attempt the capBaker, Robert Cochran, Gideon Warner, ture of one of the most prominent of the
and some others, were appointed Cap- rioters. Havin"g assembled tenor twelve
tains. Under these, the people of the of his friends and dependants, on the22d
grants armed, and occasionally met for of March, 1772, before daylight, being
military exercise and discipline. Of this Sunday morning, he proceeded to the
organization Gov. Tryon was apprized house of Remember Baker in Arlington
early in 1772, by a letter from  John for the purpose of arresting him. Baker
Munro, in which he says: " The rioters was awakened by the breaking open of his
have established a company at Benning- door, and the entrance of a number of men
ton, commanded by Capt. Warner, and armed with swords and pistols. The inon new year's day his company was re- truders rushed upon him with savage fury,
viewed, and continued all day in military wounding him by a cut across the head,
exercise and firing at marks."       and also on the arm, with a sword. His
In pursuance of the New York policy wife too was barbarously wounded by a
before mentioned, settlements were made sword cut across the head and neck, and
in the western parts of Rupert and Paw- one of his boys also, then about 12 years
let by persons who had armed themselves old. Baker being overpowered and bound




CHAP. 2.           SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                            23
BAXER RESCUED.                               PREPARATIONS TO MEET GOV. TRYON.
was thrown into a sleigh and conveyed  report was at first credited and produced
off with the greatest speed towards Al- some alarm. The committees of safety
bany.                                    and military officers met in convention
The news of this transaction being sent and after a full consideration of their sitby express to Bennington, ten men im- uation, finally resolved that "' it was their
mediately mounted their horses for the duty to oppose governor Tryon and his
purpose of intercepting the banditti and troops to the utmost of their power."
rescuing Baker. They came upon Mun-   Their resolution being thus taken, they
ro and his party just before they reached next began to make preparations for an efthe Hudson river, who on the first ap- fectual resistance. Two cannon and a morpearance of their pursuers abandoned their tar, with powder and ball, were obtained
prisoner and fled. Baker was found nearly from  Hoosic fort and there was a genexhausted by his sufferings and the loss of eral rally of the militia in Bennington and
blood. Having refreshed him and dress- the neighboring towns. In order to ened his wounds, they carried him home to sure an effectual resistance, it was conthe no small joy of his friends and the cluded to place some of their best markswhole settlement.                        men at the' narrow passes along the road
An account of this transaction was a-f- from Albany to Bennington, for the purterwards sent to the governor of New  pose of shooting down the officers of the
York by Munro, in which he represents invaders as they advanced and producing
the conflict at Baker's house as very des- disorder and dismay among their troops.
perate, and says "he has reason to be In the mean time a trusty person was disthankful to DivineProvidence for the pres- patched to Albany to ascertain the numervation of his life and that of his party." ber, the movements and designs of the
He says further that he should have suc- enemy and take note of their officers so as
ceeded in carrying Baker to Albany, " if to be able to distinguish them again. This
he could have had ten men, who would messenger shortly returned with the joyhave taken arms and obeyed his orders; ful intelligence that the troops were windbut that they all ran into the woods when hound in the river below Albany, and that
they ought to have resisted."           they had no designs upon the Grants,
Shortly after this attack upon Baker, but were destined for the military posts on
Munro made an attempt to arrest Seth the lakes: and thus were the settlers reWarner. Warner with a single friend was lieved from the necessity of putting their
riding on horse-back in the vicinity of plans and their valor to the test.
Munro's residence, and, being met by   During the preparations above-menMunro and several of his dependants, a tioned several persons on the Grants, who
conversation ensued, in the midst of which were in the New York interest, judging
Munro suddenly seized the bridle of War- it unsafe for them to remain, fled to New
ner's horse and commanded the bystand- York, and by their representations and
ers to aid in arresting him. Warner after by the intelligence received from Munro,
vainly urging him to desist, struck Mun- governor Tryon seems to have been irmro over the head with a dull cutlass and pressed with the difficulty of subjugating
levelled himto the ground. Munro, though the settlers on the Grants, by force, and
stunned and disabled for the time, receiv- to have determined to try what could
ed no permanent injury, and the specta- be done by negotiation.  He accordingly
tors manifesting no disposition to inter- wrote to the Rev. Mr. Dewey and the
fere, Warner was permitted to proceed inhabitants of Bennington and the adjawithout further molestation.             cent country, and, after censuring them
The repeated aggressions of this kind for their illegal acts and expressing a
aroused the settlers to a determination to strong desire to do them justice, he invimaintain their ground at all hazards, and ted them to lay before him their grievanto expel every person who should be found ces and causes of complaint, and engaged
upon the grants under the auspices of the full security and protection to any persons
N. Y. claimants. In this exasperated state they might send to New York on that busiof public feeling,news was received atBen- ness, excepting Allen, Warner and three
nington thatGov.Tryon was ascending the others.*
North river with a body of troops, for the    Governor Tryon's letter was dated at
purpose of subduing and chastising the New York, May 19th 1772. On the 5th
refractory Green Mountain Boys'*  This of June, two answers were returned, one
signed by a committee appointed for that
* Itwas about this time that the settlers of the New purpose by the inhabitants of Bennington
HampshireGrants began to be called Green Noun- and vicinity, and consisting of Mr. Dewey
tain Boys. The name was first applied to the military but was soon extended to the cettlers in Pen-  * Tohi letter m-ay e found in Slades Vt, State
Papers, page 22.




,24                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
CORRESPONDENCE WITH GOV. TRYON.                 PROCEEDINGS AT OTTER CREEK.
and others; and the other by the persons and a numerous concourse of the inhabitexcepted in the governor's letter.*  In ants of the adjacent country and other
these they proceed to show the legality of spectators, gave a full and unanimous
their titles to their lands under the grants vote in favor of the papers aforesaid; and
of New Hampshire, and that their proceed- the thanks of the people were presented to
ings, which had been declared to be dis- us forour diligence in procuring these paorderly and riotous, were necessary and pers. Peace was also recommended on
justifiable in defending themselves and the whole New Hampshire Grants, by all
property against the machinations of base who were present; when the whole artiland sordid land-jobbers; and express an lery of Bennington, with the small arms
earnest wish that His Excellency would were several times discharged in honor of
assist to quiet them in their possessions the governor and council of New York." till His Majesty, in his royal wisdom  Health to the king-Health to governor
shall be graciously pleased to settle the Tryon-Health to the council of New
controversy."                          York-Universal peace and plenty, liberThese communications were forwarded ty and prosperity, by sundry respectable
by Capt. Stephen Fay and his son Mr. Jo- gentlemen, some of whom  were from
nas Fay, who were appointed agents on neighboring provinces.
the part of the settlers of the New Hamp-                  STEPHEN FAY,
shire Grants to deliver them to the gover-                 JONAS FAY." *
nor of New  York. They were kindly   During these transactions at New York,
received by His Excellency and laid before intelligence was brought to Bennington
the council. The council after mature that Mr Kockburn, a noted surveyor in
deliberation reported favorably, and re- the employment of New York claimants,
commended that His Excellency afford all was engaged in laying out land in some
the relief in his power, by suspending till of the northern townships. Ethan Allen
His Majesty's pleasure should be known, collected a small party, went in pursuit of
all prosecutions in behalf of the crown, on the surveyor, overtook him, broke his inaccount of crimes with which the settlers struments and made him prisoner. He
stood charged, and recommend that the was brought to Castleton, tried and senowners of disputed lands, claimed under tenced to banishment, and was to suffer
New York titles, should suspend, during death if caught within the Grants, but at
the same period, all civil suits concerning this juncture hearing of the success of
the same. This report of the council was the mission to New York, they rescinded
approved by the governor and was imme- their harsh sentence, and dismissed the
diately communicated to the people of the surveyor.
Grants, by their agents.                During this expedition, Allen's party disWhen intelligence of this result reach- possessed the tenants of an intruder at the
ed Bennington, it diffused universal joy lower falls onOtterCreek,whereVergennes
through the settlement.  The remem- now stands. The lands here had been grantbrance of their former griefs and suffer- edby New Hampshire in 1 761,and a settleings, was, for the moment, swept away ment commenced under said grant, and a
in the overflowing enthusiasm for gover- saw-mill erected as early as 1769. Shortnor Tryon. On the 15th of July, 1772, the ly after, Col. Reed, claiming under a subcommittee which had replied to the letter sequent grant from New York, forcibly
of the governor of New York, together drove off the New Hampshire settlers and
with a vast concourse of people, assembled put his own tenants in possession. They
at the meeting-house in Bennington, and had extended the settlement, erected sevtheir agents then laid before them the re- eral log-houses and a grist-mill. These
sults of their mission to New York. The were in turn ordered off by Allen, their
manner in which it was received may be houses burnt, their mill-stones broken
best understood from the report, madeby by being thrown over the falls, and
these agents shortly after to governor Pangborn,the New Hampshie proprietor,
Tryon.                                 again put in possession of his saw-mill.
We        a as messengeerasc laid before the   Intelligence of these transactions soon
above committee an extract of te minutes reached governor Tryon, who, on the
of His Majesty's Council of the province 11th of August, 1772, addressed a letter
of New York of the 2d instant, together of sharp rebuke to the inhabitants of the
with His Excellency governor Tryon's Grants and required them forthwith to
letter of the same date, directed to the in- put Col. Reed's tenants " into re-posseshabitants of Bennington, &c. and after
reading the same, the above committee   * This document may be founi in the 11th No.
of the Historical Readings, published in the State
* These may be found in Slade's Vt. State Papers, Banner of July 20, 1841, and was copied from thl
page 24 and 25.' original on file at Albany.




CRAP. 2.           SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                          25
COMMUNICATION TO GOV. TRYON.                COL. REED'S TENANTS DISP'OSSESSED.
sion of their lands and tenements."  On preceding section, induced a number of
the reception of this letter, the commit- Scotch emigrants, who had lately arrived
tees of the several towns assembled at at New York, to accompany him to Otter
Manchester, and on the 27th of August a Creek for the purpose of re-possessing the
bold and decisive, but conciliatory answer property which he claimed there. On
was prepared, in which they contended, their arrival the New Hampshire settlers
that there was no breach of faith on their were a second time compelled to abandon
part, because none was plighted till af- the place, and Col. Reed, having repairter those transactions, when on the 15th ed the grist-mill and re-instated the mill
of July, the proposition of governor Tryon  stones by means of hooping them, left
was accepted,and that the aggressors were the Scotchmen, with orders to keep posthe New York claimants, who had under- session and continue the improvements.
taken to survey and take possession of the   Intelligence of these transactions soon
disputed domain, declaring unequivocally reached Bennington, whereupon Ethan
their determination neither to break arti- Allen, Seth Warner, Remember Baker,
cles of public faith, insult governmental and a number of others immediately proauthority, nor abandon their property to ceeded to the place for the purpose of
the mercy of New  York land-jobbers. again dispossessing the New York intruThey, moreover, declined restoring Col. ders and restoring the rightful owners.
Reed's tenants their possessions, not They compelled the miller to break the
doubting that when His Excellency came mill-stone into small pieces with a sledge
to understand that they were really in and throw them down the falls, and comtruders, he would approve their conduct.* manded them not to repair the mill again
To the above-mentioned communication c" on pain of suffering the displeasure of
an answer from the governor was re- tle Green Mountain Boys." The Scotch
spectfully requested, but it does not appear settlers, who had not removed their famthat he saw fit to comply; and this abor- ilies from New York, on hearing the native attempt at reconciliation seems only ture of the controversy, declared they had
to have widened the breach and increased been deceived, and abandoning all claim
the animosity between the parties. New  to the lands, retired, and afterwards setYork now resorted to the expedient of tled on the Mohawk river.
appointing several prominent settlers to   To prevent a recurrence of these scenes,
office for the purpose of buying them  Allen, and his party caused a small blockover to their interests. To counteract house to be erected at the falls, which
these designs and to provide for an effec- was garrisoned by a few men and subsetual resistance to the Yorkers, a conven- quently afforded full protection to these
tion was assembled at Manchester, on the settlements against the " Yorkers." At this
21st of October, 1772, which,among other period the rich lands on the Winooski, or
thino s, decreed that no person on the Onion river, were attracting much attenGrants should accept or hold any office tion, and several persons In and about
under the authority of New York: " and Bennington, and others in Connecticut,
all civil and military officers, who hadac- had made purchases there under New
ted under the Authority of New York Hampshire titles; and there is a tradition
were required to suspend their functions that the intelligence of Col. Reed's second
on the pain of being viewed.'"t It was also intrusion was conveyed to Bennington by
decreed  " that no  person should take Ira Allen, who returning from exploring
grants, or confirmation of grants, under those lands preparatory to a settlement,
the government of New York."           and arriving at the falls on Otter Creek
Punishment for the infraction of these on a dark and stormy evening, sought
decrees was left to the discretion of the shelter and refreshment at the settlement
court, except that it must not be capital there,whichwas then the mostnortherly on
for the first offence.                 the west side of the mountains. He knocked
at the door and instead of being met by his
SECTION IV.               friends, who had been re-instated by the
Controversy with NJdew York from 1773 to Green Mountain Boys, as mentioned in
1775-Mlinatory act of.ew York-Res- the preceding section, was met by the
olutions ead remonstrance of the set- thrust of a sword in the hand of some pertlers.                               son within, which luckily did him no inIn July, 1773, Col. Reed, whose ten- jury. After making known his condition
ants had been dispossessed at the lower he was admitted but to his surprize he
falls on Otter Creek, as mentioned in the found the place in possession of a number
of Scotchmen. Here he passed the night
* For Gov. Tryon's letter and the reply, see Sladle's and then proceeded to Bennington with
Vt. State. Papers, pages 2'9.-33.      the intelligence.
t Allen's History of Vermont,
PT. It.         4




26                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART 11.
BLOCK-HOUSES BUILT.                       RESOLUTIONS OF NEW YORK ASSEMBLY.
After having secured the New Hamp- own strength, and miscalculating  the
shire settlers in their possessions on Otter power and resistance of a few determinCreek, and with a view to prevent the ed spirits acting on the defensive and
intrusion of New York claimants upon driven to desperation, they resolved to
the lands on the Winooski river, Allen and bring them to merited punishment. For
Baker proceeded thither, with their men this purpose they proceeded to adopt
and erected a blockhouse near the lower measures " the most minatory and desfalls on that stream. It stood on the Col- potic of any thing which had ever appearchester side of the river, in the midst of ed in the British Colonies."
what is now called " Winooski Village;"   A comittee of the general assembly of
and had 32 port-holes, in the upper story. New York, on the 5th day of February,
The settlement upon this river was com- 1774, passed several resolutions, expresmenced the next year, 1774, and upon the sive of their opinion of what they were
breaking out of the revolution, in 1775, pleased to call the lawless and riotous
the block-house, being furnished with proceedings of the "Bennington MIob;"
arms and ammunition, afforded the settlers and, among other things, they desired his
shelter and protection till the settlement Excellency, the governor to offer, by
was abandoned in 1776.                 proclamation, a reward for apprehending
In consequence of the second expul- and securing the ringleaders, in those
sion of Col. Reed's tenants, governor Try- transactions, in the jail at Albany. This
on applied to  general Haldimand, the committee also recommended that a law
military commander-in-chief, for a milita- should be passed, the object of which
ry force to protect the New York claimants should be, more effectually " to suppress
in their possessions, but the general, riotous and disorderly proceedings, and to
doubting the propriety of employing the bring offenders to condirn punishment."'
regular troops for such a purpose, refused   A knowledge of the doings of this comto comply with His Excellency's wishes. mittee having reached the settlers,through
Clarendon and vicinity was settled by the public prints, a general meeting of'
people, who were generally in favor of the committees of the several townships,
New York. Those in the south part of was held atthe house of Eliakim Wellers,
Clarendon held their lands under deeds in Manchester, March 1st, 1774, and affrom Col. Henry H. Lydius, who pretend- terwards by adjournment, at Jehial Hawed to derive his title from governor Pow- ley's in Arlington, on the 3d Wednesday of
nal of Massachusetts, and their township the same month.t At this meeting, was
was called Durham. The north part of drawn up a sketch of the proceedings preClarendon and a part of Rutland had been vious to this period, and, after recomgranted by New York under the name of mending to the government of New York
Social-borough. Some of the principal to wait the determination of his Majesty,
men of Durham and Social-borough hav- before proceeding to further extremities,
inla accepted offices and thus recognized it was resolved, " that as a country, we
the jurisdiction of New York, and fre- will stand by and defend our friends and
quent disturbances having arisen in that neighbors who are indicted at the expense
quarter, in the fall of 1773, Allen and Ba- of our lives and fortunes."  It was also
ker raised a force of 100 men for the pur- resolved "that for the future every nepose of compelling the Durhamites, as they cessary preparation be made, and that our
were called, either by terror or force to re- inhabitants hold themselves in readiness,
cognize the New Hampshire title. On at a minute's warning, to aid and defend
the advance of this force they, who held those friends of ours, who, for their activoffices under New York, fled. Allen and ity in the great and and general cause,
his party remained several days, and after are falsely denominated rioters."  It was
sundry exhortations and threatenings, re- at the same time agreed, that they should
turned  without inflicting any serious act only on the defensive, and should eninjury upon the persons or property of the courage the execution of the laws in civil
inhabitants.                           cases, and also in criminal prosecutions
The leaders of the Durhamites fled to " that were so indeed."
NewYork,and laid before the governor and    While the convention of the New
council a full statement of the outiages Hampshire grants was discussing and
committed by what they were pleased to adopting these resolutions, the general
call the "'Bennington mob."  The gov- assembly_of New York was proceeding
ernment of New York regarded these out- to carry into effect the resolutions of the
rages as open acts of treason and rebellion, 5th of February; and on the 9th of March,
which could no longer be endured. They   *For these Resolutions see Sladc's Vermont State
looked upon the Green Mountain Boys as Paers, page 37.
a lawless banditti, and, confiding in their   t For these proceedings, see Slade's S. P. p. 38.




CRAP. 2.          SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                           27
JEXTRAORDINARY LAW.                          REMONSTRANCES OF THE SETTLERS.
1774, they enacted a law which put an James Brackenridge, and James Smith,
end to all prospects of reconciliation.* whom they considered the most obnoxThis extraordinary law, (which is of too ions of the settlers.
great length to be inserted entire,) enact-    We have already observed that the
ed, among other things equally sanguin- passage of the foregoing law put an end
ary and despotic,-that if any person, or to all prospects of reconciliation, or subpersons, oppose any civil officer of New  mission to the claims of New York. It
York, in the discharge of his official duty, was regarded by the settlers on the New
"or wilfully burn or destroy, the grain, Hampshire grants, as originating solely in
corn or hay, of any other persons being the avarice of a set of unprincipled specin any inclosure; or if any persons un- ulators, who coveted their lands with
lawfully, riotously and tumultuously as- their valuable improvements; and as
sembled together to the disturbance of the designed to terrify them into submission,
public peace, shall, unlawfully and with They were satisfied  that the  popular
force, demolish, or pull down, or begin to sentiment was in their favor, that the
demolish, or pull down any dwelling- great body of the people of New York
house, barn, stable, grist-mill, saw-mill, felt no interest in efforcing the claims of
or out-house, within either of the said that province to the lands in question, and
counties of Albany and Charlotte; that former experience had proved that the
then each of said offences shall be ad- militia could not be brought to act against
judged felony, without benefit of clergy, them with any effect.
and the offenders therein shall be adjudg-   Under such circumstances, the threated felons, and shall suffer death, as in cases enings and arbitrary laws of that governof felony, without benefit of clergy."  ment were far from inspiring terror. They
It was made the duty of the governor to were rather regarded by the settlers with
publish the names of such persons, in the contempt, and, instead of palsying, they
public papers, as were indicted in either of tended to nerve the arm of resistance.
the counties of Albany, or Charlotte, for Indeed, the idea of submission seems nevany offence made capital by this or any er, for a moment, to have been entertainother law, with an order in council com- ed by these brave and determined vetermanding such offender, or offenders, to ans. Having been long inured to toils
surrender themselves respectively, within and hardships, they were prepared to enthe space of seventy days next after the counter difficulties and dangers with unpublication thereof. This order was to flinching resolution and firmness. And
be forwarded to the sheriffs and posted up so very highly did they prize their perin several public places. "And in case sonal rights and liberties, that, rather than
such offenders shall not respectively sur- surrender them to the arbitrary claims of
render themselves, he or they, so neg- New York, they almost unanimously, relecting, or refusing, shall from the day solved to meet death, if necessary, in their
appointed for his surrendry, as aforesaid, defence.
be adjudged, deemed and, (if indicted for  These views and feelings are fully mani.
a capital offence hereafter to be perpe- fested in the remonstrance which they
trated,) convicted of felony, and shall made against the foregoing law, as will
suffer death, as in cases of persons con- appear from a few brief extracts, taken
victed of felony by verdict and judgment, from that fearless and spirited production.
without benefit of clergy."            After portraying, in their peculiar style,
All crimes committed on the grants, the character of the New York governwere, by this act, permitted to be tried in ment, they proceeded to say, " that by
the county, and by the courts of Albany; legerdemain, bribery and deception, they
and the courts were empowered by it, to have extended their dominions far and
award execution against such as should wide.  They have wrangled with, and
be indicted for capital offences, and who encroached upon, the neighboring govshould not surrender themselves in con- ernments, and have used all manner of
formity to the order of the governor and deceit and fraud to accomplish their decouncil, in the same manner as if they signs. Their tenants groan under their
had been convicted on a fair and impartial usury and oppression, and they have gaintrial. A proclamation was at the same ed, as well as merited, the disapprobation
time issued by the governor of New York, and abhorrence of their neighbors. The
offering a reward of ~50 each for appre- innocent blood they have already shed,
bending and securing Ethan Allen, Seth calls for Heaven's vengeance on their
Warner, Remember Baker, Robert Coch- guilty heads; and, if they should come
ran, Peleg Sunderland, Sylvanus Brown, forth in arms against us, thousands of
their injured neighbors will join with us,
For this law, see Slade's St. P. page 42.    to cut off and exterminate such an exe.




28                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
PIEMONSTRANCE OF THE, EXCEPTED PERSONS.              WVESTMINSTER MASSACRE.
crable race of men from the face of the etly to the jurisdiction of that colony,'and
earth."                               stood, in a measure, unconcerned spectaAgain, says that document: " we there- tors of the controversy in which the setfore advertise such officers, and all persons tlers on the more westerly grants, were
whatsoever, that we are resolved to inflict so deeply involved. And where this was
immediate death on whomsoever may at- not the case, they had not yet been driven
tempt the same; (that is, the apprehen- to desperation by the executive officers of
sion of any of the persons indicted as New York. They were not, however, inrioters.) And provided any of us, or our different to the policy of Great Britain
party shall be taken, and we have not no- towards her American Colonies.  The
tice sufficient to relieve them; or whether settlers on the New Hampshire grants
we relieve them or not, we are resolved to were, generally, emigrants from the other
surround such person, or persons, as shall New England provinces, and they readitake them, whether at his, or their own ly sympathized with their kindred and
house, or houses, or any where that we friends, and were by no means backward
can find him, or them, and shoot such per- in imbibing the growing spirit of opposison, or persons, dead. And furthermore, tion to the oppressive and arbitrary measwe will kill and destroy any person or ures pursued by the mother country topersons whomsoever, that shall presume wards her colonies.
to be accessary, aiding or assisting in ta-   The affairs of the colonies had assumed
king any one of us, as aforesoid; for, by so alarming an  aspect, that delegates
these presents, we give any such disposed from most of the provinces met at Philaperson, or persons, to understand, that al- delphia on the 5th of September, 1774, to
though they have a license by the law  consult upon measures for the common
aforesaid, to kill us; and an' indemnifica- safety. The meeting of this congress was
tion' for such murder, from the same au- followed by an almost universal suspenthority, yet they have no indemnification sion of the royal authority in all the colofor so doing from the Green Mountain nies, excepting New York, which refused
Boys; for our lives, liberties and proper- its assent to the measures recommended
ties are as verily precious to us as to any by that body, and the courts of justice
of the king's subjects: but if the govern- were either shut up or adjourned without
mental authority of JVew York insist upon doing any business. The first interrupkilling us, to take possession of our "vine- tion of this kind in the colony of New
yards" —let them come on; we are ready York, happened in the county of Cumfor a game of scalping with them, for our berland, on the New Hampshire grants.
martial spirits glow with bitter indigna-   The stated session of the court for that
tion and consummate fury, to blast their county was to have been holden at Westinfernal projects."                   minster, on the 13th of March, 1775.
The remonstrance, from which the fore- Much dissatisfaction prevailed in the
going are extracts, was dated the 26th day county because New York had refused to
of April, 1774, and signed by Ethan Allen adopt the resolves of the continental Con.
and six others. About this time a plan gress, and exertions were made to diswas concerted to avoid the jurisdiction of suade the judges from holding the court.
New York, by having the New Hampshire But, as they persisted in doing it, some of
grants, and that part of New York lying the inhabitants of Westminster and the
east of Hudson river, erected into a sepa- adjacent towns, took possession of the
rate royal government.  To effect this court house at an early hour in order to
object, Philip Skeen, a colonel in one of prevent the officers of the court from enthe king's regiments, and the owner of tering. The court party soon appeared
large possessions on lake Champlain, went before the court house, armed with gulns,
over to Great Britain, and seems to have swords and pistols, and commanded the
met with some success; but nothing de- people to disperse. But, as they refused
cisive had been done when the revolution to obey, some harsh language passed becommenced; which put an end to the ne- tween them, and the court party retired
gociation.                            to their quarters.
The opposition to the claims of New    The people then had an interview with
York had hitherto been confined, princi- judge Chandler, who assured them that
pally, to the inhabitants on the west side they might have quiet possession of the
of the mountains. The settlers on the house till morning, when the court should
grants in the vicinity of Connecticut riv- come in without arms, and should hear
er, had, many of them, surrendered their what they had to lay before them. But,
original charters, and had taken new ones contrary to this declaration, about eleven
under the authority of New York. In o'clock at night, the sheriff, with the othseveral of the towns they submitted qui- er officers of the court, attended by an




CRAP. 2.           SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                            29
RESOLUTIONS ANDt REMONSTRANCES.                        PROGRESS OF POPULATION.
armed force, repaired to the court house. of the mountains driven to make common
Being refused admittance, some of the cause with their brethren on the west, in
party fired into the house and killed one opposing the government of New York.
man* and wounded several others. The The indignation of the settlers throughout
wounded men they seized and dragged to the New Hampshire grants was now raisprison, with some others who did not suc- ed to the highest pitch, and probably the
ceed in making their escape.            commencement of the American war at
By means of those who escaped, the Lexington, on the 19th of April, was the
news of this massacre was quickly spread, only thing which prevented the parties
and before noon the next day, a large body proceeding to open hostilities. This event
of armed men had collected. A jury of produced a shock which was felt throughinquest brought in a verdict, that the man out the colonies; local and provincial conwas murdered by the court party. Sev- tests were at once swallowed up by the
eral of the officers were made prisoners novelty, the grandeur and the importance
and confined in the jail at Northampton, of the contest thus opened between Great.
in Massachusetts. But, upon the appli- Britain and her American colonies.
cation to the Chief Justice of New York,
they were released from prison and returned home.t
These proceedings aroused the spirit of             SECTION V.
opposition to New York throughout the
grants on the east side of the mountains. Progress of Settlement, character of the:
A meeting of committees from the several    Settlers, and modes of punishment.
townships was held at Westminster, on   It has already been remarked that, althe 11th of April, 1775, at which a num- though several establishments had been
ber of spirited resolutions were adopted made in Vermont previous to that time,
relative to the late unhappy transactions. the commencement of the settlement may
Among other things it was voted, " That properly be dated from the conquest of
it is the duty. of the inhabitants, as pre- Canada in 1760. In that year, the whole
dicated on the eternal and immutable law  number of settlers on the territory of Verof self preservation, wholly to renounce mont did not exceed 300 persons, and aland resist the administration of the gov- though the settlement began from  that
ernment of New York, until such times time sensibly to advance, it was by no,
as the lives and property of the inhabi- means rapid till after the treaty of peace,
tants may be secured by it."  A commit- in 1763, by which Canada was ceded to
tee was also appointed, of which Ethan  Great Britain. In 1764, settlements hadr
Allen was one, to remonstrate to the court been commenced in many of the townof Great Britain against that government ships on Connecticut river as far north as
and to petition his Majesty, "to be taken Newbury, and in several townships on
out of so oppressive a jurisdiction and the west side of the Green Mountains, in
either annexed to some other jurisdiction, the county of Bennington.
or incorporated into a new one."          In 1765, the government of New York,
Thus were the settlers on the east side having acquired authority from the British
crown to exercise jurisdiction over the
* William French. The following is a literal copye   ris di i   e
of the inscription on his monument in Westminster, New Hampshire grants as far eastward as
turnished to the Compiler of the Vermont State Pa. Connecticut river,commenced the division
pers by the Hon. Wm. C. Bradley. It is preserved of the territory into counties, as mentioned
both as a literary euriosity and as exhibiting une- in section third. The division lines bequivocal indication of the spirit of the times.
tween the counties were, however, a matIn Meamory of William French Son to Mr ter of little consequence, towards the close
Nathaniel French Who Was Shot at WVestininster March ye 13th 1 75 by the hands of Cruel of this period, for when the opposition to
Ministerial tools ofGeorg ye 3d in the Corthouse of New York found the opposition to
~~~~~nMinisterial  o    etheir measures so determined and so genat a 11 a Clock at Night in the 22d year of his eral among the settlers on the grants, they
AgeAge-                                    eral amongtten the s   on grants, they
Here William French his Body lies     seem to have given the court of Albany
For Murder his blood for Vengance cries  county jurisdiction over the whole tract
King Georg the third his Tory crew    of country. This gave rise to the exprestha with a bawl his head Shot threw   sion, unlimited county of llbany, so freFor Liberty and his Countrys Good     quently used by theVermont pamphleteers
he Lost his Life his Dearest blood    during the controversy with New York.
Previous to the year 1770, scarcely any
t A full account of these transactions was pub- settlements had been made on the west
lished by a committee appointed for that purpose, side of the Green Mountains to the northon the 23d of March, 1775, and may be found in swde of the  reen Mount ns to the northSlade's Vermont State Papers, page 55.  ward of the present county of Benning



30                    CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                         PART. I1.
CHARACTER OF THE SETTLERS.            ETHIAN ALLEN.                 SETH WARNER.
ton.  During the next year, 1771, settle- Allen wrote and dispersed several pamments were commenced in several town- phlets, in which he exhibited, in a mnanships in Rutland county, and this year ner peculiar to himself, and well suited
was taken the first census of the inhabit- to the state of public feeling, the injustice
ants on the the grants on the east side of and cruelty of the claims and proceedings
the mountains.  By this enumeration it of New York. And although these pamappears that Cumberland county contain- phlets are unworthy of notice as literary
ed, in 1771, 3,947 inhabitants, and Glou- productions, yet, they were at the time
cester county 722, and it was estimated extensively  circulated, and contributed
that these two counties contained at that much to inform the minds, arouse the zeal,
time two thirds of the people in the whole and unite the efforts of the settlers.
district.  The whole number of inhabit-   The bold and unpolished roughness of
ants must therefore have been about 7000. Allen's writings were well suited to give
No complete census was taken till the a just description of the views and proyear 1791, and hence it is impossible to ceedings of a band of speculating and undetermine the precise population of Ver- principled land-jobbers.  His method of
mont at the time of the commencement of writing was likewise well adapted to the
the American Revolution.  But'as the condition and feelings of the settlers, and,settlements were rapidly extending during  probably exerted a greater influence over
the five years succeeding the year 1771, we their opinions and conduct, than the same
may safely conclude, that the whole pop- sentiments would have done clothed in
elation of Vermont at the commencement the chaste style of classic elegance. Nbr
of the war was at least 20,000. About the did it differ greatly in style, or literary
close of the war we find the population  merit, from  the pamphlets which camle
incidentally estimated by Doct. Williams from New York. But although Allen wrote
at 39,000 souls.                          with asperity  and freedom, there was
The settlers on the New Hampshire something generous and noble in his congrants were a brave, hardy, but unculti- duct.  He refrained from  every  thing
vated race of men. They knew little of which had the appearance of meanness,
the etiquette of refined society, were bless- injustice, cruelty or abuse towards those
ed with few  of the advantages of educa- who fell into his power, and protested
tion, and were destitute of the elegancies, against the same in others. *
and in most cases of the common conve-   Next to Allen, Seth Warner seems to
niences of life. They were sensible that have acted the most conspicuous part
they must rely upon the labor of their own among the settlers.  He, like Allen, was
hands for their daily subsistence, and for firm and resolute, fully determined that
the accumulation of property. They pos- the decisions of New York against the setsessed minds which were naturally strong  tlers should never be carried into execuand active, and they were aroused to the tion.  But while Allen was daring and
exercise of their highest energies by the sometimes rash and imprudent, Warner
difficulties, which they were compelled to was always cool, calm and comparatively
encounter.  The controversy in which cautious. After Warner was proscribed
they were engaged involved their dearest
rightsy  On  its issue depended not only d s *Ethan Allen was born at Litchfield, Conn. on..,.rights,  Onitsissuedependednotonlythe 10tli of January, 1737. He married in Connectheir titles to their possessions, but, in ticut, came to Vermont himself about the year i769
many cases, their personal liberty and and spent most of lis after life here, but his family
safety.  Though unskilled in the rules of did not come to Vermont till 1778, just before his
lg, t     r                           return froom captivity.  Ile was taken prisoner at
logic, their reasoning was strong and con- Montreal in the fall of 1775, and carried to Engclusive, and they possessed the courage land —was exchanged in Mlay 1778-removed to
and perseverance necessary for carrying Burlington in 1787, where he diedl of apoplexy on
thei plasand decisios ino ecutin.  the 1lth February 1789. Itis ashes rest beneath a
their plans and decisions into execution.  plain marble slab in the beautiful cemetery near
We have already observed that, atuthe  Winooski lower falls, having npon it the following
head of the opposition to the proceedings inscfiption:of New York, stood Ethan Allen, a iran                     "cThe
obviously fitted by nature for the circum-             Corporeal Part
stances and exigencies of the times. Bold,                   of
ardent and unyielding, he possessed an               Genl. Ethan Allen
unusual degree of vigor both of body and           rests beneath this stone
mind, and  an unlimited confidence in           the 12th day of Feb. 1789,
his own abilitibs.  With these qualifica-              aged 50 years.
tions, the then existing state of the settle-  His spirit tried the mercies of his God
ment rendered him peculiarly fitted to be-    In whom he believed and strongly trusted."
come a prominent and successful leader.   His true age was 52, years, one month and two
During the progress of the controversy, days.




CHAP. 2.            SETTLEMENT AND CONTROVERSIES.                                 31
REMEMBER BAKER.                   BEECH SEAL.                MODES OF PUNISHMENT,
as a rioter, as related in a preceding sec- these conventions were regarded as the
tion, an officer from New York attempted  law of the land, and their infraction was
to apprehend him.  He, considering it an always punished with exemplary severity.
affair of open hostility, defended himself The punishment most frequently inflicted
against the officer, and in turn attacked, was the application of the "beech seal" to
wounded and disarmed him; but, with  the naked back, and banishment from the
the spirit and generosity of a soldier, he grants. This mode of punishment derived
spared his life.                           its significant name from  allusion to the
After Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, great seal of the province of New Hampno person on the New Hampshire grants, shire, which was affixed to the charters of
up to the close of this period, acted a more the townships granted by the governor of
distinguished part, or was more servicea- that province, of which the beech rod well
ble to the settlers, than Remember Baker. laid upon the naked backs of the " YorkHe was the pioneer in many an enterprise  ers," and their adherents, was humorously
and was always in readiness for any emer- considered a confirmation.
gency. Being a joiner and mill-wright
by trade, he built the first mills which
were erected at Arlington and Pawlet,
and was preparing in connexion with his
cousin, Ira Allen, for the erection of mills
at Winooski falls, when the war of the
revolution commenced.*
During the protracted controvesy in   _
which these men acted so prominent a
part, there had been, up to this time, frequent attempts to arrest it and bring it to
an amicable settlement.  Orders from the
crown had likewise been often given to
New  York to suspend further prosecu-.                _ /( -
tions and make no more grants of the / 
lands in dispute till his Majesty's further
pleasure  should be  known  respecting 
them.  But in despite of royal orders and
the remonstrances of the settlers on the
grants, New York continued to assert and
to endeavor to enforce her claims, and the
repeated but vain attempts at reconciliation, served only to embitter the resentment of the contending parties and produce a state of hostility more decided and
alarming.                                    That the reader may have a just idea of
The affairs of the inhabitants of the the summary manner in which the congrants appear to have been managed du- vention and committees proceeded against
ring this period by committees appointed  those who violated their decrees, we will
in the several towns, and who met in con- lay before them the sentence of Benjamin
vention as occasion required, to adopt Hough, as a sample.  It appears that
measures for the common defence and  Hough, who resided in the vicinity of
welfare.  The resolutions and decrees of Clarendon and who was a violent Yorker,
went to New York in the winter of 1774,
*As Capt. Baker was killed shortly after the for the purpose of obtaining the aid of
close of this period4-we would observe here that he government against the Green Mountain
was born at Woodbury, Ct. about 1740; served in Boys, and that on the 9th of March, the
the expedition against Canada in 1758; came to the very day  passage of the extrardi
Grants about 1764; was engaged in the reduction    ry  of the
of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the summer ot nary law of which we have already spo1775, and in August following, being sent by Gen. ken in the fourth section of this chapter,
Motitgomery to reconnoiter the enemy's position at he accepted the appointment of justice of
St. Johns, he was shot by an Indian. At some
distance this side of St. Johns, he landed and con- the peace for the county of Charlotte, uncealed his boat, and was about proceeding on foot, der the authority of New York.  On his
when he saw that his boat was already in posses, return he proceeded to execute his new
sion of some Indians. He hailed them and demanded his boat, but as they paid no regard to the doe  office within the grants, in defiance of the
mand he drew up his gun and it missed fire, and at decree of the convention which forbade it.
the next instant received a shot through the head   e was repeatedly warned to desist, but
from one of the Indians in the boat and fell deadl
upon the spot. His companions then fled and mad. being found incorrigible, he was arrested
their way back by land with the sad intelligence.   and carried before a committee of safely




32              C1V1L HISTORY OF VERMONT.                              PART II.
BENJAMIN HOUGH'S PUNISHMENT.                            DR. ADAMS' PUNISHMENT.
at Sunderland.*  The decree of the con- mentioned,* and this matter, together with
vention. and the charges against the pris- the particulars of the transactions at Westoner being read in his presence, he ac- minster on the 13th of March, was made
knowledged that he had been active in the subject of a special message to the copromoting the passage of the law above lonial assembly by Lieut. Gov. Colden.
mentioned and in the discharge of his du- The Assembly, after discussing these subties as magistrate, but pleaded the juris- jects on the 30th and 31st of March, finally
diction of New York over the Grant, in resolved to appropriate ~1000 for the mainjustification of his conduct.  This plea tenance of justice and the suppression of
having no weight with the committee, riots in the county of Cumberland, and
they proceeded to pronounce upon him  that a reward of ~50 eachbe offered for apthe following sentence, viz. " That tlre prehending James Mead, Gideon Warren
prisoner be taken from  the bar of this and Jesse'Sawyer, and also a reward of,committee of safety and be tied to a tree, ~50 each, in addition to the rewards pre-.nd there, on his naked back, receive two viously offered, for the apprehension of:hundred stripes; his back being dressed, he Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, Robert Cochshould depart out of the district, and on re- ran and Peleg Sunderland. These resoturn, without special leave of the conven- lations constituted the last and dying eftion, to suffer death."  This sentence was forts of the royal government of New York
forthwith carried into execution, with un- against the New Hampshire Grants. The
sparing  severity, in the presence of a assembly was soon prorogued and never
large concourse of people  Hough asked met again, being superseded by the revoand received the following written certifi- lutionary authority of the provincial concate of his punishment, signed by Allen gress.
and Warner:                               Although the application of the beach
seal was the most common punishment,
" SUNDERLAND, 30th of Jan., 1775.  others were frequently resorted to. Some
This may certify the inhabitants of the of these were in their nature trifling and
New Hampshire Grants, that Benjamin puerile. The following may serve as a
Hough hath this day received a full pun- specimen. A'.mwihawn of Arlington beishment for his crimes committed hereto- came a partisan of New York and spoke
fore against this country, and our inhabi- in reproachful terms of the convention
tants are ordered to give him, the said and of the proceedings of the Green
Hough, a free and unmolested passport Mountain Boys. He advised the settlers
toward the city of New York, or to the to submit to New York, and re-purchase
westward of our Grants, he behaving their lands from that government. Being
himself as becometh.  Given under our requested to desist, and disregarding it,
htnds the day and date aforesaiid.      he was arrested and carried to the Green
ETHAN ALLEN,        Mountain tavern in Bennington. The
S SETH WARNER."   committee, after hearing his defence, ordered him " to be tied in an armed chair,
On the delivery of the paper, Allen and hoisted to the sign, (a catanmount's
sarcastically observed that the certificate, skin, stuffed, sitting upon the sign post
together with the receipt on his back, would twenty-five feet from the ground with large
no doubt be admitted as legal evidence teeth, grining towards JNew  York,) and
before the supreme court and the govern- there to hang two hours in sight of the
or and council of New York, though the people, as a punishment merited by his
king's warrant to Gov. Wentworth and enmity to the rights and liberties of the inhis excellency's sign manual with the habitants of the New Hampshire Grants."
Great Seal of the province of New Hamp- This sentence was executed to the no
shire, would not.                       small merriment of a large concourse of
Hough repaired immediately to the city people; and when he was let down he was
of New York, where he gave, under oath, dismissed by the committee with the exa minute account of the transactions above hortation to " go and sin no more."
*This curious relic of "I olden time" is given in
*This committee consisted of the following per- full in the American Archives, Vol. II, p. 25; and
sons: Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, Robert Cochran, also in the 15th and 16th Numbers of the listorical
Peleg Sunderland, James Msad, Gideon Warren and Readings, published in the Stats Banner, at BenJesse Sawyer.                           nington.




CHAP. 3.               REVOLUTIONARY WAR.                             33
EXPEDITION AGAINST TICONDEROGA.                         CAPT. NOAHI PHELPS.
CHAPTER III.
EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
SECTION I.              from  Connecticut, having purchased a
Ee~nts of r1775-Reduction of Ticonderoga iquantity of provisions, proceeded to CasEents of 1775-Reduction of Ticonderoga tleton, wvhere they were joined by Allen
-Invasion of Canada —Carleton defeat- with his recruits.
cd by Col. farncr-St..Johns   and JMonted b, Cot. Warner —St. Jo/hns and Mont-   While they were collecting at Castlereal taken by Gen.  lontgomery —ds- ton, Col. Arnold arrived there attended
sault upon Quebec.          I      only by a servant. This officer had been
As all minor contests and sectional chosen captain of an independent compadifficulties were, for a while, swallowed  ny at New Haven in Connecticut, and, as
up by the great and momentous concerns soon as he heard of the battle at Lexingof the Revolution, we shall now proceed ton, he marched his company to Camto a brief statement of those incidents in bridge, where the Americans were assenmthe war for independence, with which the bling to invest Boston. There he receivpeople of Vermont were more immediate- ed a Colonel's commission from the Masly concerned. The affair at Lexington sachusetts committee of safety with orders
produced a shock, which was felt from to raise 400 men for the reduction of
one extremity of the colonies to the oth- Ticonderoga and Crown Point, which he
or; and it was now perceived that their | represented to be in a ruinous condition
only reliance for safety was to be placed and feebly garrisoned. His commission
on a vigorous and effectual resistance to being examined, Arnold was permitted to
the arms and arbitrary power of Great join the party; but it was ordered by a
Britain.                             council that Allen should also have the
The military posts on lake Champlain commission of Colonel, and should be
were at this time garrisoned by British first in command.
soldiers, and the British government had   To procure intelligence, Capt. Noah
been pursuing measures, by which they Phelps, one of the gentlemen from Conmight, if necessary, avail themselves of necticut, went into the fort at Ticondethe strength and resourceaof Canada, for roga in the habit of one of the settlers,
the purpose of subjugating their other where he inquired for a barber, under the
colonies, in case of revolt. The impor- pretence of wanting to be shaved. By
tance, therefore, of securing these posts affecting an awkward appearance, and
to the Americans was at once perceived, asking many simple questions, he passed
and the design of effecting this object en- unsuspected, and had a favorable opporgaged at the same time the attention of tunity of observing the condition of the
several adventurers, both in Massachu- works. Having obtained the necessary
setts and Connecticut, who were utterly information, he returned to the party, and
ignorant of each other's views. But the the same night they began their march
first active measures for accomplishing an for the fort. And these affairs had been
undertaking so desirable as the reduction conducted with so much expedition, that
of these posts, appear to have been taken Allen reached Orwell, opposite to Ticonby several enterprising gentlemen of Con- deroga, with his men, in the evening of
necticut.                            the 9th of May, while the garrison were
As the success of the enterprise de- without any knowledge of the proceedpended upon its being managed with se- ings, and without any apprehension of a
crecy and despatch, they obtained of the hostile visit.
Connecticut legislature a loan of $1800,:  The whole force collected on this occaand, having procured a quantity of pow- sion amounted to 270 men, of whom 230
der and balls, they hastened forward to' were Green Mountain Boys.  It was
Bennington with the view of engaging with difficulty that boats could be obtainEthan Allen in the business. Allen read- ed to carry over the troops.  A Mr.
ily undertook to conduct the enterprise Douglas was sent to Bridport to procure
and' set off to the northward with his usu- aid in men, and a scow belonging to Mr.
al spirit of promptness and activity for Smith. Douglas stopped by the way to
the purpose of enlisting and collecting enlist a Mr. Chapman in the enterprise,
men for the expedition. The gentlemlenll when James Wilcox and Joseph Tyler,
PT. IT.        5




34                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
TICONDEROGA AND CROWN POINT TAKEN.                EVENTS ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN.
two young men, who were a-bed in the ish captain perceived that resistance was
chamber, hearing the story, conceived the vain, and surrendered the garrison prisdesign of decoying on shore a large oar oners of war, without knowing by what
boat belonging to Maj. Skene, and which authority Alleul was acting, or that hostilthen lay off against Willow point. They ities had commenced between Great Britdressed, seized their guns and a jug of ain and her colonies. As soon as Allen
rum, of which they knew the black com- had landed with his party, the boats were
mander to be extremely fond,-gathered sent back for the remainder of the men,
four men as they went, and, arriving all who had been left under the command of
armed, they hailed the boat and offered to Col. Seth Warner. Warner arrived soon
help row it to Shoreham, if he would after the place surrendered, and taking
carry them  there immediately to join a the command of a party, set off for the
hunting party, that would be waiting for reduction of Crown Point, which was
them.  The stratagem  succeeded, and garrisoned only by a sergeant and twelve
poor Jack and his two men suspected men...They surrendered upon the first
nothing till they arrived at Allen's head summons, and Warnerptook possession of
quarters, where they were made prison- the fort. Skenesborough was also taken,
ers of war.                            the same day, by another party, and Maj.
Douglas arrived with the scow about Skene made prisoner.
the same time, and, some other boats hav-   By these enterprises, the Americans
ing been collected, Allen embarked with captured a British Major, a Captain, a
83 men and landed near the fort As the Lieutenant, and forty-tour privates. In
morning was advancing, it was deemed the forts, they found more than 200 pieces
inexpedient to wait for the remainder of of cannon, some mortars and howitzers,
the men to pass over. Arnold now wish- and large quantities of military stores;
ed to assume the command, and swore and also a ware-house filled with materithat he would lead the men into the fort. als for carrying on the business of buildAllen swore he should not, but that he ing boats. All these cost not the Amerihimself would be the first man that should cans a single man; and elated with their
enter. As the dispute grew warm, some success, they now determined to secure
of the gentlemen interposed, and it was the command of lake Champlain, by getagreed that they should both enter at the ting possession of an armed sloop, which
same time, but that Allen should enter on then lay at St. Johns. For this purpose
the right, and have the command.       they armed and manned a schooner, and
Accordingly, a little after day break in procured a number of batteaux. Arnold
the morning of the 10th of May, 1775, took command of the schooner, and Allen
they advanced towards the works followed of the batteaux, and they both set out toby their men.*  The sentry at the outer gether upon the expedition. But a fresh
post snapped his fusee at Allen, and, re- wind springing up from  the south, the
treating through the covered way, was schooner out-sailed the batteaux, and Arfollowed by the Americans, who were nold soon reached St. Johns, where he
immediately drawn up on the parade surprised and captured the sloop. The
within the fort. With so great expedition wind immediately shifting to the north,
and silence was this business accomplish- Arnold set sail with his prize, and met
ed that the garrison, excepting the sent- Allen with his batteaux at some distance
ties, were not awakened from their slum- from St. Johns. Thus, in the course of a
bers, till aroused by the huzzas of the few days, and by a few daring individGreen.Mountain Boys, already in posses- uals, was lake Champlain and its imporsion of the fort. The Capt. De Laplace, tant fortresses secured to the Americans.
without waiting to dress himself, hastened   The American' Congress, having reto the door of the barrack, when Allen ceived intelligence that the governor of
sternly commanded him to surrender, or Canada had been making exertions to enhe would put the whole garrison to the gage the Canadians and Indians to fall
sword.  De Laplace inquired by what upon the frontier of the colonies, deterauthority he demanded it. I demand it, mined to send a body of American troops
says Allen, "in the name of the Great Je- into that province, in the hopes that the
orvah and the Continental Congress."   Canadians would join the other colonies,
Surrounded by the Americans, the Brit- in opposition to Great Britain. For this
purpose, it was proposed to raise 2000
* Allen was guided into the fort by Nathan Be- purpose, who was proposed to be placed under the
man, a young lad whose father resided near the men, who were to be placed under the
lake ir. Shoreham. Nathan had passed much of his command of Generals Schuyler and Monttime in company with the boys of the garrison and gomery. Much pains were taken to raise
was familiar with every nook in the fort and every the troops, and a large number of batpassage and by-path by which it could be apre n                      umber of batproached. —~a;rk's.lm. Biog. Vohume 1, page 274.  teaux and flat-bottomed boats were built




CHAP. 3.                 REVOLUTIONARY  WAR.                              35
MONTGOMIERY ADVANCES INTO CANADA.                        ETHAN ALLEN TAKEN.
at Ticonderoga and Crown Point to con- men. Brown informed Allen that Montvey the forces to Canada.              real was entirely without defence, and
Montgomery set out from Crown Point might easily be surprised; and it was
on the 21st of August, but soon received finally agreed between them  that they
intelligence that the British Gen. Carle- should proceed to make an immediate atton was prepared to obstruct his designs tempt upon it. Allen was to cross the
-that he had provided a considerable na- river and land a little north of the city,
val force and was about entering the lake while Brown was to land a little to the
with a body of British troops. To pre- south, and both were to commence the atvent this, Montgomery proceeded down tack at the same time. Allen crossed
the lake, with the forces which had ar- over with his little band of t0 men, in the
rived, to the Isle ia Motte, where he was night, as had been agreed, but he waited
soon joined by Gen. Schuyler; and they in vain for the appearance of Brown to
both moved forward to the Isle aux Noix, co-operate with him.  And when day
where they took proper measures to pre- light appeared, and rendered the surprise
vent the passage of the British vessels of the place impracticable, instead of savinto the lake.                         ing himself by a retreat, Allen rashly deFrom this place, the American generals termined to maintain his ground.
sent proclamations into the adjacent coun-   Gen. Carleton soon received intellitry, assuring the Canadians that they had gence of Allen's situation, and early in
no designs against them, and inviting the morning marched out against him,
them to unite with the Americans in as- with about 40 regulars, together with sevsertingr their rights and securing their eral hundred English settlers, Canadians
liberties. On the 6th of September, they and Indians. Allen's force was made up
proceeded without opposition towards St. of Green Mountain Boys and Canadians,
Johns with their whole force, which did and at the head of these he fought with
not exceed 1000 men. A landing was desperate courage until most of the Canaeffected about a mile and a half from the dians had deserted him, and fifteen of his
fort, but, while advancing to reconnoitre men were killed and se-veral wounded.
the works, their left was attacked by a But courage was unavailing against such
party of Indians, who killed three and a superiority of numbers.  Allen was
wounded eight of the Americans. The taken prisoner, on the 25th of September,
Indians were, however, soon repulsed, with 38 of his men, and by order of Gen.
with the loss of five killed and four se- Carleton they were all immediately loadverely wounded.  Finding the fortress ed with irons. In that condition, they
well garrisoned and prepared to make a were put on board a man of war, and carvigorous defence, the Americans thought ried to England.  During the voyage
it prudent to return to the Isle aux Noix, they were treated with such rigor as to
and there wait the arrival of their artille- render their suffering almost intolerable.
ry and re-enforcements, which were daily    Montgomery was in the mean time
expected.                              pushing the siege of St. Johns as fast as
Schuyler returned to Albany to con- his embarrassed circumstances would perelude a treaty, which had been some time mit. He derived much assistance from
negotiating, with the Indians, leaving the the Canadians, who had joined him, and
command to Alontgomery. On the 17th being informed by them that the little
of September, Montgomery, having re- fortress of Chambly, situated  further
ceived the expected re-enforcements, pro- down the Sorel, contained a large quanticeeded to St. Johns and laid siege to that ty of ammunition and military stores, of
fortress. The place was garrisoned by which the besiegers were much in need,
the greatest part of two British regiments, he ordered Majors Brown and Livingston
and contained nearly all the regular troops to proceed against it. The garrison, conin Canada, and it was at the same time sisting of about one hundred men, after a
well supplied with artillery, ammunition short resistance surrendered themselves
and military stores. The first measure on the 18th of October, prisoners of war.
of Montgomery was an attempt to detach By this capitulation the Americans obthe Indians, who had joined Gen. Carle- tained 120 barrels of powder, a large
ton, from the British cause. Having sue- quantity of military stores and provisions,
ceeded in this, parties of the provincials and the standard of the 7th Regiment.
were dispersed over the country and were This standard was immediately transmitfavorably received by the Canadians.    ted to Congress, and was the first trophy
As Col. Ethan Allen, with 80 men, of the kind which that body had ever rewas returning from one of these excur- ceived.
sions, he was met by Maj. Brown, who   The besiegers, having obtained a supwas out upon the same business with 200 ply of ammunition and stores by the cap.




36                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART IT.
CARLETON DEFEATED.   ST. JOHNS TAKEN.   UNSUCCESSFUL ASSAULT ON QUEBEC.
ture of Chambly, made their advances river in the night in a small canoe with
upon the fort at St. Johns with increased muffled oars. A large number of armed
vigor. The garrison consisted of between vessels loaded with provisions and other
six and seven hundred men, who, in the necessaries, and Gen. Prescott with 120
hopes of being soon relieved by General British officers and privates, also attemptCarleton,made a resolute defence. Carle- ed to escape down the river, but were
ton exerted himself for this purpose, but stopped at the mouth of the Richelieu,
such was the disaffection of the Canadi- and all captured by theAmericans without
ans to the British cause, that he could not the loss of a man.
muster more than one thousand men, in-   The attention of Montgomery was imcluding the regulars, the militia of AMont- mediately turned towards Quebec, where
real, the Canadians, and the Indians. Carleton was now making every preparaWith these, he purposed to cross the St. tion for defence. Col. Arnold, after surLawrence and join Col. Maclean, who mounting incredible difficulties and hardhad collected a few hundred Scotch emi- ships, had passed through the wilderness
grants and taken post at the mouth of the from Maine to Canada, and appeared beRichelien, hoping, with their united for- fore Quebec with 700 men on the 9th of
ces, to be able to raise the siege of St. November, and now Montgomery, having
Johns and relieve the garrison.        removed every obstacle, hastened forward
In pursuance of this design, Carleton to join him, which he did on the I st day
embarked his troops at Montreal with the of December. Their united force amniountview of crossing the St. Lawrence and ed to only about 1000 men, while that of
landing at Longueil. Their embarkation the garrison numbered 1500; but as the
was observed by Col. Seth Warner, from  latter was made up principally of Canathe opposite shore, who, with about 300 dians and militia, Montgomery still had
Green Mountain Boys, watched their hopes of success. Finding that the artilmotions, and prepared for their approach. lery and shells produced but little effect
Just before they reached the south shore, upon the enemies' works, and that the
Warner opened upon them a well direct- weather was becoming too severe to carry
ed and incessant fire of musketry and on a regular siege, it was finally determingrape shot from a four pounder, by which ed to make a general assault upon the town.
unexpected  assault, the  enemy were   Accordingly, on the morning of the
thrown into the greatest confusion, and 31st of December, the troops were led on
soon retreated with precipitation and dis- to the attack. But it proved unsnccessorder. When the news of Carleton's de- ful. Tile gallant Montgomery was slain,
feat reached Maclean he abandoned his and nearly one-half the American troops
position at the mouth of the Richelieu and were killed, or taken prisoners. Arnold,
hastened to Quebec.                    though severely wounded, took the comBy these events, the garrison at St. mand of the shattered forces and continJohns was left without the hope of relief; nued the blockade, determined to await
and Major Preston, the commander, was, the re-enforcements which lie believed
consequently, obliged to surrender. The would soon'be sent on to his relief. Thus
garrison laid down their arms on the 3d terminated in this quarter, the campaign
of November, marched out of the works of 1775, and thus commenced those reand became prisoners of war, to the num- verses, which were to attend the Ameriher of 500 regulars and more than 100 can arms in Canada during the succeedCanadian volunteers. Gen. Montgomery ing year.
treated them with the greatest politeness,
and had them conveyed by the way of
Ticonderoga into the interior of New England.  In the fort was found a large                SECTION II.
quantity of cannon and military stores:
Col. Warner, having repulsed G e nts of 1776. Small Pox fatal in tlhe
Col. Warner, having repulsed General
Carleton, and caused Col. Maclean to re-   armns-Amrricedi Lormy  retrcats- T beS'avCtire to Quebec, proceeded to erect a bat-  cessfui CpCitithe   agaist Threc Riers
tery at the mouth of the Richelieu, which   -Affairs at theJ Cedasrs-Chnably and
tery at the mSt. -Jo/ns ebandoned by the Americans
should command the passage of the St.   -  avao/ns abanedent on the Champlains
Lawrence, and thus block up Gen. Carle-   -7\aa enaP nt n ldLn e      lla
ton at Montreal.  In this situation of
things, Gen. Montgomery arrived from    The re-enforcements, which were sent
St. Johns, and took possession of Mont- to the relief of Arnold, arrived but slowly,
real, without opposition, on the 13th of and when Gen. Thomas reached the camp
November, Gen. Carleton having aban- before Quebec, on the 1st day of May,
doned it to its fate, and escaped down the 1776, the whole American force at that




CHAP. 3.                  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR.                              37
RETREAT OF THE AMERICAN ARMY.                          AFFAIRS AT THE CEDARS.
place did not exceed 1900 men. In this and several battalions arrived about this
state of things, and before any thing of time, and Sullivan having taken tile comconsequence had been attempted against mand, now planned an enterprize against
the city, the small pox commenced its the enemy which savored much more of
ravages among the provincial troops, and boldness than prudence. The British arit is hardly possible to conceive the dis- my, which was now  augmented by retresss, the terror and confusion it occa- enforcements from Europe to more than
sioned in the American camp. Ignorant 13,000 men, had their chief rendezvous
of the true nature of the disease, and of at Three Rivers, a post on the north side
the means by which its progress might of the St. Lawrence, about lhalf-way bebe impeded; and anticipating dangers, tween Quebec and Montreal.  Gen. Sulwhich their fears had greatly magnified, ]ivan conceived the design of surprising
the troops could, with difficulty, be pre- this post, and for that purpose detached
vented from a total dispersion. The sol- Gen. Thompson on the 7th of June, With
diers, having heard that inoculation was 180) Inen, who proceeded down the river
the surest preventive of a fatal termin- in the night, expecting to reach Three
ation, proceeded, in defiance of orders, Rivers before day-light. But unavoidable
to inoculate themselves; and the recruits delays rendered it impossible. They were
as they arrived, did the same, and thus discovered by the British, before they
was the disease still wider diffused, so that reached the village, who marched out,
out of 3000 troops, which had now  ar- attacked and dispersed them, making their
rived, not more than 900 were fit for general, and about 200 men prisoners.
duty.                                     Montreal had, early in the spring, been
After a few trifling efforts against the placed under the command of Arnold, who
town, Gen. Thomas was convinced that was now raised to the rank of brigadiernothing of consequence could be effected general, and a party of 380 Americans
with an army in the condition to which under Col. Beadle had been posted at the
his was reduced, and being nearly desti- Cedars, a small fort 43 miles above that
tute of provisions, and daily expecting city.  Being friglltened at tile appearance
the Britishl garrison -would be re-enfo-rced of a, force descendingf the river to attack
by the arrival of an army froin England, him, Beadle abondoned tile command to
it was concluded, in a council of war, to Ma jor Butterfield, and hastened to Montabandon the siege and make the best re- real for a reenfrcernment; and Butterfield,
treat their circumstances would pernlit. with an eqlual want of spirit, surrendered
The next day a British man of war and the fort and garrison on the 15th of May.
two frigates arrived at Quebec, with sue-   As soon as Beadle arrived at Montreal,
cours for the town, having, with incred- Arnold detached Major Shlerburne with
ible'exertions and dexterity, cut their way 140 lmen, to relieve tile fort at the Cedars.
through the ice while the navigation was On their way they were attacked, surextremnely difficult and dangerous.    rounded, and after a gallant defence of
One thousand  marines having been nearly two hours, made prisoners, by a
landed from the s:lips, Gen. Carleton put body of 500 Indians. Alany of the Amner.
himself at the head of these, and 800 of icans were killed or wounded in the enhis own troops and about noon marched gagement.  Twenty others were afterout to give battle to the Americans. But wards put to death in cool blood, with all
lie was too late. Gen. Thomas, foresee- tile aggravations of savage barbarity. The
ing this event, had commenced his retreat; remainder were stripped, driven to thebut it was done with so great precipitation  fort and delivered up to Capt. Foster, to
that the Americans had left behlind, their whom Butterfield ha(l surrendered.
artillery, stores and baggage, and a num-   When the intelligence of these events
ber of their sick. Carleton was content reached Arnold, he put himself at the
with gettingpossession of these, and with hlead of eight or nine hundred men and
being relieved of his besiegers, and did not flew to the rescue of the unfortunate cappursue the Americans. Tile prisoners who tives. Upon his approach to the fort he
fell into his hands were treated with the received a commulmication from Capt. Fosmost humane and kind attention.         ter, informing hiin that if he would not
The Americans continued their retreat consent to a cartel, Which lIe had already
to the river Richelieu, having marched the forced Major Sherburne and other officers
first 45 miles without lhalting. Here they to sign, the prisoners should all be immefound several regiments waiting for themin diately put to death. Arnold hesitated,
under Gen. Thompson, who a few days but humanity and a regrard for the capafter succeeded to tile comnrnllld, by the tured officers, at length compelled him to
unfortunate death of Gen. Thoi-mas, who accede to the proposal, and thus was his
died of the small pox. Gen. Sullivan vengeance disarmed.




38                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                    PART II.
l
RETREAT FROM CANADA.                      NAVAL FORCES OF LAKE CHAMIPLAIN.
The American army in Canada was so sembled at Skenesborough. On the sixth
much inferior to the British, that nothing of August, six hundred men arrived from
remained for them but to make the best re- New IHampshire, and re-enforcements
treat in their power. On the 14th of June, were daily arriving from other quarters.
they abandoned their post at Sorel, which The army was also all the time improving
a few hours afterwards was in possession in health and discipline, and was active
of the British army. Gen. Burgoyne was and vigorous in preparations for defence.
immediately detached with one column in   As it was of the greatest importance to
pursuit of the Americans, but with orders the Americans to preserve the command
not to hazard an engagement until he of the lake, by constructing upon it a nashould receive a re-enforcement. On the val force superior to that of the British,
15th of June, Arnold withdrew with his they engaged with their usual activity in
troops from  Montreal and marched to accomplishing this object.  But in the
Chambly, where the American forces prosecution of it they had innumerable
were assembled, and were engaged with difficulties to encounter.  Their timber
much spirit and resolution in dragging was to be cut in the woods and dragged
their artillery and stores up the rapids.  by hand to the place where it was wanted
This service was attended with much for use; the materials for naval equipdifficulty and dancer; but they succeed- ments were to be brought from a great
ed in drawing up more than one hundred distance over roads almost impassable;
batteaux, heavily laden, and having set and the ship-carpenters were so well emfire to the mills and the shipping which ployed in the sea ports that it was with
they could not bring off, they left the vil- extreme difficulty that any could be prolage of Chanmbly at the very time the cured.  Yet, notwithstanding these obBritish were entering it on the other side. stacles, by perseverance and industry,
On thel 18th ofJune,Gen.Burgroyne reach- they had, on the 18th of Alurust, com-,ed St. Johns in the evening, but the Am- pleted and equipped three schooners and
ericans had taken away every thing of five gondolas, carrying in the whole 55
-value and set fire to the fort and barracks. cannon, consisting of twelve, nine, six
Major Bigelow, with about 40 men re- and four pounders, and seventy swivels.
mained at St. Johns till the works were This armament was manned by three
all destroyed, and left that place the same hundred and ninety-five men, and was
evening that Burgoyne arrived there, and completely fitted for action.
joined the American army which had   In the mean time the British were emhalted at the Isle aux Noix.         ployed in preparing a fleet at St. Johns.
The British were unable to get any of Six armed vessels had been built in Engtheir vessels over the rapids at Chambly, land and sent over for the express purpose
and were, consequently, unable to con- of being employed orr lake Champlain;
tinue the pursuit of the American army, but it was found impossible to get them
which now proceeded in safety to Crown over the falls at Chambly without taking
Point.  This retreat was conducted by them in pieces, transporting them in that
Sullivan, with such consummate skill and form, and then put them together again
prudence, as to retrive his character from  above the rapids.  They succeeded in
the ilnputations brought upon it by the dragging up a large number of boats enrash and unsuccessful expedition against tire, and having re-built their vessels,
Three Rivers, and to merit the thanks of they were ready by the first of October,
Congress, and of the whole army.     to enter the lake with their fleet. This
On the 12th of July, Gen. Sullivan was fleet consisted of the Inflexible, carrying
succeeded by Gen. Gates, in the corn- eighteen twelve pounders, the Maria, of
mand of the northern army. The first fourteen six pounders, the Carleton, of
business of Gates was to restore to health twelve six pounders, the Thunderer, a
and soundness the sick and wounded, and flat bottomed radeau, or raft, with six
to increase his force by new recruits. Ie twenty pounders, six twelves and two
assembled a council of war, by which it howitzers, some gondolas, carrying seven
was resolved to abandon Crown Point, nine pounders, twenty gun boats, carryand concentrate all their strength and ina each one brass field piece from nine
make a vigorous stand at Ticonderoga, to twenty four pofnders, and some with
and on Mount Independence, which is howitzers, and four long boats, with each
situated on the opposite side of the lake. a carriage gun, serving as tenders. These,
A general hospital was established at fort amounting to thirty-one in number, were
George, to which those who were sick1 all designed and prepared for attack and
with the small pox, were sent forward, battle; and were to be followed by a suf-and to avoid this contagious and loath- ficient number of vessels and boats for
some disease, the new recruits were as- the transportation of the royal army, with




CHAP. 3.                REVOLUTIONARY WAR,                            39
NAVAL ENGAGEMENT ON THE LAKE.                        AMERICANS DEFEATED.
its stores, artillery, baggage and provis- served, and to be entirely out- of sight of
ions.                                the British the next morning. As soon
This fleet was navigated by seven hun- as it was discovered that the Americans
dred experienced seamen, commanded by had fled, the British, anxious to obtain a
Captain Pringle, and the guns were serv- decisive victory, commenced a pursuit,
ed by a- detachment of men and officers and during the day an American gondola
from the corps of artillery, and far exceed- was overtaken and captured.  On the
ed any thing the Americans were able to 13th of October, the wind being favorable
provide. On the 11th of October, the to the British, they renewed the chase,
British fleet and army proceeded up the and about noon overtook the American
lake. The American armament, which fleet a few leagues from Crown Point. A
amounted to 15 vessels of different sizes, warm engagement ensued, which was
was put under the command of General supported with great resolution and galArnold, who had taken a very advan- lantry on both sides for nearly four hours.
tageous position between Valcour island The Washington galley, commanded by
and the western main. There they form- Gen. Waterbury, had been so shattered
ed a strong line of defence, and hoped to in the action of the 11th, as to be useless
be able to check the progress of the ene- in this engagement, and was surrendered
my.                                  after receiving a few broadsides.
The British were sensible of their su-   Arnold was on board the Congress galperior strength, and moved forward boldly ley, which vessel was attacked by the Into attack the Americans. A severe en- flexible and two shooners, all within musgagement ensued, which was maintained ket shot. After sustaining this unequal
for several hours with much spirit and combat for nearly four hours, Arnold beresolution. The wind being unfavorable, came satisfied that no exertion of courage
the British were unable to bring the In- or skill, could enable him much longer to
flexible and some of their other vessels withstand the superior force of the enemy.
into action, which was principally sus- He was, however, determined that neitained by the Carleton and the gun boats; ther his vessels nor his men should beand as the wind continued adverse, the come the trophies of their victory. HavBritish, notwithstanding the result had ing by his obstinate resistance given sevthus far been in their favor, judged it eral of his vessels an opportunity to esprudent to withdraw from the engage- cape to Ticonderoga, he now run the
ment; but as night approached, they Congress galley and five other vessels on
again advanced and anchored in a line as shore, in such manner as to land his men
near the Americans as possible, to pre- in safety and blow up the vessels in devent their escape.                   fiance of every effort which the British
"This engagement was sustained on both could make to prevent it. This action
sides with a courage and firmness which took place at no great distance froin the
are seldom witnessed. Among the Ameri- mouth of Otter Creek, and the remains of
cans, Gen. Waterbury, of the Washing- Arnold's vessels were to be seen there
ton galley, was in the severest part of the upon the beach for many years.
action. Excepting one lieutenant and a   The British, under Gen. Carlton, havcaptain of marines, his officers were all ing now recovered the command of lake
either killed or wounded. He himself Champlain, it was supposed they would
fought on the quarter deck during the next attempt the reduction of Ticondewhole action, and at the close brought off roga; and, had Carleton moved forward
his vessel though shattered and almost immediately, it was supposed that he
torn in pieces. The result of this action might have possessed himself of that imwas favorable to the British, but less so portant fortress without much difficulty,
than they had anticipated, knowing their as it was illy prepared for defence. But
own force to be double that of the Ameri- the wind blowing from the south, Carlecans. They had one of their gondolas ton landed his army at Crown Point, the
sunk, and one blown up with 60 men. Americans having a few days before disThe Americans had one of their schoon- mantled the fort and destroyed what they
ers burnt, a gondola sunk, and several could not carry away, and joined the
of their vessels much injured.       main army at Ticonderoga. The AmeriArnold was now convinced that he cans applied themselves with vigor in
could not withstand the superior force of strengthening their entrenchments at Tithe enemy, and under cover of the night, conderoga, and by the daily arrival of rewhich was dark and foggy, resolved to enforcements, and the recovery of the
attempt a retreat to Ticonderoga. In this sick and wounded, Gates soon found himmeasure he so far succeeded as to pass self at the head of 12,000 effective men.
directly through the enemy's line unob- In this situation he was not unwilling




E40             \    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
ADVANCE OF GEN. BURGOYNE.                             EVENTS AT TICONDEROGA.
that Carleton should make an an attempt New York. Here he was joined by four
to get possession of the place. But that or five hundred Indians, who were to asjudicious cormmantler did not see fit to sist in the expedition. After making for
hazard an assault; and, after spending the Indians a war feast according to their
about a month in reconnoitering  the custom, Burgroyne addressed a speech to
American works, he re-embarked his ar- the chiefs and warriors, calculated to exmy at Crown Point, and returned to Can- cite their savage ardor in the British
ada, and thus terminated the military en- cause, and to give such directions to their
terprises on lake Champlain for the year fierceness and cruelty as should best sub1776.                                   serve his designs against the Americans.'
General Schuyler, being supposed most
fully to possess the confidence of the inhabitants of this part of the country, had
SECTION II1.              been appointed to the command of the
northern department of tile American argEvents of 1777.  ldvance of Gen. B1ur- my, but he arrived at Ticonderoga only
gone-Tic icndleroca atanLdoned bythn-e four days previous to Burgoyne's council
rnefricwan-Boatti E at Ilubbardto -Ben- with the Indians at the river Boquet. On
treat from fort dwar-attle  at Be-nspectin  te works  Schuyler  found
niBnutoa —-t t Stillwater —Surrcnder of them in many parts unfinished, and the
whole in a very bad condition. He likeBefore the opening of the campaign of wise found that very few of the recruits
1777, Sir Guy Carleton was superseded which had been ordered to that post, had
in the command of tile British forces, de- arrived, and that the militia of the neighsigned to enter the United States from  borhood could not be safely called in, lest
Canada, by Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne, who the provisions of the garrison should be
was a great favorite of the ministry, and exhausted before the arrival of supplies.
an officer of some reputation. He was, Leavino  the command of this post to
however, unacquaintqd with the Ameri- Gen. St. Clair, Schuyler returned to fort
can character and service, and was by no Edward, for the purpose of hastening formeans so well fitted to plan and execute ward re-enforcements and provisions.
the operations in this quarter as the Gen-   On the 30th of June, the enemy aderal whom he supplanted. The regular vanced towards Ticonderoga upon both
force allotted to Burgoyne amounted to sides of the lake, and encamped for the
7,173 men, exclusive of the corps of artil- night about four miles from the American
lery. Of these, 3,217 were Germans and lines. The next day their whole army
the'remainder British troops. This force and fleet proceeded forward and took
was qxpected to be increased on its arri- tleir position just without the reach of the
val is Allerica by a large number of Ca- Alerican cannon; the fleet anchoring in
n~adians and Indians, for whom arms and a line between the divisions on the east
accoutrements were forwarded from Eng- and west shore of the lake. On the 2d of
land.5  Burooyne was also provided with July a party of 500 of the enemy under
an excellent train of brass artillery, and Capt. Fraser attacked a picket of 60 men,
was assisted in the command by Generals withiin 200 yards of the American battePhilips, Fraser, Powel, Hamilton, Riede- ries, anmd, forcing them to retire, advanced
sel and Speclit, all of them able and expe- within 60 yards of the works, scattering
rienced officers.                      themselves along' the whole front of the
Gen. Burgoyne arrived at Quebec on American lines; the right wing of the
the 6th of May, and took the command of British army  loved up from their posithe army designed for the expedition. tion on the lake at the sam11e time, and
On the 12th, he proceeded to Montreal, took possession of Mount I-ope.
using every possible exertion to collect   St. Clair, supposing that an assault was
and forward the troops and stores to Lake intended, ordered ihis men to conceal
Champlain. Between the 17th and 20th themselves behind the parapets and reof June, his whole army was assembled serve their fire. Fraser's party probably
at Cumberland hIead, at which place it deceived as to the real position of the
embarked and proceeded up tile Lake American works, which were in a measwithout opposition. June 21st, Burgoyne ure concealed by bushes, continued to
landed his army on the west side of the advance till an American soldier disLake at the mouth of the river Boquet, charged his musket, which seemed to be
in the present township of W7Tillsborough, understood as a signal, and the whole line.    arose and fired a volley;-the artillery
* See Lord Germain's Letter to Gell. Carleton,  -
dated March 26, 1777, in Burgoyne's State of tte   * For this Speech and flie Reply, see Williams'
Expedition, p. 7. Appellix.             History, Vol.'l. p. 437.




CHAP. 3.                REVOLUTIONARY  WAR.                              41
BURGOYNE'S PROCLAMATION.                    AMERICANS ABANDON TICONDEROGA.
following the example without orders. to the American officers, and they had a
This fire was made at random, and the consultation for the express purpose of
effect of it was to produce so much smoke considering the propriety of fortifying this
that the enemy could not be seen till they mountain; but it was declined, because
were beyond the reach of the American they believed the British would not think
guns; and consequently every individual it practicable to plant cannon upon it,
except one escaped.                   and because their works were already so
On the 4th of July, Gen. Burgoyne extensive, that they could not be properly
issued a proclamation designed to spread manned, the whole garrison consisting of
terror among the Americans, and per- only 2,546 continental troops, and 900
suade them to come and humble them- militia; the latter very badly armed and
selves before him, and through him, sup- equipped.
plicate the mercy of their offended king.   St. Clair was sensible that he could not
The number and ferocity of the Indians, sustain a regular siege; still he hoped
their eagerness to be let loose upon the that the confidence of Burgoyne would
defenceless settlements, the greatness induce him to attempt to carry the Amerof the British power, and the utter inabil- can works by assault, against which he
ity of the rebellious colonies to resist it, was resolved to defend himself to the last
were all set forth in bold relief. His gra- extremity. But to the surprise and concious protection was promised to all those sternation of the Americans, on tile 5th
who should join his standard, or remain of July, the enemy appeared upon Mount
quietly at their homes; but utter destruc- Defiance, and immediately commenced
tionwas denounced upon all such asshould the construction of a battery. This bat.
dare to oppose him. This proclamation tery, when completed, would effectually
was couched in terms the most pompous command all the American works on both
and bombastic; but upon the Americans sides of the lake, and the line of commuit produced no other emotions than those nication between them; and, as there
of derision and contempt. Its threaten- was no prospect of being able to dislodge
ings and its promises were alike disre- the enemy from this post, a council of
garded-none were terrified by the for- war was called, by which it was unanimer, and none were won by the latter.*   mously agreed that a retreat should be
Although every possible exertion had attempted that very night, as the only
been made by St. Clair and his men, the means of saving the army.
state of the American works and of the   Accordingly, about two o'clock in the
garrison was not such as to insure a morning of the 6th of July, Gen. St.
long and vigorous defence.  The old Clair, with the garrison, left Ticonderoga,
French fort had been strengthened by and at about three o'clock the troops on
some additional works, several block Mount Independence were put in motion.
houses had been erected, and some new  The baggage, provisions and stores were,
batteries had been constructed on the as far as practicable, embarked on board
side towards lake George. The Ameri- 200 batteaux, and despatched, under concans had also fortified a high circular hill voy of five armed gallies, to Skenesboron the east side of the lake opposite to ough, while the main body of the army
Ticonderoga, to which they had given the proceeded by land on the route through
name of Mount Independence.  These Hubbardton and Castleton. These affairs
two posts were connected by a floating were conducted with secrecy and silence,
bridge twelve feet wide and one thousand and unobserved by the enemy, till a
feet long, which was supported by twenty French officer, imprudently and contrary
two sunken piers of large timber. This to orders, set fire to his house.  The
bridge was to have been defended by a flames immediately illuminated the whole
boom strongly fastened together by bolts of Mount Independence, and revealed to
and chains; but this boom was not com- the enemy at once the movements and
pleted when Burgoyne advanced against designs of tile Americans. It at the same
the works.                            time impressed the Americ'ans with such
Notwithstanding the apparent strength an idea of discovery and danger, as to
of the posts occupied by the Americans, throw them into the utmost disorder and
their works were all effectually overlook- confusion.
ed and commanded by a neighboring emi-   About four o'clock, the rear guard of
nence called Sugar Hill, or Mount Defi- the Americans left Mount Independence,
ance. This circumstance was well known and were brought off by Col. Francis in
T  good order; and the regiments which
*This pompous proclamation, together with   had preceded him, were soon recovered
amusing burlesque upon the same, written by a, were soon recovered
young officer and designed for the soldiers of the from their confusion. When the troops
American army, may be found in Williams' IJistory, arrived at Hubbardton, they wore halted
volume 2, page 430.
PT. In.           6




A4.2                      CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                PART II.
HUBBARDTON BATTLE.                                         PLAN OF THE BATTLE GROUND.
for nearly  two  hours.   Here  the  rear  Gen. Riedesel arrived, which was immeguard  was put under the  command of diately led into action, and the fortune of
Col. Seth Warner, with orders to follow   the day was soon decided.  The Amerithe army, as soon as those, who had been  cans, overpowered by numbers, and exleft behind, came up, and to halt about a  hausted by fatigue, fled from the field in
mile and a half in the rear of the main  every direction.
body.  St. Clair then proceeded to Cas-    The loss of the Americans in this entleton, about six miles further, leaving  counter  was very  considerable.   Hale
Warner, with the rear guard and strag-  was overtaken by a party of the British,
glers, at Hubbardton.                           and surrendered himself and a number of
The retreat of the Americans from  Ti- his men, prisoners of war.  The whole
conderoga was no  sooner perceived by  American loss in  killed, wounded and
the British than an eager pursuit was be- prisoners, was 324, of whom about 30 were
gun by Gen. Fraser with the light troops, killed.  The loss of the enemy in killed
who was soon followed by Gen. Riedesel and wounded, was 183.*
with the greater part of the Brunswick            Gen. St. Clair, with the main body of
regiments.  Fraser continued the pursuit the American  army, was at Castleton,
during the day, and having learned that only six  miles distant, during this enthe rear of the American army was not gagement, but sent no assistance to Warfar off, ordered his men to lie that night nher.  After the battle, Warner, with his
upon their arms.  Early on the morning  usual perseverance and intrepidity, colof the 7th, he renewed the pursuit, and  lected his scattered troops and conducted
about 7 o'clock, commenced  an  attack  them  safely to Fort Edward, to which
upon  the  Americans  under  Warner.
Warner's force consisted of his own regi-   *l'his number is given on the authority of Gordon, Williams and others. Ethan Allen in his
ment, and the regiments of Cols. Francis Narrative, page 140, Walpole edition, says that,
and Hale.  Hale, fearful of the result, by the confession of their own officers to him while
retired with his regiment, leaving WVar-  a prisoner, the British lost 300 killed, and comner and Francis, with only seven or eight plained that the Green Mountain Boys took siqht.
er and Francis, with onlseven or e ight Te Earl Balcarras acknowledges the loss of 150
hundred men, to dispute the progress of killed and wounded in Fraser's division. See State
the enemy.*                                    of the Expedition, page 27.
The  conflict was fierce  and  bloody.    The following plan of the Hubbardton Battle
Ground is copied on a much smaller scale from the
Francis fell at the head of his regiment, one drawn by P. Gerlach, Deputy Quarter Master
fighting with great resolution and brave- General in the British army and published in Burry.  Warner, well supported by his offi- goyne' State of the Expedition.
cers and men, charged the enemy with
such impetuosity that they were thrown                I -l}
into  disorder,  and  at first gave  way... 
They, however, soon recovered, formed              /          I.    ll      //~]4            [
anew, and advanced upon the Americans,               \s   i
who, in their turn, fell back.  At this                 1 A'\\ " "/ A
critical moment, a re-enforcement under                           g          E
*This statement is made upon the authority of          ~ _
Dr. Williams' History of Vt. volumre 2, page 106,1.
and of Ethan Alle's Narrative, page 139, Walpole                        C         F
edition, and may seem to imply a want of courage
in that young officer. Reports wvere circulated                  -
unfavorable to the reputation of Col. Hale, immediately after his surrender, but whether they were
well founded, or originated, as many have supposed,\ o
in the envy of some of his inferior officers, who     //i
wished him cashiered to make room for their own  i               t1
promotion, it is difficult now to decide. WhenCol.  // i,        4 d X._zS
Hale heard these reports, he addressed a letter to
General Washington, requesting that he might be                  -F
exchanged and have an opportunity to vindicate his
character before a court martial, but before this    The parallelograms denote the Americanscould be effected  he died, while a prisoner upon  the paralleonnected at the end, the
Long Island, in September, 1780, aged 37 years.
As Col. tlale and many of his men are known to enemy-A, the point on the road from Ticondehave been in a feeble state of health and conse- roga to Castleton where Fraser's division formed
quently unfit for military serjice, and as the his- and attacked the Americans at B-O, the position
torians generally of that period attach no blame to
his conduct, andl especially, as his character is said  of the Aerians,  hen Riedesel  ith the re —
to have been irreproachable in other respects, we forcement took the position E, who thereupon fell
should certainly be doing wrong in allowing an back to D, and the enemy advanced to C, where
imputation so injurious to his reputation and so the battle yas continued till the Americans fled
mortifying to his highly respectable descendants in
this state, to rest upon his name without more         the brook into the woods-F, the position
conclusive proof of its having been deserved.   of the enemy after the action.




CHAP. 3.                 REVOLUTIONARY WAR.                            43
RETREAT FROM TICONDEROGA.                    ADVANCE OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
place St. Clair had retired with the army. Creek, a position on the Hudson, about
While Gens. Fraser and Riedesel were four miles below fort Edward. At this
pursuing the Americans by land, General place the hills approach very near the.
Burgoyne himself conducted the pursuit river on both sides, and this was selected
by water. The boom and bridge between as a favorable position to make a stand
Ticonderoga and Mount Independence and dispute the progress of the enemy.
not being completed, were soon cut But the army was found to be so much
through, and by nine o'clock in the morn- reduced by defeat and desertion, and the
ing of the 6th, the British frigates and dissatisfaction to the American cause was
gun boats had passed the works. Sever- found to be so general in this section of
al regiments were immediately embarked the country, that it was judged best to
on board the boats, and the chase com- retire to Saratoga, and subsequently, to
menced. By three in the afternoon the Stillwater, at which place the army arforemost boats overtook and attacked the rived on the 1st day of August.
American gallies near Skenesborough,   The British were in the mean time
(now Whitehall,) and, upon the approach bringing forward their artillery and stores,
of the frigates, the Americans abandoned and opening the way from Skenesborough
their gallies, blew up three of them, and to fort Edward. But so effectually had
escaped to the shore. The other two fell the Americans blocked up and obstructed
into the hands of the British.       the road, that the British army was freAs the American force was not suffi- quently 24 hours in advancing one mile.
cient to make an effectual stand at It was not till the 30th of July that BurSkenesborough, they set fire to the works, goyne arrived and fixed his head quarters
mills and batteaux and retreated up Wood at fort Edward. Nothing could exceed
Creek to fort Ann. Being pursued by the joy of the British army on its arrival
the ninth British regiment under Colonel at the Hudson.  They flattered them[Hill, the Americans turned upon him and selves that their difficulties and toils were
gave him battle with such spirit as to now ended; and that there was nothing
cause him to retire to the top of a hill, before them but a safe and easy march to
where he would have been soon overpow- Albany, and thence to a junction with the
ered, had not a re-enforcement come at British army at New York.
that critical moment to his assistance.   The British had supposed that a large
The Americans, upon this, relinquished proportion of the inhabitants on the New
the attack, and having set fire to fort Hampshire grants and in the northern
Ann, retreated to fort Edward and joined parts of New York, were opposed to the
the main army under Schuyler.        revolution, and that it was necessary only
The retreat from Ticonderoga was very to march an army into their country, and
disastrous to the Americans. Their can- furnish them with arms to bring them all
non, amounting to 128 pieces,-their ship- around the royal standard.  Arins had
ping and batteaux, and their provisions, therefore been forwarded by Burgoyne, a
stores and magazines, fell into the hands proclamation was issued, addressed to the
of the enemy. By this event, Burgoyne inhabitants of the country, and Burgoyne
obtained no less than 1,748 barrels of was now waiting for their submission, and
flour, and more than 70 tons of salt pro- for the arrival of his tents and baggage.
visions; and, in addition to these, a large But notwithstanding the darkness and
drove of cattle, which had arrived in the gloom which enveloped the American afAmerican camp a few days previous to fairs, very few were found, who were distheir retreat, fell into his hands. After posed to abandon the cause of their counSt. Clair had joined Schuyler at fort Ed- try for that of their king.
ward, and all the scattered troops had   At this period, settlements had been
come in, the whole American force at that commenced in most of the towns in the
place did not exceed 4,400 men. Sensible present counties of Bennington and Rutthat with this force, it would be impossi- land, and in several towns to the northble to make an effectual stand, it became ward of Rutland county. But upon the
the chief object of the American generals advance of Burgoyne along the lake, the
to impede as much as possible the pro- settlers retired towards the south, and at
gress of the enemy by cutting down trees, the time Burgoyne was upon the Hudson,
blocking up the roads, and destroying the very few settlers remained upon their
bridges.                             farms to the northward of the present
The works at fort Edward beino in no county of Bennington. But, that the setcondition to afford protection to the tlers were generally true to the American
American army, Gen. Schuyler aban- cause, we are assured by the testimony of
doned them on the 22d of July, and re- Burgoyne himself. In his private letter
tired with his whole force to Moses to Lord Germain, dated Saratoga, August




44                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
GEN. JOHN STARK.                                   EXPEDITION TO BENNINGTON.
20th, 1777, he says, "The Hampshire vance of Burgoyne, was to hang upon his
grants in particular, a country unpeopled rear and embrace every favorable opporand almost unknown in the last war, now  tunity to cut off his supplies and annoy
abounds in the most active and most re- him from that quarter, and therefore negbellious race on the continent, and hangs lected to obey the orders of Schuyler.
like a gathering storm on my left."`   Schuyler complained to Congress of this
On the 15th of July, the committee of want of subordination, and Congress prosafety of Vermont assembled at Manches- ceeded, August 19th, to adopt a resoluter, where they agreed to raise all the tion censuring the course pursued by the
men they could, to oppose the enemy, New Hampshire assembly in giving to
who were then advancing towards fort Stark a separate command, and requestEdward. They at the same time wrote ing them " to instruct Gen. Stark to conin the most urgent terms to New Hamp- form himself to the same rules, to which
shire and Massachusetts, to send on a other general officers of the militia are
body of troops to their assistance.t The subject, whenever called out at the exlegislature of New  Hampshire imme- pense of the United States."
diately formed their militia into two brig-   In the mean time Stark wrote to Schuyades, and placed one under the command ler that he was willing to unite in any
of Gen. William Whipple, and the other measures which would promote the pubunder Gen. John Stark. One fourth of lic good-that he wished to avoid whatStark's brigade, and a portion of Whip- ever was inconsistent with his own honor
ple's, was then ordered to march imme- -and that private resentment should not
diately, under the command of Gen. Stark, prevent his marching to his camp, if it
to stop the progress of the enemy upon was deemed necessary. He was at the
the north western frontier.            same time watching for an opportunity to
Stark had been an officer of some repu- manifest his courage and patriotism by an
tation in the French war, and had also attack upon some part of the British army.
distinguished himself at the battle of Bun- Nor was he obliged to wait long for the
ker Hill; but considering himself neg- opportunity to present itself. Nearly at
lected by Congress in not being promo- the same time when Congress was cented, he had left the continental service, suring his conduct by a public resolution,
and would not accept the present com- Stark and his brave followers were acmand, unless left at liberty to serve, or quiring unfading laurels, and rendering
not, under a continental officer, as he that service to the A merican cause, which
should think proper. As there was no soon after procured for him, from the same
time for delay, the assembly of New  Congress, a vote of thanks, and promoHampshire invested him with a separate tion to the rank of brigadier general in
command, with orders to repair without the army of the United States.
delay to the New Hampshire grants, and   From the 28th of July, to near the midact either in conjunction with the troops dle of August, the British army was conof the grants, or of the other states, or stantly employed in bringing forward
separately, as he should judge best for the their batteaux and stores fromn lake George
protection of the people and the annoy- to the first navigable part of Hudson rivance of the enemy.                     er. But with all his efforts and diligence,
Agreeably to his orders, Stark hastened Burgoyne was unable to bring forward,
forward with about 800 men, and joined with his other stores, a sufficient quantity
the Vermont troops, who were collected of provisions for daily consumption, and
at Manchester under the command of Col. the establishment of the necessary magaSeth Warner, to the number of about 600, zines. It was this circumstance which
making the united force under Stark, induced him to attempt to replenish his
about 1400 men. Gen. Schuyler, wish- own stores at the expense of the Ameriing to collect all the American troops in cans. Having learned that large quantifront of the British army to prevent its ties of provisions were collected together
approach to Albany, wrote repeatedly to at Bennington, and designed for the
Stark to join him with the men iunder his American army, and that they  were
command. But Stark believed that the guarded only by militia; and, moreover,
most effectual way of checking the ad- being made to believe that a majority of
the people in that quarter were friendly
*This letter was written just after the Benning- to the royal cause, and were ready to join
ton Battle, and shows plainly that Burgoyne ha  it whenever an opportunity should peralready begun to despair of accomplishing the objects
of the expedition. It may be found in the State mit, Burgoyne determined to surprise the
of the Expedition, page 24 of the Appendix.  place and secure the stores to his own
tThe correspondence with N. I. may be found army.
in Slade's Vt. State Papers, page 79,    For this purpose he detached a select




CHAP. 3.                REVOLUTIONARY WAR.                            45
BAUM ADVANCES TOWARDS BENNINGTON.                            FIRST BATTLE.
body of about 500 regular German troops, which prevented a genIeral engagement,
some Canadians and more than 100 In- but there were frequent skirmishes bedians, with two light pieces of artillery, tween small parties, which resulted in
and placed the whole under the command such manner as to afford encouragement
of Col. Baum. To facilitate their opera- to the Americans, and to induce the Intions, and to take advantage of their suc- dians, attached to Baum's army, to desert
cess, a detachment of the British army in considerable numbers; "because," as
was posted upon the east bank of the they said, "6 the woods were filled with
Hudson, opposite to Saratoga, and anoth- Yankees."
er detachment under Col. Breymen was   This unavoidable delay of a general enstationed at Battenkill. This disposition gagement, enabled the enemy to complete
being made, Baum set out with his detach- their breast works and put themselves in
ment for Bennington, on the morning of a favorable condition for defence. Their
the 12th of August, and arrived that day principal force was strongly entrenched
at Cambridge, which is about 12 miles upon a rising ground on the north side of
north west from Bennington.          the Walloomscoik river, where there was
General Stark had moved forward to a considerable bend in that stream, while
Bennington on the 9th of August, with a corps of tories in the British service,
his whole force, excepting Warner's regi- were entrenched on the opposite side of'
ment, which remained  at Manchester the river, in lower ground. The river is;
under the command of Major Samuel Saf- small and fordable at all places. Stark's;
ford. On the 13th of August Stark re- encampment was on the same side of the
ceived intelligence that a party of Indians river as that of the main body of the enehad been observed at Cambridge, and my, but owing to the serpentine course
dispatched Lieut. Col. Gregg with 200 of the stream, it crossed his line of march
men to stop their progress; but he was twice on his way to their position.
soon advised by express that there was a   On the morning of the 16th of August7
large body of the enemies troops, with a Gen. Stark was joined by Col. Symonds;
train of artillery, in the rear of the Indi- with a small body of militia from Berkans, and that they were advancing to- shire county in Massachusetts, and, havwards Bennington. He immediately ral- ing reconnoitered the enemy's post, he
lied his forces, made an animated call up- proceeded to carry into effect the previon the neighboring militia, and sent or- ous arrangements for the attack. Col..
ders to Major Safford to join him  with Nichols was detached with 200 men to
Warner's regiment.                   the rear of the left wing of the enemy,
On the morning of the 14th Stark mov- and Col. Herrick with 300 men to the
ed forward with his whole force towards rear of their right wing. These were to
Cambridge, and, at the distance of five or join, and then make the attack. Colonels
six miles, met Gregg retreating before Hubbard and Stickney were also ordered
the enemy, who were only one mile in to advance with 200 men on their right,
his rear. Stark immediately halted and and 100 in front to divert their attention
drew up his men in order of battle. Baum  ftom the real point of attack. As the diperceiving the Americans to be too strong visions of Nichols and Herrick approachto be attacked with his present force, also ed each other in the rear of the enemy,
halted, commenced entrenching himself the Indians, apprehensive of being surupon a commanding piece of ground and rounded, made their escape between the
sent an express to Col. Breymen to hasten two corps, excepting three killed and two
to his support. Stark, unable to draw  wounded by the fire of the Americans as:
them from their position, fell back about they passed.
a mile with his main force, leaving only   Their positions being taken, at three
a small party to skirmish with the enemy, o'clock in the afternoon the action was:
which they did so effectually as to kill or commenced by Col. Nichols, and his exwound thirty of their number, two of ample was quickly followed by the other
whom were Indian chiefs, without any divisions. Gen Stark advanced slowly
loss to themselves. Here he called a in front, till the firing announced the
council of war, by which it was resolved commencement of the attack on the rear.
that an attack should be made upon the He then rushed forward and attacked the
enemy before they should receive any re- division of tories, and in a few moments
enforcements. Stark, with the advice of the action became general. " It lasted,"
Warner and other chief officers, having says Stark, in his official account, "two
arranged his plans, gave orders for the hours, and was the hottest I ever saw. It
troops to be in readiness to commence an was like one continued clap of thunder."
assault on the following morning. The Thlie German dragoons made a brave renext day, however, proved to be rainy, sistance, and, after their ammunition was




46                     CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART II.
PLAN OF THE BATTLE GROUND.                           RESULT OF THE ENGAGEMENTS.
expended, they were led on by Col. Baum, gan slowly, but in good order, to retreat
and attacked the Americans sword in  before the enemy, "disputing the ground
hand. But their bravery was unavailing. inch by inch."
They were  finally  overpowered, their   The remnant of Warner's regiment,
works carried on all points, and their two  which then consisted of only 130 men,
cannon taken.  Col. Baum  was mortally  had been suffered to remain at Mancheswounded, and fell into the hands of the ter under Maj. Safford, as already stated.
Americans, and all of his men, with the  When the express arrived with orders for
exception of those who escaped to the  it to proceed to Bennington, many of the
woods, were either killed or taken pris- men were absent on scouts, and that, and
oners. *                                   other causes, prevented its marching till
The prisoners were now collected to- the 15th.  Owing to the heavy rains on
gether and sent off under a strong guard  that day, it was near midnight when the
to the meeting-house in Bennington, and  corps arrived within one mile of BenningStark, unsuspicious of danger, suffered ton. Here they encamped for the night,
his men to scatter in pursuit of refresh- and a considerable portion of the next
ments and plunder.  In  this state of day was spent in putting their arms and
things, intelligence was received that the equipments, which had been drenched by
re-enforcement of the enemy under.Col. the rain, in a condition for battle.
Breymen, with two field pieces, was rap-   As soon as these were in readiness and
idly approaching, and only two miles dis- they had furnished themselves with amtant.  Stark endeavored to rally his ex- munition, they proceeded down the Walhausted forces; but before he could put loomscoik, and fortunately arrived upon
them in a condition to make an effectual the battle-field at the very moment when
resistance, the  enemy  advanced  upon' the Americans were beginning  to fall
them  in regular order, and commenced back. *  Disappointed that they had not
the attack.  They opened an incessant been in season to take part in the first
fire from their artillery, and small arms, engagement and share in its glories, they
which was for a while returned by the now advanced forward and attacked the
Americans with much spirit; but, ex- enemy with great spirit and resolution,
hausted by fatigue and hunger, and over- " being determined," says Ethan Allen,
powered by numbers, they at length be- " to have ample revenge on account of
* The following Plan of the Bennington Battle the quarrel at Hubbardton." The enemy,
Ground is reduced from the plan drawn by Lieut. which had just been exulting in the prosDurnford, Col. Baum's engineer, and published in pect of an easy victory, was now brought
Burgoyne's State of the Expedition.       to a stand, and more of the scattered mil           litia being brought forward by Stark and
}G odl;Herrick, the action became general. Tile
combat was maintained with great brave|]~:r Iry on both sides till sun-set, when the
IT 11 5;)ws - 11 [enemy gave way, and were pursued till
]t'  ~~.4- /~r-.-~~] dark. With one hour more of day light,
_ says Stark, in his official report, he should
-I; have captured their whole force.
~-"~#,7;rt%,"N   ['      In these two engagements, the Ameri-;cans took four brass field pieces, 12 brass
0     drums, four ammunition  wagons, and
-    about 700 prisoners with their arms and
accoutrements. The number of the enemy found dead on the field was 207:
their number of wounded not ascertained.
The loss of the Americans was trifling in
comparison with that of the enemy. They
had 30 killed and about 40 wounded.
17.j ~~.._t.~   ~Nothing could be more encouraging to
The long parallelograms denote the Americans
-the parallel lines, unconnected at the ends, the   *It has been generally supposed, and has been
enemny-the short parallelograms are buildings-  so represented in most of the accounts of the Bennington Battle, that Col. Warner was not present
the dark zig-zag lines, the enemyis breast works.in the first engagement; but this is doubtless a
T denotes the position of the tories belonging to mistake. Stark says expressly in his official letter
Baum's army. The Canadians were posted in that Warner was with him several days previous
the houses near where the road from Bennington to the battle and acknowledges his assistance in
planning it. The mistake probably arose from the
to Saratoga crosses the Walloomscoik. A, the fact that Warner's reiment was not in the first
position of the Americans at the commencement engagement, but arrived just in season to decide
of the battle.                            the fate of the second, as above stated.




CHAP. 3..               REVOLUTIONARY WAR.                            47
ST. LEGER.                 GEN. LINCOLN.            BATTLE AT STILLWATER.
the Americans, or disheartening to the Ticonderoga. The Americans had likeenemy, than this splendid victory of wise recovered Mount Hope, Mount DeStark, achieved principally by undisci- fiance, 200 batteaux, one armed sloop and
plined militia, over veteran regular troops. a number of gun boats; and they had
Since the fall of Montgomery, an uninter- taken 293 prisoners, and had liberated
rupted series of defeats had attended the more than 100 Americans. Encouraged
American arms in the northern depart- by this success, they summoned General
ment, and many of the most ardent in the Powel, the British commander of Ticoncause of freedom had begun to despond. deroga, to surrender that fortress, but not
But, by this event, they discovered that being in a condition to make any effectual
their enemy was not invincible,-their attempt against it, they returned in safehopes and their courage were revived, ty, and with' scarcely any loss, to Linand volunteers from every quarter flocked coln's camp.
to the American standard. It also ena-   General Burgoyne crossed the Hudson
bled Stark to vindicate his attachment to on the 13th and 14th of September, and
the cause of his bleeding country, and to advanced towards the American army,
render that cause a service far more im- which was posted at Stillwater. On the
portant than he could have done by join- 18th, 3000 Americans marched out with a
ing the main army on the Hudson.     view of attacking the enemy, but finding
After their disasters at Bennington the that the attempt would be too hazardous,
British army remained quietly at their they remained during the day in full view
Camp opposite to Saratoga for some time, of the royal army, without commencing
awaiting the approach of Col. St. Leger, the attack. On the 19th, Gen. Burgoyne
who had been sent round by the way of put himself at the head of the right wing
lake Ontario, for the reduction of fort of the British army, and advanced towards
Stanwix on the upper part of the Mohawk the left of the Americans. Gens. Philriver. But they waited in vain. That ips and Riedesel at the same time adofficer, after encountering many difficul- vanced along the river towards the right.
ties, was obliged, through the defection About one o'clock, some of the American
of the Indians belonging to his corps, to scouts fell in with those of the British,
retreat without accomplishing the object and attacked them with great boldness.
of the expedition. These events had not   The firing was no sooner heard than
only retarded the advance of Burgoyne, the advanced parties of both armies pressbut they served to depress the spirits of ed forward to battle. Re-enforcements
the royal army, while they at the same were continually sent on upon both sides
time encouraged the Americans, and af- and the contest soon became obstinate
forded Gen. Gates, who had now super- and general. The first attempt of the
ceded Gen. Schuyler, time to strengthen Americans was to turn the right wing of
and fortify his camp.                the British army and flank their line.
In the mean time, Gen. Lincoln, who Failing in this, they moved in regular orcommanded a body of New England mili- der to the left, and there made a furious
tia, determined to make a diversion in assault. Both armies were determined to
the rear of the enemy. He accordingly conquer, and the battle raged without inproceeded from Manchester to Pawlet, termission for three hours. Any advanand from thence on the 13th of Septem- tage on one side wassoon counterbalanced
ber, despatched Colonel Brown with 500 by an equal advantage on the other. Canmen to destroy the British stores and re- non and favorable positions were taken,
lease the American prisoners, which were lost and re-taken in quick succession; and
collected at lake George. At the same the two armies might be compared to the
time he ordered Colonel Johnson with an two scales of a mighty balance, trembling
equal number of men to proceed towards with equal burdens in doubtful oscillation,
Ticonderoga to divert the attention of the and, had not night put an end to the
enemy, while Brown was accomplishing struggle, it is extremely doubtful which
his object. In addition to these, he de- would have preponderated.
tached Col. Woodbridge with 500 men   This engagement, though undecisive,
by the way of Skenesborough and fort was advantageous to the Americans. The
Ann to fort Edward. The design of these British lost in killed, wounded and prisexpeditions was to alarm and divide the oners, more than 500 men, while the loss
British forces, and to cut off their supplies. of the Americans amounted to 64 killed,
Brown proceeded with such secrecy 217 wounded and 38 missing. But the
and celerity, that by the 18th of Septem- principal advantage arose from the new
ber he had surprised all the out posts be- impressions which were made upon the
tween the landing place at the north end minds of the royal army. They had hithof lake George and the main fortress at erto regarded the American army as an




48                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART II.
SECOND ACTION NEAR STILLWATER.                     SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE.
unorganized assemblage of cowardly Yan- had so completely hemmed him in, as to
kees,which could never be brought to face render it utterly impracticable.  Gates
regular British and German troops upon now employed every means to cut off the
the field of battle. And when they came supplies of the enemy, and the situation
to see those, whom they regarded as des- of the royal army became so desperate,
picable back-woodsmen, maintaining, in that, on the 13th of October, Burgoyne
their rustic homespun and leather aprons, called a council of war, by which it was
with no other arms than rusty fowling unanimously determined to propose a
pieces, an animated and determined at- capitulation. The next day, Major Kingstack upon the royal troops, till darkness ton was sent to the Americans; hostilities
put it out of their power to continue it, were suspended; and on the 15th and
their hearts sunk within them, and the 16th, the articles of capitulation were
most sanguine could not suppress fearful severally agreed upon, and were to be
forebodings with regard to the termina- signed the next day. During the night
tion of their expedition.            of the 16th, Burgoyne received intelliThe Indians in particular, were so dis- gence that a British army was advancing
heartened, that nearly all of them imme- up the Hudson to his assistance; and as
diately left the British service, and about the capitulation was not yet signed, he
250 of them came over and joined the was of opinion that it was best to suspend
American army.  The Canadians and the execution of it, and trust to events.
Tories also deserted in large numbers. But his council decided that the public
From the 20th of September to the 7th of faith was already pledged for the execuOctober, the two armies lay very near tion of the treaty.
each other and skirmishes between small   Gates, who was well apprised of the
parties were continually kept up. During advance of the British up the Hudson,
this time the American army was receiv- and fearful that Burgoyne might be ening daily accessions from the surrounding couraged by it to further resistance, got
country, while that of the British was every thing in readiness for attacking him
continually diminishing by desertion and on the morning of the 17th. At nine
other causes. On the 7th, General Bur- o'clock, the time fixed for signing the argoyne put himself at the head of 1500 ticles, he sent Colonel Greaton on horseregulars, for- the purpose of covering a back to General Burgoyne for his signaforaging party, and discovering whether ture, allowing him only ten minutes to go
it would be possible to force a passage and return. The business was accomrdown the Hudson, should it be found ne- plished in the, time specified, and the
cessary to alter his position.       Americans marched back to their camp to
As soon as Gates received intelligence the tune of Yankee-Doodle. lThe whole
of the marching of this detachment, he number of troops, which were surrenderput his troops in motion to meet them, ed by this capitulation, was 5752, together
and about four o'clock in the afternoon an with all the arms and military stores beaction commenced which continued till longing to the British army.
night, and was one of the most animated   This event terminated the career of
and obstinate ever fought in America. Burgoyne and of the northern British arThe British troops were at length cor- my in America, and nearly put an end to
pelled to retreat to their camp, and some the war in the vicinity of Vermont. The
of their entrenchments were carried by regular force under Gates was moved off
the Americans sword in hand; their loss to combat the enemy in other quarters,
in the conflict was very severe, compared and the sturdy yeomanry, who had rallied
with that of the Americans. Gen. Fraser, around his standard and fought the battles
Col. Breymen and several other officers of their country, now returned to their
were slain, and Sir James Clark, Major homes. The country which had been
Williams and Maj. Ackland were wound- made desolate by the ravages of war, beed and taken prisoners. The Americans gan again to be inhabited; and the inhabitook in the whole, 200 prisoners, nine tants were allowed once more to devote
pieces of cannon, and a large quantity of their attention to their civil and domestic
ammunition and camp equipage.        affairs.
As the force of Burgoyne was thus con-   We have been thus particular respectstantly diminishing, while that of Gates ing the invasion of Burgoyne, as well on
was daily augmenting by fresh arrivals, it account of its effects in breaking up the
became obvious that nothing short of a settlements in the western parts of Verretreat to Canada could now prevent the mont, as of the important part performed
complete overthrow of the royal army. by the Green Mountain Boys in checkThis Burgoyne attempted as a dernier re- ing, and finally capturing the British
sort, but soon found that the Americans army. In this business the people of Ver



CEHAP. 4.       CIVIL POLICY DURTNG THE REVOLUTION.
CONDITION OF THE N. H. GRANTS.                           CONVENTION AT DORSET.
mont nrade common cause with those of ceed in the next chapter, to consider more
other states, and we have therefore not particularly the situation of Vermont, with
interrupted  our account of the great respect to her internal government,iand
events of the revolution which transpired  her relations to the neighboring states,and
upon our borders, by any account of our to the British forces in Canada, during
internal policy. We shall, however, pro- the war for Independence.
CHAPTER IV.
CIVIL POLICY OF VERMONT DURING THE REVOLUTION.
SECTION I.                union, and to convince them of the necessity of a better organization, both to enathoom the yecar 1775, to the Declamation  of ble them to maintain the grounds, which
the Independence of Vermont in 1777.   they had assumed in relation to New
Having completed our account of those York, and to put it in their power to renimportant events in the American war, in der efficient aid to their countrymen in
which the people of Vermont were more the contest with Great Britain.
particularly concerned, we shall now turn    Accordingly, in the fall of the year
our attention to their internal policy, and 1775, several of the leading men in the
endeavor to trace the successive steps by Grants, repaired to Philadelphia, where
which the powers of government were the American Congress was then sitting,
assumed, and their political fabric erect- to procure the advice of that body with
ed. The New Hampshire grants, having regard to the course proper to be pursued,
never been recognized by the king as a under existing circumstances, by the inseparate jurisdiction, and having ever re- habitants of the Grants.  Congress did
fused submission to the authority of New  not act formally upon their request, but
York, were, at the commencement of the on the return of these men to the Grants,
revolution, nearly in a state of nature, be- they spread circulars among the people,
ing without any internal organization un- setting forth as the opinion. of several inder which the inhabitants could act with fluential members of that body, that the
system and effect.- Their only rallying inhabitants should immediately form a
point and bond of union, was their coi- temporary association and adopt such
mon interest in resisting the claims and regulations as were required by the exauthority of New York. Yet the same igenciesoftheir situation.
interests which drove theam to resistance,   A convention of delegates from the sevgave the effect of law to the recommen- eral towns was accordingly assembled at
dations of their committees and the or- Dorset, on the 16th of Janua.ry,1776.
ders of their councils of safety, while a This convention forwarded a petition and
few bold and daring spirits, as if formed address to Congress,* in which, after givfor the very occasion, gave impulse, and ing a brief sketch of the controversy with
energy, and system to their operations.   New York, tley avowed their unwaverThus situated were the inhabitants of ing attachment to the cause in which the
the New Hampshire grants, when the first colonies had unsheathed tie sword, and
scene of the great drama of the revolution expressed their willingness to bear their
was opened at Lexington, and, as ail full proportion of the burden of proseculesser lights are swallowed up in the su- ting the war. But at the same time, they
perior splendor of the sun, so were all the declared -their unwillingness to be considminor controversies among the colonists ered as in any manner subject to the aufor a while absorbed in the more momen- thority, or jurisdiction of New York, or
tous controversy with the mother coun- to be called upon, when their services
try. But the partial relief now experi-  *For this petition anld the resolutions of Congress
enced from the oppression of New York respecting it, see Slade's State Paplers, pages 63
served only to discover to the inhabitants and 64. The persons appoinred to present this peof the Grants the frailty of their bond of tiioi, were Janes Breckeoridg  lenman Alle nld
PT. Is.         7




50.           CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
CONVENTION AT DORSET.                           DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
should be required, as inhabitants of that as soon as may be, to declare the New
province.                               Hampshire grants a free and separate disThis was the first petition of the inhabi- trict."
tants of the Grants to Congress, and the   On the 15th of January, 1777, the concommittee to whom it was referred re- vention met again at Westminster.* The
ported, that it be recommended to the pe- sentiments of their constituents were now
titioners to submit for the present to the well ascertained, and, being convinced
government of New York, and assist their that there was now no other way of safety
countrymen in the contest with Great left, they on the 16th of that month pubBritain; but that such submission ought lished the following declaration: "This
not to prejudice their right to any lands convention, whose members are duly
in controversy, or be construed to affirm, chosen by the free voice of their constituor admit, the jurisdiction of New York ents, in the several towns on the New
over the country, when  the present Hampshire grants, in public meeting astroubles should be ended.  Mr. Heman sembled, in our own names, and in behalf
Allen, the agent by whom this petition of our constituents, do hereby proclaim
was forwarded, considering the report of and publicly declare, that the district of terthe committee unfavorable to the Grants, ritory comprehending, and usually known
obtained leave to withdraw the petition, by the name and description of the.Vew
and thus prevented Congress from com- Hampshire grants, of right ought to be,
ing to any decision upon the subject. and is hereby declaredforever hereafter to
This took place on the 4th of June, 1776, be, afree and independent jurisdiction, or
and on the 4th of July following, Con- state; to be forever hereqfter called, known,
gress published to the world the memora- and distinguished by the name of Yew
ble declaration of American Indepen- Connecticut, alias VERMONT."'
dence.                                    And this declaration of independence
By this declaration of Independence, furthermore asserts, " that the inhabitants
the people on the New Hampshire grants who at present are, or who may hereafter
were placed in a situation more difficult become residents, either by birth or emiand embarrassing than before, and there gration, within said territory, shall be enwere various opinions with regard to the titled to the same privileges, immunities
course which should be pursued. Some and enfranchisements as are allowed, or
thought it best to place themselves under may hereafter at any time be allowed, to
the jurisdiction of New Hampshire: some the inhabitants of any of the free and inconsidered the submission of the Grants dependent states of America:  And that
to the authority of New York, the only such privileges and immunities shall be
course of safety; but the more resolute regulated in a bill of rights, and by a form
and influential were for assuming the of government to be established at the
powers of government and hazarding the next session of this convention."t
consequences. To ascertain the state of   The foregoing declaration was unanipublic opinion on this subject, it was de- mously adopted by the convention; after
terminedthat a general convention should which they drew up a declaration and pebe called, and circulars were accordingly tition to Congress, in which they anaddressed to the different towns, request- nounced to that body, as the grand reping them to appoint delegates.          resentative of the United States, that they
There was a general compliance with had declared  the  territory, commonly
this request, and delegates from thirty- known by the name of the New Hampfive towns assembled at Dorset on the shire grants, a free and independent state,
24th of July, 1776.*  At this session it possessing the right to regulate their own
was agreed by the delegates to enter into internal policy in  any manner which
an association among themselves for the should not be repugnant to the resolves
defence of the liberties of their country. of Congress.  They moreover declted
But at the same time they resolved that their attachment to the common c use
they would not associate with, or submit and expressed their willingness to conto, the provincial government of New  tribute their flll proportion towards mainYork, and that all such inhabitants of the taining the war with Great Britain. They
Grants as should thus associate, or sub- closed by praying that their declaration
mit, should be regarded as enemies to the might be acknowledged by Congress and
common cause.  This convention met that delegates from Vermont might be adagain by adjournment at the same place
on the 25th of September, and resolved  n* The proceedings at Westminster may be found
nthe "to take suitable measureslvedin Slade's State Papers, page 70, and in Williams'
unanimously,'( to take suitable measures, History, Vol. II. page 450.
* The proceedings of this convention may be seen t Pot the Bill of Rights and Form of Government,
in Slade's State Papers, page 66.       seeChapter Vii.




CHAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                        51
VIEWS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF VERMONT.                     DR. YOUNG'S LETTER.
mitted to seats in that body. This declara- renounce their allegiance to the authority
tion and petition was signed, and was pre- of New York.
sented to Congress by Jonas Fay, Thomas   They complained of the injuries done
Chittenden, Heman Allen and Reuben them byCongress in the appointmentof ofJones, four of the most respectable mem- ficers in the disaffectedportion of their state
bers of the convention. *             without their consent, and intimated their
These prompt and decisive measures of apprehensions that it was the design of
the convention evinced the wisdom  and Congress to countenance the insurgents
boldness of the statesmen, who at this in their rebellion. They urged upon Conperiod directed the affairs of Vermont, gress the necessity of immediately recalland placed the community in a condition ing the commissions given to Col. Warner
to adopt an efficient organization of its and the officers under him, as an act of
own.  Vermont, in justification of the justice to New York, and as the means of
course of policy she was pursuing, con- opening the eyes of the " deluded peotended that she had the same right to as- ple" on the Grants, who had set up for a
sume the powers of government, which separate jurisdiction, and were now dewas possessed by the continental Con- siring Congress to sanction their illegal
gress, and that every consideration, which proceedings. They represented the influcould justify the proceedings of that body, ence of Warner as very inconsiderable,
might be urged as a reason why the peo- even in the disaffected district, and that
pie of Vermont should embrace the pres- his services were a matter of no conseent opportunity, effectually to secure quence to the country.
themselves against the oppression under   While New York was thus laying her
which they had so long suffered. Happy grievances before Congress, and using all
was it for the new state, that these meas- her influence to prevent that body from
ures were adopted and supported with recognizing the independence of the
that firmness and temperance, which were Grants, the internal affairs of Vermont
alone adequate to secure a happy result.  were rapidly assuming that form and regularity, which was calculated to insure a
permanent and efficient organization of
the government. In April, Thos. Young,
SECTION II.              a distinguished citizen of Philadelphia,
addressed a communication to the inEstablishment of the Government of Ver- habitants of Vermont, in which he repmont-from the Declaration of Indepen- resented it as the opinion of several of the
dence, January 15, 1777, to the meeting leading members of Congress, that Verof the General qssenzbly on the 12th of mont should proceed in her organization,.March,  778.                       form a constitution, and appoint delegates
These proceedings of Vermont, by which to Congress; and he declared it to be his
she had declared herself to be a separate own individual opinion that Congress
and independent jurisdiction, were re- would not hesitate to sanction their progarded with very different feelings by the ceedings, or to admit their delegates to a
neighboring states. While New Hamp- seat in that honorable body.*
shire, Massachusetts and Connecticut   This communication was prefixed to a
were ready to admit Vermont as a new  resolution, which Congress had passed on
member of the federal union, and ap- the 15th of May, 1776, which recomplauded the spirit and boldness with which mended to the assemblies and conventions
she asserted and maintained her rights, of the United Colonies, where no governNew York regarded these transactions as ment, sufficient to the exigencies of their
open acts of treason and rebellion against affairs, had already been established, to
the lawful authority of that state. With adopt such government as, in the opinion
these views, the convention of New York, of the representatives of the people, should
on the 20th of January, 1777, and again best conduce to the happiness and safety
on the~ist of March, of the same year, ad- of their constituents. This resolution was
dressed communications to Congress,t in regarded by the author of the communiwhich they represented the proceedings cation, as a full license from Congress to
of Vermont as resulting from the arts and the Grants, to assume the powers of govinstigations of designing men, and not, as ernment, and he recommended that no
had been represented, from a general de- time be lost in availing themselves of the
sire of the inhabitants of that district to present opportunity to establish a separate
dominion.
* 81ade's State Papers, page 70-Williams' History
Vol. It. page 453.                      *An extract from this communication may be
t For these documents see Slade's S. P., page 73. seen in Slade's State Papers, page 76.




52                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.                  CONVENTION TO FORM A CONSTITUTION'
Alarmed at the suggestions in the fore- and appointed a committee to make a draft
going communication of Thomas Young, of a constitution for the state. They also
the council of safety of New York pro- adopted a resolution, recommending that
ceeded, on the 28th of May, to make a the several towns appoint delegates to
further effort to arrest the progress of meet in convention at Windsor, on the
Vermont. With this view they address- 2d day of July following, for the purpose
ed a letter to the president of Congress, of discussing and adopting said constituin which they say that, " as a report pre- tion.
vails and daily gains credit, that the re-   In compliance with the foregoing resovolters are privately countenanced in their lution, the convention assembled at Winddesigns by certain members of Congress, sor, on the 2d day of July, and a draft of
we esteem it our duty to give this infor- a constitution was presented and read.
mation, that by a proper resolution on the While the convention were deliberating
subject, the reputation of Congress may upon, and adopting the several articles of
cease to be injured by imputations so dis- this important instrument, they received
graceful and dishonorable. However un- the news of the evacuiation, on the 6th of
willing we may be to entertain suspicions July, of Ticonderoga by the American
so disreputable to any member of Cori- troops. This event left the whole west
gress, yet the truth is, that no inconsid- ern border of Vermont exposed to the eneerable numbers of the people of this state my, and spread alarm and consternation
do believe tile report to be well founded." through this and the neighboring states.
With a view of bringing Congress to a c" In this awful crisis," says Allen, in his
decision on the subject of this controver- History of Vermont, "the convention
sy, on the 23d of June, one of the New  was for leaving Windsor; but a severe
York delegates laid before that body the thunder storm came on and gave them
communication of Thomas Young to the time to reflect; while some members, less
inhabitants of Vermont. Congress now  alarmed at the news, called the attention
took up the matter, and the petitions and of the convention to finish the constitucommunications from New York and the tion, which was then reading, paragraph
New Hampshire grants, were referred to by paragraph, for the last time. This was
a committee of the whole. This commit- done, and the convention appointed a
tee, on the 30th day of June, among other council of safety to act during their rethings resolved, that Congress would not cess, and adjourned."
recommend or countenance any thing in-   Immediately after the adjournment of
jurious to the rights and jurisdiction of the convention, the council of safety of'
the several communities herein repre- Vermont wrote to the councils of safety
sented, —that the inhabitants of the New  of Massachusetts and New Hampshire,
Hampshire grants cannot be justified in setting forth their exposed condition since
their declaration of independence, by the the abandonment of Ticonderoga, and
example of the United Colonies, nor by calling upon them in the most pressing
any act or resolution of Congress,-that terms for assistance. These communicathe petition of Vermont, to be recognized tions were dated at Manchester, July 15th,
as an independent state, and to have her 1777.*  Upon this application, the coundelegates admitted to seats in Congress, c'il of safety of New Hampshire immedibe dismissed. They farther resolved that ately convened the assembly of that state,
the communication of Thomas Young was who without delay placed a large body of
derogatory to the honor of Congress, and their militia under the command of Gen.
contained a gross misrepresentation of the Stark, and ordered him  to repair to
resolution of that body therein referred Charlestown on Connecticut river; conto, and was calculated to mislead the peo- sult with the council of Vermont with
ple to whom it was addressed.         regard to supplies and future operations;
While Congress were thus resolving to and act in conjunction with the troops of
dismiss the petition of the inhabitants of that or any other state, or of the United
Vermont, and utterly to discountenance States, as in his opinion would tend most
their proceedings, the people of Vermont effectually to stop the progress of the enewere engaged in forming a constitution my on the western frontier. These orfor the regulation of their civil govern- ders were promptly obeyed, and these
ment, being fully persuaded that their in- troops, in conjunction with those of Verdependence must now be supported with mont, at Bennington, gave the enemy the
the same firmness and spirit with which first effectual check, as related in the preit had been declared. The %ame conven- ceding chapter.
tion which had declared the independence
of Vermont, met, by adjournment, at  * For the correspondence with New Hampshire
Windsor on the first Wednesday of June, see Slade's State Papers, page 79.




CHAP. 4.       CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                        53
VIEWS OF NEW IAMPSHIRE AND NEW YORK.                        ALLEN S ADDRESS.
Previous to the adjournment of tle ing now declared their independence and
convention, it had been ordered that the adopted a constiturtion, they were by no
first election under the constitution should means to be cajoled into an acknowledgtake place in December, 1777; and that ment of the "supremacy" of that state.
the representatives then elected, should An answer to this proclamation was afmeet at Bennington in January following. terwards published by Ethan Allen, in
Public attention was, however, so much which he points out its sophistry, shows
engrossed by the advance of the enemy that its overtures "are all romantic, deunder Burgoyne, that the constitution signed only to deceive woods people,"
was not printed in season to have the and he exhorts his fellow  citizens to
election take place at the time appointed. maintain inviolate the supremacy of the
The convention was, therefore, again legislative authority of the independent
called together at Windsor by the coun- state of Vermont, as the only means of
cil of safety, on the 24th of December, security to their persons and property;
where they revised the constitution, and and he closes with the following bold and
postponed the day of election to the first energetic address to the people of VerTuesday of March, I778, and the meeting mont:
of the assembly to the second Thursday    "You have experienced every species
of the same month.                     of oppression, which the old government
The manner in which these proceed- of New York, with a Tryon at its head,
ings of Vermont were viewed by New  could invent and inflict; and it is maniHampshire and New  York, is obvious fest that the new government are minded
from the style of their communications to follow nearly in their steps. H[appy is
during this period. In answer to the ap- it for you that you are fitted for the seplication of the council of safety of Ver- verest trials! You have been wonderfully
mont for assistance, Mr. Weare, president supported and carried through thus far in
of the council of New Hampshire, ad- your opposition to that government. Fordressed Vermont as a free and sovereign, merly you had every thing to fear from
but new state, and in such terms as to it, but now little; for your public characleave no doubt but that New Hampshire ter is established, and your cause known
willingly acknowledged  her indepen- to be just. In your early struggles with
dence. But not so with New York. The that government, you acquired a reputaproceedings of Vermont, it is true, had tion for bravery; this gave you a relish
changed her policy, but had by no means for martial glory, and the British invasion
reconciled her to a relinquishment of her opened an ample field for its display, and
jurisdiction over the Grants. In his proc- you have gone on conquering and to conlamation addressed to the inhabitants of quer until TALL GRENADIERS are
the Grants, February 23d, 1778,* the dismayed and tremble at your approach.
Governor of New York, after confirming Your frontier situation often obliged you
their titles to their lands in particular to be in arms and battles; and by repeatcases, and making several concessions in ed marchings, scoutings and manly exertheir favor, expressly declares, that that cises, your nerves have become strong to
government "will vigorously maintain its strike the mortal blow.  What enemy
rightful supremacy over the persons and to the state of Fermont-or.JSew  York
property of those disaffected subjects."  land-monopolizer, shall be able to stand
The overtures in the proclamation of before you in the day of your fierce anGovernor Clinton, from which the above ger.",
extract is taken, have a semblance of fairness which might have misled a people
less discerning, and less jealous of their          SECTION III.
rights than they to whom they were addressed. But the people of Vermont had Controversy with NJew IHampshire in 1778:been too long accustomed to a thorough   and 1779 —Legislative ]roceedings of
investigation of every point in the con-   Vermont.
troversy not to perceive that these overtures held out no prospect of substantial   After the royal decision of the controrelief. They perceived at once that New  versy between New Hampshire and New
York was now endeavoring to efect that York, in favor of the latter, in 1764, New. k.t.   Hampshire had made no attempt to conby policy, which she had heretofore vain- tinue her jurisdiction over te disputed
ly attempted by force.  They had ever tinue her jurisdiction over the disputed
ly attempted by force.  They had ever
acted upon the conviction that the claims  *Tlhe work from which this extract is taken, is
of New York were groundless; and, hay- entitled'An Aninladveersorv Add(ress to the inhahb
itants of the State of Vermont, wvitil Renmarks on a
Proclamation, umider the haind of liis Excellency,
*See Slade's Vt. State Papers, page 82.  George Clinton, Esq. Governor of the State of New




564L                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART. I1.
UNION WITH A PART OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.         DIFFICULTY WITH NEW HAMPSHIRE.
territory. Hence we have hitherto had ltgislature voted, on the 18th of March,
occasion to consider the people of Ver- 1778, to refer the decision of the question
mont only in their relation to the govern- to the people.
ment of New York; but the declaration   The Legislature met again by adjournof their independence and the organiza- ment on the 4th of June, at Bennington,
tion of their government were, in their when it appeared that a majority of the
consequences, the occasion of new diffi- towns were in favor of the union with
culties, not only with New York, but also the sixteen towns from New Hampshire;
with New Hampshire and Massachusetts. and, June 11th, it was " voted that the
The original territory of New Hamp- union take place-thirty-seven in the afshire was granted to John Mason, and firmative and twelve in the negative."
was bounded on the west by a line sixty It was also voted that any other towns on
miles from the sea. The lands between the east side of Connecticut river might
this line and Connecticut river, were roy- be admitted to a union, on producing a
al grants, and belonged to New Hamp- vote of the majority of the inhabitants, or
shire by virtue of the commissions of the on their sending a representative to the
governors of that province. Vermont had assembly of Vermont. Having thus efno sooner organized her government than fected their purpose, the sixteen towns
the inhabitants on these lands manifested informed the government of New Hamptheir desire to dissolve their connection shire that they had withdrawn from their
with New  Hampshire, and unite with jurisdiction, and wished the division line
Vermont. In their justification, they con- to be established and a friendly intertended, that all the territory west of Ma- course to be kept up.
son's grant, had been held in subjection   Those who were anxious for this union
to New Hampshire by force of the royal had represented to the Legislature, that
commissions-that when the royal author- the inhabitants of the sixteen towns were
ity ceased in the colonies, in consequence nearly unanimous in their votes to join
of the declaration of independence, their Vermont, and that New Hampshire, as a
allegiance to New Hampshire ceased, and state, would not object to their withdrawthey were left at liberty to form a sepa- ing from her jurisdiction. But the event
rate government, or to unite with such proved both these representations to be
neighboring government as would con- false. The government of New Hampsent to a union.                       shire was justly incensed at the proceedWith these views of their relations to ings. Mr. Weare, President of the CoonNew Hampshire, the people on the terri- cil of New Hampshire, wrote to Congress
tory between Mason's grant and Connect- on the 19th of August, to procure advice,
icut river, proceeded to make arrange- and, in case of necessity, the interference
ments for proposing a connection with of that body.* On the 22d of August, he,
Vermont. The Legislature of Vermont in the name of the general assembly of
met, for the first time, on the 12th of that state, wrote to Mr. Chittenden, govMarch, 1778, at Windsor, and the same ernor of Vermont, claiming the sixteen
day a petition was presented from sixteen towns as a part of New Hampshire.f He
towns on the east side of Connecticut stated that a large portion of the inhabiriver, praying to be admitted to a union tants of those towns were opposed to the
with Vermont.  The Legislature was union, that this minority had claimed the
much embarrassed by this application. protection of the state, and that the govMost of the members from the west side ernment'of New Hampshire considered
of the mountains regarded the union as a itself bound to protect them. He urged
dangerous measure, and the majority of Gov. Chittenden to exert his influence
the assembly appeared to be against it; with the legislature, to dissolve a connecyet several of the towns in Vermont on tion, which would endanger their peace
Connecticut river were very desirous that and probably their political existence.
the towns from New Hampshire should   On the reception of this communica-li
be received, and went so far as to propose tion, Governor Chittenden convenedthe'
withdrawing from their connection with council, and it was agreed that Colonel
Vermont, and setting up another state. Ethan Allen should repair to Philadelphia
In this state of things, and for the pur- and ascertain how  the proceedings of
pose of preserving its own union, the Vermont were regarded by Congress. On
his return, he reported that Congress was
York. By Ethan Allen.' It was dated Bennington, unanimously opposed to the proceedings
August 9, 1778, and printed at Hartford, Ct. in a
neat pamphlet of 24 pages, anti is now in the pos- of Vermont in relation to the union with
session of the author. The substance of this pamphlet was afterwards incorporated into Allen's  * For this letter, see Slade's State Papers, p. 90.' Vindication of Vermont,' and may also in part be
found in Slade's Vt. State Papers, page 85.  t Ibid. page 91.




CHAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                        55
PROCEEDINGS OF THE VERMONT LEGISLATURE.               CONVENTION AT CORNISHI
New Hampshire; but that if those pro- The object of this convention was to esceedings were disannulled, only the dele- tablish a government in the valley of the
gates from New York would oppose their Connecticut, the centre and seat of which
independence.*  The Legislature met should be somewhere upon that stream.
again by adjournment on the 8th of Oc- The convention met at Cornish, New
tober, 1778, at Windsor, and, having re- Hampshire, on the 9th of December, and
ceived the report of Col. Allen, Oct. 13th, a union was agreed upon by the majority
they took up the subject of the union.    of the delegates, without any regard to
At the first session of the Legislature former limits, and a proposal was made to
in March, the state had been divided into New Hampshire, either to agree with that
two counties, Bennington on the west state upon a division line, or to submit it
side of the mountains, and Cumberland to Congress, or to arbitrators mutually
on the east. After considering and deba- chosen. In case neither of these propoting the subject of their connection with sals was accepted, they proposed that
the sixteen towns from New Hampshire, they would consent that all the grants
from the 13th to the 21st of October, votes should be united with New Hampshire,
were taken in the Legislature on the fol- and altogether become one entire state,
lowing questions, the result of which co-extensive with the claims of New
evinced the determination of a majority Hampshire previous to the royal decision
of the members to proceed no further in in 1764. Till one of these proposals was
that hazardous experiment. Question 1st. acceded to, they "' resolved to trust in
Shall the counties in this state remain as providence and defend themselves."
they were established in March last?   Only eight towns on the west side of
This question was decided in the affirma- Connecticut river were represented in
tive; yeas 35, nays 26.  Question 2d. this convention, and the delegates from
Shall the towns on the east side of the some of these declined taking any part
Connecticut river, which have been ad- in making the foregoing proposals to New
mitted to a union with Vermont, be inclu- Hampshire.  From  the proceedings of
ded in the county of Cumberland? Ques- this convention, it became obvious that
tion 3d. Shall said towns be erected into the whole aim of the leading men in the
a county by themselves? The last two vicinity of Connecticut river, was to esquestions were both decided in the nega- tablish such a government as to bring
tive; yeas 28, nays 33.t              themselves in the centre, and it did not
Finding by these votes that the Legis- appear to be material with them whether
lature did not incline, at present, to do this was effected by a union of a part of
any thing more on the subject of the New  Hampshire with Vermont, or by
union, the representatives from the towns bringing the whole of Vermont under the
on the east side of the Connecticut with- jurisdiction of New Hampshire.  The
drew from the assembly, in which they people of Vermont were now fully sensihad been admitted to seats, and were fol- ble of the impolicy, as well as injustice,
lowed by fifteen representatives from  of aiding in the dismemberment of New
towns on the west side of the river, to- Hampshire, and they were wise enough
gether with the lieutenant governor, and to embrace the first opportunity to retrace
two of the council. After these members their steps, and dissolve a connection
had withdrawn, the number left was bare- which threatened their ruin.
ly sufficient to constitute a quorum. They,   The legislature of Vermont met at Bentherefore, proceeded to transact the re- nington, according to adjournment, on
maining business of the session, and ad- the 12th of February, 1779, and the next
journed on the 24th of October, to meet day they voted to dissolve the union
again at Bennington on the second Thurs- which had subsisted between them  and
day of February next, having resolved to the towns in New Hampshire.* This derefer the subject of the union with New  termination of the legislature of Vermont
Hampshire to their constituents for in- was immediately communicated to the
structions how to proceed at their next government of New Hampshire by Ira
session.                              Allen, and was received while efforts
The seceding members, after entering were making to gain the assent of that
a formal protest upon the journals against government to the proposals made by
the proceedings of the assembly, held a the Cornish convention. Encouraged by
meeting, at which they made arrange- these divisions, the legislature of New
ments for calling a convention, to which Hampshire now resolved to lay claim,
they invited all the towns in the vicinity not only to the sixteen towns, which had
of Connecticut river to send delegates. united with Vermont, but to the whole
* For a copy of-this report see Slade's State Papers, * For these preceedings see Slade's State Papers,
page 92. t For the.e proceedings, see Ibid. p. 94. page 102.




56                  CIVIL UISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART IICLAIMS UPON VERMONT.                     DIFFICULTIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
state of Vermont, as grants originally wrote to Congress, urging their decision
made by that province. Application was of the controversy, and blaming the peomade to Congress for a confirmation of ple of Vermont for the violence of their
this claim, and at the same time New  proceedings.
York applied to that body for a confirma-   In conformity to the recommendation,
tion of her title to the territory in ques- of Governor Clinton, the friends of New
tion.                                  York met in convention at Brattleboro',
Circumstances connected with these on the 4th of' May, 1779, and, having orapplications convinced the people of/Ver- ganized, drew up a petition to the Govermont, that they were the result of the nor of New York, in which, after stating
intrigues of the leading men in those the summary manner in which the prestates, and were designed to effect a di- tended State of Vermont was proceeding
vision of Vermont between them, by a to confiscate their property, and various
line along the summit of the Green Moun- other grievances, they "entreat his extains.*  As the other states in general cellency to take immediate measures for
took but little interest in these controver- protecting the loyal subjects of that part
sies, and as the adjustment of them was of the state, and for convincing Congress
embarrassing to Congress, it was thought of the impropriety of delaying a decision
that, if New Hampshire and New York in a matter, which so nearly concerned,
should agree, it would be left pretty much the peace, welfare and lives of many of
to those two states to settle the affairs of their firm adherents."*  About the same
Vermont between them,in which caseVer- time a military association was formed in
mont must certainly lose her separate Cumberland county for the purpose of
existence as a state. But either to disap- opposing the authority of Vermont.
point the parties, which appeared to be   In consequence of representing that
resolved on the annihilation of Vermont, they had a regiment of 500 men, and of
or for some other cause, Massachusetts making some other false assertions, sevnow interposed, and claimed a portion of eral commissions had been obtained from
the disputed territory, as within her juris- Governor Clinton; and the government
diction. Thus was Vermont struggling of' Vermont, therefore, found it necessary
to maintain her independence against the to take measures to put a stop to these
three adjoining states, which were all military movements. Ethan Allen was
claiming her territory and the right of accordingly ordered by the governor to
jurisdiction, nor had her proceedings yet call out the militia for that purpose.
received any countenance or encourage- When the adherents of New York were
ment from the continental Congress.    informed of these transactions on the part
of Vermont, Col. Patterson, who held a
commission in the county of Cumberland
under the authority of New York, wrote
SECTION IV.               to Governor Clinton, May 5th, for direcControversy with J5ewo York, i~ew IHamp- tions how to proceed, and suggested the
shipre and Manssachusetts, il. 1778, 179, necessity of sending the militia of Albany
and 1780.                            county to his assistance. This letter and
the foregoing petition were answered by
During the troubles, resulting from  the governor with assurances of protecthe union with a part of New  Hamp- tion; and he recommended that the aushire, and which have been mentioned in thority of Vermont should not be acknowlthe preceding section, Vermont was still edged, except in the alternative of subas deeply as ever involved in the contro- mission or inevitable ruin.
versy with New York; but now, events   On the 18th of May, Governor Clintranspired in the southeastern part of the ton wrote to the president of Congress,
county of Cumberland, which gave to "that matters were fast approaching to a
that controversy a much more alarming very serious crisis, which nothing but
aspect. On the 7th of July, 177S, Gover- the immediate interposition of Congress.
nor Clinton wrote to his friends in Ver- could possibly prevent; that he daily exmont, recommending, that wherever the pected he should be obliged to order out
partizans of New York were sufficiently a force for the defence of those who adpowerful, firm resistance should be made hered to New York; that the wisdom of
to the draughtingr of men, the raising of Congress would suggest to them  what
taxes, and to all the acts of the " ideal would be the consequence of submitting
Vermont State; and also "that associa- the controversy, especially at this junctions be formed for mutual defence against ture, to the decision of the sword; but
this usurpation."  At the same'tinmle lie
-__________.____  * For this  petition  see SlaieWs   Vermont State Pa* See Williamns' Histc.y, Vol. If. page 184.   pers, page 106.




CRAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                         57
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.                    RESOLUTIONS RESPECTING VERMONT.
that justice, the faith of government, the 1779, passed several resolutions, the subpeace and safety of society would not per- stance of which was as follows: *
mit them to continue any longer passive   Resolved, that it be earnestly recomspectators of the violence committed on mended, that New Hampshire, Massatheir fellow citizens." * This letter and chusetts and New York expressly authorsundry other papers relating to the dis- ize Congress to determine their disputes
putes were laid before Congress on the relative to their respective boundaries29th of May, 1779, and were referred to a and that on the first of February next,
committee of the whole; and on the first Congress will proceed to settle and deterday of June, Congress resolved " that a mine the same, according to equity. It
committee be appointed to repair to the was, moreover, declared to be the duty of
inhabitants of a certain district, known by those inhabitants of the New Hampshire
the name of the New Hampshire grants, grants, who did not acknowledge the juand inquire into the reasons why they re- risdiction of either of the above named
fuse to continue citizens of the respective states, to refrain from exercising any powstates, which have claimed jurisdiction er over such of the inhabitants as did acover the said district. And that they take knowledge such jurisdiction, and it was
every prudent measure to promote an likewise recommended to the said states
amicable settlement; and to prevent di- to refrain, in the mean time, from execuvisions and animosities, so prejudicial to ting their laws over such inhabitants as
the United States." t                  did not acknowledge their respective juWhile Congress was engaged in pass- risdictions.
ing these resolutions, Allen marched with   From the whole tenor of these resoluan armed force and made prisoners of the tions, it was evident that Congress wished
colonel and other officers who were acting  for the present to pacify the parties, withunder the authority of New York. Com- out coming to any decision upon the matplaint was immediately made to Governor ter in dispute; and it was equally evident
Clinton, with an earnest request that he that she would prefer sacrificing Vermont
would take speedy measures for their re- as a separate jurisdiction, to a rupture
lief. Governor Clinton wrote again to at this time with either of the states,
Congress on the 7th of June, stating what which laid claim to that territory. Nor
had taken place, disapproving of the reso- shall we be surprised at this partial and
lutions of Congress before mentioned, and evasive policy, when we consider that
requesting that the committee, appointed the successful termination of the war for
to repair to the New Hampshire grants, independence, which was then undecimight postpone their visit till after the ded, and the fate of the colonies generally,
next meeting of the New York legisla- depended upon the integrity of their
ture. June 16th, Congress resolved that union in the common cause.
the officers captured by Allen should be   These resolutions seem to have quieted
liberated, and that the committee above all parties but Vermont. New IInampmentioned be directed to inquire into the shire and New York complied with the
circumstances of that transaction. I   recommendations, and authorized ConOf the five commissioners appointed to gress to settle the dispute. Massachusetts
repair to Vermont, two only attended-  did not comply, and she probably negDr. Witherspoon and Mr. Atlee. These lected it for the purpose of relieving Congentlemen repaired to Bennington  in gress from the necessity of deciding the
June, had several conferences with the matter at the time appointed, and of prefriends of Vermont, and, also, with oth- venting the sacrifice of Vermont. A comers, who were in the interest of New  pliance with these resolutions on the part
York. It seems to have been the aim of of Vermont, would have been to admit
these commissioners to effect a reconcil- the existence of four separate jurisdictions
iation between the parties; but it appears at the same time in the same territory,
from the report, which they made to Con- and in a territory too, the inhabitants of
gress on the 13th of July, that they did which had declared themselves to be free
not succeed in accomplishing the object and independent, and had assumed the
of their mission. Four parties were now  powers of government and exercised them
claiming the same tract of country, and in all cases and in every part of the terrieach of these parties had applied to Con- tory. No alternative, therefore, remained
gress for a decision of the controversy. to Vermont. She had taken a decisive
Under such circumstances,Congress could stand-declared her independence-formnot well avoid taking up the matter; and ed a constitution-enacted laws, and esamong others, on the 24th of September, tablished courts of justice, and now noth* Williams' History, Vol. 11. p. 187.  * For these Resolutions see Slade's State Papers,
t Slade's State Papery, p. 108. $ Ibid. p. 109.  page 110.
PT. 11.         8




58                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART ILI
PROCEEDINGS OF THE VERMONT LEGISLATURE.                    VERMONT S APPEAL.
ing remained for her, but to go onward did and impartial world,* in which they
with firmness and resolution; and happy declared that'they could not view themwas it for her that she possessed states- relves as holden, either in the sight of
men endowed with courage and abilities God, or man, to submit to the execution
suited to the exigency of her condition; of a plan, which they had reason to bestatesmen who well understood the rights lieve was commenced by neighboring
and interests of the community, and were states; that the liberties and privileges
determined that they should not be sacri- of the state of Vermont, by said resoluficed by the neighboring states, or by the tions, are to be suspended upon the arbipolicy of Congress.                    trament and final determination of ConThe foregoing resolutions of Congress gress, when, in their opinion, they were
had been communicated by express to the things too sacred ever to be arbitrated
Legislature of Vermont, then in session upon at all; and what they were bound
at Manchester; and, on the 16th of Octo- to defend at every risk: that Congress
ber, Ethan Allen, Reuben Jones, N. Clark had no right to intermeddle in the interand Jonathan Fassett were appointed a nal policy and government of Vermont;
committee to report a plan of " defence -that the state existed independent of
against the neighboring states, in conse- any of the thirteen United States, and
quence of the late acts of Congress." On was not accountable to them, or to their
the 19th, the General Assembly went into representatives, for liberty, the gift of the
committee of the whole on the state of benevolent Creator;the country, and on the 21st made a re —-  That the state of Vermont was not repport, which was unanimously adopted, in resented in Congress, and could not subwhich they assert their right and deter- mit to resolutions passed without their
mination to maintain the independence of consent, or even knowledge, and which
Vermont, and recommend to the Assem- put every thing that was valuable to them
bly to make grants of the unappropriated at stake;-that there appeared a manifest
lands of the state for the benefit of the inequality, not to say predetermination,
same. On the next day, it was resolved that Congress should request of their conthat Ethan Allen, Jonas Fay, Paul Spoon- stituents power to judge and determine in
er, Stephen R. Bradley and Moses Robin- the cause, and never ask the consent of
son be appointed agents on behalf of the the thousands whose all was at stake.
state, to attend the deliberations of Con- They also declared that they were, and
gress in February for the purpose of vin- ever had been, ready to bear their propordicating the independence of Vermont, tion of the burden and expense of the war
and negotiating for her admission into the with Great Britain from its commenceUnion.*                                ment, whenever they were admitted into
On the 28th of October, Governor Chit- the union with the other states. But
tenden, by direction of the Council and they were not so lost to all sense and
General Assembly, wrote to the president honor, that, after four years of war with
of the Council of Massachusetts, inform- Great Britain, in which they had expending him that he had been made acquaint- ed so much blood and treasure, they
ed with the proceedings of Congress on should now give up every thing worth
the 24th of September, and that those fighting for, —the right of making their
proceedings contained the first intimation, own laws, and choosing their own form
which he had received, of the claims of of government,-to the arbitrament and
that state over a part of Vermont. In determination of any man, or bodyof men,
this letter, which was forwarded by Gen. under heaven.'
Ethan Allen, Gov. Chittenden vindicates   Congress, as already noticed, had apthe rights of the people of Vermont to pointed the first day of February, 1780,
liberty and independence, and expresses for considering and determining the mata determination, on his part, ".to bring ters in question; but, contrary to the
about an equitable accommodation of all wishes and expectations of all the parties,
differences, agreeable to the strict rules the subject was not called up. Congress,
of justice and equity." t              however, ordered, on the 21st of March,
On the 10th day of December, 1779, that, as there were not nine states reprethe governor and council of Vermont, in sented in that body, exclusive of the parreference to the foregoing resolutions of ties concerned, the matters should be, for
Congress, published an appeal to the can- the present, postponed, but on the 2d of
June, resumed the consideration of it,
* For these proceedirgs see Slade's Vermont State
Papers, page 113.                        * This Appeal was written by the Hon. Stephen
R. Bradley, and published in a pamphlet, a copy of
t For this Letter see Slade's Vt. State Papers which is in the possession of the Hon. Ira H. Alpage 114.                             len, of Irasburgh.




CHAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                         59
AGENTS SENT TO CONGRESS.                        REMONSTRANCE OF THE AGENTS.
and among other things, resolved "that but not as the representatives of any
the proceedings of the people on the New  state, or of a people invested with legisHampshire grants, were highly unwar- lative authority. New Hampshire and
rantable and subversive of the peace and New York now urged, and endeavored to
welfare of the United States, and that prove, their respective claims to the disthey be strictly required to abstain from  puted territory, and it soon became eviall acts of authority, civil or military, over dent to the agents that Congress did not
those inhabitants who profess allegiance regard Vermont as a party in the controto other states."  The subject was again versy, but that, in attempting to decide
called up on the 9th of June, and the fur- the dispute between New Hampshire and
ther consideration of it postponed to the New York, she was adjudicating upon
second Tuesday of September following.* the very existence of Vermont without
The foregoing resolutions and proceed- her consent.
ings of Congress were communicated to   Alarmed and indignant at these proGovernor Chittenden, who laid the same ceedings, the agents withdrew their atbefore his council; and on the 25th of tendance, and on the 22d of September,
July, they replied, in a communication transmitted a remonstrance* to Congress,
addressed to the president of Congress, in which they declare they can no longer
that " however Congress may view those sit as idle spectators, without betraying
resolutions, they are considered by the the trust reposed in them, and doing viopeople of this state, as being in their na- lence to their own feelings; that by the
ture  subversive of the natural rights mode of trial which was adopted, the
which they had to liberty and indepen- state of Vermont could have no hearing
dence, as well as incompatible with the without denying her own existence, and
principles on which Congress grounded that they would not take on themselves
their own right to independence, and such humility and self abasement as to
had a natural and direct tendency to en- lose their political life in order to find it.
danger the liberties of America; that Ver- They expressed the willingness of Vermont, being a free and independent state, mont to submit the dispute to the mediahad denied the authority of Congress to tion and settlement of the legislatures of
judge of their jurisdiction;-         disinterested states, but reprobated the
That as they were not included in the idea that Congress could sit as a court of
thirteen United States, if necessitated to judicature, and determine the matter by
it, they were at liberty to offer or accept virtue of authority given them  by one
terms of cessation of hostilities with Great only of the parties. They conclude by
Britain, without the approbation of any observing, that, if the present policy be
other man, or body of men."  And they pursued by Congress, they " are ready to
further declared that if Congress and the appeal to God and the world to say who
neighboring states persisted in the course must be accountable for the awful consethey were pursuing, they could have no quences that may ensue."
motives to continue hostilities with Great   On the 27th of September, Congress
Britain, and maintain an important fron- again resumed the subject of the controtier for the benefit of a country which versy, and, having heard the evidence on
treated them  as slaves.  Yet, notwith- the part of New Hampshire, resolved that
standing the injustice done them, they the further consideration of the matter be
were induced, by their attachment to the postponed; and this was doubtless the
cause of liberty, once more to offer union wisest course of policy which Congress
with the United States, of which Congress could pursue under existing circumstanwere the legal representative body."t    ces. The contest with the mother count2
All parties now anxiously awaited the try was yet undecided; and its issue
decision of Congress on the second Tues- doubtful, and the grounds which the sevday of September, and, although Vermhont eral parties in the dispute had assumed
denied the authority of, Congress to de- Wwere such, that Congress could not hope
termine the matter, she judged it prudent to make a decision which would satisfy
to employ Ira Allen and Stephen R. Brad- them  all; and to irritate either of the
ley as her agents, to attend the delibera- states concerned to such a degree as to
tions upon the subject. On the 19th of drive them  to an abandonment of the
September,+ Congress took up the subject common cause, might paralyze the efforts
of the controversy, and the agents from  of Congress, and prevent the attainment
Vermont were permitted to be present, of that liberty  and  independence for
which they were struggling.
* For these proceedings see Slade's Statd Papers,
~~~~~~~~page 116.             * For this remonstrance see Slade's State Papers,
t For this communication see Slade's State Papers, p. 124.
page 118.   $ Ibid. page 122.




60                   CIVIL HISTORY. OF VERMONT.                      PART IIo
CONVENTIONS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.                   APPLICATION TO JOIN VERMONT.
SECTION V.               sirous of being united with Vermont, in
Union of Vermont with a part of Jew one separate independent government,
Hempshirec and a part o~f.ew York in upon such principles as should be mutu178r1.                               ally thought the most equitable and beneficial."  This application, together with
The indefinite postponement of the de- another of similar import from the inhabicision of the controversy by Congress, as tants of several towns in the north-eastern
mentioned in the preceding section, was part of New York, was referred to a comby no means agreeable to Vermont. She mittee of the whole, which reported on
well knew the ground on which she stood, the 14th of February.*  In this report the
and although this postponement evinced committee, after recapitulating the history
that her claims to independence had made of the controversies with New Hampshire
some impression on the mind of Congress, and New York, recommend that the legyet it forbade the hope of an immediate islature of Vermont should lay jurisdicrecognition of that independence, and her tional claim to all the lands situated east
admission into the union. And, more- of Connecticut river, north of Massachuover, being irritated by the course pur- setts, west of Mason's line and south of
sued by New Hampshire and New York, latitude forty-five degrees," and also "to
in substantiating their claims, and being all the lands situated north of the north
wounded by the humiliating treatment line of Massachusetts, and extending the
which her agents had received from Con- same to Hudson river, the east of the
gress, Vermont now  resolved upon a deepest channel of said river to the head
course of policy, which would enable her thereof; from thence east of a north line
to assume a more imposing attitude, and being extended to latitude 45~, and south
induce her opponents to yield to power of the same line including all the lands
what had been so long denied to the claims and waters to the place where this state
of justice.                            now exercises jurisdiction; and that they
Since the dissolution of the union be- do not exercise jurisdiction for the time
tween Vermont and the sixteen towns being."
from New Hampshire, a large number of   In addition to various other reasons for
the inhabitants in the western part of New  the recommendation above mentioned, the
Hampshire were still anxious to be an- committee say, that notwithstanding the
nexed to Vermont.  There were at the brave exertions of this state in the battles
same time many who were desirous that of Bennington and Hubbardton, Congress
New Hampshire should sustain her claim  has been induced through the influence
and exercise jurisdiction over the whole of the state claiming jurisdiction over its
territory. To facilitate the accomplish- territory, not only to withdraw her troops,
ment of the object last mentioned, a con- but all her articles and stores " even to
vention* of delegates from  the several pick-axes and spades, at a time when the
towns in Cheshire county, N. H., had as- state was erecting a new line of forts on
sernbled at Walpole on the 15th of No- her frontiers," thus compelling her to
vember, 1780, and had sent an invitation rely upon her own strength and resources
to the towns on both sides of Connecticut for defence against a powerful enemy, and
river to appoint delegates to meet in con- rendering it justifiable to increase her
vention at Charlestown on the 3d Tuesday ability by enlarging the extent of her
of January following. Accordingly, rep- jurisdiction.
resentatives from  forty-three towns as-   The report being accepted and its resembled at Charlestown on the 16th of commendations adopted by the assembly,
January, 1781; but, to the surprise and a committee was appointed to confer with
disappointment of those who had proposed a committee of the convention of the New
the measure, a large majority of the con- Hampshire towns, which was then sitting
vention were found to be opposed to the at Cornish, on the opposite side of the
jurisdiction of New Hampshire and in river, and after repeated communications
favor of a union with Vermont.         between them, articles of union were
A committee was therefore appointed finally agreed upon.t By these articles
by the convention to confer with Vermont it was stipulated that the constitution of
on the subject of the union. This cor- Vermont should be adopted by the New
mittee, on the 10th day of February, in- Hampshire towns; that application should
formed the assembly of Vermont, then be made to Congress to be admitted as
sitting at Windsor, that "the convention one of the United States; that full act of
of the New Hampshire towns, was de* For this Report, see Slade'sState Papers, p. 128.
* For proceedings of this convention, see Slade's  t For a detailed account of these articles and
State Papers, page 126.                proceedings see Slade's State Papers, pages 132.136.




CHAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE  REVOLUTION.                        61
UNION WITH PART OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.              UNION WITH PART OF NEW YORK.
oblivion he passed for all former offences the west. On the 11th of April, 1781, a
against Vermont by persons denying her committee was appointed by the general
jurisdiction; and that the towns in Ver- assembly to attend a convention of delemont, and also the New Hampshire towns, gates from the towns in New York which
should be called upon to express their desired a union with Vermont, and make
opinions of the proposed union; and if, the necessary arrangement for effecting
at the adjourned session of the assembly, it. This convention met at Cambridge,
in April next, it should appear that two and on the 15th of May, the articles of
thirds of each were in favor of the meas- union were agreed to by the committee
ure, the union should then be consum- from  Vermont and the delegates from
mated, and representatives should be ad- twelve districts in New York; and on the
mitted to the assembly from  the New  16th of June following, they were conHampshire towns. These articles, agreed firmed by the legislature of Vermont, and
upon by the committees, were confirmed representatives fromn those districts were
by the assembly, which pledged the faith admitted to seats in the general assembly.*
of the state that they should be held sa-   By these bold and decisive measures,
cred.'                          Vermont placed herself in an interesting
The assembly of Vermont met again at attitude, and evinced to the world the
Windsor agreeably to adjournment, on abilities and the peculiar genius of her
the 4th of April, and the convention of statesmen. Than the measures which we
the New Hampshire towns also re-assem- have just recorded, no course of policy
bled at Cornish. On the 5th of April, a could be better calculated to enable her
committee of the convention informed the to sustain her independence and thwart
assembly that thirty-five towns on the the designs of her enemies.  By the
east side of Connecticut river had con- unions, thus formed, she had doubled the
sented to the union, being all the towns extent of territory within her jurisdiction
from which returns had been received; and added greatly to her numbers and reand that the way was now clear on their sources. She had quieted the disaffection
part for the union to take place. On ex- of her people at home, and restored conamining the returns, which had been for- fidence to her friends abroad. She had
warded from the towns in Vermont, it ap- placed the territory in a condition to inpeared that thirty-six were in favor and vite immigration from the neighboring
seven opposed to the union; whereupon states, and had laid the foundation for a
a committee was appointed to inform the large and powerful community. In short,
convention that a major part of the towns she had placed herself in a condition to
in Vermont had agreed to the union, and command the respect even of her enemies,
that the assembly would receive the mem- and to draw from them concessions which
bers returned from the New Hampshire justice alone had sought in vain. She
towns, on the morrow, at nine o'clock in therefore wisely determined, so to manthe morning. Accordingly, on the next age her own affairs, as to secure her own
day, thirty-five representatives from towns safety and independence, against the arms.
on the east side of Connecticut river, took of the British on the north, and the wiles
their seats in the General Assembly of of her enemies in other quarters. The
Vermont.*                              manner in which this was effected will be
On account of the unjustifiable meas- related in the following section.
ures by which New York was endeavoring to embarrass and overturn the government of Vermont, and in consequence
of repeated solicitations from  several             SECTION VI.
towns in New York, which bordered on
Vermont, to be taken into union with this JVegotiations with the British in Canada
state, the legislature of Vermont had, on        from 1780, to 1783.t
the 14th of February, 1781, laid jurisdic-   From the commencement of hostilities
tional claim to all the lands west of her at Lexington, no people in America had
present territory, and east of Hudson riv- espoused the cause of liberty and of their
er to the head thereof, and thence east of country with greater alacrity, or sustaina north line extending to the 45th degree ed it with more spirit and resolution, than
of north latitude; with the proviso, that the people of Vermont.  Yet, after all
this jurisdiction should not be exercised their efforts and sacrifices in the common
for the time being. But Vermont, hayv- cause, they had the mortification to find
ing now completed her eastern union,
once more turned her attention to that on   * Slade's Vermont State Papers, p. 138-141.
tThe fullest account of' these negotiations is
~Slade's State Papers, p. 137.       contained in ira Allen's History of Vermont.




62                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
COL. ROBINSON'S LETTERS.                   LETTERS FORWARDED TO CONGRESS.
themselves denied a just participation of to the commander-in-chief; and I hereby
the blessings which they had labored to promise that I will faithfully lay them
secure.  Their claims to independence before him according to your directions,
were not acknowledged by Congress; the and flatter myself I can do it with as good
dismemberment of their territory and the effect as any person whatever. I can
annihilation of their sovereignty were make no proposals to you until I know your
threatened by the intrigues and the un- sentiments; but think, upon your taking
just claims of the neighboring states, and, an active part and embodying the inhabto crown the whole, they were now aban- itants of Vermont, under the crown of
doned by the power which ought to pro- England, you may obtain a separate govtect them, and left to contend single ernment under the king.-If you should
-handed with the common enemy.        think proper to send a friend here with
But notwithstanding their attachment proposals to the general, he shall be proto the cause of their country, the people tected and allowed to return whenever he
of Vermont could not fail to perceive that pleases."
every step which they took to support it,   Allen immediately communicated the
only rendered their own condition more contents of this letter to Governor Chithopeless. They could hardly wish to lend tenden and some confidential friends, who
their aid for the purpose of bringing the agreed in opinion, that no answer should
struggle with a foreign enemy to a suc- be returned. Robinson, not receiving a
eessful termination, when they perceived reply to his letter and supposing it to have
-that, by such an event, they should be miscarried, wrote  again to Allen on
subjected to the domination of a more the 2d of February, 1781, enclosing his
-detestable enemy at home. In this state former letter. In his second letter, after
of things, Vermont wisely consulted her saying he had received new assurances
own safety; and by the negotiation with of the inclination of Vermont to join the
the' enemy in Canada, in which she now  king's cause, he said that he could then
engaged, she was so fortunate as to se- write with more authority; and assured
cure it.                              Allen that he and the people of Vermont
The British generals in America had could obtain the most favorable terms,
for some time entertained hopes of turn- provided they would take a decisive and
ing the disputes in relation to Vermont active part in favor of Great Britain. He
to their own account, by detaching that requested an answer; and, that the way
district from  the American cause and might be pointed out for continuing the
making it a British province.  But the correspondence; and desired to be infirst intimation of their views and wishes formed in what manner the people of Ver-was communicated in a letter from Col. mont could be most serviceable to the
Beverly Robinson to Ethan Allen, dated British cause.
New York, March 30th, 1780. In July,   Allen returned no answer to either of
this letter was delivered to Allen in the these letters; but, on the 9th of March,
street in Arlington, by a British soldier 1781, inclosed them in a letter to Conin the habit of an American farmer. Al- gress, informing them of all the circumlen perused the letter, and then told the stances, which had thus far attended the
bearer that he should consider it, and that business. He then proceeded to justify
he might return.                     the conduct of Vermont in asserting her
Colonel Robinson began his letter by right to independence, and expressed his
expressing a wish that his proposals might determinate resolution to do every thing
be received with the same good intention in his power to establish it. Conscious
with which they were made. He then of his own integrity, and sensible that his
proceeds:-" I have often been informed activity and sufferings in the cause of his
that you and most of the inhabitants of country were well known throughout
Vermont, are opposed to the wild and America, he expressed himself in the folchimerical scheme of the Americans in lowing independent and decided lanattempting to separate from Great Britain guage.
and establish an independent government   "I am confident,' said he, "that Conof their own; and that you would wil- gress will not dispute my sincere attachlingly assist in uniting America to Great ment to the cause of my country, though
Britain, and in restoring that happy con- I do not hesitate to say, I am fully groundstitution so wantonly and unadvisedly ed in opinion, that Vermont has an indudestroyed. If I have been rightly inform- bitable right to agree on terms of a cesed, and these should be your sentiments sation of hostilities with Great Britain,
and inclination, I beg that you will com: provided the United States persist in remunicate to me without reserve, what- jecting her application for an union with
ever proposals you would wish to make them. For Vermont would be, of all peo



CHAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                         63
FLAG OF TRUCE SENT INTO CANADA.                       EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS.
ple, most miserable, were she obliged to Vermont not to undeceive them, but to endefend the independence of the United deavor to effect that by policy, which they
claiminfg States, and they be, at the same could not do by power. And as the cabitime, at full liberty to overturn and ruin net council of Vermont believed, that the
the independence of Vermont. When forces of the United States had been withCongress consider the circumstances of drawn from her territory, for the purpose
this state, they will, I am persuaded, be of driving them to seek the protection of
more surprised that I have transmitted New York, they felt that it was clearly
them the inclosed letters, than that I have their duty, by managing the British atkept them  in custody so long; for I am  tempts to corrupt them to their own adas resolutely determined to defend the in- vantage, to make the best provision redependence of Vermont, as Congress is maining in their power, for the safety qf
that of the United States; and rather than the people.
fail, I will retire with the hardy Green   In April, 1781, Col. Ira Allen was apJMountain Boys into the desolate caverns of pointed to settle a cartel with the British
the mountains, and wage war with human for an exchange of prisoners. Taking
nature at large."                      with him  one subaltern, two sergeants,
During the spring of 1780, some of the and sixteen privates, he started, with a
scouting parties, belonging to Vermont, fair wind, on the 1st day of May, and
had been taken by the British and carried soon arrived at Isle aux Noix, where he
prisoners to Canada. On the application was politely received by Major Dundas,
of their friends to Governor Chittenden, the British commander at that post. The
he, in the month of July, sent a flag, with cartel was soon agreed to, and the British
a'letter to the commanding officer in agents, Sherwood and Smith, now enterCanada, requesting their release or ex- ed upon the subject of the armistice and
change. In the fall, the British came up the establishment of the royal authority
lake Champlain in great force, and a very in Vermont with high hopes of accomfavorable answer was returned by Gen. plishing their object.  Allen acknowlHaldimand to Governor Chittenden's let- edged that the people of Vermont were
ter. A flag was at the same time sent to growing remiss in the prosecution of the
Ethan Allen, then a brigadier general and war, being afraid that its termination in
commanding officer in Vermont, propos- favor of America, would subject them to
ing a cessation of hostilities with Vermont, the government of New York, which they
during negotiations for the exchange of considered the most detestable in the
prisoners. This proposal was accepted known world; and that, to such an event,
by Allen, on condition that the adjacent they would prefer to become a separate
frontier of New York should be included colony under the crown, and that the
with Vermont.  The British officer at United States should be again brought
first objected, but finally agreed to every under the dominion of the British govthing which Allen proposed.            ernment.
The governor appointed Colonel Ira   The British agents gave assurance on
Allen and Major Joseph Fay, commis- their part, that Vermont could become a
sioners on the part of Vermont, to nego- royal colony with privileges equal to those
tiate the proposed exchange of prisoners; enjoyed by any other colony; and that
who, soon after, had an interview  with they who assisted in accomplishing such
Captain J. Sherwood and George Smith, an object, would be suitably honored and
agents on the part of the British. During rewarded. With such consummate skill
this interview, the British agents availed did Allen manage this negotiation on the
themselves of the opportunity to explain part of Vermont, that without committing
their views, and to make proposals for himself, he completely effected his own
the establishment of Vermont under the views; and by leading the British agents
royal authority. The commissionersfrom  to an agreement that hostilities should
Vermont received these proposals with not be commenced against Vermont till
some attention; and, although they avoid- after the next session of the assembly, he
ed expressing a decided opinion on the succeeded in keeping an army of 10,000
subject, the British flattered themselves of the enemy inactive upon the frontiers.*
that they were in a fair way to effect their This business was accomplished after a
purposes.                              conference of 17 days, and the commisThe next year the British entered upon sioners parted in high friendship; Allen
the business with high expectations of and his suite being furnished by Major
success; and as the British army in Cana- Dundas with ample stores for their return
da was 10,000 strong, and the frontiers of
Vermont without any adequate means of  * The militia of Vermont did not at this time exdefence, it was evidently the interest of ceed 7000 men. —.llen's IIlstory.




0'L4                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.'                     PART II.
COL. IRA ALLEN SENT TO CANADA.                HIS REPORT TO THE LEGISLATURE.
home. On his way, Allen encouraged day. Accordingly,on the nextday,he atthe settlers, who were abandoning the tended with the papers, which, after a
country, to remain peaceably upon their short verbal explanation, were read. From
farms, and trust to the governor and these it appeared that the British had
council to provide the means for their de- shown great generosity in the exchange
fence; and he assured them, that, if a re- of prisoners, but they contained nothing
moval became necessary for the safety of respecting an armistice, or the establishtheir families, they should have timely ment of a royal government in Vermont;
notice, and assistance in accomplishing it. the negotiations on the two latter subjects
It was generally known that Col. Ira having been purposely conducted on the
Allen had been sent to the enemy in Can- part of Vermont by means of verbal corada under a commission from the Gov- respondence.  Colhnel Allen then rose
ernor of Vermont, but the precise object and stated, that if any member of the
and extent of the negotiations, were at committee, or auditor among the spectathis time known only to eight individuals, tors, wished any further information reviz. Thomas Chittenden, Moses Robin- specting the business, he was ready to
son, Samuel Safford, Ethan Allen, Ira answer their questions. All seemed satAllen, Timothy Brownson, John Fassett isfied. The friends of the United States
and Joseph Fay. When it was under- complimented Allen for his open and canstood that Colonel Allen was to report did conduct, and the spectators from Canthe result of his mission at the meeting of ada returned fully satisfied that nothing
the legislature at Bennington, in June, had transpired  inconsistent with their
curiosity and a desire to know the true views and designs.
state of affairs, drew together a large   At this session of the legislature Major
number of spectators from Vermont, the Joseph Fay was appointed " commissioner
neighboring states, and Canada.  The of prisoners," and in July, he went on
whigs in Vermont and the adjoining states board the Royal George on lake Chamwere jealous that the views of the cabinet plain, and obtained the exchange and a
council of Vermont extended to some- further extension of the armistice. About
thing farther than an exchange of pris- this time a correspondence was carried
oners; they therefore sent their agents to on between Ethan and Ira Allen on the
watch the legislature and to discover one part, and the British on the other, by
whether this intercourse tended to any nmeans of a British guard of a sergeant
thing treasonable on the part of Vermont, and eight men. This guard conveyed
or injurious to the  American cause. the communications from the British ofWhile, on the other hand, emissaries ficers to Sunderland, where they were rewere sent from Canada to see whether ceived by one of the Allens personally in
Col. Allen reported any thing contrary to the dusk of the evening, who, the next
the views interchanged between him and evening, returned an answer, which was
the British agents at the Isle aux Noix, conveyed by them  to lake Champlain.
with regard to the establishment of Ver- And it is worthy of remark, that commont as a British province.            munications were frequently interchangA few days after the commencement of ed in this manner, during the years 1781
the session, the two houses met in joint and 1782, without discovery, notwithcommittee on the subject of Col. Allen's standing Sunderland was more than sixty
mission to Canada. Governor Chittenden miles from the frontier.
arose and stated, that Colonel Allen had    While this friendly intercourse was
been sent to Canada to obtain the release, thus maintained between the British and
or exchange, of sundry persons belonging a few of the leading men in Vermont, the
to this state, who were prisoners in the people generally were very inveterate in
hands of the enemy, and that, with much their hatred towards the British and todifficulty, he had completed the business ries. A person in Arlington, being supposin behalf of Vermont. though no such ex- ed to entertain friendly feelings towards
change had taken place with the United the British, a party collected in MbnchesStates, nor with any other individual state. ter and were proceeding to tear down his
He then informed the committee that Col. house. In Sunderland they were met by
Allen was then present, and that, if fur- the Messrs.Brownsons and Ira Allen,who,
ther information was wanted, he could with much difficulty, persuaded them to
best give it. Col. Allen then arose, and, return. That very night Colonel Allen
Eafter recapitulating substantially what the received a packet from a British guard
governor had stated, informed the comn- upon the same ground where this party
*mittee that his commission and papers were persuaded to go back, and returned
had been left at home, but that they should an answer the next evening.
be submitted to their inspection the next   Jonas Fay, Bezaleel Woodward and Ira




CHAP. 4.      CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                         65
LORD GERMAI1N'S LETTER.                      ARRANGEMENT WITH THE BRITISH.
Allen were appointed agents to Congress discussed and agreed upon by the parties.
by the legislature at their session in June. It was to consist of a governor, appointed
About the time of their arrival at Phila- by the king, but who should be a citizen
delphia, a letter from Lord Germain to of Vermont; a lieutenant governor and
Sir Henry Clinton, colnmander of the 1.2 councillors, who should be chosen by
British forces in Alnerica, and which had the people; and a house of representabeen intercepted by the French, was pub- tives, the members to be chosen by the
lished in the Pennsylvania Packet. It respective towns.  The British agents
was dated Whitehall, February 7th, 1781, then insisted that Vermont should irnmeand among other things contained the diately declare herself a British province.
following paragraph: "The return of the The Vermont commissioners represented
people of Vermont to their allegiance, is that matters were not yet sufficiently maan event of the utmost importance to the tured for such a declaration-that the inking's affairs; and at this time, if the habitants in some parts of the territory
French and Washington really meditate were not yet sufficiently brought over to
an irruption into Canada, may be consid- tile British interest, and, until that was
ered as opposing an insurmountable bar effected, and means provided for the purto the attempt. General Haldimand, 7who pose, it would be extremely difficult to
has the same instructions with you, to defend their extensive frontiers against
draw over those people and give them  the United States.
support, will, I doubt not, push up a body    The British agents yielded this point
of troops to act in conjunction with them, with reluctance; but suggested another
and secure all the avenues through their proposition, which they said must be comcountry into Canada; and, when the sea- plied with, or the armistice must be endson admits, take possession of the upper ed, which was, that a proclamation should
parts of the Hudson and Connecticut riv- be issued by the British general in Octoers, and cut off the communication be- ber, during the session of the Vermont letween Albany and the Mohawk country. gislature, declaring Vermont a colony unHow far they may be able to extend them- der the crown, and confirming the plan of
selves southward, or eastward, must de- government which they had agreed upon;
pend on their numbers and the disposition and that the legislature of' Vermont must
of the inhabitants."                   accept the same, and take suitable measThe information contained in this letter ures for carrying it into effect  After
was calculated to confirm the suspicions some farther discussion, the  Vermont
which the friends of American liberty had commissioners judged it better to accede
entertained with regard to the negotia- to this unpleasant proposition, than that
tions between Vermont and the British, the armistice should be discontinued in
and did more towards disposing Congress the present defenceless state of the fronto recognize the independence of Vermont tiers; after which, the commissioners and
and to gain 1her admission into the union, agents separated on friendly terms.
than all her sacrifices and services in    The legislature of Vermont met at
maintainingr the war.  This letter also Charlestown early in October, and about
shows that not only the British generals in the same time General St. Leger ascendAmerica were' deceiving themselves with ed lake Champlain with a powerful Britthe idea that Vermont was about to return ish army, and landed at Ticonderoga. The
to her allegiance to the king, but that the Vermont troops were then at Castleton,
British ministry were also deceived, and under the command of' General Enos.
supposed that the people of Verlnont were General Enos and Colonels Fletcher and
generally desirous that their state should Walbridge were now well acquainted with
be made a British province, when perhaps the negotiation with the British, but the
not more than a dozen individuals within army and the inhlabitants of tile country
the state had ever thought or spoken of knew nothing of it; and hence it was
such an event; and these had only coun- necessary to keep up appearances, by fretenanced the idea of it, when urged to quently sending out scouts to observe the
such a measure by the 13ritish agents, movements of the enemy. One of these
and then only for the purpose of keeping scouts, commanded by Sergeant Tupper,
the northern British army inactive upon fell in with a party of the British, and
their frontiers, and affording the people sonie  shots were exchanged.  Tupper
protection by their mnanagelnent, when wa} killed on the spot, and his men rethey could not do it by force.         treated. General St. Leger ordered TupIn September, 1781, Colonel Allen and -per's body to be decently buried, and sent
Major Fay had another interview with his clothing, with an open letter to Gen.
the British agents, at which a plan of gov- Enos, in which he expressed his regret
ernment for the colony of Vermont was for the death of the sergeant. This comPT. II.         9




66                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
DEATH OF SERGEANT TUPPER.                 EFFECT OF CORNWVALLIS SURRENDER.
munication and the apparel were publicly'the Americans, which was doubtless undelivered to General Enos, and were the founded, they thought it inexpedient to
occasion of much murmuring among tie publish the proposed proclamation till
troops.                                more favorable news should remove all
Letters were immediately written by doubts with regard to the ability of the
General Enos and Colonels Fletcher and British to sustain Vermont in the ineasWalbridge, and forwarded by express to ures which she should adopt.
Governor Chittenddn at Charlestown.   About an hour after this communicaThe bearer, Mr. Hathaway, not being in tion was delivered at Ticonderoga, an exthe secret of the negotiation with the press arrived there from the south, with
British, proclaimed  the  extraordinary the news of the capture of Cornwallis and
message of General St. Leger in the his whole army, and before night the Britstreets of Charlestown, in consequence ish embarked all their troops and stores,
of which the people followed him  in and returned to Canada. Thus were the
crowds to the governor's apartment to negotiators in Vermont relieved from their
hear the news.  In the room with the embarrassment and danger, which would
governor were several persons, some of have been much increased by the publiwhom were in the secret, and some who cation of the proposed proclamation; and
were eager after information that they thus was terminated the campaign of 1781,
might make an ill use of it. On opening  in which a few sagacious and daring inthe letters, they were found, besides an- dividuals, secured, by their negotiations
nouncing the arrival of Gen. St. Leger, and managremnent, the extensive frontier
to contain information respecting the ne- of Vernmont, which was exposed to an
gotiation which it was not deemed pru- army of ten thousand of the enemrny.
dent to make public.                     In the winter of 1782, the British in
While these letters were passing round Canada were extremely anxious to asceramong those who were in the secret, Maj. tain how the people of Vermont were afRunnels entered the room and demanded fected by the capture of Cornwallis. Their
of Colonel Ira Allen why Gen. St. Leger agents wrote, on the 2Sth of February,
should be sorry Tupper was killed. Allen and again on the 22d of April, in the most
said he could not tell. Runnels repeated pressing terms for information, and stathe question; and Allen replied that good ting that the commander-in-chief had
men were sorry when good men were full powers to confirm every article which
killed, which might be the case with St. had been agreed upon at a former interLeger. This answer enraged Runnels, view for the establishment of Vermont as
and he again loudly demanded what rea- a royal grovernment. Inipatient at not
sons could possibly induce a British gen- receiving an answer, they wrote again on
eral to be sorry when his enemy was the 30thl of April, making new offers and
killed, and to send his clothes tothe wid- promises, and desig.atino  several indiow. Colonel Allen then requested Major viduals in Vermont foir whomn his excelRunnels to go to his regiment, and, at the lency was authorized and disposed to prohead of that, demand of St. Leger the vide in the distribution of the royal favors,
reasons of his sorrows; and not stay there, and in several cases assured themn what
asking impertinent questions and eating commissions they should receive.*
up the country's provisions, when the   In July, Colonel Ira Allen was again
frontiers were invaded. Some high words sent to Canada with a letter from  Govfollowed between thein, which called the ernor Chittenden to General Ilaldimland,
attention of those present from the let- requesting the release of two officers, be:
ters, and Runnels soon after left the room. longinfr to Vermont, who were then prisThe governor then convened the board oners in the hainds of the British. The
of war, all of whom were in the secret, British acents t,urlght this a favorable
and Hathaway was left to detail the news opportunity for brinriicu the negotiations
to the populace.  New letters were then with Vermont to a dtcision, and used
made out from those received, in which every art to persuade Vermont immedievery thing relating to the negotiation ately to declare herself a British province.
and armistice was suppressed.  These Allen employed every arglurnent to justify
were substituted for the originals,anfwere Vermont foir delaying it, and to prevent
publicly read before the council and as- the renewal of hostilities.  Haldimiand
sembly for the satisfaction of the people. was finally prevailed upon to continue the
In the mean time Col. Allen and Major armistice, and to liberate the prisoners
Fay wrote to the British agents that mat- above mentioned. He then wrote to Govters were going on favorably to their de- ernor Chittenden, announcing his pacific
signs, but as a report prevailed that CornWallis and his army had surrendered to   * See Slade's Stute Papers, p. 155.




CHAP. 4.   CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                                                     67
TERMINATION OF THE WAR.                                                VINDICATION  OF VERMONT.
disposition  towyards Vermont in the most                            SECTION  VII.
unequivocal Verms, and  requesting  the  Indian  depredations upon the settlements
people of Vermont, without apprelienision,                            in    eront.
to encourage and promote the settlement
and cultivation of the country for the in-             Having  now  completed our account of
terest and  happiness of themselves and. the civil policy  of Verniont during  the
their posterity,.   war for  independence, excepting  such
With  this  year  terminated  the  war  parts as relate  particularly to the admisof the revolution, leavinog  favorable  im-  sion  of Vermont into  the federal union,
pressions  on  tile  minds  of the  British  and which are referred to the next chaptowards Vermont.  Of the beneficial ef-  ter, we shall here give a brief account of
fects of the  policy  pursued, to Vermont  the depredations of the Indians upon our
and to the  ulnion,  there can be no doubt,  settlements, and notice some other things
but of the propriety of this course  there  which have been omitted in the preceding
maybe some question.  On the part of the  narrative.  Previous to  the  conquest of
British, the  negotiation  consisted  in re-  Canada, in 1760, the French and English
peated endeavors to persuade the leading  nation's were engaged in almost perpetual
men in Vermont to abandon the American  war, and in these wars their colonies and
cause and declare the state a British province.  To these, the  leaders in Vermont  FBut it is perfectly obvious that they had no idea of
submitting to either, and that their negotiationu
returned evasive andith the British authorities in Canadd, were undercalculated, indeed,  to  keep  alive  the  taken for the express purpose of preventing the ochopes of the British, but not intended  to  currence of such a disaster, and whether correct
pledge the government of Vermont. The  or not, they always justified themselves in these
proceediings, on the ground of self-preservation.
leading men in  Vermont were known to  That these negotiations served, not only to protect
be as firm  fi-iends of American  indepen-  Vermont, hut the United States, from invasion by a
dence, as any  individuals on  the conti-  powerful British army for a period of about three
]nent;  but, abandoned as Vermont was by  vyears, is unldoubted; and it is, perhaps, equally
neat; ~but, abanda oned as V ermont was by  certain that, by concealing the true object of these
Congress, and exposed to the overwhehn-  negotiations from the people of the United States,
ing, force of the  enemny, no  other means  lNews York was prevented from pressing tier claims
ait that period to the territory of Vermont, and
of seclur ity remained ~but that artful poli-  Congress fromn lendinrg its aid to  enforce those
cy, which we have just described;  and  claims, lest they should promote, what they alwhaich kept a powerful Britislh army inac-  ready feared mighlit be, a growing disaffection to
tive on tlhe  lorthern fronticer of the union  the American cause, and thus hasten the event,
which these transactions had led them  to fear,
during three successive campaigns."                 namely, the return of Vermont to her allegiance to
Great Britain.
* It has heen asserted, andl has perhaps to some    The continuance of the correspondence andl neextent heen believed, that a number of the leading  gotiations between the leading men in Vermont and
men in Vermont, had, ifor several years previous to  the British authorities, after the close of the war,
the settlemient of the controversy wvitlih New York, has been adduced as proof that  Vermont was debeen dissatisfied witll the principlls of Anerican  desirous of beconing a lritish prosince.  That
liberty,:tld were desirous of comirin   again under such a correspondlence vwas lkept up till near the
the donminion of Great Britain; and there have been  time of the admission of Verimont into the Union,
writers in a certain quarter, who have beens ready to  there can be little doubtt; nor is it less doubtful
lend their aid in keepi:g  such an opiniom afloat. tlhat the leadling men in Verniont were very willing
Of this class is the recent Biograpliler of the Indian  that the British authorities should deceive themchieftain, Brant.  He has taken much pains to trav- selves with the expectation that Vermont might
el out ot his way in order to meddlle withl the char,  yet become a Britisli province, while they themacters oftlthose men, whvlo wsere formerly so great a  selves entertained no such thought, except as a
terror and an noyancs e to tlie Ness  Toril Irsd specu- dernier resort to save thenlselves frorn the clutches
lators, anld has artlully endleavsoledl to revive, and  of New York.
leave upon the mlinlds of hIis rea(lers, anl impression  When  the treaty  of peace had relieved  the
ilfavotabl s   to their reput stiosn fIr p triotisem; thus  Unitedl States from  her foreigni enemies, it was semisrepresenting  some of thle most indomrnitable ene-  riously alpprellended that her arms mnight be employmies of olppression andt tyrannv andl the most ardent ed in enforcing the claims of New York to the terand active friends of rationa;l  libertv, whicl tlis, or ritory of Vermont.  In that case Verniont resolved
any other couintry has proiucced.  But it is utterly  to spare no efforts for an effectual resistance, aind
impossihble that (Iany unlprejudlicc t  person, wlho is  she felt it to be ot the utmost importance to tier to
acquainted withl the chllracter  of these men, and  secure the friendship of thle British authorilies in
with our early history, should for a single moment Canada, that tlrougIh their connivance, arms and
doubt their patriotismn, or entertain the thou1ht other supplies might be obtained through the merthat either Etlhan or Ira Allen, or Th'llomas Chitten-  cliants of Montreal and  Quebec.  This corresponden, or either of the F vs or Robinsons, or indleed  deuce was, therefore, only a continuance of ihat
any of the leadling men in Verniont, s previous to lher game which had been so successfully played during
sladmission inito the ITtnion, ever seriouslv contem-  the last three years of the swar, and it was usually
plated a returii to their alleiLance to Great Britain. -spoken of, by the persons engageil in it in Vermont,
As a choice of two evils, there is no dotsit tilait tllie   as the  Halfliisand  policy.  This correspondence,
would sooner have submiittedl to Great Britain thall;l hlowever, embraced other olbjects, one of vwhich was
to NewYork, n(ltsid t s thbey openly declared, because  the constrncetion of a cassal along th6 Richelieu
they regardled the latter as the greater tyrant, andil  from lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence, which
a tyrant in America, where the principles of liberty  should open a water com-munieation between Verwere so generally diffiised, wis to themis as hateful mont andl thiu ocean, over whvlich neither New York
and even more detestable, thais a tyrant in Europe. nor the United States could have any control.




G3                    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART II.
BRIDGEMANIS S FFIRT.                CAPT. MELVIN.                 MILITARY ROADS.
Indian allies were always involved. Dur- captivity.  Most of them, however, were
ing their continuance, the frontier Eng- afterwards redeemed and returned to their
lish settlements were frequently broken  friends.
up, and the inhabitants either massacred    In 1756, as Captain Melvin, at the head
or carried into captivity.  Some account of about 20 men, was marching through
of these transactions in the vicinity of the wilderness from  Charlestown, New
Vermont has already been given in the  Hampshire, to Hoosic fort, and when in
first chapter. But as very few settlements the southerly part of' Newfane, which was
were made within our limits while Cana- then uninhabited, lie was fired upon by a
da was in possession of the French, the large party of Indians, who were lying in
first settlers of Vermont suffered less from  ambush.  A  severe conflict ensued, in
the incursions of the Indians than those which both parties suffered considerably
of some of the other states.              in killed and wounded. Melvin's party;
was at length overpowered by numbers,
and was obliged to leave the field in pos-:-')   \"'.v /-    session of the enemy. Melvin and sev-.Irtw\ 8.eral of' his number made their escape and
arrived safely at fort Dummer. The next
day he returned to the battle ground with
a party from fort Dummer.  The Indians
were not to be found, but the bodies of
those who were slain were collected and'/''~~./14     e~     buried.
At the time of the American Revolution
the number of Indians residing in the vicinity of Vernont was greatly diminished;
and as the Americans, at tie commencement of that struggle, got possession of
the military posts along lake Champlain,
tlese few had, for a while, no opportunity
to molest our settlements. But when the
American army retreated from Canada in
1776, and the British had secured to themselves the command of lake Champlain,
our western borders were wholly at the
Bridernman's Fort.*            mercy of the enemy, and continued so
We have already mentioned that the durintr the remainder of the war. All the
inhabitants of Vernon were attacked and settlements in the vicinity of the lake
several of them slain by the Indians, in  were broken up, and the settlers retired
1746, and that Bridgeman's tort was taken  with their families to the southward. The
and destroyed by themn the next year. frontier military posts were at Castleton
This place again received a hostile visit and Pittsford, on the west side of the
in 1755.  On the 27th of July, of this mountains, and atBarnard, Corinth, Newyear, Caleb Howe, Hilkiahll Grout, and bury, and Peacham, on the east side.
Benjamin Gaffield were way-laid and fired    During the last French war, a military
upon by a party of Indians, as they were road had been opened from  Charlestown
returning  from  their labor in the field. to Crown Point, which was now  very
Howe was killed, Gaffield was drowned beneficial to the Americans, and early in
in attempting to ford the river, and Grout the spring of 1776, General Bailey was
escaped unhurt.  The Indians then pro- orderTl t) op)n a road from  Newbury,
ceeded to Bridgeman's fort, which hiad  through the wilderness, to.St. Johns, for
been rebuilt, where they made prisoners the purpose of facilitating the conveyance
of the families of these three men, con- of troops and provisions into Canada. He
sisting of their wives and eleven children, had opened the road six  miles above
being all the persons in the fort.  These  Peacham, when the news arrived that our
were all carried to Canada, where they  army had retreated from Canada, and the
were doomed to suffer a long and cruel undertaking  was abandoned.   But in
1779,  Gen. Ilazen was ordered to Peach* Thi's fort is now standing in Verlon. This am  with i)art of a regiment, for the purfort and others so of'ten tentionsei in the aeounts i pose, as was said, of completing the road
of the Indiani wars.. were properly block-hosses I
T'hey were constructed of large squared timiber begnltn y Batily, so that an army might
lockedl together at the coriiels in the manner of a be sent through, for the reduction of Can)comrh   lor cabin, ant covere d with l tha ltwth   ada.  But this was probably only a feint
ort-holc fir firing uon te assailnts.                                d preventi
served only as protection against musketry.    y for dividiig the enemy and preventing




CHAP. 4.     CIVIL POLICY DURING THE REVOLUTION.                          69
EXPEDITION AGAINST NEWBURY.                             BURNING OF ROYALTON.
them from sending their whole force up menced their depredations at the house of
the lake.  Hazen, however, continued Mr. John Hutchinson, who lived near the
the road 50 miles above Peacham, through line between Tunbridge and Royalton.
the towns of Cabot, Walden, Hardwick, After making Mr. Hutchinson and his
Greensborough, Craftsbury, Albany, and brother Abijah prisoners, they proceeded
Lowell, and erected block houses at sev- to the house of Mr. Robert Havens, where
eral places along the route. This was a tlhey killed Thomas Pember and Elias
great convenience to the settlers who Button. They then went to the house of
came into these parts after the war, and Joseph Kneeland, took him and his fathis known at this day as the "lIazen Road." er, and Simeon Belknap, Giles Gibbs and
It terminated near a remarkable notch in Jonathan Brown. Proceeding thence to
the mountain in Westfield, and which the house of Mr. Elias Curtis, they made
has since been called Hazen's JVotch.  him  and John Kent and Peter Mason
During the continuance of the war, the prisoners.
frontier towns were frequently alarmed   Thus far the business was conducted
by the appearance of Indian scouting par- with the greatest silence, and the prisonties in their neighborhood, but the inhab- ers were forbid making any outcry upon
itants were seldom molested. Their dwel- pain of death. They at length arrived at
lings were, however, occasionally plun- the mouth of the branch, where they
dered, and sometimes men were taken made a stand, while small parties proprisoners, and a few, at different times, ceeded in different directions to plunder
were killed, but the women and children the dwellings and bring in prisoners. By
were not usually injured, and never mas- this time the alarm had become general,
sacred as in former wars. In 1777, the the inhabitants were flying for safety in
Indians killed two men in Brandon, took every direction, and the savaes filled the
several of the inhabitants prisoners, and air with their horrid yells. One party exburnt their dwellings. On the 9th of tended its ravages down the river into
August, 1780, they took three men in Sharon, took two prisoners and burnt sevBarnard, whom they carried to Canada;* eral houses and barns. Another party
and in October of the same year, they proceeded up the river, made prisoner.of
made a successful expedition against Roy- David Waller, a young lad who lived with
alton, a thriving settlement on White General Stevens, plundered and set fire
river, which then consisted of about 300 to the General's house, and advanced in
inhabitants.                           that direction about three miles, killing
This expedition was designed against the cattle and plundering and setting fire
Newbury, on Connecticut river, for the to the buildings as they passed.
object, as was supposed, of capturing a   After completing their work of destrueLieutenant Whitcomb, who in July, 1776, tion, they returned with their booty to
while on a scout, had wantonly shot Gen- the place where they commenced their
eral Gordon, a British officer, between attack in the morning. From  this place
Chambly and St. Johns, and robbed him  they proceeded across the hill to Ranof his watch and sword. The British dolph, where they encamped for the night
deeply resented this attack as unworthy on the second branch of White river. In
of an officer, and were desirous of getting the course of the day they had killed two
Whitcomb into their power. The party, persons, taken 25 prisoners, burnt upconsisting of about 300 men, mostly In- wards of 20 houses, and about the same
dians, was commanded by one Horton, a number of barns, and killed about 150
British lieutenant. While proceeding up head of cattle, and all the sheep and hogs
Winooski river, they fell in with several that fell in their way; having suffered no
hunters, by whom they were told that the loss themselves, and scarcely met with
people of Newbury wdre expecting an at- any opposition. Surprised, affriglhted and
tack, and were well prepared for defence. scattered from one another, The inabiThis information induced them to turn tants could take no steps for their defence;
their attention towards Royalton.      the alarm, however, soon spread, and a
They accordingly proceeded up Ste- numberof men immediately narched from
vens' and jail branch, and down the first Connecticut river,and the adjacent towns.
branch of White river, to Tunbridge, By evening they amounted to several hunwhere they lay in their encampment dur- dreds, and were collected at the place
ing the Sabbath, and on Monday morning, where the attack was first commenced.
it being the 16th of October, they com- Here they  organized  themselves, and
chose for their commander a captain John
*'Some further account of these, and other similar House, who had served several campaigns
transactions, will be found in part third, in the ac-  the continental army.
counts of Barnard, Brandoun, Bridport, and othern the    inental ar Hy.
towns.                                    Early in the evening, House began his




70                   CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
PURSUIi PpF THE INDIANS.                               INTERESTING INCIDENTS.
march with this undisciplined but brave awakened by the rushing in of the savcorps, in pursuit of the savages, who were ages, were so nmuch frightened that they
at this time encamped seven or -eight lost the use of their reason, went out of
miles ahead. The night was dark and he their doors naked, and stood motionless
was guided amidst the logs, rocks and till the Indians brought them their clothes.
hills with which the wilderness abounded This act ofkindntess restored their senses;
only by a few marked trees. When they they put on their clothes, collected the
supposed themselves near the Indians, children and fled to the woods, while the
they proceeded with caution, but as they savages were engaged in plundering the
were passing over a stream which was house. At another place one of the wocrossed upon a large log they were fired men had the boldness to reproach the Inupon by the enemy's rear guard, which dians for distressing helpless women and
had been posted behind some trees near children, telling them that if they had
the place, and one man was wounded. the spirit and souls of warriors, they
House's party returned the fire, killed would cross the river and go and fight the
one Indian and wornded two others. The men at the fort. The Indians bore her
guard then retreated to the Indian camp, remarks patiently, and only replied, squaw
and House advanced within about 300 shouldn't say too much. At another place
yards of the same, where he waited till a woman having her gown carried out of
day light without commencing an attack. the house with other plunder, resolved to
Fatigued by the business of the prece- recover it. Seeing it in a heap of pillage
ding day, and now suddenly awakened'which the savages were dividing among
from profound sleep, the savages were at themselves at the door, she seized it;
first filled with consternation and thrown upon which one of the Indians clubbed
into the utmost disorder. They, however, his gun and knocked her down. Not dissoon recovered from their fright, and were couraged, she patiently awaited an oppornot lonhg in concertinag measures for their tunity when the savages were collecting
own safety. They sent out an aged pris- more plunder, seized and brought off her
oner to inform the Americans that, if they gown, having  at the same time one
proceeded to Inake an attack, they should child in her arms and leading  another
immediately put all the prisoners to death. by the hand. Another woman having her
The proceedings thus far had caused two young son taken away with other little
to be put to deathll; one to retaliate the boys, followed the Indians with her other
death of the Indian, who had been slain, children, and entreated them to give him
and the other for refusinog to march, in up, which they did. Encouraged by this
the expectation that the Americans would success, she then interceded for others,
relieve them. These were tomahawked and finally prevailed upon them to give
-as they lay bound upon the igroundt. up I12 or 15 of her neighbor's children.
Having placed their warriors in the reitr One of the Indians then in a fit of good
to cover their retreat, they silently left humor offered to carry her over the river
their encampment, proceeded to Ramn- upon his back. She accepted his propodolph, where they took one prisoner, sal, and her savage gallant carried her
passed through the west part of Brook- safely over, though the water was up to
field, and, by the way of Winooski river his middle, and she soon returned with
and lake Champlain, to Montreal.        her little band of boys, to the no small
House and his men were waiting for surprise and joy of their parents.
the dawn of day and deliberating upon   A few days after the burning of Royalthe message brought them by the prison- ton there was one of the most extensive
er, till the Indians had departed and were alarnms in the county of Windhalm, expefar beyond their reach. They, however, rienced in Vermont during the war; but
followed upon their trail as far as Brook- it proved to be wholly groundless. It
field and then returned, hlavin-r lost the happened, that as several men were suropportunity of attacking the enemy by veying lands in Brookline, some of them
their caution and delay. On their way to undertook to imitate  the Indian warCanada, the prisoners were well treated, whoop. In this they succeeded to admiand with respect to provisions fared as ration, and were heard by the inhabitants
well as their masters. Of the twenty-six of Athens, who, supposing them to be real
who were carried away, one died in cap- Indians, took firight, fled, and rapidlly
tivity, and the rest were liberated the next spread the alarm through the neighboring
summer and returned to their friends.    towns. Immediately aIll was terror and
During the attack upon Royalton, there confusion. To their bewildered imagrinawere several occurrences which are wor- tions every noise became the yell of the
thy of notice. In one of the houses first savage, and every rock and every tree of
attacked, two women, being suddenly  the forest a lurking place for the cruel




CHAP. 4.             ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                            71
ALARM IN WTINDHAM COUNTY.                       DELEGATES SENT TO CONGRESS.
foe. With such precipitation did they burning log and brush heaps, which had
flee from their farms and dwellings that been piled by the industrious inhabitants
the men left their teams.harnessed in the of Newfane, and which had been set on
field, and women their ovens heating and fire as they saw the storm approaching.
victuals cooking by the fire.            On the Sth of March, 17e61, a party of
When the intelligence reached Colonel British and Indians made prisoners of
Sargeant at Brattleborough, he sent out Colonel Johnson, Jacob Page, and Jonaorders into the different towns requesting than Elkins, and carried them to Canada.
their militia to assemble for the purpose In the following summer, a scout consistof stopping the progress of the Indians ing of four men from  Peacham, while
who were laying waste the settlements. proceeding up Hazen's Road, were fired
A snow storm had commenced, and before upon by a party of Indians. Two of them
night was so severe as to render the flight were killed and scalped, and the other
of the inhabitants laborious and distress- two made prisoners. In 1782, a party of
ing; and, as evening come on, numerous British and Indians, after killing one man
lights were seen along the horizon, which, and taking one prisoner at Newbury, proit was not doubted, proceeded from the ceeded to Corinth where they compelled
conflagration of the dwellings of the in- the inhabitants to swear allegiance to the
habitants wantonly plundered and set on British king. Other towns were also visfire by the Indians. This alarm spread ited by small parties of the enemy in the
ever most of the country, but was happily course of the war, but during the period
of short continuance. The brave soldiery of the negotiation, mentioned in the last
nmarchled into the deserted country, but section, and while Vermont was wholly
they found nothing but a deep snow to at their mercy, these parties did very litinterrupt their progress.  The original tle injury, and probably had orders from
cause of alarm was soon ascertained, and the British generals not to molest the
the lights, by which it had been height- inhabitants.
ened, were found to proceed from the
CHAPTER V.
THE ADMISSION OF VERMONT INTO TIHE UNION.
SECTION I.               their mission, and appointed a committee
of five persons to confer with tile deleEztending from the comlpletion  qf tihe east- gates from Vermont, and agree with them
ern and  western unions with V/erlnolot  on -
he 2s2d of Jene, 1781, to the dissolution upon the terms  of admission, provided
of the sa2d  on tJue,78  da, the dcislution Congress should see fit to recognize Verof the same on the 22d day of February, mont as all independent state.
On the 18th of August, a conference
Vermont, having completed her eastern took place between this committee and the
and western unions, as related in the pre- delegates from Vermont, at which sundry
ceding chapter, appointed Jonas Fay, Ira questions were proposed to the latter reAllen, and Bezaleel Woodward, delegates specting the extent, population, and reto the American Congress to negotiate sources of Vermont, and the views and
for her admission into the federal union. wishes of the inhabitants; to all of which
Full powers were given them to complete answers were returned.' On the 20th,
the arrangement; and, if they effected  the committee made their report to Contheir olbject, they were authorized to take gress; whereupon that body adopted the
their seats in Congress as the representa- flloing resolution:   ResolIed,  That it
tives of Vermont. These delegates ar- be an indispensable preliminary to the rerived at Philadelphia in the beginning of cogning of the independence of the peoAu(rust, and about the time of the publi-ple inhabiting the territory called Vercation of Lord Gerniain's letter, as a]- _mont, and their admission into the federal
ready mentioned. On the 7th of August,  * For an account of this conference see Slade's
1781, Congress took up the subject of State Papers, page 158.




72.  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS.       VIEWS OF VERMONT AND NEW YORK RESPECTING IT.
union, that they explicitly relinquish all bitration of no power under heaven. They
demands of lands or jurisdiction on the however declared their willingness to subeast side of the west bank of Connecticut mit any questions, which might arise,
river, and on the west side of a line be- with regard to jurisdictional limits beginning at the north west corner of Mas- tween them  and the neighboring states,
sachusetts, thence running twenty miles to arbitrators mutually chosen; and, when
east of Hudson river, so far as said river admitted into the American union, they
continues north-easterly in its general would not object to submitting such discourse, then by the west bounds of the putes to Congress.
townships granted by the late government   The Legislature of New York, on the
of New Hampshire, to the river running other hand, regarding the resolution of
into East Bay, thence along said river Congress as a virtual determination of the
and bay to lake Champlain, thence along controversy between that state and Verthe waters of said lake to latitude 45 de- mont, passed a number of resolutions, and
grees north."                          a solemn protest against the proceedings
Vermont and New York were both dis- of Congress.* Having stated their claims,
satisfied with this resolution-Vermont, and some former proceedings of Congress
because it required as a condition of her on the subject, they went on to express
admission into the union, that she should their disapprobation and alarm at the evidissolve the agreeable connexions which dent intention of Congress, from political
she had just formed-New York, because expedicnce, to establish an arbitrary bounit recognized the claim, against which she dary, which excluded from that state a
had so long and so earnestly contended;-  great part of its territory. They declared
the one, because it bereft Vermont of one that, in the opinion of the legislature,
half her present territory, resources and Congress had no authority, by the artiimportance-the other, because it would cles of confederation, to intermeddle with
allow Vermont still to have something left the territorial extent, or jurisdiction, of
which she could call her own. This ap- either of the United States, except in case
pears from the proceedings of their re- of dispute between two or more states in
spective legislatures.                 the union,-that to carry into execution
The legislature of Vermont met at said resolution of Congress, would be an
Charlestown, on the east side of the Con- assumption of power, and an infraction
necticut river, in October, and on the of the articles of confederation, and that
16th of that month, the foregoing resolu- they therefore'solemnly protested against
tions were laid before them. The reso- the same.
lution held out to Vermont a faint pros-   With the resolution of' Congress of
pect of an admission into the federal union August 20th, a verbal message had been
with her original territory, but havingC lost sent by General Washington to Governor
much of her confidence in the assurances Chittenden, desiring to know what were
of Congress, and having now consolidated the real designs, wishes and intentions of
her unions at home, she felt herself in a the people of Vermont; —whether they
condition to demand better terms than the would be satisfied with the independence
relinquishment of one half her territory proposed in said resolution, or seriously
and population, to secure the indepen- thought of joining the enemy and becomdence of the other half. After delibera- ing a British province. On the 14th of
ting and debating upon the subject for November, Governor Chittenden returnseveral days, the assembly, on the 19th of ed an unequivocal and decisive answer to
October, voted that they could not com- the above communication, in which he
ply with the foregoing resolution of Con- said that no people on the continent were
gress.*                                more attached to the cause of America
They declared that a compliance would than the people of Vermont; but, that
destroy the foundation of the harmony they would sooner join the British in
which then subsisted in the state, and be Canada, than submit to the government
a violation of the solemn compact entered of New Yorkl-that, driven to desperainto by the articles of union and confed- tion by the injustice of those who should
eration-that they would remain firm in have been her friends, Vermont was now
the principles on which they had assumed obliged to adopt policy in the room of
the powers of government-that they power. He ascribed the late resolution
would hold inviolate the articles of union of Congress,not to the influence of friends,
which connected the parts of the state to- but the power of enemies, believing that
gether-and that they would submit the Lord Germain's letter had procured that,
question of their independence to the ar- which the public virtue of the people
could not obtain.
* For these proceedings, see Slade's S.P., p. 160.  * For thse resolutioms..    Sade's S. P., p. 163.'' ~~~~~~* For these resolutions see Slade's S. P.,.............. P. 163.




CHAP. 5.             ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                            73
DIFFICULTIES WITH N. H. AND N. Y,       WASHINGTON S LETTER TO CHITTENDEN.
During these proceedings, new difficul- Fortunately, about this time, Governor
ties were opening to Vermont in her east- Chittenden received a reply to his ~omern and western unions. A conrmunica- munication of the 14th of November, from
tion was received by Governor' Chitten- General Washington, which was obviden from one of tile sheriffs in the eastern ously dictated by his paternal solicitude
union, informing him that the government for the good of his country, and for a hapof New Hanmpshire, were about taking co- py termination of the troubles in relation
ercive measures to bring those citizens of to Vermont. This letter is dated January
that state, who had joined Vermont, again 1st, 1782, and from it we extract the folunder their laws and authority. The gov- lowing paragraph:
ernor, on the 14th of December, directed   "It is not my business, nor do I think
General Paine, then lieutenant governor it necessary, now to discuss the origin of
of the state, to call out the militia on the the right of a number of inhabitants, to
east side of the mountains, for the assis- that tract of country, formerly distinguishtance of the sheriffs and the defence of the ed by the name of the New Hampshire
citizens; and, if armed force should be grants, and now by that of Vermont. I
employed by New  Hampshire, that he will take it for granted that their right
should repel it by the same. Mr. Paine was good, because Congress, by their reforwarded a copy of this order to the coun- solve of the 7th of August, imply it; and
cil of New liampshire, and informed them, by that of the 20th are willing fully to conthat, if hostilities were commenced, he firm it, provided the new state is confined
should execute his orders, and that New  to certain described bounds.  It appears
Hampshire must be accountable for the therefore to me, that the dispute of bounconsequences. With these communica- dary, is the only one that exists; and,
tions, commissioners were also sent to that being removed, all other difficulties
New Hampshire, to endeavor to accom- would be removed also, and the matter
modate matters, and prevent the effusion terminate to the satisfaction of all parties.
of. blood.                             You have nothing to do, but to withdraw
On the other hand, the military force your jurisdiction to the confines of your
was called out in New York, to prevent own limits, and obtain an acknowledgVermont from executing her laws over ment of independence and sovereignty
the inhabitants of her western union, and under the resolve of the 20th of August,
to aid the sheriff of New York in appre- for so much territory as does not interfere
hending several persons in the territory with the ancient established bounds of
who had rendered themselves particularly  New Hampshire, New York and Massaobnoxious to the government of that state. chusetts. In my private opinion, while
This force was commanded by General it behooves the delegates to do ample jusGansevoort, who, being informed that tice to a people, sufficiently respectable
Colonel Walbridge was advancing with by their numbers, and entitled, by other
a large body of troops from the Grants, claims, to be admitted into the confederawrote to him on the 18th of December, to tion, it becomes them  also, to attend to
be informed of the object of his movement. the interests of their constituents, and
Walbridge replied that it was to protect see, that under the appearance of justice
the inhabitants, who, in consequence of to one, they do not materially injure the
the union, professed allegiance to the others. I am apt to think this is the prestate of Vermont; that he wished con- vailing opinion of Congress."*
ciliatory measures might be adopted, but,   Being endeared to all the friends of libif those persons who professed to be citi- erty by his integrity and virtue, and by
zens of Vermont should be imprisoned his disinterested exertions and sacrifices
and their property destroyed, he would for the good of his country, such a comnot be accountable for the consequences. munication from  General Washington
Affairs seemed now to have reached an might reasonably be expected to exert a
alarming crisis, and all parties trembled powerful influence upon the minds of the
at the prospect of a civil war. Happy leading men in Vermont, and the event
was it that hostilities were not commenc- showed that it did. At the next meeting
ed before the parties had taken time to of the legislature, which was held at Benreflect upon the consequences of such a nington, this letter was laid before them.
measure; for when they looked at the It served to open their eyes to the former
momentous struggle in which their coun- errors of government, and, knowing it to
try was engaged, every philanthropist have come from a man, who had only the
was fully convinced that no differences interests of his whole country at heart, his
between the states should, on any ac- advice was received with the greatest
count, be permitted to endanger the cause
of American liberty and independence.  *Williams' History, vol. 11, page 225.
PT. II.           10




74                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
VERMONT UNIONS DISSOLVED.                           PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.
deference, and, after mature deliberation in Congress. These resolutions declared
upon the subject, the assembly on the that, if Vermont did not, within one
22d of February, 1782, resolved to comply month from the time these resolutions
with the preliminary required by the res- were communicated to Governor Chittenolution of Congress of the 20th ofAugust, den, comply with the resolution of the
and relinquish all claims to jurisdiction 20th of August, and relinquish her jurisbeyond the bounds therein mentioned.*   diction beyond the bounds therein named,
Thus was dissolved a union which had such neglect and refusal would be regardgreatly increased the power and conse- ed as an indication of hostility to the
quence of Vermont, and which, it was Uniled States.
believed, had prevented the division of   In that case Congress would regard the
Vermont between New Hampshire and pretensions of Vermont for admission inNew York. But this union was not dis- to the union as fallacious and delusive,
sblved without a struggle and much dis- and would, thereafter, consider the lands
satisfaction in those parts which were cut in Vermont to the eastward of the ridge
off from Vermont, by the prescribed boun- of the Green Mountains, as granted to
daries. The inhabitants of those parts New Hampshire, and the lands to the
had eagerly sought the union with Ver- westward of said line as granted to New
mont, and they were too well satisfied York; and that the commander in chief
with it, willingly to return to their alle- of the American armies be directed to
giance to those states from which they had employ the military forces of the United
withdrawn.                             States to carry these resolutions into full
Vermont, having complied with the execution. After a long debate and sevrequirements of Congress, now confident- eral trials, it was found that a vote could
ly expected an immediate recognition of not be obtained to pass these resolutions,
her independence, and an admission into and a few days after, as the excitement
the federal union; and with it a termina- was beginning to subside, the agents from
tion of the disagreeable controversy with Vermont arrived at Philadelphia
New York.  The legislature therefore   These agents were Jonas Fay, Moses
proceeded to choose four agents to arrange Robinson, Paul Spooner, and Isaac Tichthe terms of admission, and then take enor, and they were instructed " to netheir seats in Congress as representatives gotiate and complete, on the part of Verof Vermont. But, in their expectations, mont, the admission thereof into the fedthe people of Vermont were again doom- eral union, and to subscribe articles of
ed to disappointment; a disappointment, perpetual confederation thereunto."  On
the pain and mortification of which could the 31st of March, 1782, they officially
only be exceeded by the impolicy and laid before Congress the proceedings of
injustice of the neglect which occasioned the legislature of Vermont on the 22d of
it. Congress still refused to admit Ver- February, by which they had fully commont into the union, and again reverted plied with the requirement of the resoluto her policy of evasion and delay.    tion of the 20th of August. Congress
now again took up the subject and referred it to a committee of five members,
who, on the 17th of April, reported, *
SECTION II.'That in the opinion of the committee,
Proceedings of Congress-Disturbances in Vermont had fully complied with the reVermont-from  the Dissolutions of the solution of the 20th of August as prelimunions in Vermont, Feb. 22d, 1782, to inary to the recognition of her soverthe Treaty of Peace between the United eignty and independence, and admission
States and G1reat Britain, January 20th, into the federal union; and that the con1783.                                ditional promise of such recognition and
The refusadmission by Congress, is thereby become
The refa of V t on    1     absolute and necessary to be performed.'
October, 1781, to comply with the resoOcntoner, 1a, to colply with tne reso- The committee then proposed a resolulution of the 20th of August, had been   T
colutonunicated ~(jth of, and       tion declaring " That the district, or tercommunicated to Congress, and while
the assembly of Vermongress, in Februaryhile ritory called Vermont, as defined and limthe assembly of Vermont, in February) itted in the resolution of Congress of
1782, was reconsidering the subject and itted in th   o f Au gust,  1781, be, and it
7                *..1.:.the 20th of August, 1781, be, and it
effecting a compliance with said resolu- hereby i      ised and acknowledged
tion, Congress was engaged in warm de- by the name of the state of Vermont, as
bate upon their preceding refusal. On free  soveand
the first day of March, several spirited,         e     
resolutions were proposed and discussed that a committee be appointed to treat
* For this Report, see Slade's State Papers, page
*Williams' H. Vol. II. p. 297, Slade's S. P. p. 168. 170,




CHAP. 5.               ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                          75
AGENTS OF VERMONT ADDRESS CONGRESS.           LENIENT MEASURES OF NEW YORK.
and confer with the agents and delegates the 14th of April, 1782, the Legislature of
from said state, upon the terms and mode New York passed several acts in relation
of the admission of said state into the to this district.* By the first of these acts
federal union."  When this report was full pardon and immunity was granted
read, motions were successively  made to the inhabitants of the district, for all
that its consideration be assigned to the crimes and offences with which they stood
first Tuesday in October, the first Tues- charged, excepting for the crime of treaday in June, and to Monday next, all of son in adhering to the king of Great
which were decided in the negative.    Britain, and for murder. This was folBy these votes it became evident that lowed by another act confirming-first,
Congress did not intend to come to any all the grants made by New Hampshire
decision upon the aiffairs of Vermont, and within the district, which were prior to
the agents of Vermont, disappointed at the the grants of the same lands by New York;
result, addressed a letter to the president secondly, all the grants made by New
of Congress on the 19th of April, and York, of lands not previously granted by
immediately left Philadelphia.*  In this New Hampshire, and such as were made
communication they say, that in conse- in confirmation of New Hampshire grants;
quence of the plighted faith of Congress, thirdly, all Vermont grants of lands not
and the advice of gentlemen of the first previously granted, and lastly, the possescharacter in America, Vermont had been sions of individuals not included in any
induced to comply, in the most ample of the above-mentioned grants, to the
manner, with the resolution of the 20th of amount of 500 acres each,. and no more;
August, and that they had officially com- all these confirmations to be made withmunicated said compliance to Congress. out requiring any fee to the government.
They expressed their disappointment at   But the people of Vermont had now
the delay of Congress to execute, on their gone too far, and had established their
part, the spirit of said resolution, and government upon too firm a basis to be
pointed out the critical situation, to which shaken from  their purpose of indepenVermont was reduced by casting off a dence by any, however specious, devices
considerable portion of her strength,-by  of New York. They even appeared to
being exposed to the main force of the have adopted a fixed determination to
enemy in Canada, and by receiving no listen to no propositions from any quarter
aid from the United States, in whose cause by which their separate existence as a
she had freely fought and suffered.    state should be endangered; and as the
When these proceedings of Congress acts above-mentioned were not to take
became known in Vermont they produced effect until Vermont renounced her asuniversal dissatisfaction. Itwasthe gen- sumed powers of government, and the
eral opinion that the resolution of the 20th people returned to their allegiance to New
of August, had been designed to dupe York, they seem to have been treated by
the assembly to a compliance, for the pur- Vermont with very little attention.
pose of weakening Vermont and render-   Notwithstanding the unsettled and eming it less dangerous to contravene her barrassing state of her relations to Condesigns and wishes. Faith in the virtue gress and the neighboring states, the inand integrity of congress was nearly de- ternal tranquillity of Vermont had been,
stroyed; and by these measures of that for some time, but little disturbed. Her
body, the people, and the assembly of political institutions had been gradually
Vermont, were determined to adhere to maturing, and the organization of her
the boundaries, to which they had agreed, government had assumed a regularity
and rely upon their own strength, resour- and efficiency which commanded the obeces, and management for defence and dience and respect of the great body of
safety, and urge no further upon Congress the citizens. New York had not relintheir right to a confederation with the quished her claim to jurisdiction overthe
United States. Still, that it might ap- territory, but she had not, of late, made
pear to the world that Vermont was not any serious effort to exercise it; and had
in fault, the assembly, at their session in contented herself with opposing the adOctober, again appointed agents with full mission of Vermont into the union, and
powers to complete arrangements for her by endeavoring, in the manner we have
admission into the union.              just related, to bring over the people to her
During these transactions, New York own interest. But while a vast majority
resolved to see what could be effected by of the' people of Vermont yielded a wiladopting a more lenient policy towards ling obedience to her authority, and were
the people of Vermont. Accordingly on ready to make almost any sacrifice to sus* This letter may be seen in Slade's State Papers,  * For these Acts, see Slade's Vt. State Papers,
page 172.                              page, 173.




76                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART lI
ADHIERENTS OF N. Y. PUNISHED. RESOLUTIONS OF CONGRESS. REMONSTRANCE OF VT.
tain her independence and government, made by the resolution of the 20th of
there were some among  her citizens August, 1781, their proceedings were full
whose submission was reluctant, and who of censure and threatening against Verwere ready to embrace any favorable op- mont, for having exercised authority over
portunity to renounce their allegiance persons, who professed allegiance to the
and support the claims of New York.    state of New  York, in violation of the
As the continental troops had been with- resolutions of Congress,* passed on the
drawn from  the northern frontier, and 24th of September, 1779, and on the 2d
as Vermont was exposed to invasion by of June, 1780. Among other things they
the enemy from Canada, she found it ne- resolved, that Vermont be required to
cessary to order a draft of militia for the make full restitution to the persons conpurpose of defence. Those citizens of demned to banishment or confiscation of
Vermont, who were disaffected toward property, and that they be not molested
the government, resolvedto take this op- on their return to said district. They
portunity to resist its authority. They close by resolving, "that the United States
were encouraged in this measure by the will take effectual measures to enforce a
governor of New York, who gave com- compliance with the aforesaid resolutions,
missions to sundry persons in the south- in case the same shall be disobeyed by
eastern part of the county of Windham, the people of the said district."
and had recommended the organization of   The faith of the people of Vermont in
a military force for the purpose of oppos- the wisdom  and integrity of Congress,
ing Vermont, and enforcing the laws of weakened by several of their former acts,
New York. Vermont became alarmed at was by the foregoing nearly destroyed,
these proceedings, and, haviing employed and with it the reverence and respect of
lenient measures in vain, ordered out the the people for that body. The governor
militia to suppress them. The leaders in and council of Yermont, on the 9th day of
the rebellion were taken, five of the most January, 1783, returned a spirited reobnoxious of whom were banished from  monstrance t to the above resolutions, in
the state, and others fined or otherwise which Congress was reminded of their
punished.                              solemn engagement to the state of VerDisappointed in their attempts to resist mont, in the resolution of the 20th of
the authority of Vermont, the insurgents August, and which, after the fullest comapplied to the government of New York, pliance on the part of said state with the
under which they pretended to have act- requirement of Congress, Congress had
ed, for support and remuneration for their refused or neglected to fulfil. Congress
sacrifices and losses in consequence of were told, that, by their own articles of
their rebellion. But the desired support confederation, they had no right to interNew York was not able to afford. Vermont meddle with the internal policy of any of
feared not her power, and therefore her the United States; and least of all with
promises and her threatenings were alike that of Vermont, from which she had redisregarded. A remonstrance was then ceived no delegated authority whatever.
forwarded to Congress setting forth that It asserted that Vermont had as much
Vermont had proceeded to exercise juris- authority to prescribe measures to Condiction over the persons and property of gress, as Congress had to revoke the lesundry persons, who professed themselves gal decisions of Yermont in the case of
to be subject to the state of New York. the criminals already mentioned.
This remonstrance was seconded by a let-   The remonstrance went on to assert
ter from the governor of New York, and that Vermont had had an independent juon the 14th day of November, 1782, the risdiction since the royal decision in 1764,
committee in Congress to whom the sub- and they did not intend to be resolved out
ject was referred, reported " That the of it by the influence, which their old admeasures complained of were probably versary, New York, possessed in Conoccasioned by the state of New York hayv- gress;-that Vermont had no controversy
ing given commissions both civil and mil- with the United States, as a whole; but
itary to persons residing in Vermont." that she was at all times, ready and able,
They also recommended, that said com- to vindicate her rights and liberties against
missions be revoked, and that Vermont the usurpations of New York. It declares
should make satisfaction to the persons, that Congress has been so mutable in
who had been banished, or who had sus- their resolutions respecting Vermont, that
tained damages. But Congress refused
to adopt the resolution recommended.     * These Resoltionsmay be found in Slade's State
On the 5th of December, Congress Papers, page 177.
again took up the matter,- but instead of  t This able document, which is alike distinguishled for force of realsoning, and severity of rebuke,
fulfilling their engagement to Vermont may be found in Slade'sState Papers, page 178-1t5.




CHAP. 5.            ADMISSION  INTO THE UNION.                           77
REMONSTRANCE OF THE ASSEMBLY.                  ETHAN ALLEN'S PROCLAMATION.
it is impossible to know on what grounds itants of this town were friendly to New
to find them. At one time they guarantee York and were therefore denominated
a part of her lands to New  Hampshire "Yorkers;" and at their town meetings
and New York, still leaving a place for it was usually a part of their business to
the existence of Vermont though much appoint "a committee to defend the town
diminished in extent. At another time against the pretended state of Vermont."
they are controlling the internal govern-   In several of the neighboring towns,
ment of Vermont. And again, at another particularly in Brattleborough, the disaftime prescribing terms of confederation, fected towards the government of Verwith the United States, and when these mont were considerably numerous, and
are complied with on the part of Vermont, there was in these towns an organized
Congress will not ratify the union. After opposition to the government of the state,
giving a full reply to all the topics con- and conventions of delegates from them
tained in the resolutions of Congress, the occasionally assembled for the purpose of
remonstrance concludes with a request'to adopting an uniform  plan of resistance
be immediately admitted into the union, throughout the whole. The measures of
and with an assurance that she will not the government, most vigorously opposed,
recede from her compliance with the res- were the collection of taxes and the draftolution of the 20th of August, 1780.   ing of men for the defence of the state;
The assembly met at Windsor, on the and it was a customary part of their busi13th of February, 1783, and on the 26th, a ness at their town meetings in Guilford,
remonstrance, like the preceding, spirited while the Yorkers were a majority, to apand decisive, was forwarded by that body point a special " committee to forbid the
to Congress. It announced in the plain- constable acting."  And to secure a maest terms that Congress had no business jority at their town meetings, the new state
to intermeddle in the internal affairs of people were frequently excluded from the
Vermont, and that Vermont was fully polls by an armed force, collected from
determined to maintain her independence the neighboring towns.
and jurisdiction within her own limits.  It appears that in Guilford and some of
She, therefore continued, unawed by the the other towns, the two parties had each
threatenings of Congress, to enforce the a town organization of their own, and that,
decisions of her courts of justice, and in in some cases, there were two sets of
the administration of the affairs of gov- town officers, one professing allegiance
ernment, and Congress, as it appears, to Vermont, and the other to New York.
did not judge it prudent to attempt, by Between these, and their partizans on
force, to carry into effect her resolutions each side, there were frequent skirmishes,
of the 5th of December, 1783.         some of which were not terminated without the shedding of blood. During the
years 1783 and 1784, the enmity of the
parties was carried to an alarming extent.
SECTION III.              Social order was at an end; physicians
Disturbances in Ve rmont growi~ng out of were not allowed to visit the sick without
the controversy with JNew York, and the a pass from the several committees. Handgeneral  embarrassments occasioned by bills from various quarters inflamed the
the Reaolutions      occasioned by minds of the people. Relatives and neighbors were arrayed against each other. The
The disturbances in the county of Wind- laws of Vermont were disregarded by the
ham, to which we alluded in the preceding partisans of New York, and her executive
section, perhaps deserve a more particular officers were openly resisted.
notice than was there given. At the first  In this state of things, in the summer
organization of the government of Ver- of 1783, General Ethan Allen was directmont in 1778, there were many people in ed to call out the militia for enforcing the
the southeastern part of the state, who laws of Vermont, and for suppressing inwere in favor of New York, and of' course surrection and disturbances in the county
opposed to the independence of Vermont. of Windham. Allen proceeded from BenThese persons embraced every opportu- nington at the head of 100 Green Mounnity to embarrass the newly organized tain Boys, and on his arrival at Guilford,
government, and at several times resisted he issued the following proclamation, conthe authority of Vermont by force. The cluding it with an oath: "1, Ethan allen,
centre of this opposition seems to have declare that unless the people of Guilford
been at Guilford, at that time the most peaceably submit to the authority of Verpopulous town in the state, numbering mont,,the town shall be made as desolate
nearly 3000 souls. During most of the as were the cities of Sodom and Gomorral."
revolutionary war a majority of the inhab- The Yorkers having fired upon Allen and




78                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
DISTURBANCES IN WINDHAM COUNTY.                   DISPERSION OF THE YORKERS.
his men, were pursued, and all either ta- March, between a company of Vermonken prisoners or dispersed. Those taken ters under Captain Knights, and a party
were put under bonds for their good be- of Yorkers, near the south part of Guilhavior, and were compelled to furnish ford, in which the latter had one man
supplies and quarters for the troops. Un- killed and several wounded; but before
der Allen's martial law, the constable the close of the year 1784, the Yorkers
found no difficulty in the collection of found their property mostly confiscated,
taxes: nor was he very scrupulous about and themselves so harshly handled by the
the sum assessed in the tax bill. Produce, civil and military authority of Vermont,
horses, cattle and sheep, and whatever that they either submitted and took the
else could be found belonging to the most oath of allegiance to the state, or abanviolent Yorkers, were taken and sold for doned the country, and settled in other
-the benefit of the state.             places. The greater part of them fled inDuring the following winter the distur- to the state of New York, and settled upon
bances became still more serious. On the lands especially granted by that state for
night of the 17th of January, 1784, a party the benefit of these sufferers. This disof Yorkers from Guilford, commanded by persion of her partisans from the county
David Ashcroft and William White, about of Windham  terminated the attempts of
12 o'clock at night, attacked the inn of New York to maintain her authority in
Josiah Arms in Brattleborough, which Vermont by means of a military force;
was the quarters of General Farnsworth, and, although she did not readily acMajor Boyden, Constable Waters, and knowledge the independence of Vermont,
some others holding offices under the she probably, from this period, relinquishgovernment of Vermont, and demanded ed all hope of overthrowing the governthe immediate surrender of Waters, who ment of Vermont, or of preventing the
had been guilty of extorting taxes from  final acknowledgment of her indepenpersons professing allegiance to New  dence by Congress.
York. Not being in a condition to make   These disturbances, growing out of the
an effectual resistance to an armed force, controversy with New York, were folWaters voluntarily surrendered himself lowed by some others of a different charinto the hands of the Yorkers, but not till acter. During the long protracted war
after they had fired about 30 balls through with Great Britain, the people had, to a
the house, and wounded Major Boyden very great extent, neglected their private
in the leg, and shot a traveller through concerns, and, when that contest was
the thigh. Waters was carried into Mas- brought to a favorable termination and
sachusetts, but the party being pursued they were allowed an opportunity to look
by a few Vermonters, he was released the about them,itwas found that the affairs,not
-next day and returned.                only of individuals, but of the states and
The legislature of Vermont had, at their the general government, were in a most
session in October, "voted to raise 200 embarrassed andwretched condition. The
men for the defence of Windham county public debt of the United States exceeded
against the Yorkers." * After the affair $40,000,000, and many of the states had
at Brattleborough, finding the people of contracted debts in carrying on the war,
Guilford determined to oppose the collec- amounting to several millions. The buildtion of taxes, Colonel S. R. Bradley, at ings and farms of individuals had gone to
the head of this force, proceeded, January decay, and their business had become de18th, to that town for the purpose of en- ranged by neglect, and not a few had been
forcing the collections. The parties of obliged to contract large debts for the supYorkers were all dispersed without oppo- port of their families. The creditors, both
sition, excepting one which had collected of the public and of individuals, were benear the line of Massachusetts.  This coming clamorous for their pay; while
party, consisting of 25 men, fired upon the resources of the country were exhaustthe Vermonters as they advanced, by ed, the paper currency of the country
which one man was severely wounded. rapidly depreciating, and the amount of
The Yorkers then retreated with all pos- specie in existence being totally inadesible speed, over the line into Massachu- quate to meet the demand, the manner in
setts. Several of the leaders were, how- which these debts were to be paid,-these
ever, taken and br'ought to merited pun- creditors satisfied,-was a subject of deep
ishment, by whipping, fine, and pillory.t solicitude.
Another skirmish occurred on the 5th of   In this state of things, taxes were attempted to be raised to meet the demands
ot ee February session in 1784, the number upon the general and state governments,
so Stephen 0. Bradlay's letter published and the courts, which had been to a very
in'Spooner's Vermont Journal in Feb. 1784.  great extent suspended from  the corn



CHAP. 5.              ADMTSSION INTO THE UNION.                           79
SHAY S INSURRECTION.                     QUESTIONS SUBMITTED TO THE PEOPLE.
mencenment of the war, again resumed evidently dictated by a paternal regard to
their, functions, and numerous suits for their welfare and happiness. In this adthe collection of debts were entered upon dress he earnestly exhorts the people to
their dockets. These attempts to enforce be industrious and economical-to avoid
collections, in the then exhausted and de- as much as possible the purchase of forpressed state of the country, produced eign productions, and to give their attenvery extensive dissatisfaction among the tion to the raising of flax and wool, and
people, and conventions of the malcon- the various necessaries for food and clothtents were assembled in various parts of ing; and he expresses the' anxious hope
the country, at which their grievances that by their prudence and diligence-by
were discussed, and resolutions passed, their mutual forbearance and kindnessbreathing threatenings of opposition and together with such assistance as the legviolence to the civil and judicial authori- islature should, at its next session, be
ties. As the shortest way to postpone the able to afford,-their sufferings would be
payment of their debts, it was at length brought to a speedy termination, and
determined to prevent, by force, the sit- themselves become a prosperous and hapting of the courts in which the suits were py people.
pending; and various attempts were made   In October, the legislature met at Rutin different parts of the country to carry land, and measures, designed to relieve
this determination into execution, which, the pecuniary embarrassments of the peoin the state of Massachusetts, resulted in ple, occupied a large share of the session.
the memorable Shay's Insurrection, in the In pursuance of this object two acts were
latter part of the year 1786 and begin- passed; one making all such articles a
ning of 1787.                          tender upon execution, to the inhabitants
The condition of Vermont at this pe- of either of the United States, as are made
riod, was much better than that of the a tender upon execution by their respectconfederated states. She had managed ive laws; and the other, compelling credto pay her own troops during the war, by itors to receive specified articles in paythe avails of her public lands and other ment, after the expiration of the times
means, and having no connexion with limited in the contract.* A preamble and
Congress, no part of the burden of the sundry resolutions were also adopted, expublic debt of the United States rested pressive of the extreme anxiety of the
on her. But she was not equally exempt assembly to gratify the wishes of the peofrom the other causes of dissatisfaction, ple and relieve their embarrassments, and
which operated in the confederated states. requiring the people to assemble in their
Many of the people, though possessed of respective towns on the 1st Tuesday of
houses and lands, were, in other respects, January, at the usual place of holding
in low and straitened circumstances and freemen's meetings, and there express by
so much incumbered with debts, that their Yea or NJay their approval or disapproval
immediate payment in the present scar- of'" emitting a small bank of paper money
city of money, would require the sacrifice on loan or otherwise," —of continuing the
of all they had, and reduce themselves acts above mentioned, and of a general
and families to a state of penury and star- tender act. The yeas and nays on these
vation. Thus situated, it is not surpris- subjects were to be transmitted to the
ing, that the spirit of opposition to the speaker of the Assembly, to be a guide to
judicial authority, which had manifested the Legislature at its next session. But
itself in the neighboring states, should these several acts and resolutions did not
make its appearance in Vermont.        serve to quiet all the people; for there
So early as the spring of 1784, a con- were many who did not intend to be comvention from several towns was assem- pelled to pay their debts in any way, and
bled at Wells, by which sundry reso- they judged it the shortest method of
lutions were passed in relation to the gen- avoiding payments to prevent the sitting
eral sufferings and embarrassments of the of the courts, in which judgments and
people, and a liberal amount of execration executions might be obtained against
was meted out to the lawyers and sheriffs, them; and two attempts of this kind were
but no disposition was manifested in this made shortly after the session of the legisstate to oppose the collection of debts by lature at which the above acts and resoluforce till the year 1786. During the sum- tions were passed, one in the county of
mer of this year, the sufferings of the peo- Windsor, and the other in the county of
ple becoming severe and their complaints Rutland.
loud, on account of the extreme scarcity    On the last day of October, 1786, the
of money, Governor Chittenden in the
month of Auflust published an address to   * These acts may be found in Slade's Vt. State
month     of August published an address to Papers; the first on page 504, and the second on
the inhabitants of the state, which was page 508.




80                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART, 11.
&TTEMPTS TO STOP THE COURTS.        WINDSOR COUNTY.         RUTLAND COUNTY.
time fixed by law for holding the court of began to harangue and threaten the court
common pleas at Windsor, a mob of about for not adjourning agreeably to request,
30 armed men, headed by Benjamin Steb- upon which the court ordered the sheriff
bins and Robe rt Morrison, assembled near to adjourn till 9 o'clock the next mornthe court-house with the obvious design ing.
of preventing the sitting of the court.   The mob now refused to let the court
They were waited on by Benjamin Wait, depart; called for arms, which were imthe sheriff of the county, the riot act was mediately brought from  a neighboring
read, and they were ordered to disperse; house, where they had been lodged for
which order, after a little hesitation, they the occasion, and placed sentries at the
judged it prudent to obey. The court door and around the house, making pristhen went in, and proceeded to business oners of the sheriff, judges, and a number
without molestation.                   ot other gentlemen, whom they kept in
Warrants having been issued for the confinement for several hours; but, findringleaders of the insurgents, Morrison ing they were not to be intimidated, they
was soon arrested, and indicted for a riot. were suffered to depart. In the evening
He pleaded guilty, and threw himself up- a committee of the insurgents, who styled
on the mercy of the court. The court sen- themselves Regulators, again waited uptenced him to suffer one month's impris- on the judges at their lodgings, and reonment, to procure bonds of ~100 for his newed their demand for an adjournment
good behaviour for two years, to pay a without day, but were informed that it
fine of ~10, and the costs of suit. The could not be complied with-that not only
insurgents, who belonged principally in their oath and duty, but the honor and
Hartland, hearing of the arrest of Morri- dignity of the government, obliged them
son, assembled at the house of Captain to proceed in the necessary business of
Lull, in that town, to the number of about the court.*
40, under arms, with the intention of res-   Irritated at this answer, the rioters recuing their leader. This coming to the solved to prevent, at all hazards, the sitknowledge of the court, they ordered the ting of the court the next day. With this
sheriff to procure assistance, proceed to view they took possession of the courtthe place, arrest the insurgents, and com- house, and messengers were sent to rally
mit them to prison. The sheriff having re-enforcements from  the neighboring
collected a small force, proceeded in the towns. In the mean time, orders were
night to Hartland, came upon the insur- sent to Col. Clark and Col. Pearl and
gents unawares, and, after a short scuffle, Lieut. Col. Spafford to call out the militia
in which some slight wounds were in- without loss of time for the support of
flicted, but no lives lost, he succeeded in government. These orders were issued
taking and committing to prison 27 of about 8 o'clock in the evening, and were
their number. These, on being arraigned responded to with such alacrity that by
before the court, pleaded guilty, and were 9 o'clock the next morning the two colosentenced to pay fines, and costs of court, nels above mentioned appeared with suffiand procure bonds for their good behavior cient force to protect the court from furfor one year. This put an end to the dis- ther iAsult or molestation.
turbances in Windsor county, and the    The insurgents left the court-house
militia, which had, during these transac- early in the morning, but continued in
tions, turned out to the number of five or the vicinity during the day to the number
six hundred, returned to their homes.    of 150. In the evening, several of their
A few days after, a scene somewhat leaders were arrested and committed to
similar was acted at Rutland. On the prison; but Lee, the chief in command,
21st of November the court opened at made his escape, and Capt. Cooly, of
that place, at 11 o'clock in the morning, Pittsford, retired with about 40 of the inand adjourned to 2 o'clock in the after- surgents in a body. The insurgents arnoon. In the mean time, a committee, rested were put upon trial, found guilty,
pretending to have their appointment and fined from ~3 to ~25 each, according
from the people, waited on the court and to the aggravation of their offence, and
requested them to adjourn without day. were required to find sureties for their
The court informed them that after call- good behavior for one year.
ing the docket and attending to the ne-   In the mean time, the leaders of the
cessary business of the day, they would insurgents, who had escaped arrest, sent
take their request into consideration. On expresses through the country with the
opening the court in the afternoon, one
Col. Lee, at the head of about 100 mal-   * This firm and dignified reply of the court may
contents, rushed into the court house, and be found at length in the Vermont Gazette, printed
in a most insolent and riotous manner at Bennington, D)ec. 11, 1786.




CHIP. 5.             ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                             81
RESOLUTION OF THANKS TO SHE MILITIA.                    BANK AND TENDER ACT.
most false and groundless reports respect- at the October session, as already mening the answer of the judges, the proceed- tioned, were laid before the General Asings of the court and the treatment of the sembly, and exhibited the following reprisoners, and on Sunday morning, tile sults.
26th of November, the insurgents again   1st. Shall there be established a Bank
assembled in Rutland to the number of for the issue of paper money on loan to
200. These were mostly mien who had the people? Yeas 456, Nays 2,197. 2dly.
not been engaged in the riots of the pre- Is it expedient to pass a general Tender
ceding Tuesday  and Wednesday, and Act? Yeas 150, Nays 81. 3dly. Shall
when they had ascertained the facts in the present act making articles a tender
the case, and the utter falsehood of the on execution be continued? Yeas 481,
reports, which had induced them tocoun- Nays 611. 4thly. Shall the act for the
tenance the rebellion, a large proportion of fulfillment of contracts in kind after the
them declared themselves in favor of the specified time of payment is elapsed, passgovernment, and joined the militia under ed in October, 1786, be continued? Yeas
Col. Clark. This so disheartened the re- 855, Nays 225. An act was also passed
mainder that they immediately dispersed, making neat cattle, beef, pork, sheep,
and left their leaders to their fate. On wheat, rye, and Indian corn a lawful tenMonday evening, every thing being quiet, der, if turned out by the debtor on any
the militia received the thanks of the execution, which muSt be received by the
court for their prompt and efficient ser- creditor at the value of their appraisal by
vices, and were discharged. The court men under oath. These proceedings servcontinued to sit unmolested till it had fin- ed to check the legal enforcement of colished its business, and then adjourned lections; the people, relieved in a measwithout day.                            ure from vexatious litigation, now applied
Thus terminated the feeble attempts to themselves with greater diligence to their
impede the course of justice in Vermont; respective avocations; business gradually
and the event showed, that, notwithstand- resumed its wonted activity; the earth,
ing the general distress and dissatisfac- by the blessing of Providence, rewarded
tion, the yeomanry of the country were abundantly the labors of the husbandman;
firmly attached to the principles of consti- and the hardships and sufferings of the
tutional liberty, and would utterly dis- people were soon relieved and forgotten
countenance any resort to lawless vio- in the midst of the general prosperity and
lence for the redress of grievances. It happiness.
showed that it was the settled determination of the great body of the people to
support the constitution and government
of their choice, the courts of justice which
they had established and the laws which
they had enacted, as the only sure means Settlement of the  Controversy with New
of securing to themselves and their chil-   Yorl, and the, admission of Vermont
dren the fruits of their own industry, and   into the Union.
to endure patiently the evils and sufferings under which they labored, until by   On the 20th of January, 1783, the prepeaceable and constitutional means their liminary articles of peace were signed,
removal could be effected.              which terminated the war with Great
The next session of the Vermont Legis- Britain, and established the independence
lature, after the transactions which have of the United States.  By this event,
just been related, was commenced at Ben- Congress was in a great measure relieved
nington on the 15th of February, 1787, from its embarrassments with regard to
and on the 2d day of March the following Vermont, and Vermont released from her
resolution was passed by the General As- fears. The British army upon the northsembly, and ordered to be published:    ern frontiers of Vermont, whose efforts
" Iesolved,( That this house entertains had been so long paralyzed by the artful
a high sense of the services done to this policy of a few  individuals, was now
state by the officers and soldiers, whose withdrawn, and the people of Vermont
spirited exertions crushed the late daring were fow in little dread of external foes,
insurrection against government in the nor very solicitous for an immediate union
counties of Rutland and Windsor, and with the confederated states. Their condoes hereby return the said officers and fidence in the wisdom and ability of Consoldiers their hearty thlarlks."        gress, which had been much impaired by
AL this session, the yeas and nays the evasive and vacillating policy of that
taken on the 1st Tuesday in January up- body with regard to Vermont, during the
on the questions submitted to the people war, was now dearly destroyed. They
PT. II.         1t




82                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART I.,
CONDITION OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS.                 CONSTITUTION OF UNITED STATES.
beheld the United States without a cur- ture deliberation, adopted a Constitution,
rency, without any adequate revenue, which gave and secured to tile central
while their armies were unpaid and dis- government all the powers necessary to
satisfied, their credit gone, and the gov- give it firmness and efficiency.  This
ernment daily sinking into insignificance constitution was ratified by the states,
and contempt.                         and the first Congress assembled under
Vermont, on the other hand, in conse- it, on the 3d of March, 1789.
quence of being refused admission into   After the adoption of the federal constithe federal union, was, in a great measure, tution, the policy and proceedings of the
freed from the difficulties in which con- new Congress were carefully observed by
gress and the confederated states were the people of Vermont. During two sesinvolved. Her government, having learn- sions they found the government laboring
ed wisdom from experience, was moving to restore public confidence by providing
prosperously onward and was daily in- for the payment of the public debts, and
creasing in firmness and efficiency. The by the establishment of equal law and
United States had contracted an immense justice in every department of the federal
debt in the prosecution of the war, but government. Their measures appeared
the calls of Congress upon the people to to be marked with so much wisdom and
pay this debt, could not reach into Ver- prudence, as, in a great degree, to restore
mont. Vermont, it is true, was obliged to the people of Vermont that confidence
to pay the forces which she had raised for in the federal government, which had
her own defence, but these were few, as been nearly destroyed by the evasive and
she had, during much of the war, relied vacillating policy of the old Congress,
for safety more upon her policy, than her and to remove the aversion, which they
power. And, much of the territory of had for some time felt, to a confederacy
Vermont being ungranted and at the dis- with the United States.
posal of the legislature, after the close of   The ancient difficulty with New York,
the war, settlers from other states, invi- however, remained unsettled. That state
ted hither by the mildness and efficiency well knew that Vermont would now reof the government, the comparative ex- main a free and independent state, and
emption from taxes, and the fertility and she probably felt but little anxiety that it
cheapness of the lands, annually made should be otherwise.  But the former
large accessions to her population and governors of New York had made grants
resources, and enabled her, ~out of the of large tracts of land in Vermont, the vaavails of her public lands, to supply her lidity of which, the government of Vertreasury and pay her debts without im- mont refused to admit, and the grantees
posing oppressive burdens upon the peo- were constantly complaining to the govpie. The people of Vermont, observing ernment of New York of the injury done
that their own condition was gradually them, in not being permitted to take posimproving, while that of their neighbors session of their property. The governwas constantly growing worse, ceased to ment of New York did not conceive that
regard their admission into the union as it was under very strong obligation to rean event to be desired, or calculated to fund what had been extorted for these
better their condition.               grants by the cupidity of the royal goverIn this state of things, many of the nors of that province before the war; yet,
leading statesmen and philanthropists in she manifested a disposition to comprothe United States began to be filled with mise the matter, and have the difficulties
apprehension and alarm at the operation adjusted on amicable terms.
and tendency of public affairs. They   Events also occurred in relation to the
perceived that the powers, with which federal government, which disposed New
Congress was invested, were totally in- York still more, to admit the indepenadequate to the purposes of government, dence of Vermont, and to wish her conand that a new, more solid and efficient federation with the United States. It was
organization was indispensable, in order perceived that by the exclusion of Verto secure to the people of the United mont, the eastern states were deprived of
States, and their posterity, the blessings their just representation in Congress, and
of that liberty and independence, which New York could not but see, that, if their
they had purchased at the expense of so old difficulties could be settled, the intermuch blood, and toil, and treasure. At ests and influence of Vermont would, in
the suggestion of James Madison, of Vir- almost every instance, coincide with her
ginia, and in conformity with a resolution own. It therefore soon became apparent
of Congress, a convention of delegates that public sentiment in New York was
from the several United States assembled in favor of a reconciliation.' Vermont, it
at Philadelphia in 1787, which, after ma- was said, is in full possession of indepea



CHAP. 5.               ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                                  83
COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED.                                      CONTROVERSY SETTLED.
dence; her government is as well organ- pay to the state of New York the sum of
ized and administered as that of the other thirty thousand dollars, that immediately
states; and shall a controversy, which  from  such declaration by the legislature
originated in the proceedings of royal of the state of Vermont, all rights and tigovernors and councils, whose authority  tles to lands within the state of Vermont,
has long been extinct, be permitted to under grants from the government of the
mar the constellation of America, and de- colony of New York, or from the state of
prive the north of its just weight in the New York, should cease," those excepted
council of the nation?'                   which had been made in confirmation of
In accordance with these conciliatory  the New Hampshire grants.
views, the legislature of New York, on    This proposal and declaration being laid
the 15th of July, 1789, passed an act ap- before the legislature of Vermont, were
pointing commissioners with full powers readily agreed to on their part; and on
to acknowledge the sovereignty of Ver- the 28th of' October, 1790, they passed an
mont, and adjust all matters of controver- act directing the treasurer of the state to
sy with the same. On the 23d of October pay the sum of thirty thousand dollars to
following, the legislature of Vermont ap- the state of New York, at the time propointed commissioners on their part to posed; adopting the west line above mentreat with those of New York, and to re- tioned as the perpetual boundary between
move all obstructions to the admission of the two states; and declaring all the
Vermont into the federal union.*  The  grants, charters and patents of land, lying
commissioners on both sides were very  within the state of Vermont, made by or
anxious that an adjustment should be ef- under the late colony or present state of
fected, and the only point which occa- New York, to be null and void, those only
sioned any debate, was the amount of excepted which had been made in confircompensation which claimants under New  mation of the grants by the governor of
York grants should receive from Vermont, New Hampshire.*
on account of her having re-granted the    Thus was terminated  a controversy
same lands, and excluded the New York  which had been carried on with great
grantees from their possessions. But the  spirit and animosity for twenty-six years;
settlement of this point, after two or three  and which had, on the part of Vermont,
meetings, was amicably agreed upon by  called into exercise native courage and
the commissioners.                         talents, which have few parallels in anOn the 7th of October, 1790, " the com- cient or modern times.  The difficulties
missioners for New  York, by virtue of with New York being adjusted, the legisthe powers to them granted for that pur- lature of Vermont proceeded to call a
pose, declared the consent of the legisla- convention for the purpose of ascertaining
ture of New York, that the state of Ver- the views of the people with regard to an
mont be admitted into the union of the  union with the United States. This conUnited States of America; and that im- vention assembled at Bennington, on the
mediately upon such admission, all claims 6th day of January, 1791, and, after delibof jurisdiction of the state of New York, erating and debating the subject for four
within the state of Vermont, shall cease; days, it was finally voted, yeas 105, and
and thenceforth, the perpetual boundary  nays 2, that application be made for adline of the state of Vermont shall be as mission into the federal union; and the
was then holden and possessed by Ver- convention was then dissolved.
mont," that is, the west lines of the most   On the 10th of January, 1791, the legiswestern towns which had been granted  lature of Vermont met at Bennington,
by New Hampshire, and the middle chan- and on the 18th, they chose the Hon. Nanel of lake Champlain.                     thaniel Chipman and Lewis R. Morris,
With regard to the lands which had
been granted by New  York, c"the said   * On the 8th of Jane, 1812, Smith Thompson,
commissioners, by virtue of the powers to Simeon De Witt and George Tibbits were appointed
them  granted, declare the will of the on the part of New York, and on the 6th of November following, Joseph Beman, Henry Olin and
legislature of New York, that if the legis- Joel Pratt on the part of Vermont, commissioners
lature of the state of Vermont should, on  to run the line between the two states, which was
or before the first day of January, 17392, done during the two succeeding years, 1813 and 1814,
and the necessary monuments erected. The southdeclare that on or before the first day of wet corner of the state is at a stone on a high
June, 1794, the state of Vermont would  hill, distant 50 chains N. 82' WV. from the northwest corner of Massachuetlts; from thence along
* The commissioners on the part of Vermont were the west side of Pownal the line is very irregular,
Isaac Tichenor,Stephen R. Bradley. Nathaniel Chip- as may be seen upon my lMap, till it reaches near
man, Elijah Paine, Ira Allen, Stephen Jacobs and the corner of Bennington, fiom which point it purIsrael Smith; and on the part of New York, Robert sues a straight course till it reaches Poultney river.
Yates, Joltn Lansing, Gulian Verplank, Simeon De A bill and plan of this survey are preserved in the
Witt, Egbert Benson and Melancthon Smith.  office of the Secretary of State at Montpelier.




CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                              CONDITION OF VERMONT.
Esq. commissioners to attend Congress, said state, by the name and style of " the
and negotiate the admission of Vermont state of Vermont," shall be received and
into the Union.  These commissioners admitted into their union, as a new and
immediately repaired to Philadelphia, and entire member of the United States of'
laid before the president the proceedings America."  This act was passed without
of the convention and legislature of Ver- debate, and without a dissenting vote, and
mont; and on the 18th of February, 1791, by it were terminated all the controverCongress passed an act which declared, sies with regard to Vermont.
" that on the 4th day of March, 1791, the
CHAPTER VI.
LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS OF VERMONT AFTER HER ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.
SECTION I.               States, or resembles, in its leading feaExtending from the admission of Vermont tures, that of the other individual states.
into the Union in 1791, to the resignation  We shall, therefore, from this period, in
and death of Gov. Chittenden in 1797.   pursuing the chronological order of events
We have now  traced the history of in Vermont, confine ourselves, principalVermont from  the earliest settlements ly, to a rapid sketch of her legislative prodown to the time of her admission into ceedings, reserving for separate considthe federal union. Thus far her history  eration the history of our literary instihas been peculiar to herself, and has tutions, religious denominations and sevbeen filled  with incidents of uncom- eral other topics.
mon interest; the more so on account of   At the time Vermont became a member
their unlikeness to what happened in any of the confederacy, her own government
other individual state. Previous to the had become systenatic and stable by the
revolution, all the original states of the practical experience of thirteen years, and
Union were provinces under the crown of that of the United States had been placed
England, each having an organized pro- upon the foundation of its present constivincial government.  But not so with tution. At the head of these governments
Vermont. She had never been recognized were two men, who were endeared to the
by the crown as a separate jurisdiction; people by their longr and disinterested
nor had she herself, after the royal decis- public services, and in whose abilities and
ion in 1764, by which she was placed un- virtues the fullest confidence was reposed.
der New York, ever recognized the au- These men were Thomas Chittenden,
thority of that province, or of any other governor of Vermont, and George Washexternal power.  Regarding herself as ington, president of the United States.
placed by that decision in a state of na-   From this era in the history of Vermont
ture, her citizens had formed themselves and in that of the United States, the two
into a body politic-into a little indepen- governments, though occasionally slightdent republic, for their mutual benefit and ly agitated by the bickerings of party,
defence, and by the boldness, the wisdom, have gone steadily onward in their career
and the prudence of her statesmen, she of prosperity, diffusing their blessings
had succeeded in organizing an efficient through every portion of the community.
government for the regulation of her in- The tranquillity of Vermont was, for sevternal affairs, and had adopted a system  eral years, scarcely affected by the policy
of jurisprudence fully adequate to the and intrigues of demagoguesand aspirants
necessities of the people.             after office. The attachment of the peoBut from the time of the admission of ple to their old governor was so general,
Vermont into the federal union, her his- that the politicians scarcely attempted to
tory loses in a great measure, its separate bring forward any other candidate for the
and peculiar character, and becomes, first office in the gift of the people, and
either a part of the history of the United neither the honors, nor the emoluments




CHAP. 6.               LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                            85
FRENCH REVOLUTION.                                            RISE OF PARTIES.
of the other state offices, were such as to their attachment to the constitution of the
render them objects of general contest or country, and yet both desired alterations
ambition. Tile legislature met annually in that instrument.  While one par,ty
in the beginning of October, and durinfg wished to improve the constitution by
the first week of the session they usually increasing the powers of the government,
proceeded to make the appointments of the other wished to do it by rendering the
the civil officers for the succeeding year, government more democratic, and thus
and this was done for several seasons increasing the power of the people. These
without any considerable electioneering parties by degrees increased in strength
or management. After this business was and violence, but were for several years
disposed of, they proceeded to enact such much restrained in their proceedings by
laws, as were required by the exigencies the virtue and influence of Washington,
of the people; and they usually completed and, in Vermnont, by the judicious adminthe whole business of legislation in three istration of Governor Cihittenden.
or four weeks, affording to artful dema-   The extreme simplicity which characgogues but little opportunity to acquire terized the legislative proceedings of Verpower, influence, or popularity.        mort, during the administration of GovDuring this period of tranquillity and ernor Chittenden, left but little room for
union, the legislature of Vermont adopted the intrigues of politicians, or for the proa digested and judicious code of laws; gress of party and faction. It was not
and for a while nothing seemed to mar then the custom of the governor to make
the general harmony. But subsequent a speech at the opening of the legislature,
events proved this tranquillity to be like and consequently the different parties had
those calms which precede the convul- not then a bone of contention about which
sions of nature. Causes were then in to wrangle, as they had, during subseoperation, which were destined to produce quent administrations; and, previous to
fearful divisions and animosities among the resitrnation and death of Governor
the people of the United States. The Chittenden, in 1797, party spirit in VerFrench nation, urged onward by their in- miont cannot be said to have assumed a
fidel philosophy, and by the example of very serious aspect. As through the inAmerica, had overthrown their establish- strumentality of Governor Chittenden,
ed government, abolished the ancient re- Vermont was chiefly enabled to establish
straints of law  and religion; and they her independence as a state, and as he for
vainly imagined that they were on the many years held the first office in the gift
high road to a state of perfectibility, such of the people, we shall close this section
as the world have never yet seen.      with a short sketch of his biography.
The American people, grateful for the   It has so happened, that almost every
aid which they had received from France, age of the world has produced individuals,
and anxious that the blessings of liberty who seem to have been Inoulded, by nashould be more generally diffused, had ture, particularly for the exigencies of the
watched the progress of tle French revo- times in which they lived. There have
lution with deep interest, and for a while always been some master spirits, who
it was generally believed, that France were peculiarly fitted to control the agiwould become a republic with a govern- tated elements of' public opinion, and
ment much more perfect than that of the either to soothe them into a calm, or else
United States. But whlen she abandoned to mount upon the wind and direct the
the principles of common sense, and dis- storm; and the results attained under
carded morality and virtue, many of the their guidance have usually been happy to
people of the United States became con- the community, or otherwise, according as
vinced that, instead of promoting rational the ruling motives of the leaders have
liberty, they had opened the floodl-gates been patriotic or selfish. These results,
of anarchy, to be closed only by a despo- it is true, are materially affected by the
tism more severe than that under whic  amount of virtue and intelligence aniong
they had previously groaned., Thus, while the people; but virtue and intelligence
a part of the people wished to go forward do not, alone, fit an individual for becomand follow the French in pursuit of their ing a popular and slccessful leader in
chimerical scheme ofperfectibility, anoth- troublesome times. There is necessary,
er party was fearful of the consequences, in addition to these, a certain indescribaand chose rather to remain within the ble tact and native energy, which few inbOunds of reason and experience.        dividuals have possessed, and which, perIn this manner the people of the United h I ps, no one in our state has manifested
States, and of Vermont as a portion of the i in a more eminent degree than Governorunion, gradually became divided into two Chittenden.
distinct parties, both of which avowed    Governor Thomas Chittenden was born




86                     CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART II.
BIOGRAPHY OF GOV. CHITTEDNEN.                                   ADDRESS OF THANKS.
at Guilford, in Connecticut, on the 6th  Chittenden removed his family to Arlingday of January, 172!).  At the age of ton, in June of this year, was appointed
about 20 years, he was married to Miss president of the council of' safety and soon
Elizabeth Meigs, and soon after removed  became a leading man in the consultato Salisbury, where, by his industry and  tions of the inhabitants.  Entering  with
economy, he acquired a handsome landed  deep interest into the controversy with
property.  While he resided at Salisbury  New  York respecting the titles of the
he represented that town seven years in  lands in the New I-Iarnpshire grants, and
the Connecticut assembly, became a civil being more acquainted with public busimagistrate, and a colonel of the militia  ness than any of the settlers, in conseof that state. Early in the spring of 1774, quence of the offices which he had held
he removed with his family to the New  in his native state, he was universally reHampshire grants, as Vermont was then  garded as the man most suitable to be
called, having purchased a tract of land  placed at the head of their operations.
on the Winooski, or Onion river, in the  Mr. Chittenden perceived that the gentownship of Williston.  Here he arrived  eral struggle for independence, in which
in the month of April or May, not know- the colonies were now engaged, presenting the spot on which he was to locate  ed a favorable opportunity for terminating
himself, and without having any habi- the controversy with New York, by erecttation  provided for the shelter of his ing the disputed territory into a new state,
family.  At this time there were scarcely  and establishing a separate government;
any inhabitants in Vermont to the north- and having adopted this decisive plan of
ward of Rutland, and none within the lim- sound policy, he steadily pursued it, till
its of the county of Chittenden, excepting  he saw the independence of Vermont acthose who had come on the present year. knowledged by the neighboring states
These were locating themselves at Bur- and by the general government.
lington,Colchester, and some other places.   Ie was a member of the first convenSeated upon the beautiful and fertile  tion of delegates from  the several town-'banks of the Winooski, labor, well direct- ships, which met at Dorset, September
ed in the cultivation of his new farm, had  25, 1776, for the purpose of taking into
procured to Mr. Chittenden the neces- consideration the expediency of declaring
sary provisions for the comfortable sus- Vermont an independent state, and at the
tenance of his family, and had opened to  subsequent meeting of the convention at
him the prospect of many of the conven- Westminster, January 15, 1777, he was
iences of life; and nothingf could be more  one of the committee who draughted the
flattering \than  the  prospect of rural declaration of independence, which was
wealth, abundance and independence, as there adopted, and also a member of anoththe natural and certain consequence of er conmmittee, who, at that time, petitioned
the labor of his hands and the fertility of Congress, praying that body to acknowlthe soil.  It was in the midst of these  edrge Vermont a free and independent
improvements, and pleasing anticipations, state.  He assisted in forming the first
that the  war of the Revolution  corn- constitution of Vermont,which was adoptmenced, and the frontier settlements be- ed by the convention, July 2d, 1777, and
came exposed to the depredations of the  in 1778 he was elected the first governor
enemy-to the merciless inroads of their of Vermont, which office he held with the
savage allies.. In this state of things, in exception of one year till his death.* He
1775, Mr. Chittenden was employed, with
* In 1789, there being no election of governor by
four others, as a committee to repair to  the people, the council and representatives in joint
Philadelphia, and  procure  intelligence  ballot made choice of Moses Robinson, whereupon
with reoard to the measures which Con- a committee was appointed to prepare an address
of thanks to Gov. Chittendcn for his past services,
gress was pursuing, and to receive advice and on the 17th of Octter, tnne fo llowing address
respecting the political measures proper was adopted by the general assembly.
to be adopted by the people of the New  "To theI Ho. Tinomas Chittcelden, Esquire
Hampshire grants.                            Si, —On your exit from the important office of
The retreat of the American army from  governor, which vou have so long held by the uniCanada, in the spring of I776(, and the  ted suffrages of the people of this state, the repreadvance of the British upon lake Chain- sentatives in general assembly met beg leave to
aaddress you, and publiclyv demonstrate the satisfacplain, rendering it unsafe for the few set- tion they feel ill your late administration. The
tiers, scattered along the western border citizens of Vermont must contemplate with pleasof Vermont, to remain upon their lands, ure, your early and reiterated endeavors to establish
and maintain the existence and weltare of this
this section of the country was wholly  government —and at the same time feel a grateful
abandoned by the inhabitants, who retired  sense of the many and good services you have reninto the southern part of the district, or dered them, as the supporter, guardian and protector of their civil liberties.
i~to Massachusetts adCo. —t __ M..entatives of the people of Vermont,




CRAP. 6.               LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                                87
CHARACTER OF GOY. CHITTENDEN.                                    HIS LAST SPEECH.
was one of the eight persons who secretly    Gov. Chittenden met the legislature of
managed the negotiations with the British  Vermont, for the last time, at the October
in Canada in 1780, and the three follow- session in 1796, and the following speech,
ing years, with such consummate adroit- which is alike characterized by simplicity,
ness and skill as to deceive alike the Brit- sound sense, and a paternal regard for the
ish and the people of the United States, welfare of the people, was the last which
and effectually to secure Vermont from  he ever delivered before that body. His
the hostilities of the enemy, whose forces advice with regard to the moral character
were all this time in possession of lake of those who are candidates for office,
Champlain, and Vermont without any  would not be amiss at the present period.
other means of defence.  After the close " Gentlemen of the Council and Assembly:of the war, Governor Chittenden again    So well known to you are the manifold
removed his family to Williston, where favors and blessings, bestowed on us as a
he spent the remainder of his active and people, by the Great Ruler of the uniusefal life.  Advanced in years and de- verse, that it would be unnecessary for
dining in health, in the summer of 1797 me to recapitulate them. I would, therehe resigned the office of governor, which  fore, only observe, that, but a few years
he had held for 18 years, and died the since, we were without constitution, law,
same season, August the 25th, in the 69th  or government;-in  a state of anarchy
year of his age, beloved by his family and and confusion; at war with a potent forfriends and sincerely esteemed and la- eign  power;  opposed  by  a powerful
mented by the people of Vermont.          neighboring  state; discountenanced by
As already remarked, Governor Chit- the Congress; distressed by internal distenden possessed in an eminent degree, sentions; —all our landed property in imprecisely those qualifications, which fitted minent danger and without the means of
him for the sphere in which he was called  defence.
upon to act. He had not, indeed, enjoyed    Now your eyes behold the happy day,
many of the advantages of education, but when we are in the full and uninterrupthis want of education was amply com- ed enjoyment of a well regulated govpensated by the possession of a strong and ernment, suited to the situation and geactive mind, which at the time he emi- nius of the people, acknowledged by all
grated to Vermont, was matured by age, the powers of the earth, supported by
practised to business, and enriched by a the Congress,-at peace with our sister
careful observance of men and things. states, among ourselves and with  the
His knowledge was practical rather than  world.
theoretic. I-e was regular in his habits-    From whence did these great blessings
plain and simple in his manners-averse  come? From God. Are they not worth
to ostentation of equipage or dress, and enjoying? They surely are.  Does it not
he cared little for the luxuries, the blan- become us as a people to improve them,
dishments or the etiquette of refined so- that we may have reason to hope that
ciety.  In short, though he was destitute they may be continued to us and transof many of the qualifications now deemed  mitted to posterity? It certainly does.
essential in a statesman, he possessed all   What are the most likely means, to be
that were necessary, and none that were taken by us as a people, to obtain this
superfluous, in the times in which he great end?-To  be a faithful, virtuous
lived, and was probably far better fitted  and industrious and moral people.  Does
to be the leader and governor of the in- it not become us a legislature, to take
dependent, dauntless and hardy, but un- every method in our power, to encourage
cultivated settlers of Vermont, tlhan would  virtue, industry, morality, religion and
have been a man of more theoretic knowl- learning?-I think it does.  Is there any
edge, or polite accomplishments.          better method, that can be taken by us,
to answer this purpose, than by our own
upon this occasion, request your Honor to accept, example; and having a sacred regard to
for your past services, all that a noble and generous virtue, industry, integrity and moralityu
mind can give, or wish to receive, —their gratilue in all our appointments of executive and
and warmest thanks; and it is their earnest wish
that, in your advanced age, and retirement from the judicial officers?
arduous task of public life, you may enjoy all the    This is the day we have appointed to
blessings of domestic ease. I am, may it please nominate all our subordinate executive
your Honor, (by order and in behalf of the House,)
with the greatest respect, your most obedient, and judicial officers, throughout the-state
humble servant. Gideon Olin, Speaker."-Journal for the present year. The people by free
of the Legisla~ture for 1789, page 29.    suffrages, have given us the power, and
The next year Mr. Chittenden was elected gov- in us they have placed their confidence;
ernor by the people, and continued to hold the   and to God, to them, and to our own
office till his resignation, a little before his deathm, and to our own
as above stated.                          consciences we are answerable.  Suffer




88                    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART II.
PARTIES DISTINCTLY FORMED.                      SIR. TICHYENOR ELECTED GOVERNOR.
me then as a father, as a friend, and as a ture, and thus introducing into Vermont
lover of this people, and as one, whose the customn of the other states.  In his
voice cannot be much longer heard here, speech lie applauded the state and federal
to instruct you, in all your appointments, constitutions, fuilly approved of the ineasto have regard to none but those who ures of' Washington's administration, and
maintain a good moral character —men of expressed his entire confidence in the
integrity, and distinguished for wisdom  abilities and integrity of Mr. Adams, who
and abilities; in doing this, you will en- was then President of the United States.
courage virtue, which is the glory of' a The sentimenls of' the speech were decination, and discountenance and discour- dedly the sentinients of the federal party.
age vice and profkneness, which are a re-   To this speech the legislature returned
proach to any people.'"                   a respectful answer in which they say' "we are not disposed to call in question
the lwisdom  or integrity of those, who
have been concerned in the administraSECTION II.                 tion of the general government, nor to
Legislative proceedings in Vermont from  withhold confidence where it ought to be
the year 17'97 to 1812.         inspired; but give support and energy to
The popularity of governor Clhittenden  every measure, which, in our opinion, will
and the certainty of    his r e-election, had secure,or promote the national prosperity."
and the certainty of his re-election, had  The two political parties were distinctly
hitherto prevented any serious efforts he-  he  two p       olitical parties were disticetly
nfr made to bring forward other cadi-ornel, but they had not yet reached
ingmade  to bring forward other candidates for that office. But,by his resignationy,
and deat thte political parties in Veroi n t which they were afterwards to exhibit,
and death, the'political parties in Veri;ient
we're relieved from the restraints of his and in the transaction of the public busiinfluence, and new motives were laid be- ness, the public good was yet obviously
fore them to arouse their activity and x- paramount to the promotion of party inertions. The two great  parties had al  fluence and power.
ready ad opted the terms pties nl and re-   In October, 1798, the legislature met
ready adopted the terms of  t    eir respectve     Vergennes. Mr. Tichenor was re-electpublican as the mottos of their respective   e or
standards, and from this period no means             r by a large rnaority. 
country was now much agitated on acwere left unemployed which were sup- country was now  much agitated on acposed to be calculated to increase their count of the insolent and lawless proceedr
respective influence and numlears.       rinrs oftthe French-their refusal to receive
The republican party were believed to American ambassadors and their demiand
The republican party were  believed to of tribute under the name of a loan;
favor the principles of the French revolu- of tribute under the name of a loan;
tion, and to be desirous of rendering the and the governor, in his speech, expressgovernment of the Union more democratic, ed tIe strongest disapprebation of their
while the federalists were accused of'par- policy and proceedings.  Tile house retiality to Great Britain and of a wish to turned an answer, imbued with the same
make the government of the United States spirit of hostility to the French; and both
ore independent of tme pe-were  in the higrhest  tone of whlat was
more independent of the people and meonarchical in its pirinciples. The great mass called federalisrm.
of both these political parties undoubted-   Early in the session a committee was
ly had the good of their country at heartppointed to draw  ip an address to the
and differed but little in their views of President of the Urmted States, which
the proper means of proinotin  it. But,  was soon after adopted by a vote of yeas,
by the influence and arts of designing pl-  12)9, and nays, 23.  in this  address the
iticians and (lemagrogues these slight dif- princples  ald proceedings of the French
were treated  with nmuch asperity. It exferences were, in ti/ne, so magnified and
distorted as to produce the most violent an- pressel the entire confidence of the legisimosities among friends anml neighbors.   lature in the president, and thIe fullest
At the meeting of the Vermont assem-  pprobation
bly in October, 1797, it was found that nnistat io, and declared the willingno governor had been elected by the peo- nes of X rnont to take up arms, if nepie, but that Isaac Ticlienor, then chief-essary, fr the defence of the county
justice of the state had received the lar-  ginst the rapacity of the French.  To
gest number of votes. Tle choice then  tis address,  r. Adams afterwards redevolving  upon  the general assembl,  turned a very polite and respectful anMr. Tichenor was elected by a. large rmaj- swer, in  which lie colnplimented the
ority.  He entered upon the duties of his people of Ver nt for tir patriotism
office by making a speech to the lrisla- and virtue, and expressed the high satis__    faction derived froil  the  assurance of
* Journal of the Gen. Assembly for 1796. p...   their approbation.




CHAP. 6.             ADMISSION INTO THE UNION.                             89
APPLiCATION OF SEVERAL INDIAN CHIEFS.   VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS.
It was during this session, that pro- upon our commerce, and expressed the
scription, on accountof political opinion, fullest approbation of the measures of his
was first practised in the distribution of administration. The assembly in their
the civil offices in Vermont. Israel Smith, answer to this speech, reciprocated the
who had held the office of chief justice of same sentiments, and congratulated His
the state, and who was a man of uncor- Excellency on account of the prosperity
rupted integrity and virtue, was dropped and felicity of the state under his adninison account of his attachment to the re- tration. In the appointment of civil offipublican party, and another person cho- cers, the assembly proceeded with more
sen chief justice in his stead. For all moderation than they had done the prethe important offices, the selections were ceding year; they did not however see
made from those who were of the most fit to replace those, who had been dropdecided federal principles, and with the ped on account of their attachment to
avowed design of encouraging the sup- the republican party.
porters of Mr. Adams, and of checking   At this session the governor communithe progress of democracy.              cated to the assembly the result of his inAfter the appointment of the various quiries respecting the claims of the Inofficers for the current year, the political dians to lands in Vermont; which was,
inflammation subsided, and the assembly that the said claims, if they ever existed,
proceeded in the remaining business of were fully extinguished by the treaty bethe session with their usual industry and tween France and Great Britain, in 1763,
good sense. It was during this session and that subsequently  made between
that application was made by some Indian Great Britain and the United States in
chiefs in Canada, for compensation for 1783. A resolution to that effect was aclands which they claimed in Vermont.* cordingly adopted by the assembly and
Their claim embraced nearly the whole of communicated to the chiefs of the six nathe  present counties of Addison, Chit- tions of Indians inhabiting Lower Cantenden, Franklin and Grand Isle. The ada.*  The questions which occasioned
subject was referred to a committee, who the most excitement and debate related
reported that the lands claimed had, in to sundry resolutions, which had been
their opinion, formerly belonged to said passed by the assemblies of Virginia and
Indians, but whether their title had ever Kentucky, condemning the proceedings
been extinguished by purchase, conquest, of Congress in passing the alien and
dereliction of occupancy, or in any other sedition laws, and declaring individual
way they could not ascertain. The legis- states to he the legal judges of the constilature supported the Indian agents during tutionality of the acts of Congress, and
their attendance, gave them  a hundred of the obligation of the state to yield
dollars in token of friendship, and they obedience to them.
returned to their tribes well pleased with   Resolutions were passed by the assemtheir present success, and hoping to suc- bly of Vermont, expressing the most deceed still better another season.       cided disappprobatior of the sentiments
A proposal came before the legislature contained in tile resolutions from  Virat this session from the state of Massa- ginia and Kentucky. They declared that
chusetts for an amendment of the con- " it belongs not to state legislatures to destitution of the United States, providing cide on the constitutionality of the laws,
that no person, who was not a natural made by the general government, this
born citizen, or a citizen of the United power being exclusively vested in the juStates at the time of the declarationofin- diciary courts of the union."  On the
dependence, should be eligible to the office passage of these resolutions the yeas were
of president, or vice-president,!,or of sen- 104, and says, 52, which clearly shows
ator or representative in Congress. This the strength of the two political parties in
proposal was agreeable to the sentiments Vermont, the federalists all being in faof the assembly, and was adopted by a vote vor of their adoption, and the republicans
of 152 yeas, and only five in the negative  all in the opposition. The minority on
In October, 1799, the legislature met this occasion entered a formal protest upat Windsor. The spirit of opposition to on the journals of the assembly, assignFrench principles and measures, contin- iug twelve reasons for their dissent from
ued to run high. The speech of gover- the majority. This protest was signed
nor Tichenor highly applauded the ener- by thirty-three of those who had voted in
getic measures of Mr. Adams for putting the negative.
a stop to the aggressions of the French   This year a serious difficulty had arisen
between the government of Vermont and
* This application was addressed to the governor between the governmet f Vermont and
and was signed by twenty ind ividuais calling themselves chiefs. It may be found in the Journal of  * Journal of the C-eneral Assembly, for 17V9, p.
the General Assembly, for 1798, page 1Oe.  143.
PT. II.        12




90                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART II.
DIFFICULTY WITH CXNADA.                  EFFECT OF MR. JEFFERSON'S ELECTION.
that of Canada, respecting  one John cussion this bill was finally rejected by a
Gregg, who had been arrested in Canada vote of 95 to 73. By this vote it appeared
by  some persons froin Vermont, and that the republican party had consideradrowned, while in their custody, in lake bly increased during the past year, and
Champlain. These persons were indict- that the majority on the side of the federed before the court at Montreal and the alists amounted to only twenty two.
governor of Canada demanded of the gov-   The Indians having been so well supernor of Vermont that they should be giv- ported and paid at their former attendance
en up, to be triedfor the supposed murder. upon the legislature, again attended and
After considerable correspondence and urged their claims to lands in Vermont.
discussion, the matter was finally adj usted The governor informed them that the asto the satisfaction and credit of both par- sembly had decided that they had no title
ties; and when the correspondence and or just claim to any lands in Vermontresult was laid bcibore the Legislature, that that the assembly had voted to give them
body entertained so high a sense of the $50 to defray their expenses on their reservices of Governor Tichenor on the turn to their own nations-but that no
occasion that they passed a resolution ap- more moneywould be given them, either to
proving of his conduct, and requesting purchase their claims, or to defray their exhim to inform the governor of Canada that penses. These decided measures brought
they entertained "a very high sense of the affair with the Indians to a close.
the liberal, candid and delicate manner in During this session was also passed an act
which that unhappy affair had, from its incorporating and establishing a college
commencement to its termination, been at Middlebury by a vote of 117 to 51.
treated  by his predecessor and him.*   The events of 1801, gave a new aspect
Their conduct, when our sense thereof is to political affairs. Mr. Adams lost the
known to our fellow citizens, must tend to election, and after repeated trials, Mr.
increase the general desire for the contin- Jefferson was elected President of the
uance of a mutual, free, and amicable in- United States, by a majority of one vote.
tercourse with the country over which he He entered upon the duties of the office
presides."t                             on the 4th of March, and in his inaugural
In October, 1800, the legislature met address, he disclaimed the principles of
at Middlebury. The political excitement political intolerance, urged those of canhad apparently much subsided. In his dor and magnanimity, and declared that
speech, Governor Tichenor urged the at- the difference of political opinions was
tention of the assembly to the particular not a difference of principles. Notwithaffairs of the state, but alluded to the ad- standing the apparent diversity of sentiministrations of Washington and Adams, ment with regard to the federal constituin terms of the highest approbation. The tion and government, "' we are," said he,
answer which the assembly returned was " all federalists, we are all republicans."
mild, moral and sentimental; expressive   By so frank an avowal of his political
of the difficulties of legislation, and the opinions and intentions, the candid of all
danger of being governed by passion or parties were led to believe that party facprejudice. The common business of the tions and animosities were about to come
state was transacted without the violence to an end, and that all would now unite
of party spirit, and several of the officers in support of the federal government.
who were displaced on account of their This was the case in Vermont. -But a
republicanism in 1798, were re-appointed. short time, however, elapsed before the
Another election of president of the Uni-, United States attorney and marshal, for
ted States was soon to take place. It was the district of Vermont, were removed
knrown that a majority of the Vermont from office, and their places filled by perassembly were in favor of the re-election sons of decided republican sentiments.
of Mr. Adams; the republican members Similar changes were made in other states,
therefore introduced a bill providing for and it was now believed that Mr. Jefthe choice of electors by districts, think- ferson, notwithstanding his professions,
ing that method might prove more favour- would make his own political sentiments
able to Mr. Jefferson, the republican can- a necessary qualification for office.
didate, than their appointment in the usu-   In this state of public affairs, the legisal way by the council and assembly, or lature of Vermont met at Newbury in
by any general ticket. After a long dis- October, 1801. In the House of Representatives, the republican party now had
* Gov. Robert Presscott was governor of Canada a majority of about twenty, and it was
when Gregg was taken, but was succeeded by Sir now generally supposed that they would
Robert S. Mlillnes before the difficulty was settled- adopt the same course pursued by the
t See Journal of General Assembly for 1799, p. 64. federalists in 1798, and make all the ap



CHAP. 6.              LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                             91
ADDRESS TO THE PRESIDENT.                                PETITIONS FOR BANKS.
pointments to office from their own polit- protest against this answer, signed by 59
ical party. But this was not the case. members.
Three new judges were appointed for the   After this business was disposed of, and
supreme court; but they were not select- to prevent similar occasions of exciteed on account of their political opinions, ment, one of the members gravely introbut on account of their supposed qualifi- duced a motion to recommend that the
cations for the office. In the other ap- governor should not hereafter make aforpointments, they followed the customary mal speech.. This motion was, however,
method of regarding the county nomina- decided in the negative, and happily no
tions, and looked rather to the qualifica- other business was brought forward which
tions of the candidate than to his political was calculated to arouse the prejudices or
opinions.  Tile customary  business of inflame the minds of the members. The
legislation was pursued with diligence, republican majority was evidently less
calmness and impartiality.             than it was the preceding year, and did
In 1798, the federalists had introduced not venture to hazard the adoption of viothe custom of addressing the President of lent or proscriptive measures. The apthe United States, and the republican pointments were mostly made from the
party, having now gained the ascendancy, republican party, but the business of the
thought it necessary to imitate the exam- session was generally managed with prupie, by a respectful address to Mr. Jeffer- dence and moderation.
son. A committee was appointed, and an   In 1803, the legislature met at Westaddress reported, expressive of strong at- minster. Every part of the country was
tachment to the constitution, and to the now agitated by political intrigues and
person and political opinions of the Presi- debates. The governor opened the sesdent, but containing no reflections upon sion, as usual, with a speech; but he
the former administration.  When this carefully avoided political questions, and
address was brought before the house for called the attention of the legislature imtheir adoption, the federalists proposed a mediately to the business of the state.
trifling alteration in some of the expres- A committee was appointed, who reported
sions, which the opposite party supposed an answer to his excellency's speech,
was designed to prevent any address be- which was adopted without debate, and
ing made. A  debate now  arose about nothing occurred to call up the feelings
words and phrases, which gradually in- of party, till the appointment of civil officreased in power and violence, till the cers came on.  The republicans had a
spirit of party was wrought almost to small majority in the house, and they now
phrenzy and madness. This debate was resolved to employ it in weakening their
continued on three successive days, and opponents. Several of the judges were
ten times were votes taken upon it by displaced, and men of more approved reyeas and nays. At length, after some publican principles appointed  in their
slight alterations, the address was finally places, and the work of proscription, on
adopted by a vote of 86 yeas to 59 nays.* account of political opinions, was now
In October, 1802, the legislature met at carried farther than it was by the federalBurlington, and Mr. Tichenor was found ists in 1798.
to be re-elected governor by a respectable   The subject of banks first came before
majority. In his speech, he adverted to the legislature at this session. Petitions
the alarming progress of party spirit, and were received from Windsor and Burlingto the dangers to be apprehended from it ton to be allowed to establish banks in
to our political institutions. The house, those towns; and bills passed the hbuse
as usual, appointed a committee who re- of representatives granting the privileges
ported an answer to the speech. This prayed for, but they were returned,by the
answer was intended not only as an an- governor and council non-concurred in,
swer to the governor,but a declaration of accompanied by eight reasons against
the sentiments of the house with regard banking, which were entered on the jourto the present and preceding administra- nal.*  The matter was then referred to
tions of the general government. It was the next session of the legislature. It
written in a peculiar style, abounding in was expected that proposals would be resly insinuations, fulsome adulation, and ceived from Congress, during this session,
ambiguous paragraphs. The debate upon to amend the constitution of the United
this answer was warm and spirited, but States, so as to oblige the electors to disit was finally adopted, without alteration, tinguish, on the votes given in, the person
by a vote of 93 to 85. The minority en- intended for president from the one intered upon the journals of the house a tended for vice president. As it was sup* See Journal of the General Assembly for 1801,  * See Journal of General Assembly, 1803, p. 235.
page 215.                              Also article on Banks, Chap. VII.




92                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION.                        KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS.
posed that the adoption of this amendment state, and, neither that, nor the answer,
would secure the re-election of Mr. Jef- which was returned by the assembly, was
ferson, the republican members were ex- calculated tb arouse party feelings, or aftremely anxious to act upon it before they ford subjects of controversy. The comadjourned.  But, finding that it would plaint against the judges for taking illerequire the session to be protracted to an gal fees was again taken up, and occupied
unreasonable length, they decided upon the assembly for several days, and gave
an adjourned meeting, to be held at Wind- rise to much warm debate. It was, howsor, on the last Tuesday of January.    ever, finally " Resolved, That it is the
In January, 1804, the legislature met at sense of this house, that the fees taken by
Windsor, according to adjournment, and the judges of the supreme court were
the proposed amendment was laid before taken with upright views, and that no
them. After some debate, the amend- further order ought to be taken on the
ment was adopted by the assembly, yeas subject."  This resolution was passed by
93, nays 64. This same question was be- a vote of 100 to 82.
fore the legislature in 1799, and was   At this session, two more proposals for
passed in the affirmative, by a vote of 94 amending the constitution of the United
to 42. In this case, all the federalists vo- States came before the legislature. One
ted in favor of the proposed alteration, and from North Carolina, having for its object
all the republicans against; but, in 1804, to empower Congress to pass a law to
all the republicans were in favor of the prevent the further importation of slaves
amendment, and all the federalists op- into the United States; and the other from
posed to it. Thus it appears that both Kentucky, the object of which was to diparties had totally changed their votes in minish the powers of the United States
the course of four years, and that they courts. The former proposal was adopted
had either changed their principles, or by the assembly without debate or oppothat they acted without principle.     sition, and the latter was referred to the
In October, 1804, the legislature held next session of the legislature. An act
their annual session at Rutland. At this was passed at this session, empowering
session, another proposal for amending the governor to take measures for ascerthe constitution of the United States came taining the true north line of the state,
before the assembly. This originated in and another act fixing upon Montpelier as
Massachusetts, and its object was to ap- the permanent seat of the government of
portion the representatives from the sev- the state, from and after the year 1808.
eral states according to the number of free   The next session of the legislature was
white inhabitants, to the exclusion of held at Middlebury, in October, 1806.
those elected on account of the slaves in Mr. Tichenor was again re-elected goverany state. The committee, to whom this nor by a respectable majority, notwithsubject was referred, reported that " the standing the efforts made by the republiamendment proposed would materially can party to prevent it. His opponents,
affect that part of the constitution which however, had a considerable majority in
was the result of a spirit of compromise, the assembly, and in their answer to the
and would have a tendency to destroy governor's speech, they did not attempt
that union among the states, so essential to conceal their hostility to the measures
to our national prosperity," and the pro- which he had recommended. When the
posal was rejected by a vote of 106 to 76. resolutions from  Kentucky, which had
The customary business of the session been laid over by the former assembly,
was transacted with expedition and pro- came up, the house resolved itself into a
priety.  Complaint having been' made, committee of the whole, and after some
that the judges of the supreme court had debate, adopted the proposed amendment
taken illegal fees, a committee was ap- by a vote of 148 to 34; thus manifesting
pointed, towards the close of the session, their desire to increase their own powers
to inquire into the subject. The commit- by diminishing those of the general govtee reported the facts, and that in their ernment. It being reported that Mr. Jefopinion, fees had been taken agreeably to ferson intended to retire to private life at
the fee bill. The house accepted the re- the close of his first term  of office, the
port, so far as it related to the facts, hut assembly drew up a respectful address to
not as to the opinion given of the legality him, which was intended to induce him
of the proceedings of the judges. The to become a candidate for re-election.
legislature then adjourned, leaving the An act was also passed at this session esmatter in this state of indecision.     tablishing a state bank, consisting of two
In October, 1805, the assembly met at branches, one at Woodstock, and the othDanville. The governor's speech related er at Middlebury.*
principally to the internal affairs of the   * See article on Banks, Chap. VII.




CHAP. 6.               LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                                93
STATE PRISON ESTABLISHED.                                        GREAT FRESHET.
In October, 1807, the legislature met at   Israel Smith, the fourth governor of
Woodstock, and, on counting the votes, Vermont, died this year, at Rutland. He
Israel Smith, the republican candidate, settled in this state at an early period, in
was found to be elected governor in oppo- the practice of law, and soon rose to emisition to Mr. Tichenor. In his speech, nence in his profession. In 1797, he was
the governor confined his remarks to the elected chief justice of the supreme court
internal affairs of the state, and particu- of Vermont; in 1801, was chosen reprelarly suggested such alterations in the sentative in Congress; in 1803, senator
criminal jurisprudence of the state, as to in Congress, and in 1807 governor of the
substitute confinement to hard labor in  state. He was a man of the purest morthe  place of corporal punishment.  In  als, the strictest integrity, and filled all
conformity to these suggestions, an act the stations he occupied honorably to
was passed during the session establish- himself, and usefully to the public.
ing a state penitentiary at Windsor, and    The year 1811 was distinguished by
making the necessary appropriations for one of the most remarkable freshets known
carrying it into effect.                 in Vermont. It occurred on the 22d of
The legislature assembled for the first July.  Dark clouds came over from the
time at Montpelier, the established capi- south-west, and the rain soon began to
tal of the state, in October, 1808. Mr. descend in such torrents that every rill
Tichenor was elected governor, in oppo- was swelled into the magnitude of a river,
sition to Mr. Smith, who had held the and foaming cataracts were formed where
office the preceding year. In his speech, ordinarily no water was to be seen. The
he expressed a decided disapprobation of deluge of water rushed onward with such
the leading measures of Mr. Jefferson's impetuosity that hardly any thing could
administration.  The republicans having  withstand its force. The heaviest part of
a majority in the assembly, returned an the storm descended upon the counties of
answer, in which they expressed the full- Rutland and Windsor, in which counties
est confidence in the president, and a probably  two-thirds of the  mills and
hearty approval of his measures. No sub- bridges were swept away, and immense
ject of uncommon interest was brought other damage done by the destruction of
forward at this session, and the ordinary  buildings, fences, crops, &c. The effects
business was disposed of in the usual of that freshet are visible at this time, afmanner.                                  ter a lapse of 30 years.*
In 1809, the republican party succeeded    Jonas Galusha, who was again elected
in electing Jonas Galusha governor, in governor, opened his speech to the legisopposition to Mr. Tichenor, who had filled lature by the following candid remark:
that office with fidelity for eleven years. "When, we realize the greatness of the
The governor's speech, and the reply to trust reposed in us by so many thousands
it by the assembly, were expressive of the of our fellow citizens, to direct, as their
political opinions entertained by the re- faithful representatives, the affairs of the
publican party generally throughout the state, in which the happiness of each inunion.  At this session, an address was dividual claims equal regard, and the
adopted, congratulating James Madison rights of all claim the same protection and
upon his elevation to the presidency. A  support, we shall feel it our indispensable
proposed amendment to the federal con- duty to lay aside all party prejudices, and
stitution, from Virginia, also came before suffer ourselves to be actuated by no oththe assembly, the object of which was to er motives than those which coincide with
enable state legislatures to remove their individual justice, and the greatest gensenators in Congress from  office, when eral good."  The same sentiment was
they should deem  it expedient.  The reciprocated in the beginning of the anamendment was, however, rejected by a swer to the speech, but was lost sight of
majority of the house.                    in the subsequent part, and a liberal share
In 1810, Mr. Galusha was re-elected  of obloquy cast upon the federalists. This
governor of the state, and the republican  year another proposal for amending the
party had a decided majority in the gen- constitution of the United States came
eral assembly. Though the spirit of party  before the assembly.  This amendment
was rdinning high, the governor's speech
and the answer to it were in a concilia-   * The author well remembers this storm, and he
tory tone, and the usual business of the  well recollects its effect upon a small brook which
session was transacted with due regard to county near his fathet's homse, in Bridgewater in the
county of Windsor. This stream, which would orthe public good. An act was passed, mak- dinarily run through an orifice 3 inches in diameter,
ing the bills of the Vermont state bank a was so much swollen as to be froxn one to two rods
lawful tender in payment of all land taxes wide; and, along the middle ot the channel, from 4
to 5 feet deep, running at the same time with great
granted at that session of the legislature. rapidity.




94                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN.                                MR. RICH S RESOLUTION.
declared that any citizen, who should ac- ities of our country having declared war
cept any title of nobility or honor, or any between the United States and Great
pension or emolument, from any foreign Britain and her dependencies, it is our
power, without the consent of Congress, duty, as citizens, to support the measure,
should cease to be a citizen of the Uni- otherwise we shall identify ourselves with
ted States. This amendment the assem- the enemy, with no other distinction than
bly agreed to recommend by a unanim- that of locality. We, therefore, pledge
ous vote. The year 1812 is memorable ourselves to each other, and to our govon account of the declaration of war by ernment, that with our individual exerthe United States against Great Britain. tions, our examples, and influence, we
We shall not attempt to give the particu- will support our government and country
lars of this war, and still it will probably in the present contest; and rely on the
be expected that we should at least give Great Arbiter of events for a favorable
a sketch of the transactions within our result."
own borders, and in which our own citi-   This resolution was discussed for sevzens were more particularly concerned; eral days, and with much warmth, and
and this we shall endeavor to do in the various attempts were made by the federfollowing section.                     alists to modify it, by striking out or al" tering the part in italic, but without success, and it was finally passed in its origiInal form, by a vote of 128 to 79. But the
minority were not silent. They entered
Legislative proceedings from 1812 to 1815 their protest upon the journals of the
— War with Great Britain-Events on house, in which they acknowledge themLake Champlain-Battle at Plattsburgh. selves under the most sacred obligation
Our limits will by no means permit us to yield a prompt and faithful obedience
to investigate the causes by which the to every law of Congress, and to support
United States were led to engage in the with their lives all that is dear to freesecond war with Great Britain, nor to men, the independence of their country;
mention any of the events of that war, ex- yet they declare the resolution to be subcepting such as transpired in our immedi- versive of the true principles of a repubate vicinity. Causes of complaint had ex- lican government.  They likewise existed for several years, which, as early as pressed their disapprobation of the leading
1809, led to the passage of a law by Con- measures of the national administration,
gress, interdicting all commercial inter- and pronounced the declaration of war to
course with Great Britain. On the 3d of be premature and impolitic. The majorApril, 1812, Congress laid an embargo ity, however, proceeded to act up to the
upon all the shipping within the jurisdic- spirit of their resolve, and passed a law
tion of the United States for 90 days, and prohibiting all intercourse between the
on the 18th of June following, an act was people of Vermont and Canada, without
passed declaring war with Great Britain. a permit from the governor, under a penOn the passage of this act the vote stood alty of $1000 fine, and seven years conas follows; in the house of representa- finement at hard labor in the state's pristives yeas 79, nays 49, and in the senate on. They also passed an act exempting
yeas 19, nays 13. The principal causes the persons and property of the militia,
which led to the adoption of this measure while in actual service, from attachment;
were declared to be " the impressment of an act, laying a tax of one cent per acre
American seamen by the British-the on the lands in the state, in addition to
plundering of American commerce, and the usual assessments, and other acts rethe British orders in council."       lating to the detaching and paying of the
In October, 1812, the legislature of militia.
Vermont assembled at Montpelier. In    These legislative regulations proving
his speech, Governor Galusha urged the oppressive to the people, many of the supassembly to second the measures of the porters of the war abandoned the republigeneral government-provide the means can ranks, and went over to the opposifor the defence of our own citizens, and tion. As the elections in 1813 approachfor sustaining our national rights and ed, both parties exerted to the utmost
honor. The assembly returned an answer every means in their power, the one to
fully concurring in the sentiments of the gain and the other to preserve the ascengovernor; but thinking the exigencies of dancy. When the assembly came togeththe times demanded a more explicit avow- er in October, it was found that neither
al,'mr. Rich introduced the following candidate fop governor had been elected
resolution:                            by the people. On attempting a choice
"Resolved, That the constituted author- by the assembly, they were found to be




CHAP. 6.            LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                          95
SMUGGLERS AND CUSTOM-HOUSE OFFICERS.      LOSS OF THE GROWLER AND EAGLE.
divided into two parties exactly equal. which he escaped in January following to
After much mancuvreing and several tri- the neighboring forests, where he continals, Martin Chittenden, the federal candi- ned till the next August, when he was
date, was elected by a small majority. retaken, but not till after he was mortally
The sentiments of the governor's speech, wounded by his pursuers. It appeared
and of the answer to it, were in the high- that Dennett resisted, and was shot while
est tone of federalism, and consequently attempting to kill Mr. Morgan, by a Mr.
in direct opposition to the war and the Sperry, another of the pursuers.
measures of the general government. The   In the summer of 1812, some preparaminority, 75 in number, however, protest- tions were made on lake Champlain, to
ed against these sentiments, and entered oppose the naval force of the British.
their reasons upon the journals of the Nothing, however, occurred on the lake
house.                               worthy of notice till the 2d of June 1813.
The federalists having now the ascen- On that day the Growler and Eagle saildancy, nearly all the appointments to ed from Plattsburg under the command of
office were made from that party: after Lieut. Smith in pursuit of some British
which the legislature proceeded to repeal gun-boats which had made their appearthe several laws before mentioned, which ance on the lake. On the following mornhad been enacted the preceding year. The ing, when near the Canada line, they were
spirit of party was now wrought up to the led, in pursuit of the boats, into shoal wahighest pitch, and the parties did not hes- ter near the shore, where the Eagle grounitate to brand each other with the oppro- ded and became unmanageable, and, after
brious names of tories, traitors, and ene- four hours hard fighting, the Growler
mies to their country. The enmity was was obliged to surrender to the British.
such as to destroy the harmony and inter- On the 30th of July, a detachment of the
course of families and neighbors, and at British, about 1400 strong,landed at Plattstimes they seemed to be on the eve of pro- burgh, where they destroyed the Amerceedingr to open hostilities.        ican  barracks, estimated to be worth
The smuggling business led to frequent $25,000, and much other property, both
encounters between the smugglers and public and private. The public stores
custom-house officers, during the war and having been previously removed to Burthe non-intercourse which preceded it, in lington, the enemy proceeded thither and
some of which blood was shed and lives fired a few shot upon the town, but, as
lost. The first serious affray of this kind soon as the cannon began to play upon
took place on Winooski river, at Burling- them from the shore, they retired.
ton, in 1808, between a party in the em-   Ou the 20th of August, the Americans
ploy of the custom  department and a had equipped a naval force upon lake
smuggling vessel called the Black Snake. Champlain, consisting of the President,
In this encounter, two men were killed carrying 12 guns, Com. Preble 11, Montby the smugglers. The smugglers were, gomery, 11, Frances, 6, and two gun-boats
however, taken and tried by a special and six scows, carrying one gun each,
court at Burlington. Dean, one of them, making in the whole 48 guns. With this
was executed, and the others, excepting force Coin. Macdonough sailed from BurDay who was discharged, were sentenced lington to the line in September, and ofto the state prison.  Franklin county fered battle to the enemy, but they dewas the scene of frequent skirmishes. dined and retired into Canada.  The
The smugglers usually travelled in the northern army was assembled at Burlingnight, and went in so large companies and ton under the command of Gen. Hampso well armed, as to make it very danger- ton and consisted of about 4000 men.
ous business for the custom-house officers Early in September this army was emto interrupt them. Similar disturbances barked at Burlington, and landed at Cumwere common all along our northern berlarid Head, near Plattsburgh. On the
frontier.                            9th, they proceeded to Chazy, and attackAbout the first of September, 1813, Mr. ed the enemy's advanced post at OdleSamuel Beach, of Canaan, in the north- town.
east corner of the state, had a permit from    Finding it impracticable to make his
the governor to go into Canada to repair way into Canada. by that route, Hampa mill-dam. He sent forward his work- ton returned to Champlain, and took the
men with a team, which was taken from  route to Chateauguay, where he arrived
them by John Dennett and others, and on the 25th. Col. Clark was in the mean
driven back. Beach, in attempting to re- time detached, and ordered to attack a
cover his team, was fired upon by Dennett small British force at St. Armand, on Misand killed. Dennett and his associates sisco Bay. He found the enemy drawn
were taken and confined in jail, from  up under Major Powel, but wholly unex



96                    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
NAVAL FORCES ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN.                      BATTLE AT PLATTSBURGH.
pecting an attack by land, and, after an General Macomb; the main northern araction of ten minutes, they surrendered my having marched to the westward. On
themselves prisoners of war. The Amer- the 7th of September, the enemy appearican force engaged was 102, and the num- ed before Plattsburgh, and were employed
ber of prisoners taken and sent to Bur- in getting on their battering train, erectlington, was 101. Nine of the enemy ing batteries, and in skirmishes with the
were killed, and 14 wounded. The army Americans, but did not make a general
under Gen. Hampton engaged with the assault till the arrival of their flotilla.
enemy at Chateauguay, on the 26th of Oc-   In the mean time every effort was made
tober, but being unsuccessful,'and the sea- to call in the neighboring militia. Exson far advanced, he soon after returned presses were sent into Vermont, and the
into winter quarters, at Plattsburgh.  Green Mountain Boys,without distinction
A brigade of Vermont militia, which of party, shouldered their guns and hashad been drafted into the service of the tened forward to repel the invasion; and
United States, and marched to Platts- in the part which they took in the subseburgh, were on the 10th of November, quent conflict, they nobly sustained their
discharged from service by a proclamation high character for firmness and bravery.
of Gov. Chittenden, and ordered to return The American land force, however, conhome. To this order the officers of said tinued much inferior to that of the British.
brigade, refused obedience, and returned The British force upon the lake was also
a written protest against it. The militia, superior to the American. It was comhowever, returned before their time of manded by Commodore Downie, and conservice was expired, and no further no- sisted of a frigate of 39 guns, a brig of
tice was taken of the transaction. Com- 16, two sloops of 11 guns each, and 13
modore Macdonough went into winter gun-boats, carrying 18 guns, amounting
quarters at Otter Creek, with his flotilla, in the whole to 95 guns, and manned by
on the 19th of December. Thus termin- 1050 men. The.American force under
ated the northern campaign, for 1813.    Commodore Macdonough, consisted of
In the spring of 1814, the northern ar- the Saratoga, of 26 guns, the Eagle, of
my, having been placed under General 20, Ticonderoga, of 17, the Preble, of 7,
Wilkinson, advanced from  Plattsburgh and 10 gun-boats, carrying  16 guns,
along the west side of the lake, and en- amounting in the whole to 86, and mantered Canada. After an unsuccessful at- ned by 820 men.
tack upon the stone mills at Lacole, and   As it was generally understood to be
some other skirmishes, in  which the the intention of the British to make an
Americans lost about 100 men in killed attack both by land and water, at the
and wounded, they found it necessary to same time, Corn. Macdonough determninretreat. In the mean time Commodore ed to await the approach of the enemy's
Macdonough was making every effort to squadron, at anchor in Plattsburgh Bay.
get in readiness in Otter Creek, a suffici- Early in the morning of the 11th of Sepent naval force to match that of the ene- tember, the lookout boat announced the
my upon the lake. On the 14th of May, approach of the  enemy, and about 9
the enemy's fleet, consisting of a brig, o'clock, they anchored in a line about
3 sloops, and 13 gallies, passed up the 300 yards from the American squadron.
lake, and opened a spirited fire upon the In this situation the whole force on both'battery, at the mouth of Otter Creek, sides became engaged. The conflict was
with a view of forcing their way up the exceedingly obstinate; the enemy fought
creek and destroying the American ship- with great bravery, but the superiority of
ping before it should be ready for service. the American gunnery prevailed over the
But in this they were unsuccessful. They enemy's superior force. After an action of
were repulsed by the garrison, and the two hours and 20 minutes, the fire of the
Vermont militia, and soon after returned enemy was silenced, and her frigate, brig
to the northward.                      and two sloops were surrendered to the
About the last of May, Commodore Americans. Some of their gallies were
Macdonough entered the lake with his sunk, and the others made their escape.
flotilla and proceeded to Plattsburgh,'and The British lost in this action, 84 killed
afterwards advanced nearer the line, but and, 116' wounded. Among the killnothing of consequence occurred on the ed were Commodore Downie, and three
lake till the latter part of the season. lieutenants. The American loss was 52
About the first of September, Governor killed, and 58 wounded. Among the forPreVost entered the territory of the United mer were lieutenants, Gamble and StansStates, at the head of 14,000 men and bury.
advanced towards Plattsburgh, which was   The commencement of the naval acgarrisoned by only one brigades under tion seemed to be the signal for a general




CiAnP. 6.             LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                            97
RESULT OF THE ENGAGEMENT.                    VOTE OF THANKS TO THE OFFICERS.
assault by land.  The enemy opened timents of his excellency with regard to
their batteries upon the American works, the transactions at Plattsburglh, and pledgand at the same time attempted to cross ing to him their cordial co-operation in
the Saranac, and gain the rear of the measures calculated to promote the pubAmericans. Tile Americans kept up a lic good.*
destructive fire from their forts, and met   When this answer was reported to the
the enemy'at every point with the most assembly, attempts were made by some
determined bravery. As soon as it was of the leading members of the republican
known that their fleet had surrendered, party to substitute another, containing rethe enemy relinquished all their hopes, flections discreditable to the governor
and began making arrangements for a re- and the party in power,t and when these
treat. During the afternoon and night, failed they entered  a solemn  protest
all the enemy's forces were withdrawn, against the sentiments contained in it, upand they retired with such precipitation, on the journals of the assernbly.+
and were so closely pursued by the Amer-   The correspondence between governor
icans, that they were obliged to leave be- Chittenden, James Monroe, secretary of
hind their wounded, and large quantities state of the United States, and Generals
of provisions, ammunition and military Macomb, Strong and Newell, in relation
stores. The whole loss of the enemy up- to the Vermont militia and the transacon land, in killed, wounded, prisoners tions at Plattsburgh were laid before the
and deserters, exceeded 2,500 men. The assembly and published in the journals.~
aggregate loss of the Americans, did not   At this session a resolution was adoptexceed 150.                            ed expressing the thanks of the legislature
After the battle of Plattsburgh, nothing to General Macomb and his companions
further occurred upon lake Champlain in arms-to General Strong and the patworthy of notice during the war. The riotic volunteers from Vermont under his
legislature of Vermont assembled as usual command, and to Commodore Macdonin October, and it again appeared that no ough and the officers and crew of his
governor had been elected by the suffra- squadron, in testimony  of their high
ges of the people. The legislature then sense of their bravery and good conduct
proceeded to the choice of a governor, on the memorable 11th of September,
and Martin Chittenden, was elected by a 1814, by which the enemy were repulsed
majority of 29 votes. Much complaint by land, and their squadron captured upon
having been made because the governor the lake. In further consideration  of
did not order out the militia for the de- his services, the legislature passed an act
fence of Plattsburgh, instead of calling granting to Commodore Macdonough a
upon them as volunteers, he adverted to farm belonging to Vermont, and lying upthat subject in his speech, by saying, on Cumberland head, and in fhll view of
that, as no portion of our militia had the late naval engagement in which he
been detached by the President for the had acquired so much honor. A commuservice of the United States, a call upon nication was received during this session
our patriotic citizens for their voluntary from the legislature of' Massachusetts inservices was, in this case, considered to viting Vermont to appoint delegates to
be the only mode by which efficient and meet delegates from the other New Engtimely aid could be afforded.          land States at Hartford, Connecticut, to
He spoke in the higrhest terms of the of- take into consideration the state of the
ficers and men employed in repelling the Union.  But by a vote of the assembly
enemy and in teaching them the " morti- this invitation was unanimously declined.
fying lesson, that the soil of freedom will   From this period the violence of party
not bear the tread of hostile feet with im- spirit in Vermont began rapidly to abate.
punity;" and declared their "achieve- The invasion of our territory by the fleets
ments were not surpassed in the records ofthe enemy had united the feelings of
of naval and military  warfare."  But parties in the common defence, and many,
while he acknowledged with gratitude, who were at first opposed to the war, were
the interposition of Providence for pre- now convinced that tile good of their
venting the designs of the enemy and country demanded the united efforts of
saving our borders from the desolations all our citizens in prosecuting it to an
of war, he declared that his opinion of the honorable and successful termination.
propriety of the war remained unaltered-  On the 24th of December, 1814, a treaty'that he "conscientiously disapproved of of peace was signed at Ghent between
it as unnecessary, unwise and hopeless Great Britain and America by their resin all its offensive operations." To this
speech the house returned a dignified and   * Journals for 1814, p. 44.
respectful answer, reciprocating the sen-  tJournals for 11.4,p. 1OS, tlb. p. 172. ~lb.p. 86.
PT.:I.            13




98                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONP.                        PART II,
SAMUEL E. GODFREY.                 COLD SEASON.                GOV. GALUSHA.
pective plenipotentiaries. The tumults federalists, by which the pay of the repof war now  ceased-the gloom  which resentatives was increased contrary to the
overhung our land was dispersed, and all wishes of the freemen of Vermont. With
were rejoiced to see our soldiers re-con- this session terminated the practice of reverted into citizens-our implements of turning an answer to the governor's
war into instruments of husbandry, and speech, which had, from the first election
to hear the peaceful hum of business in- of Mr. Tichenor in I797, every year constead of the roar of cannon and the trum- sumed much time, and often given rise to
pet of war.                            the most violent contentions.*
At the three following elections in 1817,
1818, and 1819, Mr. Galusha was successively chosen governor of the state, and
SECTIOn( IV.              nothing occurred to excite the violence
rte~islative, proceedings from 1814.'to the of party, or to interrupt the general prosLegislative proceedings from 1814 to the.  B
perity. Bountiful harvests rewarded the
close of tihe year 1841.      toil of the husbandman, and the blessings
Before the meeting of the assembly in arising from  the diffusion of knowledge,
1815, peace had been restored to the coun- the success of the mechanic arts, and the
try and many of the causes which had influence of good government were genagitated the community had disappeared. erally diffused. In 1817, the president of
The republican party had now gained the the United States, Mr. Monroe, in his
ascendancy in the state, and Mr. Galusha tour through the middle and eastern
was again elected governor by the people, states, passed through Vermont, and eveby a handsome majority. The governor's ry where received the respect due to his
speech contained nothing to revive the vi- dignified office, and the gratitude merited
olence of party. He alluded to the storm  by a life devoted to the service of his
of war which had just passed over their country.
heads and was now succeeded by the calm   In 1819, the usual business of the legand sunshine of peace, and then invited islature was transacted with unanimity,
the attention of the legislature to the im- and, among other things, a resolution
mediate business of the state. Among was adopted approving in the highest
the acts passed at this session was one terms of the measures and objects of the
granting to a company the exclusive r   American Colonization Society. Mr. Gaof navigating lake Champlain by steam  lusha having signified his intention to refor 23 years. This act met with much tire from public life, the house adopted a
opposition in the house, and was passed respectful address to him on the occasion,
by a vote of 91 to 70. It was afterwards in which they say that, " on a review of
found to be unconstitutional and void.    the events of the memorable struggle of
The case of Samuel E. Godfrey, who our fathers forindependence, we find you
had been convicted of the murder of Mr. in early life on the banks of the WalloomHewlet, in the State prison and was sen- scoik, with your patriotic band teaching
tenced to be hung at Woodstock, was them boldly to defend their country. In
brought before the legislature for a reprieve, or commutation of punishment, and governor, you have ever merited and
and occupied much time, but with no oth- received the approbation of your fellow
er result than the postponement of his ex- citizens."
ecution for a few months. This was the   In 1820, Richard Skinner, formerly
second execution of the kind, under the chief justice of the state, was elected
government of. the state.              governor. In his speech, he presented a
The spring and summer of 1816, were clear view of the evils resulting from the
remarkably cold. Snow fell to the depth frequent alterations in the public statutes,
of several inches in all parts of Vermont and he expressed as his opinion, that the
on the 8th of June, and from the general present organization of the Vermont jufailure of the crops there was an uncom- diciary, was calculated for the despatch
mon scarcity of provisions. Mr. Galusha  of business and to prevent the multiplicawas this year re-elected governor, and, in tion of lawsuits. At this session a resohis speech, he called the attention of the lution was passed remonstrating against
legislature to the encouragement of man- the admission of Missouri into the union
ufactures. The customary answer to his' with a constitltion legalizing slavery,
excellency's speech this year gave rise to and the cruel and unnatural traffic in hua spirited debate, in which the federal party were treated with great asperity, on   *At the commencement of the session in 1817, the
account of the vote of the representatives question-Shall tanere be a committee raised to report an answer to the governor's speech?-was d109.
im Congress, from  Vermont, who were cided in the negative-yeas 77, nays 109t




cHAP. 6.                LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS..
AVAILS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS.        GOV. VAN NESS.             GEN. LAFAYETTE.
man blood, and instructing their senators. legislature to the immediate concerns of
and representatives in Congress, to exert the state, but was not sensible that any
their influence and use all legal measures material alteration in the laws were at
to prevent it.                         that time demanded. He discouraged all
In 1821, Mr. Skinner was again elected. change which was not particularly necesgovernor. In hisspeech, the governorin- sary, as producing uncertainty in law,
formed the assembly that he had received. and thereby occasioning perplexing and
communications from Maryland and New'expensive law suits. An act was passed
Hampshire, respecting the appropriation at this -session prohibiting horse-racing,
of the public lands belonging to the Uni- under a penalty of the forfeiture of the
ted States, to the several states for the horses and money staked; but few altera.
benefit of education, and said that the tions were made in the elisting laws.
people of Vermont " could feel no deli-  In 1824 Mr. Van Ness was re-elected
cacy in making a claim of this kind, for governor without opposition. In complino one of the United States, in proportion ance with the recommendation of the
to their ability, contributed more to the' governor, an act was passed at this session,
acquisition of those rights, which were giving the choice of electors of president
purchased by the toil, distresses and sac- and vice president to the people by a genrifice's of the revolutionary war. Situa- eral ticket.  General La Fayette having
ted on the frontier, they constituted the arrived in this country on the 17th of Aubarrier between the enemy and the confed- gust, a committee of the legislature re.
erated states. Not having been acknow- ported that " as a nation we owed to him
ledged as a member of the confederation, a debt of gratitude, and that Vermont, in
no part of the expense they incurred in common with her sister states, would rethe war has been assumed by the general joice in an opportunity of manifesting
government, while they have participated it."  A resolution was accordingly passed
in the burden-of the public debt."  In'requesting the governor, in behalf of the
conformity with these suggestions, reso- people of this state, to invite General La
lutions were passed declaring the right Fayette-to extend his tour into Vermont,
of each of the states to a participation and honor its citizens with his presence.
in the benefits of the public lands and re- On the 28th of June 1825, La Fayette
questing our delegation in Congress to'entered Vermont for the first time at
use their'endeavors to procure the pas- Windsor, where he was joyfully received
sage of an act appropriating to the use of by the governor, and a numerous body of'
the state of Vermbnt, for the purposes of citizens assembled to welcome the early
education, such portion of the public benefactor of their country,  From Windlands as should be equitable and just.   sor he proceeded by the way of MontpeMr. Skininer was again elected gover- lier to Burlington, and was every where
nor in 1822. In his speech he called the received with the warmest affection and
attention of the legislature particularly gratitude, and with the most enthusias.
to the subject of manufactures.  The tic demonstrations of admiration and ap.t
committee on manufactures to whom this plause.
part of his excellency's speech was re-   Mr. Van Ness was again chosen gover-.
ferred, made a-report, in which they say, nor in 1825, and in his communication to
" Vermont can raise as fine wool as any the assembly he invited their attention
quarter of the globe, and her mountains particularly to the subject of internal imroll down their thousand streams to aid provements. A board of canal commisus in its manufacture.. It also abounds in sioners was appointed and five hundred
ores, and minerals, and forests upon which dollars were appropriated to defray their
the industry and ingenuity of our citizens expenses. It was made the duty of these
might operate  with great advantage, commissioners to assist any engineers,
could sufficient capital be allured to these who might be employed by the general
objects by the patronage of our laws." government to ascertain the most practiIn compliance with a recommendation of cable routes for canals within this state.
the governor an act Was passed declaring The great objects contemplated were, the
all contracts void where interest should improvement of the navigation of Conbe taken, or secured, at a higher rate than necticut river and the connexion of that
six per cent. per annum.               river with lake Champlain and lake MemMr. Skinner having signified his wish phremagog by means of canals. The law
no longer to be considered a candidate for setting forth the principles upon which
the office of governor, at the meeting of the grand list for the assessment of taxes
the legislature in 1823, Mr. Van Ness in this'state, should be made out, was rewas found to be elected in his stead. In pealed at this session, and a new law upon
his speech he iavited the attention of the this subject enacted. By this act it wa




1}00                  CIVIL HISTORY  OF,VERMONT.                      PART  11I
PLAN OF EDUCATION.                                     ORIGIN OF ANTI-MASONRY.
provided that there should be an appraisal   In 1829, Mr. Crafts was again chosen
of real estate once in five years and that governor by the votes of the freemen.
it should be set in the list at the rate of Among the subjects which came Xbefore
four per cent for buildings and village lots, the assembly was a resolution of the legand six per cent for other real estate, on islature of South Corolina, declaring that
its appraised value, and to this the rates Congress had no constitutional power to
of personal property are calculated to lay duties on imports for the encouragecorrespond.                             ment of domestic manufactures, or for inMr Van Ness having signified his wish ternal improvements; and also communino longer to receive the suffrages of his fel- cations frolnGeorgia, Virginia and Missoulow  citizens, Mr. Butler was, in 1826, ri, sanctioning the same principles. The
elected governor of the state. In his legislature disposed of this matter by respeech he called the attention of the as- solving that they would not concur with
sembly $ the subject of lotteries and the the South Carolina resolution.
sale of' lottery tickets in this state; in   As already observed, on the return of
consideration of which, an act was passed, peace in 1815, party spirit rapidly subsiprohibiting the sale of lottery  tickets ded, and for several years a remarkable
without a licence under the penalty of a unanimity of sentiment with regard to
heavy fine. Mr. Butler was again elec- men and measures prevailed. After the
ted governor in 1827. He now invited election of Mr. Adams to the presidency,
the attention of the legislature to the in 1825, an organized  opposition  was
existing laws on the subject of education, formed to his administration by the friends
and recommended the appointment, in of the rival candidates, who succeeded in
each town or county, of commissioners 1829), in elevating General Jackson to
for the examination of teachers and for that office, in opposition to the incumbent.
the general superintendence of schools. These two great divisions of the people
In consequence of these suggestions,a gen- were founded chiefly in a preference of
eral plan of education was adopted, design- particular men, and not in a difference of
ed for the improvement of schools., and political principles.  The abduction of
for producing uniformity in the methods William Morgan, in 1826, for divulging
of instruction.  It provided that a super- the secrets of masonry, gave rise to anintending committee should be appointed other party, founded in opposition to the
annually in each town, and that no teach- principles of masonry, and which is hence
ers should be employed in the public called the anti-masonic party. And thinkschools, who had not been examined by ing it to be the most effectual way to put
said committee, and who had not received down an institution which they believed
from them a certificate of their qualifica- to be dangerous to the community, they
tions for teaching. It also provided for made it a part of their political creed that
the appointment of five school commis- no adhering mason should receive their
sioners, whose business it should be to support for office. This party was not
have a general supervision of the business distinctly organized in Vermont till the
of education in the state, procure and cir- year 1829.
culate information on the subject, recom-   The year 1830 was distinguished for an
mend suitable books to be used in schools, unusual quantity of rain, and the month
ascertain if any alteration in the law be of'July, of this year, for one of the most
necessary, and make an annual report to general and  destructive freshets ever
the legislature.                        known in the state. By this freshet many
In 1828, Mr. Crafts was elected gover- lives were lost, and property, consistnor. In his speech he congratulated his ing of mills, bridges, buildings and crops,
fellow citizens upon the unrivalled pros- was destroyed, almost beyond calculaperity of the country-declared their ad- tion.'
vance in population and resources to be   When the legislature came together in
unprecedented in the history of man- October, it was found that three candiand the means of happiness within their dates for governor had been supported,
power to be more abundant than ever fell and that no election had been made by the
to the lot of any other people. The leg- people. Mr. Crafts, the national repubislature this year passed a resolution re- lican and masonic candidate, received
quiring their senators and representatives 13,486 votes; Mr. Palmer, the anti-main Congress to use all justifiable means sonic candidate, had 10,925, and Mr.
to procure the passage of an act granting Meech, the administration candidate, had
pensions to all American citizens, with- 6,285. The choice devolving upon the
out regard to their present circumstances, who served during the war of the   *i oe account of this freshet may be seen in part
revolutioneswhoservedduringthewaroft first, Chap. 1. and in pait third, article New Harevolution.             yen.




CHAP. 6.             LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                           101
RAIL ROAD COMPANIES CHIARTERED.                          UNITED STATES BANK.
legislature, after 32 ballotings, Mr. Crafts ments, to use their influence to procure
was elected, by a small majority. The the recharter of the United States Bank,
abolition of imprisonment for debt had in and to prevent encroachments upon the
former years frequently engaged the at- authority of the supreme court of the
tention of the legislature, and, in his United States. An act was also passed
speech, the governor again invited atten- providing for the erection of a new state
tion to the subject. After much debate, house in Montpelier, by a vote of 115 to
a law was passed declaring that on all 83; and $30,000 were appropriated for
judgments obtained upon debts contract- that purpose,-the people of Montpelier
ed after the 1st day of'January, 1831, the having pledged themselves to pay one
debtor may, within two hours after the half of that sum into the treasury of the
rendition of such judgment, before a court state.
of justice, submit himself to an examina-   When the legislature came together in
tion on oath by such court or creditor, or 1833, William A. Palmer was found to be
his attorney, touching his situation, cir- elected governor by the people. Nothing
cumstances, or property, and may be en- of unusual interest came before that body.
titled to the benefit of the oath, which Resolutions were passed, expressive of
shall be administered to such debtor by the gratitude of the legislature to the ausaid court of justice, and a record made thorities of Lower Canada, for their effithereof, and no execution shall be issued cient efforts in breaking up a combination
thereon.                               of counterfeiters and forgers on our northIn 1831, each of the three parties sup- ern borders and also appointing commisported its candidate for governor, in con- sioners to confer with commissioners on
sequence of which, no election was made the part of Lower Canada, in relation to
by the people. The choice again devolv- alleged obstructions in the outlet of lake
ing upon the legislature, Mr. Palmer, the Champlain, in consequence of which some
antimasonic candidate, was elected at the of our citizens were supposed to be inninth balloting by a majority of one vote. jured by the raising of the waters of the
In his speech he says that "the general lake. But the subject which produced
condition of our country is that of peace, most discussion at this session was the
prosperity and happiness. Compared with traffic in ardent spirits. Sundry petitions
any other people, we have the most abun- and memorials having been received, they
dant cause for grateful acknowledgement were referred to a select committee of
to the Author of all good, that our lot has one member from  each county.  This
been cast here."  After making the cus- committee reported a general bill in relatolnary appointments of civil officers, the tion to retailers of spirituous liquors, dihouse proceeded with diligence in dis- recting the mode of obtaining licenses
charge of their remaining duties. Few  and regulating houses of public entertainsubjects of general interest were.brought ment, which was finally passed, and the
up, and most of the acts, passed this ses- previous laws on this subject repealed.
sion, were of a local or private nature.   In 1834, the people having again failed
Among the bills passed, was one taxing in the choice of a governor, Mr. Palmer
foreign bank stock, one incorporating the was re-elected by the general assembly.
Bennington and Brattleborough rail road In his message, he thus expresses his
company, and one incorporating the Rut- opinion in relation to a United States
land and Whitehall rail road company. Bank: "That a national bank, with propSeveral new banks were also granted.    er powers and restrictions, is both necesIn 1832, there was again no election of sary and constitutional, I do not doubt.
governor by the people, and at the 43d I deem, however, the charter of the presballoting, Mir. Palmer was re-elected by ent bank exceptionable in several of its
the general assembly. In his message, provisions, and am opposed to its renewal
after adverting to our obligations of grati- in its present form.,  The ommmittee, to
tude to God on account of our exemption which this portion of the governor's mes-.
from the direful ravages of the cholera, sage and other matters in rilation to the
which had been experienced during the proceedings of the general government
year by the neighboring states and prov- were referred, reported: "That a nationinces; he called the attention of the legis- al bank, with powers properly limited and
lature, among other things, to the subject restricted, is essential, if not indispensaof the tariff, the United States Bank, &c. ble, as a fiscal agent, as well as necessary
In compliance with these suggestions, a to sustain a sound and uniform currency,
series of resolutions were adopted request- and give the requisite facilities to trade,
ing our delegation in Congress to oppose commerce, and manufactures:-That an
a reduction of the tariff, to aid in procur- equitable distribution among the several
ing appropriations for internal improve- states of the moneys arising from the sale




102                    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                            PART II.
ELECTION SERMONS.                   SEVERE CO)LD.     AMENDED CONSTITUTION.
of the public lands, for the purposes of piercing wind from the -west. On the
education and internal improvement, com- morning of the ] Sth the thermometer was
ports alike with sound policy and the from  30e to 40  below  zero, in different
principles of justice; —And that the Ex- parts of the state, and, in some places, the
ecutive of the United States, in his late  quick-silver actually congealed, but beremoval of the public moneys from the  fore noon, thecold very much moderated.
place of custody established by law, exer-    The year 1836 opens a new era in the
cised a power not given him by the con- history of legislation in Vermont.  Up to
stitution or laws, but in derogation of this time the whole legislative power was
both."  And a resolution was passed, in- vested in  a house  of representatives.
structing the senators and requesting the  The governor and council could propose
representatives in Cqngress from this state  amendments to bills, and in extreme cases
to sustain the principles and policy of the  suspend their passage till the next session
report. At this session an act was passed  of tihe general assembly, but by no means
incorporating Norwich University; and  possessed the powers of a co-ordinate
with this year terminated the practice of branch of the legislature.  In the early
having what was called an election ser- part of this year, the constitution of the
mnon, which had been observed from the  state was so amended as to create a senate
first organization of the government.*     in place of the council, with powers simiThe continuance of three political par- lar to those exercised by the senate of the
ties again in 1835 prevented the election  Unite.d States, and of most of the individof a governor by the people, but the anti- ual states.  The legislature came to(ethmasonic candidates for lieutenant govern- er in the fall of this year for the first time
or and treasurer were chosen by large  under the amended constitution.  Silas
majorities.  After trying, at short inter- H. Jenison, who had discharged the duvals, for more than three weeks, without ties of that office the preceding year, was
success, to elect a governor in joint coin- found to be elected governor by the peomittee of the two houses, the committee  pie by a handsome nmajority. At this sesdissolved, and the duties of governor de- sion an act was passed providing for the
volved upon Silas H. Jenison, who had  receipt of the public money of the United
been elected to. the office of lieutenant States, which should be deposited in this
governor.  At the session of the legisla- state, and for its distribution among the
ture this year, a law was passed requiring  towns in proportion to their population;
vessels, navigating lake Champlain in  and directing that the interest of the same
the night time, to carry lights; and an- should be applied for the support of comother to encourage the growing of silk in  mon schools. Resolutions were also passthis state, by offering a premium  for the ed, declaring " that neither Congress nor
same.                                      the state governments have any constiThe 16th, 17th and 18th days of De- tutional right to abridge the free exprescember in this year are memorable on ac- sion of opinions, or the transmission of
count of the cold. The 16th was the most them througrh the public mail;-and that
severe through the day, and has, proba- Congress do possess the power to abolish
bly, had few equals since the country was slavery and the slave trade in the District
settled. The thermometer was about 20. of Columbia."
below  zero during the day, in the north-    By the concurrence of sundry causes,
ern part of the state, with a very strong  among which were the vast importations
of' foreign goods, the increase of trade
*The author has taken some pains to ascertain  upon borrowed capital, the unparalleled
who have been the preachers before the General Assembly of this state, and the following, though in-  peculations in the public lands, the failcomplete, is the result of his inquiries:  ure of' the wheat crop, which rendered
1774 Peter Powers, C   1816 Samuel Austin, C   the importation of bread stuffs necessary,
1778 Eden Burr&dghs, C 1817 Phineas Peck   the removal of the deposites of public
1]75 Lyman Potter C   1818 George Leondrick, B  money from the United States Bank, and
1789 Mr. Foster      1820 George Leonard, E
1790 Job Swift, C    1821 Joshua Bates, C    the efforts of that banlk to close its con1794 Sam'l Williams, C  182:2 John Lindsey ~  cerns, produced, in 1837, one of the most
1795 Asa Burton, C   1823 JA. W. Salwyer, B   disastrous panics, which thie country had
1796 Dan Kent, C     1824 A. Chandler, C
1799 William Forsyth  1825 Rolbfrt Bartlett, U  experienced for a long period.  The cur180[ Nath'l Lambert, C  1826 W\illiam Fiske, IM  rency  was deranged, confidence destroy1804 Sylvester Sage, C  1827 Thos. Goodwillie,P  ed  business paralyzed  and the banks
1805 John Fitch, C   18-23 Jonathan Wiood(1an
1808 Tilton Eastman, C  1829 Chas. WTalker C    obliged to suspend specie payments from
1809 Sylvanus flaynes, B1 1830 G. G. Inirersoll Ut  one end of the Union to the other.  Dis1811 Thomas Skeel    18:31 TLelanl HIowvard B   tress and ruin prevailed throughout the
1812 Isaac Beal, B   18:;2 Wm. S. Perkins, E                               n
18i4 Elijah Lyman, C   1/33 Tobias Spicer, 2/  length and breadth of the land.
1815 Henry Davis, C    1834 Warren Skinner, U    At the meeting of the legislature in




CRAP. 6.             LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS.                              103
REBELLION IN CANADA.                       SLAVERY AND THE RIGHT OF PETITION.
October, Governor Jenison, who  was of militia on the frontier, they crossed
again elected by the people, adverted over and organized on the Canada side,
freely to the causes of the present distress, to the number of five or six hundred;
and closed his remarks on that topic by but they were undisciplined, poorly armsaying, that tile wretched condition of the ed and poorly supplied with ammunition
country " admonishes to economy in our and provisions. In this condition of things,
public, and industry and frugality in our Gen. Wool received intelligence that 16
private affairs." The attention of the gen- or 1700 British troops were on the march
eral assembly having been for several to attack the invaders. He immediately
years called by the governor to the ineffi- communicated this information to the
cient organization of the militia of this patri6ts, giving them permission to return
state, a general act was passed at this and surrender their arms to him; but, if
session for its better regulation and gov- they did not see fit to do that, and should
ernment. Resolutions were also passed attempt to retreat into Vermont, when
declaring the right of Congress to abolish attacked by the British, he informed them
slavery and the slave trade in the District that he should order the militia to fire upof Columbia; and solemnsly protesting on them. The men, belonging to the patagainst the admission of Texas, or any riot force, by an almost unanimous vote,
other state, into this union, whose consti- expressed their willingness to stand their
tution tolerates domestic slavery.      ground, and trust the consequences; but
In tile month of Nov enber of this year their officers'had not forgotten that discommenced the ill-advised rebellion in cretion is the better part of valor. The
Lower Canada. The people of this state, little army, therefore, recrossed the line,
ignorant, in a great measure, of the true laid down their arms, and dispersed.
state of things in that province, had their   Mr. Jenison was again elected goversympathies very generally awakened in nor in 1838. Having in his message of
behalf of a people strugglin,(, as they sup- this, and of several preceding years, inposed, like our fathers in the revolution, vited the attention of the legislature, to
to free themselves from the iron arm of the subject of imprisonment for debt, a
tyranny and oppression, and the disposi- law was passed, declaring that "no pertion to encourage the insurgents was son shall be hereafter arrested, or imprismanifested by public meetings, with in- oned on mesne process, or on any execuflammatory addresses and resolutions, in tion issued on a judgment founded on a
various places, and the more ardent and contract,express or implied, made or enterinconsiderate were engaged in collecting ed into after the first day of January,
arms and men, and conveying them to 1839.". Resolutions were also passed at
the neighborhood of the line, to be em- this session, reiterating the sentiments of
ployed in the patriot war. In this state the resolutions, of 1837, in relation to
of things, Gov. Jenison issued a procla- Texas, and the District of Columbia, and
mation, cautioning the citizens of this declaring the resolution of Congress, prostate against letting their enthusiasm in hibitingr the debating, printing, reading,
the cause of liberty lead them to acts in- or referring petitions and memorials on
consistent with the treaty relations be- the subject of slavery, to be "'a daring
tween the United States and Great Brit- infringement of the right. of the people
ain, and warning them of the peril of vio- to petition, and a flagrant violation of the
lating the laws of neutrality established constitution of the United States."
by Congress. But so great was the ex-   In 1837,'an act was passed, authorizing
citernent at the time, that this proclama- the governor and lieutenant governor, to
tion, which is now regarded as well suit- appoint five suitable persons, to revise,
ed to the'occasion, and honorable to the compile and arrange, the statute laws of
governor, was treated by the public press this state; in pursuance of which, Robert
in this state with almost universal' cen- Pierpont, Samuel Swift, Jolin -Smith,
sure and condemnation; sad proof, howv Norman Williams, and Lucius B. Peck,
easily feeling may triumph over reason!  were appointed to that service. After
The insurgents, who had escaped into two years attention to the subject, these
the United States, after their defeat and commissioners in the fall of 1839 laid the
dispersion from St Charles and St. Eu-  result of their labors before the legislastache, made unwearied efforts to collect tore; and the discussion and adoption of
forces and.suppliis along the line, and, these  Revised  Statutes, occupied the
the latter part of February, 1838, resolved greater part of the session, which was
upon advancing into Canada from  Al- consequently protracted much beyond the
burgh, in this state. Being prevented usual period.
from forming on this side of the line by    The year 1840 witnessed one of the
Gen. Wool who had command of a body most tremendous efforts to change the




104                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PXRT I1.'POLITICAL CONFLICT.                  RESULT.              GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
national administration, which has been which they say, that the exclusion of the
witnessed since the organization of the representatives, duly commissioned by
government. The election of president the governor of New Jersey, and the subof the United States drawing nigh, a stitution of five others not so commisionconvention of delegates, from the several ed, " without a trial of the election, was
states, assembled at Harrisburgh, in Penn- a violation of established usage-was an
sylvania, December 4, 1839, and nomin- indignity to the authorities of New Jerated General William H. Harrison, and sey-was unjust, unconstitutional, and
the Honorable John Tyler, candidates for subversive of the liberties of this repubpresident, and vice-president, in opposi- lic."  The most elaborate act of this sestion to the incumbents, who were candi- sion was a general law on the subject of
dates for re-election, by the administra- banking.
tion party, and the din of preparation   Although the people of this state had,
for the combat was immediately sounded, through their representatives, repeatedly
from one extremity of the union to the given a public manifestation of their disother. State, county, town, and school- approbation of slavery, by resolutions,
district committees, were every where and instructions to their delegation in
organi7ed, to further the object of the Congress, there had been, for several
respective parties; conventions of the years, an increasing number, who were
people, were assembled in various places, desirous of manifesting a more decided
which were no longer reckoned by hun- hostility to the institution of slavery, and
dreds, but by thousands, and tens of of adopting more efficient measures for
thousands; inflammatory speeches were its abolition. These views had led to the
delivered, patriotic songs were composed formation of an anti-slavery society in
and sung, and flags and mottos, and de- this state, but no measures were taken,
vices, were every where displayed. Ev- by this class of our citizens, to organize
ery nook and corner of the land  was as a separate political party, till the sum-ransacked, the indifferent were aroused, mer of 1841.
-the wavering made  to take a decided    Governor Jenison, having signified his:stand, the sick, and the superanuated were desire, no longer to be a candidate for'dragged from  their beds, and all were re-election, Charles Paine  was,  this,marshalled for the great battle, at the bal- year, put in nomination, by the whigs,
lot box; and, favored by a general im- Nathan Smilie, by the democrats, and
pression that the derangement of the cur- just upon the eve of the election, Titus
Tency and the hardness of the times were Hutchinson, formerly chief judge of the
in some way the result of a mal-adminis- supreme court, was brought forward as
tration of the general government, and the candidate of the anti-slavery party.'that any change of the administration The consequence of these several move~could not make matters worse, the result ments, was the failure of a choice of govof the conflict was the election of Har- ernor by the people. The election thus
rison and Tyler, by an overwhelming devolving upon the  general assembly,
majority.                               Mr. Paine was elected, at the first ballotThe aggregate vote cast in Vermont, ing, by a majority of 42 votes.
this year, for governor, was 56,117, which   The subject of a geological survey of
-exceeded the aggregate of any previous the state, was first brought before the
vote, for governor, 9215; and governor legislature, in 1836. From  that time to
Jenison's majority, over the administra- the present, the measure had been annution candidate, was 10,798.*  In his mes- ally recommended by the governor, had
sage, at the opening of the session of the been discussed by the general assembly,
general assembly, the governor called had been reported upon favorably, by all
the attention of the two houses to the the committees to which it had been reproceedings of Congress, in relation to ferred, and still no bill making provision
the representatives from New Jersey, and for such a survey,  could be carried
the matter was referred to a select com- through  the house of representatives.
inmittee. From  this committee, were re- At the session in 1840, the bill had been
ceived two elaborate reports, both  on lost by a very small majority, and, this
party grounds, the majority report con- year, coming before the general assembly,
demning, and the minority report justify- strongly recommended by the new govering, the proceedings alluded to.t  A re- nor, the friends of the measure were:solution was, however, passed by a large now very sanguine in their expectations
~ majority  of the general assembly, in of success. In the senate, a bill making
* Journal [louseof Rep. for 1840 App. p. 1.    provision for a survey, was passed with
Journal of ouof Representatives for 1840, but little opposition, but, while a large
Appendixo R,                   for 184  majority of the house of representatives,




CCnaP. 7.              POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                           105
MEW LISTING LAW.                                    CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.
were probably in favor of the measure, all kind, depending upon quality, and locaefforts to carry a bill in that body proved tion. Another provision of the old listutterly unavailing. They rejected the bill ing laws required a person, who had
reported by their own committee,and when purchased property on credit, and given
the bill came in from  the senate, with a his note for it, to pay taxes on that proproviso, calculated to remove the objec- perty, while the holder of the note was
tions, which had been alleged against the taxed for it as money at interest, - thus
measure in the house, that also was fin- taxing  the same property twice, and
ally lost, by a majority of three votes. throwing an unjust and heavy burden upThus it appears that Vermont, though on the man in debt. The listinglaw, en-,first ill the promise of advantages from a acted this year, was designed to correct
geological survey, is likely to be last in these evils, by requiring  all rateable
the adoption of measures, by which those property to be appraised at its cash value,
advantages may be realized; for in nearly and by allowing the debts due from  a
all the other states of the union, such person, over and above the amount due
surveys have already been made, or are to him, to be deducted from the appraised
now in progress.                       value of his personal property.
The most important act passed by the   We have now brought down our sketch
legislature, at the session of 1841, was a of the legislative proceedings in Vermont
new law in relation to the grand list, and to the close of the year 1841. We are
by which all former laws upon the sub- aware that it may be thought to be too
ject were repealed. Where the revenue brief to be fully satisfactory, and yet it
of a country is raised, as in Vermont, by is as fuill as the prescribed limits of our
a direct tax upon the real and personal volume would justify. In our selections
property of the citizens, the first object, from the mass of materials contained in
undoubtedly, should be to ascertain what our journals, laws, &c., we are by no
each individual really owns, that the means sure that we hiave, in all cases,
share of the public burden, thrown upon taken those things, which are the most
each, may be in proportion to his ability valuable, or the most interesting to our'to bear it; but this is found, in practice, readers. A lack of room must be our
Go be an object of very difficult attain- excuse for brevity, and a lack of judgment. By most of our former listing ment and time for research, for the inlaws, a large share of the taxable proper- judicious selection and arrangement of
ty, has been entered by name, with a materials. We trust, however, that the
fxed valuation. But this produced great deficiencies of our narrative will be, in a
inequality, on account of the great differ- good measure, supplied in other portions.ence in the value of property of the same of the work.
CHAPTER VII.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF VERMONT.
SECTION I.               being submitted to the people for their
ratification.
Co7nstitution  of Vclrmornt.      One of the principal advisers to these'The people of Vermont made a formal measures, out of the state, was Dr. Thomdeclaration of their independence, and of as Young, a distinguished citizen of Philtheir right to organize and establish a adelpllia.  He had long taken a deep ingovernmrent of their own, on the 15th day terest in the affairs of the New Hampshire
of January, 1777. On the2id day of July grants, and in the following letter, ad-'following, a convention of delegates from  dressed to the inhabitants of Vermont,
the several towns assembled at Windsor, and which has already been mentioned,*
~and adopted the first constitution of the he exhorts them to take a decided stand,
state. This constitution  was revised by to organize a government and adopt a
the same convention in the following constitution.
December, and went into effect, without  * Part I[. page 51.
PT. II.         14




106                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMON'.                     PART. II.
DR YOUNG S LETTER                            TO THE INHABITANTS OF VERMONT.
" To the Inhabitants of VERMONT, a Free supreme delegate power; and as soon as
and Independent State, bounding on the the delegate power gets too far out of the
River Connecticut and Lake Champlain. hands of the constituent power, a tyranny
is in some degree established.
Philadelphia, April 11, 1777.  appy are you, that, in laying the founGENTLEMEN,                         dation of a new government, you have a
Numbers of you are knowing to the digest drawn froim the purest fountains of
zeal with which I have exerted myself in antiquity, and improved by the readings
your behalf, from the beginning of your and observations of the great Dr. Frankstruggle with the New York monopolizers. lin, David Rittenhouse, Esq., and others.
As the Supreme Arbiter of right has I am certain you may build on such a basmiled on the just cause of North Ameri- sis a system, vhich will transmit liberty
ca at large, you, in a peculiar manner, and happiness to posterity.
have been highly favored. God has done   Let the scandalous practice of bribing
by you the best thing commonly done for men by places, commissions, &c., be held
our species. He has put it fairly ill your in abhorrence among you. By entrusting
power to help yourselves.              only men of capacity and integrity in
I have taken the minds of several lead- public affairs, and by obliging even the
ing members in the Honorable the Conti- best men to fall into the common mass of
nental Congress, and can assure you that the people every year, and be sensible of
you have nothing to do but send attested their need of the popular good will to suscopies of the recommendation to take up tain their political importance, are your
government to every township in your liberties well secured. These plans effecdistrict, and invite all your freeholders tually promise this security.
and inhabitants to meet in their respect-   May Almighty God smile upon your
ive townships, and choose members for a arduous and important undertaking, and
general convention to meet at an early inspire you with that wisdom, virtue
day to choose delegates for the general public spirit and unanimity, which enCongress, a comrmittee of safety, and to sures success in the most hazardous enterform a constitution for your state.    prizes! I am, Gentlemen, your sincere
Your friends here tell me that some are friend and humble servant,
in doubt whether delegates from your dis-                   THOMAS YOUNG.
trict would be admitted into Congress..   April 12 1777.
I tell you to organize fairly, and make   Your committee have obtained for you
the experiment, and I will ensure your a copy of the rcomendation of Consuccess, at the risk of my reputation, as a  a       copy o f the rcom mendation of    Congress, to all such bodies of nien as looked
man of honor or common sense. Indeed, 
they can by no means refuse you! You  pon themselves returned to a state of
have as good a righlt to choose how you nature, to adopt such government as
e  goho ou should, in the opinion of the representawilldbe  governed, and by whom,  as they tives of the people, best conduce to the
I had.    recommended to your commit- happiness and safety of their constituents
I have recommended to your commit-  n particular, and America in general.
tee the constitution of Pennsylvania for a  You may, perhaps, think strange, that
model, which, with a very little altera-y, perhaps, think strange, that
nothing firrther is done for you at this
tion, will, in my opinion, come as near time than to end yu this extract. But
time than to send you this extract. But
perfection as any thing yet concerted by  I
mnid Ths tu   if you consider that till you incorporate
mankind.  This constitution has been 
sifted with all the criticism that a band of and actually announce to Congress your
despots were masters of, and has bid defi having become a body politic, they candespots were masters of, and has bid def-not treat with you as a free state. While
ance to their united powers.
The alteration I would recommend, is New York claims you as subjects of that
that all the bills, intended to be passed in- government, my humble opinion is, your
to laws, should be laid before the execu- own good sense will suggest to you that
tive board for their perusal and proposals no time is to be lost in availing yourof amendment. All the difference, then, selves of the same opportunity your asbetween such a constitution and those of suming mistress is improving to establsh
Connecticut and Rhode Island in the a dominion for herselfand you too.
grand outlines is, that in one case the ex-.q word to the wise is sufficient.'
ecutive power can advise, and in the oth-   In this letter, it will be seen that Dr.
er compel. For my own part, I esteem  Young not only proposes the constitution
the people at large the true proprietors of of Pennsylvania as a model, but he exgovernmental power. Trhey are the su- pressly recommends, that the whole legispreme constituent power, and, of course, lative power should be vested in the imtheir immediate representatives are the mediate representatives of the people



C.AP. 7.                   POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                                     107
iISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION.                    PREAMBLE TO THE FIRST CONSTITUTION.
that the governor and executive council   In  1786 the constitution was revised
should have power to advise, but should  by the first council of censors, and again
have no power to negative the acts of in 1792, and was adopted in its present
the representatives —-and  that all officers form by a convention, assembled at Windshould fall into the common mass of the  sor, on the 4th of July, 1793.  From  that
people every year.  These recommenda-  date, although the successive councils of
tions so fully express the peculiar fea- censors had recommended several amendtures, which have, till recently, charac-  ments, none were adopted till 1828, when
terized the constitution of Vermont, that the first article of amendment was added
there can be no doubt that they originated  by a convention at Montpelier, on the
in the suggestions of Dr. Young.*              26th day of June of that year.  The subsequent articles of amendment, from 2 to
*lt seems to have been generally understood, that 13 inclusive, were adopted by a conventhe original draught of the Constitution of Vermont tion at Montpelier, on the 6th day of Janwas made by Dr. Young himself, and transmitted
by him to the Vermont council of safety, and it is uary,   36.  Te present council of cenhigilly probable that it was so6  but we have met sors have proposed some further amendwith no evidence, which is decisive on this point. ments of the constitution, an account of
Believing that our readers generally will be interest- which may be found in the fifth section
ed in any thing which reflects light upon the origin
of that instrument, and upon the important period  of this chapter.
in our history when it was formed, we have trans-   -Believing that most persons will be betcribed a few items from the account hook of Col. ter satisfied with the constitution itself,
Ira Allen the first treasurer of the state. When
the first of these charges were made, the New  than with any abstract, or summary of its
Hampshire grants had not assumed the title of a provisions, and for the purpose of plastate, and the government, which then existed, wascing that important instrument within the
vested by a convention of the people, in a Council re ha    w       s    re      t it   th
of Safety.                                     reach of all, we shall here insert it, with
1776. Nov. 8th.  To 67 days by ap-             the amendments, entire, prefacing it with
pointment of the Convention atWest-         the original preamble of the first constituminster to go through Cumberland            tion, adopted in 1777.
and Gloucester counties, to get asso-                        PREAMBLE.
ciations formed, and petitions signed'WHEREAs,    all government ought to be instituand collected, and to unite the people       ted and supported, for the security and protection
for a full convention,            ~33 10 0 of the comnnmunity, as such, and to enable the inTo expense money,                24 7 dividuals who compose it, to enjoy their natural
1777. Jan'y 17th. To 9 days, part at          rights, and the other blessings which the Author of
Westminster, in assisting to write a        existence has bestowed upon man; and whenever
declaration for a state, and other          those great ends of government are not obtained,
pieces for the Hartford papers,   ~'4 10 0 the people have a right, by common consent, to
April 20th.  To writing a pam-           change it, and take such measures as to them may
phlet, Vindicating the Rights of the        appear necessary to promote their safety and happeople to form a state and in answer        piness.
to a pamphlet published by the Con-,           And whereas, the inhabitants of this state have,
vention of N. Y. dated Oct. 2d, 1776,       (in consideration of protection only) heretofore acandsent tothe countyofCumberland,  ~:;6 0 0
To 3 days going to Hartford              amble-assisting to complete compilto get s'd pamphlet printed,        1 10 0    ing from manuscript, the Constitution
"    August 10.  To 14 days going               of the state,                      ~7 10 0
into the county of Cumberland-to                   Expense money                   3 2 8
explain a Resolution of Congress-           1777  Nov. 20. To Cash Paid John
to counteract the Policy of N. Y.-            Knickerbacor for copying the Conto appoint some officers for Col.Sam-         stitution for the Press                18 0
uel Herrick's Regt. of Rangers, pay          "    Nov. 26. To 3 days going from
bounty money, &c.                  ~7 0 0    Salisbury to Hartford to get the Con"    October 30. To writing a pam-              stitution Printed                    1 10 0
phlet in answer to a Resolution of          1778  Aug. 8. To 7 days in going to
the Convention of N. Y. of May 10,            Hartford to get Col. E. Allen's Ani1777, with Remarks, &c.             3 10 0    madversary Address &c printed        13 9 2
Nov. 2. To 3 days going to Hartford              (Note. This Pamphlet was distribto get s'd Pamphlet Printed, a 10s.    1 10 0    uted the last of the month.)
To 15 days going from Salis-            "    Oct. 26. To 2 days at Windsor
bury to Williamstown and there with           drawing a plan for a state seal and
President Chittenden  writing  the             getting Mr. R. Dean to make it 10s    1 0 0
Preamble to the Constitution, &c.                 Dec. 25. To 18 days assisting to
from there to Bennington to confer               revise Vt. Appeal wrote by S. R.
with the Council respecting s'd Pre-!tadley Esq. &c.                    9 16 0




108                       CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                 PART'1
PREAMBLE TO THE FIRST CONSTITUTION                                        ADOPTED IN 1777.
knowledged allegiance to the King of Great Brit-    They have issued proclamations, wherein they
ain, and the said King has not only withdrawn that have offered large sums of money, for the purpose
protection, but commenced, and still continues to  of apprehending those very persons who have dared
carry on, with unabated vengeance, a most cruel boldly, and publicly, to appear in defence of their
and unjust war against them; employing therein, just rights.
not only the troops of Great Britian, but foreign    They did pass twelve acts of outlawry, on the
mercenaries, savages and slaves, for the avowed  9th day of March A. D. 1774, impowering the
purpose of reducing them to a total and abject sub- respective judges of their supreme court, to award
mission to the despotic domination of the British  execution of death against those inhabitants in
parliament, with many other acts of tyranny, said district, that they should judge to be offend(more fully set forth in the declaration of Congress) ers, without trial.
whereby all allegiance and fealty to the said King    They have, and still continue, an unjust claim;
and his successors, are dissolved and at an end; to those lands, which greatly retards emigration
and all power and authority derived from  him  into, and the settlement of this State.
ceased in the American Colonies.                  They have hired foreign troops, emigrants from
And whereas, the territory which now compre- Scotland, at two different times, and armed them,
hends the State of Vermont did antecedently, of to drive us out of possession.
right, belong to the government of.New-Hamp-    They -have sent the savages on our frontiers, to
shire; and the former Governor thereof, viz. his distress us.
Excellency Be,,ning  WIentworth, Esq. granted    They have proceeded to erect the counties of
many charters of lands and corporations, within  Cumberland and Gloucester, and establish courts of
this State, to the present inhabitants and others. justice there, after they were discountenanced by
And whereas, the late Lieutenant Governor Col- the authority of Great Britain.
den, of Ne2w York, with others, did, in violation    The free Convention of the State of Newof the tenth command, covet those very lands; and  York, at Harlem, in the year 1776, unanimously
by a false representation made to the court of voted, " That all quit-rents, formerly due to the
Great Britain, (in the year 1764. that for the con- Kicng:' Great Britain, are now due and owing to
venience of trade and administration of justice, this Convention, or such future government as shall
the inhabitants were desirous of being annexed to  be hereafter established in this State."
that government,) obtained jurisdiction of those   In the several stages of the aforesaid oppresvery identical lands, ex-parte;* which ever was, sions, we have petitioned his Britannic majesty,
and is, disagreeable  to the inhabitants. And  in the most humble manner, for redress, and have,
whereas, the legislature of New York, ever have, at very great expense, received several reports in
arnd still continue to disown the good people of this our favor; and, in other instances, wherein we
State, in their landed property, which will appear have petitioned the late legislative authority of
in the complaints hereafter inserted, and in the..New York, these petitions have been treated with
36th  section  of their present constitution, in  neglect.
which is established the grants of land made by    And whereas, the local situation of this State,
that government.                               from.N'ew York, at the extreme part, is upward
They have refused to make re-grants of our of four hundred and fifty miles from the seat of
lands to the original proprietors and occupants, un- that government, which renders it extremely difliless at the exorbitant rate of 2300 dollar s fees for cult to continue under the jurisdiction of said State.
each township; and did enhance the quit-rents,   Therefore, it is absolutely necessary, for the
three fold, and demanded an irmmediate delivery of welfare and safety of the inhabitants of this State,.
the title derived before from New Hampshire.   that it should be, henceforth, a free and indepenThe judges of their supreme court have made a dent State; and that a just, permanent and proper
aolemn declaration, that the charters, conveyances, form  of government, should exist in it, derived
&c. of the lands included in the before described  from, and founded on, the authority of the people
premises, were utterly null and void, on which only, agreeably to the direction of the honorable
said title was founded: in consequence of which  American Conaress.
declaration, writs of possession have been by them    We, the representatives of the freemen of Verissued, and the sheriff of the county of Albany  mont, in General Convention met, for the express
sent, at the head of six or seven hundred men, to purpose of forming such a government,-confessenforce the execution thereof.t                ing the goodness of the Great Governor of the
They have passed an act, annexing a penalty  universe, [who alone, knows to what degree of
thereto, of thirty pounds fine and six months im- earthly happiness, mankind may attain, by perfectprisonment, on any person who should refuse as- ing the arts of government,] in permitting  the
sisting the sheriff, after being requested, for the people of this State, by common consent, and
purpose of executing writs of possession.       without violence, deliberately to form for themThe Governors, Dunmore, Tryon, and Colden, selves such just rules as they shall think. best for
have made re-grants of several tracts of land in- governing their future society; and being fully
eluded in the premises, to certain favorite land  convinced that it is our indispensable duty, to esjobbers in the government of New York, in direct tablish such original principles of government, as
violation of his Britannic majesty's express pro- will best promote the general happiness of the
hibition, in the year 1767.+      +            people of this State, and their posterity, and provide for fiuture improvements, without partiality
* Part second, page 18. t Ibid, page 21. t Ibid, for, or prejudice against, any particular class, sect,
page 19.




CHAP. 7.                POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS,.. [09
PRESENT CONSTITUTION.                                     DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
or denomination of men whatever,-do, by virtue   IV. Every person within this state ought
of authority vested in us, by our constituents, or- to find a certain remedy,by having recourse
dain, declare, and establish, the following declara- to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs,
tion of rights, and frame of government, to be which he may receive in his person, propthe CONSTITUTION of this CO.IMONWEALTII, erty, or character: he ought to obtain:
and to remain in force therein, forever, unaltered, right and justice freely, and without beexcept in such articles, as shall, hereafter, onl ex- ing obliged to purchase it; completely,.
perience, be found to require improvement, and and without any denial; promptly, and
which shall, by the same authority of' the people, without delay, conformably to the laws.
fairly delegated, as this frame of government di-   V. That the people of this sta.te by
rects, be amended or improved, for the mnore ef- their legal representatives, have the sole,
fectual obtaining and securingsthe great end and inherent and exclusive right of governing
t.~8,,,     t inherent and exclusive right of governingdesign of all government, herein before mentioned.
and regulating the internal police of the.
CONSTITUTION.                  same.
PART I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.            VI. That all power being originally
i. That all men  are born  equally inherent in, and consequently derived,
I.ree and indepen     and have certain from, the  people; therefor, all offlcery
nfreeal, inherent and inalienable rights, o  government, whether legislative  orn
natural  inherent, and inalienable rights,. 
amn.h'c, ar.h enoyn  an  d-executive, are their trustees and servants,
among which, are thle enjoying and de- and at all times, in a legal way, accountfending life and liberty, acquiring, posses- able to them.
sing, and protecting property, and pulrsu-    VI. That government is, or ought to.
ing and obtaining happiness, and safety;-  be, instituted for the common benefit,
therefore, no male person, born in this,            d           the 
protection; and security of the people,
country, or brought from over sea, ought nation, or        cmmunity, and n ot for the
to be holden, by law, to serve any per-           or community, and not for the
9? odn     lw,.osrea r  particular emolument or advantage of any'
son, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, single man, family, or set of men who a
singfle man, family, or set of men, who are
after he arrives to the age of twenty-one  a part only of
years, nor female, in like manner, after the  communit  hath an indubitable, intoth  age of eighteen yeas, the community hath an indubitable, inshe arrives to the age of eighteen years, alienable, and indefeasible right to reformn
unless they are bound by their own con- or alter government, in such manner as.
sent after they arrive to such age, or   al
budbla foth m t o d  shall be, by that community, judged most.
bound by law  for the payment of debts,    ducive to te public weal.
damages, fines, costs, or the like.                 
I.T-hat, privaesco, propert  og   to be   VIII. That all elections ought to be,
i. Thaet private  property  ought to be free, and without corruption, and that alr
suservient to public uses, when  neces- freemen, having a sufficient evident comsity requires it; nevertheless, whenever mon interest with, and attachment to,,
any person's property is taken for the use the community, have a right to elect and
of the public, the owner ought to recesve be elected into office, agreeably to the regan equivalent in money.                   ulations made in this constitution.
III. That all men have a natural and
inalinabler   t  w i      IX. That every member of society hath
inalienable right to worship ALMI6}tITY  a
ina l.-g   to.o i..-     a right to be protected in the enjoyment
GoD, according to the dictates of their             
o.aconsciences and undetandigs, as t of life, liberty, and property, and thereown consciences and understandings, as
n    on a   e d   fore is bound to contribute his proportion
in their opinion shall be regulated by the towards the expense of that protection,
word of God; and that no man ourght to,                        
>rof right canbc e     t,ano attend any, and yield his personal service when neor of right can be copelled to attend any  cessary, or an equivalent thereto; but no,
religious worship, or erect or support any      f any person's property can  e justpart of any person's property can be justplace of worship, or maintain any minis- ly taken from him, or applied to public
ter, contrary to the dictates of his con- uses, without his own consent, or that of
uses, without his own consent, or that of
science; nor can any man be justly depri- the represettative body of the freemen
ved or abridged of any civil right, as a citi- nor can any man, who 
M   {.1.,..     {         nor can any man, who is conscientiously
zen,on account of his religious sentiments, scrupulous of bearing arms, be justly comor peculiar mode of religious worship; scrupulous of bearing arms, be justly comor peculiar mode of religious worshi    pelled thereto, if he will pay such equivand that no authority can, or ought to be alnt; nor are the pelple bound by any
vested in, or assumed by, any  power                  a 
vested'n, or.ssumed.1,. ny  po.    law but such as they have in like manner
whatever, that shall in any case inter- law but such as they have in like manner
ferer with, or in' any mane co n to the'assented to, for their common good. And,
fere with, or in any manner control the previous to any law being made to raise
rights of conscience, in the free exercise                                  to ie
of reiiu  wrhp  neetees evr.a tax, the purpose for which it is to be
of religious worship: nevertheless, every raised ought to appear evident to the lesect or denomnination of christians ought  is ed ought to  appear evident to the  leto observe the Sabbath or Lord's day, and 
keep up some sort of religious worship, munity, than the money would be if not
which to them shall seem most agreeable.  hat in all prosecutions for criminal
to the revealed will of God.criminal




110                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.                                 FRAME OF GOVERNMENT
oftences, a person hath a right to be fundamental principles, and a firm adherheard, by himself and his counsel; to ence to justice, moderation, temperance,
demand the cause and nature of his ac- industry, and frugality, are absolutely
cusation; to be confronted with the wit- necessary to preserve the blessings of libnesses; to call for evidence in his favor, erty, and keep government free; the peoand a speedy public trial, by an impartial ple ought, therefore, to pay particular atjury of the country, without the unanim- tention to these points in the choice of
ous consent of which jury, he cannot be officers and representatives, and have a
found guilty; nor can he be compelled to right, in a legal way, to exact a due and
give evidence against himself; nor can constant regard to them from their legisany person be justly deprived of his lib- lators and magistrates, in making and exerty, except by the laws of the land, or ecuting suoh laws as are necessary for the
the judgment of his peers.             good government of the state.
XI. That the people have a right to   XIX. That all people have a natural
hold themselves, their houses, papers, and and inherent right to emigrate from one
possessions, free from search or seizure, state to another that will receive them.
and therefore warrants without oath or   XX. That the people have a right to
affirmation first made, affording sufficient assemble together to consult for their
foundation for them, and whereby any common good; to instruct their represenofficer or messenger may be commanded tatives; and to apply to the legislature
or required to search suspected places, or for redress of grievances, by address, peto seize any person or persons, his, her, tition, or remonstrance.
or their property, not particularly describ-   XXI. That no person shall be liable
ed, are contrary to that right, and ought to be transported out of this state, for trinot to be granted.                     al, for any offence committed within the
XII. That when any issue in fact, same.
proper for the cognizance of a jury, is   PART II. FRAMa OF GOvERNMENT.
joined in a court of law, the parties have
a right to trial by jury, which ought to   SECTION 1.  The commonwealth or
be held sacred.                        state of Vermont shall be governed hereXIII. That the people have a right of after by a governor, (or lieutenant goverfreedom of speech, and of writing and nor,) council, and an assembly of the
publishing their sentiments concerning representatives of the freemen of the
the transactions of government, and there- same, in manner and form following:
fore the freedom of the press ought not to   SECT. 2. The supreme legislative powbe restrained.                         er shall be vested in a house of repreXIV. The  freedom  of deliberation, sentatives of the freemen of the commonspeech, and debate, in the legislature, is wealth or state of Vermont.
so essential to the rights of the people,   SECT. 3. The supreme executive power
that it cannot be the foundation of any shall be vested in a governor, or, in his
accusation or prosecution, action or corn- absence, a lieutenant governor and counplaint, in any other court, or place what- cil.
soever.                                  SECT. 4. Courts of justice shall be
XV. The power of suspending laws, maintained in every county in this state,
or the execution of laws, ought never to and also in new counties when formed,
be exercised but by the legislature, or by which courts shall be open for the trial of
authority derived from it, to be exercised all causes proper for their cognizance, and
in such particular cases as this constitu- justice shall be therein impartially admin.
tion, or the legislature, shall provide istered without corruption, or unnecessafor.                                   ry delay. The judges of the supreme
XVI. That the people have a right to court shall be justices of the peace
bear arms for the defence of themselves throughout the state, and the several
and the state; and as standing armies, in judges of the county courts in their restime of peace, are dangerous to liberty, pective counties, by virtue of their office,
they ought not to be kept up: and that except in the trial of such causes as may
the military should be kept under strict be appealed to the county court.
subordination to, and be governed by, the   SECT. 5. A future legislature may,
civil power.                           when they shall conceive the same to be
XVII. That no person in this state can expedient and necessary, erect a court of
in any case-be subjected to law-martial, chancery, with such powers as are usuor to any penalties or pains by virtue of ally exercised by that court, or as shall
that law, except those employed in the appear for the int6rest of the commonarmy, and the militia in actual service.   wealth; provided, they do not constitute
XVIII. That frequent recurrence to themselves the judges of said court.




CRAP. 7.              ]POLITICAL INSTITUTION9.                            11I
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.                                FRAME OF GOVERNMENT.
SECT. 6. The legislative, executive,   SECT. 10. The supreme executive counand judiciary departments shall be separ- cil of this state shall consist of a governor,
ate and distinct, so that neither exercise lieutenant governor, and twelve persons,
the powers properly  belonging to the chosen in the following manner, to wit:other.                                 the freemen of each town shall, on the
SECT. 7. In order that the freemen of day of election for choosing representathis state might enjoy the benefit of elec- tives to attend the general assembly, bring
tion as equally as maybe, each town within in their votes for governor, with his name
this state, that consists or may consist of fairly written, to the constable, who shall
eighty taxable inhabitants,within one sep- seal them up, and write on them, " Votes
tenary or seven years next after the estab- for Governor," and deliver them to the
lishing this constitution, may hold elec- representative chosen to attend the gentions therein, and choose, each, two rep- eral assembly. And at the opening of
resentatives; and each other inhabited the general assembly there shall be acorn
town in this state, may, in like mnanner,  mittee appointed, out of the council and
choose one representative, to represent assembly, who, after be'ig duly sworn to
them in general assembly, during the sep- the faithful discharge of their trust, shall
tenary or seven years. And after that, proceed to receive, sort, and count the
each inhabited town may, in like manner, votes for the governor, and declare the
hold such election, and choose one repre- person who has the major part of the
sentative, forever thereafter.          votes, to be governor for the year ensuing.
SECT. 8. The house of representatives And if there be no choice made, then the
of the freemen of this state shall consist council and general assembly, by their
of persons most noted for wisdom and vir- joint-ballots, shall make choice of a govtue, to be chosen by ballot by the freemen ernor. The lieutenant governor and treasof every town in this state, respectively, urer shall be chosen in the manner above
on the first Tuesday of September, annu- directed. And each freeman shall give
ally, forever.                         in twelve votes for twelve councillors, in
SECT. 9. The representatives so chosen, the same manner, and the twelve highest
(a majority of whom shall constitute a in nomination shall serve, for the ensuing
quorum for transacting any other business year, as councillors.
than raising a state tax, for which two-   SECT. 11. The governor, and in his
thirds of the members elected shall be absence the lieutenant governor, with the
present,) shall meet on the second Thurs- council (a major part of whom, including
day of the succeeding October, and shall the governor or lieutenant governor, shall
be styled, The General Assembly of the be a quorum to transact business) shall
State of Vermont: they shall have pow- have power to commission all officers, and
er to choose their speaker, secretary of also to appoint officers, except where prostate, their clerk, and other necessary vision is or shall be otherwise made by
officers of the house; sit on their own law, or this frame of government; and
adjournments; prepare bills and enact shall supply every vacancy in any office,
them  into laws; judge of the elections occasioned by death or otherwise, until
and qualifications of their own members: the office can be filled in the manner dithey may expel members, but not for rected by law, or this constitution:causes known to their constituents ante-    They are to correspond  with other
cedent to their election; they may ad- states; transact business with officers of
minister oaths and affirmations in matters government, civil and military, and to predepending before them; redress grievan- pare such business as may appear to them
ces; impeach state criminals; grant char- necessary to lay before the general asters of incorporation; constitute towns, sembly: they shall sit as judges to hear
boroughs, cities, and counties: they may, and determine on impeachments, taking to
annually, on their first session after their their assistance, for advice only, the judges
election, in conjunction with the council, of the supreme court; and shall have
(or oftener if need be) elect judges of the power to grant pardons and remit fines,
supreme and several county and probate in all cases whatsoever, except in treason
courts, sheriffs and justices of the peace; and murder, in which they shall have
and also, with the council, may elect ma- power to grant reprieves, but not to parjorigenerals and brigadier-generals, from  don until after the end of the next session
time to time, as often as there shallbe oc- of assembly; and except in cases of imcasion; and they shall have all other peachment, in which there shall be no
powers necessary for the legislature of a remission or mitigation of punishment,
free and sovereign state. But they shall but by act of legislation: they are to take
have no power to add to, alter, abolish, or care that the laws be faithfully executed:
infringe any part of this constitution.  they are to expedite the execution of such




112                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.                                FRAME OF GOVERNMENT.
measures as may be resolved upon by the    SECT. 13. The doors of the house in
general assembly; and they may draw  which the general assembly of this comrnupon the treasury for such sums as may monwealth shall sit, shall be open, for the
be appropriated by the house of represen- admission of all persons who behave detatives: they may also lay embargoes, or cently, except only when the welfare of
prohibit the exportation of any commodity the state may require them to be shut.
for any time not exceeding thirty days,   SECT. 14. The votes and proceedings
in the recess of the house only. They of the general assembly shall be printed
may grant such licences as shall be di- (when one third of the members think it
rected by law; and shall have power to necessary) as soon as convenient after the
call together the general assembly, when end of each session, with the yeas and
necessary, before the day to which they  nays on any question, when required by
shall stand  adjourned.  The governor any member, (except where the votes
shall be captain-general and commander shall be taken by ballot,) in which case
in chief of the forces of the state, but every member shall have a right to insert
shall not command in person, except ad- the reasons of his vote, upon the minutes.
vised thereto by the council, and then    SECT. 15. The style of the laws of this;only so long as they shall approve there- state, in future to be passed, shall be, It
of. And the lieutenant governor shall, is hereby enacted by the General assembly
by virtue of his office, be lieutenant gen- of the state of Vermont.
eral of all the forces of the state. The   SECT: 16. To the end that laws, begovernor, or lieutenant governor, and the fore they are enacted, may be more ma-'council, shall meet at the time and place turely considered, and the inconvenience
with the general assembly: the lieuten- of hasty determinations as much as posant governor shall, during the presence sible prevented, all bills, which originate
of the commander in chief, vote and act in the assembly, shall be laid before the
as one of the council; and the governor, governor and council, for their revision
and, in his absence, the lieutenant gov- and concurrence, or proposals of amend*ernor, shall, by virtue of their offices, pre- ment, who shall return the same to the:side in council, and have a casting, but assembly, with their proposals of amend-no other vote.  Every member of the ment, if any, in writing; and if the same
-council shall be a justice of the peace for are not agreed to by the assembly, it shall
the whole state, by virtue of his office. be in the power of the governor and counThe governor and council shall have a cil to suspend the passing of such bills
secretary, and keep fair books of their until the next session of the legislature.
proceedings, wherein any councillor may Provided, that if the governor and coun-,enter his dissent, with his reasons to sup- cil shall neglect or refuse to return any
port it. And the governor may appoint such bill to the assembly, with written
a secretary for himself and his council.   proposals of amendment, within five days,
SECT. 12. The representatives having or before the rising of the legislature, the
met and chosen their speaker and clerk, same shall become a law.
shall, each of them, before they proceed   SECT. 17. No nioney shall be drawn
to business, take and subscribe, as well out of the treasury, unless first appropriathe oath or affirmation of allegiance here- ted by act of legislation.
inafter directed, (except where they shall   SECT. 18.' No person shall be elected
produce certificates of their having here- a representative until he has resided two
tofore taken and subscribed the same,) as years in this state, the last of which shall
the following oath or affirmation, viz.:    be in the town for which he is elected.
" You              do solemnly swear   SECT. 19. No member of the council,
(or affirm) that as a member of this as- or house of representatives, shall directly:sembly you will not propose or assent to or indirectly receive any fee or reward to
any bill, vote, or resolution, which shall bring forward or advocate any bill, peappear to you injurious to the people, nor tition, or other. business to be transacted
do or consent to any act or thinf whatever, in the legrislature, or advocate any cause
that shall have a tendency to lessen or as counsel in either house of legislation,
abridge their rights and privileges, as de- except when employed in behalf of the
dared by the constitution of this state; but state.
will in all things conduct yourself as a   SECT. 20. No person ought, in any
faithful, honest representative and guar- case, or in any time, to be declared guilty
dian of the people, according to the best of of treason, or felony, by the legislature.
your judgment and abilities. (In case of   SECT. 21. Every man of the full age
an oath) So help you God, (and in case of ot twenty one years, having resided in
an affirmation) under the pains and penal- this state for the space of one whole year
ties of perjury.                        next before the election of representatives,




CRAP. 7.               POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                                113
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.                                   FRAME OF GOVERNMENT.
and is of a quiet and peaceable behavior,   SECT. 26. No person in this state shall
and will take the following oath or af- be capable of holding or exercising more
firmation, shall be entitled to all the priv- than one of the following offices at the
ileges of a freeman of this state:        same time, viz: governor, lieutenant gov"You solemnly swear (or affirm) that ernor, judge of the supreme court, treaswhenever you give your vote or suffrage, urer of the state, member of the council,
touching any matter that concerns the state member of the general assembly, surveyor
of Vermont, you will do it so as in your general, or sheriff. Nor shall any perconscience you shall judge will most con- son, holding any office of profit or trust
duce to the best good of the same, as estab- under the authority of Congress, be eligilished by the constitution, without fear or ble to any appointment in the legislature,
favor of any man."                        or of holding any executive or judiciary
SECT. 22. The inhabitants ofthis state office under this state.
shall be trained and armed for its defence,   SECT. 27.  The treasurer of the state
under such regulations, restrictions, and shall, before the governor and council;
exceptions, as Congress, agreeably to the give sufficient security to the secretary of
constitution of the United States, and the the state, in behalf of the general assemlegislature of this state, shall direct. The bly, and each high sheriff, before the first
several companies of militia shall, as often judge of the county court, to the treasurer
as vacancies happen, elect their captain  of their respective counties, previous to
and other officers, and the captains and their respectively entering upon the exsubalterns shall nominate and recommend ecution of their offices, in such manner
the field officers, of their respective regi- and in such sums, as shall be directed by
ments,who shall appoint their staff officers. the legislature.
SECT. 23. All commissions shall be in' SECT. 28.  The  treasurer's account
the name of the freemen of the state of shall be annually audited, and a fair stateVermont, sealed with the state seal, signed  ment thereof be laid before the general
by the governor, and in his absence the assembly, at their session in October.
lieutenant governor, and attested by the    SECT. 29. Every officer, whether jusecretary: which seal shall be kept by dicial, executive, or military, in authority
the governor.                             under this state, before he enters upon
SECT. 24. Every officer of state, wheth- the execution of his office, shall take and
er judicial or executive, shall be liable to subscribe the following oath, or affirmabe impeached by the general assembly, tion, of allegiance to this state (unless he
either when in office, or after his resig- shall produce evidence that lie has before
nation, or removal, for mal-administra- taken the same); and also the following
tion.  All' impeachments shall be before oath or affirmation of office, except mili.
the governor and council, who shall hear tary officers, and such as shall be exemptand determine the same, and may award ed by the legislature:
costs; and no trial or impeachment shall   The oath, or affirmation, of allegiance I
be a bar to a prosecution at law.           " You            do solemnly swear (or
SECT. 25. As every freeman, to pre- affirm) that you will be true and faithful
serve his independence, (if without a to the state of Vermont, and that you will
sufficient estate) ought to have some pro- not directly or indirectly, do any act or
fession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby thing injurious to the constitution or govhe may honestly subsist, there can be no elnment thereof, as established by convennecessity for, nor use in, establishing  tion.  (If an oath) so help you God, (if an
offices of profit, the usual effects of which  affirmation) under the pains and penalties
are dependence and servility, unbecoming  of perjury."
freemen, in the possessors, or expect-   The oath, or affirmation, of office:
ants, and faction, contention and discord' You           do solemnly swear (or
among the people.  But if any man is affirm) that you will faithfully execute the
called into public service to the prejudice office of    for the         of
of his private affairs, he has a right to a and will therein do equal right andjustice
reasonable compensation; and whenever to all men, to the best of your judgment
an office, through increase of fees, or oth- and abilities, according to law.  (If an
erwise,becomesso profitable as to occasion  oath) so help you God, (if an affirmation)
many to apply for it, the profits ought to under the pains and penalties of per jury."
be lessened by the legislature.  And if   SECT. 30. No person shall be eligible
any officer shall wittingly and wilfully  to the office of governor, or lieutenant
take greater fees than the law allows him, governor, until he shall have resided in
it shall ever after disqualify him  from  this state four years next preceding the
holding any office in this state, until he day of his election,
shall be restored by act of legislation.    SECT. 31. Trials of issues proper for
PT. II.         15




114j                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.                                FRAME OF GOVERNMENT.
the cognizance of a jury, in the supreme or ascend, in the same manner as if such
and county courts, shall be by jury, ex- persons had died in a natural way. Nor
cept where parties otherwise agree: and shall any article, which shall accidentally
great care ought to be taken to prevent occasion the death of any person, be
corruption, or partiality, in the choice and henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any
return, or appointment ofjuries.        wise forfeited, on account of such misSECT. 32. All prosecutions shall com- fortune.
mence, By the authority of the state of   SECT. 39. Every person of good charYermont: all indictments shall conclude acter, who comes to settle in this state,
with these words: against the peace and having first taken an oath or affirmation
dignity of the state; and all fines shall be of allegiance to the state, may purchase,
proportioned to the offences.           or by other just means acquire, hold, and
SECT. 33.  The person of a debtor, transfer land, or other real estate, and afwhere there is not strong presumption of ter one year's residence shall be deemed
fraud, shall not be continued in prison af-a free denizen thereof, and entitled to all
ter delivering up and assigning over, bona rights of a natural born subject of this
fide, all his estate, real and personal, in state; except that he shall not be capable
possession, reversion, or remainder, for of being elected governor, lieutenant govthe use of his creditors, in such manner ernor, treasurer, councillor, or represenas shall be hereafter regulated by law. tative in assembly, until after two years'
And all prisoners, unless in execution, or residence.
committed for capital offences, when the    SECT. 40. The inhabitants of this state
proof is evident or presumption great, shall have liberty in seasonable times to
shall be bailable, by sufficient sureties; hunt and fowl, on the lands they hold,
nor shall excessive bail be exacted for and on other lands not inclosed, and in
bailable offences.                     like manner to fish in all boatable and
SECT. 34. All elections, whether by other waters (not private property) under
the people, or the legislature, shall be free proper regulations to be hereafter made
and voluntary; and any elector, who shall and provided by the general assembly.
receive any gift, or reward, for his vote,   SECT. 41. Laws for the encouragein' meat, drink, moneys, or otherwise, shall ment of virtue and prevention of vice and
forfeit his right to elect at that time, and immorality ought to be constantly kept in
suffer such other penalty as the law shall' force, and duly executed; and a compedirect; and any person who shall directly tent number of schools ought to be mainor indirectly give, promise, or bestow, any tained in each town, for the convenient
such rewards to be elected, shall thereby instruction of youth, and one or more
be rendered incapable to serve for the en- grammar-schools to be incorporated, and
suing year, and be subject to such further properly supported, in each county in the
punishment as a future legislature shall state. And all religious societies or bodies
direct.                                 of men that may be hereafter united or
SECT. 35. All deeds and conveyances incorporated for the advancement of reof land shall be recorded in the town ligion and learning, or for other pious and
clerk's office, in their respective towns, charitable purposes, shall be encouraged
and for want thereof, in the county clerk's and protected in the enjoyment of the
office of the same county.              privileges, immunities, and estates, which
SECT. 36. The legislature shall regu- they in justice ought to enjoy, under such
late entails, in such manner as to prevent regulations as the general assembly of this
perpetuities.                           state shall direct.
SECT. 37. To deter more effectually   SECT. 42. The declaration of the pofrom the commission of crimes, by con- litical rights and privileges of the inhabtinued visible punishments of long dura- itants of this state, is hereby declared to
tion, and to make sanguinary punishments be a part of the constitution of this comless necessary, means ought to be provi- monwealth, and ought not to be violated,
ded for punishing by hard  labor those on any pretence whatsoever.
who shall be convicted of crimes not capi-   SECT. 43. In order that the freedom
tal, whereby the criminal shall be em- of this commonwealth may be preserved
ployed for the benefit of the public, or for inviolate forever, there shall be chosen by
the reparation of injuries done to private ballot, by the freemen of this state, on the
persons; and all persons, at proper times, last Wednesday in March, in the year one
ought to be, permitted to see them at their thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine,
labor.                                  and on the last Wednesday in March in
SECT. 38. The estates of such persons every seven years thereafter, thirteen peras may destroy their own lives, shall not, sons, who shall be chosen in the same
for that offence, be forfeited; but descend, manner the council is chosen,except they




.CHAP. 7.              POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. -15
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.'AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION.
shall not be out of the council or general after be styled the House of Representaassembly, to be called the council of cen- tives.
sors, who shall meet'together on the first   ART. 3. The supreme legislative power
Wednesday of June next ensuing their of this state shall hereafter be exercised by
election, the majority of whom shall be a a senate and the house of representatives;
quorum in every case, except as to call- which shall be styled, " The General Asing a convention, in which two thirds of sembly of the state of Vermont.'"-Each
the whole number elected shall agree; shall have and exercise the like powers
and whose duty it shall be to inquire in all acts of legislation; and no bill, reswhether the constitution has been pre- olution, or other thing, which shall have
served inviolate in every part during the been passed by the one, shall have the
last septenary, (including the year of their effect of, or be declared to be, a law, with.
service,) and whether the legislative and out the concurrence of the other. Proexecutive branches of government have vided, that all revenue bills shall originate
performed their duty as guardians of the in the house of representatives,-but the
people, or assumed to themselves, or ex- senate may propose or concur with amendercised other or greater powers than they ments, as on other bills. Neither house,
are entitled to by the constitution. They during the session of the general assemare also to inquire whether the public bly, shall, without the consentof the othtaxes have been justly laid and collected er, adjourn for more than three days, nor
in all parts of this commonwealth; in to any other place than that in which the
what manner the public moneys have two houses shall be sitting,-and in case
been disposed of, and whether the laws of disagreement between the two houses,
have been duly executed. For these pur- with respect to adjournment, the governor
poses they, shall have power to send for may adjourn them to such time as he shall
persons, papers, and records;-they shall think proper.
have authority to pass public censures, to   ART. 4. The senate shall be composed
order impeachments, and to recommend of thirty senators, to be of the freemen of
to the legislature the repealing such laws the county for which they are elected, reas shall appear to them to have been pass- spectively, who are thirty years of age or
ed contrary to the principles of the con- upwards, and to be annually elected by
stitution: these powers they shall con- the freemen of each county respectively.
tinue to have for and during the space of Each county shall be entitled to one senaone year from the day of their election, tor, at least, and the remainder of the
and no longer. The said council of cen- senators shall be apportioned to the sevsors shall also have power to call a con- eral counties according to their populavention, to meet within two years after tion, as the same was ascertained by the
their sitting, if there appears to them an last census, taken under the authority of
absolute necessity of amending any arti- the United States-regard being always
cle of this constitution which may be de- had, in such apportionment, to the counfective, explaining such as may be thought ties having the greater fraction.-But the
not clearly expressed, and of adding such several counties shall,until after the next
as are necessary, for the preservation of census of United States, be entitled to
the rights and happiness of the people. elect, and have their senators, in the folBut the articles to be amended, and the lowing proportion, to wit:amendments proposed, and such articles   Bennington  county, two; Windham
as are proposed to be added or abolished, county, three; Rutland county, three;
shall be promulgated at least six months Windsor county, four; Addison county,
before the day appointed for the election three; Orange county, three; Washington
of such convention, for the previous con- county, two; Chittenden county, two;
sideration of the people, that they may Caledonia county, two; Franklin county,
have an opportunity of instructing their three; Orleans county, one; Essex coundelegates on the subject.              ty, one; Grand Isle county, one.
ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT.             The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators, to the sevARTTCLE 1. No person, who is not al- eral counties, after the taking of each
ready a freeman of this state, shall be en- census of the United States, or census
titled to exercise the privileges of a free- taken for the purpose of such apportionman, unless he be a natural born citizen ment, by order of the government of this
of this, or some one of the United States, state, always regarding the above proor until he shall have been naturalized, visions in this article.
agreeably to the acts of congress.       ART. 5. The freemen of the several
ART. 2. The most numerous branch townsin each county, shall annually give
bf the legislature of this state shall here- their votes for the senators, apportioned




116                   CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                      PART 11.
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.                     AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION.
to such county, at the same time and un- A  majority shall constitute a quorum.
der the same regulations, as are now pro- The lieutenant governor shall be presivided for the election of councillors. And dent of the senate, except when he shall
the person or persons, equal in number, exercise the office of governor, or when
to the number of senators apportioned to his office shall be vacant, or in his absuch county, having the greatest number sence; in which cases, the senate shall
of legal votes in such county respectively, appoint one of its own members to be
shall be the senator or senators of such president of the senate, pro tempore. And
county. At every election of senators, the president of the senate shall have a
after the votes shall have been taken, the casting vote, but no other.
constable or presiding officer, assisted by   ART. 7. The senate shall have the
the selectmen and civil authority present, sole power of trying and deciding upon
shall sort and count the said votes, and all impeachments;-when sitting for that
make two lists of the names, of each per- purpose, they shall be on oath, or affirmason, with the number of votes given for tion, and no person shall be convicted,
each annexed to his name, a record of without the concurrence of two thirds of
which shall be made in the town clerk's the members present. Judgment, in cases
office, and shall seal up said lists, sepa- of impeachment, shall not extend farther,
rately, and write, on each, the name of than to removal from office, and disqualithe town, and these words, "Votes for fication to hold or enjoy any office of honSenator," or "Votes for Senators," as the or, or profit, or trust, under this state.
case may be, one of which lists shall be But the party convicted, shall, neverthedelivered by the presiding officer, to the less, be liable, and subject to indictment,
representative of said town, (if any) and trial, judgment, and punishment, accordif none be chosen, to the representative ing to law.
of an adjoining town, to be transmitted to   ART. 8. The supreme executive powthe president of the senate; the other list, er of the state, shall be exercised by the
the said presiding officer, shall, within governor, or in case of his absence or disten days, deliver to the clerk of the county ability, by the lieutenant governor; who
court, for the same county, and the clerk shall have all the powers and perform all
of each county court, respectively, or in the duties vested in, and enjoined upon
case of his absence or disability, the sher- the governor and council, by the eleventh
iff of such county, or in case of the ab- and twenty-seventh sections of the second
sence or disability of both, the high bailiff chapter [part the second] of the constituof such county, on the tenth day after tion, as at present established, excepting
such election, shall publicly open, sort that he shall not sit as a judge, in case of
and count said votes, and make a record impeachment, nor grant reprieve, or parof the same, in the office of the clerk of don, in any such case; nor shall he comsuch county court, a copy of which he mand the forces of the state in person, in
shall transmit to the senate; and shall al- time of war, or insurrection, unless by the
so, within ten days thereafter, transmit to advice and consent of the senate; and no
the person or persons elected, a certificate longer than they shall approve thereof.
of his or their election. Provided, how- The governor may have a secretary of
ever, that the general assembly  shall civil and military affairs, to be by him aphave power to regulate by law, the mode pointed during pleasure, whose services
of ballotting for senators, within the sev- he may at all times command; and for
eral counties, and to prescribe the means, whose compensation, provision shall be
and the manner by which the result of made by law.
the ballotting shall be ascertained, and   ART. 9. The votes for governor, lieuthrough whichl the senators, chosen, shall tenant governor, and treasurer of the
be certified of their election, and for fill- state, shall be sorted and counted, and
ing all vacancies in the senate,' which the result declared by a committee, apshall happen by death, resignation, or oth- pointed by the senate and house of repreerwise. But they shall not have power sentatives. If, at any time, there shall
to apportion the senators to the several be no election, by the freemen, of govercounties, otherwise than according to the nor, lieutenant governor, or treasurer of
population thereof, agreeably to the pro- the state, the senate and house of reprevisions, herein before ordained.        sentatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect to
ART. 6. The senate shall have the like fill the office, not filled by the freemen as
powers to decide on the election and quali- aforesaid, one of the three candidates for
fications of, and to expel any of its mem- such office, (if there be so many) for whom
bers, make its own rules, and appoint its the greatest number of votes shall have
own officers, as are incident to, or are pos- been returned.
sessed by, the house of representatives.   ART. 10. The secretary of state, and




CHAP. 7.              POIITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                            117
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT.                             L/EGISLATURE OF VERMONT.
all officers, whose elections are not other- but, as a check to hasty and injudicious lewise provided for, and who, under the gislation, each bill passed by the house
existing provisions of the constitution, was required to be submitted to the govare elected by the council and house ernor and council for their approval, or
of representatives, shall, hereafter, be proposals of amendment; and if they diselected by the senate and house of rep- approved of the bill, or proposed amendresentatives, in joint assembly, at which, ments, and the representatives did not
the presiding officer of the senate shall concur with them, they had power to suspreside; and such presiding officer, in pend the final passage of the bill till the
such joint assembly, shall have a casting next session of the legislature.  Thus
vote, and no other.                     every bill, of which the governor and
ART. 11. Every bill, which shall have council disapproved, was, in effect, subpassed the senate and house of represen- mitted directly to the people, and they
tatives, shall, before it become a law, be had an opportunity of expressing their
presented to the governor: if he approve, pleasure respecting it, in the selection of
he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it, their representatives for the succeeding
with his objections in writing, to the house year. If the next house of representatives
in which it shall have originated; which repassed the suspended bill, it then beshall proceed to reconsider it. If, upon came a law without the concurrence of
such reconsideration, a majority of the the governor and council.
house shall pass the bill, it shall, together   The effect of the amendment of the
with the objections, be sent to the other constitution in 1836 was to dispense with
house, by which it shall likewise be re- the executive council, and establish, in its
considered, and if approved by a majority stead, a senate as a co-ordinate branch of
of that house, it shall become a law. But the legislature; so that the legislative
in all such cases, the votes of both houses power is now vested in a senate of 30
shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the members chosen by counties, and a house
names of the persons, voting for or against of representatives, consisting of one memthe bill, shall be entered on the journal of ber from each organized town, all elected
each house, respectively. If any bill shall annually. Bills (with the exception of
not be returned by the governor, as afore- those for raising revenue, which must
said, within five days, (Sundays excepted) originate in the house of representatives,)
after it shall have been presented to him, may originate in either house, but no bill
the same shall become a law, in like man- can become a law without the concurner as if he had signed it: unless the two rence of a majority of both houses. And
houses, by their adjournment, within three every bill thus passed by the two houses,
days after' the presentment of such bill, before it becomes a law, must be submit
shall prevent its return; in which case it ted to the governor, who, if he approve,
shall not become a law.                 shall sign it. If not, he shall return it
ART. 12. The writ of habeas corpus with his objections, to the house in which
shall, in no case, be suspended.-It shall it originated, which house shall reconsidbe a writ, issuable of right; and the gen- er it and send it to the other house, and
eral assembly shall make provision to if a majority of both houses shall repass
render it a speedy and effectual remedy the bill, it shall then become a law within all cases proper therefor.           out the governor's signature.
ART. 13. Such parts and provisions,   Previous to the year 1808, the legislaonly, of the constitution of this state, es- ture of Vermont had no fixed place of
tablished by convention, on the 9th day of holding its sessions, but changed its place
July, one thousand seven hundred and of meeting from town to town at its pleasninety three, as are altered or superseded ure.  But in 1808, a state house was
by any of the foregoing amendments, or erected in Montpelier, and since that peare repugnant thereto, shall hereafter riod Montpelier has been the permanent
cease to have effect.                   seat of the government. For some time
after the organization of the government,
there were two or more sessions of the
SECTION II.               general assembly in each year, but for
Legislature of Vermont.        many years past there has been only one
By the preceding section it may be session annually, commencing on the 2d
seen that, previous to the amendment of Thursday in October, and usually continthe constitution in 1836, the government uing from three to four weeks. Thefirst
of this state approached very nearly to a general assembly met March 12, 1778,
pure democracy. The whole legislative and the officers then appointed continued
power was vested in a house of represen- till October, when new ones were chotatives, chosen annually by the people; sen.




118                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
Year.  Governor.'  Lieut. Governor. Treasurer. Sec'y of State. Speaker of H. R. Clerk of H. R.
177c T.Chittenden Joseph Marsh Ira Allen'r. Chandler Nathan Clark B. Baldwin
1778      "                        "B "  Joseph Fay T. Chandler B.Woodward
1779      "      B. Carpenter      ",           "      R. Hopkins
1780   "'    "           " " "                                        
1781      "      Elisha Payne    4"      M.Townshend Thos. Porter       "
1782      "      Paul Spooner                 "      Incr. Mosely 
1783'1'"':   I. Tichenor                         "
1784      "',,, "                       Nathan Niles     cc
1785''"                                  "   S. R. Bradley
1786     4"      J            S. Mattocks    4"      Gideon Olin        "
1787'"      Joseph Marsh      "           cc ",
1788      46"  "I               "        R. Hopkins        "      S. Jacobs
1789 M. Robinson   "        ",    C                       - c 
1790 T.Chittenden Peter Olcut      "                       ",, L. R. Morris
1791     4" "6                        "    "  Wm. Eaton
1792   "  "        "        "''                                        C
1793                   CC                     "'    Daniel Buck R. Whitney
1794-            Jona. Hunt        "'    "' 
1795                                          " "    L. R. Morris       E
1796      "      Paul Brigham      " "     "      "
-4797 I. Tichenor                              "      Abel Spencer      "
1798      "                                   " "    Dan. Farrand S. C. Crafts
1799      c' "                                " "    Amos Marsh        cc
1800      "                                                " "','  N. Osgood
1801      "            "      Benj. Swan      ",            James Elliot
1802      "                        " "  D. Wing, Jr Abel Spencer'"
1803                               i "."   T.Herrington A. Haswell
1804      "                                   " t "   AaronLeland Martin Post
1805      "                 "     "4 ",, 
1806      "                        " "   T. Leverett      cc           cc
1807 Israel Smith                                         CC " "' "
1808 I. Tichenor                              "'  "  DudleyChase       "
1809 J. Galusha. ",.,      W. D. Smith
1810      "''~                                   4'~  "
1811''          cC           i  cc
1812  "  cc                                   ci                       cc
1813 XM. Chittenden W.Chamberlain  "     J. Dunham  D. Chipman          "
1814'                 c "  C "'  "            C 
1815 J. Galusha  Paul Brigham      "     W. Slade, Jr W. A. Griswold    "
1816  "      "    "', "
1.817   " "  "  ",, "
1818      "                                   " " "  R. Skinner
1819      "                                   "      W  V. A. Gri.wold  "
1820 R. Skinner  Wm. Cahoon        "          "      DA. A. Buck, 6
1821,'                                                            cc 
1822      "      Aaron Leland      cc"                     " C    T. Merrill
1823 C.P.VanNess       "           "     N. Williams G. E. Wales'.
1824      "                                   "4  C     I. Fletcher    cc
1825      cc"                                 C "    D.A.A. Buck        "
1826 Ezra Butler'"    ",,,, c
1827      "   Henry Olin           "          "      Rob. B. Bates      "
1828 S. C. Crafts      "           "          "            "- 
1829      c                        "          "  D.A.A. Buck           "
1830      "      M. Richards       "          "      Rob. B. Bates      c
1831 W.A.Palmer L. Egerton         "     T. Merrill  John Smith  Chas. Davis
1832     R"            "           "               ".      R. Pierpont
1833'  CC  "  "                       C c
1834      "            "      A. Clarke        "     E. N. Briggs E. D. Barber
1835  no choice  S. H. Jenison     "          C''      O. H. Smith
1836 S. H. Jenison D. M. Camp      "     C. L. Knapp C. Coolidge A. L. Miner
1837      "            "      A.Wardner    i"    Sol. Foot   "
1838      "            "      H. F. Janes     "            "      F. F. Merrill
1839'C            C'         C'          "      C. Coolidge
1840       C "     "    "  "                  c
1841 Chas. Paine  W.R.Ranney J. Spalding Alvah Sabin C. Coolidge F. F. Merrill




SESSIONS AND DEBENTURES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF VERMONT.
i   Year.    Place       an. Bega Ended. Da Debenture.  Year.I Place.    Began. Ended. Da Debenture.       Year.l  Place.    Began, Ended. Da Debenture.
1778 Windsor    Mar.12 Mar.26 15                    1798 Vergennes  Oct. 11 Nov. 8 29                    1833 Montpelier Oct. 10 Nov. 8 30 13,286 22
Bennington  June 4 June18 15                  1799 Windsor    Oct. 10 Nov. 5 27                    1834]             Oct. 9 Nov. 7 30 12,737 87
"1 Windsor    Oct. 8 Oct.24 17                    1800 Middlebury  Oct. 9 Nov. 7 30  9,105 98          1835:1     "     Oct. 8]Nov.11. 3514,895 31
1779 Bennington  Feb.ll Feb.23 13                   1801 Newbury    Oct. 8 Nov. 6130 10,967 64           183,6     "      Oct. 13 Nov.17 3618,392 03
"( Windsor    June                                1802 Burlington   Oct. 14 Nov.12 30 11,483 41        1837      "      Oct. 12 Nov. 1 21 12,G13 02
"L Manchester Oct. 14                             1803 Westminster Oct. 13 Nov.14 33 12,449 58         1838     4"      Oct. 11 Nov. 6 27 14,468 50
1780 Westminster March                              1804 Windsor    Jan. 26 Feb. 6 12 4,489 92:1839             Oct. 10 Nov.19 41 21,003 84,  |Bennington  Oct. 12             1,506 38       c"  Rutland       Oct. ll[Nov. 9130 11,007 52       1840      "      Oct. 8 Oct. 30 23 13,01.6 69
1781 Windsor    Feb'y                1,17'8 44      1805 Danville      Oct. 10 Nov. 8 3011.2,057 26      1841      "      Oct. 14 Nov.12 30,cc Windsor    Apr. 4               1,377 48      1806 Middlebury  Oct. 9 Nov.11 34 12,727 68                                   _
C,    Bennington  Junc13 June29 17 1,860 83      1807 Woodstock  Oct. 8 Nov.11 35 12,841 63             VOTES FOR  GOVERNOR  OF VT.
"  (harlest'n N I/i Oct. 11 Oct. 28 18            1808 Montpelier  Oct. 13 Nov.11 30 11,r952 47
1782 -Bennington  Feb. 6 Feb.28 13                       180)9      "       Oct.12 Nov. 8 28 10,973 04                    AT SEVERAL ERIODS.
Tindsor    June13                              1810       "       Oct. 11 Nov. 5 26 10,227 21       1800 Tichenor, 6,444 Smith   3,239 Scattering, 380
V   [Manch"ester Oct. 10                          1811       "       Oct. 10 Oct. 31 22 9,217 81       1804 Tichenor, 8,786 Robinson, 6,665       232
O     1783 WTindsor    Feb. 13 Feb. 26 14                 1812       cc      Oct. 8 Nov. 9 33 13,057 42        1809 Galusha, 14583 Tichen'r,13,467        498
$   "   Westminster Oct. -9 Oct. 28 20            1813       "       Oct. 14 Nov.17 35 13,838 42       1S11 GCahlsha, 138281Chitten. 11,2141    "  558
1784 Bennington  Feb. 1l Mar. 9 20                       1814               Oct. 13 Nov.11 30 12,177 06       1812 Galusha, 19,158lChitten. 15.950        644
"Rutland     Oct. 14                           1815              Oct. 1.2 Nov.13 33 13,129 69      1,815 Galn6sa, 18055Chiten. 16,32     "    571
1785 N eorwichl     June 3 June18 16                  1816               Oct. 10 Nov.6 3114,57 95          181 Galusa, 17262aSirn, 13,88829'        102 
"-    (  Windsor    Oct.                            1817               Oct. 9 Nov. 7 30 11,480  75       181775,  amer, 13,756 Tircr,   7,43 
1786 Rutland      Oct.                              1818 15            Oct. 8 Nov.1  36 131',258 01      181 Galusha,   12,6280Bradley,  1,3 5    1,811
17873  ennington  Feb. 15 Mar. 9 23                 1819               Oct. 14 Nov.17 5 13110  1         181,12Scatern,  934
Newbury    Oct. 11 Oct. 2 17                     1820               Oct. 12|Nov.16 36 131921 71       1884V. Ness, 13413 Doolitle, 1,062   "     346
1788 Manchester Oct. 9lOct. 25 17                 1821               Oct. II Nov-16 37 1,3,536 68      1826 Butler,  8 066 Doolittle, 3,157      2,037
W     1788 Manchester   Oct. 9 O~ct. 2517                 1821       "       Oct. 11 Nov.16 37 13,536   68     1830 Crafts, 13,476 Palmer, 10,823 Meech, 6,285
1789 Westminster Oct. 80 Oct. 26 19                      1822       "       Oct. 10 Nov.13 35 13,372 86    131 Palmer, 215,28 Allen,  12,90Meech,   6,158
1790 Castleton    Oct. 14 Oct. 28 156               1823               Oct. 9 Nov. 7130 12,057 81        1832 Palmer, 17,318 Crafts, 15,489 Meech,  8,210
1791 Bennington  Jan.10 Jan. 27 18                  1824       "       Oct. 14 Nov.19 37 14,116 26       1833 Palmer, 20565  Mcccli, 15,683 Seymour,  1,765
c  Windsor -  Oct. 13.1825       cc      Oct. 13 Nov.18 37 14,631 58       1834 Palmer, 17,131 Bradley, 10,385 Seymour,l0,659
179'2 Rutland     Oct. 11 Nov. 7 28                 1826       "4      Oct. 12 Nov.16 136 14,622 96      1   Palmer,  16.210 Bradley,   13,254 Paine,   5,435
17)3 Windsor   7Oct. 10 Nov. 4 26                  1827               Oct. 11 Nov.15 36 14830 05        186Jenison,    0471radey,   16,124 Scattering,  35
~179!~41~ R~utland  Oct. 9~O~ct. 30 ~221)  1828  "~  Oct.        ~ 9 9Oct. 31 23 10,616 19  1837 Jenisn,  22,2601 Bradley, 17,730    8
1795 Windsor    Oct. 8 Oct.27 20 5,180 42             1829       "       Oct. 8 Oct. 30 23 10,472 70       1838 Jenison, 24,738 Bradley, 19 194        37
0  179)6 Rutland  Oct. 13 Nov. 8 27 6,334 15        1830               Oct. 14 Nov.1 1 2912,443 20       1839 Jenison, 24611 Smilie, 22,257          34
17797 Rutland    Feb. 4 Mar.10 35                  1831       c       Oct. 13 Nov.10 29 12,291 87       1840 Jenison, 33,435 Dillingm22,637  "     44
1I   IWindsor    -Oct. 12Nov.10 30                1832       "       Oct.11 Nov. 9 30 12,780 85        1841Paine,  23,353 Smilie, 21,302 Hutchis'n, 3,039




120                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II
LAWS OF VERMONT.                                                 PENAL LAWS.
SECTION III.tices of private acts, was made by WillLe-islation   and Laws.       iam Slade, Jr., and the whole comprised
in one octavo volume of 756 pages, printThe business of legislation was corm- ed at Windsor, in 1825, by Simeon Ide.
menced in Vermont in 1778, but the laws An additional volume of 228 pages, compassed that year were probably designed prising the public acts from 1825 to 1834
to be temporary, as no record of them is inclusive, was compiled by Daniel P.
preserved. They are supposed to have Thompson, in 1834, and printed in 1835,
consisted mostly of general enactments, atMontpelier, by Knapp and Jewett.
such as declaring the laws " as they stood   In 1837 the legislature passed an act
in the Connecticut law book," or,' in defect authorizing the governor and lieutenant
of such laws, the plain word of God, as governor to appoint a committee of five
contained in the Scriptures,' to be the law  persons to revise the statute laws of the
of the land. In February, 1779, the legis- state, and report the result of their labors
lature of Vermont enacted its first code to the legislature. The committee apof printed laws.*  These were promul- poited in pursuance of this act consisted
gated by a proclamation put forth by gov- of Robert Pierpont, Samuel Swift, John
ernor Chittenden on the 23d of February, Smith, Norman Williams, and Lucius B.
commanding the people of the state " to Peck. In 1839, their report was laid betake notice thereof and govern themselves fore the legislature, and with some slight
accordingly."t These laws,although many amendments was adopted as the Revised
of their provisions have been swept away Statutes of the state.  These revised
by subsequent enactments, form the basis statutes were printed at Burlington, by
of the present statute laws of Vermont. Chauncey Goodrich, in 1840, in one volSince 1779, the acts of each session of ume containing 676 large octavo pages.
the general assembly have been published,   Penal Laws. The penal laws of Versoon after the close of the session, in mont have experienced very considerable
pamphlet form, and of these, there have modification since the adoption of the first
been occasional revisions and compilations printed code in 1779. We have already
under the direction and authority of the seen that before the organization of the
legislature.                           government of the state, whipping, or as
The first general revision of the laws it was technically termed, the application
of Vermont took place in 1787. These of the " Beech Seal," was the most comrevised statutes were printedat Windsor, mon corporal punishment.  The same,
by Hough and Spooner, state printers, in with several other relics of European bara small folio volume, and reprinted at barism, was retained for many years under
Bennington by Anthony Haswell, in 1791, the state organization. As a matter of
in an octavo volume of 320 pages, togeth- curiosity, and to illustrate the change
er with the subsequent acts of the legisla- which has taken place in our penal laws,
ture up to that period. The second general we have selected a few specimens from
revision of the laws took place in 1797. The the laws of 1779.
committee appointed for that purpose con-   In the law fixing the penalty for the
sisted of Roswell Hopkins, Richard Whit- crime of adultery, it is declared that "both
ney, Nathaniel Chipman and Samuel the man and the woman shall be severely
Hitchcock. The statutes reported by this punished by whipping on the naked body,
committee were adopted by the legisla- not exceeding thirty nine stripes, and
ture in February and March, 1797, and stigmatized, or burnt on the forehead with
printed at Rutlandby Josiah Fay, in 1798, the letter A on a hot iron; and each of
in one octavo volume of 622 pages, to- them shall wear the capital letter A on
gether with an appendix of 206 pages.   the back of their outside garment, of a
In 1807, a compilation of the unrepeal- different color, in fair view, during their
ed laws of the state was made by Thomas'abode in this state. And as often as such
Tolman, by order ofthelegislature, which convicted person shall be seen without
was printed at Randolph, in 1808, by Se- such letter, and be thereof convicted bereno Wright, in two volumes octavo, the fore an assistant, or justice of the peace in
first containing. 504, and the second 554 this state, shall be whipped on the naked
pages. A  third volume of 336 pages, body not exceeding ten stripes."* Polygembracing the public statutes from 1808 amy was punished in the same way.
to 1816 inclusive, on the plan of the pre- Incest was punished by sitting one hour
ceding, was published at Rutland in 1817, upon the gallows with a rope about the
by Davison and Burt. In 1824, a new  neck,-by being severely whipped on the
compilation, embracing all the public stat- way from the gallows to the jail,-and by
utes then in force, together with brief no- wearing the letter I in fill view on the
* Slade's State Papers, p. 287-388. t Ibid. 385.   * Slade's Vt. State Papers, p. 290.




CHAP. 7.                 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                          121
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS.                                 CAPITAL PUNISHMENTS,
outside of the outer garment.*  Theft Black Snake.*  The second was that of
was punished by restoring three fold, by Samuel E. Godfrey, at Woodstock, in
fine at the discretion of the court, and 1818, for the murder of Mr. Hewlet, warwhipping, not exceeding thirty nine lash- den of the state prison. The third was
es; and when the offender was unable to that of Virginia, a colored man, at St. Almake restitution, he was to be bound out bans, in 1820, for murder.
to service for the payment of the same,   The fourth was that of Archibald Bates
together with the fine and damagWes. t at Bennington, in February, 1839, for the
Drunkenness, lying, and profane cursing barbarous murder of his sister-iI law, in
and swearing, were punished by fine and Shaftsbury, by shooting her through the
sitting in the stocks. t                head with a rifle ball, as she was sitting in
Blasphemy and several other crimes, her room, nursing her babe, in the dusk
which are now  punished by imprison- of the evening. Bates aimed his rifle at
ment, were formerly punished by death. her through the window, and the ball enDeath was the penalty for counterfeiting tered her forehead, killing her instantly.t
or altering [the Vermont bills of credit.il   Two have died in prison while under
Counterfeiting the bills or coins of other sentence of death. One was a Mr. Anstates, horse stealing, and some other thony, at Rutland, who was sentenced to
crimes were punished by branding on the be hung for the murder of a Mr. Green,
forehead and cutting off the ears. But and who committed suicide by hanging
since the completion of the state prison himself in his cell the evening before
in 1809, most of these sanguinary punish- the day arrived for his execution. The
ments have been laid aside, and impris- other was a Mrs. Peak, who was to have
onment substituted in their place. The been executed at Chelsea, for adminisonly crimes which are at present punish- tering poison to her husband, her husable with death, by the laws of this state, band's son and his wife, in consequence
are murder, killing a person in a duel, of which the son died, and the others narperjury, in consequence of which life is rowly escaped death. She died some days
taken, and arson, by means of which before the time fixed for her execution,
some person's life is destroyed.  Man- under circumstances, which rendered it
slaughter, the second conviction for bur- doubtful whether her death was occasionglary, and maiming by cutting out the ed by sickness or poison.
tongue, putting out the eyes, &c., are   Previous to the organization of the govpunished by imprisonment at hard labor ernment of the state,but after the constituin the state prison for life, or for a term  tion was adopted, there was one execution
of years in no case less than seven. Ar- at Bennington for " enemical conduct."
son without death, burglary, rape, rob- David Redding had been accused of supbery, perjury, forgery, theft, adultery, plying the enemy on the lakes with propolygamy, incest, counterfeiting, swind- visions,andwas charged with several other
ling, and other high crimes, are punished acts unfriendly to the country. He was
by imprisonment at hard labor in the state at first tried by a jury of six persons and
prison not exceeding fifteen years, and by convicted, and was sentenced to be exfine not exceeding $1000, or either of ecuted on the 6th day of June, 1778. In
said punishments in the discretion of the the mean time John Burnham, an attorcourt. Minor crimes and misdemeanors ney at law, who had recently arrived from
are punished, either by fine, or imprison- Connecticut, with Blackstone's commenment in the county jail, or both.       taries in his saddle-bags, appeared before
Since the establishment of the state the council of safety and showed them
prison, the annual number of commit- that Redding'~ conviction had been irments has been about 30; and much the regular, inasmuch as no man could be
greater part of these have been for theft. legally convicted of a captal crime, but
For the time elapsed, and in comparison by the verdict of twelve jury-men. The
with the population of the state, very few  council perceiving their error, granted a
have suffered capital punishment by sen- reprieve till the 11th of June.
tence of a court of civil law, only four   The people had assembled in great
executions having taken place since the numbers to witness the execution, and
organization of the government.  The when it was ascertained that no execution
first was that of Cyrus B. Dean, who was was to take place, the crowd manifested
executed at Burlington, on the 11th of much dissatisfaction, and fears were enNovember, 1808, for the murder of Jona- tertained that they might' proceed to viothan Ormsbee and Asa Marsh, in the affair of the smuggling boat called the   * See Part II. p. 95. t Not much to the credit
of the piblic taste, the execution of Bates drew to* Slade's Vt. State Papers, p. 291. t Ibid, p, 324. gether a crowd estimated from 12,000 to 15,000 perI bid, p. 331.'1 Ibid. p. 426.         sons.
PT. II.         16




122                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART II
SUPREME COURtTS.               COURT OF CHANCERY.                 COUNTY COURTS.
lence against Redding,- he having been hibition and quo warranto, and all other
convicted by public opinion as well as by writs and processes to courts of inferior
a court and six jurors.  Upon this Ethan jurisdiction, to corporations and individAllen, who had just returned from his uals, that shall be necessary to the furlong captivity, mounted a stump, and ex- therance of justice and the regular execuclaiming'"attention the whole," proceed- tion of the laws. All issues of law, and
ed to announce the reasons, which had all questions of law, arising upon the trial
produced the reprieve-advised the mul- of any issue of fact, by the court or jury,
titude todepart peaceably to their habita- and placed upon the record by the agreetions, and return on the day fixed for the ment of the parties, or the allowance and
execution by the council of safety, adding order of any two of the judges that attend
with an oath, "you shall see somebody the trial, determined by any county court,
hung.at all events, for if Redding is not may pass to the supreme court for a final
then hung, I will be hung myself."        decision.  Any party complaining of the
The council of safety then appointed  final order or decree of the court of chanAllen to act as states attorney in the sec- cery may, by a written motion for that
ond trial of Redding; ajury of twelve men purpose, filed at the term  in which such
was summoned, who found him  guilty, order or decree is made, appeal therefrom
and he was executed on the 11th of June, to the supreme  court, excepting, 1st.
as Allen had promised.                    When the bill is taken as confessed and
a final decree made in consequence of the
non-appearance of tile defendant, or for
the neglect of the defendant to make his
answer agreeably to the rule or order
of court. 2d. When the decree is for the
foreclosure of a mortgage; unless by special permission of the court of chancery
in consideration of the defence made.
When an appeal from the court of chancery shall have been heard and determined, all the proceedings, together with the
judgment, decree and order of the supreme court therein, and all things concerning the same, shall be remitted to the
court of chancery, where such proceedings shall be thereupon had as may be necessary to carry such judgment, decree, or
order into effect. The supreme court have
jurisdiction of all questions of law, arising
in the course of the proceedings of the
county court in probate matters.
a-       |          __.Each judge of tile supreme court is a
chancellor; and, within his judicial circuit, possesses, and may exercise, all the
jurisdiction and powers,which now are,or
Woodstock Court House.          hereafter may be, vested in a court of
SECTION IV.                 chancery.
Judiciary- Courts-Judg-es-Reports.    For the purpose of holdinrr county courts,
the state is divided into five circuits, and
The judiciary powers of the state are one circuit assigned to each of'the five
vested in a supreme court, a court of chan- judges of the supreme court, who acts as
cery, a county court in each county, jus- chief judge,  with two assistant county
tices of the peace in the several towns, judges in each county, within his circuit.s
and a probate court in each probate dis- The county courts have, in their respecttrict.                                   ive counties. orifinnl and exclusive juris
The supreme court consists of one chief diction of all ori.in.nl ciitl actions, except
judge and four assistant judges, any three such as are made coGnizable by a justice,
of whom constitute a quorum. This court and of all such petitions as may, by law,
holds one session annually in each county
and "have exclusive jurisdiction of all   * The first circuit consists at present of the cotinsuch petitions, not triable by jury, as may ties of Bennington and Rutland; she sond of Windby law be brought before such court, and  barn, Windsor and Orange; the lthind cf Adiivon,
lave power to issue and determine all Chittenden and Gtand Isle; the taurth of' Washinton,Caledonla and Essex; and thefttihof Franklin,
writs of error, certiorari, mandamus, pro- Orleans and Lamnoille.




CHAP. 7.               POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                            123
JUSTICES'OF THE PEACE.    PROBATE COURTS.   JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT.
be brought before such court, and appel- of probate, and about three thousand juslate jurisdiction of all causes, civil and tices of the peace, all of whom are ap.
criminal, appealable to such court, and pointed annually.
may render judgment thereon according   From  1778 to 1786 inclusive, the suto law. They also have original jurisdic- preme court consisted of five judges; from
tion of all prosecutions for criminal offen- 1786 to 1825, it consisted of three judges;
ces, except such as are by law made cog- in 1825, 1826 and 1827, of four judges;
nizable by a justice, and may award such and since 1827, of five judges. The folsentence as to law and justice appertains. lowing is a list of the judges, who have
Justices of the peace within their re- occupied the bench of the supreme court:
spective jurisdictions, have power to try   Elected Oct. 1778.  Oct. 1787.
and determine all actions of a criminal Moses Robinson,    Moses Robinson,. J6Ioses Robznsose s   Robinson,
nature, which are punishable by fine not John Sheprdson,   Nathaniel,
exceeding ten dollars, and to commit to John Fassett, jun.  Paul Spooner.
prison, or to bind over for trial, all offend- Thomas Chandler,  Oct. 1788.',                               Thomas Chandler,        Oct. 1788.
ers, whose crimes exceed their powers to John Throop.      Moses Robinson,
try. They have original and exclusive        Oct. 1779.    Paul Spooner,
jurisdiction in all civil causes, where the Moses Robinson,    Stephen B. Bradley.
matter in demand does not exceed $100,                         Oct. 1789-90.
John Shepardson,       Oct. 1789-90.
except in actions for slanderous words, John Fassett,. 
false imprisonment, replevin above the John Throop, jun.    athaniel Chipman,
sum of $7, and where the title of land is J                Noah Smith,
concerned. They also have jurisdiction  Paul Spooner.      Samuel Knigbt.
in actions of trespass on the freehold,      Oct. 1780.      Oct. 1791-92-93.
where the sum in demand does not ex-                       Samuel Knight
ceed $20. The matter in demand, in an Paul Spooner,        Elijah Paine,
John Fassett, jun.  Isaac Tichenor.
action on a note, shall be considered the John Fassett, jun.  Isaac Ticenor.
lncrease Mosely,       Oct. 1794-9.
amount of the note, deducting the en-  ncrease Mosely          Oct. 1794-95.
dorsemrnents, and, in actions on book ac-     Throop.       saac Tchenr,
count, the matter in demand shall be con-    Oct. 1781     Lott Hall
sidered the debtor side of the plaintiff's Elisha Payne,   Enoch Woodbridge.
book. No judgment rendered by a jus- Moses Robinson,            Oct. 1796.
t, n  b..John Fassett, jun.  A~athaniel Chipman,
tice of the peace can be reversed by a writ   s, 
of error, or certiorari, before the supreme Bezaleel Woodward, Lott Hall,
Joseph Caldwell.   Enoch Woodbridge.
court, but appeals may3be had from the       Oct. 1782.         Oct. 1797.
Oct. 1782.         Oct. 1797.
judgment of a justice to the county courtsael S
ZD...,,.,.,.       Jloses Robinson,    Israel Smith,
by either party, if claimed within two Paul Spooner,       Enoch Woodbridge,
hours after the rendition thereof, except- Jonas Fay,      Lott Hall.
ing where the judgment is rendered by John Fassett,         Oct. 1798-99-1800.
nonsuit or default, when the amount sta- Peter Olcutt.     Enoch  oodbridge,
ted in the note or account does not exceed   Oct. 173.     Lott Hall,
Oct. 1783.     Lott Hall,
$.20, and a few other cases provided for Moses Robinson,    Noah Smith.
in the statutes.Oct. 1801-02.
For the due settlement of the estates of Paul Spooner,       Oct. 1801-02.
*    *7*    John Fassett,  Jonathatn Robinson,
deceased persons, the state is divided into Peter Olhn Fassett,  Roval Tyler,
twenty probate districts, and a probate Thomas Porter.    Stephen Jacob..    Thomas Porter.    Stephen Jacob.
court established in each.' This court       Oct 1784        Oct. 1803-4 —6.
consists of one judge, who is elected an- Paul Spooner,     Jonathan Robinson,
nually by the legislature, and who is au- John Fassett,    Royal Tyler,
thorized to appoint a register of said court, Nathaniel Nils,    Theop. Herrington,
whom he may remove at pleasure. Pro- Thomas Porter,            Oct. 1807
Thomas Porter,         Oct. 1807-08.
bate courts are required to be notified and Peter Olcutt.   Roy7l Tyler,
held in each district as often as once in
each month. All matters, originally with-  oses Robinson,    Jonas Galusha.
in the jurisdiction of the probate court, Paul Spooner,     Oct. 1809-10-11-12.
may be carried to the county court by ap- Nathaniel Niles,    Royal Tyler
peal, and from that to the supreme court, John Fasett,     Theop. Herrington
for the decision of questions of law.   Thomas Porter.    David Fay.
The,.''.   s of the state are atThomas Porter.    David Fay.
The judiciary powers of the state are at  Oct. 1786.        Oct. 1813-14.
present exercised by fire supreme judges, Moses Robinson,    Jathaniel Chipman,
twenty-eight county judges, twenty judges Paul Spooner     Daniel Farrand
* Each of tile six southern counties in the state Nathaniel Niles,   Jona. H. Hubbard.
is, at present, divided into two probate districts, and Nathaniel Chipman,  Oct. 1815.
each of the eight northern counties constitutes one Luke Knowlton.   nAsa Aldis,
probate district.




124                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.'PART IS
SUPREME COURT JUDGES.       UNITED STATES CO.URTS.        VERMONT REPORTS.
Richard Skinner,   Titus Hutchinson,    When Vermont was admitted into the
James Fisk.        Bates Turner,       union in 1791, this state was constituted
Oct. 1816.    Ephraim Paddock.  a district of the United States, and a UniRichard Skinner,        Oct. 1829.,ted States' district and circuit court estabJames Fisk,        Samuel Prentiss,    lished here. Each of these courts hold
Wm. A. Palmer.   Titus Hutchinson,  two sessions annually. The district court
Oct. 1817-18-19-20. Chas. K. Williams; sits at Rutland, Oct. 6, and at Windsor,
Dudley Chase,      Stephen Royce, jun. May 24. The circuit court sits at RutJoel Doolittle,    Ephraim Paddock.  land, Oct. 3, and at Windsor, May 21.
William Brayton.       Oct. 1830.     In September, 1801, the Hon. Elijah Paine
Oct. 1821.    Titus Hutchinson,   resigned his seat in the senate of the UniC. P. Van J/Vess,   Chas. K. Williams,. ted States and accepted the appointment
Joel Doolittle,    Stephen Royce, jun. of judge of the court for the district of
William Brayton.  Ephraim Paddock,  Vermont, which office he has held from
Oct. 1822.    John C. Thompson. that period to the present time.
C. P. Van 2Jess,    Oct. 1831-32-33.    For many years after the organization
Joel Doolittle,    Titus Hutchinson,   of the judiciary of the state, no measures
Chas. K. Williams. Chas. K. Wiliiaxns,  seem to have been taken for publishing
Oct. 1823.    Stephen Royce, jun. reports of cases tried in our courts. InRichard Skinner,   Nicholas Baylies,   deed it is only for about twenty years last
Chas. K. Williams, Samuel S. Phelps.  past that we have any thing like full reAsa Aikens.           Oct. 1834-35.    ports. The first reports of causes tried in
Oct. 1824.    Chas. K. Williams,  the state were by the Hon. Nathaniel
Richard Skinner,   Stephen Royce,     Chipman. They embrace causes tried in
Joel Doolittle,    Samuel S. Phelps,  1783, 1790 and 1791, and were published
Asa Aikens.       Jacob Collamer,    at Rutland in 1793. They were printed
Oct. 1825-26.   John Mattocks.     in a small duodecimo volume, and entiRichard Skinner,    Oct. 1836-37-38.  tled Reports and Dissertations by N.ChipSamuel Prentiss,   Chas. K. Williams.  man.  Only twenty-five cases were reTitus Hutchinson,  Stephen Royce,     ported, which occupied less than half the
Stephen Royce, jun. Samuel S. Phelps,  volume, the remainder being made up of
Oct. 1827.    Jacob Collamer,    Dissertations and an appendix. Of these
Richard Skinner,   Isaac F. Redfield.   twenty-five cases, eleven were copied inSamuel Prentiss,    Oct. 1839-40-41.  to the first volume of reports by Daniel
Titus Hutchinson,  Chas. KI. Williams,  Chipman.  The next Vermont reports
Bates Turner.     Stephen Royce,      were those of the Hon. Royal Tyler in
Oct. 1828.    Jacob Collamer,    two volumes, the first printed in 1809, and
Richard Skinner,  Isaac F. Redfield,  the second in 1810.
Samuel Prentiss,   Milo L. Bennet.
REPORTS OF THE DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT
Title.       Reporters. I Where printed    By whom.      Vol. Pa. Year.
sertations,   i Nath'l Chipman Rutland     Anthony Haswell       296 1793
Tyler's Reports   Royal Tyler   New York   J. Riley             I 496 1.809
Tyler's Reports                                                  s I,,, 1488 1810
Brayton's Reports Wm. Brayton  Middlebury  Copeland & Allen        240 1821
Chipman's Reports Dan'l Chipman      cc      J. W. Copeland    I, I 640 1824
Aikens' Reports   Asa Aikens    Windsor    Simeon Ide           l 432 1827
Aikens' Reports         t            i,II 458 1828
Vermont Reports  Thc Judges   St. Albans   Jeduthan Spooner   I 518 1829
Vermont Reports,,;        L6II 600 1830
Vermont Reports,s,,        iIII 621 1832
Vermont Reports        cc, cc                                   iv 652 1833
Vermont Reports        "        Middlebury  Knapp & Jewett   v  628 1834
Vermont Reports                                                 vs,    I,  704 1835
Vermont Reports         t, c, i 548 1836
Vermont Reports         cvsI 526 1837
Vermont Reports        "        Burlington   Chauncey Goodrich ix 444 1838
Vermont Reports  Geo. B. Shaw                                   x  621 1839
Vermont Reports  Shaw &Weston,                xi 728 1840
Vermont Reports  Wm. Weston                                    x s  733 1841.




CHAP. 7.               POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                           125
COUNCIL OF CENSORS                              FROM THE FIRST TO THE FIFTH.
SECTION'V.               of improvement, but that "the present
convulsed state of political opinion, renders the present an unsuitable period for
Under the provision of the 43d section entering on such an important business."
of the constitution of the state, there has They further say, " that in examining the
been a council of censors elected once in procedure of the legislature during the
seven years, since the first adoption of that last septenary, we are of opinion, that exinstrument.  The first was elected in cept in a few instances, they have conMarch, 1785. This council held three ducted public concerns agreeably to the
sessions; the first at Norwich on the 1st rules prescribed bythe constitution." The
Wednesday of June, 1785, the second at exceptions here alluded to are, first, "an
Windsor on the last Thursday of Septem- act directing the mode of election," &c.
ber following, and the last at Bennington. passed October 26, 1796, secondly, "'an
on the first Thursday of February, 1786. act relating to fines and forfeitures," &c.
At these several sessions numerous reso- passed in March, 1797, and thirdly, " an
lutions were passed, expressive of objec- act to support the gospel," passed Octotions to laws then in force, and recom- her 26,1797. These were all declared to
mending to the legislature their repeal, or be repugnant to the constitution-and their
modification, so as to render them more repeal recommended.
conformable to the humane principles laid   But the matter upon which this council,
down in the declaration of rights. They in their address, animadverted most sealso proposed sundry alterations in the verely, was the proceedings of the assemconstitution, the most important of which bly in the case of William  Coley, the
was one limiting the whole number of sheriffof Bennington county. The coun.
representatives to 50, and providing for cil charged said Coley with taking illegal
their election by county conventions, or fees;, and by a: communication to the asby dividing the state into districts.* This sembly, during the October session in
recommendation was, however, not adopt- 1799, ordered his impeachment before the
ed by the convention assembled by order governor and council. Upon the recepof this council of censors.            tion of this order, the house of representThe second council of censors, elected atives, instead of submitting the matter
in 1792, in their revision of the constitu- to the governor and council, proceeded to
tion, proposed so to amend it as to vest investigate it themselves, and finally rethe legislative power in a senate and house solved that the charges were unsupported
of representatives, as co-ordinate branches and that the order should be dismissed;
of the legislature. All bills passed by the thus assuming to themselves the power
senate and representatives, before they to try impeachments, which, by the conbecame laws, were to be laid before the stitution, was vested in the governor and
governor and council for their approba- council.
tion. If not approved, they were to be   Of thefourth council of censors, electreturned, with the objections in writing, ed in 1806, we are unable to give any acto the house in which they originated, count, not having succeeded in obtaining
and if, on reconsideration, both houses a copy of their journals.*
should repass the bill, it should then be-   The fifth. council of censors, elected in
come a law without the approbation of 1813, held two sessions, one at Montpelier
the governor and council. This proposal in October, 1813, and the other at MidWas also rejected by the convention call- dlebury in January, 1814. They proposed
ed to consider it. In their address to the sundry amendments to the constitution,
freemen of the state, this council of cen- the most important of which related to a
sors say, that " In examining the proceed- senate and to the judges of the supreme
ings of the legislative and executive de- court. The senate, which they proposed,
partments of this government, during the was to consist of 24 members, who should
last septenary, we are happy to find no hold their office three years, and, of whom,
proceedings which we judge unconstitu- one third should go out of office and their
tional or deserving of censure."       places be supplied each year. They proThe third council of censors, elected in posed that the judges should continue in
1799, proposed no alterations in the con- office during good behavior, but be restitution, and therefore called no conven- moveable by a concurrent vote of two
tion. They, however, published an ad- thirds of each of the two branches of the
dress to the people, in which they say that
they consider the constitution susceptible   * It is a lamentable fact, that there is not, so far
as we can learn, a complete set of the printed jour* For an account of the proceedings of this council nals, either of the genera I assembly, or of the counand their address, see Slade's Vt. State Papers, p. cil of censors, to be found in any public library ia
671-544.                                the state-not even in the state library at Montpelier.




126                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       P'AUT II.
COUNCIL OF CENSORS                            FROM THE FIFTH TO THE EIGHTH.
legislature. These and all the other amend- June, the second in October and the third
ments proposed were rejected by the con- in November, the two first at Montpelier
vention called to consider them, by a vast and the last at Burlington. In their remajority. On the article providing for a view of the legislative proceedings, they
senate in place of the council, the vote advert to the passage of acts of suspenstood, yeas 20, nays 188.               sion and granting new trials as a violation
In their review of the legislative pro- of the constitution, and also express their
ceedings, this council of censors say, conviction that the constitution is violated
"that, in general, the various depart- by permitting persons, holding offices unments and officers of government have, der the United States, to hold offices at
during the last septenary, in the exercise the same time under the authority of this
of their various functions, kept within the state.  This council proposed several
pale of the constitution." They then pro- amendments to the constitution, the most
ceed to specify three acts passed the pre- important of which was the creation of a
ceding year, which they deem exceptions senate, to consist of 28 members, to' be
to their general remark, and recommend chosen by counties, which should act with
their repeal. These were, first, " an act the house of representatives as a co-ordidirecting the deed of Job and Theoda nate branch of the legislature.  They
Wood to be given in evidence," passed called a convention, which met at MontOctober 20, 1812; secondly,'" an act to pelier on the 26th of June, 1828, and, the
prevent intercourse with the enemies of next day, rejected by a large majority the
this and the United States on the north- articles proposed, (with the exception of
ern frontier," passed November 6, 1812; one relating to the naturalization of forand thirdly," an act suspending civil pro- eigners, and which now  constitutes the
cess against the persons anal property of first article of amendment on page 115)
the officers and soldiers of tlis state while and adjourned without day at 5 o'clock in
in service," passed November 6, 1812.*  the morning of the 28th.
The sixth council of censors, elected in   The eighth council of censors, elected
1820, held three sessions: the first in June, in 1834, held three sessions; the first in
the second in October, 1829, and the third June, the second in October, 1834, and
in March, 1821, all at Montpelier. This the third in January, 1835, the two first
council of censors proposed so to alter the at Montpelier and the last at Middlebury.
constitution as to make the council of the This council proposed nineteen articles of
state consist of one member from each amendment to the constitution, chiefly
county, to be elected by the freemen of relating to the establishment of a senate
the county, and to make that council a as a co-ordinate branch of the legislature.
co-ordinate branch of the legislature, hav- They called a convention, which met at
ing a negative upon the house of repre- Montpelier on the 6th of January, 1836,
sentatives. They also proposed so to ap- and, after mature deliberation, adopted
portion and reduce the number of repre- twelve of the amendments proposed,
sentatives that they should never exceed which may be found in the first section of
350. The judges of the supreme court this chapter, beginning with the second
were to be elected for seven years, but to article of amendment on page 115.
be removable by a vote of two thirds of   The amendments adopted were similar
both houses in joint meeting. The con- in principle to those proposed by several
vention called by this council met at former councils and which were rejected
Montpelier on the 21st of February, 1822, by very large majorities, which shows
rejected all the proposed amendments by that a very great change had taken place
a vote of about ten to one, and dissolved in public sentiment. The reasons of this
February 23d, by adjourning without day. change are undoubtedly to be found in
In their review of the legislative pro- the recent disputes between the execuceedings, the subject upon which this tive council and house of representative's
council of censors animadverted  with with regard to the extent of their respecmost severity, was the passage of private tive powers. For a long time after the
acts of suspension and insolvency, and organization of the government, theexacts granting new trials. This they re- ecutive council was composed of men
garded as an assumption of powers con- who were regarded as fathers of the state,
fided by the' constitution to the judiciary and for forty-five years after the adoption
department of the government and calcu- of the first constitution, they did practilated to impair the obligation of contracts. cally exercise the powers of a co-ordinate
The seventh council of censors, elected branch of the legislature, and so long as
in 1827, held three sessions; the first in the framers of the constitution, or their
cotemporaries, continued to take part in
* Se part second, page 94.            the councils of the state, their constitu



CUAP. 7.               POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                          127
NINTH COUNCIL.                   LIST OF CENSORS.                    MILITIA,
tional rioght so to act was not seriously Moses Robinson, John White and John
denied. But a collision at length arising Willard.
between the council and house of repre-   1806.-Apollos Austin, Ezra Butler,
sentatives, inquiry was instituted with re- Loyal Case, Isaac Clark, Josiah Fisk,
gard to the extent of their respective Thomas Gross, Udney Hay, Wm. Hunter,
powers. The council claimed a parity of S. Huntington, John Noyes, Mark Richpowers with the house, and this the house ards, Moses Robinson and James Tarbox.
as resolutely denied.  Notwithstanding    S113.-Isaac Bailey, Nicholas Baylies,
the former practice, it was found that the Solomon Bingharn, Nathaniel Chipman,
literal construction of the constitution Ebenezer Clark, David Edmunds, Daniel
was in accordance with the views of the Farrand, William Hall, jun., Luther Jewhouse, and, the council being thus shorn ett, Chas. Marsh, Elijah Strong, Robert
of the powers, which it had been so long Temple and Isaac Tichenor.
permitted to exercise, and sunk into in-   1820.-Asa Aldis, Joel Brownson, Ausignificance, the people were aroused to a gustine Clarke, J.Cushinan,Wm. Hunter,
sense of the necessity of some more effec- Jedediah Hyde, William  Nutting, John
tual check upon the proceedings of the Phelps, Joel Pratt, Charles Rich, Joseph
house of representatives, and the result Scott, Amos Thompson and J. Y. Vail..was the establishment of a senate in 1836,   1827.-Asa Aikens, Joel Allen, John
as before stated..      W. Dana, Wm. Gates, Wm. A. Griswold,
The ninth and last council of censors,, Jedediah H. Harris, Wm. Howe, Daniel
elected in 1841, held three sessions; the Kellogg, O. Noble, Samuel S. Phelps,
first in June, the second in October, 1841, Leonard Sargeant, -Bates Turner and E.
and the third in February, 1842, the two P. Walton.
former at Montpelier and the latter at   1834.-Joel Doolittle, Alvan Foote, NaBurlington. They have proposed seven than Harmnon; Robert Harvey, William
articles of amendment to the constitution, lebard, David Hibbard, jr., John Phelps,
and have agreed upon calling a convention Joseph Reed,' Stephen Robinson, Joseph
to meet at Montpelier on the firstWednes- Smith, E. H. Starkw'eather, Wm. Strong.
day in January, 1843, for their considera-   1841.-Heman Allen, Austin Birchard,
tion. The most important of these recom- Luther Carpenter, Martin, C. Deming,
mendations are, first, the extension of the J. D. Farnsworth, Alvah R. French, Daterm of service of the judges of the su- vid Hibbard, Willis Mott, Gordon Newpreme court from  one to seven years; ell, Ephraim  Paddock, John A. Pratt,
secondly, the extension of the term  of Hezekiah H. Reed and Peter Starr.
service,of senators, from  one to three
years-one third of the whole number to
be elected annually; and, thirdly, the
giving the election of sheriffs and high.Jilitia of Vermont.*
bailiffs to the people of the respective             /
counties, and the election of justices of   With the exceptions mentioned belaw,
the peace to the people of the towns in the militia of Vermont consists of all the
which they reside.                     able-bodied white male citizens of the
state between the age of' 18 and 45 years.
List of Councils of Censors.     The exemptions from military service emThe followinr is a list of the councils brace ministers of the gospel, commissioned officers who have been honorably
of censors, elected on the last WVednesdaydoned officers who have been honorably
in March of each septenary *discharged, and such as may be so dis1785.-Lewis Bebee, Jonathan Brace, charged after having served as commisBenjamin Carpenter, Ebenezer Curtis, sioned officers for a period of five years,
Jonathan Hunt, Stephen Jacobs, Joseph melnbers of fire companies to the number
Marsh, Ebenezer Marvin, Increase Mose- of 20 to each engine, faculties and stuly, Elijah Robinson, John Sessions,Micah  dents of colleges and academies, judges
Townsend and Ebenezer Walbrid(re.      of the supreme, county and probate courts,
1792. —Daniel Buck,      Bridgernan, county clerks, registers of probate, sherBenjam in Burt, Elija h DeBuk, Jonas Ga- is, deputy sheriffs, high bailiffs and conBenjamin Burt, Elijah Dewey, Jos                well sa olusha, Anthony Haspwell, Roswell Hop- stables, quakers, physicians, stated schoolkins, Samuel Kni(ght, Beriah Loolnis, masters, ferrymen and millers.
Samuel Mattocks, Elijah Paine, Isaac   The whole military force of the state,
Tichenor and John \~Wh~ite.           according to the return of the Adjutant and
799.-Elias Buel, Noah Chittenden  Inspector General for 1840, was 26,304,
iincludino officers and private soldiers
Elijah Dewey, Benjamin Emmons, David ihcluding  o  whicer  and private soldiers 
Fay, Lott Hall, Jonathan Hunt, Samuel
Knight, John Leverett, Nathaniel Niles,  * ee Revised Statutes for 1839, page 554 —600




128                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                         PART IL.
MILITARY ORGANIZATION.            CHARACTER OF THE MILITIA.            ARSENAL.
mander in chief, is divided into three di- proverbial for their intrepidity and valor.
visions, with a major general to each di- During the revolationary war, they acted
vision. Each division is divided into three in proportion to their numbers a very conbrigades, with a brigadier general to each. spicuous and important part, as the fields
Each brigade is divided into from two to of Hubbardton* and.Benningtont and the
four regiments, and each regiment is de- surrender of Burgoyne t bear witness.
signed to consist of ten companies of 100 And when our country was invaded dumen in each. Each company is com- ring the last war with Great Britain, their
manded by a captain and two lieutenants; previous reputation was fully sustained
each regiment by a colonel, lieutenant by the  promptness and bravery with
colonel and major; each brigade by a brig- which they met the enemy at Plattsburgh
adier general, a brigade inspector, a quar- on the memorable 11th of Sept. 1814.11
termaster and one aid-de-camp; each division by a major general, a division inspector, a quartermaster and two aids-detamp; and the whole by the governor as
captain general, an adjutant and inspector
general, a quartermaster general and two
aids-de-camp.   The  adjutant and inspector general and the quartermaster              I
general are appointed by the governor.
The major generals and brigadier generals
are appointed  by the legislature; the
colonels, lieutenant colonels, and majors
are elected by the captains and lieuten-;
ants of their respective regiments; and
the captains, lieutenants and non-commis-                     -
sioned officers of each company are elected by their respective companies. The militia of the state is at present divided into
three divisions, nine brigades, twenty-eight
regiments, including a rifle regiment, and
two hundred and ninety companies. The
regiments are numered in regular progression from one up to twenty-eight.
On the first Tuesday of June in each
year, every company is called together
for the purpose of inspection, drill and    Flag.~-The  Flag  or Ensign, of this
discipline, and a return, of the name and state, as established by law, consists of
equipments of each individual,made to the thirteen stripes alternate red and white,
clerk of the town to which the company and  the  Union one large star, white, in a
belongs; and once in three years, be- blue field, with the coat of arms of the
tween the 5th of September and the 3d of state of Vermont therein.
October, the militia of the state may be    Champlain 1drsenal.-This is an estabassembled, for review, inspection and dis- lishment belonging to the United States,
cipline, by regiment, or separate battal- situated at Vergennes, and is rated and
ion, as the commandant of brigade shall designated as an arsenal of the third class,
direct. The commissioned and non-com-i' for the safe-keeping of arms and other
missioned officers and musicians of each ordnance stores."  The land on which
regiment are required to rendezvous two the public buildings are erected was purdays annually, in their uniforms, for the chased by the United States from E. D.
purpose of training and improvement in Woodbridge, Esq., in two lots; the first
military discipline. The poll of each per- lot of about ten acres, was purchased in
son belonging to the militia, who is re- 1816, and the second lot, about eighteen
turned fully equipped, is exempted from  acres, in 1828.1T The location and general
all taxes, except the highway tax, and supervision of the buildings was assigned
each officer, non-commissioned officer and
musician is paid one dollar per day, and   * ee pat second, age41. t Ibid. p. 45.  Ibid.
the adjutant and inspector                age48. eralIbid.p 96.
the adjutant    inspector general three        Through inadvertence, twice as many stripes
dollars per day, for attendance at regi- were introduced into our figure of the Vermont Flag
mental drills.                           as there should have been, and the error was not disThe militia of Vermont,or Green Moun- covered in season to have it re-engraved.
tain Boys, as they have been more corm- rIT~ These lots were severally ceded to the United
States by the legisiature of Vermont; the first in
monly denominated, have always been 1826, and the second in 188.




CHAP. 7.              POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                        129
CHAMPLAIN ARSENAL-                        BUILDINGS, ORDrANGE, AND STORES'
to Major George Talcott of the United and shells, cannon and musket powder,
States ordnance, and in June, 1826, pub- fixed ammunition for cannon and small
lic notice was given by him, inviting pro- arms, cartridge bags, laboratory paper and
posals for furnishing materials for con- stores, musket and rifle flints, musket bulstructing a wharf, dwelling house, maga- lets, buck shot, &c. valued at $82,878,56
zine and arsenal, upon the ground belong- Also, armorer's, carpenter's,
ing to the United States. In August of  smith's and labbratory tools
the same year, Lieut. W. T. Willard was   and materials for use at the
assigned as an assistant to Major Talcott,  post, valued at       1,323,26
and took the charge and immediate su-            Recapitulation.
perintendence of the public property and Value of public grounds, buildings and
the workmen employed in the public ser-  improvements,          $23,375,00
vice. The first appropriation made by Value of ordnance and ordcongress for constructing public buildings   nance stores,       82,878,56
was fifteen thousand dollars. In April, Value of tools and materials,   1,323,27
1827, Lieut. Willard was relieved of the
command of this post by Lieut. J. M.                           $107,576 83
<Washington, and during this and the fol-   Lieut. Washington retained the conmlowing year the principal buildings were mand of the, arsenal until January, 1833,
completed.                           and was succeeded by Lieut. D. H. VinThe following is a statement of the ton; in November of the same year Lieut.
public land, buildings, &c. with their es- Vinton was relieved by Lieut. Charles
timated value, as reported September 30, Ward,who commanded until March, 1836,
1841, viz:                           and was succeeded by Capt. Allen Lowd.
28 acres of land,             $2,100 Capt. Lowd was relieved in September,
Arsenal, three stories high, 80 by   1837, by Lieut. J. 13. Scott, who com36 feet, built of stone and covy    manded until August, 1838, and was sucered with slate,             9,000 ceeded by Isaac H. Bogard, Esq. military
Officers quarters, 36 by 30 feet,    store keeper. In December following,
covered with slate, with frame     Mr. Bogard was relieved by Lieut. W.
kitchen and wood shed at-          H. Fowler, and in June, 1839, Lieut.
tached,                      4,000 Fowler was relieved by Major Silas HalMagazine, 40 by 19, stone, cov-      sey, military store keeper, who is the presered with slate,             3,000 ent commandant at that post.
Gun  house, 100 by 26 feet,            Soon after the organization of the Unibuilt of wood,               1,000 ted States ordnance corps, in 1832, one
Armorer's and carpenter's shop,      blacksmith and two artificers were as40 by 30 feet, built of wood,      signed to this post to be employed in
with two rooms furnished for       cleaning and repairing small arms, prequarters,                      600 serving public property and other publio
Laboratory, 26 by 19 feet, built     services.
of wood,                       350   By special authority from the secretary
Blacksmith's shop, 20 by 14 feet,    of war, the government of the state of
built of wood,                 200 Vermont has permission to use a portion
Barn, 38 by 28 feet, built of wood,    400 of one of the public buildings for storing
Ice'house, built of wood,        50 state's property, and about 4,300 muskets,
Two cisterns, wharf, crane, fen-     80 rifles, and 3 six pounders, guns,belongces, and other improvements,   2,675 ing to the state of Vermont, are now deposited in the arsenal, valued at $31,500.
Total,              $23,375   The Champlain arsenal is the only miliA large portion of the ordnance stores tary establishment of the United States
now depositedat this arsenal, except small within the limits of Vermont. During
arms, were used at Plattsburgh duringthe the colonial wars some military works
last war with England. The amount of were erected on the eastern shore of the
ordnance and ordnance stores on hand on lake, particularly a strong stone windmill
the 30th September, 1841, was as follows, on what was called Windmill point, nearly
viz.-9 pieces brass cannon, 26pieces iron opposite to Crown point.  During the'
cannon,27 artillery carriages,16,570 round revolution fortifications were erectedsupon
shot and shells, 8,200 pounds grape shot,'Mount Independence, opposite to Ticon4,077 muskets with bayonets, 401 rifles deroga, and during the last war with
(Hall's patent) with bayonets, 500 sets in- Great Britain, breast works were thrown
fantry accoutrements, 48,638 pounds pig up at Burlington and at the mouth of Otlead; also, a large quantity of artillery ter creek, but no fortifications fave ever
equipments, canister and,strapped shot been erected in Vermont, which were
PT. IX.          17




130                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PaRT. II.
VERMONT STATE HOUSE-                                 LOCATED AT MONTPELIER,
designed to be permanent. The post at place, at a cost of $30,000, provided that
the mouth of Otter creek was attacked on town, should be made the capital of the
the 10th of May, 1814, by the British state;  that the inhabitants of Montflotilla, consisting of five sail and eight pelier and vicinity had proposed to give
row gallies, but they were repulsed with- $15,000 towards a new state house, to be
out loss to the Americans. The American erected on or near the site of the old one,
force consisted of only 190 men, com- at a cost of at least $30,000; the above
manded by Capt. Thornton of the artillery were the only proposals made. When the
and Lieut. Cassin of the navy.         subject came before the legislature, it received a fill and careful examination, and,
in consequence, an act was passed, dated
Nov. 8, 1832,' authorizing the erection of
a state house at Montpelier,' and making an appropriation of $I5,000 therefor,
provided the inhabitants of Montpelier
should guaranty to the state, the payment of an additional sum  of $15,000
towards the object.  The act authorized'the governor to appoint three suitable
persons as a committee to fix on a place
in Montpelier for erecting said state house,
f- -— Ls~  j~    ii.  and to prepare plan for the same,' and to
-appoint some suitable person, or persons,
as a committee to superintend the erec>F~I~-~  tion of said state house, agreeably to the
SECTION VII.              plan adopted by the committee aforesaid.'
Vermont State House.*         The Hon. Samuel C. Crafts, Hon. Allen
Wardner, and George T. Hodges, Esq.,
When Montpelier was made the Capital were appointed the first committee, and
of the state, the inhabitants of the town the Hon. Lebbeus Egerton was appointed
and vicinity erected a State House, and to superintend the building.
gave it to the state. At the date of its   The committee met at Montpelier and
erection, it was well adapted to the pur- organized, but, before making much propose of legislation, but as the state rapidly gress in their duties, they decided to visit
increased in population it was found after Concord, N. H., Boston, Mass., Hartford
some years to be inadequate to the increas- and New Haven, Conn., in company with
ing wants of the legislature.  Various Ammi B. Young, the architect,whom they
propositions were made at successive ses- had employed to make their plans, for the
sions of the legislature to enlarge the purpose of examining the state houses in
building, but without effect. At the ses- those places, and ascertaining what imsion of 1831, the attention of the members provements had been made in such build.
of the legislature was drawn to the sub- ings up to that time. They were also acject of a new state house, by a design for companied by Gov. Egerton, the superin.
one, made by Ammi B. Young, architect, tendent. After a full examination, and
and exhibited at Montpelier at that time. deliberation upon the subject, they adopt.
The design was much admired, and the ed a plan designed and drawn by Mr.
legislature passed a resolution authorizing Young, which accorded with their views.
the appointment of a committee to receive and which appeared to be admirably and
proposals from the severf towns in the conveniently arranged for the purposes ol
state, to build a new  state house, suf- legislation; they decided that the build.
ficiently commodious for all the purpos- ing should be located about 250 feet to the
es of state legislation, and to report to north west of the old state house, in order
the next legislature.  The Hon. Ezra to allow a spacious yard and grounds ir
Meech, Robert Temple, Alilen Wardner, front, and that, so far as possible, the ex.
and Timothy Hubbard, Esqrs., were ap- terior should be of Barre dark granite
pointed said committee. This committee The roof and dome were to be covered
reported to the legislature at the session with copper, and every part constructed
of 1832, that the citizens of Burlington in the most perfect and substantial man.
had proposed to erect a state house at that ner; but, as they did not feel warrantee
in directing a greater expense for the
* For most of the facts and descriptions embodied building than $60,000, without some fur.
in this section, 1 am indebted to the kindness of ther legislative action on the subject, the)
Ammi B. Young, Esq.: the distinguished architect
8der whose soperintndene the state hous   decided on a finish that would not exceec
erected.                               that sum, and made out A report to tho




GiAP. 7.               POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                           131
PROGRESS OF THE WORK.                                   EXPENSE OF BUILDING.
next legislature, recommending the adop-   At the session of 1836, the legislature
tion of an improved finish for the building, decided, that the services of the superinand more in accordance with their views, tendent might be dispensed with, and
but which would make the cost of the passed an act, making it " the duty of the
building about $84,000.                governor to appoint some suitable person
The superintendent entered on his duties duly qualified as an architect, to superinin February, 1833, at Montpelier, and en- tend the completion of the state house,
gaged Mr. Young, the architect who drew  and to procure such additional furniture
the plans, &c. to superintend the carrying as may be needed to furnish the same, to
of them into execution. All the necessary lay out and finish the yard and grounds
contracts for lumber, brick, stone, labor, around the house, and who shall super&c. were made during the winter, and sede the committee heretofore appointed"
April 1st, 1333, the excavations for the to superintend the erection of said house,
foundations, site, &c., were commenced. " and fulfil and perform all the duties inThe foundations of the building lie en- cumbenton said committee."  Agreeably
tirely on a ledge of rocks, which in some to the provisions of the said act, the govplaces had to be removed to the depth of ernor appointed Ammi B.Young, Esq.(the
25 feet to afford the proper level, and in architect who had made all the plans and
others was so low as to require a wall of superintended their execution) to that ofrough stone work of 20 feet in height. fice. The legislature made another apThe work was pursued withvigor through propriation of $25,000 to carry on the
the season, yet owing to the immense la- work the next year, during which the
bor of removing the ledge of rocks for the building was all completed and furnished,
site, only the foundations were laid and and the grounds and yard nearly finished.
in condition to receive the hammered At their session of 1837. the legislature
granite, most of which, for the body of made a further appropriation of $3,500 to
the building, was wrought and delivered. complete the yard and grounds, and preThe lumber for the building was also de- vious to the session of 1838 the whole was
livered, and every thing in connection finished, having been about 5a years in
with the business progressed with the ut- its erection. On the settlement with the
most harmony and satisfaction. When superintendent, it was found that the
the report of the committee, who prepared building, grounds, yard, furniture, &c.
the plans for the building, came before had cost the sum of $132,077,23, from
the legislature at their session in 1833, which deduct the $15,000 paid by Montthe subject had another full and perfect pelier, leaves $117,077,23 as the sum paid
examination; the doings of the committee by the state; this deducted from $118,500,
were approved, and directions given to the whole amount appropriated, left in
have all their views carried out in the the treasury $1,422,77 of the appropriamost perfect manner, and another appro- tions not expended.
priation of $20,000 was made towards the   The building stands on an elevated site,
object. Duringthe next season the walls about 325 feet north of State street, on
of the building were erected, the frame of which it fronts, and is about 35 feet above
the roof put on, and further excavations the level of it.  The entrance to the
on the site carried on. The legislaturein grounds, and principal approach to the
the fall made another appropriation of house from that street, is noble and com$25,000 for the object, and during the manding; the gateways, the fence, the
succeeding season the works were carried grounds, and all their details are in keepon with activity, and good progress made ing with the building, and assist in giving
towards finishing the interior. In the fall to it that consideration it should have, as
of 1835 the legislature appropriated " the the capitol of a flourishing, independent
further sum of $30,000 towards comple- state. The building is very neat and sim~ing and furnishing the house, graduating pie in its design, a pure architectural charthe yard and making a fence around it." acter is preserved throughout; this, comDuring the season of 1836, the building bined with the convenience of interior arwas mostly completed except the portico: rangement, and the permanency of its
the several halls and rooms were in part construction, renders it a structure of
furnished with good and appropriate fur- more merit than any other in New Engniture, so that at their fall session, the land. It is in form of a cross, shewing in
legislature were enabled to occupy it, but front a centre 72 feet broad, ornamented
owing to a misunderstanding between the with a projecting portico of six columns,
superintendent and architect in relation 6 feet in diameter, of the Grecian Dorick
to the design for finishing the yard and order, with its proper entablature and
grounds, little or nothing was done in re- pediment extending the whole width of
l1tion to them during that season.     the centre, and two wings each 39 feet,




132                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PARr 1I.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE HOUSE.                           BANKING AND BANKS.
making the whole length 150 feet. The furnished in a neat and appropriate mancentre is 100 feet deep, and the wings 50 ner, with their proper furniture. The
feet deep. To the apex of the pediment representatives' hall has hard wood desks
of the portico in the centre is 44 feet, and and seats for the members, and the officers
to the top of the dome 100 feet from the their proper desks and chairs. The govground. The wings are 36 feet high. The ernor's room and senate chamber are furwalls of the exterior are ofabeautifulcol- nished with black walnut tables and
ored granite, which shews the architectu- chairs: and every thing is in perfect
ral details to great advantage, and the roof keeping throughout the house.
and dome are covered with copper.        The building has been found to answer
The interior is entered in front from the admirably well the purposes for which it
portico, through a door 8 feet wide, into was designed, and, at the session of the
the entrance hall 32 by 38 feet,14 feet high, legislature in October, 1838, the followthe ceiling of which is supported by 6 Ionic ing resolution was unanimously adopted:
columns, 18 inches in diameter; there "Resolved, by the General Assembly of the
is also an entrance from each end and rear state of Vermont, That the thanks of this
of the building, communicating with the legislature be presented toAmmi B.Young,
entrance hall,by corridors of proper width. Esq. as a testimonial of their approbation
In the lower story are offices for the Sec- of the taste, ability, fidelity and perseretary of State, the State Treasurer, the verance which he has manifested in the
Auditor of Accounts, and the Engrossing design and execution of the new capitol
Clerk, the two first have fire proof safes of this state; which will abide as alasting
attached to them. There are also in this monument of the talents and taste of Mr.
story eleven committee rooms, and two Young as an architect."
rooms for furnaces to heat the halls, &c.
in the principal story. To the right and              C'. v    C l< 06
left from the entrance hall two spacious   4, X         C c C rc 0X 0 A 
stairways lead to two circular halls or    I.a
landings in the second or principal story.            V.  c > o C> i Z,
These halls are 20 feet in diameter and 20.
feet high, with domical ceilings, and com-    e   E. v c e
municate with the senate chamber and its.m m
gallery, the vestibule to the representa-   I              c cc G 
tives' hall, the governor's room, the libra-.    Q.,  
ry, and several rooms for the officers of      X            M c
the senate, &c.; and they also communi-.                        e. 
cate by stairways and galleries with the              r. q _  c V V  -
gallery to the representatives' hall and    ].
conmmittee rooms in the attic. The ves-         o a    X.
tibule to the representatives' hall is 18 by,       IC c    c:c c     e.36 feet and 18 feet high, and is square in  i- -    - -  
plan. The representatives' hall is in form                             O  
of the letter D, is 57 by 67 feet and 31             I f::         C: g g:  
feet high, with domical ceilings. The                 0 0 0 0A o 0  
senate chamber is elliptical on the plan,  
30 by 44 feet and 22 feet high, with domi-o                         o   -
cal ceilings.  The governor's room  is                5.A    0o  o   c
square, 20 by 24 feet, 18 feet high. The    o              
library is 18 by 36 feet, 18 feet high, with,   
gallery and shelves capable of holding                                *
10,000 volumes. All the above rooms are       
finished in a neat and appropriate manner,
the walls have an agreeable architectural
ordonnance of columns, pilasters, niches,
autac, &c. and their ceilings are panneled
in the simple and imposing stile of Grecian architecture. From the peculiar pro-        Banking and Banks.
file of the mouldings of the details of the
ceilings, and the curves of the arches, the   In the present agitated state of the
most beautiful gradations of light and country on the subject of banking, a hisshade are produced, from  the brightest tory of the origin and progress of a paper
light to the deepest shade, so combined, currency would doubtless be interesting
as to give the greatest possible effect and and valuable; but for such an article we
beauty to the whole. The rooms are all have neither materials nor room, and shall




CHAP. 7.                   POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                                          133
OLD TENOR.                                               CONTINENTAL AND LAWFUL MONEY.
therefore confine ourselves principally to          For many years after the organization
a brief account of banking operations in  of the government of- this state, a large
this state.*                                     majority of the people were decidedly opposed to the issue of paper money; nor
* We have, doubtless, most of us heard our fathers  posed  to the issue of paper money; nor
or grandfathers speak ofOld Tenor and of Cntin- could they be brought to consent to the
tal JMoney, and as it will, doubtless, be gratifying  establishment of banks within the state till
to the rising generation to understand the meaning  they felt themselves compelled to such a
of these terms we will here endeavor to explain  measure in self defence, in consequence
OLD TENOR.                      of the great multiplication of banks in the
The first issue of paper money in America was neighboring  states.   While  bank  bills
made by the provincial government of Massachu- were  the  circulating  medium   in  other
setts in 1690, under the denomination of bills of states, it was found  to be impossible to
credit, and for the purpose of defraying the expense   revent their
of an expedition against Canada. As specie could  p               introduction  here, and the
not be had for that purpose, new issues were made  consequence was that the people of Verfrom time to time for the redemption of these bills, mont suffered by being imposed upon by
and various other means were resorted to for sustaining their credit.  By the laws of that province we counterfeit bills and bythe failure of banks,
find the following issues of bills of credit authorized, while neither the state nor any of its infrom  1700 to 1720, viz.: in 170  ~ 10,000, in 1703  habitants shared any of the profit accruing
~ 10:000,in 1714, 50,000, in 1717, 100,000, and in 1720 from  the banking operations.  The only
~50,000. In 1712 a law was passed making bills of
credit a tender for ten years, and in 1722 the same remedy, which they could devise for this
law was continued for ten years longer. But, with- evil, was to establish  banks within the
out an adequate specie basis, legislative enactments  state  which should furnish to the
could not avail to sustain the credit of such an
amount of paper money.' Its value depreciated very  a medium  of their own, similar to that
rapidly till 45 shillings came to be the value of one  possessed by other states, and serve as a
dollar, at which it stood many years, and was de- guard against the circulation of spurious
nominated Old Tenor,(old tender;) in this, accounts bills and  the  bills of insolvent foreign
were then kept and contracts were made.'                                     in solvent foreign
The following bill may serve to illustrate this banks.
knatter:              BoSTOX, July 23d, 1768.      Though we had nothing which could
The Province of JMassachusetts,                  continental money began to depreciate in value,
To THotMAS WILLISTON, Dr.              although accounts were still kept in it, the specie
value was usually entered upon the account book
For sundries bought for the use of the gentlemen  under the denomination of lawoful money, as in the
selectmen, in going down to Rainsford Island:    following item  copied from  the account book. of
~  s. d. the first treasurer of this state:
Rtlmp of Beef and pieces to roast,    5  0  0
Twsmp of Beef and pieces to roast,    5  10  0  1779. June 5.-To cash paid Reuben Dean for a
Two Tongues,                           1 10   0
Cucumbers, Mustard, Salt and  Meal,     1  4   0   Screw for a State Seal, Con.91.-Law.Ol.,16s,4d.
Bread and Biscuit,                    2  15  0    By this item  it appears that, at the time the
Lemons, hundred and a half,          15  0   0 charge was made, Ill. in continental money were
Two bottles of Claret and Cider,      3  15  0 valued at 11. in specie.  The rates of depreciaPipes and Tobacco,                    1  0  0 tion of continental money, in the several states,
Butter, Pork and Fat,                 2  10   0  were in most cases fixed by law. That was the
Onions and Pepper,                    0  11  0 case in Vermont. In April, 1781, an act was passSweet Majorum and Twine,              0   4  0  ed, which declared that all contracts made on or
Cheese and Cayenne,                    1 18  0 before the first day of September, 1777, for money,
Spirits,                              3  0   0 shall be deemed equal to the same nominal sum in
For roasting the Beef and Charcoal     1  5   0 gold or silver; and that all contracts made between
-   -,- )that period and the first day of September, 1780, it
Old Tenor,      ~39  12  0 understood at the time to be for the common cur-   -  -   rency of the United States, shall be rated in specie
Lawful money,  ~5  5  7  agreeably to the following table, where the numWhen these bills of credit were finally redeemed,  ers denote the amount of continental money, to
by a grant made by the British parliament to defray  which $100 in specie shall be equivalent on comthe military expensas of the colonies, their value had tracts made at the time, against which that amount
so far depreciated that 111. old tenor were consid-stands.
ered equivalent to only 11. in specie or lawful money. Oct.   1777,    100  April,, 1779,    600
Oct.    do        110     May,   do          800
CONTINENTAL ANrD LAWFrUL MONEY.            Nov.   do          120    June,   do         1000
The United States having no adequate sources Dec.    do           130    July,   do         1100
of revenue, Congress found it necessary, in the early  Jan. 1, 1778,  140    Aug.   do       1200
part of the revolution, to resort to the former prac- Feb.    do    155    Sept.   do        1300
tice of the colonies and make large issues of bills of Mar.   do    170    Oct.    do        1450
credit. These at first possessed the same value as April,  do       185    Nov.   do         1600
specie, and in these the troops and all the other explbn- May,   do  200    Dec.    do       1800
see of the government were paid. But the United  June,   do        220    Jan.  1, 1780,   2000
States not having the ability to redeem these bills July,   do      240     Feb.    do       2400
with specie, they began, in the early part of the  Aug.   do        260    Mar.   do         2800
year 1777, to depreciate in value, aud, before the  Sept.   do      295    April,  do        3200
close of the war, they became nearly worthless. Oct.    do          325    Mlay,   do        3600
These bills of credit constituted what was called  Nov.   do        360    June,   do        4000
Continental Jlloney, and as this formed almost the  Dec.    do      400    July,   do        5000
entire circulating medium of the country during the  Jan. 1, 1779,    450    Aug.   do        6000
revolution, bargains were very generally made and  Feb.    do       500    Sept.   do         7200
accounts kept in it during that period. After the  Mar.   do        650




34[                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART 1I.
VERMONT BILLS OF CREDIT.                                         FAC SIMILE.
be called a bank previous to the establish- ment of the quantity of circulating mement of the state bank in 1806, the legis- dium.'  The bills were to be in equal
lature had once been obliged to follow the numbers of the denominations of' three
example of Congress and the neighboring pounds, forty shillings, twenty shillings,
states, and of the colonies for near one ten shillings, five shillings, two shillings
hundred years previous to the revolution, and sixpence, one shilling and three pence
and resort to the issue of bills of credit. and one shilling, and Matthew  Lyon,
This was in April, 1781, and the objects Edward Harris and Ezra Styles, were apand purposes of the act authorizing the pointed a committee to make a form and
emission are declared in the preamble to device for said bills and superintend the
be' the carrying on of the war, the pay- printing.' The following, except tile sigenent of the state debts and the enlarge- natures, is afac simile of one of these bills:
F _
-..~                                9_
P:n ~~ +3                                     k
+ ~~~o                      75E
E —4 ~ ~          tB    jo"t = C) 
tR i o~0
~WO O        h~~~~~~~~~~~~W
9~~~~~~ ~U O~~~~~~~ —
U   ~~~~2;~J




CHAP. 7.                  POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                                  135
VERMONT COPPER COINS.                                      REASONS AGAINST BANKING. \
The amount authorised to be issued was banks received but little attention for a
~25,155.  The bills were to be redeemed  number of years, and no serious efforts
by the treasurer of the state by the first of were made for the incorporation of bankJune, 1782, with specie, at the rate of six  ing institutions within the state till 1803.
shillings for one Spanish milled dollar, or This year application was made for the
gold equivalent; and, for the purpose of establishment of a bank at Windsor and
raising the means for their redemption, a another at Burlington.  After a long distax was laid, by the same act, of one shil- cussion, a bill passed the house ofrepresenling three pence on the pound, on the  tatives in favor of the former by a vote of
grand list of the state, to be paid in gold  93 to 83, and was sent to the governor and
or silver, or the aforesaid bills. These  council for their concurrence, which they
were the only bills of credit ever issued  refused, and entered their reasons upon
by Vermont, and to the credit of the state  the journal of the assembly.   As this
it may be added, they suffered no depre- document is illustrative of the views enciation and were all faithfully redeemed. tertained by many of the leading men of
The above act, which may be found en- the state at that period, we here lay it betire on the 424th page of the Vermont fore our readers:
State  Papers, closes as follows: "Be it
further enacted, that whosoever shall be  "Reasons of the Governor and Councilfor
guilty of altering, or counterfeiting any of   non-concurring in the Bill entitled an
said bills, or shall be any way concerned    act to incorporate a Bank at Windsor irs
therein; by making instruments for that   this State in 1803.
purpose, or be any ways aiding or assist-    1. Because bank bills being regarded
ing therein, and be thereof convicted, as money, and money like water always
shall suffer death; any law, usage, or cus- seeking its level, the bills put into circutom to the contrary notwithstanding."    lation  within this  state  must displace
During the great scarcity of money and  nearly the same sum  of money now  in
the embarrassments which led to insur- circtlation among us, and by driving it
rectionary movements in 1786,* a class of into the seaports, facilitate its exportation
the people were very clamorous for a bank, to foreign countries; which, as bank bills
and flattered themselves that such an in- cannot be made a legal tender, must prove
stitution would relieve them from all their a calamity to the citizens generally, and
sufferings.  Accordingly, at the session  especially to those who dwell at a distance
of the legislature in October, a resolution  from the proposed bank.
was passed submitting the question of the    2. Because, by introducing a more exestablishment of a bank directly to the  tensive credit, the tendency  of banks
people, by whom  it was decided in the  would be to palsy the vigor of industry
negative in January, 1787, by a large ma- and to stupify the vigilance of economy,
jority.t  From  this time the subject of the only two honest, general and sure
* See part second, page 80.                Harmon, jr., of Rupert, the exclusive right of coint See part second, page 79 and 81. Although ing copper within this state for the term of two
Vermont had no banks till many years after her ad- years from and after the first of July following. Afmission into the union, yet she had exercised the  ter much trouble and delay, he at length got his
powers of an independent government, and had au- works in operation, and commenced the coining of
thorized the coining of money long before that pe- coppers; and as these are rarely to be met with at
riod. At the June session of the legislature in 1785, the present day, we here present our readers with
it appears that the legislature granted to Reuben  a fac simile of one of the earliest coins issued s
At the October session in 1786, Mr. Harmon ap- ET LIB, for independence and liberty. Mr. Harplied to the legislature and procured an extension  mon, for his exclusive privilege, was, after the exof the time, for which he was to be allowed the piration of three of the eight years, to pay into the
exclusive right to coin coppers, to the period of treasury of the state two and a halfper cent. of all
eight years after the first of July, 1787. The weight the copper he should coin during the remainder of
bf the pieces was fixed by law at 4 pwt. 15 grs., and the term, and enter into a bond of ~5000 with sufthey were, after that period, to have on one side, a ficient surety for the faithful performanc of-f hi
head with the motto Jucttitate Vermonteneiums,   trust.
and on the other a woman, with the letters INDE.




'138                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
REASONS AGAI&T BANKING.                                VERMONT STATE BANK.
sources of wealth. In this view, banks banks government would, in our opinion
would tend to divert the attention of the go farther than could have been contemspeculator, the inexperienced youth, the plated in its original institution.  Govindolent and incautious, from those hon- ernment, we apprehend, was not designed
est, honorable and sure sources of medi- to open fields of speculation, nor to direct
ocrity and independence, and to fix it upon the efforts of individuals, but merely to
imaginary and unjustifiable methods of protect them in respect of property, and
suddenly accumulating an overgrown such of their pursuits as are not inconsisproperty; in pursuit of which, a large tent with the general good of the citizens
proportionof the adventurers would prob- at large; much less was it designed as a
ably at the same time sacrifice the prop- means of drawing property out of the
erty with which they began their specu- hands of the less wealthy, to place it in
lations, and imbibe an ungovernable dis- the hands of the more wealthy."'
gust for wholesome industry and econo-   Notwithstanding the arguments here
my, now  become more necessary than set forth, the clamor for banks still conever.                                  tinued, and in 1805 two bills passed the
3. Because banks by facilitating enter- house of representatives, one establishing
prizes both hazardous and unjustifiable, -a bank at Windsor, and the other at Burare natural sources of all that class of lington. These being non-concurred in
vices, which arise from the gambling sys- by the council, a grand  scheme was
tem, and which cannot fail to act, as sure brought forward, which, many seem to
and fatal, though slow poisons to the re- have supposed, was to replenish abunpublic in which they exist.            dantly the treasury of the state and the
4. Because banks tend strongly to draw  pockets of the people. This scheme was
off the dependence of debtors from their the establishment of a state bank, but the
own exertions, as means of payment,and to friends of the measure did not succeed in
place it on the facility of increasing new  maturing their plans and carrying them
debts to discharge the old, which cannot into effect till the next year. In 1806
but be detrimental, both to the debtor, and the business was entered upon in earnest,
through his example to society at large.      the 10th of November an act was.Bcueb v.   t and on the 10th of November an act was
passed establishing the Vermont State
dency, in their natural operation, to draw  Bank. This bank at first consisted of two
into the hands of the few a large propor- branches, one at Woodstock and the othtion of the property at present fortunately er at Middlebury. The next year two
diffused among the many; and, in this additional branches wereestablished one
way, straiten the circumstances of the
at Burlington and the other at Westminmany, and thus to render them still more ster. All the stock of this bank and all
dependent on the few; and, of course, to
dependent on the few; and, of course, to the profits arising therefrom, were to be
make them, through necessity, yet more
make them, through  necessity, yet more the property of the state, and all the consubservient to their aspiring views; anderns of the bank were to be under the
by these means, the tendency of banks control and direction of the legislature
seems to be, to weaken the great pillars forever. The immediate managementof
of a republican government, and at the the bank was to be committed to thirteen
same time to increase the forces employed directors, to be chosen annually by the
for its overthrow.                     legislature, and who were to elect one of
6. Because, as banks will credit none their number president of the bank.
but persons of affluence, those who are in   The bank at length went into operathe greatest need of help cannot expect to tion, but the anticipations of the people
beiretlya oate.    t; a   tion, but the anticipations of the people
be directly accommodated by them; and were not to be realized. What had apas the banks would enable those who have
peared so fair and plausible in theory, was
credit with them to loan money at an ex- found to work very badly in practice, and,
orbitant interest to the necessitous, there although a history of the Vermont state
is reason to fear lest they should operate bank would afford an instructive lesson to
as means of an increased usury and op- the present and future generations, we
pression.                              have neither materials'nor room  for it
7. Because, should the bill pass into a here. Suffice to say, its affairs were soon
law, we apprehend it would be found ne- found to be in inexplicable confusion, and
cessary at least, to render the bank grant- the institution insolvent. Various acts of
ed thereby perpetual; a measure which legislation were resorted to for sustain
to be adopted legislation were resorted to for sustaining
appears to us too importat to be adopted it, notwithstanding which its condition
without a more thorough investigation grew worse and worse, and witin five
than the novelty of the question and the years from its establishmet, afitirs were
shortnes of the time willallowyears from its establishment, affairs were
shortness of    the ti me will allow.
8. Because by the establishment of  *JournalofGencral Assembly for 1803, p. 235.




CHAP. 7.              POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                             137
BANKING OPERATIONS.                                           TABLE OF BANKS.
put in train for winding up its concerns. Burlington and Windsor for the incorpoThe legislature in 1811 passed an act di- ration of a bank in each of those towns.
recting the removal of the Westminster After considerable discussion the matter
branch to Woodstock; and the next year, was referred to the next session of the legfor the removal of the branches at Bur- islature. At the session in 1817, the sublington and Middlebury to the same place, ject was called up and an act passed inand also ordering all the bills of said bank corporating a bank at Windsor; but for
to be burned, except what were necessary some reason it did not go into operation,
for the payment of checks due from the and at the session of the legislature in
bank. In 1814 an act was passed order- 1818 a new act of incorporation was obing the treasurer of the state to burn all tained for a bank in Windsor, and a bank
the bills of the state bank in his posses- was also incorporated  in  Burlington.
sion, excepting such sum as he deemed Since that period many other banks have
necessary to meet demands upon the been incorporated, most of which are now
treasury.                               in operation, and their bills in good credit.
Since that period the outstanding bills Several of the bank charters have expired
have always been received for taxes, and and been renewed, and some have been
in that way have nearly, or quite all, been incorporated which have not gone incalled in and destroyed. The loss to in- to operation. Essex county bank forfeitdividuals in consequence of the failure of ed its charter and was stopped; the bank
the institution was trifling, but the loss to of Windsor became insolvent and faileld,
the state was very considerable.        and the bank of Bennington is also stopIn 1816, applications were made from  ped.
The Banks in operation in 1841 are exhibited in the following table.
JVName of the Bank.  Incorporated.  Expire.    Capital.  Paid in. JVotes dlisc't.
Bank of Burlington,  Nov. 9,1818' Jan. 1, 1849,$150,000  $150,000 $252,043 02
Bank of Brattleboro', Nov. 5, 1821 Jan. 1, 1837  100,000   75,000   123,539 28
Bank of Rutland,    Nov. 1, 1824 Jan. 1, 1856  100,000   100,000   156,899 91
Bank of Caledonia,   Nov. 1, 1825 Jan. 1, 1855  100,000    50,000    70,72982
Bank of St. Albans,  Oct. 29, 1825 Jan. 1, 1855  100,000   50,000   113,120 71
Bank of Vergennes,  Oct. 27, 1826 Jan. 1, 1855  100,000    80,000   170,230 11
Bank of Orange co.,  Nov. 3, l827 Jan. 1, 1843  100,000    70,000   126,097 72
Bank of Woodstock, Nov. 3, 1831 Jan. 1, 1847  100,000      50,000   136,265 74
Bank of Middlebury, Nov. 9, 1831 Jan. 1, 1847  100,050    60,000    92,673 87
Bank of Bellows Falls, Nov. 9, 1831 Jan. I, 1847  100,000  50,000   130,134 54
Bank of Manchester, Nov. 7, 1832 Jan. 1, 1848  100,000    70,000    99,334 29
Bank of Newbury,   Nov. 7, 1832 Jan. 1, 1848  100,000      50,000   112,174 30
Bank of Orleans,     Nov. 8, 1832:Jan. 1, 1848   60,000    30,000    54,251 00
Farmers' bk.(Orwell,) Nov. 7, 1833Jan. 1, 1849  100,000    60,000    94,735 79
Farmers' and Mech's
Bank,(Burlington,) Nov. 4, 1834!Jan. 1, 1850  150,000    105,000   151,802 40
Bank of Montpelier,  Oct. 29, 1840,Jan. 1, 1857   75,000   37,500    86,197 50
Bank of Poultney,    Oct. 29, 1840|Jan. 1, 1.858  100,000  50,000    67,288 66
$ 1,735,000 $ 1,137,500 2,037,538 66
* In those cases where the time between the act of incorporation and the expiration of the charters
exceed 18 years, the charters have been renewed.
Each of the above banks is managed by In 1840 the legislature passed a general
a board of five or seven directors, and six act for the regulation of banks to be charper cent. of the profits of each bank incor- tered or re-chartered within the state, and
porated before 1830, and ten per cent. of designed to secure the public against lossthose incorporated since that period is to es, by the mismanagement of these instibe paid into the treasury of the state. tutions. It provides for the appointment
Each: bank, incorporated since 1830, is of a bank commissioner, who is authoralso required to. pay annually into the ized to examine the condition of the sevtreasury three fourths of one per cent. on eral banks, and institute proceedings
the capital stock paid in until the amount against them  in the court of chancery.
paid shall be equal to 41 per cent. upon In 1830 a branch of the U. S. bank was
the capital, which is to remain as a " bank established at Burlington, which continfund " for the payment of the debts of the ued in operation till the expiration of the
banik in case it shall become insolvent.  harter of that institution.
P., Ic.         18




138                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PAR? IXI
PRISON AND YARD.                   NEW PRISON.                   GOVERNMENT.
SECTION IX.               amount expended in their -construction
The CVermont State Prison.      was about $39,000. After that period,
two other considerable buildings designed
On the 3d of November, 1807, the leg- for store-houses and offices, were erected
islature passed an act providing for the within the prison yard and various other
appointment, by a joint ballot of both improvements made previous to the erechouses, of five commissioners, who should tion of the new prison, for solitary conbe empowered to fix upon a plan and place finement, in 1830. The new prison is 112
for a state prison, and superintend the feet in length, and 40 in width. The cells
erection and finishing of the same. The for the confinement of the prisoners are
commissioners elected for this purpose situated inthe central part ofthe building,
were Ezra Butler, Samuel Shaw, John surrounded by an open passage on all
Cameron, Josiah Wright and Elihu Luce. sides, as represented in the following diaThey were directed to proceed in the dis- gram:
charge of the duties assigned them with-             112 ft.
out unnecessary delay, and were authorized to draw  upon the treasury of the    [           _ 
state for any sum, not exceeding $30,000,
in carrying the designs of the legislature/'
into effect.'AC
Having fixed upon Windsor as the lo-  
cation of the prison, the work was com- There are four stories of cells in the new
menced in 1808 and was carried forward prison, and 34 cells in each story, making
nearly to its completion in 1809. The in all 136 cells. This prison was comoriginal prison was built entirely of stone menced in 1830, finished in 1832, and cost
-was 84 feet long, 36 feet wide and three $8,000.
stories high. It was divided into rooms   Most of the prisoners were at first emof various sizes, considered sufficient for ployed in shoe making and in making
containing with convenience and safety nails and other smith work.  After a
170 prisoners. The outside walls of this while their business was changed to weavprison are three feet thick and the par- ing cotton cloth, ginghams, plaids, &c.,
titions 18 inches; the doors of the lower and this was their principal employment
story wholly of sheet and bar iron, firmly for many years. At present the greater
riveted together.  The windows in the part of the convicts are employed in malower story are very small narrow aper- king Brogans.
tures; those in the second story are a   The government of the prison was at
little larger; and those in the third story first vested in a board of visiters, who apare much larger and grated. In the third pointed the subordinate officers, made the
story are rooms, which are used as hos- by-laws of the institution, and reported
pitals for the sick.                   their doings to the legislature every year.
Adjoining this prison, to the east, is a After a while the board of visiters was
building of stone and brick, 54 feet long, abolished and the government vested in a
24 wide and four stories high, for the use superintendent, then in a superintendent
of the keepers and guards. The basement and warden.  But subsequently the office
story of this building was designed for a of warden was abolished and the governvictualing room for the prisoners.     ment of the prison re-committed to the
The yard commences at the northwest superintendent, who has the appointment
corner of the prison, extends west 24 feet, of the guards and under officers, with the
thence south 12 rods, thence east 16 rods, exception of the chaplain, who, like the
thence north 12 rods and thence west to superintendent, is elected annually by the
the east end of the keepers' house. The general assembly. The superintendent
walls of the yard are four feet thick at the is required to make an annual report to
base, and 20 feet in height above the sur- the legislature of his doings, and of the
face of the ground; 14 of which are of condition of the prison.
hammered stone and the remainder of   Of the six sentenced for life, four have
brick. The parts of the prison and of the been pardoned; the first in one year, the
keepers' house, which are next the street, second in five years, the third in six years
are secured by a picket. Within the yard and the fifth in four years.
was erected a work-shop, principally of   The first commitments to the state prisbrick, 100 feet long, 24 wide and three on were made in 1809, and that year 24
stories high.                          convicts were entered.  The following
The foregoing constitute the principal table exhibits the number of convicts
original structures, erected and nearly committed each year from that time to the
completed in 1808 and 1809, and the present, and various other particulars:




CHAP. 7.                POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.                           139
STATE PRISON STATISTICS.                                REVENUE OF THE STATE.
STATISTICS OF THE VERMONT STATE PRISON.*
hZ                 Cs _  |d CtD |W                         c i'" ~         "                                                Z 0 
1809  24 61              1          2  13   9   4  191 
1810  27 41   1          4 1   6  5   8  14   4  20   3
1811  27 3}l 3   8             11  8  12   7   5  18   4          I      O
1812  26 5    8  15            23  4  17   5   4  20   2 0         a/ 
1813  19 4   10  11        2  23  3   8   8   6  12   1              / t,
1814  23 5&   3   8        2  13  8  1]0   5   3  17   3               "    
1815  38 64    9  10       3  22 12 J   3  13   7  23   8:'i
1816  43 41  11  15  7         33 21  16   6   5  31   7            $5,812
1817  42 41  18  15  1         34 11  18  13  15  22   5             6,038
1818  251 4/  21  11           32  6  15   4   1  22   2             4,780
1819 43 5/ 25 1 9              44  2  25  16   4  30   9             5220
1820  44 5   23   8  1 1  33  6  27  1110   23  11                   5,000
1821  27 5   27   6        1  34  8  10   9   6  16   5   1    3,907
1822  37 4/  16  14        1  31  3  21  13/    8  25   4            3,390
1823  25 5&  12  15        1  28  4  12   9   5  15   5              3,255
1824  33 4/ 18   9         3  30  3  17  13   8  15  10   1    3,955
1825  37 5k  19   9        4  32  7  17  13   6 17  14   1    2,970
1826  49 5   24   8        2  34  7  15  27   8  30  11              3,973
1827  26 3k  23   8            31  6   6  14   4  12  10             1,937
1828  313/  18   8         4  30  7   8  16  17   9   5   1    2,030
1829  28 3k  26  14            40  7  12   9   9  14   5             2,205
1830  55 3| 25  17 1  1  44 13  20  22  18  26  11                   4,063
18s31  28 3/  22  18           40  6   8  14   4  21   3             5,937
1832 35 3   14  23         2  39  6  1 71 2  14   13   8             4,960
1833  50 31   9  24        1  34 11  24  15  18  23   9              4,939
1834  37 3   18  26  1 1  46 10  15  12  16  10  11                  5,000
1835  49) 3/   8  33       2  43 16  18  15  19  23   7              4,737
1836  31 34    8  28           36  6  11  14   8  11  12             4,223
1837  30 3   11  25        3  39 11   7  12  10  10  10              2,150
1838  311 2   10  35       1  46  9  12  10   6  14  11              5,000
1839  34 2/ -10  30            40 13  1 0  11  13   8  13   1    2,000
1840  31 3    8  22        1  31 11   7  13  10  10  11              3,000
1841  37 3    6  27            35 11  18   8  18   8  11   _    1,000
Total 1-22 3 1464'5-9 -16 37-1137 263 467 1392 2933 587'242   6
SECTION X.                       Received into the Treasury.
Revenue and Expenditures.        For taxes, principal,       $67,866 12
For interest on arrearages of
The revenue of Vermont is almost  taxes,                             1,086 73
wholly derived from direct taxation.  By Ofstate's attorneys,          1,804 27
the statute enacted in 1841,t the kinds of Of clerks of courts,        1,433 82
property, which are rateable, or subject Principal paid on school fund
to taxation, are designated, and this prop-   notes,                   1,688 08
erty is appraised at its cash value and set Interest paid on    "    "  2,697 57
in the grand list at one per cent. of this For pedlar's licences,      1,359 26
value, and upon this the taxes are to be Of quarter-masters,              15 00
assessed. The expenses of the govern- Of Messrs. Beach, on note,         26 40
ment have been very much enhanced du- Bank commissioners' fees,         124 00
ring a few years past, in consequence of Bank dividends for school fund, 4,683 73
the erection of a new state house and the From banks, for safety fund,   1,904 81
establishment of a senate. The following Interest on safety fund, loaned,   233 08
abstract of the treasurer's account for the
political year ending September 30, 1841,                           $84,922 87
exhibits the principal sources froIn which
the treasury is supplied and the purposes   Disbursementsfrom the Treasury.
for which disbursements are made:       Due treasurer, Sept. 30, 1840, $9,539 33
* For these, I am indebted to I. W. Hubbard, Debenture of' general assemEsq. the superintendent. t See part 2d, page 105.    bly,             13,016 69




140                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART I1.
EXPENDITURES.                      STATE DEBT.                      SALARIES.
Debenture of electors of Presi-        To individuals for loans,
dent, &c.,                    120 00   principal and interest,    10,199 99
Canvassers of votes for Presi-         Orders outstanding, probably   17,081 69
dent, &c.                     320 38 Debentures for'41, probably   16,163 00
Sundry salaries,              8,301 86 Salaries due and unpaid,       1,000 00
Supreme court orders,        23,602 43
Auditor's orders,             6,946 68                            $251,917 56
Commissioners of deaf and              To be deducted from this,
dumb,                       2,299 10   there was at that time in
Commissioners of blind,         729 41   the hands of state's attorTrustees of insane hospital,    2,000 00   neys and clerks, probably    10,000 00
Superintendent of'state prison,  3,000 00 Taxes due,                 40,642 66
For expense of military drills,  2,670 44 School fund loaned to indiAppropriations by legislature,  2,571 18   viduals,                  44,655 09
Interest on surplus money to
towns,                        824 89                               95,297 75
Interest on loans to the state,   1,556 49
Cocoon and silk premiums,     1,246 78     Apparent state debt,   $156,619 81
Fox certificates,             2,051 50   But $119,637 19 of this debt is due to
Bear    "                       253 00 the school fund, which is the property of
Wolf   "                         60 00 the state and subject to the control of the
Crow    ", 3 80 legislature, and to the same fund there is
For transporting weights, &e.     3 50 due from individuals, $44,655 09, making
For purchase of set of dry             in the whole $164,292 28: so that the
measures,                      10 00 state possesses in its school fund means,
Balance in the treasury,      3,794 81 more than sufficient, to meet all its liabilities. And as a large share of this fund
$84,922 87 has been contributed by the people of the
By the foregoing account it appears state, during the same period in which
that about four fifths of the revenue re- the state debt has been contracted, there
ceived was from taxes raised on the grand would be little injustice done, should the
list.                                  legislature abolish this fund, ordering the
State debt. —If Vermont has been be- balance of it, after paying all the debts of
hind the neighboring states in great works the state, to be paid into the state treasof internal improvement, she has, in con- ury. This would render Vermont free
of internal improvement, she has, in on- from debt with a surplus in the treasury
sequence, avoided the burden of an op-        debt with a surplus i the treasury
pressive public debt. For the erection of of near $8,000.
her new state house, which is designed,   Salaries.-The salaries and pay of the
not only for the present but for many fu- officers of government in Vermont have
ture generations, she has judged it equita  always been low, but were, in most cases,
ble that a portion of the expense should higher, at the  first establishment of the
fall upon the future occupants, and not government, than they have been since.
all be borne by the people during the short At the October session of the legislature
period in which it was built. She has in 1778, the governor's salary was fixed
therefore created a small public debt, at ~300, equal to $1000, and the pay of
which may, however, at any time be can- councillors and representatives at ~1,4s.
celled in the course of a few years by so equal to $4 per day, and one shilling per
mile for a horse.*
slight an augmentation'of the ordinary mile for a horse.*
taxes as to be scarcely felt by the people.   The principal salaries and pay estabFrom the report of the auditor of the lished by the present statutes of the state,
treasury, it appears that the indebtedness are as follows:
of the state on the 30th of September, Governor's salary,               $ 750
1841, was as follows:                  Judges of supreme court, (each)   1,375
Treasurer and com. school fund,    500
To school fund loaned the state, princi- Secretary of state,              275
pal and interest,       $119,637 19 Secretary of the senate,            250
To school fund loaned to in-           Clerk of the House of Rep's,       275
dividuals,f                44,655 09 Secretary to the governor,         200
To bank safety fund, princi-           Assistant secretary of the.senate,   125
pal and interest,          22,320 73  Assistant clerk of the house,     125
To towns for surplus money             Engrossing clerk,                  150
and interest,              14,963 21 
To bang for loa ns, principal            * On horseback and on foot were almost the only
To.and interelns,       5,896 66almethods of traveling in those days. Carriages were
and interest,               5,896 66 scarcely known in the state.




CHAP. 8.            EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                           14l
FIRST ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOOLS.                         PRESENT SCHOOL LAW.
Librarian,                       $75 house, three dollars, and the Senators and
Superintendent of state prison,   500 Representatives, one -dollar and fifty cents
Adjutant and inspector general,    250 per day, while attending the general asThe President of the senate receives sembly; and they receive for travel each
four dollars per day, the Speaker of the way ten cents per mile.
CHAPTER VIII.
EDUCATION AND LITERATURE IN VERMONT.
SECTION 1.               list, and the other half, either on the list,
or on the polls of the scholars, as should
be ordered by a vote of the district.
Few of the early settlers of Vermont   By the same act, the judges of the counenjoyed any other advantages of educa- ty courts were authorized to appoint trustion than a few month's attendance at pri- tees of a county school in each of their
mary schools, as they existed in New  respective counties, arid, with the assisEngland previous to the revolution. But tance of the justices of the peace, to lay
these advantages had. been so well im- a tax on the same, for the purpose of
proved, that nearly all of them were able building a county school house in each
to read, and write a legible hand, and had county. The part of this plan relating to
acquired sufficient knowledge of arithme- county schools seems never to have been
tic for the transaction of ordinary busi- carried into effect; but that in relation to
ness. They were, in general, men of town schools, was gradually introduced
strong and penetrating minds, and, clear- and improved, till schools, which may be
ly perceiving the numerous advantages, called free, were established in all the orwhich education confers, they early di- ganized towns in the state.
rected their attention to the establishment   The several towns in this state are at
of schools. But for many years there present divided into school districts of
were obstacles, in addition to those inci- convenient size, and the selectmen of each
dent to all new settlements, which pre- town are required by law annually to asvented much being done for the cause of sess a tax of three cents on a dollar of the
education. The controversies in which lists of the town for the support of schools
they were involved and the war of the within the same. One fourth part of the
revolution, both of which threatened the sum thus raised, together with one fourth
annihilation of Vermont as an indepen- of the avails of the deposit money, is redent state, and the ruin of many of the quired to be divided equally, on the 1st
settlers by robbing them of their farms, of March, among the school districts withemployed nearly all their thoughts and all out regard to the number of children in
their energies, previous to their admission each, and the remainder, among the disinto the federal union.                tricts in proportion to the number of chilThe first general law in Vermont on the dren they contain between the ages of
subject of primary schools seems to have four and eighteen years; provided that no
been passed on the 22d of October, 1782. district shall be entitled to a share in such
This law provided for khe division of money, which has not during the precetowns into convenient school districts, ding year, kept a school, at least two
and for the appointment of trustees in months, with other moneys than those
each town for the general superintendence drawn from the town treasury, nor unless
of the schools. It also provided for the the moneys so drawn shall have been
election of a prudential committee by the faithfully expended. The several school
inhabitants of each district, to which cor- districts have the powers of a corporation
mittee power was given to raise one half and are authorized to raise money within
of the money necessary for building and the same, for the support of schools, either
repairing a school house and supporting upon the grand list or upon the polls of
a school, by a tax assessed on the grand the scholars.




142                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
EDUCATION IN VERMONT.                                           SCHOOL FUND.
In the several school districts in this lutely necessary for the prosperity and
state a male teacher is usually employed perfection of each other. The improvethree or four months in the winter, and a ments, which are introduced into our
female teacher about six months in the universities and colleges, tend directly to
summer; and as the greater part of the the improvement of our academies by
money by which these schools are sup- furnishing them with competent teachers;
ported, is assessed upon the grand list, and the improvements in the academies
that is, upon the property of the district, are in the same way reflected back upon
the children of the poor enjoy, in them, the elementary schools. While on the
the same privileges as the children of the other hand the improvement of the elerich; and these privileges have hitherto mentary schools increases the number of
been so well improved, that a native of pupils, who will avail themselves of the
Vermont of mature age, who could not higher advantages of the academies, and
read and write, would be looked upon as these in their turn are enabled to furnish
a prodigy of stupidity.                an increased number of students to the colThe whole number of district and other leges. From this reciprocal dependence
elementary schools in Vermont, according of the different grades of schools upon one
to the returns of the census of 1840, was another, it appears plain that, in order to
2,402, and the number of children of suita- secure and advance the interests of one,
ble age to attend them 97,578. Several we should aim at nothing less than the
of these schools, situated in the villages, interests of the whole. To accomplish then
are supported by the tuition, charged upon the great and desirable end of education
the scholars, and some of these are of a in this state, we must adopt a system of
higher order than the district schools gen- education, which shall embrace all our literally. But while Vermont is not, per- erary institutions. We must have too a
haps, behind any of her sister states in the more efficientsupervision of education; and
general intelligence of the people, we must provide for bringing annually before
cannot help thinking that the general in- the legislature the true condition of all
terests of education have, for several our seminaries-and then, and not till
years past,been culpably neglected. While then, will the government be enabled to
other states have been rapidly improving act intelligently in this business and extheir schools and school systems, Vermont tend its patronage to all in due proportion.
has remained nearly stationary. Large   School Fund. In November, 1825, the
amounts of money are, it is true, annually legislature of this state passed an act, the
raised and expended for the support of object of which was to create and estabschools, but no means are provided by lish a fund for the benefit of common
which it may be known whether these schools. By this act all the avails of the
moneys have been advantageously ex- late Vermont state bank, the sums derived
pended or not. Nor is there any provis- from the six per cent. on the net profits
ion by which the defects of our present of existing banks, all sums arising from
system or the improvements introduced assessments for licences to pedlars, and
in other states, are fairly presented to the all other sums which shall be approprialegislature; and until these deficiences ted by the legislature for that purpose,
are supplied, enlightened and useful leg- were set apart as a fund for the support of
islation upon the subject of education schools in the several towns in this state.
cannot be expected.                    The treasurer of the state is constituted
There seems to be in Vermont a very commissioner of this fund, and it is made
general misapprehension of the subject of his duty to loan it, or invest it in produceducation, and, particularly, with regard tive stocks. This fund is to go on accuto the relative importance of the different mulating from the above mentioned sourgrades of literary institutions.  While ces and by the addition of the annual insome look upon our universities and col- terest, until the annual interest shall be
leges, and others upon our academies and sufficient to defray the current expenses
high schools as more particularly deserv- of keeping a good free common school in
ing the patronage of government, the each district, for the period of two months.
great mass of the people seem  to have   The amount of this fund on the 30th of
persuaded themselves that the elementary Sept., 1841, according to the report of the
schools are the only institutions for which auditor of the treasury, was as follows:
the legislature is bound to make any pro-   On loan to the state,  $94,829 31
vision at all.  The indulgence of such   Interest on the same,       24,807 88
partial views has had a tendency to pro-   On loan to individuals,   40,551 03
duce an array of hostility among institu-   Interest on the same,     4,104 06
tions, which are designed to form one
harmonious whole, and which are abso-      Making in the whole,  $164,292 28




CHAP. 8.             EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                       143
UNITED STATES DEPOSIT MONEY.              ACADEMIES AND GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.
Deposit Money.-In 1837, congress made return of the moneys received, or parts
provision for the deposit of the surplus thereof, whenever it shall be required by
revenue, which had accumulated princi- the treasurer of the state, on the requisipally from the unprecedented sales of pub- tion of the United States, or for the purlic lands, with the several states of the pose of a new division. The annual inunion in proportion to the whole number terest on the deposit money in this state
of senators and representatives from each. is about $40,000, which if equally disThis was to be distributed inqfour quar- tributed among the school districts would
terly instalments in the year 1838. The give to each about $20.
three first of these were paid over to the
states, but before the payment of the
fourth, the current receipts of revenue           SECTION II.
were found to be insufficient for carrying  Academies and High Schools.
on the government, and congress ordered
an indefinite suspension of its payment.   Besides the elementary-schools which
The whole amount of the instalments de- are established by law in all parts of the
posited with the states was $28,101,644 state, there are in most of the counties
97, and the share of this which fell to several schools of a higher order, denomVermont was $669,086 74.  This sum  inated county grammar schools, high
was, by an act of the legislature, distribu- schools, or academies. In these are taught
ted among the several towns of the state the higher branches of English studies,.
in proportion to their population. The the mathematics and the elements of the
towns were to loan this money on suf- Latin and Greek languages, and here
ficient security and apply the annual in- youth are prepared for mercantile and
terest to the support of schools in the other business, for teaching, or for admissame, to be divided in the same manner sion into college, or the university. The
as that raised by the three per cent. as- following is a list of the institutions of
sessment on the grand list. The several this kind which have been incorporated
towns are accountable to the state for the at different times in this state:
JV'ame, or Title.             Location.         Incorporated.
Clio Hall,                           Bennington,        November 3, 1780.
Windsor County Grammar School,       Norwich,           January  17, 1785.
Rutland County Grammar School,       Castleton,         October  15, 1787.
-Athens Grammar School,               Athens,             November 3, 1791.
Cavendish Academy,                   Cavendish,         October  26, 1792.
Caledonia County Grammar School,    Peacham,            October  27, 1795.
Addison County Grammar School,       Middlebury,        November 8, 1797.
Franklin County Grammar School,      St. Albans,        November 4, 1799.
Montpelier Academy,                  Montpelier,        November 7, 1800.
Windham Hall,                        Newfane,           October  31, 1801.
Chittenden County Grammar School,   Waterbury,          November 3, 1801.
Brattleborough Academy,              Brattleborough,    November 4, 1801.
Dorset Grammar School,               Dorset,            November 9, 1804.
Vermont Academy,                     Rutland,           October  29, 1805.
Essex County Grammar School,         Guildhall,         November 8, 1805.
Randolph Grammar School,             Randolph,          November 8, 1805.
Brandon Academy,                     Brandon,           November 6,1806.
Dorset Academy,                      Dorset,            October  26, 1807.
Royalton Academy,                    Royalton,          November 11, 1807.
Franklin County Gramrhar School,     Fairfield,         November 4, 1808.
West Rutland Academy,                West Rutland,      November 1, 1810.
Addison Literary Society,            Addison,           November 1, 1810.
Newton Academy,                      Shoreham,          October  21, 1811.
Union Academy in Hubbardton,         Hubbardton,        October  26, 1812.
Chester Academy,                     Chester,           October  30, 1814.
Wallingford Academy,                 Wallingford,       November 9, 1814.
Windsor Female Academy,              Windsor,           November 10, 1814.
Arlington Academy,                   Arlington,         November 29, 1817.
Union Academy,                       Bennington,        October  30, 1817.
Thetford Academy,                    Thetford,          October  29, 1819.
Poultney Female Academy,             Poultney,          November 11, 1819.
Bradford Academy,                    Bradford,           November 2, 1820.
Vergennes Academy,                   Vergennes,         October  24, 1822.




144                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
ACADEMIES AND GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.                       UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.
JVame, or Title.                  Location.            Incorporated.
Windsor Female Academy,               Windsor,            October  24, 1823.
Concord Academy,                      Concord,            November 5, 1823.
St. Johnsbury Female Academy,         St. Johnsbury,      November 27, 1824.
Hinesburgh Academy,                   Hinesburgh,         November 12, 1824.
Columbian Academy,                    Windsor,            November 15, 1826.
Townshend Academy,                    Townshend,          November 15, 1826.
Jericho Academy,                      Jericho,,         October  28, 1828.
Vermont Classical High School,        Castleton,          October  29, 1828.
The Female School Association,        Middlebury,         October  22, 1828.
The Burr Seminary,                    Manchester,         October  28, 1829.
Craftsbury Academy,                   Craftsbury,         October  29, 1829.
Burlington High School,               Burlington,         October  22, 1829.
Lamoille Academy,                     Johnson,            November 8, 1832.
Troy Conference Academy,              Poultney,           October  25, 1834.
Leland Classical and English School,    Townshend,        October  31, 1834.
Black River Academy,                  Ludlow,,October  23, 1834.
Georgia Academy,                      Georgia,            November 5, 1838.
Enosburgh Academy,                    Enosburgh,          October  23, 1839.
Hartford Academy,                     Hartford,           October  29, 1839.
Phillips' Academy,                    Danville,           October  21, 1840.
Manyaof the institutions named in the mont, it is true, there was a reservation
preceding list have ceased to exist. Of of one right of land for the support of a
most of those, which are at present in grammar school, or academy, in the counoperation, some account will be found in ty in which they were situated, but as
the Gazetteer under the names of the less than one half of the townships in
towns in which they are located.      the state are Vermont grants, and these
The greater part of the academies and are situated in the northern and central
high schools in this state are without mountainous parts, much of the land thus
funds, or endowment, and depend entire- reserved is of little value. They, howly upon the charge for tuition for their ever, in several of the counties, afford consupport. In most of the grants of town- siderable assistance in  sustaining the
ships made by the government of Ver- schools to which they belong.
quantity of land thus reserved amounted
to about 29,000 acres, scattered through
about 120 towns and gores, and lying
chiefly in the northern part of the state;
but nothing further was done towards the
establishment of a university till some
time after the close of the revolution.
When Dartmouth college was brought
within this state by the union of 16 towns
from New Hampshire with Vermont,* the
i ii...t      lUHUI U 1   Ull  general assembly voted to take that institution under its patronage.t In June,
1785, after the final dissolution of the union of a part of New  Hampshire with
Vermont, the legislature of Vermont,' under a consideration of the importance of
Original University Building.  those institutions to the world at large
and to this state in particular,' and on apSECTION III.             plication of President Wheelock, made a
University of Vermont.        grant of a township-, of land to Dartmouth
The establishment of a university in college and Moor's charity school. EnVermnont engaged the attention of several couraged by this success, the trustees of
of the leadingf men in this state from the Dartmouth college, the next year, applied
first organization of the government in for the sequestration to their use of the
1778, and in the subsequent grants of
townships, one right of land was * See page 54. t Slade's State Papers, page 273.
townships, one right of land was re-This was the township ot Wheelock, which see
served in each for its support.  The in part third.,




CHAP. 8.            EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                             145
UNIVERSITY INCORPORATED.    BUILDINGS ERECTED.          UNIVERSITY SUSPENDED.
lands which had been reservedtin the New  ried forward to its completion as rapidly
Hampshire grants, for the propagation as the nature of so important an undertasociety and for glebes, and in the Vermont king would permit. This building, which
grants for academies and a university, was of brick, and a figure of which stands
giving assurance that they would on their at the head of this article, was in the form
part take the business of education in of a cross; was 160 feet long, 75 feet wide
Vermont under their especial charge and in the central part, and 45 on the wings,
supervision.                            and was four stories high,with halls in each
This application produced considerable story running through the whole length
discussion and tended to arouse some of of the building and across each wing.
the leading men in the state to the impor- It contained a chapel and six other large
tance of setting about the establishment public rooms and 46 rooms for students.
of a college or university, which the state The cost of this building was estimated at
could call her own. In 1785, Elijah Paine about $35,000, the greater part of which
of Williamstown presented a memorial to was contributed in Burlington and vithe legislature, offering to give ~2,000 for cinity.
the establishment of a college, on con-.In 1799, the Rev. Daniel C. Sanders
dition that it should be located in that opened a preparatory school in the house
town. But the subject was postponed, which the corporation had erected, and
and the legislature could not be brought the next year he was appointed president
to take the matter into serious considera- of the university, and several young gention till the October session in 1789. The tleman entered upon a collegiate course
subject, however, had been freely discuss- of studies. The first commencement was
ed in the public papers, and at this ses- held in 1804. During the war with Great
sion a memorial was presented by Ira Al- Britain the operations of the university
len,with an offer of ~4,000 by himself and were much embarrassed and finally susof ~1,650 more by other individuals, for pended. In the summer of 1813, large
the establishment of a college, to be loca- quantities of arms belonging to the United
ted at Burlington.  With the view of as- States, were deposited in the university
certaining what part of the state would building without the consent of the facafford the most liberal support to an in- ulty, or the corporation, and a guard of
stitution of this kind, after a long discus- soldiers stationed there, which did much
sion, agents were appointed in the several injury to the building, destroyed the fencounties to obtain donations and subscrip- ces and very much interrupted the coltions. Nothing further was done by the legiate exercises. In March, 1814, Genlegislature till 1791. This year the sub- eral Macomb applied to the corporation
ject was again called up, and it was final- for the rent of the building for the use of
ly decided that a college or university the American army, plainly intimating
should be established. The next business that, if they did not consent to such a
was to fix upon its location. Several pla- measure, he should be under the necessity
ces were proposed, and, the ballots being of taking forcible possession of it. Under
taken, the result was as follows: 89 for these circumstances, a committee of the
Burlington, 24 for Rutland, 5 for Mont- corporation entered into an arrangement
pelier, ],for Danville, 1 for Castleton, 1 with the agents of the government by
for Berlin and 5 for Williamstown. Hav- which they agreed to rent the building to
ing fixed upon the location and tile trus- the United States for $5,000 a year, and
tees whose names were to be inserted in on the 24th of March, the corporation,
the charter, the bill incorporating The among other things, resolved, "That the
Univer-sity of Vermont, was passed with- regular course of instruction in the uniout opposition, and became a law on the versity be and hereby is suspended, and
3d of November, 1791.                   that those officers of college, to whose ofIn 1794 the corporation commenced fices salaries are annexed, be dismissed
clearing the lot of land fixed upon as the from their offices respectively."
site of the university, and that year erect-   On the return of peace in 1815, the
ed and nearly finished a large and commo- university building was evacuated by the
dious house, designed for the use of the army, and measures were immediately
president of the institution, and for the taken by the corporation for resuming the
accommodation ofafew students until the regular collegiate course of instruction.
college edifice should be completed. In On the 15th of March they elected the
the spring of 1800, the corporation con- Rev. Samuel Austin president of the unitracted for 300,000 bricks, which were de- versity, and during the following summer
livered upon the ground during the next the buildings were put in complete repair
winter, and early in the spring of 1801 the at an expense of about $4,500. President
building was commenced, and was car- Austin was inaugurated on the 26th of
PT. II         19




146                 CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                       PART I.
INSTRUCTION IN TIlE UNIVERSITY RESUMED.            UNIVERSITY EDIFICE BURNT.
July, and on the same day the Rev. James   The question with regard to the dispoMurdock was elected professor of the sition of the society's library being thus
learned languages, the Rev. Ebenezer settled, a consultation was had by the
Burgess, professor of mathematics and graduates present with regard to the annatural philosophy, and Jairus Kennan ticipated suspension of the university, and
professor of chemistry and mineralogy. it was unanimously resolved that an effort
Instruction was commenced on the first should be made to prevent such a calamiWednesday of September following, and ty.  A committee was accordingly apfrom that period the number of students pointed by those present for the purpose
gradually increased, and the prospects of of carrying the resolution into effect; and
the institution improved for several years. their efforts were attended with so much
But the affairs of the university becoming success, that, before the students dispersembarrassed in consequence ofjudgments ed, the notice of the suspension was rebeing unexpectedly obtained against it, called, and the Rev. Daniel Haskel being
on some long standing claims, Dr. Austin chosen president, and James Dean proresigned the presidency on the 21st of fessor of mathematics, on the 22d of NoMarch, 1821. The regular course of in- vember, the institution was enabled to
struction was continued till the com- proceed without interruption, and confimencement in Aug. when the Rev.Daniel dence in its permanence and ultimate
Haskel, one of the settled ministers in prosperity was rapidly restored.*
Burlington, was appointed president pro   At the time of Mr. Haskel's election,
tern Iore till a president should be chosen, the number of students in the university
but the prospects of the institution be- was reduced to 22; but, by his efficient
came so dark and unpropitious that the labors, they were rapidly increased, and,
acting college faculty were authorized to in the beginning of 1824, they amounted
suspend instruction in the institution to about 70. But the days of darkness
whenever they should think proper. Ac- and calamity were not yet ended. On
cordingly, soon after the commencement the 27th of May, of this year, the noble
of the fall term of 1821, public notice was college edifice was accidentally consumed
given in the chapel, that the operations of by fire and with it a portion of the library
the university would be indefinitely sus- and apparatus. Nor was this calamity
pended from and after the close of that the last, or the heaviest. The deep anxterm, and the students were advised not iety and arduous duties devolved upon
to abandon their collegiate course, but president Haskel, produced, during the
complete it in connexion with some other summer, a mental aberration, which reninstitution.                           dered him incapable of discharging the
The Phi Sigma Nu society, composed duties of his office. Thus were the fair
of students and graduates of the univer- and flattering prospects of the university
sity, had at this time a very respectable again involved in gloom and disappointlibrary, and the question now arose, what ment. But the friends of the institution
disposition shall be made of this? There were not discouraged. Before the sucwas at this time a considerable number of ceeding commencement in August, the
graduates of the university, who were citizens of Burlington  had subscribed
honorary members of the society, residing more than $8,300 towards the expense of
in Burlington, who were anxious that the erecting new buildings; and at the meetbooks should be so left that they could ing of the corporation, at that time, it was
have the use of them during the suspen-  resolved to proceed in the erection of the
sion of the university. A portion of these same, and Luther Loomis, George Moore
resided near the university, and another and Wm. A. Griswold were appointed a
portion in the lower part of tile town; the committee for that purpose. The Rev.
former wished the books to remain in the Willard Preston was chosen president,
university building  where they were, and rooms for the students and for recitawhile the latter wished them removed in- tion being provided in private houses, the
to their neighborhood.  This matter was course of instruction proceeded without
discussed with much warmth by the hon- interruption, while contracts were comorary members for several successive eve- pleted and arrangements made to proceed
nings, till at length the ordinary memr- without delay in the erection of the new
bers, who possessed the constitutional buildings.
right to provide for the safe keeping of   The plan adopted embraced three buildthe library, becoming weary of the debate, ings; the two outer ones, each 75 feet lon-,,
voted that the books should be boxed up 36 feet wide and three stories high, were
and placed in the hands of Dr. N. R.
Smith, one of the professors of the uni-   Thus it Would seem thatas tlhe abtlin ofges, once saved Rone, so the babbling of sophomores and
versity, for safe keeping.             others saved the university.




CHAP. S.               EDUCATION  AND LITERATURE.                         147
NEW BUILDINGS ERECTED.                          FUNDS, LIBRARY AND SOCIETIES.
commenced in the spring of 1825, and   Funds and support. These consist in
finished in the course of that and the fol- lands, the charges for tuition, and occalowing year, at an expense of' $10,000, sional subscriptions. Tile lands given by
which was nearly all subscribed by the the state for the support of the university,
inhabitants of Burlington and the imme- amounting to about 29,000 acres, afford at
diate vicinity. The corner stone of the present an annual income to the institusouth building was laid on the 29th of tion of about $2,a)0. The  remaining part
June, 1825, by General La Fayette, and of thq support is derived principally from
the ceremony was accompanied by suita- the charge for tuition and room rent.
ble religious exercises.*  Each of' these   In 1839, the Hon. Azarias Williams of
buildings contains 24 convenient rooms Concord, in this state, in consideration of
for students. The third, orcentral build  the payment of certain debts and of an
ing, was erected and nearly finished in annuity of $400, to be paid to him during
1829, and cost about $9,000.  It stands his life, deeded to the corporation of the
between the other two, is 86 feet long, university of Vermont, all his large landhas a projection in front and rear, and is ed property.  The lands thus deeded
6urmounted by a dome.  This building amount to about 15,000 acres in this state,
contains the public rooms, consisting  besides a considerable quantity lying in
of a chapel, museum, library, apparatus other states. The lands in Vermont conroom, societies' halls and rooms for recita- sist of a farm of 400 acres in Concord,
tion. All these buildings are substan- valued at $6,000, and of detached partially built of brick and covered with tin, eels and lots scattered' through the difand are furnished throughout with stoves. ferent towns in the northern part of the
The medical faculty was not fully or- state. On account of the annuity and the
ganized in connection with the university expenses required in putting these lands
till 1822, and in the fall of this year was in an available condition, the corporation
given the first full and regular course of at present derive no benefit from  this
medical lectures. From that time there accession to their property, but its ultiwas for several years an annual course of mate value to the institution is estimated
lectures, which were attended by a re- at about $25,000.
spectable number of students. The num-   Library. The library of the university
ber admitted during this period to the de- consists of about 8,000 volumes, and, in
gree of M. D., may be seen in the follow- proportion to its size, will not suffer in
ing catalogue.  In  1829, a building comparison with any other library in the
was erected at the south end of col- country. The books were mostly purlege green, which contains the chemical chased in Europe, and they consist, to a
laboratory of the university and commno- very great extent, of the best editions of
dious rooms for chemical, anatomical and the most rare and expensive works.
other lectures.  The regular course of   Societies. There are four permanent
medical lectures was kept up till 1833, societies connected with the university.
when they were suspended, and have not These are the Phi Sigma Nu, the Universince been resumed.                     sity Institute, the College of Natural
Mr. Preston resigned the presidency of History, and the Society for Religious
the university in 1826, and was succeeded Inquiry. The two first have respectable
by the Rev. James Marsh, who resigned and well selected libraries, that of the
that office in 1833, and the Rev. John Phi Sigma Nu consisting of 1500 volWheeler was elected to supply his place. umes, and that of the Institute of 1200.
At the period last mentioned, an effort was The room fitted up for the museum of the
made to relieve the university of its embar- College of Natural History is large and
rassments, and in the course of 1833 and commodious and the collections respecta-'34 an available subscription was raised for ble, particularly in the departments of
the institution of $26,000. This was prin- conchology and mineralogy.
cipally expended in the purchase of a   Admission. Candidates for admission
choice library and apparatus, and in the to the university must produce satisfactopayment of debts of the university. Fronm ry testimonials of a good moral character,
that period the condition and prospects of and sustain before one or more of the fhcthe institution have greatly improved.    ulty an approved examination in the following studies: —Common Arithmetic,
*This stone is situated in the north west corner Elements of Algebra, Elemmments of Anof the building and has upon it the tollowi-eg in- cient and Modern Geography, English,
Lasription             Latin and Greek Grammar, and be able
Laid by
to translate with facility Jacob's Greek
Gen. LA FAYETTE,            Reader, and six books ofG Homer's Iliad;
June 29, 1825.           Jacob's Latin Reader, Sallust or Cnsar's




148                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
COURSE OF STUDIES.                               PRESIDENTS AND CORPORATION.
Commentaries, Cicero's Select Orations mencement; the other of eight weeks
and Virgil. The authors here mentioned from the first Wednesday in January.
are preferred; but the amount of knowl-   The students are examined, at the close
edge will be regarded rather than particu- of each study, by the faculty; and also
lar books from which it has been acquired. annually by the faculty and a committee,
Those, who propose to pursue a partial during the three weeks immediately precourse of study,will be examined in those ceding commencement, in all the studies
studies which are necessary to a success- pursued under the direction of the faculty.
ful prosecution of their proposed course.  The examinations are intended to be exact
The regular seasons for the admission and thorough, and in each case the attainof students into the university are on the ments of every student are noted and reday preceding commencement, and that corded.
preceding the first day of the autumnal   The text books in the department of
term.                                   languages, though more numerous than
The parents or guardians of such as in most colleges, are not more expensive,
become members of the university, or the as the cheap German editions are used.
students themselves, are required to pay Entire authors are preferred to collections
the term bills, from year to year, in ad- of extracts. The use of these, it is bevance, or give bonds to the treasurer for lieved, furnishes an inducement to the
the payment of the same.                student to retain his classics, and to purC(OURSE OF STUDIES.           sue the study of them beyond the immeFreshman Class.             diate demands of the recitation room.
Fall Term.. —Algebra, Herodotus, Livy,             CATALOGUE
Greek and Latin Forms. Summer Term.-   OF ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.
Geometry, (plane and spherical,) HerodoI     [Note. —In the following catalogues, those who
tus, Livy, Tacitus, Roman Antiquities.   have died are designated bya *. The names of minSophomore Class.            isters in the list of graduates are in italic.]
Fall Term.-Tacitus,  Odyssey, Plane Elected.        Presidents.         Exit.
and Spherical Trigonometry, Conic Sec- 1800 Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, D. D. 1814
tions. Summer Term.-Surveying, Navi- 1815 *Rev. Samuel Austin, D. I).  1821
gation, Projections, Differential and In- 1821 Rev. Daniel Haskel, A. M.  1824
tegral Calculus,Quintilian,GreekOrators. 1825 Rev. Willard Preston, A. M. 1826
Junior Class.              1826 Rev. James Marsh, D. D.    1833
Fall Term. Horace, Thucydides, Sta- 1833 Rev. John Wheeler, D. D.
tics, Danymics.  Summer Term.-Latin
Drama, Greek Drama, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Chemistry, Galvanism and Elec- 1791 Rev. Caleb Blood,           1808
tricity, Magnetism, Electro-Magnetism  1791 Rev. Bethuel Chittenden,    1803
with experiments.                       1791 *Rev. Asa Burton, D. D.      1810
Senior Class.             1791 *H on. Ira Allen,             1796
Fall Term.-Physiology, Psychology, 1791 *Hon. Jonathan Arnold,          1796
Logic, Crystallography, Higher Mathe- 171 Hon. Enoch Woodbridge, A.B. 1805
matics, Astronomy. Summer Term.-As- 1791 *Hon. Samuel Hitchcock, A. B. 1813
tronomy, Metaphysics, Moral Philosophy, 1791Hon. Jonathan Hunt,           1807
Principles of Government, Rhetoric, Fine 1793'    *Joshua Stanton, Esq.   1802
Arts, Evidences of Natural and Revealed 1799 Rev. D.C. Sanders, D.D.Prest.1814
Religion.                               1800     *Wm.C. Harrington, Esq. 1809
Frequent exercises in Elocution, Com- 1801      David R-ssell, Esq.    1810
position and Translations are required 1802*Hon. Amos Marsh, A. M.    1811
through the whole course. Instruction  1802*Hon. Martin Chittenden, A.B. 1813
is given in French during the last two 18(i2*HOn. Royal Tyler, A. M.      1813
years. Biblical instruction is given on 1804*Rev. Publius V. Booge, A. M. 1810
the Sabbath. During the two last years 1804 Rev. Leonard Worcester,A.M.1S10
private classes maybe formed in Hebrew, 1804 Rev. Henry Green, A. M.   1813
Germam, Italian, or Spanish Languages. 1807 *Hon. Daniel Farrand, A. B.  1810
Lectures are given in Natural Philosophy, 1807    John Pomeroy, M. D.   1810
Natural History, Chemistry, &c.         1810 Hon. Samuel C. Crafts, A. M. 1818
Commencement is on the first Wed- 1810 Hon. J. D. Farnsworth, M. D. 1818
nesday in August. There are two vaca- 1810 *Hon. Ezra Butler,             1816
tions-one of four weeks from the corn  1810*Hon. Pliny Smith,             1816
1810 Rev. A. Bronson, A. M.       1816
* The Fall Term embraces the months of Sep-1810 Hon m. A. Griswold A.. 1819
tember, October, November and December. T 10 Hon.
SLmamer Term,' the months of Marche April, ay   1810 Hon. James Fisk, A. M.  1812
une and July.                     May'  1810 Hon. Titus Hutchinson, A.M. 1825




CHAP. 8.            EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                             149
CORPORATION.                        OFFICERS.                      PROFESSORS.
1810 Hon.Wm. C. Bradley, A.M. 1816 1817 Hon. Timothy Follett, A M   1823
1811 Rev. Jonathan Going, D. D. 1819 1]23          John N. Ponieroy, A. M. 1826
1812 Hon. Heman Allen, A. M.            1826       G. W. Benedict, A. M. 1834
(of -ighogate) 1816 1834 Hon. Alvan Foote, A. M.
1812     *Wm.C. Harrington, Esq. 1813                 Teasurers
1813 Hon Truman Chittenden,    1839.
1813 Hon TruHeman AllChittenden,    183A. M   1791 *Hon. E. Woodbridae, A. B.  1800
1813   on. Heman Alen, A. M.    1800'Wm.C. Harrington, Esq. 1809
(of BJn rlingtonM.,)  1809      David Russell, Esq.    1811
1813      John Pomeroy, M. D.   1822 1811          Ozias Buell Esq.       1832
1813 Rev.Willard Preston, A.M.  1815
1813 Rev. Willard Preston, A   M. 1821  1832 Hon. Timothy Follett, A. M. 1834
1814*Rev.AsayonA. M.             1821 1834       G. W   Benedict, A.M. 1839
1815 *Rev. Henry Green, A. M.   1821  1839        David Read, A. M.
1815 Rev. John Fitch, A. B.       1816
1815 *Rev. S. Austin, D. D., Prest. 1821              Librarians.
1816*Hon Martin Chittenden, A.B. 1818 1833        F. N. Benedict, A. M.   1836
1816      William Nutting, A. M.        18.36 Rev. Joseph Torrey, A. M.   1841
1816     *Jabez Penniman, Esq.  1822 1841         Henry Chaney, A. M.
1816 *Rev. Samuel Clark, A. M.   1817                 Professors.
1816 Rev. D. Haskel, A. M., Prest. 1824 1809      James Dean, A. M.,
1816 Hon. Ezra Meech,             1825
181.7     Luther Loomis, Esq.   1818              John Poand eroy M. Phil., 1814
1809      John Pomeroy, M. D.,
1818      Guy Catlin, Esq.,     1
1818 Rev. Leonard Worcester,A.M.1821                Jnatomy and Surgeamy, 1823
1818 Rev. Calvin Yale, A  M.      1833                  Camberlain,A.M.,'8`lr3'amnel Hickok, Esq.  ~~sfZ ~   Languages,  1814
1818      Samuel Hickok, Esq.   1822 1811 *Hon. Royal Tyler, A. M.,
1819 *Hon. William Baxter,        1827                      Jmnisprudence 1814
1821 Hon. Wm. A. Griswold, A. M.        1813      Jairus Kennan A. M.1814
1821 *Hon. Seth Wetmore,          1833                       an
1821. Rev. Joel Clapp, A. M.      1839 C1ea. and ReneravoJay, M817
1822 Rev. Rufus W. Bailey, A. M. 1829815 Rev. James Murdock, D. D1818
1822*Hofi. D. Azro A. Buck, A M. 1835                          Lfingua,,aes, 1818
1822 5HoD. Azro A. Buck, A. }M. 1835 1815 Rev. Ebenezer Burgess, A.M.,
1822      Daniel Kellogg, A. B.  1833 
1822      E. D. Woodbridge, A.M. 1833 1819 RevGa              d alielS. t. Pil., 1817
331819 Rev Gamnaliel S. Olds, A. M.,
1823 *Hon. Jonas Galusha,                             Mt and Nt. Phil., 1821
1823 Hon. Robert Pierpont, A. M.    33Lucas Hubbell A. M.,
1823      Charles Adams, A. M.                                            
1823 Rev. Otto S. Hoyt, A. M.    1833 L1naumceDaA  M                       8.24
1823 Hon. J. D. Farnsworth, M. D.       1821         James Dean, A. M.,
1823 Hon. Samuel Prentiss, L L.D.       1821      Nthan    a  Smith i  1824
1823 Hon. Horace Everett, A. M. 133  1natha d PS ysiolot               y 1825
1823 Hon. Isaac Fletcher, A. M.   1833 1821'Willian Paddock, M.D.,
1823 *Hon. Samuel C. Allen, A. M. 1833                 Bot* and Mat.  ed.,
1823 Hon. Salmna Hale, A. M.      1833
1825 Rev. W. Preston, A.M.,Prest. 1826 1821       Arthur L. and    racy, 1825
1825 Rev. John Wheeler, D. D.   1833 1823        *James K. Platt, M.D,
1825 Rev. Worthington Smith,A.M.                                 Surgery, 1825
1826 Rev. J. Marsh, D. D., Prest. 1833 1824 Rev. J. J. Robertson, D.D.
1827 Hon. Ira H. Allen,           1833bertson,..,
1833 Hon. Timothy Follett, A. M.        1825       G. W. B       enedict, A.M.,
1833 Rev. Simeon Parmelee, A.M.                      W. ene.,
1833 Hon. Alvan Foote, -.. M.                        math. d Jas'at. Phil, 1829
1833 Rev. John Wheeler, D.D., Prest., A
1835 Hon.Jacob Collamer, A. M.          1825      Wl. Sw       Lernages, 1827
1839 Exc. Charles Paine, A. M.
1839 Rev. William Mitchell, A. M.t                  Tleo. ant Prac. of sel.,  1832'ei      1825'H. S. Waterhouse, AI.D.,
Secretaries.urery, 187
1791 *Hon. Samuel Tlitchcock, A. B. 1800 1825     John Bell, M.D.,
1800 Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, D.D. 1804               Dnot. ond P4!/s;i!ogy, 1825
1804     *John Fay, A. B.         18'I8 1825      Win. Anderson, M.D.
1808      Charles Adams, A. M.  1611 1nat. annd Physiolofgy, 1828
1811     *Warren Loomis, A. M. 1817 1827 Rev. Joseph Torrey, A.M.,
The Governors and Speakers of the House of                   Lan1829ges.
Representatives are,ex officiis, members of the board, 1829  G. W. Benedict, A.M.,
but are omitted in this list.        N'at. Phil. and Chern. 1839




150                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
PROFESSORS AND TUTORS.                    ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.
1829      G. R. Huntington, A.M.,    *Timothy Tyler    Cephas Washburn
Mlathematics, 1832 Luther Wait,    Henry Woodward. 4
1829     *Benjamin Lincoln, M.D.,    Jared Willson.   8    HON ORARY.
l3nat. and Surgery, 1834  HONORARY.    Wm.A.Palmer,A.M.
1833      F. N. Benedict, A.M.,      S. Bronson, 2.3I.         1818.
3Math. and Civ, Eng.    *J.Chamberlain,A2.M3. *Benj. F. Bailey
1833 Rev. James Marsh, ).D.,         S. C. Crafts, A.M. Nehemiah Dodge
3loral and Int. Phil.'John Denison, 2.3M. Luman Foote
1835      Edward E. Phelps, M.D.,    Asa Green, A.M.   Jacob Maeck.      4
Anatomy and Surgery, 1837 T. Hutchinson,A.M.    HONORARY.
1835'Joseph Marsh, M.D.,        John Phelps, A.B.  C. Southworth,./.M.
Theo. and Prac. of Med. 1841'H.G.Spafford,A.M. *H. P. Strong, A.JM.
1837      Henry Chaney, A.M.,        *Royal Tyler, A.M. *A. Wheeler, A.B.
alTatural Philosophy.        1812        S. W. Whelpley,.d.M.
1839      G. W. Benedict, A.M.,      Horace Allen              1819.
VNat. Hist. and Chem.    James C. Dutcher  *Samuel Buel
Tutors.               Abial Fisher      *AJiahum Osgood
1804  Eliphalet B. Coleman,     1804 Hortice Griswold   James A. Paddock
1804  Eliphalet B. Coleman,     1804
1807  James Dean,               1809 *George Newell   *T/lomas K. Peck
1817  Lucas Hubbell,            1819 Robert Steele      Gamaliel B. Sawyer
1818 *Benjamin F. Bailey,       1819 Samuel H. Tupper        ge B. Shaw
1819  George B. Shaw,           1820 JosephWilliamson. 8 Sam'l.. Iorcester. 7
1820 *Royal Washburn,           1822     HONORARY.             1820.
t825  D)ana Lamb,              t1827 *F. Childs, A. M.  Seneca Austin
1827  Solomon Foot,             1828 James Fisk, A.M.  Heman.M. Blodgett
1828  George R. Huntington,     1829.ona. Going, A.J.  George C. Cahoon
Uriel C. Hatch, A.B. *Ebenezer Clapp
Grad~uates.             Alsa Miesser, LL.D. Samuel Flint
1804       Charles G. Lester  Charles Phelps, A.B. Silas C. Freeman
Charles Adams     John N. Pomeroy   I.P.Richardson,AM. Jared Kenyon
Wheeler Barns    Addison Smith       Joshua Y. Vail, A.M. Richard W. Smith'Jairus Kennan    Alden B. Spooner          1813.'Royal Washburn. 9
Justus P.Wheeler. 4 Joel Strong   [12 Ira Bellows           HONORARY.
1805       Stephen MI. Wheelock. Grove L. Brownell  E. H. Dorman,.M.3.
*Oliver Hubbell        HONORARY.    Israel Elliot       *.saph JMorgao n,q.yf.
*Asahel Langworthy John Pomeroy, M.D. David French.    aron Paltmer,..JM.
*Warren Loomis. 3 *T. Powell, M. B.  E. C. Grosvenor           1821t'
1806              1810        Sam'l G. Hopkins  *Ephraim.dLams
*John H. Chaplin  John Brownson      Lucas Hubbell      William C. Hickok
*Gardner Child    David M. Camp    Amos A. Parker    Henry Leavenworth'Ezra C. Gross    James D. Cobb      Phineas Randall'George Peaslee
*Cassius F. Pomeroy Jacob Collamer    Lem'l H. Wicker. 10 Edmund Weston. 5
James L. Sawyer   David Doane            HONORARY.          HONORARY.
James Strong.    6 Elijah Fletcher   Joseph Elliot, A.B. A. Partridge, A.M.
HONORARY.    Timothy Follett    Henry Green,.f. J.        1822.
James Dean, A.M. *John Kilburn    X.1. IKendrick, Al.M.  Pliny M. Corbin
1807       Dauphin King       H. H. Ross, A.M.  Thomas Nye
Amariah Chandler  William Noble             1814.       Moses Rolph.     3
Satterlee Clark    Jabez Parkhurst    Constantine Gilman    HONORARY.
*Lewis Johnson. 3 Quartus Parmelee  Isaac Holton        Spencer Clack, A.B.
HONORARY.    Joseph 1. 1Pussell  Isaac Moore               1823.
*Josiah Smith, A.M. *Mayhew Safford   Erastus Robt      Frederick H. Allen
1808       *Fred'k A. Sawyer Almon Warner   5 Warren Hoxsie
*Ira Hill         Davis Stone               1815.       Edwin Hutchinson
Arch'ld W. Hyde. 2 Norman Williams 17  University suspended. Orson Kellogg
HONORARY.         HONORARY.             1816.       *Royal M  Ransom
Jona. Nye, Jl. M,   B. Chandler, M.D. *Jehudi dshmun    Zadock Thompson
1809       *Samuel Clark, A.1.M. Samuel Clark.    2 James Towcner
William Atwater          1811            HONORARY.    *E. B. Williston. 8
eJohn H. Bird     *Luke B. Foster    J. Le C.Cazier, A.B.     M. D.
Chauncey Brownell *Henry Hitchcock  Elon Gatlusha,..B. Moses Chandler
Eli Brownson      Levi Holbrook             1817.       Elijah Cooper
Thomas Chittenden Oran Isham         Francis Bowman   Elisha Moore
Isaac R. Harrington Nathaniel Read   Earle Smith        John Morley.




CHAP. 8.           EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                          151
UNIVERSITY OF' VERDMONT.                  ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.
HONORARY.    Burrill S. Miner    Orange B. Heaton  Jona.P. Miller, A.M.
Wmi. F. Hall, A.M.  *Ezra Scovel     Frederick Johnson         1830.
C.P.Van Ness,LL.D. Daniel L. Shaw    Daniel H. Onion   James Dougherty
Charles Walke(il.JM. Joel Stone,     William P. Porter  Curtis A. Emerson
1824.       Lazarus Tousey    Benjamin F. Post  Perry Haskell
John A. Ferris    Miner Y. Turrill.  Thomas R. Powell  Oliver S. Powell.  4
Lynde C. Ferris       HONORARY.    Lawrence Proudfoot,  M- D.
Stephen L, Herrick  W. Atchinson, M.D. Henry H. Reynolds Ethan Allen
Geo. W. Houghton Isaac Fletcher, A.M. John W. Robison   Jacob Clark
Orramel Hutchinson D. L. Morril, LL.D. Benaiah Sanborn.  Amos Emerson
George H. Parker  Elijah Paine, LL.D.    HONORARY.    Benj. Fairchild
*John Storrs      M. Townsend,./.JM. Elijah Baker, M.D. Levi Goodenough
William W. Wells  Geo. E.Wales, A.M. Sylvester JVNash,.d.J. Isaac Hall
Boyd H. Wilson. 9        1826.       Robert Nelson, 1Ml.D. Edwin W. Hopkins
M. D..lsa Brainerd             1828.       Oliver T. Houghton
Horace P. Blair    Alexander Catlin   Seymour L. Allen  William Towner.
Christ'r Carpenter'Martin Chittenden lirchibald Fleminfg  HONORARY.
David E. Deming   Erastus D. Culver  Win. F. Griswold *Samuel S. WoodJulius Y. Dewey   Leonard M. Fitch   Daniel IWild.    4  bridge, A. M.
Lewis Dorwin      Daniel D. Francis        M. D.               1831.
John Gallup       Enoch Hale         Daniel Bates       Zenas Bliss
Edward Kane       Geo. R. Huntington Anselm Bray        Henry Chaney
Elias Smith       Daniel Parker      John Brown         John Fairchild
Orange Smith      Rotus Parmelee    Ira Day             Samuel Lee
Alvah Sprague     James F. Robinson  James Emery        Elon O. Martin
David Ward        John L. Russell    Foster Hooper      Benjamin B. J.ewton
John S. Webster   Guy B. Shepard    Tyler Mason         *George Powell
Tolman Wheeler.  William Wilsqn. 14 Collins R. Pierce   Edward Seymour
HONORARY.           M. D.        David R. Putnam   Chauncey Taylor  9
Heman Allen, A.M. Willis S. Alger    Joseph H. Ripley.        M. D.
S. C. Blythe, M.D. Anson Brackett        HONORARY.    S. P. Barnum
Silas Bowen, M.D. P. Chamberlain     M. BinghamL, z.1M.  Baxter Bowman
Jas. Campbell, M.D. John C. Colby    D. Goodyear, M.D. Calvin S. Millington
J.D.Farnsworth,MD John P. Hamilton   *John Lynde, A.M. Orrin Smith
E. Gillett, D.D.    Alexander H. Jones L. McDonald, 1.2M. Charles K. Swift
Salma Hale, A.M.  Samuel H. Lyon    Silas JMcKcen, /.J2I. John D. Wood.
L. E. Hall, M.D.   Ezekiel P. Minkler James Reid,./.IM.       1832.
Isaac Hill, A.M.    Lemwis Samburn          1829.       John Hutton
*H. Hunter,./.JM.  Renssalaer Soule   Asa O. Aldis     Harmon Loomis
*Henry  S. Water-    HONORARY.    C. D. Bradford        Tullius C. Tupper
house, M. D.  John Bristed, A..IM. John C. Jones    Robert Turnbull
1825.      A. H. Everett,LL.D. Jonathan Lamb     Willard Wadhams 5
*James Converse   H. Powell, M.D.   Seth C. Sherman           M. D.
Irad C. Day.Alvah Sabin,./t.2.  Cornelius Van Ness Jean B. Allard
Joseph A. Denison  *John Weston, M.D. O.W.Withington. 7 Albert C. Butler
*Alden Emmons            1827.             M. D.        Silvester Cartier
Henry Hutchinson  George /llen       Charles C. Arms   Cyrille H. O. Cote
Dana Lamb         Nicholas Baylies    Horace H. Bassford Samuel Hall
George Stone      *Charles F. Deming Cullen Bullard'Reuben Y. Maeck
Benjamin Swan    Francis S. Eastman Stephen C. Cady   Sylvester G. Matson
Alex. T. Tuttle    John Q. S. Edigell  Orrin S. Campbell  Moses Perley
James Van Ness    Anson E. Hathon   Jas. 11. Farnsworth  Samuel A. Robinson
Ira M1. Wead      Henry P. Hickok    William Green      *Seraphin Viger
Geo. P.Williams [13 Rodney D. Hill    Andrew L. Hayes       HONORARY.
G. R.M.Withington Byram Lawrence    John Meigs          JohnH. Hopkins,D.D
M. D.       Percival Morse     Daniel L. Porter   Jos.Painchaud,M.D.
Melvin Barnes     C. G. Newton       Gary Whitney       Wm.Robertson,M.D
Hosea Bliss       Chas. C. Severance John Work                 1833.
Paschal P. Brooks  A.A.Wainwright. 13 Elisha R. Wright.  Lorenzo Coburn
Norman Cleaveland        M. D.           HONORARY.    *Orville Hosford
Jesse H. Foster    Bela Bowman       Roswell Bates, M.D. George K. Platt. 3
Jamin Hamilton    Solon Campbell   Jona. Berry, M.D.           M. D.
Lucius Hitchcock  John B. Dousman   S. Bicknell, A.. Jl.   Darius A. Beckwith
Lyman T. Jenney  J. K. Hardenbrook  *Hope L.Dana,M.D. S. Newell Fisk




152                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART.I,
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.                     ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.
Pliny P. Greene    Orville G. WIheeler  Geo. R. Robertson  Sewall S. Cuttingo
Pliny Sherman.    Robert A. Wilson 18 Ezekiel H. Sayles   William A. Norton
HONORARY.          HONORARY.      Wm. G. T. Shedd  Hiram Powers
J. T. Ducatel, M.D. Step'nRyce,L.L.D  Marston C. Smith  John H. Walden
1834.       G. W. Stronir,L.L D Charles Temple           1841.
Charles D L. Brush Tiuos. Mlc.u/ey, D.D. Edward Van Sicklen William T. Barron
Justin B. Taylor.  2      A. M.       *Charles Wells  2c John N. Baxter
HONORARY.    Herman R.Beardsley    HONORARY.         David Black
David Russell, D.D. Joel B'ackmer     Henry Clay, L.L.D. Henry S. Brewster
Rosioell Shurtleff,DD Julius Converse    Carlton Chase, D. D. Daniel B. Buckley
Alvan Stewart,A.M. Joseph B. Eastman         A. M.       Samuel C. L. Curtis
1835.       Samuel S. Fitch    Joseph D. Allen    (hristop'r M. Davey
Edward H. Billings Roswell Marsh      Edward H. Brown  Jonathan W. Earle
Samuel B. Bostwick        1838.       Edwin F. Johnson  Edward Everett
Benjamin Gould   John S. Adams        St. J. B. L. Skinner Elliot T. Farr   -
Henry E. Seymour. 4 Homer H. Benson          1.840.      Frederick T. Hall
HONORARY.    George Blackman  John H. Bates          William L. Knowles
B.J.Heineberg,M.D  Edward A. Cahoon Dudley C. Denison George L. Lyman
Benj. Mooers, M. D. Hugh Cameron      Joseph C. Fowler   Eber Maltby
A. M.       Chas. S. Carpenter  Henry Hale        Warren H. Marsh
Farrand N. Benedict Rufus Case        William Higby      Edgar Meech
Carlos Coolidge    John F. Deane      Daniel C Houghton Charles C. Parker
Hiland Hall        Win. L. Dickinson  Daii'l S. AMcMlasters William W. Peck
Henry F. lanes     Zechar'h N. Garbutt Ira Morey         Moses S. Prichard
*Joseph Marsh      *.ndrea lHarris    Benjamin F. Mower Douglas Smith
Edward E. Phelps  Henry B. Janes    Henry J. Raymond Torrey E. Wales
Isaac F. Redfield   John B. Johnson    Thomas Rice       F. E. Woodbridge 22
Benj. H. Smalley   Alexander Mann   James R. Spalding,   HONORARY.
Phineas Spaulding  Calvin Pease       John S. D. Taylor  Benj. Labaree, D. D.
Andrew Tracy       Charles W. Potwin  Benj. J. Tenneyl4 E. W  Gilbert, D. D.
Philip C. Tucker.  l/bin K. Putnam         IONNORARY.           A. M.
William Upham.   Charles S. Putnam  Elijah Heddingx,D.D Wm. B. Benedict
1836.       George W. Reed            A. M.       Calvin Granger
Wm. H. 2t. Bissell  Andrew Robertson  CorneliusM.Brosnan Wm. H. C. Hosmer
Franklin Butler    John G. Smith
Oscar F. Dana      Simeon H. Stevens  Whole number of Alumni,            314
Edwin Flint        John W. Weed              "  "   of Medical graduates 107
Edward W. Marsh  George H. Wood 24   Li,  of Honorary degrees 140
Charles W. Rich        HONORARY. 
Elb. Walbridge.  7 Silas Wright,L.L.D.                        Total      561
HONORARY.            A. M.
*Samuel Gile, D.D. Lucius F. Doolittle
A. M.       Lucius B. Peck                  SECTION IV.
William F. Currey  Robert Pierpont
Paul Dillingham    Samuel B. Prentiss           Middlebury Collee.
Geor(re W. Ranslow John Smith           A county grammar school had been
David Read.        Jona. D. Woodward established at Middlebury in 1797, and
1837.       Ammi B. Young    more than $4000 was shortly after raised
George W. Angell          1839.       by subscription, mostly in Middlebury, to
Charles L. Austin   Harvey Adams      defray the expense of erecting a suitable
Erasmus L Carpenter Joseph W. Allen    building for its accommodation. In 1798,
Horace Everett    Dudley C. Blodgett while the building was in progress of
Arthur M. Foster   Moses P Case       erection, Dr. Dwight happened to be at
James W. Hickok  Edmund T. Dana   Middlebury, and, as little had then been
Almon Lawrence   Josiah A. Fletcher  done towards carrying into effect the act
J.oseph H. JMyers   James Forsyth     establishing a University at Burlington,
Jason Niles        Isaac N. Gregrory   he encouraged the people of Middlebury
a.aron G. Pease    William T. Herrick to prosecute the plan of establishing a
George H. Peck    John H. Hopkins   college at that place. They accordingly
Joseph Scott       George F. Houghton applied to the legislature for a college
Benjamin L. Shaw   (harles Jarvis     charter, with the hope, on the part of
Andrew J. Smith   William F. Macrae  some, that they might also obtain the
Alexis C. Stevens  Charles P. Marsh   lands which had already been granted to
Ebenezer M. Toof  William P. Pierson  the University. They succeeded in ob



CRAP..             EDUCATION AND LITERATURE                             153
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.                             SUPPORT, BUILDINGS, SOCIETIES.
taining an act of incorporation dated No- proceedings it was declared invalid by the
vember 1, 1800, with the title of the courts, and only about $14,000 of it was
"President and Fellows of Middlebury realized. In 1835, another subscription
College," but all endowment by the state for the benefit of the college was comwas refused. The Rev. Jeremiah Atwa- pleted, from which $25,000 has been reter, who had been a tutor in Yale College, alized, of which $15,000 was appropriated
and who was at that time principal of the for the erection of a new college edifice.
Addison County Grammar School, was
Addison County Grammar School, was   Buildings.-The college buildings conconstituted President of the College by sist, at present, of three spacious edifices.
the act of incorporation, and under his The oldest, which is of wood, and at pressuperintendence, the institution was im- ent known as the east college, was erectent known as the east college, was erectmediately organized, and seven students ed in 1798, as already mentioned. It is
admitted. The first commencement was            ed into convenient rooms for
held in 1802, when only one student re- students.  The second building, called
ceived the degree of A. B.; but the stu- the north college, was completed in 1815.
dents increased so rapidly that in 1808 It is built in a substantial manner of light
the graduating class numbered 23. In
theradutin  clascolored limestone, is 106 feet long,40 wide,
1809, President Atwater gave in his re- and 4 stories high, containing 48 rooms for
signation, and in Feb. 1810, Henry Davis, students. The third building, called the
professor of languages in Union College, chapel, was completed in 1836, at a
was appointed resident.    e resigned cost of $15,000.  It is built of limein 1817, to accept the presidency of Ham- stone, is 75 feet in length by 50 in
ilton College, and was succeeded by the breadth, and  resents a handsome front
Rev. Joshua Bates, who resigned in 1839, to the east. Besides a place for public
and was sudceeded, in 1840, by the Rev,       east. Besides a place for public
eand was sumn eeded, in 1840, by the Rev. worship, it contains three lecture rooms,
Benjamin Labaree.                      three rooms for libraries, six recitation
Support.-Having received na endow- rooms, and three private rooms for offiment from the state, this institution has, cers.
from the beginning, depended entirely   Library-A  college hibary was comupon the tuition and the liberality of in- menced with the college in 1800, and
dividuals for support, and the zeal with about $1000 was then subscribed by a few
which it has been sustained is highly spirited individuals for the purchase of
creditable to the people of Middlebury books, and the increase since has been
and vicinity. Among the long list of its principally by onation ofbooks. It now
benefactors the names of Samuel Miller, principally by donation of books. It now
benefactors the names of Samuel Miller, amounts to about 3000 volumes.  The
Arad Hunt, Gamaliel Painter, Joseph libraries belonging to the societies in colBurr, and Isaac Warren deserve particu- lege number, in addition, about 2500 vollar notice. The former of these gentle- umes.
men inade a donation to the college of
$1000, at an early period of its existence.   Apparatus. —The philosophical apparaIn 1813, Geln. Arad Hunt, of Hinsdale, tus is sufficiently extensive for illustra.
N. H., deeded to the college, lands in ting a full course of lectures, and contains
Albany, Vt., amounting to more than many excellent instruments. The prin5000 acres, the rents of which make an cipal part of it was imported from Lonimportant part of the present income of don in 1817.  The  chemical apparatus,
the institution. Gamaliel Painter, Esq, which is sufficient for ordinary purposes,
who died at Middlebury, May 21, 1819, was procured in London in 1828. The
made the college the residuary legatee of cabinet of minerals and other natural obhis estate, and from that about $13,000 jects forms a prominent attraction to viswas realized. Joseph Burr, Esq., of Man- itors. It presents, in a very neat and
chester, who died April 14, 1828, left a systematic arrangement, 1550 specimens
legacy to the college of $12,200, as the in mineralogy and geology, and 2500 in
foundation of a professorship. And in zoology and botany. Of the latter a large
1834, Dea. Isaac Warren, of Charlestown, part are recent additions.
Mass., left the college a legacy of $3000,   Societies.-Soon after the establishment
besides subscribing $1000 for the support of the college, the Philomathesian society
of an additional professor. In addition was formed for the general improvement
to the subscription for the erection of the of the students. It was incorporated in
first building in 1798, in 1810 several 1822, and has a library of about 2000 volthousand dollars were raised for building umes.  Its meetings are held weekly
what is called the north college. In 1816 during term time, at which questions are
a subscription of more than $50,000 was discussed and compositions read by memfilled out for the benefit of the college, bers previously appointed. It has an an4ut on account of some irregularity in the nual exhibition, usually on the day prePT. II.         2




154                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PAnT I1.
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.                                       COURSE OF STUDIES.
ceding'commencement.  In 1804, the                Junior Class.
Philadelphian society was formed.  It   Fall Term. Demosthenes and Eschi.
consists of professors of religion only, and nes de corona; Tacitus finished; Bridge's
its object is the cultivation of the moral Conic Sections; Olmsted's Philosophy;
faculties, and the religious improvement Gray's Chemistry; Rhetoric finished.
of its members. It has a library of about Spring Term. Greek Tragedies; Electra
500 volumes. In 1813, two other socie- of Sophocles, and Alcestis of Euripides;
ties were formed, one for the purpose of Cicero de Oratore; Olmsted's Philosoaiding indigent students by furnishing phy finished; Gray's Chemistry finished.
them with text books, and called the Be- Summer Term. Greek Tragedies finished;
neficent society; and the other, called the De Oratore finished; Herschel's AstronCharitable society, for the purpose of as- omy; Gray's Botany; Eaton and Wright's
sisting indigent, but pious and talented or Buck's Botany for analysis.
young men, in obtaining a liberal education and in qualifying for the work of the         Senior Class.
gospel ministry, either by giving or loan-   Fall Term. Stewart's Elements of the
ing them  money. This last society is Philosophy of the Mind, with references
now merged in the north-western branch to the works of Locke, Reid, Brown and
of the American Education Society. In Upham; Wayland's Moral Philosophy;
1824 was held the first meeting of the Paley's Evidences of Christianity; ZoolAssociated Alumni of the college. They ogy. Spring Term. Intellectual Philosannually appoint an orator and poet to ophy continued; Vattel's Law of Nations;
address them at commencement, and have Evidences of Christianity continued; Daalready published several valuable ora- na's Mineralogy; Hitchcock's Geology.
tions.                                 Summer Term. Wayland's Political EconAdmission.-For admission to the Fresh- omy; Butler's Analogy; Geology finman Class, candidates are examined in ished; Paley's Natural Theology.
Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar,              Winter Term.
Cicero's Select Orations, Virgil, Sallust,
Goodrich's or Sophocles' Greek Gram-   The above constitutes the regular co
mar, Jacob's Greek Reader, or an equiv- lege course. Besides this there i a  inalent, Latin  Prosody, Writing Latin, ter Term, extending from the 1st WednesArithmetic and Geography. To be ad- day in December to the 2d Wednesday
mitted to an advanced standuring which the members
the requisites for admission to the Fresh- of all the classes, who are not excused for
man Class, the candidate must sustain a the purpose of teaching school, are resatisfactory examination in all the studies quired to be present, and to pursue such
pursued by the class he would enter, up supplementary course of studies as the
to the time of his joining it.        faculty shall prescribe.
Lectures on Natural Philosophy, ChemSTUDIES AND TEXT Booxs.         istry, and Introductory to Botany and
Freshman Class.            Zoology are delivered before the Junior
Class; and on Zoology, Mineralogy, GeFall Term.   Xenophon's Cyropwdia; Ology, NaturalTheology, Astronomy, MeFolsom's Livy; Davie's Bourdon's Alge- teorology, Civil Engineering, and on Elobra, half completed; Porter's Analysis  quence and Style, before the Senior
Spring Term.  Cyropaedia, Livy, and Class.
Algebra finished; Jamieson's Rhetoric.   Declamations, Compositions and TransSummer Term. Homer's Iliad, Horace's lations are required frequently through
Odes; Playfair's Euclid; Jamieson's Rhet- the whole course.
oric finished.
Examinations are held at the close of
Sophomore Class.            each term of the regular college course,
Fall Term. Iliad continued; Horace and that at the close of each year extends
and Euclid finished; Whately's Logic. to all the previous studies.
Spring Term. Xenophon's Memorabilia;   Commencement on the third WednesCicero de Officiis; Day's Mathematics. day in August annually.
Logarithms, Plane Trigonometry, Men-   Vacations. From Commencement four
suration of Superfices and Solids, Isoper- weeks; from the last Wednesday in Noimetry; Logic finished. Summer Term. vember one week; from the 2d WednesMemorabilia continued; Tacitus' Histo- day in February two weeks; and from
ry; Day's Mathematics, Mensuration of the 3d Wednesday in May two weeks.
Heights and Distances, Navigation and   Every student, on entering college, is
Surveying; Spherical Trigonometry; required to give a bond to the treasurer,
Whately's Rhetoric.                   with sufficient sureties, to secure the reg



CHAP. 8.           EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                           155
YIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.                            CORPORATION AND PROFESSORS.
ular payment of his college bills, and the 1830 Hon. Benjamin Swift, A. M. 1839
bills are made out at the close of each 1830 Rev. Dan'l O. Morton, A. M.
quarter. Those who enter to an advanced 1831 Rev. Willard Child, A. M.
standing are required to pay one half of 1833 Rev. Lyman Coleman, A. M. 1840
the back tuition except when they come 1834 R]ev. Edward W. Hooker. A.M.
from another college.                 1834 Hon. Phineas White, A. M.
CATALOGUE                  1834 Rev. Hadley Proctor, A. M.
or ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES. 1837 Rev. Charles Walker, A. M.
Presidents.  Exit 1837      William Page, A. M.
1838 Hon. Isaac F. Redfield, A. NI,
1800 Rev. Jeremiah Atwater, D. D. 1809 1839 Rev. Joshua Bates, D. D.
1810 Rev. Henry Davis, D. D.    1817 1839 Rev. Harvey F. Leavitt, A. M.
1818 Rev. Joshua Bates, D. D.    1839 1840 Rev. Joseph D. Wickham, A. M.
1840 Rev. Benjamin Labaree, D. D.     1840 Rev. Elijah W. Plumb, A. M.
Corporation.             1840 Rev. Amos B. Lambert, A. M.
1800 Hon. Nath'l Chipman, L. L. D.    1840 Rev. Silas H. Hodges, A. M.
18;00 Rev. Heman Ball, D. D.    1821 1840 Hon. Zimri Howe, A. M.
1800 Hon. Elijah Paine          1809 1841 Rev. Otto S. Hoyt, A. M.
1800 Hon. Gamaliel Painter      1819 1841 Rev. Lucius L. Tilden, A. M.
1800 Exc. Israel Smith, A. M.    1810 1841 Rev. Lucius M. Purdy, A. B.
1800 Hon. S. R. Bradley, L. L. D. 1830             Treasurers.
1800      Seth Storrs, A. M.    1837 1800 Hon. Darius Matthliews       1803
1800 Hon. Stephen Jacob, A. M.  1810 1803       Samuel Miller, A. M.  1806
1800 Hon. LDaniel Chipman, A. M.      1806 Hon. Samuel Swift, A. M.   1810
1810     John Simmons, A. M.  1829
1800 Rev. Aaron Leland, A. AI.   1833 1829      William G. Hooker    1830
1800 Rev. Gershom C. Lyman,D.D. 1805 1830 Rev. Wm. C. Fowler, A. M. 1837
1800     Samuel Miller, A M.   1810 1837 Hon. Samuel Swift, A. M.   1839
1800 Hon. J. P. Buckingham, A. M. 1823 1839     Peter Starr, A. M.
1800 Hon. Darius Matthews       1819
1801 Rev. William Jackson, A.. ecretaries.
1802 Rev. Job Swift, D. D.      1804 1800       Seth Storrs, A. M.     1807
1805 Rev. Martin Tullar, A. M.   1813 1807      Peter Starr, A. M.     1815
1806 Rev. Samuel Shepard, A. M. 1813 1815 Eon. Samuel Swift, A. M,   1826
1806 Rev. Thomas A. Merrill, D. D.    1826      Harvey Bell, A. M.
1806 Rev. Sylvester Sage, A. M.  1840
1810 Rev. Bancroft Fowler, A. M. 1825               rofessors.
1810     David Edmond, A. M.  1824                    LaID.
1810 Hon. Horatio Seymour, A. M.      1806 lon. Daniel Chipman, A. M. 1810
1811 Rev. Asa Burton, D. D.     1823 1816 Hon. Nath'l Chipman, L. L. D.
1811 Hon. Chauncey Langdonl   1830   Yathematies and Natural Philosophy.
1811 Hon. Asa Aldis, A4. M.     1815
1815 Rev John Fitch, A. M.      1817 1806 Frederick Hall, L. L. D.    1824
1817 Exc. Richard Skinner, A. M. 1833 1825  Edward Turner, A. M.       1838
1817 Rev. Henry P. Strong, A. M. 1823 1838  Solomon Stoddard, A. M.   1833:
1817 Hon. William Hall, A. M.   1830 1838 Alexander C. Twining, A. M.
1819     Peter Starr, A. N.                 Greek and Latin Languages.
1819     Ira Stewart                  1811  Oliver Hurlburd, A. M.     181D
1819 Hon. Joel Doolittle, A. M.   1841 1812 Rev. John Hough, A. M,   1817
1819 Hon. Z. R. Shepherd, A. M. 1841 1817  Solomon M. Allen, A. M,   1817
1819 Rev. Abraham Bronson, A. MI. 1832 1818  Robert B. Patton, A. M.    1825
1819 Rev. Chester Wright, A. M. 1840 1825  Rev. John Hough, A. M.   1838
1821 Rev. Walter Chapin, A. M.  1826 1838  Solomon Stoddard, A. M,
1821 Rev. Absalom Peters, D. D.  1841.1821 Hon. Jonathan Hunt, A. M.  1832                Theology.
1821 Hon. Abner Forbes          1829 1817  Rev. John Hough, A.M.    1825
1823 Rev. Nath'l S. Prime, A. M. 1826     Chemistry* and Natural History.
1824 Rev. N. S. S. Beman, D. D.       1828 Re. Wm. C. F er A. 1838
1825 Rev. Josiah Hopkins, A. M. 1840 1828 Rev.W.C. F e AM
1825 Hon. C. K. Williams, L. L. D.    1838 Charles B. Adars, A. M.
1825 Hon. Rollin C. Mallary, A. M. 1831   * he professorship of Chemistry was established
1827 Hon. Samuel Swift, A. I.         in 1816, and the Rev. Gamaliel S. Olds, of Green1830 Rev. Wmn. B. Sprague, D. D. 1839 fiel, Mass., appointed to the office; but on account
of some misuuderstarding betAween hin and the cor1830 Rev. Jedediah Bushnell, A. M.    poration, he never joined the institution.




156                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       FART 11
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.                                  TUTORS AND GRADUATES.
Rhetoric and English Literature.    *Thomas E. Hale      HONORARY.
1838 Rev. John Hough, A. M.    1839 Daniel G. Hopkins  *Eli P. Ashmun,A M
1840 Rev. Albert Smith, A. M.         *Thomas D.Huggins TrumanBaldwin,jAM
Ira.Manley        Allen Greeley, At. JM.
Tutors.               *David M'Whorter *Jedediah P. Buck1800  Joel Doolittle, A. M.      1801 *Matthew Phelps      ingham, A. M.
1801  Samuel Swift, A. M.        1803 *Wm. D. Smith    John Hough, A. M.
1803  Experience Porter, A. M.   1804 Juba Storrs     12 *Dan IKent, A..M.
1804  Thomas A. Merrill, D. D.   1.805    HONORARY.    John Williams,A.M.
1804  Walter Chapin, A. M.       1805 *Asa Burton, D. D. Marcus Doolittle
1.805  Frederick Hall, A. M.     1806 Elihu Smith,A. tM.        1808.
1806  Allen Greeley, A. M.       1808 *Lemuel Haynes,AJ.  Asa Aikens
1808  Oliver Hurlburd, A. M.     1811 L. Worcester, A. M. Samuel Champlin
1809  Richard Hall, A. M.        1810 William L. Strong   *Perez Chapin.
1810  Ira Bascom, A. M.          1811 *Curtis Judson     Fitch Chipman
1811  William Groodell, A. M.    1813 Uriah Wilcox       G. D. Chipman
1811  Horace Conant, A. M.       1813        1805.       *J6seph W. Clary
1813  Joel H. Linsley, D. 1)D.   1815 Amos Bingham       John Dickson
1813  Samuel S. Davis, A. M.    1814 Luther P. Blodgett  Udney H.'Everest
1814  Solomon M. Allen, A. M-   1817 William H. Cooley Richard Hall
1815  Eleazer Barrows, A. M.     1815 Joel Davis         J. P. K. Henshaw
1815  Otto S. Hoyt, A. M.        1816 Jesse Gove         *Solomon S. Miller
1816  Reuel Keith, D. D.         1817 *Daniel Gray       Noadiah Moore
1817  Holden Rhodes, A. M.       1817 Daniel Hall        Josiah Peet
1817  Daniel Hemenway, A. M.   1818 * Timothy Harris    R. Robinson
1817  Robert B. Patton, A. M.    1818 John Lawton        C. L. Rockwood
1818  Franklin Sherrill, A. M.    1820 *Joseph D. Learned *Hippocrates Rooe
1818  Henry Howe, A. M.          1820 *Rollin C. Mallary  James N. Seaman
1820  Jona. C. Southmayd, A M.  1823  *Calvin VNoble     Luther Sheldon
1820  Justus W. French, A. M.   1821 Justus Post         Joseph Sill
1821  Heman Rood, A. M.          1822 *Julius A. Preston  Ebenezer T. Sperry
1822  Josiah F. Goodhue, A. M.  1823 Salem Town          William Swetland
1823  Edward Turner, A. M.       1825 *Chester Wright 16 Joshua Y, Vail
1824  Luther G. Bingham, A. M. 1825       HONORARY.    *Edward Warren 23
1825  John Stevens, A. M.        1827 William Boies,.A. M.
1827  Edwin Hall, A. M.          1828 BancroftFowler,A.E   HONORARY.
Edw'd BaHooker,A.M!
1828  Henry Smith, A. M.         1830 Thos. JA.Mferrill,JA..M. Edw'd Hooker,A.M.
1830  Truman M. Post, A. M.    1832          1806.           lChpman,A.M.
1832  William H. Parker, A. M.  1834 *Willian Andrews   Pliny Moore, A. M.
1834  Harvey Curtis, A. M.       1835 Calebve, L.  L. D.
1835  Samuel S. Howe, A. M.    1836 *Asahel Clark               1809.
1836  Leonard Rawson, A. M.    1837 Solomon G. Conklin Harvey Bell
1836  James Meacham, A. M.       1838 Chauncey Cook      Bela Edgerton
1836  Harvey D. Kitchell, A. M.  1837 Eli Eddy           Micajah Fairfield
1837  James D. Butler, A. B.     1838 John Frost         Benjamin Foster
1838  James M. Flagg, A. M.      1838 Daniel Hascall     M. N. Kinney
1838  J. A. B. Stone, A M.       1839 *Daniel Hunter    Thomas Leland
1839  R. D. C. Robbins, A. M.    1829 *Oliver Hurlburd   Benj. B. Stockton
1839  William Franklin Bascou         *Oliver Leavitt    J. D. Winchester  8
1840  David F. Stoddard          1840 *Luther Leland         HONORARY.
1840  Milo Judson Hickok         1840 Stephen Martindale  Alex..MLeod, D. D.
*Calvin Sheldon 14        1810.
GHONORARY.    Horace Conant
1802.'Jno. B. Preston,AM Frederick Hall,A.M. William Goodell'Aaron Petty     ] *John Simmons,A M *William Hall, A.M. *Fifield Holt
HONORARY.    *Cephas Smith, A M Exp'nce Porter, AM. Justus S. Hough
Joel Doolittle, A M  Peter Starr, A M        1807.       Zimri Howe
1803.      Samuel Swift, A M  *Ira Bascom         E. H. J.ewton
* Walter Chapin    C. K. Williams, A M *D. A. A. Buck    John S. Pettibone
Henry Chipman             1804.       Nathan S. S. Beman *Stephen C. Pitkin
Edw. S. Stewart  3 Charles Barney     *Mills Purdy       *Daniel Smith     9
HONORARY.    Jonathan Bell        Stephen Royce          HONORARY.
Archb'd Bennet,AM *Milo Cook          William Slade      Austin Hazen,...M.
*C. Langdon, A M  James B. Gibson    Oliver C. Stewart 7 Const'ne StorrsA.M




CHAP. 8.           EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                            157
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.'        ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.
1811.       F. R. Cossit              1815.       Uriel Fuller
Nathan G. Babbitt NJathan Douglass   *Edward Aiken    Samuel Hitchcock
Eleazer Barrows    Junius H. Hatch    Salmon Bennet      Henry Howe
Titus Brown        *Thomas Hopkins  Dana Clayes          Enos B. M. Hughes
Carlos Coolidge    Otto S. Hoyt       *Silas Chipman     Thomas Huntington
Enoch Corser       Luther Humphrey   *Edward Cone        Chauncey G. Lee
Charles Davis      Hall J. Kelley     *Oliver D. Cooke  Jacob JN. Loomis
Jeremiah Flint     George W. Kirtland Henry Crawford    Charles Nicoll
Calvin Hitchcock    *Sylvester Larned   *Lucius C. Foot    John Russell
Joseph Labaree     Abiel P. Mead      Alfred Gillet      F. Gillet Smith
James Lansing      *Selah H. Merrill  G. H. Green        *J. C. Southmayd
A. B. Lawrence    Samuel Nelson       David A. Hall      Charles Watrous
Joel IH. Linsley   Benjamin Nixon    Daniel Hemen26ay  *Lyman Whitney 18
Thos. P. Matthews *Henry G. Palmer Ira Ingraham              HONORARY.
Benton Pixley      Otis Rockwood      Leonard E. Lathrop Jeremiah Day, D. D.
John Sargeant      John Ross          A. Van Tuyl Leavitt Rich'dSkinner,A.M.
Calvin Solace      D. D. Rossetai     *Alonzo Phillips    Enoch D. WoodJMiles P. Squier   Reuben Smith       Holden Rhodes        bridge, A. M.
Heman Swift        *JNoble D. Strong   Louis Robbins     *Selah Gridley,A.ML
Jonathan Taylor 19 *Humphrey Webster Charles Smith       Roger Searle, A...M.
HONORARY.    *Lucas Whitcomb  C. Southworth          Abr'm Bronson, A..
*C.Chauncey,L.L.D Joseph Whitley      Lucius A. Spafford  SylvesterHaynes, A M
Alex. Proudfit, D. D. * Charles Wilcox    Jesse Strickland    Jonathan Hovey, A M
*DavidEdmond,A.M John Willard         Ebenezer Washburn Erwin Hopkins, A M
H. Seymour, A. M. Hubbard Willson 29 Daniel E. Watrous          1818.
*HenryBigglow,A.M.    HONORARY.    Miron Winslow         Charles E. Avery
Asahel Stone, A. M. Josiah Hopkins,A.j. *Samuel Wolcott   Harvey Ball
B. Parks, A. M.    Sam'l Leonard, A. Z. Silas Wright     C. P. Beman
1812.       S. Parmelee, A. AJ   David Gould      Samuel Center
Jonathan Adams                        Isaac Parker       E. W. Chester
Jnoseph R. Andru1814                   Silas Safford   30 John Clancey
Seth S. Arnold     Samuel C. Aiken        HONORARY.    Philetus Clark
Gustavus A. Bird   David Bailey       *Jonas Coe, D. D.  Jonathan Clement
Stephen Bliss     R. Chamberlain    James Laurie, D. D. Dexter Hitchcock
Isaac N. Cushman  Benjamin Chase    S. H. Tupper, A. M. *Samuel.Mosely
Samuel S. Davis   Ira Chase                  1816.       William Page
Martin C. Deming  Caleb Clark         Benson C. Baldwin  William Patton
*Martin Fitch      Nehemiah Cutter   Harace Belknap    Marcus A. Perry
Henry Fuller       Orson Douglass    Hiram Bingham       Henry Sheldon
AJllen Graves      *Benjamin Durkee  Lucas Bowen         Marcus Smith
Friend M. Hall     Noah Emcrson       Ambrose L. Brown John B. Steele
George S. Henshaw *Pliny Fisk        Alonzo Church       Dan Stone
Oren Hyde          Calvin Foote       *Charles G. Haines Samuel Tuttle   18
Hiram S. Johnson   Benj. Gildersleet    Edward Hollister     HONORARY.
Chester Long      *Thomas C. Henry  Edwin James          *Chs. Y. Chase, A.M
Daniel O. Morton   Edwai'd W. Hooker Asa Messer          Lyman Beecher, D.D.
Matthew Perkins'  Reuel Keith         Nahum Nixon               1819.
*William Perrin    George May         David Root         Isaac R. Barber
Benjamin Pettingill George R. Minot   Amherst D. Scovell Joseph Bryan
*James K. Platt    Pliny Moody        Daniel H. Skinner  J. L. Burnap
Isaac Read         *Willard J. Parker Henry Stowell      Galen C. Carter
Ashley Sampson    *Ezekiel C. Parks  Joel Turrill        Stephen Coburn
Horace Shumway   *Levi Parsons        David Willson   17 Amzi Francis
Job S. Swift       Richard Pearse         HONORARY.    *Ralph Gowdy
Josiah Town     26 *Philanthrop's Perry John Joice, A. A.   Beriah Green
HONORARY.     Reuben Post        Eben'r Hebard,.. M. *Jonathan L. Hale
*G. C. Lyman, D. D. *Noah Smith       Moses Strong, A. M. *Caleb Hemenway
*A. Pettingill, A. M. Spencer Wall    S. H. Holley, A. M. David.Metcalf
James Davis, A. M. Moses E. Willson 28       1817.       *Roswell Mills
1813.          HONORARY.      Ethan Allen         *Moses G. Noyes
*Solomon M. Allen Andrew Yates, D. D. *Joseph Brown      Joel Rice
Seneca G. Bragg   J. J. Janeway, D. D. Jonas Coburn      Heman Rood
Thomas P. Chapin  *Aaron Leland, A. M. Palmer C. Dorr    Seth P. Storrs
Henry Conant       Sam'l S.Phelps,A.M. Justus W. French   Daniel Washburn




158                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT                      PART 11L
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.                        ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.'P. T. Williams 18 Zep'h Swift, L L D  Bennet Tyler, D D   James B. Wilcox  17
HONORARY.    J. Fisher, A B and M D *Henry Axtell, D D  HONORARY.
Frank. Sherrill,A.M. *HenryWheaton,A B *Jno. V.Henry, L L D *EdwardTurner, A M
James C. Bliss, A.M. Edward Tudor, M D E. Huntington, M D Richard C. Morse
Clark Kendrick,lA.M7.    1822.      * Wm. Anderson, M D Benjamin B. Smith
/lmmi NVichols,.1. M. George C. Beckwith S. W. Whelpley, A M John Kellogg, A M
A. H. Chappell,A.M. Hiram Chamberlain JosephA.Gallup, A Di Charles Walker, A M
Aaron Palmer, A M   laron Church            1824.       Thomas Fletcher, A M
1820.       Moses Church      Mervin Allen       Adin Kendrick, M P
Ira. llen       *Bicknell C. Cole     lvin Butler     Paul Wheeler, M D
Isaac 0. Barnes    Charles K. Field   Joseph T. Clark    Willianl Bass, M D
Albert Bingham     RoswellCharles Cleveland   *David Palmer, Has 
Hamilton Gooede         Ce*1826.
Samuel.. Bumstead Hamilton Goode      saac Cummings  John    826.
qbij~ah Crane     *Horace JV. GCay   Nath'l A. Fullerton John      ery'Edmundbijah   F  Richard C. Hand           Glb         Philip Battell
l.Edmund  rst    * Chester Hzinmran   Lm       7       Ebenezer C. Beach
Thos. Gildersleeve                  hI. Goodwint                   
William F. HIall    George Howoe     Solomon Hardy      Jedediah S. Bushnell
ron Lawrence  John G. Hulett    Solomon Hardy t   Edm. Chamberlain
]Iyron Lawrence                      *Azel Hayward
Stephen Olin    Joseph Hurllbut    Fred'k A. Hubbel  John W. Chickering
Stephen Olin       Henry Lewis       Fred'k A. Hubbell Fis Fitch
Tanze T7* 7 1 Henry Lewis               F7erris Fitch
James Kimball      Lyman Matthews   Cyrus Hudson        Solomon Foot
Moses Ordway       Samuel Miller      Cephas H. Kent    Edwin Hall
JtIlvin H. Parkher                   Rial Lake
Orvan Peareson    Stephen G. Peck   RAl Lake            *Nelson Higley
Ora Peatson       Erie Prince                           Seth H. Kieeler
osell Pettibon    William S          Elijah V. Plumb            Murra
Ozias Seymour               argean   Frye B. Reed       Jon    lr
Cyrus D. Sheldon  John W. Satterlee   Jaye B. Reed      Martin M. Post
Cyrus D. Sheldon   lrmeos Saagad  Rice                  Luheha
Daniel P. Thompson       Slva Sanord   a                        Sh
*Joseph N.Wales  Ezra Scovll..Adams Shepherd
*Joseph 9. Wales  *Dan'l S. Southmayd Otis Smith        Erdix Tenney
Wm. E. Whitmrlan.imass Stewart.E. WhNm a       Isaac. Sprague    masa Stpraguewart  Joseph Thatcher
James.Wilson      J. L. Van Doren 26 John Storrs
JM. T. C. Win   22    HONORARY.    Bradford L. Wales  Wm. Y. Warren  19
HONORARY.  H RWin. Y. Warren 19
HONORARY.    Moses Hale, M D    R.. Watkins   2        HONORARY.
Rob. B. PattonA.M.                                     Benj. Silliman, L L..
B    lo,1. J. L. Comstock, M D   A M   Benj. Siliman, L L 
Eli aood, AM.  Frederick Ford, H D           A.       A          M
Joee Sif. M.  Fr icord, M        D Joel R. lrnold     Joseph Chickering
Benj. Swift, A. 1. Benjamin F. Landon Eli Hunter        Moses Chase
1821.      Benjamin W.Dewey "Amos Drury         lJsahel Parmelee
Henry L. Aiken    Abija Blanchard         erempe    Robert Pierpont
Silas Baldwin     Joseph Sawyer      Joseph Battell     Roswell Weston
Luther Bingham    Jason Knapen       Ephraim Paddock           1827.
Uzziah C. lBurnap   Ebenezer Brown    Jonathan Wales    Joseph S. Clark
*Wash'n H. Elmore Eben H. Dorman    Royal Turner        Robert L. Cook
Nathan B. Felton          1823.      James Spalding, M D Joseph Fuller
John Foot          Joseph Battell    Edward Lamb, M D *Jed'h C. Parmelee
Henry L. Fullerton'Julian G. Buel    Samuel Head       Royal W. Peak
Josiah F. Goodhue  Harvey Button       V. Rensselaer,  D John B. Preston
Roswell Harris    John S. Chipman           1825.       Lucius.M. Purdy
Silas H. Hodges    Merritt Clark     Horace Eaton       Thomas Sawyer
Henry B. Hooker   Thomas J. Conant Joel Fisk            Henry Smith
*Hiram B. Hopkins lqlva Day          Chauncey IV. Fitch  A.mos Tuttle
Ova P. Hoyt       David L. Farnham  George D. Gordon  Charles Whipple.Tohn Ingersol    *Benjamin Hagar   Walter Follett      John Wild
Samuel C. Jackson  Francis Markoe    Israel Hamilton    Enoch C. Wines
Ezra June         Louis JMcDonald    Merit Harmon       Pliny R. Wright 14
Jonathan B. Kidder Edgar L. Ormsbee  Harvey O. Higley       HONORARY.
Charles D. iMallary itddison Parker    Herman HIooker    Gordon Newell, a M
Samuel B. Mattocks.Jiner Pratt      Ezra E. Kinne             1828.
Amnasa C. Moore   John B. Shaw       Job H. Martin      Samuel i/llen
John Stevens       Eli B. Smith      Inson Rood'S. R. Burrows
*ivery L. Ware  23 Lucius L. Tilden    Stephen S. Sheldon Joseph N. Chipman
I!ONORARY.   A.tlex. Twzilight   18 John Spaulding  Nathaniel C. Clarke
T. Woodward, Ha D     HONORARY.    Job S. Swift         Samuel WV. Cozzens
J. P. Batchelder, AM H. Humphrey, D D.isahel C. Washburn *Edward C. Eells




CHRAP. B.          EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                           159
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.                        ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES,
Samuel Everts              A M        WVinslow C. Watson    HONORARY.
John Goodrich.nlasa Buck        Julius C. Hubbell  Dana Lamb, A AM
Fred'k W. Hopkins Salmon Hurlbut    Silas Crane          John Pierpont, A M
Amzi Jones         Jarvis Z. Jlichols        1833.       Eben. N. Briggs, A iM
Freeman Lane       John J. Shipherd    Hiram A. Babcock  William Hebard, A M
Sendol B. J.funger   Fayette Shipherd    John C. Bates   Horace Green, A H
John J. Owen       Sumner A. W ebber Ward Bullard        I. Southworth, M D
John M. Parker            1831.       Hiram Carlton             1835.
Ira Pettibone      *Edwin M. Barber  Philo G. Cooke    Nathaniel A. Balch
*Ephraim Spaulding oTelson Barbour    Azariah R. Graves  Edward S. Barrett
Benjamin P. Stone  Harvey Curtis      Joel S. Graves     Prentiss Bates
* Wheelock S. Stone  Daniel H. Deacon  Joseph E. Hallock   Rufus K. Bellamy
David B. Tower 19 Bela Fancher        *Thomas H. Hubbell John Boynton
HONORARY.    Ephraim H. Farrar Eliezer J. Marsh    Milton Bradley
John Mattocks, A M'John M. Hooker   George Martin       BushrodW.Convers6
Hiland Hurlbut, A M Daniel Howard     Charles JV..Mattoon  David Dobie
Leland Howard, A M George C. Hyde    *Lamson  Miner    James M. Flagg
Jona. S. Green, A M Ezra Jones        C. F..Muzzy       John G. Foote
John Holbrook, A a Samuel A. Kirby   *Leonard Rawson   Theodore Gay
1829.       oTathaniel 0. Prestoh *EzekieliS. Sayres  Daniel Gibbs
Edward D. Barber  David S. Sheldon    E. S. Seymour      Lemuel Grosvenor
Richard I. Bolton  Albert Smith       Marcus Skinner    Henry Hall
Paschal Carter     Buel W. Smith   15 Wm. L. G. Smith   Curtis K. HIarvey
G. C. V. Eastmann      HONORARY.    Benoni Thompson  Asa Hemenway
Cyrus Farwell      J. B. Williams, L r D Jesse Walker    Milo J. Hickok
Sheridan Guitteau  J. L. Kingsley, L L D Edw'd S. Warren 22 Edward F. Hodges
Edwin F. Hatfield         A Ms            HONORARY.      Edwin Hoyt
Samuel S. Howe    Willard Chlild      lbsalom Peters, D D Alex'der C. Hunter
Calvin T. Hulburd  Joel Byington             A M         Harvey D. Kitchell
David T. Kimball   Dorastus Wooster  Eli Hyde            Spencer Mattison
Edwin Lawrence   Pierpont Isham       Williamn JMfitchell   Allen K. Merrill
Henry B. Northup          1832.       Lyman Coleman    James Moore
William T. Page    William M. Bass   Cyrus.Mason        Allen B. Myres
Truman M. Post   Joshua Bates         William S. Perkins  George W. Parker
Daniel Roberts    Jonathan Blanchard Isaac Wfestcott     James H. Phelps
Wash'ton Roosevelt Edward Carrington Anson R- Hard       Darwin H. Ranney
Thomas J. Sawyer  Jesse Caswell      Peter C. Oakley     Merrill Richardson'Rollin F. Strong 18 William D. Cooke  Thomas H. Palmer R. D. C. Robbins
HONORARY      John T. Doolittle          1834.       Zalmon A. Storrs
Silas Bowen. M D   Caleb B. Harrington Benjamin B. Allen  Samuel R. Thrall
Zaccheus Bass, M D William J. Hoppin  Charles H. Blair   Norman N. Wood
A M        *Elijah K. Hubbard Lucien C. Boynton Steph. R.Wright 34
Samuel C. Loveland Ephraim H. Jenney Josiah B. Clark         HONORARY.
Moses Ingalls      Daniel Ladd        Miron M. Dean    Eben'r Burgess, D 1
Jonathan Meriam    Robert F. Lawrence Cyrus B. Drake            A M'Noah fawley       R. S. Lockwood     *Alanson Fish      Jedediah Bushnell
John Smith         *S. L. Matthews    Russell L. Galusha George B. Manser
1830.       John Mattocks      Charles Goodrich   Reuben Spaulding
Alexander W. Buel Henry B. M'Clure  Hiram./. Graves   James Anderson
Romeo H. Hoyt    James Meacham        Thomas S. Hubbard.Merrill Bates
George B. Ide     Charles Miller     Henry T. Huggins Charles Linsley
Hiram Jones        Andrew Naudain   Charles W. Jewett Winm. S. Southworth
Nehemiah H. Losey *Aurelius H. Post  Calvin D. JVoble    Azel Spaulding
Samuel JVewbury    Benj. W. Reynolds Charles Paulk              1836.
William H. Parker William Scales      Lyman B. Peet    Samuel A. Benton
*James Randles    Horace Seymour   James T. Phelps    Joshua D. Berry
John Stewart       Homer H. Stewart  Orson Rockwell   Aaron H. Bigelow
John Stocker       John S. Storrs     Seth Sabine        John Blake
Gilbert T.Thompson Halsey R. Wing 27 Asa B. Smith        Calvin P. Bliss
Francis P. Whipple     HONORARY.      Oliver H. Staples   Charles E. Bowen
Horace Wilcox  13 Joel Green, M D    William H. Starr   Nathan S. Boynton
HONORARY.    Josiah W. Hale, M D James A. B. Stone  James D. Butler
Noah Webster,L L D        A M         De Witt C. Walker Calvin B. Cady
A. G. Dana, M.D    Tobias Spicer      Geo. C. Whitlock 25 John E. Claghorn




160                CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART 1L
MIDDLEBURY GRADUATES.                          CASTLETON MEDICAL COLLEGE.
Louis Doolittle   S. P. Giddings     Edward S.Shumway Edward W. Johnson
William D.Griswold Storrs Hall      Jamas H. Smith    Myron' W. Johnson
Zebulon Jones     John Hough, Jr    Calvin T. Solace   Adam Johnston
Louis S. Lovell    Clark B. Hubbard  Erastus C. Spooner Lysander Kel]sey
William S. Martin  Azariah Hyde      Eliphalet Y. Swift  Edward P. King
Merritt Mattison   Daniel Helsey     George S. Swift    Alexander Miller
David Mower       Henry Kingsley    Lathrop Taylor    Alfred Miller
Josiah W. Peet    John J. Latting    Norman H. Wright E. C. S Miller
Ashley Samson     Nathaniel C. Locke 1'. K Wright   37 George Page
Calvin Sheldon    Gad Lyman              HONORARY.    Edward J. Phelps
Asael B. Watrous  N. A. McMillau    A. H. Everett, L L D Ezra W. Sherman
*George S. Swift  Jonathan F. Moore Wm. Jackson, D D  Royal G. Wilder 2t
*Samuel C. Swift  Sylvester L. Nevins       A M            HONORLARY.
Robert R. Wells   F. W. Olmstead     Alex'der C. TwiningiT. P. Redfield, A M
John H. Whiteside Rufus B. Olmstead Charles B. Adams  iS. B. Colby, A M
Samuel M. Wood 25 James W. Ransom  Augustus C. Hand           1841.
HONORARY.    George F. Ruggles John F. Stone       Rollin D. H. Allen
Alexis Ward, A M   Jona. A. Shepard   Samuel Chipman   Lucas Dorland
B. Davenport, A M  Samuel S. Sherman        1840.      Darius M. Linsley
1837.      Horatio A. Smith  Julius A. Beckwith Julian M. Loveland
Chauncey Abbott  John C. Smith       Samuel W. Cheney Adam K. Miller  6
John Adams        Ebenezer H. Squier Henry B. Farrar       HONORARY.
Sheridan F. Bates  Enos Stevens      Henry G. Foote    Thos. W. Jenkyn, D D
Sylvanus Bates    Byron Sunderlin   Orson G. Foster           A M
William Bates     Jesse E. Tenney    Matthew D. Gordon Cyrus Prindle
Elias B. Burton    Edgar P. Wadhams Jeremiah Hatch    Vernon Wolcott
William J. Brown  George S. Walden  Peter Henderson   Joshua B. Graves
William H. Conkey John H. Weir       Henry N. Hudson  Charles Doolittle
Rufis C. Cushman John G. Wellington
Edson Forbes      *Philander Wilder  Whole number of Alumni,          785
Joseph Huntington E. R. Wright   43   "       "   of Honorary graduates 223
Henry Page             HONORARY.       In addition to these, 254 recommended
John Ramsdell      George E.Pierce, D D by the faculty of the Castleton Medical
Amos J. Lamson   Sol. Stoddard, A M  School, have received from this College
Henry A. Sheldon  Cyrus W.Hodges, A  the degree of MD., uts
George W. Strong         1839fM. D., ut their names are,
George W. Strong         1839.       given in the list of the alumni of the CasLucius A. Swift    Hiram Bingham    tleton School.
William Warner   Charles C. Bisbee
Leonard H. Wheeler John Bradshaw
William Wines     Gorham B. Clark
John T. Wolcott   D. S. F. Douglass
Julius L. Wyman 22 Edwin Everest                  SECTlOS V. 
HONORARY.    Bethel Farrand
A. M.      Melvill L. Gray           Castleton Mfedical College.
William C. Fowler  Zera Hamilton       The first course of medical lectures
Harvey F. Leavitt  James Harran      given in Vermont was delivered in CasSamuel MI. Worcester David L. Hough    tleton, by Doctors Selah Gridley, TheoThomas Kidder     William A. Howard dore Woodward and John L. Cazier, comLorenzo Sheldon   Samuel Hurlbut    mencing in March, 1818. By an act of
Joseph Perkins    W. L. James        the general assembly of Vermont, October
Alman L. Miner   William F. Kent    29, 1818, the charter of a medical school,
1838.      Daniel L. Kapen   to be called the Castleton JMedical.7/cademy,
Henry W. Allen   S. S. Iaathrop      was granted to Selah Gridley, Theodore
Nathan Barton     Alexander McLean Woodward and their associates and sucWilliam F. Bascom  George A. Miller   cessors. A faculty was organized, and
*Osman R. Castle  Anson H. Parmelee the first course of lectures under the charWilliam F. Dibble  Kinne Prescott    ter, commenced November 15, 1818. OcJames M. Douglass Joseph A. Ranney  tober 27, 1819, it was "enacted by the
Edward E. Eastman Timothy E. Ranney general assembly of the state of Vermont,
Asa Farwell       Werden Reynolds  that the president, with the consent of
Alfred A. Finney   Moses Robinson    the professors of Castleton Medical AcadAndrew S. Flower Myron W. Safford  emy, shall have power to give, and conDavid Foote       John G. Saxe       fer those honors and degrees, which are
Stillman Foote    Luther H. Sheldon  usually given in medical institutions, on




CHAP. 8.            EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                            161
IASTLETON MEDICAL COLLEGE.                                        CATALOGUE.
such students of said academy as they   By an act of the general assembly, passshall find worthy thereof."  By an act of ed October 22, 1841, the name of the Ver.
November 7, 1822, the name of the insti- mont Academy of Medicine was altered to
tution was altered to The Vermont 2.cade- the Castleton MJedical College, which was
mny of MJedicine. In 1820, a conventional deemed more expressive of the character
connexion was formed between this insti- and chartered privileges of the school.
tution and Middlebury college, by which The libraries of the resident faculty,which
degrees of Doctor of Medicine were con- are accessible to pupils of the reading
ferred on such students of the institution term and private lectures, render the privas were found worthy, either at the annual ileges of reading as ample and valuable as
commencement of Middlebury college, or can be enjoyed in any other institution in"
at the annual commencement in Castle- the country. The advantages of well conton at the close of each lecture term, ducted reading terms and private lectures,
which connexion ceased to exist in 1827. are regarded by the faculty of this school,
This institution owes its origin, and as scarcely secondary to public lectures;
muchof its prosperity in subsequent years, and it is their design to approximate so
to the enterprize, resources and unwearied far as practicable to the collegiate system
exertions of Doctors Gridley and Wood- of regular and frequent recitations and inward. The amountof patronage received structions, and surveilance of the reading
by this school and its successful opera- of medical students. The annual course
tion until 1838, are highly commendatory of lectures in Castleton Medical College,
of the wisdomof its trustees and the abili- commences on the second Tuesday of
ty of its teachers. Until 1835, lectures March and continues 14 weeks. The fee
were given in one annual lecture term of for admission to all the lectures is $55;
14 weeks; during the years 1835,'36 and the graduation fee is $16. The degree of'37, the lecture terms were semi-annual, Doctor of Medicine is conferred by the
the spring term commencing in March, president, on such candidates as are apand the fall term in August-each term  proved by the faculty, on the last day of
being 14 weeks.  Near the anticipated the session, or at such other times as may
opening of the spring term of 1838, the be designated by a majority of the faculty.
severe indisposition of professor Wood-   During the interval of the public lecward, which terminated his career of use- tures, instruction is given to students at
fulness, and the unexpected declination the college by the resident members of
of two members of the faculty to enogage the faculty, doctors McClintock, Perkins
in the organization of a rival school, and and Jamieson. This instruction consists
some other unpropitious events, served of reading and recitation by classes, and
to interrupt and suspend the operations of a summer course of lectures, on the anathe school during the two following years. tomical tissues and physiology; botany
Tn 1839, the Vermont Academy of and indigenous materia medica,and chemMedicine was re-organized and a new fac- istry; also, a fall or winter course on
ultyelected, and in March,1840, the school anatomy and operative surgery.  It is
was re-opened by an annual spring term  especially the design of this institution to
of 14 weeks. After reverses so severe, it afford facilities and means so ample, for
was not anticipated that confidence and the acquirement of a thorough knowledge
patronage would at once be regained by of anatomy, that country students shall
the institution.  The anticipations, how- not be compelled to resort to the cities, at
ever, of its friends were more than real- an increased pecuniary expenditure, and
ized, both in this and the succeeding ses- the exposure of health and morals.
sion, and their efforts were unremitted to         CATALOGUE.
place the school on a permanent basis
with advantages equal to any in the coun- CORPORATSON, OFFICERS AND GRADUATES.
try. During the year 1841, the lecture Elected.      Presidents.
rooms were entirely remodeled, so as to 1818Selah Gridley, A. M.         1819
combine the most perfect convenience, 1819 J. P. Batchelder, A. M., M. D. 1820
neatness and elegance. The material of 1820 Joseph A. Gallup, A.M. M.D. 1823
the anatomical museum has recently been 1824 William Tulley, A. M., M. 1. 1839
much increased by the accession of pro- 1839 Horace Green, M. D.         1841
fessor McClintock's splendid preparations 1841 James   Cintoc   M. D.
and paintings; and a new room, 30 feet
by 20, has been fitted up in a neat and             Corporation,.
commodious manner, for their reception 1818 *Selah Gridley, A. M.        1825
and exhibition.  There has also been ad- 1818 *Theo. Woodward, M. D.    1840
ded, in a separate apartment, cabinets of 1818  T. P. Matthews, A. M.    1820
materia medica and mineralogy.         1819 *Hon. C. Langdon, A. M.    1830
PT. II.        21




162                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART 11
CASTLETON MEDICAL COLLEGE.                         OFFICERS AND GRADUATES.
1819  Rev. Elihu Smith, A. M.   1831 1822  William Anderson, M. D.,
1819 *Leonard E. Lathrop, A. B.  1829           Anatomy and Physiology, 1824
1819 *John Meacham, Esq.        1839 1822 Jonathan Allen, M. I).,
1819  John Goodwin, Esq.        1825          JMat. JMedica and Pharmacy, 1829
1819  James Adams, Esq.               1824  William Tully, M. D.,
1819  Hon. Zimri Howe, A. M.                    Theory and Practice and
1819  J. P. Batchelder, A. M., M. D. 1822,Medical Jurisprudence, 1839
1820  J. A. Gallup, A. M., M. D.  1824 1825 Alden March, M. D.,
1820  Amos Eaton, A. M.         1822            Anatomy and Physiology, 1835
1822  Jonathan Allen,M. D.      1822 1826  Lewis C. Beck, M. D.,
1823  William Anderson, M.D.   1824               Botany and Chemistry, 1832
1823  Rev. Ethan Smith,          1827 1826  Amos Eaton, A. M.,
1823  Rev. Joshua Bates, D. D.   1835`    N atural Philosophy, 1828
1823  Hon. C. K. Williams, A.M. 1830 1.828  Solomon Foot, A. M.,
1825 Henry Howe, A. M.          1827                JNatural Philosophy, 1833
1827  Wm. Tully, A. M., M.D.   1839 1833  John D'Wolfe,A. M.,
1828  Benj. F. Langdon, A. M.                 Chemistry and Jat. History, 1839
1828  Joseph Perkins, M. D.           1835 James H. Armsby, M. D.,
1830 *Selah H. Merrill, A. M.   1839            Anatomy and Physiology, 1839
1830 *Samuel Moulton, Esq.      1838 1839  Horace Green, M. D.,
1830  Ezekiel Buel, Esq.        1838          Theory and Prac. of Physic, 1841
1830'Orlando Nelson Dana, Esq. 1840 1839  Joseph Perkins, M. D.,
1839  Jonathan D. Woodward, M.D.               MaLt. JMedica and Obstetrics.
1839  Chester Spencer, Esq.           1839  James Hadley, M. D.,
1839  Aruna W. Hyde, Esq.                       Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1841
1839  M. G. Langdon, Esq.             1839  Robert Nelson, M. D.,
1939  Oliver R. Harris, Esq.                    Anatomy and Physiology, 1840
1839  Timothy W. Rice, Esq.           1839  James Bryan, M. D.,
Secretaries.'Surgery and JMed. Juris., 1841
1818  Thomas P. Matthews, A.M. 1819 1841  James McCIintock, M. D.,
1819 *Theo. Woodward, M. D.    1821           General, Special and
1821  Hon. Zimri Howe, A. M.    1834                   Surgical Anatomy.
1834  Selah H. Merrill, A.M.    1839 1841  Frank H. Hamilton, M. D.,
1839 *Orlando N. Dana, Esq.     1840           Prin. and Proc. of Surgery.
1840  Timothy W. Rice, Esq.     1841 1841  C. L. Mitchell, M. D.
1841  Israel Davey, Esq.                      Physiology, Gen. Pathology
and Operative Obstetrics.
Treasurers.       1841  David M. Reese, M.D.,
X1819  Noah Hoit,  1819         Theo. and Prac. of Medicine.
1819 *Theo. Woodward, M.D.    1821 1841  W. C. Wallace, M.D.,
1821 John Goodwin, Esq.         1825         OphthalmicAnat andSurgery.
1839  Isaac T. Wriht, Esq.      1839 1841  William Mather, M. D.,
1839  Isaac T. Wright, Esq.
Mt~~~~  X                ~Chemistry and Pharmacy.
Professors.              1841  William P. Russell,
1818 *Selah Gridley, A. M.,                        Medical Jurisprudence.
Theo. and Prac. of Medicine          Registrars of the Faculty.
and Materia Medica, 1820 1823 *Theo. Woodward, M. D.    1839
1818 *Theo. Woodward, M. D.,          1839  Joseph Perkins, M. D.
Surgery and Obstetrics, 1839
1818 J. Leconte Cazier, A. M.,                      Graduates.
Chem., Anat. and Physiology, 1819  1819-'20.     Joel Fairchild
1818  Thos. P. Matthews, A. M.,       Dan Pond          *Greenleaf Fifield
Chem.,.nat. and Physiology, 1820 Franklin Shaw.  2 Frederick Ford
1819  John P. Batchelder, M. D.,           1820-'21.     Moore Hoit
AInatomy and Physiology, 1822 Leonard Chase    *Charles Luce
1820  Selah Gridley, A. M.,           *Nathan Farnsworth Zina Pitcher
Clin. Prac. and,Med. Juris., 1824 Horace Parker  Joel Rice
1.820  Thos. P. Matthews, A. M.,      Joseph Perkins    John Smith
Chemistry, 1821 Alva Southard    Jedediah Smith
1820  Amos Eaton, A. M.,              Edward Tudor.   6 Dan'l Sturtevant. 13
Botany, Chem. and NJat. Phil., 1826  1821-'22.       HONORARY.
1820  Joseph A. Gallup, M.D.,         Franklin Bradley   Moses Hale.
Theory and Practice and      *Luther Deming         1822-'23.
Mtfateria Mcdica, 1823 Benjamin Dewey   Calvin Brown




CHAP. 8.           EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                          163
1
CASTLETON MEDICAL COLLEGE.                ALdMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.
Simeon Cook       Franklin Branch    G. M. Millspaugh  John Drake
John Currie       Alanson Burroughs John Merrill        Atherton Hall
Artemas Doane     Charles Burrows   Benjamin Morgan  Caleb Hill
*George Ellis     Davis Carpenter   Samuel Nichols   James Hough
Jesse Everett     Silas Clarke       Nelson Peck        Henry Laughlin
James Forsythe    Peter Ferris       Amos Pollard       David McCluer
Dana Hyde         Moses Ludwig       Fletcher Ransom    James HI. Morton
Paul Moore        Nathaniel Manning *Eli Reed           David Parker
Eliakim Paul      John McClary       Joseph Richards    Chester Perkins
Moses Porter      Angus McDearmid Alonzo Rockwell   Alvah Paul
Truman Shaw       James McKee        Leonard Root       Seth S. Ransom
Socrates Smith    Jean B. Meilleur   Martin Root        Wareham Root
Horace Shumway  Oliver B. Norton   John Rowan           Asa Snell
Dan C. Stone      Stephen Ostrander  Warren Sargent    Erasmus D. Warner
Carter D. Stone    John Phelps       David Smiley       Nathaniel White
Sewell Walker. 17 Gustavus Pope      Edward Smith       M. W. Woodward
HONORARY.    Harold Pope         Dudley Waller      Dan Wright.   26
William Anderson  Henry Proctor      L. G. Whiting.  36    HONORARY.
*Ebn'r Huntington. Thos. Gildersleeve    HONORARY.    James Carter
1823-'24.    *Ralph Gowdy       Locke Chandler    Frederick Hall
Benjamin Bailey    Horace Green      John Diekerson    Jonathan Mosher.
Isaac Bailey,    Lowell Guernsey   Petet Millepaugh         1828-'29.
Bushnell Carey    Henry Haile        James Porter.      James Allen
Albert Clarke     Moses Hart              1826-'27.     B F. Bosworth
*Asa Cogswell    John Hastings       George Armington  Edward Brace
Cephas Dunning   Isaac Ives          Ira Bachus         Isaac Branch
Stephen Farrington Judah C. Landon   Ira Barton         James C. Brown
John Geraedet     Ebeniezer Lindsey  Hiram Brown        John F. Burdick
Isaac Garrison    Abram Lowell       Reuben Chapman   Nathan Collins
George Graves     Lrc<nzo Sheldon   Jonathan Colvin    Robert B. Cram
*Almon.Green      Socrates Sherman  Daniel Corliss      Charles Chandler
Hinman Griswold  Whipple Spooner   Alexander Cowles  Horace Eaton
Nathaniel Hall    Robert Stevenson   Eber Crandall      *Ira M. Fraser
Chester Johnson    Joseph Sutphen    John W. Crane      Amos A. Frisbie
Roswell Kinney    *John Webb         Samuel Fifield     Zophar W. Furbur
*Edward Lewis    Roswell Webb        Charles Gidney    Harmon Hurlburt
Alvan McAllister  Hosea Wheeler    Joshua Hall          Henry Kilburn
Winm. McLeod      Charles White      Abijah Howard      Algernon S. Lewis
Hiram Paddock     Thos. Wilkinson   Nathan Judsbn       Franklin Moulton
Benjamin Palmer   Gaius Wood.    44 Lester Kingsley    Horace Seaman
John Pettes           HONORARY.    Ezra Loomis          Hiram Sheldon
Frederick Scofield  William Bass     Ezra Mulford       Guy B. Shepard
David Shepard     Adin Kendrick      Thomas J. Noyes   John Steele
Lemuel Sherwood  *David Palmer       Fletcher Ransom    Jefferson Stone
Albert Smith      Paul Wheeler.      Alvah Randall    John N. Sumner
William Snow           1825-'26.     Maro M'L. Reed   Lemuel W. Weeks
*Stilman Spaulding Amos Allen        Cyrenus Thompson F. Wheelock.   25
Heman Tucker    Wm. Backus           Luther Tracy           HONORARY.
George Tuttle     Russel Bailey      Benj. Van Zandt   William Bigelow
Peter Van Keuren  Augustus Bigelew   Harvey Vinton      Caleb Burge
Jacob Van Sycklin  Elliot Brown'S. Whiting.    27 Elial Foote.
Thomas Weatherell Harvey Carpenter       HONORARY.             1829.
Hezekiah Wells   Jervis Carey        John L. Chandler  Peleg C. Barlow
J. D. Woodward. 34 Larkin B. Cole    Waitstill Ranney.  Savillion Belknap
HONORARY.    Stephen Collins          1827-'28.     James D. Button
Samuel Head       Abner Dayton       John V. W. Abbott Charles Clark
Edward Lamb       *John French       George Allen       John Collins
James Spaulding    Nathan Gale       Job Boggs          Asa Fitch
J. Van Rensselaer. Thomas Ingalls   "Jeremiah Burge   Henry K. Foote
1824-'25.    David Joyslin      Alvah Carpenter   Jonathan Foote
Jonathan Abbott   Ariel Kendrick     Abijah Case        John Gilbert
Thomas Baldwin   Samuel Kimball   Jonathan Chandler Ira Hatch
Asahel Beach'Calvin Lewis      Benj. F. Cornell   James Heath
William Bell      Martin Mason       Ira Dimick         Wm. A. Hitchcock




164                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PaRT II.
CASTLETON MEDICAL COLLEGE.                ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES
Asahel Houghton   Cornelius Van Dyke Henry S. Brown    Jonathan Dodge
Robert Kelsey            1832.        Joseph R. Brown' W. C. Farrington
Isaac Monroe       Chauncey Black    George Cook         Benj. Globensky
James F. Mazuzan  G. W. Blake         John Cook          Anson Goodspeed
Amos Nickerson    Herrick Bromley    Ely Cook            Daniel Henn
George Peets       Chauncey Brush    W. Cochran          W. H. E. Hook
T. F. Parker       Salmon Brush       Luther P. Cowles  Ebenezer Howell
Alex. Steele       Augustus Case      David Crary        Curtis Lowry
Cyrus Sayles       Phineas Kenyon    Ira Dales           Seneca E. Park
James M. Willson   Orimel Martin      Henry Dewey        James Rowland
David Wilson       Cornelius Orms    Stephen Forman    Eli Saunders
Albert Wright  24 John H. Philip      Samuel H. Graves  Azariah B. Shipman
HONORARY.      Matthews Ransom   George C. Howard  Richard Sill
Chichester Brown   Luman Tenny        Carlton E..Miles   James H. Thompson
John Fox           Spencer Ward       Lorenzo L. Patrick Ambrose E. Todd
Henry Green        Dexter Fox         Zoroaster Paul     Jean M, F. Trudeau
Samuel McClellan. Samuel Hopkins    Hiram S. Potter    Eleazer B. Wood. 21
1830.       Lorenzo Hubbard   Abraham Sagar           HONORARY.
Dudley Bebee       Adams Weston       Nehemiah C. Sibley Hiram S. Newman
Erskine G. Clark   Joshua Kendall    Joseph D. Stewart  Harmon Tucker
Charles V. Dyer    Dayton Spencer. 19 Daniel Ward        Joseph Henry
*O. H. Douglass        HONORARY.    Ezekiel Y. Watson           1836.
William C. Fox     Virgil M. Dow      Henry M. Witherill   Spring Term.
Sidney S.',Gibbs    William Richards   Andrew Wolf       Charles C. Beman
Thomas D. Lee      Baltus Van Kluck. James R. Wood    Reuben Blawis
Jonas C. Maine           1833.        John C. Fuller  28 Sylvester Cartier
Harvey Marvin    Jabez Allen              HONORARY.    Jesse A. Crowley
Wesley C. Norwood Vine A. Allen       William Aiken      John P. Cruger
Marcus O. Porter   James H. Armsby   Benj. Friedenburgh David M. Dake
Julius Roberts     Ezra F. Barker     Richard Sill.      Harvy F. Deming
Elisha H. Rockwood Joseph Bates              1835.       Henry A. Guavin
Charles Smith      Lemuel W. Briggs      Spring Term.   Milton W. Gray
Lucius Smith       Martin H. Cowles  David V. Ackerman Sylvanus Huntoon
Kirtland T. Warner Volney Danforth    Elmer Beecher      Smith Inglehast
Benadan Kasson. 17 Daniel Durgan      James Berry        John Mack
HONORARY.    Harvey G. Ford    Samuel C. Brown  Orville Reynolds
Stephen Brownson  John Gazley         Thompson Burton  John F. Taylor
Cornelius Holmes  Thos. B. Glysson   Samuel Clark        Oscar F. Thomas
James Post         William Gorham    James S. Ewing    Socrates H. Tryon
Robert Safford.    Daniel Gould       J. B. F. Fuller    Abram Van Woert
1831.       John Gurley        Elbridge G. Gale   Charles C. Wallin
James B. Ashley    E. W. Howard       Matthew Gill       Charles Wood
Smith A. Boughton John L. Near        David C. Goodale  Ed. M. Wheeler 20
James R. Blanchard Wesley Newcomb  Lorenzo James             HONORARY.
Asa Clemans        Thomas Richards   Benj. D. Knapp    John P. Higgins
Wm. U. Edgerton   Calvin Spencer      Samuel Lacy        Henry Benham
J. McComb F(cster  A. Stoutenburgh    Cyrus V. N. Lent  James Wade
Royal Gurley       Lyman Tenny        Galen J. Locke         Fa.ll Term.
Theodore Lewis    Dean Towne          Abel Lyon         John Babcock
Edward J. Moore   John Wallace        David H. Meacham  Erasmus D. Baker
Abiathar Pollard    Wm. C. Warner    Oliver D. Osgood   James Brown
Erasmus D. Post   Linus S. Wells      Charles H. Payn    C. B. Chapman
Wm. P. Proudfit   David Wheeler       John L. Perry     Charles Dorion
John P. Robinson   Elisha Williams    Simon G. Place    Wm. B. Donegani
Alex. J. Spencer   Amos A. Witherell Robert B. Porter   William Dorr
Abram D. Smith    William Wright    Heman Shaw          John Ferguson
Simeon P. Smith' David R. Burrus   John W. Titus  25 A. A. Gardner
Harvey Smith       Thomas Connally.32     HONORARY.    Andrew C. Getty
Lyman Thompson         HONORARY.    Charles Backus    H. E. W. B. Hall
J.W.Chamberlin. 19 Alexander Arnold       Fall Term.    Alonzo Harlow
HONORARY.    Lemuel Wells.        Alexander Abbott  Geo. F. X. Holmes
Theodore May             1834.        George W. Blair  James Mason
Edwin L. Miner    George L. Adams  James W. Bracket Zenas McKai n
Henry Sargeant    James H. Barnes   W. C. Collins       Robert McKenzie




CHAP. 8.           EDUCATION AND LITERATURE,                         165
ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.                  VERMONT MEDICAL COLLEGEJohn S. Miller    Fred. R. Bailey    lup. Soon after the dissolution of his
Samuel Potter     John C. Benham     connection with the Vermont Academy
Isaac S. Stackpole  Ephraim Brewster   of Medicine at Castleton, he commenced
Benjamin Weeks   D. C. Chamberlain  preparations for opening a medical school
Bennet Wing       James Christie     at Woodstock. A suitable building havSamuel S. Wright I. Des Reviores    ing been prepared, lectures were comCalvin S. Wells. 23 Nahum P. Monroe   menced, and the first course given in the
HONORARY.    Stephen G. Talmage autumn of 1827.  The institution reJoseph Braman     Louis H. Ferland    ceived the name of the " Clinical School
Solomon Dean      Robert Frasier     of Medicine," and the students for several
William Noble     Alpheus Goodman   years received their degrees from WaterWilliam Perrine    Charles F. Goss   ville College, in the state of Maine. In
Mather Williams   Joseph N. Gouin    1830 a connection was formed between
1837.      Edward Grew         this institution and Middlebury College,
Spring Term.   Henry R. Hamilton  in consequence of which the President of
E. A. Anderson    John B. Hiolmes    that College attended the anniversaries
Edward S. Belleau  Ezekiel M. Wade    of the school at Woodstock, and conferred
Israel M. Brown    David D. Wilcox    degrees upon such students as were recJohn Branch, jun.  DeW.C.Willoughby ommended for that purpose by the mediHenry Cartier     Geo. H. Young. 21 cal faculty. This arral)gement continued
Lucian P. Cheney      HONORARY.      till 1836.
A. P. L. Consigny  Eli Bois            In October, 1835, an act of incorporaIra De La Mater   John De Wolf, jun. tion was obtained from the legislature of
Jean B. Desrosiers       1840.       the state, and the institution took the,George W. Fish    Elon G. Carpenter  name of the Vermont Mfedical College.
George S. Gale    Theodore Gay       By this act it was constituted an indepenJohn R. Goodrich  Robert Hathaway    dent medical school, and was placed unW. Halsey, jun.   James Sandford     der the direction of a board of trustees,
Hosea A. Hamilton Fred. P. Wheeler   with power "' to give and confer all such
Thomas M. Hayes  John A. Yates.   6 medical degrees, honors, diplomas, or liN. M. Herrington      HONORARY.      censes as are usually given or conferred
William Holmes   Moses Cobb          in colleges or medical institutions." The
O. A. Hollenbeck   Chas. W. Horton.   same act also provided for the annual ap
Egbert Jamieson         1841.        pointment of a board of examiners by the
Myron Knowlton   Henry Baxter        judges of the supreme court.
Van Buren Lockrow Davis L. Carroll     The annual lecture term in the VerJoseph Lusingan   Solomon Deck       mont Medical College at Woodstock, comHenry Miller      James Ferguson     mences on the second Thursday in March,
Joseph N. Northrop Backus H. Haynes  and continues 13 weeks. Examinations
Jacob H. Norwood  John M. Johnstone  are held at the close of the lecture term,
Henry P. Pulling   Hiram Monroe      in the presence of the trustees, faculty
Fred. A. Putnam    J. N. Northrop    and board of examiners, and degrees are
Lewis Reynolds    Edwin H. Sprague  conferred upon such as are entitled to reRussell Tiffany   C. A. L. Sprague    ceive them. Fee for the course of lecLucius A. Thomas J. Tunnicliff, jun.   tures $50; fee for those, who have atU. H. Wheeler     T. G. Walker       tended two full courses at a regularly esJoseph Whelpley   Win. S. Way.   13 tablished medical school, or schools, $10;
S. G. Stickney, 33    HONORARY.      graduation fee $18. In the recess of the
HONORARY.    Wm. C. Wallace    lectures, there is a reading term, in which
Abraham Pulling.  John Salter        instruction is given to resident students
Fall Term.    Nelson Monroe.    in connection with daily recitations. The
Timothy Amiot                        reading term is conducted by Dr. Palmer,
_-                 and the fee is $10 per quarter.
Whole number of Alumni,          531   Previous to its incorporation, the medi"    of Honorary graduates, 63 cal school at Woodstock was controlled
principally by its founder, Dr. Gallup,
who procured the assistance of such lecturers as were deemed necessary. Since
that period, the affairs of the institution
SECTION VI.              have been managed by a board of trustees,
Vermont ledical College.      a list of whom, together with the officers
and medical faculty since its incorporaThis institution owes its origin to the tion, and all the graduates from the belabors and efforts of Dr. Joseph A. Gal- ginning, is contained in the following




166                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART II.
VERMONT MEDICAL COLLEQG;.                         FACULTY AND GRADUATES.
CATALOGU].                    HONORARY.   I*Darwin C. Perry
TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND GRADUATES. Daniel Huntington Lemuel Richmond
John Cleveland.   William B. Shaw
Elected.     Presidents.        Exit.       1832.       Benjamin Stout
1836   Henry H. Childs, M. D.  1839 William R. Adams William H. Taylor
1839   *David Palmer, M. D.    1840 Joel Anger          James M. Teift
1841    Henry H. Childs, M. D.       Edward Barton      E. Austin Webb
Trustees.              J. M. G. Blodget  J.M.Woodworth. 17
1835   *David Palmei, M. D.    1840 I. D. Carpenter        HONORARY.
1835   Henry H. Childs, M. D.        Seneca Carter      Isaac Southworth.
1835    Willard Parker, M. D.        Ira Clement              1835.
1835    Rev. B. C. C. Parker         Oliver J. Corbin   Sanford Atherton
1835   John A. Pratt, Esq.           Hiram Crandall   Thomas W. Bailey
1836    Norman Williams, A. M.       Sanford Emery      Clark Blaisdell
1837   Robert Watts, Jr., M. D.      Phineas Fletcher   Israel E. Carter
1839   Gilman Kimball, M. D.         Charles Hoit       *William O. Caryl
1841    Hon. Jacob Collamer, A. M.    A. H. Jaquith     C. C. Chaffee
Vice President.          W. B. Lincoln      Seth L. Childs
William M. Lyman Salmon H. Morill
1836   Rev. B. C. C. Parker          T. B. Marston     David S. Morse
Secretary.
Secret1836    Norm an Williamsry.  A. M.  Horace May  Thomas S. Moxley
1836   Norman WilliamsAJ. H. Morse  Charles Perry
Treasurer.             John Mosher        Anson L. Pettee
1839   John A. Pratt, Esq.           John Paul          Dewey H. Robinson
Faculty of.Medicine.       Hiram Perkins      William B. Small
1836 Henry H. Childs, M. D.,         Thaddeus Phelps   Alanson Stockwell'
Theory and Practice of Medicine,  James B. Porter   Duncan Wilson. 16
1836 David Palmer, M. D.7            Horace Powers            1836.
Chemistry and.Materia  Medica, 1840 Charles S. Sterling W. O. Chamberlain
1836  Willard Parker, M. D.,         Hermon H. Smith  Henry A. Childs
Anatomy and Physiology.    Oliver E. Strong   Josiah Fleeman
1836 R.Watts, Jr,M.D. Anatomy, 1841 David Whitney. 28 William E. Ide
1836 Jacob Collamer, A. M.,              HONORARY.    Josiah Miles
Medical Jurisprudence.   Peter Renton      James Mason
1838 Gilman Kimball, M. D.,                 1833.       Isaac D. Proctor
Surgery, 1840 William C. Anthony H. H. Robinson
1840 Phinehas Spalding, M. D.,       P. D. Bradford    John O. Wade
Surgery.     Alfred Gale        Jacob A. Wood
1840  Benjamin R. Palmer, M. D.,     Lewis F. Gallup    E. D. Worcester. 11.Materia JMedica and Pharmacy, 1841 Erasmus Hamilton      1837.
1841  Robert Watts, Jr., M. D.,      Albert Kendrick    David W. Bailey
Principles and Prac. of Surgery.  William Kilburn    Daniel A. Belknap
1841  Alonzo Clark, M. D.,           Ira A. Knapp       Rial Blanchard
Chemistry and.Materia.Medica.    *A. F. Leffingwell George W. Bliss
1841  Benjamin R. Palmer, M. D.,     John E. May        A. S. Carpenter
flnatomy and Physiology.   Hiram Morgan      John F. Dagget
Isaiah Morgan     Charles Doron
Graduates.              Mordecai Morton   Thomas Gordon
1830.                         John Robinson      John L. Kellogg
Calvin Allen      Horace Austin      Washing. Rossman William M. Ladd
Leonard Barton    Volney Church      Joseph Tefft      D. L. Lyman
John F. Carpenter Jonathan C. Hall   Joel Vaile        Harrison Macintosh
Willard P. Gibson  F. L. Kidder      Charles S. Ward   Elias L. Munger
Abraham Harding  Willard Kelsey      Seth E. Winslow. 19 W. C. Pierce
Isaac Minard      Job G. Littlefield        1834.       K. D. Webster
Stillman Ralph    J. F. Miller       Luther H. Barber  Asahel H.Wildes. 16
Jacob Rice        Dalson Morton       William H. Bissac        1838.
Oliver Rlss       Ludovici Patch     Nelson Coburn    Richard F. Adams
Nathan H. Thomas Royal Sharp         *Richard H. Colfax Julius S. Barstow
ErasmusWinslow 11 Guy Staughton      Harvey Everett   Solomon Blood
HONORARY.    Aaron Sumner        Allen C. Fay       Benoni Cutter
Joseph A. Denison. William F. Tilton   John Meigs       Amos Eastman
1831.      B. O. Tvler        Nathaniel Mitchell Asa P. Hammond
Orson M. Allaben  W. A. WVatkins. 16 Benjamin R. Palmer George Hastings




CHAP. 8.              EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                         167
ALUMNI AND HONORARY GRADUATES.                            MEDICAL SOCIETIES.
William B. Hatch  Alfred Guillou       another society was incorporated, in the
Cassander F. Ide   Nathan B. Chase    county of Franklin, denominated "The
George F. Ingalls  Lewis Clarke       Third Medical Society in Vermont," and
Sylvester Mason   John A. Cummings  on the 27th of October, 1812, a county
Peter S. Smith     Horace Douglass    medical society was incorporated in the
S. Horace Smith   Adolphe Dugas        county of Windsor; but no state society
Sam'l W. Thayer, Jr Rollin Eaton       was formed till the year 1813.
Magloire Turcot   Erastus N. Foote       On the 6th of November of this year,
Henry L. Watson  Lenora Foster        an act was passed, declared, in its preWaldo C. Williams Daniel J. Hoyt      amble, to be for'" the improvement of the
J. W. Woodburn. 18 Isaac B. Marshall  theory and practice of the different branchHONORARY.    Lawton C. Slye       es of the healing art."  This act authorTheophilus Clark  James M. Stickney  ized the physicians in the several counties
William Bridgman Hugh Tagert          to form themselves into county societies,
George W. Darling M. G. J. Tukesbury  conferring upon them, when thus formed,
1839.      Charles M. Tuttle   corporate powers. It also established a
Josiah P. Barber   Wm. W. Van Buren general society, to be composed of three
James C. Briggs   Jos. E. Warren. 23 members from each county society to be
Milo L. Burnham       HONORARY.       chosen by ballot, and declared these,
W. W. Carpenter  Samuel S. Butler    when duly organized by the choice of a
John M. Currier   Caleb N. Butler     president and other officers, to be a corWilliam O. Fisk    Gilman Kimball    porate body, by the name of " The VerJames Fulton      Samuel St. John    mont Medical Society."
Charles B. Holbrook      1841.          Under the provisions of this act, which
Joseph Knowles    Abiathar W. Annis  subsequently experienced some modificaJohn W. Miles    J. C. Butler         tion, several county societies and a state
Lewis Morrill      Lathrop R. Charter  society were organized. These societies
James R. Morse    Chas. D. Cleveland  were sustained, for several years, with
Joseph B. Murray  Daniel A. Dorman   considerable spirit and ability, and exertCyrus Porter      Jacob G. Elliot     ed a favorable influence throughout the
Edward Vail.   15 Leland J. Graves    state, in correcting the evils and elevaHONORARY.    Ch'ncey B.Goodrich ting the practice and standard of the med- -
Ptolemy Edson     Sylvanus H. Haynes ical profession. But at length the attenTimothy J. Gridley George A. Hinman  tion of many of the leading physicians in
Otis Jenks        Osman L. Huntley  this state was diverted from the interests
Joseph Morrin     John Ives           of the medical societies to the establish1840.      Joseph D. Mansfield ment of schools for medical lectures, in
John W. Barney   James M. Nye         consequence of which the societies lanAsa Bigelow       Joseph H. Streeter  guished; and, for several years previous
John C. Bolles    Isaac Tabor, Jr.    to 1841, the state medical society hardly
Josiah H. Grenell  Orville Terry   17 had a name to live.
Benjamin F. Grosh                       This state of things was deeply lamented by many of our first medical men, and
Whole number of Alumni,          207 through their exertions during the early
"e    "'   of Honorary graduates 16 part of this year, the attention of the medical faculty was pretty extensively awakened to the subject of resuscitating the
Vermont Medical Society; in conseSECTION VII.              quence of which, on the 15th of October,
Medical Societies.          1841, the day of the annual meeting
of the society, members from different
The first incorporated medical society parts of the state assembled at the state
in Vermont was organized on the 19th of house in Montpelier, and, after partially
August, 1784, and consisted of most of remodeling their constitution, and giving
the physicians residing in the counties of to the society a more efficient organizaBennington and Rutland. The act of in- tion, elected the following officers for the
corporation was dated October'25, 1784, ensuing year: John Burnell, President;
and its corporate name, " The First Med- James Spalding, Vice President; Z. P.
ical Society in Vermont."  The next Burnham, Recording Secretary; Joseph
medical society was formed in Windham  Perkins, Corresponding Secretary; Walcounty, in 1794, and incorporated on the ter Burnham, Treasurer; Edward Lamb,
21st of October of that year, by the name John Fox, H. H. Miles, Seth Cole, Chas,
of " The Second Medical Society in Ver- Hall, -      Redfield, E. Alexander, J.
mont."  On the 6th of February, 1804, A.Allen, Frederick Story, Melvin Barnes,




168                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART It.
BURR SEMINARY.                                          NORWICH UNIVERSITY.
W. R. Ranney, James Tinker, Noadiah ings should be erected, apparatus and
Swift, Curators; and one or more Coun- other things provided for the furtherance
cillors in each county. A Board of Ez- and accomplishment of the object, the
aminers was also appointed. The annual expense of which should be at least equal
meeting of the society is to be hereafter to the further sum of $10,000."
held at the state house, in Montpelier, on   A board of fifteen trustees was estabthe Wednesday next following the second lished by the act of incorporation. They
Thursday in October, at 10 o'clock in held their first meeting Dec. 16, 1829,
the morning.                          and proceeded with energy to carry out
the benevolent intentions of Mr. Burr.
On the 15th of May, 1833, the necessary
accommodations having been provided,
the school was opened with appropriate
public exercises in the chapel of the institution. Addresses were delivered by the
Rev. John Proudfit, D. D., president of
the board of trustees, and by the Rev.
Lyman Coleman, who had been appoint-: _    i   ~     ~      LL      I ed principal. With the latter was associated John Aiken, Esq., in the immediate management of the school, and under
their direction it soon assumed a high
place among the literary institutions of
New England. The number of students
the first term amounted to 146, of whom
gion, and had in view the preparation for
the gospel ministry. In consequence of
Burr Seminary Building.     the endowment by Mr. Burr, the tuition
of those students, whose circumstances
SECTION VIII.             require it, may be remitted to the number
of 30. The self-supporting system was
Burr Seminary.             adopted in the beginning, with a manual
This institution is in Manchester, and labor department; but it proved here, as
was incorporated October 28, 1829. It it has almost every where else, unsucowes its existence to the munificence of cessful, and was soon abandoned. The
Joseph Burr, Esq., who resided many present instructors of the seminary are,
years at Manchester, and, by patient in- the Rev. Joseph D. Wickham, A. M.,
dustry and an upright course of business, Pincipal; William A. Burnham, A. M.,
accumulated property estimated, at the Pricipal of tilr English Department, and
time of his death, which took place April S. J. M. Merwin, A. B., Classical lssist14, 1828, to amount to $150,000. A large ant. Board is furnished by the steward
portion of this property was distributed at cost, varying with the price of provisby will to public institutions. The fol- ions, but averagingabout$1,50 perweek.
lowing is a list of the principal legacies:  Tuition, to those who are not beneficiaries, from $3 to $5 a quarter. The buildAm. Board of Foreign Missions, $17,000 ing is of stone, 102 feet long and four
"  Home Missionary Society,  10,000 stories high including the basement. To
"  Tract Society,             10,000 the building is attached a kitchen and
"  Colonization Society,       7,000 wood house 70 feet long, and about 30
"  Bible Society,             15,000 acres of land, with a valuable house for
Vt Domestic Missionary Society, 5,000 the Principal. Its situation among the
Manchester Congregational Soc.,  5,000 Green Mountains is pleasant, retired and
4"    Literary Seminary,  10,000 healthful, and where there are few tempMiddlebury College,            12,000 tations to extravagance and vice.
Williams College,               1,000                 C
Dartmouth College,              1,000
N. W. branch of Am. Educa. Soc., 3,000             SECTION IX.
The $10,000, mentioned above, for a          JVorwich University.*
literary seminary at Manchester, laid the   In 1820, an institution was established
foundation of the Burr Seminary. The at Norwich, in this state, under the name
condition of the above grant was that
within the  period of five years from the   * The materials for this section were not received
within the period of five years from the in season, or it would have been inserted next after
decease of the legator, " suitable build- Middlebury College.




CiAP. &             EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                             69
NORWICH UNIVERSITY.               STUDIES.          ADMI SSION.-GOVERNMENT.
of the AmericanLiterary,Scientific & Mil- tics, Electricity, Magnetism, Elements of
nitary Academy, and a commodious build- Chemistry, Astronomy, the use of the
ing was erected for its accommodation. It Barometer, Surveying, including Levelwas placed under the superintendence of ing, Topographical and Military DrawCapt. Alden Partridge, and continued for ing, Civil and Military Engineering, Pera number of years in a very flourishing manent and Field Fortifications, National
condition, with pupils, or cadets, from  Defence, Military Tactics, &c., Geogranearly all the states in the Union. Sub- phy, History, Ethics, Logic, Rhetoric,
sequently the principal part of the school Natural and Political Law, the Laws of
was removed, by Capt. Partridge, to Mid- Nations, Mental Philosophy, Political
dletown, Connecticut; but it was at length Economy, the Constitution of the United
discontinued there, and Capt. P. returned States, Music, Fencing, the theory of Proto Norwich, where, in the mean time, a jectiles and its application to Gunnery.
small school had been kept up in the These constitute the regular course, but
original building at that place. In con- the Latin and Greek languages, though
sequence of the application of those in- taught to those who wish to study them,
terested in the school at Norwich, an act are not required for obtaining a diploma.
was passed on the 6th of November, 1834,   For the accommodation of students who
incorporating an institution by the name have not the time or means to complete
of the JVorwich University, and giving it the full course, the following partial
power to confer " all such diplomas, de- course is adopted, which will well qualify
grees, honors, or licenses, as are usually a young man to become an instructor in
conferred by colleges, or universities." an English institution, a practical surThe corporation consists of 25 persons veyor, or assistant engineer, and for the
besides the president of the University, ordinary practical duties of the citizen
who is ex officio member and president of and citizen-soldier, viz: the English lanthe board of trustees. The trustees are guage, Arithmetic, Logarithms, Algebra,
empowered to fill their own vacancies, are Geometry, Trigonometry, Mensuration of
required to provide for a constant course heights and distances, Planometry, Stereof instruction in military science and civil ometry, Practical Surveying, including
engineering, and are prohibited from es- Leveling, Topographical and  Military
tablishing any regulations of a sectarian Drawing, the Elements of Natural Phicharacter, either in religion or politics. losophy and Astronomy, Geography, HisThe University went into operation under tory, Ethics, Rhetoric, Logic, the Constiits charter in May, 1835, and held its first tution of the United States, and the Scicommencement in August, 1836.          ence of Government generally, and pracThe plan and principles of this institu- tical Military Science. The completion
tion are very unlike those of our colleges of this course does not entitle the student
and universities generally. There is no to a diploma, but he may have an honordefinite period in which the regular course able discharge and recommendation signof studies is to be completed, and conse- ed by the president.
quently there is no general division of the    Admission.  For admission into the
pupils into classes, denoting by years the university the candidate must be at least
several stages of the course. Each stu- twelve years old, of good moral characdent is permitted to advance as rapidly as ter; must be well versed in the elements
possible in his studies, due regard being of Arithmetic, English  Grammar and
had to a thorough understanding of the Geography, and able to write a fair legisame, and when he has completed the ble hand. Those who have made further
full course, he is admitted to an examina- advancements on joining the university,
tion and to the honors of the institution, are allowed to take the station to which
if' found qualified, without reference to their qualifications entitle them, without
the time he has been pursuing his stu- any charge for back tuition. None are
dies.                                  admitted for a less term than six months;
Course of Studies. The regular course and thle pupils, or cadets, are required to
of instruction in the university embraces dress in the uniform of the institution.
the following branches, viz: the Latin,   Gove'rnrng-t. The immediate govern.
Greek, French, Spanish and English lan- ment of tlm institution is vested in the
guages, Arithmetic, the construction and president. The discipline is strict, being
use of Logarithms, Algebra, Geometry, in principle military, and in practice paPlanometry, Stereometry, Trigonometry, rental. Jlilitary exercises are attended to
Mensuration of heights and distances, ap- at such hours as not to interfere with the
plication of Algebra to Geometry, Isoper- regular studies, but occupy such portions
imetry, Conic Sections, Mechanics, Hy- of the time as are generally spent in idledrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Op-  ness, or useless amusements, for-which
PT. HI.         22




170                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART? 1b
NORWICH UNIVERSITY.          CORPORATION-OFFICERS.             GRADUATES.
they constitute a healthy, rational, and  Hon. Aaron Loveland,
usefur substitute. A course of lectures    Jabez A. Douglass, Esq.,
on the Constitution of the United States,  Edwin F. Johnson, Esq.,
and the science of government generally,  Dr. Ira Davis,
Political Economy, Military Science in   Hon. Henry C. Denison,
its several departments, Geography, &c.,  Hon. Truman Chittenden,
is delivered annually by the president.  Hon. John L. Putnam,
Commencement and Vacation. The an-     Dr. Lyman Lewis,
nual commencement is on the Thursday     Cyrus Partridge, Esq.,
next following the third Wednesday in    Rev. Cyrus Fay,
August; immediately after which there    John S. Cram, Esq.,
is a vacation of four weeks-the only one  William H. Duncan, Esq.,
in the year.  A public examination is    John Wright, Esq., Secretary.
held, commencing on the Monday of the    William Sweatt, Teasuer.
week preceding commencement, and continuing one week.                        Alvin E. Bovee, Librarian.
advantages. The advantages claimed       Board of Medical Examiners.
by the institution over others are,        Dr. William Sweatt,
1st. That, while other seminaries only    "  Ira Davis,
fit the pupils to enter on the study of     "  Eldad Alexander,
some one of the learned professions, this,     Thomas Winslow.
in addition, fits them, if they set fit, to
enter directly upon the discharge of the      Executive Committee.
active duties of life-to become agricul-   Dr. William Sweatt,
turists, merchants, manufacturers, teach-  Hon. Aaron Loveland,
ers, surveyors, engineers, or soldiers, as  Dr. Ira Davis,
inclination may direct, or circumstances   John Wright, Esq.
require.
2dly. That, by allowing each student              Faculty.
to advance as rapidly as he can, in his  Capt. Alden Partridge, President,
studies, consistently with a thorough un-  and Professor of JXatural, Moral and
derstanding of the same, much time, and,  Intellectual Philosophy, History, Sciconsequently, much expense, may be         ence of Government, Political Econsaved in completing a course of education.  omy and Military Science.
3dly. That, while a large portion of the  David Richardson,
students leave other institutions with           Professor of Mathematics.
their constitutions broken down and their  H. Villiers Morris,
health so much impaired as to incapaci-    Professor of Civil Engineering, and
tate them for future usefulness, those from  Topographical Drawing: also, Asthe Norwich University, in consequence     sistant Jilitary Instructor.
of being inured to regular military and
other exercises, go into the world with  Alvin E. Bovee,
firm and vigorous constitutions, capable   Prof. of anc. and Jod. Languages.
of enduring fatigue and encountering the  Stephen N. Warren,
severest labors.                                   Alssistant in.Mathematics.
CATALOGUE                     James V. A. Shields,
assistant in.Mathematics.
OF THE CORPORATION7 OFFICERS AND
GRADUATES.                  E. B. Perkins, Instructor in Music.
Corporation.                          Graduates.
Capt. Alden Partridge,                  1836.       Henry S. Ranney
Hon. Jedediah H. Harris,         Alonzo Jackman..aaron L. Balch
His Exc. Silas H. Jenison,           HONORARY.    E. L. Lee
Hon. Caleb Keith,                       A. M.       Benj. Wright, L L D
Hon. William Noble,              H. P Woodworth  M. Robinson, L L D
Hon. David P. Noyes,             *Zerah Colburn           1837.
John Wright, Esq.,               Truman B. Ransom Cyrus H. Fay
Hon. Joshua Stowe,               E. L. Brooks       Josiah Swett, Jr.
Isaac N. Cushman, Esq.,          Edwin F. Johnson  George W. Gilson
Col. Jonathan P. Miller,         Valentine B. Horton Robert Frazer
Dr. William Sweatt,              J. H. Ward         Joseph W. Curtis
Hon. Hubbard H. Winchester,      Gideon B. Welles  Horatio G. Gilbert
Hon. Daniel Cobb,                J. H. Lawrence      ugene E. McLean
Rev. John M. Austin,             P. Phillips        W. Scott Sherwood




CHAP. 8.           EDUCATION AND LITERATURE.                           171
GRADUATES.                       PRINTING.                     NEWS PAPERS.
S. R. Streeter     Africus S. Howard    "L Pliant as reeds where streams of freedom glide,
Joseph H. Streeter Samuel Marsh         Firm as the hills to stem oppression's tide."
Robert Frazer *,M C E Asa C. Marvin    This paper was issued weekly on MonSaml B. Grice IM c E Youngs B. Wood    day, upon a sheet of pot size, and was
Jos. G. Tilden M D   William Livingston  continued till the beginning of the year
HONORARY.    James A. Htall.
A. M.      Friend P. Fletcher     The second newspaper published in
Nathan M. Knapp  Jonathan Tarbell    Vermont was established at Bennington,
Joseph B. Burleigh Joshua Lincoln      by Anthony Haswell and David Russell.
Josiah Sanborn           M.C.E.        It was called " The Vermont Gazette, or
Henry W. Cushman Samuel Nichols, 2d  Freeman's Depository." It was commenJoseph D. Allen    Chauncey Wright   ced June 5, 1783, and has been continued
1838.       Cyrus B. Burnham   down to the present time, a period of 59
Jay Dyer           Charles Lewis       years.  The printing press and- types,
Jehiel Lillie             1840.        which had been used at Westminster,
John C. Murray    Thomas D. Fell       having been purchased by George Hough,
he removed them to Windsor, and, in
Charles D. Lewis  Sylvester M. Hewitt he removed them to Windsor, and, n
Johnson Shedd      Lucius Hurlbut      partnership with Alden Spooner, on the
Collins Wight      Edward Crowell    7th of August, 1783, commenced the pubCharles Slack.     Philander Palmer   lication of a paper called "' The Vermont
HONORARY.                         Journal, and Universal.dvertiser. This
J. W. HorrM        Avi Jonseph Shedd   was the third paper established in VerH. V. Morris M C aE  Simeon Wheeler, Jr. mont, and was continued till about the
1839.      Daniel Fuller       year 1834. The fourth paper was The
George B. Adams  Alonzo Jackman A MI Rutland Herald, or Rutland Courier. It
Walter A. Hurlbut Josiah Swett, Jr. A M was established June 25, 1792, by Anthony Haswell, and is still continued. Since
Whole number of Alumni           61 that period, a large number of new papers
"6      honorary graduates 27 have been established at different times
in different sections of the state, but
NOTE.-Our materials for the preceding many of them have been of very short
catalogue were mostly derived from the continuance. The number of weekly paannual catalogue for 1840, and, conse- pers published in Vermont is at present
quently, we are unable to give the names about 30. Of these, three are religious
of the graduates in 1841, although their papers, and one, "The Voice of Freedom,"
number is included in the above summary. is devoted to the subject of the abolition
The times of the appointment and exit of of slavery.  The religious papers are,
trustees, officers, &c. not ascertained.    "The Vermont Chronicle," which is the
organ of the Congregationalists, "' The Vermont Telegraph," the organ of the Baptists, and "The Universalist Watchman,"
SECTION X.               which is the organ of that denomination.
We have taken much pains to ascertain
Printing- Periodicals and Books.    the names, dates, &c., of the periodicals
The first printing office in Vermont which have been, or are now, published
was established at fiestminster, in the in this state, but with very imperfect sucsummer of 1778,by Judah Paddock Spoon- cess. In addition to those named in the
er and Timothy Green. At the session succeeding table, the following, and many
of the legislature in October following, others, probably, have been published in
the state, of which we know little but
Judah P. Spopner and Alden Spooner their nams: Freeen's Press, by Derick
were appointed state printers. The laws their names: Freeontpelien's Press, by eric
which were passed at the two preceding land; Northern Spectator, Poultney' St.
sessions of the legislature had been pro- Albans' Adviser; Green Mountain Palamulgated only in manuscript. In February, 1781, was commenced, at Westmin- dium, Chester; Workingman's Gazette,
ster, by J. P. Spooner and TimothyGreen, by Haskell & Palmer, LVoodstock; Spirit
the publication of the first newspaper of the Times, by 
ever printed in Vermont. It was called; Luninary,Randolph; National
"The Vermont Gazette, or Green Mountain Standard, by Wim. Slade, Middlebury;
Post Boy," and it had for its motto the AmericanMiddlebury; State JourMontfollowing couplet, which is truly charac- pelier; Repertory, by J. Spooner, St. Al-bans, Citizen Soldier, Norwich; Canaditeristic of the inhabitants of the Green bans, Citizen Soldier, Noralichsmall temper~Mountain State:    ~        an Patriot, Derby. Severalsmall temperance, agricultural, and medical papers
* Master of Civil Engineering.       have been issued for a short time.




172                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMON2.                     PAR    A
News Papers.       Location   I     Founders.    [ Commenced. ]   Ended.
Vermont Gazette         Westminister Spooner & Green   Feb. 1781      1783
Vermont Gazette         Bennington   Haswell & Russel  Jun. 1783 contin'd
Vermont Journal         Windsor      Hough & Spooner  Aug 1783
Rutland Herald, or Courier Rutland   Anthony Haswell  Jun. 1792 contin'd
Farmer's Library        Fair Haven   Mathew Lyon            1793 3 or 4 yrs
Federal Galaxy          Brattleboro'  Benjamin Smead   Jan. 1797
Burlington Mercury      Burlington   Donnely & Hill         1797      1799
Tablet of the Times     Bennington   Merrill & Langdon Jan. 1797
Green Mountain Patriot  Peacham      Farley & Goss      Feb. 1798 Mar 1807
Vergennes Gazette       Vergennes   Samuel Chipman   Aug 1798
Weekly Wanderer         Randolph     Sereno Wright      Jan. 1801     1811
Northern Sentinel       Burlington   J. H. Baker        Mar 1801 contin'd
Middlebury Mercury      Middlebury   Huntington & Fitch Dec. 1801 Jan 1810
Vermont Gazette         Windsor      Nahum Mower        Mar 1801
Reporter                Brattleboro'  Wm. Fessenden    Feb. 1803
Northern Memento        Woodstock   Isaiah Carpenter   May 1805 Feb 1806
Post Boy                Windsor      Naham Mower        Jan 1805 Jan 1808
Vermont Precursor       Montpelier   Clark Brown        Nov 1806 Sep 1807
Vermont Watchman        Montpelier   Samuel Goss        Sep 1807 contin'd
North Star              Danville     Ebenezer Eaton    Jan 1807 contin'd
Vermont Courier         Rutland      Thos. M. Pomeroy  July 1808 Mayl810
Vermont Republican      Windsor      Farnsw'th& Churc'] Jan 1809      1834
Champlain Reporter      St. Albans   Morton & Willard   Apr 1809
The Washingtonian       Windsor      Josiah Dunham      July 1810 4 or 5 yrs
Burlington Gazette      Burlington   Hinckley & Fish    Sep 1814 Feb 1817
Vermont Mirror          Middlebury   Samuel Swift       Sep 1812 Sep 1816
Bellows Falls Intelligencer Belows Falls T. G. Fessenden    Jan 181.7
Woodstock Observer      Woodstock   David Watson        Jan 1820      1833
Repertory               Burlington   Jeduthan Spooner
Vermont Patriot         Montpelier   George W. Hill   Jan 1826 contin'd
Vermont Chronicle"      Bellows Falls E. C. Tracy       Apr 1826 contin'd'
Burlington Free Press    Burlington   H. B. Stacy       June 1827 contin'd
Vermont Advocatet       Royalton     Wyman Spooner
Poultney Gazette        Poultney     Shute & Smith
Vermont Telegraph       Brandon      Orson S. Murray         1829 contin'd
Horn of the Green Mtns.  Manchester  Edward C. Purdy         1830
American Whig           Woodstock   Hemingway & Sher-    1829
Universalist Watchbman   Woodstock   Wm. Bell    [win       1829 contin'd
Farmer's Herald         St.Johnsbury Luther Jewett      July 1828
The Vermont Courier     Woodstock   B. F. Kendell       Sep 1830      1837
The Vermont Enquirer   Norwich       Davis & Porter     Mar 1829    1.831
Argus                   Middlebury   C. C. Waller       Oct 1831 contin'd
Weekly Messenger        St.Johnsbury Samuel Eaton       July 1832 Oct 1833
Windsor Statesman       Windsor      Tolford & Fletcher Jan 1833      1840
Green Mountain Boy      Burlington   Richards & Co.    Dec 1834 Mar 1835
The Spirit of Seventy-Six Windsor    Darius Jones       Oct 1835      1837
Vermont Intelligencer    Bellows Falls B. G. Cook       Jan 1835
The People's Press      Middlebury   E. Maxham          Apr 1836 contin'd
The Vermont Mercury    Woodstock   Haskell & Palmer  Apr 1837 contin'd
Franklin Republican     Sheldon      J. W. Tuttle           1837      1839
Vergennes Vermonter    Vergennes   R. W. Griswold    Jan 1838 contin'd
The Caledonian          St.Johnsbury A. G. Chadwick    July 1837 contin'd
Tuesday News            Chelsea      W. Hewes                1837 contin'd
Vermont Statesman       Castleton    Ovid Miner         J'ly 1838 contin'd
Franklin Messenger      St: Albans   E. B. Whiting      Janl 1838 contin'd
Vermont Republican      St. Albans   C. G. Eldridge     Jan 1840 contin'd
Windham Co. Democrat  Brattleboro'  G. W. Nichols       Nov 1836 contin'd
Brattleboro Phoenix     Brattleboro'  W. E. Ryther      Aug 1834 contin'd
Bellows Falls Gazette   Bellows Falls John W. Moore          1838 contin'd
North American          Swanton      H. J. Thomas       Apr 1839 2 years
Vermont State Paper     Johnson      C. G. Eastman           1838     1840
Vermont Times           Windsor      C. H. Severance   June 1839 Mayl841
The Voice of Freedom    Montpelier   Chauncy L. Knapp  Jan 1839 Jan 1842
The Spirit of the Ago   Woodstock   C. G. Eastman       May 1840 contin'd
Lamoille Whig           Johnson      Joseph Poland      June 1840 contin'd
State Banner            Bennington   E. Davis           Mar 1841 contin'd
* Removed to Windsor in Oct. 1628.    t Removed to Chelsea.: Removed to Montpelier.




UHAP. 8.          EDUCATION AND LITERATUR.                           173
173
ORIGINAL VERMONT BOOKS.                         WHEN AND WHERE PRINTED.
Books.-The greater part of the books issued from the press in Vermont have
been reprints of works first published elsewhere, and some of these reflect high
credit upon the Vermont editors and publishers. The principal original works
are embraced in the following table.
NAME, OR TITLE.            AUTHOR.    WHEREPRINTED.    e 
Proceedings of Ne w York, [Pam. Ethan Allen,                         1774
Animadversary Address,    [P, Ethan Allen,     Hartford, Con.  8  24 1778
Vindication of Vermont,   [P. Ethan Allen,    Windsor,       12 172 1779
Vermont's appeal,         [P. S. R. Bradley,   Hartford, Con. 8  52 1779
Principles of Government,     Nathl. Chapman, Rutland,       12 192 1793
Narrative of Captivity,       Ethan Allen,                           1779
Oracle of Reason,             Ethan Allen,     Bennington,    8 477 1784
Natural and Civil History of Vt. Samuel Williams, Walpole, N. H. 8 416 1794
Letters upon Vermont,         J. A. Graham,   London,         8 187 1697
History of Vermont,           Ira Allen,       London,        8      1798
Algerine Captive,      2 vols. Royal Tyler,    Walpole, N. H. 12 428 1797
Nat. & Civil History of Vt. 2 vls. Samuel Williams, Burlington,  1003 1809
Digested Index, of Reports 3 vls. Nicholas Baylies, Montpelier,    8 1512 1814
Epidemics of Vermont,         Joseph A. Gallup,               8      1815
Spelling Book,                Seth Leonard,    Rutland,      12 228 1816
Truth Displayed,              Benjamin Osburn, Rutland,       8 726 1816
Fall of Palmyra,   (Poem)    N. H. Wright,   Middlebury,   24 143 1817
On Free Agency,               Nicholas Baylies, Montpelier,   12 216 1820
Harmon's Journal,             Dan. W. Harmon, Andover, Mass. 8 432 1820
Essay on Contracts,           Daniel Chipman, Middlebury,    8 224 1822
The Etherial Director,        U. C. Burnap,   Middlebury,    8  72 1822
The Primary Instructor, Sp.Book. Jasper Hazen,    Woodstock,   18 160 1.822
System of Arithmetic,         Beriah Stevens,  Saratoga, N. Y. 8 423 1822
Vermont State Papers,         Wm. Slade,       Middlebury,    8 568 1823
Gazetteer of Vermont,         Z. Thompson,    Montpelier,   12 312 1824
Botanist and Family Physician,  Silas Gaskill,    Danville,  12 203 1824
Missionary Gazetteer,         Walter Chapin,  Woodstock,   12 420 1825
The Christian Instructor,     Josiah Hopkins,  Middlebury,   12 312 1825
Essays, Metaphysical,         Asa Burton,      Portland,  8 414 1824
Remarkable events,            Leonard Deming, Middlebury,   12 324 1825
The Youth's Asst. (Arithmetic)  Z. Thompson,    Woodstock,    8 160 1825
English Grammar,              Rufus Nutting,   Montpelier,   12 136 1826
Christian Instructer Instructed,  Noah Levings,   Middlebury,   12 237 1827
Hudson's Letters,             Charles Hudson, Woodstock,   12 327 1827
Youth's Assistant,            Z. Thompson,   Woodstock,   12 266 1828
Greek Lex'n of New Testament, Sam'lI C.Loveland Woodstock,   24      1828
Spelling-Book,                Jonathan Lamb,  Burlington,    12 180 1829
History of Vermont,           F. S. Eastman,   Brattleboro',  18 110 1828
History of Vermont,           Nathan Hoskins, Vergennes,   12 316 1831
The Silent Harp,  (Poems)    Elizabeth Allen,  Burlington,   12 120 1832
History of Vermont,           Z. Thompson,    Burlington,   18 252 1833
Christianity Vindicated,      John H. Hopkins, Burlington,   12 178 1833
Principles of Government,     Nathl. Chipman, Burlington,    8 330 1833
Primitive Creed,              John H. Hopkins, Burlington,   12 415 1834
Banks and Usury,              J. O'Callaghan,  Burlington,   12 300 1835
Mav Martin,                   D. P. Thompson, Montpelier, 24         1835
Practical Forms,              Asa Aikens,      Windsor,      12 448 1836
Primitive Church,             John H. Hopkins, Burlington,   12 392 1836
Gothic Architecture,          John H. Hopkins, Burlington,    4  46 1836
Church of Rome,               John H. Hopkins, Burlington,   12 406 1837
Protestancy and Matrimony,    J. O'Callaghan,  Burlington,   12 328 1837
Icelandic Grammar,            Geo. P. Marsh,  Burlington,   12 188 1838
Universalism,                 Andrew Royce,  Windsor,        18 207 1839
Institutes of Medicine,  2 vols. Joseph A. Gallup, Boston,    8 886 1839
The Green Mountain Boys, 2 vols. D. P. Thompson, Montpelier,   12 536 1839
The Gift,        (Poems)    Sophia Watrous, Montpelier,   24  172 1840




174                 CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
CHARACTER OF BOOKS.                                              MAGAZINES.
Of the theological and metaphysical The author of the Algerine Captive seems
works in the above list, we shall ex- to have been our pioneer in the field of
press no opinion. Each person will doubt- fiction, in which our respected namesake,
i ss try them by the standard of his own the author of the Green Mountain Boys,
vi?'ws and creed, and his judgment will has at present no competitor. The work
be fashioned accordingly. The work of last mentioned is one of much interest,
Dr. Burton is, however, thought by many and, in general, exhibits a fair view of the
to evince considerable acumen and depth characters and the period to which it reof thought. Of the political writings of lates.
Ethan Allen we& have already spoken.
They served their purpose and have pass-  JMagazines. Attempts have been made
ed away. Dr. William's History of Ver- at various times to establish and sustain
mont, though diffuse in style and embra- monthly and semi-monthly magazines,
cing much foreign matter, will long con- devoted to literary, scientific, religious
tinue our standard work. Graham's work and miscellaneous subjects, but these
upon Vermont has very little to recom- have, generally, been attended with little
mend it, excepting the excellent paper success. The earliest work of this kind,
and fair type upon which it is printed, of which we have any particular knowlIt contains few facts worth remembering. edge, was the Rural Magazine, or VerIra Allen, being himself an actor in most mont Repository, published at Rutland,
of the affairs which he narrates, has in- in monthly numbers of 56 pages each,
fused into his history much of the spirit during the years 17(35 and 1796. It was
of the times of which he wrote, but as he edited by Dr. Samuel Williams, and conwrote principally from memory there is tains, besides other interesting matters, a
some confusion in the order of events. valuable collection of documents relating
Mr. Slade's Vermont State Papers is an to the early history of this state. The
invaluable repository of our documentary numbers form two octavo volumes of 650
history. Judge Chipman's work on the pages each, but entire copies of it are now
principles of government will be read and seldom met with. The next magazine of
admired for its sound views long after its any consequence was the Adviser, pubvenerable author has gone down to the lished at Middlebury, under the direction
grave, upon the confines of which he is of the convention of the Congregational
now lingering at the age of 90 years. The churches. It was commenced in January,
work on contracts, by Daniel Chipman, is 1809, was published in monthly numbers
regarded as a standard authority. Dr. of 32 pages each, and was continued sevGallup's work on Epidemics embraces en years.  It contains much valuable
many interesting and valuable facts, and matter, particularly, in relation to tho
many sound and judicious observations, Congregational church in this state. The
and, together with his recent and more Repertory was published at Middlebury,
elaborate work, The Institutes of Medi- by an association of gentlemen. It was
cine, is calculated long to sustain his high devoted to literary and scientific subjects,
reputation as a practitioner and lecturer. was commenced in 1812, and numbers
The Missionary Gazetteer, by Mr.Chapin, issued occasionally till 1817. The Chriswas a valuable work of much research tian Repository was published at Woodand labor-poorly requited.  Leonard's stock, by the Rev. Samuel C. Loveland,
huge Spelling Book, and Stevens' more and was devoted to the support of the
huge Arithmetic-still standing on the doctrines of Universalism. It was issued
shelves of our old bookstores-monuments in monthly numbers of duodecimo form,
of folly. Of the other school books in the was commenced in the year 1820, and
above list, their limited use speaks not was continued several years. The Episvery highly,-no sure criterion, however, copal Register, a monthly periodical, deof their merits; for we have long since voted to the support of the doctrines of
learned that the popularity of school books the Episcopal church, was commenced at
depends rather upon the caprice of teach- Middlebury, in January, 1826, and coners and the puffing and energy of book- tinued four years.  The Mother's and
sellers than upon their intrinsic merits.   Ladies' Book was commenced at Chelsea
In poets and writers of fiction, Vermont in 1839, and is still continued. It is edhas not been prolific. The Silent Harp ited by Miss Sophia A. Hewes. Besides
and the Gift contain some very good arti- these, a magazine called the Iris was
cles, but, were it otherwise, compassion published at Burlington, by Mr. Guy C.
for the fair, but afflicted, writers, would Worth, in 1828 and part of 1829, and the
create a local interest in their works. Green Mountain Repository, edited by
Many fugitive pieces of poetry of consid- the Author, was published at the same
erable merit have originated in Vermont. I place during the year 1832. Several oth



CHAP. 9.               RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                           175
VERMONT REGISTERS.                                     ESTABLISHED RELIGION.
ers, equally ephemeral, have from time to at Burlington, in 1810, by Samuel Mills,
time sprung up in different places.    and was published annually till 1824. In
-  1818, a Register and Almanac was comVermont Registers. There were sev- menced at Montpelier, which has been
eral successive annual political Registers published annually, and which is still
published at Rutland previous to the year continued.  These series of Registers
1800, but the earliest series which was embrace a large amount of political and
continued any considerable length  of other facts, and are highly worthy of a
time was commenced at Middlebury, in place in our public libraries, as works of
1803, by Huntington & Fitch, and was reference, but we are not aware that comcontinued about 12 years. The next se- plete series of them are any where to be
ries of Vermont Registers was commenced found.
CHAPTER IX.
RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.
SECTION I.               basis of religious opinion and worship.
Religion of the State.        And while the article goes on to declare
that no man ought to beo compelled to atAlthough we have in the United States tend, erect, or support any place of worno religious establishment, we certainly ship contrary to the dictates of his conhave an established religion, and that re- science, it is plainly implied that his conligion is Christianity. The existence of science is to be enlightened and guided
Christianity, and its binding force, as the by the Bible. It speaks of the various
religion of the land, over the consciences denominations of Christians as constituand conduct of the people, is recognized ting the whole community, and enjoins
by the constitutions and laws of nearly, upon ll the observance of the Christian
or quite all of the states in the Union, and Sabbath and the keeping up of such sort
they all recognize the Old and New Tes- of religious worship as "to them shall
tament scriptures as containing the doc- seem most agreeable to the revealed will
trines and precepts of this religion. But of God."
here they stop. They do not attempt to   At the first session of the general asdefine the doctrines which these scrip- sembly in 1778, a resolution to observe
tures inculcate, or to give preference to the Lord's Day as the Sabbath, was among
any one of the various sects into which the first adopted by that body, and in our
Christians are divided.  Having estab- first printed code of laws, enacted in
lished the Bible as the religious charter, 1779, is a law enforcing the observance of
individuals are left to interpret it accord- the Christian Sabbath and for preventing
ing to the dictates of their own judgments the disturbance of religious worship. And
and consciences, provided they do not shortly afterwards an act was passed, endisturb or interfere with the rights and titled "' an act for supporting ministers of
privileges of others.                  the gospel," based, as was declared in the
In the constitution of Vermont, and in preamble, on the "importance to the
the subsequent acts of the legislature, community, as well as to individuals, that
Christianity is very clearly recognized as the precepts of Christianity be publicly,
the religion of the state. In the third and at stated times, inculcated on the
article of the declaration of rights it is de- minds of the inhabitants."
clared, "that all men have a natural and   But while Christianity is plainly reunalienable right to worship Almighty cognized as the religion of the state, and
God according to the dictates of their own while the moral precepts of the Bible are
consciences and understandings, as in the acknowledged basis of our legislative
their opinion shall be regulated by the enactments, and while some kind of reliword of God." Here the word of God, or gious worship, regulated by the word of
the Bible, is plainly recognized as the God, is enjoined upon all, government




176                  CIVIL HISTORY OF  VERMONT,.                        PART I1
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.                            CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.
has wisely left the particular modes of cember 3d, 1762,* by the union of two
worship and the internal regulations of small churches, the members of which
churches to the judgments and conscien- had removed to that place from Hardwick
ces of individuals, provided they do not and Sunderland, in Massachusetts. This
interfere with the rights of others, or cor- church, on the 24th of May, 1763, gave
rupt the morals and good order of society. "a call" to the Rev. Jedediah Dewey,
In the grants of townships in this state, pastor of a church in Westfield, Massamade by the provincial government of chusetts, and appointed a committee to
New Hampshire, three rights were re- confer with him and his church, and to
served for the support and propagation of make all needed arrangements and stipuChristianity, one as a glebe for a minister lations. The result was, the church in
of the church of England, one for the so- Westfield of which Mr. Dewey was pasciety for propagating the gospel, and one tor, united with the church in Benlingfor the first settled minister. A right for ton, August 14,1763, and under the sancthe first settled minister was also reserved tion of a council of two pastors and two
in the Vermont grants.                  "messengers," which met at Westfield
An account of the principal religious the same day, Mr. Dewey became pastor
denominations in this state will be found of the new or united church. The union
in the following sections of this chapter.  was doubtless formed with the understanding, that the members, who had constituted the Westfield church, were about
to remove to Bennington. The present
churches in the three towns in Massachusetts from which came the three churches
that originally constituted the church in
Bennington, all date their organization
previous to 1762. It is therefore highly
probable, if not certain, especially in view
of oral and other testimony, that the three
churches,which originally constituted the
first church in Vermont, were composed
of persons, who in those days were denonminated separatists. The separatists disapproved of the authority which the laws
then gave the civil magistrates over ecclesiastical concerns, and which was sanctioned by the Cambridge platform. The
church in Bennington at its organization
made the following record: " It is agreed
upon and voted by the church in Bennington, that they make an exception in
the fourth paragraph in the eleventh chapter in the Cambridge platform in respect
to using the civil power to support the
gospel; and also the ninth paragraph in
the seventeenth chapter in respect to the
civil magistrate's coercive force."  Few
if any other churches in Vermont ever
made any reference, at the time of their
organization, either to the Cambridge or
Saybrook platform. They were substantially independent, though acknowledging the necessity of councils in ordinaeq-A                              -.tions and the utility of them  in cases of
difficulty; for Vermont was not settled
SECTION II.               till the era of lay ordinations among conCongregational Churches in Vermont.   gregationalists in New England had passBY REV. THOMBAS A.. MERRILL, D. D.'   ed away. The churches very universally,
except in some cases of great disorder,
The first congregational church in Ver- except in some cases of great disorder,
mont was organized at Bennington, De-   * The materials of the following brief sketch of
congregationalism in Vermont are derived almost
* Kindly furnished in behalf of the General Con. wholly from original records. The statements, therevention of the Congregational churches in Vermont, fore, are supposed to be as correct as the nature of
to which body application was made for the same.  the case will admit.-T. S.. Ji'erill.




CnAP. 9.                 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                        177
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.                     ASSOCIATIONS AND CONSOCIATIONS,
held each other in fellowship, and ac- diah Dewey, Bennington, August14,1763;
knowledged a kind of undefined respon- Peter Powers, Newbury, February 27,
sibility to each other.                1765; Jesse Goodell, East Westminster,
The church in Newbury originally cornm- June 1, 1667; James Wellman,Windsor,
posed of members living on both sides of September 29, 1768; Abner Reeve, BratConnecticut river, was organized in the tleborough, 1770; Ebenezer Gurley,Guil-' fall of 1764."  Having given Mr. Peter ford, 1770; Samuel Whiting, RockingPowers an invitation to settle, they voted, ham, October 27, 1773; Joseph Bullen,
that the council should "meet for said East Westminster, July 6, 1774; Hezeinstallment down country, where it is kiah Taylor, Newfane, August 1774; Bethought best."  "Mr. Powers was in- najah Roots, West Rutland,October 1774;
stalled at Hollis, (N. H.) February 27, Clement Sumner,Thetford, 1775; Lyman
1765, over the church in Newbury," and Potter, Norwich, August 31, 1775.
preached his own installation sermon.    The associations consist of ministers,
The church in Thetford was the only who meet for mutual improvement. While
one in Vermont, so far as can be ascer- they aim in various ways to promote the
tained, which was organized on the prin- interests of the church, and have of course
ciples of the "half way covenant."  Du- a constitution or a few bye-laws, they
ring the short ministry of Mr. Sumner, neither exercise nor claim any ecclesiastipersons were "admitted to own the cov- cal authority. By common consent the
enant and put themselves under the watch licensing of candidates for the ministry
and care of the church" without coming devolves on them, though in some instanto the sacrament of the Lord's supper. ces this is done by the consociations.
Respecting Mr. S. Dr. Burton, his suc-   Associations of congregational miniscessor observes: "in the time of the revo- ters in Vermont: Windham, formerly
lutionary war, he being a warm tory soon Cumberland, October 17, 1775; Rutland,
found the times too warm for him, and probably, 1788; Royalton, February 1,
secretly absconded."                   1791; Orange, probably, 1798; Addison
The following is supposed to be a com- from Rutland, June 13, 1804; Northwestplete list of the congregational churches, ern from Addison, June 15, 1808; Calethat were organized in Vermont previous donia from  Orange, January 9, 1811;
to the revolution in 1776:             Pawlet from Rutland, September 25, 1811;
Bennington,                1762   Windsor, October 1822; Orleans, June
Newbury,                   1764   17, 1823; Montpelier from  Royalton,
Westminster,               1767   October 11,1826; Black River, afterwards
Windsor, about             1768   Chester, November 6, 1827; Lancaster
Norwich,                   1770   from Caledonia, August 13, 1833.
Brattleborough, about      1770     Most of the congregational churches in
Guilford, about            1770   the western counties, including Lamoille,
Rockingham, about          1770   are united in consociations,with constituThetford,                  1773   tions that much resemble each other and
West Rutland,              1773   those in Connecticut, which were doubtNewfane,                   1774   less their prototype.  In some of their
Putney,                    1776   constitutions, it is stated that as " great
Marlborough,               1776   advantages may be derived from visible
While New York was exercising juris- fellowship and union among churches of
diction over the south part of Vermont, a similar sentiments respecting the great
ministerial association was formed, Octo- doctrines of the christian religion and the
ber, 1775, in what is now denominated government and regulation of churches,
Windham county, and was composed of where their local situation will admit,"
the Rev. Messrs. Abner Reeve of Brat- they propose " to unite and walk together
tleborough, Hezekiah Taylor of Newfane, in all acts of visible fellowship and union,
Joseph Bullen of Westminster, and Sam- mutually watching over and assisting
uel Whiting of Rockingham. Their pre- each other as sister churches."  These
amble begins, " we the subscribers, min- consociations generally consist of the pasisters of the gospel in the county of Cum- tor and a delegate from each church, or
berland and state of New York," &c. two delegates where there is no pastor,
" think it expedient and our duty to asso. and meet annually to hear reports on the
ciate and unite in an ecclesiastical body." state of religion; to recommend measThey retained the name of Cumberland ures to promote the interests of the churchtill June 2, L785. No other association es; to give counsel on practical questions
appears to have been formed for 13 years. when requested; and to add impulse to
The following ministers were ordained the benevolent operations of the denomor installed before the revolution:-Jede- ination.  Most of these consociations,
PT. II.          23




17S                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONl.                      PART IL
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.          CONFERENCES.         GENERAL CONVENTION.
perhaps all of them, have stipulated in ty in the state, where there shall not be
their constitutions, that, when a labor is more than one regular minister, he shall
prosecuted against a pastor or brother, a for the present be entitled to a seat in the
mutual council shall be granted by the convention. It was declared the general
church, if requested by the respondent, object and design of the convention to
before proceeding to final action. They consult union and friendship among mingenerally require that a majority of every isters, and the general interest and well
council shall belong to the consociation being of the churches. They agreed that
in which it is called. There was originally the first meeting of said convention shall
but one consociation on the west side of be on the third Tuesday of June next, at
the Green Mountains. This has been di- evening, at the house of Mr. Whiting of
vided and subdivided as the churches have Rockingham, and that the preacher be apbecome more numerous till the number pointed by the Royalton a sociation."
amounts to five. Their bounds in some   The first meeting was held in 1796 as
instances are county lines.           proposed, and a leading object of the conThe following is a list of such conso- vention appears to have been the union of
ciations, with the time of their organiza- the churches in consociations, and of the
tion:  Rutland, including  Bennington ministers in associations. Their advice
county, January 6, 1797; Addison from  was generally followed, except as it reRutland, June 13, 1804; Northwestern spected the churches on the east side of
from Addison, June 14,/1808; Chitten- the mountain and north of Windham
den from Northwestern, July 4, 1828; county. These have never been consoLamoille, October 27,1840. A consocia- ciated. Within ten years, however, most
tion was formed in Windham county, Oc- of them have become united in county
tober 3, 1797, which has never been con- conferences, which secure most of the
nected with those above mentioned.    advantages, and, in their estimation,doubtIn several counties, in which are no less all the advantages of consociations.
consociations, county conferences are or- Before the organization of the convention,
ganized, which possess some of the fea- some churches suffered extremely by the
tures of consociations, and become to a labors of ministers, who had come into the
considerable extent a bond of union amonga state because they had been repudiated
the churches. At their annual meetings, elsewhere. The convention at an early
like the consociations, they report on the period appointed a committee to certify
state of religion and endeavor to give a the regular standing of ministers coming
spring to the operations of benevolence. into this state or going from it. They
Organization of county conferences: thus, over all the churches that would
Orange, October 5, 1830; Caledonia, Oc- take the trouble to inquire, cast the'aegis
tober 23, 1834; Windsor, September 17, of protection.'
1840; Washington, November 29, 1837.    Though the convention never claimed
Previous to 1795, three ministerial asso- any ecclesiastical authority, from time to
ciations had been formed. But there was time they devised means or recommended
no bond of union between them. Nor measures to awaken an interest or prowas there any organized body to consult mote the welfare of the churches. In
for the general interests of the churches 1807, they commenced acting as a misnow extensively scattered through the sionary society. This society, afterwards
state. An overture was made by the Roy- modified, but always called the Vermont
alton association to the other two bodies, missionary society, depended for funds on
which resulted, as the following extracts the voluntary contributions of the churchwill shew:                            es, and continued to aid the destitute por"At a meeting of delegates from the tions of the state, till 1818, when its operaseveral bodies of ministers in the state of tions were suspended to give place to the
Vermont convened by circular letters, at Vermont juvenile missionary, now the
the house of president John Wheelock, Vermont domestic missionary society, of
August27,1795,were present Rev. Messrs. which the convention are now ex oficiis
Job Swift, Samuel Whiting, Lyman Pot- members. This society annually appoint
ter, Asa Burton and Martin Tullar. Mr. a board of directors, who receive the volWhiting was chosen moderator, and Mr. untary offerings of the communty to the
Tullar scribe. It was unanimously agreed amount of about two or three thousand
that there be in filture a general conven- dollars annually. This sum is expended in
tion of ministers in the state of Vermont, grants generally of from fifty to one hunand that all associations and presbyteries dred dollars, appropriated to aid the feeble
composed of ministers regularly intro- churches.
duced shall be allowed to send two dele-   The convention in 1808 secured the orgates to said convention; and in any coun- ganization of a tract society, which print



CHAP. 9.               RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                           179
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.                           SOCIETIES AND PERIODICALS
ed and circulated tracts for several years,   It will be perceived that beside assign
and till it was found more advantageous ing two months for the appropriation o
to procure them from the large establish- charities to each of the five leading ob
ments in the cities. In 1810, the.Jldvi- jects of benevolence sustained by thle de
ser, or Vermont Evangelical Magazine, a denomination, viz. the cause of the bible,
monthly periodical of 32 octavo pages, foreign and domestic missions, education
was commenced by editors appointed by and tracts, the convention assign two
the convention. This work was generally months to the cause of the seaman's friend
patronized by the churches, and during society and such other objects as any conthe seven years of its continuance, it ex- gregation may wish to patronize. The
erted a most salutary influence.*  The cause of the education society, though
convention from time to time has called overlooked by many, has taken deep hold
the attention of the churches and the com- of some minds in Vermont.  Probably
munity to many subjects of deep interest. this state may claim the honor of having
As early as 1811, they raised a warning instituted the first society in the country,
voice against intemperance. They have, which was organized to educate pious and
indeed, repeatedly warned the community indigent young men for the ministry. As
against this and other national sins, such early as 1804, a society was constituted
as sabbath breaking, including sabbath for this purpose, in the western part of
mails, slavery, profanity, licentiousness, the state, and continued to dispense its
the war spirit, &c. and have often com- blessings till after the organization of the
mended with much zeal the various be- American education society. The Vernevolent objects of the day. In regard mont, or " northern branch of the Amerito some of the leading objects of benevo- can education society," was organized
lence, they have (for the purpose of pre- February 2, 1820.
venting one object from interfering with   In 1825, the convention took measures
another) recommended to the congrega- to establish a religious paper. They contional churches specific times to take col- ceived that it was very much needed;
lections or contributions, as is exhibited that the congregational interest could
in the following table:                easily sustain a local paper; that by this
means an opportunity would be afforded
4d c                   ai 6  U;  mm    for individuals to communicate their views
Nov. -,!d  O t              W V 0
Nov.  o    * i., M U M m m  and for ecclesiastical bodies and other so-;  Dec.  4.EX.i    cieties or conventions to publish their
io  R m E2    Z d v         -;    proceedings; that individuality and enC-    c]6        &;;; u' e n     6* ergy would be given to the action of the
0  Sept. 0 0  &a t   rJof r e io  a. Sept. a.    tC2    ~ * -' V 0.~  - state; and that the cause of religion and
oct..~   K           X           the active operations of benevolence would
Oct.   1-4           F4 a;   F; Pr- 
H. E     tH           m w m ad be greatly promoted. A committee conU; Di 5 a52    c;e;U U  m 6  sisting of WV. Chapin, T. A. Merrill and
3July.'  t  C. Walker was appointed to carry the
d  Aug.'      X         E.;X    plan of the convention into effect. The
r_  I   Z; P  t m m m     committee shortly after made an arrangeMy  vi            66 U X            ment with Mr. E. C. Tracy, (who after
XMay. X n n  - tid a   o 3 s     -Xa   -  an absence again returned to the editorial
s  June.       Pq2;t._~._,,  CA Go-X chair,) to commence the publication of
3o td~ tc X  irti m  mthe Chronicle, in January, 1826. It was
X252 m        W v  X  first printed at Bellows Falls and afterMarcmh T.  4    0,                    wards at Windsor. Though the estabApril.             *- v ~   0lishment was always private property,
X      [I  66     -E          t    and, as it respected other denominations
ci'j          Din.,,', I D O   Oi has been truly catholic, yet it has looked
XE d * n,Qq 4 z, -,j  t._-._._  to congregationalists for patronage and
c Feb.     P r    v                  has derived from them its chief support
vrP 4 2 a D          X             to this present time.
W              O                   The general convention consisted origE  go  o    If a: O  ^:Q Q  e^  - inally of delegates from associations only.
o   =. =?'.td   -0 m'    The members were of course all ordained
Cd rx _=            7 =..
Add o  c: r~  X-;; ed o,~           ministers.  The constitution, however,
v /;- 5  X  =   * m k Ad v -        has been repeatedly altered. The follow.
m'~     1; I >    PS ~ ~  V  rP        O V       ing at present are the leading articles:
"ARTICLE 1. The principal objects of
* Copies of this work may be found in the libra- the general convention of congregational
ries of the colleges existing in this state at the timegational
of its discontinuance.-l'. 1, J.errill.  ministers and churches in Vermont shall




180                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     P4RT 11.
CONVENTION OF THE CONGXREGATIONAL CHURCHES.  METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
be to promote brotherly intercourse and of the state of religion; evening, reports
harmony; to yield mutual assistance and of the Education Society with addresses;
excite in each other the spirit of christian Thursday, half past 9 o'clock, A. M., refervor; to learn the state, and recommend ports of the Domestic Missionary Society
measures for the welfare of the churches; with addresses and a contribution; at 2
to obtain religious information respecting o'clock, P. M., a communion sermon and
the christian church in this country and the administration of the Lord's supper.
throughout the world; and to co-operate   The convention did not, for many years
with other similar institutions in building after its organization, publish any statisup the cause of the great Redeemer.  tics, unless occasionally the number of
"ART. 2. The general convention re- ministers. In 1803, it appears from the
ceive as articles of faith the doctrines of records that there were in Vermont 33
christianity as they are gfenerally express- settled ministers or pastors, 10 unsettled
ed in the assembly's shorter catechism. ministers and 6 candidates. According
These doctrines are understood by us to be to the last report, (Sept. 1841,) there were
those, which from the beginning have in connection with the convention 203
been generally embraced by the Congre- churches, having 22,666 members; 103
gational and Presbyterian churches in settled ministers; 42 stated supplies; 52
New England and especially in Vermont. destitute churches, many of them consist"ART. 3. Every association, county ing of a very few individuals, being in the
conference, or consociation in Vermont, mountain districts, or in towns where the
or partly in Vermont, which receives the inhabitants belong generally to other dedoctrines above specified as the christian nominations; 37 unsettled ministers, and
faith, is entitled to send two delegates to 21 candidates.
the convention; and each association con-   Those who wish to examine the history
sisting of eight or more ordained ministers of the churches more in detail, may conmay send three members: But no county sult as follows: For the State, the a.dvior district shall ever be represented by ser, and the American Quarterly Register,
both a consociation and a conference."   v. XI, pp. 32-44, especially the references,
The annual meeting of the convention pp. 34-35; for Addison county, v. XII,
is held on "the second Tuesday in Sep- p. 52; Franklin county, v. XII, p. 352;
tember, at 2 o'clock, P. M."         Windham county, v. XIII, p. 29; CaleThe convention are in correspondence donia county, v. XII1, p. 280; Essex
with several ecclesiastical bodies. Except county, v. XIII, p. 448; Rutland county,
in the case of the general assembly, with v. XIV, p. 34; Lamoille county, v. XIV,
whom one delegate is exchanged, who p. 129.
may debate and not vote, the convention
send and receive two delegates annually,
who are entitled to all the privileges of
members.  "The corresponding bodies
were first represented in the convention
as follows: General Association of Connecticut, 1801; General Assembly of the
Presbyterian church, 1805; General Association of Massachusetts, 1811; General
Association of N. Hampshire, 1811; General Conference of Maine, 1829; Evangelical Consociation of Rhode Island,
1.823;" General Association of New York,
1838. The convention, in 1833, acceded to                         mu
an overture from the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and establish- -
ed a friendly correspondence. But hitherto it has not been convenient for either
body to send a delegation to the other.
The anniversaries of some of the socie-     Troy Conference Academy.
ties patronized by the convention are held
in connexion with the annual meeting of           SECTION III.
the convention. The following is ordi- Methodist Episcopal Church in Vermont.
narily the course of the public exercises:
Tuesday, 2 o'clock, P. M. convention         BY REV. CYRUS PRINDLE.
sermon; in the evening, report of the   In giving the outlines of a history of
Sabbath School Union with addresses; the Methodist Episcopal Church in VerWednesday, 2 o'clock, P. M., narratives mont, it is necessary to remind the reader




CHAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                        181
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.                       ARTICLES OF THE CHURCH.
of the fact, that their organization and tion many who regarded themselves as
practical economy differ, in some partic. the accredited expounders of the word of
ulars, from all other denominations in the God, and entitled to the immunities of
community. Among these are,-         imparting instruction, from a pre-occu1. The division of their work into cir- pancy of the ground. In a few instances
cuits and stations. The former, some- personal violence was resorted to by the
times, and especially in earlier years, em- profane, but the more common method
bracing a whole county or more; while of opposing what was then considered
the latter is restricted to a single congre- heretical, was public and private disputagation. Stations, of late years, however, tion. These days of controversy, howhave been greatly multiplied, as the abil- ever, have passed away; and calm invesity of the people has been deemed suffi- tigation, and the practical results of the
cient to give a competent support to a labors of this branch of the Christian
stated ministry.                     church, have led most to the recognition
2. The itinerant system; removing the of the members of this communion, as
ministry every year, or at the end of two " brethren beloved in the Lord."
years, is another peculiarity belonging to  In their early history, the ministry of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. These this church experienced no little inconfeatures of their economy render the task venience in their labors, in being without
of giving a history in detail more difficult suitable accommodations for divine worthan would be the case, did they partake ship. The consequence was that for maof the stationary form, as is the fact with ny years they occupied school houses and
most other branches of the Christian private dwellings for preaching places;
church.                              thankful, indeed, if these were not closed
From public records, and the testimony against them. Among the early minisof aged persons now living, the fact is ters who introduced Methodism into this
well established, that the first Methodist state, beside those already mentioned,
society in Vermont was organized at Ver- were Ralph Williston, Joseph Crawford,
shire, in 1796. This was effected through Henry Ryan, Robert Dyer, Peter Vanthe labors of the Rev. Nicholas Sneathen, nest, Elijah Chichester, Jesse Lee, Timoa man of powerful mind and prominent thy Dewey, Truman Bishop, Thomas
standing in the Methodist Epis. Church Branch, James Coleman, Laban Clark,
at that time, as the fact of his being chap- Ezekiel Canfield, Solomon Langdon, Paul
lain to Congress for several years is suffi- Dustin, Samuel Draper, Oliver Beal, Elicient proof. Soon after this, a society jah Hedding, Ebenezer Washburne, and
was formed in Barnard, and in 1797 one Dan Young.
in Barre. This was the origin of Metho-   The following are the articles of religion
dism in the eastern part of the state.  adhered to by the Methodist Episcopal
In 1798 the Rev. Messrs. Joseph Mitch- Church, not only in Vermont, but throughell and Abner Wood were appointed to out the Union:
labor on what was then called Vergennes   "I. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity. There
circuit; and in the following year, the is but one living and true God, everlastcelebrated Lorenzo Dow, who was then ing, without body or parts, of infinite
a Methodist itinerant preacher, was sta. power, wisdom, and goodness: the maker
tioned upon Essex circuit, lying north and preserver of all things, visible and inand east of Burlington.              visible.-And in unity of this Godhead,
From these periods, the Methodists en- there are three persons of one sublarged the sphere of their operations, and stance, power, and eternity;-the Father,
societies were raised up in all parts of the the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
state, until, at the present time, they   II. Of the Word, or Son of God, who
have churches established in almost every was made very.Man. The Son, who is
town, to which the gospel is regularly the Word of the Father, the very and
preached and the ordinances administer- eternal God, df one substance with the
ed. In the early history of the Methodist Father, took man's nature in the womb
Episcopal Church in Vermont, there were of the blessed Virgin; so that two whole
instances of violent opposition to those and perfect natures, that is to say, the
ministers who first entered this field, over Godhead and manhood, were joined towhich the author of this article would gether in one person, never to be divided,
draw an impenetrable veil of concealment, whereof is one Christ, very God and very
did not historic truth require an allusion man, who truly suffered, was crucified,
to them. Wesleyan theology, maintain- dead and buried, to reconcile his Father
ing the universality of the atonement by to us, and to be a sacrifice, not only for
the Lord Jesus Christ, the conditionality original guilt, but also for actual sins of
of salvation by faith, roused up to opposi- men.




182                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONTP.                    PART II.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.                       ARTICLES OF THE CHURCH.
III. OftheResurrectionofChrist. Christ and of his own nature inclined to evil,
did truly rise again from the dead, and and that continually.
took again his body, with all things ap-   VIII. Of Free Will. The condition of
pertaining to the perfection of man's na- man after the fall of Adam is such, that
ture, wherewith he ascended into heaven, he cannot turn and prepare himself, by
and there sitteth until he return to judge his own natural strength and works, to
all men at the last day.             faith, and calling upon God; wherefore
IV. Of the Holy Ghost. The Holy we have no power to do good works,
Ghost, proceeding from the Father and pleasant and acceptable to God, without
the Son, is of one substance, majesty, and the grace of God by Christ preventing
glory, with the Father and the Son, very us, that we may have a good will, and
and eternal God.                     working with us, when vwe have that
V. The suficiency of the Holy Scriptures good will.
for Salvation. The Holy Scriptures con-  IX. Of the Justification of Man. We
tain all things necessary to salvation: so are accounted righteous before God, only
that whatsoever is not read therein, nor for the merit of our Lord and Saviour
may be proved thereby, is not to be re- Jesus Christ by faith, and not for our own
quired of any man, that it should be be- works or deservings:-Wherefore, that
lieved as an article of faith, or be thought we are justified by faith only, is a most
requisite or necessary to salvation. In wholesome doctrine, and very full ofcomthe name of the Holy Scripture, we do fort.
understand those canonical books of the   X. Of Good Works. Although good
Old and New Testament, of whose au- works, which are the fruits of faith, and
thority was never any doubt in the church. follow after justification, cannot put away
The names of the Canonical Books. our sins, and endure the severity of God's
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, judgments: yet are they pleasing and acDeuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, The ceptable to God in Christ, and spring out
First Book of Samuel, The Second Book of a true and lively faith, insomuch that
of Samuel, The First Book of Kings, The by them a lively faith may be as evidently
Second Book of Kings, The First Book of known, as a tree is discerned by its fruit.
Chronicles, The Second Book of Chroni-   XI. Of Works of Supererogation. Volcles, The Book of Ezra, The Book of Ne- untary works, besides over and above
hemiah, The Book of Esther, The Book God's commandments, which are called
of Job, The Psalms, The Proverbs, Ec- works of supererogation, cannot be taught
clesiastes or the Preacher, Cantica, or without arrogancy and impiety. For by
Songs of Solomon, Four Prophets the them men do declare that they do not
greater, Twelve Prophets the less: All only render unto God as much as they are
the Books of the New Testament, as they bound to do, but that they do more for his
are commonly received, we do receive and sake, than of bounden duty is required:
account canonical.                   whereas Christ saith plainly, When ye
VI. Of the Old Testament. The Old have done all that is commanded you, say,
Testament is not contrary to the New; We are unprofitable servants
for both in the Old and New Testament,   XII. Of Sin ofter Justification. Not
everlasting life is offered to mankind by every sin willingly committed after justiChrist, who is the only Mediator between fication, is the sin against the Holy Ghost,
God and man, being both God and man. and unpardonable. Wherefore, the grant
Wherefore they are not to be heard, who of repentance is not to be denied to such
feign that the old fathers did look only for as fall into sin after justification: after
transitory promises. Although the law  we have received the Holy Ghost, we
given from God by Moses, as touching may depart from grace given, and fall inceremonies and  rites, doth not bind to sin, and by the grace of God, rise
Christians, nor ought the civil precepts again and amend our lives. And therethereof of necessity be received in any fore they are to be condemned, who say
commonwealth; yet, notwithstanding, no they can no more sin as long as they live
Christian whatsoever is free from  the here: or deny the place of forgiveness to
obedience of the commandments which such as truly repent.
are called moral.                       XTII. Of the Church.  The visible
VII. Of Original or Birth Sin. Origi- Church of Christ is a congregation of
nal sin standeth not in the following of faithful men, in which the pure word of
Adam, (as the Pelagians do vainly talk,) God is preached, and the sacraments duly
but.it is the corruption of the nature of administered according to Christ's ordievery man, that naturally is engendered nance in all those things that of necessity
of the offspring of Adam, whereby man is are requisite to the same.
very far gone from original righteousness,   XIV.  Of Purgatory.  The Romish




CrAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                          183
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.                        ARTICLES OF THE CHURCH.
doctrine concerning purgatory, pardon, per of our Lord, cannot be proved by
worshipping, and adoration, as well of Holy Writ, but is repugnant to the plain
images as of relics, and also invocation of words of Scripture, overthroweth the nasaints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, ture of a sacrament, and hath given occaand grounded upon no warrant of Scrip- sion to many superstitions.
ture, but repugnant to the word of God.    The body of Christ is given, taken, and
XV. Of speaking in the congregation eaten in the Supper, only after a heavenin such a Tongue as the People understand. ly and Spiritural manner. And the means
It is a thing plainly repugnant to the whereby the body of Christ is received
word of God, and the custom of the prim- and eaten in the Supper, is faith.
itive church, to have public prayer in the   The sacrament of the Lord's supper was
church, or to minister the sacraments, in not by Christ's ordinance reserved, cara tongue not understood by the people.  ried about, lifted up, or worshipped.
XVI. Of the Sacraments. Sacraments   XIX. Of both kinds. The cup of the
ordained of Christ, are not only badges or Lord is not to be denied to the lay people:
tokens of Christian men's profession; but for both the parts of the Lord's Supper,
rather they are certain signs of grace, and by Christ's ordinance and commandment,
God's good will towards us, by the which ought to be administered to all Christians
he doth work invisibly in us, and doth alike.
not only quicken, but also strengthen and   XX. Of the one oblation of Christ,finishconfirm our faith in him.             ed upon the cross. The offering of Christ
There are two sacraments ordained of once made, is that perfect redemption,
Christ our Lord in the Gospel; that is to propitiation, and satisfaction for all the
say, Baptism and the Supper of the Lord. sins of the whole world, both original and
Those five commonly called sacra- actual: and there.is none other satisfacments; that is to say, Confirmation, Pen- tion for sin but that alone. Wherefore
ance, Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme the sacrifice of masses, in the which it is
Unction, are not to be counted for sacra- commonly said, that the priest doth offer
ments of the Gospel, being such as have Christ for the quick and the dead, to have
partly grown out of the corrupt following remission of pain or guilt, is a blaspheof the apostles: and partly are states of mous fable, and dangerous deceit.
life allowed in the Scriptures, hut yet   XXI. Of the Marriage of Ministers.
have not the like nature of Baptism and The ministers of Christ are not commandthe Lord's Supper, because they have not ed by God's law either to vow the estate
any visible sign, or ceremony ordained of of single life, or to abstain from marriage;
God.                                  therefore it is lawful for them, as for all
The sacraments were not ordained of other Christians, to marry at their own
Christ to be gazed upon, or to be carried discretion, as they shall judge the same
about; but that we should duly use them. to serve best to godliness.
And in such only as worthily receive the   XXII. Of the rites and ceremonies of
same, they have a wholesome effect or Churches. It is not necessary that rites
operation: but they that receive them un- and ceremonies should in all places be
worthily, purchase to themselves condem- the same, or exactly alike: for they have
nation, as St. Paul saith, 1 Cor. xi, 29.   been always different, and may be changXVII. Of Baptism. Baptism is not ed according to the diversity of countries,
only a sign of profession, and mark of dif- times, and men's manners, so that nothing
ference whereby Christians are distin- be ordained against God's word.-Whoguished from others that are not baptized: soever, through his private judgment, wilbut it is also a sign of regeneration, or lingly and purposely doth openly break
the new birth. The baptism of young the rites and ceremonies of the church to
children is to be retained in the church.  which he belongs, which are not repugXVIII. Of the Lord's Supper. The Sup- nant to the word of God, and are ordainper of the Lord is not only a sign of the ed and approved by common authority,
love that Christians ought to have among ought to be rebuked openly, that others
themselves one to another, but rather is a may fear to do the like, af one that offensacrament of our redemption by Christ's deth against the common order of the
death: insomuch, that to such as rightly, church, and woundeth the consciences of
worthily, and with faith receive the same, weak brethren. Every particular church
the bread which we break is a partaking may ordain, change, or abolish rites and
of the body of Christ; and likewise the ceremonies, so that all things may be
cup of blessing is a partaking of the blood done to edification.
of Christ.                              XXIII. Of the rulers of the United
Transubstantiation, or the change of the States of america. The president, the
substance of bread and wine in the Sup- congress, the general assemblies, the gov



[184                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                             PART II.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.                 SEMINARIES AT NEWBURY AND POULTNEY.
ernors, and the councils of state, as the tion, comprehending to some extent every
delegates of the people, are the rulers of state in the Union, is now being carried
the United States of America, according  into effect.  The Methodists have two
to the division of power made to them by  institutions in this state, of a high rank,
the constitution of the United States, and  where nearly all the branches of classical
by the constitutions of their respective education are taught that appertain to a
states.  And the said states are a sove- collegiate course.
reign and independent nation, and ought   The first of these is located at Newnot to be subject to any foreign jurisdic- bury, upon the Connecticut river; and is
tion.                                      surrounded by the charms of nature and
XXIV. Of Christian MJen's Goods. The art, to attract the youth of eastern Verriches and goods of Christians are not mont and those parts of New Hampshire,
common, as touching the right, title, and  for whose benefit it was established. The
possession of the same, as some do falsely  cost of the buildings and a farm connectboast. Notwithstanding, every man ought, ed with the institution, has been from
of such things as he possesseth, liberally  $20,000 to $30,000.  The number of stuto give alms to the poor, according to his dents, male and female, during the year,
ability.                                    will range from  300 to 390.  The name
XXV. Of a Christian JMan's Oath. As of this institution is, the NJewbury Semiwe confess that,vain and rash swearing is nary.
forbidden Christian men by our Lord Je-   The other institution is located at West
sus Christ and James his apostle; so we  Poultney, Rutland county, bordering upjudge that the Christian religion doth not on the state of New York, and is called
prohibit, but that a man may swear when  the Troy Conference.cademy. The buildthe magistrate requireth, in a cause of ings are splendid and spacious, sufficient
faith and charity, so it be done according  to accommodate 200 students in the boardto the prophet's teaching, injustice, judg- ing department, and an additional hunment, and ttutl."*                         dred would find room  in the department
of instruction, of those boarding with the
According to the statistical returns for inhabitants in the vicinity.  The cost of
1841, the following exhibit will present the buildings, farm, &c., has been about
the reader with the present condition of $40,000.  And perhaps there is no instipMethodism  in Vermont:
Methodism in Vermont:                      tution of the professed  grade of this,
Members,                  16,039       which ranks higher in literary merit, or
Traveling ministers,         128
LocTraveling ministersdo    112       any whose location promises better security to the health and morals of youth.
The scenery around is such as will please
Total,      16,279       the taste, and improve the intellect. The
From the best returns that could be ob- number, and mprove the intellect. The
number of students instructed in this intained, it appears there are 92 churches stitution yearly will range from  300 to'owned exclusively by the Methodist Epis- 400
copal Church in Vermont, and some 40    The above results are the fruits of the
or 50 others, in which the right of occu- forty five years last past; and considerpancy belongs to them a part of the time. ing the disadvantages under which this
There are also about 40 church parson- branch of the church has labored in that
ages; and these, as well as churches, are\ time, and the comparatively feeble instruyearly multiplying.                        mentalities that have been employed, they
From  an early period in the history of furnish strong reasons for gratitude to
the Methodist Episcopal Church, the ne- God, by whose free grace the ministry
cessity of founding institutions of learn-     reconciliation have not'labored in
ing was deeply felt, and vigorous efforts   innor spent their strenth for naught
were made to carry into effect these provisions for the education of youth. But
isios for the education of youth.   But   *An account of the Methodist Protestant Church
the destruction of their buildings twice  in this state was expected from a clergyman of that
by fire, near Baltimore, Md., tended for a denomination in season to be inserted here, bnt it
season to dishearten the friends of this has not been received, and we have not in our reach
seasontodisearen    few  yearns past, theenedns of preparing one of our own. From the
enterprise.  Within a few  years past, minutes of the annual conference of this church held
however, a revival of this spirit has mani- at Richmond in 1840, it appears that the Vermont
fested itself, and a plan of liberal educa- District embraced at that time, 10 circuits, and four
missions in which were 20 ministers and 1107 members. But as the Vermont District embraces a con* These articles, witi the exception of the XXIII, siderable section of the state of New York, we are
which relates to civil rulers, are in the language of unable to say how many of these are within our own
the XXXIX articles of the Church of England, from  state. The Protestant Methodist are believed to
which they are selected and abridged, and, as far as differ from the Episcopal Methodists chiefly in their
they go, they are the same as the articles of the Pro- rejection of the Episcopal form of church governtestant Episcopal Church in the United States.  ment.




CHAP. 9.               RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.,                         18
BAPTIST CHURCHES.                             FIRST CHURCHES AND MINISTERS.
specting the Baptists in Bennington and
its vicinity in the south-west corner of the
state, were similar to those which existed
in Brattleboro' and vicinity, in the southeast corner. The settlers of Brattleboro'
were emigrants from Massachusetts, and
they readily adopted the measures of their
native state in support of religion, so that
Brattleboro' became a place uninviting to
Baptists. But the towns of Guilford and
Dummerston, the one lying at the south,
and the other at the north of Brattleboro',
were resorted to by them, as places where
they could enjoy their religious liberty.
Thus while Brattleboro' and Bennington
were unwelcome to Baptists, they repaired to towns adjacent, where they settled,
and organized churches.
The first Baptist church, in Vermont,
was constituted, in Shaftsbury, in 1768.
Another church was constituted in the
same town, in 1780; another, in 1781;
ald a fourth in 1788. A Baptist church
was constituted in Pownal, in 1773; and
another, in the same town, in 1790. In
Guilford a Baptist church was organized,
in 1770; another, in 1772; another, in
1783; and a fourth, in 1791; and a church
in Dummerston, in 1783
In 1790, there werethlirtyv-five Baptist
churches in Vermont, with 1.600 commnunicants. These, however, were mostI ly confined to the four southern counties.... a ~ si ~ phThe denomination increased very rapidly,
in the state, until about 1795, when the
sale of the military lands, in the state of
Baptist Church, Brandon.      New York, attracted the attention of the
inhabitants of Vermont, and drew off mulSECTIOnq V.               titudes to those new settlements. Since
that time, there has been a constant emiBaptist Churches in Vermont.     gration to the. western sections of the
BY REV. C. A. THOMAS.*        country; and the Baptist denomination
has contributed largely towards swelling
In the early settlement of Vermont, few  this tide of emigration; so that some of
of the inhabitants were Baptists, and these the churches, which were once large and
few generally poor. In 1761, Mr. Sam- prosperous, are now small and feeble, if
uel Robinson, with a large number of not extinct. For the last twenty years,
separatists or new lights, commenced a however, there has been a gradual insettlement in the town of Bennington. crease of the Baptists in Vermont, esAmong these separatists, were some who pecially in the north part of the state; so
imbibed the sentiments of the Baptists; that there are now, in 1841, about one
but as Bennington was for many years a hundred and forty churches, upwards of
little government by itself,exercising civil one hundred ordained ministers, twenty
and ecclesiastical jurisdiction over its in- of whom may be superannuated, and uphabitants, the Baptists generally repaired wards of eleven thousand communicants.
to places adjacent, and many of them set-   Among the first Baptist ministers that
tied in the towns of Pownal and Shafts- visited this state were Elisha Ransom
bury. In these places, they formed them- Joseph Cornell, Thomas Skeel, Elisha
selves into religious communities, upon Rich, Hezekiah Eastman, Wm. Bentley,
the principles of civil and religious free- John Heberd, John Peak, Caleb Blood,
dom. The foregoing circumstances, re- Whitman Jacobs, Isaiah Stone, Ephraim
Sawyer, Elnathan Phelps, Roswell Smith,
* Kindly furnished in lbhalf of the Baptist Con- Timothy Grow, James Parker, Henry and
vention of Vermont, to which body applicatio    Calvin  Chamberlin, Jeddih   Herd,
nade for the sae.Calvin Chamerln, Jededah Heberd,
PT. Ii.      24




186                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
BAPTIST CHURCHES.                                  ASSOCIATIONS OF CHURCHES.
Sylvanus Haynes, Isaac Webb, Henry religious affairs, governed solely by the
Green, Aaron Leland, Isaac Beal, Joseph regulations of the places, whence they
Call and Samuel Kingsbury. These min- emigrated; and as by far the greater part
isters did not all remove into the state. of the early settlers were CongregationWhile some came, and took the pastoral alists from Massachusetts and Connecticare of churches; others came, and serv- cut, they, of course, gained the ascened as itinerants; and others still were dancy, and advocated the support of the
mere adventurers to seek a home, and en- gospel by measures which were repulsive
joy religious freedom. The education of to Baptists. The first act of the state
these early ministers did not extend gen- regulating the support of the gospel, was
erally beyond the rudiments of a common passed October 26, 1797.* This law bound
English education, and yet their ministry the inhabitants of each town or parish to
was well adapted to the condition of the be of, and to support the leading denompeople of that period. They were persons ination; or to show that they were of
of great natural ability, close students of different views, and supported the gospel
the Bible, and careful observers of men elsewhere. And even this was not a seand things.  Having had  a thorough curity in all cases; for sometimes persons
physical training, they were prepared to were much annoyed after they had subendure great hardships, and encounter mitted to these humiliating regulations.
formidable obstacles.  "They toiled in This law was in force, until the year 1807,
the cold and in the heat, by day and by when it was repealed. The bill proposing
night, traversing the wilderness from one the repeal of this law, was contested two
solitary dwelling to another, by marked years illn the legislature, before it passed.
trees, and half made roads, fording rivers At that time, Aaron Leland, a Baptist
and streams, often without a guide, and minister, was speaker of the house, and
at the hazard of their lives. They fre- Ezra Butler, a Baptist minister, was an
quently had to pursue their journeys active member of the council. Since that
through storms of snow and rain, to meet time, all laws regulating the support of
their appointments, and administer, to the religious worship, have been done away;
perishing, the bread of life."  Such were and the gospel in Vermont is left, as it
the men whom God was pleased to honor ought to be everywhere, to be sustained
in the planting and watering of the early by its advocates and friends.
Baptist churches in Vermont. Their lit-   The Baptist churches in Vermont have
erary qualifications, it is admitted, were united generally in clusters, called assonot great; but they were men of prayer ciations, not for the purpose of legislating
and experience, intimately  acquainted for the churches, since the churches are
with the truths of the Bible, and posses- considered independent one of another,
sing a strong desire to proclaim  these and accountable alone to Christ their
truths to the scattered inhabitants whom  head; but they have associated for the
they found in the wilderness. And the purpose of mutual improvement, and more
people of those early days would travel efficient action. At the annual session of
very cheerfully many miles to hear a ser- the association, each church belonging to
mon. And they travelled, not on the good the body is required to represent itself by
roads, and with the convenient vehicles delegates, and an account of what has
of modern times; but over bad roads, on been its condition during the year. The
foot, on horse back, and on sleds to the first association that was formed in this
place of meeting, eager to hear the word state, was the Shaftsbury association in
of life. And moreover the place of wor- the town of Shaftsbury, in 1780. This
ship then was not the commodious and association, being located in the south
comfortable temple of these days; but it western corner of the state, was composed
was a log building-a log barn in sum- for the most part of churches in New
rner, and a log dwelling house or school York and Massachusetts. These churchhouse in winter; and often the house was es, however, have nearly all been disso small, that most of the hearers were missed to form other associations, so that
obliged to be without, seated on logs, the Shaftsbury association is now mostly
while the preacher stood at the door, and confined to Bennington county in this
proclaimed his message. And it is said state. There were belonging to this asthat under all these privations and incon- sociation, at its last session, in 1841, eight
veniences the utmost order prevailed.    churches, and about eight hundred comThe Baptists of Vermont, as well as municants.
Baptists generally, have been strenuous   * This is a mistake, so far as relates to its being
advocates of religious liberty. The in- the first act regulating the support of the gospel.
habitants of the territory now called Ver- An act precisely similar in principle to the one above
mont, were, for many years, as to their named, and nearly the same in detail, was passed on
the 19th of October, 1787.




CHAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                           187
BAPTIST ASSOCIATIONS.                                   BAPTIST CONVENTION.
The Woodstock association was organ- to the Vermont association. According
ized at Woodstock in 1783. Many of the to its last report in 1841, there were twelve
churches, originally connected with this churches with one thousand and seventy
body, were in the state of New Hamp- members connected with this body.
shire. But this association is now prin-   The Onion river association was organcipally confined to Windsor county in this ized in 1834. The churches composing
state. They report, at their last session this body are chiefly in Chittenden counin 1841, twenty-three churches, and two ty, and were formerly connected with the
thousand eight hundred communicants.  Fairfield association. There were fifteen
The Vermont association was organized churches, with one thousand, one hunat Manchester in 1785. This association, dred and fifty five members connected
being the first that was composed of with it in 1841.
churches chiefly within the limits of the   Besides these nine associations, there
state, received the ndme of the Vermont are, belonging to the Baptists in Vermont,
association.  At its last anniversary in other organizations, more specific and ex1841, there were thirteen churches, and tended in their character.  In 1806, a
one thousand and one hundred communi- missionary society was formed which was
cants, included for the most part in Rut- productive of much good. It afforded aid
land county.                          to many feeble churches, and furnished
The Richmond, known now by the missionaries to labor in destitute portions
name of the Fairfield association, was of the state and in Canada. In 1814, this
formed in the town of Richmond in 1795. society was remodeled and enlarged, and
In 1812, there were three churches in the became auxiliary to the Baptist board of
Province of Lower Canada belonging to Foreign Missions. This society, after a
this body, with one of which the associa- course of successful operation for several
tion was to hold its sessiorl thlat year. But years, merged itself in the State convenin consequence of the war between the tion.
United States and Great Britain, it was   The Baptist convention of Vermont was
deemed best by the churches in Vermont proposed and planned at Montpelier in
not to send their delegates into Canada, October 1823, by the following persons:
but to have them meet in the town of Ezra Butler, Aaron Leland, James Parker,
Fairfield, and hold their session. From  Jonathan Huntley, Isaac Sawyer, J. W.
this circumstance, the association receiv- Sawyer, C. C. P. Crosby, John Ide and
ed a new name which it still retains. J. D. Farnsworth. The convention was
There were belonging to this body in organized in October 1824, in aid of do1841, fifteen churches and upwards of mestic and foreign missions. This misnine hundred members, included chiefly sionary body has now been in successful
in Franklin county.                   operation sixteen years.  Besides aidThe Barre association was formed at ing churches and supporting missionaries
Barre in 1807.  It is now  principally at home, it has contributed generously
confined to Orange county, and contains in sustaining the missionary enterprizo
sixteen churches, with about six hundred abroad.
members. Most of the churches are fee-   In 1828, the Vermont Baptist Sunday
ble, and destitute of pastors.         School Union was formed, which, at its
The Danville association was consti- anniversary in 1841, gave the following
tuted at Danville in 1810. This associa- statistics: 78 schools, 544 teachers, 5111
tion extends over several counties in Ver- scholars, and 8369 volumes in the libraries.
mont, and some portion of Canada. Its   The Vermont branch of the Northern
statistics in 1841 were twenty three Baptist Education Society, was constituchurches, and upwards of one thousand ted in October, 1830. By the instrumenand four hundred communicants.        tality of this society, many pious, indigent
The Windham county association was young men have been assisted in their
organized in 1830. The churches of which preparation for the gospel ministry, and
it was composed formerly belonged to the although the number of persons now reLeyden association in Massachusetts; but ceiving assistance is not large, still the
in 1830, they were set off, and being most- " branch" may be considered, as in a
ly in Windham county, received the name prosperous condition.
of the Windham county association. In   In 1837, the Vermont Bible Society,
1841, it reported fourteen churches, with auxiliary to the American and Foreign
about one thousand and two hundred Bible Society, was formed; and liberal
members.                              sums are annually contributed in aid of a
The Addison county association was pure and exact translation of the sacred
formed in 1.833 of churches principally in scriptures into the languages of the naAddison county, and formerly belonging tions of the earth,




188                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART l,.
BAPTIST SEMINARIES.                             FREE WILL BAPTIST CHURCHES.
The Baptists generally in Vermont are be desirous of enjoying their benefits.
active in the cause of temperance; and in   The Baptist denomination in Vermont,
the allti-slavery cause, they are not be- as well as the Baptist denomination at
hind any of their neighbors, but rather large, differs from all other denominatake the lead.                         tions, in their principles of church policy.
The Baptists in this state, like the Bap- The Baptists are distinguished for their
tists in other sections of the country, have simple adherence to the Bible, as their
been slow to adopt vigorous and syste- rule of faith and practice, and resort not
Ihatic measures for the education of their to other authorities to be guided and essons, inclined to the gospel ministry. tablished.  They are distinguished for
They have been thus backward, not be- their warm adherence to religious liberty.
cause, as a body, they have been opposed and disclaim all alliance between church
to education and improvement; but be- and state, and all civil interference with
cause they thought that they discovered, the rights of conscience. They are disin some leading denominations, a dispo- tinguished for their adherence to a persition to lay more stress upon learning, sonal profession of faith, and an immerthan upon piety, and to use coercive meas- sion of the body in water, as essential to
ures in sustaining their learned ministry. Christian baptism.
All this prejudiced the minds of Bap-   The Baptists, in common with other detists, and made them cautious in adopting nominations, believe that baptism is a premeasures for the education of their sons. requisite to a participation of the Lord's
The Baptists did not, at first, consider and Supper. Hence they feel sacredly bound
admit, as they now very generally do, that to observe this arrangement, and that
while piety is considered as the mistress there would be a departure from the rule
in the gospel ministry, learning may be of their Divine Master, were they to adconsidered as her handmaid; and that mit to his table, those who have not prewhen the mistress and the handmaid are viously been baptized. With few excepassociated, the ministry will more readily tions,all Christian denominations practice
command a voluntary support. Many of on this belief, and admit none to the sathe young men, from the Baptist denom- cramental board, who have not in their
ination in this state, have graduated at judgment, been baptized. The principle
some one of the colleges in the land, with on which Baptists and other denominavery creditable testimonials of scholarship tions act in this instance is the same; and
and piety. Some of these are now filling other denominations, who make baptism,
important stations, as pastors of churches, or something that they call baptism, a preor as professors in our highest seminaries requisite to coming to the ordinance of
of learning, or as missionaries to the the supper, cannot censure the practice of
heathen. In 1833, the Baptists, in this the Baptists, without condemning their
state, located an institution in Brandon, own, for Baptists only require, what in
called the Vermont Literary and Scientific their view alone constitutes this pre.requiInstitution.  The building is of brick, site, which is, Believe and be immersed.
commodious and pleasant; measuring 100
feet by 40, and three stories high, exclusive of the basement, furnished with a
good library and philosophical apparatus.           SECTION V.
This institution has not received that aid
from the denomination which it had rea-  Free Will Baptist Churches in Vermont.
son to expect when established.               BY ELDER ZEBINA YOUNG.
Several other schools have been opened
in the state, under the immediate super-   The Free lWVill Baptist denomination
vision of the Baptists. Black River Acad- was founded at Barrington, N. H., about
emy, located at Ludlow, was opened in the year 1780, by Elder Benjamin Randel,
1835. The building is of brick, two sto- who was converted in the year 1770,
ries high, measuring 60 feet by 40. The through the instrumentality of the Rev.
Leland English and Classical School, es- George Whitefield.  The denomination
tablished at Townshend, affords facilities soon spread into New Durham, and other
for acquiring a thorough education. The adjacent towns. About the year 1791, a
Derby Institute, located at Derby in the lay member of the New Durham church,
north part of the state, is very pleasantly whose name was Robert Dickey, came to
situated, and has recently commenced Strafford, Vt., to assist a relative in maoperations under favorable circumstances. king a settlement at that place. While
These institutions are all under the pa- laboring there in the capacity of a hired
tronage of the Baptist denomination, but man, his spirit was stirred within him
furnish equal advantages to all who may when he saw the people living in sin, and




CHAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                        189
QUARTERLY AND YEARLY MEETINGS.                        UNITARIAN CHURCHES.
many of them in open profanity. He ac- deplorable condition he could not deliver
cordingly began to exhort them to turn to himself; and that God, in the plenitude
the Lord, and about thirty were hopefully of his love, sent his son to die the just
converted through his instrumentality. for the unjust. That man is now, and
These converts desired to belong to the has been ever since the apostacy, dependNew Durham church, 110 miles distant ent for salvation upon the redemption effrom  them. Accordingly they sent to fected through the blood of Christ, and
that church for help, and in the summer upon being created anew unto holiness
of 1792 Elders Benjamin Randel and John through the operation of the Holy Spirit,
Buzzell visited them, preached a few  both of which are provided for every son
times with them, and baptized a number. of Adam.
In January, 1794, Elder Randel made   They hold that as the regenerate are
them another visit, but found them con- placed in a state of trial during this life,
fused in their sentiments and divided in their future obedience is neither detertheir feelings, and he returned entirely mined nor certain, but though they may
discouraged in regard to them. About turn away from their righteousness, comthe last of February following, Elder mit iniquity and die thereby: yet it is
John Buzzell visited them again, and suc- their privilege and duty to be steadfast in
ceeded in organizing nine into a church, the truth-to grow in grace-persevere in
who entered into a covenant with each holiness, and make their election sure.
other to take the scriptures for their only   The ordinances of the church as held
rule of faith and practice. This church and practised by this denomination, are
was organized about the first of March, Baptism, or the immersion of believers in
1794, and was the first Free Will Baptist water, in the name of the Father, Son
church in Vermont. It is now in a flour- and Holy Ghost, and the holy sacrament
ishing condition, consisting of 200 mem- of the Lord's supper.
bers.                                  They believe that the soul, or spirit,
At the present period, churches are or- immediately after death, enters a state of
ganized in various parts of the state, and happiness or misery, according to the
the several churches situated in the same character formed, and the deeds done in
neighborhood are associated together; and the body: and that there will be a resurdelegates from these associated churches rection both of the just and unjust,-the
assemble once in three months forming a saints to be raised in the likeness of
Quarterly.Meeting, at which reports are Christ; but the wicked to awake to shame
made respecting the condition of the re- and everlasting contempt: and finally,
spective churches. The several quarterly that there is to be a general judgment,
meetings are also associated together,and when time and man's probation  will
delegates from these meet annually form- cease forever, and all men will be judged
ing a Yearly Meeting. There is also a according to their works, the righteous
General Conference, which assembles once will enter into eternal life, and the wicked
in two years, and is composed of delegates will go into a state of endless punishfrom all the churches in the connection. ment.
Each of the individual churches has a
monthly meeting for mutual edification
and comfort.
The Yearly Meeting of Free Will Baptists in this state, comprises in its connec-     SECTION VI.
tion, at the present time, 100 churches,
68 ordained ministers, 9 licentiates, and  Unitarian Churches in Vermont.
4423 communicants.
442 c niAnt~...     BY REV. GEORGE a. INGERSOLL.
Their form  of church government is
democratic, each member having an equal   Unitarian is a comprehensive term, inopportunity to speak and vote in all the cluding all those christians who believe in
business of the church.              the strict, personal unity of the DeitySome of the principles of doctrine held that " there is but one God the Father,"
by this denomination are the following, and not a trinity of Father, Son, and Holy
viz: That man was created in the image Spirit. In this interpretation there are
of God, which image consisted in right- many Unitarians in various parts of Vereousness and true holiness. That he was mont.  But of the denomination more
rendered amenable to a moral law, which particularly denoted by this term, there
law, through the influence of the tempter, are but four regularly organized congrehe transgressed, whereby he lost the di- gations.
vine image, and became a depraved, sin-   These, like those of the same name
ful being, subject to death; from which throughout New England, are, in mode of




190                  CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
UNITARIAN CHURCHES.                                        CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
church discipline and worship, Congregationalists-maintaining that each particular church has authority from Christ
for exercising government and enjoying
all the ordinances of worship within itself, and that the only terms of admission
to Christian privileges consist in the acknowledgment of the great Protestant
principle-the. Bible is the religion of
Protestants.
They also maintain the authority and
obligation of the two Christian rites, Baptism and the Lord's Supper-the former
to be administered to believers and their 
children; the latter open to all who profess.,'repentance toward God and faith
toward our Lord Jesus Christ.".
Receiving the scriptures of the Old
and New Testament, as containing authentic records of the dispensations of God                          ii'
and of his revelations to men, and thus
regarding the Bible as, the only summary
of religion, they do not profess to comprise their sentiments in any system of.            C
articles to be imposed on their several         Christian Church, Woodstock.
churches, but offer the hand of Christian             SECTION VII.
friendship to every one who believes that
" Jesus is the Christ," " the Son of the
living God," "whom the Father sancti-           BY ELDER JASPER HAZEN.
flied and sent into the world."  Unitarians   This class of christians arose, as a dereceive Christianity as a divine system  nomination,nearly simultaneously in three
originating in the love of God, and hav- different sections of the United States, the
ing for its object the salvation of men. southern, the northern, and the western,
They believe that Jesus Christ, who came but remained for some time without any
to reveal it, is, in his offices and example, knowledge of each other.
fully entitled to implicit faith, obedience,   In 1793, James O'Kelley, in company
love and imitation; and that he lived and with several other preachers and about
died, not to make God merciful but to 1000 members, separated from the Methoshow that he is so. They regard man as dist society in Virginia and North Carofree and accountable, and able, through lina, and eventually associated together
the grace of God, to obey the requirements as Christians. They have since spread
of the gospel and conform to the condi- through different portions of the southern
tions of salvation. That to obey is to be states and number many thousands in
happy, while disobedience will be follow- their communion.
ed by a righteous retribution as declared    The first church at the north was gathin God's holy word. And that while man ered at Lyndon, Vermont, in September,
has all motive and encouragement to du- 1801, through the instrumentality of Dr.
ty, every thing is the gift of God,-the Abner Jones, then a practising physician
blessings of this life and the hope of im- in that town.  He had previously been
mortality.                              connected  with  the  Calvinist Baptist
Unitarians,-though "ready always to church, from which he separated in the
give an answer to every man that asketh year 1794, accompanying his separation
a reason of the hope that is in them" —  with the following declaration:  "I eminsist that " the liberty wherewith Christ brace the Bible as an all-sufficient rule of
hath made us free," gives to all his fol- faith and practice.  I reject all articles
lowers the right of free inquiry and private and confessions of faith except the Bible.
judgment. That no individual or body I reject all denominational names as apof Christians are authorized to make their plied to the disciples of Christ, except that
opinions the standard of belief; or sub- of Christian."  This declaration he mainscription to their particular creed the sole tained until his death, which occurred at
condition of communion; but that there
is " one Master Christ" and that the rule   * This name as here applied is often pronounced
and motto of his followers should be, Christ-ian, not on account of ignorance or disrespect,
but merely to distinguish this class of Christians from
a' liberty, holiness, love."             Christians of other denominations.




CHAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                        191
ORIGIN OF THE DENOMINATION.                                 BOND OF UNION.
Exeter, New Hampshire, on the 24th of the Apostles,-Pope, Council, Assembly,
May, 1841. Through his instrumentality or Conference, either local or general,a church was gathered in Bradford in this has been or now are able to improve it by
state in the year 1802, and in 1803 one in the addition of any thing new, or by the
Haverhill and Piermont in New Hamp- retrenchment of any redundancies; orby
shire, and the same year a church was any different arrangement, or derangegathered at Portsmouth in that state by ment of its parts; or by selecting deElder Elias Smith, who for a number of tached parts; or by giving what they
years was one of the most indefatigable consider the substance of its truths in
andsuccessful laborers in the cause. Soon their own language, in order to make
after several preachers, with almost entire them a plainer, safer and more perfect
churches of the Baptist denomination, laid guide to the disciples of Christ. They,
aside their articles of faith, renounced the therefore, form no covenants, creeds, conname of Baptist by which they had been fessions, or articles of faith of their own,
distinguished, and agreed to be known as and unhesitatingly refuse to accept those,
Christians only; and but a short period formed by other uninspired men, believelapsed before churches were planted in ing them to be instrumental of division
each of the New England and middle in the church, and injurious to the cause
states, and in the adjoining British prov- of religion.
inces.                                 They believe that persons become memOn the 10th of September, 1803, at Lex- bers of the body by union with the headington, Kentucky, Barton W. Stone and even Christ;-that all, who are united to
four other preachers of the Presbyterian Christ by faith, stand, from that union to
denomination withdrew from the jurisdic- him, in the endearing relationship of
tion of the Synod and her Presbyteries, brethren to each other, being no longer
and formed themselves into a body called strangers and foreigners, but fellow citithe Springfield Presbytery. On the 2tth zens with the saints, and of the household
of June, 1814, this body met in Bourbon of God. They believe that the duties,
county, Ky., and agreed to cast off their which Christians owe one another, of
assumed name and power, and to sink in- brotherly kindness, to watch over each
to the general body of Christians, taking other, to pray one for another, to love and
no other name than Christian, as the name to walk as brethren, grow out of their refirst given by divine authority to the dis- lation to each other as members of one
ciples of Christ. This they announced family;-that those duties are imperiously
to the world in an article entitled, "'The binding upon all the members of the famlast will and testament of Springfield Pres- ily, and that it is not left to individual
bytery," in which they recommend the caprice to assume, or refuse those obligaBible as the only sure guide to heaven.  tions; and that those duties become perThis class of Christians, throughout the sonally obligatory on the possession of a
country, take to themselves the name of knowledge of the relation and opportunity
Christian, as the universally acknowl- to discharge them.
edged epithet to denote the followers of   They believe that all true Christians,
Jesus Christ. This name they take in wherever they have opportunity to assocommon with all Christians, and not to ciate, should make but one communion;
distinguish them from a portion of Christ's that all who believe on Jesus Christ should
disciples. Believing that party names are be one, and shoad, in every place, in
unauthorized, and injurious to the cause suitable numbers, convene in one congreof Christ, they decline the assumption of gation for the enjoyment of Christian
such names themselves, and refuse to ac- privileges and be members of one and the
knowledge any that others might be in- same chu.,rcih.
dined to impose upon them. They re-   They aT etingly   refuse no one the
gard the scriptures as the most perfect priviledsafitse  ehurch of God with them,
written rule of the Christian's faith and who gives Utisfactory evidence of being
practice-"able to make us wise unto sal- a Christian. Their inquiry is not whether
vation, through faith in Christ Jesus;" — he believes in Calvanism or Armenianthat " all scripture is given by the inspi- ism,-whether he is a Trinitarian or a
ration of God, and is profitable for doc- Unitarian; but simply whether he is a
trine, for reproof, for correction, for in- Christian.  They require no assent to
struction in righteousness; that the man formulas of doctrine "in the words which
of God may be perfect, thoroughly fur- man's wisdom teacheth, but" only to those
nished unto all good works."  They be- words, " which the Holy Ghost teacheth."
lieve this so complete, so perfect a rule, They believe that nothing should shut a
as given by inspiration of God, that no person from the fellowship and communman, or body of men, since the days of ion of the members, which does not pre



192                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART. IL
UNIVERSALIST CHURCHES.                               RISE AND ORGANIZATION.
vent fellowship and communion with the mont, in some of the closing years of the
head of the church. Any person who can last century.  The first association of
respond to the test, "If thou believest preachers and other brethren of the order,
with all thy heart thou mayest," the con- which we have on record, was a meeting
fession of the Ethiopian, " I believe that of what was called, " The General ConJesus Christ is the Son of God," and who vention of Universalists of the New Englives a sober, righteous and godly life, they land States and others," in Bennington,
profess to receive unhesitatingly, and to in the autumn of the year 1795. This
welcome to all the privileges of the church convention had been organized in Massaof God.  They believe in the exercise of chusetts, ten years before. But we have
true repentance for sin, the experience of no account of its finding an open door beremission of sins through the forbearance yond the boundaries of its native state,
of God, and that witness of forgiveness, till the time of its first meeting in Verwhich causes the soul to rejoice with joy mont. In the year 1799, this convention
unspeakable and full of glory.         held its annual meeting at Woodstock.
The Elders and private brethren cho- These were all the meetings of an associsen for the purpose, and living within a ational kind, which were held by Univerterritory convenient for that object, gen- salists, in Vermont, previously to the
erally meet in conference annually, for commencement of the present century.
mutual edification and comfort, and to At this early period, we have no means of
consult upon subjects of general interest information, respecting the existence of
to the cause of Christ. These associations churches or societies organized among us
claim no power, legislative nor judicial, in this state. If we may calculate from
each church acting independently of all other circumstances, we shall be led to
others, and meeting in conference, or not, conclude there were a very few.
at pleasure, and without prejudice. The   In the year 1804, the first ecclesiastical
number of preachers and communicants body of the order, in this state, was organbelonging to this class of Christians has ized by the name of i" The Northern Asnot been ascertained with precision, but sociation of Universalists." Annual meethas been estimated, in the whole, at 1000 ings of this association have beers held,
preachers, and from 100,000 to 120,000 mostly in Vermont, from that period to
communicants.  In Vermont there are the present time.
between 30 and 40 preachers and churches.   Sometime since the year 1830, the Universalists abolished their General Convention, or, rather, it may be more properly said, resolved it into a United States
Convention, which was organized on a
new and different plan.  Our annual
meetings,from this period soon underwent
a re-organization throughout the connection in the United States. Each state,
where organized bodies of our brethren
exist has its Convention and so many associations, as the local situations of the
brethren require. The Convention of Universalists in Vermont, was organized in
the year 1833, and holds an annual meeting in the state, on the fourth Wednesday
and Thursday in August. Besides the
convention, we have four associations.
The Northern Association, which, since
the new organization, embraces the counties of Orange, Washington, Caledonia,
Orleans, Essex, and part of Lamoille,
with some societies in Lower Canada, formerly embraced the whole of Vermont,
Universalist Chapel, Woodstock.  and was sometimes carried to the adjacent
SECTION VI.        _      parts of NeWr York and New Hampshire.
SECTION VII.              The Champlain Association includes the
Universalist Churches in Vermont.    counties of Addison, Chittenden, Grand
Isle, Franklin, and part of Lamoille, besides some societies in Canada. The
The Universalists as a denomination, Windham  and Bennington Association
began to be distinguished as such, in Ver- includes the counties of Windham  and




CHAP. 9.               RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                            193
UNIVERSALIST CHURCHES.                                     ARTICLES OF FAITH.
Bennington. The Green Mountain As- are certain leading points, in which we
sociation includes the counties of Wind- are very generally united. The belief of
sor and Rutland.                        universal salvation is the great and leadWe, at this time, have about 92 socie- ing item  of faith that distinguishes us
ties, in this state, 62 meeting-houses, from other denominations in the Chrisowned wholly or in part by Universalists, tian world. This, we believe to be clearand not far from 40 preachers.          ly supported by the sacred pages. The
The Universalists in this state have a doctrine of punishment or suffering beperiodical, which is owned and published yond the grave, is not so generally emby the Rev. Eli Ballou, at Montpelier. braced as formerly; yet there are instanIt is published weekly on a super-royal ces of this peculiarity of laith among us.
sheet, folio. This paper is the continua-   No Universalists are known who emtion of a pamphlet periodical commenced brace the doctrine of a trinity of persons
in the year 1820, which has been publish- in the Supreme Being. We are altogethed in duodecimo, quarto, or folio form  er unable from scripture or reason, to difrom that time to the present.          vide the godhead into personal distincThe early believers in the final salva- tions. In a similar light, we view the
tion of all men, were not very tenacious, common doctrine of original sin, total derespecting outward forms, such as form- pravity, imputed or substituted righteousing churches, societies, practicing bap- ness, particular election and reprobation.
tism, and the Lord's supper. Fromn the A portion of these, with infant damnation,
joy  of their own hearts in believing, seemed based on the old long ago forbidthey were much disposed to conclude, den proverbs that "the fathers have eaten
that whoever possessed the same faith of sour grapes, and the children's teeth are
universal love, would not only come to set on edge."
the same religious enjoyment, but that   Baptism is administered on profession
these sentiments would lead to all those of faith, when required. The celebration
happy practical results, that should super- of the Lord's Supper, often called the
cede the necessity of outward forms. But Eucharist, is universal among our chulrchexperience shows that a thing without es. Instances of publicly dedicating ina form is an anomaly; and that no body fant children, in imitation of our Lord's
of men can form a concert of action that taking them  in his arms and blessing
shall be of a durable nature, without a them, have been known; but they are not
regular organization. The want of a suit- numerous. The practice is much more
able attention to these things in the first frequent among our brethren in Massapromulgators of our faith is by many now  chusetts.
sensibly felt. It extends its influence to   Respecting articles of faith, the general
the present day, and may for a period yet convention at Winchester, N. H., in the
to come.                                yearl803,adopted the three following,from
By these remarks, we wish the reader, which none of our churches or societies
however, not to understand that the form- have been known to dissent, and which
ing of churches and societies have ever may be considered as the standard artibeen altogether neglected among us. Our cles of the order:
accounts of churches in this state, extend    ARTICLE 1. We believe that the Holy
as far back as the year 1800; and from  Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments
that period to the present time, we have contain a revelation of the character of
always had a few. In towns where there God; and of the duty, interest, and final
is a number of believers, they have gen- destination of all mankind.
erally organized themselves as a society    ARTICLE 2. We believe that there is
for the purpose of united action in the one God, whose nature is love; revealed
support of preaching. And these obtain, in one Lord Jesus Christ, by one Holy
at this day, in many places where we Spirit of grace, who will finally restore
have no organized churches.  We have the whole human family to holiness and
Sabbath schools and Bible classes, in pla- happiness.
ces where a stated ministry is enjoyed.   ARTICL E 3. We believe that holiness
Yielding to each individual Ihe rights of and true happiness are inseparably conconscience with regard to religious tenets, nected; and that believers ought to be
the Universalists have not been disposed, careful to maintain order, and to practice
to muich extent, to countenance written or good works; for these things are good
printed creeds. We have never deemed and profitable unto men.
it proper for one man to decide what shall
be the faith of another. But, as in con-   Friends or Quaker.s.-There are some of this deformity to the old maxim, that two cannot nomination in Danby, Perrisburgh, Lincoln, and
walk together except they e agreed there several other towns, hut we have not succeeded in
aalkd togetlher except tmey b1e agre~ed, there ocuring any particular account of their history.
PT. II.         25




194                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART. 11.
EPISCOPAL CHURCH.                         FIRST MINISTERS AND FIRST CHURCH
SECTION IX.               The parish at Arlington was organized by
Protestcant Episcopal Ch^urcht in Vemont.  Mr. Jehiel Hawley, and consisted of emi-. grants from Newtown and New Milford,
BY REV. CARLTON CHASE, D. D.     Connecticut. It is stated by the Rev. Mr.
Among the earlier population of the Bronson, that the parish last named was
state of Vermont, we look in vain for the sustained by lay-reading and occasional
trace of any considerable number of Epis- visits from the Rev. Mr. Bostwick of Great
copalians. Being settled almost wholly Barrington, Massachusetts, until 1778,
by emigrants from the older states of New  when Mr. Hawley died.
Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connecti-   The troubles about that time drove away
cut, where very different views of religion many people from both of these churches;
prevailed, this district of country would so that at the peace of 1783 they were but
not be likely to show but here and there barely in existence. They then, however,
an individual holding the faith and order mustered strength and courage to resume
and discipline of a church governed by'lay-reading, and were thus kept alive till
Bishops. Some such there were, how- 1786, when the Rev. James Nichols was
ever; chiefly emigrants from the state of settled at Arlington, and the Rev. Daniel
Connecticut, who from'various considera- Barber at Manchester.
tions were disposed to try their fortunes   In 1786 or the year following a church
and rear their families in this then wild was erected at Arlington, the exterior
region, remote from  the altars amidst alone being finished. The interior was
whose solemnities they had themselves not finished till 1803, though in the mean
been educated,-and always hoping, that time the congregation had furnished it
the time would come for them to enjoy with moveable seats, and used it for pubagain the privileges and ministrations of lic worship. This might be considered
the Church which they loved.          the first church in the state.
And to a great extent, through the good-   During the revolutionary war the cause
ness of the Redeemer, these hopes have of the Church suffered, as might be exbeen realized.                        pected, from  the hostile feeling every
The Rev. Samuel Peters, L. L. D., fa- where entertained towards England and
miliarly known among our older church- England's institutions.  Our scatteredl
men under the name of " Bishop Peters," people, though still adhering resolutely to
tells us, [see his Life of Hugh Peters, p. primitive principles of truth and order,.
94,] that he was the first clergyman who felt much disheartened.  While their
visited " Verd Mont," as he calls it. This brethren in other states were actively tawas in October, 1768, when with a num- king measures for Diocesan organization,
ber of gentlemen he ascended to one of they, dispersed in many different settlethe Green Mountain peaks, and there, in ments, and ignorant of their own nunmsight of lake Champlain on the west and bers, silently acquiesced in spiritual priof Connecticut river on the east, and vations, which seemed to be providential,
stretching his view over interminable for- still hoping, that the day would come for
ests northward and southward, proclaimed the Church to rise. This hope began to
the name of"' VERD MONT."  After this, be realized in 1789.
as he states, he passed through most of   In the month of September, 1790, wasthe settlements, preaching and baptizing held the first ecclesiastical conventionfor the space of eight weeks. The num- from which time the state of Vermont may
ber baptized by him at that early period, be considered an organized Diocese. Delof adults and children, is set down at near- egates from eight parishes, with but two
ly twelve hundred-a number very re- clergymen, the Rev. James Nichols and
markablecertainly,consider.ing the sparse- the Rev. Daniel Barber, met at Arlington..
ness of the population. So far as records The Rev. Mr. Nichols delivered a sermon,
or credible traditions go, these were the and the convention was organized by
first labors of much importance performed choosing Mr. Eleazer Baldwin chairman,
by a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. and the Rev. Mr. Barber secretary.
At an early period parishes were organ-   One great object in the assembling of
ized in Manchester, Arlington, Sandgate, this body was to take measures for securCastleton, Tinmouth, Wells, Fairfield, ing to the Church the possession of its
Bethel, Weathersfield and Rockingham. lands-the Glebes, and the grants to the
The first two of these are said to have society for the propagation of the Gospel.
been organized at the first settlement of For this purpose a committee of two perthe state; Manchester, by some emigrants sons was appointed to carry the subject
from the western part of Connecticut and before the General Assembly of the state.
from Dutchess county, N. Y., numbering From the proceedings of the Convention
twenty families' before the revolution. in 1793 it appears, that an application had




CIIAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                          195
BISHOP ELECTED.                                         REV. SAMUEL PETERS.
been made for an act of incorporation, Jfagazine for 1807, that a special session
which was not successful. In this Con- of the Convention was held in the month
vention, which was held at Pawlet, bu- of February immediately following, in
siness was transacted of great importance. which Col. John A. Graham, a delegate
In the hope, that an act of incorporation from Rutland, put in nomination for that
would be obtained, a committee was ap- holy and responsible office, the Rev. Samjpointed to make application to the society uel Peters, L. L. D., who was his relation
in England for a conveyance of its prop- and intimate friend.  The nomination
erty in Vermont to such Board.  The gave satisfaction; and a formal election
committee consisted of the Rev. Bethuel immediately took place. Dr. Peters beChittenden, the Rev. James Nichols, the ing then in England, the idea was conRev. Daniel Barber, the Rev. John C. ceived of having him consecrated there.
Ogden, Col. Matthew Lyon, and Ebene- Accordingly Col. Graham was despatchzer Mervin, Eleazer Baldwin and Truman ed thither, as the agent of the Diocese, to
Squier, Esqrs. The act not being obtain- imake application to the English Bishops
ed,this measure of course was not pressed. for that purpose. That gentleman, posAt the same Convention a committee sessed of much address and diplomatic
was appointed, for the first time, to take skill, urged the suit most ably and assidinto consideration the applications of per- uously. But he was unsuccessful; the
sons desirous of entering into holy Orders; steadfast answer was, "We have conseand as they saw fit, to recommend them  crated three Bishops for America already,
for ordination. Before this Vermont had who are competent to a regular performfurnished, it is believed, but a single in- ance of the act of' consecration; make
dividual for the sacred ministry of the your application to them."  This was far
Church. That individual was the Rev. from being satisfactory, and gave occasion
MIr. Chittenden.                      to some curious papers on the subject.
But by far the most important transac- Colonel Graham returned arid made retion of the Convention of 1793, was the port of his proceedings in November, 1795.
election of a Bishop. For the purpose of Failing in this design, the Convention disecuring that deliberation, which so sol- rected their President and Secretary to
emn  a procedure demanded, the Conven- address the three American Bishops, and
tion chose a committee of six to nominate respectfully to request them to consecrate
a suitable candidate, and then immedi- Dr. Peters. This was declined on the
ately adjonrned to meet on the following ground, first, that it was not expedient to
day. The committee, on coming togeth-  consecrate a Bishop for a Diocese, that
er in the morning, nominated the Rev. contained but one Presbyter-which was
Edward Bass, D. D., Rector of St. Paul's the case with Vermont at thattime-and,
Church in Newburyport, Massachusetts. secondly, that there were personal objecThe nomination was approved by the Con- tions.
vention, and that gentlemen accordingly   Here the matter ended and we hear no
elected. The election being made known more of the Rev. Samuel Peters, L. L. D.
to him, in due time a favorable answer   In the journal of 1796 occurs for the
was returned,in which he declared himself first time the name of the Bishop of Illiwilling to assume the charge and ready nois, the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, D.
for consecration, provided the Convention D., then a young man. He applied to the
would dispense with his immediate resi- Convention to give him a recommendadence, and accept of temporary visita- tion for Deacon's Orders-which was
tions, until the income of Church lands promptly done.
should be sufficient to give him an ade-   As respects the general state of the
quate maintenance.                    Church previous to the year 1800, we
The prospect proving unfavorable in may be allowed to close up the century
regard to the consecration of Dr. Bass, with a few remarks.
and a general anxiety prevailing to enjoy   Down to the date last mentioned the
the benefit of Episcopal supervision as Church had made but little progress, and
soon as possible, attention was turned to gained but little strength. Numbering
another quarter. Most singular and rep- ten or twelve parishes in all, no one of
rehensible was the hurry, with which a which felt able to maintain a clergyman
matter of such solemn moment was push- alone, she abode quietly (though in the
ed forward.  The election of Dr. Bass firm possession of her primitive and Apostook place on the 19th day of September, tolic principles) under that neglect-and
1793. His answer, which amounted to not unfrequently contempt-with which
acceptance, is dated January 2, 1794; the strong and independent sects around
and yet it appears from a letter of Dr. her were disposed to regard her weakness.
Peters, published in the Churchman's With no available resources-no order of




196                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
EARLY FRIENDS OF THE CHURCH.                       MINISTERS OF THE CHURCH.
learned and able men to illustrate and ting in his chair with his people assemmaintain the grounds of her faith, wor- bled around him, and about to engage in
ship and discipline-without a class of the solemnities of the holy communion,
pious, active and studious young men his spirit suddenly took its flight to other
rising up to assume the solemn duties of worlds. He was a man of strong good
the ministry-and at the same time crush- sense-fond of controversy and skilful in
ed beneath prejudice, how could she in- it-but not of a classical education.
crease?  The writer confesses, with un-   The Rev. Daniel Barber officiated sevfeigned satisfaction,his admirationof those eral years at Manchester; but the prosexcellent and steadfast men-clergymen pect of a speedy recovery of the Church
some, laymen many-who, " shoulder to lands failing, he became discouraged and
shoulder," by the help of God, kept alive left the Diocese. In advanced age, worn
the cause of the Church when it seemed down with domestic trials, he went over
to be hopeless, and from utterly becoming to the Roman communion, in which he
extinct, preserving it to better times. Chit-. died.
tenden, Ogden, Pardee, the Hards, the   The Rev. John Cosins Ogden renderCanfields, the Hawleys, Wooster, Gid- ed most valuable services to our infant
dings, Squier, Whitlock, Chipman, wor- Churches. A veteran churchman recolthy names!!                           lects his making a journey on foot from
As respects Christian piety, a faithful Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 100 miles,
and consistent attention to the various in order to visit them.
demands of duty both public and private,   The Rev. Amos Pardee, a clergyman
it is not to be supposed, that under exist- of worth and consistency of character,
ing circumstances the Church was in ad- spent a few years among the Churches in
vance of surrounding sects. The times the south west part of the Diocese. He
did not demand " a forth-putting piety," left in 1801.
as now. It is stated by a respectable cler-   The writer is constrained, though with
gyman, who commenced his labors near sorrow, to mention the names of two oththat period, that the great doctrines of er individuals, who for a time bore no ingrace were but little understood by either considerable part among the friends of
the clergy or the laity. It is a "hard the Church-theRev. James Nichols, who
saying" to leave on record, without some resided at Sandgate, and the Rev. Russell
attention to circumstances. Quite proba- Catlin, who resided at Hartland. The
bly among subjects frequently discussed former was a man of talents and elowere those connected with the visible pe- quence; the latter possessed neither. It
culiarities of the Church, because these is painful to think of, and better not to dewere the occasion of repeated attacks.    scribe, the latter days of either.
The number of communicants in all the   Such is a brief account of the Protesparishes was small.  According to the tant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of
Rev. Mr. Bronson, who came into the Vermont down to the close of the last cenDiocese in 1802, we might set down, for tury. It might be said she dwelt in tents,
Arlington, Manchester and Sandgate, for we cannot find, that she possessed a
20 "pious communicants"'-Pawlet and single finished temple. But we shallhave
Wells, 15-Shelburne, Fairfield, Bethel the pleasure of witnessing a better state
and Weathersfield, 30-with scattered in- of things as we advance.
dividuals in other places sufficient to make   Before we proceed with our sketch, we
up 80 or 90 in all.                   think it proper to give some account of
The Church is much indebted to the the landed estates granted for purposes
pious and self-denying labors of the Rev. connected with the Church. And not to
Bethuel Chittenden,who, witnessing with recur to the subject again, we will throw
sorrow her desolation, at the age of fifty together here all the particulars we think
years forsook his secular pursuits, and it important to give. With pleasure we
with such preparation as a high order of acknowledge ourselves in this much innatural talents, with little time and poor debted to the Rev. Mr. Bronson.
advantages, could secure, entered into   After the close of the French war and
Holy Orders. He was ordained by Bishop the establishment of peace on the CanaSeabury; labored a few years at Tinmouth dian frontier, Benning Wentworth, govand neighboring places; and at length re- ernor of New Hampshire, whose jurisdicmoved to Shelburne, where he remained tion was supposed to cover the territory
till his death in 1809-visiting occasion- now known as the state of Vermont, caussionally Fairfield, Weathersfield, Bethel, ed a considerable portion of that territory
Pawlet, Wells and Rockingham. He may to be surveyed out into townships. Each
be said to have " died with his harness on township being divided into seventy equal
him."  On a Sunday morning, while sit- shares, the governor, in settling the terms




CHAP. 9.               RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                          197
LANDS GRANTED FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES.                    PROPAGATION RIGHTSof his charters with applicants and pur-   In 1802 the matter was again taken up
chasers, reserved and granted three of in the legislature, but no measure was desuch equal shares for religious purposes,-  cided upon till 1805, when a law was passone for a glebe for the English Church, ed to appropriate the glebe lands to the
-one for the Society in England' for support of schools. This was carried inPropagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts," to effect wherever there was no opposiand a third for the first settled minister, tion. In Arlington, Manchester, Sandof whatever denomination he might be. gate and Pawlet the Church still held
One hundred and twenty five townships possession. But in 1810, the Rev. Mr.
in all were thus granted. In only a sin- Bronson having charge of the Church in
gle instance, Arlington, the first minis- Pawlet,thattownbrought anactionagainst
ter's share was taken up by an Episco- him and the tenants, which, after going
palian. Generally the shares were taken through several terms of the Circuit court,
up by the Independents.                was at length in 1815 decided against the
These lands, with the exception of the Church.
grants last mentioned, laid uncultivated   By this decision the claim of the Church
many years. At length came to light a was declared to be void. The chief ground
conspiracy. In the year 1786 the Trus- of the decision was, that the original purtees of Dartmouth College,with Dr.Whee- pose of the reservation did not take effect,
lock at their head, conceived the design because there was no party in existence
of getting possession of them for the pur- to receive, and that the government of
poses of education-or rather, for the pur- Vermont, succeeding to that of Great
pose of advancing the interests of that Britain, might resume and re-appropriate
seminary by identifying with them the reservation at pleasure. Since this decisinterests of education in Vermont. It was ion we have abandoned all expectation of
proposed, by Dr. Wheelock, that the leg- deriving any benefit from this portion of
islature should sequester for the use of the Church lands, which in future, withDartmouth College all those shares of out doubt, will be known only in the
land, which had been reserved in "the Church's history.
New Hampshire grants" for the Propaga-   We turn to give some further account
tion Society and for Church glebes, under of the lands granted to the society in Enga stipulation for certain advantages to be land for the propagation of the gospel in
enjoyed by Vermontese at that institution foreign parts-a venerable corporation
and at certain proposed academies. The chartered for missionary purposes by Wilsubject was referred to the next session of liam III. nearly 140 years ago.
the legislature.  It came up-was com-   Dr. Williams states in his history of
mitted-and there was the end of it.    Vermont [1806] that'" the society did not
The scheme of Dr. Wheelock seems to concern itself about its lands."  This is
have turned the attention of the legisla- not correct; for befobre the revolutionary
ture for the first time to the lands in ques- war it appointed agents in this country to
tion. In October, 1787, an act was pass- look after them, of whom the Rev. Ranna
ed authorizing the selectmen of the sev- Cossett was one. Anid these agents aceral towns to take them under their care tually took possession in some cases and
for the period of seven years, and to ap- gave leases. In May, 1785, within two
ply the incomes to the improvement of the years after the treaty of peace, the society
same. This act was not attended to. The passed a resolution declaring its readiness
universal saying was, Why trouble our- to make conveyance, in any safe and suitselves with the care of other men's prop- able manner, of its property in this state
erty?                                 for the benefit of the Church. A copy of
This alct expiring in 1794, the legisla- this resolution was transmitted to churchture passed another authorizing the towns men in Vermont. Whereupon attention
to take in charge the glebes and to pay was eagerly turned to the devising of a
over the rents and profits to the several plan, that might meet the society's approreligious societies in the same, according bation, but for a long tiyne ineffectually.
to the number of families in each. In   Meanwhile the legislature, seeing the
Manchester, where the Rev. Daniel Bar- property left wild, passed an act in 1794,
ber was then officiating, the constitution- (at the same session with the glebe act,)
ality of this act was denied. A suit was to appropriate it to the use of schools.
commenced against Mr. Barber, then in This measure was in most instances caroccupancy of the glebe, in the Circuit ried into immediate effect. Under this act
Court of the United States, which in Oc- have arisen all the difficulties, with which
tober, 1 798, resulted in a decision, declar- the Church has had to contend in relaing the act of Vermont unconstitutional tion to these grants. Feeble herself, she
and void.                              has had to contend against prejudice on




198                  CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
PROPAGATION RIGHTS-                               RECOVERED BY THE SOCIETY,
the one hand, and against the authority Hon. Daniel Chipman, and Anson J. Sperand the treasury of the state on the other. ry, Esq. " They were authorized," says
The friends of the Church took counsel Mr. Bronson, 1" to recover the lands and
of gentlemen eminent for legal learning, give durable leases; to assign such proand the conclusion was, that the act of portion of the rents as they should think
1794 was unconstitutional and void; and proper to the support of a Bishop, and the
that with patience and perseverance this remainder, after paying expenses, to the
could be substantiated before the proper use of the Church in the Diocese as they
tribunal. Tile subject was brought up in should judge to be for its best interest."
the Convention of 1805.  The resolve of   The papers were placed in the hands
the venerable society, dated in May, 1785, of the Hon. Daniel Chipman, a gentlnman
before referred to, was hunted up and ex- of high reputation in the law, who underamined. The result was, a resolution di- took a thorough examination of the whole
recting the standing committee to take case in all its bearings and relations. In
measures for procuring a conveyance.    1819, Mr. Chipman commenced a suit in
The first plan, proposing a deed of trust, the Circuit court of the United States
was unsatisfactory and unsuccessful. The against the town of New Haven in the
friends of the Church were not discour- county of Addison; for the defence in
aged; they were resolute and persevering which the opposers of the Church obtainmen. And the writer, with great pleas- ed a grant of money fromn the state. This
ure, avails himself of the opportunity to was decided in our favor. But the defenbear witness, both from personal knowl- dants carried it by a writ of error to the
edge and from documents that have pass- Supreme court of the United  States,
ed under his eye, to the untiring and most where, in March, 1823, the judgment of
useful labors of two individuals-the Rev. the court below was affirmed.
Abraham Bronson and Anson J. Sperry,   This, it might be supposed, would put
Esq.                                   an end to all anxiety and suspense, and
The next plan was, to move the venera- open to the agents a direct road toan imnble society for a simple power of attorney, mediate and final adjustment of the whole
which at length was successful. But in business. But not so. In principle evethe mean time the embargo, non-inter- ry point was gained; but opposition still
course, and war, put a stop to effective found means and occasions to embarrass.
correspondence for years, though the busi-  In a few weeks after this decision, a
ness was not wholly neglected.         majority of the agents met at Middlebury
After the treaty of Ghent early in 1815, and organized themselves as a body, with
the Rev. Dr. Stewart, afterwards Bishop a secretary and a treasurer, and appointed
of Quebec, made a visit to Vermont, and sub-agents in different counties to ascerin the kind and disinterested spirit wihich tain and lease the lands. In the course
remarkably distinguished that excellent of that year more than half the lands were
man, proposed to take charge of any com- recovered and leased. But the next year
munication, which the standing commit- some resistance was made, by advice of
tee might think proper to address to the counsel embittered against the Church,
venerable society-of which he was both which led to a course of troublesome and
a member and a missionary-in further most expensive litigation.  The agents
prosecution of their business. The pa- were obliged to send twice to England for
pers were prepared with all possible de- testimony, and in two more suits to go to
spatch, signed and sealed in Convention the Supreme court.  But in 1830 and
at Arlington in the month of June, and 1831, decisions were again made in our
forwarded to Dr. Stewart in Canada, who favor; again holding out a prospect, that
started immediately for London. In De- the whole business would soon be settled.
cemnber next following the society passed Further opposition, however, continued
a resolution to accede to the plan; but to be lmade from time to time on one predirected their secretary to require of the tence or another. Occupants had hopes
attorneys or agents to be appointed, a of escaping somehow, till the Marshall
bond of indemnity against any costs that looked them in tile face. The agents remight arise in suits for the recovery of the ceived their writ of seizure in the last aclands. This occasioned another year's tion undertaken by them, in October,
delay,-so that the instrument, with the 1841.
authenticating affidavits and certificates,   Since " the statute of limitation," passwas not received till April, 1817. The ed with sole reference to this property,
attorneys appointed were, the Rt. Rev. took effect, [1835] no suits have been
Alexander Vietts Griswold, D. D., Bishop commenced, though the constitutionality
of the Eastern Diocese, the Rev. Abraham  of this has been doubted on the ground of
Bronson, the Rev. Silas S. Safford, the its conflicting with treaty. The agents




CCHAP. 9.             RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                           199
INCOME FROM THE PROPAGATION RIGHTS.                EASTERN DIOCESE FORMED.
have now taken possession of all these being the only clergymen, whose names
lands, except some trifling pieces over- appear on the journals of the convention,
looked by the sub-agents and not worth which was regularly held during that
contending for.                       period.
Such is a condensed history of this  In 1809, a plan was formed in the conmost singularly protracted and expensive vention of Massachusetts to confederate
business. Perplexing as it has been to the States of Massachusetts,Rhode Island,
the managers, it issues in " a valuable New Hampshire and Vermont, for the
consideration" to the Church. The gross purpose of choosing a Bishop. This was
annual income will not vary much fiom  communicated  to churchmen in those
$3000. To each parish in the Diocese States, with a request that if they approvsustaining and enjoying the full services ed, they would appoint delegates to atof a Clergyman the Agents appropriate tend  a convention at Boston  in the
the sum of $50,-to two or more parishes month of May the year following. The
associated under one Clergyman, the plan was unniversally approved.  Mr.
same sum.                              Bronson, being the only clergyman in
In 1831, on application of the Board of this State, and no Convention at hand,
Agents in conjunction with the Con- immediately referred the subject to the
vention of the Diocese, a new letter of Standing Committee, who were unaniattorney was received from the society, mously of the opinion, that great good
remodelling the Board in conformity to must result from such a measure. On
change of circumstances. As constituted the 31st day of May, 1810, the Rev. Mr.
by this instrument, it consisted of the Bronson, the Hon. Daniel Chipman of
gentlemen whose names follow:-The Rt. Middlebury, Doct. Samuel Cutler of
Rev. A. V. Griswold, D. D., the Rev. Rockingham  and Jolln Whitlock, Esqr.
Abraham Bronson, the Hon. Daniel Chip- of Castleton, with the Delegates from
man, the Rev. Carlton Chase, the Hon. the other states contemplated, met at BosJonathan H. Hubbard, Dorastus Woos- ton and formed the Constitution of " The
ter, Esqr. and Jonathan Hagar, Esqr.- Eastern Diocese."  By that Constitution
Again in the early part of 1839, on simi- it was provided, that the Convention of
lar application, the Rt. Rev. John H. the confederacy should assemble bienniHopkins, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese, ally, and that each of the four States
and the Rev. William Henry Holt, were should be allowed a delegation consisting
substituted for Bishop Griswold and Mr, of four clergymen, and four laymen
Bronson; the former of whom had ceas- to be appointed  by the  Convention
ed to have Episcopal charge in Vermont, thereof.
and the latter had removed to Ohio. Such   Thus what was most anomalously callis the present Board, which for the trans- ed "The Eastern Diocese," was in fact a,
action of its business meets annually on confederation of Dioceses, which mifght
the first Tuesday in February.        at any time fall to pieces and leave its
For a time some of the friends of the Bishop without a Diocese. This view
Church feared, that the litigation attend- of the case was taken by the House of
ing the recovery of these lands would oc- Bishops, when Dr. Griswold was presentcasion prejudices sufficient to overbalance ed to them for consecration. And accorthe benefits to be derived from  them. dingly they declined proceeding, until,
But so it has not proved. To the extent in a conference with the Delegates from
of the writer's acquaintance there exists the States concerned, they were assured
no hostility from  this source, affecting of that gentleman's having been elected
the Church's progress.                by a Convention of the church in MassaWe return to the more direct history of chusetts, and that so far as aff;icted the
the Church.                           church in other States the election was
Plans for the supplying of the Diocese concurred in by their respective Convenwith a Bishop failing-the General Con- tions. All this, however, -was merely
vention, moreover, having enacted  a oral; nor would so loose a way of doing
Canon, that no Diocese should be con- business on so grave an occasion give
sidered competent to choose a Bishop satisfaction under the exact forms of the
without six officiating Presbyters —the present day.
subject was permitted to rest for several   After the adoption of the Constitution,
years. Owing to this privation and some as mentioned above, the Convention proother circumstances, the Church made ceeded to the election of a Bishop. The
very little progress and furnished but Rev. Mr. Griswold, a Presbyter of piety
scanty materials for history in the first and respectability from  Rhode Island,
ten years of this century-the Rev. Mr. was put in nomination by the Rev. Dr.
Bronson and the Rev. Mr. Chittenden  Gardiner of Boston. The nomination




200                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
CHURCH ADVANCES.         EPISCOPAL REGISTER.        BISHOP HOPKINS ELECTED.
gave universal satisfaction, and the elec- commenced at Middlebury. It was plan.
tion lacked but one vote of perfect una- ned and conducted by the Rev. Benjamin
nimity.                               B. Smith, then Rector of St. Stephen's
Thus happily transpired one of the most Church, now Bishop of Kentucky, who
important events, which have occurred was assisted in the supply of its columns by
to the church in the Eastern States. Mr. several of his brethren. During its conGriswold at first declined the proffered tinuance, four years, it contributed much
crosier; but, at the urgent instance of to the encouragement and gratification of
brethren, he at length consented, and was a spirit of inquiry and to the diffusion of
consecrated with the great and good information concerning the church. Its
Hobart, in the city of New York, May 29, circulation never exceeded 500 copies.
1811.                                 During its last year its columns were
From this time,the Church in Vermont under the care of a pious and accomplishbegan to advance.  Bishop  Griswold ed lady, assisted by some others of a
made a visitation within a month after similar character.
his consecration; attended  the  State   In May, 1832, we had thirteen officiaConvention, and administered Confirma- ting Presbyters, thirteen or fourteen contion in several places. An impression secrated churches, and twenty-four orwas made on the minds of our people, ganized parishes.  Measures had been
which in due time brought into lively ac- taken in 1831 to effect a separation of this
tivity the slumbering energies of faith State from the Eastern Diocese. No oband hope. An improving state of piety jection being interposed by the Bishop or
was soon manifest in our few and feeble by the other members of the confederacy,
churches. The evident piety and meek- the separation was consummated in the
ness, and the earnest, affectionate simpli- Convention at Middlebury, in May 1832.
city of the Bishop inspired every one It had been the opinion of Bishop Griswith joy and confidence.  And it was wold for several years before, frequently
the belief of all, that the Church was expressed by him in his annual addresses,
about to arise and receive a blessing un- that the Church in Vermont, since the
der his ministrations. And thus truly it acquisition of its lands, might safely unproved.                                dertake to support a Bishop by itself; and
From the year 1811 to the year 1832, that, with the divine blessing, her prowhich was the period of Bishop Gris- gress would be much accelerated by such
wold's jurisdiction over the State, the a step. In no degree were our people
church might be seen, in all her temporal dissatisfied with a Chief Pastor, who had
and spiritual interests steadily progress- ministered among them to the best of his
ive. Some new parishes were organized, power, "'yea, and beyond his power,"
many churches built and consecrated, and for twenty one years.  A Bishop was
a zealous, devout and liberal spirit every- never more beloved-never listened to
where observable. " Believers were mul- with more reverent regard. But it was
tiplied," and additions were constantly not possible for one man to do all that
making to her communion. Her minis- was desirable in so extensive a jurisdicters, not numerous were well instructed, tion. It was therefore resolved to sepadevout and faithful men,whose efforts were rate. After passing a final resolution to
blessed to the conversion and edification this effect, an address was drawn up with
and consolation of many. Her growth expressions of the utmost respect, affecmight have been more considerable but for tion and gratitude, signed by every memthatblighting and characteristic evil of ber of the Convention, Clerical and Lay,
the present day, the looseness of the bond and transmitted to Bishop Griswold.
between  pastors and flocks-frequent   The next measure was the election of a
disruptions and changes. The scantiness Bishop. The provisions of the Constituof the means within the reach of most tion with respect to such a transaction
parishes gave to many engagements the were, that a nomination should be made
character of mere experiments, entered by a majority of the clergy and approved
upon under a hope that by the blessing of by a majority of the laity, before any perGod on the well directed labors of a pop- son could be declared  to be elected.
ular pastor, something permanent might There were thirteen clerical ballots,-of
be the result. The same cause operated these, seven were for the Rev. John Elenunfavorably in another, respect, by making ry Hopkins, and six for the Rev. John S.
it necessary in many cases to divide the Stone, both gentlemen belonging to the
labors of a clergyman between two or city of Boston. The former of course
more parishes.                         was announced as the nominee to the laiIn January, 1826, a monthly periodical ty, who approved by a vote of thirty-one
entitled "The Episcopal Register," was to nine. The parties amicably united in




CHAP. 9.               RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                           201
EPISCOPAL CHURCH.                                    ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
signing the testimonials of the Bishop Church in particular, that he has submitelect. Thus was happily accomplished a ted to very great sacrifices in order to acmeasure, that in the anticipation had oc- complish the object, which, nevertheless,
casioned much solicitude. The next thing is far from being attained. How soon it
after securing his acceptance, which was will be attained it is impossible to foretell.
in due time communicated to the stand- Such candidates as have not the pecuniing committee, was to procure the con- ary means to carry them through a course
secration of our Bishop. This was done of theological studies at the General Semin General Convention in the city of inary in the city of New York, resort to
New York the 31st day of October, 1832. the good old-fashioned way of private inIn three weeks from  this time Bishop struction with the pastors of churches.
Hopkins with his family took up his res- The Bishop has communicated to the
idence in Burlington, where he became Convention the fact, that there are funds
Rector of St. Paul's, and where he has in his hands, collected by him in England
continued to the present time.         for a diocesan school, to'the amount of
Bishop Hopkins has visited the church- $3700; also, a valuable donation of theoes in his Diocese once to each year. Dur- logical books from the same source.
ing the ten years of his Episcopate he   In all our parishes much attention is
has consecrated ten new churches-ad- paid to the instruction of the young in
mitted twenty-one persons to the order of Sunday Schools. It is a subject of conDeacons, and thirteen to the order of stant and untiring attention among all
Priests. The whole number of persons our pastors; and has been so for more
confirmed by him during the same period than twenty years. Some of our parishes
is twelve hundred and four. The whole have libraries of great and increasing valnumber of communicants in the Diocese ue, which are doing much towards the
does not vary much from fifteen hundred, general diffusion of knowledge both secallowance being made for scattered indi- ular and religious-a knowledge of the
viduals not included in the Reports.   constitution, discipline and worship of
Episcopalians have taken an interest, the Christian Church being, certainly,
much beyond what might be inferred from  not a neglected department.
their pecuniary  contributions, in the   According to the journal of the last
cause of missions both foreign and domes- Convention there are, at this time, in the
tic. The Convention of 1834 passed a Diocese of Vermont twenty-four Clergyresolution recommending the General Do- men, and 37 churches or parishes.*
mestic and Foreign Missionary Society
of the Protestant Episcopal Church to the
attention of the parishes in the Diocese.
But to do much in this good work our
parishes have been too feeble. Churchmen love the Missionary principle, and
only differ sometimes with respect to the
appropriate field of its operation.
The Convention of 1836, was one of
great importance. It had been thought
for many years, as experience extended
and churches multiplied, that the Constitution and Canons of the Diocese were in
some respects very imperfect, and needed a thorough revision. A Committee, at!l      
the head of which was the Bishop, appointed two years before, made an elaborate report to the Convention this year.
The Constitution and Canons thus reported, after being considered and amen-      St. Mary's Church, Burlington.
ded, were adopted by a unanimous vote. 
In these scarcely any change has yet been            SECTION X.
made.                                    Roman Catholic Church in Vermont.
From the time of his first entering the
Diocese, it has been an object of much         REV JEREMIAH O CALLAGITAN
solicitude with Bishop Hopkins to estab-   Vermont could count but a few scatlish a school forthe instruction of candi- tered Catholics within her borders until,
dates for Holy Orders. So essential has   Circumstances, which it t necessary ere to
he considered it to the interests of religion   * Circumstances, which it is not necessary here to,
mention, oblige us to tra-nsfer the remainder of the
in general and to the prosperity of the Rev. Dr. Chase's valuable contribution to the third
PT. Im.            26




202                    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                          PART 11
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.                                           FANATICAL SECTS'.
the arrival of the first Catholic missionary, and of five or six surrounding towns. He
the Rev. Jeremiah O'Callaghan, in the has also other flocks under his care-200
year 1830.  So great and rapid has been persons between Montpelier, Northfield
the tide of immigration since that period and Moretown-200 in Underhill-and
from Ireland and from the Canadas, that about 150 in Vergennes.
numerous congregations have  already    The Rev. Mr. Daly ministers to all the
sprung up in several places, and although  Catholics spread over the southern parts
two additional missionaries, the Rev. John of the state. He has a flock of about 150
B. Daly and the Rev. William Ivers, are persons at Castleton, where a valuable lot
now employed in the state, they are hard- was purchased in 1836, on which is a
ly adequate to the wants of the popula- frame house, 30 by 18 feet, which is contion.                                     verted into a temporary chapel; a flock
The largest congregation in the state of 500 in Middlebury, where a handsomehas grown up in Burlington, where the brick church, 64 by 44 feet, with a gallery
first Catholic church was erected in 1833. at one end, was built in 1840; one of about
This church was destroyed by fire on the 400 between Brandon, Pittsford, Rutland,
2d of May, 1838, but another more com- Shrewsbury and Wallingford; one of 400
modious edifice has been erected in a scattered through Woodstock, Plymouth,
central part of the village during the pres- Windsor and Rockingham, and one of
ent year,(1841) and was consecrated by the about 150 in Bennington.
Rt. Rev. Benedict Fenwick, Bishop of the    The Rev. Mr. Ivers resides in St. AlDiocese, on the 3d of October, 1841, by bans, with a flock of about one thousand,
the name of St. Mary's Church.*  It is which congregate from that and the neighof the Grecian order of architecture, is boring towns. It is in contemplation to
built of brick, 68 feet long, 48 wide and erect a church, during the year 1842, in
30 high, with galleries on both sides and some central spot, for the accommodation
at the west end. The funds for its erec- of this congregation.  He also has a flock
tion were contributed by the congrega- of about 100 persons in Berkshire and vition, aided by the liberal donations of the cinity; 100 in Troy, and one of about 80
native Americans, and by collections ob- in St. Johnsbury, Peacham and Danville.
tained in the neighboring cities. The free    This persuasion, with the exception of
principle is here observed in the full sense a few native converts, owes its astonishof the word; respect of persons and the ing increase to the annual swarms that
worldly terms, mine and thine, being ex- cross thie Atlantic from the mother hive.
eluded.  The seats being common to all, When they first arrive they are exposed
the first comers select such as they choose. to that prejudice and obloquy, which inThe Clergyman, having no salary or sti- variably attends a stranger in a foreign
pend, depends solely on the free will of- land; but the good sense and discriminaferings made in the church three times a tion of the Americans soon discover them
year-at Christmas, Easter and Summer, to be a sober, industrious and hard laborwhen four or five persons only offer $2 ing people, who, having passed through
each, 60 or 70, $1 each, 15 fifty cents each, the ordeal of persecution at home, come
and the great body of the congregation  prepared to appreciate and sustain the free
give nothing excepting a few cents they  laws and institutions of our republic. The
may deposit in the collection box. To this greater part of them have embarked upon
may be added casual donations at mar- the current of Temperance, and are most
riages and christenings, which are op- faithful observers of their pledge. Many
tional to the donors.                     of them have purchased farms in different
Mr. O'Callaghan's congregation at Bur- parts of the state where they are doing
lington is made up of the Catholics of this well-are accumulating property-are becoming identified in manners, habits and
part of our work. It consists of an interesting Doming identified in manners, habits and
sketch of the history of the individual Episcopal interests with our native citizens, makchurches in the state, and will be found under the ing an important addition to the populanames of the towns in which they are situated; of tion and strength of the country.
which the following is a list, viz: Burlington,
Shelburne, Vergennes, Middlebury, Brandon, Rut 
land, Poultney, Wells, Tinmouth, Manchester, Arlington, Bennington, Guilford, Brattleboro, Bellows-    SECTION XI.
Falls, Springfield, Windsor, Woodstock, Royalton,
Bethel, Randolph, Montpelier, Derby, Montgomery,      Fanatical Sects.
Berkshire, Enosburgh, Fairfield, Fairfax, Sheldon,
Highgate, Alburgh and St. Albans.           Dorrilites.-These were a sect of fana* Another Roman Catholic church is now in the tics, which sprung up and flourished in
progress of erection on the site of the one destroyed Leyden, Massachusetts, in the years 1797
by fire in 1838. It is designed for the acconmoda- and 178, and their society embraced some
tioa of the French population, as St. Mary's is for'
the Irish.                                members who resided in the southern part




CHAP. 9.              RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.                           203
FANATICAL SECTS.                  DORRILITES.                      PILGRIMS.
of Windham county in the State. The promised his adversary, upon the penalfounder was an impostor by the name of ties of his life, never to impose upon the
Dorril, a refugee from the British army people more.
under Gen. Burgoyne. Dorril pretend-   Pilgrims.-This was another vagabond
ed tobe possessed of supernatural powers, sect which infested some parts of this
and that, as he was armed with attributes State in the year 1817. Their leader was
of Deity, it was not in the power of man a man by the name of Isaac Bullard. Ho
to hurt him. He and his followers ab- commenced his career at Ascot in Lower
stained from eating flesh; made use of Canada, a long confinement by sickness
neither food nor clothing, which was pro- having previously rendered him a visionacured at the expense of life, and, if they ry, or afforded him an opportunity to mahad full faith in him, he assured them in ture his plans for imposing upon the crethe name of God, they should never die. dulity of the ignorant and weak minded.
They put off their leather shoes and had He assumed the character of a prophet,
others made of cloth or wood. One was wore a leathern girdle and rough garments
a blacksmith; he procured and used a to deceive, and with a few adherents enpair of cloth bellows, and all lived upon tered the north part of the State, and promilk and vegetables. They discarded all ceeded southerly. Having received but
revelation except what Dorril received, few accessions to his number, when he
set at defiance all the laws of man, and reached Woodstock in Windsor county
were governed in all their conduct, as his whole company amounted to only
they expressed it, "by the light of na- eight persons. Here in a back and reture."  Meetings were held once a week, tired part of the town he found materials
at which their worship consisted in eat- suited to his purpose, and soon succeeded
ing, drinking, singing, fiddling and dan- in making proselytes of two simple, but
cing, and hearing lectures from Dorril, well disposed and honest families by the
who was well qualified for that purpose. name of Ball. One of these, Joseph Ball,
They had a covenant by which they placed was a Christian minister, and the other,
a large share of their property in common Peter Ball, was the owner of a small farm
stock, and the blacksmith became their with a large family. Having by deceptreasurer. In a short time Dorril collect- tion and intimidation secured these to his
ed a large society, among whom were some interests, he made the residence of Peter
very respectable families in the towns of Ball his head quarters for several months,
Leyden and Barnardston, Massachusetts. in which time, by beguiling weak and
People went from  all the neighboring unstable souls in that and the neighbortowns to hear and see the marvellous do- ing towns, he increased the number of
ings of Dorril and his associates.  At his followers, consisting of men, women
length, at one of their meetings, a goodly and children, to about 40, among whom
number having assembled, Dorril opened was a Methodist minister by the name of
with music, &c. and began to deliver his Holmes, a resident in Shurburne.
lecture. At that meeting one Captain   Bullard professed to be governed and
Ezekiel Foster, of Leyden, attended as a to govern by immediate inspiration from
spectator. He was a man of good sense, heaven, and he taught his followers to reof a giant frame, and had a countenance gard his authority as paramount to any
that bespoke authority.  When Dorril other human or divine. The property of
came to the doctrine of his mysterious those who joined the company all went
powers, he had no sooner uttered the into the common stock, and was used or
words, " no arm can hurt my flesh," than distributed according to the dictation of
Foster rose indignant at his blasphemy, the Prophet, who also controlled at his
and knocked down Dorril with his fist. will all their most intimate domestic reDorril, affrighted and almost senseless, lations, marrying and unmarrying, reattempted to rise, when he received a warding and punishing, according to his
second blow, at which he cried for mercy. sovereign pleasure; and none dared to
Foster promised to forbear, on condition resist his authority or lisp a murmur of
that he would renounce his doctrines, yet complaint.  Filthiness they seemed to
continued beating him. Soon a short par- regard as a virtue; and they were freley ensued, when Dorril consented and quently seen, even the adult females, rolldid renounce his doctrines in the hearing ing in the dirt of the highway, and preof all his astonished followers. He further senting a spectacle as indecent and loathtold them that his object was to see what some as can well be imagined.
fools he could make of mankind. His fol-   Bullard himself said little when speclowers, chagrined and ashamed at being tators were present, but the tap of his
made the dupes of such a base fellow, staff was well understood and instantly
departed in peace to their homes. Dorril obeyed by his deluded followers. The




2041                CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART 11.
FANATICAL SECTS.                              NEW LIGHTS OR HOLY ROLLERS.
chief speaker among them was a fellow  or yell, passages or parts of passages of
by the name of Cummings. He would scripture, pretending to act under the insometimes attempt to defend their peculi- fluence and guidance of the Holy Spirit.
arities by arguing with those whom curi- Soon they become the chief actors in these
osity had brought to them. At such times meetings, and such numbers began to be
the Prophet would listen with stern and drawn together to hear and see their
mute attention to the discussion, and strange doings, that it was found inconwhenever he discovered that his champi- venient to hold their meetings in private
on was likely to be worsted, he at once houses, and they therefore held them for
secured a victory by a peculiar tap of his a while in a school house. But this pro-,staff, which instantly raised such ahowl. ving too small for the multitudes that
ing and groaning among his followers as came together, they went into the south
put an effectual end to the argument.    meeting house in Hardwick, which had
After nearly exhausting their means of been built some years before by a private
subsistence at Woodstock, they crossed individual, with the nothing-arian motto,
the Green Mountains and stopped for a Liberty ofConsciencc, inscribed on its front.
while in Bennington county. Here they They also changed their time of holding
xeceived some accessions to their number meetings from the evening of a week day
and then proceeded to the west in quest to the Sabbath; and there, Sabbath after
of an unknown region which their leader Sabbath, for several months, the spacious.designated as the " Promised Land." house was crowded with a motly and tuWith a wagon to carry their baggage, multuous assemblage from that and the
they travelled on foot, procuring most of neighboring towns. The exercises contheir subsistence by begging from  house sisted of the most ludicrous and foolish
tohouse. When they reached a point on performances, such as frightful yellings,
the Ohio river near Cincinnati their num- barking in imitation of dogs, foxes and
ber was augmented to 2 or 3 hundred. cuckoos, jumping, swinging the arms and
There they sold their wagon, took boats, rolling on the floor. From this last cirand proceeded down the river, and a more cumstance they were sometimes called
filthy, lousy squalid and miserable set of holy rollers. The leader in this drollery,
beings the world never saw. From this as it was called, professed to have had it
time their number rapidly diminished. revealed to him that the men should not
Many died by sickness produced by hard- shave; they accordingly suffered their
ship and privation, and others abandoned beards to grow for several months, and'the company to avoid the same catastro- thereby acquired the appellation of the
phe. Their final stopping place was at long beards. At length it was revealed
New Madrid, 75 miles below the mouth of to another of their number that they must
the Ohio. At this place Peter and Jo- all be sllaved, and it was done.
seph Ball left them  with the surviving   Although no more than six or eight
members of their families, and froln this persons took a very active part in these
time we have no knowledge of the move- meetings, still they were countenanced
ments or fate of the impostor, or those who and encouraged by large numbers of the
adhered to him, but there can be little inhabitants of Hardwick and the neighdoubt that they miserably perished. Of boring towns. Many of these were igthose who went from Vermont a few beg- norant and weak minded persons who
ged their way back, but far the greater were deluded and led astray, but the
part were either ashamed, or too poor and greater part were the idle and irreligious,
feeble, to return.                   who were better pleased to spend the
New Lights.-This is a name assumed the Sabbath in attendance upon what was
by a small band of fanatics, who corn-  denominated the Hardwick Theatre, than
menced a brief career in the town of Hard- with those who were engaged in rational.wick in the early paxt of 1837. Their religious worship.  But, as happens to
leader, whose name was Bridgeman, had most fanatics, their career was short. The
been a professed Universalist, but having publication of a discourse, in the summer
his mind discomposed by frequent atten- of 1838, leveled at their absurdities, by the
dance upon prayer meetings in his neigh- late Rev. Chester Wright, at that time
borhood, and becoming, as some thought, minister of Hardwick, and the imprisonpartially deranged, he professed to be in- ment of some of their number for the dis.
spired from on high, and was not long in turbance of religious worship, soon put a
enlisting several followers. They com- stop to their droll meetings, and for the
menced their career by interrupting the honor of our common nature, and of the
regular exercises of the religious meet- state of Vermont, and of our holy religion,
ings of the neighborhood, by occasionally it is hoped that such disgraceful proceedutterillg in a tremendoussing-song scream  ings willnot be repeated within our state.




CHAP. 10.                   STATE OF SOCIETY.                              205
ABORIGINES OF VERMONT.                                        COOSSUCK INDIANS.
CHAPTER X.
STATE OF SOCIETY.
turned up by the plough. On the Ox*    Bow, the remains of an Indian fort were
still visible, when the first settlers came
to Newbury. The mound forming its circumference, was, at that time, overgrown
with trees five or six inches in diameter,
and the ground in the vicinity is overspread with a profusion of white flint
stones and arrow heads.'
The Indians, who resided alonrg the
upper parts of Connecticut river, were a
branch of the Abenaqui tribe, whose chief
location, in modern times, has been at
St. Francis. There was always an intimate connexion between them and the
Indians at St. Francis, and they have
been commonly spoken of, by American
writers, as St. Francis Indians; and yet
they had the distinguishing appellation of
Coossucks, which  is descriptive of the
country where they resided.  Coos, in
the Abenaqui language signified the pines,
and this name was applied by the Indians
to two sections of country upon ConnecSECTION I.                ticut river, one above the fifteen mile falls,
Orig.inal In.habitants.     about Lunenburg, and the other below,
Orignal Inhabitants         about Newbury, on account of the great
It was remarked in a preceding chapter abundance of white pine timber in those
that at the time of the first settlement of places; and the termination, suck, signified
this continent by Europeans, and subse- river, so that Co-os-suck, signified th's
quently, causes were in operation, which river at the pines.
prevented the aborigines from making our   The Coossucks and St. Francis Indians,
territory, to any great extent, a permanent who always acted on the part of the
residence, and still there are indubitable French in the wars between the French
proofs that they have,at some former peri- and English colonies, were for many
od, resided here in considerable numbers. years the most blood-thirsty and cruel
When the Coos country was first visited enemies, which the frontier settlements
by the whites, large clearings were found of New England had to encounter.  But
upon  the  intervales  overgrown by a the desperate battle, fought in 1725, bekind of coarse grass, and there were va- tween Capt. Lovewell with 46 men, and
rious other indications offorhier extensive about twice that number of Indians, in
settlements by the natives. On the high which the latter were beaten, and Paugrounds east of the mouth of Cow-Mead- gus,. their chief, together with a large
ow brook, in Newbury, domestic imple- number of their warriors, was slain,struck
ments of various kinds, of Indian manu- such terror to the Coossucks that they
facture, were formerly  found in such mostly retired into Canada and became
numbers as to afford conclusive proof of identified with their kindred at St. Francis.
its having been the site of a considerable   After the conquest of Canada by the
Indian village. On the meadow, a short English, several Indian families returned
distance below was their burying ground, to Coos and remained until they became
where the ashes of many of the sons of extinct. Among these were two Indians
the forest now lie. They were buried in
the forest now lie. They were buried in  *See the communication of David Johnson, Esq.
the sitting posture, peculiar to the Indi- in the Historical sketches of the Coos country, by
ans, and their bones have been frequently the elev. Grant Pouwers, page 39.




206                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                      PART II.
CAPT. JOHN AND CAPT. JOE.                           LAKE CHAMPLAIN INDIANS.
of some notoriety, who were known as   Joe was mild and inoffensive in his
Capt. John and Capt. Joe. John was in disposition and used to boast that he had
the battle in which Braddock was defeat- "' never pointed a gun" at a man. He had a
ed. He used to relate that he was knock- strong antipathy to the English, who had
ed down by a British officer whom he after- killed his friends in Nova Scotia, and,
wards shot, and that he tried to shoot during the Revolution, was a warm friend
young Washington, but could not hit him. to the American cause. He and Molly
When under the excitement of strong once visited and shook hands with Gen.
drink, he exulted in the relation of his Washington at his head quarters, on the
former deeds of barbarity, among which North river, and ate at the General's
he told how he mutilated a woman taken table after the officers had dined. After
at Fort Dummer,by cutting off her breasts, thdwar, such was his dislike to the King
and would imitate her shrieks and cries of England, that he would never enter
of distress. He was fierce and cruel and his dominions, though strongly urged
a great terror to the children about New- by the Indians to return to St. Francis.
bury as long as he lived. He had a Cap- Having followed a Moose two days, and
tain's commission during the revolution, finding at length that it had crossed the
and, at the head of a party of Indians was line into Canada, he stopped short, said
attached to the American army, which "Good bye Mr. Moose," relinquished the
captured Burgoyne.                     pursuit and returned. He spent his time
Capt. Joe was born in Nova Scotia, principally in hunting through all the
but upon the overthrow  of the eastern north-eastern parts of the state, and many
Indians, he while quite young went to anecdotes are related respecting his enSt. Francis. His wife was called.Molly, counters with the wild beasts of the forand she had two sons by a former hus- est. Joe survived Molly many years, and
band, who came withthem to Coos. Their they have each a pond called by their
names were Toomalek and Mauxa Wux- names in the town of Cabot. When Joe
al. There was nothing remarkable in the became old and unable to support himself,
character ofMauxa Wuxal, but Toomalek the legislature of Vermont granted him
had a murderous disposition. As hegrew  an annual pension of $70 a year. He
up he became enamored of a young squaw  died at Newbury, February 19,1819, aged
by the name of Lewd, but Mitchel another about 80 years, and with, him fell the last
Indian was his rival and married her. of the Coossucks.*
Toomalek determined to murder Mitchel   The country about Lake Champlain
and take his wife. Watching his oppor- seems to have been long claimed both
tunity, he discovered the happy pair sit- by the Iroquois and the Canada Indians,
ting by their fire in the evening, at the and it was a favorite hunting ground for
Ox-Bow. He aimed his gun at Mitchel, both long after settlements were combut Lewd received the ball and expired menced on the continent by the French
that evening. Toomalek was tried for and English. That the Indians were
the murder by his Indian peers, and was numerous here at some earlier period, we
acquitted on the ground that he did not have reason to believe, both from the suitmean to kill Lewd but M itchel. Toomalek ableness of the location to their mode of
was still resolved to kill Mitchel; and life, and from the numerous relics which
having got him partially drunk by treat- are met with in various places. Arrow
ing him freely, while he himself remained and spear heads are found scattered
sober, he then provoked Mitchel to draw  through this whole region, and on Grand
his knife and attack him, upon which Isle are indications that these articles
Toomalek drew his knife and despatched were manufactured  there to  a large
Mitchel on the spot. For this crime he amount. Fragments of the stone from
was also tried and acquitted on the ground which they were made and broken, or
that he was acting in self-defence. After partly finished, arrow or spear heads are
this Toomalek at the instigation, as was scattered in profusion over a considerable
supposed, of a young squaw, murdered extent. The stone, from  which they
Pi-al, son of Capt. John above mentioned. were made, must have been brought from
For this crime he was tried and sentenced a distance, as none of the kind, excepting
to be shot, and Capt. John was to be the these fragments, is found on the Island.
executioner. Toomalek came unguarded Burial grounds of the natives are also
to the place of execution, where John found and various places containing many
stood in readiness, and, having seated bones, and implements for the purposes
himself, repeated his prayers, and covered of war and domestic use are not uncomhis face, he said ".Mack bence"-kill me,  His gun was fund loaded and was discharged over
quick, upon which John shot him through his grave. His snow shoes are in possession of Mr.
the head and he died instantly.        Frye Bailey.-Power's History of Coos.




CHAP. 10'                 STATE OF SOCIETY.                          207
INDIAN RELICS.                             URNS, AXES, GOUGES, AND ARROWS.
mon. This view is corroborated by the quarts. The bottom, up to the middle of
statement of Champlain. In his journal the bilge, is hemispherical and plain.
of his first visit to this lake in 1609, he Above, it is compressed so as to become
says expressly that here the country was four sided; but the sides are a little conformerly inhabited, but was at that time to vex, and ornamented with various lines
a great extent abandoned on account of and checks. It is considerably contractthe continued wars.                  ed at the neck with a deep groove, as if
When Mrs. Howe and others were designed for putting round a cord or withe
taken at Bridgeman's fort and carried by which it might be suspended. Above
into captivity, in 1755, the northern parts the groove, it enlarges and spreads out.
of Lake Champlain were in possession of ward, becoming nearly square at the top,
the St. Francis Indians, who wintered and measuring just six inches from angle
there in large numbers and subsisted by to angle on each side. Along the groove,
hunting and fishing; and as late as the on the angles and around the bilge, it is
time of the revolutionary war, a branch of ornamented with rows of small circles.
this tribe had a village at Swanton, con- One of the corners is broken off, as shown
sisting of about 50 huts with a church, in the figure, and the bottom exhibits evijesuit missionary, and some lands under dent indications of having been used over
cultivation. About the year 1798, the fire. It appears to be composed of pulCaughnahwagha  Indians advanced  a verized granite and clay, numerous parclaim  to most of the lands lying between ticles of feldspar and mica being seen in
Lake Champlain and the Green Moun- its composition. It is unglazed, but very
tains, and importuned the legislature of compact and smooth, except where roughVermontat several sessions for remunera- ened by the ornaments. Its antiquity is
tion for the same, but without success.*  shown to be great by the circumstances
Indian relics.  These consist princi- in which it was found, it being covered
pally of pots or urns, mortars and pestles, with a flat stone, over which a large tree
axes, chissels, gouges, arrow and spear had grown, and had been so long dead as
heads, and some other implements the to be nearly all rotten. A similar vessel,
use of which is not now known. The but much larger, was found many years
most interesting of these are the pots or ago in Bolton, and is now in the possesurns, which appear to be made and baked sion of John N. Pomeroy, Esq. of Burlingin the manner of our common earthen ton.
or stone ware. These have been found   The following, among other implements
at several different places, and of sizes of Indian manufacture, all of stone, are
varying from one quart to 5 or 6 gallons. occasionally picked up.
One was dug up in Middlebury in 1820,
nearly entire and of the capacity of about
20 quarts. The urn, of which the following
The axes vary from half a pound to five
or six pounds.
The gouges are sometimes grooved
is a figure, was found in Colchester in thre gough thare whole length, which is groovednin 1825, by Captain John Johnson, and in erally from 8 to 12 inches.
1827 was presented by Luther Loomis,
Esq. to the College of Natural History in
the University of Vermont, and is now
preserved in the society's collections.It is about eight inches in height, and,
through the largest part, about nine inches in diameter, and would hold about four
*eThe arprow  oints are from one to five
*See part second, page 89,         inches long.




208                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART II.
INDIAN RELICS.             HIEROGLYPHICS AND MAIL.              POPULATION.
the rude natives merely for amusement,
while fishing, or watching for water fowl
at this place, is unknown. To give the
reader an idea of what these figures are,
we have procured a copy of one which
evidently represents a fish hawk bearing
off his prey, as will be seen by the cut
which precedes this paragraph.
The spear points are from four to eight   Shirt of AMail.-This curious relic,which
inches long, and two or three inches wide. is doubtless of European origin, was found
in Irasburgh, in the spring of 1827, by Mr.
Shubael Goodell. It was rolled together
and lying at the foot of a large birch tree
between two considerable roots, and when
discovered was much corroded by rust
upon the outside. It was found, upon unrolling it, to be made of iron, or steel rings
The chissels vary much in size and about one fourth of an inch in diameter,
form, but are usually from 6 to 12 inches locked together in the manner in which
in length.                            wire purses are sometimes made,but much
thicker. The wire, of which the rings
Various other articles are found, of sev- were made, was nearly as large as a coeral of which the use is not known. One mon knitting pin, and in forming the rings
of these last is represented by the figure the ends of the wire instead of being brabelow:                                zed in the usual way, were firmly riveted.
The form of the article was that of the
body of a shirt, reaching down a little below the hips, with sleeves barely sufficient
to protect the shoulders, and a collar covering the whole neck. The collar was of
several thicknesses, made, in the manner
above described, of brass or gilt wire, and
there was a border of the same kind of
wire around the bottom of the garment.
The collar was open before, sufficiently
It is made of a kind of a gray stone, and for passing the head through, but, when
is about 10 inches long. It was found in on, could be snugly closed and fastened
Burlington, half a mile south of the vil- about the neck. It was evidently designlage, and was presented to the College of ed to protect the body of the wearer against
Natural History of the University of Ver- arrows, spears and other weapons, but
mont, by Mr. Lewis Olmsted.           when, or by whom, it was left in the place
where it was found, we have no means of
determining; its corroded condition, however, showed that it had lain there for a
great number of years. It was purchased
soon after it was found, by Lieut. Wilson
of the U. S. artillery, for the purpose of
being deposited in the museum  of the
National Institute at Washington.
SECTION 1I.
Population.
There was no complete census of Vermont till after her admission into the
Indian Hieroglyphics.-The only things Union in 1791.*  Since that time there
of this kind, which have attracted any no- have been six complete enumerations
tice, are upon a rock at the side of a cove under the direction of Congress, the renear the mouth of West river in Brattle- sults of which we have, for the conboirough, and are little more than rude venience of comparison, collected in the
scratches representing birds and some following table.
other animals.  Whether these figures
are real hieroglyphics or were made by   *See part second, lnIges 16 and 19.




k ~ll~~








CHAP. 10.                   STATE OF SOCIETY.                                 209
POPULATION BY TOWNS —                                 ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
TOWNS.  1791. 1800.11810 1820.11830i1840.1i  TOwNS.   1791. 1800. 1810.1820 1830.1840.
Acton            1.311 245 204! 1761      Duxbury       39 153 326 440 6521 820
Addison    401  734 1100 12101 30(6'12291 EastHaven                           |
Albany.           12[ 101 253] 683 923)0 Eden                29 224 201  461 702
Alburgh    446 750 1106 1172J123911344 Elmore           12  45 157 157 4421 476
Andover          622', 957 l000  (975 878 Enosburgh        143 704 932 156012022
Arlington   991 1597 1463 135411207 1035 Essex        354 729 957 1089 1664 1 824
Athens      45(0  4)59 478 507 1 415 3788 Fairflax    354 7871 301()13591 729 11919
Averill                           1  11 Fairfield    129 901 16168 18573 2270:2448
Avery'sGrt  11  22  351 Fair Haven  375/ 411 645 714 675 633
Bakersfield  1.3 222 812 9451087 1258 Fairlee         232 386 983 1143 656i 644
Bailtim1ore   275[ 1741 207 2041 179( 155 Fayston            18 149 253 458 635
Barnard     673 123611648 1691 1881 1774 Ferdinand
Barnet      477 8$t1 301 1488 1764 2030 Ferrisburgr' 481 956 1647 1581 1822 1755
Barre        76 6 919 1669l 195520112 2126 Fletcher     47 200 382 497 793 1014
Barton           128 447 372 726 89)2 Franklin         46 280 714 631 1.129 1410
Belvidere             217 198 185 2071 Georgia    340 1068 1760 1703 1897 2106
Bennin(t'n 2377 2243 2524 2485 3419 3429 Gla stenb'y  34  48  76f  48  52  53
Benson      65i8 1159 1561 1481 1493 1403 Glover           36 387 54!  902 19l!
Berkshire        172 918 831 1308 18181 Goshen               1 4  86 290 555 621
Berlin      134 684 1167 1455 1664 1598 G rafton      561 1149 1365 1482 143'9 1326
Bethel      473 91:13 1041 1318 1667 1886 Granby            69 120  49  97 ]05
Bloomfield        27 144 1'32 150 179 Grand Isle  337 12898 623 898 648 724
Bolton        88 219' 249! 306 452 470' Granville   101 185 324 328 403 545
Bradford    654 1064 1302 1411 1507 1655 Greensboro  1'9 280) 566 625 784 883
Bradly vale                      21 350 Groton         45 248 449' 595 836 928
Braintree   221  531 850 1033 1209 1332 Guildhall  158 296 544 529 481 470
Brandon    637 1076 1375 1495 1946 21 94 Guilford   24312 2256 1872 1862 1760 1525
Brattleboro 158d/l 1867/ 1891 /2017 2141 262311 IHalifax    130(1 160(0 175811567 1562 1399)
Bridgwater 29:3 781 1125 1.125 1311 1363 Hancoclk       56 149 311 442 472 455
Bridport   449 1124 1520 1511 1774 1480) Hardwick        3 260 735 867 1216 1354
Brighton                        1  05 157 Hartford    988 1-494 1881 2010 2044 2194
Bristol     211 665 1179 1051 11274 123313 Tartland  1-652 1960 2352 2553 2503 2341
Brookfield  421  98 I 1384 1 507 1677 17891 Highgate   103 437 1374 1250 2038 2292
Brookline        4721 431  391 376 328 Htinesburg' 454 933 1238 1332 1669 1682
Brownint'n        65 236 265 412 486 Holland  I128 100 422 6()5
Brunswick   66  86 143 124 161) 13011Iubbardt'! 404 641 724 810 865 719
Burke            108t 460 541  8661 93971 Huntingtlr  167 405 514 732 929 91-4
Burlington  332 815 1690(2111 3226|4271 lHydepark   4:3 110 261  373 82311080
Cabot       1.22 34)1 886 1032 1304 1440  Ira         312 473 519 498 442 430
Calais       45 443 841'1111 1539 110791 Irasbur'lh        15 292 432 860 971
Cambridge  359 7331 990 11 76 1613 11790   IslelaMotte  417 135r 338 312       435
Canaan       19  741 332 227 373 378 Jamaica          262 521 096' 1:13 15;3 1586
Castleton   800 10:39 1420 141 11783 1769 JayI                        52 1!9'6 308
Cavendish  491 9211295 1535 1 14S8 1427i Jericho      381  721 1185 1-219 1654 1684
Charleston             56  90 5;4  7311 Johnson        93 2;551 49)4 778 1079 1410
Charlotte   63511231| 1G79  15o26 1 70211 2M0 K irbyY       201 311 312 401  520
Chelsea     239] 897 1327 1462 1958 19591 Landgrove   31 1471 299 341 355 345
Chester     981 11878 237012493 2320 2305 Leicester   34371 52 2 609[ 548 638 602
Chittenden  159 327 446 528 610 644 Lemington   31   521 132 1391 183 124
Clarendon 147S 1789 17917 1712 1585  1549 Lewis
Colchester  137 347/ 657 960 1489 1739 Lincoln               97 255 278 639 770
Concord      49 322 677 806 1031 1024 Londond'y  362 330 637  958 13)02 1216
Corinth     578 1410 1876 1907119o53 1970 Lfdl;, { 179.i  4101) 87 1144 1227 1363
Cornwall   826 116311270 1101 1264116311 Lunenburg  119 3I!93 714  856 1054 1130
Craftsbury   18 229!) 566 605 98211151 iLyndon         59.I 21090 1296 1S 1822 1753
Danby      1206I1487  1730 1107 1362.11 379 Maidstone  1 25 1.52 17'7 16(6 236 271
Danville    57431514 2240 2300 263112633 Manchest'r l1276: 1!397 151(  150811525115(9)0
Derby            178  714 925 1469 1681 Mansfield            I 2  3s  6(1 279 223
Dorset    |9581o266 129)4 |13i  1o507 1432 1Marlboro'  629 1087l 1124:5| 1296  1218 1027
Dover           I     859 8291 831 7209iMarshfield           7    5131 71011271 1156
Dimmnerston 1501 1692 1704 165814592 126",j Mendon   |341'3,i 111 174 432  545
pI  iddlebur': 3C3  6   Q,1% S 2535 3468:3161: Now part of Townsen. t In Franklin county  M bur
Pr. I. I'




210                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERAIONT.                          PART II.
POPULATION BY TOWNS-                                 ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
TowNs.  1791. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830.11840.   ToWNs.   1791.  1800. 1810 1820.1830. 1840.
Middlesex   60 262 401 726115611279 SouthlHero  337|1289 826 8421 717 664
Middleto'n  6993 1066 1207 1039 91911057 Springfield 109712032 2556 27021i27491 2625
Milton      282 786 1548 1746210012136 St. Albans  256 901 1609 16361239!5 2702
Monkton   450 880 1248 1152 1384 1310 Stamford'272 383 378 490() 563 662
Montgom'y         36 237 293 460 548 Starksboro'  40 359 726 914 1342 1263
Monroe            23 254 432 824 1092 Sterling              9 122 181 183 193
Montpelier 113 890 187712308 2985 3725 St. G-eorge  57  65  28 1120 135 121
Moretown  / 24 191 405 593 806 1128 StJohnsb'y  143 663 1334 1404!159)2 1887
Morgan                135 116 231 422 Stockbrige 100t 432 700 96411333 1419
Morrist'wn   10 144 550 726 1.315 15(02 Stow              316 650 957 1570 1371
Mt. [Holly       668 922 1157 1318 1356 Strafford    845J16421 805 1921 1935 1761
Mt. Tabor  165 153 209 222 210 226 Stratton           95 27J 265 272 312 341
Newark             8  88t 154 257 360 Sudhury    258 521 754 809 812 796
Newbury   873 11304 1363 1623 222525279 Sund'rland 414 557 576t 4!:6 463 437
Newfane    660 1000 1276 1506 144111043 Sutton            144 433 69,71005 1068
Newhaven  723 1135 1688 1566 1834 1503 Swanton        74 858 1657 1607 2158 2313
Newport           50  28  52 284 591 Thetiord     8621478 1785 19:152113 2065
Northfield   40 204 426 690 1412 2()13 Tinmouth  935 97311001(10(691049 781
North Hero 125 324 552 503 638 716 Topsham    1621 344 814 1020 1 384 1745
Norton                                   Townsend  67611083 1115 1406 1386 1345
Norwich   1158 148611812 1985 2316 2218 Troy                   281  227 608 856
Orleans            7 178 282 729)  796 Tunbridge  48711324 16402003 1920 1811
Orange           348S 686 751 1016 984 Underhill   65 212 490 63311052 1441
Orwell      778 137611849 1730 1598 1504 Vergennes  201 516  835 8171 999 1017
Panton      220 363 529 548 G(05 670| Vernon   |482 480 5r1 62O7 681  705
Pawlet    1458 1923 2233 2155 1965 1748 Vershire   439'1031 1311 12(i 1260 1998
Peacham    365 873 1301 1294 1351 1443 Victory                            53 140
Peru         71 1301 239 314 455 578 Waitsfield   61 473 647 935 958 1048
Pittsfield    49 164 338 453 505 615 Walden           43 153 455 5801 827 91.3
Pittsford    850 1413 1936 1!91612005 1927 Wallingf'dl 536 912!1386 157011740 1608
Plainfield       256 543 661) 874 880 Waltham  |201 247 244 264 301 2'83
Plymouth   106 497 834;111211237/1417 Wardsboro  753 1484 1159 1016(1148 1102
Pomfret    710 11061143311635 1867 1774 WVVaren            58`229 321) 766 9.43
Poultney   1121 1694 11905 1955 1909 1880 Washing'n  72 500 10401116011374i1359
Pownal    1746 1692 1655 1812 18318 83 161: 3  Waterbury  93 644 966 1269i16)  )1192
Putney    1848 1574 11607 11547 15 10 13821 Waterford   63 56511281 1247 135811388
Randolph   892 1i841 2255 2487 2743 2678 Waterville  15  51_ 193 9273 488 610
Readingr   747 1120 1565 1603 1409 1363 Weallhersfld 1146 1944{2111512301 2213 2002)
Readsboro'  64 234 410 530 6621 767{ Wells           6221 9781.040{ 986 880 740
Richford          13 440 440i 704 914 Wenlock                             24  28
Richmond         718 935 10L14:1109 1054 WestFairlet 463 3911 983 1143 841 824
Ripton          [  1 42 278 357 1Westfield                 16 149 225: 353 370
-Rochester  215 524 911 1148 139211396 Westford    63 648 1107 1025 1290 1352
Rocking'm 1235 1684 1954 215512272 2330 Westhaven 545 430 671 6;84 724 774
Roxbury      14 113 361 512| 737 784 Westminster 16011 942| 19251 974 173721546
Royalton   748 15 )01 753 1816( l 8931917 Westmore                       321 122
Rupert    1033 16481163(01133211318110191 Weston            17 629 890 972 1032
Rutland   1407 2125 2379 2369 2753127081 Weybridge  175/ 502t 7501 714 8501 797
Ryegate    187 406 812 9941119[1222 Wheelock    33 568 964 906 834 881
Salem             16  58  801 2301 299 1Whiting    250 404 565 609 653 660
Salisbury   446 644 709 721 9071 942l Whitinham  442{ 868 1248 139711477 1391
Sandgate   773 1020 1187 1185 9331 777 Wil!iamnst'wn 146 8391135311481 1487 1620
Searsboro'                   91 40 120 Williston   471  8:36 1185 1246i1608 1554
Shaftsbury 1999 1895 1973 2022 2143 1835 9w ilmington  645 10111119311 3691367 1296
Sharon      569 1158 1363 14311459 1371 Windham          1 4291 7821 931 8471 757
Sheffield        170 388 581 720 821 Windsor  154212211/2757l29fS56 3134i2744
Shelburne  389 723 987 93611123!1089 Winhail    155 212 429 426 5a1 576
Sheldon     110 408 883 92711427 1734 Wolcott    13   47 124 123 4921 824
Sherburne   32  90 116 154 4521 4981 Woodford 1 60 138 254 212! 39o51 487
Shorellam   721 1447 203311881 2137 16751 Woodstock 1605 2132 2672 2610 3044 3315
Shrewsbuy  383 7481 99) 1149 1289 12   Worcester           25   41.  44[ 432 587
Somerset   111 130 199  1731 2451 262! Whole number of towns in the State, 245.




ChAP. 10.                      STATE  OF SOCIETY.                                  211
POPULATION BY COUNTIES.                                                CENSUS OF 1840.
The following table contains the popu-               FREE WHITE PERSONS.
lation of the state by counties at the sev-                              Males. / Females.
eral enumerations; or, rather, since some  Under 5 years of age,         21,796  20,379
of the counties are of recent formation, it Of 5 and under 10,           19,069   18,7
exhibits the population of the several por- Of  0 and under 15,          17,551  16677
tions of the state now embraced in the re- Of 15 and under 20            16 
Of 15 and under 20,         16,99n9i  15,744
spective counties, together with the in- Of 20 and under 30,,006  2422
crease between the severalcensuses. The  Of 30 and under 40, \    17,596  1,8163
sign -  before several numbers in the last Of 40 and under 50,            2,817  12,07
column, denotes that those counties di- Of 50 and under 60,               7,982   8,612
minished in population between 1830 and  Of 60 and under 70,              5,454   5,423
1840:                                        Of 70 and under 80,          3,137   2,875
Of 80 and under 90,            884      951
t- C~s  0I    V on_ It, f n C' r    i    Of 90 and under 100,      84      100
"  0 [,- ~. - [., [ni~L   -  i   4    Of lO0 and upwards,  13  7
0 91,~ - oot. _ in -m re. ~ o3 O 1', nTotal,                      146,3781144,840
o O     g' t   n to V ~  I3  ~9139C
FREE COLORED PERSONS.
Males. Females
~,-:'S.    t 3 5'x4 Zt ~ t — 00 A       r, 5'~"
cjO,~,~-.,    ~'~'~"~ T~z ~ C\Under 10 years of age,          91      76
Of 10l and under 24,            99    106,s                      ~-~- ~Of 24 and under 36,           74      65
C;     %O I o   "C t- t- t=  —,C  — t ~-, n M   C 
C, 1            o tr     t    I    Of36 and under 55,            60      76
o ~'.                           g ~. -, Ci L',  ~eY~-~,C9~-J  -. Of 55 and uinder 100,  38  43.;                                          Of 100 and upwards,             2      0.~       -- c.., 0 0 d.~ ~ ~.  oo o a0!,r  0c "
cl    N     C= C)n - C-,    o1                Total,                  364    366
-= j
-i~ -,~~ ___~ ~Included  in tie/ foregoing are thle following
-O V n- 0. an    "t   %) -o C   1 e     =.~t
CV  N       DN  t-     <  to         White persons, deaf and dumb under 14,   27
1c11 00 C~ 00 V to ~, cel CI Q0  k'5 C.~  (-6""
C)  c oao!!!M  -  c          4 c     4 ~   r  C   from 14 to 25,  19
U ODc c'i  -1 -'7~   C'i' =~ t-     M    d
- r- q     C.  -,,-                         "       "    over 25,      89, 0 C       N.-  N 0  t.c~     M  L-  C: ~   Colored persons, deaf and dumb,         2
- t.  o t-. c In LI% m Ll,m-.0 n   to
() i  t,                                 V  c7 bhite persons who are blind,     101
%0 C~ ~0'  0u 00 CV m       L-                                           101
5 co.=-j4-N   C-=:I:                        Colored persons who are blind,             2,.~~~~r~~~~~ C                     White persons,insane & idiots,at ptib. charge, 144
~~~~~~~ ~~                       Co                                         4    ~~o:.'',..,
1,0 )     o'!t ~ 0 Z 3 n 3    11:'- i~    Colored persons, "     "          4'IO M 0D V   %O3 C1 C2  ~    C,,1 i   111 ^1~  "!
o~)    Z C   C".) 00 to'~ r-  t-  White pers., insadne & idiots, at priv. charge, 254
Uob           - l V Ic  m   -,,   -  to C, m " m o -0 c   Colored persons,   "   "   9
m  Persons employed in mining,               77
7, V' t C9'  - r"      17 t c~~   --   Persons employed in agriculture,  73,150
r;  C- t3    Tw ~.3..?.7.~:.~.~-Tr M  Persons employed in Commerce,  1303
ODC  CI  1.4, 4'   r        C=                  c
-i r'-qi r" r" r4                                ((       "in manufactures and trades, 13,174
" in navigalion of the ocean,      41,d""L. 3~3 C. I    I    _Y                             in nav. canals, lakes, & rivers, 146
-  ~~~ C9 L'3  -,-r O - t n     C-,C:, -o 1x~51nc
irs        N c — l-,- C,   -  ~-...7.    w 7   "    (   in the learned professions,   1,563'= ~      9' L   Pensioners for revolutionary or military ser. 1,320
- -'  mt —'- N   to "! t.! n n ~   - )  Universities or Colleges,               3
oo3 lo  -P %0 t- lo 11 CO?Y C"Z Q0  =n C,. -'   n           r.
UN            t                          L o  "l  Lo, - ta   %  _    Students in Universities or Colleges,  233
w~re  ~.~~~,N-,-   i-   N -t~      Academies and grammar schools,         46
Students in academies & grammar schools, 4,113
Primary and common schools,                 2,402
O   c3 ~   ~      0  
o 2.           4-1,  -     Scholars in Primary schools,            97,518
rr, ~~ "C6~, -,    White persons over 20 years ofage who
C) ~      rC ~-'         Z'            cannot read and write              2,270
".-,' o               c3 cS ~,.,~..
According to the returns of the census                   SECTION III.
of 1840, the aggregate population of the  Character and Employmewts of lie People.
state was 291,860, and their classification
by ages, occupations, &c., is exhibited in    The first civilized inhabitants of Verthe following tables.                        mont were emigrants from the older parts




212                 CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                        PART II.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.                                         FEMALE SEX.
of New England, and were almost wholly strength and value of the material, but in
of English or Scotch descent. At the which the delicate veins and colors and
time the settlement was commenced, this shades have not been brought out and exwhole tract of country was covered by an hibited in all their pleasing variety by the
immense unbroken forest, inhabited only skill of the polisher.
by wild beasts, and traversed by merciless   Among the inhabitants of this state, an
Indians, some of whom had their lodges equality in point of rank and property and
upon the upper parts of Connecticut river a sense of mutual dependence, have very
and on the shores and islands of lake generally prevailed, which have been
Champlain. It could not, therefore, be highly favorable to the exercise of the soexpected that any but the most bold and cial virtues and the friendly feelings of
enterprising, would venture to expose the heart. The Vermonters have hitherthemselves to the dangers and hardships to been distinguished for their kindness
of establishing themselves here; and as among themselves-for their attention and
these were, for the most part, men of small hospitality to strangers, and for their befortunes and large families, the labor re- nevolence to the suffering and needy, both
quired in subduing the forests, cultivating at home and abroad; and it is to be lathe soil and providing the means of sub- mented, and, we fear, without being remsistence, left them  little leisure for the edied, that the growing inequalities and
improvement of their minds, or the re- distinctions of rank and property, are befinement of their manners.  Hence, as ginning to throw a chill over those gushmight be expected, their characters par- ing feelings ofphilanthropy, which warmtook much of the boldness and roughness ed the hearts, animated the countenances
of the mountain and forest scenery, in the and blended the sympathies of the earlier
midst of which they resided. Being com- inhabitants of our land.
pelled, on account of their exposed sitma-   The female sex in Vermont may be
tion, to face dangers of various kinds, and recommended as patterns of industry and
being accustomed to remove obstacles and economy. They are nearly all habituated
surmount difficulties by their personal ex- to household labors from their childhood,
ertions, they soon acquired unlimited con- and they in general pride themselves much
fidence in their own abilities, and imbibed on account of their neatness and the manthe loftiest notions of liberty and indepen- agement of their domestic affairs. They
dence. These traits of their general char- are accustomed to regard the family as the
acter were fully displayed during those sphere which they are more particularly
vexatious and perplexing controversies designed to occupy, and here they usually
in which they were, for twenty seven appear to the best advantage. In common
years, constantly involved, and they have with the other sex, they are all permitted
at all subsequent periods, marked their to share in the benefits of common school
proceedings in the council and in the field. instruction, but, till recently, very few
Though the fathers of Vermont were have had an opportunity to extend their
not liberally educated, most of them had education to the polite accomplishments;
shared in the benefits of that excellent and it is pleasing to observe, that parents
system of common school education for now are not generally disposed to indulge
which New England has always been dis- their daughters in the pursuit of the ornatinguished; and though not learned, few  mental, to the neglect of the solid and
of them were wholly illiterate. Nearly more useful branches of learning.
all of them were able to read and to write   It is undoubtedly the duty of all parents,
a fair hand, and were sufficiently ac- in training up and educating their daughquainted with the common rules ot' arith- ters, to make it the primary object to fit
metic to become correct accountants. Few  them, not to shine and gain admiration at
of them were versed in the rules of gram- the opera, the assembly, or at public specmar, but they all had sufficient knowledge tacles, but for the proper discharge of their
of their mother tongue to be able to make duties as daughters and wives and moththeir meaning understood, and many there ers; which alone can make them  truly
were among them, who could wield with usefiul and happy.  It is not the outward
effect, either the quill, or the sword, or the adorning of dress and plaiting the hair,
axe, as circumstances required. The wri- nor even the mere cultivation of taste and
tings of these men,-their first attempts at intellect and refinement of manners, howlegislation, and various other memorials, ever proper and desirable these may be,
which have been handed down to us, af- which makes woman what she should be;
ford conclusive proof of the possession of but it is the training of them  up in the
intellect and talent of a high order. But knowledge and practice of their domestic
they were like the marble from the quar- and relative-their moral and religious
ry, roughly hewn, which exhibits the duties.




CHAP. 10.                     STATE  OF SOCIETY.                                213
AGRICULTURE.                AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.                MANUFACTURES.
SECTION IV.                  hard earnings of the ill-starred farmer.
Weighed down by accumulated embarAgriculture.                rassments and goaded by the twigs of the
Agriculture gives employment to the  law, the harrassed people looked upon the
great body of zthe  people of Vermont. legal profession as the prolific fountain of
While suitable numbers are devoted to all their sufferings, and upon lawyers as a
the various trades and professions, which  curse-a very pest in society.
are rendered necessary by the immediate    During the embarrassments which prewants of society, six-sevenths  of  the  vailed for many years after the close of
whole population are engaged in agricul- the revolution,'they who were in distress,
they who were in debt, and they who
tural pursuits; and it is pleasing to ob- they who were in debt, and they who
serve the gradual improvement, which  were  discontented frequently  gathered
this art is undergoing in Vermont, and  themselves' in conventions to consult
the great advance which it has made, together  respecting  their  grievances
within a few years past, in the public and devise plans of relief. At these
estimation.  The time has been, when  meetings it was considered a legitimate
the professional men, the merchantsand  and   an  indispensible  part  of  their
even a portion  of the mechanics in this business to  adopt a series  of resolustate were wont to look down (down?) tions, denouncing the lawyers in terms
with feelings bordering on contempt upon  neither mild nor neasured. But at Length
more correct views began to prevail.
the farmer and his employment.  And  more  correct views began to prevail.
the farmer himself, ignorant, or insensible  The people began to discover that their
of his own advantages, submitted to live embarrassments and troubles were chargein a state of vassalage to the other classes, able rather upon themselves than upon
9.11able rather upon themselves than upon
and particularly, to the merchants.  But the hated lawyers; and in proportion as
for several years past there has been athiinuryecom adavdne
for several years past there has been a they have improved their advantages, by
gradual change going on in the relative   their industry, economy and avoidance
condition of the merchant and the farm- of debt, has the prejudice against the legal
er.  Or, in other words, the farmers have  profession been done away and the occubeen learning, (and we hope they  will pation of the agriculturist risen in public
not forget the lesson,) that they are the estimation, till an exchange of the former
only class of community, who possess for the latter has come at length to be
fore  the lategrhas oeat lengt. o    b
the elements of independence, and, rely- considered no deadation.
ing upon these, they have been by de-   The chief agricultural productions of
grees freeing themselves from their thral- the state may be learned from the followdom  and rising in their relation to the  ing abstract of the returns of the census
other orders of society, until agricultural- of 1840.
ists and farmers are become  titles  of Wheat, bush.   495,00O Cocoons, lbs.    4,280
which none are now ashamed.                Rye    do    2:310,993 Wax, lbs.      4,660
Corn   do   1 ]19,678 Product Dairy $1~,008,"737
If it be true that the borrower is servant  oats   do   2,211,584    o drctard   2,97
Oats   do   2,9229,584 do Orchar-d   5213,944
to the  lender, it is emphatically true  Buckwheat do   228,416 do Garden       16,276
thet the debtor is servant to the creditor; Barley  do     54,781 do Nurseries, etc. 5,600
and in this relation, but a few years ago, Potatoes do   3,869,751 florsrs  62,402
Iand in this relation,      Z   11~[ay, tons,  869,739 Neat Cattle    384,341
stoodi a large part of our farmers to the Hops, lbs.       48,137 Sheep       1,681,819
merchants.  The merchants sold upon  Tobacco, lbs.           585 Swine         203,800
credit  and  must necessarily sell at a Flax, lbs.       59,000 Pouitry. value  $131,378
much'edit~    ~Vine, gallons                       94 Lumber       $346,939
much hgher price than for ready pay, to  Wool, lbs.   3,699,235 Other prod. forest 2,500
compensate for bad debts and for lying
out of the use of their money.  The farm-   The above productions, with the excepers, buying upon credit, bought more and  tion of wool, products of the dairy, horses,
at much higher prices than they would  cattle, sheep, swine, and lumber, ofwhich
have done, if ready pay  ad been deman- considerable quantities are exported, are
have done, if ready pay lHad been deman-                       L 
ded.  The consequence was that at the nearly all consumed in the state.  For
end of the year they found themselves several years past, wool has been the
stap-le production for mlarket.
more deeply in debt than they expected, staple production for market.
and were obliged to turn out their stock
and produce at  the merchant's  price
and give their notes of hand for the hal-                 SECTION V.
ance in money.  The notes and accounts                   atufcts..~I~~~~~~~~~Janufactur.es.
became due and resort was had to the
law to enforce payment.  This gave em-   The manufactures carried on in Verployment to swarms of lawyers and petti- mont were, for many years, such only as
foggers,whose fees, added to the demands the immediate wants of the people renof the creditors, were wrung out of the  dered indispensable, and in general each




21]L                    CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                           PART. II.
DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES.                                  RETURNS OF MANUFACTURES.
family were their own manufacturers. 7 Cotton factories, 7254 spindles, manuWith scarcely any tools but an axe, the           facturing $113,000 value.
first settlers entered the forests, cleared off    Mixed manufactures, $155,276 value.
the timber from a small piece of ground,    Hats, valued $62,432.
cut down trees to a suitable length, and,    Tann           10(2,763 sides sole leather.
by the help of a few neighbors, reared                      102,937 i"  upper  "
their log houses and covered them  with       Maple Sugar, 4,647,934 pounds.
bark.  These afforded shelters for their  1 Brewery, making 12,800 gallons,
families, and, by persevering industry,  2 Distilleries,  "    3,5)0 )'
they were soon enabled to raise a little   2 Glass Houses,    $55,000 value
flax and wool, which were spun and wove   8 Potteries,             23,000   "
and colored and made into clothing by the     Potash, 718. tons.
females for home and Sunday wear; and         Soap                 50,300   "
we have no doubt that, at that period, the    Candles,             28,687   "
swains in their tow, or checked woollen       Carriages,          162,097   "
shirts and kersey frocks and trowsers, and   7 Flouring mills-barrels of flour 4,495.
the girls in their tow and linen or flannel  312 Grist mills,)  1 083124 v
gowns and checked aprons, were as hap- 1081 Saw mills,,3,12   value
py, yea, and perhaps as proud too, as the    20 Oil mills,factured.
moderns in their broadcloths and silks and    29 Printing offices-Binderies, 14.
muslins.  The only trades which were           2 Rope Walks, $4,000 value man'd.
then deemed indispensable, were those of   Music instruments $2,290  "
the blacksmith and the shoemaker, and    Home made goods,                 $674,548
these were for the most part carried on by    Machinery made,              101,354
persons who labored a portion of their   Hardware,                           16,650
time upon their farms.                        Small arms,                     1,156
As the condition of the people improved,   Precious metals,                 3,000
they, by degrees, extended their desires    Granite and marble,              62,515
beyond the mere necessaries of life; first   Bricks and lime,              402,218
to its conveniences and then to its ele-    Value of vessels built,          72,000
gancies.  This produced new wants, and    Furniture manufactured,            83,275
to supply these, mechanics more numer-   Houses, 72 brick,  cost    344)896
ous and more skilful were required, till              468 wood             344,896
at length, the cabinet maker, the tailor,   Medicines, drugs and dyes,  38,475
the jeweller, the milliner and a host of   Other manufactures,             48,7'96
others came to be regarded as indispensa-    For the purpose of comparison, we inble.                                       troduce the following abstract of manuIn addition to the various articles and  factures in Vermont, copied from the refabrics for domestic use, Vermont pos- turns in 1810:
sesses facilities for extensive manufac- 8 Blast furnaces, 986 tons iron, a $100, $97,600
tures of several kinds, which are not sur- 2 Air furnaces, 260 do pig,    90,  23.400
passed by those of any state in the union.                 817 do 0cude,  120,  98.040
The water power afforded by her streams 26 forges         104 do efined,  150,  15,600
is unlimited, and her hills and mountains 67 cut nail factories, 144 tons nails a 240, 34,560
afford an abundance of wood for fuel; and  65 trip hammers-value of the work don-e, 78.574
for the manufacture of wool, iron, cop- 11 paper mills-23,350 reanis, a $3 pr r'm, 70,050
peras and marble, no part of our country  26 oil mills-50,637 gallons, a $1 pr gal. 50,637
affords the raw mriaterial in greater abun- 125 distilleries, 173,285  do.75 cts. 129,964
dance, or of a better quality.             205 tanneries-773 tons leather, a $500. 386.500
Some account of the different manufac- 166 filling-mills dressed 942,960 yds.a25. 235,740
turing establishments in Vermont will be 139 carding rnachn's,798,500 lbs wrol a.06 47,910
found in part third, under the names of Wollen cloth-1,207.976 yards, a 75 cts, 905,982
the towns in which they are situated, and  Cotton cloth-131.326 yards, a 30 cts    39.397
the annual aggregate of manufactures Linen cloth-1,S59,931 yards, a 35 cts  650,976
within the state according to the returns Mixed cloth-191,426 yards, at 38 cents, 72,471
of 1840, are exhibited below:              14,801 looms, weave 240 yards each, a S 276 179
67,756 spin'g wheels, spin 70 sk's ea. a 4 189,716
26 Furnaces, making 6,743 tons cast iron. 23 jennies, equal 804 spindles, do    3   1.688
14 Forges,    "        655 wrought "    96,760 bats at 8,2                     193.520
Other metals, valued at $70,500.        65.580 pair boots, at $3            196,740
Granite, marble, &c. $33,880.           138,700 pair shoes, at 75 cents,    179,025
17 Paper Mills, making $214,720 value.  Saddles and Harnesses, amount ofvalue, 127,840
96 Woollen factories,  $  331,953 I        Cabinet work            do   do    118,450
239 Fulling mills,                         Maple suaar, 1,200,000 lbs. at 10 ct.;. lb. 120,000
Silk, 39 pounds, $99 value.             Potashes, 1500 tons, at $100 pr. ton,    150,000




CHAP. 10.                     STATE OF SOCIETY.                              215
COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION.                        STEA-M BOATS ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN.
SECTION VI.                 of the Champlain and Hudson canal, in
1823, Montreal and Quehec shared largeCommerce alnd NJ~avigation.'ly in the business of this section, but,
On account of the inland situation of since that event, the business with CanaVermont, and the various modes of trans- da has been comparatively trifling.  The
portation, it is impossible to form  any  opening of that canal not only changed
correct estimation of the amount of im- the direction of business, but gave to it a
ports or exports.  The commercial b/si- fresh impulse throughout the whole valley
ness of the state is, however, considerable, of lake Champlain.  The amount of busiand is annually  increasing.  A  large ness and of the shipping suddenly inamount of dry goods and groceries are creased, and has been going on increasbrought into the state and disposed of ing from that time to the present. The
among the inhabitants; and for several whole number of vessels now  in service
years past Vermont has, to a very great upon  lake Champlain, including steam
extent, depended upon the state of New  boats, sloops, schooners, and canal boats,
York  and  the  western states for her exceeds 100, with a tonnage of perhaps
bread stuffs.                             8000 tons, and more than two thirds of
The exports from Vermont consist of these are owned in Vermont. According
live cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, wool, lum- to the returns made by the collector of
her, pot and pearl ashes, butter, cheese, the district of Vermont, on the 30th of
iron, marble, paper, copperas, &c. Wheat September, 1838, there were at that time
was formerly exported, but for some years belonging to Vermont, four steam boats,
past a sufficient quantity has not been  seventeen sloops, fifteen schooners, and
raised for home  consumption.  When  thirty one canal boats, being 67 in the
the country was new and the first settlers whole and rated at 4250 tons.
were clearing their lands, pot and pearl   The  first successful experiment in
ashes were the staple articles for market. steam navigation, was made in 1807, upon
Lumbering also engaged the attention of Hudson river, by Robert Fulton.  The
many in the  vicinity of the navigable very next year, 1808, a steam  boat was
waters.  Connecticut river furnished an launched at Burlington upon lake Chamoutlet for the lumber in the eastern part plain, which commenced running in 1809,
of the state, white that in the western for the transportation of passengers and
part found its way to Quebec through  merchandise.  Since that time 13 other
lake Champlain, the Richelieu and St. steamboats have been built, six of which
Lawrence, previous to the construction of are now in service. The following table,
the Champlain and Hudson canal, since for the materials of which I am chiefly inwhich it has gone through that canal to debted to Captains, J. and R. W. SherNew York.  But this branch of business man and Robert White, exhibits a conhas been pursued too eagerly for the good  densed history of all the steam boats,which
of the state.  Pine of a good quality is have been built upon lake Champlain;*
becoming scarce and at the present rate and it is a fact worthy of being recorded,
of consumption the time will soon come, that, during 32 years of steam navigation
when  there will not be enough in the on lake Champlain, and the transportastate for domestic purposes.  For about tion of more than a million of passengers,
ten years past wool has constituted the no life has been lost or person injured by
principal article for export; and is so at the explosion of steam.  On the 5th of
present, although a large amount of the  September, 1819, six persons lost their
other articles above named continue to lives by the burning of the steamboat
be sent to market.                        Phwenix, while on her passage a little to
Vermont being an inland state its navi- the northward of Burlington, and in 1826
gation is necessarily limited.  Indeed it one person was killed by the collision of
is nearly confined to lake Champlain. the Phlenix and Congress near Port Kent.
A  portion of the merchandise and the
A  portion of the merchandise and the   *On lake George, which is so closely connected
productions of the eastern parts of the with lake Champlain, tlere have been built three
state, it is true, are transported in boats steamboats, viz. The first, Caldwell, in 1817, at
upon Connecticut river, but far the great- J'icondieroga, by John Winans; length 80 feet,
er portionof the   v business of those parts breadth'20, and depth 8; cost 12,000; power 20
er portion of the business of those parts bhorse; speed 5 miles per hour. It was burnt at
is over-land to Boston,  The mercantile Caldwell in 1820 or'21. The J.ountailneer, in 1824,
connexions on the west side of the moun- at Caldlwell by J. Sherman, length 100 feet, breadth
tains are mostly with New York, and most 16, and depth 8; cost $12.000; power 20 horse, speed
6 miles; run 13 years, and was condemned at
of the business of the north western sec- Ticonderoga in 1837. The second Caldwell, in
tion of the state is transacted through  1838, at Ticonderoga, by J. Sherman, length 140,
lake Champlain, the northern canal and  b"readth 17, depth 8; cost $20,000; power 40 horse:
speed 12 miles an hour, commanded by Capt. L. C.
Hudson river.  Previous to the opening ILarabee and now running.




2,16                 CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                           PART II.
TABLE OF STEAM BOATS.                LIGHT HOUSE.                   BREAKWATER., *   r - tr  co o~r_  CD -   oSome attempts have been made to navicc C C  o' U5 cC d  co          gate Connecticut river, adjacent to Ver-*,                             e  n ^-  m u  mont, by steamboats, but they have not
~C);   ~ ~, o     hitherto been successful. The first was
mG K~ ~   s   in 1827. A strong boat, 75 feetlong and. 10~: ~   o 14A wide, called the Barnet, succeeded,
o  V                    with some help in passing the rapids, in
o   0  0  ascanding the Connecticut as far as Bel-: a               Z -    -  -; -i;lows Falls. This boat was taken back to
v,:                      Hartford, Connecticut, laid up and finally
sc.E~   ^broken to pieces. In 1829 Mr. Blanchard
built a boat called theBlanchard of the size
d      = 2    ~3>5,.' ~ d  ~.  of the preceding, and another 80 feet long,
~ I    ~ ~. =, e. - 14 wide and drawing only 12 or 15 inches'~ ~  u  em;       ~  x  _  of water, called the Vermont. The stroke
zQ ~ Q ~                 ri 2.. ni.2~    of the piston was horizontal, and the powZ.d ~                 -  _  er ofthe enginel201horse.  Afewexper~.~r _                          imental trips were made between Belt  d;d  lows Falls and Barnet, but the obstacles;1 9 n         _ 0 0 5:   ~~  pwere such that the undertaking was re~ ~.._ ghs ~ >o =;9o  =o    linquished and has not been resumed.
2   v   ~,,,; m >; a2 m p  M28       Light House. Only one lighlt house
V  6. ~    ~    ~. has been built in Vermont by the general
aX~~~     3    Y          government, and that is situated on Juniper island in lake Champlain. Con~ _ v GO t a  o0 c         C ov  uc  V  gress having made an appropiation for
Z:)                       o    o c the erection of a lighlt house in the viciniO` V t-.       I -..a Z   ~,   ty of Burlington, the legislature of Ver_ - __  _______   __        mont, in November, 1825, passed an act
Ev ~c~:   ~,:-  —: ) o c  ceding to the United States, at their op~  - -                          - - -    tion, either Juniper island or five acres
O tL- 1 on Appletree point, as a site for the same.
t-0    "'I X CZO t- L..~  Tile island being chosen, a light house
vH r-   m "v   r-   -~-~:    was erected there in 1826.  It stands on
CO1 OCO  cOCOCOCO0-0v    the highest part of the island, is built of
00 ~ 0 ID ~ 0 M C 0 G GOC- M brick in the form of the frustrum, of a
a                          ~~~~~~~~cone, with a diameter of' 18 feet at the
~0                                base and12 at the top, and is 30feet high.,r Z   Zr I& 0.o 0 Co 0n  r-4~   A sufficient light is here kept constantly
-~~~~ 6 ~~~burning in the night duringa the continua* ~~~~ 0        a~~           tion of navigation, which i-s usually from
-       6 6.  6~~~~~~ 6 6  the middle of April to the first of DeceinP4  E             Q                    was Lieut. F. A. Sawy er.  He was sueCZ3      M      veQQ    he.Tefis  epr  fhslih  os
a     5      0;e.a  a  ceeded in 1829 by Capt. M. Corning, and
S E-H    E  E-   the latter in1841by Mr. E. Jones tie pres~~.5 6~~8~~ ~.            ent keeper. The salary is $375, witlithie
a  ~~~~~CI2   a~C   M~ Cd     use of the land on the island, about It
~~QQQ~~Q~QQQ  ~acres, andabot
~~~   ~~~~ ~Two other light houses have since been
~~~ ~~~ ~built on the lake, one at Split Rock and
-   O           the other on Cumberhand head,both within
bh                ~the.limits of New York.:Z cu    ~ ~ ~        ~     Break- WVater.-For the protection of the
44                -~~~tBulngton, the principallad
V4    V*0 0N 0 V* M~ Va Ma V, "  ing place on the east side of lake Chain0 CO CO co CO CO CO COGO CjO CO CO CO000
____  -i  i.irplain, the Congress of the United States
in 1836 resolved to enter upon the cona              ~~~~struction of a Break-water, and made an
~~a  -~     appropriation for that purpose. On the
Z.            0      4Z 
Q                 a~ -_   _          4th of July, 1837, the work was coin-   a 5 H  ~0        bnx c- menced by Nathan B. Haswell, Esq. as
~~  ~   ~          ~~~ ~~ agent for the government, who has kindly
a   a ~~~~~    ~ ~   furnished the following particulars of its
co  design and progress.




Ca AP. 10.                       STATE OF SOCIETY.                                  217
BREAK-WATER.             PROJECTED RAIL-ROADS.               BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
"The Break-water is located 1000 feet                     SECTION VII.*
from the central wharf in Burlington, and
a tolerable idea of its form  and position              Benevolent Institutions.
may be obtained from  the diagram:              The voluntary associations for literary,
scientific, benevolent and other purposes,
which have, from time to time, been formed in Vermont, exhibit a pleasing view of
North        @ 4       the character and disposition of the peoWha rf..  t  ple.  Social libraries and  lyceums, den      signed for mutual improvement, are sustained in many of our towns, and, where,: ~                        ~_          prudently managed, they have been found
to exert a favorable influence upon the'BCentral      c,; _  neighborhoods in which they are situated.
1000 feet from end of Wharf.             Besides these which are local and for the'~  |  t most part temporary institutions, we have
several other associations, which are of a
more general and permanent character.
W~haUtrfg_            We shall here briefly notice the following:
The Vermont Bible Society. —This society was organized on the 28th of October,
~~.....-. _
The work presents a line of 900 feet in    * It was our intention to insert in this place a
length, resting upon a firm and even bot- section upon roads and turnpikes, embracing some
tom, at a depth of from 30 to 32 feet below  account of proposed canals and railroads within
the surface of the water on the interior          state; but as other matters have already
side.  It consists of 9 cribs, each 100 feet swelled this part of our work much beyond our
long, and 50 feet wide at the bottom, di- calculations, we shall pass them by with only a
minishing to 35 at the surface of the water, few remarks. From about the time of the comhaving all the slope (making an angle of pletion of the great Western, and the Champlain
havin5dg rees  the slope orkizon,) n anle oand Hudson canal in the state of New York, the
about 65 degrees with the horizon,) on the  subject of canals excited considerable attention in
interior side, the exterior being  perpen- this state for a number ofyears, and some surveys
dicular.   The cribs are constructed of
were made at the expense of the general governhemlock timber as high as the surface of ment for the purpose of ascertaining theneral governthe water, above which they are of white  cability, but nothing further was done, till canals
pine, and  rise perpendicularly on both  come to be surpeceded, in the public estimation,
sides to the additional height of 8 feet, by rail-roads.  This took place about 1830, and
making the whole height of the work 40  from that period rail-roads were the general topic
feet.  The timbers are firmly interlocked  for some time, and several new surveys were
and doweled with 21 inch white oak tree- made for the purpose of ascertaining the best planails, and the cribs filled in a solid manner ces for their location.  The principal rail-roads,
with stone and covered with gravel.  Of which have beenproposed, ale the following, viz:
the 900 feet put down, 800 are completed, from the south line of the state along the valley of
and in its present unfinished state, it af- the Connecticut and Passumpsic to Canada line,
fords important protection to the shipping  near lake Memphrenlagog-from Burlington along
of the lake during the prevalence of our the valley of the Winooski to Connecticut riverstrong northwest and southwest winds. fronm Bennington to Brattleboro-from Rutland to
When completed to the extent contem- Whitehall-from Rutland to Connecticut riverplated, (2,000 feet in length,) it will pro- and from  Vergennes to Bristol.  Separate covide a safe and smooth anchorage around  panies were incorporated as early as 1835, for
and iln front of the wharves, where the  carrying all these into effect, but neither of them
shipping of the lake may ride with safety  has yet bees commenced. With all our talk,and
in the most tempestuous weather.  The  our canal and rail-road conventions, we have not,
cost of the whole work is estimated at (with the exception of a few cuts by the falls of the
$150,000, and there remains to be con- Connecticut,) a single rod of canal or rail-road
$150~000, and th                             ere remains to be con-  within the state.  Tqhe connexion of Boston  with
structed 1,100 feet in length to complete  the v alley of lake      connexion by the contination
it.  Congress has appropriated  $70,i000  of the Lowell and Concord rail-road, is an object
for the work which has been laid out, and  of vast importance to our stale and is one, which
the work is now  suspended till further will, doubtless, in time, be accomplished; and
appropriations shall be made."                when completed, through the whole distance, we
A  similar work has been for several believe that, at reasonable rates f)r transportation,
years in progress at Plattsburgh  for the  the stock invested would be sufficiently producprotection of the harbor at that place.       tive.
PT. 11.'S3




218                  CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                       PART 1I.
SOCIETIES.           COLONIZATION-ANTI-SLAVERY-TEMPERANCE-ANTIQUARIAN
1812, and' deservedly ranks first among ciples of the state society may be gathered
the benevolent institutions of the state. from  the 3d article of its constitution
It is composed of men of the first talents, which declares, that " In pursuing its enof the highest respectability and worth terprize the society asks no physical interand of all religious denominations. Its ference with slavery on the part of the
object is the distribution of the Scriptures, free states, or of the general government;
without note or comment, among the poor nor will it make any appeal to excite the
and destitute of our own and foreign slaves to insurrection; nor will it use any
lands-to aid in placing the word of God, unlawful or unchristian measures;-but it
the means of salvation, in the hands of will seek the overthrow of slavery by fearevery individual of our fallen race. It lessly exposing the guilt and danger of
has for several years past made it an es- holding men as property, by rebuking sin
pecial business to seek out the destitute and calling for its immediate relinquishin our own state, and to supply all who ment-by appeals to the understanding
will receive it with the word of life. The and conscience-by the power of the pulannual reports of the society show that it pit and the press-by petitioning Congress
has already aided much in distributing the to use its constitutional powers for the
Scriptures, but the light of eternity only suppression of the American slave trade
will reveal the amount of good which it and the abolition of slavery in those terhas effected in promoting the salvation of ritories under its jurisdiction-by addresssinners.                               ing considerations of interest, safety and
This society holds its annual meeting economy to the people of the slave holdat Montpelier on the Wednesday succeed- ing states-by exhorting the people of the
ing the second Thursday in October. In free states, in view of their confederation,
subordination to the state society, there and consequent participation with the
are auxiliary Bible societies in most of the south, to use all lawful and peaceable
counties in the state.                 means for the removal of the common
The Vermont Colonization Society.-This evil-and by kindly, frankly, yet boldly,
society was organized in the year 1818, holding truth before the public mind, and
for the laudable and humane object of as- inviting all to join in forming and expresssisting the free blacks, in the United ing a public sentiment, which shall be
States, who desire to return to Africa, effectual in its extermination."
and thus to remove a principal obstacle to   Soon after the organization of the state
the manumission of those held in slavery society, auxiliary associations were formin this country. It acts as auxiliary to ed in many towns, numbering in the agthe United States Colonization Society gregate many thousand members.  In
and has aided in the establishment of a January, 1839, a weekly journal, "The
flourishing colony of free blacks on the  Voice of Freedom," was commenced unwestern coast of Africa, where that de- der the patronage of the society and pubgraded race is raised to the dignity and lishedthree years. From its organization
privileges of civilized and enlightened the society has been steadily progressing
freemen-an establishment to which the in its work, and at present few are found
Christian philanthropist looks, as the in- in the state who are opposed to the prinstrument in the hands of God,for suppress- ciples set forth in its constitution.
ing the diabolical traffic in slaves, and for   The Vermont Temperance Society.-This
conveying the blessings of civilization and society was organized in 1829, and holds
Christianity to the benighted millions of its annual meeting at Montpelier on the
Africa.                                Tuesday next succeeding the 2d ThursThis society holds its annual meeting at day in October.  The object of this, and
Montpelier on the third Thursday in Oct. of county, town and neighborhood temThe Vermont Anti-Slavery Society was perance societies, which are formed in all
formed by a state convention assembled parts of the state, is the banishment of alat Middlebury on the 30th of April and cohol, that most prolific source of moral
1st of May, 1834. At this convention and physical evil, from use as a beverage,
delegates were in attendance from  26 and, apparently, much good has been eftowns, and numbering about 100. The fected by these united efforts. And we
attention of the people had been, to some have no doubt that, if these societies would
extent, previously awakened to the sub- entrench themselves upon the ground of
ject of emancipation by the labors of O. expedience, and would then pursue their
S. Murray and Henry Jones, the former measures with energy and candor, the
of whom had lectured in several counties amount of good effected by them would
in this state in 1832, as an agent of the be greatly increased.
New England Anti-Slavery Society, and    The Vermont Historical and Antiquarian
encountered much opposition. Theprin- Society was incorporated in November,




CHAP. 10.                    STATE OF SOCIETY.                             219
INSANE ASYLUM.                           VERMONT MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
1838, and is located at Barnet. It owes           D        M   V;.. I  to  V    I CD 1 1 
its origin to the efforts of Henry Stevens,    C  O 00 cc  o  C~  0 o= M -   M  2
Esq., who is president of the society, and                                   _ C I-   r  G  xa tM'  _ Cc <"  o.,o
to whose unwearied labors the society is           ca o.  c  to c,  V. Eto,s   -.  lr
indebted for the greater part of its valua-   0                              Uble coellctions which relate chiefly to the,    -w r- cI 0_   CD Co t- Q0 -~ c M oM
early history of the state, and consist of       n -  r, 4.  o _   oo -   c. C= c
files of most of the early newspapers pub- E-'   V       V 00 V  C   00 C e=   c)
lished in the state, amounting to near 700  
volumes, sundry books and pamphlets,   _           c
and some valuable manuscripts..1sylum for the Insane.-In the fall of                          2  
1834, Mrs. Anna Marsh, widow of the late      CA                   4  -.r
Dr.Perly Marsh, of Hinsdale, New Hamp-             o   c r      C g     Cm c   r L-  0 -C
shire, left by will $10,000 to found an                      00 c    cc M ccoo
Asylum for the Insane on the bank of the  o., -      c. m   m.  C1 V C) to co - 
Connecticut, somewhere in Windham                                    V $ ~  - ~ c    c- - C: -* a
county, Vermont, and in October of that.s(uiotssos           -V. -
year the Hon. Samuel Clark and John -s_ Jo o_:_     o  b _  _ _      o 
Holbrook, Epaphri Seymour and John C.                   10 Lf!  - M
Holbrook, Esqrs. were incorporated as              r   V r   CD n   C'
trustees of said institution by an act of the' t t  cV   U CM CU M 0  "c NC   
legislature. In 1835, the legislature ap-                     L   o  Lo C  1   U  ) C   CLox) C)
propriated $ 1.0,000 in aid of the benevo — c   ie a, a' t- lc),            C
lent desians of the institution, and have.        CfdI ClCD C
since appropriated $6,000 more.               0 =-       a   c  on m Ca ca   =m C -6
In 1836, the trustees decided upon its re'I' (U c   U- c C ~  U- Uc C V. U- ~   C. 
location in Brattleborough, on the place      -,          ci =   o         "C
formerly occupied by Joseph Fessenden, -           ( U. )UC-CUCUU-O.C.
Esq. situated at a short distance in a north-      LOm         -  C. e   C. -U    OD (U C  10 )
westerly direction from the east village.       =D, |         00    C  CO
The old mansion was at first enlarged and c- 
opened in December, 1836, for the recep-.                   bD
tion of patients, with whom  it became.                        cn V  o   
crowded in the course of about seven                              t m0D    c
months; and in 1838 another more spa-.M, -t V
cious building was erected, adapted es-                0 o    CU (C In_
pecially to the objects of the institution. =.    c       c o 00 C) U      U-  c
Wm. H. Rockwell, M. D. was appointed  O          cC 2   to    t-M:) -  -- m-   t t
E                    o              t. -!t t   -!t  Vor,,  LO   I
the first superintendent and continues to            G C- C +> C'  _' ='  o -,    t( U) cU L [
perform the arduous and responsible du- __Co _                    - C U  rC00 C   tties of that office. Since the Asylum was    C- $           c 5  s V  ~~~  Ms
opened 230 patients have been received,           9        C M Z i = Lo ~  V   0 o
of which about one third of the chronic   
cases and nine-tenths of the recent cases'   o
have recovered. The present number of        c        3 t- M      Q c ) c  J- rD   I'o
patients is about seventy five...     C x  Q V k C t ~   0 M C=
The Vermont Mfutual Fire Insurance  o 5 -    CU U  O -       U C. ca   0 <> O.  m
Company was incorporated in 1827, and   E                        o C! U?
issued its first policy, March 31, 1828.         M      u - 0 CU o C  r   _
Individuals become members of the corri- Z.      t                 I  w  U  LII  C? n 0   C.
pany by having property insured in it,           Z m CU.r -  u   tU- tCU.- 
and each member is obliged to bear his  <            oo       cZ  V ~ U) c C, ~ 
share of the losses sustained by the corn-       t'[ V 2, tD CV 00  ~Z
pany, in proportion to the property which    ~           t-  0 r C t     f s.
he has at their risk. The affairs of the..
institution are managed by a board of di- ~E'      c?   l  co "L  t- 3   o  O 
rectors who are chosen annually by the:~               "t 0 V in c tO  ca L> t-?  ~ -
company and who appoint a secretary and._               -. V c:   (- c -- -   
treasurer.  The following table, kindly   A      iz     C.                   U- Ii     I- 1-   o
furnished by J. Y. Vail, Esq. secretary ofZ                 c         o  
the company, exhibits the aggregate of'2 -t..            CU i  C C - 
their proceedings from their organizatibn  o   -   oe CO t 0 i'   C -  c  to  ~ i' o ~ 
to the present time: 




220                   CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                     PART. -II
DISEASES OF VERMONT.                    CANKER-RASH, DYSENTERY AND FEVERS.
In 1838, Mutual Insurance companies common, but not very mortal. About
were incorporated in each of the five the year 1784, canine madness prevailed,
counties of Bennington, Windham, Rut- not only among dogs, but cats, foxes and
land, Windsor & Orange, which accounts wolves were affected. On the 17th of
for the slight diminution of the business March of this year, a Mr. Stewart, of
of the state insurance company since that Barnard, was bitten in the face by a mad
period.                                wolf  In 27 days from that time symptoms of hydrophobia appeared, and three
days after he died of that horrid disease.
His son, bitten in the arm by the same
animal, had symptoms of the disease in
SECTION VIII.              30 days, but recovered.
The canker rash was epidemic in the
Diseases of Vermont.          western part of the State in the winter of
1787-8. In the summer and fall of 1788,
Although Vermont is blessed with an the dysentery prevailed, and proved very
atmosphere, and with water as pure and mortal; and was followed by the measles.
wholesome as any other country in the In the fall of 1789, the influenza was
world can boast, still diseases of several universally epidemic; scarcely an indikinds have prevailed, more or less, from  vidual escaped, and in some cases it provthe very commencement of the settle- ed mortal. This year was noted for a
ment. A particular account of these, and general scarcity of provisions; but the
especially of such as have been epidemic, statement of Mr. Webster was news to
with the accompanying circumstances of the inhabitants, that, " In Vermont peotemperature and state of the atmosphere ple were reduced to the necessity of feed-origin and progress, —symptoms and ing on tadpoles, and pea straw boiled with
treatment, would constitute an interesting potatoes."
and valuable part of our domestic history.   From 1790 to 1795, there were cases of
The limits, however, of this work will the ordinary diseases of the climate, but
admit only of a brief abstract.        no serious epidemic. In the winter, at
The diseases, which have been most the beginning of' the year 1795, the pleucommon in Vermont, are fevers, dysente- risy was epidemic, and in some places
ry, consumption and other inflammatory considerably mortal. In the fall of this
complaints arising from colds, induced by year, the ulcerous sore throat, or canker
the sudden changes of temperature to rash began to prevail, and during the folwhich our climate is subject. The two lowing winter it was very mortal. It
former have frequently been epidemic and was computed that there were from 20
at some times very fatal. Cases of con- to 30 deaths to each 1000 inhabitants,
sumption have occurred in every year throughout the State. In the spring of
from the first settlement of the State, but 1796, the measles were common, and in
it is believed that their increase has been the summer and autumn, fevers and dysin a much greater ratio, than that of the entery produced considerable mortality.
population. Intermittent fevers were com- The latter disease was very fatal to young
mon in many places in the neighborhood children, particularly in the neighborhood
of lake Champlain, when the country was of Rutland.
hew, but since the lands have become   In 1797, fevers, which had been called
generally cleared cases of that complaint inflammatory, bilious, or remittent, asare of rare occurrence.                siumed a more formidable character, and
Previous to the American Revolution were then called typhus or putrid fever.
the population of Vermont was very in- The canker rash, or scarlet fever continuconsiderable, and little is known respect- ed this year, and canine madness was
ing the diseases up to that event. Be- common. The prevailing diseases in 1798,
tween the years 1773 andl777,a malignant were typhus fever and dysentery. They
sore throat is known to have prevailed at were both severe in some neighborhoods,
several times and to have been fatal to while others were comparatively exempt.
many children. In the summer of 1776 The dysentery was particularly mortal in
anrd, also, of 1777, the dysentery was Pomfret, Norwich and Sandgate. From
universally prevalent in this State and 1799 to 1806, the dysentery prevailed
throughout New England; and produced more or less, during the summer and
great suffering and mortality in the Amer- autumn of each year. In 1802, it proican army, in the neighborhood of lake duced considerable mortality  in many
Champlain. The same disease prevailed places. The year 1800, was distinguishextensively in this State between 1783 ed for the prevalence of the typhus fever
and 1790. In 1781 catarrhal fevers were in the neighborhood of Woodstock, and




CHAP. 10.                  STATE OF SOCIETY.                             221
SPOTTED AND LUNG   EVYERS,                                   ASIATIC CHOLERA.
in 1802 and 1803, the canker rash, or everexperienced in Vermont. This disthroat distemper prevailed generally, but ease resembled that which immediately
was not quite so mortal as it had been at preceded it, excepting in having its chief
some former periods. In 1803, the hoop- location upon the lungs, and being longer
ing cough prevailed. In 1804, an influ- in reaching its crisis. It commenced in
enza, or catarrhal fever, produced consid- this State, among the troops of the United
erable mortality along the western part States army, stationed at Burlington, in
of the State. The prevailing disease in the autumn of 1812, where it proved very
1805, was the typhus fever.             mortal, carrying off from 10 to 12 a day,
The year 1807, was noted for a severe in- for several weeks before it began to spread
fluenza, which prevailed, not only in Ver- among the inhabitants. But, by the bemont, but throughout the United States ginning of the year 1813, it had become
and Canada, and also in Europe. In the general throughout the State; and in the
summer of 1808, fevers were common, course of the winter, it swept off from 20
but the following year, 1809, was remark- to 60 of the most respectable and useful
ably healthy. This year was, however, inhabitants of almost every town. The
noted for a general blight upon wheat.   whole number of deaths in the State, by
In the year 1810, the diseases of this this disease during the winter, was estiState seem to have assumed a new cha- mated at more than 6000, or one death to
racter, taking a sthenic or inflammatory every 40 inhabitants.*
type, and from  this period for everal   From 1814 to 1832, there was nothing
years, the greatest amount of sickness remarkable in the diseases of the State.
was in the winter instead of the summer, Isolated cases of consumption, typhus and
as had been previously the case.  It was lung fevers and other endemics were conabout this period, that that short and stantly occurring, and annually bringing
fatal malady, the spotted fever, first made down numbers to the grave, and dysenits appearance in Vermont. It did not, teries, scarlet fever, measles, influenzas,
however, excite general alarm, or prevail &c., were several times epidemic, and
extensively till the beginning of 1811. produced considerable mortality, in partiIn January of this year, it made its first cular sections.
appearance in the vicinity of Woodstock.   Early in June, 1832, that most dreadful
From the 23d of January to the 23d of disease, the Asiatic cholera, made its first
March, the average number of new cases appearance on this side of the Atlantic.
was about 35 weekly, within a circuit of It commenced nearly at the same time at
five miles from the court-house in that Montreal and Quebec, and soon extended
town. The whole number of cases, within into the United States, producing a unithe above limits, up to the first of June, versal panic throughout the country. The
was computed to be about 600; and the first case of cholera in Quebec, was on the
number of deaths between 60 and 70. 8th of June, and in the first three days
During the same time this disease appear- there were 41 deaths, and the number of
ed in the greater part of the towns in the fatal cases there during the summer, was
eastern part of the State, from Massachu- about 2000. In the course of three months
setts to Canada, and in many places the from  the appearance of the disease in
mortality was,proportionally, much great- Montreal, it is computed to have carried
er than at Woodstock   Although the off 2800 persons out of a population of
disease was very considerably abated dur- 30,000, or one eleventh part of the whole.
ing the summer, it renewed its ravages in   Although the alarm was very great in
the fall, and in the beginning of 1812, it Vermont, on the appearance of the cholera
was in many places, even more fatal than in Canada, but few fatal cases occurred
it had been the preceding winter.       within the State, and these were mostly
This -epidemic was calculated to pro- confined to the towns along lake Chamduce the utmost alarm.  No age, nor sex, plain.  In Burlington there were only
no condition was exempted. It, however, four deaths by the cholera, three of these
more commonly attacked, and fell with on the 17th and 18th of June, and the
greatest force, upon persons of the most last on the 24th of August, and the whole
robust and hardy constitutions; and it number of fatal cases of the disease within
often proved fatal to such in the course the State did not exceed 10 or 12. Durof a few hours from their first attack. It ing the prevalence of this disease in Cawas not uncommon for the patient to be a nada, in 1834, Vermont was entirely excorpse, before a physician could be brought erupted from it.
to his assistance.                        Since 1834, no alarming epidemic has
The spotted fever was followed by the prevailed, and all parts of the State have
epidemic peripneumony, or lung  fever,  *Our materials thus far are derived principally
which proved to be the severest epidemic from Dr. Gallup's work on the epidemics o Verlonrt.




222                   CIVIL HISTORY  OF VERMONT.                         PART II.
PULMONARY CONSUMPTION.                   LONGEVITY.                   LOTTERIES.
been remarkably healthy during this time,              SECTION IX.
with exception of the last fall and winter.
Since August, 1841, the amount of sickness and the number of deaths in the    Lotteries.-The practice of raising nmonState have been unusually great. Typhus ey by lotteries for specific objects was, in
and lung fevers have been common in early times, sanctioned by the legislatures
most parts of the State, and in many cases of most of the states in the Union; and
fatal; and during the winter and present Vermont, though she did not indulge in
spring, a malignant sore throat has pre- this species of gambling to very great exvailed and still continues (May 2, 1842) tent, adopted for a while this mode of disto prevail through all the western parts, pensing charity, and of promoting good
producing considerable mortality. The objects. The following list is believed to
disease usually commences by a soreness contain abstracts of all the acts, granting
in the throat, but developes itself in other lotteries, which have been passed by the
parts in a great variety of ways, and is legislature of this state:
attended with a high fever. Thus far it   To raise ~840, for building a bridge
has, to a great extent, baffled the skill of over Black river, February 27, 1783.
our best physicians.                       To raise ~150, for repairing the road
Of all the diseases, which continue from  between Chester and Black river, Octoyear to year to make their inroads upon ber 26, 1789.
our population, the pulmonary consump-   To raise ~150, to aid John Hubbard in
tion is the most fatal and most deplorable. erecting a brewery in Weathersfield, OcSlow in its advances, it almost impercept- tober 26, 1789.
ibly undermines the constitution-dries   To raise ~300, to make a road from
up the fountains of life, and annually  Woodstock to Rutland, October 27, 1791.
brings down hundreds to an untimely    Toraise ~150, to repair abridge in Roygrave; and the prevalence of this disease alton, October 28, 1791.
seems to have been constantly on the in-   To raise ~200, to aid J. Hubbard and A.
crease from  the first settlement of the Downer in erecting a brewery, November
state to the present time. It doubtless, to 3, 1791.
a considerable extent, had its origin in    To raise ~150, for building a road in
the sudden changes, to which our climate Shrewsbury, November 3, 1791.
is subject, and which have become more   To raise ~600, to assist in building a
marked in proportion as the country has court house in Rutland, Oct. 25, 1792.
become cleared and cultivated.  But it is   To raise ~200, to Anthony Haswell to
believed that the increase of this disease repair loss sustained by fire, Oct. 31, 1792.
is owing still more to our present modes of   To raise ~1200, to Jabez Rogers, to reliving, to the confined air of our stove pair losses by fire, October 31, 1792.
-rooms and our compliance with the absurd    To raise ~300, for building a bridge
caprices offashion.                      over the river Lamoille, Nov. 8, 1792.
The following are a few instances of   To raise ~500, for building a bridge over
longevity:                               White river at Hartford, Nov. 8, 1792.
JVamres.    Residence.  Died.   gre.    To raise ~1 50, for building a bridge over
ilrs. Jane Hazelton Townshend   181() 103    Deerfield river at Readsborough, NovemWalter Scott    Swanton     1815 110    ber 8, 1792.
Susanna Carpenter Royalton  1820 105      To raise $2500, granted to A. Spooner,
Benjamin Cook    Whitingham      106    S. Barrett and S. Conant, Oct. 25, 1793.
Mrs. Sprague    Clarendon    1839 106         
Joseph Monta    Colchester    1840 100    To raise $50l, for building a bridge in
Mrs Susanna Corliss Greensborough 1840 100 in  Fairfax, October 30, 1793.
Mrs Mary Buel   Orwell      1840 101 10    To raise $500 for making a road from
Mrs Dillia Abbey  D)erby    1840 102 6         e 
Simeon [looker    Westford    1841 101    Castleton to Sudbury, Nov. 7, 1796.
Mrs Dorcas Nichols tBraintree    1841 105  To raise.$400, for building a bridge over
Patrick Carigan   Alburgh        100    White river in Stockbridge, Nov. 8, 1796.
Mrs Susanna Hart Williston  1830 104      To raise $500, for making a road from
Mrs A. Carpenter Tinmouth    1817 100 6    To raise $500, for making a road from
Mrs Catharine Head Hydepark    1830 L10  Winhall to Bromley, Nov. 8, 1796.
Mrs -    Brownel Williston                To raise $500, for building a bridge
Mrs Susanna Wells Williston    1811 10o4    over Otta-Quechee river at Woodstock,
Many more might have been added  March 7, 1797.
"had pains been taken to collect them.   To raise $500, granted to John Wood,
According to the returns of the census of March 9, 1797.
1840 there were then living in the state    To raise $2000, granted to Joseph Haw-22 persons who were upwards of 100 kins of Alburgh, October 30, 1798.
years of age, and about 200 others who    T   raise $1000, granted to Horatio
were upwvards of 90 years old.           Knight, October 31, 17o9.
were upwards of 90 years old.




CHAP. 10.                 STATE OF SOCIETY.                          223
POST OFFICE.                    SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESSTo raise $4000, granted to Stephen Co- post between Bennington and Albany in
nant, November l, 1800.              the state of New York. The next year
To raise $2500, for building a bridge the legislature of this state established five
over Otter Creek at Vergennes, Novem- post offices within the state: one at Benber 8, ] 804.                        nington, one at Rutland, one at BrattleFrom about the year 1800, there was a borough, one at Windsor and one at Newgradual change in public sentiment with bury. Between these several places a,
regard to the propriety of raising money mail was transmitted once a week each
by lotteries, and no new grants were made way, and the postage was established at
by the legislature after 1804. In 1826, the same rates as thatof the United States,
the sale of foreign lottery tickets having and Anthony Haswell, Esq. of Benninggrown up into an extensive traffic in this ton, was appointed postmaster general,
state, Gov. Butler, in his message, called The post rider from Bennington to Bratthe attention of the legislature to this sub- tleborough was allowed for travel 3d per
ject, and a law was passed prohibiting the mile, and those on the other routes 2d per
sale of lottery tickets in Vermont without mile. The post riders were allowed the
a licence from the proper authority and exclusive privilege of carrying letters and
imposing a duty of $500 upon a license packages on their respective routes, and
to vend tickets for one year, and the pen- any person who infringed upon this right
alty for selling without a license was fix- was liable to a fine of ~10.
ed at $1,000. The next year the duty   Upon the admission of Vermont into
upon a license was raised to $1,000, and the Union in 1791, the post offices in this
the penalty to $2,000. By the present state became a part of the post office eslaws of the state lotteries of all kinds and tablishment under the control of the genthe sale of lottery tickets, are prohibited eral government; and since that time ofunder severe penalties.              fices have been multiplied till almost ev —
Post Office.-In 1783 the governor and ery neighborhood has its post office.
council of Vermont established a weekly
Table of Senators in Congress, showing the time of their election.
Names.         Elected.  JVames.! Elected.  NJames.        Elected..
Moses Robinson, Oct. 1791 Horatio Seymour,"  1826 Steph. R. Bradley,Oct. 1801
Isaac Tichenor,  "  1796 Benjamin Swift,  "  1832 Steph. R. Bradley,"  1806:
Nath'l. Chipman, "  1797 Samuel S. Phelps, "  1839 Dudley Chase,   "  1812
Israel Smith,    "  1803                         James Fisk,      "  1817
Jona. Robinson,  "  1807 Steph. R. Bradley,"  1791 WVm. A. Palmer,  "  1818
Isaac Tichenor,  "  1814 Elijah Paine,   "  1794 Dudley Chase,   "  1824
Horatio Seymour, "  1820 Elijah Paine,   "  1800 Samuel Prentiss, "  1830
Table of the Representatives in Congress, with the time of their service.
Names.     I  Term.     Names.         Term.     Names.      |  Term.
Nath'l. Niles, 1791-1795 R. Skinner,   1813-1815 PhinehasWhite,] 821-1823'
Israel Smith,  1791-1797 Charles Rich, 1813-1815 W. C. Bradley, 18',3 —1827'
Daniel Buck,  1795-1799 D. Chipman,  1815-1817 D. A. A. Buck, 1893-1829
Math. Lyon,  1797-1801 Luther Jewett, 1815-1817 Ezra Meech,   1825 —1827
L. R. Morris,  1797-1803 C. Langdon,  1.815-1817 John Mattocks, 182; —1827
Israel Smith,  1801-1803 Asa Lyon,    1815-1817 Geo. E. Wales, 1825-1829
W.Chamberl'n, 1803-1805 Charles Marsh, 1815-1817 Benjamin Swift,1827.-1831
M. Chittenden, 1803-1813 John Noyes,  1815-181.7 Jonathan Hunt, 1827-1832:
James Elliot,  1803-1809 Heman Allen, 1817-1819 Wm. Cahoon, 1827 —1833
Gideon Olin,  1803-1807 S. C. Crafts,  1817-1825 Horace Everett, 1829 —
James Fisk,   1805-1809 Wm. Hunter, 1817-1819 Heman Allen, 1832 —1839
J. Witherill.  1807-1808 0. C. Merrill, 1817-1819 William Slade, 1831 —
Samuel Shaw, 1808-1813 Charles Rich, 1817-.1825 Hiland Hall,  1833W.Chamberl'n, 18(09-1810 Mark Richards, 1817-1821 B. F. Deming, 1833-1835.T. H. Hubbard, 1809-1810 William Strong,1819-1821 Horace F.Janes, 1835- 1837
James Fisk,   1810-1815 Ezra Meech,  1819-1821 Isaac Fletcher, 1837-1 841
William Strong,1810-1815 R. C. Mallary, 1820-1831 John Smith,   1839-1 841:
W. C. Bradley, 1813-1815 Elias Keyes,  1821-1823 August'sYoung,1841Ezra Butler,  1813-1815 John Mattocks, 1821-1823 John Mattocks, 1841




224                       CIVIL HISTORY OF VERMONT.                                    PART II.
FORM  OF A NEW  HAMPSHIRE  CHARTER.
Form  of a JV. H. Charter or Grant.-All  to be by us, or them re-granted to such of our subthe New Hampshire Charters being in the  jects as shall effectually settle& cultivate the same.
same form, and frequent reference being    It. That all white and other Pine trees, within
made to them  in this and the subsequent the said township, fit for masting our Royal Navy,
part of our work, we shall here insert the  be carefully preserved for that use, and none to be
form, leaving the names and dates blank. cut or tfelled without our special license for so doing,
The  usual number of shares into which  first had and obtained, upon the penalty of the fortownships were divided was 68.                   feitureofthe right of such grantee his heirs and asPROVINCE  OF NEW  IHAMPSHlIRE.            signs to us, our heirs and successors, as well as
being subject to the penalty of any act or acts of
George the Third by the grace of God, of Great Parliament that now  are or hereafter shall be
Britain France and Ireland, King, defender of enacted.
the faith, &c., To all persons to whom these    I. That before any division of the land be
presents shall cotne,-GREETING.                made to and among the grantees, a tract of land
Know  ye, that we of our special grace, certain  as near the centre of the said township as the
knowledge and mere motion, for the due encourage-it of, shall be reserved and marked
ment of settling a new  plantation within our said
province, by and with the advice of our trusty and  out for town lots, one of which shall be allotted to
well beloved Benning Wentworth, Esq.; our Gov- each grantee, of the contents of one acre.
ernor and Commander in chief of our said province    IV. Yielding and paying therefor to us, our
of N. H. in N. E. and of our council of said province, heirs and successors, for the space of ten years,
have, upon the conditions and reservations hereinafter mentioned, given and granted, and by these to be computed from the date lereof, the rent of
presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give  one ear of Indian corn only, on the twenty-fifth
and grant in equal shares, unto our loving subjects  day of December annually if lawfully demanded;
intabitants of our said province of New  iamp- the first payment to -be made on the twenty-fifth
shire, and our other governments, and to their
heirs and assigns forever whose names are entered  day of December,-.
on this grant, to be divided to and amongst them   V. Every  proprietor, settler, or inhabitant
into --  equal shares, all that tract or parcel of shall yield and pay to us, our heirs and successland, situate, lying and being within our said provlandw situatre, tying and being wittin our said pro-ors, yearly, and every year forever, fromn and after
ince of New Hampshire, containing by admeasurement 23040 acres, which tract is to contain  six  the expiration of ten years from  the above said
miles and no more, ont of which an allowance is to  25th day of December, namely, on the twenty-fifth
be made for highways and unimprovable lands by  day of December, which will be in the year of
rocks, ponds, mountains and rivers, one thousand  O
and forty acres free, according to a plan and survey
thereof, made by our said Governor's order, and re- every hundred acres he sd owns, settles or posturned into the secretary's office and hereunto an- sesses, and so in proportion for a greater or lesser
nexed, butted and bounded as follows, viz: [here is tract of the said land; which money shall be paid
inserted the boundary of the townsship.]  And that   l 
t by the respective persons abovesaid, their heirs
the same be and hereby is incorporated into a   y
township by the name of -, and the inhab- or assigns in our Council Chamber in Portsitants that (lo or shall hereafter inhabit the said  mouth, or to such officer, or officers as shall be ap.
township, are hereby declared to be enfranchised  pointed to receive the sae; and this to be in lieu
with and entitled to all and every the privileges  of all other rents and services whatsoeve
and immunities that other towns within our province by law exercise and enjoy; and further, that In testimony whereof, we have caused the seal
the said town as soon as there shall be fifty families    of our said province to be affixed. Witness,
resident and settled thereon, shall have the liberty    Benning Wentworth, Esq., our Governor and
of holding town fairs, one of which shall be held    Commander in Chief of o. r said province, the
on the -  and the other on the -  annually, which
fairs are not to continue longer than the respective    - day of -  in the year of our Lord CHRIST,
-  following the said - and that as soon as the    one thousand seven hundred and -, and in the
said town shall consist of fifty families, a market    -year of our Reign.    B. WENTWORTH.
may be opened and kept one or more days in each
week, as may be thought most advantageous to the    By his EXCELLEEncY'3 command, with advice
inhabitants; Also, that the first meeting for the  of Counicil.    THEODORE ATKINsON, Sec'y.
choice of town officers, agreeable to the laws of our    Province of New Hampshire, [date,]  recorded
said province, shall be hehl on the -, which said
meeting shall be notified by --- who is hereby ap- s the book of Clhters, Page
pointed moderator of said first meeting, which he is            THEODORE AlTKINsoN, Sec'y.
to notify and govern agreeable to the laws and customs of our said province; and that the annual    On the back of the Charter is a list of
meeting forever hereafter for the choice of such  the grantees, with the following:
officers for the said town shall be on the -    of
March annually,-To HAVE and to HOLD the said    "His excellency, Benning Wentworth, Esq., a
tract of l..nd as above expressed, togetller with all tract of land containisng five hundred acres, as
privileges and appurtenances to them and their re- marked B. W. in the plan, which is to be accountspectivs heirs and assigns forever, upon the follow-  o of the within shares; one whole share 
ing correlitiols, VIZ:                            ed two ofthe within shares; one whole share for
ing conditions, Vxz:
I. That every grantee, his heirs or assigns shall the incorporated society for the jropogatiot of the
plant a nd cultivate five acres of land within the  Gospel in foreign parts; one slare for a Glebe for
term of'five years for every fifty acres contained in  the Church ofEnglarrd as by law established; one
his or t ieir share or proportion of land in said town- share for the first settled minister of the Gospel
ship, and continue to improve and settle the same  one share for the benefit ofa school in said town.
by ad litional cultivations, on the penalty of the    Province of New Hampshire,    recorded in
fobrf-i ture of his grant or share in the said township, the book of Charters, page
and cf its reverting to us, our heirs and successors,       THEODORE  ATKINSON, Sec'y,




THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
GAZETTEER, OF VERMONT.
TOPOGRAPHICAL AND HlISTORICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE
COUNTIES, TOWNS, RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, &c.
ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
ACTON.                                                     ADDISON.
ACTON.-This was a smalI township sit- lake Champlain, which separates it from
uated in the northern part of Windhamn the townships of Moriallh and Crown Point
county and bounded north by Grafton, in the state of New York. It lies 83 milce
east by Athens, south by Townshend and northwesterly fiom  B1ennington, 62 west
west by Windham and Jamaica. It was from Newbury, 40 from Montpelier and
granted to Moses Johnson and thirty three 29 southwesterly from  Burlington.  It
others, and chartered.February 23, 1782. was chartered October 14, 1761, and oriIt contained 5,045 acres, and was origri- ginally contained 28,S800 acres, measuring
nally called Johnson's Gore. It was con- about 7 miles from east to west and 6 from
stituted a township by the name of Acton, north to south. A portion of the northNovember 6, 1 8)(), annd the town was or- easterin part, lyingo east of Otter creek, has
ganized March 3, 1801, Waitstill Scott since been annexed to VWaltham, and the
bein( the first town clerk. It wvas repre- southeastern part,east of Snake mountain,
sented only in connexion with Towns- to Weybridge. The first civilized estabhend. The settlement was con;mmenced lishment inr Vermont on the west side of
in 1781 by Noah and Timnotlhy Fisher, the mountains, was on Cliinmney point in
Ebenezer Bivens and Riverius IHooker. thle southwestcorner of tlis township. It
Timothy Fisher cut the first tree with the was nmade by the Frenclh in 1731, the same
view of clearing the land.'1lhe surfface year in which they built fort Frederick,
of thle ground is uneven. It is well water- afterwards Crown Point, and a stone winded by springs and brooks, but has no-good mill whicl was built and garrisoned here
mill strenam.  ILn October, 1.840, Acton  constituted an outpost of that importaint
was annexed to Townshend, alnd it 1now0  foitress v wlil in possession of the French.
constitutes the northern part of t;at town- The first settlement lmade by tlhe Enrglish
ship.'sVeR ill the lt'ar 1 G69 or  770, by a Mr.
ADrDIsoN, a post town in the western  X;id tle (n. Joh-  Stonr nld Zadock
part of Addison countv, in lat. 440 4' north iEverest,  Isq. vitl thi  ianmilies.  This
mLod long. 30 42' east,* is  ouonded  sorth ssettleminlt was brokien up and the settlers
by Pnon, east by Weybride and Wal  retired to thle south, uipon the advance of
b-v Panton, east by Weybrid.ge and Waltham,  south by Bridport and  west by the -ritish no tie lake im tle fill ot'1776,
and none of tl-he! returi ed witll the'ir animilies till tlhe month oit' May, 178d3. During
As the whole state Is in north latitude, an(d in
east longitudlle frm t;aithiito, cti  telm,mrt,  tieltcir seven years absence, ev(ry l building
and east will heieatr ber cbl ittetl.   dwhic12 they had erectUe  was destroyed by
PT. Ill.             ]




a_                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III
ADDISON.                ADDISON COUNTY —AKEN'S GORE.                  ALBANY.
the enemy, who were masters of the lake miles below Middlebury, is a place of contill the close of the war. From  its re- siderable business. The principal stream
newal at the close of the war, the settle- is Otter creek. It enters the county from
nment advanced with considerable rapidity, the south, crossing about the middle of
and Messrs. Strong, Everest and some the southern boundary, and falls into lake
others of the first settlers who had been Champlain near the northwest corner.
driven off and returned, lived to see the Mad river and White river have their
township nearly all under improvement sources among the mountains in the eastand themselves in possession of all the ern part of the county. Granular limerational enjoyments of life. A congrega- stone is very abundant here. It is extentional church was organized here Novem- sively quarried in many places and is used
her 24, 1803, by the Rev. Job Swift, who as a building stone. It receives a good
labored here for about two years previous polish, is beautifully variegated and large
to his death, which took place October 20, quantities of it are annually manufactured,
1804, while on a visit at Enosburgh. He particularly at Middlebury, and the marwas born at Sandwich, Massachusetts, ble transported to Albany, New York and
January 17, 1743, graduated at Yale col- other places. The western part is a rich
lege in 1765, and studied theology with farming country, and the soil is well
Dr. Bellamy. The Rev. Justus S. Hough adapted to the production of grain. The
was ordained as pastor of this church, eastern part is mountainous and broken.
January 26, 1815, and was dismissed Feb- Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 5,425; cattle,
ruary21,1825. At other times the church 39,718; sheep, 261,010; swine, 14,305;
has depended for preaching upon tempo- wheat, bush. 31,322; barley, 255; oats,
rary engagements.  Soil generally marl 141,794; rye, 11,427; buck wheat, 7219;
or clay and productive. The surface of In. corn, 95,304; potatoes, 440,079; hay,
this township is low and generally pretty tons, 111,120; sugar, lbs. 132,013; wool,
level. Snake mountain, in the southeast 676,969. Population, 23,569.
corner, is the most considerable elevation.   AIKIN'S GORE, called also Virgin Hall,
It is very poorly watered and has no val- a small tract of only 930 acres, granted
uable mill privileges. Otter creek touches February 25, 1782, to Edward Aikin, and
upon the northeast corner, and a dead lying upon the Green Mountain between
branch of Otter creek runs through the Winhall and Landgrove.
town, from south to north, a little west of   ALBANY, a post township, six miles
the centre, and unites with Otter creek square, lying in the central part of Orin Ferrisburgh. Mill river and Pike river leans county. It is 34 miles north from
are two small streams, which fall into Montpelier, in lat. 440 43' and long. 4~
lake Champlain nearly opposite to Crown 47', and is bounded northeasterly by IrasPoint. The magnetic oxyde of iron is burgh, southeasterly by Glover, southfound here in small octmdric crystals in westerly by Craftsbury and northwesterly
argillite, and also the sulphuret of iron. by Lowell and Eden.  This township
Statistics of 1840. —1orses,475; cattle, was granted June 27, 1781, and char3212; sheep, 30,465; swine, 1,099; tered June 26, 1782, by the name of
wheat, bu. 1,722; barley, 42; oats, 9,655; Lutterloh. The name was altered to Alrye, 318; buck wheat, 600; Indian corn, bany, October 13, 1815. The settlement
6,250; potatoes, 19,750; hay, tons, 10,800; of this township was commenced about
sugar, lbs. 865; wool, 82,900.  Popula- the close of the last century. In 1800
tion, 1229.                            there were only 12 inhabitants. The town
ADDISON COUNTY is on the west side of was organized March 27, 1806, and Benthe Green Mountains, at nearly an equal jamin Neal was first town clerk. This
distance from the northern and southern township is watered by Black river, which
extremities of the state. It lies between is formed inCraftsbury,and passes through
430 50' and 44q 18' north lat. and between it in a northeasterly direction, and by
3~ 38' and 40 18' east long., being about several of its branches. There are like30 miles from north to south, and 33 miles wise several considerable ponds, the most
from east to west, containing about 700 important of which, great Hosmer's pond,
square miles. This county was incorpo- is partly in Craftsbury. The soil is genrated February 27, 1787. Middlebury, a erally sandy or gravelly. Along the rivthriving town on Otter creek, is the shire er is some fine intervale. Statistics of 1840.
to.wn, and is situated nearly in the centre -Horses, 228; cattle, 1,418; sheep, 3,of the county. The Supreme court sits 201; swine, 701; wheat, bu. 2,618; barhere jnnually on the fourth Tuesday in ley, 894; oats, 10,709; rye, 131; buck
January, and the County courTt on the wheat, 2,175; Ind. corn, 1,597; potatoes,
second Tuesday in June and December. 43,389; hay, tons, 2,685; sugar, lbs.
Vergennes, situated on Otter creek 12 42,298  wool, 6,121. Population, 920.




PART III'              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                3
ALBURGH.                        ALLEN'S POINT.                       ANDOVER.
ALBURGH, a post town in Grand Isle in chronical complaints, and is a place of
county lies in the north west corner of considerable resort. It is undoubtedly
the state and is surrounded by water on all useful in cases of scrofula and cutaneous
sides, except the north, where it is bound- eruptions.* There were in 1824, 8 school
ed by Canada, or the 45th degree of north /districts, 7 school houses, 3 stores, 3 tavlatitude. It is bounded east by Missisco erns, 2 tanneries and a windmill which
bay, west by lake Champlain, and runs did considerable business. Statistics of
to a point at the south, being of a triangu- 1840.-Horses, 419; cattle, 1,878; sheep,
lar form. The length of the township 4,887; swine, 1,005; wheat, bu. 9,237;
from north to south is about 10 miles, and barley, 1,017; oats, 13,576; rye, 2,114;
its average width about 3J miles. It is b'k wheat, 4,861; In. corn, 3,786; wool,
33 miles north of Burlington, and its 11,191. Population, 1,344.
charter is dated February 23, 1781. The   ALLEN'S POINT is the southern extremFrench made a small settlement here ity of Grand Isle in the township of
more than 100 years ago and erected a South Hero. It takes its name from Mr.
stone wind-mill upon a point, which has -    Allen, one of the early settlers there.
in  consequence, received the name of   ANDOVER, a post town in the south
Wind-mill Point. The settlement of this west part of Windsor county, is 20 miles
township, by the English, was com- south-west from Windsor, 68 south from
menced by emigrants from St. Johns in Montpelier, and 37 north east from BenLower Canada about the year 1782. The nington, and lies in lat. 420 17' and long.
settlers were originally from the states, 3~ 43'. It is bounded north by Ludlow,
but, being loyalists, they found it neces- east by Chester, south by Windham, and
sary, during the revolutionary war, to west by Weston, and contains about
shelter themselves in Canada. For some 18,000 acres. The charter of Andover is
years after the settlement was commen- dated Oct. 16, 1761, and was given to
ced, they were much harrassed and per- Nathaniel House and his associates. Wesplexed by the diversity of claimants to ton was formerly a part of this township
the lands. Ira Allen claimed the town and is included in the charter. It was
and obtained a grant of it from the state set off and constituted a separate town,
after the settlement was begun, and 5 or by the Legislature, Oct. 26, 1799. Shu6 years after brought actions ofejectment bal Geer and Amos Babcock came into
against the settlers, which terminated in this township about the year 1768, and
their favor. In their defence in these made a beginning, but soon abandonedit.
suits the people expended about $3000. In 1776, Moses Warner, John Simons,
It was also claimed by Sir George Young John Simons, jr. Eli Pease, Jacob Pease,
as a grant from the Duke of York, and by and James Keyes, emigrants from  Ensome others; but the settlers were deter- field, Con., made the first permanent setmined to hold the lands themselves, and tlement. William, son of Shubal Geer,
all the actions of ejectment brought was the first child born in town. John
against them have hitherto been decided Simons erected the first saw and grist mill
in their favor. The town was organized about the year 1780. The town was orin 1792, and Thomas C. Reynolds was ganized in March, 1781. Moses Warner
the first town clerk, and David Staunton, was first town clerk, and John Simons
the first representative.  The religious first representative.  The religious dedenominations are Methodists, Episcopa- nominations in this town are Baptist,
lians, Congregationalists and Baptists. Universalist, Methodist and CongregaThe Methodist society is considerable tionalist. The Baptist church was organlarge; the others are small. Neither so- ized August 31, 1803. The Rev. Joel
ciety has a settled minister, but they are Maning was ordained over this church
occasionally  supplied  with preaching. Oct. 2, 1806.  The Baptist meetingThere are some instances of longevity, house in the northeast corner of the
viz. Patrick Carigan, who was 99 years town, is 30 by 40 feet on the ground, and
and 3 months old, and several others have was erected in 1809. The Universalist
died here who were between 95 and 100. church was constituted in 1807. The Rev.
Epidemics have frequently prevailed here, Cornelius G. Persons preached to this
but there have been no very remarkable church and society four or five years.
seasons of mortality. The surface of the The Congregationalist meeting  house
town is very level. T~here are no mnoun- stands near the centre of the town, is 44
tains or streams of any consequence. The by 52 feet on the ground, and was built
soil is very rich and productive. The in 1820. The spotted fever appeared in
timber is principally cedar,elm, maple and one neighbourhood in this town in the
beech. There is a mineral spring which spring of 1812, and in eight days carried
is somewhat celebrated for its efficacy   *See patt first page 8.




41                     GAZETTEEIP    OF VERMONT.                       BARP Ill.
ARLINGTON.                                                            ARLINGTON.
off eight persons. The surface of the church, which is called St. James' Church,
township is uneven and the soil and tim- go back to August 16, 1784.  The first
ber similar to that of the other towns ly- rector of this church was the Rev. James
ing along the eastern side of the Green  Nichols, settled in 1786. His salary was
Mountains.  Markharn's Mountain and ~20 a year, which was raised by an asMount Terrible lie along the  western sessmrent upon "'the grand list."  His
part of the township. These mountains conduct proving irregular and unsatisfacoccasioned the division of the town, and tory, he was dismissed about the year
render the communication between this 1792, and the Rev. Russell Catlin, whose
town  and  Weston  somewhat difficult. conduct proved still more exceptionable,
There are no considerable streams. The succeeded him. In the beginningof1803,
town is watered principally by the head the Rev. Abraharn Bronson took charge
branches of Williams river.  In 1824, the of this church for half the time. This
town was divided into eight school dis- connexion, happy and much blessed, lasttricts with a school house  in  each. ed till January, 1826.  He wassucceeded
There were at that time three grist mills, by the Rev. Joseph HI. Coit. In 1828,
three saw mills, one fulling mill, one Mr. C. was succeeded by the Rev. James
carding machine, two stores, two taverns Tappan, who, the next year, was succeedand one tannery.  Statistics of 1840.-  ed by the Rev. Win. S. Perkins, who reHorses, 198; cattle, 1,623; sheep, 5,1.65; signed in 1833.  Since that time the minswine, 523; wheat, bu. 1,159; barley,779; isters have been the Rev. Luman Foote,
oats, 6,319; rye, 1,348; b'k wheft, 420; the Rev. John Grigg and the Rev. Anson
In. corn, 882; potatoes, 5,050; hay,tons, B. Hard, who is a native of the town and
988; sugar, lbs. 1255; wool,9,000. Pop- the present rector.  The first church was
ulation, 676i.                           erected in 1786, by a tax assessed on the
ARLINGTON, a post town in Bennington grand list. In 1S31 a new and elegant
county, lies in lat. 430 4' and long. 30 54', stone church was erected at a cost of$10,and contains 39 square miles. It is bound- ()00. Total baptisms 352; present comed north by Sandgate, east by Sunder- municants 80.  Arlington, lying lower
land, south by Shaftsbury, and west by than  the surrounding  towns, has the
Salem, New York, and is situated 40 miles principal streams in the county, passing
from Troy,40 miles from Saratoga springs, through it. Roaring branch enters the
40 from Whitehall and 40 from Rutland. eastern part of the town from Sunderland,
It was chartered July 2S, 1761, to a num- Mill brook the southeast part from Glasber of persons mostly belonging to Litch- tenbury, \Warm brook the south part from
field, Connecticut.  The first settlement Shaftsbury, and Green river the north
was made in the year 1763, by Dr. Simon part from  Sandrgate. These streams all
Burton, William  Searls and Ebenezer fall into the Battenkill, which enters the
Wallis.  In 1764, Jehiel Hawley, Josiah  town near the  northeast corner, runs
Hawley, Remember Baker and Thomas southwesterly about three miles, thence
Peck, removed into this town. The for- nearly west about six miles further, and
mer was a principal land owner, and has crosses the west line of' the town into
left in this place a numerous and respecta- Washington county, New York. These
ble posterity. The early records of this streams afford many very excellent mlill
town were lost or destroyed in the year privileges, and along their banks are con1777, by Isaac Bisco, then town clerk, siderable tracts of the finest intervale land.
who became a tory and fled to Canada. The principal elevations are WVest MounHence the precise time the town was or- tain and Red Mountain, which extend
ganized, is not known.  It was about the from south to north through the wtest part
year 176S, and Remeumber Baker, an ac- of the town. These mlountains are sepative and distinguished leader in the con- rated by the Battenkill, in its westerly
troversy between the New  Hampshire course through the towiiship. They are
grants and New York, was the first town covered with a considerable variety of
clerk.  Thomas Chittenden was a resi- timber, consistinr of white, red and black
dent in this town during the revolution, oak, white and black birch, chestnut,
and was chosen to represent it in the first hickory, &c. The soil is rich and very
assembly after the adoption of the consti- productive of English grain. The soil in
tution, but, being elected governor the the eastern part of the town is chiefly
same year, was succeeded as representa- loam, and the timber principally beech,
tive by Ethan Allen. This town was orig- mnaple, ash, birch, elmn, bass and butternut.
inally settled by Episcopalians, and an A glade of land, three miles in lenth, and
Episcopal society was organized here some one in breadth, extendingr from north to
years before the revolution, which has ex- south, near the foot of WVest mountain,
isted ever since.  The records of this I was formerly covered with an extraordi



PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                    5
ASCUTTNEY MOUNTAIN'.                                                      ATHENS.
nary growth of white pine.  The soil of of any kind, particularly on the su)thern
this tract is sandy.  Several extensive  portion of the mountain.  The name of
quarries of granular limestone. or white this mountain is undoubtedly of Indian
marble, have been  opened  here, from  origin, but writers are not agreed with rewhich large quantities are annually taken  gard to its signification.   Dr. Dwight
and wrought into tombstones and for oth- says that it signifies the three brothers,
er purposes. The value of the marble and that it was given in allusion to its
manufactured in 1840 was $S,300. There three summits.@  Kendall tells us that the
is also an abundance of compact limestone true Indian name is Cas-cad-nac, and that
from which lime, of a superior quality, is it means a peaked mountain with steep
manufactured.  Near Aylsworth's mills sides.t  From the summit of this mounin the east part of the town, is a medi- tain the prospect is extensive and beauticinal spring, which is resorted to by the ful, and richly repays the labor of climbinhabitants of the vicinity as a remedy for ing its rugged ascent. The Connecticut,
cutaneous diseases, opllthalmnies,&c. The  which is easily traced, winding its way
water is strongly impregnated with fer- through the rich and highly cultivated
rugenous matter, and rather unpleasant meadows, adds much to the interest and
to the taste. It contains a minute portion  charm  of the scenery.
of hydrogen gas, but no carbonic acid.   AT,'IEs, a small post town in the north
Its temperature is about the same as that eastern part of Windham  county, is in
of the springs in the neighborhood. Near latitude 43' 7', and is bounded north by
the northeast corner of the town is a cav- Grafton, east by Westminster and Rockern which is much visited as a curiosity. ingham, south by Broikline and TownsIts entrance is on the cast side of a steep  bend, and west by Townshend.  It is ten
hill, and of a capacity sufficient for one miles from  Bellows-Falls, and 25 miles
person only to enter at atimne.  From the northerly from  Brattleborough.  It was
entrance to the bottom it is about 20 feet, granted March 11, and chartered May 3,
and the passage makes, with the horizon, 1780, to Solomon Harvey, John Moore,
an angle of about 45~.  The cavern then  Jonathan Perham and their associates, and
extends westerly in a horizontal direction  contains about 7628 acres.  The first be13 rods. Its other dimensions are some- ginnings towards a settlement in this
whatvarious in differentpartsofits course. town were made in the fall of 1779, by
Its medium width is about eight feet, and Jonathan Perhamn, Seth Oakes, Joseph
its height about the same. In some pla- Rasier, James Shafter and Jonathan Fosces, it contracts so as barely to adimit a ter.  They chopped a few acres, erected
person to pass along, and in others ex- a log-hut, and then all left the town. Feb.
pands into capacious rooms or vaults. 25, 1780, Jonathan Perham and Ephraim
Near the western extremity is a large  Holden removed their families into the
room of a conical form, the sides of which town from Rindge, N. H., and were soon
are very regular.  Its height from  the followed by Seth Oakes and fiLmily, from
base to the apex is more than fifty feet, Winchendon.   The first settlers had maand its sides are limerock incrusted with  ny privations and hardships to encounter.
stelactites.  The bottom of the cavern is The snow  was fo(-ur feet deep when they
mostly a fine white clay, and a stream of came into town, and they had to beat
very pure water runs through its whole their own path for eight miles through
leng'th. The road from  Bennington to the woods.  A small yoke of oxen were
Rutland passes through this town. There the only domestic animals of any kind
are two houses for public worship, two they took with them.  The fam.nilies all
grist and three saw mills, one woollen moved into the hut above mentioned. In
factory, one fullingr mill and one tannery. May followving, MIrs. Oakes was delivered
Statistics of 1.S40t.-Horses, 145; cattle, of a daugliter, the first child born in town.
830; sheep, 12,005; swine, 583; wheat, The same month, Samuel Bayley, from
bu. 743; oats, 9,025; rye,'3,556; buck lSterlincg, Mass., and MIicall Reed, firom
wheat, 1,)92); Indian corn,,l145; pota- Westmoreland, N. II, came into towln,
toes, 241,212); lay, tons, 4,631; suoar, and during the followina summner, the,
lbs. 7,420); wool, 27,750. Pop. 1,035.    in coinmpany, erected a snsaw   ill, and the
ASCUTNEY  oIUN-TAIN, is situated partly  next vear a ogrst nill, for w hich they rein Windsor and partly in Weathersfie d, ccived 168 acres of land, situated near
being crossed by the line between those the centre of the tonn.  The same year,
townships. Tile altitude of this mnontain Simon Evans, Eirar Cllffe, and Jeremiah
is 3.320 feet above tide-water, and:1.1G ft. Tillkllhall be a;n improvemlents, and on
above  Connecticut river at VWindsor the 18th of Septelnber,      of that year, Isaac,
bridge. Itis an immense mass of granite, son of Jonathan Perham, died, and this
producing but little timber, or vergetation TI  Itrls, Vt 1.,1-  U. 1 l. 1::i.. 1 -'




6                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART. III.
ATHENS.                           AVERILL.                     AVERY'S GORES.
was the first death of an inhabitant of the one saw mill standing on the site where
town. On the 25th of Nov. following, the first mills were erected. Statistics of
two men, at work in a remote part of the 1840.-Horses, 75; cattle, 553; sheep,
town, were alarmed by the whoops and 3,061; swine, 284; wheat, bu. 501; baryells of the Indians. They quit their ley, 112; oats, 1,082; rye, 589; b. wheat,
work and spread the alarm as fast as pos- 322; Indian corn, 1,885; potatoes, 10,sible. The people, affrighted almost out 035; hay, tons, 966; sugar, lbs., 6,470;
of their senses, hurried away with their wool, 5,387. Population, 378.
women and children with all possible de-   AVERILL, a township six miles square in
spatch, expecting from  each tree that the north part of Essex county, is bounthey passed to be saluted by an Indian ded northeast by Canaan, southeast by
tomahawk or scalping knife. J. Perham  Lemington, southwest by Lewis, and
and family decamped in such haste that northwest by Norton.  This township
they left their oven heating and their oxen was chartered June 23, 1762, and it
chained toa tree. The report was spread is watered by a considerable branch of
with the greatest rapidity through the Nulhegan river, several streams which
neighboring towns, that Athens was de- fall into Connecticut river, and some
stroyed by the Indians. The whole coun- which pass off northerly into Canada.
try was immediately in arms to defend There are likewise several considerable
themselves and property from the merci- ponds. It is inhabited by two or three
less foe. Some spent the whole night in families only. The surface of the town
preparing their guns and amunition, and is broken, and the soil cold and unfavorthe fearful apprehension of impending able for cultivation. Statistics of 1840.destruction, chased sleep from every eye. Horses, 3; cattle, 14; sheep, 35; swine,
" Lo the mountain laboured and brought 15; buck wheat, bu. 100; potatoes, 400;
forth a mouse." The hallooing ofahunter, hay, tons, 20; sugar, lbs. 600. Populaaided by imaginations rendered suscep- tion, 11.
tible by f6ar, amounted in the course of a   AVERY'S GoREs.-A considerable numfew  hours to the destruction of a fine ber of tracts of land situated in different
settlement and the massacre of its inhabi- sections of the state were granted to Samtants.*  Athens was organized March 4, nel Avery in 1791, and received the name
1I781, and William  Beal was first town of Avery's Gores. Several of these have
clerk. It was represented the same year since been annexed to townships. We
by Abel Mattoon. The religious denom- shall mention a part of them. 1. Avery's
inations are Methodist, Congregational- Gore in Addison county, was granted
ists,Baptists, Universalists and Christians. January 27, 1791, and  contained 8744
These denominations united in 1818, and acres. It is bounded north by Lincoln,
erected a very good brick meeting-house. east by Kingston, south by Hancock and'The Methodist Episcopal Church was west bv Ripton. Itlies nearly on the sumorganized in 1801, and have been favored mit of the Green Mountain, and the
with the labors of several distinguished greater part of it has been annexed to
itinerant preachers, among whom were Granville..lvery's Gore in Chittenden
Jonathan Nichols, John Broadhead, Wil- county, was granted January 7, 1791, and
bur Fisk, and H. Guernsey. The sur- originally contained 5970 acres, but a
face of this township is uneven, but the part of it has since been annexed to Hunelevations are not generally abrupt. The tington. It is of a triangular form and lies
soil is good and produces well.  It is, south of Huntington, and west of Fayshowever, much better adapted to grazing ton..Svery's Gore, in Essex county, is
than tillage. The apple tree flourishes bounded north by Norton, east by Lewis,
and produces as well here as in any part south by Wenlock, and west by Warren
of the state. The natural growth of tim- Gore. It was granted January 27, 1791,
ber is beech, birch, maple, ash, basswood, and contains 10,685 acres. It is mounhemlock and spruce. There is but one tainous and uninhabited../very's Gore,
stream of consequence in town. It origi- in Franklin county, is bounded north by
nates in a pond of about 30 acres area in Montgomery, east by  Lowell, south
the westerly part and falls into Saxton's by Belvidere, and west by Bakersfield.
river in Rockingham, affording several It was granted June 28, 1796, and conmill privileges. Lily pond is small, lies tains 9723 acres. This Gore lies on the
in the south west part of the town, and western range of the Green Mountains,
derives its name from the great quanti- and is the source of two branches of the
ties of white lilies growing in it. The Missisco river.  In 1840, it contained
town is dlivided into three school districts 35 inhabitants, and has a post office. Stawith a school house in each. There is tistics.-Horses, 6; cattle, 26; sheep, 50;
*Soo part second page 7Q.            # swine, 7; wheat, bu. 60; oats, 40; buck




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                7
BAKERSFIELD.                      BALTIMORE.                       BARNARD.
wheat, 20; In. corn, 75; potatoes, 1,300; are two establishments for the manufachay, tons, 60; sugar, lbs. 7,00; wool 75. ture of starch. The town is well waterThe other Gores of this name, are now  ed with springs and brooks, but has no
annexed to townships.                  good mill privileges or streams of much
BAKERSFIELD, a post town, in the east- consequence. Hawks mountain, which
ern part of Franklin county, in latitude lies between the town and Cavendish,
44~ 47' and long. 4Q 13', isbounded north renders the communication between the
by Enosburgh, east by Avery's Gore and two towns difficult, and was the occasion
Waterville, south by Waterville and of the  division. The  summit of this
Fletcher, and west by Fairfield. It is mountain is, for the greater part of the
30 miles northeast from Burlington, was distance, the boundary line. The rocks
granted Feb. 27, 1787, and chartered to are almost wholly Gneiss and Granite;
Luke Knowlton, Jan. 25, 1791, and origi- the soil warm but stoney. The town has
nally contained but 10,000 acres. Addi- always been healthy. There was not a
tions have since been made, and it now  case of the spotted fever at the time it was
contains about 26,000. The settlement epidemic in other parts of the state.
of tlis town was commenced in 1789, by There are two school districts with school
Joseph Baker, from whom the town de- houses in each. No mills in town. Starives its name. He emigrated from West- tistics of 1840.-Horses, 40; cattle, 242;
borough, Mass. Joel Brigham and Abi- sheep, 971; swine, 99; wheat, bu. 292;
jah Pratt settled in Bakersfield about the barley, 17; oats, 1,664; rye, 225 * buck
same time. From October 1790 to Oct. wheat, 49; Ind. corn, 905; potatoes,
1812, there were only 68 deaths in this 6,566; hay, tons, 519; sugar, lbs. 1,650;
town.  During the two next years there wool, 2,855. Population, 155.
were 60 deaths, mostly by the spotted   BARNARD, a post town in Windsor
and lung fevers. The religious denomi- county, 21 miles northwest from Windnations are Congregationalists, Method- sor, and 37 south from  Montpelier, is in
ists, Baptists and Universalists.  The lat. 43~ 44', and long. 4~ 24'. It is bounpublic buildings are a town house, built ded northerly by Royalton and Bethel,.
in 1827, a brick meeting house in 1831, a east by Pomfret, south by Bridgewater,
brick chapel in 1839, and an academy in and west by Stockbridge. The town
1839. The professional men are three was chartered July 17, 1761, to William
clergymen, one attorney and two physi- Story, Francis Barnard and their associcians. This township is somewhat brok- ates.  James Call chopped  the  first
en, but not mountainous. It is timbered timber here in 1774, but left in the fall.
principally with hard wood, and the soil The settlement was commenced in March,
is in general warm and productive. It is 1775, by Thomas Freeman, his son Wm.
watered by Black creek, which crosses and John Newton. The same season
the southwest corner, and several other Lot Whitcomb, Nathaniel Paige, Wm.
branches of the Missisco river.  The Cheedle and Asa Whitcomb moved theirstreams are, however, small and the mill families into town. Thomas Freeman, jr.
privileges not numerous.  Statistics of came into town June 7,1775. He is now
1840.-Horses, 260; cattle, 2000; sheep, living and is the only survivor of those
4,733; swine, 400; wheat, bu. 3000; bar- who spent the first winter here. At the
ley, 110; oats, 7,728; rye, 176; b. wheat, time of the battle of Bunker's hill, (prop450; Ind. corn, 2,450; potatoes, 62,00.0; erly Breed's hill,) which took place on,
hay, tons, 3,570; sugar, lbs. 33,305; the 17th of June, 1775, the firing was diswool, 10,876. Population, 1,258.      tinctly heard in this town by Thomas:
BALTIMORE, a small township of a tri- Freeman and others, a distance of more
angular form, lying in the south eastern than 100 miles. On the 9th of August,
part of Windsor county, in lat. 430 21', 1780, this town was visited by a party of'
and bounded east by Weathersfield and 21 Indians, who made prisoners of Thos.
Springfield, south by Chester, and north- M. Wright, Prince Haskell and John:
west by Cavendish. It is eleven miles Newton, and carried them  to Canada.
northwest from  Windsor, and 64 south Newton and Wright made their escape,
from Montpelier. It was set off from  the spring following, and Haskell wasCavendish by an act of the Legislature, exchanged in the fall.  They  suffered
Oct. 19, 1793, and constituted a separate many hardships while prisoners and on
township. The town was organized March their return,but they arrived safely at Bar12, 1794, and Joseph Atherton was first nard, and were all living in 1824, upon the
town cl'k. It has seldom been represent- farms from which they were taken. They
ed in the General Assembly.  The reli- were all prisoners in Canada at the time
gious denominations are Congregational- Royalton was burnt, and were not then
ists, Baptists and Universalists. There taken, as has been stated in the narrative,




8                       GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            PART III.
BARNAIRD.                                                                 BARNET.
of that event.  During the years 1783 potatoes,'50,286; hay, tons, 4,913; sugar,
and 4, canine madness was very common lbs. 36,360; wool, 18,027. Pop. 1,774.
in this part of the state.  Dogs, wolves,   BARNTET, a post town in Caledonia counfoxes, cats, &ce. were affected by it. On ty, lying on Connecticut river, opposite to
the 17th of March, 1784, a Mr. Stewart Lyman, New Hampshire, in lat. 44~ 19',
of this town was bitten in his finger by a and long. 40 55' and containing about
mad wolf. Twenty-seven days from that 40 square miles.  It is bounded north by
time symptoms of hydrophobia appeared, Waterford, east by Connecticut river,
and he died of the disease three days af- south by Ryegate, and west by Peacham
ter.  Barnard was organized as a town, and Danville, and is 35 miles east from
April 4, 1778, and Thomas WV. White was Montpelier,and 65 miles north from Windfirst town clerk.  Thomas Freeman, Asa sor, as the roads are travelled. The charWhitcomb and Solomon Aikens were the ter of Barnet is dated September 15,1763.
first select men, and Asa Whitcomb was The principal proprietors were Enos, Samfirst representative and first justice of the uel and Willard Stevens, sons of Capthin
peace. The religious denominations are Phineas Stevens, who so nobly defended
Congregationalists, Methodists and Uni- the fort at Charlestown, New Hampshire,
versalists, each of which have a conven- April 4, 1747, against a large party of
lent meeting house. The Rev. Joseph French and Indians, under the command
Bowman was installed over the Congre- of M. Debeline.' March 4, 1770, the first
gational church   Sept. 22, 1784, and settlement was commenced in this town
continued  their pastor till his death, by Jacob, Elijah and Daniel Hall and Jonwhich happened  April 27, 1806.  The athan Fowler.  Sarah, daughter of Elijah
Rev. Joel Davis was ordained over this Hall, was the first child, and Barnet, son
church August 10, 1807, and was dismiss- of Jonathan Fowler, the first male child
ed in 1822. The Rev. Hosea Ballou was born in town.  The latter was presented
ordained over the Universalist Church by Enos Stevens, Esq. with 100 acres of
and  society about the year 1894, and land.  The town was subsequently setthree or four years after removed to Ports- tled mostly by emigrants from Scotland.
mouth, N. H., and from  that place  to A part of the township was purchased in
Boston where he now resides. The IMeth- 17 74 by the late Alexander Harvey, Esq.
odist society is numerous, and is princi- and another gentleman, for a company in
pally supplied by the several preachers Scotland.  A considerable proportion of
of that order, who reside in town, and by the people are of Scotch descent.  In the
circuit preachers.  The most remarkable summer of 1772, Enos Stevens, Esq. erectrevivals of religion were 1801 and 18'22, ed a grist mill on Stevens' river, about
both of which were very general.  The 150 roeds from its junction with the Conhopeful subjects of the latter amounted necticut.  The first town meeting was
to nearly 300, about 200 of whom united  held and the town organized March 18)
with the Methodist church, and 67 with  1783.  Walter Broclk, Esq. was first town
tile Congregational church.  Tllere are clerk, and Colonel Alexander Harvey the
no considerable streams.  The town lies first representative.  Major Rogers, on
between Ottw  Quechee and White river, his return from an expeditionf against the
and contributes to both.  Locust creek  St. Francis Indians, in 1759, encamped
rises in the southwest part of the town, near the mouth of' the Passumpsic river
and running northerly falls into White in this town, where he expected to meet
river in Bethel.  Near the centre of the a supply of provisions to be sent on froma
town is a natural pond which covers about Charlestown, New Hampshire, by order
100l acres.  Itdischa.rres its waters to the of General Amherst.  The order of the
northwest into Locust creek.  The outlet General was complied  with.  Samuel
of this pond affords some very fine nmill Stevens and three others proceeded up
seats.  A branch of Ottea Quechee river Connecticut river with two canoes, to the
rises in the south part on which is one round island opposite the mouth of the
saw  mill in this town.  In the eastern  Passumpsic, where they encamped for the
part of the town is a bog of excellent night.  In the imorning, hearing the remarl.  There is a small village situated  port of guns, they were so terrified that
in the centre of the town, about the out- they reloaded their provisions and haslet of' the pond, in which are two meet- tened back to Charlestown, leaving Roging houses, two stores, two taverns, and ers and his famished rangers to their fate.
several mills and mechanic sIhops.  Sta- The Presbyterian church and society is
tistics of 1840. —Horses, 384; cattle, 1,- the most numerous in town.  The Rev.
957; sheep, 8,847; swine, 846; wheat,___
bl. 2,279; barley, 6); oats, 9,0,10 ~  rye,   t re parrt fsec(tll, peng  m y
o1~); b wick   he-vllt,;1 218Fa; In.  t oor Ln accoau!t of tlbis expeli ion see palt sec.
413; buck wvheat, 2,087; In. corn, 4,266,;,,!   1




PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               9
BARRE.                                                                 BARRE.
David Goodwillie was settled over it in Williamstown and west by Berlin, and
1791, and was their minister many years. lies about 50 miles northwesterly from
The Rev. Thomas Goodwillie is the pres- Windsor. This township was granted
ent minister.  The first meeting house Nov. 6, 1780, to William  Williams and
was built in 1789. A small Congregational his associates, and chartered by the name
church was formed in this town, October of WXildersburgh. This name being un21, 1829, and the Rev. Andrew Govan popular with the inhabitants of the town,
officiated here about three years. It con- in the year 1793, a town-meeting was
sists of 46 members. In 1811, the spotted called, to be holden at the house of Calfever occasioned great mortality in this vin Smith for the purpose of agreeing on
and the neighboring towns. The typhus some other name to be presented to the
fever prevailed in 1815,'16 and'17, and legislature for their sanction and approvcarried off a considerable number. The al. The meeting being opened, freedom
principal streams are the Passumpsic, was given for any one to present the
which falls into the Connecticut just be- name he chose, and the choice among the
low the foot of the 15 mile falls, and Ste- number presented was to be decided by
vens' river, which unites with the Con- vote of the town. Several names were
necticut about two miles below the mouth proposed, such as Paris, Newburn, &c.
of the Passumpsic. On these streams are Two of the voters present, Capt. Joseph
several valuable mill privileges, the most Thomson and Mr. Jonathan Sherman, the
remarkable of which is at Stevens' mills first from Holden, the other from Barre,
on Stevens' river. At this place the river, Mass., each in their turn strenuously
which is three rods wide, falls about 100 contended for the name of the town from
feet in the distance of ten rods. At the which he came; and as the matter seemfoot of the 15 mile falls in Connecticut ed to lie chiefly between these two, it was
river, is a cluster of 21 islands, the lar- proposed that it should be decided begest of which is said to contain 90 acres. tween them, by boxing, to which they
There are several other fertile islands of readily agreed. The terms were, that they
considerable size between Barnet and Ly- should fight across a pole; but if one
man. Some parts of the town are broken should knock the other down, they might
and hilly, but the soil is in general rich then choose their own mode of warfare.
and excellent for pasture and tillage. The meeting then adjourned to a new
There is some handsome intervale along barn-shed, erected by said Smith, over
the Connecticut and Passumpsic in this which a floor of rough hemlock plank had
town, the ascent from which to the up- just been laid, and on this the issue was
land is precipitous and rocky. The rocks to be decided. Agreeably to this arrangewhich fbrm the precipice are principally ment, the combatants advanced upon
argillaceous slate, and, just below  the each other, and soon Thompson, by a well
mouth of the Passumpsic, they rise from  directed blow, brought his antagonist to
100 to 300 feet nearly perpendicular. Iron the floor, and, springing upon him atfull
ore has been found near the mouth of the length, began to airm his heavy blows at
Passumpsic.  There are three natural his head and face; but Sherman, being
ponds in this town, viz. Harvey's pond more supple, avoided them, and they gencoveringabout300 acres,Ross'pond,about erally fell harmless on the floor, except
100, Morse's pond, about 15 acres. The peeling his own knuckles. During this
present head of boat navigation on Con- process, Sherman was dexterously plying
necticut river is at the lower village in his ribs from beneath, when Thompson
this town at McIndoe's falls. The prin- was soon heard to groan, and his blows becipal placesof business are at this village, came palsied and without effect. Sherat the village at Stevens' mills, and the man then rolled him off, and, springing
village at Randal's mills on the Passump- upon his feet, exultingly exclaimedsic river.  Statistics of 1840. —Horses, " There, the name is Berre, by God!"
529; cattle, 2,898; sheep, 6,601; swine, Accordingly a petition for the name Bar1,711; wheat, bush. 4,652; barley, 412;  re was presented, and sanctioned by the
oats, 39,672; buckwheat, 559; Ind. corn, legislature the same year. The day fol6,780; rye, 203; potatoes, 66,410; hay, lowing this encounter, Sherman called on
tons, 4,815; sugar, lbs. 19,670; wool, Dr. Robert Paddock, the physician of
12,229. Population, 2,030.            the town, who was an eye-witness of the
BARRE, a post town in the southeast transaction, and is still living, and who
part of Washington county, lies in lati- related  these particulars to the writude 440 11' and longitude 4' 31', and ter, and requested him to extract from
contains 31 square miles, or 19,900 acres. his back and posteriors the hemlock splinIt is bounded north by Montpelier and ters he had received while writhing on
Plainfield, east by Orange, south  by the plank floor. In1788, Samuel Rogrers
PT. im.               2




10                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART IIL
B A RR'E.                                                               BARRE.
and John Goldsbu'ry, one from Bradford, village and fitted it up for a store, methe other from Hartland, Vt., with their chanic shops, &c. The Methodist sociefamilies, moved into this town and began ty is large and respectable, numbering
converting the wilderness into farms. about 150 communicants, belonging to
The next year a number of other families the town. They are usually supplied by
came in, and from this time the town set- stationed preachers, whose term of sertled rapidly by emigrants from Worcester vice is commonly two years. The Rev.
county, Mass., and from New Hampshire John Currier is their present preacher.
and Connecticut. The town was organ- A  Universalist society  was organized
ized, March 11, 1793, and Joseph Dwight here soon after the commencement of the
was first town-clerk. It was first repre- settlement. In 1808, the Rev. Paul Dean,
sented in the General Assembly in 1796, now of Boston, was ordained over said
by Asaph Sherman. The religious soci- society, but soon left the town. From
eties are Congregationalists, Methodists, that time they had not regular preaching,
and Universalists, each of which have a till the year 1821, when they settled the
meeting house; the Congregationalmeet- Rev. John E. Palmer as their minister,
ing house is 60 by 50 feet and was built and in 1822, they erected a brick meeting
in 1808-it stands on an elevation one- house in the south or upper village. Of
fourth of a mile east of the north or low- late they usually have preaching about
er village, on the Road to Chelsea. The half the time on the Sabbath, and Mr.
Rev. Aaron Palmer was ordained to the Palmer is employed in the neighboring
pastoral care of the Congregational church towns. The number who nominally beFeb. 23, 1807. He was a pious and faith- long to the society is larger than either
ful minister of Christ; but having a del- of the former. The Baptists, by reason
icate constitution, he fell a victim  to a of deaths and removals, are not known as
quick consumption, which terminated a society in the town. The inhabitants of
his earthly career on the 7th of February, this town were remarkably healthy till
1821. He lived beloved and died la- the year 1795, when the scarlet fever or
mented. The next year the Rev. Justus canker rash made its appearance as an
W. French received a call by said church epidemic, and prevailed for about a year,
and society to settle as their minister, during which time almost every child,
and was ordained May 23, 1822. He re- some young people and several 30 or 40
mained their pastor 10 years, and was years old had the disease, but it proved
dismissed on account of ill health. From  fatal only to children. From this time it
this period till 1840, two other ministers was generally healthy till February, 1811,
were settled over said church and socie- when the spotted fever made its appearty, and dismissed by counsel, viz. Rev. Jo- ance, and soon became alarming. Those
seph Thacher and Rev. James R. Whee- who did not recover seldom lived over 36
lock. Rev. Andrew Royce, their present hours, and some died within 3 or 4 hours
minister, received a call and was ordain- from  the time they were attacked with
ed as pastor over said church and society, the disease.  The approach  of warm
Feb. 18, 1841. In 1840, a majority of the weather put a stop to its ravages. In the
church and society, believing the loca- winter of 1812 and'13, the inhabitants
tion of the old meeting house to be in- were visited by much the most fatal epiconvenient and unfavorable to their pros- demic disease that has ever prevailed in
perity, built a new  meeting house in the the town-it was an inflamation of the
village, one-fourth of a mile west of the lungs with a fever of the typhoid kind,
other; it is of brick, 65 by 44 feet, built in commonly called Jneumoniac Typhoides.
the modern style, and is a good building; The subjects of this disease were generalthis created some little dissention and al- ly people of middle age, and many who
ienation of feeling with a minority, but it were heads of families were swept off by
is believed all are at present happily uni- it. It was much more fatal to males than
ted. The members belonging to the Con- to females. Warm weather put a stop to
gregational church may be estimated at its ravages, and the people have since,
180. In theyearl838,the Methodistsbuilt with few exceptions, been  remarkably
a new and elegant meeting house, in the healthy.* Dr. Robert Paddock from Contower village, 624 by 44 feet.  It was necticut, moved into this town in Aug.,
built in the modern style and well finish- 1794, and for many years was the princied, and has the appendage of a good bell. pal physician. There are, at present,
This and the other new meeting house three others. The soil is, in general, a
stand about 15 rods apart. Previous to dry warm  loam, free from stone, and as
building the new, the society sold their old
lmeeting house newto a numbety ir ofindividls    *The number of deaths in Ilarre from 1808 to 1313
meeting house to a number of individuals inclusive, were as follows: 1808, 16; 1809 13 6; 1810,
who removed it to a central part of the a1;'1811, 33; 1810, 3;:d 1 13, 70.'




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               11
BA RRE.'B ARRE.
well adapted to agricultural pursuits as camp, near the mouth of this stream, lyany township in the county.'The sur- ing on a bed of beaver skins, with atin
face is uneven, butthere are no elevations kettle, containing  herbs, probably for
of much consequence except Cobble and medicine, hanging over the place where
Millstone hills, so called, the first in the he had built a fire. He was buried near
easterly, the other in the southeast part the spot, and from him the branch receivof the town, each of which is made up of ed its name. Jail branch rises in Washan almost solid mass of granite. The ington, [see Washington,] runs northergranite is of a light gray color, and is not ly into Orange, thence westerly into Barsurpassed by any in New England. Jail re, and unites with Stevens' branch a litBranch washes the base of Cobble hill tle south of the lower village, and near
on the southwesterly side, from which it the centre of the town. These streams,
rises abruptly, and, in some places, almost in their passage through the town, afford
perpendicularly  to the height of about many excellent mill and other water priv500 feet. On the east, north and west, it ileges. There are two considerable villasubsides gradually to the adjoining farms, ges in town, commonly denominated the
so as to be easy of ascent with teams, to upper and the lower, or Barre and south
its summit. The region here, mostly  Barre. The lower village issituate about
covered with granite rock, would, proba- three-fourths of a mile northwesterly of
bly, form an area of about 200 acres. the geographical centre of the town; and
Millstone hill lies about a mile and a half from  its central situation, as the stage
south of Cobble hill-it is a much larger road from  Royalton to Montpelier, and
swell and probably rises higher than the the stage road from Haverhill and Hanoformer. It is of hemispherical form, and ver, N. H., to Montpelier, form a junction
generally of regular ascent on all sides. here, it bids fair to become a place of conThe region of rock is greatest on the north siderable business. Within a few years
and westerly part. This and the other this village has made considerable imhill contain inexhaustible quarries of this provement.   Twingsville, situate half a
stone.  The granite for the State House mile north of this, is a neat little village
in Montpelier was taken wholly from  and has been built up within a few years,
these hills, and transported thither with under the auspices of Mr. Twing; and
teams; the distance from Cobble hill be- from its proximity to this, may justly be
ing 8, from the other 9 miles. The Pil- said as belonging to it. In this village,
lars in front of said building were taken united, there are two  taverns, three
from Cobble hill. This granite is a source stores, two houses of public worship, two
of profit to the individuals who own it, school houses, one of which is 36 by 26
and as the country around advances in feet, two stories, built of brick; one
improvement and wealth, it is eagerly starch factory, one clothier's shop one
sought by those who can afford the ex- carding machine, one tin, stove-pipe and
pense, as a most durable and ornamental copper plate manufacturer, two  shoe
article in building. It is used for base- shops, four black smith shops, one tannements, or under-pinning, pilasters and ry, one tailor shop, two plough makers,
caps for doors, caps and sills for windows, one wheel wright, also, a grist and saw
door steps, fence posts, acqueducts, and mill, a foundry and factory for turning
many other purposes. It is quarried from  iron, which belong to Mr. Joshua Twing,
the rock by means of drilling and settling and deserve a passing notice. This facwedges fitted for the purpose, by which tory or machine shop is a spacious buildit is split to any length, thickness and ing of brick, 80 by 28 feet, two stories and
depth,  required.  This stone, when does a good business in the line for which
wrought by skillful workmen is capable it was erected, which is, principally in finof receiving a smoothness nearly equal to ishing  and polishing castings for mills,
marble; and there are a number of artists &c. and is the only factory of the kind in
in the town who are engaged in working the state. In connexion with this building
it. Large quantities of it are transported is a foundry, in which the largest mill
to Montpelier, Burlington and other parts irons are cast, after which, by operation
of the country.  The principal streams of the machinery, (which is principally
are Stevens' and Jail branches. Stevens' the invention of the owner,) they receive
branch rises in Williamstown and runs a trimming and  polish not heretofore
north into Barre, and then takes a north- known in this part of the country. These
westerly course through a corner of Ber- castings, in the manner inmwhich they are
lin,andunites withWinooski river between finished, have obtained great celebrity,
Berlin and Montpclier. Previous to the not only in this state, but in the neighsettlement of this town, a hunter by the boring states. Many sets of these castname of Stevens was found dead in his ings have found theirway into Pennsylva



12                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART II.
BARTON.                 BARTON RIVER-B ASIN IIARBOR.              BATTENKILL.
nia, North Carolina, Missouri and Wis- ganization there were 19 legal voters in
cousin. In the foundry, about 100 tons town. The Congregational church and
of iron are annually wrought into these society here have a good meeting house,
castings, together with stoves and vari- which wa erected in 1820, and princiou~ other articles of general utility. Mr. pally at the expense and through the inTwing is noted as a mill-wright, and has, struinentality of Col. Ellis Cobb of this
annually, in his employ, in building mills town. The soil of this township is genabroad, and in the various branches con- erally very good. W[illoughby's river runs
nected with the factory, about 30 work- a short distance in this town, and falls
men. The number of inhabitants in the into  Barton river.  Barton river runs
village above mentioned, in connexion through the town from south to north.
with Twingsville, is about 500.  The The pond in Glover, which broke its
upper village or south Barre, is situate a northern bound and run entirely out on
mile and a half south of the lower, on the 6th of June, 1810, passed down this
the road leading to Williamstown, and is river, making very destructive ravages;
a considerable village. There are here, a the traces of' which are still to be seen.
meeting house, with a bell, one tavern, There are several ponds in Barton  of
one store, a good grist and two sawmills, which Belle pond is much the largest.
the grist mill  containing four run of The outlet of this pond, which is one of
stone, one carding machine, one foundry the head branches of Barton river, affords
for casting stoves, &c., one clotheir's some of the finest mill seats in the counshop, one starch factory, one tannery and try. At this place is a thriving little vilshoe shop, one cabinet shop and two lage, containing two taverns, two stores,
blacksmith shops. This place is central- and a number of mills and mechanic's
ly situated as a place of business for the shops. There are in town two saw mills,
south part of the town. Number of in- one grist mill, one fulling mill, and one
habitants in this village is about 200. woollen factory. Statistics of l840.-HorBesides the above there is another foun- ses, 287; cattle, 1,058; sheep, 4,447,
dry, centrally situated between the two swine, 492; wheat, bu. 1,177; barley, 1,villages, for casting stoves, plow irons,&c. 072; oats, 8,632; rye, 46; b. wheat, 880;
owned by J. L. & G. Robinson.  Besides Ind. corn, 1,952; potatoes, 34,633; hay,
the forementioned, there are in the town tons, 2,821; sugar, lbs, 26,041; wool,
one other grist mill and three saw mills. 10,695. Population, 892.
The town is divided into fifteen school   BARTON RIVER is formed in the towndistricts, in each of which a school is gen- ship of Barton. One of the head brancherally maintained six months in a year. es of this river, originates in Glover from
Statistics of 1840. —Horses, 543; cattle, the fountains of Runaway pond, and runs
2,826; sheep, 8,997; swine, 1,255; wheat, northerly into Barton; the other rises
bu. 3,560; barley, 794; oats, 26,90 1; rye, from two small ponds on the line between
6'98; b. wheat, 1,307; Ind. corn, 9,170; Sutton and Sheffield, and after passing
potatoes, 120,337; hay, tons, 6,938; su- through Belle pond,unites with the stream
gar, lbs. 62,158; wool, 26,621. Popula- from Glover. Their united waters take
tion, 2,126                     J. a.   a northerly direction, and, just before they
BARTON, a post town in Orleans coun- reach the north line of Bartoh, receive
ty, situated in lat. 44Q 45' and long. 40 Willoughby's river, a considerable stream
49', containing 36 square miles. It is which arises from  a large pond of the
bounded north by Brownington, east by same name in Westmore, and runs westWestmore and Sheffield, south by Glover, erly eight or nine miles through the south
and west by Irasburghand Albany, lying part of Brownington and north part of
40 miles northeasterly from Montpelir. Barton. From Barton, Barton river conOctober 28, 1781, it was granted to Gen. tinues a north course, passing through
William  Barton, of Rhode Island, and the northeast corner of Irasburgh and
his associates, by the name of Providence; eastern part of Orleans, into Memphreand from him the town derives its name. magog lake. This river waters about 160
It was chartered Oct. 20, 1789, and then square miles.
took the name of Barton, in honor of the   BASIN HARBOR. See Ferrisburgh.
principal proprietor. The settlement of   BATTENKILt.. This stream is formed in
this town was commenced about the year Dorset near the head of Otter creek, and
1796, by Jonathan Allyne, Asa Kimball, runs south into Manchester, where it reJames May and John Kimball. The first ceives several branches; thence southwessettlers were from Rhode Island and New  terly across the northwest corner of SundHampshire.  The town was organized erland into Arlington, where it receives
March 20, 1798, and Abner Allyne was Roaring brook, a considerable  stream,
first town clerk. At the time of its or- whichrisesin Sunderland,and several oth



PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              13
BIELAMAqUEEN BAY.  BELLE POND-BELLOWS FALILS-BELVIDERE.   BENNINGTON.
er tributaries. It thence takes a westerly Bennington in allusion to his name. It
direction through Washington, N. Y. re- was described as a township six miles
ceiving in its course White creek, which square, lying six miles north of the Masoriginates in Rupert and Pawlet in Ver- sachusetts line, and 20 miles east of Hudmont, and falls into Hudson river, three son's river. The grantees were William
or four miles below Fort Miller.  The Williams and 61 other individuals, residwhole length of this stream is about 43 ing principally in Portsmouth,New Hampmiles, and about one half the length of it shire. This was the first township grantlies in this state. It waters, in Vermont, ed within the present limits of Vermont,
about 225 square miles, and affords a num- and the conditions of this and subsequent
her of very good mill privileges. Along New Hampshire grants, may be seen in
its banks are considerable tracts of val- the Form of a New  Hampshire charter,
uable intervale.                      in part second, page 224. Immediately
BELAMAQEEN BAY. See St. Albans.   after the grant the proprietors met at
BELLE POND, called also Belle-water Portsmouth and made a plan of the townpond, is 3 miles long and 1 wide, situa- ship, by which, after laying out 64 lots
ted in the southeastern part of Barton. It of one acre each, for each proprietor, near
derives its name from the clearness of the centre for a " town plot," in conformthis water.                           ity wilh the provisions of the charter, they
BELLOWS FALLS. These are the most divided the residue into 64 equal parts,
considerable falls in Connecticut river, which they distributed among themselves
and are situated against the southeastern by lots. In the survey of the township,
part of Rockingham. See Rockingham.  which was made in October, 1749, an alBELLOWS FALLS VILLAGE. See Rock- lowance, in conformity with the custom
ingham.                               of the time, of one chain in every thirty
BELVIDERE, a post town in the north- was made for "swag," by which the
ern part of Lamoille county, lying on the township was enlarged and made to inwestern range of the Green Mountains, elude about 39 square miles, instead of
about 32 miles north east from Burling- 36, the actual charter quantity. In a
ton, and about the same distance north statement of the claim of New York to
from Montpelier. It is bounded north by the territory now Vermont, published by
Avery's Gore and Lowell, east by Eden, order of the assembly of that province, in
south by Johnson, and west by Water- 1773, it is said that the grantees of Benville, and contains 30100 acres. It was nington attempted to avail themselves of
granted to John Kelly, March 5, 1787, their grant in 1753, but were prohibited
and was chartered by the name of Belvi- from taking possession by a proclamation
dere,November 4, 1791. A considerable issued by the governor of'New York.
part of this township is mountainous and Such proclamation must have been ununfit for cultivation. The settlement was necessary, the disturbed condition of the
commenced about the year 1800, and in New England frontier being sufficient
1810 the population was 217, being ten to prevent the occupation of the lands
more than at the present time.  The till after the conquest of Canada, in 1760.
township is watered by two branches of The settlement of the town commenced
the river Lamoille, on one of which is a in the spring of 1761. The most advansaw mill. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 42; ced posts at this time in New England,
cattle, 246; sheep, 683; swine, 116; west of the Green Mountains, were two
wheat, bu. 332; oats, 820; rye, 39; Ind. small forts, called east and west Hoosic;
corn, 294; potatoes, 9,310; hay, tons, 553; the one situated about a mile west of the
sugar, lbs. 3,440; wool, 1,187. Popula- present village of North Adams, Mass.,
tion. 207                              and the other near the site of the meetBENNINGTON, a half shire town of Ben- ing house in Williamstown. Here, forts
nington county, lying near the southwest had, for a number of years, given partial
corner of the state in lat. 42~0 51' and protection to some families in their immelong. 30 53'.  It is bounded north by diate neighborhood, but afforded insuffiShaftsbury, east by Woodford, south by cient security against the French and InPownal and west by Hoosic, in Rensse- dians, to induce extensive settlements.
laer county, New York, and is 100 miles There were, also, to the west of Benningsouth easterly from Montpelier, 110 miles ton, along the banks of the Hoosic, a few
west by north from Boston, 33 north east Dutch families, four of which had seated
from Albany, 160 northeasterly from New  themselves as far up the river as Pownal.
York, and 375 east by north from  Wash- It is believed none of the grantees of the
ington. The township was chartered by town ever removed to Bennington. The
Benning Wentworth, governor of New  first settlers were purchasers under the
Hampshire, Jan. 3, 1749, and was called original proprietors and came from Mas



14                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PAnT III.
BENNINGTON.                                                      BENNINGTGN.
sachusetts. Samuel Robinson, of Hard- officers, which consisted of a town clerk,
wick, Massachusetts, who had been a five select men, a town treasurer, two
captain during the French war, on his constables, two tything men, two hayreturn  from  Lake  George to Hoosic wards, two fence viewers, and two deerforts, while proceeding up Hoosic  riv- rifts. Moses Robinson was the first town
er, mistook the Wa'alloomscoik for that clerk. Capt. Samuel Robinson had been
stream, and followed it up to the tract of appointed a justice of the peace by the
country now Bennington. Here he and governor of New Hampshire; thus the
his companions, finding they had lost their little community became an organized
way, encamped over night, and in the government, acknowledging the authorimorning changed their course and pursu- ty of New Hampshire; though from their
ed their way to the forts.  Capt. Robin- distant and isolated situation, the settlers
son was much pleased with the country, were in a great measure independent of
and returned to his family with a deter- all government, but that which they
mination to begin a settlement upon it. chose to impose on themselves. Much of
He accordingly repaired to New Hamp- the most important public business of the
shire, made purchases of a considerable settlers, for two or three of the first years,
portion of the rights and then sought for seems to have been taken under the jusettlers. The firstemigrationto the town risdiction of the proprietors of the town,
consisted of the families of Peter Har- who held separate meetings from the inwood, Eleazer Harwood, Leonard Rob- habitants.  The first proprietors meetinson, and Samuel Robinson, jr., from  ing, of which a record has been preservHardwick, and of Samuel Pratt and Tim- ed, was held the 11th of February 1762, at
othy Pratt, from  Amherst. The party which meeting a committee was appointincluding women and children number- ed "to look out a place for a meeting
ed about twenty. They came on horse- house;" and on the 26th of the same
back across the mountain by the Hoosic month the committee reported, and the site
forts and through Pownal, bringing on was agreed upon. The house was built
their horses all their household goods, partly by individual contributions and
and arrived in town the 18th of June, partly by a tax on the proprietors, and
1761. Benjamin Harwood, a most esti- was erected and occupied about the year
mable man, now living in Bennington, 1764, though it was not entirely finished
son of Peter Harwood, was the first per- until several years afterwards. It was
son born in town, Jan. 12, 1762. During a wooden building, without a steeple, and
the fall of 1761, other families to the stood on the "town plot," between the
number of thirty or forty came into town, site of the present house and Hick's ho-:among whom were those of Samuel Rob- tel, the road passing both sides of it. It
inson, sen. James Breakenridge, John  was taken down about the year 1804, afFassett, Eleazer Wood, ElishaField,Sam- ter the present house was finished. The;uel and Oliver Scott, Joseph Safford, John subject of schools also received the early
Smith, Joseph Wickwire, Samuel Mon- attention of the proprietors, who, in Jan.
tague, and Samuel Atwood. The fami- 1763, voted a tax for building a school
lies of Clark, Fay, Hubbell, Henderson, house, and the following April the inhabWalbridge, Dewey, Warner and Harmon, itants in town meeting voted a tax to supwere early settlers,'but are believed not port schools " in three parts of the town."
to have arrived in town the first year.   The settlers suffered great inconvenThe first settlers of Bennington encoun- ience from the want of roads and bridges,
tered the usual dangers and privations at- and also for the want of mills. To overtendant at that early period on the pio- come these difficulties the proprietors and
neers of a new country. It is related that inhabitants taxed themselves freely, both
many of the emigrants arrived late in the in labor and money. Roads were opened
fall, and that but for the uncommon mild- to different parts of the town, and bridgness of the season, which seemed Provi- esbuilt where necessary. Samuel Robindentially to postpone the setting in of son and Joseph Safford, had built "the Safwinter to an unusually late period, their ford mills," a grist mill and saw mill,in the
preparations for it could not have been east part of the town by the first of Sept.,
completed, and extreme suffering must 1762, for which they received a bounty of
have been the consequence.             forty dollars for each mill, the bounty
The first town meeting was held March having been.previously promised by vote
31, 1762. Samuel Montague was chosen of the proprietors. A bounty of forty
moderator, and it was then voted that dollars was also given for erecting a saw'every inhabitant and free-holder should mill " on the west side of the town."
have free liberty to vote in said meeting."   On the 2d of December, 1762, a church
The meeting proceeded to choose town was organized, which, by vote on the




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               15
BENNINGTON.                                                      BENNINGTON.
same day, adopted the Cambridge plat- generally devised, and whence issued
form, with the exception of such parts their resolves and orders, and a large
of it as admitted the aid of civil magis- share of the physical force which carried
trates in enforcing the support of the them into effect, some notice of this conministry, and their coercive power over troversy seems to be necessary in an acthe church in other matters.*  They count of this town. There were some
denominated themselves Congregational- circumstances in the controversy with
ists, and were such in every respect, ex- New York, peculiar to the claims of the
cept in regard to their enlightened no- settlers in Bennington, or, rather, to a
tions of religious freedom, which, being portion of them.  In other places the
at the time in advance of the great major- grants of the governor of New Hampshire
ity of their brethren, procured for them  were of earlier date than those under New
the temporary name of Separatists. In York; but in Bennington several thouthe fall of 1763, the Rev. Jedediah Dew- sand acres of the land were alleged to have
ey of Westfield, Mass., in consequence of been granted by New  York about ten
a call from the church and society at Ben- years before the charter under New Hampnington, removed to this town and be- shire. This grant bore date June 15,
came their pastor. In addition to the en- 1739, and was called Wallum's patent, or,
couragement given him by voluntary sub- in the Dutch language, Wallu'mschaik,
scription, the proprietors of the town vot- the termination chaik signifying scrip or
ed him  the "minister's right," which patent. It waspronounced Walloomnscoik,
was situated adjoining the town plot, and and gave the name to the stream, on both
was valuable.  Mr. Dewey  continued sides of which it was alleged to extend
pastor until his death, Dec. 21, 1778.  from about a mile west of Shaftsbury west
The emigration to Bennington which line, up to about the centre of Benninghad commenced in 1761 steadily contin- ton. It grew narrow as it extended up
ued. At the end of four years the town the river. This was the claim made by
probably contained a population of about the patentees. The New Hampshire set1000; and the adjoining towns of Pownal tlers disputed the extent of the patent, aland Shaftsbury might together contain leging that it included only about 40 acres
nearly as many more. The settlers had of the northwest corner of the town. It
overcome the first difficulties and hard- seems probable the New York claimants
ships of a new country, had cleared and were right in regard to the boundaries of
put under successful cultivation a consid- the patent, but the New Hampshire men
erable portion of their lands, had erected were the first occupants. The inhabitcomfortable dwellings and out-houses, had ants of Bennington were also charged by
built roads and bridges; and had, in short, " the Yorkers" with having located their
become a prosperous and thriving com- charter some three miles further to the
munity. But now they were compelled west than its terms warranted. In a pubto encounter new troubles. The king, by lication of the New York claimants made
an order in council, had transferred their in 1773, it is stated that " the grantees of
territory from  the jurisdiction of New  the township of Bennington discovered
Hampshire to that of New York, and the that the situation of the tract according to
government of New York had construed the intention of the grant, would be both
the order as confirming the title to their inconvenient and unprofitable, as it inclulands in that province. The title of the ded a large proportion of mountain, and
settlers was thus called in question, and that they therefore by no other authority
it became apparent that they must either than a vote of their town meeting, prepurchase their lands anew, or abandon sumed to extend it to the westward, to
their improvements to the mercy of the within 17 miles of Hudson's river.""
New  York claimants.  There was, in- This charge is no doubt unfounded, at
deed, one other alternative, and that was least, to the extent in which it is made.
to defend their possessions by force, if it The average distance of the town front
should become necessary. That alterna- the river is now about 20 miles.  there
tive they adopted. A general history of is, nevertheless, a tradition that when the
the controversy with New York, which proprietors found that the eastern part of
was the result of this determination, has the town embraced a portion of the Green
already been given in the second part of Mountains, and that the unoccupied lands
this work, and will not be repeated here. adjoining the west line were mostly valuBnt since Bennington was, in fact,through able, they determined  to remove the
the whole coutroversy, the head quar- township one tier of lots, or about halfa
ters of the opponents of New York, the mile to the west. This tradition is counplace where their plans,f operatienq were tenanced bv a record of a proprietors
fme part secatd, page 176.             cinl(Ctlg, IeldiSeptember 2'1), 1762, which




16                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
BENNINGTON.                                                      BENNINGTON.
is as follows, viz: "' Voted, that each man of the settlers, and threatened so decisivethat owns the rights in the east range of ly with violence in case they continued
rights in the town of Bennington shall their work, that they were very willing
have the liberty of rernoving the easterly to abandon it. This produced another
half mile of said rights over to the west complaint to the governor and another
side in said town opposite to them."  If, proclamation for apprehending rioters,
as this vote would seem to indicate, the among whom were named Simeon Hathwest line of the town was removed, it eway, Moses Scott, Jona Fisk, and Silas
had the effect to add a strip of half a mile Robinson, who are described as " princiin width and about fifty in length to the pal authors and actors in said riot."  On
state,-the west line of Bennington hav- the 29th of November, the Sheriff of Aling been the basis of the surveys of all bany county, by the aid of " the infamous
the western towns, from  Pownal north John Munro," as he is called in Ethan
to Poultney river. In June, 1765, a Capt. Allen's publications, succeeded in arrestCampbell, in attempting to survey " the ing Silas Robinson, and in hurrying him
old patent," as that of WValloomscoik was off to Albany before his neighbors could
called, came on the land of Samuel Rob- come to his rescue. Robinson was ininson, where he was met by him  and dicted as a rioter and confined in jail till
others in his employment, and forcibly October of the next year, when he was
driven off. Robinson, with two others, released on bail.*  Since the recovery of
was indicted for a riot in the court at Al- judgment in ejectment by the Walloombany, was arrested and after being con- scoik proprietors against James Breakenfined two months in Albany jail, was re- ridge, the sheriff of Albany county had
leased on the payment of a fine. This made several unsuccessful essays to put
was the first of that series of indictments the plaintiffs in possession of the lands
with which the settlers were harrassed for recovered. It was therefore determined,
many years. In the fall of 1766 Capt. by the advice of the governor and council,
Robinson went to England as an agent that the posse, or in other words the militia
for the settlers on the grants, where he of Albany county, should be called out to
died the succeeding year.*  The Yorkers, aid the sheriff in executing his writ. Early
considering their claim under " the old in July, 1771, an attempt was made to carpatent" as standing on stronger grounds ly this determination into effect, the result
of equity than those under more recent of which has been given in part secgrants, prosecuted it with more zeal; ond, page 21. About this time one Hazand the New Hampshire men, believing zard Wilcox, who lived in Hoosic, on
that the success of their antagonists un- Walloomscoik patent, undertook, with
der that claim would be the forerunner of several others, to build a house in the exsuccess in all the others, resisted it with treme northwest corner of Bennington,
equal vigilance and ardor. Several efforts on the forty acres which were within the
had been made to survey the patent, but, acknowledged limits ofthe patent. They
for some reason or other, they had proved built the body of the house with logs, and
Unsuccessful. In the fall of 1769 a re- had raised the rafters, but the " Hamp-.newed attempt, with a large party, was shire men" drove off the party, tore down
made, but with no better success than the house, and cut up and burnt the ma"before. It happened, whether acciden-' terials. This Wilcox, who was an active
tally or otherwise, cannot now be known, "Yorker," afterwards became a tory, in'that on the very day the survey was to the first year of the war, and when some of,be undertaken, a large number of the in- his neighbors undertook to break into his.habitants had assembled on the farm of house and arrest him, he struck one Per-.James Breakenridge, to assist in harvest- ry violently on the breast with a heavy
ing his corn. While they were thus em- piece of wood, and killed him. Upon
ployed, the surveyors made their appear- which Wilcox fled and never returned.
ance. A long conversation ensued, which, These were the last attempts of the York-'without the application of force, resulted ers to take forcible possession of lands in
in the abandoniment of the attempt, on Bennington. But their attempts were
the part of the surveyors. It is probable often made in other places; and as the
they saw reason to apprehend danger if inhabitants of Bennington had been first
they persevered, and therefore desisted.t assailed by the land jobbers and had sucTI'he result of the trials at Albany in July, cesfiully resisted them, they were nat1770, gave new confidence to the Wal- urally looked to for counsel and aid by
loomscoik proprietors, who undertook an- the settlers in other towns; and this
other survey the following September, counsel and aid were promptly given. The
but the surveyors were met by a number opposition to New York became known
* See part second, page 19. t lbid. page 20.  *;ee part second, page 21.




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.'17
BENNINGTON.                                                      BENNINGTON.
in that province as the "Bennington  nington furnished their full share of men
mob;" and it became the policy of the and supplies for carrying it on. Benninggovernor to represent to the public and to ton was for sometime a depot for provisthe crown, that the opposition to that prov- ions and public stores belonging to the
ince was produced by a few ambitious and United States. To obtain possession of
lawless inhabitants of Bennington. Im- these provisions and stores was the prinmediately after the visit from the posse, cipal object of Burgoyne in sending his
the people of the grants began to form  expedition to Bennington, which termi.
their voluntary associations for military nated so unfavorably to him, and so gloridiscipline, under the denomination of ously to the American cause, by the vie" Green Mountain Boys."  The union of tory, at this place, of August 16th, 1777.*
the several towns on the west side of the   Some of the most prominent of the earmountains, through conventions of their ly inhabitants of Bennington deserve a
agents and committees, became more passing notice. Samuel Robinson, Sen.,
compact and efficient; and from  this pe- who died in England in 1767, has already
riod the events connected with the New  been mentioned. Next' to him, among
York controversy, properly belong to the the first settlers, was James Breakenridge,
general history of the state, to which the who was a large land holder, owning a
reader is referred in part second. Itmay, considerable tract in the northwest part
however, be mentioned that among the of the town. lie had been a lieutenant in
relics of this period which still remain at the French war, and was an active and
Bennington, is "the big cannon," a heavy useful man. He was sent to England,
iron 6 pounder, which was brought from  with Jehiel Hawley, of Arlington, as an
the fort at east Hoosic in 1772, for the agent for the settlers in the fall of 1772,
purpose of being used in the defence of and returned the next year. Seth pWarner
the grants against an expected invasion is too well known to require any thing to
of the British regulars under governor be said of him. He came to Bennington
Tryon. It was kept in town and occu- early, was an active and efficient opponent
pied a position, perhaps, "more for orna- of the Yorkers, was Colonel of a Contiment than use," at Stark's encampment nental regiment throughout the war, and
before the battle of Bennington. The died at Woodbury, Connecticut, soon af.
terms on which the piece was obtained terits close.t Ethan Allen resided in Ben!
from  the fort, are not known; but its nington for two or three years previous
rather uncertain ownership has occasion- to the war, and also for a time after
ally, for many years past, afforded an ex- the peace.4  JMoses, Samuel and Joncuse for the young men and boys'of sever- athan Robinson, sons of Samuel Robinson,
al of the neighboring towns in this and the Sen., were prominent men. Moses Robadjoining states of New4York and Massa- inson was the first colonel of militia in the
chusetts, to exercise their powers in steal- state, and with his regiment was often in
ing it back and forth from each other; in active service during the war. He was
which thieving operation they have some- afterwards chief judge of the supreme
times,, when stimulated by the approach court, governor of the state and senator
of a celebration of the anniversary of in- in Congress. He died in 1813. Samuel
dependence, or of Bennington battle, ex- Robinson was an' active and prominent
hibited a skill and adroitness that might military man in the state service, and be.
have won the approbation of a Spartan came colonel of the militia when that post
father. The people of Bennington never was of more importance than it is reckonat any time recognized the jurisdiction of ed at present. He commanded one of the
New York. All the warnings of their Bennington companies of militia in Bentown meetings, up to Dec., 1769, are enti- nington battle, and Capt. Elijah Dewey
tled"ProvinceofN.H." Thoseofasubse- commanded the other. Jonathan Robinquent date; until the state established a son became chief judge of the supreme
regular government in 1778, are entitled court, and a senator in Congress. John
simply " town of Bennington," without Fassett and Stephen Fay were among the
any designation of province or state. The early leading men of the town.  John
people of Bennington took an early and Fassett,.Jun., was also a prominent man,
active part in favor of American liberty. and held the office of judge of the supreme
Here was held the council of Allen, Eas- court for several years. Dr. Jonas Fay,
ton, Warner and others, in which the ex- son of Stephen, held many important
sedition to Ticonderoga was planned, in posts in the state, and was a noted and
May, 1775; and a considerable portion useful man, as was also his brother Joof the Green Mountain boys, who joined
the expedition, were from  this town.  * For a full account of the Bennington battle, see
Throughout the war the people of Ben- part second, page 45.
PT. Il.                 3             f1 See part second, page 20.; Ibid.
Pt. m.      ~    3




18                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
BENNINGTON.                                                      BENNINGTON
seph Fay. Theodore S. Fay of New York, tensively introduced. Bennington is cona popular writer of the day, and secreta- nected with Troy, the head of the Hudry of Legation at Berlin, is a grandson of son steam  boat navigation, by a good
Joseph Fay. David Fey, another son of macadamnized road, the distance being 30
Stephen, was United States Attorney for miles. The Walloomscoik and itsbranchthe Vermont district under Mr. Jefferson, es furnish water power, which is improvanmdl afterwards judge of the supreme ed to a considerable extent; whence have
court. Isaac Tichenor came to Benning- sprung up several manufacturing villaton in 1777, as a deputy commissary of ges, which with the old village will repurchases under the United States-was quire separate notices.
a member of the assembly in 1781, and   Bennington Centre, or the old village of
for several successive years; afterwards Bennington, has seventy-five dwelling
was a member of the council, judge of houses and about four hundred inhabitthe supreme court from 1791 to 1795, a ants. The public buildings are a Consenator in Congress in 1796, governor of gretional meeting house, a court house
the state from 1797 to 1807, and also in and jail, and two academies. It has also
1809, and again a senator in Congress the post office, a bank, three taverns, five
from 1814 to 1820. He died in 1840 at stores, seven law offices, a printing office,
the age of 85. The family of Saffords and mechanics shops, of various descripwere also leading men. Samuel Safford tions. It is a place of considerable capiwas major in Col. Warner's Continental tal and business; but like most old villaregiment, and served through the war. ges in New England, having been begun
He was afterwards a prominent and use- on high ground, a portion of tile business,
ful man in civil life. The first represen- of which it would otherwise have been
tatives of the town in the general assem- the centre, has departed to more fortubly, chosen the first Tuesday of March, nate locations on the streams. This vil1778, were Nathan Clark and John Fas- lage was the centre of operations of the
sett. Nathan Clark was the first speaker people of this state, against the Yorkers,
of the house. He had been a leading and also against the common enemy, durman in. committees of safety and conven- ing the revolution. The councils of the
tions for several years. The representa- leaders were held at the Green Mountain
tives chosen on the first Tuesday of Sept. tavern, kept by Stephen Fay; the sign to
1778, were John Fassett and Ebenezer which wasthe stuffed skin ofacatamount,
Walbridge. The latter was colonel of placed on a post twenty-five feet high,
the militia about this time, and after- with its jaws distended, and teeth grinwards became brigadier general. He ning towards New  York.*  Here were
was an active and prominent man.       determined the most important public
Bennington, by the N.. Y. organization, concernments; and here decided the fate
was included in the county of Albany. In of those accused of offences against the
1779, when Vermont became organized, people. Many a luckless Yorker had reait was made a half shire town of Ben- son to rue the day he was summoned to
nington county, and has continued such trial at the sigh of the catamount; and
ever since. A court house and jail were many an unfortunate tory has departed
built here at an early day. There have from its council room, thanking his stars
been two public executions in this town, that he had been suffered to escape with
one of David Redding  for " enemical his life, though at the expense of a conconduct" in 1778; and the other of Ar- fiscation of his property. The house is
chibald Bates for murder in Feb., 1839.*  now occupied as a private dwelling by
About one quarter of the township is Samuel Fay, Esq. a descendant of the
mountainous. The residue is feasible up- first proprietor. The battle ground is sitland, with a considerable quantity of allu- uated about 7 miles northwest of this vilvial. The soil is rich and productive, lage, on the Walloomscoik river, in the
perhaps equal to any in the state. Wheat town of Hoosic, New York.
was formerly raised in abundance, but for   The Congregational meeting house is a
many years has been an uncertain crop, fine wooden building, and was erected in
and has ceased to be cultivated, except in 1804. Until about the year 1830, it was
very small quantities. The productions the only house for public worship in town.
are principally corn, rye, oats, hay, but- Now  there are seven others. The first
ter, cheese, beef, pork, and poultry, which emigrants to Bennington were Concregenerally find a ready market among the gationalists; and it is related of Samuel
manufacturing and mechanical population Robinson, the principal proprietor, that
of the town; for which reason the busi- when persons came to town to purchase
ness of wool-growing has not been ex- land, it was his practice to invite them to
* For particulars see part second, page 121.  * See part second, page 31.




PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             ~i9
BENNINGTON.                                                      BENNI NGTON.
his house over night. In the course of a mile and a half east of the old village,
the evening he contrived to ascertain contains 140 dwelling houses and about
their religious views. If he found they 700 inhabitants. Its public buildings are
did not correspond with his, he persuaded four churches and an academy. It has a
them to settle in Shaftsbury, of which he woollen factory, employing eight or ten
was also a proprietor. By this means the hands; two wadding fact(ries, which
settlers of Bennington were nearly all of manufacture from 70) to 80 thousand dozone religious faith; and they continued en sheets per annum, valued at 20 to
so, with some exceptions, to a late period. $25,000.; two cupola furnaces which
This attempt to preserve uniformity of re- make from eight to ten tons of castingrsligious sentiment was doubtless designed such as stoves, mill-irons, ploughs, &c.to promote the harmony and consequent per week; three tanneries that prepare
happiness of the town. But it is questiona- for market 3000 hides annually; a stone
ble whether it had that effect. While but and earthern ware factory, employing
a single church existed, it was often di- from 12 to 15 hands; and an establishvided into parties, sometimes of a most ment for making fire bricks,which produbitter character, whose influence exten- ces about $5,000 worth per annum. The
ded throughout the town, and produced vi- fire bricks, for the composition and manolent animosities and heart burnings. ufacture of which a patent has been obThe party in the majority was generally tained, are composed principally of kaolin
intolerant, and both parties bigoted and and pulverized quartz, whichare found in
uncharitable. Since other churches have abundance in the east part of the town.
been established, more liberal religious, The bricks are used in blast and cupola
as well as kinder, social feelings have furnaces, glass ovens, and for other purprevailed. The first pastor of this church, poses where a substance capable of resistas has been before stated, was the Rev. ing a high heat is required. For most
Jedediah Dewey, who was settled  in purposes these bricks are preferred to
1763, and died December 21, 1778. The any imported. This village has also, beRev. David Avery was settled May 3, sides great numbers of mechanics'shops,
1780. He had been a chaplain to General a grist-mill, saw-mill, oil-mill, 8 stores, 3
Learned's brigade of the army, and re- taverns, a printing office, and 3 law offices.
signed that situation when he received a The Baptist meeting house is a neat
call from this church. le did not give wooden building, and was erected in 1830;
general satisfaction and was dismissed, the church having been organized, April
May 27, 1783. The Rev. Job Swift was 11, 1827. The Rev. Henry F. Baldwin
settled February 27, 1786, and continued was pastor from June, 1828, to October,
in charge of the church till JurLe 7, 1801. 1830. The Rev. Thomas Teasdale sucThe Rev. Daniel Marsh next became pas- ceeded him and continued his labors till
tor about 1806, and continued such uMtil February, 1832; when he was succeeded
April 25, 1820. The Rev. Absalom  Pe- by the Rev. Jeremiah Hall, who remainters was ordained July 5,1820, and releas- ed till 1836.  The Rev. Mr. Willis came
ed from his charge December 14, 1825. next, and continued one year, when he
The Rev. Daniel A. Clark was pastor was succeeded by the Rev. S. Hutchins,
from June 13th, 1826, to October 12, 1830. the present pastor. The Methodist meetThe present minister, the Rev. Edward ing house is a stone building, erected in
W. Hooker, was settled February 22, 1833. The church was organized in May,
1832. The church, by the separation of-'a 1827. The following named clergymen
portion of its members to form two other have been successively stationed here,with
churches, has become much weakened, the church since May, 1827, each for two
though it is still the largest, and has years, to wit: the Rev. Cyrus Prindle,
the most numerous and wealthy con- John M. Weaver, Wright Hazen, Henry
gregation  of any in the town. One Burton. Henry Smith, - Hubbard, and
of the academies in this village, was C. R. Wilkins. The present minister is
erected in 1821, and the other in 1829. the Rev. Jesse Craig. An Episcopal parThey were for five or six years rival in- ish was organized here July 24, 1834, by
stitutions, and were in a flourishing con- the name of St. Peter's Church, under
dition; but since 1837, permanent schools the ministry of the Rev. Nathaniel O.
have not been maintained in either. The Preston, and a church edifice built of
village is well situated for an institution brick in 1836, which was consecrated Juofthisdescription, aid Mr. Horace Fletch- ly 22, 1839. This church is still under
er has lately commenced a school in one the pastoral care of the Rev. N. O. Presof the buildings, with a fair prospect of ton, and though small, consisting of only
success.                               20 communicants, is regarded as in a prosBennington East Vlillage, situated about perous condition. The Congregational




20                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          P4RT HIl.
BENNINGTON.                                               BENNINGTON COUNTY.
meeting house was built in 1839. The   Hinsdillville is about a mile south of
church, being a colony from the old cen- of North Bennington, at the junction of
tre church, was organized April 26, 1836. Paran creek with the Walloomscoik. It
Rev. Aretas Loomis the present minister, has three cotton factories, and until withwas settled soon after the organization of in three or four years past was a busy and
the church.-Union Academy is a flour- flourishing village; but the works are
ishing institution, under the patronage not now  in operation. On the 29th of
of the Baptist denomination. It is at October, 1834, a portion of the old centre
present under the charge of W. G. Brown church formed themselves into a new
and W. A. Fisher.                      church, adopting the Presbyterian mode
Bennington Iron Works are situated of government, and, in 1835 erect d at
near the east line of the town, about three this place a neat stone house for worship.
miles from the centre village. They con- The Rev. Mr. Kenney, the, Rev. Mr.
sist of three large blast filrnaces, which Johnson, and the Rev. Mr. Nott have sucproduce from two to three thousand tons cessively been the pastors of the church.
of pig iron per annum, giving employ- It has at present no minister.
ment to 150 or 200 hands, and from 40 to   Irishl Corner is three quarters of a mile
50 teams. The ore is obtained in about below Hinsdillville, at which are a tavern
equal quantities from two beds; one half and store, and also a cotton factory, not
a mile from the works, and the other About now in operation. Between this and Hinssix miles distant in the west part of the dillville is a small Methodist chapel, built
town. The ore yields about 50 per cent in 1836.
of pure iron. The descent from the sur-   Walbridgeville, about three quarters of
face of the ground into the west ore-bed a mile above Hinsdillville on the Walis by means of a windlass through a per- loornscoik, has two paper mills where
pendicular shalt 70 feet in depth. From  paper is extensively manufactured by apthe bottom you may travel by candle-light proved modern machinery. It has also a
through its subterraneous passages for saw mill and asmall woollenfactory.
several hundred yards.                   iron ore is found in several places in
JWorth Bennington is situated about four this town. The oxyde ofmanganese, of the
miles northwest of the court house, on variety called the earthy oxyde, is also
Paran creek, a branch of the Walloom- found in connexion with brown hematite.
scoik. It has 50 dwelling houses and Its color is brownish black.  Radiated
about 300 inhabitants, a post office, tav- and compact varieties also occur. It is very
ern, five stores, two cotton and one wool- abundant. The yellow oxyde of iron, or
len factories, two establishments for mak- yellow ochre is also found in abundance
ing carpenters' steel squares, a grist mill in this town. It is a good article for comand saw mill. One of the cotton facto- mon uses, and about 100 tons are annualries, which was the first that was put in ly prepared and sent to market. Marble,
operation in the state, has 1280 spindles magnesian limestone, argillacious slate,
and 36 power looms, employing about 40 and hornstone are also found. The marhands, and manufactures 450,000 yards of ble is worked, but not to a large extent.
shirting per annum. The other factory, Mount Anthony, in the south west part
more recently erected, makes sheeting of the town, is a considerable elevation.
exclusively; its productions being about On the east side of the mountain, a mile
equal to the first. The woollen factory is from the centre village, is a cavern, which
on a small scale. The business of manu- is a considerable curiosity. Stalactites
facturing carpenters' squares, was com- are suspended from  the roof, and also
menced in this village in 1820, and was incrust the sides of the cave. Statistics
the first establishment of the kind in the of 1840.-Horses, 692;  cattle, 2,669;
United States. The article is much su- sheep, 9,578; swine, 2,138; wheat, bu.
perior to any imported, and has nearly 2,185; barley, 939; oats, 30,399; rye,
superseded foreign squares in market. 3,852; buck wheat, 1,213; Indian corn,
There are now two establishments in the 16,000; potatoes, 56,475; hay, tons, 564;
village, capable of turning off 50 finished sugar, lbs. 7,828; wool, 26,327. Populasquares per day, or from 12 to 15,000 an- tion, 3429.                 H. H.
nually. The village has also a Univer-   BENNINGTON COUNTY lies in the southsalist meeting house, built in 1836. The west corner of the state, and is bounded
Rev. G. Leach and the Rev. Wm. Bell north by Rutland county, east by Windhave successively officiated as clergymen. ham county, south by Berkshire county,
There is at present no resident minister. Mass., and west by Washington and RensThere is also a Baptist meeting house selaer counties, N. Y. It is situated beabout three-fourths of a mile north of the tween 42~ 44' and 43o 18' north lat. and
village, within the limits of Shaftsbury.   between 30 46' and 40 14' east long. and




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              21
BENSON.                                                              BENSON,
is 39 miles long and 20 wide at the north Barber, Durfee, and Noble. Mr. Durend. It contains about 610 square miles. fee came into town and made some imThe earliest permanent settlements, on provements before the revolution, but was
the west side of the mountain, in Ver- driven off. The town was organized about
mont, were made in this county. During the year 1786, and Allen Goodrich was
the revolution, most of the settlements the first town clerk, and Chauncey Smith
north of the countyofRutland, wereaban- first representative. In 1790, a congredoned, and the inhabitants retreated into gational church was organized here, over
these two counties. It was in Benning- which the Rev. Dan Kent was ordained,
ton county that the councils of safety held September 5th, 1792. Since that time,
most of their meetings. A considerable besides several partial awakenings, there
part of the county is mountainous and have been three very general revivals of
broken. The waters flow from it in all religion. The first began in 1804, and dudirections. From the southeast part they ring this and the succeeding year, 160
fall into Deerfield river, and from the were added to this church; the next was
southwest into Hoosic river. The Batten- in 1816, when 130 were added to the
kill receives most of the waters from the church, and the third in 1821, when there
north part, but some fall into West river, was an addition of160 members. During
some into Otter creek, and some into the last 9 years the church has been much
Wood creek. The land, except on the diminished by emigration. It has formed
mountains, is excellent for tillage and one entire colony, which removed in the
produces fine crops. The streams afford spring of 1832 and settled on the Du Page
many valuable mill and other water priv- river. about 25 miles west of Chicago, Ill.
ileges.  There is a range of granular Many more have since emigrated to that
limestone or marble extending through and other places at the west, so that, althe county from south to north, which is though 261 members have been added,'
wrought in several places. Its color is since the settlement of the present pastor,
usually white. Iron ore is abundant, and to the 218 then belonging to this church,
lead has been found in small quantities. the present number is only 240. Of the
The principal towns are Bennington and above additions to the church, about 120
Manchester, which are the shire towns. were in 1829,'30, and'31. The Rev. Dan
The Supreme Court sits alternately at Kent was dismissed, July 11, 1828, and
these places on the 2d Tuesday after the died July 21, 1835. The Rev. D. D. Fran4th Tuesday in January. The County cis, the presentpastor, was ordained July
Court sits at Manchester, on the 2d Tues- 29, 1829. The Congregational meeting
day in June, and at Bennington, on thie house is a handsome building, 66 feet
first Tuesday in December. Statistics of long, 42 wide, standing in a small but
1840.-Horses,3397; cattle,16,879; sheep, pleasant village near the centre of the
104,721; swine, 9,906;wheat, bu. 12,959; town, and was completed about the year
barley, 1,540; oats, 137,837; rye, 25,671;  1800. There is a small Baptist church
buckwheat, 16,071; Indian corn, 70,246; which was organized at an early period,
potatoes, 564,279; hay, tons, 42,907; which is under the pastoral care of the
sugar, lbs. 180,986; wool, 223,674; iron, Rev. Robert Bryant. They erected aneat
tons, 1,829; furnaces, 5; woolen facto- and commodious house of worship in the
ries, 4; cotton, 3; population, 16,879.   village in 1841. The Methodist church,
BENSON, a post town in the western consisting of 90 members, also erected a
part of Rutland county, in lat. 430 42', convenient house of worship in 1841 in
and long. 3~ 46'. It is bounded north by the village. The Rev. S. Stiles is their
Orwell, east by Hubbardton, and a small present preacher. The canker rash prepart of Sudbury and Castleton, south by vailed in this town about the year 1796,
Fair Haven and West Haven, and west and was very mortal. The epidemic of
by lake Champlain, being opposite Put- 1812 was also very distressing. It carried
nam, in Washington county, N. Y. It off 60, nearly all heads of families, in the
lies 124 miles east of north from White- space of 60 days. The practicing phyhall, N. Y., 25 miles north of west from  sicians are Doctors Cooley, Ransom, and
Rutland, and 25 west of south from Mid- Howard. Hubbardton river runs through
dlebury. Benson contains 25,214 acres, the easterly part of the town, affording
was granted October 27, 1779, and char- several good mill privileges. In the N.
tered to James Meacham  and Ezekiel E. corner is a considerable pond of clear
Blair, May 5, 1780."  The settlement of water, which abounds with trout, and disthe town was commenced 1783, by Messrs. charges its waters into Hubbardton river.
The town is well supplied with agreeable
*The name was given by Mr. Meacham in honor and wholesome water. A few springs are
of a revolutionary officer by the name of Benson, for
whom he had great respect.             slightly impregnated with medicinal pro.




22                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III.
BENTON'S GORE.                    BERKSHIRE.                           BERLIN.
perties, one of which is becoming a place and David Nutting was first town clerk.
of resort for invalids.  The timber is The town was first represented, in 1796,
beech, maple, pine, and hemlock, inter- by Stephen Royce. The religious denomspersed with oak, ash, and walnut. The inations are Congregationalists, AIethosoil is mostly clay. A range of slate from  dists, Baptists, and Episcopalians. There
1 to 2~ miles wide,passes through the town are two Congregational churches, one in
from  north to south, furnishing a good East and the other in West Berkshire.
share of upland for tillage. About a quar- The former was organized, Oct. 8, 1820,
ter of a mile N. E. from the meeting-house and has a house of worship; the other mais a bog of marl, which might be mistaken ny years earlier, and has a share in a house
for fuller's earth. In the S. W. part of of worship. The Episcopal church, callthe town is a swamp, from which a stream  ed Calvary Church, is in East Berkshire,
issues, and, after running a short distance, and was organized about 1820. Their
passes under a considerable hill. It runs house of worship was consecrated Oct. 1,
completely through the base of the hill, a 1823. The ministers who have labored in
distance of more than half a mile. The this parish are the Rev. J. Clap, Rev. J.
mean width of the lake, on the west line Gray, Rev. R. Peck, Rev. L. McDoof the town, is about half a mile. The nald, and Rev. J. Obear. Present minwidest place is one mile and a half, and is ister, the Rev. Moore Bingham. Commujust north of Stoney Point landing, which nicants, 56. Missisco river runs through
is situated about the middle of the west the southeast corner of the town, and reside of the town. There are two landing ceives Trout river near the line of Enosplaces, Kinyan's bay and Gibbs' landing, burgh. On these streams is some fine inwhere the steamboats touch for passen- tervale. Pike river enters the township
gers, and where store houses are erected' from Canada, and, after taking a circuit
The village is pleasantly situated in a val- of several miles, and affording  here some
ley near the centre of the town. There of the finest mill seats ill the country, reare in town 12 common and one select turns again into Canada. On Pike river,
school, 2 grist mills, 9 saw mills,  fulling in this town, are several mills. The soil
mill, 3 stores, 4 taverns, and 1 tannery. is various, but generally good. Its suirStatistics of 1840.-Horses, 261; cattle, face is diversified with gentle swells and
1,807; sheep, 20,527; swine, 663; wheat, vales, but does not rise into mountains.
bu. 2,578; oats, 3,324; rye, 1,385; buck- It is well watered with brooks. The timwheat,'649; Indian corn, 5,353; potatoes, ber is mostly beech, maple, bass, elm, and
15,700; hay, tons, 5,592; sugar, Ihs. 6,- hemlock. The rocks abound with epidote.
285; wool, 49,048. Population, 1403.    Phere are 1 grist mill, 4 saw mills, and 1
BENTON'S GORE is atract of 5000 acres, fulling mill. Statistics of 1840. —iorses,
lying in the southwestern part of Wind- 298; cattle, 1,902; sheep, 3,788; swine,
sor county, now forming the westerly part 532; wheat, bu. 3,884; barley, 53; oats,
of Weston, granted to Samuel Benton 5,746; rye, 52; buckwheat, 735; Indian
and 23 associates, October 26, 1781.    corn, 2,S76; potatoes; 67,995; hay, tols,
BERKSHIRE, a post town in the north- 3,818; sugar, lbs. 31,785; wool, 9,457.east part of Franklin county, in lat. 44Q Population, 1818.
58' and long. 4Q 16', containing 36 square   BERLIn, a post town in Washinoton
miles. It is 50 miles northwesterly from  county, lying nearly in the centre of the
Montpelier, and 39 northeasterly from  state, in lat. 44~ 13' and long. 4~ 25'. It
Burlington, and is bounded north by St. is bounded north by Montpelier, east by
Armand in Canada, east by Richford, Barre,southby Northfield and a small part
south bvEnosburgh,and west by Franklin. of Williamstown, and west by Moretown.
This township was granted to Wm. Good- It was chartered June 8, 1763, to C. Grarich, Barzilla Hudson, Charles Dibble, ham and others, and contains 36 square
and their associates, March 13, 1780, and miles. The settlement was commenced
was chartered by the name of Berkshire, in 1785, near the mouth of Dog river, by
June 22, 1781. The settlement of this Ebenezer Sanborn, from Corinth, and Jotown was commenced in 1792 by Job Bar- seph Thurber from New Hampshire; both
ber. Stephen Royce, who was also one of them removed the next year to Plattsof the first settlers of Franklin, Daniel burgh, New  York. In January, 1786,
Adams, Jonathan Carpenter, and Phine- Moses Smith from  Granby, Massachuhas Heath, moved their families here in setts, commenced in the southeast corner
1793, and from this time the settlement of the town, supposing that he was in the
advanced with considerable rapidity. El- north west corner of Williamstown.  In
ihu M., son of Stephen Royce, was born May, Daniel Morse and family, from
in 1793, and was the first child born in Washington, and in July, Jacob Fowler,
town. The town was organized in 1794, from Corinth, removed to the settlements




PART' II.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT                                23
BERLIN.                                                                 BERLIN.
commenced the year before by Messrs. is about two miles long and half a mile
Sanborn and Thurber. Mr. Fowler was wide. The fish in this pond are princithe first settler who resided here perma- pally pickerel.  When the settlement of
nently, or whose descendants lived in this town was commenced, the dace was
town. In addition to the above, Capt. the only fish found in this pond. About
James Hobart, Hezekiah Silloway, Win. 1803, some trout were put into it, and in
Flagg, Jacob Black, Eleazer Hlubbard, the course of a few years became quite
Zachariah Perrin, David Nye, Elijah Nye, plentiful, some of them weighing 4 or 5
Jabez Ellis, Aaron Strong, Joshua Bay- pounds. Pickerel were afterwards introley, John Taplin, and James Sawyer may duced, and as these have multiplied the
be mentioned as among the early settlers others have disappeared. There is a meof the town. The number of families in dicinal spring in the northeast corner of
town in 1790, was 21; in 1795, 65; in the town and another in the west part,
1798, 85. There was nothing remarkable but they have not gained much celebrity.
attending the first settlement of this town The town is somewhatbroken, yet it conbut what was common in the first settle- tains much very good and handsome tilment of others. The town was organized lage land. There is considerable interMarch 31, 1791. David Nye was first vale on Winooski and Dog river and Stetown clerk, and John Taplin first repre- vens' branch. Tile timber, west of Dog
sentative. Abel Knapp was chosen town river, is a mixture of spruce, hemlock,
clerk in 1795, which office he has held till maple, beach, birch, basswood, and ash;
the present time, with the exception of east of' that, principally hard wood, exone year (1815). The people of this town cepting in the vicinity of the pond and
are mostly engaged in agriculture, being streams. On a ridge of land south of the
so situated that it is more convenient for centre, is some butternut, and east of the
them to patronize the tradesmen and pro- pond, considerable cedar and fir. Iron
fessional men of other towns than their ore has recently been discovered a: little
own. The religious societies are Con- east of Dog river, near which place terre
gregationalist, Methodist and Universal- de sena has been found of good quality.
ist. Rev. James Hobart was settled over The town has been generally very healthy.
the Congregationalist society in 17981, and Occasionally typhus fever, scarlet fever,
dismissed in 1829. Rev. Austin Ilazen  whooping cough, &c. have been epidemwas settled in 1837, and still continues ics. The epidemic of 1813 prevailed to
their pastor.. The first meeting house some extent, and was fatal in quite a numwas erected 1801, and burnt in the winter ber of cases.  We find on record the fol-\
of 1837. A "union house," owned prin- owing list of birth and deaths, in this
cipally by the Universalist and Methodist town, from 1799 to 1813, inclusive:
societies, was erected in the south part of
the town, and a Methodist house a little  Year.  Births. Deaths. Year. Birtis.Deaths
east of the centre in 1837, and a Congre-        36      7    1807  4    12
gationalist:house at the latter place in 1800    34     2    180   50   15
1838. The town is watered by Winooski 1801                    1809  37   14
river, which forms a considerable part of 1802    36    25    1810  35   19
the northern boundary; Dog river which  180              )  
runs nearly north through the western  1803    37       11    1811  47   2a
part of the town; Pond brook near the 1804    38        13    1812  36   13
centre, and Stevens' branch, which runs 180      28           1813  43   30
across the northeast corner. Before any
settlements were made in this vicinity, a   There is a small village a little east of'
hunter by the name of Stevens, from the the centre of the town containing from
east part of the state, was found dead in  15 To 20 dwelling houses, 2 meeting houshis camp on the bank of this stream near es, a store, tavern, post office, grist and
its mouth, and was buried there; hence saw mill, starch factory, and several meits name. In 1812, Mr. Daniel Thomp- chanics. There are 13 school districts
son, while digging a ditch on his farm, and 13 school houses; 1 mercantile store,
ploughed up human bones, which were 1 machine shop, 5 carpenters and joiners,
supposed to be those of Stevens'. They 4 blacksmiths, and 8 shoemakers.  Statiswere carefully  collected and buried.* tics of 1840. —lorses, 414; cattle 2,266;'
Berlin Pond is a little southeast of the sheep, 7,097; swine, 956; wheat, bu.
centre ofthetown.  It is in two bodies of 2,510; barley, 110; oats, 20,335; rye,
water, being connected by a narrow neck; 1.55; buck wheat 1,915; In. corn, 7,182;
* There is a notice of this in the first edition ofpotatoes, 83,734; hay,tons,1,232; sugar,
the Gazetteer, under thle name of'Ba-re. fie (died in lbs. 29,175; wool, 14,647. Population,
this town and it is supposed that his camp was on 1598.                HI. H. D.
tile farm owned by MIr. Thompson.




24                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART. III.
BERNARD.                          BETHEL.                            BETHEL.
BERNARD the charter name of Barnard. Leonard. Bishop Chase of Illinois also did
See Barnard                            much good here as a lay reader. In 1821,
BETHEL, a post town in the western the parish was regularly organized, and
part of Windsor county, in lat. 430 50' from 1822 to 1830, the Rev. Joel Clap of-.and long. 40 21'. It is bounded northerly ficiated here about one half of the time.
by Randolph, easterly by Royalton, south- The Rev. James Sabine, the present recerly by Stockbridge and a small part of tor, commenced his labors here in the fall
Barnard, and westerly by Rochester, and of 1830, and was instituted August 11,
is 30 miles south from Montpelier, and 1831. The parish has lost many memthe same distance northwest from Wind- bers by emigration-27 in one year. They
-sor. An association was formed at Han- have a commodious church and valuable
over, N. H. December 29, 1777, for the parsonage, the former erected in 1823,
purpose of making a "settlement on and consecrated June 23, 1824. During
White river and its branches."  They ac- Mr. Sabine's ministry there have been
cordingly petitioned the legislature of baptized, 68; confirmed, 75; present comVermont, in March 1778, for the grant of municants, 100. The Universalist sociea township to be called Bethel, in which ty was organized in 1819. In 1821 they
they say that they " understand that said settled the Rev. Kittridge Haven, who.lands were granted by the late governor remained till 1827. They were then with-,of New York counter to the royal procla- out a settled minister till 1832, when the;mation, to certain persons, the greater Rev. Eri Garfield, the present minister,
part of whom have now put themselves was settled. Their house of worship is
under the protection of the enemies of the of brick, built in 1816, and situated in the
American states."  A grantwasobtained west village. There are at the east vilMarch 18, 1778, and the township was lage a Methodist and a Baptist society,
-chartered to John Payne, John House, and a Methodist society in the north part
Dudley Chase, and others, Dec. 23, 1779, of the town. Each of these denomina-,containing 36 square miles. This was the tions has a convenient house for worship.
-first township chartered by the govern- The most common diseases are the typhus
ment of Vermont. The settlement ofthis and lung fevers and dysentery. Typhus'town was commenced in the fall of 1779 fever prevailed here with great severity
by Benjamin Smith. The next year he in 1798 and in 1800. Dysentery also prowas joined by Joel Marsh, Samuel Peak, duced considerable mortality in 1798 and
Seth Chase, Willard Smith, and David again in 1822. But the spotted and lung
Stone. Asa, son of Benjamin Smith was fevers of 1812 and 1813 were much the
born September 6, 1780. He was the most fatal diseases which have prevailed.
first child born in the town and is now  A Mr. Banister died here about seven
living here. David Stone was taken pris- years ago, aged 103. The surface of the
oner by the Indians at the time of their town is broken, but the soil is, in general,
dlescent upon Barnard, August 9, 1780. very warm and productive  Timber on
A small stockade fort was built here at the hills, hemlock and spruce; on the low
the commencement of the settlement. lands, principally beech, birch and maple.
It stood at the lower end of the west vil- This is an interesting field to the geololage on the north side of the river, and gist.  Between the second and third
the garrison was commanded by Captain branch are three distinct formations of
Safford. The town was organized in 1782, rock-slate, granite and lime. The slate
and Barnabas Strong was first town clerk. dips to the north and is quarried for un-'The  religious societies are Congrega- derpinnings, posts, &c. Steatite, or soaptionalists, Episcopalians, Universalists, stone, of good quality is abundant in the
Baptists and Methodists. The Rev. Thos. west village, and also in the westerly part
Russell was settled by the Congregation- of the town, and is considerably used for
alists in 1790, and dismissed in 1794. fire-places, stoves and other purposes.'From that time they had no settled minis  Precious garnets in small but perfect
ter till March 22, 1837, when the Rev. crystals,and acicular crystals ofhornblend
Benjamin Abbot was installed and he is are common in mica slate. The princitheir present minister. They have a neat pal streams are White river, which runs
well finished house of worship, erected in across the southeast corner and its second
1835. The Episcopal church was organ- and third branches. The second branch
ized by the Rev. John E. Ogden in 1792, but just touches upon the northeast
and received the name of Christ's Church. corner. The third branch rises in RoxFrom this time up to 1821, this parish had bury,.runs through Braintree and the
-the occasional services of theRev. Mr. Og- corner of Randolph into this town, and
den, the Rev. Bethuel Chittenden, the after running about four miles within the
Rev. Russell Catlin, and the Rev. George town, joins White River. Near its mouth




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               25
BILLYMEAD.-BLACK CREEK AND RIVER.-BTLOOMIFIELD.-BOLTON.-BOMEAZINE LAKE.
are some very fine mill privileges. Lo- are watered by two or three small streams,
cust creek falls into White river, nearly on which fall into the Connecticut.  Statisthe line between this town and Barnard. tics of 1840. Horses, 44; cattle, 211;
There are two villages, called the East sheep 377; swine, 10(9; wheat, bu. 315;
and West village. The west village is the barley, 76; oats 1,163; b'k wheat 1,083;
largest and is situated at the mouth of the rye, 22; Ind. corn, 242; potatoes, 6,640;
third branch. It is a place of considera- hay, tons, 450; sugar, lbs. 7,060 wool,
ble business, having several stores, tav- 642. Population, 179.
erns, factories and  mills, 35 dwelling    BOLTON, a post town in the eastern part.
houses, and about 250 inhabitants. The of Chittenden county, in lat. 440 25' and
east village is situated in the northeast long. 40 9'. It is bounded north by Manscorner of the township on the second field, east by Waterbury and a part of
branch. It contains two stores, a large Duxbury, south by Huntington, and west
woollen factory, machine shop, &c.-  by Richmond and Jericho. It was charStatistics of 1840.-Horses, 435; cattle, tered June 7, 1763, and originally con1,598;. sheep, 8,930; swine, 1,149; wheat, tained 36 square miles. On the 27th of
bu. 2,646; barley, 158; rye, 1,511; Oats, Oct. 1794, the northeast part of Hunting12,142; buck wheat, 3,277; Indian corn, ton was annexed to it. The first settlers
7,184; potatoes, 50,286; hay, tons, 4,- were Noah Dewey, Peter Dilse, James
913; sugar, lbs. 28,613; wool, 24,335. Moore, Thomas Palmer, Robert Stinson,
Population, 1886.   D. c. & O. H1. P nM.   and John and Robert Kenedy. The townBILLYMEAD.-Name altered to Sutton, ship was first regularly surveyed in 1800
October 19, 1812. See Sutton.          by John Johnson, Esq. Itlies midway beBLACK CREEK.-A considerable branch tween Montpelier and Burlington, its post
of Missisco river in Franklincounty. See office being 18 miles from  each. The
Fairfield.                             town is very mountainous and broken,
BLACK RivER.-There are two rivers and but a small part of it capable of being
of this name in Vermont, one in Windsor settled. Winooski river runs through the
county,the other in Orleans county. Black town from  east to west, and along the
River in Windsor county rises in Plym- banks of this stream nearly all the inhabouth and runs south 12 miles into Ludlow; itants reside. The river receives several
thence east 11 miles through the centre branches in this town, both from the north
of Cavendish into  Weathersfield, and and south. The township lies on the
thence southeast 12 miles further, and western range of the Green Mountains,
joins Connecticut river in the lower part and the Winooski turnpike passes through
of Springfield. This river is remarkable it along the north bank of Winooski river.
for the number of natural ponds through Statistics of l840.-Horses, 88; cattle, 544;
which it passes. It affords a great num- sheep, 2,228; swine, 78; wAheat, bu. 961;
ber of good mill privileges, and waters oats, 3,857; rye, 21; b'k wheat, 858; corn,
about 160 square miles. Length 35 miles. 2,174; potatoes, 13,400; hay, tons, 1,116;
Black river in Orleans county is formed sugar, lbs. 13,215; wool, 6,081. Populain Craftsbury by the united waters of tion, 470.
Elligo and Hfosmer's ponds and Trout   BOiIBAZINE LAKE. See Castleton.
branch, and taking a northeasterly course   BRADFORD, a post town in the eastern
through Albany, lrasburgh, and Orleans, part of Orange county,in lat. 440 and long.
falls into the South bay of lake Mem- 4~ 46', bounded north by Newbury, east
phremagog, in Newport. Its length is 30 by Connecticut river, which separates it
miles,and it waters about 150 square miles. from  Piermont, N. H., south by Fairlee
BLOOMFIELD, a post town in the north- and West Fairlee, and west by Corinth.
eastern part of Essex county, is in lat. Three thousand acres of this town, lying
440 48' and long. 5" 18', and is bounded on Connecticut river, were granted by
northeasterly by Lemington, southeaster- New York to Sir Harry Moore, ant  by
ly by Connecticut river, which separates him conveyed to 30 settlers. The rest of
it from Columbia, N. H., southwesterly the land was taken up by pitches. The
by Brunswick, and northwesterly by Lew- town was first called Moretown, but was
is. It lies 60 miles northeast from Mont- altered to Bradford, by an act of the legispelier, and 100 from Windsor; and was lature passed Oct. 23, 1788. The settlechartered, June 29, 1762, by the name of ment of this town was commenced by
Minehead, and contains 23,040 acres. The John Hosmer in 1765, near the mouth of
settlement of this township was commen- Wait's river. He was joined the next
ced before the year 1800, but the progress year by Sam'l Sleeper and Benoni Wright,
of the settlement has been slow. The and in 1771 the number of families in town
western and south parts are watered by amounted to ten. The first grist mill was
Nulhegan river. The northeastern parts erected by John Peters in 1772 at the falls
PT. 111.               4




26                      GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            PART IIJ
BRADFORD.                                                           BRADLEYVAL]
near the mouth of Wait's river, and the apartments, and is thought to have bee
first saw mill by Benjamin Baldwin in the abode of human beings.  In the ea,
1774. The first town meeting on record  part of the town is a considerable precipic
was on the 4th of May, 1773, and Stevens called Rowell's Ledge. The timber i
McConnel was then chosen town clerk. principally pine, sugar maple, oak, beecl
This town, not having been regularly  and hemlock.  Bradford academy was ir
chartered, the Legislature, January 22, corporated and the building  erected i:
1791, appointed Israel Smith, Alexander 1820. It has a male and female depart
Harvey and James Whitelaw, a commit- ment, with permanent teachers.  Th
tee to deed the land to the settlers.* The school is in a flourishing condition. Th
first meeting house in town was built in yearly attendance is about 200.  Th
1791, by the Baptists under Elder Rice. present head teachers are Mr. M. P. Case
His church embraced members from sev- a graduate of the University of Vermoni
eral towns on both sides Connecticut riv- and Miss Martha A. Rogers, formerly c
er. The second meeting house was built Boston, Mass. The school derives a poi
by the Congregationalists in 1793, who tion of its support from the county gram
settled the Rev. Gardner Kellogg, Sept. mar school lands, but depends chiefly uF
2, 1795. He was dismissed April 6, 1809, on the charge for tuition. At the princi
and in 1815 the Rev. Silas McKeen was pal falls in Wait's river, about half a mil
settled over this church and continued  from its junction with the Connecticut, i
several years.  The two first meeting  a small but flourishing village.  On th
houses have both been taken down. There falls, which afford some of the best mil
are at present four houses for worship, privileges in the state, are a grist and sa;
one belonging to the Congregationalists, mill, furnace for casting ploughs, stove,
one to the Christains, one to the Metho- &c. two whetstone factories, two machin
dists, and a union house. The lands for shops, and an extensive paper mill. In ad
the first settled minister were divided, 200 dition to the above, the village contains
acres to the Congregationalists, and 100 besides stores, mechanics shops, &c.,:
acres to the Baptists.  Wait's river, the meeting house, an academy, 77 dwellinC
principal stream in town, enters it from  houses, and 101 families.  On Wait's riv
the west in two branches, and passing er, about two miles above the village, is
through, in an easterly direction, empties saw mill and woollen factory. The firs
into Connecticut river, affording a num- artificial globes ever manufactured in th
ber of valuable mill privileges.  Hall's United States, were made here about the
brook anfd Roaring brook, are considera- year 1812, by Mr. James Wilson.  Afte
ble streams, which enter the town from  a labor of several years, Mr. W. & Sons
Newbury and pass through the corner of succeeded in bringing their globes to
it into the Connecticut.  Smaller streams high degree of perfection, and establishe4
are  numerous, and  several medicinal a manufactory of them at Albany, N. Y.
springs have been discovered, but are of on an extensive scale.  Statistics of 1840
little note. The surface of the town is Horses, 389; cattle,2,100; sheep, 9,388
somewhat broken. A handsome and fertile  swine, 1,350; wheat, bu. 3,464; barley
strip ofintervale skirts Connecticut river, 76; oats, 21,832; rye, 1,118; buck wheat
and there is much good land in other 1,007; Indian corn, 8,455; potatoes, 48,
parts. There is no waste land with the 178; hay, tons, 3,932; sugar, lbs. 9,387
exception of 30 or 40 acres on Wright's wool, 16,424.  Population, 1655.
mountain.  In the northwest part of the    BRADLEYVALE,  an unorganized town
town  is situated  Wright's Mountain, ship in the eastern  part of Caledonit
sometimes,  erroneously  called  Virgin  county, having Victory on the northeast
Mountain. In this mountain is a cavern  Concord on the southeast and Kirby oI
called the Devil's Den, which has several the west. It was chartered to Thomat
Pearsall, Jan. 27, 1791, and contains 3,93(
* We have received from John McDuffee, Esq. of acres and was incorporated with all th(
Bradford a very minute and full account of the con-                    a       t
fficting grants and claims to the lands in Bradford rights and privileges of a town, exceptint
and the neighboring towns, and of the surveys which that of representation, Oct. 29, 1803. It is
were undertakes by the various clhtimants. The in- watered by Moose river, which passes
teresting facts which are embraced in his commluni- through it near the centrs
cation are highly worthy of preservation, and we regret that we have not room to insert the article en- to southwest, and joins the Passumpsic a
tire. It appears that the lands in this vicinity were St. Jonhsbury. Statistics of 1840.-Horses
granted both by New HIampshire and New York, and 10  cattle  41 * sheep  88* swine  19
that the townships were surveyed and claimed      t,  8;,    
under charters from both provinces, which produced wheat, bu. 31; barley, 60; oats, 300; rye
much trouble and vexatious litigation. A portion of 10; buckwheat, 78; Indian corn, 63; po
the substance of Mr. MlcDuffee's communication tatoes, 1,155; hay, tons, 83; sugar, lbs
will be found in'our account of Connecticut river, 1,700; wool, 197. Population, 50.
Corinth, &c.                              170; woo  197. Popuation 5.




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              27
BRAINTREE.                                                          BRANDOs.
BRAINTREE, a township in the south- is a considerable mountain, which renwest corner of Orange county, in lat. 43~ ders that part of the township incapable
58' and long. 4~ 19', bounded northerly of settlement. According to tradition,
by Roxbury and Brookfield, easterly by Ayers' brook derives its name from a perRandolph, southerly by Bethel, and wes- son by the name of Ayers, who, having
terly by Granville. It is 21 miles south- run away from  New England, became a
westerly from Montpelier, and 38 north- guide to the French and Indians in their
west from Windsor. This township was expeditions against the English, but who
granted November 2, 1780, and was char- was taken and executed near this stream,
tered to Jacob Spear, Levi Davis and oth- about the year 1755. Statistics of 1840.ers, August 1, 1781. It originally con- Horses, 418; cattle, 1,670; sheep, 6,180;
tained 36 square miles. The settlement swine, 1,120; wheat, bu. 3,680; barley,
of the town was commenced about the 465; oats, 1,218; rye, 1,080; b'k wheat,
year 1783, by Silas Flint, Samuel Bass, 1,345; Ind. corn, 4,880; potatoes, 42,010;
Jacob and Samuel Spear and others, emi- hay, tons, 3,581; sugar, lbs. 18,800; wool,
grants from Braintree and Sutton, Mass. 12,860. Population, 1332.
S. Flint's wife was the first woman who   BRANDOPN, a post town in the north part
came into the town and received in con- of Rutland county, 40 miles northwest
sequence a present of 100 acres of land from Windsor, 40 southwest from Montfrom the proprietors. Hiram, son of Sam- pelier, and 65 north from Bennington, in
uel Bass, was the first child born in town. lat. 43Q 48' and long. 30 59'.' It is boundThe first proprietors' meeting held within ed north by Leicester, east by Goshen
the town was at the house of Jacob Spear, and Chittenden, south by Pittsford, and
September 19, 1786. The town was or- west by Sudbury and a small part of Whiganized March 7, 1788, and Elijah French ting. It was chartered by the name of
was first town clerk'. It was first repre- Neshobe, October 20, 1762, and contains
sented by Isaac Nichols in 1791. The re- 22,756 acres. The name was altered to
ligious denominations are Congregation- Brandon, October 20, 1784. The settlealists, Baptists and Christians. The Con- ment of the town was commenced in the
gregational church was organized Dec. year 1775 by John Whelan, Noah Strong,
25, 1794, and at first consisted of 8 mem- David June, Jedediah Winslow, Amos
bers. The Rev. Aaron Cleveland was set- Cutler, and others.  Mr. Cutler was,
tiled over itin March, 1801, and dismissed however, the only person who remained
April 22,1807. Sept. 22,1807,the Rev. Am- in town during the following winter. He
mi Nichols, the present pastor, was settled lived the whole winter here entirely aover it. In 1801, they erected a commo- lone, without being visited by a human
dious meeting house upon what is called being. In 1777, the town was visited by
Quaker hill. Elder Elijah Huntington a party of Indians, who killed two men,
was settled over the Baptist church in George and Aaron Robins, made prisonJune, 1800. They have a meeting house ers of most of the other inhabitants, and
atthe branch, erected about the year 1813. set fire to their dwellings and to a saw
There is a society of Christians, who mill which they had erected.  Joseph
have a meeting house erected about the Barker, his wife, and a child eighteen
year 1816, in the east part of the town, months old, were among the prisoners.
and also some Methodists. Mrs. Dorcas Mrs. Barker, not being in a condition to
Nichols died in this town in 1841, aged traverse the wilderness, was set at liberty
105. The town has in general been very with her child. The next night, with no
healthy. It is watered by the third branch other shelter than the trees of the forest
of White river, and Ayers' and Mill and the canopy of heaven, and with no
brook, its tributaries. They are all suffi- other company than the infant above namcient for mills. Ayers' brook rises in Rox- ed, she had another child. She was found
bury and Brookfield, waters the north- the following day and removed with her
east part of the town, and after receiv- children to Pittsford.  Mr. Barker was
ing Mill brook from  the west, unites carried to Middlebury, where, feigning
with the third branch of White river,just himself sick, he succeeded in the night in
below the west village in Randolph. Be- making his escape, and arrived safely at
tween Ayers' brook and the third branch, Pittsford. The town was organized about
is a large swell of land, and when Mr. Eb- the year 1784, and Gideon Horton was
enezerWaters was surveying the township first town clerk.  The religious denomhe said to those with him, " We will sit inations are Baptists, Congregationaldown here and dine with our hats on and ists, Methodists and Episcopalians. The
call it Quaker FIill," and it has ever since first settled minister was the Rev. Isaac
been known by that name. Between the Webb.  He was settled by the Bapthird branch and the head of White river, tist ch~urchl and socitey about the year




28                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
BRANDON.                                                    BRATTLEBOROUGH.
1783. The Baptist society, which is nu- from the ore, is of the best quality. The
merous, erected a commodious and ele- ore is found by digging five or six feet,
gant church in 1832, a figure of which and is covered by strata of sand and ocher.
may be seen in part second, page 185. It The bed has been penetrated about 100
has been for some time under the pasto- feet, but its depth is not known. Mangaral care of the Rev. C. A. Thomas. The nese is found here in abundance and of
Congregational church  was organized the best quality. Nearly 200 tons are
September 23, 1785, but had no settled annually sent to market, much of which
minister till 1792, when they settled the is exported to Europe. Marble is extenRev. Enos Bliss. His successors have sively quarried and manufactured, and a
been the Rev. Ebenezer Hebard, from  quarry has recently been opened which is
January 3, 1800, to September 7, 1820; thought to be equal to the finest Italian
the Rev. Beriah Green, from  April 16, marble. About 1 mile east of the vil1823, to May 11, 1829; the Rev. Ira In- lage, are two caverns in limestone ledges,
graham, from September 1, 1830, to Feb. and about half a mile apart. The descent
17, 1836; and the Rev. Harvey Curtis, into the largest is about 18 feet perpenfrom February 17, 1836, to December 15, dicular, into a rooia 16 or 18 feet square.
1840. The Episcopal church was organ- From this room is a passage, barely suffiized in 1839, under the name of St. Thom- cient to admit a middling sized person to
as' Church. Their minister is the Rev. Jo- pass along in a creeping posture, into ansiah Perry. They are erecting a neat other room still larger, which has not been
gothic church the present season. The much  explored.  Brandon village is
surface of this township is generally lev- among the most flourishing in the state.
el. The Green Mountains lie along the It is situated in the centre of the town,
east line, and present some lofty summits. and is divided nearly equally by Mill rivThe principal streams are Otter creek, er. It is 16 miles from  Middlebury, 16
which runs through the town from south from Rochester, 16 from Rutland, and 16
to north, and Mill river,which rises among from  lake Champlain. It contains 130
the mountains in Goshen and enters this dwelling houses, 3 brick meeting houses,
town from the east. At the foot of the a seminary, 100 feet by 30, under the patmountains, Mill river receives the waters ronage of the Baptist denomination, 2
of a small pond, called Spring pond, and two-story brick school houses, and a vabecomes a considerable mill stream. In riety of iron works, mills, and other buildthis stream are several falls, which afford ings, and about 940 inhabitants. There
excellent sites for mills and other ma- are in'town, 13 school districts and 13
chinery. It runs about ten miles and school houses, 2 blast and 2 cupola furfalls into Otter creek about a mile from  naces, I flouring mill and 10 saw mills, a
the village. The soilof the town is vari- last factory, a lead pipe factory, &c. —
ous, but generally a light loam, easily til- Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 331; cattle,
led and very productive. The eastern 1,395; sheep,14,091; swine, 546; wheat,
part is an extensive pine plain and is con- bu. 1,498; barley, 20; Oats, 7,174; rye,
sidered poor land; yet, by proper atten- 2,803; buck wheat, 959; In. corn, 10,222;
tion, it is converted into good farms. The potatoes, 26,052; hay, tons, 5,172; sugar,
western part is a mixture of clay and loam. lbs. 13,586; wool, 32,758. Pop. 2,194.
The alluvial flats, or irtervale, along Ot-   BRATTLEBOROUGH, a post town in the
ter creek in this town, are extensive and southeastern part of Windham county, is
beautiful, and are not surpassed in fertili- in lat. 420 52' and long. 40 25'. It is the
ty by any in the vicinity. The town pro- principal town in the county and is bounduces every variety of timber common to ded north by Dummerston, east by Conthe country. Pine, oak, cherry, sugar necticut river, which separates it from
and red maple, ash and cedar are found in Chesterfield, N. H. south by Vernon and
abundance. A bed of bog iron ore was Guilford, and west by Marlborough. The
discovered in this town about 1810, which town was chartered, December 26, 1753,
is inexhaustible, and which has been ex- and contains about 34 square miles. It is
tensively wrought for some years past in- about 100 miles south from Montpelier,
to bar and cast iron. From seven to nine 30 east from  Bennington, 75 west from
tons of this ore can be melted in a quarter Boston, 60 from  Albany and 390 from
furnace, in 24 hours, yielding 33 per cent. Washington. This town derives its name
of soft grey iron, which is not liable to from Colonel Brattle, of Massachusetts,
crack from the effects of heat, and, con- one of the principal proprietors. Fort
sequently, makes the best of stoves. Small Dummer, the first civilized establishment
cannon have been made from it, which within the present limits of Vermont, was
are bored with facility and answer a good built in 1724, in the southeast corner of
purpose. The bar iron, which is made the town, on what is now called "Dummer




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              29
BRATTLEBOROUGH.                                             BRATTLEBOROUGH.
J.eadows."  Nathan Willard, David Sar- Charles Walker, the present incumbent,
geant, David Sargeant, Jr. John and Thos. who was installed January 1, 1835. A
Sargeant,  John Alexander, Fairhank society of Unitarians erected a house of
Moore and son, Samuel Wells and John worship in the east village in 1831, which
Arms were among the first settlers, and was dedicated February 22, 1832, and
were all from Massachusetts except John June 14, 1832, they settled the Rev. Addiand Thomas Sargeant, and John Alexan- son Brown, who is their present minister.
der, who were born at Fort Dummer. There is a Methodist society in each vilJohn Sargeant is believed to have been the lage, which are supplied by itinerant'
first white person born within the present preachers; that in the east village erected
limits of Vermont. His father and broth- a chapel in 1837. There is also a Baptist
er David were ambushed by the Indians; society in the east village, which are about
the former killed and scalped, and the oth- erecting a house of worship. An Episcoer carried into captivity, where he adopt- pal parish was organized here in 1836, by
ed the Indian habits and manners, butaf- the Rev. David S. Devens, under the
terwards returned to his friends. Fair- *name of St. Peter's Church. It consists
bank Moore and his son were killed by of only a few families and has had only
Indians at West river meadows, two miles occasional ministerial services. An acadnorth of Fort Dummer, and the wife and emy was incorporated in the west village
daughter of the latter, carried into captiv- in 1801. The building was originally 56(
ity. In 1771,Stephen Greenleaf, from Bos- by 40 feet and two stories high, to which
ton, having purchased what was called the additions have since been made. A high
Governor's Farm, situated where the east school was located in the east village in
village now is, opened a store here, which 1831, and is in successful operation under -
was supposed to be the first store within the charge of Mr. David M. Kimball. Athe limits of Vermont. The time the town mong the men of this town who are distinwas organized is not ascertained. It ap- guished in the annals of the state, may be
pears, however, that Doct. Henry Wells mentioned the Hon. Samuel Knight, Samwas the first town clerk. Colonel Samuel uel Wells, Samuel Gale, Samuel Stearns,
Wells was the first representative for the L. L. D., Dr. Henry Wells, Micah Townscounty of Cumberland, under the then end, Hon. John Noyes, James Elliot, Royprovince of New York. As the transac- al Tyler, Rev. Wm. Wells, D. D., John
tions, during the celebrated controversy Blake, John Steward, Lemuel Whitney,
with New York, were somewhat similar Jonathan Hunt, John Holbrook, Joseph
in several of the old towns in this vicinity, Clark, Samuel Elliot and Samuel Clark.
the reader is referred to the account of The surface of the town is considerably
Guilford, Bennington, &c. The Con- broken. A little west of the centre are
gregationalists are the most numerous de- two elevations called Great and Little
nomination of Christians. Their first min- Round mountain. They are both accessiister was the Rev. Abner Reeve. He was ble, and most of the land capable of cultisettled by covenant in the year 1770, and vation. The soil is similar to that generpreached about 26 years, when, by his own ally found along the Connecticdft, consistconsent, he was succeeded, in 1794, by ing of intervale, sand, loam and gravel,
the Rev. William Wells, from Great Brit- with such timber as is naturally adapted
ain, whose salary was yearly granted by to them. The principal streams are West
the town. He preached about 20 years river and Whetstone brook. The former
and was succeeded, in 1814, by the Rev. runs but a short distance in town, enterCaleb Burge, who continued about 6 years ing it from Dummerston and falling into
and was dismissed by mutual consent. Connecticut river near the northeast corHe was succeeded January 3, 1821, by the ner. Whetstone'brook rises in MarlboRev. Jedediah L. Stark, who was dismiss- rough and runs through Brattleborough
ed April 24, 1839, and was succeeded by very near the centre. This affords many
the Rev. Corbin Kidder, the present min- excellent water privileges, which are alister, who was installed October 15, 1839. ready occupied by a great variety of mills
The first meeting house was built by the and other machinery. Connecticut river
town about 1772. It was small and a lar- forms the eastern boundary for about six
ger one was built in the west village in miles. It runs in several places with a
1785. A new Congregational parish be- strong current, denominated " The swift
ing formed, in j815 they erected a ljew  water" by the boatmen. The river is
meeting house in the east village, which crossed at the lower part of the east vil-f(
was dedicated August 22, 1816, and set- lage, by a handsome bridge, built in 1804,:
tied the Rev. Jonathan McGee, January and connecting this town with Hinsdale, 
13, 1819. He was dismissed September New Hampshire. A few rods above thei..,
10, 1834, and was succeeded by the Rev. bridge is the general landing place for




30                       GAZET-TEER OF VERMONT.                          PART IIL
BRIDGEWATER.                                                       BRIDGEWATER.
merchandise, which is brought into town  in town. Mr. Amos Mendall came in,
by boats.  There are few minerals worthy the spring following, May, 1780, and was
of notice. Actynolite is found here in married to a daughter of Dea. Jones. This
steatite. It is in very perfect capillary  was the first couple married, and was the
crystals which are grouped together in second family in town. Their daughter,
different forms and sometimes radicated. Lucy, was the first child born. In 1783,
Argillaceous slate is very abundant, and Messrs. Isaiah Shaw and Cephas Sheldon
is quarried to considerable extent. Mica moved their families into the north part
is found of rose red color with schorl of the town, they having commenced imin quartz, and abundance of schorl in provements the year befobre. Capt. James
beautiful crystals, and also the red oxyde Fletcher came in with his family about
of titanium.  There are two considerable the same time.  In 1784, settlements were
villages, one standing at the mouth of (commenced along the river in the south
Whetstone brook, called the East Village, part of the town, by the Messrs. Southand the other near the centre of the town, gates, Hawkins and Topliff, and from this
called the WIest Village.  The east village time the settlement proceeded rapidly for
is one of the most active business places a number of years. The first saw mill
in the state. Besides the public buildings, was erected in the north part of the town,
the numerous manufacturing establish- in 1784, by Mr. George Boyce.  The
ments, stores and mechanic shops, it con- Messrs. Hawkins built one which went
tains a post office, bank, two printing offi- into operation in 1785, and the Messrs.
ces, 7 water power printing presses,' and  Southgates another which went into opethe asylum for the insane.t  Five daily ration soon after. The latter gentlemen
mails arrive in this villagre and two others also built in 1786, the first grist mill. Mr.
less frequently. There is also a post of- Joseph Boyce had the first framed house.
fice in the west village, but it-is compara- The first town meeting was held and the
tively a place of little business. Statistics town organized, March 30, 1785, at which
of 1840.-Horses,375; cattle,2,120; sheep, time John Hawkins was chosen town
2,350: swine, 1,123; wheat, bu. 1,235; clerk, Rhgate,                Isaiah  Shaw
barley, 738; oats, 9,920; rye, 2,687; b'k  and James Fletcher, selectmen, and Jowheat, 412; corn,6,490; potatoes, 27,480; seph  Hawkins constable.  The  town
hay, tons, 3,358; sugar, lbs. 12,250; was first represented, in the General Aswool, 4,058.  Population, 2623.  s. G.   sembly, by John Hawkins, in 1784.BRIDGEWATER, a post town in the west- The religious denominations, in Bridgeern part of Windsor county, situated in water, are Congregationalists, Baptists,
lat. 43~ 37' and long. 4~22', and bounded  Methodists, Christians and  Universalnorth by Barnard, east by Woodstock, ists. The Congregational church  was
south by Plymouth and west by Sher- the first collected in town.  It was organburne. The length of the western bounda- ized January 1, 1793, and then consisted
ry is, by the charter, eight miles, that of of 20 members. Mr. John Ransom  was
the eastern seven miles and a halt;f, and of ordained over it, March 4, 1795, and conthe northern and southern six miles each, tinued to preach here the greatest part of
giving an area of 464 miles. Barnard, the time till 1802.  Since that period they
however, claims and is now in possession  have not had regular preaching.  They
of a strip of land about half a mile in have a meeting house in the south part of
breadth, extending across the north end the town, erected May 1, 1828. There
of the town, and this too under a charter is another meeting house situated in the
derived from the same source, and dated village in the south part of the tpiwn,
seven days later than that of Bridgewa- which was raised July 4, 1829, and belongs
ter.  Bridgewater is 45 miles south from  principally to the Universalists. The other
Montpelier, 17 northwest from  Windsor, denominations have no houses for worship.
and 60 northeast from  Bennington.  Its The Baptist church was organized June 6,
charter is dated July 10, 176f. Dea. Asa 1806, and then consisted of 11 members..
Jones surveyed a lot of land in Bridge- It was for more than 30 years under the
water, in September, 1779, and the next pastoral care of Elder Nehemiah Woodwinter, removed his family into this town  ward. This town has, generally, been
from Woodstock, a distance of three miles, very healthy. The dysentery has, someon handsleds.  This was the first family  times, prevailed and carried off a number
of children. In 1813, the lung fever preFessenden's paper mill, printing office and binde- vailed to an alarming degree. It swept
ry, amounted to about $500.000. Since that period off great numbers of the most respectable
the establishment has been transferred to the TyPo- and useful citizens.  Nineteen persons
graphical Company, and the amount of business not died in Bridgewater of this disease in the'known.                                  died in Bridgewater of this disease in the
t For an account of the Asylum, see part second, month of March, a great portion of whom:page 219... 
f "        F10- rd  A'AY,  ii




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            31
BRIDPORT.                                                        BR1DPORT.
were heads of families. There have been colonel in the county. In 1768, being 21
no remarkable instances of longevity, years of age, he came from Groton, Mass.,
Several have lived to the age of 90 years. to this place, purchased a lot of land, and
In August, 1822, Mr. Aaron Lamb, while commenced clearing it. Two families, by
sinking a well about 80 rods north of Ot- the name of Richardson and Smith, setta Quechee river, dug up aliving frog, at tled under N. Y. titles about the same
the depth 26 feet below the surface of the time, and three others, by the name of
ground. It was in a state of torpor when Towner, Chipman and Plumer, under N.
taken up, but revived after being ex- H. titles. The settlers mostly retired beposed a short time to the atmosphere. fore Burgoyne and his army in 1776 and
This town is watered by Otth Quechee'7. During the controversy with Newriver, which runs through the south part, York, no skirmishing happened in this
and by several considerable branches.. town between the New-York and New
These streams afford numerous mill priv- Hampshire claimants, but the inhabitants,
ileges. The surface of this town is un- frequently, aided their neighbors in the
even and some parts rough and stoney. adjoining towns, in inflicting the cusAlong the river, are tracts of valuable in- tomary punishment of whipping upon the
tervale, and there are many good farms Yorkers, who refused to retire after the
in other parts. The summits of the hills usual warning. In 1772, Ethan Allen,
are, in general, covered with spruce and having been declared an outlaw by the
hemlock; the timber, on other parts, is New-York government, and a bounty ofmostly maple, beech, and birch. The fered for his apprehension, called in comrocks are mica, and talco-argillaceous pany with Eli Roberts, of Vergennes, at
slate, gneiss, limestone, quartz,&c. There the house of Mr. Richards of this town.
is an inexhaustible quarry of steatite, sit- In the evening, six soldiers from Crown
uated nearly in the centre of the town. Point garrison, all armed, as were Allen
It has been manufactured to some extent, and Roberts, stopped for the night. Mrs.
and makes excellent jambs, hearths, &c. Richards overheard them  making their
In the vicinity of the steatite, are large arrangement to take Allen and get the
quantities of beautiful green tale. Iron bounty. All was quiet till bed time, when
ore is found in several places. Garnets Mrs. Richards, on lighting Allen and
in perfect dodechedral crystals are com- Roberts *into another room, raised a winmon, and several handsome specimens of dow, at which they silently escaped.
rock crystal, crystals of hornblend and When the soldiers discovered that they
schorl, have been found. There is a were gone, they reprimanded Mrs. Richsmall village, on the river, near the south- ards severely for favouring their escape.
east corner of the town in which are a But she replied that "it was for the safemeeting house, several mills, factories, ty of her house, for had they been taken
stores, and mechanic's shops. Statistics here, the Hampshire men would have
of 1840.-Horses, 318; cattle, 1,943; torn it down over their heads."  Novemsheep, 9,309; swine, 752,; wheat. bush. ber 25, 1773, Samuel Smith, from N. J.,
3,165; barley, 101; oats 12,628; rye, 480; moved his family into town, having been
buck wheat, 2,119; Ind. corn, 5,815; po- three years in the vicinity, and his was
tatoes, 47,215; hay, tons, 4,541; sugar, the second family which remained permalbs. 34,725; wool, 21,426. Pop. 1363.   nently here. Philip Stone was married
BRIDPORT, a post town, in the west part the same day to a Miss Ward, of Addison,
of Addison county, in lat. 430 58', and whose family had recently moved into,
long. 3o 44', bounded north by Addison, that town from Dover, N. Y. Mr. Victoeast by Weybridge and Cornwall, south ry came with his family, the following
by Shoreham, and west by Lake Cham- winter.  He died on an island in lake
plain, which separates it from  Crown George of an inflammatory fever, having
Point, N. Y. It is eight miles west of no person with him but a son 14 years old,
Middlebury, 35 south of Burlington, and with a skiff. The lad tarried by his dead
41 southwest of Montpelier. It was char- father till some people came so near that
tered, October 10, 1761, to 64 proprietors, he hailed them, who came on shore, burmostly of Massachusetts, of whom Eph- led his father, and took hint off. The
raim Doolittle and Benjamin Raymond early settlers suffered extremely from fewere active in the early settlement, and ver and ague, and the long, or lake fever.
it contains about 42 square miles. The They had no roads for many years, ex.
first attempt to settle the town, was made cept the lake and the road from Charlesin 1768, but was abandoned at that time town to Crown Point, which passed
on account of the urgency of the New- through this town. They derived much
York claims. The first permanent settler aid from the garrison at Crown Point, in
was Philip Stone, who was also the first occasional supplies of provisions and other




32                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                      PART III.
BRIDPORT.                                                       BRIDPORT.
necessaries, and were encouraged by the weeks before the British evacuated Ticheapness of the land, it being only about conderoga, a party from  Otter creek,
$20, a right of 360 acres, so that the set- came out in the night and plundered the
tlement continued slowly to advance till house of a tory, by the name of Prindle,
the commencement of the revolution in who was a neighbor of Mr. Stone. Prin1775. And then the hope of its speedy dle, not owning the house, set it on fire,
close induced most of the settlers to re- and, retreating on board a British armed
main on their farms, for two or three of vessel on the lake, implicated Mr. Stone
the first years, except on occasional a- in the robbery and burning. He, anticilarms, when they retired into the county pating mischief, kept in the bushes near
of Rutland or Bennington. A few inci- the bank to observe their movements,
dents may serve to give the reader an idea where the British discovered him and let
of these times, and of the state of the off a volley of grape shot, which struck
families here and in the other towns in among the trees above him, and also fired
this part of the state, during the war. upon his house, some of the shot entering
These parts were frequently subject to the room where the family was. They,
the depredations of the merciless Indians, then, sent a boat on shore, took Mr. Stone
who, generally, fell upon the settlements and carried him a prisoner to Ticonderobefore they had any warning of their ap- go where he remained three weeks. Mrs.
proach.  As they seldom molested wo- Stone expecting he would be sent to Quemen and children, it was customary for bec, went to him in a canoe, a distance of
the men to flee into the woods till the In- 12 miles, with no other company than her
dians had performed their work of plun- brother, a lad only ten years old, to carry
der. At one time a party of them enter- him clothes, leaving her two children, the
ed the house of Mr. Stone, giving him  oldest but four years old, alone at home.
but just time to escape, and after strip- She had to tarry all night before she could
ping it of every thing of value to them, gain admittance. On her return she found
the principal Sanhoop put on the finest her children safe, the oldest having unshirt it afforded, and swaggering away to derstood enough of her directions to feed
the hogsty, selected the best hog, and of- and take care of the younger. In 1778,
ficiated as chief butcher, flourishing his the inhabitants, despairing of immediate
fine bloody sleeves, while his comrades, peace, and being continually harrassed,
hooping and dancing, carried it away to mostly abandoned the town. Nathan and
their canoes. At another time, a party Marshal Smith, and John Ward, who was
of Indians, coming up the bank, were dis- just married, however, staid. On the 4th
covered by Mrs. Stone, in season to throw  of November, 1778, they, being together,
some things out of a back window into were taken by a party of British under
the weeds, put a few in her bosom, and Major Carleton, who collected 39 prisonsit down to her carding. The Indians, ers, men and boys, in this vicinity, to carafter taking what they could find else- ry to Canada.' He discharged two of the
where, came about Mrs. Stone and the prisoners, Elijah Grandy and Thomas
children. One of them seeming to sus- Shinkly, with a batteau to carry the wopect that she had some valuable articles men and children to the Americans, while
concealed about her person, attempted to he detained their fathers, husbands and
pull them from her bosom, whereupon she older sons. The parting was a scene
struk him on the face with the teeth side wthich affected a sailor's heart, and caused
of her card so violently that he withdrew  him to say, "I never saw but one such
his hand, while a tall young savage was scene before, and that was when our fleet
flourishing his tomahawk over her head. sailed for America, and some leaped over
Upon this an old Indian cried out, " Good board to reach their friends on shore, but
squaw, good squaw," and burst into a were pursued and brought back."  Ward
laugh of derision at his companions for swung his hat and cried to his wife and
being beaten. At the commencement of the rest, " JYever mind it, we shall soon rethe revolution, in 1775, when Allen and turn."  They reached Quebec, DecemWarner were mustering the militia to ber 6, and were kept kept in prison 16
surprise the garrison at Ticonderoga, a months and 19 days. In the spring, after
Mr. Douglass was dispatched to this town two dreary winters, in which several of
to procure aid in men, and boats, to con- the party died, about 40 of the prisoners,
vey over the troops, an account of which among whom were the two Smiths, Ward
has been given in part second, page 33. and Sturdifit were removed 30 leagues
During the war there were two skirlnish- down the St. Lawrence river and set to
es in this town between small scouts, in work. From this place eight of the priwhichthreeor fourmen werekilled. Af- soners deserted, among whom  were the
ter the capture of Burgoyne, and three four just named. Of these Sturdifit was




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               33
BRIDPORT.                                                           BRIG HTON.
retaken and remained a prisoner till the erally, being impregnated with epsom
close of the war. The other three, after salts, or sulphate of magnesia. For family
almost incredible perseverance and suffer- use, rain water is, generally, employed. It
ings and hair-breadth escapes, succeeded is preserved in large reservoirs, or cisterns
in making their way through the wilder- set in the ground. Of the brackish water,
ness to the fort at Pittsford.*        in this town, cattle are extremely fond,
Bridport was organized March 29,1784, and it serves, in a manner, as a substiand J. N. Bennet was first town clerk. It tute for salt. Some of the springs are so
was first represented in 1786, by Nathan strongly impregnated, that, in time of low
Manley. There are three churches and water, a pailful will yield a pound of the
three meeting houses in town. The Con- salts. The discovery of these salts as an
gregationalist church was-organized June ingredient in the waters here, was made
30, 1790, and now consists of 200 mem- by the Rev. Sylvanus Chapin, and they
bers. Their meeting house stands in the were manufactured in considerable quanvillage, and was dedicated in 1813. The tities, as early as 1790, but the cheapness,Rev. Increase Graves was installed over of the imported salts has prevented much
this church February 26, 1794. On the being done at the business for some years
7th of June, 1827, the Rev. James F. Mc past.  There is a small but neat and
Ewen was settled as colleague of the Rev. pleasantly located village, consisting of
Mr. Graves, then advanced in age, and about25dwelling houses. The prospect,
December 1, 1829, both were dismissed. from  the "common," of the mountain
The Rev. Dana Lamb, the present pas- andlake scenery is very fine. This town
tor, was settled February 16, 1831. The has its medicinal spring impregnated with
Baptist church was organized in 1804. It sulphurated hydrogen, similar to those
now consists of about 80 members. Their which are so common in the eastern part
meeting house is situated about a mile of the state. There are several landing
from the lake, and their present minister places of goods on the lake shore, and in
is Elder Alfred Harvey. The Methodist the town six stores, one tavern, one grist
society was organized in 1800.  The and four saw  mills, and 12 school dischurch consists of about 60 members and tricts. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 452;
is supplied with circuit preaching. Their cattle, 4,672; sheep, 27,228; swine, 776;
house for worship, built in 1821, is in the wheat, bu. 2,920; barley, 24; oats, 10,700;
village. There has been a small society rye, 487; buck wheat, 629; Indian corn,
of Protestant Methodists here.  There 2,988; potatoes, 15,820; hay, tons, 11,have been several general revivals of re- 475; sugar, lbs. 484; wool, 69,164. Popligion. The first in 1803, subjects about ulation, 1480.
100.  The second in 1813, upwards of   BRIGHTON, a post town in the western
100; and the third in 1821. Of the fruits part of Essex county, in lat. 44~ 45', and
of the latter about 90 united with the long. 5~ 6' and bounded northerly by
Congregational church and a considerable Wenlock, easterly by Ferdinand, southnumber with the other churches. There erly by Newark and a part of Westmore
were also considerable revivals in 1831, and Easthaven, and westerly by Charles1836, and 1841. The dysentery prevailed ton. It was chartered August 13, 1781,
here in 1802, of which 16 died. Of the epi- to Col. Joseph Nightingale and associates
demic in 1813, about 50 died. In 1822, 25 of Providence, R. I. and contains 23,970
died here of the dysentery. The surface of acres. It was named Random  by the
this town is very level, and the soil, gen- Hon. Joseph Brown, it being a random
erally, is a brittle niarl, or clay. The hills purchase from an agent sent to Proviare a loam and red slaty sandstone. A  dence, from  Vermont. The name was
range of shelly blue slate extends through altered to Brighton November 3, 1832.
the town, lying, generally, a little below  The settlement was commenced in 1823
the surface. The prevailing timber, in the by Enos Bishop; and John Stevens movwest part of the town, is oak, with white ed his family into the town in 1825. The
and some Norway pine, along the lake settlement is mostly in the westerly part
shore. In the eastern part it is, principally, of the town. The town was organized in
maple and beech. The raising of sheep has March 1832. William Malada was first
been the chief occupation of the people for town clerk, and Timothy Cory first represeveral years past, which accounts for the sentative. The township is watered chiefdecrease ofpopulation. This townispoorly ly by Ferren's river and other head
watered, there being no durable mill branches of Clyde river, but some of the
streams, and the springs and ground, gen- head branches of the Passumpsic and
Nulhegan rivers originate here. Pitkin's
~ A fullnd interestin  account or these transac- pond and Knowlton lake discharge- their
tions was given in the first edition of our Gazetteer,
but are omitted here fbr the want of room.  waters through Clyde river. This is conPT. 11.            5




342                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
BRISTOL.                  BROAD BROOK.-BROMLEY.                 BROOKFIELD.
sidered a very good township of land, and lage it runs some distance nearly south
contains much excellent white pine tim- and then turns to the west into Newber with several fine mill sites. Two saw  Haven. There are three natural ponds
mills and one shingle mill have been here; the largest called Bristol pond, is a
erected, and, at Aldrich's mills on Clyde mile and a half long and three fourths of a
river, are the rudiments of a village. mile wide. In the west part of the town
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 27; cattle, is a spring which is slightly medicinal,
118; sheep, 242; swine, 71; wheat, bu. and is sometimes visited. There is a bed
358; barley, 63; oats, 1,092; rye, 43; of iron ore in the part of the town next to
buckwheat, 277; In. corn, 54; potatoes, Alonkton, and there have been several
4,700; hay, tons, 246; sugar, lbs. 6,050; forges here,but two only are now in operawool, 348. Population, 157.            tion, making annually about 100 tons of
BRISTOL, a post town in the northeast- wrought iron. Most of the ore which is
ern part of Addison county, in lat. 440 7' used here, is brought from Monkton and
and long. 3~ 59, is bounded north by from a bed in Moriah, N. Y. west of lake
Monkton and Starksboro' east by Lincoln Champlain. This town furnishes large
and Starksboro' south by Middlebury and quantities of sawed lumber, which are sent
Avery's Gore and west by New-Haven. to market. The viilage is near the centre
It is 25 miles southwest from Montpelier, of the town, upon New-Haven river, imand the. same distance southeast from  mediately after it passes the Notch in the
Burlington. It was chartered to Samuel mountain. It is very pleasantly located and
Averill and his associates, by the name of has 70 dwelling houses and about 400 inPocock, June 26, 1762, and contains about habitants. The greater part of it is water26,000 acres. The name was altered to ed by an aqueduct nearly 400 rods in
Bristol, October 21, 1789. The settle- length, laid in water lime. The village
ment of this town was commenced im- contains 3 meeting houses,2 school houses,
mediately after the revoluticnary war, 6 stores, 2 taverns and the usual variety
by Samuel Stewart and Eden. Johnson. of mechanics' shops. It is 10 miles from
These were soon joined by Benjamin Vergennes and 11 from Middlebury. The
Griswold, Cyprian, Calvinrr and Jonathan town contains 9 school districts, 2 grist
Eastman, Justus Allen and others. The and 11 saw mills, l fulling mill and cardtown was organized March 2, 1789; and ing machine, 2 forges, &c. Statistics of
Samuel Ranny was first town clerk, and 1840.-Horses,, 213; cattle, 995; sheep,
Robert Holly first representative.'IThere 3,973; swine, 596; wheat, bu. 1,524;
are three religious societies, the Baptist, oats, 7,540; rye, 1,087; buckwheat, 348;
the Methodist and the Congregational. lnd. corn, 6,300; potatoes, 25,150; hay,
Each of these societies has a good meet- tons, 2,252; sugar, lbs. 9,500; wool,
ing house, that of the Baptist erected in 11,800. Population, 1,233.
1819, of the Methodist in 1840, and of the   BROAD BROOK, a small mill stream,
Congregationalist in 1841. The first or- which rises in the eastern part of Barnard,
dained minister was the Rev. Amos runs across the southeast corner of RoyStearns. The present ministers are, the alton and falls into White river in Sharon.
Rev. Solomon Gale, Baptist, the Rev. B.   BROMLEY. This name was altered to
0. MeekerMethodist, and the Rev. Calvin  Peru, February 3, 1804. See Peru.
Butler. The Congregational church was   BROOKFIELD, a post town in,the western
organized July 8, 1805. The epidemic of part of Orange county, in lat. 44~ 2' and
1812, prevailed here, but was not very long. 40 25, is bounded north by Willmortal. About one third of this town lies iamstown,east by Chelsea, south by Ranentirely west of the Green Mountains, dolph and a part of Braintree, and west
and is very level, rich and productive. by Roxbury. It lies 16 miles south from
The remainder of the town is broken and Montpelier and 40 northwesterly from
a considerable part incapable of cultiva- Windsor. This township was granted
tion. A considerable mountain extends November 6, 1780, and chartered August
through the town from north to south. 5, 1781, to Phinehas Lyman and his assoThat part of it north of the Great Notch, ciates, and contains 36 square miles. The
through which New-Haven river passes, first settlement of this town was begun in
is called the Hog Back, and that on the 1779, by Shubal Cross and family. Mrs.
south is called South mountain. A part Cross was the first woman who came into
of the latter was formerly much infested town, and on that account was presented,
with rattle snakes.  New-Haven river, by the proprietors, with 100 acres of land..
enters this town from the southeast, and Mr. Howard's family came in about the
before it reaches the centre of the town, same time and Caleb Martin, John Lyreceives Bald-win creek from the north. man, Jonathan Pierce, John and Noah
After passing the Notch and Bristol vil- Payne, and several others came in sooin




PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              3T5
BROOKFIELD.                                                         BROOKLIN E.
after. The early settlers were principally  tons, 1,412; sugar, lbs. 26,486; wool,
from  Conn. Capt. Cross built the first 25,757. Population, 1,789.
grist and saw mill. Timothy Cole was   BROOKLINE, a small post town in the
the first town clerk and Jonathan Pierce eastern part of Windham county, in lat.
the first representative. The religious de- 43~ 1', is bounded north by Athens, east
nominations are Congregationalists, Bap- by Westminster and Putney, south by
tists, Freewill Baptists, Methodists and Putney and Dummerston, and west by
Universalists.   The  Congregationalist Townshend and Newfane, being in part
church was organized, July 11, 1787, and separated from the latter by West river.
the Rev. Elijah Lyman ordained over it It is about eight miles in length and from
April 8, 1789, and continued pastor till one and a half to two and a half miles in
his death, which took place April 12, 1828. width. It was set off from Putney and
Mr. Lyman was a native of Tolland, Athens and incorporated into a township,
Conn. and graduated at Dartmouth col- October 30, 1794, and derives its name
lege, in 1786. He was succeeded by the from  Grassy brook which runs through
present pastor, the Rev. Daniel Wild, the whole length of the town from north
who is a native of West Fairlee, graduated to south, and empties into West river on
at the University of Vt. in 1828, and was the southwesterr  boundary.  Its area is
ordained over this church, July 1, 1830. about 17 square miles. The town was
This was for many years the only reli- organized in March, 1795, and John Watgious society in town, and the others are ers was first town clerk. It was first repstill comparatively small. There are four resented in 1823, by Benjamin Ormsbee.
houses for public worship belonging to The first settlement was made in this
the several religious denominations, that township by Cyrus Whitcomb, jr., David
of the Congregationalists was erected in Ayres, Samuel Skinner, and Jonah Moore
1806. In 1789 there were 52 families in about the year 1777. The first settlers
town. The number of deaths in town had many hardships to endure, butnothing
from  that time up to 1842, is 805. The more than is common in new settlements
smallest number of deaths in one year generally. There are two religious sociwas one, the greatest 34, the average eties, a Baptist society, close communion,
number 14. The years of most remarka- and a union or open communion society,
ble mortality, were1795, 1801, 1807, 1808, each having a good house of' worship.
1811, 1813, and 1823. This township lies The former was organized in 1798 and
nearly on the height of land between has had the following ministers; Rev.
White and Winooski river, andparts of it Amos Beckwith, settled in 1802 and reare broken; but it is mostly fit for cultiva- mained but a short time, Rev. Isaac Welltion and is very productive, particularly in more, settled Nov. 2, 1808, continued 18
grass. It is well watered with springs years, Rev. David  Cutler, October 3,
and brooks, but has no very good mill 1827, two years, Rev. Denzil M. Crome,
privileges. The principal stream is the May, 1837, one year, and  Rev. John
second branch of White river, which Baldwin, the present minister, settled in
originates in Williamstown, in conjunc- April, 1838. A deep valley runs through
tion with Stevens' branch of Winooski the whole length of the township from
river, and runs through the eastern part north to south, at the bottom of which
of this town into Randolph   There are runs Grassy Brook, which rises in Athens
several considerable ponds, some of which and falls into West river near the southafford streams, a considerable part of the west corner of Brookline.  Along the
year sufficientfor mills and other machine- whole of the east line of the town, is a
ry.  Colt's pond near-the north village considerable elevation. West river forms
is crossed by a floating bridge 25 rods for ashort distance, the western boundary.
long. Around and at the bottom of a During a violent freshet, some years
small pond in the west part of the town since, a bed of kaolin, or porcelain clay
is an inexhaustible quantity of marl, from  was laid open in this town. The soil is
which very good lime is manufactured. better adapted to the production of grass
There are three good stage roads passing than grain. There is a medicinal spring
through the town leading from Montpelier in the south part of the town, which is
to White river. There are 13 school dis- considered efficacious in cutaneous aftricts, a female seminary, a town library fections. The town has always been roconsisting of about 600 volu mes, 4 taverns, inmarkabl  healthy. There are four schoil
3 stores, &c. Statistics {of 1840. —Horses, districts and school houses, one tavern,
546; cattle, 2,406; sheep, 12,693; swine, one saw mill and one grist mill, but the
1,641; wheat, bu. 6,127; barley, 176; mill privileges are not very good. Statisoats, 26,251; rye,'321; buckwheat, 4,095; tics of 1840. —HIorses, 75; cattle, 679;
Ind. corn, 7,042; potatoes, 70,686; hay,. sheep, 1,553; swine, 201; wheat, ba.




36                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
BROWNINGTON.        BROWN S RIVER.-BRUNSWICK.-BBUEL S GORE.           BURKE.
294; barley, 6; oats, 2,904; rye, 343; thaniel Wait. John Merrill removed here
buck wheat, 196; Ind. corn, 2,815; pota- the succeeding autumn.  In 1791 the
toes, 9,!!29; hay, tons, 937; sugar, lbs. population was 66, and so slow has been
3,530; wool, 2,331. Population, 328.    its advancement that it is only twice that
BROWNINGTON, a post town in Orleans number now. Brunswick is watered by
county, in lat. 44Q 49' and long. 4Q 51', is the west branch of Nulhegan river, which
bounded  northeasterly  by Salem  and runs through the northwest part of the
Charleston, southeasterly by Westmore, town, and unites with the north branch in
southwesterly by Barton, and west by Bloomfield.  Wheeler's stream  rises in
north by Orleans, and a small part of Wenlock, and passes through this town
Jrasburgh.  It is 95 miles north from  into Connecticut river. This stream afWindsor, 45 north by east from Montpe- fords several valuable mill privileges.- It
lier, and 57 northeast from Burlington. passes through a number of natural ponds.
It was granted February 26, 1782, and  Paul's stream, receiving its waters fiom
chartered, by the name of Brownington, Granby, Ferdinand and Maidstone lake,
October 2, 1790, to Timothy and Daniel passes through the south part of the town,
Brown and their associates, and contains and is a considerable mill stream. There
19,845 acres. This was constituted a half are three natural ponds, one covering 80
shire town of Orleans county, when that acres, one 60, and one 25. The latter is
county was incorporated. The seat of only 4 or 5 rods from the bank of Conjustice is now at Irasburgh. The settle- necticut river, and is elevated 80 feet
ment of the township was commenced above that stream. Between the pond
about the year 1800. The Orleans county and the alnost perpendicular bank of the
grammar school was incorporated and lo- river is a spruce ridge 15 or 20 feet higher
cated here in 1822. The building was than the pond.  The pond receives a
completed and the school opened in the small brook, but has no visible outlet.
fall of 1823, under the charge of the Rev. About half way down the bank of the
James Woodward. For several years past river issues a considerable stream which
it has been under the charge of the Rev. probably, in part at least, proceeds from
A. L. Twilight. The religious denomi- the pond; but while the waters of the
nations are Congregationalists and Metho- pond are sweet and good, those of the
dists. Willoughby's river, which passes spring are strongly impregnated with sulthrough the south part of the town is the phuretted hydrogen and other substances
only permanent mill stream. Small streams which render their taste and smell disaare numerous, and there is a small pond greeable, and impart to them medicinal
on the line between this town and Salem. properties. The spring is known by the
It has one grist mill, 2 saw mills, and 2 name of the mineral spring, and the pond
stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 135; by that of mineral pond.  Statistics of
cattle, 563; sheep, 1,844; swine, 304; 1840.-Horses, 43; cattle, 219; sheep;
wheat, bu. 1,549; barley, 318; oats, 4,181; 630; swine, 190; wheat, bu. 253; barley,
buck wheat, 724; Ind. corn, 426; potatoes, 160; oats, 3,380; buck wheat, 575; Ind.
22,600; hay, tons. 1,391; sugar,lbs. 18,395; corn, 435; potatoes, 8,200; hay, tons,
wool, 4,711. Population, 486.          460; sugar, lbs. 3,370; wool,1,385. PopuBRoWN's RIVER  originates among lation, 130.
the Mansfield mountains, runs westerly   BUEL's GORE, a tract of 4273 acres
through the south part of Underhill, and lying between Avery's Gore, in Chittennorth part of Jericho into Essex, and den county, and Starksborough. A part
thence northerly through Westford. and of it has been annexed to Huntington,
empties into Lamnoille river in Fairfax. the remaining part contained lb inhabitIts length is about 20 miles and it derives ants in 1840.
its name from a family by the name of   BURKE, a post town in the northeast
Brown, which settled upon its banks in part of Caledonia county, in lat. 44~ 36'
Jericho.                               and long. 5~ 2', is bounded northeast by
BRurNSWICK, a post town in Essex coun- Newark and East-Haven, southeast by
ty, situated in lat. 440 43' and long. 50 18', Victory, south by Lyndon and Kirby, and
containing 14,617 acres, or 23 square west by Sutton. It is 40 miles northeast
miles.  It is bounded north by Minehead, from Montpelier, and 37 north from Neweast by Connecticut river, south by Maid- bury.  It was chartered, February 26,
stone and west by Wenlock. It lies op- 1782, to Justus Rose, Uriah Seymour and
posite to Stratford, in N. H. and fifty-five others, and contains 23,040 acres. The
miles northeast from Montpelier. This settlement of this town was commenced
towp  was chartered, October 13, 1761. about the year 1790 by Lemuel and Ira
The first settlement was commenced in Walter, Seth Spencer and others from
the spring of 1780, by Joseph and Na- Connecticut and the south part of this




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             37
BURKE'S TONGUE.                                                 BURLINGTON.
state.  The town was organized Dec. north from Middlebury, 22 southeast from
5, 1796, and Lemuel Walter was the first Plattsburgh, 85 from Montreal, and 440
town clerk. It was first represented by from  Washington. Its charter is dated
Thomas Bartlet, in 1805.  A saw- and June 7, 1763, and the township originally
grist mill were erected here by Roman contained 36 square miles, measuring 10
Fyler and his sons about the year 1800. miles in a right line along the Winooski
The saw mill was destroyed by fire the river and 6 miles from north to south on
next year, but was soon rebuilt. There- the eastern boundary. On the 27th of
ligious denominations are Congregation- October, that part of the township east of
alists, Baptists, Freewill Baptists, Metho- Muddy brook, was annexed to Williston,
dists, and Universalists.  Elder Peleg leaving the present area of the township
Hicks was settled for several years over about 26 square miles. The first that was
the Baptist church, but since 1810 that done in this town with a view to its setand the other societies have depended tlement wasinl1774. During the summer
upon itinerants, and temporary supplies. of 1775, some clearings were made on the
The epidemic of 1812 and'13 prevailed intervale north of the village, and in the
here, producing considerable mortality. neighborhood of the falls, and two or
The- township is watered by Passumpsic three log huts erected. But the revoluriver, which runs through it in a south- tion commencing this year, the settlers
westerly direction and by several of its in this and neighboring towns, either rebranches, which afford numerous mill treated to the south in the fall, or took
privileges. It is separated from Victory shelter in the block house in Colchester*
by Burke mountain, which is about 3,500 for the winter, and abondoned the counfeet high, and is seen from a great dis- try the succeeding spring. During the
tance. The surface of the township is war no attempt was made to renew the
uneven and the timber mostly hard wood, settlement in these parts, but on the return
interspersed with some evergreens. The of peace in 1783, many of those who had
soil is generally good. In 1817, Roman been compelled to leave the country, reFyler and others, established a manu- turned and others with them, and a perfactory of shaving boxes and brushes here, manent settlement was effected.  The
and for several years manufactured these first man who brought his family into
articles to the amount of from $1000 to Burlington in the spring of 1783, was Mr.
$2000, annually. In 1819 Mr. Fyler and Stephen Lawrence. A number of other
sons commenced the preparation of oil families came into Burlington the same
stones, in this town. The stone was pro- season, among whom were Frederick Saxcured from a small island in Memphrema- ton, Simon Tubbs and John Collins, and
gog lake, and was here prepared for use from that time to the present the populaand then sent to market to the amount tion has been constantly on the increase.
of three or four tons annually. It has The first town meeting on record, was
been considered nearly, or quite equal to March 19, 1787, and Samuel Lane was
the Turkey oil stone and is generally then chosen town clerk. The town was,
known by the name of.Magog oil stone. however, probably organized a year or
The town contains several grist and saw  two before. There are in this town six
mills and stores.-Statistics of 1840. Hor- religious societies. The Congregational
ses, 281; cattle, 1,609; sheep, 3,965; church was organized February 23, 1805,
swine, 985; wheat, bu. 2,358; barley, and was for several years the only reli767; oats, 17,408; rye, 149; buck wheat, gious society, but no minister was settled
1,438; Ind. corn, 2,891; potatoes, 49,620; in town before the year 1810. The Rev.
hay, tons, 2,931; sugar. lbs. 42,050; wool, Chauncey Lee officiated here for some
7,475. Population, 997.               time, about the years1795 and1796, and the
BURKE'S TONGUE. The southeast part Rev. Daniel C. Sanders, a considerable
of Burke bore this name; but, October 28, portion of the time, from 1798 to 1807.
1807, the Tongue was annexed to Hop- From 1807 to 1810, Dr. Samuel Williams,
kinsville, and the two incorporated into a who was then having a second edition of
township-by the name of Kirby.        his History of Vermont printed at BurBURLINGTON, a post town and seat of lington, preached here some part of the
justice in Chittenden county, lies in lat. time. In 1810, the Congregational soci44~ 27' and long. 3~ 52', and is the most irn- ety became  divided into two, one of
portant town in the state. The township which embraced the doctrine of the Trinis bounded north by Colchester, from  ity, and the other rejected it. In April,
which it is separated by Winooski river, of this year, each of these societies settled
east by Williston, south by Shelburne, a minister.  The Rev. Daniel Haskel
and west by lake Champlain, being 35 was ordained over the Trinitarian or
miles west by north from  Montpelier, 30   * See part second, page 26.




38                    -GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART Ill.
JiURL1NGTON.                                                      BURLTINGTON.
Calvinistic society, April 10; and the Rev. the most tasteful and commodious houses
Samuel Clark over the Unitarian society, of worship in New England.
April 19,1810. In the beginning of1822,   The Unitarian house of worship was
Mr. Haskel was dismissed from his pas- erected in 1816. It is one of the largest
toral charge to accept the presidency of meeting houses in the state, is built of
the University of Vermont, and on the brick with a lofty steeple, and, together
23d of August of this year the Rev. Wil- with the organ, clock and bell, cost about
lard Preston was installed over the Cal- $23,000. Mr. Clark, who was settled
vinistic church and society.  In July, over this society in 1810, resigned his
1825, he resigned his charge to succeed charge on the 18th of February, 1822, on
Mr. Haskel as president of the Universi- account of ill health, and was succeeded
ty, and on the 3d of May, 1826, the Rev. by the Rev. George G. Ingersoll, the
Reuben Smith was installed over this present pastor, who was ordained on the
church and society. Mr. Smith was suc- 30th of May, following.  This society is
ceeded by the Rev. J. K. Converse, the large and wealthy. The Methodist society
present minister, who was ordained Aug. was organized as early as 1820, and in1832
9, 1832. This society erected the first they erected a neat brick chapel. They
meeting house in town, which was dedi- are supplied by local preachers, who are
cated in December, 1812. This house, stationed for two years at a time. Rev. S.
which was of wood, was consumed by fire D. Brown is their present minister. The
June 23, 1839, but another has arisen Baptist church was organized in 1834, the
from its ashes, which was dedicated on Baptists here previously belonging to
the 14th of April, 1842.               the church in Williston. This church
and society have a small chapel in the
eastern part of the village, and are under
the pastoral care of Rev. Hiram Safford.
They are about erecting a new and elegant house of worship, in a central part
of the village. The Episcopal church was
organized in April 1831, by the name of
St. Paul's Church.  In the summer of
this year the Rev. George T. Chapman,
D. D. was employed by this society, and
in the fall they commenced the erection
of a church which was completed and:- >      consecrated the next year. This building,
which is of stone, is of the Gothic order of
architecture, and the interior is neatly
ah-'                     1 111| rCfinished. Including its excellent organ
and bell, it cost about $9,000. Dr. ChapSki~l,~_]  r  l      1   Wand in November following, was succeeded by the Rt. Rev. John H. Hopkins,!~   _ _________ _ _.... bishop of the Diocese, who is the present
rector.  Confirmations in this church
since 1832, 206-present communicants,
This fine building, which.is of brick, 131. For an accountofthe Roman Cathwas constructed from the designs and un- olic church in this town, the reader is reder the superintendence of Mr. Henry ferred to part second, page 202. The
Searle, of Burlington, at an expense of greater part of the surface of this townabout $20,000. Its dimensions are 92 by ship is considerably elevated above the
61 feet. The front is a hexastyle Ionic lake, but the soil in general is not of the
portico, with columns from the temple best quality. The variety of soil is, how-'on the Ilissus, surmounted by a square ever, very considerable. Below the lowbase, from which arises a cupola taken er falls on Winooski river, is an extensive
from the choragic monument of Lysicra- tract of intervale, which is not surpassed
tes, fully wrought out, with the omission in beauty and fertility by any in the colnof the panels and tripods. The interior try.  The up-land in the northeastern
is in a rich and chaste style of finish, with part was originally timbered with pine,
panelled ceiling, Corinthian columns and and the soil is sandy and light. In thie
pilasters, and a narrow gallery upon three southern part the timber is mostly hard
sides resting upon columns froml the Tow- wood, and the soil clay and loam. The,er of the Winds. It is warme dby hot air soil of the declivity, occupied by the vilfurnaces, alnd the whole edifice is among lage, is compact and firm, and very suita



PART. III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                    39
BURLINGTON.                                                             BURLINGTON.
ble for building groun4.  This township  the " High Bridge."  This bridge is over
has lake Champlain on the west, Muddy  a chasm, worn in the rocks by the river,
brook on the east, and Winooski river on  which is much  visited  as a curiosity.
the north.  The latter is crossed by two  This bridge is only 75 feet in length but,
good bridges leading to Colchester, and  at low water, it is 80 feet above the surface
at the lower falls affords abundant water of the river.  The rocks in the eastern
powerfor all kinds of machinery.  From  half of the township are lime stone, and
these falls to the mouth of the river it is from  them  large quantities of lime are
5 mites,. while it is only 2 miles from them  manufactured.  In the western half they
to the wharves in Burlington bay.  The  are sand stone and are extensively quarlower bridge crosses the river at the head  ried for buildings  and  underpinnings.
of the lower falls.  it is substantially  Among the sand rocks in the southwestbuilt and well covered, and consists of ern part of the township, is an excavation
three arches of about 80 feet span.'The  called the "' Devil's Den," which is someother bridge is a mile above and is called  times visited as a curiosity.
Plan of the Village of Burlington.
-j                                                              71
References..
a. Congregational Church.  h. Boys' High School.       o. Howard's Hotel.
b. Unitarian Church.       i. Female Seminary.         p. American Hotel.
c. Episcopal Church.       jMedical College.           q. Exchange Hotel..
d. Methodist Chapel;       k. Court-house-             r. Pearl-street House..
e. Baptist Chapel.         1. Burlington Bank.         s. Franklin Hotel.
f. Roman Catholic Church.    en. Farmers & Mechanics Btk.   t. Jenner's Hotel.
g. University.             n. Glass Factory.           u. Break-water.
Burlington  Village, a ground plan of and west, are one mile in length, and
which is given above, is not surpassed in these are intersected at right angles with
beauty of location by any town or village i numerous streets running north and south
in New  England.  It lies on the east and cutting the whole village into regular
shore of Burlington bay, and occupies a squares.  A large share of the business on
gentle declivity descending towards the lake Champlain centres at this place, and
west, and terminated by the waters of the the town is rapidly increasing in wealth
lake.  The principal streets running east and consequence. There are regular daily




40                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART. III.
BURLINGTON.                   BURLINGTON BAY.                         CABOT.
lines of steamboats between this place and and sloops-Winooski village, and WiWhitehall, between this and St. Johns nooski river dashing through frightful
and between this and St. Albans, by way chasms, and then winding its way through
of Port Kent and Plattsburgh, besides nu- the verdant and beautiful meadows at the
merous arrivals of irregular boats, sloops, north-and, more remote, hills and dales
&c. The boats from Whitehall and St. and farms and woodlands,-and last of all
Johns arrive each day, Sunday excepted, the circuit of lofty mountains, whose peaks
about 7 o'clock, P. M. and remain about and summits form the grand outline, and
an hour to unload and take on board pas- render the prospect one of the most insengers and merchandize. The boat which teresting and delightful which our country
runs to Port Kent, Plattsburgh, and St. affords.  Winooski village is situated at
Albans, leaves Burlington each morning  Winooski lower falls, one and a half miles
at half past seven, and returns about 6 from  Burlington village. A portion of
o'clock, P. M. There are here three ex- this village, containing some mills and
tensive wharves with store houses, at machinery lies on the Burlington side of
which the greater part of the merchandize the river, but it is principally in Colchesdesigned for the northwestern section of ter, under the name of which town it will
Vermont is landed. For the safety of the be more fully described.  Statistics of
navigation, a light house has been erected 1840.-Horses, 351; cattle, 1,455; sheep,
on Juniper island, at the entrance of Bur- 6,642; swine, 3,917; wheat, bu. 2,462;
lington bay; and for the security of the barley, 28; oats, 10,183; rye, 4,246;
anchorage before the town, a break-water buckwheat, 1,427; Indian corn, 11,450;
has been commenced here at the expense potatoes, 45,098; hay, tons, 4,241; sugar,
of the general government *  There are lbs. 340; wool, 10,660. Population, 4,271.
three lines of mail stages, which arrive   BURLINGTON BAY, a large open bay, lyand depart daily, one to the north, one to ing west of Burlington village, between
the east, and one to the south. Besides Appletree point on the north and Pottier's
these, there are several stages which ar- point on the south and embracing the enrive and depart twice or thrice a week. trance into Shelburne bay.
The stages generally leave in the morn-   CABOT, a post township 6 miles square,
ing and arrive in the afternoon before the in the western part of Caledonia county,
departure of the line boats for Whitehall in lat. 44~ 23' and long. 4~ 42', and is
and St. John's. The trade of this place bounded north by Walden, east by Danis principally with New York, although ville and Peacham, south by Marshfield,
Boston, Troy and Montreal have a share, and west by Monroe. It is 18 miles north
and the amount of mercantile business easterly from  Montpelier, and 65 north
transacted here, does not fall much short from Windsor. It was granted Novemof a million of dollars annually. The first ber 6, 1780, and chartered August 17,
regular mercantile store was opened in 1781, to Jesse Leavenworth and his asso.
Burlington, in the fall of 1789. It was ciates. The settlement of the town was
built by Stephen Keyes, Esq. and placed commenced on  what is called  Cabot
under the charge of Mr. Orange Smith. Plain, in April, 1785, by James Bruce,
The second store was opened by Mr. Edmund Chapman, Jonathan Heath and
Zacheus Peaslee. In the year 1800, the Benjamin Webster, with their families.
number of stores had increased to six. The females came into the town on snowThey now exceed 30, and several of them  shoes, and were obliged to suffer many
do business amounting to from $50,000,to privations and hardships. This plain is
near $300,000 each, annually. The village situated on the height of lands between
contains about 400 dwelling houses, and Connecticut and Winooski river, and
about 3000 inhabitants. The public build- commands an extensive and beautiful
ings are the University buildings, six prospect, the outlines of which are formchurches, court house and jail, high school ed by the western range of the Green
for boys, female seminary, and two banks. mountains and by the White mountains,
The Universityt buildings consist of four in N. H.  The religious denominations
spacious edifices, located upon the summit are Congregationalists, Methodists, and
at the eastern extremity of the villagei Baptists. This town is the native place
one mile from the lake, and 281 feet above of the late Zera Colburn, who, at the age
its surface, and command one of the finest of five or six years, astonished the world
prospects in the United States. The view  by his extraordinary powers of cumputafrom the dome of the centre University tion. The surface of this town is generbuilding, embraces the village-the lake ally uneven and the soil hard. The timwith its bays and islands-its steamboats ber is mostly hard wood, with some hem*For an account of the Light House and Break- lock and spruce. It is watered by Wiwater, see part second, page 216. t Part 2d; p. 144. nooski river, which is formed of several




PART IlI.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                41
CALAIS.                                                                 CALAIS
branches in this town, and affords here regale themselves with the pure spirit
several mill privileges. Joe's and Molly's which had been permitted to slumber
pond lie in the northeast part of the town- three years; and which they imagined
ship. The waters of the former pass by must be much improved in quality by its
Joe's brook and Passumpsic river into the long rest; but judge of their surprise, asConnecticut, while those of the latter tonishment and chagrin, when on raising
pass by Winooski river into lake Cham- the earth, they discovered the hoops had
plain. At the centre is a small village, in become rotten-the staves parted, and the
which are a meeting house, erected in long anticipated beverage had escaped."
1823, a store, a tavern, and some mills The settlement of this town was commenand other machinery. Statistics of 1840.-  ced in the spring of 1787, by Francis West
Horses, 334; cattle, 1,943; sheep, 7,045; from   Plymouth  county, Mass., who
swine, 1,178; wheat, bu. 3,388; barley, commenced felling timber on a lot ad1,056; oats, 12,078; Ind. corn, 1,768; joining Montpelier. The first permanent
potatoes, 70,487; hay, tons, 4,489; su- settlers, however, were Abijah, Asa and
gar, lbs. 54,715; wool, 13,316.  Popula- P. Wheelock,who started from Charleston
tion, 1440.                              June  5th, 1787, with a  wagon, two
CALAIS, a post town in the north part yoke of oxen, provisions, tools, &c. and
of Washington county, is in lat. 44~ 22' arrived at Williamstown, within 21 miles
and long. 4Q 52', and is bounded north by of Calais, the 19th. They had hitherto
Monroe, east by Marshfield, south by found the roads almost impassible, and
Montpelier and west by Worcester; it is here they were obliged to leave their
37 miles east from  Burlington, and 62 wagon, and, taking a few necessary artinorth from Windsor, was granted Oct. 21, cles upon a sled, they proceeded towards
1780, chartered August 15th, 1781, to Ja- this town, cutting their way and building
cob Davis, Stephen Fay and their associ- causeways as they passed along. After a
ates, and contains 36 square miles. The journey of two days and encamping two
principal proprietors and first settlers of nights in the woods, they arrived at Withis township were from Charleston, Mas- nooski river, where Montpelier village is
sachusetts, and its vicinity. In the sum- now  situated. Here Col. Jacob Davis
mer of 1783, the proprietors sent a com- had \commenced clearing land and had
mittee consisting of Colonel Jacob Davis, erected a small log hut, where they left
Capt. Samuel Robinson and others, to their oxen to graze upon the wild grass,
survey a division of this town of160 acres leaks and shrubbery, with  which  the
to the right.  A Mr. Brush, froin Ben- woods abounded-proceeded to Calais and
nington, was the surveyor. The commit- commenced a resolute attack upon the
tee and surveyor found their way to Ca- forest. They returned to Charleston in
lais with their necessary stores, and after October. Francis West also lefttown, and
running four lines on the north side of returned the following spring, as did also
the first division, they abandoned the sur- Abijah and Peter Wheelock, accompanied
vey. Of their stores, then left, was a by Moses Stone. They this year erected
much valued -keg, containing about 10 log houses, the Wheelocks and Stone regallons of good W. I. Rum, which in turning to Massachusetts to spend the
council, they determined should be buried, following winter, and West to Middlewhich ceremony was said to have been sex. In this year, also, Gen. Parley Daperformed with much solemnity, and a vis, then a new settler, and now a resisturdy maple, towering above the sur- dent of Montpelier centre, cut and put
rounding trees, on the westerly side of up two or three stacks of hay upon a beaLong Pond, with its ancient and honorable ver meadow, in Montpelier, upon a lot
scars, still marks the consecrated spot. adjoining Calais, a part of which hay was
In August, 1786, Capt. Samuel Robinson, drawn to Col. Davis in Montpelier in the
E. Waters, J. Tucker, E. Stone, and following winter, which served partially
Gen. Parley Davis came from Charleston to break a road from Montpelier to Calais
to this town, to complete the survey of line. In February or March, 1789, Franthe first division and survey  another. cis West moved his family on to his farm,
This party, after arriving  at the set- where he lived several years.  Also, in
tlement nearest this place, which was at March of this year, Abijah Wheelock,
Middlesex, laden with provision, cooking with his family, Moses Stone, Samuel
utensils, blankets, axes, surveying instru- Twiss with his new married lady, accomments, &c. passed a distance of 13 or 14 panied by Gen. Davis, from Charleston,
miles to the camp, erected by the party arrived at Col. Davis' house in Montpewho commenced the survey three years lier, with several teams. His house was
previous; often on the way expressing 
previ  ofxite tonarr a thew ye ming    * Whatever tears were shed, or groans uttered at
their anxiety to- arrive, that they might the bulial of the keg, they were nor to be compared
PT. III.           6                  with the bitter agonies of its disinterment.




42                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III
CALAIS.                                                               CALAIS.
a mere rude hut, constructed of logs 20 and the succeeding year, considerable ad.
feet in length, with but one apartment, a ditions were made to the settlement. In
back built at one end for a fire place, and the winter of 1794, Mr. Jennings, of this
covered with bark, with a hole left in the town, being upwards of 60 years of age.
roof for the smoke to escape; and this on lost his life by fatigue and frost, while on
their arrival they found to be pre-occu- his return through the woods from Mont.
pied by several families, emigrants from  pelier to this place. There was not at
PeteTsboro', N. H.; and in that mansion this time a sufficient number of men in
of felicity there dwelt for about a fort- town to constitute a jury of inquest. It
night three families with children in each, was in this town that the Hon. Timothy
one man and his wife, recently married, Stanly lost his foot by frost, in 1788. The
three gentlemen then enjoying a state of town was organized March 23, 1795. Pesingle blessedness, and a young lady; ter Wheelock'was first town clerk, Jonas
and among the happy group were some Comins, first constable, Joshua Bliss, firsi
of the first settlers of Calais. On the 13th select man, by the unanimous suffrage.
of April, racket paths having been pre- of 17 legal voters. The town was repre.
viously broken, Messrs. Wheelock, Twiss sented in October following by Peter
and Stone prepared handsleds, loaded Wheelock. The first settlers of CalaiE
thereon their beds and some light articles experienced all those privations and hard.
of furniture, accompanied by Mrs. Whee- ships which are incident to the settlers ol
lock -and Mrs. Twiss, and Gen. Davis, new townships generally. They locatec
proceeded to this town over snow three themselves at some distance from each
feet in depth, Mrs. Wheelock travelling other, and it was not uncommon for a
the whole distance on foot and carrying woman to travel several miles to visit
in her arms an infant four months old, a neighbor and return home after dark
while their son about two years of age, through the woods, brandishing a fire.
was drawn upon the handsled.  Mrs. brand to enable her to discover the mark.
Twiss, the recently married lady, also ed trees. For one or two years the setperformed the same journey on foot, ma- tlers brought the grain for the support oi
king use of her broom for a walking cane. their families, and for seed from Williams.
During the day the snow became soft town, Brookfield and Royalton a distance
and in crossing a marshy piece of ground, of 30 miles or more. After they began tc
Mrs. Twiss slumped with one foot, and raise grain in town, they had to carry ii
sank to considerable depth and was una- 15 miles to mill. This they did in winter.
ble to rise; Gen. Davis, with all the gal- by placing several bags of grain upon the
lantry of a young woodsman, pawed away neck of an ox, and driving his mate be.
the snow with his hands, seized her be- fore him to beat a path. There are here
low the knee and extricated her. This in- five religious societies, viz. Baptists, Con.
cident was a source of no small merri- gregationalists, Universalists, MethodistE
ment to the party generally, of mortifica- and Freewill Baptists, and the greatest
tion to the amiable sufferer, and of grati- harmony prevails among them. There ih
fication to Mrs. Wheelock, who felt her- also a society of Free Enquirers in thih
self secretly piqued that Mrs. Twiss did town, which was organized March 1,1835
not at least offer to bear her precious bur- There is but one meeting house in town.
then some part of the distance. They ar- and that is occupied alternately by the
rived in safety the same day, and com- different religious sects. There is, how.
menced the permanent settlement of the ever, a spacious town house and 15 comn
town. A large rock, now in the orchard modious school houses, all of which arc
on the farm  owned by Dea. Joshua occasionally used for the purpose of hold.
Bliss, once formed the end and fire place ing meetings. For some time after the
to the Log Cabin of the first settlers of settlement of the town, there was no phy.
Calais. In September of this same year, sician within 25 miles of this place. The
1789, Peter Wheelock moved his family, people here have been generally healthy.
consisting of a wife and six children, to Abijah Wheelock and wife, heretofore
this town. In 1790, James Jennings ar- mentioned as principals among the firsi
rived with a family. Lucinda, daughter settlers, now, at the advanced age of 76.
of Peter Wheelock, was born this year reside in town, surrounded by 11 chiland was the first child born in town. dren, death never having occurred in the
On this occasion it is said one woman trav- family; they still are hale, comparatively
elled 4 miles, on foot, through the woods vigorous, and withal very laborious. The
in a very dark night. In 1793, the first old gentleman has repeatedly, after havsaw and grist mill were erected near the ing cleared and improved afarm, exchangcentre of the town, byJ. Davis, of Mont- ed it for a new one, and within a few
pelier, and Samuel Twiss.  During this years commenced on a lot almost wild,




PART II.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            43
CALDERSBURGH.                  CALEDONIA COUNTY.                 CAMBRIDGE.
and is every year seen at his old occupa- about 700 square miles. This county was
tion of clearing land, though not upon incorporated November 5, 1792. Danville
so extensive a scale as in an earlier day. is the seat of justice.  The Supreme
He is occasionally heard to remark when Court sits here on the 7th after the 4th
speaking of " olden times," that he sup- Tuesday in January, and the County
poses himself to have been once the most Court on the first Tuesday in June and
respectable man in town, inasmuch as he, December, annually. The Passumpsic
at an early day, remained here one week and some smaller tributaries of the Conwhen no other human being was within necticut, water the'east part of the counthe limits of the township. This town- ty, and Winooski river is formed in the
ship is watered by two branches of Wi- western part. The Lamoille river rises
nooski river, one entering it near the near the northwest corner. The height
northeast, the other near the northwest of lands, or eastern range of the Green
corner. They unite near the south line Mountains, extends through the western
of the town, affording, in their course, a part of the county. Between this range
great number of valuable privileges for and the Connecticut, and along the Pasmills and other machinery. It is also well sumpsic, is a fine farming country, with
watered with springs and brooks. The several pleasant villages.  Statistics of
soil is a warm  loam, easily cultivated, 1840. — Horses, 5,852; cattle, 32,668;
well adapted to the production of all kinds sheep, 100,886; swine, 18,991; wheat, bu.
of grain and is not inferior to other towns 52,109; barley, 12,291; oats, 342,433;
in its vicinity for grazing. The surface rye, 1,799; bu. wheat, 12,005; Ind. corn,
of the township is somewhat uneven, but 52,350; potatoes. 1,066,848; hay, tons,
very little of it so broken as to be incapa- 67,077; sugar, lbs. 665,397; wool, 183,ble of cultivation. The timber on the 198. Population, 21891.
streams is mostly hemlock, spruce and   CAMBRIDGE, a post town in the westpine; on the higher lands, maple, beech, ern part of Lamoille county, in lat. 440
&c. The lowest lands here are in gen- 38' and long. 40 11', is bounded northeral driest and the most feasible soil. The easterly by Waterville and a part of
north line of the township intersects two Fletcher, easterly by Sterling and a part
considerable ponds. There are several of Johnson, south by Underhill, and westother small, but beautiful ponds lying erly by Fletcher, is 30 miles northwest
within the township, and which abound from Montpelier, and 22 northeast from
with trout and other fish. Long pondlies Burlington, was granted Nov. 7, 1780,
in the northwest part of the town. In chartered to Samuel Robinson, John
one autumn, 2,000lbs. of trout were taken Fasset, jr. Jonathan Fasset, and their asfrom this pond with a hook, which sold sociates, August 13, 1781, and contains
for $8 per cwt. In the spring of some 28,533 acres. The first settler of this
years, at the inletof this pond, more than town was John Spafford. He came into
two tons of fish have been thrown out of town May 8, 1783, planted two acres of
the channel with the hands and with corn, which was overflowed with water in
baskets. There are several springs in the fall, and nearly all destroyed. He
town, whose waters are quite brackish; moved his family, consisting ofa wife and
their medicinal qualities, however, have two children, into town from Piermont,N.
never been thoroughly tested. There are H. in November. The town was survey11 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 1 store, and 2 ed, this year, by Amos Fasset. In 1784,
post offices, in town. Statistics of 1840.-  Amos Fasset, Stephen Kinsley, John FasHorses, 252; cattle, 2,919; sheep, 5,409; set, jr. and Samuel Montague moved their
swine, 666; wheat, bu. 3,630; barley, 152; families here from Bennington, and Noah
oats, 18,473; rye, 578; buck wheat, 1,394; Chittenden his from Arlington, Vt. The
Ind. corn, 5,089; potatoes, 24,246; hay, first saw mill was built, this year, by
tons, 5,899; sugar, lbs. 24,420; wool, Amos Fasset. Thirty-five persons spent
14,160. Population, 1079.     s. w.   the second winter here. In 1785, David
CALDERSBURGH.-This name was al- Safford and others moved into town from
tered to Morgan, October 19, 1801.  Sec Bennington.*  When Mr. Spafford came
Morgan.                               into town, there were no inhabitants or
CALEDONIA COUNTY is bounded north- road between this place and Hazen's road
east by Essex county, east by Connecti- in Craftsbury, and they who came from
cut river, which separates it from Grafton Bennington, had to cut their road for ten
county, N. H. south by Orange county, miles through the woods. The first setwest by Washington county, and northwest by Orleans county. It lies between   * Mr Safford was one of the Spartan band whode44~ 9' and 440 45' north lat. and between fended the house of James Breakenridge, against the
New York Sheriff and his pose;. Set part second,
40 25' and 5a 4' east long. and contains page 21.




44,                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
CAMBRIDGE.                       CAMEL S HUMP.                        CANAAN.
tiers brought their provisions with them, store, tavern, trip hammer shop, fulling
and when their meat failed, they hunted mill, &c. The town meetings and the
the moose. The first improvements were meetings of the Baptist society for religimade on the flats along the Lamoille, the ous worship are held here. The other vilwaters of which frequently swept away lage is one mile north of the Borough, and
or spoiled in fall the products of summer. is called the Harbor. The old Spartan,
The crops of pumpkins frequently floated David Safford, settled here with several
away and landed safely on the shores of of his friends. The town is divided into
Grand Isle. When their mill dams were 12 school districts. There are two grist
swept away, the people ground their grain mills, with two run of stones each, six
in mortars, which they called plumping saw mills, two clothier's works, two card-'mills. They were made by burning a ing machines, one trip hammer shop, five
large cavity in the top of a stump, and stores, three taverns and one tannery.
suspending a large pestle to a spring pole. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 644; cattle,
The town was organized March 29, 1785, 3,180; sheep, 8,370; swine, 1,228; wheat,
and John Fasset was first town clerk. bu. 3,531; barley, 15; oats, 10,606; rye,
David Safford was first representative 291; buckwheat, 89; Indian corn, 6,436;
and John Safford taught the first school potatoes, 73,100; hay, tons, 5,329; sugar,
in town.  The' religious denominations lbs. 64,111; wool, 19,091. Population,
ar. Congregationalists, Baptists, Episco- 1,790.
palians, and Methodists. The Rev. Eli-   CAMEL'S HUMP, next to the Chin in
jah Woolage was settled over the Congre- Mansfield, is the most elevated summit
gational church in 1805, and dismissed in of the Green Mountains. It is situated
1806; the Rev. John Truaire, November in the eastern part of Huntington, near
21, 1810, and dismissed in 1812. The the west line of Duxbury. Its height
Rev. Royal A. Avery was settled in 1824. above tide water has been computed to be
Their meeting house was erected in 1805, 4,188 feet, and 3,600 feet above the site
in the village called the Borough. The of the State house, at Montpelier. It is
first Elder of the Baptist church was 17 miles west of Montpelier, 25 northeastJoseph Call who was succeeded by Elder erly from Middlebury, and 20 southeast
Samuel Holmes, who died in 1813. The from Burlington. This summit is condysentery prevailed here in 1806, and spicuous from the whole valley of lake
was very mortal. In Cambridge, 21 died, Champlain, and the prospect which it
and as many more along the river in its commands is hardly surpassed in extent
immediate vicinity. The river Lamoille and beauty. The summit is hardly acenters this town on the east side one mile cessible except from the north. It is usufrom the northeast corner, and after run- ally ascended by way of Duxbury, where
ning a serpentine course of 12 miles, in carriages can approach within about 3
which it receives north branch from the miles of the summit. The remainder of
north, and Brewster's river and Sey- the way can be passed on foot without
mour's brook from the south, passes the difficulty, excepting  about half a mile
west line of the town, one mile from the which is very steep and rugged. The
southwest corner. These streams afford rocks which compose the mountain are
numerous mill privileges. The surface wholly of mica slate, and the Hump is
of the town is uneven, and, in some places nearly destitute of soil or vegetation, only
rough. The land is, however, generally a few mosses, stinted shrubs and alpine
good, and on the river are about 5000 acres plants being met with. This mountain
of valuable intervale. A branch of dead is often erroneously called Camel's Rump.
creek, which is a branch of Missisco river,   CANAAN, a post town, lying in the
rises in this town, and another branch of northeast corner of Essex county, and
said creek issues from  Metcalf pond in entirely at the northeastern extremity of
Fletcher, and runs across the northwest the state. It is in lat. 440 57' and long.
corner of the town. The town is well 50 22', and contains about 29 square miles.
watered, and the timber of various kinds. It is bounded north by Hereford, Canada,
There are three small villages. The vil- east by Connecticut river, and southwest
lage called the Borough, is on the south by Lemington and Averill. It lies opposide of the river Lamoille, in the south- site Stewartstown, N. H. The northeast
west corner of the town, on the post road, corner of the town is the most easterly
and contains a Congregational meeting land in Vermont, and lies in long. 50 29'
house, 3 stores, 2 taverns, and mills and east, and 71~ 33' west from  Greenwich.
other machinery. The centre village is This town was granted to William Willon the south side of the Lamoille near the iams,Jonathan and Arad Hunt, and others.
centre of the town, west of Brewster's February 26, 1782, it received a new
river, and contains a meeting house a charter, and October 23, 1801, the town




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             4a5
CARTHAGE.                      CASPIAN LAKE.                     CASTLETON.
of Norfolk was annexed to it. The first ment of New Hampshire, and the council
settlers were Silas Sargeant, John Hugh, of safety, and the vexatious embarrassand Hubbard Spencer, who removed their ments consequent to the claims of jurisfamilies into Canaan in 1785, and in 1791, diction by the state of New York. At
there were 19 persons in town. Canaan the commencement of the war of Ameribeing a frontier town, was subject to con- can independence, he entered the army
siderable disturbance during the last war with a commission, and after sharing in
with Great Britain, some account of its toils and honors, the return of peace
which has already been given in part brought him again to the bosom of his
second, page 95. The religious denomi- family. Possessing a vigorous constitunations are Congregationalists, Freewill tion, he continued long to witness the risBaptists, and Methodists. This township ing greatness of his country, and to enjoy
is well watered by Leach's stream, Wil- the benefits for which he had toiled. He
lard's brook, &c. which afford good mill died in May, 1840, aged 97 years. Durprivileges. The former is two rods wide ing the war for independence, the people
at its junction with the Connecticut, of Castleton were often alarmed and once
Leeds pond from which it issues is partly invaded by the British and Indians. On the
in Canada. There is some fine intervale on 6th ofJuly,1777,Gen. Fraser senta detachthe Connecticut, and much good land in ment under the command of Capt. Fraser,
other parts. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, who attacked,by surprise, about 20 militia,
119; cattle, 670; sheep, 1,706; swine, who were posted near the present site of
459; wheat, bu. 692; barley, 483; oats, the village, under the command of Capt.
3,320; buckwheat, 6,706; In. corn, 285; Wells. Capt. Williams, a volunteer, of
potatoes, 26,400; hay, tons, 1,451; sugar, Guilford, Vermont, was killed, and Capt.
lbs. 11,450; wool, 2,711. Population, 378. Hall, of Castleton, mortally wounded, and
CARTHAGizE. Name altered to Jay.- his son, Lieut. Hall, and some others
See Jay.                               were taken prisoners, and carried to TiCAsPIAN LAKR. See Greensborough.   conderoga. Lieut. Hall, his brother and
CASTLETON, a post town situated near a Mr. Kellogg, made their escape from
the centre of Rutland county, being 10 the fort, re-crosssed the lake in a canoe
miles west of Rutland, 13 east of White- by night, and after great privations, elu.
hall, N. Y., 65 north of Albany, and 60 ded their savage pursuers and returned to
southwest of Montpelier. Lat. 43o 34', their homes. On the spot where Willong, 3~ 56. Bounded south by Poultney, liams fell, was erected a fort, the ensuing
east by Ira, north by Hubbardton, westby year, which was furnished with 2 pieces
Fairhaven; containing 36 square miles. of cannon, and garrisoned under differThe charter was granted to Samuel Brown ent commanders until the return of peace.
of Stockbridge, Mass., Sept 22, 1761. The graves of about 30 soldiers, whose
Col. Amos Bird of Salisbury, Ct. became names have long been forgotten by their
the principal proprietor, and, in company countrymen, are still visible near the site
with Col. Noah Lee, made the first sur- of the fort. Castleton was organized in
veys in June, 1766. The first dwelling March, 1777. Jesse Belknapwas the first
house was erected in August, 1769, of town clerk and justice of the peace. Zawhich Col. Lee and his servant were the dock Remington was the first representasole inhabitants the following winter. In tive. There are three organized religious
1770, Ephriam  Buel, Eleazer Bartholo- societies, Congregationalists, Methodists,
mew and Zadock Remington, with their and Roman Catholics. The Congregafamilies, settled in this town; and were tional church, which is the most numersoon followed by Cols. Bird and Lee. The ous, was organized in 1784. Rev. Matfirst inhabitants were chiefly emigrants thias Cazier was the first minister, and
from Connecticut. The enterprise and was settled by the town, Sept. 5, 1789,
worth of Cols. Bird and Lee entitle them  and dismissed, Dec. 13, 1792. Rev. Elito a prominent place in the early history hu Smith was installed Jan. 17,1804, and
of Castleton; the former died in the midst dismissed Dec. 13, 1826. The present
of active benevolent exertions for the in- pastor, Rev. Joseph Steele, was installed
fant settlement, September 16, 1762. His Dec. 25, 1828. This church consists of
solitary monument on the banks of Cas- 270 members. Their house of worship
tleton river, and an isolated mountain in is large and commodious, and was built
the southeast corner of the town, are me- in 1833.  The Methodist society was
morials of his name, still associated with more recently organized, but is also conthe remembrance of his worth. Col. Lee siderably numerous. Their meeting house,
was vigilant and active amidst the hard- a neat and convenient edifice, was erectships and dangers which were encounter- ed inl824,since which time they have been
ed by the first settlers, under the govern- regularly supplied with locJ preachers;




46                      GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           PART I'l.
C A STLETON.                                                          CASTLETON.
their present minister is Rev. Josiah ed in propeling various kinds of machineBrown.   Each  religious society pos- ry. Being increased by many abundant
sesses a parsonage, and each  may be springs along its bed, its waters are very
regarded as in a prosperous condition. pure and cool in summer, and seldom froThere is considerable variety in the soil zen in winter. The diseases most comand surface of Castleton. The rocks are mon are typhus fever, inflammation of the
chiefly argillaceous, occasionally travers- lungs, croup, consumption, rheumatism,
ed by veins of quartz, and occasionally and in  the  early  settlement of the
alternating with, or enclosing large mass- town, intermittent and remittent, and ines of the latter rock; small quantities of flammatory fevers, were common but are
secondary lime stone are found in a few  now comparatively rare. The most morlocalities. Specimens of oxide of man- tal diseases have been typhoid pneumonia,
ganese are found in the vicinity of Bird's malignant  typhus and  canker  rash,
mountain, in the southeast part of the which have been epidemic. The most
town. The rocks are disposed in eleva- mortal epidemic was of typhoid pneumoted ridges in the eastern and northern nia, in 1813, of which 63 persons died,
sections, and are in some places abrupt who were chiefly adults.*  The climate
and precipitous; but for most part cover- of Castleton is salubrious, with the exceped with fertile arable soil. The south tion of epidemics.  The number of deaths
west part is a pine plain, in some places in 1841, was 21, being a fraction above
intersected by slate rock and ridges of one per cent. of the population.
slate gravel. The larger streams are gen-   Castleton village is pleasantly situated
erally bordered by rich alluvial inter- on the southern bank of Castleton river,
vales, which, in some instances, are broad on a level plain, elevated about 30 feet
and extensive. The soil of the plains is above the stream. Main street extends
sandy and light; on the hills it is slaty half a mile in length from east to west.
gravel, loam and vegetable mould; these Seminary and Mechanic's streets extend
soils are rendered much more productive south from  Main street; West street
by the use of plaster of Paris; that of the crosses Main nearly atright angles. The
intervales is strong and productive, in number of dwelling houses is 75; populamany places however requiring drainage. tion 550. The dwellings are remarkable
The cultivated crops are grass, Indian for a uniform  neatness and convenience,
corn, oats, rye,wheat, b'kwheat, potatoes, being a true index of the equality and
&c. The agricultural interest is chiefly moderate competence of the inhabitants.
vested in sheep, neat cattle, horses, and In the village are three houses of worship,
swine. Lake Bombazine lies principally a town house, two buildings of the Casin Castleton, its northern extremity ex- tleton Medical College, and one of Castending a short distance into Hubbardton. tleton Seminary.  The Congregational
Itlies in a basin of rocks, which, in some and  Methodist churches, and  college
parts, is of great depth; it is 8 miles buildings are handsomely located on the
long, and its greatest breadth is 2J miles; north side of Main street. The seminaan island containing about 10 acres is sit- ry edifice, which is 160 feet in length,
uated near the centre of this lake; being 40 feet in breadth, and four stories high,
provided with a grove and a cottage, it is is situated on a beautiful:elevation at the
a pleasant summer resort for parties of head of Seminary street.t  The Catholic
pleasure, and adds much to the beauty of chapel stands on the south side of Main
the scenery. The outlet of the lake, at street. In the village are 4 lawyers, 4
its southern extremity, has sufficient de- physicians, I printing office, I book store,
clivity and volume of water to propel a 4 mercantile stores, 1 druggist's store, 3
large amount of machinery.  The ma- public houses, one a temperance house,
chinery at present in operation at this 1 grocery, 1 watchmaker, 2 tailors, 3
place are one sash factory, one carding mantuamakers, 4 shoemakers, 1 hatter, 2
machine, one clothier's works, three saw  saddlers and harness makers, 2 carriage
mills, and one grist mill; here also is a makers, 4 blacksmiths, 2 cabinet and
mercantile store and a cluster of dwelling chair makers, 4 joiners and builders, I oil
houses, called Mill village.  Castleton mill, I grist mill, I filrnace and 1 tannery.
river, which arises in Pittsford, traverses The Albany, Montreal,Boston and Whitea part of Rutland, Ira, and Castleton from  hall mail routes intersect in Castleton, maeast to west, where it receives the waters king4 daily mails, and affording easy acof lake Bombazine. It afterwards unites   * The annual number of deaths from 1804 to 1813,
with Poultney river'in Fair Haven, and inclusive,were as follows: 1804, 16; 1805, 15; 1806,
enters lake Champlain at East bay. This 10; 1807, 20; 1808, 15; 1809, 20;  1810, 23; 1811,
a t4; 1812, 25; 1813, 77.
river and its tributary brooks furnish con-   tA history of this flourishing institution was exsiderable water power, which is improv- pected for our work, but it was not furnished.




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             47
CASTLETON RIVER.                                                 CAVENDISH.
cess to the public institutions. The post 30th, 1754, and Mrs. Johnson was delivoffice is at present a distributing office. ered of her child half a mile up this
There are in Castleton ten school districts brook.''
and school houses; and usually are one or', When trouble is near the Lord is kind,
more select schools in the village; num-    He hears the Captives cry;
bmorer select schools in the v iage;. num-  He can subdue the savage mind)
ber of scholars belonging to the primary    And learn it sympathy."
schools, 596. Statisticsof 1840.-Horses,   The settlement of this township was
322; cattle, 1,638; sheep, 14,631; swine, commenced in the north part by Capt.
890; wheat, bu. 1,752; oats, 8,876; rye, John Coffein, in June, 1769, at whose
3,306; b'k wheat, 822; Ind. corn, 10,185; hospitable dwelling, thousands of our
potatoes, 23,915; hay, tons, 4,479; sugar, revolutionary soldiers received refreshlbs. 8,660: wool, 27,631.  Population, ments, while passing from Charlestown,
1769.                         J. P.  then No. 4, to the military posts, on lake
CASTLETON RIVER originates in Pitts- Champlain, nearly the whole distance
ford, runs south into Rutland, thence being, at that time, a wilderness. On
west through Ira, CastletolS and Fair the farm, now  the residence of James
Haven into Poultney river. In Castleton Smith, Esq., in the northwesterly part of
it receives the waters of lake Bombazine, the town, 20 miles from  Charlestown,
and another considerable mill stream from  was another stopping place, called the
the north. The road from Rutland to "Twenty miles encampment," giving
Whitehall, through Castleton village, name to a small river near the head of
passes along this river for a considerable which the encampment was situated. In
partof the distance. Length of the stream  1771, Noadiah Russell and Thomas Gilabout 20 miles                        bert joined Capt. Coffein in the settleCAVEsDISH, a post town in Windsor ment, and shared with him in his wants
county, is in lat. 430 23' and long. 40 25', and privations. For several years they
and is 60 miles south from  Montpelier, struggled hard for a scanty and precarious
and 10 miles from Windsor. It is bounded subsistence. The grinding of a single grist
north by Reading, east by Weathersfield, of corn was known to have cost 60 miles
south by Chester, and west by Ludlow. travel. Such was the situation of the
This township was chartered by the gov- roads and the scarcity of mills at this
ernor of New Hampshire, October 12, early period.  Many interesting anec1761, and afterwards regranted by New  dotes are related of Capt. Coffein, which
York. It was originally about 7 miles our limits will not permit us to insert. At
square. In 1793, 3000 acres were set off one time, he owed his life to the sagacity
from the southeast corner, and constituted of his faithful dog. He was returning
a separate township by the name of Balti- from Otter creek, in March, 1771, while
more. On the morning of the 30th of the country was perfectly new, and on
Aug. 1754, the Indians surprised Charles- account of the depth of the snow was
town, N. H., and made prisoners of compelled to travel onsnow-shoes. While
Mr. Labaree, Mr. Farnsworth and Mr. crossing one of the ponds in Plymouth,
Johnson with his family. The savages the ice broke, and he was suddenly
proceeded with their prisoners and booty plunged into the water.  Encumbered
into the wilderness, and encamped within with a large pair of snow-shoes and a
the present limits of this town, where great coat which he had on, he strove,
Mrs. Johnson was, that night, delivered but in vain, to extricate himself. He
of a daughter, which she called Captive. struggled about half an hour, and, in desMrs. Johnson was compelled to keep on pair, was about yielding himself to a
her march over the Green Mountains, watery grave, when, at this critical moand to perform a journey of 200 miles. ment, his large and faithful dog beholding
After a captivity of some time, in which his situation came forward to the rescue
they endured many privations and hard- of his master. He seized the cuff of his
ships, this little band of sufferers were great coat, and, aided by the almost exransomed and returned again to New  piring efforts of Capt. Coffein, succeeded
Hampshire, to the enjoyment of their in dragging him from the watery chasm
friends and society. Captive Johnson is to a place of safety. Capt. Coffein lived
now the wife of Col. George Kimball. to see the town all settled and organized,
Near the place where Mrs. Kimball was and to take an active part in its public
borh, a monument is erected with an in- concerns. He was the first representative,
scription, of which the following is a and represented the town for a number of
verbatim copy. "This is near the spot years. The first settlers were mostly from
that the Indians encamped the night after Massachusetts. Josiah Fletcher was first
they took Mr. Johnson and family, Mr. town clerk. There is a Baptist and ConLabaree and Mr. Farnsworth, A ugust gregational church, and some Methodists,




48                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                       PART III.
CAVENDISH.                                                  CHAMPLAIN LAKE.
Universalists, &c. but nosettled minister. been sent to Boston and New  York
The epidemic of 1812 prevailed here, and markets, and found a ready sale. There
about 40, mostly heads of families, were are in town 3 meeting hmases, one free,
victims to it. The soil of this town is one Baptist, and one Methodist house,
easy and generally fertile. Black river, The latter was built in Proctorsville in
which runs from west to east, and Twenty 1841. There are 8 saw, 2 grist and- 2
mile stream, which runs in a southerly fulling mills, 5 stores, 3 taverns, &c.direction and unites with it near White's Statistics of 1840. —lorses, 265; cattle,
mills, are the principal streams. Along 1,716; sheep, 7,124; swine, 591; wheat,
these streams are some small tracts of fine bu. 1,101; barley, 57; oats, 7,996; rye,
intervale. The greatest curiosity in the 1,798; buck wheat, 246; In. corn, 3,750;
town, and perhaps the greatest of the potatoes, 30,680; hay,tons, 3,620; sugar,
kind in the state, is at the falls on Black lbs. 7,545; wool, 14,279.  Population,
river, which are situated between Dut- 1,427.
ton's village and White's mills. " Here   CHAMPLAIN LAKE. A general account
the channel of the river has been worn of this lake and of its name in the landown 100 feet; and rocks of very large guages of the aborigines, has been given
dimensions have been undermined and in part first, page 5a. We had intended to
thrown down, one upon another. Holes insert in this place a long extract from the
are worn into the rocks, of various di- journal of Champlain in which he gives
mensions and forms. Some of them are a minute account of his discovering and
cylindrical, from one to eight feet in di- naming the lake in 1609, and of the batameter, and from one to fifteen feet in tie in which he was engaged with the
depth; others are of a spherical form  Indians, but our limits do not permit us
from six to twenty feet diameter, worn to carry out our design. In his journal
almost perfectly smooth into the solid Champlain calls the outlet of lake Chambody of the rock."' Hawk's mountain, plain the river des Iroquois, and writers
which separates Baltimore from this town, who succeeded him not only continued to
derives its name from Col. Hawks, who, apply this name to the outlet of the lake
during the French and Indian wars, en- but to the lake itself. Hence some have
camped thereon for the night with a small supposed that Iroquois was the name givregular force, among whom was General en to the lake by the Indians. But it
(then Captain) John Stark. Some traces seems most probable that the application
of their route are still to be seen. The of this name to the river and lake originastage road, from Weathersfield to Rutland, ted with the French. The great thoroughpasses through this town along Black fare between the St. Lawrence and the
river. There are two villages, viz: Dut- powerful nations of the Iroquois on the
tonsville, and Proctorsville. Duttonsville Mohawk being through this river and
derives its name from  Salmon Dutton, lake, they designated them as the river
Esq. the first principal inhabitant, and and lake of the Iroquois, or the river and
has among other things a woollen factory, lake leading to the Iroquois. The name,
for the manufacture of broadcloths, built Corlear which the Indians at a later peof stone, 100 feet by 50, and 5 stories riod often applied to this lake, was the
high. It employs 75 hands, and makes name of a Dutchman, who was instru-daily about 140 yards. Proctorsville has mental in saving a war party of Canada
a factory for making cassimeres, which Indians from being destroyed by the Moemploys 35 hands, and makes about 130 hawks, at Schenectady, in 1665. In toyards per day. The building is of brick, ken of gratitude for this service the In75 by 42 feet, and 5 stories high. The dians afterwards applied the name Corlear
post-office at Duttonsville bears the name to every thing excellent in New York,
of the town; that at Proctorsville the and, among others, to this lake. Lake
name of the village. One mile north- Champlain  commences at Whitehall,
west from  Proctorsville are extensive at the junction of Wood creek with
quarries of serpentine, near which,'on East bay. A mile or two north of this it
Black river is a mill, 100 feet by 40, with receives the waters of South bay, which
10 or 12 gangs of saws, and other ma- projects to the southwest. From Whitechinery for polishing,are now in operation. hall to the south part of Orwell, the averThe serpentine receives a high polish age width of the lake is about half a mile.
and is considered equal in beauty and su- At Sholes landing, about one mile south
perior in quality to the Egyptian marble, as of Mount Independence, the lake is not
it possesses the rare qualities of being un- more than 40 rods wide, and between
affected by heat or acids. It makes the Mount Independence and Ticonderoga,
most excellent and elegant fire-jambs,and only 80 rods. The widest place, in the
centre and pier tables, and quantities have lake against Orwgll, is about two miles,




PART III.                 GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                      49
LAKE CHAMPLAIN.                                                       LAKE CHAMPLAIN.
and its average width about one mile. thickness, and  reveted  with  masonry
The distance from Whitehall to Ticonde- throughout.  The ditch is blasted out of
roga is about t0 miles.  The fortress of the solid rock.  There are two demilunes
this name is now  a heap of ruins.*  It and some small detached outworks.  An
was built by the French, in 1756, on a arched passage led from  the interior of
point of land formed by the junction of the works to the lake, and a well about
lake George creek with lake Champlain, ninety feet in depth was sunk in one of
and was two miles northwest from Mlount the bastions.  The fort erected by the
Independence, and opposite the north- French in 1731, was a smaller work, and
west corner of Orwell.  Ticonderoga is nearer the water.  The present fort was
derived from  the  Indian  and signifies commenced by the English, in 1759, and
noisy.  The French called the fort Caril- according to Dr. Dwight, (Travels I1,
ion.  It was a place of great strength, 444,) cost about two millions of pounds
both by nature and art.  On three sides sterling.  The whole peninsula being of
it was surrounded by water, and about solid rock, covered with a thin layer of
half the other was occupied by a deep  earth, the works cannot be assailed by
swamp, while the line was completed by  regular approaches, and  both  in conthe erection of a breastwork nine feet struction  and  position, the  fortress is
high on the only assailable ground.  In  among the strongest in North America.
1758, Gen. Abercrombie, with a British  It has been long dismantled, and is now
army, was defeated in an attempt upon  quite dilapidated, but its form and dimenthis fortress with the loss of 1941 men, sions are still easily traced and measured.
but it was the next year surrendered to  From  Crown Point to Split rock, a disGen. Amherst.t It was surprised by Col. tance of about 19 miles, the width of the
Allen, May 10, 1775, at the commence- lake will average about three miles and a
ment of the revolution, and retained till half.  The width from Thompson's Point
1777, when it was evacuated on the ap- to Split rock is only three  quarters of
proach  of Gen. Burgoyne. I  Near this a mile.  Split rock is a considerable cuplace is one of the richest localities of riosity.  A  light house is erected here.
minerals in the United States, and is a At McNeil s ferry between Charlotte and
most interesting spot to the man of sci- Essex, N. Y., a few  miles further north,
ence.  "Within the limits of four or five the width of the lake wants 20 rods of
acres are found massive and crystalized  three miles.  From  this place the lake
garnet, several varieties  of coc/`olite, spreads as it flows north, and at Burlingeaugite, white and green, crystalized and  ton from the bottom of Burlington bay to
massive, very beautiful adularia and com- that of Douglas' bay is nine miles and
mon feldspar, tabular spar, hornblend, three  quarters wide.*   Upon  Juniper
calcareous spar containing brucite, and  island at the entrance of Burlington bay
elegant crystals of silico calcareous oxyde  from  the south, a light house has been
of titanium."-Hall.  From Ticonderoga erected, and a few miles to the northwest
to Crown Point, a distance of 12 or 14
miles, the width of the lake continues   *In 1832, the distance from the south wharf in
from  one to two miles.' Crown Point Bulington, to the light house on Juniper island,
was measured upon the ice under the direction of
Fortress is now in ruins and is opposite to  John Johnson, Esq. and the bearing of various plathe south part of Addison. 11 It was built ces being taken from the extremities of this line by
by the French, in 1731, on a point of a good theodolite, the various distances were found'                 to be as follows:
land between West bay and the lake, and
was called Fort St. Frederick.  In 1759,                msouthoest cord.           m. rd.
it was surrendered to the British troops To Sharpshin P't. 1 217]To the light house 3 48
under Gen. Amherst, and was held by the  To Appletree P't. 3 68ITo Juniper island  3 28
British till May 10, 1775, when it was   o Port Kent          9 200 To rock Dunder   2 2-26
British ti  May C 10h  775, when it was To Donglas' bay   9 193 To Pottier's Point 2 182
taken by Col. Seth Warner, on the same
day  that Ticonderoga  surrendered  to                    Fron the ight house
Allenm                                                        m. rd.
Allen.  It again fell into the hands of the  To Pottier's Point    119 To Sarpin Point 2 3
British, in 1776, who kept possession of To rock Dunder   0 267 To Appletree Point 3 109
it till after the capture of Burgoyne in   in 1821, the distance from Burlington to Douglas'
1777.  This fortress is in lat. 44s 3' and  Bay on the opposite, was measured on the ice, and
long. 73~ 29' west from  Greenwich.  It the following souadings taken, and the depth of the
long. 73  29' west from  Greenwich.  It lake was found to be                      feet.
is nearly a regular pentagon, the longest At half a mile from the wharf..       54
curtain being ninety, and the shortest Between Sharpshin and Red Rock..   78
Between Sharpshin and Pottier,s Point.   66
about seventy-five yards in length.  The  Between Appletree Point and Juniper Island   66
ramparts are about twenty-five feet in  Between Colchester Point and Sloop Island     282
Between Providence Island and E. Brother    186
* See part second, page 8.  t Page 9 and 14. Between Valcour Island and W'cest Brother    h69
$ Page 33 and 41. II Page 6.                 Due south of Slhuyler's Isl,,nd...  150
Pr. IlI.                   7




50                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT                         PART IIL
LAKE CHAMPLAIN.                                                 CHARLESTON.
of this bay the steamboat Phoenix was spot where the haughty Burgoyne surconsumed by fire on the morning of the rendered his sword, October 17, 1777,
5th of September 1819, and much pro- where Schuyler's house was burnt, and
perty and several lives lost. t Between where the brave Fraser fell. The house,
Juniper island and Pottier's point, a large where that officer died, is still standing,
rock rises above the water, called rock and the rooms, occupied by the Countess
Dunder, and to the southwest of Juniper Riedsell, remain unaltered."
lie four small islands called the Four   CHARLESTON, a post town in the east
Brothers. They were named on Charle- part of Orleans county, is in lat. 44o 51'
voix's map the isles of the Four Winds. and long. 4" 57, and is bounded northeast
The bay  opposite Burlington, called by Morgan, southeast by Brighton, southDouglas' bay, was called by the French west by a part of Westmore and BrownCorlar, and the island lying a little to the ington, and northwest by Salem. It lies
north, called Schuyler's island, they call- 50 miles northeast from Montpelier; was
ed Isle au Chapon. The greatest ex- granted the 6th, and chartered the 10th of
panse of water is between the Four November, 1780, to the "Hon. Abraham
Brothers and Grand Isle, but the greatest Whipple, his shipmates," and others, conwidth from east to west shore is further taining 23,040 acres  Commodore Whipnorth across the islands, where the dis- ple was a distinguished naval officer in
tance is about 14 miles.  Cumberland the revolutionary war, and he called the
bay, on the head of which stands Platts- town Navy, in honor of the American
burgh, N. Y., is about 22 miles from Bur- navy, the prowess of which he had so
lington. This bay is celebrated for the bravely maintained; but the name was
signal victory of the American squadron, altered to Charleston, by act of the legisunder Commodore McDonough, over the lature, Nov. 6, 1825. The settlement of
British fleet, on the 11th of September, this township was commenced in 1803,
1814. t  The peninsula lying north of by Andrew  McGaffey, who, this year,
Cumberland bay called Cumberland Head, moved his family here from  Lyndon.
was called by the French  Cape Scou- Mrs. McGaffey died October 30, of this
mouton.  On this point is a light house. year, which was the first death in town.
From South Hero to the 45th degree of In July, Abner Allyn also moved his famlat. the breadth of the lake including the ily here, and his was the second family
islands is from  nine to twelve miles. in town. In 1804, Joseph Seavey moved
Where the lake leaves the state on the his family here; Orin Percival, his in
west side of Alburgh, its width is less 1805; and from this time the settlement
than two miles. The lake extends into proceeded more rapidly. The whole numCanada 24 miles to St. Johns, where the ber of deaths in this town, up to 1824, was
river Richelieu commences and conveys 13, and only three of these adults. The
the waters to the St. Lawrence. The town was organized, March 31, 1806, and
Richelieu is about 6() miles long, and joins Abner Allyn was first town clerk. He
the St. Lawrence near the upper end of was also the first representative, chosen
lake St. Peters, and about 45 miles below  in 1807. The Freewill Baptists are the
Montreal. The navigation of the Riche- most numerous denomination of Chrislieu is interrupted by the Chambly rapids, tians. Elder John Swazey, a Protestant
but the lake is connected with the St. Methodist, is the only resident minister,
Lawrence at Montreal, by a railroad 18 but the town is generally supplied by itinmiles in length, leading from St. John's erant preachers.  Ezra Cushing is the
to Laprairie. The canal which connects only physician  The principal stream is
lake Champlain with the Hudson, at Al- Clyde river, which enters the township
bany, is 64 miles in length, and traverses from Brighton, and runs northwesterly,
a most interesting country. " It passes nearly through its centre into Salem.
in sight of the very spot where the tree There are some falls of consequence, on
stood, to which Putnam was bound, in this stream, particularly the Great falls,
1757. Fort Edward and Fort Miller also where the descent is more than 100 feet
recall to mind many circumstances of in 40 rods, but its current is, generally,
American history. The former was built slow. The alluvial flats, along this stream,
by Col. Williams, in 1755, and its walls are extensive, but generally too low and
are now in some places 20 feet high. The wet for cultivation. In the southeast part
unfortunate Miss M'Crea was murdered of the township are 1000 acres of bog
near this fort, and the trunk of the tree, meadow in a body upon this river. There
to which she was bound, still remains are several considerable ponds.  Echo
with her name and the date, 1777, rudely pond, the most important, is in the northinscribed upon it.  It passes near the ern part, and was named by Gen. J.
See part second page 216. tlbid. Page 96.    Whitelaw, on account of the succession of




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              5I
CHARLOTTE.                                                        CHARLOTTE.
echos, which are usually heard when any travelers. There is a small village a little
sound is produced in its vicinity. It is 1., west of the centre, called the 4 corners,
miles long and A a mile wide. The stream  with a meeting house and parsonage, bewhich discharges the waters of Seymour's longing to the Methodist society, built
lake, in Morgan, into Clyde river, passes with brick in the year 1841, and well
through this pond. On the outlet mills are finished in modern style. Also, a female
erected. The other pond, of most con- seminary, built in 1836, which is now
sequence, is called Pension pond, and lies under the superintendance of the Methoin the course of Clyde river. These ponds dist society. There are also two stores
abound in fish, and large quantities are and one tavern.  At about the same
annually caught. There are two small distance north of the centre, there is a
villages situated upon Clyde river about village of still smaller size, and also two
six miles apart, with a post office in each, miles east of the centre, where there is a
designated as East Charleston and West Baptist meeting house, built with brick
Charleston. The soil of the township is and well finished, in the year 1841. The
a rich loam and produces good crops, and Congregational meeting house stands near
the roads and business of the town are the centre of the town, and was erected
rapidly improving. There are 8 school in the year 1808. The church was ordistricts, 5 school houses, 2 stores, 2 tav- ganized, January 3, 1792, and on the next
erns, 4 saw, 2 grist and 2 fulling mills, &c. day the Rev. Daniel C. Gillet, was ordainStatistics of 1840.-Horses, 172; cattle, ed over it. He was dismissed in 1799,
587; sheep, 1,408; swine, 366; wheat, and the church was vacant till Nov. 4,
bu. 1,431; barley, 701; oats, 4,548; rye, 1807, when the Rev. Truman Baldwin,
62; buck wheat, 1,560; Ind. corn 467; was ordained over it, who was dismissed
potatoes 26,279; hay, tons, 1,499; sugar, March 21, 1815. The church was then
lbs. 23,965; wool, 2,861. Pop. 731.    destitute till Oct. 15,1817, when the Rev.
CHARLOTTE, a post town in the south- Calvin Yale was ordained over it,who was
west corner of Chittenden county, in lat. dismissed March 5, 1833.  The Rev.
440 18' and long. 3~ 49', and is bounded William Eaton was installed as pastor of
north by Shelburne, east by Hinesburgh, the church, on the 23d of Sept. 1834, and
south by Ferrisburgh and apartof Monk- was dismissed January 12, 1837. The
ton, and west by lake Champlain. It is Rev. Eldad W. Goodman, the present
10 miles south from Burlington, and 10 pastor, was installed July 12, 1837. The
north from Vergennes, and was charter- most remarkable season of mortality was
ed June 24, 1762. The first attempt to in the winter of 1812 and'13, when about
settle this town was made by Derick 70, mostly over 16 years of age, were vicWebb. He first began in town in March, tims to the epidemic of that period. This
1776, but soon left. He came in again, township is pleasantly situated on the
in March, 1777, and left in May, follow- lake shore, and is watered by the river
ing; but no permanent settlement was Laplott, which runs through the northmade till 1784, when Derick Webb, and east corner, and Lewis creek, which runs
Elijah Woolcut moved into the town, and through the southern corner. The westwere followed by others, so that the town ern part of the town was originally tim.
was soon after organized. John McNeil bered with hard wood, and the soil is
was one of the early settlers, and was the excellent, producing in abundance. The
first town clerk and representative to the eastern part was principally timbered
Legislature. In the year 1790, he located with pine, hemlock, &c. There are no
on the lake shore, and with the advantage elevations which deserve the names of
of a good natural harbor,established a ferry mountains, but a range of considerable
from  Charlotte to Essex, in the state of hills running through the centre of the
New York, which by the name of "Mc- town from north to south. From many
Neil's ferry" is generally known through- parts of this ridge the scenery to the west
eout the state as one of the most important, is peculiarly picturesque. The lake with
safe and well conducted ferries on the its islands, may be seen at a great dislake. The boat is propelled by six horses. tance. Add to this the- extensive range
Time in crossing about 30 minutes, mak- of lofty mountains with their broken suming four trips each day. There is crossing mits which lie beyond it, and it is believat this ferry some weeks earlier and later ed that, particularly at some seasons of
in the season, than at any other ferry on the year, the beauty and sublimity of the
the lake, with the exception of that from  prospect is not excelled by any part of
Burlington to Port Kent. There isa good our country. The town is divided into
store house and dock, with a sufficient 13 school districts.  It has 4 taverns
depth of water for any boat on the lake, which are all temperance houses, 5 saw
and a good Inn for the accommodation of mills, 1 grist mill, and 3 stores. Statistics




BE         2          GAZETTEE1t OF VERMONT.                       PART IIl,
CHELSEA.                                                           CUESTED
of 1840. —-Horses, 500; cattle, 3,020; mostly of a good soil. All kinds of grain
sheep, 15,865; swine, 1,396; wheat, bu. common in Vermont, are raised with tol2,195; barley, 110; oats, 13,843; rye, erable success. The timber is of various
1,660; buck wheat, 1,118; Ind. corn, kinds, in which maple, elm, beech, birch
26,885; potatoes, 52,985; hay, tons, and hemlock predominate. In a swamp
9,175; sugar, lbs. 6,000; wool, 31,348. in the east part of the town, tamarack
Population, 1,620.                     grows in great plenty. Pine was formerCHELSEA, the shire town of Orange ly abundant on the streams, but it has encounty, is situated near the centre of the tirely disappeared. The town has always
county, in lat. 40~ and long. 4~ 30', and is been very healthy. The epidemic of 1812
bounded north by Washington and Wil- and'13, was fatal in very few cases.
liamstown, east by Vershire, south by Among the instances of longevity within
Tunbridge, and west by Brookfield. It a few years are the following: —Mrs.
was granted to Bela Turner and his asso- Woodworth died in 1836, aged 93; Mrs.
ciates, Nov. 2, 1780, and chartered by the Abagail Hale, in 1838, aged 95; Miss Irename of Turnersburgh, August 4, 1781. na Smith, in 1839, aged 91; Mrs. PerkBy the charter it contains 23,040 acres, ins, in 1838, aged 88; Mr. Jacob Flanor 36 square miles. The name was alter- ders, in 1840, aged 86. The village is sit.
ed to Chelsea, Oct. 13, 1788. Improve- uated near the centre of the town, on the
ments were commenced in this township first branch of White river, 13 miles from
in the spring of 1784, by Thomas and its mouth.  It contains two churches,
Samuel Moore, and Asa Bond, who, the Congregational and Methodist, a court
next spring, brought in their families house and jail, two taverns, five stores,
from Winchester, N. H. They were soon two groceries, three carding machines, a
joined by others from  different quarters, clothier's establishment, a trip lammer
who settled in different parts of the town. shop, two tin workers' shops, two cabinet
Those who first came in brought all their shops, two tanneries, a printing office, a
furniture and provisions on their backs jeweller and watchmaker's shop, with vafrom Tunbridge, nine miles distant, where rious other mechanics shops, and about
were their nearest neighbors. The first ninety dwelling houses. The bank of
house in town was erected in the present Orange county is located here, as is also
burying ground by Thomas Moore, and the office of the Orange County Mutual
was burned to the ground with all its Fire Insurance Company, which was
contents, in September, 1785, but four or chartered in November, 1838, and comfive months after his family had entered menced operations in Dec. 1839. The
it. The first child born in town was amount insured by them  is now  about
Thomas Porter Moore, son of Thomas $500,000. Near the west line of the town
Moore, born Oct. 16, 1785. He is still is a meeting house, owned by several difliving in the town, as are also Thomas ferent denominations, called the union
Moore and wife. The first town meeting house. The town is divided into 17 school
was held March 31, 1788,and was warned districts, containing as many school houby Thomas Moredock, Esq. of Norwich. ses. There are in it, two grist and ten
It was called to order by Thomas Porter, saw mills. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
Esq. of Vershire, and Roger Wales was 340; cattle, 1,710; sheep, 6,696: swine,
appointed moderator, Asa Bond, Joshua 971; wheat, bu. 3,177; barley, 55; oats,
Lathrop, and Roger Wales were chosen 11,663; rye, 86; b'k wheat, 413; In. corn,
selectmen, and Enos Smith town clerk 4,427; potatoes, 47,090; hay, tons, 4,124;
and treasurer. The town was first repre- sugar, lbs. 18,782; wool, 11,122.  Popusented in1794, by Samuel Badger. A Con- lation, 1959.             R. S. H.
gregational church was early organized   CHESTER, a post town on the south
here, over which Rev. Lathrop Thomp- line of Windsor county, is in lat. 43o 17'
son was settled in November, 1799. He and long. 4~ 21', and is bounded north by
was dismissed in April, 1805, and Rev. Cavendish and Baltimore, east by SpringCalvin Noble was ordained over the field, south by Grafton and a small part
church in September, 1807, and continu- of Rockingham, and west by Andover,
ed in its charge till his death in April, and part of Ludlow. It was first charter1834. Rev. James Buckham was settled ed by New Hampshire, February 22,1754,
in February, 1835, and dismissed in Feb. by the name of Flamstead. It was re1841. There is also a flourishing Metho- chartered November 3, 1766, by the name
dist society, organized in 1825. There of New Flamstead. The settlement was
was formerly a small Baptist society in commenced in 1764, by Thomas Chandler
the west part of the town, but for many and his two sons, John and Thomas
years it has been without a settled minis- Chandler, Junior, Jabez Sargeant,Edward
ter. The township is quite hilly, but Johnson, Isaiah Johnson, Charles Man,




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             53
CHESTER.                                                            CHESTER.
William Warner, Ichabod Ide, and Ebe- I. M. S. London, professor in Yale Colnieezer Hotton, from  Woodstock, Con- lege, and lecturer in Vermont University,
necticut, and Worcester and Malden, who resided in Chester many years in his
Massachusetts.  On the 14th of July, youth.  Col. Thomas Chandler, under
1766, Thomas Chandler obtained a charter whose particular influence and agency,
from the state of New York, for himself the charter under New York was obtained,
and 36 others, in which the town took the was a man of quick apprehension, hasty
name of Chester. About the same time, in his movements, and dogmatical, and
the county of Cumberland was organized, was said to have been instrumental in the
and Chester became the shire town. Col. massacre at Westminster; and afterwards
Thomas Chandler was appointed chief died there.  Thomas Chandler, junior,
justice of the county court, and his son was also conspicuous in the formation of
John Chandler, clerk. Chester is situate our state government, one of the comsix miles west of Connecticut river, con- missioners of confiscated estates, one of
taining 48J square miles, or 32,242 acres. the judges of the first supreme court, and
It was organized in June, 1767, and first secretary of state.  Elder Aaron
Thomas Chandler, was first town clerk. Leland in early life, took an active part
The religious denominations are Congre- in politics, as well as religion, and filled
gationalists, Baptists, Restorationers, and several offices of trust in town, county
Methodists. The Congregational church and state, was town clerk, one of the sewas first formed in 1773, and Rev. Samuel lect men, and representative a number of
Whiting, was settled by this town and years, judge of the county court, speaker
Rockingham, for five years; he officiated of the house of representatives, and Lieut.
one third of the time at Chester, and the Governor of the state. His portly apremainder at Rockingham, after which pearance in person, overawed some, while
they had no settled minister for 36 years. his light and airy deportment, sometimes
In 1825, Rev. Uzziah C. Burnap was displeased others. Lucius Hubbard, Esq.
settled here, and' continued till 1837. educated at Yale College, was for a numRev. Silas H. Hodges was settled in July, ber of years the only lawyer in the town.
1837, and continued until December, 1840. He was a man of science, and died young.
This society had erected a meeting house Daniel Heald, Esq. was one of the early
in 1789, 40 by 50 feet, but, having become settlers from  Concord, Mass. where he
dilapidated, in 1825, it was repaired, resided at the commencement of the
painted, and a tower and bell added to it. revolutionary war, was a soldier in the
Town meetings are now usually held in battle at Concord bridge, and in the service
this house.  The Baptist society was at Cambridge, the same season; also at
formed in 1788, and built a house 40 by Ticonderoga. In 1776, he built a log cabin
30, the same season, which they con- in Chester, on the same lot on which he
tinued to occupy until 1835, in which ever after resided until his death, in 1833,
year it was removed, and a new one of in the 95th year of his age. He had
brick erected, 66 by 46, (including the shared fully of the confidence of his
projection in front.) Elder Aaron Leland townsmen; was town clerk 20 years,
was pastor of this church, from 1788 until from 1779 to 1799, and 13 years reprehis decease, in 1833, being 45 years. He sented the town in the legislature. His
was succeeded by Elder Jacob S. McCol- eldest son, Amos Heald, lives upon the
lom, who continued 2! years, and was same farm on which his father settled,
succeeded by Elder Ira Person, who con- and has been entrusted with many imtinued 23 years. Elder Richard M. Ely, portant offices, both by the town and state,
the present minister was settled April, and now, at the age of 73, is town clerk,
1838. The Restoration society was form- which office he has held for the last 16
ed about the year 1829, and their church years. This office has been filled for 61
organized in 1832, which now consists of years past by three individuals, and in
about 25 members. Rev. Warren Skin- that time it has been necessary, in only
ner, Darius Forbs, Solomon Law, A. four instances to appoint a clerk pro tem.
Williams, and L. Ballou, the present William's river is formed in this township
minister, have supplied the desk about by the union of three considerable branchhalf the time. In 1828 the Union meeting es.  These branches unite, nearly in the
house, owned principally by the Congre-  same place, and about one and a half
gationalists and Restorationers, was built miles southeast of the two villages; they
in the south village. It is 66 by 41 feet, constitute the principal waters, heading
and has a bell, weighing about 1,200 lbs. in the towns of Andover, Ludlow and
Among the distinguished persons who Windham.  No natural pond, cave, or
have resided in this town, may be men- Indian name or antiquity, ever known or
tioned, Doctor Nathan Smith, M. D., C. recorded in said town. The surface is




Aid,                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART IIICHESTER.                  CHIMNEY POINT.-CHIN.                   CHITTENDEN.
considerably diversified with hills and corn, 8,627; potatoes, 35,255; hay, tons
vallies, but the soil is generally good; 4,490; sugar, lbs. 18,987; wool, 30,263.
the uplands yield excellent pasturage, Population, 2,305.
and when newly cleared, produce abun-   CHIMNEY POINT is in Addison opposite
dance of grain. The intervales are rich to Crown Point and is the most westerly
and fertile, producing good crops of rye, land in Vermont. It was upon this point
corn, barley, oats, peas, beans, potatoes, that the first settlement was made in the
&c.  The roads are now  all free, re- western part of Vermont by the French
markably well laid, level and well wrought in 1731, and here they erected a stone
for such an uneven  township, mainly wind mill, which was garrisoned during
following streams. Timber, mostly hard the colonial wars, and hence it has some
wood, with some hemlock, spruce and times been called Windmill point, but
pine. Minerals, granite, actynolite,augite this name is now confined to a point in
chlorite, common and potter's clay, cy- Alburgh.
anite, epidote, feldspar, garnet, hornblend,   CHIN, the name given to the north peak
iron, magnetic, oxyde of sulphuret,quartz, of Mansfield mountain in the township of
serpentine, talc, and mica. The town is Mansfield. This is the highest summit
divided into twenty school districts, with in the State, being according to Captain
18 school houses, mostly of brick or stone, Partridge, 4279 feet, and according to E.
and  742 scholars, on the first day of F. Johnson, Esq., 4359 feet above tide
January, 1840. An academy was incor- water.
porated, and a building 50 by 40 feet,   CHITTErNDEN, a post town in the norththree stories high, erected in 1814, in the eastern part of Rutland county, is in lat.
south village. The school is now in a 43o 44', and bounded northerly by Goflourishing condition, under the instruc- shen, easterly by Pittsfield, southerly by
tion of James O. Pratt. There are two Parkerstown, and west by Pittsford and a
villages, called the north and south vil- part of Brandon. It was granted the 14th
lage; the north village is situated near and chartered the 16th of March, 1780, to
the centre of the township, on the north- Ghershom  Beach and associates. The
erly side of the north branch of William's township of Philadelphia was annexed to
river. It contains one meeting house, Chittenden, November 2, 1816. The set2 stores, 2 grist mills, 2 taverns, 2 cabinet tlement of this township was commented
shops, 1 attorneys office, 1 tannery, and about the close of the revolutionary war,
about 25 dwelling houses.  The south but much of it being mountainous remains
village is situate in a pleasant valley on unsettled. The religious denominations
the north side of the middle branch of are Methodists, Congregationalists and
William's river, three fourths of a mile Roman Catholics. The Methodists num-.south of the north village, and one and a ber about 70, of whom 10 are Protestant,.half mile southeasterly of the centre of the Congregationalists about 50, and the
the town.  It contains 1 academy, 2 Roman Catholics 100. The Methodists,meeting houses, post office, 1 woollen erected a house of worship in 1832, and.factory, 1 clothier's shop, 1 hatter's shop, the Congregationalist in 1833. The most
1 saddler's, 1 chair maker's, I wheel distinguished man who has resided here
swright's, 2 blacksmith's, 2 mechanic's was Aaron Beach. He fought under
shops, 1 tannery, 2 taverns, 3 attorney's Wolf on the heights of Abraham, served
offices, 4 stores, and about 60 dwelling his country through the war of the revoluhouses. The line of stages from Boston tion and was prevented only by the solicitto Montreal, and from  Hanover and ations offriends from being with theGreen
Charlestown, to Saratoga and Albany, Mountain Boys in the battle at Plattsintersect in this village. The road from  burgh. The northwest part is watered
Chester to Manchester, is considered the by Philadelphia river, which falls into
best passage of the Green Mountains in Otter creek at Pittsford. Tweed river
the state, south of Montpelier, and renders rises in the eastern part and falls into
this village the great thoroughfare for the White river. The southwestern part is
travel from Maine and New Hampshire, watered by East creek. Near Philadelto the state of New York, and particularly phia river, is a mineral spring, and among
to Saratoga and Ballston springs. There the mountains are some caverns, butthey
are inoperation in the town, 5 grist mills, are little known. This town is interest8 saw mills, 3 tanneries, 2 carding ma- ing on account of its minerals. Iron ore
e:hines, 5 stores, 5 taverns, and 2 fulling of good quality is found here in abunmills. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 486; dance and also manganese. About 600
cattle,2,559; sheep, 10,752; swine, 1,287; tons of the iron ore are raised annually,
wheat, bu. 1,477; barley, 510; oats, 15,- much of which is smelted at the works in
272:; rye, 2,328; buck wheat, 876; Ind. Pittsford.  The manganese is found at




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              55
CHITTENDEN.          CHITTENDEN COUNTY.-CLYDE RIVER.              CLARENDON.
unequal depths below the surface, and This stream runs through Round pond in
about 300 tons, worth $35 per ton in Charleston and through Salem.lake, a
New York, are annually sent to market. beautiful sheet of water, near two miles
A furnace was erected in this town as in length and one in width, lying partly
early as 1792, by a Mr. Keith of Boston. in Salem and partly in Derby. It waters
In 1839, a forge was erected which makes about 150 square miles.
about 500 lbs., of bar iron per day. The   CLARENDON, a post town in the central
town contains 6 school districts, 6 saw  part of' Rutland county, is in lat. 43Q 31'
mills, each sawing yearly 100,000 feet of and long. 40 6', and is bounded north by
boards, one store and a post office, the Rutland, east by Shrewsbury, south by
two latter established in 1841. Statistics Tinmouth and Wallingford, and  west
of 1840 -Horses, 126; cattle, 481; sheep, by Ira. It is 55 miles S. from Montpelier,
4,326; swine, 287; wheat bus., 1,115; and 46 N. from  Bennington, and was
barley, 5; oats, 5,032; rye, 262; buck chartered  September 5, 1761. It was
wheat, 345; Indian corn, 2,379; potatoes, granted both by N. H. and New York,
16,830; hay, tons, 1,970; sugar, lbs. 11,- and comprehends a part of the two grants
790; wool, 9,202. Population, 644.     of Socialborough and Durham.  The
CHITTENDEN COUNTY, is bounded north settlement was commenced in 1768 by
by Franklin and Lamoille county, east by Elkanah Cook who was joined the same
Lamoille and Washington county, south year by Randal Rice, Benjamin Johns and
by Addison county and west by lake others. The first settlers were mostly
Champlain. It lies between 440 7' and from Rhode-Island, and purchased their
440 42' N. lat. and 3~ 41' and 4Q 14' east lands of Col. Lideus, who claimed them
long. Its extent from  north to south is under a title derived from  the Indians.
30 miles, and from east to west 22 miles, This title was however, never confirmed
covering about 500 square miles. It was by either of the colonial governments,
incorporated October 22, 1782.  A few  and the diversity of claimants occasioned
settlements were commenced  in this much litigation, which continued  till
county before the revolution, but they 1785, when the legislature passed what
were all abandoned during the war. Win- was called the quieting act. By it the
ooski river runs through the middle of the settlers were put in peaceable possession
county and fills into lake Champlain be- of their land, and the New Hampshire
tween Burlington and Colchester. The title to the lands not settled, was conriver Lamoille runs across the northwest firmed. In consequence of these procorner, and Laplott river and some other ceedings there are no public rights in
streams water the south part. This coun- town. The first town meeting on record
ty, except along the lake shore, where it was in 1778, and Stephen Arnold was
is generally level, is uneven, but not this year town clerk, and Abner Lewis,
mountainous. The soil is various, being representative. Elder Isaac Beals of the
in some places pine plain, and light and Baptist order was the first settled minis
sandy; in others a rich loam, and in others ter. The  Congregational church  was
a deep alluvion. The flats on the Wi- gathered here Feb. 1822by the Rev. Hennooski river are equal to any in the state. ry Hunter, who was installed over the
Burlington is the seat of justice and the same on the 6th of November following
principal town in the county. The su- and continued six years. The church at
preme court sits here on the Monday pre- first consisted of 12 members; the present
ceding the first Tuesday of January; the number is 70. Otter creek runs through
county court on the 4th Tuesday of May this town from south to north, a little
and November. Statistics of 1840.-Hors- east of the centre, and receives here Mill
es, 4,231; cattle, 24,142; sheep, 110,774; river and Cold river from the east, which
swine, 25,310; wheat, bus., 29,502; bar- affords numerous sites for mills and other
ley 1,305; oats, 131,799; rye, 31,570; machinery. Mill river rises in Mountbuck wheat, 1],575; Indian corn, 119,- Holly, runs nearly on the line between
087; potatoes, 522,792; hay, tons, 56,- this town and Wallingford, receiving from
357; sugar, lbs. 177,343; wool, 215,019. the latter the waters of a considerable
Population, 22,978.                    pond, crosses the southwest corner of
CLYDE RIVER, has its source in Pitkin's Shrewsbury and falls into Otter creek near
and Knowlton's ponds, in the northeast the south part of Clarendon.  Cold river
part of Brighton, and runs a northwester- rises in Parkerstown, crosses the northly course through Brighton, Charleston, west corner of Shrewsbury and enters OtSalem and Derby, to lake Memphrema- ter creek near the north part of Clarengog. Excepting a few short rapids, this don. Furnace brook, called also Little
is a dead, still river, until it comes with- West river, rises from a small pond in the
in three miles of lake Memphremagog. south part of Tinmouth and runs north,




GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           PART III.
COT'S GORE.                                                       COLCHESTER.
parallel to Otter creek, through the west ton, and west by lake Champlain. It is
part of the town and falls into Otter creek 116 miles north from Bennington, and 36
near the centre of Rutland.  Near the miles northwest from Montpelier. It was
north line of Clarendon it receives Ira chartered June 7th, 1763, with its present
brook from Ira. Near Furnace brook are name; but from the fact that among the
situated the Clarendon springs, an ac- grantees there were ten by the name of
count of which has been given in part Blurling, it is supposed Burlington was the
first, page 7. Their situation in relation name originally intended for this town,but
to the stream, boarding houses, road &c., through some mistake was given to the
may be seen by the following diagram.   town adjoining it on the south. The settlement of this town was commenced in
1774, at the lower falls on Winooski or
Onion river, by Ira Allen and Remember
Baker. Baker's family,consisting of a wife
and three children, was the first in town.*
In 1775, Joshua Staunton began improvements on the intervale above the narrows;'                    ~2~ a  in that river, and there was a small clearing made at Mallet's bay before the revolution. From the spring of 1776, the town
was abandoned by the settlers till after
4f19(            - 1       f        the close of the war, in 1783, when Messrs.
JRe        McClain, Low  and  Boardman, settled
on Colchester Point, and General Al-' s-.. len  returned  and renewed the  settleoHMi  l;     1ment at the falls. Allen erected mills, a
forge and a shop for fabricating anchors,
and the place soon assumed the appearance of a considerable village. The town
References.-a, the road from Tinmouth; b, road was organized about the year 1791, and
to West Rutland; S, springs; B, bathing house; Ira Allen was first town clerk. It was
1, Clarendon House; 2, 3, 4, Public boarding hous- first represented in 1793, by Joshua Staunes; L, Furnace brook; I, Hill; 0, High lands.  ton.  The religious denominations are
The east part of the town borders on Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methothe Green Mountains, but the principalists. The Congregational church was
elevations are the range of hills between gathered in 1805, but have never had a
Otter creek and Furnace brook, and be- settled pastor, and for a great portion of
tween the latter and  Ira brook on the the time been destitute of regular preaching. The Baptist church was organized
west line of the town. The alluvial flats ing.  The Baptist church was organized
on Otter creek are from half to a mile in 1816.  Phineas Culver was settled
wide through the town and are very pro- over this church in 1820, and remained
duetive. The uplands are a gravelly the nominal pastor till 1832. They were
loam. Clarendon cave is situated in the without a settled pastor from that time
loam. Clarendon cave is situated in the
westerly part of the town, and has alrea- till this year when Columbus Green was
ordained over it. These two churches
dy been described in part first, page 8. erected a  c       ommodious  brick  meeting
Very good marble is found here and is
wrought to some extent.  There are two house in 1838, which they now occupy in
small villages, one in the eastern and the common. The Methodists have generalother in the western part, with a post ofice ly been supplied with preaching and have
erected a convenient brick chapel. There
at each and at Clarendon springs. There erected a convenient brick chapel. There
are in town 3 grist mills, 4 saw  mills,5 is  also  an  organized  Congregational
church  at Winooski village,  which
stores, &c. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
337; cattle, 2,047; sheep, 15,922; swine, erected in 139, a commodious house of
1,015;  wheat, bus., 1,663; oats, 9,358; worship. Thus in the space of three years
rye, 1,3801 5; buck wheat, 45; Indian corn, were built in this town three good houses
10,936; potatoes, 44,601;  hay, tons, fifor public worship, all of brick. The on.
415; sugar, lbs., 24,950; wool, 40,984. ly other public buildinglis the town house.
Population, 1,549.                      A public library was commenced in 1832,
COIT'S GORE. See W           ~aterville.  and now  contains about 300 volumes.
COLCHESTER, a          post town in Chitten- There are two small ponds in this town.
den county, is in lat. 440 33' and in long.  *See partsecond,pagee31. AfterBaker'sdeath in
3o59', and isbounded north by AMilton,east the fall of 1775, his family remained tt the block,
by Essex, south by W~inooski river, which house in Colchester, till the place was abandoned the
separatby Essex, south by Winooi r, Wil- following spring. The widow afterwards married
separates it from  Burlington and Willis- Thomas Butterfield.




PaRT III.              GAZETTEER (OF VERMONT.                              57
COLCHESTER.                                                           CONCORD,
The largest contains about 60 acres. On 306; oats, 9,856; rye, 5,973; b'k wheat,
the outlet to this pond are still seen the 1,202; Ind. corn, 10,343; potatoes, 36,remains of beavers' works. The princi- 324; hay, tons, 3,401; sugar, lbs. 1,900;
pal streams of this town are, the river La- wool, 11,375. Population, 1739.
moille which runs from Milton through    CONCORD, a post town in the southern
the northwest corner into lake Champlain; extremity of Essex county, situated in lat.
Mallets creek which also comes from Mil- 44~ 25' and long. 50 8', containing about
ton and empties into Mallets bay; Indian 47 square miles. It is bounded northwestcreek which runs into Mallets creek; and erly'by Kirby and Bradleyvale, northeastWinooski river on the south. The soil erly by Lunenbnrgh, southeasterly by
in the north and northwestern parts is a Connecticut river, and southwesterly by
variety of gravel and loam, and is well Waterford, lying opposite to Littleton, in
adapted to grazing, though Indian corn, New Hampshire. It was granted Nov. 7,
the English grains and the common culi- 1780, and chartered September 15, 1781,
nary roots are successfully  cultivated. to Reubean Jones and his associates. The
The timber in these parts is principally first settlement of Concord was commenwhite pine, beech, maple, birch, basswood, ced in 1788, by Joseph Ball. Among the
ash, elm, oak, walnut, butternut and settlers, who came into town previous to
some chestnut. In the middle part of the the year 1794, may be mentioned Amos
town is a large tract of pine plain, mostly Underwood, Solomon Babcock, Daniel
covered with pitch pine and small oaks, Gregory, Benjamin  Streeter, Jonathan
and seems more particularly adapted to and Jesse Woodbury and Levi Ball. In
the raising of rye and corn.  On the bank  1795, when John Fry came into town,
of the Winooski river, are large tracts of there were 17 families here. The first
intervale. Besides the ordinary methods settlers were principally from Westboro'
of enriching the soil, plaister of Paris has and Royalston, Mass. John, son of Joseph
been used in this town with great success. Ball, was born in 1789, and was the first
The rocks in the northern and eastern child born in town. The first town meetparts are mostly composed of lime and ingf was held and the town organized
slate with occasional bolders of granite; March 3, 1794. Elijah Spafford was first
red sand stone is found in abundance near town clerk.  At this meetin-g 14 persons
Mallets bay. Iron ore has been found in took the freeman's oath. There are a
small quantities in the western part of the Congregational, a Freewill Baptist and a
town, and sulphate of iron is found in the Methodist church, in this town.  The
northeastern part. About the year 1812, Congregational church  was organized
or'13, the dysentery prevailed here ex- January 7, 1807, and then consisted of 17
tensively, and in the early settlements members. The Rev. Samuel Godard was
there were frequent cases of the fever and ordained over it Sept. 7, 1809, and dismissague, but the town has generally been ed June 6, 1821. The Rev. Samuel R.
very healthy.  There have been two in- Hall was ordained March 4, 1823, and
dividuals in this town who have lived to continued till August, 1830. The Rev.
be upwards of 100 years old, and two oth- Solon Martin was ordained June 7, 1835,
ers who have lived to be above 90.      and dismissed Oct. 1, 1838. The FreeWinooski villare is situated at WVinoos- will Baptist church was formed Oct. 10,
ki lower falls, beinir partly in this town 1821, and the Methodist church in May,
and partly in Burlington, and 1A miles 1822.  Concord academy was incorporafrom Burlington village. The water pow- ted here November, 1823, and was for 6
er here is sufficient for almost any amount or 7 years, while under the charge of the
of machinery. The village has suffered Rev. S. R. Hall, a very flourishing instivery severely by fire. On the 21st of tution. lItall's pond, lying near the cenDec. 1838, an extensive block factory, a tre of the town, is about a mile long and
large satinet factory, a paper mill, and o01n an average 100 rods wide..Miles'
saw mill were consumed in one conflagra- pond is about the same size, and lies near
tion. There are at presentin this village, the northeast corner of the town. This
on the Colchester side of the river, a hand- town is watered by Moose river, which
some meetinog house, two stores, two tav- passes through the northwest part, by
erns, a saw mill, machine shop, sash fac- Connecticut river, on the south, and by
tory, and an extensive woollen factory for several sinall streams. Tlhe surface of
the manufacture of broad cloths. A sub- the town is uneven, and in the northeasstantial covered bridge connects the two tern parts,  very stone)'y.   It is an excelparts of the village. The town is divided lent grazing townoship, and has some good
into 9 school districts.,Satistics of1 840.-  tillaige land. The twin  contains two
Horses, 229; cattle, 1,667; sheep, 5,953;  stores, a meetiilli llouse lnd( several mills.
swine, 1,169; whleat, aol. 1903; barley,  o:ib.tecs of 1e40).-lorses, 329; cattle,
t:r. III.          8




58                      uGAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             PART III.
CONNECTICUT RIVER.                                                          CORINTH.
1,837; sheep, 3,880; swine, 812; wheat, of 130 miles, is about 200 feet. *  There
bu. 3,579; barley, 308 oats, 13,150); rye, are in the river, several bars of sand, over
469; b'k wheat, 614; Ind. corn, 1,906; which boats pass with difficulty in low
potatoes, 48,885; hay, tons, 3,609; sugar, water.  At such times a bar between
lbs. 19,090; wool, 6,218.  Pop. 1024.      Deerfield and Montague, Mass., renders
CONNECTICUT RIVER lies between Ver- the river fordable.  Connecticut river
mont and New  Hlampshire, and belongs receives from Vermont, beginning at the
wholly to the latter. *  Its name is from  north, Nulhegan,  Passumpsic, Wells,
the Indian words Quonnec or Unnec, signi- Wait's, Ompomponoosuc, White, Otta
fying long, and Tucque or Tuck, signify- Quechee, Black, William's, Saxton's and
ing river.  When the Indians spoke of West rivers; and from  New Hampshire,
any thing happening at this river they  Upper and Lower Amonoosuc, Israel's,
used. the expression Quonnec tucquok, or John's, Mascomy, Sugar, Cold, and AshUnnectuckok, meaning at the long river; uelot rivers. Between Vermont and New
and hence comes Connecticut.  This river Halmpshire this river is crossed by about
originates among the mountains in the 20 bridges. "  The flats, along the river,
north part of New  Hampshire, and, for are, in some places, low and extensive;
some distance, forms the boundary be- in others, the banks are high and rocky.
tween that state and Canada. After run- The intervales are not surpassed in ferning between New  Hampshire and Ver- tility and beauty by any in the United
mont, it passes through Massachusetts  States. In spring, the river usually overand Connecticut, and falls into  Long  flows its banks through a distance of 300
Island Sound.  The breadth of this river, miles.  The scenery, along this JNile of
when it first washes Vermont, is about.New England, is variegated by a suc150 feet, and, in the course of 60 miles, cession of neat and pleasant villages, and
increases to 390 feet.  In Massachusetts is charminog beyond description.
and Connecticut its breadth may be esti-    CORINTH, a post town six miles square
mated from 450 to 1050 feet.  The depth  in the central part of Orange county, is
of the river, below the head of boat navi- in lat. 44Q 2' and long. 4" 42', and is
gation, may be stated to vary from five to bounded northerly by Topsham, easterly
twelve feet.  This river is navigable for by Bradford, southerly by Vershire and
vessels drawing ten feet of water, 36 westerly by Washington. It lies 21 miles
miles, to \Middletown; for small sloops, southeast from  Montpelier, 12 westerly
50 miles to Hartford; and by means of from Haverhill, N. H. and 41 north from
canals and other improvements, it has Windsor.  It was chartered by  New
been rendered passable for boats to the  Hampshire, Feb. 4,1764, to Messrs. Ward,
Fifteen  Mile Falls, 250 miles further. Taplin, and others. A confirmation  grant
There are, in this river, many rapids. The  was, afterwards procured from New York,
most considerable are Bellows' Falls, be- by Henry  MoQre and others.  In the
tween Rockingham and Walpole, N. H., spring of 1777, previous to the settlement
(see Rockinrgham,) Otta Quechee Falls, of the town, Ezekiel Colby, John Nutting
just below the mouth of Otta Quechee  and John Armand, spent several weeks
river, White River Falls, just above the here in manufacturing maple sugar. They
mouth of White river, and the Fifteen  started together from Newbury, with each
Mile Falls, which extend from  Barnet to  a five pail kettle on his head, and with
Lunenburgh.  The perpendicular height this load they travelled, by a pocket comof the falls, which have been made passa- pass, 12 miles through the wilderness to
ble by dams and locks, between Spring- the place of destination near the centre
field, Mass. arid Hanover, N. H. a distance  of the township.  This year, Mr. Colby
moved his family into Corinth, which
* Preparatory to granting the townships along was the first family in town.  The next
Connecticut river, Joseph Bllanchard, under a co- year,  8,  Mr. Nutting moved his f
mission from the governor of New Hampshire, i  year, 1778, Mr. Nutting moved his family
March, 1760, made a survey of that river upon the here, and Mrs. Colby was delivered of a
ice, from Charlestown, N.H. to the lower Coos, and son, Henry, the first child born in town.
the next year the survey was continued by Hugh-  
bartes Neel, to the upper Coos. In this survey mon- In 1779, Messrs. Edmund Brown, Samuel
uments were placed upon the banks of the river, Norris, Jacob Fowler and Bracket Towle,
once in the distance of 6 miles in a right line, to moved their families here, and the same
mark the corners of the river towns, which were to
be surveyed afterwards. A plan of this survey was   * The total fall of Connecticut river, from lake
kept in the land office at Portsmouth, anl from it the Connecticut to the head of Mclndoes falls in Barcourses and distances were taken by Gov. Went- net, 92 1-2 miles, is 1140 feet; and from the latter
worth,in making out the charters of townships along place to tide water, at Hartford, Coun. the fall is
the river. These facts, together with a full account 449 feet.
of the surveys, and the troubles arising from con-   t The first bridge over the Connecticut was built
flicting claims, and which we are obliged for the in 1785, at Bellows' Falls, by Col. Enoch Hale. The
want of room to omit, were furnished by J. Me- second was built at Windsor, and completed in Oct.
Duffee, Esq.                               1796.-Graham.




PART IIl.                GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.
CORINTH.                            COOS.                          CORNWALL.
year, Mr. John Aiken, of Wentworth, N. died here, March 26, 1824, aged 101
H., erected the first grist mill, which years and seven months.  The surwent into operation the year following. face of this township is generally very
Previous to this, the settlers had to go to uneven and broken, and the elevations
Newbury, 12 miles,' for their grinding. abrupt, yet the land is, in almost every
In 1780, several other families came in, part, susceptible of cultivation. The soil
and the town was organized. George consists of a dark loam, mixed with a
Bondfield was first town clerk, David small portion of sand, is easily cultivated
McKeen first constable, and Nehemiah and is very productive. The land was
Lovewell first representative. Sometime, originally timbered with hard wood exthis year, Lieut. Elliot was stationed here cept on the streams, where there was a
with 20 men to defend the inhabitants mixture of hemlock, spruce and fir. There
against the Indians and tories, and built is nothing peculiar in its mineralogy.
a small fort. In 1781, Col. Wait and Small but handsome specimens of feldMajor Kingsbury, with two companies of spar, garnet, serpentine, hornblend, mica
soldiers, under Captains Sealy and Nel- and rock crystal have been found. The
son, built a fort near the centre of the rocks are principally granite and mica
town, on what is called Cook's hill, and slate. This township is well watered by
made this their head quarters. October Wait's river, which runs through the
16, of this year, five men, from this fort, northeast part, and by several of its
viz: Moses Warner, John Barret, John branches. On North branch, from Tops,
Sargeant, Jonathan  Luce and Daniel ham, in the northeast corner of the town,
Hovey, being on a scout, and proceeding is East village, containing 2 meeting
down Winooski river, were fired upon in houses, 2 stores, a post office, grist mill,
the township of Jericho by a party of 16 &c. Another branch rises in Washingtories. Warner, Sargeant and Barret were ton, passes through the south part of this
wounded, the latter mortally. He lived town, and unites with Wait's river in the
about 40 hours and was buried near the western part of Bradford. There are some
margin of Winooski river in Colchester. other streams on which mills and other
The others were carried to Quebec, and machinery are erected.  There are in
kept till the next spring when they were town 5 meeting houses, 21 school districts,
suffered to return. In 1782, a British 5 stores, &c. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
scouting party from Canada, about 20 in 536; cattle, 3,401; sheep, 11,886; swine,
number, under Major Breakenridge, after 1,673; wheat, bu. 6,745; barley, 285;
annoying the settlers of Newbury, killing oats, 21,879; rye, 313; buck wheat, 1,096;
one man and taking another prisoner, Ind. corn, 10,506; potatoes, 71,845; hay,
proceeded to Corinth, where they com- tons, 6,240; sugar, lbs, 33,585; wool,
pelled the settlers to take the oath of al- 20,343. Population, 1,970.
legiance to the British king. The reli-   Coos, an Indian word, signifying at the
gious denominations are Baptists,Congre- pines.  This name was applied by the
gationalists, Methodists, Freewill Baptists Indians to two sections of Connecticut
and Universalists. There are two Free- river, one below, and the other above the
will Baptist churches; that in the north- 15 mile falls. See part second, page 205.
west part was organized in 1805, and that   CORNWALL, a township in the central
in the south in 1807. The Congrega- part of Addison county, is in lat. 43~ 57'
tional church was organized Oct. 10, 1820. and long. 3~ 50', and is bounded north by
Jan. 25, 1821, they settled the Rev. Cal- Weybridge, east by Middlebury and Salisvin Y. Chase, who died here in 1831. bury, south by Whiting and west by BridThe Rev. Stilman Morgan, was settled in port and Shorehain.  It was chartered
1832, and continued till 1836. In 1838 November 3, 1761, to Elias Read and his
the Rev. Solon Martin, their present associates. It is 75 miles north of Benminister, was settled.  The Congrega- nington, and 36 south of Burlington. The
tional meeting house was built in1800, as settlement was commenced in 1774, by
was that of the Freewill Baptists, in the Asa Blodget, Eldad Andrus, Aaron Scott,
northwest part of the town. The Free- Nathan Foot, William  Douglass, James
will Baptist house in the south part, was Bentley,'James Bentley, junior, Ebenezer
built in 1837. The Methodist house in Stebbins, Thomas Bentley, Samuel Blodthe west part, was built in 1838, and that get and Joseph Troup. When Ticondein the east in 1840. In 1804, the canker roga was abandoned to the British in 1777
and dysentery were fatal here to a great the settlers all fled to the south, and did
number of persons, mostly children, and not return till after the war. In the winmany families lost from  one to three of ter of 1784, about 30 families came into
their number. Mrs. Jane Brown, a native the township from  Connecticut.  The
of Ireland, and relict of Mr. S. Brown, town was organized in March of this




60                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III.
COo1NTRY.                      COVENTRY GORE.                    CRAFTSBURY.
year, and Joel Linsley was the first town    COVENTRY GORE, a tract of 2000 acres
clerk, and Hiland Hall the first representa- of land belonging to Coventry, (now Ortive. The Congregational, church, in this leans,) lying in Orleans county, a few
town, was organized July 15, 1785, and miles to the southwest of that town. It
September 26, 1787, they settled the Rev. is bounded north by Newport, east by
Thomas Tolman, who  was dismissed Irasburgh, south by Lowell and west by
November 11, 1790. The Rev. Benjamin Troy, and contains 10 inhabitants.
Wooster was ordained over this church    CRAFTSBURY, a post town in Orleans
February 23, 1797, and dismissed Janua- county, lat. 44o 39' and long. 40 32', six
ry 7, 1802. The Rev. Jedediah Bushnell miles square, and is bounded on the north
was installed May 25, 1803, and this year, by Albany, east by Greensborough, south
their meetinghouse was erected. He was by Wolcott, and west by Eden.  It is
dismissed May 25, 1836, and was succeed- situated  twenty-five miles south from
ed by the Rev. Lamson Miner, who was Canada line, and about the same distance
settled January 3, 1837, who has since northerly from Montpelier, and is nearly
been succeeded by the Rev. Jacob Scales at equal distances from Connecticut river
the present pastor. This church consists on the east, and lake Champlain on the
of about 350 members. In 1841, a Free west. It was granted Nov. 6, 1780. to
church was organized from the Congrega- Timothy Newell, Ebenezer Crafts, and
tional -and Baptist churches, which is their associates, and chartered by the
under the care of the Rev. Wm. B. Ran- name of Minden, Aug. 23, 1781. The
som   There is a Methodist church in the first settlement in the town was comwest part of the town who have a neat' menced in the summer of 1788, by Col.
chapel, There is a literary debating so- Ebenezer Crafts, who during that sumciety which was incorporated in 1832. It mer opened a road from Cabot, eighteen
has a good hall for its weekly meetings miles, cleared ten or twelve acres of land,
and a choice library of about 450 volumes. built a house and saw mill, and made conElder Henry Green was settled over the siderable preparation for a grist mill. In
Baptist church and society, in 1809, and the spring of 1789, Nathan Cutler and
dismissed February 28, 1824. The Bap- Robert Trumbell moved their families
tist meeting house was erected in 1807. into this township. In the ensuing fall
One person has died, in this town, aged Mr. Trumbell, by reason of the sickness
106 years, and several have lived to be up- of his family, spent the ensuing winter in
wards of 90. This is a very handsome Barnet, but Mr. Cutler's family remained
township of land, and the surface is gen. through the winter. Their nearest neighCrally level. Lemonfair river crosses the bors were Ashbel Shepard's family, in
northwest corner, and Otter creek wash- Greensborough, distant six miles; there
es a part of the eastern boundary.  This were at that time no other settlements
township, by charter, comprehended that within the present bounds of Orleans
part of Middlebury, which lies west of county. In Nov. 1790 the name of the
Otter creek, including the mill privi- town was altered to Craftsbury. In Feb.
leges 6n the west side of the creek at Mid- 1791, Col. Crafts, having previously erectdlebury falls. In the south part of the ed a grist mill, and made considerable adtown is a quarry of excellent dark blue ditions to his improvements, together with
lime stone from which the materal for the John Corey, Benjamin Jennings, Daniel
front of the new college in Middlebury was Mason, John Babcock, and Mills Merriobtained, and near the centre of the town field, removed their families from Sturis a bed of hydraulic cement, or water bridge, Mass. After arriving at Cabot
lime. Calcareous spar, in very beauti- they found it impossible to proceed'any
ful, transparent, rhomboidal crystals, is further with their teams, on account of
found in the western part of this township. the great depth of the snow, being about
Along Otter creek, in the southeast part, four feet deep.  They were obliged to
is a large swamp covering several thou- provide themselves with snow-shoes, and
sand acres. There are here 2 saw mills, to draw the female part of their families
3 stores, 1 tavern, 2 tanneries and 1,marble on hand sleds, a distance of eighteen
shop.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 318; miles.  These settlers were soon after
cattle, 3,059; sheep, 24,5.61; swine, 824; followed by several other families from
wheat, bus. 2,436; oats, 9,021; rye, 874; Sturbridge and other towns in Worcester
buck wheat, 690; Indian corn, 7,288; po- county. In March, 1792, the town was
tatoes, 24,307; hay, tons, 8,751; sugar, organized, and Samuel C. Crafts was the
lbs. 11,000; wool 60,897.  Population first town clerk, and was annually chosen
1163.                                  to that office until March, 1829, when
COVENTRY, name altered to Orleans, Joseph Scott, (then jun.) was elected,
November, 1841. See Orleans.           and continues to hold said office. The




PART IIL                GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                61
CRAFT SBURT.                                                        CRAFTSBURY.
town was first represented in the general quartz, in concentric lamina. These are
assembly by Ebenezer Crafts, in 1792. about the size of butternuts, and, in many
In 1797, a Congregational church was of the specinmens, are so numerous that a
organized, and the Rev. Samuel Collins hundred may be counted within a circle
was installed, and continued to preach in of two feet in diameter. In some parts of
this town until 1804, when he died. From  the ledoe these nodules are very much
1804 to 1822 the town was without a set- flattened, as if subjected to an immense
tied minister, in which last mentioned vertical pressure when the mass was in a
year the Rev. William  A. Chapin was semi-fluid state. A rock sinlilar to this,
ordained pastor of the Congregational it is believed, has not been found in any
society; which office he held for about other place in this country or Europe.
twelve years, and then took a dismission. Near the centre of the township, on an
The Rev. Samuel R. Hall is at present elevated plain, affording an  extensive
pastor of the Congregational church and prospect, is situated the centre village,
society, he was installed into that office containing over thirty dwelling houses,
in 1841. There has for many years past two meeting houses, a town house, an
been a very considerable society of Metho- acadenly, school house, two taverns, two
dists in Craftsbury, the Rev. Joseph C. dry goods and one hardware store, two
Aspenwall has at present the charge of cabinet makers', two saddlers', two blackthe society. There is also a society of smith's, one tin maker's, and one hatter's
Reformed Presbyterians, or Covenanters, shop, and one tannery.  This village is
over which the Rev. Samuel Wilson has principally situated round an open square,
been ordained. There are some Baptists, forty rods north and south, by twentyand several Universalists, which are only four rods east and west.  Craftsbury
occasionally supplied with preaching.-  academy is located here; was incorporated
The professional men, besides the above in October, 1829, and has the avails of
nanled, are James A. Paddock and Nathan one half of the grammar school lands in
S. Hill, attornies, Daniel Dustin, Ephraim  Orleans county, being about two thousand
Brewster and Daniel Bates, physicians. six hundred acres, about half of' which is
This township is well watered by Black leased.  The building is of brick, two
river which is formed here, and by its stories high, and is pleasantly situated on
several branches, which afford numerous the west side of the common. It is the
mill privileges.  Black river was known object of the trustees and instructers to
to the natives, who occasionally resided  render it a place of thorough education to
in this part of Vermont, by the name of those who resort to it. The institution.Elligo-sigo.  Its current is in general embraces three departments. The c.'assislow, the whole descent from Elligo pond cal, is designed for those who are fitting
to Memphremagog lake, including the for collre ge; the teachers, for those who
falls at Irasburgh and Coventry, being by are qualifying to become instructers; and
actual survey only 190 feet. Wild branch the general, for those who wish to qualify
a tributary of Lamoille, rises in Eden and themselves for business in the various
passes through the western part of this pursuits of life. The apparatus is extentownship. There are five natural ponds, sive, including a galvanic battery, elecviz: Elligo, (see Elligo,) lying partly in tro magnletic apparatus, air pump, elecGreensborough, Great Hosimer, lying trical machine, telescope, double and
partly in Albany, Little Hosmer, and two single microscopes, olobes, chemical apsmaller ponds. The geology of this town paratus, &c., together with a very exis in many respects interesting, and, in tensive cabinet of minerals, shells and
some, peculiar. Few areas of' the same marine productions; and a museumn of
space, in a region of primary rocks, fur- curiosities in other departments of natural
nish so many varieties in situ. In the history and the arts. The collection of
eastern borders, granite  appears, then  ancient coins contains specimens firor
gneiss, then mica slate; and these in the the Catacombs of Egypt and Herculanecentral portions are displaced by argilla- um, besides numerous other interesting
ceons slate of a very dark or plumbago varieties.  The institution is under the
color, alternating with silicious lime stone. superintendence of the Rev. S. R. Hall.
The rocks on the west side of Black river There is another village situated on Trout
are hardly more uniform; strata of mica brook, a large branch of' Black river, a
slate, agillaceous and chlorite slates, and mile and a half from the centre village,
limestone, give place to each other in containing about twenty dwelling houses,
rapid succession.  Near the south village two saw mills, an oil mill, a filling mill,
is an extensive body of gray granite, very a carding machine, a carriage maker,  a
much broken on the surface. This rock blacksmith and a chairmaker's shop, one
is filled with nodules of black mica and store and a tavern.  There are three




462                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART IIL,CUMBERLAND COUNTY.                  DANBY.                          DANVILLE.,meeting houses in the town, two in the Universalists, who own jointly 3meeting
Rcentre village, and one in the easterly houses, one at the centre, one in the
part. There are twelve school districts, south part and one in the east. Otter,and ten school houses. There are also creek runs nearly on the line between
within the limits of the township, two this township and Mount Tabor, butthere
grist mills, one hulling mill, one oil mill, are no streams of much  consequence,ten saw mills, two fulling mills, two card- within the township.  The most considing machines, and three carriage maker's erable are, Mill river which rises in the,shops. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 33:3; southwestern part, and falls into Otter
ctattle, 1,718; sheep, 3,166; swine, 658; creek in Mount Tabor, and Flower branch
wheat, bu. 1,730; barley, 1,049; oats, which rises in the northwest part, and
14,398; rye, 167; buck wheat, 830; In. falls into Pawlet river in Pawlet. These.corn, 1,928; potatoes, 47,9)06; hay, tons, and a branch of Otter creek, in the north3,171; sugar, lbs. 35,412; wool, 7,980. eastern part, are all sufficient for mills.
Population, 1,151.                      The surface of the township is uneven,
CUMBERLAND  COUNTY.-This county and some parts of it mountainous. South
was erected by an act of the legislature mountain and Spruce mountain are the.of New York, passed July 3, 1766. This principal elevations.  The soil is well
act was annulled by the crown June 26, adapted to the production of grass, and
1767, and repassed by New York Feb. 20, there are here some of the largest dairies
1768, and chartered on the 17th of March in the state. No less than 300,000lbs. of
following. By the charter, this county cheese, and butter in proportion, have
was bounded as follows; beginning in been carried from this town to market in
Massachusetts north line on the west bank one year. There are several caverns in
of Connecticut river and running W. 100 this township, which are considerable cuN. about 26 miles to the southeast corner riosities, but they have never been thorof Stamford; thence N. 13~ E. 56 miles oughly explored. One of them, in the
to the south east corner of Socialborough; southeastern part, descends like a well
-thence N. 53' E., 30 miles to the south into the solid rock. It is siad that a
corner of Tunbridge; thence along the person was let down by a rope 150 feet,outh line of Tunbridge, Strafford and perpendicularly into this cavern without
Thetford to Connecticut river and down discovering any bottom.  Specimens of
said river to the place of beginning. The galena, or sulphuret of lead, have been,county seat was first at Chester and after- found here. In the western part of the
wards at Westminster.   The  original township is a spring, which is nearly suf-.charter of this county, elegantly written ficient to carry a mill, where it issues.on parchment, was presented to the Uni- from the foot of the mountain. There
-versity of Vermont in 1S40, by Udney H. are several marble quarries in the south. i aaEsq. of Colchester and is preserv- east part, and in the east village are three
ed in the library of the University. After mills for sawing marble. The town is di-,the organization of the state government vided into 13 school districts. There are
this county retained the namne till Feb. 11, two grist mills, five saw mills, five stores,
1779 when it was changed to Windham. two taverns, two tanneries, and one trip
DANBY, a post town in the south part hammer. Statistics o'l1840.-Horses, 358;
of Rutland county, is in lat. 43~ 21' and cattle, 3,366; sheep, 8,950; swine, 689;
long. 40 1', and is bounded north by T'in- wheat, bu. 2,217; barley, 65; oats, 6,094;
mouth, east by Mount Tabor, south by rye, 110; wheat,b. 256; In. corn, 4,267;
Dorset and west by Pawlet.  It is 34 potatoes, 47,563; hay, tons, 5,378; sugar,
miles north from  Bennington, and 1I  lbs. 35,715; wool, 25,433. Population,
south from Rutland.  It was chartered  1379.
August 27, 1761, and contains about 3!)   DANVILrE, a post town and the shire
-square miles.  The settlement of this town of Caledonia county, is in lat. 44~
township was commenced in 1765, by Jo- 26' and long. 40 51', and is bounded north
seph Soper, Joseph Earl, Crispin Bull, by Wheelock, northeast by St. JohnsbuLuther Calvin, and Micah Vail. The ry, southeast by Barnet, south by Peachtown was organized March 14, 1769, and am, and west by Walden, Goshen Gore,
Thomas Rowley was first town clerk and and a part of Cabot. It is 28 miles east
first representative. There is here a so- northeast from  Montpelier.  This townciety of Friends or Quakers, who have a ship was granted October 27, 1786, and
meeting house in the east part of the chartered t9 Jacob Bailey, Jesse Leaventown, and  another  called  Orthodox worth and others, October 31,1786. Some
Friends, or separatists, who have one in difficulty having arisen respecting the
the north part. There is also a society of lands, the proprietors took out a new, or
Methodists, one of Baptists, and one of quieting charter. October 29, 1792, Wal



PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               63
DANVILLE.                      DEERFIELD RIVER.                         DERBY.
den gore was annexed to this township, north part of the town are Sleeper's river
and since that time, one half of Deweys- and the Branch, on which are 5 grist and
hurgh, the other half being annexed to saw  mills. Large quantities of butter,
Peacham, so that it now contains about 50 pork and wool, are here produced for
square miles. Sargeant Morrill commenc- market. Danvilfe\ village is very pleased chopping in this town in 1784. In 1785, antly situated nearly in the centre of the
or'6, the settlement was commenced by township, on elevated land and in the
about 50 emigrants from New Hampshire midst of a beautiful farming country, and
and Massachusetts, who entered on the contains 600 inhabitants.  The public
lands as'" squatters."  In October, 1786, buildings are, a Congregational, a Methothe legislature granted the township, as dist and a Baptist meeting house, a court
above stated, reserving to the settlers the house and jail, and an academy, all in a
lands on which they had located, not ex- neat and modest style. The village encloceeding 320 acres each. In the following ses an open square of several acres. The
winter 40 families more joined the set- academy was incorporated in 1840, and
tlement, and for two or three years the named Philips academy, in honor of Paul
settlement was so rapid that, in 1789, the D. Philips, who endowed it with $4,000.
number of families was estimated to be The building was erected by the inhabit200. The consequence of such an influx, ants and cost $4,000. A weekly paper,
was an extreme scarcity, and much suf- called the "N North Star," has been pubfering for the want of provisions. The lished in this village by Ebenezer Eaton,
first mills in this town were a saw and for 35 years.  Statisticsof 1840.-Horses,
grist mill, erected in 1787, by  David 722; cattle,3,403; sheep, 14.982; swine,
Whitcher. The same year, March 20, 2,264; wheat, bu. 6,355; barley, 1,304;
the town was organized. Abraham Mor- oats, 41,198; rye, 27; TInd. corn, 5,883;
rill was the first town clerk and the first potatoes, 160,062; hay, tons, 8,311; sugar,
representative. In 1790, improvements lbs. 62,467; wool, 26,834. Pop. 2633.
had been commenced on nearly all the   DEERFIELD RIVER, rises in the north
lots in town.  The religious societies are part of Stratton, and runs south through
Methodists, Congregationalists and Bap- Somerset into Searsburgh, thence southtists, each of which has a commodious east into Wilmington, thence southweshouse of worship, situated in the village. terly through the corner of Whitingham,
The Congregational church was organiz- and leaves the state after running three
ed August 9, 1792, and has had the ser- or four miles on the line between Whivices of the following ministers. The tingham  and Readsborough. After enRev. John Fitch, from October 30, 1793, tering Massachusetts, it takes a southeasto October 1l, 1816; Rev. Jeremiah Flint, terly course and falls into Connecticut
from July 31, 1817, to March, 1818; Rev. river, between Greenfield and Deerfield,
Edward Hollister. from March 26, 1823, about 18 miles below the south line of
to May 7, 1826; Rev. E. J. Boardman, Vermont. It runs about 28 miles in Verfrom January 3, 1827, to October 29, 1833; mont. and waters about 320 square miles.
and Rev. David A. Jones, from March 25, Its whole length is about 50 miles
1835, to April, 1839. The Rev. R. C.   DERBY, a post town in the northeast
Hand is the  present minister of this part of' Orleans county, is in lat. 440 58'
church. The eastern part of this town- and long. 40 50', and is bounded north by
ship is elevated about 200 and the western  Stanstead, in Canada, east by Holland,
about 800 feet above Connecticut river. south by Salem, and west by MemphreThe soil is free from stone, is easily culti- magog lake which separates it from Newvated, and is perhaps equal, in richness port. It extends 7J miles on Canada
and adaptation to agriculture, to any in line, and 5 miles and 7 chains on Holland
the state.  It is watered by numerous line, and is 52 miles northeasterly from
streams of pure water, which arise in the Montpelier. It was chartered to Timohigher lands of Wheelock, Walden and thy Andrus and his associates, Oct. 29,
Cabot.  Joe's pond lies mostly in the 1779, containing 23,040 acres. The first
western part of the township and covers settlement was made here in 1795, by
about 1000 acres. It discharges its wa- Alexander Mogoon, Henry Burrel, aind
ters into the Passumpsic by Merritt's the Hon. Timothy Hinman. Much praise
river, or Joe's brook. At its outlet a is due to the latter for his persevering inlarge never failing sheet of water falls dustry in making roads and furnishing
over a limestone ledge, 75 feet in 12 rods. other facilities for the settlement of the
Here are grist, saw, clapboard and shin- country, but no peculiar circumstances
gle mills.  Below these, on this stream, are known to have attended it. Emiare here, two woollen factories, two grist grants from Connecticut and other places
mills, and several saw  mills.  In the soon made it a flourishing town. It was




64                      GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           PART I1I.
DERBY.                    DEWEYSBURGH.-DOG RIVER.                         DORSET.
organized March 29, 1798, and Timothy oats, 28,263; rye, 270; b'k wheat, 2,102;
Hinman was first town clerk. For some Ind. corn, 3,080; potatoes, 93,006; hay,
years this place was visited by hunting tons, 3,896; sugar, lbs. 47,633; wool,
parties of the St. Francis Indians, who 10,446.  Population, 1681.
formerly claimed all the north part of this    DEWEYSBURGH, was a tract of 5310
state, and with whom some trade in pel- acres, lyino between Danville and Peachtries was carried  on. In 1808, Elder am, chartered to Elijah Dewey and assoSamuel Smith was settled over the Bap- ciates, February 28, 1782.  It was ortist church and society in this town, and ganized as a town, but in November 1810,
he died in 1810.  The Rev. Luther Le- was divided by act of Legislature, and
land was settled over the Congregational one half of it annexed to Danville and
church in 1810, and died in November, the other half to Peacham.
1822.  A meeting house 44 by 54 feet,   DOG RIVER, is formed in Northfield,
was completed in 1820, on a small emi- by the union of several streams from
nence, near the centre of the town. Since Roxbury, Brookfield, &c. and taking a
that time, houses of worship have been northerly course through  Berlin, falls
erected by the Baptists, Methodists and into Winooski river, three quarters of a
Episcopalians.  The  Episcopal church  mile below the village of Montpelier. Its
was organized at Derby Line, July 25, length is about 16 miles, and it waters
1840, by the name of St. John's Church, about 80 square miles.
and their beautiful new church was con-   DORSET, a post town in  the north
secrated the  next day.  This church  part of B3ennington county, is in lat. 43~
stands within a few rods of Canada line, 15' and long. 40 1', and is bounded north
and the congregation is collected from  by Danby, east by Peru, south by Manthe village and country on both sides. chester and west by Rupert.  It was
This parish has grown up under the min- chartered Auo. 23, 1761, and contains
istry of the Rev. N. W. Camp, who still about 41 square miles.  Tile first settlecontinues his labors here. A literary in- ment was made in 1768, by Felex Powell,
stitution has recently been established at from  Massachusetts, Isaac Lacy, from
Derby, under the patronage of the Bap- Connecticut, and Benj. Baldwin, Abratists, denominated  the Derby Literary  ham Underhill, John Manley, and Geo.
Institute.  It has a imale and female de- Gage, from New York.  The town was
partment, which are respectively under organized in 1769, when Asa Baldwin
the charge of Mr. Alvah Hovey and Miss was chosen town  clerk.  Cephas Kent
E. Ayres. The surface of this township  was the first representative.  In 1781,the
is very level, more so than any other in Rev. Elijah Sill was settled  over the
the county. There are some plains of Congregational church and society here,
several hundred acres extent; and, where but the time of his dismission is not
the land rises, the elevations are gradual known. In Sept. 1796, the Rev. William
and moderate and hardly  deserve the Jackson was settled over this church.
name of hills. The land is well timber- The first minister of the Baptist society
ed, principally with rock maple and other was Elder Cyrenus M. Fuller, settled in
hard wood, except in the vicinity of' the 1818. The epidemic of 1813 was very
lake, where, in a state of nature, large mortal. About 40 were  victims to it.
tracts were covered with white and Nor- There are no considerable streams in this
way pine, intermixed with some red oak, township.  Otter creek heads in Mount
spruce, hernlock, fir, cedar, &c.  Cedar Tabor, runs southwesterly two or three
swamps of from  one to ten acres are miles, into Peru, then west three fourths
found in various parts.  The soil is fer- of a mile into this township, when it takes
tile and abundantly productive.  The riv- a northerly direction through a considerer Clyde passes through the south part able natural pond, and leaves the townof the township in a northwesterly direc- ship near the northeast corner. The Battion, affording numerous mill seats.  Sa- tenkill heads in this township, on the flat
lem  pond through which Clyde  river about 05 rods south of the bend in Otter
passes, lies partly in this town and is four creek, and runs off to the south. Anothmiles long and three broad.  Hinman's er branch of this stream  rises in the
pond, near the centre of the town, is l1 southwestern part, and unites with it in
miles long and  and    and empties into Manclhester. Pawlet river, rises in the
Salem pond. The town contains eleven  northwestern part, and passes off into
school districts, 5 stores, eight saw, and RItupert.  These streams afford a number
2 grist mills, 1 shingle mill, I wollen fac- of mill privileges.  This/township is contory, &c.  Statistics of 1840. —horses, siderably Inountainous.  Dorset moun.
496; cattle, 2,193  sheep, 5,639; s;vine,  ta.n lies in the north part, and extends
1,583; wheat, bu. 5,176; barley, 1,4359; into Danby, where it is called South




PART II1.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              65
DOVER.                DUMMERSTON. —DUNDER ROCK.                DUNMORE LAKE.
mountain. Equinox mountain lies partly eastern part of Windham county, is in
in the southwest corner. In this town- lat. 42~ 56' and long. 4~ 28', and is boundship are several remarkable caverns. One ed north by Putney and Brookline, east
in the south part, is entered by an aper- by Connecticut river, which separates it
ture nearly 10 feet square, " which opens from Westmoreland, N. H., south by Bratinto a spacious room nine rods in length tleborough, and west by a part of Marland four wide. At the further end of borough and Newfane.  It is 92 miles
this apartment are two openings, which south from Montpelier, and 31 east from
are about 30 feet apart. The one on the Bennington, and was chartered Decemright is three feet from the floor, and is ber 26, 1753. This was one of the first
about 20 inches by six feet in length. It settled townships in the state, but we
leads to an apartment 20 feet long, 12 have not been able to obtain a particular
wide and 12 high. From this room there account of the circumstances attending
is an opening sufficient to admit a man to its settlement and subsequent history. It
pass through sideways about 20 feet, contained, in 1791, upwards of 1500 inwhen it opens into a large hall 80 feet habitants. A Congregational church was
long and 30 wide. The other aperture early formed here, over which the Rev.
from the first room is about as large as a Thomas Farrar was settled Aug. 24,1779,
common door, and leads to an apartment who continued here about 4 years. The
12 feet square, out of which is a passage Rev. Aaron Crosby was settled in 1784,
to another considerable room, in which is and continued 20 years. The Rev. Hosea
a spring of water. This cavern is said to Beckley was settled March 2, 1808, and
have been explored 40 or 50 rods without continued till Oct. 15, 1837. The Rev.
arriving at the end." Considerable quan- Nelson Barber, the present minister, was
tities of marble are wrought here. The installed May 20, 1840. Of the other
town contains three meeting houses, four denominations we have no particulars.
stores, one grist and eight saw  mills. This township is watered by West river,
Statistics of 1840.  Horses, 253; cattle, which enters it from Newfane, and passes
1,723; sheep, 7,802; swine, 590; wheat, through it in a southeasterly direction inbus. 1,321; oats, 7,830; rye, 906; buck- to Brattleborough, and by several small
wheat, 1,013. Indian corn, 5,595; pota- streams, some of which fall into this rivtoes, 31,018; hay, tons, 4,080; sugar, lbs. er and others into the Connecticut, afford17,560; wool, 18,030. Population, 1432. ing a considerable number of good sites
DoVER, a township in the central part for mills. The surface of the township is
of Windham county, is in lat. 42~ 58' and broken.  The rocks, which constitute
long. 4~ 13', and is bounded north by Black mountain, near the centre of the
Wardsborough, east by Newfane, south township, are an immense body of granby Wilmington and a part of Marlbor- ite. A range of argillaceous slate passes
ough, and west by Somerset. It was through this township from south to north,
granted November 7, 1780, as a part of and is considerably quarried for roof slate
Wardsborough. October 18,1788, Wards- and grave stones. Primitive limestone
borough was divided into two districts, occurs in beds. Specimens of tremolite,
called the north and south district. In limpid quartz and galena, or the sulphuret
1810, the south district was constituted a of lead, are also found here. There are
separate town by the name of Dover. 2 stores, and 5 grist and 5 saw mills. StaDover is 1.3 miles northwest from Brattle- tistics of 1840.  Horses, 249; cattle,
borough, and 18 northeast from Benning- 2,036; sheep, 3,447: swine, 877; wheat,
ton. For an account of the settlement of bus. 907; barley, 101; oats, 11,350; rye,
this township, see Wardsborough. There 1,729; buckwheat, 82; Indian corn, 8,270;
are no considerable streams in this town- potatoes, 27,950; hay, tons, 3,090; sugar,
ship.  Several branches of West river lbs. 7220; wool, 5713. Population, 1263.
and a branch of Deerfield river rise here,   DUNCANSBOROUGH.   The name of this
and afford several mill privileges. Ser- township was altered to Newport, Octopentine,and chlorite slate,are found in this ber 30, 1816. See  Newport.
township; and there are here two grist   DUNDER ROCK is situated in Lake
and four saw mills. Statistics of 1840. Champlain, nearly midway between JuHorses, 123; cattle, 1,849; sheep, 1,893; niper Island and Pottier's Point, and 2 m.
swine, 760; wheat, bus. 1,194; barley, 226 rods in a right line from the south
274; oats, 4,106; rye, 477; buckwheat, wharf in Burlington. It is a imass of na85; Indian corn, 17,715; potatoes, 35,986; ked slate rock rising some 20 feet above
hay, tons, 3,140; sugar, lbs. 22,678; wool, the water. Origin of the name not ascer4,104. Population, 729.                tained.
DRAPER. See Wilmington.                DUNMoRE LAKE is about four miles
DUMMERSTON, a post township in the long and three fourths of a mile wide. It
PT. TlIT.              9




66                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
DUXBURY.                         EAST HAVEN.                           EDEN.
is situated partly in Leicester and partly   EDEN, a township in the northern part
in Salisbury, and discharges into Otter of Lamoille county, is in lat. 440 42' and
creek by what is called Leicester river. long. 4Q 25', and is bounded northerly by
Trout weighing 25 pounds have been ta- Lowell, easterly by Craftsbury, southerly
ken out of this lake. It is sometimes by Hydepark and Johnson, and westerly
called Trout pond.                     by Belvidere. It is 30 miles north from
DURHAM, a New York grant, located Montpelier, and 37 northeast from Buron Otter creek, a little south of Rutland. lington; was granted November 7, 1780,
DUXBURY, a township in the western and chartered to'" Col., Seth Warner and
part of Washington county, is in lat. 44~ his associates, our worthy friends, the offi18' and long. 4~ 12', and is bounded north cers and soldiers of his regiment in the
by Waterbury and a part of Bolton, from  line of the continental army," August 28,
which it is separated by Winooski river, 1781, containing 36 square miles. Tweneast by Moretown, south by Fayston, and ty one square miles from Belvidere have
west by Huntington and a part of Bolton. since been added to it. The settlement
It is 13 miles west from Montpelier, 22 was commenced in 1800, by Thomas H.
southeast from Burlington, and 100 north Parker, Isaac Brown and Moses Wentfrom  Bennington; and was chartered worth. The town was organized March
June 7, 1763. The settlement of this 31, 1802, and Moses Wentworth was first
township was commenced about the year town clerk. It was first represented, in
1786. In 1791, there were 39 inhabitants. 1803, by Thomas H. Parker. There are
The south and western parts of the town- three religious societies, Congregationalship are mountainous and incapable of ists, Methodists, snd Universalists. The
settlement. Nearly all the inhabitants are Rev. Joseph Farrar was settled over the
confined to the margin of Winooski river Congregational church and society Noand the northeastern parts of the town- vember 24, 1811, and dismissed Dec. 20,
ship. This township is watered by Wi- 1815. This church was organized Nov.
nooski river, which forms the northern 3, 1812, and now consists of about 40
boundary, by Duxbury branch, on which members. The Methodist church was oris a considerable settlement, and several ganized in 1818, and the Universalist in
small branches of Mad river. There are 1834. The former consists of about 40
here seven saw mills. The natural bridge and the latter of about 20 members. A
over Winooski river, is between this town union meeting house was erected in 1832.
and Waterbury, and near it are some cu- The streams in this township are numerrious caverns. Statistics of 1840. Horses, ous.  Wild branch and Green river rise in
122; cattle, 1,044; sheep, 2,055; swine, the eastern part. The former runs through
565; wheat, bus. 1,293; barley, 61; oats, the corner of Craftsbury, and the latter
4,415; rye, 319; buckwheat, 1,049; In- through the corner of Hydepark, and both
dian corn, 2,714; potatoes, 27,910; hay, fall into the river Lamoille in Wolcott.
tons, 2,289; sugar, lbs. 26,374; wool, They are both considerable mill streams.
4,837. Population, 820.                The branch, which is the outlet of North
EAST HAVEN, a township.in Essex pond, runs across the northwest corner of
county, 45 miles northeast from Montpe- Hydepark, and falls into the Lamoille in
lier, chartered October 22, 1790, to Timo- Johnson. North pond is two miles long,
thy Andrus and associates, and contains and of very unequal width. A tongue of
36 square miles. It is bounded north- land extends into it from the south three
westerly by Newark, northeasterly by quarters of a mile, which is, in some plaBrighton and Ferdinand, southeast by ces, no more than two rods wide, and on
Granby, and southwest by Victory and which grow large quantities of blue and
Burke. There were five or six families in black whortleberries. These berries are
this town as early as 1814, but the settle- found no where else in this part of the
ment has advanced very slow, and it is country. The township is considerably
still unorganized. The land is high, but mountainous. Mount Norris and Hadley
much of it very suitable for grazing. mountain lie on the north line of the
Passumpsic river crosses the west corner, township, and partly in Lowell. Belviand the head of Moose river waters the dere mountain lies partly in the northwest
eastern part, each being about two rods corner of the township, and its summit is
wide, and affording good mill sites. Sta- probably the highest land in the county
tistics of 1840. Horses, 18; cattle, 92; excepting, perhaps, Jay Peak.  In the
sheep, 192; swine, 58; wheat, bus. 99; western part of Eden is some good tillage
barley, 95; oats, 460; rye, 25; buck- land. The eastern part, being the diviwheat, 170; Indian corn, 69; potatoes, ding ridge between the waters of lake
3,280; hay, tons, 136; sugar, lbs. 3,330; Champlain and Memphremagog, is moist
wool, 370. Population, 79.            and cold, but good for grazing. No town




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              67
ELLIGO POND.                       ELMORE.                        ENOSBURGH.
in the vicinity furnishes, in proportion to considerable elevation. The remaining
its wealth and number of inhabitants, so part of the surface is accessible and not
many and so good beef cattle as this, for very uneven. It is mostly timbered with
market.  Rocks, principally mica and hard wood, and the soil is of a middling
chlorite slate. There are here 10 school quality. A  part of the waters of this
districts, and 7 school houses, 4 saw and township pass off to the north into the
one grist mill. Statistics of 1840. Horses, river Lamoille, and a part to the south
147; cattle, J,108; sheep, 1,974; swine, into Winooski river. Mead's pond lies
365; wheat, bus. 1,318; barley, 75; oats, in the northwestern part, and covers
4,614; rye, 191; buckwheat, 5; Indian about 300 acres. There are three other
corn, 828; potatoes, 38,250; hay, tons, small ponds within the township.  Iron
2,050; sugar, lbs. 18,290; wool, 3,958. ore is found here in abundance. StatisPopulation, 702.                       tics of 1840.-Horses, 95; cattle, 712;
ELLIGO POND lies partly in Greensbo- sheep, 1,191; swine, 226; wheat, bu. 881;
rough and partly in Craftsbury. It is barley, 59; oats, 3,670; rye, 17; buck
about two miles long and half a mile wide, wheat, 190; Indian corn, 266; potatoes,
and has two outlets, one to the north and 20, 170; hay, tons, 1,310; sugar, lbs. 9,790;
the other to the south. The northern wool, 2,942. Population, 476.
outlet constitutes one of the head branch-   ENOSBURGH, a post town in the northes of Black river; the southern, after eastern part of Franklin county, is in lat.
passing through Little Elligo Pond, com- 44Q 52' and long. 40 15', and is bounded
municates with the river Lamoille in north by Berkshire, east by Montgomery
Hardwick.  The scenery about Elligo and a part of Richford, south by BakersPond is romantic and beautiful.  The field, and west by Sheldon. It is 35 miles
eastern bank presents abrupt, and, in northeast from Burlington, and 43 northsome places, perpendicular rocks of con- westerly from Montpelier; was granted
siderable height, while the western rises March 12, 1780, and chartered to Roger
gradually, and is covered with a luxuri- Enos, and associates on the 15th of May
ant growth of forest trees, which contrast following. The settlement of this townfinely with the naked cliffs of the opposite ship was commenced in the spring of
shore. Near the centre of the pond are 1797, by Amos Fasset, Stephen House,
two small islands. This pond is a favor. Martin D. Follett and others, mostly emite resort for the sportsman and the ad- igrants from other townships in this state.
mirer of nature in her own simplicity. The town was organized in March, 1798,
Its waters abound with fine trout, and its and Isaac B. Farrar was chosen first town
banks with a plenty of game. It was for- clerk. It was first represented in the fall
merly a favorite hunting ground of the of the same year, by William  Barber.
St. Francis Indians, to whom the north- The religious societies are Congregationern part of Vermont once belonged. These alists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Freewill
Indians called this pond Elligo Scootlon, Baptists, and Methodists.  The Congreand hence it is now sometimes, but im- gational church was formed October 11,
properly, called rlligo Scotland.      1811, and originally consisted of four male
ELMORE, a post town six miles square, and six female members. In May, 1814,
in the southeastern part ofLamoille coun- the Rev. James Parker, moved into the
ty, is in lat. 44~ 29' and long. 4~ 29', and town and took charge of this church,
is bounded north by Wolcott, east by which continued under his pastoral care
Monroe, south by Worcester, and west till 1821. On the 3d of July, 1822, the
by Morristown.  It is 17 miles north Rev. Thomas Skelton was installed over
from Montpelier, and 33 east from Bur- this church'and dismissed in 1826; the
lington; was granted November 7, 1780, Rev. John Scott was settled in 1.829, and
and chartered to Col. Samuel Elmore and dismissed in 1834; the Rev. Moses Parhis associates, August 21, 1781. The set- melee in 1835, and died in 1838; the
tlement of this township was commenced Rev. James T. Phelps in 1839, dismissed
in July, 1790, by Martin and Jesse El- in 1841.  The Rev. John C. Wilder, the
more, James and Seth Olmstead, and present pastor, was installed in Oct. 1841.
Aaron Keeler, from Sharon and Norwalk, Members, 165. Meeting house built in
Connecticut. The town was organized 1821. There are two Baptist churches;
July 23, 1792. Joseph Leech was the the first consists of 50, and the other of
first town clerk, and Martin Elmore the about 100 members.  The first has no
first representative. The Congregation- settled minister; the second is under the
alists and Methodists are the most nu- care of the Rev. Oliver W. Babcock, setmerous denominations ofchristians. Ford- tled in 1841.  The Episcopal church,
way, or Elmore mountain, lies in the called Christ's Church, consists of 37
northwest part of the township, and is a members, and is under the charge of the




68                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
FSSEX.                                                          ESSEX COUNTY
Rev. Moore Bingham.  Their church is dist church. Each of these denominations
of brick, built in 1839, in the west village, erected a meeting house at the centre vilas was also the Methodist chapel. The lage in 1839. A Mr. Castle died here in
Methodist society is large. There are 1823 aged 98 years, and Mr. Knickertwo  small Freewill Baptist societies, backer, about 1830, aged 100years. Mr.
which are supplied by the Rev. Alanson Abel Castle is now living here at the age
Kilburn, and  Rev. David M. Ladd. of 97.  The epidemic of 1812 and'13
There is an academy, incorporated in1839, was very mortal, and in one of those years
and located at the centre of the town. carried off about 40 persons. There are
The building is of brick, and was erected no mountains, and but few hills in this
in 1839. The surface of this township is township. The south and western parts
pleasantly diversified with hills and val- are timbered principally with pine, the
lies; but the soil is better adapted to the soil is dry and sandy, but produces good
production of grass than grain.  It is rye and corn. The remaining part of the
well watered by Missisco river, which township is timbered with hard wood,
runs through the north part, by Trout and is more natural to grass.  Winooski
river, which runs across the northeast river washes the southern boundary. In
corner, and by two considerable streams, this river are here two falls. The lower,
which  run  through the  south  part. called Hubbell's falls, afford several valuThese streams afford numerous and ex- able mill privileges. Brown's river rises
cellent mill privileges. There are here in Underhill and Jericho, enters this
15 school districts, 1 woollen factory, 3 township from the latter, and, after runstarch factories, 3 stores, 1 tavern, 4 grist ning across the northeast corner, and
and 11 saw, and 3 fulling mills, and an through Westford, falls into the river Laextensive tannery.  Statistics of 1840.- moille in Fairfax. Indian river, called
Horses, 312; cattle, 2,101; sheep, 5,220; here Steven's brook, Alder brook, and
swine, 481; wheat, bu. 3,613; barley, Crooked brook, are considerable streams.
137; oats, 5,164; rye, 77; buck wheat, On Winooski river are beautiful tracts of
757; Ind. corn, 2,928; potatoes, 78,015; intervale.  The town is divided into 13
hay, tons, 8,830; sugar, lbs. 41,730; wool, school  districts, in which are  good
11,262. Population, 2022.              school houses. There are here one grist
EssEx, a post town in the central part mill, seven saw mills, one fulling mill,
of Chittenden county, is in lat. 44' 31' one carding machine, three stores, five
and long. 30 58', and is bounded north by taverns, and two tanneries. There are
Westford, east by Jericho, south by Wil- two small villages. That, at the cenliston and Burlington, from  which it is tre, contains three meeting houses, two
separated by Winooski river, and west stores and a tavern. Statistics of 1840.
by Colchester. It is seven miles north- — Horses, 365; cattle, 1,863; sheep,
east from  Burlington, and  thirty-four 5,752; swine, 1,042; wheat, bu. 2,246;
west from Montpelier, and was chartered barley, 20; oats, 11,775; rye, 3,302;
June 7, 1763. The first permanent set- buck wheat, 1,228; In. corn, 7,934; potlement was made in this township, in tatoes, 43,328; hay, tons, 4,532; sugar,
1783, by Messrs. Smiths, Winchels, and lbs. 10,955; wool, 10,223.  Population,
Willard. The first settlers were princi- 1824.
pally from  Salisbury, Con.  In 1789,   EssEx COUNTY, lies in the northeast
there was a very great scarcity of provis- corner of the state, and was incorporated
ions in this part of the country, and the by act of the Legislature, November, 5,
settlers suffered extremely on that ac- 1792. It is bounded north by Canada,
count. This town was organized March east and south by  Connecticut river,
22, 1786, and Elkanah Billings was the which separates it from Coos county, New
first town clerk. It was first represented Hampshire, southwest by Caledonia counby Dubartis Willard. The town was first ty, and west by Orleans county. It is
regularly surveyed by John Johnson, Esq. about 45 miles long from north to south,
in 1806. The first saw mill at Hubbell's and 23 broad from east to west, lying befalls was erected by John Johnson,in 1804, tween lat. 440 20' and 45o, and long. 40
and the stone grist mill was built by him in 51' and 50 28'.  This county is the least
1819. The Congregational church was populous in the state, with the exception
organized in this town about the year of Grand Isle county. There are some
1790. The Rev. Asaph Morgan was or- towns which are entirely destitute of indained over it in August, 1804, and died habitants.  The settlements are mostly
here a few years ago. The Rev. Daniel confined to the towns lying along ConWarren is the present minister.  The necticut river. The county is in general
Baptist church was formed about the year very uneven and the soil rocky and un1800, and there is a considerable Metho- productive. It comprehends that part of




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              69
FAIRFAX.                                                           FAIRFIELD
the country called upper Coos, which lies afford some of the best water privileges in
on the west side of Connecticut river. the state. The town is divided into 17
Nulhegan river is the principal stream, school districts, each of which has a
which is wholly within the county. This school house. There are here 2 small viland several smaller tributaries, of the lages, a town house, I grist and 10 saw
Connecticut, water all  the  eastern mills, 2 clothier's works, 2 carding maparts. Passumpsic and Moose river, rise chines, 2 stores, 2 taverns, 2 tanneries 1
in the southwestern part, and Clyde river stone ware factory, and 1 pottery. Statisand several streams, which run off to the tics of 1840.-Horses, 331; cattle, 2,407;
north into Canada, water the northwest- sheep. 11,068; swine 1,148; wheat, bushern parts. Its shire town is Guildhall. els, 3,188; oats, 9,041; rye, 1,378; buck
The supreme court sits here, on the 8th wheat, 7; Indian corn, 9,191; potatoes,
after the 4th Tuesday in January, and the 42,730; hay, tons 4,105; sugar, lbs. 38,county court, on the last Tuesday in May 330; wool, 20,315. Population, 1,919.
and the third in December. Statistics of   FAIRFIELD, a post town nearly in the
1840.-Horses, 1,207; cattle,6,837; sheep, centre of Franklin county, and including
14,188; swine, 3,639; wheat, bu. 11,161; Smithfield, which was annexed to it in
barley, 2,223; oats, 46,485; rye, 1,537; 1792, contains about 60 square miles. It
bu. wheat, 15,070; In. corn, 6,709; pota- is situated about 30 miles northeast from
toes, 235,180; hay, tons, 13,167; sugar, Burlington, in lat. 44Q 49' and long. 40 5,
lbs. 99,385; wool, 23,605. Pop. 4226. and is bounded north by Sheldon, east
FAIRFAX, a post township in the south by Bakersfield, south by  Fletcher and
part of Franklin county, is in lat. 44Q 42' Fairfax, and west by St. Albans and
and long. 34 56', and is bounded north by Swanton. It was chartered August 18,
Fairfield, east by Fletcher, south by West- 1763, and granted to Samuel Hungerford,
ford, and west by Georgia. It is situated and his associates. The first settler of
20 miles northeast from Burlington, and this town was Mr. Joseph Wheeler. He
40 northwest from Montpelier, and was moved into it with his family in March,
chartered August 18, 1763. Broadstreet 1788. In 1789, Hubbard Barlow and AnSpafford and his two sons, Nathan and drew Bradley, with several others, moved
Asa, came into this township from Pier- into the town. Smithfield Beaden, was
mont, N. H., in 1783, and began improve- the first child born here, in the part callments.  They soon after removed their ed Smithfield. The proprietors made him
families here.  A Mr. Eastman started a present of 100 acres of land. The town
from N. H. with them, with his family, was organized in March, 1790. Edmund
but died on the road, and was buried in a Town was the first town clerk. There are
trough on the flats in Johnson. His fam- a Congregational, a Baptist, an Episcopal
ily came to Fletcher. The town was or- and a Methodist church in this town. The
ganized March 22, 1787, and Thomas Rev. Benjamin Wooster was settled over
Russell was first town clerk. The first the Congregational church in 1805. He
saw and grist mill were erected by John was the first settled minister, and died in
Fasset. The religious denominations are this town Feb. 13, 1840 aged 77 years.
Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists The present minister is the Rev. T. Rey.
and Episcopalians. The first settled min- nolds. The Episcopal church, called Trinister was Elder Amos Tuttle. He was ity church, was the only one in Franklin
settled over the Baptist church in 1806, county when the Rev. Stephen Beach,
and dismissed about the year 1811. The took charge of it in 1815. Several clerRev. Eben H. Dorman was settled over gymen labored here more or less previous
the Congregational church and society in to 1840, when the Rev Ezekiel H. Sayles,
1814, and dismissed in 1823. There are the present minister, was settled. This
two meetinghouses,one owned by the Bap- church consists of about 60 members. An
tists and Congregationalists, and the oth-  Academy was incorporated here in 1808,
er by the Methodists. The epidemic of and, a convenient building erected for its
1813 prevailed here and was very mortal. accommodation. Blaek creek is a considThe surface of this township is somewhat erable stream, which issues from Metcalf
uneven, and the soil light and easily cul- pond in Fletcher, and runs through this
tivated, producing good corn and rye. Its township, affording an excellent stand for
principal streams are the river Lamoille, mills. Fairfield river is a small stream,
which runs through the south part, and which, also, takes its rise in Fletcher, and
Brown's river and Parmelee's and Stone's passes through the town near its centre,
brook, its tributaries, all of which afford affording several good mill privileges.
good mill privileges. The great falls, on These streams unite and fall into Missisco
the Lamoille, 88 feet in 30 rods, are situ- river in Sheldon. Smithfield pond, lying
ated in the southeast part of the town, and in the westerly part of the town, is about




70                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
FAIR-HAVEN.                                                          FAIRLEE
three miles long and one and a half broad. minister. There are also some Baptists,
At the outlet is an excellent stand for Methodists and Episcopalians here. The
mills, and another on the same stream  epidemic of 1812 and 13 was very mortal,
about two miles below.  The township and in 1822, the dysentery was epidemwas originally covered principally with ic, and, in many cases, fatal. The surhard wood. The surface is uneven, but face of the township consists of swells
very little of it so broken as to be unfit and vales, but there is nothing which
for cultivation.  The soil is generally deserves the name of a mountain. The
good. The town is divided into 15 school soil is various, consisting of gravel, sand,
districts, with a comfortable schoolhouse and marl. Along the rivers, the soil is alluin each.  The public buildings are an vial and very productive. The timber is
Academy, townhouse, an Episcopal and pine, hemlock, beech, maple, walnut, buta Congregational church.  There are ternut, button wood, &c. The principal
in town, 3 stores, 4 grist mills 8 saw  streams are Poultney and Castleton rivmills, 2 fulling mills, 1 carding machine, ers. The former rises among the mounand 2 tanneries. Statistics of 1840.- tains in the southeast, and divides this
Horses, 530; cattle, 3,636; sheep, 9,700 township from New-York.  The latter
swine, 800; wheat, bu. 4,270; barley, 35; originates principally from a large spring
oats, 7,071; rye, 718; buck wheat,l,770; in the west part of Rutland. About one
indian corn, 5,685; potatoes, 76,920; hay, mile above Fair-Haven village it receives
tons, 7,765; sugar, lbs. 71,765; wool, the waters of lake Bombazine, and one
24,663. Population, 2,448.             mile west of the village it joins Poultney
FAIR-HAvEN, a post town in the wes- river, and, after running three miles furtern part of Rutland county, is in lat. 43o ther, falls into East bay. Between the
36' and long. 30 48'and is bounded north junction of these streams and East bay
by Benson, east by Castleton and a part are two considerable falls. (See Poultney
of Poultney, south by Poultney river, River.)  In the village of Fair-Haven, on
which separates it from Hampton, N. Y., Castleton river, are two falls, on which
and west by West Haven. It is 60 miles are a paper mill, a rolling and slitting
south from Burlington, and 52 north from  mill, an extensive nail factory, 1 grist and
Bennington, and was chartered, October 1 saw mill, 1 forge and I tannery. Nails
27, 1779, to Ebenezer Allen and his asso- and paper are annually manufactured here
ciates. The settlement was commenced to a large amount. In the lower part of
the same year by John  and William  the village are about 12 or 15 dwelling
Meacham, Oliver Cleveland, Joseph Bal- houses, and about the same number in
lard and Joseph Haskins, with their fam- the upper part. The latter are built ailies. In 1783, Col. Matthew Lyon, Silas round a handsome Green, containing ten
Safford and others moved into town, and acres, and elevated about 60 feet above
the former commenced erecting mills. the bed of the river. On the north end
Col. Lyon had in operation at Fair Haven of the green stands the Congregational
before 1796 1 furnace, 2 forges, 1 slitting meeting house, erected in 1811. In admill, 1 printing office, 1 paper mill, 1 saw dition to the above, there are, in this town,
mill, and 1 grist mill, and he did printing 2 saw mills, 2 taverns, 2 stores and 1 tanon paper manufactured by himself from  nery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 112;
bass wood bark.*  The first settlers were cattle, 761; sheep, 4,105; swine, 336;
from  Connecticut and  Massachusetts. wheat, bush.599; oats, 2,085; rye, 1,339
The town was organized in 1783. Elea- buck wheat, 165; Ind. corn, 3,205; potazer Dudley was first town clerk, and Mat- toes, 8,085; hay tons, 1,449; sugar, lbs.
thew Lyon first representative, both cho- 620; wool, 8,242. Population, 633.
sen this year. Silas Safford was appoin-   FAIRLEE, a post town in the east part
ted the first justice of the peace, which of Orange county, is in lat. 43~ 56' and
office he held 40 years successively. Col. long. 4o 20, and is bounded north by BradLyon, who has figured in the political ford, east by Connecticut river, which
world, was a native of Ireland   He emi- separates it from Orford N. H., south by
grated tothis country, when 16years old, Thetford and west by West-Fairlee. It
and was sold in Connecticut for his pass- is 35 miles north from Windsor and 17
age. The Rev. Rufus Cushman was or- from Dartmouth College. It was charterdained over the Congregational church tered September 9, 1761. to Josiah ChaunFeb. 12, 1807, and died Feb.3, 1829. The cey, Joseph Hubbard and others, and inRev. Amos Drury was settled May 6, eluding West-Fairlee, was laid out six
1829 and dismissed in May 1837. This and a half miles square.  The settlechurch was organized in 1803. The Rev. ment was commenced in 1766 by a Mr.
Francis C. Woodworth is the present Baldwin who had settled the year be* Letters by J. A. Graham, page 80.  fore in Thetford. In 1768, Samuel Mil



PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              71
FAYSTON.                        FERDINAND.                     FERRISBURGH.
ler, Samuel Bentlev, and William  and tlement was commenced in the year 1798
David Thompson, Noah Dewey and Joel by Lynde Wait, Esq. In 1800 there
White, were settled here. About the year were 18 persons in town. The land is el1775, Samuel Smith was chosen town evated, lying in large swells. It is princlerk, and held that office till his decease cipally timbered with bard wood, and the
in March, 1820. Feb. 25, 1797, the wes- soil is fertile, producing good crops of
tern half of this township was set off and grain and grass.  Two streams, head
constituted a separate town by the name branches of Mad river, pass through the
of West-Fairlee. The division line was town, which are sufficient -for mills, and
run from north to south through the cen- four saw mills have been erected. Statre of the original township. The greater tistics of 1840: Horses, 118; cattle, 677;
part of the inhabitants of this town are sheep, 1,986; swine, 405; wheat, bushels,
Congregationalists. In 1806, they erec- 1,651; barley, 25; oats, 3,509; rye, 162;
ted a meetinghouse, and the Rev. Dan buckwheat, 618; Ind. corn, 1,189; potaBlodgett is their present minister. Pre- toes, 22,593; hay, tons, 1,905; sugar, lbs.
vious to the year 1815, the inhabitants of 24,134, wool, 3,833. Population, 635.
Fairlee and West-Fairlee constituted but   FARRAND'S RIVER, heads in Avery's
one militia company. In that year the and Warner's Gores, runs nearly south,
militia of Fairlee were organized into a through the corners of Morgan and Wenseparate company. Fairlee is in general lock, and unites with Clyde river, in
mountainous and broken, and much of it Brighton.
unfit for cultivation. The mountains in   FERDINAND, an uninhabited township
some places approach very near Connec- in Essex county, chartered October 13,
ticut river, and form almost perpendicu- 1761, and containing 23 square miles. It
lar precipices several hundred feet in is bounded northerly by Wenlock, easterheight, particularly a little north of Fair- ly by Maidstone, southerly by Granby
lee meetinghouse. The timber is mostly and East Haven, and westerly by Brighpine and hemlock. Fairlee lake is about ton. This township is watered by the
a mile west of Connecticut river, and is principal branch of Paul's stream. The
two miles long and three fourths of a surface of the township generally is eithmile wide. In 1809 Samuel Morey, pro- er mountainous or swampy.
cured a number of pickerel from a pond   FERRISBURGH, a post town in the northin Rumney, N. H., and put them into west corner of Addison county, is in lat.
Fairlee pond. In Oct. following the Le- 440 12' and long. 3" 48', and is bounded
gislature of Vermont passed an act for north by Charlotte, east by Monkton and
the preservation of the fish in this pond New Haven, south by Waltham, Verfor twoyears. Since thattime they have gennes and Panton, and west by lake
increased very rapidly and are found to Champlain, which separates it from the
be of an excellent quality. A bridge con- state of New York. It lies 19 miles south
nects this town with Orford, N. H. There from Burlington and 34 west from Montare in this town, one grist, and 4 saw  pelier. It was chartered June 24, 1762,
mills and 2 stores. Statistics of 1840- to several persons by the name of Ferris,
Horses. 141; cattle, 580; sheep, 2,815; and others. More than half of Vergennes
swine, 465; wheat, bush. 1,055; barley, was taken from this township. The first
40; oats, 7,515; rye, 970; buck wheat, permanent settlement was made in 1784
880; Indian corn, 3,050,,potatoes, 18,100 and 1785, by Mr. Ward, Abel Thompson,
hay, tons, 1,690; sugar lbs. 1,845; wool, Gideon Hawley, Timothy Rogers, Joseph
5,655. Population, 644.                Chilson, Jona. Saxton, and Zuriel and
FAIRLEE LAKE. See Fairlee.          Absalom Tupper, emigrants from  BenFAYETTEVILLE, the name of the village nington, in this state, and from Connectin Newfane in which the county build- icut. The town was organized in 1786.
ings in Windham county are situated. J. Saxton was the first town clerk, and
(See JVewfane.)                       Abel Thompson the first representative.
FAYSTON, a township six miles square, The religious denominations are Bapin the southwest corner of Washington tists, Methodists, Congregationalists and
county, is in lat. 440 13' and long. 4" 9', Friends; each of which have been formed
and is bounded north by Duxbury, east into a society. The Friends have a meetby Waitsfield, south by a part of Warren ing house in the easterly part, the Methoand Lincoln, and west by Huntington. dists in the northerly part, and there is a
It is situated27 miles southeast from Bur- union house near the centre; the two
lington, and 17 southwest from Montpe- latter were built in 1839. Neither of these
lier. It was granted February 25, and denominations has a settled minister.
chartered February 27, 1V32, to Ebenezer The Methodists are supplied by circuit
Walbridge and his associates. The set- preachers. The township has always been




72                      GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                       PART III.
FERRISBURGH.                       FLETCHER.                        FRANKLIN.
considered healthy, and several have lived 10,900; rye, 550; buckwheat, 658; Inhere to be near 100 years old. The epi- dian corn, 8,910; potatoes, 21,680; hay,
demic of 1812 and'13 was very mortal tons, 12,000; sugar, lbs. 1,400; wool,
here, and carried off between 60 and 70 65,690. Population, 1,755.
persons, mostly adults. This township   FIFTEEN-MILE FALLS, the name given
is watered principally by Otter, Little to the rapids in Connecticut river, beOtter and Lewis creeks. Otter creek en- tween Lunenburgh and Barnet.
ters the township from Vergennes, and   FLAMSTEAD, see Chester.
after running northwesterly about eight   FLETCHER, a post town in the south
miles, across the southwest part, falls into part of Franklin county, is in lat. 440 42'
lake Champlain about three miles south and long. 4~ 7', and is bounded north by
of the mouth of Little Otter creek.  Lit- Bakersfield and Fairfield, east by Watertle Otter and Lewis creeks run through ville, southeast by Cambridge, and souththe township in a westerly direction, the west by Fairfax. It lies 22 miles northformer through the middle, and the latter east from Burlington, and 35 northwest
through the north part. The mouths by from Montpelier. It was granted Novemwhich they are discharged into the lake ber 7, 1780, and chartered to Moses Robare within 80 rods of each other. Otter inson, John Fay and others, August 20,
creek is navigable eight miles to Ver- 1781. The settlement was commenced
gennes, and Little Otter creek three in 1784. The river Lamoille justtouches
miles, by the largest vessels on the lake. upon the southern extremity of this townIn Little Otter creek are four, and in ship. Metcalf pond is about one mile
Lewis creek three commodious falls, on long from north to south, and one third
which mills and other machinery are of a mile wide from east to west. It diserected. Large quantities of pike, bass, charges its waters at the south end, form&c., are annually taken in the spring of ing one of the head branches of Black
the year about the mouths of these creek. This stream runs a southeasterly
streams. About three miles north of the course about two miles into Cambridge,
southwest corner of the township is one and, after crossing the corner of that
of the best harbors on the lake, called Ba- township, returns again into Fletcher, and
sin harbor. Five miles northwest from  passes off to the north. Fairfield river
Vergennes, and a short distance south of also rises in Fletcher, and is joined in
the mouth of Little Otter creek, is a ferry Fairfield by Black creek. Stone's brook
across the lake, which is here something waters the western part. The surface of
more than two miles wide. This place is this township is considerably broken.
known by the name of Grog harbor, tak- There are here one grist and three saw
ing its name from the landing place in mills, and two stores. Statistics of 1840.
Essex, on the New York side. The sur- Horses, 175: cattle, 1,235; sheep, 3,335;
face of the northeastern part of this town- swine, 278; wheat, bus. 1,717; barley,
ship is somewhat hilly. The remaining 64; oats, 3,750; rye, 1,000; buckwheat,
parts, especially the western, are remark- 400; Indian corn, 2,000; potatoes, 36,200;
ably level and smooth. The uplands are hay, tons, 2,680; sugar, lbs. 38,650; wool,
timbered mostly with maple, beech, bass- 6,558. Population, 1,014.
wood and butternut; the level and low    Foun BROTHEIrS are four small islands
lands are timbered with pine interspersed situated 6 or 7 miles to the southwest of
with oak, walnut, &c. No township in Burlington, and lying within the limits of
the state has afforded more or better tim- New York. They are uncultivated, and
ber for market than this. The soil is very lying out of the usual line of navigation,
various, some parts of it being clayey, the water fowls find among them a quiet
while others consist of rich mould, which retreat, where gulls and others rear their
is easily tilled and very productive. In young.  These islands are named on
favorable seasons crops of most kinds are Charlevoix's map, published in 1744, Isles
abundant. In 1823, one acre here pro- des 4 Vents, or Isles of Four Winds.
duced 120 bushels of corn, which cost ten   FRANKLIN, a post town in the north
days labor, and two bushels of plaster of part of Franklin county, is in lat. 440 58'
Paris, (gypsum). The same kind of soil and long. 40 6', and is bounded north by
has produced 50 bushels of wheat, 70 of St. Armand, in Canada, east by Berkoats, &c., per acre. It is a good grazing shire, south by Sheldon, and west by
township, and large numbers of fat cattle Highgate. It lies 36 miles northeast from
are yearly driven from  it to market. Burlington, and 51 northwest from MontThere are here 1 grist and 3 saw mills, pelier. It was granted October 24, 1787,
and 1 store. Statistics of 1840. Horses, and chartered to Jonathan Hunt and his
495; cattle, 5,183; sheep, 25,676; swine, associates, March 19, 1789, by the name
871; wheat, buis. 2,700; barley, 18; oats, of Huntsburg. The settlement w,9as coni



PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               73
FRANKLIN COUNTY.                                                    GEORGIA.
menced in 1789, by Samuel Hubbard, swine, 8,935; wheat, bus. 48,686; barley,
Samuel Peckham, David Sanders, and 59)9; oats, 94,700; rye, 10,144; buckJohn Bridgeman, mostly emigrants from  wheat, 9,603; Indian corn, 65,534; potaMassachusetts. The town was organized j toes, 709,396; hay, tons, 61;263; sugar,
in 1793. Ebenezer Sanders was the first lbs 400,775; wool, 225,802. Population,
town clerk, and Samuel Peckhain the first 24,532.
representative. The religious denomina-   FRENCH RvrER. See IVinooski River.
tions are Congregationalists, Methodists,   FULH AM. Name altered toDummerston.
Episcopalians and Baptists. The present   GAGEBOROIGH, a New  York  Grant
minister of the Congregational church is where Chelsea now is.
the Rev. E W. Kelloygg, of the Metho-   GEoaGIA, a post township in the southdist, Rev. G. M. McKillips, and of the western part of Franklin county, is in lat.
Baptist, Rev. John Spalding. There is a 440 44' and long. 30 54', and is bounded
small village, and a union imeeting house. north by St. Albans, east by Fairfax, south
The first physician was Ebenezer Marvin, by Milton, and west by lake Champlain.
and Ebenezer Marvin, Jr. was the first It lies 18 miles north from Burlington,
attorney. The river Rocher, or Rock and 41 northwest from  Montpelier.  It
river, rises in this township and falls into was chartered August 17, 1763, and conMissisco bay in Highgate.  It is also tains about 36 square miles. The settlewatered by several small branches of'Mis- ment was commenced in 1784 and 1785,
sisco and Pike rivers. The township is by Andrew Guilder, from Agremont, Ms.,
injured very much by a large pond, which and William Farrand, from Bennington,
lies near the centre. This pond is three Vt., with their families. During the two
miles long and about one mile wide. following years, a great number of famiThere are in the town 5 school districts, lies, mostly from  Bennington and the
one woollen factory, one starch factory, western part of Massachusetts, moved inone grist and 4 saw mills. Statistics of to the town, and a considerable number of
1840. Horses, 251; cattle, 1,752; sheep, young men without families. The first
6,288; swine, 383; wheat, bus. 3,256; settlers of Georgia had their share of
oats, 4,843; rye, 372; buckwheat, 583; those privations and hardships which are
Indian corn, 2,940; potatoes, 57,870; hay, incident to the settlers of new townships.
tons, 3,438; sugar, lbs. 25,720; wool, They, at first, had to go to Burlington and
11.,635. Population, 1,410.            Plattsburgh for their grinding, but ihe
FRANKLIN COUNTY is situated in the population increased so rapidly that mills
northwestern part of the state, and is were soon erected. The town was organbounded north by Canada, east by Or- ized March 12, 1788.  Reuben Evarts
leans county, south by Chittenden county, was the first town clerk, and James Evand west byGrand Isle county,from which arts the first representative. The Conit is separated by a part of lake Champlain. gregationalists, Baptists and Methodists
It is situated between lat. 440 31', and are the most numerous denominations of
450 and between long. 30 47' and 40 27', Christians.  The Rev. Publius Virgil
extending about 34 miles from east to Bogue was settled over the Congregawest, and about 33 from north to south, tional church and society October 8, 1803,
and containing 600 square miles. It was and dismissed October 20, 1813. The
incorporated November 5, 1792. St. Al- Rev. Eben H. Dorman was ordained over
bans is the shire town, and is a place of this church November 15, 1815, and disconsiderable business.. The supreme court missed November 15, 1824. The Rev.
sits here on the 2d Tuesday in January, Luther P. Blodget, June, 1828, and disand the county court on the 2d Tuesday missed January, 1830; the Rev. George
in April and September. The Missisco W. Ranslow, the present pastor, June 19,
river waters the north part of this county, 1833. Elder Roswell Mears was settled
and the Lamoille the south part. The over the Baptist chur(ch July 1, 1807, and
eastern part extends onto the western he and the Rev. Alvah Sabin are the
range of the Green Mountains, and is present ministers. The epidemic of 181.2
high and broken; the western part is gen- was very mortal here. About 30 persons
erally level, and is a very fine farming died in the space of three months. The
country. The settlement of the county river Lamoille, which runs through the
was commenced immediately after the southeast corner of the township, is the
close of the revolutionary war, and it is principal stream. In the northeast part
now rapidly increasing in population and is a pond covering 30 or 40 acres. It is
wealth. Very fine marble is found in surrounded by high lands, except a narabundance in Swanton, and iron ore in row outlet to the north, and is bordered by
Highgate.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, a grove of alders. The mill privileges
4,427; cattle, 26,965; sheep, 87,385; are numerous, there being no less than
PT. I1I.             10




74                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART II1.
GLASTENBURY.                                                         GLOVER.
12. The soil is sandy in the south part, Samuel Conant. The settlement advanand the timber principally pine. In the ced very slowly for some years. In 1800,
north part it is a gravelly loam, and the there were 38 persons in town. The printimber mostly hard wood. The rocks, in cipal religious societies are Congregationthe western part, are limestone, in the alists and Methodists. There is a pleaseastern part, slate. The soil is, in gen- ant and thriving little village, containing
eral, rich and productive. There are some a handsome meeting house, a store, tavtracts timbered with hemlock, and some ern, and several mechanics. The surface
cedar swamps near the lake. Over what of the township is very uneven, consistis called Stone Bridge brook, in the south- ing of hills and vallies. In the south
western part of the township, is a natural part is a small mountain called Black hill.
bridge 12 or 14 feet wide, and the top of The town is watered principally by the
it seven or eight feet above the surface of head branches of Barton river. Branches
the water. The width of the arch is 40 of the Passumpsic, Lamoille, and Black
or 50 feet, and its height but a few inches river, also rise here. There are four natabove the surface of the stream. A large ural ponds which lie within this townand elegant meeting house was completed ship, viz: Glover pond in the northern
in this town in 1802, and around it is a part, Daniel's pond in the western part,
small village, containg a number of dwel- Chamber's near the centre, -and Mud
ling houses, stores, shops, &c.  There pond in the southeastern part, all of which
are 2 grist mills, which are of stone, three discharge their waters into Black river.
saw, and one oil mill, 3 stores, and two Long pond, now better known by the
tanneries.  Statistics of 1840.  Horses, name of Runaway pond, was situated
366; cattle, 1,915; sheep, 10,935; swine, partly in this township and partly in
1,140; wheat, bus. 3,897; barley, 20; Greensborough. This pond was one and
oats, 8,931; rye, 2,545; buckwheat, 1,072; a half mile long, and about half a mile
Indian corn, 7,875; potatoes, 34,616; hay, wide, and discharged its waters to the
tons, 4,476; sugar, lbs. 17,957; wool, south, forming one of the head branches
26,467. Population, 2,106.             of the river Lamoille. On the 6th of
GLASTENBURY, a township in Benning- June, 1810, about 60 persons went to this
ton county, is in lat. 420 58' and long. 4~ pond for the purpose of opening an outlet
1', and is bounded north by Sunderland, to the north into Barton river, that the
east by Somerset, south by Woodford and mills, on that stream, might receive from
west by Shaftsbury. It lies nine miles it an occasional supply of water. A small
northeast from Bennington, and 25 north- channel was excavated, and the water
west from Brattleborough, and was char- commenced running in a northerly directered August 20, 1761, containing about tion. It happened that the northern bar40 square miles. A great part of this rier of the pond consisted entirely of
township is high, broken and incapable of quicksand, except an encrusting of clay
ever being settled.  Settlements were next the water. The sand was immedrearly commenced here, but the population ately removed by the current, and a large
has never yet amounted to 1.00 persons. channel formed. The basin formed by
The waters in the eastern part flow into the encrusting of clay was incapable of
Deerfield river. From  the other parts, sustaining the incumbent mass of waters,
they pass off to the south fnd west into and it broke. The whole pond immedithe  Walloomscoik.  The streams are ately took a northerly course, and, in fifsmall. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 14; teen minutes from this time, its bed was
cattle, 16; sheep, 62; swine, 32; wheat, left entirely bare. It was discharged so
bus. 18; oats, 38; rye, 12: buckwheat, 6, suddenly that the country below was inIndian corn, 25; potatoes, 880; hay, tons, stantly inundated. The deluge advanced
162; sugar, lbs. 575; wool, 127. Popu- like a wall of waters, 60 or 70 feet in
lation, 53.                            height, and 20 rods in width, leveling the
GLovER, a post town, six miles square, forests and the hills, and filling up the
in the southern part of Orleans county, is vallies, and sweeping off mills, houses,
in lat. 44~ 40' and long. 40 45', and is barns, fences, cattle, horses and sheep as
bounded north by Barton, east by Shef- it passed, for the distance of more than
field, south by Greensborough, and west ten miles, and barely giving the inhabiby Albany. It lies 33 miles northeast tants sufficient notice of its approach to
from  Montpelier, was granted June 27, escape with their lives into the mountains.
1781, and chartered to Gen. John Glover A rock, supposed to weigh more than 100
and his associates, November 20, 1783. tons, was removed half a mile from its
The settlement of this township was cornm- bed. The waters moved so rapidly as to
menced about the year 1797, by Ralph reach Memphremagog lake, distant 27
Parker, James Vance, Samuel Cook and miles, in about six hours from the time




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              75
GOSHEN.                         GOSHEN GORE.                         GRAFTON.
they left the pond. Nothing now remains wheat, 160; Indian corn, 516; potatoes,
of the pond but its bed, a part of which is 18,600; hay, tons, 1,360; sugar, lbs. 5,230;
cultivated, and a part overgrown with wool, 5,116. Population, 621.
trees, bushes and wild grass, with a small   GOSHEN GORE. There are two gores
brook running through it, which is now  of this name, and both in Caledonia counthe head branch of Barton river. The ty. The largest contains 7,339 and is
channel, through which the waters es- bounded north by Wheelock, east by Dancaped, is 127 feet in depth and several ville, south by Walden, and west by
rods in width. A pond, some distance Greensborough. The first permanent setbelow, was, at first, entirely filled with tlement was made here in 1802, by Elihu
sand, which has since settled down, and Sabin, and his daughter Mary was the
it is now about one half its former dimen- first child born. In the northeast corner
sions. Marks of the ravages are still to of the gore is a pond covering about 80
be seen through nearly the whole course acres. It is watered by a branch of the
of Barton river. The soil, in the middle Lamoille river. Statistics of1840.-Horses,
and western part of Glover, is, in general, 27; cattle, 180; sheep, 429; swine, 100;
wet and cold, but very good for grazing. wheat, bus. 265; barley, 100; oats, 1,420;
On the river it is dry and warm, and bet- Indian corn, 56; potatoes, 7,920; hay,
ter adapted to the production of grain and tons, 559; sugar, lbs. 7,760; wool, 912.
Indian corn. There were in the township Population, 143. The other gore of this
about 1000 acres of land belonging to the name is situated in the southwest corner
old Vermont State Bank. Some iron ore of Caledonia county, and contains 2,828
has been discovered, and sulphur springs acres. It is bounded north by Marshfield
are common; also several beds of marl, and a part of Harris' gore, east by Harris'
which makes excellent lime. Considera- gore, south by Orange, and west by Plainble quantities of pot and pearl ashes, beef, field. Gunner's branch passes through
pork, butter and cheese are produced for the south part of this gore. Population,
market. There are, in town, three grist, 44.
and six saw mills, one fulling mill and    GRAFTON, a post town in the north
one tannery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, part of Windham county, is in lat. 43?
276; cattle, 1,507; sheep, 4,797; swine, 11' and long. 40 25', and is bounded north
944; wheat, bus. 3,129; barley, 1,163; by Chester, east by Rockingham, south
oats, 9,323; rye, 136; buckwheat, 515; by Athens and Acton, and west by WindIndian corn, 1,947; potatoes, 54,708; hay, ham.  It lies 36 miles northeast from
tons, 3,448; sugar, lbs. 61,430; wool, Bennington, and 22 southwestfromWind15,718. Population, 1,119.             sor. It was chartered April 6, 1754, and
GOSHEN, a township in the southeast- rechartered September 1, 1763, by the
ern-part of Addison county, is in lat. 430 name of Tomlinson, and contains about
56' and long. 40 4', and is bounded north 40 square miles.  A Mr. Hinlkley and
by Ripton and Hancock, southeast by two other families came into'this townPittsfield and Chittenden, southwest by ship about the year 1768, and began a setBrandon and Leicester, and northwest by tlement on what is called Hinkley brook.
Salisbury.  It lies 31 miles southwest They, however, soon abandoned it, and
from Montpelier, and 43 northwest from  no permanent settlement was made till
Windsor; was granted February 23, 1782, 1780. In the spring of this year, Amos
chartered to John Rowell, William Doug- Fisher, Samuel Spring, Benjamin Lathlass and others, February 2, 1792, and re- erbee and Edward Putnam moved into
ceived a new charter November 1, 1798. the township from  Winchester, MassaNovember 9, 1814, the northern half of chusetts. Aaron Putnam  was appointPhiladelphia was annexed to this town- ed town clerk at the time the town was
ship. No permanent settlement was com- organized, and Thomas Kenney was the
menced here until about the year 1600. first representative.  The religious deConsiderable part of it is mountainous, nominations are Congregationalists and
but there is some very good land, and the Baptists.  The Congregational church
settlement has advanced  considerably was organized June 28, 1785; settled the
within a few years. Leicester river rises Rev. Wm. Hall, Nov. 7, 1788, who was
in Hancock, and runs through the town- dismissed in 1810. The Rev. Wm. Goodship in a westerly direction. Philadel- ell was settled Aug. 29, 1814, and disphia river originates in the south part. missed April 11, 1822; the Rev. Selah R.
Iron ore and the oxyde of manganese are Arms was settled June 5, 1825, and disfound here. It contains six saw mills. missed Oct. 30, 1831. The Rev. Moses
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 132; cattle, Bradford, the present minister, was set516; sheep, 1,960; swine, 250; wheat, tled Oct. 30, 1832. Elder Shumway was
bus. 1,040; oats, 4,800; rye, 350; buck, ordained April 26, 1810, and preached to




76                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
GRAFTON.                            GRANRY.                        GRAND ISI.E.
the Baptist church about two years. Ju- three miles west from the meeting house,
ly 7, 1819, Elder John R. Dodge was or- in quartz and mica slate. It is in triangudained over the Baptist church, and was lar prisms, bevelled at their lateral edges,
dismissed Sept. 26, 1822. The Congre- and striated longitudinally,havingtriedral
gationalists have a meeting house, erect- terminations. The serpentine is all in
ed in 1792, and the Baptists, one, built one mass, of 30 or 40 tons weight, lying
in 1814. The township is watered prin- on the western declivity of a small hill,
cipally by Saxton's River, which is form- and in fill view from the meeting house.
ed here by the union of several branches. Its interior is of a uniform dark green colA branch of William's river runs through or. It is hard tobreak, and its fracture
the north part nearly parallel to the north splintery. There are two small villages;
line. These streams afford several very one at the centre and the other at the
good mill privileges. The township is junction of the two branches which form
considerably uneven, and it abounds in a Saxton's river. There are 2 grist, 6 saw
great variety of minerals. About two and 3 fulling mills, 3 carding machines,
miles south  from  the Congregational and 3 stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
meeting house is an immense quantity of 273; cattle, 1,728; sheep, 10,114; swine,
excellent steatite, or soap stone, which is 1,166; wheat, bush. 1,386; barley, 146;
quarried to a great extent. Large blocks oats, 5,229; rye, 1,238; buckwheat, 618;
of it are removed from the ledge by saws, Ind. corn, 4,859; potatoes, 31,646; hay,
wedges, and bars, and transported about tons, 3,363; sugar, lbs. 16,185; wool,
a mile to a mill, whose machinery is mov- 20,164. Population, 1,326.
ed by water, where it is sawn. Itis then   GRAsNY, a township in Essex county,
manufactured  into aqueducts, pumps, situated in lat. 440 35' and long. 5~ 9',
jambs, ovens, mantle pieces, stoves, &c. contains 36 square miles. It lies 47 miles
The blocks sawn and bored for the aque- northeastfrom Montpelier, and is bound.
ducts are two or three feet long, and three ed northeast by Ferdinand and Maidstone,
or four inches square. They are sold at southeast by Guildhall, southwest by Victhe manufactory, completely prepared to tory, and  northwest by East Haven.
be put down, at the astonishing low price Chartered October 10, 1761. A considof $1,00 per rod. They are found to be erable settlement had been formed in this
much more durable and less liable to get town previously to the year 1800, and the
out of repair than wood, and impart no numbers continued to increase with conunpleasant taste to the water. In con- siderable rapidity till after the year 1810.
nexion with the steatite are found fine But when the cold seasons commenced
green laminated talc, chlorite, potstone the people began to abandon their settleand crystals of actynolite, and bitter spar. ments, and continued to leave the town
The potstone is of a greenish gray color, till 1816, when there were only three
and is less frangible than the steatite. families left, and the town lost its organiThe crystals of actynolite are large, and zation. After this period the numbers
of a light green color. Those of bitter began to increase, and the towd was respar are of different sizes, presenting organized in December, 1821. A branch
rhomboidal surfaces, and are embedded in of Paul's stream, one of the head branches
the steatite. They are usually perfect, of Moose river, and some other small
but not transparent. Their color is a streams rise in this town. Statistics of
light gray, and their lustre more pearly 1840.-Horses, 29; cattle, 122; sheep,
than that of calcareous spar. Their struc- 257; swine, 63; wheat, bu. 191; barley,
ture is distinctly laminated, and they dis- 78; oats, 378; rye, 27; buck wheat, 94;
solve without effervescence in diluted ni- In. corn,14; potatoes,3,680; hay,tons,257;
tric acid. Cyanite, or sappare, is found sugar, lbs. 1,925; wool, 325. Popu. 105.
about one mile southwest from the meet-   GRAND ISLE, a post town in Grand Isle
ing house, on the farm of a Mr.Spaulding. county, is in lat. 44~ 43' and long. 30 42'
It is of a light blue color, and is in corn- and has the lake on all sides, except the
pressed hexagonal prisms in mica slate south, where it is bounded by South Heand in massive garnet. There is another ro. It lies50 miles northwest from Montlocality of it about one mile east from the pelier, and 18 from  Burlington. It was
centre of the township, where it is embed- granted, in connexion with South Hero,
ded in quartz. Garnets abound both in October 27, 1779. The settlement of the
talcose and mica slate, and hornblende is township was commenced about the year
very common. Also the sulphuret of iron 1783, by Alexander Gordon, William Hain small brown cubes, plumose mica on zen and Larnberton Allen, emigrants from
mica slate, limpid quartz in transparent New-Hampshire, and the southern parts of
crystals, greasy and milky quartz, schorl this state. For some years after the setand precious serpentine. The schorl is tlementcommenced, many circumstances




PART IlI.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               77
GRAND ISLE COUNTY.                                                 GRANVILLE.
tended to prevent its progress. Sickness, the close of the revolutionary war. The
with its concomitant miseries, presented streams here are all small, and there can
the most formidable obstacle. Fever and hardly be said to be a good mill privilege
ague and bilious fevers, engendered by in the county. There has, however been
the noxious vapours from the surroun- one water grist mill, which did considerding waters and the low  and marshy able business, and one or two windmills.
grounds, were very prevalent, and were The surface of the county is generally
fatal in their ravages. No age, or sex, level, and the soil very rich and producwas exempt from  their attack. In addi- tive.  The first settlers of this county
tion to this, the settlers often suffered were subject to fevers and other diseases,
from extreme scarcity of provisions. Hunt- induced by the noxious exhalations from
ing and fishing were, for some time, their the stagnant waters, but, since the lands
onlymeans of gaining a subsistence. These have become generally cleared and cultiobstacles cooled their ardor and damped vated, the inhabitants have become more
their ambition.  Previous to the year healthy.  North Hero is the shire town.
1809, this township constituted a part of The supreme court sits here on the 3d
South Hero. This year, it was erected Tuesday in January, and the county court
into a separate township by the name of on the 1 st after the 4th Tuesday in April,
Middle Hero, and was organized. The and the 4th Tuesday in September. Stafirst town clerk was James Brown, and tistics of  1840.-Horses, 1,161; cattle,
the first representative Asa Lyon. No- 5,463; sheep, 27,451; swine, 3,179; wheat,
vember 5, 1810, the name was altered to bus. 21,430; barley, 1,655; oats, 43,430;
Grand Isle. The principal religious de- rye, 9,504; buckwheat, 9,216; Ind. corn,
nominations are Congregationalists and 13,816; potatoes, 76,408; hay, tons, 8,593;
Methodists. The Rev. AsaLyon, a Con- sugar, lbs. 34,478; wool, 57,546. Popugregationalist, preached here many years lation, 3,883.
previous to his death, which occurred in   GRANVILLE, a post town in the eastern
1840. The Methodist society is supplied part of Addison county, and is bounded
by itinerant preachers.  The public buil- northerly by Warren and a part of Roxdings are a meeting house and a town bury, easterly by Braintree, southerly by
house. There are several small streams Hancock and a part of Rochester and west
in this township. There are some con- by Ripton. It lies 22 miles south west
siderable hills, but nothing which de- from Montpelier, and 42 north west from
serves the name of a mountain. The soil Windsor, in lat. 43~ 59' and long. 4" 10'.
is rich, and is not surpassed in fertility It was granted November 7, 1780, and
by any part of the state. It produces chartered, to Reuben King, August 2,
corn and grain in abundance.  Fifty 1781, by the name of Kingston.  The
bushels of corn per acre, and 25 of rye name was altered to Granville, Nov. 6,
and wheat are ordinary crops. Among 1834. The settlement of this township
the minerals are marble, limestone, rock was commenced soon after the close of the
crystals, and sulphuret of iron.  The revolution, by Reuben King and others.
township produces a great variety  of In 20 years from the commencement of
fruits, particularly apples, in abundance. the settlement there were but 17 deaths,
The timber is various, consisting of beech, four of them men, two of whom were upbirch, maple, oak, ash, elm, pine, &c. wards of 80 years of age, and no estate
Statistics of 1840.-Horses,   216; cattle, has been settled by law. Jos. Patrick was
1,160; sheep, 6,451; swine, 726; wheat, the first town clerk, the first justice of the
bush. 2,953; barley, 106; oats, 10,148; peace, and the first representative. Tile
rye, 4,022; buck wheat, 1,146; Indian dysentery prevailed here in 1806, and was
corn, 2,187; potatoes, 19,968; hay, tons, very mortal.  The religious denomina2,061; sugar, lbs. 9,893; wool, 12,504. tions are Congregationalists and Baptists.
Population, 724.                       White river is formed here by the union
GRAND  ISLE  COUNTY, is bounded of several considerable branches. On one
north by Canada, on the north line of of these is a fall of 100 feet. Fifty feet of
Alburgh; the rest of the county consists the lower part of it is perpendicular, and
of islands, which are embosomed in the at the bottom is a hole worn into the rock
waters of lake Champlain.  It lies be- ten feet deep. Aconsiderable part of the
tween 44~ 35' and 45~ north lat. and be- surface of the township is mountainous.
tween 30 39' and 3~ 47' east long., being Statistics of 1840. —Horses, 123; cattle,
28 miles long from  north to south, and 560; sheep, 2,100; swine, 440; wheat,
about 5 miles wide, and containing 82 bush. 1,006; oats, 5,300; rye, 60; buck
square miles.  It was incorporated No- wheat, 205; Indian corn, 560; potatoes,
vember 9, 1802.  No permanent settle- 19,200; hay, tons, 1,390; sugar, lbs.
ment was made in this county until after 15,900; wool 5,900. Population, 545.




78                     GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                        PART III.,
GREEN MOUNTAINS.        GREEN RIVER.-GREENSBOROUGH.                   GROTON.
GRASSY BROOK. See Brookline.         of March, Mrs. Shephard was delivered
GREEN MOUNTAINS. (See partfirst, p. of a son, William Scott, the first child
3.) The principal summits of the Green born in this town. The proprietors voted
Mountains  are  Shrewsbury  peak  in him a present of 100 acres ofland. In1790,
Shrewsbury, Killington peak in Sher- Mr. Joseph Stanley removed his family
burne, Camel's Hump in Huntington, here, and the same year the Hon. TimoMansfield mountains in Mansfield, Ster- thy Stanley erected the first saw mill on
ling peak in Sterling, and Jay peak in Jay. the outlet of Caspian Lake. In 1791, Mr.
GREEN RIVER. There are two small Law  and three Messrs. Hills, removed
streams of this name. One rises in Eden, their families here. This year Mr. T.
passes through the corner of Hydepark, Stanley erected a house and grist mill, and
and falls into the Lamoille in Wolcott. removed his family here in 1792. In 1795,
The other originates in Marlborough, and there were 23 families and 108 persons in
after running through a part of Halifax and town. The town organized, March 29,
Guilford, passes off into Massachusetts. 1792. The denominations of Christians
GREENSSOROUGH, a post town, six miles are, Baptists,  Congregationalists  and
square, lying in the south part of Orleans Methodists. The Rev. Salmon King was
county, in lat. 44~ 36' and long. 40 41. settled over the Congregational church
It is bounded northerly by Glover, east- here about the year 1808, and continued
erlv by Wheelock and Goshen gore, a few years. The surface of this town is
southerly by Hardwick, and westerly by uneven, but the elevations are not generCraftsbury and a small part of Wolcott. ally abrupt. The land is well timbered,
It lies 27 miles northeasterly from Mont. mostly with hard wood, except on the
pelier, and 79 miles north from  Windsor. river and about its head waters, where it
This township was granted November 6, is almost entirely hemlock, spruce, cedar
1780, and chartered August 20, 1781, to and fir. The soil is of a middling qualiHarris Colt and his associates. Messrs. ty, but on account of its being situated
Tolman and Wood visited this town, and about the head waters of several considerspent three days here, in the spring of able rivers, much of the land is wet and
1787. In December, 1788, the Hon. Tim- cold, and the crops are liable to suffer by
othy Stanley lost his foot by frost, atten- frost. The river Lamoille is formed by
ding a meeting of the proprietors of this the union of several streams in this town.
township at Cabot. The first settlement Caspian Lake or Lake Beautiful, lies in
was begun in  Greensborough, in the the south part of this town, anddischargspring of 1789, when Messrs. Ashbel and es its waters to the east into the Lamoille,
Aaron Shepard removed, with their fami- affording a number of valuable mill privlies, from Newbury to this place. The ileges, around which has grown up a beauhardships which the first settlers of this tiful little village, containing a meeting
town had to endure, were very consider- house, store, &c.  This pond is about 3
able. In coming into the town, the wo- miles long, and 1  broad. Elligo pond,
men had to proceed on foot, and all the lying mostly in the western part of this
furniture, belonging to the two families, town, is about a mile long, and forms the
was drawn upon three hand sleds, on the head waters of Black river. These ponds
crust. Both families consisted of five per- produce abundance of fine trout. Runasons, Mr. Ashbel Shepard and his wife, way Pond (see Glover) was partly in this
and Mr. Aaron Shepard, his wife and one town, and was formerly the source of the
child. Mr. Aaron Shepard removed his Lamoille. There are several other small
family to Coos in August, and did not re- ponds in the north part of the town,
turn till March, when his brother, Horace which, at present, form the head waters
Shepard and family, returned with him. of the Lamoille. One grist mill, three
Thus were Mr. Ashbel Shepard and his saw mills, one fulling mill, and one cardwife, left from August till March, with ingmachine. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
no other human being in the town. Their 198; cattle, 1,202 2; sheep, 4,524; swine,
nearest neighbors were Mr. Cutler's fam- 561; wheat, bu. 2,074; barley, 1,656; oats,
ily, in Craftsbury, which had removed 9,907; rye, 64; b'k wheat, 478; Indian
there the preceding autumn, and Mr.Web- corn, 557; potatoes, 42,423; hay, tons,
ster's family, in Cabot.  Mr: Shepard 3,215; sugar, lbs. 43,920; wool, 11,820.
brought all his grain from Newbury, a dis- Population, 883.
tance of more than 40 miles, of which he   GROToN, a township in the south part
drew it 16 miles upon a hand sled, with of Caledonia county, is in lat. 440 14' and
the snow between four and five feet deep. long. 40 45', and is bounded north by
In the same manner, he drew hay forthe Peacham, east by Ryegate, south by
support of a cow, from a meadow of wild Topsham, and west by Harris' gore. It
graes, three miles distant  On the 25th lies 16 miles east from Montpelier, and




PART IIt.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              79
GUILDHALL.                                                         GUILFORD.
15 northwest from  Newbury.  It was ted to Elisha Hall and his associates.
granted November 7, 1780, and chartered The settlement was commenced in the
to Thomas Butterfield and his associates, lower part of this town, which was then
October 20, 1789, containing 28,300 acres. thought to be a part of Lunenburgh, in
The settlement of the township was com- 1764, by David Page, Timothy Nash and
menced in 1787, by Messrs. James, Ab- George Wheeler.  In 1775, Enoch Hall,
bott, Morse and Osmore. John James Micah Amy and James Rosbrook joined
was the first male child born in town. the settlement; Eleazer Rosbrook and
The town was organized March 28, 1797, Samuel Page, in 1778, and David Hopkinand Nathaniel Knight was the first town son, and Reuben and Simeon Howe, in
clerk. The wife of a Mr. Page, in this 1779. The first settlers suffered severe
town, was, in 1819, delivered of four male privations and hardships for a number of
children at a birth. The religious denom- years. They brought their grain and proinations are Baptists and Methodists. visions, in canoes, from  Northfield in
The ministers are Elder Lyman Culver, Massachusetts, a distance of more than
Baptist,' and Elder James Smith, Metho- 150 miles. During the revolutionary war,
dists. The surface of this township is they were in continual alarm, and fregenerally uneven, rough  and stoney. quently annoyed by the Indians and toThere is, however, some very good land, ries, who killed their cattle, plundered
both in the northeast and southwestern their houses, and carried a number of the
parts. The timber is mostly spruce and inhabitants into captivity. The first town
hemlock, interspersed with maple, beech meeting recorded was in March, 1785.
and birch. This township is watered by But it appears from the records, that the
Wells river and some of its branches, town had been previously organized. The
which afford several good mill privileges. denominations of Christians are CongreThere are also several natural ponds. gationalists, Methodists and  Baptists.
Wells river pond, through which Wells The Congregational church was formed
river passes, is in the north part, and is in 1799; settled the Rev. Caleb Burge,
three miles long and three quarters of a August 3, 1808, who was dismissed in
mile wide. Little pond, in the south- March, 1814. The Rev. James Tisdale
eastern part, covers about 100 acres, and was settled September 20, 1830, and dislies in the course of Wells river. Kettle missed in May, 1836. The Rev. Francis
pond, so called on account of Mr. Hos- P. Smith, the present pastor, was settled
mer, a hunter, having lost a small kettle in September, 1838. There have been
in its vicinity, lies in the northwest cor- two county grammar school houses erecner, and covers about 40 acres.  The ted in this town, both of which were consouth branch rises in Harris' gore, and sumedby fire. The surface of this town,
running nearly east through the south except on the river, is uneven, hard and
part of the town, joins Wells river just rocky. The intervales and flats are easy
balow Little pond. In the south part of and fertile. Burnside and Cow mountain
the township is an extensive bank of are considerable elevations. Connecticut
white clay or marl, which is a very good river washes the east side of this town.
substitute for chalk, and which has been Its other waters are, Cutler's.Mill brook,
used instead of lime in plastering, and is on which mills have been erected, and
said to answer a very good purpose. Burnside brook, on which also, are mill
There are here one grist, seven saw and privileges. There is a small village in
one fulling mill, two stores and two tan- the northeast corner of the town, conneries. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 169; taining the county buildings, several officattle, 1,138; sheep, 2,061; swine, 605; ces, stores, &c. At this village is a good
wheat, bus. 2,185; barley, 306 oats, 13,- bridge across Connecticut river. There
618; Indian corn, 2,967; potatoes, 31,- is another bridge, connecting this town
095; hay, tons, 2,009; sugar, lbs. 20,530; with Lancaster, near the south east corwool, 4,001. Population, 928.          ner. There are here two stores, one tavGUILDHALL, a post and shire township ern, one grain mill, two saw mills, and
in Essex county, situated in lat. 44~ 32' one fulling mill.  Statistics of 1840.and long. 5~ 18', containing 19,477 acres, Horses, 126; cattle, 794; sheep, 1,285;
or thirty square miles. It is 50 miles swine, 446; wheat, bu. 957; barley, 78;
northeast from Montpelier, 25 from Dan. oats, 6,285; buck wheat, 1,774; In. corn,
ville, and 83 from Windsor. It isbound- 905; potatoes, 25,025; hay, tons, 1,415;
ed north by Maidstone, east by Connec- sugar, lbs. 11,800; wool, 2,081. Populaticut river, south by Lunenburgh, and tion, 470.
west by Granby, and lies opposite to Lan-   GUILFORD, a post town in the south
caster in New Hampshire.  Guildhall part of Windham county, is in lat. 42~
was chartered October 10, 1761, and gran- 47' and long. 4~ 26', and is bounded north




80                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
GUILFORD.                                                          GUILFORD.
by Brattleborough, east by Vernon, south er the whole township was a village —all
by Leyden, Massachusetts, and west by the hills and vallies were smoking with
Halifax. It lies 50 miles south  from huts. By the charter 350 acres were
Windsor, 31 east from  Bennington. It called a share, and all the proprietors
was chartered April 2, 1754, tq fifty- four shared alike. The reservations in the
proprietors, principally of Massachusetts, charter consisted of " one whole share to
and contained 23,040 acres. When gran- the society in England for propagating
ted the town was a perfect wilderness, the gospel in foreign parts-one to the
yet by the charter, the grantees were to first settled minister of the gospel-and
bold their first meeting for the choice of one whole share for a glebe, for the minofficers, &c. on the first of May, 1754, istry of the church of England, as by law
and on the first Tuesday of March ever established."  The governor was not unafterwards. It seems the town was first mindful of his own interest.  He reserved
organized by and under the very grant 500 acres to be located by itself, for his
itself.  Power was given to the grant- own. The town was laid out into 50 and
ees to transact the business of the town 100 acre lots. The public rights were
as a majority should see fit, subject only fairly located, but that of the royal goverto the control of the parliament of Eng- nor fell upon the only mountain in town,
land. This little enterprising band, com- which still bears the name of authority
posed of Samuel Hunt, John Chandler, upon the map —" Gov. Mountain."  AlDavid Field, Elijah  Williams, Micah though no reservation was made in the
Rice, Ira Carpenter and others, having grant for the use of schools, yet one
little tb fear from the nominal power of whole share was located for that purpose.
parliament, in the wilderness of Vermont, That was a just and generous act of the
assumed the title, which was virtually proprietors, but it was not the same libercreated by their charter, of a little indepen- ality that governed them, when they lodent republic. By the records of their cated, sold and settled one whole tier of
first meetings, they appear to have been hundred acre lots north beyond the exgoverned by certain committees, chosen tent of their charter. That was the case
for the purpose of surveying the lands, and the same is held by the town to this
laying roads, drawing the shares or lots, day. "All the pine trees suitable for
taxing the rights, &c.; but their greatest masting the royal Navy" were reserved
object was to procure and encourage set- to his Majesty. This shews the attention
tiers. Their meetings were held at Green- the English nation paid to the Navy. One
field, Northfield, Hinsdale or Brattleboro', hundred miles from the ocean, where no
until 1765, when their first meeting was such timber grew, was that reservation
held at Guilford. There was a condition made. What has been related, with a
which, if not performed, went to defeat little "proclamation money," was the
the grant. The grantees were to settle, price of the charter.
clear and cultivate, in five years, five   The first land was cleared in 1758 by
acres for every 50 in said township. Al- the Hon. Jona. Hunt and Elisha Hunt,
though much time and money were spent on the farm  now occupied by the Rev.
in making roads and clearing lands, yet Asa Haynes. The first settlement was
on the 20th of March, 1764, the grantees made by Micah Rice and family, in Sepby a special committee chosen, petitioned temrnber, 1761, on the place now occupied
the governor of N. H. for a confirmation by Jeremiah Greenleaf, Esq. Mr. R.'s
of their grant, and an extention of the widow died in 1832, aged 95 years, and
time, stating that the intervention of an his oldest son is now living here, aged 80.
Indian war had made it impracticable for Soon after followed Jonathan Bigelow,
them to fulfil the conditions of the char- John Barney, Daniel Lynds, Win. Bigeter. Their prayer was granted and the low, Ebenezer Goodenough, Paul Chase,
time for settling the town, extended to Thomas Cutler, John Shepardson, and
the first of January, 1766. From the time others. They came into town by the way
the charter was confirmed in 1764, the of Broad brook. Beginning at the mouth
town began to be rapidly settled by emi- of that stream  on Connecticut river in
grants from  Massachusetts  and other Vernon, and passing up on its banks,
New-England states. Through the poli- they found their way into Guilford.cy of the original proprietors, the first That was then the only road, and even
settlers began upon lots of 50 acres, in or- that was impassable with teams. The
der to fulfil the condition of the grant. first settlers had either to boil or pound
So rapid was the increase of population, their corn, or go 15 miles to mill with a
that the town soon became the largest in grist upon their backs. It appears, by
the state as to numbers. Yet there was not what records can be found, that the town
a single village in the township, or rath- was wholly governed by a set of officers




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                81
GUILFORD.                                                            GUILFORD.
chosen annually by the people under their person who shall, for the future, pretend
charter, until the 19th May, 1772, when to hold lands by bush fence possession,
the inhabitants, at a "district meeting as- shall be dealt with by the town, as a
sembled" in the district of Guilford, vo- breaker of the peace of the town, and a
ted, that Guilford was in the county of riotous person, &c. AttestCumberland and province of New York,             " ELIJAH WELCH, T. Clerk.
and chose officers of the town, agreeably   They further chose a committee to esto the laws of that province. At that tablish the price of labor, all kinds of promeeting a record was first made in a reg- duce, goods, wares and merchandise. The
ular town book, which was purchased by report of the committee was adopted as
the original proprietors some years before. the law of the town. All the articles
By that record it appears, John Shepard- mentioned were a legal tender for debts,
son was chosen " district clerk, John Bar- with a penalty of the article sold, or the
ney supervisor," &c., and the meeting value thereof, with costs. The punishwas then adjourned to a day after the an- ment of offenders was various, such as
nual meeting by the charter. Having re- " beech seal," fines, &c., but the most disnounced their charter, and there being no graceful of all was to be compelled to emgovernment which really exercised au- brace the Liberty Pole, with both arms,
thority over them, they continued to leg- the time specified by the committee of inislate for themselves, and tradition says spection, or judges. There was again an
that good justice was done, yet one prin- entire change of politics in 1778. It apciple of the charter was still adhered to, pears by the records, that a warrant and
none but proprietors, or those who held notification for a town meeting was sent
under them, had a right to rule, or vote from the "Council of Bennington," and
in their meetings. Thus was this little a meeting held upon the same, when it
republic regulated by a town meeting, was " Voted, not to act agreeable to said
which was adjourned from time to time, warrant," and the meeting was dissolved.
without interruption from abroad, or con- In 1779, after doing the customary town
tentions at home, until the year 1776. business," Voted, Lovell Bullock, TimoThen the town was beset with violent to- thy Root, and Henry Sherburn, a comries and Yorkers on the one side, and mittee to defend the town against the prebrave whigs and New-states-men on the tended state of Vermont, and to represent
other. The whigs, united with those op- the town in County Committee."* "Henposed to the claims of the state of New- ry Sherburn, Elliot and Hezekiah StowYork, that and the succeeding year, out ell," all violent " Yorkers, were chovoted the tories and the Yorkers. In 1776 sen to take special care of the powder and
the town voted to pay the expenses of lead,and othertown stores"-and the meetBenjamin Carpenter, their delegate to the ing adjourned to the next year. In 1780, a
Westminster Convention in 1775. They like meeting was held.  There is the
voted to raise nine soldiers for the conti- following record for 1781. "Then all the
nental army, equip them with arms and people met together that means to stand
powder, give them a bounty of ~4 " bay in opposition against the pretended state
money," by a tax upon the inhabitants of of Vermont, and acted on the following
the town, and it was done. They also articles, viz."  Among others see thefolresolved, that "no man should vote for lowingr-" Voted, to defend themselves
town officers, who was not qualified ac- against the insults of the pretended state
cording to the direction of the Continen- of Vermont.  Votled, Peter Briggs and
tal Congress."  Under that resolution, William Bullock for a Committeeto send
their committee, chosen for the purpose, to Charlestown Convention.t Voted, that
excluded tories from the polls, vi et armis, Hezekiah Stowell keep the names of those
and the poor. if qualified, participated in that are against said pretended state,"
the government. The title of the town &c. Also, May, 1782. "Then the peoas belonging to the state of New York, pIe met in general, and voted to stand
was left out of the records. To give some against the pretended state of Vermont,
idea of the laws passed by the old repub- until the decision of Congress be known,
lic of Guilford, we will quote the follow- with lines andfortunes. Voted, to receive
ing, passed the next year, 1777. " Voted, the instructions which came from New
not to let any person vote in this meeting, York, &c.  Voted, and chose Henry Evbut such as have 40 pounds real or per- ens, Daniel Asheraft and Nathan Fitch,
sonal estate.  Voted, John Barney and to forbid.the constable acting."  These
Benjamin Carpenter be a committee to appear not to be regular meetings of the
go to Windsor, in June next, to hear the
report of the agent sent to Congress   *See Slade's Vermont State Papers, p. 106.
concerning a new state.  Voted, that any   t State Papers, p. 128; also Part 2d, p. 60,
Pr. Is.        11




82                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III.
GUILFORD.                                                          GUILFORD.
town, but of the Yorkers, who had gotten records of the proceedings of the town
possession of the town books and stores are preserved. In March of the year last
by a majority of votes in 1778. They in mentioned, the town was, for the first
turn excluded the other party from the time, duly organized under the constitupolls, by force of arms. Frequently a com- tion and laws of Vermont. William Bigepany of armed Yorkers came from Brat- low was chosen town clerk, who came
tleboro', to stand sentry at their meetings, peaceably  into possession of the pawhen skirmishes ensued and hostile shots pers and records of the town, that
were exchanged. The whigs and Ver- were to! be found. Tradition says, that
monters also kept up their system of gov- during the seven years in which no reernment by regular and stated meetings, cords were kept, both parties held public
but their records were lost, as will be re- and private meetings, but that it was a
lated hereafter. In their turn they sent perfect rule of anarchy. The Yorkers,
hostile scouting parties to Brattleboro', to although they had the town books, dared
the assistance of their friends in that not record their proceedings in them,
town.*  The Vermonters had a sheriff, and both parties kept secret their own rein Guilford, and their party, also, had a cords. During this confusion and jealconstable, who continued to collect taxes ousy, one party stole the records of the
for the support of their cause. Those other, and hid them, together with their
friendly to the new state paid without own, many deeds and proprietors' papers,
compulsion, while the property of the under the earth in the pound, in order to
Yorkers, both real and personal, was sold conceal them  from  the other.  There
at the post for taxes. For that reason the they lay, through some sad misfortune,
committee before mentioned was chosen until they were totally spoiled. When
"to forbid the constable acting", and discovered and dug up, they could not be
their doings were spread'upon the records read. During that time, the Yorkers,
of the town, by proclamation, as follows. having been so closely pursued by the
" To all the officers of the civil authority military and civil authority of Vermont,
under the pretended state of Vermont. and their property mostly confiscated, fled
You are hereby forbid to proceed against to the state of New York, and settled upany person, or persons, that owns the ju- on the grants made by that state to the
risdiction of the state of New York, ac- New York sufferers. Almost a whole
cording to what is recommended in a township, now called Bainbridge, was first
handbill, by Congress, bearing date June settled by emigrants from Guilford. This
2, 1780, and we do hereby forbid the con- accounts for the so rapid decrease of the
stable venduing those numbers hereby population from 1784. While the town
given him," (referring to certain lots on was independent of any power superior
the plan of the town) " and we hereby to the town meeting assembled, refugees
forbid you on your apparel.            from the neighboring states flocked into;' HENRY EVENt ) C       tte  it, but when the law came, they fled.
"4DAN ASHCRAFT, ~  Chotosen    The violent Yorkers found but little peace
" NATHAN FITCH, )              under the energetic and persevering meas" A true record,-Attest,           ures of the states' attorney of Windham
" SAMUEL BIxBY, Town Clerk."   county. To him the people of Guilford
The Yorkers held a like meeting in are indebted for the establishment of law
1783, April 29, and adjourned to their and order, without the effusion of blood,
annual meeting in 1784.+ From 1778 to and the dispersion of the riotous. Migra1783 the town was governed, principally, tions have not only been westward, but
by their former laws. Both parties had northward and eastward.  Most of the
their committees, and the Yorkers, al- towns, in the northern and middle parts
though in authority, could not govern the of this state, contain inhabitants from old
town, yet, in connection with the tories, Guilford. Although the town has deprevented any thing being done under creased in population, it has increased in
the direction and government of the new  opulence. Where one farmer now occustate.t In this state of things, Ethan Al- pies and improves, formerly lived half a
len arrived in town, at the head of 100 dozen, or more, and you now see one reGreen Mountain Boys; but, as we have spectable dwelling instead of as many log
already given an account of his procla  huts. Since 1791, there has been nothmation and proceedings, we shall not re- ing remarkable in the history of the town.
peat them here. ~ From 1784 to 1791 no From that time the inhabitants have supported the character of free and indepen* See part 2d, p. 78. t H. Evens was one of the five dent farmers, very jealous of their rights,
who were banished and their property confiscated.  and for many years noted for teir strong
$ See Gov. Chittenden's remonstrance, &c. same
page 183. ~ See part second, page 77.  prepossessions in favor of the political




PART tII.                 GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               83
GUILFORKD.                                                             GUILFORD.
school of Jefferson. The Hon. Benjamin  and many others of less note, who are
Carpenter was a member of the first con-. mostly identified with the history of the
vention in Vermont, held at Dorset in state, but who have since removed from
1776. In those trying times with the the town. Guilford was the birth place
brave sons of the Green Mountains, when of Henry Denison, Esq., the late poet of
they had not only to oppose the powerful Georgia, and also of the Rev. Wilbur
state of New York, the claims of New  Fisk, late president of the Wesleyan UniHampshire and Masschusetts, the tories versity at Middletown, Ct.  The Rev.
and Yorkers at home, and the menacing Royal Girley was the first settled ministhreats of Congress abroad, but the power ter in Guilford.  He was of the Congreof his majesty's legions in war, that brave tional order, and received the right of
patriot, with an allowance of three days' land reserved and located for that purprovisions upon his back, would cross the pose. He was settled in the year 1775,
Green Mountains on foot by marked trees, and died soon after. He was a young
to attend the legislature at Bennington, man of science, and much respected for
for the purpose of devising ways and his pious and amiable deportment. The
means of defence against all the enemies second of the same order was the Rev.
of the state. As delegate to the assem- Henry Williams, who was settled in 1779.
bly, as a member of the council, and lieu- Rev. Bunker Gay, of Hinsdale, preached
tenant governor of the state, he deserved- his ordination sermon.  His text was
ly holds a conspicuous place in the early  " Death in the pot."  He was a violent
history of the same. *  Hon. John Shep- Yorker, and when the town submitted to
ardson, born in 1718, was a firm patriot the state authority he left with his politiof the revolution, and held the offices of cal brethren. The third, the Rev. Elijah
judge of the supreme court and member Wollage, was settled in 1794, and disof the council for several years. Died, in missed in 1799. The next of that order
1798. Hon. Samuel Shepardson, born in was the Rev. Jason Chamberlain. He
1757, was a useful member of society, and was settled in 1807, and in 1811, being
had the honor of sitting as a member of elected professor of languages in the Unithe council for several years. Died, in versity of Vermont, by his own request,
1813. Hon. William Bigelow, one of the was dismissed. Afterwards the Rev. Elifirst settlers of the town, and always a jah Wollage returned, and was received
father to the people, born in 1751, was a for a time, but dismissed in 1818. An
judge of the county court, which office Episcopal church was formed in the east
he held with good reputation to himself, parish, November 8,1818, by the name
and died in 1814. Among the early set- of Christ's Church; and on the 8th of
tlers of the the town, since 1796, might May, 1819, the Congregational society
be mentioned the names of the Hon. Royal voted to unite with the Episcopal society,
Tyler, Hon. James Elliot, Hon. Richard and invited their minister, the Rev. A. L.
Whitney, Hon. Micah Townshend, Hon. Baury, to perform divine service at their
Henry Seymour, Hon. Gilbert Denison, meeting house, in the centre of the town,
Honw Samuel Elliot, Hon. John Noyes, half of the time. An Episcopal society
was formed for that purpose, and a union
* Upon a large white marble tomb stone, in the of the  two societies waseffected, and so
west part of Guilford, is the fbllowing inscription, has continued to this time. The Episcoinserted here for its cUriosity.         pal ministers who have officiated here are
SACRED TO THE  MEMORY   the Rev. Alfred A. Baury from SeptemHon. BENJ. CARPENTER. Esq.        ber, 1820 to May, 1822, the Rev. Samuel
Born in Rehoboth, Mass. A. 1). 1726,  B. Shaw from 1822 to 1831; the Rev. JaA magistrate in Rhode-Island in A. D 1764.    cob Pearson from 1832 to 1836; the Rev.
A public teacher of righteousness,  Luman Foote from 1837 to 1838; and the
An able advocate to his last for Democracy,
And the equal rights of man.    Rev. John B. Pratt from 1838 to 1841.
Removed to this town, A. D. 1770,  The present minister is the Rev. FrederWas a field officer in the Revolutionary war,  ick A. Wadleigh. This church consists
A founder of the first constitution and government of
Vermont.                 of about 50 communicants. The Baptists
A Councillor of Censors, in A. D. 1783,  are the most numerous sect. Among the
A member of the Council, and Lieut Governor of Elders who have had the care of churches
the State in A. D. 1779,
A firm professor of Christiansty in the Babtist church in this town, may be mentioned the names
50 years. Left this world      of Willis, Hicks, Snowe, Allen, Packard,
And 146 persons of lineal posterity, March29th 1804, ILeland, Bucklin, Wilson, Lamb, and
with a strongd 12 days,   Bruce. Their present minister is Elder
Mind and full faith of a more    Milo Frarey. The Methodists have sevGlorious state hereafter.      eral classes and there are, two ministers
Stature about six feet-weiht 200   of this order in town  the Rev  Aa
Death had no terror.          of this order in town, the Rev. As




84(                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III
GUILFORD.                                                           GUILFORD
Haynes and the Rev. John L. Smith. the age of 100 years. The earth is natuThere is also a Universalist society, and rally covered with a deep, strong and rich
their present minister is the Rev. Wm. N. soil, with a sufficient mixture of earths to
Barber. There were formerly a very few  make it warm, and, at the same time, to
of the fanatical sect called  Dorrilites prevent its leaching. The hills make exhere.*  The Congregationalists built the cellent sweet pastures, and the low lands
first meeting house, the Baptists the sec- are fine for tillage. The farms consist of
ond. The Episcopal church was built in from  one to five hundred  acres each,
1817, the Universalist house in 1836, and which keep, through the year, from 10 to
the Methodist chapel more recently. The 40 cows, with other stock sufficient for
town has a neat and convenient town the concerns of the farm. Of late years,
house, built in 1821, and situated near some of the more wise have turned their
the centre. There is a village at the attention to the raising of sheep, for which
west, one at the south, one at the the hills are best suited. The land is nateast, and one at the centre of the town; urally covered with maple, hemlock, walthe two latter much the largest, yet neith- nut, beech, birch, ash, bass, butternut;
er containing more than 25 or 30 houses. and elm. A few trees of black oak, loElijah Welch was the first physician that cust and sycamore, are found. The most
settled in town.  Simon Stevens and useful tree is the maple. The farmers
Dana Hyde were the principal physicians take as much pains to keep and preserve
for about 40 years. The town is divided an orchard of maple as of apple trees,
into 15 school districts, in each of which from which each manufactures from 50 to
is a school house, convenient for teaching 2000 lbs. of sugar annually, mostly for
from 50 to 100 scholars. In them schools their own use, but when plenty, it beare kept most of the year. The public comes an article of commerce. Beside
school fund has amounted to $210 yearly, butter and cheese, for which the town is
arising from the lands. From  that sum, famous, it produces beef, pork, poultry
deducting the rents of the propagation and the finest of horses for market. All
rights, $79, taken up by the original pro- kinds of grain are raised, but not in plenprietors, leaves $131 still annually in the ty for the market. Wheat does not grow
treasury, arising from the glebe and school well upon the old fields. Apples, peachlots. The funds of the latter were nearly es, plumbs, pears, cherries and quinces
lost to the town as follows: In 1777, the grow and bear well. As the stumps and
town voted to sell those lands,alnounting roots decay, some of the hills are washed
to 350 acres, and put the money at inter- by the rains and have decreased in value.
est for the benefit of schools. It was The prudent farmers have set out shade
done, and the price of the lands received trees upon their hills, which not only
in specie, which was lent by the whig preserve the grass from the scorching rays
administration of the town, in 1777, to the of the sun, but the roots prevent the
recruiting officers, for the purpose of ground from washing. Free from rocks,
tempting the soldier to enlist into the ser- stumps and shrubs, most of the hills and
vice of his country. In payment of the vallies are smooth on the surface, and in
loans continental bills were received, summer present to the eye a most delightwhich turned out to be of little or no val- ful scenery. The town is hilly but not
ue. Small as is the fund, it has been of mountainous. Except " Gov. Mt." neargreat use to the town. In 1818, a " Fe- ly the whole is subject to cultivation.
male Bible and Prayer Book Society" was East mountain, so called, extending the
established for the purpose of distributing whole length of the town north and south,
those precious books to the poor of the is the largest hill. It is about one mile
town, and at the same time a Sunday wide, descending gradually to the east
school was formed, both of which are un- and south, and, except the bluffs on the
der the care of the Episcopal church. A  west side, is cleared  and  cultivated.
library, consisting of about 300 volumes, Even  the west side is covered with
styled " Guilford Social Library," estab- excellent timber. On the top of this hill
lished in 1790, was sold at auction, by live some of the greatest dairy-farmers
vote of the society, in 1818. The air and in town. There, you may literally see
climate are remarkably wholesome. The,"cattle upon a thousand  hills."  The
oldest people in the town cannot remem- rocks are principally mica slate, lying in
ber any remarkable season of mortality. tight ledges, interspersed with  strata of
Most of the inhabitants live to a good old quartz, and running from north to south.
age, and the physicians remark that not Impure garnets are plenty in the mica
one to a hundred die annually. It is not slate, and some good specimens of rock
uncommon in town for people to live to crystal have been found.  Quartz and
* See part second, page'202.         schorl, in various mixtures, are found




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               85
HALIFAX.                                                            IHALIFAX.
s ome having all the appearance of lava. Abner Rice from Worcester county, MassOn the east side of the town is a range of He was joined by others from Colerain
argillaceous slate, which is manufactured and Pelham, Mass. in 1763. The time the
into roof and writing slate. Rolled rocks of town was organized is not preciselyknown,
granite, from huge masses to small peb- but was about the year 1770.  The first
bles, appear on almost every lot. On some town clerk, of whom any information has
few lots is limestone, and on others, bog been obtained, was Samuel Woodard, and
iron ore, but neither sufficiently pure and the first representatives, Hubbell Wells,
plenty for manufacture. A slight volcanic and Edward Harris. The religious deeruption is said to have taken place here nominations are Congregationalists and
a few years ago upon the farm of Mr.Max- Baptists. The former church was organwell. Gneiss and hornblende slate, with ized in 1778. The Congregational meeting
those above mentioned, compose the prin- house was built in 1782, and the Baptist
cipal rocks in town.  Rocks of all kinds meeting house in 1804. The first settled
are not sufficiently plenty for the use of minister was the Rev. David Goodall of
the farmer, without much expense. Inthe the Congregational order. He was setbanks is found good sand, and in the low  tled in 17l1, and dismissed in 1796. The
lands as pure clay, perhaps, as any in Rev. Jesse Edson was ordained over the
Vermont. On the farm of Maj. E. Hough- same church November 23,1796, and died
ton, is a mineral spring, which is the re- December 14, 1805. lie was succeeded
sort of invalids, troubled with scrofulous by the Rev. Thomas H. Wood, the presand other cutaneous eruptions. It is sit- ent minister, who was ordained Septemuated in a piece of low marshy ground, ber 17, 1806. The minister of the Bapand the water is impregnated with mag-  tist church is Elder Samuel Fish. The
nesia, lime, sulphur and iron.  The bub- years 1799, 1800, 1817, and 1831, were
bles that arise in the spring, on meeting seasons of special religious revivals.
a torch held upon the surface, will ex- About the year 1812, a Mr. Rice died here
plode with a flame. Green River is a aged 112 years. The years 1805, 1812,
rapid stream, running south through the and'13, were the periods of the most rewest part of the township,and Broad brook markable mortality.  This township is
a smaller stream  running east through watered by North and Green river. The
the north part.  There are two small former runs through the western and
streams, branches of Broad brook, which southern part, and the latter through the
run north, one through the centre, and northeastern. They are both large and
the other at the foot of the east mountain commodious mill streams, and the mill
on the west side, and empty into Broad privileges are numerous. In the branch
brook. On both the former are fine mill of North river, on the farm  of Henry
privileges, and water sufficient at all sea- Niles, is a succession of cascades extendsons of the year. The banks and bottom  ing about 100 rods. The falls are from
of these streams are clean, the waters lim- 15 to 20 feet each, and are overlooked by
pid, and they contain trout. Eels and the projecting rockson the right in ascensuckers are found in most of the ponds, ding the stream. The place is visited by
but not in plenty.  There are now in the curious, and the scene, which presents
town 1 paper mill, 1 extensive tannery, 2 itself, is rugged, wild and romantic. The
comb factories, 2 oil mills, 2 grist mills, 6 surface of the township is uneven, but
saw mills, 1 clothier's works and carding there are no mountains worthy of notice.
machine, 4 stores, and 4 taverns. A large On the -margin of North river is a cavern,
cotton factory, situated in the east village, called Woodard's Cave or Dun's Den. It
was burnt in 1820.  Statistics of 1840. — is 25 feet in length, 5 in width and the
Horses, 255; cattle, 2,312; sheep, 2,949; same in height. The sides and top are of
swine, 790; wheat,bu. 920; barley, 1,940; solid rock. This is also a place of resort
oats, 4,630; rye, 690; b. wheat, 30; Ind. for the curious. The soil is generally of
corn, 9,028; potatoes, 31,795; hay, tons, a good quality, well adapted to the pro3,438; sugar, lbs. 21,555; wool, 6,472  duction of grass, and much attention is
Population, 1525.     c. s. & J. B. P.   devoted to the raising of cattle and the
HALIFAX, a post town in the south part keeping of dairies. The people are mostof Windham county, is in lat. 420 47' and ly industrious and wealthy. The timber
long. 40 20', and -is bounded north by is principally beech, maple, birch, ash,
Marlborough, east by Guilford, south by hemlock, and spruce.  The town is diviColerain, Mass., and west by Whiting. ded into 14 school districts with as many
ham. It lies 25 miles east from Benning- school houses. At the centre is an elegant
ton,and 9 southwest from Brattleborough, brick school house, 42 by 24 feet on the
and was chartered May 11, 1750. The ground, in which the languages and highsettlement was commenced in 1761, by er branches of literature have usually been




86                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
HANCOCK.                                                           HARDWICK.
taught during most of the year. There &c. There are 1 grist mill, 2 saw mills,
has also been a school for young ladies, in 1 fulling mill, and 1 carding machine,
which, besides the higher branches of En- and 2 stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
glisheducation,were taught drawing,pain- 96; cattle, 544; sheep, 1,942; swine, 274;
ting and music. There are, in town, 1 wheat, bu. 567; oats, 2,994; buck wheat,
grist and 8 saw mills, 2 stores, and 2 80; Ind. corn, 396; potatoes, 16,960;
tanneries.  Statistics of 1840. —Horses, hay, tons, 1,090; sugar, lbs. 10,600; wool,
257; cattle, 2,417; sheep, 5,051; swine, 4,890. Population, 455.
1,000; wheat, bu. 1,335; barley, 1,294;   HARDWICK, aposttown in the western
oats, 6,678; rye, 695; buck wheat, 587; part of Caledonia county, is in lat. 440 31'
Ind. corn, 5,420; potatoes, 52,825; hay, and long. 40 39, and is bounded northeast
tons, 4,149; sugar, lbs. 46,660; wool, by Greensborough, southeast by Walden,
9,875. Population, 1,399.              southwest by Monroe, and northwest by
HiANCocK, a post town in the southeas- Wolcott. It lies 21 miles northeast from
tern part of Addison county, is in lat. 430 Montpelier, and 73 north from Windsor.
55' and long. 4~ 8', and isbounded north- It was granted November 7, 1780, and
erly by Granville, and a part of Ripton, chartered August 19, 1781, to Danforth
easterly by Rochester, southerly by Go- Keyes and his associates, containing 23040
shen, and westerly by Goshen and Rip- acres. Soon after the township was charton.  It lies 30 miles southwest from  tered, a man, by the name of Safford,
Montpelier, and 40 northwest from Wind- made a beginning here, but was soon dissor; was granted November 7, 1780, and couraged and left the place. About the
chartered July 31, 1781, to Samuel Wil- year 1790, the first permanent settlement
cox and his associates. The settlement was made by several families of the name
was commenced in the year 1788, by Jo- of Norris from  New-Hampshire. Mr.
seph Butts, from Canterbury, Con., Dan- Porter Page came in about the same time,
iel Claflin, from New Salem, and John and also a number of families, by the
Bellows, from Dalton, Mass., with their name of Sabin, soon after, among whom
families. Several young men also began was Mr. Gideon Sabin, whose wife was
improvements the same year, among the mother of 26 children. The town was
whom were Zenas Robbins, and Levi organized in 1795. Paul Spooner was
Darling. Ebenezer, son of Daniel Claflin, first town clerk, and also the first Reprewas the first child born here. The town sentative. Jonas Bundy Hardwick, son
was organized June 18, 1792.  Zenas of Nathaniel Norris was the first child
Robbins was the first town clerk, and born in town. The Baptists formed the
Daniel Claflin, John Bellows, and James first religious society soon after the settleClaflin, the first selectmen. The town ment commenced and settled Elder Amos
was first represented by Esaias Butts, in Tuttle, who continued their minister sevthe year 1800. The religious denomnina- eral years. In 1804, a Congregational
tions are Methodists, Universalists, Con- church was organized, which, at first,
gregationalists and Baptists. The Con- consisted of 12 members. By the year
gregational church was organized July 1810, it had increased to 30 members,
20, 1804, but has never had a settled min- when there was a powerful awakening,
ister. Emerson's branch of White river, and 70 more were added to their number.
the sixth branch of the same, and Lecies- In 1811, they settled the Rev. Nathaniel
ter river, all rise near the southwest cor- Rawson, jr., who continued their pastor a
ner of this township. Emerson's branch little more than six years, and was disruns southeasterly and joins White river missed. On the 3d of January, 1822, the
in Rochester, the sixth  branch  runs Rev. Jacob N. Loomis was ordained over
northeasterly and falls into White river, this church, which, then consisted of
near the northeast corner of this town, about 130 members. He was dismissed,
and Leciester river runs westerly into about 1830, on account of ill health, and
Otter creek. Middlebury river also heads in 1833 the Rev. Robert Page was settled,
in the western part of the township. who continued a little more than two
These streams afford several very good years, and was succeeded by the Rev.
mill privileges. The whole of the town- Chester Wright who was installed in
ship lies upon the Green Mountains, but June, 1837,and died, much lamented, April
the principal ridge is on the western side. 16, 1840, aged 63. The Rev. Austin O.
The surface of the township is high and Hubbard, the present minister, was inbroken, and but a small portion of it suit- stalledin July, 1841. The Baptist church,
able for tillage; it, however, produces having lost its organization after the disgood grass. The timber, on the highest mission of Elder Tuttle, was re-organized
summits, is mostly spruce and hemlock, in 1831, and in 1839 settled Elder Aaron
on other parts principally beech, maple, Angier, their present minister. There are




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               87
HARRIS' GORE.                                                      HARTFORD.
3 meeting houses; the first built in 1820 anon, N. H., south by Hartland, and west
by Samuel French.*  This is called the by Pomfret.  It lies 14 miles north from
south meeting house. The second was Windsor, and 42 southeast from Montpebuilt in 1825, one and a half mile to the lier. It was chartered July 4, 1761, to 60
northeast of this, by the Congregational- proprietors, and contains about 46 square
ists, and is called the North meeting miles.  The first settlers were Elijah,
house. The third house was erected by Solomon, and Benajah Strong. They ernthe Baptists in 1840, at a place called igrated from Lebanon, Ct.,and came into
Stevensville.  The surface of the town- this township with their families in 1764.
ship is pleasantly diversified with large The next year they were joined in the setswells and vales, but no part of it is tlernent by 12 other families. The town
mountainous. The principal stream is the was organized March 8, 1768, and Elijah
river Lamoille, which enters the township  Strong was the first town clerk. In 1775,
from Greensborough, and taking a circu- Amos Robinson was chosen to go to
itous course, passes through it in a west- Westminster, and Stephen Tilden was
erly direction into Wolcott. This and delegate to the Convention holden at
several of its tributaries furnish a number Westminster, January 15, 1777, which
of excellent mill privileges. The timber declared the independence of Vermont.
is a mixture of maple, birch, hemlock, The religious denominations are Presbyspruce, &c. The rocks are granite, gray terians, Congregationalists, Methodists,
limesone, slate and quartz, with fine spe- Baptists, Universalists, and Christians.
cimens of rock crystals.  The soil is good. The three former have regular churches.
There are three small villages. The The Rev. Thomas Gross was the first setoldest, called the Street, or Hazen's Road, tled minister. He was settled over the
is situated on high land near the north Congregational church June 7, 1786, and
line of the town; the second, called Ste- dismissed in February, 1808. The Rev.
vensville, is on the river Lamoille, in the Austin Hazen was settled by the same
eastern part; and the third and largest, church May 28, 1812. The epidemic of
called Lamoilleville, on the same river in 1812 and'13 was very mortal, and carried
the southwest part of the town. Each of off about 60 persons. Joseph' Marsh, Esq.,
these villages contains a number of me- a very prominent man in the early histochanics' shops, stores, &c., and the two ry of Vermont, was a resident of this
latter possess excellent water privileges, town. He was born at Lebanon, Conn.,
on which mills and other machinery are in January, 1725, and removed to this
erected. There is a mineral spring in the township in 1772. In 1775 he was chosouth part of the town, which is a place sen a delegate from the county of Cumof considerable resort, and is found to be berland to the Convention of the province
very efficacious, particularly in cutaneous of New York, on matters relating to the
affections. There are in town 11 school revolution-much of the eastern part of
districts, 456 scholars, 5 stores, 2gristand  Vermont, at this period, acknowledging
5 saw mills, &c. Statistics of 1840. Hor- the authority of that province. He was
ses, 338; cattle,2,236; sheep,8,309; swine a member of the convention which formed
806; wheat, bush. 2,053; barley, 771; the first constitution of Vermont, in 1777;
oats, 21,608; Ind. corn, 1,893; potatoes, the first Lieut. Governor of the state,
67,265; hay, tons, 4,931; sugar, pounds, which office he held for several years in
60,843; wool, 17,714. Population, 1,354. succession, and was some years chief
H.RRIS' GORE, a tract of land contain- judge of the county court for the county
ing 6,020 acres, lying in the southwest of Windsor. He was many years a procorner of Caledonia county, is bounded fessor of the Christian religion, and died
northwest by Marshfield and  Goshen here in January, 1810, in the enjoyment
Gore, northeast by Groton, and south- of its hopes and consolations, at the adwest by Orange. It was granted Febru- vanced age of 85 years. This town was
ary 25, 1781, and chartered to Edward the birth place of the Rev. James Marsh,
Harris, October 30, 1801. It is mountain- grandson of the preceding and late Pres.
ous,and contained, in 1840, only 16 inhabi- and Prof. in the University of Vermont.
tants.  Gunner's branch originates in This township is watered by White and
this gore, and unites with Stevens' branch Quechee rivers,which are the only streams
in Barre.                              of consequence.  White river enters the
HARTFORD, a post town in Windsor township near the northwest corner, and
county, is in lat. 43~ 40' and lon. 4~ 37',and falls into the Connecticut about the middle
bounded north by Norwich, east by Con- of the eastern boundary, and Quechee rivnecticut river,which separates it from Leb- er runs through the south part. They both
* For an account of the fanatics who far a while aford very valuable privileges for mills
occupied this house see part second, page 204.  and other machinery driven by water,




88                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
HARTLAND.                                                          HARTLAND.
particularly at the places called White Newbury, about 40 miles to the north of
river village and Quechee village. The this place. Mr. L. moved into the town
surface of the town is broken, but the soil in the following manner. Having puris rich and warm, and produces good grass chased a log canoe, he proceeded in that
and grain. The gulf formed by the pas- up Connecticut river, with his furniture
sage of Quechee river through a consid- and family, consisting of a wife and four
erable hill, is a curiosity, and is about one children. He arrived at the mouth of a
mile below Quechee village. There are considerable brook in Hartland, where he
evident appearances of there having been landed his family, tied his canoe, and,
a considerable pond here, which was emp- breaking a junk bottle in the presence of
tied by the wearing down of the channel. his little family, named the stream  Lull's
The timber is principally white pine, brook, by which name it has ever since
beech, maple and birch. There are sev- been known. He proceeded up the brook
eral small villages in town, the largest are about a mile, to a log hut which had been
White river village and Quechee village. previously erected, near the place now
White river village is pleasantly situated called Sumner's village. Here he spent
on the banks of White river, about one his days and died at the advanced age of
mile from its mouth, and contains a store, 81 years. His gon Timothy, lately detavern, post office, two lawyers' offices, ceased, was the first child born in town.
and a variety of mills, machinery, and He was bornin December, 1764, on which
mechanics' shops. A large cotton facto- occasion the midwife was drawn by the
ry situated in this village, was burnt a few  father from Charlestown, upon the ice, a
years since. The river is here crossed by distance of 23 miles, upon a handsled.
a handsome bridge. Quechee village is Mr. Lull had to suffer many privations
situated around a considerable fall in Ot- and hardships for several years; but posth-Quechee river, about five miles from  sessing a strong constitution and a vigits mouth, and contains a handsome meet- orous mind, he overcame all obstacles, acing house, two stores, a tavern, a woollen cumulated a handsome property, lived refactory, mills, and a great variety of me- spected, and died generally  lamented.
chanics' shops. At the mouth of White The first settlers of the township were
river is a small villa, and the landing mostly emigrants from Massachusetts and
place for goods from Connecticut river, Connecticut. The town was organized
which is here crossed by a bridge, called in 1767, and Zadock Wright was first
Lyman's bridge. There are in town 17 town clerk. The religious denominations
school districts and school houses, 1 oil, are Christians, Universalists, Congrega3 grist, 7 saw, and 3 fulling mills, tionalists, and Baptists. There are four
3 woollen factories, 6 stores, 3 taverns, 3 houses of public worship, one erected in
tanneries.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 1788, another in 1822, and two others
448; cattle, 3,184; sheep, 16,281; swine, have since been erected. Elder Timothy
1,476; wheat, bus. 4,507; oats, 27,718; Grow was for many years the minister of
rye, 2,632; buck-wheat, 5,012; Indian the Baptist church. The present miniscorn, 19,753; potatoes, 59,050; hay, tons, ter of the Congregational church is the
5,687; sugar, lbs. 11,400; wool, 39,915. Rev. John F. Griswold; of the MethoPopulation, 2,194.                     dist, David Wilcox; and of the UniverHARTLAND, a post town in the eastern salists, Joseph D. Pierce. This a rich
part of Windsor county, is in lat. 430 34', farming township, and its surface is pleasand long. 40 34', and is bounded north by antly diversified with hills and vallies.
Hartford, east by Plainfield, N. H., from  Connecticut river washes the eastern
which it is separated by Connecticut riv- boundary, and at Quechee Falls, on this
er, south by Windsor, and west by Wood- stream, are several mills, situated on the
stock. This township lies50 miles south- Hartland  side.  Quechee river runs
easterly from  Montpelier, 62 northeast across the northeast corner, and Lull's
from  Bennington, 100 from Boston. It brook through the southern part of the
was chartered July 10, 1761, by the name town, and afford some of the best mill
of Hertford, containing 25,350 acres. The privileges in the state. On the lands of
charter was confirmed by New York in David H. Sumner, Esq. has recently been
1766. The name was altered to Hartland discovered a valuable bed of paint. It is
June 15, 1782. The settlement of the abundant and of an excellent quality.
township was commenced in May, 1763, The town is divided into 20 school disby Timothy Lull, from Dummerston, in tricts, in each of which is a school house.
this state. At this time there were no in- Here are 2small villages, 2 grist, 7 saw, 1
habitants on Connecticut river between clapboard and 3 fulling mills, 2 woolen facCharlestown, then No. 4, and Hartland. tories, 2 tanneries, 2 taverns and 4 stores.
A few families had, however, settled in Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 454; cattle,




PART III.             GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                              89
HAZEN'S NOTCH.                     HIGHG ATE.                   HINESBURGH.
2,786; sheep, 16,323; swine,1,583;'wheat southwest corner, which constitutes a
bus. 4,403; oats, 38,663; rye, 4,637; part of what is called Hog Island, and is
buck-wheat, 3,664; Indian corn, 9,127; marshy. Bog iron ore is found in this
potatoes, 79,395; hay, tons, 7,21.1; sugar, town in great abundance, and has been
lbs. 25,280; wool, 48,575. Population, worked to some extent. There are here
2,341.                                 6 school districts and schoolhouses, two
HARwICH.- -Name altered to Mount grist, and 8 saw mills, 1 woolen factory,
Tabor. See JMount Tabor.               and 5 stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
HAZEN'S ROAD.-See Peacham.           386; cattle, 2,074; sheep, 8,182; swine,
HAZEN'S NOTCH, a remarkable notch in 857; wheat, bus. 5,032; barley, 114; oats,
the mountain between Lowell and Mont- 11,559; rye, 1,458; buckwheat, 1,119;
gomery through'which Hazen's Road Indian corn, 6,762; potatoes, 39,845;
passed.                                hay, tons, 4,347; sugar, lbs. 12,108; wool,
HERTFORD.-This name was altered 18,874. Population, 2,292.
to Hartland, June 15, 1782. See Hart-   HITNESBURGH, a post township in the
land.                                  south part of Chittenden County, conHIGHGATE, a township in the north- taining 36 square miles, the lines runwest corner of Franklin county, is in lat. ning due north and south, and east and
44~ 58', and long. 30 59', and is boun- west, in lat. 440 19' and long. 3~ 57', and
ded north by Dun's Patent in Canada, isbounded north by Shelburne, St.George
east by Franklin, south by Swanton and and Richznond, east by Huntington and
Sheldon, and west by Missisco bay, which Starksborough, south by Starksborough
separates it from the township of Alburgh. and Monkton, and west by Charlotte. It
It lies 33 miles north from  Burlington, lies 12 miles southeast from Burlington,
and 54 northwesterly from Montpelier, and 26 west from Montpelier. This townand was chartered August 17, 1763. The ship was chartered June 21, 1762, to Abel
first settlement of this township was, by Hine and his associates. The first inhabGermans, mostly  soldiers who  had itants were a Mr. Isaac Lawrence, and
served in the British army during the rev- family from Canaan, Connecticut, whose
olution. John Hilliker, and John Wag- wife said that she lived ten months withgoner were the first settlers. John Sax out seeing the face of any other woman,
built the first saw mill and the first grist and that, at one time, the family lived for
mill. The township was first regularly some time on dried pumpkins, without
surveyed in 1805 by John Johnson, Esq. any other food whatever.  This family
The religious denominations are Episcopa- came here before the revolutionary war,
lians, Methodists and Congregationalists. and also Mr. Daniel Chaffy, who was
The Episcopal church, called St. John's here for a short time; they both left when
Church, has been successively under the the war commenced. Mr. Lawrence recharge of the Rev. Anson B. Hard, the turned in 1783. Messrs. Jacob Meacham,
Rev. JohnT. Sabine, and the Rev. Charles Amos Andrews and Hezekiah Tuttle
Fay. This church has 62 communicants came in 1784. In 1785, Mr. George
and a very neat house of worship. The McEwen with his family, Mr. Eliphaz
Congregational church was organized, and George Steele came without families
October 28, 1811. It now  consists of and spent the summer. The first child
50 members. Their house of worship, born in town was a son of Jacob Meacherected in 1812, was finished in 1824. am on the first day of April, 1785; he
The Rev. Phinehas Kingsley was settled was named Hine, in reference to the
Oct. 20,1819, and dismissed Sept. 202,1829, name of the town. All the hardships
but now preaches here a part of the tihne. and privations were suffered which usualThe Missisco river enters this township ly occur in the commencement of new
from Sheldon, and, after running some settlements. The first town meeting was
distance in the south part of it, passes in- warned by Isaac Tichenor, Esq., of Bento Swanton, and, then taking a circuitous nington, and holden on the 3d Tuesday
course of several miles, returns into High- of March, 1787. Josiah Steele was modgate, and pursuing a northwesterly course erator, and  Elisha Berben first town
falls into Missisco bay. About six miles clerk. Elisha Barber, George McEwen
above Swanton falls, is a fall in the river- and Elisha Steele, selectmen; Jacob
of about 40 feet, affording some excellent Meacham, first constable; Lemuel Bostmill privileges. Rock river is in the wick was the first representative; Wm.
north part of the township, and has on it B. Marsh, the first physician. The Conone saw mill. The soil is mostly sandy, gregational church was formed in the
and covered with pine, except along the year 1789, with 12 members; the Rev.
course of the Missisco river, where the Reuben Parmelee was ordained as pastor
timber is hemlock, ash, &c., and in the in 1791, and dismissed in 1795. From
PT. 111.             12




90                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
HINESBURGH.                                                     HINESBURGH.
this time until 1818 the church was desti- were obliged to go to Winooski falls at
tute of a stated pastor. On the 30th of Burlington, or to Vergennes, for their
September of this vear, the Rev. Otto S. grinding. The river Laplot rises in the
Hoyt was ordained, and remained their southeastern part of the town, and takes
pastor until the 9th of February, 1832, a northwesterly course, running through
when he was dismissed. From 1832 to a rich tract of intervale, which is from
October, 1837, the church was supplied one half to a mile and a half in width and
by the labors of the Rev. Mason Knapen, about four and a half in length. This
succeeded by the Rev. Brainerd Kent. land is not exceeded for fertility and beauOn the 8th of February, 1838. the Rev. ty by any in the county. Pond brook is
Otto S. Hoyt was installed over this the outlet of a natural pond which lies in
church, and is their present pastor. The the north part of the town, and in Willischurch was first formed of 12 members; toh and joins into the river Laplot a little
the present number is 132. The Baptist northwest of the village. On this stream
church was formed in the year 1810 with are several sites for water power, which
17 members; the present number is 133. are now occupied by a furnace, carding
Among the Elders who have at different machine, fulling mill, machine shop, saw
poriods labored in this church, may be mill and two woollen factories. There
mentioned the names of Peter Chase, the are two other streams which take their
late Alanson L. Covel, Winm. Arthur and rise in the eastern part of the town, one
John Ide. At present they are enjoying falling into the river Laplot and the other,
the labors of Elder Wakeman G.Johnson. called Calkins', or Trout brook, emptyThe Episcopal Methodists were formed ing into Lewis creek in the north part of
into a class in the year 1799, consisting Monkton. On this stream is a saw mill;
of 6 or 7 members. They have been sup- on the former, called Baldwin brook, are
plied by different circuit preachers, and a number of good sites for water power;
have now a flourishing church which con- where are now a saw milt, a shingle masists of 118 members; the Rev. Mr. Hurl- chine, a grist mill with 3 runs of stones,
burd is their present minister.  There a bark mill and a machine for rolling
are also in the town a class of Protestant leather. The village is in the central
Methodists and a society of Free-Will part of the town. It has three pleasant
Baptists. A literary society was formed houses for public worship, belonging to
here in 1810, which was incorporated in the three principal denominations. The
1822, and has a respectable library. An Congregational and Methodist being of
academy was also incorporated in 1822, brick and the Baptist of wood. An acadwhich affords good advantages for receiv- emy, on an elevated site in the centre of
ing a thorough academical education, be- the village, a vestry built by the Congreing sustained by a competent superin- gational church, a village school house,
tendent.  The first Sabbath school was 38 dwelling houses, 6 dry goods stores, 1
established about 1820, and the present leather and shoe store, one tavern, &c.
average attendance of Sabbath school This town has been somewhat remarkable
scholars at the different churches is about for the health of its inhabitants, especially
200. There is in the north part of the in the first settlement. It however suffered
town a high ridge of rough land called severely from the epidemic of 1813, which
Prichard mountain. The west part has carried off about 40 heads of families.
generally a level surface, interspersed The oldest persons who have died in this
with small hillocks. In the eastern part town were Mr. Andrew Burrill and his
the land is hilly and broken, containing, wife. He lived to the age of 96 years and
however, a good shalre of feasible, fertile 3 months, she lived to the age of 95 years
and valuable land. The forest consisted and 8 months, having lived together over
of hard timber generally.  There were 70 years. Mr. Andrew Burrill was the
some beaver meadows, one of which con- only original proprietor who settled on
tained between one and two hundred his own right of land. The oldest person
acres, from which the first settlers deriv- now living is the widow of Mr. Benjamin
ed much benefit. The principal streams Berto, whois about 100 years old. There
are Lewis creek, Laplot river and Pond are 14 school districts, with a school
brook.  Lewis creek enters the town house in each. The number of scholars,
from  Montton, and takes a westerly in the year 1840, between the ages of 4
course through the southwest part of the 18 years, was 598. The public money
town. On this stream, in the year 1790, accruing from  rents on public lands,
Mr. Nathan Leavenworth, one of the ear- school taxes, and other funds, amounted
ly settlers, built a saw mill and a grist to $645,84, which gave a dividend on
mill. This mill is in the bounds of Char- each scholar of $1,08. Statistics of 1840.
lotte. Before- it was built the inhabitants Horses, 209; cattle, 2,162; sheep, 8,998 




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                 91
HOLLAND.                           HOOSIC RIVER.                   HUBBA RDTON.
swine, 1,083; wheat, bus. 2,020; oats, Bennington, and, takinga westerly course
7,758; rye, 1,120; buckwheat, 393; In- falls into the Hudson near Stillwater. Its
dian corn, 6,888; potatoes, 27,605; hay, whole length is about 40 miles, and it retons, 4,639; sugar, lbs. 14,170; wool, ceives the waters from 182 square miles
16,336. Population, 1,682.      E. B.   in Vermont.
HINSDALE..-Name altered to Vernon,   HOSMER'S PONDS. See Craftsbury.
October 31, 1802. See Vernon.              HUBBARDTON, a post town in the northHOG-ISLAND, is party in Swanton aa4 western part of Rutland county, is in lat.
paftI, in Uighgt. and lies between the 430 43' and long. 3- 50', and is bounded
mouth of the Missisco river and a creek, north by Sudbury, east by Pittsford, south
which makes out of the same, and unites by Castleton, and west by Benson. It lies
with McQuam  bay in Swanton.  It has 50 miles southwest from Montpelier, and
Missisco bay on theuwest, and contains 50 north from Bennington. It was char10 or 12 square miles. Much of the land tered June 15, 1764, to Isaac Searls, Esq.
is low and marshy.                       and his associates, and now  contains
HOLLAND, a township in the northeast about 18,000 acres. But in consequence
corner of Orleans county, is in lat. 440  of prior charters and surveys some of the
58' and long. 40 55', and  is bounded north part was held by Sudbury and a
north by Barnston and Stanstead, Can., gore on the east by Pittsford.* It derived
east by Norton, south by Morgan, and its name from  Thomas Hubbard, a large
westby Derby. It lies 56miles northeast proprietor in the town. The settlement
from Montpelier, and 61 north from New- was commenced in the spring of 1774, by
bury. It was granted March 8, 1787, and Uriah Hickok and William  Trowbirdge,
chartered to Timothy Andrus and associ- with their families from Norfolk, Connecates,October 26, 1789,containing 36 square ticut. Elizabeth, daughter of Mrs. Hickmiles. The settlement was commenced ok, was born August 1st of this year, and
in 1800 by Edmund Elliot and Joseph  died in September', 1776. This was the
Cowal. The town was organized March first birth and the first death in town. Tn
14, 1805, and Eber Robinson was first- 1775, Samuel Churchill, William Spauldtown clerk. The surface is uneven but ing, Abdial Webster, Benjamin Hickok,
not mountainous. Mount John in the Jesse Churchill, Benajah Boardman and
southeast corner, is the only elevation John Seleck moved their families here.
which deserves the name of mountain. These nine families constituted the whole
The soil is excellent for grass, and produ- population when the American army, unces good crops of wheat, oats, barley, po- der Gen. St. Clair, evacuated Ticonderotatoes, &c. There is a large pond situa- ga, July 6, 1777. On the same day a parted in the northeast part, and several small ty of Indians and tories, under a Captain
ponds. The streams are small, part flow- Sherwood, came upon the inhabitants of
ing north into Canada, and part south into this township, and made prisoners of BenClyde river. The timber consists of ma- jamin and Uriah Hickok, with theirfamipie, beech, birch spruce, hemlock, &c. lies, and two young men, by the names
On the 2nd of July 1833, this town was of Keeler and Kellogg.  Gen. St. Clair,
visited by a violent tornado. Itcommenced with his army, passed through this town
on Salem pond in Salem, and passed over the same day, and left Cols. Warner, Hale
this town in a northeasterly direction. It and Francis with their regiments as a
was from half to three quarters of a mile rear guard. They encamped on the farm
wide, and it prostrated and scattered near- of John Seleck, Esq. near the spot where
ly all the trees, fences and buildings in the Baptist meeting house now  stands.
its course. It crossed the outlet of Nor- On the following night Benjamin Hickok,
ton pond and passed into Canada, and its with his own and the family of Uriah
course could be traced through the forests Hickok, left their homes, the women and
nearly to Connecticut river.  Statistics children on foot, in order to escape from
of 1840.-Horses, 92; cattle, 602; sheep, the danger.  When they arrived at the
1,033; swine, 392; wheat, bus. 1,844; deserted  farm  of Justin  Hickok, in
barley, 829; _nats, 4,180; buckwheat, Castleton, they stopped for the remainder
1,150; Ind. corn, 151; potatoes, 14,510; of the night, expecting to pursue their
hay, tons, 1,281; sugar, lbs. 20,685; journey in the morning in company with
wool, 2,400. Population, 605.
HOPKINSV1LLE.-Name altered to Kir-   *The towns in the south part of the state being
by in the fall of 1807. See Kirby.       surveyed first, and most of them being surve3ed larHoosic RIVER, is formed in Pownal, ger than the charter limits, several of the towns in
and runs northwesterly into the township this vicinity were consequently contracted to less
than what their charters allowed, and one whole
of Hoosic, N. Y., where it receives the town, chartered by the name of Dunbar, was entirely
river Walloomscoik from Shaftsbury and run out, there being no place left to locate it.




92                      GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART lII.
HUBBARDTON.                                                        HUBBARDTON.
Col. Bellow's regiment, which was en- dren, made their way, some on foot and
camped there. The Colonel had but just some on horseback, over the Green Mouncommenced his march in the morning, tains to No. 4, thence to Springfield, Mass.
when, hearing firing at -Iubbardton, he and thence over the mountain to Shefmarched back to the assistance of his field, Con. the place from which they emcompanions, leaving these. unfortunate igrated. The men, who were detained as
families, to pursue their flight, unprotect- prisoners at Ticonderoga, were confined
ed and alone, but not arriving till after during the night and required to labor
the battle had been decided, he retreated during the day. Messrs. Churchill and
back to Castleton.  On the morning of Hickok, who were employed in boating
the 7th of July, Warner sent a detachment wood, watched their opportunity, landed
of about 300 men, a distance of two miles, on the eastern shore and made their esto assist Mr. S. Churchill in getting away cape. They proceeded to Hubbardton but
his family. They had just began their found the town deserted and desolate. In
march, on their return, when the battle Mr. Hickok's house was the putrid carcommenced.*  Hearing the firing, they case of a dead man, and numerous others,
pushed forward as fast as possible to the with fragments of fire arms and clothing,
assistance of their companions. Two of were scattered in profusion in the viciniMr. Churchill's sons, John and Silas, ae- ty of the battle ground.*  They left this
companied the detachment, and were in heart-sickening scene, and went in purthe engagement.  Silas was taken pris- suit of their families.  Mr. Hickok found
oner, and John made his escape, and fled his family at Castleton. But Mr. Churchback to his former residence, as did also ill hearing nothing of his, proceeded to
the rest of the family, after having two the south, and was at length so happy as
of the horses wounded on which the wo- to find them  arrived safely in Connectimen rode.t  Here they were surprised, cut.  The other prisoners, mentioned, reand all taken prisoners by Sherwood and mnained  at Ticonderoga  till October,
his party, who had been lurking  on when they were retaken by Col. Brown.
the hills east of the town during the In 1780, most of the families which had
action   The men and boys were taken been driven off had returned, but few adaway, the house plundered, and the wo- ditions were made to the settlement till
men ordered by Sherwood to leave it 1783. In 1784, the people turned out and
that it might be set on fire. Upon this collected  the bones which  had  been
one of the young  women  exclaimed, bleaching for seven years upon the battle
4' You have taken away our men and pro- ground, and buried them. The first framvisions, and can you be so cruel as to burn ed barn was built in Hubbardton by S.
our house!" and so saying she fainted Churchill, in 1785, the boards for it being
and fell. In consequence of this and the brought 12J miles on an ox-sled. The
tears and entreaties of others the house first framed house was built by Nathan
was spared; but that was of little use Rumsey, in 1787, and the first saw mill,
without food or clothing. Sherwood sus- the same year, by Josiah Churchill. The
pecting that Mr. Churchill had flour con- first grist and second saw mill were built
cealed, ordered the Indians to take him  by Nathan Rumsey, in 1789. The town
into the woods and burn him  unless he was organized in March, 1785, and David
informed them where it was. They bound Hickok was the first town clerk, and Janhim  to a tree, piled wood around him, na Churchill the first representative, and
questioning and threatening him, but as the first justice of the peace. The relihe steadfastly denied having concealed gious denominations are Baptists, Conany, Sherwood at length ordered them to gregationalists, Methodists and Univerdesist and unbind him. Mr. Churchill salists.  The Baptist church was formed
and his sons, John, Silas and Ezekiel, to- Sept. 24, 1787. Elder Nathaniel Culver
gether with Messrs. Hickok, Keeler, and was their minister from 1787, to 1792. ElKellogg were carried to Ticonderoga, der Nathan Dana was settled in 1798, and
while William  Churchill, who was lame, was regarded as. their first settled minisand the females and younger parts of the ter. He continued the pastor till 1808.
families were left to take care of them- Elder Joseph W. Sawyer commenced
selves.  A part of these made their way preaching here in November, 1815, was
to Castleton; but Mr. Churchill's family settled Nov. 6, 1816, and continued till
consisting of four women, two boys, one March, 1822. Since that time this church
of whom was lame, and two small chil- has been supplied by temporary engage* For an account of the Battle, see part 2 page 42.  * Mrs. Boardman with two children, was in the
t It is said that as Mrs. Churchill's horse stag- house which was surrounded by the contending argered from the effect of the wound, she jumped from mies, during the battle, and, as there was no cellar,
his back, exclaiming, i' I wish I had a gun, I'd give she took shelter under the bed where she remained
them what they want."                   till the battle was over.




PART II.              GAZETTE ER OF VERMONT.                             93
HUBBARDTON.                  HUBBARDTON RIVER.                    HUNTINGTON.
ments. The present minister is Elder ponds, the largest of which is Gregory's
Barna Allen. This church consists of 68 pond, which is about 3 miles long and 1
members. Their meeting house is in the broad, and lies partly in Sudbury. At its
southeast part of the town, and was built outlet are excellent mill privileges owned
in 1800. The Congregational church was by Gideon Horton, Esq., on which are a
formed in 1782. The Rev. Ithamer Hib- saw and grist mill, trip-hammer, woollen
bard took charge ofitin 1798, and contin- factory, &c., surrounded by a pleasant
ued pastor till his death, which happened little village. Berbe's pond, situated a
March 2, 1802. After him the Rev. John mile north west of the centre of the town,
Ransom  and Rev. Samuel Cheever, la- is 1J mile long and a mile wide, and disbored here for some time.  In 1818, this charges south into lake Bombazine, and
society erected a meeting house. In 1819, on the outlet are a saw and grist mill,
the Rev. Sherman Kellogg was settled carding machine, &c., owned by S. B.
and continued till 1823. The Rev. Ho- Walker, Esq. Round pond, Marsh pond,
ratio Flagg was settled January 24, 1828, Keeler's pond,Black pond,and Howland's
and dismissed June 10, 1834. The pres- pond, are smaller. The latter discharges
ent minister is the Rev. William C. Den- into Otter creek. The town is well timison. Their meeting house being burnt bered with hard wood and hemlock. Pine
in January, 1837, a new one was erected was formerly plenty, but is now become
in 1838. The church consists of 104 mem- scarce. The soil is various. The eastern
bers. The Methodist church, organized in part is hard pan covered with rich muck,
1809, consists of about 45 members, and is very good for grass and spring crops,
is supplied by circuit preachers. A socie- and when new frequently yielded 40 bushty of Universalists was formed here in els of wheat to the acre. Good Indian
1830, by the Rev. Kittridge 1Haven, who corn is raised on this land, when manured
has preached here a portion of the time. and then ridged by turning two filrrows
This town has suffered much by fire, ma- together. In other parts the soil is slaty
ny valuable buildings having been de- loam, and better suited to the production
stroyed within a few years. The Rev. of winter grain. Plaster, ashes and lime
Ithamer Hibbard, who served as chaplain are here found to be very beneficial for
in the army during the revolution, came manures.  Springs of good water are
to this town in 1798, was a pious and use- common, and in the south west part of
ful man, and something of a poet. He the town is a spring said to possess prewas the father of 20 children, some of cisely the same properties as the celebrawhom became useful ministers of the gos- ted springs in Clarendon, and around it
pel. Doct. Theophilus Flagg came here are large quantities of calcareous tufa.
in 1791, and was the first physician. He Iron ore, and silver and zinc are said to
was useful and much respected, and died have been found in small quantities, and
Sept. 5, 1807, leaving a handsome prop- the geological character of the township
erty. James Whelpley, Esq. came here is very interesting, but has not been very
in 1787. He held many important offices, scientifically examined.  There are in
and was with all a great hunter. He town 9 school districts and school houses,
died in 1838, aged 90 years.  Nathan 3 ministers, 1 physician, I temperance
Rumsey, Esq. was a soldier of the revolu- tavern, 2 stores, 2 tanneries, 1 small wooltion, came here in 1785, was the first len factory, 2 grist and 9 saw mills, &c.
merchant, and built the first grist mill. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 155; cattle,
He joined the army during the last war, 869; sheep, 10,516; swine, 411; wheat,
was taken prisoner at fort Erie and car- bus. 1,849; oats, 2,023; rye, 1,411; buckried to Halifax, where he died in 1815. wheat, 45; Indian corn, 2,957; potatoes,
Seven persons have died here between 12,80)0;   hay, tons, 3,138; sugar, lbs.
90 and 100 years old, and 18 between 80 5,557; wool, 29,862. Population, 719. A. c.
and 90. There are now living 27 between   HUBBARDTON RIVER, rises from several
70 and 80, and 10 between 80 and 90.* small ponds in Sudbury, runs southwestThe dysentery prevailed in 1803, and the erly through Gregory's pond in Hubbardepidemic of 1813 carried off about 40, ton, through Benson, and falls into the
mostly in the vigor of manhood.  The head of East bay in West-Haven. In its
surface of the township is uneven and course it affords several very good mill
somewhat'mountainous. The most noted privileges. Its length is about 20 miles.
summit is Mount Zion, so named by   HUNGERFORD. Name altered to ShelEthan Allen. There are several natural don, November 8, 1792. See Sheldon.
* Mr. Amos Churchill, who furnished the materi- easHTINGTON, a post town in the is iouthals for this article, and much other interesting mat- east part of Chittenden county, is in
ter which we regret that we are obliged to omit for lat. 440 20' and long. 40 5'; and is bounthe want of room, is the only person living in town ded north by Bolton and a part of Richwho was here in the beginning of 1783.




94                       GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                          PART III.
HUNTINGTON RIVER.                                                      HYDEPARK.
mond, east by Duxbury  and  Fayston, erly by Eden, easterly by Wolcott and a
south by Avery's and Buel's gores, and small part of Craftsbury, southerly by
west by Starksborough and Hinesburgh, Morristown, and westerly by Johnson and
It lies 20 miles west from Montpelier, and a part of Belvidere. It lies 27 miles north
15 southeast from  Burlington.  It was from  Montpelier, and 32 northeast from
chartered June 7, 1763, to Edward Bur- Burlington; was granted November 6,
ling and others, by the name of New-H un- 1780, and chartered to Jedediah Hyde and
tington, and originally contained 36 square others August 27, 1781, containing 23,miles.  October 27, 1794, the northwes- 040 acres.  The original grantees were
terly part of this township was annexed  mostly residents of Norwich, Conn., and
to Richmond, and the northeasterly part men who had distinguished themselves in
of Bolton; and at the same time the north the land or naval service during the revpart of Avery's and Buel's gores were ad- blutionary war. The settlement of this
ded to New-Huntington. In Oct., 1795, township was commenced by John Mcton. In October, 1795, the name was al- Daniel, Esq., who removed his family
tered to Huntington.  The settlement of here July 4, 1787.  He emigrated from
this township was commenced in March, Northfield, N. H. At this time the near1786, by Jehiel Johns and Elisha Bradley, est settlements were at Johnson on the
emigrants from  Manchester and Sunder- west, and at Cabot on the east; the forland in this state.  The town was organ- mer distant 8 miles and the latter about
ized in March, 1790, and Charles Brews- 26. The intervening country was a perter was first town clerk.  It was first rep- fect wilderness, with no road or guide ex-resented in 1791, by Jehiel Johns. The cept marked trees. Through this wilderreligious denominations are Freewill Bap- ness Mr. McDaniel conveyed his family
tists, Baptists and Methodists, and a union from Cabot to Hydepark. He was joined
meeting house was built here in 1836. the same season by Win. Norton, from
Peleg, son of Elisha Bradley, born Nov. 6, New York; and those two families were
1806, was the first child born in town. the first and only families who wintered
Huntington river is the principal stream. in town that year. The next spring they
- It affords some convenient mill privileg- were joined by Capt. Jedediah Hyde, Pees. The surface of the township is very ter Martin, Jabez Fitch, Esq., and sons,
uneven, consisting of high mountains and and Ephraim  Garvin.  These pioneers
deep gullies. That celebrated summit of were followed in a few years by Aaron
the Green  Mountains, called  Camel's Keeler, Truman Sawyer, Oliver Noyes,
Hump, is in the east part of this township. and Hon. N. P. Sawyer and others.  The
There are some farms which produce tol- first settlers experienced all the privations
erable crops, but the soil is, in most parts, usual in a wilderness. They were under
rocky and poor. Timber, such as is com- 1he necessity of getting their milling done
mon to the mountain towns.  There are at Cambridge, 18 miles distant.  The
here 8 school districts, 6 good  school town was named Hyde's Park in the charhouses, 1 grist and 5 saw mills.  Statis- ter, as a compliment to Capt. Jedediah
tics of 1840.-Horses, 210; cattle; 1,671; Hyde, the first named in that instrument.
sheep, 4,721; swine, 977; wheat, bu. 1,423; Jedediah Hyde, Jr., was a proprietor, and
oats, 5,649; rye, 47; buck wheat, 921; surveyed the town, and drew the charter
Ind. corn, 3,615; potatoes, 24,967; hay, with a pen; a part in German text, with
tons, 2,596; sugar, lbs. 19,480; wool, red ink, the rest with black ink, and all
7,738. Population, 914.                  the names in imitation of print; it is on
HUNTINGTON RIVER rises in Lincoln, parchment, and is a literary curiosity. It
runs through Starksborough  and Hun- is now  in the possession of Major R. B.
tington, and joins Winooski river in Rich- Hyde, a son of the first named. The town
mond. This is a very rapid stream, with was organized in 1791. Jabez Fitch was
a gravel or stoney bottom, especially after first town clerk, and Hon. N. P: Sawyer
it arrives within two or three miles of the was first representative.  The most nuWinooski. Its length is about 20 miles.  merous sect of Christians are Methodists.
HUNTSRURGH. See Franklin.              They are supplied with preaching by their
JIYDEPARK, a post and shire town in the circuit ministers.  There are Universalcentre of Lamoille county, is in lat. 440 ists, Christian brethren, a few  Baptists
37' and long. 40~ 26', and is bounded north- and Congregationalists.  These have oc* Mr. Jolins came to Mncliester in 1767, was at casional preaching.  There is a town
Burlington with a detachment of Montgomery's house near the centre of the town, cornarmy in 1775, and died at tluntington in Aug. 41840, modiously finished for a house of worship,
aged 85 years. He was a man of vigorous mind, and is occupied for that purpose. The
remarkably retentive memory, and was more intimately acquainted with the early history of the town is healthy. Jabez Perkins Hyde
western part of the state, than any other person I was the first male born in town, and Diahave ever met with.




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               95
HYDEPARK.                                                                  IRA.
dama Hyde the first female.  David Par- chinery. Here is a saw mill, as well as
ker was the first adult male who died in at the northwest corner. There is Mill
town.  He came to his death by a log rol- brook and Carter brook in this town, be'ling over him, in the 19th year of the set- side those above named, on which there
tlement. John McDaniel, Esq., the first are saw mills and other machinery. There
settler, was a man of strong mind and are a variety of soils,-the rich bottoms
passions, with a retentive memory, social on the rivers, the elevated sandy plains,
and friendly, and was esteemed a father the rich loam, and clay or marly lands.
to the first settlers. His house was al- The plain lands are best adapted to the
ways open to the poor and wayfaring culture of corn, rye, and oats; the clay
man.  He died respected and lamented, and loam to wheat and grass. The timAug. 12th, 1834, in his 86th year. Capt hber is mostly hard wood, yet there are all
Jedediah Hyde, the first name on the the varieties usual in the vicinity. There
charter, and who was principally instru- is pine in the vicinity of the ponds, and
mental in obtaining it, had the command formerly in other parts of the town. Ceof a company in the revolution, and serv- dar and tamarack swamps abound; fir is
ed in the navy. He was quite noted for scattered over all the moistlands. There is
his politeness and easy address. He died a ridge of high lands running northerly
May 29th, 1822, in his 86th year. Jabez and southerly through the town. The
Fitch, Esq., one of the grantees, was a growth is maple, beech, birch, elm, scatman of sound mind and extensive reading. tering trees, and clusters of hemlock,
He served  two campaigns in the old and spruce. This ridge of land is excelFrench war, held a commission in the two lent for wheat, and sure of a crop. There
first campaigns of the revolution, was are in the northeast part of the town 12
captured by the British on Long Island, ponds, containing from A to 50 acres, beand endured an eighteen months' impris- side several smaller ones  Trout have
onment, and on board of several of their been abundant in most of them, but are
prison ships experienced sad examples of becoming more scarce. Some of them
the tender mercies of that magnanimous have names, such as Great pond, Clear
nation. He kept a narrative while a pris- pond, George's pond, Zack's pond, Mud
soner, and a diary of events for nearly 40 pond, &c. Hydepark village is situated
years. Both are now in the possession of in the southwest part of the town, on a
his descendants. He wrote moral and po- beautiful elevated plain; it contains a
litical essays for the periodicals of the court house, jail, and jail house, built in
day, and  occasionally ascended mount 1836, by the inhabitants of the town, at
Parnassus. He contracted aboard those which time it became the seat of justice
prison ships a scurvy, which resulted in for Lamoille county. The village conan ulcer on his leg, which continued as tains 2 stores, 3 taverns, 1 physician, and
long as he lived. He died Feb. 29, 1812, 1 Thompsonian, several mechanics' shops,
aged 75. At the time this town was set- and 20 dwelling houses. The town origtled, there resided here an Indian and inally contained moose, deer, bears, beasquaw, named Joe and Molly, who were ver, otter, and many smaller quadrupeds.
of much service tothe first settlers.* This The rivers and ponds were plentifully
town is watered by the Lamrnoille, which stored with fish, mostly trout and suckcrosses the southeast and southwest cor- ers. There are 8 saw mills in town, one
ners. Green river has its source from  rake factory, at which there have been
several ponds in the northeast part of finished 120 doz. in a year, and a scythethe township. The streams from  these snath factory. There are 12 school disponds take a southerly course until uni- tricts, and 10 school houses. Statistics of
ted,-when the stream  takes the name 1840.-Horses, 201;   cattle, 1,384; sheep,
of Green river, veers to the east, and dis- 3,239; swine, 864; wheat, bush. 2,185;
charges its waters into the Lamoille in barley, 53; oats, 8,747; rye, 191; buckWolcott. There are several saw millson wheat, 305; Ind. corn, 3,533; potatoes,
this river and its branches, in this town. 47,816; hay, tons, 2,501; sugar, lbs. 32,Little North branch has its source in 570; wool, 7,132. Population, 1,080. A.H.
Eden, crosses the northwest corner of the    INuIAN RIVER is a small stream, which
town, enters Johnson, and, after meander- rises in Rupert, runs through the corner
ing about 2 miles, veers to the east again, of Pawlet, and unites with Pawlet river
enters Hydepark, and passes over falls in Granville,N.Y. Anothersmallstream
where there is an excellent place for ma- of this name rises in Essex and falls into
* We were furnished by L)r. Huntoon with sever- Colchester bay in Colchester.
al interesting anecdotes respecting Joe and Molly,  IRA, a post town in the central part of
which we are obliged to omit for want of room. Rutland county, is in lat. 43~ 33', and
Sorne account of them has, however, been given in long. 30 55', and is bounded east by Rutpart second, p. 205.




96                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
IRASBURGH'                     ISLE LA MOTTE.                        JAMAICA.
land and Clarendon, south by Tinmouth, town was organized March 12, 1803, and
southwest by Middletown, and west by Samuel Conant was the first town clerk.
Poultney and Castleton. It is of a trian- In this town was found the shirt of mail
gular form, running to a point towards described in part second, page 208. The
the north, and is 47 miles north from  surface of this township is somewhat diBennington, and 32 west from Windsor. versified with gentle hills and vallies.
This town was organized May 31, 1779, The soil is easy to cultivate, and, in genand Isaac Clark was the first town clerk, eral, produces good crops. Black river
and also the first representative, chosen passes through the township in a norththe same year. The Baptist church is easterly direction, receiving a number of
the only one in town. It was organized small streams, but its current is generally
in 1783, and Elder Thomas Skeels was moderate, and it affords but few mill privsettled over it on the 25th of December ileges. Barton river just touches upon
of this year. He was succeeded by Elder the eastern corner. Nearly in the centre
Amasa Brown, who was settled February of the township is a small village, con23, 1786, and dismissed January 30, 1787. taining a court house and jail, 2 meeting
December 3, 1801, Elder Joseph Carpen- houses, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and several
ter was ordained over this church, and mechanics' shops.  Statistics of 1840.continued his connection  with it till Horses, 264; cattle, 1,781; sheep, 3,480;
March 7, 1816. He was succeeded by swine, 689; wheat, bus. 2,129; barley,
Elder Wm. McCuller, who preached here 336; oats, 9,120; rye, 162; buckwheat,
from April 29, 1815, till the fall of 1819. 1,299; Indian corn, 1,529; potatoes, 39,Elder Lyman Glazier was ordained over 808; hay, tons, 2,847; sugar, lbs. 25,961;
the church July 11, 1822. The present wool, 7,847. Population, 971.
minister is Elder Elias Hurlbut. They   ISLE LA MOTTE, an island and posttown
erected a brick meeting house, which was in the western part of Grand Isle county,
completed in 1822. The number of mem- in lat. 44Q 57' and long. 30 41', is boundbers belonging to this church in 1724 edon all sides by lake Champlain. It is
was 140. A very powerful awakening situated 28 miles northwesterly from Burcommenced here in November, 1808, and lington, and 13 nearly west from St. Alcontinued through the winter, in conse- bans. It was chartered by this name to
quence of which 225 were added to the Benjamin Wait and others, October 27,
Baptist church. Sixteen or 17 persons 1789, containing 4,620 acres. The name
died here of the epidemic of 1813. This was altered to Vineyard, November 1,
township is considerably mountainous. 1802, and again altered to Isle la Motte,
Bird's mountain, in the north part, is Nov. 6, 1830. The settlement of this
high and abrupt. Ira brook rises in the town was commenced about the year
south part, runs northeasterly, and joins 1785. Among the early settlers were
Furnace brook in Clarendon. Castleton Ebenezer Hyde, Enoch Hall, Wm. Blanriver crosses the township in a westerly chard and eIhabod Fitch. The town was
direction. Mill privileges not very good. organized about the year 1790. Abraham
There are, in town, 5 school districts and Knapp was the first town clerk, and Naschool houses, 2 saw mills and 1 tavern. thaniel Wales the first representative.
Statisties of 1840.-Horses,  125; cattle, There are no streams on the island. A
703; sheep, 6,864; swine, 290; wheat, marsh extends across it from east to west,
bus. 580; barley, 56; oats, 2,305; rye, which abounds with excellent cedar.
579; Indian corn, 2,305; potatoes, 11,510; The rocks are limestone, and are extenhay, tons, 1,167; sugar, lbs. 10,962; sively quarried for building, for which
wool, 17,247. Population, 430.         purpose they answer well. The town is
IRASBURGH, a post and shire town in divided into two school districts, with a
the centre of Orleans county, is in lat. school house in each. Statistics of 1840.
44o 48', and long. 40 42', and is bounded Horses, 231; cattle, 444; sheep, 1,367;
northerly by Orleans, easterly by Barton swine, 304; wheat, bus. 3,318; barley,
and a small part of Brownington, south- 37; oats, 4,616; rye, 140; buckwheat,
erly by Albany, and westerly by Lowell, 1,415; Ind. corn, 1,717; potatoes, 6,787;
Coventry gore and a part of Newport. It hay, tons, 505; sugar, lbs. 3,141; wool,
lies 40 miles northeasterly from Montpe- 2,763. Population, 435.
lier, was chartered, to Ira Allen and his  JACKSON'S GORE, united to a part of
associates, February 23, 1781, and con- Ludlow, and formed into a township by
tains 23,040 acres. Ira Allen was the the name of Mount Holly, Oct. 31, 1792.
principal proprietor, and from him the   JAMAICA, a post township in the northtownship derives its name. The settle- western part of Windham  county, is in
ment of the township was commenced a lat. 430 5' and long. 40 11', and is boundlittle previous to the year 1800. The ed north by Windham and Londonderry,




PART Ill.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               97
JAMAICA.                             JAY.                            JERICHO,
east by Acton and Townshend, south by   JsY, a township in the northwest corWardsborough, and west by a part of ner of Orleans county, is in lat. 440 57'
Stratton and a part of Winhall. It lies and long. 4" 25', and is bounded north by
26 miles northeast from Bennington and Sutton, Can., east by Troy, south by
32 southwest from  Windsor. It was Westfield and west by Richford. It lies
chartered November 7, 1780, to Samuel 50 miles north from Montpelier, and the
Fletcher and his associates, and contains same distance northeast from Burlington.
29,017acres. The settlement was com- This township was granted March 13,
menced about the same time by William, 1780, and originally called Carthage. It
Benjamin and Caleb Howard and others was chartered to Gov. Thomas Chittenfrom Mendon, Mass., and other towns in den, November 7, 1792, by its present
its vicinity.  The town was organized name, and contains 23,040 acres. PreviSept. 3, 1781. William  H. Church was ous to the late war with Great Britain,
first town clerk, and Silas Howard, first five or six families had settled in this
representative. The religious denoniina- township, but during the war they nearly
tions are Corgregationalists and Baptists. all left it. A few families have since reThe number, in each church, is about the turned, and the settlement has been slowsame, and they have each a large and ly advancing. The eastern part of this
convenient house for public worship; that township is handsome level land, and the
of the former, erected in 1808, and that of soil good. The west line runs nearlyits
the latter, in 1817. The Rev. John Stod- whole length on a very high mountain.
dard was the first settled minister. He A number of small streams rise among the
was settled  over the  Congregational mountains in the western part, and, runchurch in 1795, and dismissed in 1798. In ning easterly, unite before they leave the
September, 1815, the Rev. Philip Spaul- township, affording several very good
ding was installed over this church, and mill privileges. Jay Peak is a very lofty
dismissed in.1829.  The Rev. Samuel summit of the western range of the Green
Kingsbury was settled May 19, 183.1, and Mountains, situated in the southwest cordismissed March 5, 1833. Elder Simeon ner of the township, and partly in MontCoombs was installed over the Baptist gomery, Westfield and Richford.  Statischurch in 1803, and left the town in 1806. tics of 1840.-Horses, 49; cattle, 315;
In 1812, there was a revival of religion, sheep, 795; swine, 200; wheat, bus. 885;
and about 60 were added to the two barley, 53; oats, 1,743; rye, 123; buckchurches. West river passes through wheat, 421; Indian corn, 268; potatoes,
this township, and, together with its 10,680; hay, tons, 650; sugar, lbs. 8,095;
tributaries, affords numerous and excel- wool, 1,112. Population, 308.
lent mill privileges. The surface of the   JERICHO, a post town in the centownship is broken and mountainous, and tral part of Chittenden county, is in lat.
the elevations rocky, but the soil is, in 44~ 27', and long. 40 4', and is bounded
general, warm and productive. A range northerly by Underhill, east by Bolton,
of primitive limestone passes throughthe south by Richmond, southwest by Willistownship, from which lime is manufactur- ton, from which it is separated by Wined in the eastern part, where there is a ooski river, and westerly by Essex. It
fine locality of dolomite. It is granular, lies 12 miles east from  Burlington, and
flexible, and of a snow white color. In a 26 northwest from  Montpelier. It was
vein of the dolomite is found the mica- chartered to Gov. Thomas Chittenden,
ceous oxyde of Iron. It is brilliant, fine and associates, June 8th, 1763, and origigrained, and the particles are separated by nally contained 27,1.10 acres. Since that
rubbing between the fingers. The prin- time a small part of Bolton has been ancipal village is situated near the centre of nexed to it, and a new township formed
the township, and contains two meeting- from this and Williston, by the name of
houses, and several stores, mills and man- Richmond. The settlement of Jericho
ufactoring establishments. They are sit- was commenced in 1774, by Messrs. Mesuated- on Bald Mountain brook, near its senger, Rood and Brown, with their famijunction with West river. There are, in lies, from the westepn part of Massachutown, ten school districts, 3 grist and 8 setts;but the settlement was mostly abansaw mills, 2 tanneries and 6 stores. Sta- doned during the revolution. Mr. Brown
tistics of 1840.-Horses, 246; cattle, 2,- settled on the flats near Underhill, on
655; sheep, 5,059; swine, 901; wheat, what is now called Brown's river. He,
bus. 1,226; barley, 124; oats, 7,632; rye, with his family, consisting of a wife, a
2,073; buck-wheat, 1,118; Indian corn, daughter, and two sons, remained unmro5,152; potatoes, 44,680; hay, tons, 3,- lested during the fore part of the revolu531; sugar, lbs. 13,531; wool, 8,tl1. tionary war, and had made stch improvePopulation, 1,5 86.                    ment on his land as to raise most of the
PT. II.              13




98g                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART WII,
JERICHO.                                                             JERICH:.necessaries of life. In the autumn of Methodists, Episcopalians, and Univer1780 the family was surprised and made salists. The Rev.Ebenezer Kingsbury was
prisofners by a party of Indians. At the settled over the Congregational church
time, a young man by the name of Olds June 22d, 1791, and dismissed May 18th,
was in the house, and made his escape to 1808. Rev. John Denison was settled
the Block house on the Winooski river, Feb. 18th, 1809, and died March 28th,
in the west part of the town. He is now  1812. Rev. Joseph Labaree was settled
living in the town of Underhill. The In- July, 1814, and dismissed in January,
dians, after securing their prisoners, kill- 1819. Rev. Luther P. Blodgett was ined the cattle, sheep, and hogs belonging stalled Sept. 19th, 1819, and dismissed in
to Mr. Brown, set the house on fire, and 1826. Rev. Hervey Smith was installed
started for Montreal. The prisoners suf- in 1828, and dismissed in 1831. Rev. E.
fered much on their journey through the W. Kellogg was installed in 1835 or'36,
woods, from fatigue and hunger, the most and dismissed in 1839. Rev. Zenas Bliss
of their food being raw bear's meat.. On was installed Dec. 1st, 1840, and is the
their arrival at St. Johns, they were sold present minister. Elder Ephraim Butler
to British officers at $8 per head, and by was pastor of the Baptist church from
them retainectas, prisoners nearly 3 years, about 1804 to 1815. Since that time Rev.
during which- time they were compelled Mr. Kimball, Rev. Mr. Graves, and Rev.
to labor for their masters, and allowed Mr. Spaulding, have each in turn been
but miserable fare. On their-returnthey settled over the Baptist church. Elder
were enabled to keep a part of their land: Isaiah Huntley is the present pastor, and
in Jericho, and: by industry and persever- has been settled about 5 years.  The
ance aeeumulated a handsome property. Methodist church have no stationed minThe two sons settled, lived, and died on ister, but have regular circuit preachthe same land where they were made pris- ing. Rev. James Babbit was ordained
oners, and were among the most respect- over the Universalist Society, and conable families in town. Their children tinued several years. The Rev. Jonathan
still own and live on a share of the same Wallace preached from 1820 to'23. There
land. Mr. Messenger settled on the Win, were special revivals here in the years
ooski river, and remained there until 1809,'14, and'21. There is a village at
June, 1776, when Gen. Ira Allen called the centre of the town, containing a good
on him to leave for his own safety. Mr. brick ehu.rch,.owned by the 1st CongreMessenger, with his family and a small gational Society,. an academy, a store, a
share of their effects, in a canoe belong- post office, together with a number of
ing to Gen. Allen, proceeded down the dwelling houses, scattered around a handriver to what is called Hubbell's falls, in some common, given by Lewis Chapin,
Essex, where they unloaded. Mr. Mes- one of the early settlers, for that purpose.
senger went over the falls in the canoe There is another flourishing village at the
without injury, except breaking in the corners, in the westerly part of the town,
bow of the canoe. He changed ends, re- containing 2 stores, a tavern, a post ofloaded, and proceeded to what has since fice, a lawyer's office, I woollen factory,
been called the Lawrence farm, where I grain mill, 2 saw mills, and a meeting
they stayed for the night. At the falls in house, built of brick, owned and occupied
Colchester they carried-their load around, by the Congregationalists and Baptists tolet the boat drift over, and arrived, safe at gether. The town is well watered with
the Lake, where an open boat was wait- springs and brooks. Winooski river washing to receive them, with others, when es the southwestern boundary. Brown's
they were transported in safety to Skenes- river enters the town: at the northeast,
boro', (now Whitehall,) and from thence from Underhill, andrruns into Essex. Litto Bennington, and were there at the bat- tie river, or Lee's brook, so called, takes
tie. Rachel, a daughter of Mr. Messen- its rise in the east, and, running near
ger, is now living in town, aged 73, and the centre of the town, unites with
is the only one of the first settlers now  Brown's river at the village, in the west
living here. On the return of peace, Mr. part of the town. Mill Brook enters the
Messenger, with his family, returned to township from Bolton, and runs into the
Jericho and settled on his old place, Winooski about halfway from Richmond
where he lived to an advanced-age, an in- to Essex. On all these-streams are good
dustrious and respectable farmer. The alluvial fats, and the mill privileges are
town was organized March 22d, 1786; good,but the best and most numerous are
Lewis Chapin was first town clerk, and on Brown's river, near the west village.
Jedediah Lane first representative. The The soil and timber is various in different
religious denominations are Congrega- parts-of the town. It is a good farming
-tionalists, Baptists, Freewill Baptists, town, and well adapted to raising most




PAIT III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              99
JOE'S BROOK.                                                         JOHNSON.
kinds of grain and grass, There are in ter. In indigent circumstances and with
town 14 school districts, each furnished anumerous family, he loaded his little all
with a school house, I academy, 2 chur- upon an old horse, and set out in search
ches, 2 woollen factories, 1 grain mill, 1 of that favourite spot which he had sestarch factory, 3 stores, 2 taverns, 3 tan- lected in his more youthful days   He
neries, 5 saw mills, one lawyer, 3 physi- had to travel nearly 70 mites through the
cians, 2 post offices, with a full share of wilderness, guided by the trees which had
mechanics. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, been marked by the scouts, and opening
291; cattle, 1,723; sheep, 5,566; swine, a path as he passed along. He depended,
569; wheat, bush. 2,412; oats, 8,246; for some time, after he arrived at Johnbuckwheat 557; Iqd. corn, 4,566; pota- son, entirely upon hunting and fishing
toes, 32,322; hay, tons, 3,222; sugar, lbs. for the support of himself and family.
11,300; wool, 13,91.5. Pop. 1,684.  L..  The next year, a family, by the name of
JoE's BROOK, or MERRIT'S RIVER, has McConnel, and several others from N. H.,
its source in Cole's pond, near the north commenced settlements here, and soon
line of Waldeni, and, running nearly south after mills were erected on the north
five miles, falls into Joe's pond in Cabot. branch, near its confluence with the rivThis pond is about three miles long, and er Lamoille. At this place are now in
in some places, near a mile wide, lying operation a stone grist mill, a saw mill,
partly in Cabot, and partly in Danville. fulling mill and carding machine. Around
At the outlet is a very considerable fall, these is a flourishing little village, conwhich makes some of the best mill seats taining 2 meeting houses, an academy
in the state. From this pond Joe's brook and a number of mechanics, merchants,
takes a southeasterly course through Dan- &c. The river Lamoille enters this townville, and falls into the Passumpsic in ship near the southeast corner, and, runBarnet. It is, in general, a rapid stream, ning westerly about two miles, through
and furnishes many excellent mill privi- a rich tract of intervale, fails over a ledge
leges. It took its names from Joe, an In- of rocks about 15 feet in height i.nto a
dian, who formerly hunted-on it, and from  basin below.  This is called.McCoxneel's
John Merritt, who made the first settle- falls. Thence it runs northwesterly over
ment on it, near itsjunction with the Pas- a bed of rocks, about 100 rods, narrowsumpsic.                               ing its channel and increasing its ve-loJoE'S POND. See Cabot and Danville.  city, when it forms a whirlpool and sinks
JOHNsoN, a post town  in the cen- under a barrier of rocks, which extends
tral part of Lamoille county, is in lat. across the river. The arch is of solid
440 40' and long. 40 19'. and is bounded rock, is about eight feet wide, and at low
northerly by Belvidere, easterly by Hyde- water, is passed over by footmen with
park, southerly by Sterling, and westerly safety. The water rises below through
by a part of Cambridge and a part of Bel- numerous apertures, exhibiting the apvidere. It is situated 28 miles north- pearance of the boiling of a pot. About
westerly from Montpelier, and the same 150 rods below this natural bridge, the
distance northeasterly from  Burlington. river receives the north branch, and benIt was granted, February 27, 1782, and ding its course westerly, leaves the townchartered to Wm. S. Johnson and others, ship near the southwest corner.  The
January 2, 1792, containing 23,040 acres. surface of this township is uneven, being
Mr. Samuel Eaton, from N. H., whose thrown into ridges, which are covered
name is recorded among the heroes of our with hemlock, spruce and hard wood.
revolution, commenced the settlement of The soil is a dark, or yellow loam, mixed
this township, in 1784.  During  the with a light sand, is easily tilled, and very
French war, before the reduction of Can- productive. The alluvial flats are conada by the British, Mr. Eaton passed siderably extensive, but back from the
through this part of the country and down river, the lands are, in some parts, rather
the river Larnoille to lake Champlain, on stoney.  In the northeastern part, has
a scout. At the commencement of the been discovered a quantity of soapstone.
revolution, he enlisted into the American Clay, of different colors, and suitable
army under Col. Beedle, and frequently for brick and earthern ware, is found in
passed  through  this township, while various places. The town contains six
scouting between Connecticut river and school districts and schoolhouses, 4 stores,
lake Champlain; and several times en- I2 taverns, 2 grist, 7 saw and I fulling mill
camped on the same flat, which he, after- and 1 carding machine, together with a
words, occupied as a farm, it being a full complement of mechanics. Statistics
beautiful tract of intervale in the westerly of 1840.-Horses, 323; cattle, 1,800;
part.  Like many other settlers of this sheep, 4,951; swine, 941; wheat, bushstate he had many difficulties to encoun- 3,144; barley, 32; oats, 8,775; rye, 109;




100                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        FART II1
JUNIPER ISLAND. KILLINGTON PEAK. KIRBY. LAMOILLE COUNTY. LAMOILLE RIVERJ
Indian corn, 2,402; potatoes, 66,405; pas Harrington, Asabel Burt, Jonathan
hay, tons, 3,487; sugar, lbs. 31,460; wool, Lewis and others, principally from New
10,585. Population, 1,410.             Hampshire and Massachusetts. The town
JOHNSON'S GORE. See.cton.           was organized August 29, 1807. Jona-'JUNIPER ISLAND is situated in lake than Lewis was the first town clerk, and
Champlain, three miles southwestof Bur- Theophilus Grout was the first represenlington. It contains about a dozen acres tative. The epidemic of 1813 was very
of very good land, the general surface of mortal here, 21 dying this year, many of
which is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the them heads of families. The town has
level of the lake, and it is surrounded up- since been remarkably healthy. A small
on all sides by a steep precipitous bank. Congregational chur   was formnned here
It is composed of slate rock with the seams about the year- 1812, and now consists of
filled with calcareous spar, through which 45 members. There are also some Bapruns a curious dyke of trap rock from 1  tists, Freewill Baptists, and Methodists.
to 2 feet wide in a direction nearly from  The surface of the town is uneven, and,
west to east. A light house was built in many places, ledgy or swampy. There
here in 1826. [See Part II, page 216.] are, however, some tracts of very good
The distance from the light house to the land. There are no considerable streams.
south wharf in Burlington is 3 miles 48 Near the centre of the township is a small
rods. The island is supposed to have re- pond, from which issues a brook, on which
ceived its -name in consequence of the a saw mill was formerly erected. The
growth of large quantities of Juniper town is well watered with springs and
(Juniperus communis,) upon it.        brooks. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 171;
KELLYVALE. Name altered to Lowell, cattle, 1,061; sheep, 3,287; swine, 587;
Nov. 1, 1831. See Lowell.             wheat, bus. 2,370; barley, 733; oats,
KEMPTON, a New York grant, located 7,268; rye, 205; buckwheat, 401; Indian
where Orange now is.                  corn, 1,020; potatoes, 29,435; hay, tons.,
KII,LINGTON. Name altered to Sher- 1,887; sugar, lbs. 8,142; wool, 4,547.
burne, Nov. 4, 1800. See Shlerburne.   Population, 520.
KILLINGTON PEAK is a summit of the   KNIGHT's GORE, or KNOWLTON'S GORE.
Green Mountains in the south part of Constituted a township by the name of
Sherburne. Its height, according to the Bakersfield, October 25, 1792.
admeasurement of Capt. A. Partridge, is   KNOWLTON'S LAKE, a considerable body
3,924 feet above tide water. It is the of water nearlyon thelinebetween Brighmost northerly of the two similar peaks ton and Wenlock, from which issues the
situated near each other. The south peak principal head branch of Clyde river.
is the highest; is in Shrewsbury, and is   LAMOILLE COUNTY lies between lat. 440~
called Shrewsbury Peak.                24' and 44~ 46' and long. 40 7' and 40 34',
KINGLAND, a New York grant, located and is bounded north by Franklin and
where the town of Washington now is. Orleans counties, east by Orleans and
It was constituted the shire town of Washington, south by Washington and
Gloucester county, by the legislature of Chittenden, and west by Chittenden and
New York, and a log jail erected, which Franklin. Its extent is about 27 miles
gave name to jail branch in Washington. from north to south, and nearly the same
KINGSTON. Name altered to Granville, from east to west, and itcontains about 420
Nov. 6, 1834. See Granville.          square miles. It was incorporated from
KIRBY, a town in the east part of Cale- the adjoining counties October 26, 1835.
donia county, is in lat. 44~ 29' and long. Hydepark is the shire town. The county
5~ 4', and is bounded north by Burke, is watered wholly by the river Lamoille
northeast and southeast by Bradleyvale, and its branches, and alone this river are
southwest by St. Johnsbury and west by some fine tracts of intervale. No settleLyndon.  It lies 30 miles north from  ments were made in this county till after
Newbury, and 36 northeast from Mont- the revolution. The supreme court sits
pelier; was granted October 20, 1786, and in this county on the 10th Tuesday after
chartered to Roswell Hopkins, by the the 4th Tuesday in January, and the
name of Hopkinsville, October 27, 1790, county court on the 2d Tuesday in June
containing 11,264 acres.  Since, 2,527 and December. Statistics of 1840.-Horsacres have been taken from Burke and es, 2,597; cattle, 16,555; sheep, 40,921 
annexed to this township. The settle- swine, 7,287; wheat, bus. 21,070; barley,
ment of this township was commenced 477; oats, 70,727; rye, 1,604; buckwheat,
about the year 1799, by Phinehas Page 763; Indian corn, 28,483; potatoes, 472,and Theophilus Grout, who were soon 563; hay, tons, 29,616; sugar, lbs. 295,after joined by Josiah Joslin, Jude White, 476; wool, 85,595. Population, 10,388.
Jonathan Leach, Ebenezer Damon, Anti-   LAMOILLE RIVER formerly originated




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             101
LANDGROVE. -                                                    LAPLOT RIYER.
from a pond in the southeast corner of aged 66 years, and his widow, in FebruaGlover. See Glove?. It is now formed ry, 1811, aged 86. The town was organby the union of several streams in Greens- ized in March, 1800. Daniel Tuthill was
borough, and, after running southwesterly first town clerk, and David Carpenter first
into Hardwick, pursues a northwesterly representative, both chosen that year.
course till it flls into lake Champlain, in There is a small society of Methodists,
the northwest corner of Colchester. This and a few of other denominations.  The
river is joined in Hardwick by a consid- streams are several of the head branches
erable stream, which issues from Caspian of West river. Salmon formerly came up
lake in Greensborough, in Wolcott by to this place, from the Connecticut, and
Green river from Hydepark, in Johnson were taken with spears. One was drivby little North branch, in Cambridge by en on shore by a dog and caught. An
great North branch, and in Fairfax by excellent road, leading from Chester to
Brown's river. The current of the river Manchester, passes through the township,
Lamoille is, in general, slow and gentle on which a mail stage runs regularly
above Cambridge.  Between this town- every day in the week, except Sunday.
ship and the lake are a number of consid- There are here 3 school districts and
erable falls. Alone this river are some school houses, 3 saw mills, 1 store and 1
very beautiful and fertile tracts of inter- tavern. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 72;
vale. It is not quite so large as the Wi- cattle, 555; sheep, 1,191; swine, 155;
nooski and Missisco. It is said to have wheat, bush. 320; barley, 76; oats 375;
been discovered by Champlain, in 1609, rye, 145; buckwheat, 728; Indian corn,
and called by him la mouette, the French 716; potatoes, 13,550; hay, tons, 1,204;
for mew, or gall, a species of water fowl, sugar, lbs. 6,780; wool, 2,350. Popuwhich were very numerous about the lation, 345.
mouth of this stream. In Charlevoix's   LAPLOT RIVER. This stream  rises in
map of the discoveries in North America, the southeastern part of Hinesburgh,.and,
published in 1744, it is called la riviere a running northwesterly through a corner
la Mouelle, probably a mistake of the en- of Charlotte, and through Shelburne, falls
graver in not crossing the t's. Thus to into the head of Shelburne Bay. It is a
the mere carelessness of a French engra- small stream, about 15 miles in length,
ver are we indebted for the smooth, melo- and affords several mill sites. Respecting
dious sounding name Lamoille.          the origin of the name of this stream, traLANDGROVE, a post town in the north- dition has handed down the following stoeast corner of Bennington county, is in ries. In the fall of 1775, a party of Inlat. 430 16' and long. 4" 12', and is bound- dians was discovered, making their way
ed north by  Weston, east by  Wes- up Shelburne Bay, in their bark canoes.
ton and Londonderry, south by a part of' From the head of the bay they proceeded
Londonderry, and west by Peru. It lies about 100 rods up this stream and landed
33 miles northeast from Bennington, and on the west side; and, having drawn their
70 south from Montpelier; was granted canoes on shore and concealed  them
the 6th and chartered the 8th of Novem- among the bushes, they proceeded cauber, 1780, to William Utley and others, tiously forward for the purpose of surpricontaining 4,646 acres. The settlement sing and plundering the settlement, which
was commenced by William  Utley and was about halfa mile distant. Their mofamily, consisting of a wife and six chil- tions having been watched and the alarm
dren, in June, 1769, emigrants from Ash- spread among the settlers, the men were
ford, Conn. Mr. Utley had, the prece- mustered to the number of ten, and a conding year, purchased 40 rights of land in sultation was held with regard to the
Peru, which was represented to him, as course to be pursued. Concluding that
lying west of Andover, and adjoining that the Indians, if vigorously attacked, would
township. From  Chester, where about make a precipitate retreat to their canoes,
20 families had settled, he cut his road it was agreed that three of their number
before him, 14 miles into the wilderness, should proceed to their place of landing
till he arrived at a branch of West river, and disable their canoes, by cutting slits
where he commenced his settlement. For through the bark in various places, and
some time he had to bring provisions for then conceal themselves near by and
the support of his family from Connecti- await the result; while the other seven
cut river, distant about 30 miles. Find- should make a furious and tumultuous
ing that Peru did not join Andover, and assault upon the enemy, who had already
that the lands on which he had settled, commenced their work of plunder. The
were ungranted, he petitioned the legisla- plot succeeded beyond their most santure, and obtained a charter of them, as guine expectations. The onset of the
above stated. He died in March, 1790, seven, favored by the approach of night,




102                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
LEECIIS STREAM.                   LEICESTER.                       LEMINGTON.
was made with so much show and spirit, town clerk, and John Smith first repreas to lead the Indians to suppose that sentative. The Methodist society is the
they were assailed by a force far superior most numrerous. There are some Bapto their own, and that their only ehance tists, Congregationalists, and Universalof escape consisted in a hasty retreat to ists.  Thie principal streams are Otter
their canoes. They accordingly betook creek and Leicester river. The former
themselves to flight, and, being closely runs through the township near the west
pursued, when they reached their landing side, and the latter runs across the northplace, they seized their canoes, hurried west corner, and falls into Otter creek.
them into the stream, and leaped on board The current of these streams is very slow,
with the utmost precipitation. But what and they furnish, in this township, no
-was their surprise when they found their sites for mills. Lake Dunmore lies part-canoes were disabled and were all filling ly in this township, and partly in Salisbu-with water!  In this forlorn condition ry. There are two other ponds; one, a
they were attacked by the three men, little south of lake Dunmore, is I of a mile
who had lain concealed on the bank, and long, and half a mile wide, and is called
the pursuing party soon coming to their Little Pond, and the other, a little west:aid, the Indians were all shot, while strug- of lake Dunmore, is about a mile in cirgling to keep themselves afloat, or sunk cumference, and is called Mud Pond.
to rise no more-not an individual being There is also a pond east of lake Dun~allowed to escape to tell to their kindred more, and east of a range of the Green
the tale of wo. This well contrived and Mountains, which abounds in excellent
successful stratagem gave name to Laplot trout. The other ponds furnish bull heads,
(theplot) River. So says tradition. An- perch, and trout. The principal eleva-other and more probable account of the tion is a branch of the Green Mountains,.origin of this name is, that, during the co- running through the eastern part, called
lonial wars and before any settlements Bald hill. The soil is arich, sandy loam,
were made in these parts, an ambush interspersed  with some flats of clay.
was formed near the mouth of this stream  Alongr the river are valuable tracts of in-for an English scouting party which was tervale. In approaching the mountain toexpected that way, but the scout getting wards the east, the soil becomes harder
information of the plot, managed to sur- and less productive. Statisticsof 1840.prise anddefeat the liers-in-wait, and to Horses, 113; cattle, 726; sheep, 5,531
slaighter the greater part of their number, swine, 325; wheat, bush. 772; oats, 3,and hence the name La Plot. But these 175; rye, 863; buckwheat, 24; In. corn,
traditions to the contrary notwithstanding, 3,321; potatoes, 10,960; hay, tons, 4,600;
this river undoubtedly tookits name from  sugar, lbs. 820; wool, 12,900. Populathe point in the west part of Shelburne, tion, 602.
called on the early French maps Pointe au   LEMINGTON, a township in the northPldtre or Plaster Point. It was formerly eastern part of Essex county, is in lat. 44~
often written La Platte.               53' and long. 5~ 22', and is bounded norLEECH'S STREAM, proceeds from a small therly by Canaan, easterly by Connectipond in the north part of Averill, and runs cut river, which separates it from Coleabout northeast across the west part of brook, N. H., southerly by Bloomfield,
Canaan, and falls into Leech's pond, and westerly by Averill. It lies 64 miles
which is about 2 miles wide and 3 long, northeast from Montpelier, and was charand lies about halfin Canada and half in tered June 29, 1762, containing 23,040
Vermont. From  this pond the stream  acres. The settlements in this township
runs nearly east about 3 miles, then south- are mostly confined to the margin of Coneast into Connecticut river. Its mouth necticut river.  There are three large
is nearly 2 rods wide.                 brooks running through the township,
LEICESTER, a small post town in the which are tributaries to the Connecticut,
south part of Addison county, is in lat. 43o on one of which is a cascade of 50 feet.
51' and long. 40 0', and is bounded north The most northerly of these streams is
by Salisbury, east by Goshen,-south by called Willard's brook. The Monadnoc
Brandon, and west by Whiting. It lies mountain of Vermont lies in the north9 miles south from Middlebury, and 36 east corner of this township. The town
southwest from Montpelier; and was char- is divided into 2 school districts, and contered Oct. 20, 1761. The settlement was tains 2 saw mills. Statistics of 1840.commenced in 1773, by Jeremiah Parker, Horses, 44; cattle, 266; sheep, 483;
from  Massachusetts.  The settlement, swine, 126; wheat, bush. 294; barley, 65;
however, made but little progress till af- oats, 1,120; buckwheat, 1,112; In. corn,
ter the revolution. The town wasorgan- 163; potatoes, 7,470; hay, tons, 503; suized in 1786. Ebenezer Child was first gar,lbs. 1,650; wool, 757. Population,124.




PART 111.               GAZITTEtA  OF VERMONT.                           105
LEMONFAIR RIVER.            LEWIS CREEK.-LINCOLN.               LONDONDERRY.
LEMONFAIR RIVER, is a branch of Ot- cattle, 880; sheep, 3,094; swine, 382;
ter creek, which rises in Whiting and Or- wheat, bu. 860; oats, 2150; rye, 120; buckwell, runs through the eastern part of wheat, 187; Indian corn, 1,080; potatoes,
Shoreham, across the southeast corner of 20,400; hay, tons, 650; sugar, lbs. 29,510;
Bridport, and joins Otter creek in Wey- wool, 9,000. Population, 770.
bridge. There are some mill seats near   LITTLE OTTER CREEK rises in Monkthe head of this river, but it is, in general, ton and New HaVen, and falls into lake
a very sluggish, muddy stream. The fol- Champlain in Ferrisburgh, three miles
lowing is the account given of the name north of the mouth of Otter creek. This
of thisstream.  As some of the early set- stream  towards its mouth is wide and
tiers were coming into this part of the sluggish, and runs through a tract of low,
country, they arrived  at this muddy marshy ground. It affords but few mill
stream, and seeing the difficulty of cross- privileges.
ing it, an old woman of the company ex-   LITTLETON. Name altered to Waterclaimed, " It is a lam-en-ta-ble affair," ford, March 9, 1797. See Waterfor-d.
and this exclamation, contracted into Le-  LocvsT CREEK is a small mill stream
monfair, became ever afterwards the name which rises in Barnard, and falls into
of the stream.                         White river in Bethel. It is, in general,
LEWIS, an uninhabited township six a rapid stream, and affords several good
miles square in the northern part of Essex mill seats.
county, bounded northeasterly by Averill,   LONDONDERRY, a post town in the
southeasterly by Bloomfield, southwester- northwest corner of Windham county, is
ly by Wenlock, and northwesterly by in lat. 440 7' and long. 40 19', andc is
Avery's gore. It was chartered June 29, bounded north by Weston and a part of
1762. It is mountainous, and has no Landgrove, east by Windham, south by
streams of consequence, excepting the Jamaica, and west by Landgrove.  It
north branch of Nulhegan river which lies 30 miles northeast from Benningtoncrosses the northeast corner.          and 27 southwest from  Windsor. This,
LEWIS CREEK rises near the north line township was chartered Feb. 30, 1770, by
of Bristol, runs north through the western New-York, by the name of Kent. InD
part of Starksborough and eastern part of 1778, the lands were confiscated on acMonkton, into Hinesburgh, thence west- count of James Rogers, the principal proerly through the south part of Hinesburgh prietor, becoming a tory, and leavingand the southeast corner of Charlotte, and the country. It was regranted by thefalls into lake Champlain in Ferrisburgh, government of Vermont, March 16, 1780,.
a short distance north of the mouth of and chartered to Edward Aiken, April 20,
Little Otter creek. The mill privileges of the same year. In the years 1795 and
on this stream are numerous, and many 97, James Rogers, jr., petitioned the Leof them excellent.                     gislature, and obtained all the confiscatLINCoLN, a post town in the northeast- ed land, which remained unsold. Theern part of Addison county, is in lat. 440 settlement of the township was commen7' and long. 40 5', and bounded north by ced about the year 1774, by James Rogers,
Starksborough and Fayston, east by War- S. Thompson and James Patterson, fromn
ren, south by Avery's gore, and west by Londonderry, N. H. There are here X
Bristol, It lies 21 miles southwest from  Baptist, a Congregational and a Methodist
Montpelier, and 28 southeast from Bur- church, all of which are small. Elder Dalington.; was granted November 7, and vid Sweet was ordained over the Baptist
chartered November 9, 1780, to Benjamin church in June, 1820. The Congregation>Simonds and associates, containing 23,040 alists have a meeting-house, erected: inr
acres. The settlement of this township 1813. The epidemic of 1812 and'13 waswas commenced about the year 1790. very mortal. West river enters the town —
The first settlers were mostly of the de- ship from Weston, and passes through it
nomination called Friends, or Quakers. in a southerly direction into Jamaica.
There is, at present, a society of this or- West river receives here Winhall river
der who have a house for public, worship. and Utley brook from the west and a conThe township is considerably  uneven. siderable mill stream  which originates
The western part is watered by New Ha- from a pond in Windham. Mill privileges
yen river, which is formed here; and sev- are numerous. In the south part is a bed
eral small. branches of Mad river rise in of very fine clay  There are here two
the eastern. part. The timber is princi- small villages. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
pally hard wood with some tracts of 251; cattle, 2,081; sheep, 4,206; swine,.
spruce. The town: is divided into 4 school 796; wheat, bus. 1,066; barley, 971; oats,,
districts, and contains I store and 7 saw  9,753; rye, 1,103; buck-wheat, 1,039;
mills. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 155; Indian corn, 2,164; potatoes, 41,579;;




104                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
LOWELL.                                                              LUD LOW.
hay, tons, 3,422; sugar, lbs. 21,076; wool, is almost exclusively spruce and hemlock.
9,197. Population, 1,216.              The serpentine is accompanied with beauLONGO POND. See Glover.              tiful,precious serpentine and an aLundance
LOWELL, a post town in the western of very fine asbestus and amianthus. The
part of Orleans county, is in lat. 440 47' river passes through the range and also the
and long. 40 21', and is bounded north by principal road leading from Craftsbury to
Troy, Westfield, Coventry gore and a Montreal, near the centre of the township,
part of Montgomery, southeast by Iras- where the serpentine forms a considerable
burgh and Albany, southwest by Eden precipice. Near the line between Lowand Belvidere, and westerly by Avery's ell and Westfield, and buta few rods from
gore. It lies 36 miles north from Mont- the road leading to Troy, the serpentine
pelier, and 42 northeast from Burlington. forms another bluff, called Serpentine hill.
It was granted March 5, 1787, and char- At both these places asbestus is plenty.
tered to John Kelly, by the name of Kel- Chlorite, and chlorite slate are common,
lyvale, June 7, 1791, containing 39,000 and also an inferior species of steatite, or
acres. November 1, 1831, the name was soapstone. Bitter spar of a fine quality,
altered to Lowell. During the revolu- talc and magnetic iron are found in contionary war Col. Hazen, attempting to nexionwith the serpentine. Puddingstone
open a road from Connecticut river to St. is found on the bank of the Missisco river.
Johns in Canada, proceeded with a part The best road from Burlington to Stanof his regiment as faras thistownship,and stead passes through this town. There
encamped, for some days, on the flat near is a pleasant little village near the centre
the Missisco river. The road was made from which there is a fine view of Hazen's
passable from Peacham to this place, and Notch. The town contains 2 stores, 1
was cut but not cleared several miles fur- grist and 3 saw mills.-Statistics of 1840.
ther. The first permanent settlement Horses, 72; cattle, 584; sheep, 1,074;
was made here by Maj. Win. Caldwell, swine, 348; wheat, bus. 591; barley, 96;
in April, 1806. The town was organized oats, 2,444; rye, 299; buckwheat, 1,610;
March 31,1812, and Abel Curtis was first Indian corn, 397; potatoes, 22,417; hay,
town clerk. Asahel Curtis was the first tons, 1,084; sugar, lbs. 14,635; wool,
representative, and Win. Caldwell, Ashael 2,107. Population, 431.
Curtis and John Harding, the first select-   LUDLOW, a post town situated in the
men. The first company of Militia was southwestern part of Windsor county,
organized in June, 1819, and commanded borders on the west upon the Green
by Capt. Horatio Walker. The Missisco Mountains, and contains within its limits
river originates in a small pond nearly on the eastern declivity of a lofty summit
the line between this township and Eden, known as the "Centre Mountain."  It
and, taking a northerly course and receiv- is bounded north by Plymouth, east by
ing a number of considerable tributaries, Cavendish and Chester, south by Andoenters Westfield near its southeast corner. ver and Weston, and its western line pasSeveral of these tributaries are sufficient ses for about nine miles along the ridge of
for mills, and the river is increased by highlands which separate Windsor and
them to considerable magnitude, formingc  Rutland counties, and form the boundary
meadows of considerable extent and fertil- between Ludlow and Mount Holly. The
ity, before leaving the township.  Al- town is irregular in its form, the greatest
though encompassed by mountains on all length being from north to south, and the
sides, except the northeast, much of the extreme width from east to west, south of
township is handsome land, easy to till the centre, and contains about 30 square
and generally productive. It is timbered miles. As originally chartered it embramostly with hard wood, with some tracts ced the eastern halfofwhatis now Mount
of spruce and hemlock, and on the flats Holly, which, with the eastern half of
now and then a valuable pine. At the Wallingford, was afterwards made a sepgrist mill of Asahel Curtis near the cen- arate township. The charter bears date
tre of the township, the whole river pas- Sept. 16, 1761, but no attempt was made
ses through a hole in the solid rock. This at commencing a settlement until 1784-5,
natural Bridge is situated at the foot of a when Josiah and Jesse Fletcher, Simeon
fall in the river of about ten feet. The Read, and James Whitney, emigrants
top of the bridge is about three feet wide, from Massachusetts, removed within the
and the same distance from the surface of limits of the township, and began their
the water, and under it the water is 15 clearings upon the alluvial flats bordering
feet deep. A range of serpentine passes upon Black River. The only relics of
through this township in a northeasterly  Indian ownership ever discovered within
direction, and through the corner of West- the town are those common throughout
field into Troy. The timber on this range the state. No remarkable  events or




PiAT III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              105
LUDLOW.                                                              LUDLOW.
transactions,except the hardships common previous to their organization they were
tothe settlers ofevery new country, char- considered a branch of the Cavendish
acterized the early settlement ofthis place.,church, and were supplied with preachThe settlers were hardy and industrious, ing from that town, although the memand the obstacles of nature, the unbroken bers were many of them communicants
forests, and the miasmas of a newly open- with the churches in Andover and Chesed country were gradually overcome, un- ter. At their organization in 1825 they
til, in 1792, the town was organized, Jes- numbered 50 members. The formation
se Fletcher being chosen first town clerk, of the second Baptist church took place
and Peter Read, afterwards, for many in 1834, and had its origin in the temperyears pastor of the Congregational church ance movement of that period. In 1840
and society, first representative. There they numbered 147 members, and in the
are in town a Congregationalist, a Meth- present year they have completed and
odist, a Universalist, and two Baptist soci- dedicated a new and elegant house of
eties. The Congregational was tl*e ear- worship. The Universalist society was
liest organized. In the summer of the organized in 1835, and occupy a very
year 1792 it was first proposed by some few  beautiful church erected by them in 1836.
of the sparse population to commence a In addition to the houses of worship above
meeting for public worship on the Sab- mentioned, there is one in town erected
bath. It was accordingly done, and con- in 1819 as a union house, and owned, as
tinued until the following winter, when were the first churches in nearly every
it was discontinued. It was again resu- town, incommon by thedifferent denomimed the following spring, and so contin- nations.
ned, with the exception of the winter sea-   The Black River Academy, a literary
sons, for several years. In the year 1803 institution, chartered by the legislature in
the organization of a church was first pro- 1835, is located here. The building occuposed, but time was needed for consulta- pies a commanding situation near the
tion, and the formation of i suitable plan, centre of the village, and for beauty of
and articles of faith, and it was not until prospect is unrivalled by any place in the
Sept. 1806, that its organization wascom- vicinity.  A very respectable apparatus
pleted. It then consisted of twenty-four is attached to it, and it bids fair to stand
members. They held monthly conferences among the first of the academical instituand  were occasionally  supplied  with tions in the state. A town library has
preaching from other towns, until 1810, been commenced by the public spirit of
when Rev. Peter Read became their pas- the inhabitants, numbering now  about
tor. He was one of the first members of 300 volumes. The town is divided into
the church, was elected to the office of 15 school districts, each provided with
deacon in 1806, and in that capacity con- convenient buildings for the accommodaducted their meetings until 1808, when tion of schools.
he was licensed to preach by the Rutland   The village is pleasantly situated near
Association. From his ordination in 1810 the centre of the town, on both sides of
he continued their pastor until 1826, when Black river, and in 1837 numbered 765
the infirmities of age compelled him to re- inhabitants. It contains 4 stores, doing
sign his charge. An eminently good and the business of the town, and of an extenpious man, his many virtues and long life sive section of country centering here,
of usefulness endeared him as a father to 2 large woollen manufacturing establishthe citizens of the town, and the members ments, a grist and saw mill, mechanics to
of his church. The society occupied for supply the population of many miles
many years the church built by the first about, and nearly 100 dwelling houses.
settlers, a rough and old fashioned buil- There is another small village in the east
ding, but in 1839 they erected a new and part of the town, containing a comb mancommodious house. The Baptist church ufactory, doing a flourishing business, a
was not organized until 1825, although mill for grinding whetstones, and several
they had had stated meetings, and been mechanics.
supplied with preaching for many years   Black river passes through the cenprevious. As early as 1806there were in tre of the town, and has many valuatownthirteenofthatdenomination. Their ble mill seats; in the upper part of its
meetings at that time were frequent, and course it widens into four large basins,
usually  held in private houses. They the largest in Ludlow being nearly circuwere for several years conducted by Benj. lar, and one mile in diameter, known as
Pierce, not an ordained minister, but the Ludlow and Plymouth ponds. In the
whose memory has come down to us as north west corner of the town is the
that of a spirited and devoted, as well as "Tiney pond," several hundred feet above
suocessful preacher.  For many years the level of the river, and nearly half a
PT. III.       14




106                   GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                         PART II!.
LUDLOW.                                                              LUDLOW.
mile in diameter. No stream supplies it, their present level in the bed of the
but a small rivulet passes from it, tumb- stream, and from the successive tiers of
ling from one rock to another in its rug- alluvial table lands, which, at different
ged course, until, after passing half a heights, and successively increasing dismile, it empties into the largest Ludlow  tances from the river, now furnish the
pond. The only fish it contains is that most fertile land in the town. In the
commonly called the horn pout. There southern part of the village is a curious
is another large collection of water in the elevation of earth, whose formation can
western part of the town, and several ex- only be accounted for by supposing that
tensive bogs upon both sides of the river, at this point two streams once mingled
now presenting only a surface of mud, their waters in the lake, forming an eddy,
covered many feet deep with moss, but and depositing the gravel and soil which
evidently once the bed of mountain ponds. the fall and spring rains would loosen
These bogs afford the botanist many rare from the surrounding hills. And, in fact,
and curious varieties of shrubs and flow- the conformation of the country about
ers. The soil upon the river is alluvial, shows that once a stream came from the
and throughout the town is fertile, and northwest, in what is now the channel of
well adapted for grazing and cultivation. Black river, and another from the south,
The timber is mostly hard wood, the va- between the range of "Centre" and
rieties of maple, beech, birch and ash.'" South mountains" and " Bear hill," in
The declivity of Centre mountain abounds what is now  the channel of " Jewell
in spruce and hemlock, and the two high- ICrook" so called, and mingled their waest of the table lands in town were found ters at this very point. This elevation,
at its first settlement heavily wooded with called in common parlance the " Hog
a growth of pine of the largest size. The back," is about 75 feet in height, 40 rods
prevailing rock is mica slate, and, imbed- in length from east to west, and with just
ded in masses, or forming independent thickness enough from north to south to
boulders, are found the white, ferrugi- admit a narrow foot path upon its sumnous and smoky quartz, black and green mit, and as steep as the earth and stones
hornblende, and steatite, with localities will lie, while on every side it stands perof ligniform asbestos, its strands from 12 fectly  detached from  the neighboring
to 24 inches in length, plumbago, galena, hills, and surrounded by alluvial flats.
and garnet. In the western part of the Its composition is earth, pebbles, and
town, are quarries of the carbonate min- small stones, all rounded evidently by the
gled with the sulphate of lime, and con- action of water, and without any of the
taining beautiful specimens of calcareous angular points and sharp corners found
spar. In the eastern border is a lofty on stones freshly detached from their narange of serpentine, containing the harder tive ledge, and arranged in regular strata
varieties of asbestos, talc and hornstone, consisting of alternate layers of earth,
and forming, near the line of Cavendish, sand and pebbles, dipping at an angle
that most beautiful variety of marble corresponding with the sides of the hill.
known by the name of the verd antique. Below Duttonsville, in Cavendish, three
Limestone and serpentine mingle, and miles below the point where the serpenproduce every possible shade of green, tine range crosses the stream, is anothfrom the lightest grass to an almost per. er of those rocky barriers which once
feet black, and these shades running into dammed up the waters of Black river.
each other in a most pleasing and appar- The water has there worn its bed an hunently never ending variety. By the per- dred feet deep through cliffs of mica slate,
severance and energy of Mr. I. Hills, for nearly a mile, leaving traces of its
quarries have been opened, and tables, tremendous effort in the huge and disfire-places, and other articles produced jointed masses of rock, the ragged and
which bid fair to rival the productions of overhanging cliffs which present themany state. This range of serpentine un- selves upon both sides of its channel
doubtedly once formed the eastern barrier throughout the whole course: —while,
of a large body of water, whose waves commencing at the head of the present
rolled  over the central part of Ludlow, rapids, and passing off southerly through
and all that portion of Plymouth extend- a portion of Chester into Springfield,
ing from the line of Ludlow to the source through what is now the gulf road, to the
of Black river. That such a collection of latter town, are traces of the ancient bed
water once existed, and that it was of the river, consisting of cliffs and large
drained by the wearing away of the ser- masses of stone, worn deep in various
pentine range through a long course of places, and presenting large and numeryears is evident from traces of the action  ous cavities, evidently the result of the
of water upon the rocks, many feet above action of pebbles whirled by the eddies of




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              107
LUNENBURGH.                                                      LUNENBURGH.
the stream.  The highest of the table David Hopkins was first town clerk. The
lands in Ludlow, of which there are three religious denominations are Congregaelevations, was undoubtedly formed by tionalists, Baptists and Methodists. The
the lake while in its original form; and Congregational church in Lunenburgh
the successive disruptions of the serpen- was organized in 1802, and then consisttine range, before mentioned, and the ed of 16 members. The male members
barrier at the head of Dutton's falls, of the society for settling and supporting
would easily account for the formation of a minister of this order, amounted to 26,
the two lower tiers.                   and in the spring of the next year they
Iron ore of the purest kind, and equal settled the Rev. John Willard for their
to the Franconia ore, has been found on pastor. He continued his connexion with
" Bear Hill," a lofty eminence in the them till the spring of' 1822, but did not
southwest corner of the town; and, min- preach constantly during several of the
gled with the common ore, are found last years. On the 16th of July of this
masses of the native magnet, beautiful year, they settled the Rev. Anson Hubspecimens of the specular and micaceous bard, who was dismissed July 6, 1825,
oxydes, and the sulphuret of iron. On and was succeeded January 10, 1827, by
the serpentine range, in the south east Jeremiah Glines, the present minister.
corner of the town, are found masses of Their meeting house was erected about
chlorite, containing the magnetic oxyde 1789. The Rev. E. L. Clark is minister
of iron in handsome octaedral chrystals. of the Baptist society, and the Rev. E.
Separate them  from their bed, and the Petingill of the Methodist. The latter
magnet of Bear Hill will pick them up in built a house of worship in 1839. The
any quantity. Isolated, but most elegant Baptists also erected a small meetingspecimens of cacholong, amethyst, and house many years ago. The dysentary
epidote in chrystals, have been also was very mortal here in 1822, as was the
found.                                 canker rash in 1832. Some part of this
Bears are still common upon the moun- township is extremely stoney, particutain: deer are occasionally seen; the larly the southwestern, next to Concord,
wolf and wild cat, in the earlier period of where the ground is almost wholly coverthe settlement, abounded in the forests, ed with detached rolling masses of gray
and the otter in the streams. The woods granite. The earth  to a considerable
are still well stored with game of the depth appears to be a diluvial formation,
smaller kinds, and the ponds and brooks consisting of rounded masses of granite
are the resort of fishermen for miles. Sta- imbedded in clay and gravel. The north
tistics of 1840.-Horses. 277; cattle, 1,906; eastern part is less stoney and presents a
sheep, 4,861; swine, 693; wheat, bus. valuable farming country, particularly
1,385; barley, 93; oats, 7,821; rye, 583; the flats along the river, which are a deep
buckwheat, 643; Indian corn, 3,060; po- alluvial deposit and  very  productive.
tatoes, 23,626; hay, tons, 3,600; sugar, The timber is generally hard wood. The
lbss. 5,154; wool, 9,069. Population, 1363. road from Danville to Guildhall passes
Oct., 1841.               P. T. W.   through  this town.  Connecticut river
LUNENBURGH, a post town in Essex waters the southeastern part of the towncounty, is in lat. 44~ 28' and long. 5~ 15', ship, and near the south corner comcontaining 46 square miles. It lies 45 miles mences the Fifteen mile falls. Its other
east northeast from Montpelier, is bound- waters are ~Aeal's pond near the centre of
ed northwest by Victory, northeast by the town, which is about a mile long and
Guildhall, southeast by Connecticut riv- half a  mile wide, and NJeal's branch,
er, southwest by Concord, and isopposite which passes through it, and Catbow
to Dalton, in N. II. It was chartered branch which rises in Guildhall and runs
July 5, 1763, and granted to David Page, through the east corner into Connecticut
Jonathan Grout and others. It is difficult river. These are both considerable mill
to determine the precise time when the streams. The inhabitants are industrious
first settlement of this town was com- and enterprising. The town is divided
menced. The settlement which was be- into 11 school districts, which are fuirnishgun in the lower part of Guildhall about ed with school houses. There are 2 stores,
the year 1764 was long thought to be in 1 tavern, 1 grist and 3 saw mills, 1 fulthis township; and one of the farms, ly- ling mill, 1 carding machine, 2 tanneries,
in a bow of Connecticut river, which was I starch factory, 2 clover mills, &c.first occupied, still bears the name of the Statistics of 1740.-Horses, 325; cattle,
"Lunenburgh farm."  This town was 1,888; sheep, 3,549; swine, 917; wheat,
probably settled as early as 1770, and was bush. 3,308; barley, 462; oats, 11,960;
organized'"at a meeting of the major rye, 761;  buckwheat, 1,086; Indian
part of the inhabitants, Sept. 11, 1781." corn, 1,628; potatoes, 81,630; hay, tons,




108                   GAZETTEER  OF VERMONT.                        PART IfI.
LYNDON.                           MAD RIVER.                       MAIDSTONE'
3,558; sugar, lbs. 18,210; wool, 6,147. mills. At the Great falls in the PasPopulation, 1,130.                     sumpsic, near the south part of the town,
LUTTERLOH. Name altered toAlbany, the water descends about 65 feet in the
Oct. 30, 1315. See.dlbany.            distance of 30 rods. At the Little falls
LYN'DON, a post township in Caledonia one mile above,the water descends 18 feet,
county, is situated in lat. 44~ 22' and affording excellent situations for mills and
long. 40 58', containing 23,040 acres, or water machinery.'Agraric mineral is
36 square miles. It is 34 miles northeast- found in this towrlship, forming the boterly from  Montpelier, and is bounded tom of two ponds of several acres in exnorth by Sutton and Burke, east by Kir- tent. It is white and soft, soils the finby, south by St. Johnsbury and west by gers and may be used instead of chalk,
Wheelock. This town was surveyed be- which it resembles, but is much less comfore any of the towns around it and was pact. It has been employed for all the
laid exactly square. Hence its regularity purposes to which Spanish white is appliand the irregularity of those adjacent. It ed; and, also, for white-washing. The
was granted Nov.2, and chartered Nov.20, thickness of the beds has not yet been
1780, to Jonathan Arnold and his asso- ascertained.' Lyndon is a very valuable
ciates.  The  settlement of the town township. Its soil is a rich loam, free
was commenced by Daniel Cahoon, jr. from stone, easy to cultivate and very
in April, 1788. He continued here with productive. At " Lyndon Corner " is a
several workmen till the ensuing fall, neat and pleasant village containing an
when he returned to Windham, N. H. academy, meeting-houses, &c. and there
his former place of residence, to pass the is a meeting-house near the centre of the
winter. In the spring he again returned, town. There are 4 stores, 8 saw, 2 grist
and several others began settlements. In and 1 fulling mill, and 2 tanneries. StaMarch, 1791, there were six or seven tistics of 1840. —Horses, 546; cattle,
families in town and: several young men 3,359; sheep,8,786; swine, 1,931; wheat,
without families had commenced, so that bush. 3,370; barley, 655; oats, 35,376;
on th 4th day of July, 1791, the town was rye, 155; buck-wheat, 3,350; Indian
organized and the first town officers elect- corn, 7,277, potatoes, 113,934; hay, tons,
ed. On the 20th June, 1792, there were 6,015; sugar, lbs. 68,364; wool, 15,850.
30 legal voters in town. From'this time Population, 1,753.
for a number of years the progress of the   MAD RIVER, rises in Avery's gore, runs
settlement was very rapid. Daniel Ca- north into Warren, thence northeasterly
hoon, jr. the first settler, deceased June through Waitsfield and falls into the Win11, 1793, and was the first person who ooski in Moretown, receiving in is course
died in the town. The Methodist church a great number of small tributaries. It is
in this town is much the most numerous. a rapid stream with a rocky bottom, and
The other denominations are Congrega- affords a number of good sites for mills.
tionalists, Baptists and Freewill Baptists. Its length is about 20 miles.
The Congregational church was organ-   MAIDSTONE, a township in the eastern
ized Nov, 30, 1817; settled the Rev. Sam- part of Essex county, is in lat. 440 30'
uel G. Tenney, June 29, 1825, who was and long. 5~ 19', and is bounded northdismissed Jan. 19, 1831; settled the Rev. erly by Brunswick, easterly by ConnecAmos Blanchard, Jan. 9, 1833, who was ticut river which separates it from North-.dismissed in 1736, and settled the Rev. umberland, N. H. southerly by Guildhall
Wm. Scales, jr. the  present minister and a part of Granby, and westerly by
Dec. 27, 1837. This church consists of Ferdinand.  It lies 53 miles northeast
96 members. Of the other denomina- from Montpelier and was chartered Oct.
tions we have no particulars.  Passump- 12, ]1761, containing 17,472 acres. The
sic river waters this town. It crosses the settlement of this township was, probably,
north line of Lyndon 150 rods from  the commenced about the year 1770, but the
northeast corner, and runs a southwest- population has remained nearly the same
erly course till it has passed the centre of since the year 1791. This township is
the town 100 rods; thence southeasterly  watered by Paul's stream, which runs
about two miles, and thence southerly through the north part, and by Maidstone
till it crosses the south line of the town, lake, which is three miles long and half a
two miles west of the southeast corner. mile wide, lying in the western  part
Its average width from the centre of the and discharging its waters into Paul's
town southerly is about 125 feet. The stream. The settlement here is mostly
principal tributaries which it receives in confined to the margin of Connecticut
Lyndon are the North branch, Miller's river, along which a road passes through
river, South branch and Hawkins' brook, the township. Statistics of 1840.-Horses
all of which are sufficiently  large for 77; cattle, 476; sheep, 1,413; swine




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               109
MANCHESTER.                                                         MANSFIELD.
305; wheat, bush. 853; barley, 283; oats, a range of transition granular lime rock,
3,955;  rye, 150; buck-wheat, 1,069; and here are inexhaustible quantities of
Indian corn, 962; potatoes, 15,310; hay, beautiful white marble, $50,000 worth of
tons, 863; sugar, lbs. 11,200; wool, 3,356. which, is anually exported. The most inPopulation, 271.                        teresting minerals are calcarious spar, staMANCHESTER, a post and half shire lactites, mica, feldspar, and specular oxyde
town in Bennington county, is in lat. 43V  of iron. On the farm of J. S. Petibone,
10' and long. 40 1', and is bounded north is an extensive bed of agaric mineral and
by Dorset, east by Winhall, south by Sun- calcarious tufa. The soil is various, bederland and west by Sandgate. It is 22 ing primitive, diluvial and alluvial. The
miles north from  Bennington, 48 from  diluvial beds of sand are of great valTroy and 3'2 south from Rutland. It was ue in the sawing and manufacture of
chartered Aug. 11, 1761,containing about marble. On the east side of the Equinox
40 square miles. The settlement of this mountain, upon a farm formerly belongtownship was commenced in 1764 by Sam- ing to the late Hon. Richard Skinner, is
uel Rose and others from Dutchess coun- a cavern, which has been explored severty,N.Y. The town was organized in 1766, al rods in different directions, but its exand Stephen Mead was first town clerk. tent has never yet been ascertained. There
It was first represented in the General As- are two pleasant villages called the north
sembly in 1778, by Gideon Ormsby and or Factory Point, and south village. The
Stephen Washburn. The religious soci- south village is pleasantly situated on
eties are Congregationalists, Baptists and elevated ground. It contains abank, a jail
Epicopalians. The two former have been erected in 1787 in connexion with a court
under the care of successive pastors from  house, an academy, built in 1818, an elean early period, but we have not been able gant brick court-house built in 1822, a
to obtain particulars. The present minis- meeting house, the Burr seminary,* sevter of the Congregational church is the eral stores, taverns, mechanics' shops, &c.
Rev. James Anderson. The Episcopal The town is divided into ten school dischurch, called Zion's Church, is one of tricts, with school houses. There are 4
the oldest in the state. In Oct. 1782, 24 stores, I grist and 12 saw mills, I woollen
persons here united in inviting the Rev. factory, and 1 tannery.  Statistics of
Gideon Bostwick to the care of the par- 1840.-Horses, 320; cattle, 1,351; sheep,
ish. The Rev. James Nichols and the 7,989; swine, 691; wheat, bush. 1,481;
Rev.Daniel Barber were also early minis- oats,9,145; rye,,()83; buck-wheat, 2,073;
ters. From 1802 to 1825 the Rev. Abra- Indiancorn,5,764; potatoes, 30,567; hay,
ham Bronson officiated half the time, and tons, 3,553; sugar, lbs. 34,950; wool,
from 1825 to'33, the whole time, when he 23,010. Population, 1,590.
resigned and left the diocese. The Epis-   MANSFIELD, a township in the south
copal church was built in 1821, at the vil- part of Lamoille county, is in lat. 44t' 29'
lage called Factory Point. The ministers and long. 4' 13', and is bounded northsince 1833, have been the Rev. Freeman erly by Sterling, easterly by Stow, southLane, Rev. A. H. Cull, and Rev. John erly by Bolton, and westerly by Underhill.
T. Sabine, who is the present rector.- It is situated 20 miles northwest from
Communicants, 35. There are here four Montpelier, and the same distance east
practising physicians and four attorneys. from Burlington; was chartered June 8,
The principal stream  is the Battenkill, 1763, containing 23,040 acres. Nov. 15,
which rises in Dorset and runs through  1839, the western part of this township
the township in a southwesterly direction. was annexed toUnderhill. In the year i800
It receives here as tributaries, Lye brook, this township contained 12 inhabitants.
Bourne brook, Glebe brook, and Mill The settlement was commenced a short
brook. These streams afford a greatnum- time previous  The eastern part of the
ber of excellent mill privileges. The hab- township adjoining Stow, is an excellent
itable parts of this township lie between tract of land, and to this the settlement
the Green Mountains on the east and the is confined. The remaining part of the
Equinox mountain  on the west. The township is very mountainous and incalatter is the highest summit in this sec- pable of ever being settled. The eastern
tion of the state, and is, according to the part is watered  by  two considerable
the admeasurement of Capt. A. Partridge, branches of Waterbury river. The town is
2915 feet above the site of the court- organized and has been several years rephouse in Manchester south village, and resented in the General Assembly. The
3706 feet above tide water. Through the highest land in the state is in this town,
east part of the township runs a range of the highest summit, called the Chin, begranular quartz from north to south. Contiguous and parallel to this on the west is   * See part second, page 168.




110                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III.
MANSFIELD MOUNTAINS.                                            MARLBOROUGH.
ing near the northwest corner. Statistics settlers, both as a nurse and a midwife.
of 1840.-Horses, 37; cattle, 402; sheep, She possessed a vigorous constitution, and
870; swine, 190; wheat, bush. 623; bar- frequently travelled through the woods on
ley, 12; oats, 528; rye, 88; Indian corn, snow shoes, from one part of the town to
372; potatoes, 10,810; hay, tons, 599; another, both by night and day, torelieve
sugar, lbs. 4,700; wool, 1,027. Popula- the distressed. She lived to the advanced
tion, 223.                              age of 87 years, officiated as midwife at
MANSFIELD MOUNTAINS, extend through more than 2,000 births, and never lost a
the township of Mansfield from north to patient. The first town meeting on recsouth. They belong to the western range ord was held May 8, 1775, and William
of the Green Mountains, and exhibit some Mather was the first town clerk. Anothof the loftiest summits in the state. From  er meeting was held on the 22d of the
a distance, these mountains are thought to same month, to know the minds of the
bear some resemblance to the face of a man people with respect to the impending war
lying on his back; and hence, the two most with Great Britain. At this meeting they
prominent summits are denominated the passed the following resolutions: " Re-.ose and the Chin. The Chin is the high- solved, We will, each of us, at the expense
est land in Vermont, according to Capt. of our lives and fortunes, to the last ex~A. Partridge's admeosurement, and is tremity, unite and oppose the last cruel,
4,279 feet above tide water. The height unjust and arbitrary acts of' the British
of the Nose above tide water is 3,983 feet. Parliament passed for the sole purpose of
According to the trigonometrical meas- raising a revenue, &c. Resolved, We will
urements of E. F. Johnson, Esq., the be contented and subjectto the Hon. Conheight of the Chin, is 4,359 feet, and of tinental Congress in all things which they
Camel's Hump, 4,220. See Diagram,part shall resolve for the peace, safety, and
I, page 3.                             welfare of the American colonies." When
MARLBOROUGH, a post town in the cen- the news of the Lexington battle reached
tral part of Windham county, is in lat. 42~ here, several young men shouldered their
53' and long. 4~ 26', and is bounded north guns and hastened to the field of action.
by Newfane and a part of Dover, east by In 1777, Capt. Francis Whitmore was
Brattleboro' and a part of Dumnmerston, sent as a delegate to the convention at
south by Halifax, and west by Wilming- Windsor, and in 1778 Dr. Samuel King
ton. It lies 24 miles east from Benning- was sent as the first representative to the
ton and 44 miles southwest from Windsor. legislature, which met that year at WindThe township is 6 miles square. It was sor. The Congregational church in this
chartered April 29, 1751, but the charter town was organized by Rev. Joseph Lywas forfeited in consequence of not com- man, D. D., of Hatfield, Mass., Oct. 20,
plying with its requisitions. The propri- 1776. It consisted, at first, of nine male
etors urged as a reason for their neglect and eight female members. On the 9th
the intervention of the Indian and French of December, 1778, the Rev. Gershom C.
war, and succeeded in getting their char- Lyman, D. D. was ordained and settled
ter renewed by the same authority, New  over this church and society, he having
Hampshire, Sept. 21, 1761. The charter preached here about one year before this
was given to one Timothy Dwight, and time. Mr. Lyman continued ably and
his associates, of Northampton, Mass., and faithfully to discharge the duties of his
its vicinity. The settlement was com- sacred office till the time of his death,
menced as early as the spring of 1763, by which took place on the 13th of April,
Abel Stockwell, from West Springfield, 1813, in the 61st year of his age, and the
Mass., and Thomas Whitmore, from Mid- 35th of his ministry. In his last sickness
dletown, Ct. Whitmore came in by the lie was an example of patience and resigway of Halifax, and settled in the south nation, and died in the full faith of that
part of the town, and Stockwell by the gospel which he had preached, and in the
way of Brattleboro', and settled in the full assurance of a happy immortality.
eastern border. These families spent near- Rev. Ephraim  H. Newton was then setly a year in town, and endured many tled over the church  and society, and
hardships, without any knowledge of each continued  until about the year 1833.
other, each considering his own the only Since that time Rev. Benjamin H. Pitman,
family in town. Whitmore brought his Rev. Josiah Peabody, and Rev. Elisha
provisions from  Deerfield, Mass., on his Smith, have been their ministers at differback, distance from 20 to 30 miles. Mrs. ent times; the latter being their present
Whitmore spent'most of the winter of minister. The first meeting house was
1765 alone, her husband being absent in built in 1779.  The Congregationalists
the pursuit of his calling, as a tinker. erected a new meeting house in 1820. In
Mrs. Whitmore was very useful to the 1822 the old meeting house was taken




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               111
MARLBOROUGH.                                                      MARLBOROUGH.
down, and a commodious town house erec- of this town, received a letter from  Col.
ted. There is also a respectable Baptist Sargeant, of Brattleboro', calling upon
church and society, partly in this town  the inhabitants to defend themselves aand partly in Newfane. A Baptist meet- gainsttheIndiansand tories,whohad reaching house was built here in 1815. Rev. ed Newfane.*  Chs. Phelps,alawyer from
Phinehas Howe is their pastor. The Uni- Hadley, Mass., moved into town in 1764,
versalists convene at the town house, and and his was the third family here. During
have preaching some part of the time, from  the controversy with New York, his son
ministers abroad. Centre mountain is a Timothy was high sheriff of the county of
considerable elevation, and is so called on Cumberland.  About the year 1768, two
account of its being situated near the cen- young women, of Irish descent, by the
tre of the township. Allen's pond in the name of McLaughlin, came to this- town,
northeast part of the town. is about 1.  and resided with Mr. W. Clark. In the
mile long and three quarters of a mile fall of the same year one of them  went
wide. South pond, in the south part, is out towards evening, after the cow, and
about the same size. It is watered by the was probably lost, and perished in the
west branch of West river, Whetstone  woods, or devoured by wild beasts, as she
brook, and Green river, which rise here never was afterwards heard of. In 1769
and afford several valuable  mill seats. and'70, Col. Wm. Williams, who distinThe only mill privilege which is perma- guished himself in the Bennington battle,
nent through the year, is on the outlet of moved from  Northboro', Mass., accompaSouth pond. On this stream  is situated nied by Capt. Nathaniel Whitney and his
the fulling mill and carding machine own- two brothers, Samuel and Jonas, from
ed by Dan Mather, Esq., also the mill Shrewsbury, Mass. The latter has been
for manufacturing starch,owned by Messrs a representative of the town in the genCotton and Dan Mather, Esqrs. The soil eral assembly  seven years, 32 years
is, in general, rich and deep, and produ- a justice of the peace and 47 years a deaces good crops of grass, rye, corn, wheat, con of tile church, and now resides in
oats, barley, flax, potatoes, apples, pears, the state of Ohio. In 1770, the settleplums, and various wild fruits. In 1838 ment was considerably augmented  by
the females formed themselves into an emigrants from Massachusetts and Conassociation for the purpose of making clo- necticut, and about this time meetings
thing to send to foreign nations, and in were established for religious worship, but
1840 they also formed themselves togeth- they had no preaching in town for sever and purchased a library, for the purpose eral years.  In 1771 the Rev. Abner
of improving their minds by reading mor- Reeve, of Brattleboro', married the first
al and religious books. Each of said soci- couple (Perez Stockwell and Dinah Fay)
eties succeeded very well, and probably in this town. James Ball died here in
much good will arise therefrom. The tim- December, 1762, aged 26. This was the
her is beech, birch, maple, bass, spruce, first death known to occur in town. The
oak, hemlock, pine, fir, ash, and cherry. same year, Col. Williams erected a saw
The minerals are sulphur, serpentine, gar- mill, which was the first mill built in
nets, steatite of different varieties, clay, town.  Capt. Nathaniel Whitney was a
sulphuret of iron, and sulphuret of cop- celebrated hunter. In 1773 he killed a
per. There are some springs impregna- bear, a little west of this township, which
ted with sulphur and iron.  Sometime weighed, after being well dressed, 466
since there was a stone dugo out of the pounds.  Of bears and deer, Capt. Whitearth in the south part of the town, in the ney killed more than 100 of each. He
shape and form of a tapping iron, which also killed one moose and 14 wolves.
is supposed was dropped by the Indians Rev. Abner Reeve preached the first serwhen the town was nothing but a wilder- mon ever preached in town in 1774, from
ness, and before it was inhabited by white Mark xvi. 15. The first physician in town
people. During the year 1780 the inhab- was Samuel King.  The following are
itants, in this vicinity, were in continual those who have since practised here, viz:
apprehension of a hostile visit from the Docts. Morgan, Wood, Torrey, Baldwin,
Indians and tories, and meetings were Percival, Taylor, Greenleaf, Ransom,
held to concert measures for the common Smith, Pulsipher, and Ebenezer Tucker.
safety, whereupon it was agreed that ev- The latter has practised in town for more
ery able bodied man should hold himself than 20 years, and has had great success.
in constant readiness to defend the settle- A  stage runs through this town daily
ments. On the eve of the last day of October, in the same year, after a clear and   * For the particulars respecting this alarm, see
pleasant dhay, am violent snow storm col - Part 2d, p. 70, and also article, Athens, Part thirdpleasant day, a~violent snow storm com- There is a discrepancy in the dates,but both undouib -
nenced, and this evening Mr. Stockwell, edlv have reference to the same event.




112                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         FART II,
MARSHFIELD.                                             ME1MPHREMAGOG LAKE.
from Brattleboro' toWilmington. There only stream  of consequence. The surare, in town, 13 school districts and 13 face of this township is very uneven.
school houses, 9 saw, 2 grist and 1 fulling That part of it west of the river is timmill, 1 carding machine, 1 store, 1 tan- bered with hard wood, and the soil is
nery, 2 wheelwrights, 3 blacksmiths and good. East of the river the timber con2 shoemakers. Statistics of 1840.-Hors- sists principally of evergreens, and the
es, 201; cattle, 2,067; sheep, 3,925; surface is broken, wet and stoney. The
swine, 9'6; wheat, bus. 857; barley, eastern part is considerably unsettled.
438; oats, 5,040; rye, 911; buckwheat, This town is watered principally by Wi171; Indian corn, 2,982; potatoes, 51,- nooski river. In this stream is here a
648; hay, tons, 3,695; sugar, lbs. 23,545; fall, said to be 500 feet in the distance of
wool, 8,439. Pop. 1,027.  J.w.& W.S.N. 30 rods. A good view of it may be had
MARSHFIELD, a post township in the from the road leading from Marshfield to
east part of Washington county, is in lat. Cabot, and it is worthy the attention of
44~ 19' and long 40 38', and is bounded the traveller. In the northeast part of
northerly by Cabot, easterly by Peacham  the town is a considerable natural pond.
and Harris' gore, southerly by Plainfield, The rocks are principally slate and granand westerly by Calais and a part of ite. In the north part of the town is a
Montpelier. It lies 12 miles northeast small village, containinga meeting house,
from Montpelier, and 16 miles southwest I tavern, 1 store, 1 saw and I grist mill,
from Danville. This township was gran- I clover mill, and I clapboard and shingle
ted to the Stockbridge tribe of Indians, machine. There are in town 13 school disOctober 16, 1782, and chartered to them  tricts, 11 school houses, I grist, 1 clover
June 22, 1790, containing 23,040 acres. and 6 saw mills, and 1 carding machine.
The township was purchased of the In- Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 227; cattle,
dians by Isaac Marsh, Esq., of Stockbridge 2,187; sheep, 4,863; swine, 525; wheat,
Mass., from whom the town derives its bus. 2,351; barley, 93; oats, 14,466; rye,
name, for 1401. lawful money, and was 451; buckwheat, 1,477; Ind. corn, 3,202;
deeded to him, July 29, 1789. The deed potatoes, 50,256; hay, tons, 3,966; sugar,
was signed by 18 Indians, who were then lbs. 14,790; wool, 6,731.  Pop. 1,156.
residents of New Stockbridge, in Mont-   MARvIN's GORE, annexed to the east
gomery county, N. Y. The improvements part of Highgate, October 23, 1806.
were commenced here in the spring of   MCINDOES FALLS, a considerable fall in
1790, by Martin and Calvin Pitkin from  Connecticut river at the head of boat navEast Hartford, Conn. They left the town igation on that stream, and opposite the
in the fall, and returned again the suc- southeast corner of Barnet.
ceeding spring, accompanied by Gideon   McQUAM BAY, a large open bay in the
Spencer. Thus, they continued to spend western part of Swanton.
the summer here, and abandon the town-   McQUAM  CREEK, a small, sluggish
ship in the winter till 1794. This year, creek connecting Missisco river with Me
Caleb Pitkin, Gideon Spencer andAaron Quiam  bay, and separating Hog Island
Elmore moved their families here in the from the main land.
winter, while the snow was more than   MEDWAY. Parker's gore was annexed
four feet deep. In the summer they were to this township, November 7, 1804, and
joined by Ebenezer Dodge and family. the whole incorporated into a township
John Preston Davis, son of Ebenezer by the name of Parkerstown. See ParkersDodge, was born September 17, of this town.
year, and was the first child born in town.   MEMPHREMAGOG LAKE, is 30 miles in
March 1, 1795, Joshua, Stephen and Na- length, and two or three miles wide. It
thaniel Pitkin and Solomon Gilman mo- lies mostly in Canada, only seven or eight
ved into town. At this time, there were miles of the south end extending into Verfive families, consisting of 20 persons here. mont. This lake is situated about half
The town was organized, March 10, 1800. way between Connecticut river and lake
Stephen Pitkin built the first saw mill, Champlain, and that part within this state
in 1802, and the first grist mill in 1818. lies between the towns of Derby and
The religious denominations are Congre- Newport. A bay extends south into Orgationalists, Baptists, Methodists and leans. This lake covers about 15 square
Christians. Elder John Capron of the miles in Vermont, and receives from this
Christian order is the only resident min- state Clyde, Barton and Black river. The
ister. A union meeting house was built waters of this lake are discharged to the
here in 1826. There are in town 7 per- north by what is called Magog Outlet, insons over 85 and one over 97 years old. to the river St. Francis, and through that
Winooski river runs through the town- into St. Peter's lake, about 15 miles below
ship in a southerly direction, and is the the mouth of the river Richelieu. Up



PART Ill.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            113
ME NDON.                                                         MIDDLEBURY,
on the west side of a small uninhabited  nington. It was chartered Nov. 2, 1761,
island situated at the mouth of Fitch's and now contains about24,000 acres. The
Bay', and about two miles north of Cana- first clearing was commenced by Col.
da line, is a considerablequarry of novac- John Chipman, in 1766, on the north
ulite known by the name of the " Magog bank of Middlebury river, where the west
Oil Stone."  The vein of novaculite is and centre road from Salisbury now unite.
from two to eight feet wide where it has At this time there was no dwelling-house
been quarried, and the length of the quar- in the state, on the west side of the moun'
ry is several hundred feet. It is situated tains, north of Manchester, distant 60
beneath a cliff, and, at the top, is inter- miles from Middlebury. The prospects
spersed with quartz. The vein of novac- were so discouraging that Mr. C. soon retulite runs parallel with the cliff and lake turned to Connecticut and did not visit
shore, and is so low that it is usually over- the township during the sevensucceeding
flowed by the rising of the lake in spring years. In 1773, Col.Chipman and the Hon.
and autumn. Large quantities of the Gamaliel Painter, from Salisbury, Ct. de,
"' Magog Oil Stone" have been prepared termined to risk their all in effecting a setfor use and vended in various parts of the tlement of this township. They came into
United States. The Indian words from  the town inMay of this year with their fami
which the name of this lake was derived, ilies,and threw up a small log hut for a shelwere MJlem-plow-bouque, signifying a large ter from the weather. Benjamin Smalley
expanse of water. On the east side of had previously commenced and built a log
this lake the country is beautiful, with an house, which was the first house built in
easy, rich soil; on the west it is broken, town. Chipman located himself on the
and less productive.                   lot which he had commenced clearing
MENDON, a township in Rutland coun- seven years before, and Painter erected
ty, is in lat. 43~ 37' and long. 40 10', and his habitation near the road leading to
is bounded northerly by Chittenden,east- Salisbury, on the west bank of Middleerly by Sherburne, southerly by Shrewg- bury river, near a spot of alluvial land,
bury, and west by Rutland. It lies 47 which had been an Indian encampment.
miles south from  Montpelier, and 25 On this spot are found numerous articles
northwest from  Windsor. It was char- of Indian manufacture, such as arrows,
tered to Joseph Banker and others, Feb. hammers, &c. some being made of flint,
23, 1781, by the name of lMedway. Park- others of jasper. A pot composed of sand
er's gore was annexed to it, and the whole and clay, of curious workmanship and
incorporated into a township by the name holding about 20 quarts, was dug up here
of Parkerstown, Nov. 7, 1804; and Nov. nearly entire in 1820. During the year
6, 1827, the name was altered to Men- 1773, the number of families was increasdon. The town was organized March 11, ed to six or seven, and four more joined
1806, and John Page was first town clerk. the settlement the succeeding year, one
This township lies mostly on the Green of which was on the west side of the
Mountains, and much of it is high and creek, which was then Cornwall. Before
cold land, and incapable of settlement. the revolutionary war there were 13 famnThere are some good farnis along the ilies within the charter limits of Middlewestern border, and good grazing land bury, and 8 others in that part of Cornin other parts. The turnpike from Bethel wall which was afterwards annexed to
to Rutland passes through this township; MRliddlebury. In June 1776, all these,
also the direct road from  Woodstock with the exception of Daniel Foot and
through Bridgewater, to Rutland. The Benj. Smalley, left the town, and these,
town contains 3saw mills and 1 tannery. after being pillaged by the Indians, left
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 107; cattle, in September, but returned inthe follow526; sheep, 1,731; swine, 221; wheat, ing winter and remained till the spring of
bus. 385; oats, 1,949; rye, 266; buck- 1778. The Indians frequently visited the
wheat, 188; Indian corn, 1,658; potatoes, place in the absence of the settlers, and
7,897; hay, tons, 1,013; sugar, lbs. 11,- destroyed or carried off all the moveable
961; wool, 4,533. Population, 545.     property which fell in their way. In 1783,
MERRIT'S RIVER. See Joe's brook.     Smalley, Thayer, and Jonathan Chipman
MIDDLEBURY, a post and shire town in returned with their families. They were
Addison county, is in lat. 440 and long 3~ followed by eight or nine families the next
57', and is bounded north by New Haven year, and by several more the succeeding
and Bristol, east by Ripton, south by year. The first child born here was a son
Salisbury, and west by Cornwall and of Eleazer Slawsonin December 1773,and
Weybridge. It lies 33 miles south from  the first person who died was Zerah SnlalBurlington, 31 in a right line southwest ley, who died in December 1776, aged
from T1Montpelier, and 80 north from Ben- 18. In, 1784 Daniel Foot erected a buildPT. 11I.               15




11A                  GAZETTEER OF. VERMONT.                        PART III.
MIDDLEBURY.                                                     MIDDLEBURY.
ing on the west side of the creek for a Smith,1824 to 1828; Rev.S.A.Crane, 1831
saw and grist mill, both of which went in- to 1835; Rev. S. R. Crane, 1835 to 1837;
to operation the next year, and in 1787 Rev. Wm. H. Hoit, 1837 to 1838; Rev. J.
he united the two sides of the river by a W. Diller, 1838, and is the present rector.
bridge. The first saw mill was erected in Their church, which is of stone, 72 feet
1774 on the east side of the creek, by Ab- by 52, was finished in 1827. Communiisha Washburn. The first house was 75. A Roman Catholic church, 64 by 44
built within the present limits of the vil- feet, was built here in 1840. The only
lage in 1783 by John H. Johnson on the streams of consequence in this township,
west side of the river, and the second in are Otter creek, which runs through the
1787 by Simeon Dudley on the east side. western part, and Middlebury river,which
The latter was soon after burnt. The runs through the south part into Otter
early settlers were mostly from  Connec- creek. At Middlebury village are some
ticut. Middlebury  was constituted  a of the best mill privileges, and some of
shire town in 1791, and the court-house the finest and most extensive manufacturwas erected in 1796. The town was or- ing establishments in the  state. This
ganized March 29, 1786, and Joshua Hyde township is very level, excepting a strip
was first town clerk. The congregation- of one mile wide along the east side,which
al church in this town was organized Sep- extends on to the Green Mountains. September 5, 1790, and at first consisted of arate from the Green Mountains, Mount
seven male and five female members. On Nebo or Chipman's hill is the most conthe 11th of November of the same year siderable elevation and is 439 feet above
the eihurch was placed under the pastoral the level of Otter creek below the falls.
care of the Rev. John Barnet, who was A large proportion of the township is ardismissed March 31, 1795. The Rev. T. able and fertile land, producing good
A. Merrill was settled over the church, crops of grain and grass. There are,.howDecember 19, 1805, and is their present ever, some small patches which consist
pastor. A meeting house was soon after of a stiff clay, and are not so productive.
erected, 78 by 58 feet on the ground, and The clay here contains a considerable proa bell procured for it in 1821. The fol- portion of the carbonate of lime, and is
lowing is a list of the most remarkable re- therefore unsuitable for making brick.
vivals of religion and the numbers added The bricks, when burnt, are handsome,
to this church at the severalperiods. The but when they are moistened the lime
first was in I801, when the church was slacks and they crumble to pieces.-Speincreased from  30 to 80 members. In cimens of schorl, garnet, hornblende and
1806 and 7, 122 were added, in 1809 and jasper are occasionally found. Nearly on
10, 112, in 1812, 35, in 1816 and 17, 140, the line between this township and Salisand in 1821, 100. Since 1821 there have bury, is a bed of the sulphuret of iron,
been several other revivals, particularly connected with the carbonate of lime. It
in 1825, 1830, 1834 and 1839. The total is thought to exist in large quantities and
number of members admitted to this has a powerful effect upon the magnetic
church from the time of its organization needle. The magnetic oxide of iron is
up to June 1840, 1,3t8. The number of also found in several places, but not plenresident members at that time was 515. tifully. Calcareous tufa is found two miles
A methodist class was formed in this town east of the village, and epidote on Mount
in 1809. They erected their first house Nebo. Limestone suitable for making
of worship in 1812. Their present house, lime is found in all parts. A bed of mar69 by 45 feet, was finished in 1838. This ble, extends over a considerable part of
church consists of 240 commudnicants, and the township, and shows itself above the
is constantly supplied  by a stationed surface in more than a hundred different
preacher. The Baptist church was or- places. The marble was discovered in
ganized Dec. 10, 1809. Their first pastor 1804 by the Hon. E.W. Judd, and the manwas the Rev. Nathaniel Hendrick, from  ufacture of it was commenced in 1806, on
1810 to 1817, second, Rev. Isaac Buck- an extensive scale. The machinery is
land, from 1818 to 1820. Since 1820 they propelled by water and puts in motion 65
have been supplied by temporary engage- saws. In 1809 the "' Middlebury Marble
ments. Their house of worship is 65 feet Manufacturing Company was incorporby 32, and the number of communicants ated. In the years 1809 and'10, 20,000
66. The Episcopal church, by the name feet of marble slabs were sawn at this
of St. Stephen's Church, was organized manufactory, amounting to $11,000. The
December 5, 1810, the ministers of which'marble is quarried within a stone's throw
have been Rev. P. Adams, from 1811 to of the manufactory and is of various col1814: Rev. S. S. Safford, 1814 to 1816; ors. Since the company was incorporRev. Geo. Leonard, 1817; Rev. B. B. ated the annual amount of the manufac



PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            115
MIDDLEBURY RIVER.                  MIDDLESEX.                    MIDDLETOWN
tures of this article has been from $6,000 20' and long. 49 22', and is bounded northto $8,000. The water in this township, is erly by Worcester, easterly by Montpegenerally hard, unsuitable for washing, lier, southerly by Moretown, from which
and many kinds of cookery. A mile and it is separated by Winooski river, and
a half east from  the meeting-house is a westerly by Waterbury. It lies 30 miles
spring, the waters of which are  slightly east from Burlington, and was chartered
chalybeate..Middlebury village is situ- June 8, 1763, containing 23,200 acres.
ated on both sides of Otter creek at Mid- Mr. Thomas Mead was the first settler of
dlebury falls. The latitude of the court- this township, and also the first settler of
house here, according to Prof. Hall, is 439 Washington county. He began improve49' 51" and its longitude 73Q 10' I15" west ments in Middlesex in 1781 or'82, and
from Greenwich. In 1793, all the build- the next year moved his family here from
ings in this village amounted to 62, the Chelmsford, Mass. Mr. Harrington movmost of which were built of logs. In ed his family into town the year following,
1813, they amounted to 346,146 of which and two Messrs. Putnams the year after.
were dwelling-houses. In 1822, the total The town wss organized about the year
number of buildings was 604, 196 being 1788. Mr. Wilson was first town clerk,
dwelling-houses, 6 of brick, the rest of and the Hon. Seth Putnam was first repwood. The number has sincebeenpgreat- resentative. There is a small Methodly increased. The public buildings are 5 ist and Freewill Baptist society here, and
churches, 3 college edifices, an academy, someCongregationalists and Universalists.
court-house and jail. There are 14 mer- There have been no very remarkable incantile stores, 2 woollen and 1 cotton fac- stances of longevity. Mrs. M'Elroy, died
tory, a great variety of other machinery here in 1822, but little short of 100 years
and a large number of mechanics' shops, of age. The south part of this township
embracing all such as are usually found is watered by Winooski river, which furin country villages. There is another nishes here one of the best stands for mills
thriving little village called East-Middle- in the county. The north branch of this
bury, situated on Middlebury river. It river runs across the northeast corner of
contains a store, several mills and shops, the township.  There are also several
and many enterprising mechanics. Mid- brooks on which saw-mills are erected.
dlebury has been somewhatdistinguished The township is uneven, but the only
for its literary institutions. An account mountain of consequence lies along the
of Middlebury College has already been line between Middlesex and Waterbury,
given in part second, page 152. The and is called the Hogback. The timber
other institutions, besides  elementary is such as is common to the mountain
schools, are an academy and female sem- towns, and the soil generally good. There
inary. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 470; are some fine intervales along the river,
cattle, 3,820; sheep, 20,400; swine, 1,828; but the flats are not extensive. The chanwheat, bush. 2,310; oats, 10,625; rye, nel worn through the rocks by Winooski
920; buck-wheat, 794; Indian-corn, 7,500; river, between this township and Morepotatoes, 23,023; hay, tons, 8,900; sugar, town, is a considerable curiosity. It
lbs. 1,200; wool, 52,300. Population, is about 30 feet in depth, 60 in width, and
3,161.                                 80 rods in length, the rocks appearing
MIDDLEBURY RIVER, rises in Hancock, like a wall upon each side. Over this
passes throughRipton, and directing its chasm a bridge is thrown, which is percourse westerly, mingles its waters, in fectly secure from  floods. But little is
the south part of Middlebury, with those yet known of the mineralogy. Some fine
of Otter creek. The turnpike from Ver- specimens of rock crystal have been
gennes to Bethel is, for a considerable picked up. On the bank of the Winooski
distance, built on, or near, one of the river at the falls, near the middle of the
banks of this stream, which presents to south line of the township is a flourishing
the eye of the traveller a number of high- little village, containing a handsome meetly romantic prospects. A large propor- ing house, a post-office, I store, 1 tavern,
tion of the land contiguous to this stream, 1 grist, 1 oil and 1 saw-mill. Statistics
after it leaves the mountain, is alluvial, of 1840. —Horses, 225; cattle, 1,018;
and there are some small patches of allu- sheep, 3,829; swine, 344; wheat, bush.
vial land among the mountains. The 2,182; barley, 510; oats, 11,227; rye,
length of this strieam  is about 14 miles, 483; buck-wheat, 893; Indian-corn, 3,708;
and it affords several mill privileges.  potatoes, 32,395; hay, tons, 3,206; sugar,
MIDDLE HERO. —Name altered to Grand lbs. 18,117; wool, 5,045. Population,
Isle, Nov. 5, 1810. See Grand-Isle.    1,279.
MIDDLESEX, a post town in the central   MIDDLETOWN, a post town in the south
part of Washington county, is in lat. 44~ western part of Rutland county, is in lat.




116                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
MILES' RIVER.                   MILLER S RIVER.                       MILTON'
43~ 28' and long. 3o 57', and is bounded ceives the stream from Miles' pond, which
northwesterly by Poultney, northeast by is a considerable body of water, bends its
Ira, southeast by Tinmouth, and south- course easterly, and falls into Connecticut
west by Wells. It lies 70 miles south river by a mouth seven or eight yards
from Burlington and 41 north from Ben- wide.
nington. This township was formed by   MTLL*BRoo K.  See Windsor.
tak ng 3,510 acres from  the northwest   MILLER'S RILVER rises in Sheffield, runs
part of Tinmouth, 6,118 from the north- through a part of Wheelock; and falls ineast part of Wells, 2,388 from the south- to the Passumpsie, near the centre of
east part of Poultney, and 1,825 from the Lyndon. It is, generally, a rapid stream,
southwest part of Ira, making, in the and affords some good mill privileges,
whole, 14,841 acres. It was called Mid- particularly in Wheelock, where there is
dletown on account of the manner in a considerable fall.
which it was formed, being in the midst   MILTON, a post town in the northwestof the four towns which bound it. The ern corner of Chittenden county, is in lat.
settlement was commenced and mills 440 38' and long. 3~ 55', and is bounded
were erected a short time before the revo- north by Georgia, east by Westford, south
lution, by Thomas Morgan and some oth- by Colchester, and west by lake Chamers. Mr. Morgan is now living at the plain.  A  sand bar extends from  the
advanced age of 94, and is the oldest per- southwest corner of the township to South
son in town. The settlers moved back to Hero, which renders the lake fordable
Connecticut during the war, but returned with safety the greater part of the year.
again as soon as it was over. The town Milton lies 12 miles north from Burlingwas organized in 1786, and Joseph Rock- ton, 40 northwest from Montpelier, and
well was first town clerk. There are here 12 south from St. Albans. It was charthree religious societies, Congregational- tered June 8, 1763, containing 27,616
ists, Baptists and Methodists. The Con- acres. The settlement of the township
gregational church was organized about was commenced Feb. 15, 1782, by Wm.
1784. The Rev. Henry Bigelow was set- Irish, Leonard Owen, Amos Mansfield,
tled over it from Sept. 18, 1805, till his Absalom Taylor and Thos. Dewey; and
death June 26, 1832, and the Rev. Guy they were soon after joined by Gideon
C. Sampson from Feb. 18, 1834, to July Hoxsie, Zebadiah Dewey, Enoch and
15, 1835. The Rev. John A. Avery, the Elisha Ashley, and others. The first setpresent pastor, was settled Feb. 10, 1836. tiers suffered many privations and hardMembers 126. Elder Sylvanus Haynes ships, but there is nothing in the early
was for a long time minister of the Bap- history which is peculiarly interesting.
tist church. The minister of the Metho- The town was organized March 25, 1788,
dist church is the Rev. John Fitch. The and Enoch Ashley was first town clerk.
Congregationalists built a meeting house It was represented the same year by
about the year 1794, the Baptists about Aaron Matthews, who was also the first
1806, and the Methodists in 1837. John justice of the peace. The religious denomBurnham lived in this town to the age of inations are Congregationalists, Metho98 years. The epidemic of 1813 was very dists, Baptists and Episcopalians.  The
mortal here. The surface of the town- Rev. Joseph Cheeny was ordained over
ship is considerably broken.  Poultney the Congregational church and society in
river rises in Tinmouth, and runs west- 1807, and dismissed in 1817. The Rev.
erly through this township, affording three James Dougherty was settled about 1636,,good mill privileges. The soil is a grav- and is their present minister. The Meth.
elly loam, and the timber mostly maple odists are supplied by circuit preachers,
and beech. Near the centre of the town- and by local preachers in the vicinity.
ship is a small but pleasant village, con- The Baptists reside principally in the
taining 3 meeting houses, 2 stores, 1 tav- southwest part of the township. There
ern, and a number of mechanics' shops. are three meeting houses, one in  the
There are here 10 school districts, in westerly part of the town, and two at
which are 4()0 scholars, 2 grist and 3 saw  Milton falls, belonging to the Congregamills.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 270; tionalists and Methodists, the two latter
cattle, 1,524; sheep, 6,636; swine, 689; finished in 1841. This township is wawheat, bus. 1,108; oats,3,486; rye, 964; tered by the river Lamoille, which runs
buckwheat, 384; Ind. corn, 3,057; pota- through it from northeast to southwest,
toes, 18,040; hay, tons, 2,947; sugar, lbs. ania  by several small streams, which af9,820; wool, 17,640. Population, 1,057.  ford numerous mill seats. In the Lamoille
MILES' RIVER rises near the west cor- are several considerable falls. The Great
ner of Lunenburgh, and, pursuing a south. falls on the river, seven miles from its
erly direction into Concord, where it re- mouth, and a little to the southwest of the




PART III.                 GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                  117
MISSISCO BAY.                       MISSISCO RIVER.                         MONKTON.
centre of Milton, are a considerable curi- pursuing a northeasterly course through
osity.  In running 50 rods, the whole a part of Westfield and Troy, crosses the
river falls about 150 feet.  Near the mid- north line of the state into Potton in Candle of the cataract is a small island, upon ada, where it receives a large stream from
each side of which the water rushes down the northeast.  After running  several
with the greatest violence, rebounding miles in Canada, it returns into Vermont
from  rock to rock, tossing its spray into about a mile west from the northeast corthe air, and stunning the astonished spec- ner of Richford. Thence it runs southtator!l its successive concussions and westerly through the corner of Berkshire,
incessant roar.  These falls are often vis- where it receives Trout river, into Enos.
ited by the curious.  The surface of this burgh.  It then takes a westerly course
township is gently diversified with hills through Sheldon into Highgate, where it
and vallies, but contains no mountains of bends to the south into Swanton, and, afconsequence.  Cobble hill in the south, ter performing a circuit of several miles
and Rattlesnake hill, in the north part, are in that town, returns into Highgate, and,
the most remarkable. They rise 4 or 500 running northwesterly, falls into Missisfeet above the adjacent plains, and afford co bay near Canada line. There are sev.
a fine prospect of the lake and surround- eral falls and rapids in this stream, but
ing country.  The soil is various, being, the current is, generally, moderate, and
in some parts, sandy pine plains, in oth- the river wide and shallow.  It affords a
ers clay, and in others a warm  loam   considerable number of valuable sites for
The lumbering business has, heretofore, mills, and the alluvial fiats, alongits marengrossed much of the attention of the gin, are extensive and very fertile.  Beinhabitants; but, the pine timber being sides those above mentioned, Black creek
mostly exhausted, their chief attention is and Taylor's branch are its most considnow  given to agriculture.  The rocks erable tributaries.  The length  of this
here ate mostly limestone.  Iron ore is river, inclulding its windings, is about 75
found here in considerable quantities, and miles, and it receives the waters from
is thought to be of good quality.  On the about 582 square miles in Vermont. This
bank of the Lamoille is a small cavern. river is navigable for vessels of 50 tons
There is a thriving little village at Milton burthen, six miles, to Swanton falls.
falls, which afford excellent sites for mills,   MOLLY'S POND.  See Cabot.
containing 2 meeting houses, a paper and    MONETON, a post town in the north part
other mills, a tavern, stores and mechan- of Addison county, is in lat 440 13' and
ics' shops.  There is another pleasant lit- long. 30 55', and  is bounded north  by
tie village, 2 miles west of the falls, called  Hinesburgh and Charlotte, east by Starks.
Checker-Be-ry. The town contains three borough, south by Bristol, and west by
meeting houses, 9 stores, 1 paper mill, 2 Ferrisburgh.  It lies 18 miles southeast
grist, 2 saw and 3 fulling mills and 3 tan- from Burlington, and 27 west from Mont.
neries.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 482; pelier.  It was chartered June 24, 17C2,
cattle, 2,863; sheep, 16,600; swine, 1,617; and contains 24,000 acres. This township
wheat, bus. 4,425; oats, 11,266; rye, 10,- was settled in 1774, by John and Ebene288; buck-wheat, 1,230; Indian  corn, zer Stearns, Barnabas Burnham and John
16,603; potatoes, 49,791; bay, tons, 5,978; Bishop.  They left during the war, but
sugar, lbs. 19,204; wool, 31,686.  Popu- returned in 1784.  There are no large
lation, 2,136.                             streams in this township.  The western
MNiDDEN.  Name altered to Craftsbury, part is watered by Little Otter creek, and
October 27, 1790.  See Craftsbury.         the eastern part by Pond brook, which
MINEHEAD.  Name altered to Bloom- rises from a considerable pond nearly on
field, Nov. 9, 1830.  See Bloomfield.      the line between  Monkton and Bristol,
Missisco.   Name  altered  to Troy,
October 26, 1803.  See Troy.               mse, signifying much, and mskeco, grass-aboundMissisco BAY is a large arm  of lake ing in grass; and othets. from missi, much, and
Champlain, which extends into Canada kiscoo, waterfbwl. Both of these names are de.scriptive, as there are here extensive tracts of wild grass,
between Swanton and Highgate on the and both the bay and the lower part, of the river are
east, and Alburgh on the west. Its width favorite resorts for waterfowl. The name is asufro   east to west, on Canada line, is  lly pronounced.Missisco, and my reason for spelling
it.hlissisco, hesides its near conformity to the origin.
about five miles, and it extends four or al, is the unsettled orthography of the word, which
five miles into Canada.  This bay covers may be seen by the following various spellings, all
an area of abott 35 square miles.          of which are copied from printed books, or periodicals.
Mrssisco* RIVER rises in Lowell, and,    s.    Missisque   isssikow  Masiska
MisiqUe   MisisqUei MiSSSiskow MsSiiku
M issisqui  _'Missisco  Mlisslskay   Michiscoui
~ This name is doubtless derived from the Indians  Missisqua  Missiscoui Missiskoy  Michiscouio
but there is not perfect agreement with regard to  lhissisquay Missisco   Missiskoue Michisqul
its signification. Some consider it as comning from   Missisquot Missiski   Missiskoui




118                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           PART III.
MONKTON.                                                            MONTGOMERY.
and runs north through this township in- northeast from  Burlington.  It is bounto Lewis creek in Hinesburgh.  Lewis ded north by Richford, east by Westfield,
creek also runs a short distance in the south by Lowell and Avery's Gore, and
northeastern part. These streams afford west by  Enosburgh.  It was granted
but few mill privileges.  Monkton pond March 13, 1780, and chartered October
lies in the north part of the township, and 8, 1789, to Stephen R. Bradley and othis about a mile in length and half a mile, ers.  Capt. Joshua Clap, * a respectable
wide.  A mountain called the Hogback, revolutionary officer, removed his family
extends along the eastern boundary of the from Worcester county, Mass., ito this
township, and there are several other con- town, in March, 1793, and this was for
siderable elevations. "Iron ore is found two years the onlyfamily intown.  Hon.
in the south part of this township in large Samuel Barnard, Reuben Clap and James
quantities.  Ochrey varieties occur, but Upham, Esq. all from Mass., were among
it is mostly the hematitic brown oxyde. the earliest settlers. The Rev. JoelClap,
The color of the surface of this ore is a of Woodstock, was the first person born
velvet black, and that of the interior a in this town-Sept. 4, 1793. He was edubrownish black. Its structure is fibrous cated, studied his profession and preachand commonly radiated. This ore makes ed the first fast day, the first thanksexcellentiron, and is extensively manu- giving, and  the first mother's funeral
factured at Bristol and other places. Con- sermons which were preached in this
nected with the iron ore, is found the town. The first town meeting was held
black  oxyde of manganese. About a and the town was organized, Aug. 12,
mile north of the iron oar bed, on the east 1802.  Samuel Barnard, Esq. was first
side of a ridge of land running north and town clerk. The prevailing denominasouth, is an extensive bed of kaolin, or tions of Christians are Cpngregationalists,
porcelain earth. It is white, sometimes Episcopalians, Baptists, and Methodists.
grayish white; dry to the touch, and ab- The Congregational church was organsorbs water with rapidity. It is evident- ized Aug. 12, 1802, over which the Rev.
ly decomposed feldspar, or rather, graph- Avery Ware was settled from  Jan. 20,
ic granite, as these substances are found 1825, to July 1830. This church consists
in the bed, in all stages of decomposition, of about 30 members. The  Episcopal
from the almost entire stone, down to the church was organized about 1819 by the
finest and purest porcelain  earth.  It name of Union Church.  The ministers
might be manufactured into the best Chi- have been the Rev. Joel Clap, the Rev.
na ware. The quantity is immense, suf- Jordan Gray, the Rev. Richard Peck, the
ficient to supply the world with this ware Rev. Lewis McDonald, the Rev. Josiah
for centuries.  By  mixing this earth Obear, and the Rev, Alexander H. Cull,
with common clay in different proportions, who is the present minister. Communivarious kinds of pottery are produced." cants 71. The public buildings are an
", In the south part of this township is a Episcopal church built in 1829, and a
pond, curiously located on the summit of Congregational meeting house, built in
a considerable hill. In the northwestern  1839, both of wood. This town is waterpart is a remarkable cavern. The orifice, ed by Trout river, which is formed by the
by which it is entered, is at the bottom of union of south and east branch, about
a large chasm  in the rocks on the side of halfa mile west of the centre of the town.
a small hill. After descending about 16 In its course it receives a number of tribfeet, you arrive at a room  30 feet long utary streams, and leaves the town near
and 16 wide. From  this is a passage the northwest corner.  On this river is a
leading to a second apartment, which is beautiful, fertile tract ot intervale.  Back
not; quite so large but more pleasant." from the river the land becomes mounThis town contains three meeting houses, tainous, and less suitable for cultivation.
1 grist and 3 saw mills, 3 stores and 1 The mill privileges, both on the river and
tannery.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses,285; its tributaries, are numerous and excelcattle, 1,660; sheep, 6,260; swine, 989; lent. But few of them, however, are yet
wheat, bush. 1,840' oats, 11,038; rye, occupied.  The timber is mostly  hard
1,060; buckwheat, 560; Ind. corn, 7,430 wood, with some spruce, hemlock and fir.
potatoes, 39,340; hay, tons, 5,708; sugar This town is divided into 6 school dislbs. 9,340; wool, 18,940, Population, I,- tricts, 3 of which are furnished with good
310.
MONTGOMERY, a post town in the eas-   *Capt. J. Clap was twin brother of Capt Caleb
Clap who settled in Greenfield Massachusetts. Both
tern part of Franklin county, is in ]at. were officers of the same grade. and served through
440 52' and long. 40 23', containing the war of the Revolution. The former died in
23040 acres, or 36 square miles. It lies 1811 and the latter in 181'2. The resemblance be42 miles north from  Montpelier, and 41 tween them is said to have been so perfect that
42 miles north from Montpelier, and 41 they could be distinguished only by their dress.




PART IIl.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             119
MONROE.                                                          MONTPELIER.
school houses. There are in town 2 mer- the spring after. On the 4th of May, 1787,
cantile stores, 1 tavern, 7 saw mills, 1 Col. Jacob Davis and Gen. Parly Davis,
grist mill, with 3 run of stones, I fulling from Charlton, Worcester co., Ms., with
mill, 1 carding machine, and 1 starch fac- one hired man, and one horse, each loadtory. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 130; ed with pork, flour, beans, and other necattle, 848; sheep, 1,608; swine, 165; cessaries, cooking utensils, and a set of
wheat, bush. 1,110; oats, 1,194; bar- surveyor's instruments belonging to Gen.
ley 4; buckwheat, 582; Ind. corn, 1,344; Davis, the well known surveyor of a great
potatoes, 26,425; hay, tons, 1,498; sugar, part of this section of the state, having arlbs. 23,875; wool, 3,797. Pop. 548.    rived the day previous from Brookfield,
MONROE, a post town in the north part through Berlin, at the mouth of Dog rivof Washington county, is in lat. 440 26' er, and crossed over Winooski river to the
and long. 40 35',' and is bounded north by house of Seth Putnam, near Montpelier
Hardwick, east by Cabot, south by Calais line, cut out a road to the hunter's camp,
and west by Elmore. It lies 15 miles on the site now  occupied by the jail
northeasterly from Montpelier, was grant- house in Montpelier village; when Col.
ed November 6, 1780, and chartered, by Davis and his hired man commenced
the name of Woodbury, to Ebenezer clearing up the meadow on the west side
Wood and others, August 16, 1781, con- of the Little North Branch, now known
taining 23,040 acres. The name was al- as state street. They soon threw up a
tered to Monroe, Nov. 5, 1838. But little large log house, into which Col. D. movsettlement was made in this township be- ed his family the following winter, leavfore the year 1800. The whole popula- ing Gen. Davis to proceed with the surtion in that year amounted to 23. This vey of the town, and to locate himself on
township is watered by branches of Wi- a tract of land containing about 300 acres,
nooski and Lamoille rivers, and probably at the centre of the town, on which he
contains the greatest number of natural still resides. In 1788 Col. Davis erected
ponds of any township in the state. The a saw mill, and next year a grist mill, on
town contains 1 grist and 2 saw mills. the Little North Branch, at the falls
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 104; cattle, around whieh now  stand  Waterman's
706; sheep, 2,011; swine, 226; wheat, starch factory  and Wainwright's Iron
bus. 826; barley, 155; oats, 4,695; rye, foundry. Clarissa, daughter of Col. Da391; buckwheat, 1,401; lnd. corn, 1,748; vis, and now wife of Hon. Geo. Worthpotatoes, 5,935; hay, tons, 1,437; sugar, ington, was the first child born in town.
lbs. 18,695; wool, 2,586.  Population, The settlement of the town went on rap1,092.                                 idly, and in 1791 the population numberMONTPELIER, a post and shire town in ed 117 persons. On the 29th of March,
Washington county, and the seat of gov- this year, the town was organized, and
ernment of the state, is in lat. 440 17', Ziba Woodworth, a revolutionary soland long. 40 25', and is bounded norther- dier, who was desperately wounded at
ly by Calais, easterly by Plainfield and a Fort Griswold, was chosen town clerk.
small part of Marshfield, southerly by Col. Davis was this year, also, chosen to
Berlin, from which it is separated by Win- represent the town in the legislature.
ooski river, and a part of' Barre, and wes- The first settlers were mostly hardy, enterly by Middlesex.  It lies 36 miles terprising and intelligent young men,
southeast from Burlington, 103 northeast- among whom were Jonathan Snow, James
erly from Bennington, and 140 miles from  Taggard, John Templeton, Sol'n Dodge,
Boston. This township was granted Oct. James Hawkins, David Wing, Jr., (after21, 1780, and chartered to Timothy Bige- wards Sec'y of State,) Ziba Woodworth,
low and others, Aug. 14, 1781, containing Nath. Davis, Nath. Peck, Caleb Bennett,
23,040 acres. It was rechartered Feb. 6, Clark Stevens (Friends), B. I. and J. B.
1804. The first attempt to settle in this Wheeler. In less than 7 years from the
town was made in the spring of 1786; beginning of improvements, a company
when Joel Frizzle, a hunter and trapper, of militia of 72 men was organized, and
felled a few trees, planted a little corn Parly Davis chosen first captain. A ciramong the logs, after the Indian fashion, culating library of about 200 -volumes of
and erected a very small log cabin on the well selected books was also established
bank of Winooski river, in the southwest near the same time, in which most of the
corner of this township, on the farm late- inhabitants became proprietors. And to
ly owned by Mr. John Walton, and mov- this fact may doubtless be attributed, in a
ed his family, himself and wife, a little good degree, the more than ordinary inFrench women, into it from Canada, the telligence and taste for reading which, we
same season. But the first permanent believe, has distinguished, till the present
clearing and settlement was not made till time, the inhabitants, especially the farm



120                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART IIt.
MONTPELIER.                                                       MONTPELIER.
ing class of this town. This town was through a solid rock, below the falls on
constituted the permanent seat of govern- Winooski river, but no salt water obtainment of the state by an act passed Nov. ed. From the sediment drawn up, it ap8, 1805, and became the shire town of the peared that the rock, the slate-lime stone,
county of Jefferson (afterwards changed preserved its character, with an occasionto Washington,). When the seat ofgov- al layer of flint or sand stone, through the
ernment was established here, a large whole of that depth; and one or two
wooden building was erected for a state springs, impregnated with iron, which
house, within five rods of the spot, it may were come across in the course of the
be interesting to relate, where the long drilling, were the only discoveries made,
sighted Col. Davis, more than a dozen till the project was relinquished. Montyears before, had predicted the public pelier village, incorporated in 1818, embuildings of the  State would even- bracing a square mile, and, lying in the
tually be located, and within 15 rods of southwest corner of the township, on the
the site on which the present splendid bank of Winooski river, and on both sides
granite State House now stands. The re- of the Little North Branch, contains, by
ligious denominations in this town are 2 the census of 1840, 1,720 inhabitants. It
societies of Congregationalists, and 1 each is about 10 miles northeasterly from the geof Methodists, ~iniversalists and Friends, ographical centre of the state, and, besides
or Quakers. The Congregational churches being the point of intersection of the roads
are in the village of Montpelier, the 1st, from all parts, is the great thoroughfare
or old church,numbering nearly 300 mem- from Boston to Canada, the travel going
bers, the new, or 2d church, a little less. through in not only in. this, but in all diRev. C. Wright was the first settled Con- rections. The situation is low, but the
gregational minister, who died in the streets and building ground have been
spring of 1840, having been nearly ten raised so much that it is now  as dry as
years before succeeded by the Rev. Mr. other places of the like soil. With some
Hopkins, and afterwards Rev. Buel W. also it is rendered somewhat unpleasant
Smith, the last settled minister. Rev. S. by the promixity of the hills. The whole
Kellogg is the pastor of the~ 2d church. site. of this village bears unequivocal eviThe Rev. Mr. Harding is the located dence of having been the bed of a lake
preacher of t~he Methodist church, and the about 40 feet deep, the original surface of
Rev. Mr. Ballou of the Universalists. the water being indicated by the strata of
There is also a Freewill Baptist society in earth and rocks on all the surrounding
town, though small. The Methodists are hills, and the whole having been drained,
tnumerous,  having  two meeting-houses, probably, by the deepening of the channel
one in the village, and one mostly occu- at Middlesex narrows. The place, bowpied by them  in the centre of the town. ever, has had a rapid growth, and is now
The Friends have also a meeting house one of the most flourishing interior villain the easterly part of the town. The ges in New England. Its public buildtownship is watered by the Winooski ings are, the beautiful and durable State
river, which runs through the southeast House,* built under the superintendence
cohof A. B. Young, architect, in 1836-7,
corner, and along the southern boundary, of A. B. Youno, architect, it  1t36-7
by the Little North Branch, which cross- which is superior, perhaps, to any State
es the southwest corner, by Kingsbury House in the Union, unless we except
Branch, which crosses the northeast cor-the recent one in North Carolina,-a court
ner, annd by several smalleratrealns. The house, jail, a brick academy, built on the
mill privileges are both good and numer- site of the wood one destroyed by fire in
ous. The surface of the town is uneven, 182  a spacious brick meeting house and
but the soil, for a general thing, is un- two  h andsome wood ones. The academy
commonly fine, and there is scarcely an or county grammar school,was incorpora
acre of waste land in town,-the most of ted Nov. 7, 1800, and-is now a flourishit richly, and all of it fairly rewarding the ing institution, with a library, philosophlabors of the itdustrious farmer.  The ical apparatus, &c., under the care of Calprevailing character of the rocks is slate vin Pease, A. M., the number of pupils
and lime, sometimes distinct, but more having been, in some quarters of the past
generally combined. Rare minerals have year, about 100.'There are in this vilnot been found here, unless the sulphurets lage, at present, 12 practising attornies at
of iron, copper, and talc, which are com- law, and 5 physicians There are 3 print
mon in the slate rocks, be reckoned.- ing offices, at which weekly newspapers
About 10 years ago there was a company are published, viz. that of the Universaformed and a charter obtained, for boring list Watchman, Vermont Watchman, and
for salt, and, by the aid of machinery, a Vermont Patriot,-one iron foundry, two
hole perforated to the depth of 800 feet,  * For a description see part second, p. 130.




PART 1II.             GAZETTEER  OF VERMONT.                              121
MOOSE RIVER.                      t\IORETOWN.                          MIOnGAN.
clothing or fulling mills, one starch fac- tricts in the whole town is 16. with the
tory, and 3 druggist's stores. There are same number of school houses, which are
12 India and English goods stores, and generally good. The latitude of the State
the amount of the sales of imported goods House is 440 16' north, and its longitude
annually sold by them is unusually great 710 33' west from  Greenwich.  Statistics
for a village of its size, amounting on an of 1840. —Horses, 652; cattle, 2,453;
average, as one of the most intelligent of sheep, 7,443; swine, 1,356; wheat, bush.
its merchants has been at the pains of as- 3,652; barley, 463; oats, 32,590; rye,
certaining, to the sum of $200,000, at a 596; buckwheat, 1,568; Ind. corn, 7,630;
safe estimate, not including the sales of potatoes, 66,860; hay, tons, 7,205; sugar,
the 3 stove and hollow-ware stores in this lbs.67,070; wool,12)941. Pop. 3,725.O.P.T.
place. Montpelier village, indeed, is em-   MoosE RIVER, is an eastern branch of
phatically a business place, and the in- the Passumpsic, and rises in Granby and
habitants, who began without capital, and East Haven.  Taking a southwesterly
had to be the artificers of their own for- course through Victory,Bradleyvale, Contunes, are strongly characterized as a cord, and a part of St. Johnsbury, it falls
community by their habits of industry into the Passumpsic opposite to St.Johnsand economy, and their discountenance bury Plain. It is generally a rapid stream,
of all lounging and idleness. There is 1I except through Bradleyvale and a part of
book bindery, a manufactory  of piano Concord, where itis sluggish through flat
fortes and other musical instruments, to- land. Length 24 miles.
gether with a large proportion of mechan-   MORETOWN, a post town in the central
ics' shops of nearly every kind to be part of Washington county, is in lat. 44o
found in the country. A substantial arch 15' and long. 40 19', and is bounded norbridge of about 100 ft. span crosses Winoo- therly by Middlesex and a part of Waterski river at the falls, and unites the village bury, from which it is separated by Winto a cluster of buildings on the Berlin ooski river, easterly by Berlin, southerly
side, among which are a saw mill, a large, by Waitsfield, and westerly by Duxbury.
valuable grist mill, and a machine shop. It was chartered June 7, 1763, containing
23,040 acres, and lies eight miles southGround Plan of MJlontpelier village. west from Montpelier, and 30 southeast
a a Court Street.                     from Burlington.  The settlement of this
c Court House.                        township was commenced about the year
d Methodist Chapel.                   1790, and the town was organized 3 or 4
e e Elm Street
g Universalist Chapel.                years after. The religious denominations
h First Cong. church.                 are Congregationalists and Methodists,
n n State Street.                     and there is a small society of each. Much
o o Maine Street.
8 Warren St. w Pavillion.             of the township is mountainous, and in1 State House.                     // capable of being settled. Mad river en6 Academy.                            ters it from Waitsfield about a mile from
7 SUe~nid ong~ cHuschue.   Ilthe southwest corner, and passes through
it in a northeasterly direction into WinL.   - A   DZ= ooski river. On this stream are several
li7   _..I  aJ~ mill privileges. There are in town 2fulJI _  t   lZILh  ling mills, 3 grist and 6 saw mills, 1 store,
Krr                 A~                   osk -a w and 1 tavern. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
_Weiwonkt R    I225; cattle, 1,408; sheep, 3,546; swine,
889; wleat, bush. 1,735; barley, 151;
oats, 9,110; rye, 222; buckwheat, 810;. Ind. corn, 4,105; potatoes, 38,848; hay,
There are 3 other small villages in the tons, 3,171; sugar, lbs. 28,791; wool, 6,570.  Population, 1,128.
town of Montpelier,-one at the centre, 570.in  the eastern part
consisting of a tavern, a meeting house,  of Orlea ns county, is in the eastern part
several mechanics' shops, and about a
dozseveral mechanics' shops, and about a long. 4" 58', and is bounded north by Holdozen dwelling houses; one somewhat land and a part of Derby, easterly by
larger on Winooski river, in the east part Wenlock and Warner's gore, and southof the town, called Dagget's mills, con- west by Navy and aart of Salem. It
taining a meeting house, tavern, clothing  wes 52 miles northeast from Montpelier,
works, saw and grist mill; and one nearly the same size in the north part of the and was chartered Nor. 6,1780, to Jedetown, called Rich's Hollow, on the Cala- dah Calderkn and others, by the nmeas altered
is branch of Winooski river, where there  of Caldersbgan Ot. 19, 18. The na me was altered
are a store, a woollen factory, and com- of thios township was comment
mon mills. The number of school disPT. III.       16




122                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART IIli.
MORRISTOWN.                                                      MORRISTOWN.
the year 1800, by Nathan Wilcox. The first woman that wintered in this town.
town was organized in March, 1807, and Their nearest neighbors, on the south,
Christopher Bartlett was first town clerk, were at Waterbury, 14 miles distant, and
and Rufus Stewart first representative. no road. The nearest mill was at CamA Congregational church was organized bridge, distant 20 miles. In the summer
here June 4, 1823, and at first consisted of 1798 Capt. Safford, from Windsor, Ms.,
of 7 members. Their present number is built the first saw mill, at the Great falls
73, and their present pastor, the Rev. J. on the Lamoille. The town was organS. Clark, was ordained Jan. 11, 1827. A  ized in 1796, and Comfort Olds was first
Methodist class was formed here in 1829. town clerk. The first sermon preached
The surface of the town consists of swells in this town was by Rev. Mr. Bogue, a
and vallies, and is mostly susceptible of missionary, in the summer of 1798, and
cultivation. Timber generally hard wood. the second by the eccentric Lorenzo Dow.
Soil good. A head branch of Clyde riv- The surface of this town is moderately
er, called Farrand's river, passes through uneven. The soil is of a good quality,
the east part of Morgan, and Seymour's and easily cultivated. Morristown is, in
lake, which is about four miles long and point of agricultural products, the second
nearly 2 wide, lies in the central part. It in the county.  The timber is maple,
discharges its waters to the south through beech, birch, hemlock, &c. The Lamoille
Echo Pond into Clyde river. Statistics river enters this town near the northeast
of 1840.-Horses, 86; cattle, 492; sheep, corner, passing by Morrisville and Cadys8412; swine, 187; wheat, bus. 1,617; bar- ville, and after running four miles in the
ley, 233; oats, 3,674; rye, 10; buck- north part of this town, again returns inwheat, 669; Ind. corn, 303; potatoes, to Hydepark. Along this river in Mor17,675; hay, tons, 1,037; sugar, lbs. 16,- ristown are some fine tracts of intervale,
102; wool, 1,889. Population, 422.     and on it are two excellent mill seats.
MORRISTOWN, is situated in the central There are several.other streams in town,
part of Lamoille county, in lat. 440 32' on which mills are erected. Morrisville
and long. 40 20', and is bounded norther- is a pleasant, flourishing village, situated
ly by Hydepark, easterly  by Elmore, near the great falls. Here is one of the
southerly by Stow, and westerly by Ster- finest situations for manufacturing establing. It lies 20 miles northwest from  lishments which the state affords. At
Montpelier, and 29 northeast from  Bur- the falls a few rods west of the village,
lington. It was granted Nov. 6, 1780, may be found curious specimens of the
and chartered to Moses Morse and asso- wonder working power of water in Wvearciates, Aug. 24, 1781, containing 23,040 ing holes into the solid rock, some of
acres. The settlement was commenced  which are nearly 8 feet deep and 4 feet
in the spring of 1790, by Mr. Jacob Walk- broad. The river at this place pours iter, who came from Bennington, accom- self into a channel cut directly across the
panied by his brother, who shortly after stream, 20 feet deep and 30 broad. This
returned. Mr. Walker remained here du- channel the early settlers denominated the
ring the summer, making his home at the pulpit, from the resemblance of the rocks
house of Mr. John McDaniel, in Hyde- at the north end to that structure. On
park, to which place he returned on Sat. the west side of this chasm the rocks rise
urday night, going out again on Monday perpendicularly to the height of 30 feet,
with provisions sufficient to last him  and the beholder, while standing on the
through the week. In this way he la- edge of this precipice, sees the whole bobored through the summer, and in the dy of the river plunged down at his feet
fall he returned to Bennington. In the into this boiling cauldron, from which it
spring of 1791 Mr. Walker brought his escapes through a channel at the south
family here and continued through the end, and immediately spreading itself out
summer, and in the fall again returned to encircles numerous islands, whose high,
B. In the spring of 1792, Mr. Walker jagged points are covered with a thick
and family came to this town, accompa- growth of cedar and fir, and altogether
nied by Mr. Olds and his family. They presenting a scene of grandeur and beaubuilt a camp, in which Mr. W. and wife, ty seldom  found surpassed. Cadysville
and Mr. Olds and wife, and two hired is situated two miles below Morrisville,
men, lived two months, during which and bids fair to become a place of considtime Gov. Butler, of Waterbury, paid erable business. At the centre of the
them a visit. At the end of two months town is a small village, pleasantly located
a house had been erected, into which they and wanting only the facilities of water
all removed. In the fall Mr. Walker power to make it the principal place of
moved to Fairfax, and left Mr. Olds and business. in the southeast corner of the
family here alone. Mrs. Olds was the town is a pond called Joe's Pond, from an




PART Ill.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             123
MOUNT HOLLY.         MOUNT INDEPENDENCE.-MOUNT NEBO.           MOUNT TABOR.
old Indian pensioner who lived by the stream of consequence. In the northeastside of it. (See Hydepark.)  In the east ern part is a considerable pond called
part of this town lead ore has lately been Palches pond. In soil and timber it is
discovered. The public buildings are a similar to the mountain towns generally,
town house and four meeting houses, the being much better adapted to the producfirst of which was erected in 1823. The tion of grass than grain. About four miles
Congregationalists and Methodists have south from Sprague's tavern, on the sumeach convenient and commodious houses. mit of the Green Mountains, is found amiThe Universalists, in common with sev- anthus, common and ligniform asbestos
eral other denominations, erected an ele- and fossil leather. Its color is a grayish
gant house at Morrisville, which was ded- white, and it is very abundant. Ludlow
icated Aug. 25, 1840. There are 4 phy- mountain is a considerable elevation, lysicians, 2 attornies, 10 saw mills, 2 grist ing along the line between this township
mills, 2 tanneries, 2 carding machines, 1 and Ludlow. The turnpike from Rutwoollen factory, 4 stores, and 2 taverns. land to Boston passes through this townStatistics of 1840.-Horses, 385; cattle, ship. There are here 2 stores, 1 grist, 8
2,807; sheep, 7,578; swine, 1,376; wheat, saw and 2 fulling mills, 1 carding mabush. 3,454; barley, 52; oats, 12,916; chine and 1 tannery. Statistics of 1840.
rye, 233; buckwheat, 38; Ind. corn, 5,- Horses, 313; cattle, 2,802; sheep, 3,425,
614; potatoes, 66,720; hay, tons, 5,095; swine, 725; wheat, bus. 1,832; barley,
sugar,lbs.50,980; wool, 14,109. Pop. 1,502. 448; oats, 10,340; rye, 296; buckwheat,
MOUNT HOLLY, a post town in the east 680; Indian corn, 836; potatoes, 65,930;
part of Rutland county, is in lat. 43~ 29' hay, tons, 5,317; sugar, lbs. 44,120;
and long. 40 14', and is bounded north wool, 8,34'2. Population, 1,356.
by Plymouth and Shrewsbury, east by   MOUNT INDEPENDENCE lies in the northLudlow, south by Weston, and west by west corner of the township of Orwell,
Wallingford and a part of Mount-Tabor. and about two miles southeast of TiconIt lies 60 miles south from  Montpelier, deroga Fort.  It is an inconsiderable
and 20 west from Windsor. It is made mountain, and worthy of notice only on
up of Jackson's gore, containing 10,669 account of the fortifications formerly
acres, 3,388 acres from  the east side of erected upon it, and its connection with
Wallingford, and 11,739 acres from  the the early history of our country.
west side of Ludlow, being, in the whole,   MOUNT NEBO, an eminence in Middle25,796 -acres, and was incorporated, Oct. bury, resting on a base of about two miles
31, 1792. The settlement of this town- by one, and rising gradually 439 feet
ship was commenced, in 1781, by Icha- above the level of Otter creek. Upon its
bod G., Stephen, and John Clark, Jonah, southern declivity the northeast part of
Amos and Ebenezer Ives, from Connec- the village rests. It affords some of the
ticut, Jacob Wilcox, from Rhode-Island, best arable land in the township, and is
and Joseph Green, David Bent, Abraham  cultivated to its summit, where it exhibits
Crowly and  Nathaniel Pingrey, from  to view Lake Champlain. It is a place
Massachusetts. The town  was organ- of much resort to those who love to take
ized, in 1792. Stephen Clark was first an extended view of natural scenery; see
town clerk, and Abraham Jackson, first "Alps on Alps arise"; and gaze at the
representative. The religious denomina- mountains, which stretch off to a great distions are Baptists, Methodists, Congre- tance north and south, both in New York
gationalists and  Friends, or Quakers. and Vermont. This eminence is someThe Baptist church is most numerous, times called Chijpman's Hill.
and Elder D. Parker was settled over it, in   MOUNT TABOR, a township in the south1811. They have a meeting-house in the east corner of Rutland county, is in lat.
north part of the town. The Congrega- 430 21' and long. 40 8', and is bounded
tional church was organized in 1799, but north by Wallingford, east by Weston
that and the other societies are small. and a part of Mount Holly, south by Peru,
The Friends have a small house for pub- and west by Danby. It lies 26 miles
lic worship, and there is a meeting house southwest from Windsor, and 36 northin the south part, owned by the different east from Bennington, and was chartered
denominations in common. In 1813 there August 28, 1761, by the name of Harwich.
were 37 deaths in this town, mostly occa- It was organized March 13, 1788, and
sioned by the epidemic of that year. Mill John Jenkins was first town clerk. This
river, which rises in the south part of the is a mountainous- township, and much of
township, and runs through the northeast it incapable of ever being settled. The
corner of Wallingford and the southwest mountains belong to the range of Green
corner of Shrewsbury, and unites with Mountains, and the air and soil are not so
Otter creek, in Clarendon, is the only well adapted to the production of grain as




12Z4                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
NEAL'S BROOK.                     NEWARK.                           NEWBURY.
grass. Otter creek rises here, and runs others, March 18, 1763, containing 36,450
south into Peru, then west into Dorset, acres. The settlement of this township
and then north through the western bor- was commenced in the spring of 1762.
der of this township into Wallingford. The first family was that of Sam'l SleepStatistics of 1840 -Horses, 42; cattle, er. The next were the families of Thom341; sheep, 883; swine, 109; wheat, bus. as and Richard Chamberlain. John Hazle329; barley, 20; oats, 634; rye, 33; ton also moved his family to Newbury in
buckwheat, 211; Indian corn, 390; pota- 1762, and his daughter Betsey, born in
toes, 6,000; hay, tons, 550; sugar, lbs. 1763, was the first child born in town.
3,585; wool, 1,760. Population, 226.    Jacob Bailey Chamberlain, son of Thomas
MOUNT TOM, a considerable eminence C., born the same year, was the male
in Woodstock.                          child. The parents of the latter received
MUDDY BROOIK divides Williston from  a bounty of 100 acres of land, agreeably
Burlington, and falls into Winooski river. to a promise of the proprietors of the
NAVY.  Name altered to Charleston, township. Among the first settlers, in
Nov. 16, 1825. See Charleston.         addition to the above, may be mentioned
NEAL'S BROOK rises near the north cor- Gen. Jacob Bayley, Col. Jacob Kent, Col.
ner of Lunenburgh, in several branches, Thomas Johnson, John Taplin, Noah and
and, running south, falls into' a pond of Ebenezer White, Frye Bayley, and James
the same name, which is about a mile Abbott. The early inhabitants were lmostlong and half a mile wide, and lies near ly emigrants from the southeastern parts
the centre of Lunenburgh. It then con- of New Hampshire, and from Newbury,
tinues its course south, meets a westerly Mass. They had peculiar hardships to
branch, and, after running about half a endure, there being no inhabitants on
mile further, falls into Connecticut river, Connecticut river, at this time, north of
by a mouth nearly two rods wide. On No. 4, now Charlestown, N. H., or bethis stream  are several mills and other tween this place and Concord. Nor were
machinery.                             there any roads through the wilderness,
NESHOBE. Name altered to Brandon, or any thing, but marked trees, to faciliOct. 20, 1784. See Brandon.            tate the communication between this and
NEWARK, a post town in the northeast- the civilized settlements.  The nearest
ern part of Caledonia county, is in lat. 44~ mill was at Charlestown, distant more
42' and long. 5~ 8', and is bounded north- than 60 miles. To that they went for
easterly by Brighton, southeasterly by their grinding, carrying their grain down
East Haven, southwesterly by Burke and the river in canoes during the summer,
Sutton, and northwesterly by Westmore. and drawing it upon the ice in the winter.
It lies 44 miles northeast from Montpe- The crank, for the first saw mill built in
lier; -,as granted November 6, 1780, and Newbury, was drawn from Concord, N.
chartered August 15, 178t, to Wm. Wall H., distant nearly 80 miles, upon a handand others, containing 23,040 acres. The sled.  Gen. Bayley was very active in
settlement of this township was com- forwarding the settlement of this part of
menced about the year 1800. It is water- the country, and distinguished himself as
ed by a great number of small streams, a general officer in the revolutionary war.
which are here collected together, and He, in 1776, commenced making the road
form the Passumpsic river.  But a small from Newbury to St. Johns, which was
part of this township is settled, although opened by Gen. Hazen, in 1779, as far as
the settlement has been extending grad- Hazen's Notch, in Westfield. Newbury
ually from its commencement. It con- was garrisoned by one or more companies
tains 2 saw mills and 4 school districts. of soldiers during the revolution, and was,
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 77; cattle, for many years after, the most important
417; sheep, 9!51; swine, 371; wheat, bus. town in this part of the state. The first
1,756; barley, 729; oats, 2,687; rye, 111; meeting of the proprietors of this townbuckwheat, 459; Indian corn, 315; pota- ship was held at Plastow, N. H., June 13,
toes, 18,260; hay, tons, 801; sugar, lbs. 1763.  The town was organized immedi21,813; wool, 1,679. Population, 360.   ately after the settlement was commenNEWBURY, a post town in the northeast ced, and Col. Jacob Kent was chosen
corner of Orange county, is in lat. 44~ 6' town clerk, which office he held till 1798.
and long. 40 52', and is bounded north by The Congregational church of this town
Ryegate, east by Connecticut river, which was formed at Hollis, Mass., in Septemseparates it from Haverhill, N. H., south ber, 1764. The Rev. Peter Powers, the
by Bradford, and west by Topsham. It first minister of Newbury, was installed
lies 27 miles easterly from Montpelier, over this church Feb. 27, 1765, and he
and 47 northeasterly from Windsor; and preached his own installation sermon.
was chartered to Gen. Jacob Bayley and He was dismissed in 1784, and died at




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              125
NEWBURY.                                                            NEWVBURY
Deer-Isle, Me., in 1799. His successors ations in the fall of 1834, under the direcat Newbury have been Rev. Jacob Wood, tion of Rev. C. Adams and Rev. Osmon
settled Jan. 9, 1788; Rev. Nath'l Lam- C. Baker. The seminary building is a
bert, Nov. 17, 1790; Rev. Luther Jewett, large, substantial, brick edifice, three stoFeb. 28, 1.821; Rev. Clark Perry, June 4, ries high, and conveniently arranged for
1828, and Rev. George W. Campbell, the study and recitation rooms. _Connected
present minister, July 27, 1836.  The with this is a large boarding house, suffiMethodist Episcopal society was formed ciently extensive to accommodate about
in 1827, but did not enjoy constant minis- 100 students. In the immediate vicinity
terial labors until 1834.  Since that time of the Institution, such facilities are afthe following ministers have been sta- forded, that between 200 and300 students
tioned here: Rev. S. Kelly, 1834-5; may be accommodated. Newbury SemRev. E. J. Scott, 1836; Rev. J. G. Dow, inary is under the immediate patronage
1837-8. Rev. W. M. Mann, 1839; Rev. of the New Hampshire Annual ConferJ. Templeton, 1840; Rev. L. D. Burrows, ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
1841. Communicants about 200. Con- but its privileges are equally extended to
necticut river waters the eastern border all denominations.  The Institution  is
of this township, and along this stream  furnished with good apparatus for illusare here some of the most beautiful tracts trating the various branches of natural
of intervale in Vermont. The meadows science, and also, with a very respectable
are designated as follows: Upper meadow, library and cabinet of minerals.  The
in the north part, Cow meadow, Oxbow  following statistics, giving the number of
meadow, in the bend of Connecticut students for the year ending July, 1841,
river, called the Great Oxbow, containing will show its present condition.
450 acres, the Musquash meadow, south                Fall. Winter. Spring. Summer.
of the mouth of Harriman's brook, con-  Gentlemen,  140    51    109    62
taining 300 acres, Kent's meadow of about  Ladies,     96    32    111    46
200 acres, Sleeper's meadow of 160, and               -      - _          _
Hall's meadow of 250 acres. The other    Whole No. 236    83    220   108
streams, of most consequence, are Wells   Aggregate of all- the Terms, 647.
river, which crosses the northeast corner,   The board of instruction for the past
affording some excellent stands for mills, year has consisted of Rev. Osmon C. BaHarriman's brook, which rises in a pond ker, A. M. Principal, and Teacher of Belles
of the same name, passes through New- Lettres anld J\atural Science; Rev. Clark
bury village, and joins Connecticut river, T. Hinman, A. B., Teacher of Greek anld
a little south of the Great Oxbow, and.Mathematics;  Charles  P.  Merriman,
Hall's brook, which originates in Hall's Teacher of French, Italian, and Spanish
pond, and runs through the south part, Languages; J. Harrison Goodale, A. B.
and falls into the Connecticut in Brad- Teacheer of Latin and English Literature;
ford.  These are all considerable mill Miss Rachel Smith, Preceptrcss, and
streams.  By the side of Harriman's Teacher of Ornamental Branches; Miss
brook, about 50 rods north of the meeting E. E. Cheney, Teacher on the Piano Forte.
house, is a mineral spring, which is a   The other village is situated at the
place of considerable resort for invalids. mouth of Wells river, and is called
The water is strongly impregnated with lWells river village. It is well situated for
sulphureted hydrogen gas, and is said to trade, and has valuable water privileges
resemble the celebrated Harrow Gate wa- on Wells river, on which is a paper mill
tersof Yorkshire, England, and likewise and a variety of other mills and machinethose of Ballcastle and Castlemain, Ire- ry. It contains 3 stores, a tavern, a conland. They are found to be a specific for siderable number of mechanics and a post
scrofulous and all kinds of cutaneous office, called Wells river post office. Just
eruptions and complaints. A good shower below this village is a new bridge across
house and baths are constructed near the the Connecticut, and there is another just
spring, and every accommodation is pro- below Newbury village, leading to " Havided at the hotel, which the visitant can verhill corner."  The Legislature has
desire. Springs of the same kind are met held two sessions in Newbury; the first
with in several other places in the town- in 1787, and the other in 1801. There
ship. There are two very pleasant vil- are in Newbury 4 meeting houses, 9
lages in Newbury. JVewbury village is stores, 3 taverns, 1 paper mill, 4 carding
situated near the Great Oxbow, contain- machines, 4 fulling, 9 saw and 3 grist
ing 2 meeting houses, and the buildings mills, and 1 shingle mill. Statistics of
of the Newbury seminary, together with 1840.-Horses, 644; cattle, 2,528; sheep,
a large hotel, stores and mechanic's shops. 10,976; swine, 2,015; wheat, bus. 6,358;
NJewbury Seminary commenced its oper- barley, 397; oats, 43,587; rye, 679;




126                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
NEWFANE.                                                           NEWFANE.
buck-wheat, 1,099; Indian corn, 11,297; During half a century they were despotatoes, 91,689; hay, tons, 5,616; sugar, titute of a settled minister but only
lbs. 32,755; wool, 20,758.  Population, eighteen months; and they were supplied
2,579.                                 with preaching, one year, within that
NEWFANE, a post town, and the seat of time. The Rev. Hezekiah Taylorgradujustice in Windham county, is situated ated at Harvard College, in 1772, and
10 miles west of Connecticut river, in lat. having prepared himself for the ministry,
420 58' and long. 40 12' and is bounded came to this town, in 1774. There were
north by Townshend, east by Dummers- but six families then in the town, but a
ton, Putney and  Brookline, west by Congregational church was formed, conWardsborough and Dover, and south by sisting of nine members, and in August,
Marlborough. It contained, by charter, the same year, Mr. Taylor was ordained,
six miles square, but has been reduced by and took charge of his little flock. He
contributing to Brookline a small part of continued to preach till May, 1811, and
said township, which lies on the east side died, August 23, 1814, aged 66 years.
of West river. It is, as the roads are The Rev. Jonathan Nye was installed,
traveled, 110 miles from Boston, 80 from  colleague with Mr. Taylor, in November,
Albany, 110 from Montpelier, and 50 from  1811, and was dismissed in January, 1820.
Windsor.  In 1753, a charter of this The Rev. Chandler Bates was ordained
township was granted by Benning Went- July 4, 1821, and dismissed in 1830; the
worth, then governor of the province of Rev. John F. Griswold, April 10, 1834,
New-Hampshire, to Abraham Sawyer and and dismissed July 31, 1839; and the
others, by the name of Fane. In 1761, Rev. L. S. Coburn, the present minister,
the former charter was returned to gover- October 2, 1839. The other denominanor Wentworth, and a new one granted tions are Methodists, Baptists and Univerto Luke Brown and his associates. On salists. Among the early inhabitants, the
the 11th of May, 1772, the governor of Hon. Luke Knowlton distinguished himNew-York made a grant of said township self by his talents and enterprise.  He
by the name of " Newfane," to Walter emigrated from Shrewsbury, Mass. and
Franklin and twenty other persons, prin- came- into Newfane, in 1772. He was
cipally residing in the city of New-York. promoted to several important civil offiOn the 12th of May, 1772, the said W. ces; was once a judge of the supreme
Franklin and his associates conveyed their court, and many years, councillor and
right, in said township, to Luke-Knowl- chief judge of the county court. He died,
ton and John Taylor, Esqrs., of Worces- December 12, 1810, aged 73 years. Calter county, Mass. The titles of all the vin Knowlton, Esq. son of the Hon. L.
lands, in said town, are derived from the Knowlton, graduated at Darmouth ColNew-York charter. In 1772, a survey lege, in 1788, and was educated to the
was made of the whole township, and on law. He sustained several civil offices,
the 17th of May, 1774, said town was du- was a distinguished lawyer and a worthy
ly organized, but was not represented in man. He died, January 20, 1800, aged
the General Assembly of this state, till 39. The Hon. Ebenezer Allen was an
1780. Col. Wm. Ward was the first rep- early settler, and, for many years succesresentative. Luke Knowlton, Esq., was sively, represented the town in the genchosen first town clerk, which office he eral assembly. He was a judge of the
held till 1790. In 1792, Nathan Stone, county court, and judge of probate, and
Esq., was chosen town clerk, which office much in public business till his death,
he continued to hold till about 1835. The December 16, 1805, aged 46. The Rev.
settlement of the town was commenced Mr. Taylor contributed, eminently, to the
in the month of May, 1766, by Dea. Jon- happiness and prosperity of the early inathan Park, Nathaniel Stedman and Ebe- habitants of the town. Being possessed
nezer Dyer, who emigrated from Wor- of a firm and vigorous constitution, and a
cester county, Mass.  For several years, resolution of mind, unshaken by hardthey suffered all the hardships and priva- ships and misfortunes, with a liberal edutions incident to the settlement of a new  cation, with the most industrious habits,
country.  Withoutroads, horses, or oxen, and a disposition of kindness and benevthey were under the necessity of convey- olence towards all those, with whom he
ing, by their own strength, all their pro- was in any wise connected, while he faithvisions, &c. from Hinsdale, a distance of fully.ministered to the spiritual and tem20 miles, through a pathless wilderness. poral wants of his people, he was the deThe first child born in town, was Lucy, light of the social circle, and an ornament
a daughter of Dea. J. Park, August 15, to general society. We have no account
1769. The people of this town have been that the early settlers of Newfane were
highly favored with religious privileges. ever molested by the Indians. But tra



PART 11I.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               127
NEWFANE.                                                           NEW HAVEN..
dition informs us that, in the war of 1756, diallage, bitter spar, precious serpentine,
and some years before any settlements white and green talc, indurated talc, cblowere commenced, a battle was fought in rite, chlorite slate and sappare.* There are
this town.  See part second, page 68. three small villages, the centre, the south
This town is watered by West river, village and Fayetteville. The centre is' South branch,' Smith's brook, Baker's on elevated ground, and formerly was the
brook, besides numerous rivulets. West site of the county buildings, which are
river has its origin in Weston, and, after now at Fayetteville. From the meetingpassing through the towns of Londonder- house here may be seen some part of at
ry, Jamaica, Townshend, and the easterly least fifty towns, lying in Vermont, New
p'.rt of Newfane and Dummerston, unites Hampshire and Massachusetts. On the
with the Connecticut at Brattleboro'. The east is a view of the highlands in New
South branch originates in Dover, and, Hampshire and Massachusetts, to the disafter receiving a number of tributary tance of 60 or 70 miles, whilst on the marstreams, passes through  the southerly gin of the horizon, the'cloud-capt' Worpart of Newfane, from west to east, and chusett and Monadnock appear to'minfalls into West river, on the east line of gle with the heavens.' On the north,
said town. This stream affords many val- south and west, little is to b6 discovered,
uable mill seats and water privileges. but an extensive'sea of mountains,'
Smith's broolk affords some eligible mill which displays, in wild disorder, ridge
seats. This town is diversified with high above ridge, and peak above peak, till the
hills and deep vallies; but there are no distant view is lost among the clouds.elevations that deserve the name of moun- The South village is situated on the south
tains. There are no ponds, and very lit- branch, and has the advantage Iof good
tle broken or waste land that is unfit for water power. Fayetteville is pleasantly locultivation. The old growth of timber is cated in the easterly part of the town, not
principally  rock maple, beech, birch, far from  West river. It contains the
spruce and hemlock; but the recent county buildings, two or three taverns,
growth, in some places, affords walnut stores, &c. In 1801, a county grammar
and oak in abundance. The intervales school was incorporated at Newfane.afford excellent tillage, and the uplands There are in town 3 grist, and 12 saw
are, perhaps, inferior to none for grazing. mills, 1 oil, and 1 clothing mill, 2 tannerThe principal products for market are ies and 6 stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horsbeef, pork, butter and cheese. The geo- es, 259; cattle, 2,686; sheep, 4,486;
logical character of this town is primitive, swine, 761; wheat, bush. 973; barley,
and the rocks, in situ, are principally mi- 168; oats, 6,686; rye, 2,113; buckwheat,
ca slate and hornblende.  Some small 328; Ind. corn, 6,472; potatoes, 37,564;
beds and veins of granite, sienitic granite, hay, tons, 3,584;, sugar, lbs. 14,405; wool,
and gneiss are found, but none that can 9,663. Population, 1,043.
be advantageously wrought into building    NEW  FLAMSTEAD.  See Chester.
stone. In the southwest part of the town    Nvw HAVEN, a post town in the cenis an extensive bed of serpentine and stea- tral part of Addison county, is in lat. 440
tite, which, probably, at some future peri- 6' and long. 3~ 53', and is bounded north
od, may be profitably wrought. No very by Bristol and Ferrisburgh, east by Brisvaluable minerals have yet been discov- tol, south by Middlebury and Weybridge,
ered. Some rich specimens of iron ore and west by Addison and Waltham. It
have been found, but not of sufficient lies 26 miles south from Burlington and
quantity to defray the expense of refining. 31 nearly west from Montpelier; was charGreen carbonate and pyritous copper, in tered Nov. 2, 1761, and contains 23,390
small quantities, and the red oxide of ti- acres. The settlement of this township
tanium have also been found. Ferrugin- was commenced in 1769, by a few emious sand is abundant. The following list grants from  Salisbury, Conn., on that
comprises the principal part of the miner- part which is now set off to Waltham.
als, which have hitherto been discovered. The settlement was, however, broken up
Silicious carbonate of lime, crystalized and abandoned in'76, in consequence of
calc. spar, sulphate of alumine, and pot- the revolutionary war. Near this settleash (alum), efflorescing on mica slate, ment, and on that part of the township,
sulphate of iron, garnet, common, Imil- now constituting a part of the city of Verky, greasy, smoky, limpid, granular, red gennes, a fort was erected and garrisoned
ferruginous, yellow ferruginous, radiated, by troops, commanded by Capt. Ebeneand tabular quartz, red jasper, yellow and
and tabular quartz, red jasper, yellow and   * In 1826 a lump of native gold was picked up in
red feldspar, crystalized epidote, zoisite, this town, weighing 8 1-2 ounces. It was pure gold
tremolite, scapolite, compact abestus, sah- with the exception of some small quartz crystals atlite, augite, schorl, fasciculite, actynolite  tached to it, weighing perhaps half an ounce. Itq'',             X specific gravity was 16.5.   R1. FIELD.




128                  GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                         PART III.
NEW HAVEN.                  NEWPORT.-NORFOLK.                   NORTHFIELD.
zer Allen, and others, to protect the fron- 10,368; potatoes, 59,482; hay, tons, 9,tier settlements from the common enemy 867; sugar, lbs. 9,468; wool, 59,388.
the " Yorkers."  At the close of the war Population, 1,503.
the settlers returned, and in'85 the town   NEWPORT, a post town in the north part
was organized, and Luther Evarts was of Orleans county, is in lat. 44Q 55' and
first town clerk. Two Baptist churches long. 40 40', and is bounded north by Potwere formed, one in the south and the ton, Canada, east by Orleans and Memother in the west part of the town, about phremagog lake, which separates it from
the year 1804, both of which have been Derby, south by Coventry Gore, and west
dissolved, and no records are to be found. by Troy. It lies 48 miles north from
The Congregational church was formed Montpelier-was granted Oct. 26, 1781,
here November 15, 1797, over which the and chartered by the name of DuncansRev. Silas L. Bingham was installed Jan. boro, to Nathan Fisk, George Duncan and
1, 1805, and dismissed June 8,1808; the others, October 30,1802, containing 23040
Rev. Josiah Hopkins was settled June 14, acres. The name was altered to Newport
1809; and dismissed Aug. 20, 1830; Rev. Oct. 30, 1816. The settlement of this
Joel Fisk, Oct. 26, 1830, and dismissed township was begun before the year 1800.
September 25, 1832; Rev. Enoch Mead, It however made but little progress till
January 9, 1834, and dismissed Novem- within a few years past. The timber is
ber, 16, 1836, and Rev. James Meacham, principally beech, maple, birch and hemthe present minister, was settled May 29, lock. It is watered by a considerable
1838. This is at present the principal branch of Missisco river and by several
church in town. They have a meeting- small streams which fall into Memphrehouse, erected in 1820. The streams are magog lake. Black river also discharges
Otter creek, Little Otter creek, and New  its waters into the lake in this town. StaHaven river. The latter enters the town- tistics of 1840.-Horses, 169; cattle, 681;
ship from the east, about 2 miles from the sheep, 1,467; swine, 408; wheat bus. 2,southeast corner, and after running five 047; barley, 239; oats, 2,432; rye, 49;
miles falls into Otter creek, about a mile buck-wheat, 987; Indian corn, 1,034;
from the southwest corner. Of the calam- potatoes, 21,080; hay, tons, 1,224; sugar,
ity occasioned by a freshet upon this riv- lbs. 33,920; wool, 2,527.  Population,
er in 1830, we have already given some 591.
account in part first, page 20.  Otter   NEW-HUNTINGTON.-Name altered to
creek was, by the charter, the western Huntington, Oct. 27,1795. See Huntingboundary, but tracts have been set off ton.
from New Haven along the creek, to Ver-  NNORFOLK. This was a small township,
gennes, Waltham and Weybridge. The situated in the northeastern corner of the
mill privileges are good, and there are state, granted February 26, 1782, containseveral which are not yet occupied.- ing 3340 acres. October 23, 1801, it was
There are no ponds nor mountains. The annexed to the township of Canaan.
soil in the western part is principally   NORTHFIELD, a post town in the southclay, or marl, and loam in the eastern ern part of Washington county, is in lat.
part. Along New Haven river are allu- 440 8' and long. 4~ 22', and is bounded
vial flats, which are extensive and very northerly by Berlin,easterly by Williamsproductive. Quarries of excellent mar- town, southerly by Roxbury,and westerly
ble are found in almost every part. The by Waitsfield. It lies 10 miles southwest
timber consists of maple, beech, birch, from Montpelier, and 35 southeast from
elm, basswood, walnut, pine, oak, hem- Burlington; was granted November 6,
lock, &c. There are five roads running 1780, and chartered to Major Joel Matnorth and south through the township, thews and others, August 10, 1781, conviz., one on the west called Otter creek taining 18,515 acres. November 7, 1822,
road, the next is Waltham turnpike, the a tract from the east part of Waitsfield
next townhill road, the next Lanesbo- was annexed to this township. The first
rough street,leading by the meetinghouse, land was cleared in this town by the
and named from the first settlers on it, Hon. Elijah Paine on the farm now ownwho were from Lanesborough, Ms., and ed by John Averill. The first settlethe next East street. There are in town ment was made in May, 1785, by Amos
14 school districts, and as many school- and Ezekiel Robinson  and  Staunton
houses, 2 grist, 2 saw, and 2 fulling mills, Richardson  from  Westminster.  The
3 stores, I woollen factory, and 2 tanne- town was organized in 1794. Doct. Naries. Statistics of 1840. —Horses, 411; thaniel Richardson was first town clerk,
cattle, 1,894; sheep, 17,638; swine, 1,- and Amos Robinson, Esq. was first repre389; wheat, bush. 1,964; oats, 13,196; sentative. The religious denominations
rye, 964; buckwheat, 576; Indian corn, are Congregationalists, Methodists, Uni



PART II.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             129
NORTHFIELD.                  NORTH HERO;-NORTON.                      NORWICH.
Versalists, Freewill Baptists and Christ- 4,362; potatoes,57,367; hay,tons,3,862;
ians. There are 5 ordained ministers, sugar, lbs. 24,515; wool, 15,U57. Popviz. Rev Calvin Granger, Congregation- ulation, 2,013.
alist; Elders Joel Winch, N. B. Ashcraft   NORTH HERO, a post and shire town
and A. T. Bullard, Methodists, and N. T. in Grand Isle county, is in lat. 440 51'
King, Freewill Baptist. The epidemic of and long. 30 44'. It is an island in lake
1811 and 12 was very mortal here, and the Champlain, 26 miles north from Burlingdysentery swept off about 30 children in ton,and 6 west from St.Albans. Area,6,272
this town in the fall of 1823. The prin- acres.  It was granted in connexion with
cipal stream in this town, is Dog river* South Hero and Vineyard, and they were
which runs through it in a northerly di- all chartered by the name of the two Herection, and affords a great number of val- roes, Oct. 27, 1779, to Ethan Allen, Samuable -mill privileges.  The timber is, uel Herrick and others. The settlement
hemlock, spruce, maple, beach and birch, of this township was commenced in 1783,
intermingled with fir, pine, ash, butter- by Enos and Solomon Wood, the former
nut, &c. The soil is, generally good, and from Bennington, in this state, and the
in many places, is easily cultivated. A  latter from Norwich, Con. The British
range of argillaceous slate passes through erected a block house here, at a place
the township from  south to north. The called Dutchman's Point, which was garsurface is uneven, and a range of high risoned, and not given up till 1796. The
lands passes from north to south through town was organized in 1789.  Nathan
the town, both on the eastern andwestern Hutchins was the first town clerk, and
side of the river. There are four small also the first representative. The Freevillages. The Upper village, so called, will Baptists and Methodists are the most
contains a store, 2 carding and clothier's numerous denominations of Christians.
shops, a trip hammer, 1 grist and 2 saw- The fever and ague was very common
mills, various mechanics and about 20 here for some time after the settlement
dwelling houses. The Centre village con- was commenced, and in 1799 the bilious
tains 2 meeting-houses, a store, tavern, fever was very mortal, Since that time
mechanic shops and about 25 dwellings. the town  has been healthy.  Nathan
Factory village,one mile north of the cen- Hutchins died here some years ago, aged
tre, is the principalplace ofbusiness. The 90 years. The soil of the township is of
woollen factory here is 150 feet long, 42 an excellent quality, and produces grain
wide, and contains 6 sets of woollen ma- of all kinds in abundance. It has no
chinery, employing from 175 to 200 work- streams of any consequence, and no mills
men and indirectly several hundreds more. or mill privileges. Its public buildings
About 80,000 lbs. of wool, $25,000 worth are a stone court house and jail. Statisofindigo, $12,000 worth of wood $12,000 tics of 1840.-Horses, 187; cattle, 997;
worth of loticem are used annually, and sheep, 3,967; swinle, 568; wheat, bush.
the labor costs about $30,000.  There are 4,005; barley, 16; oats, 6,452; rye, 950;
in this village 1 meeting house, 1 store, buck-wheat, 1,383; Indian corn, 3,127 f
1 tavern, a saw and grist mill, machine potatoes, 14,525; hay, tons, 1,317; sugar,
shop, &c. About 1 mile north of Facto- lbs. 5,185; wool, 8,044. Population, 716.
ry village is another small but thriving   NORTON, an uninhabited township in
village called the " Falls."  It contains 2 the northwest corner of Essex county, is
small flannel factories, a saw mill. &c. in lat. 440 58' and is bounded north by
The water power here is good and safe. Bradford  and  Barnston, Can., east by
All of the above villages with the excep- Averill, south by Avery's, Warner's and
tion of the Centre which is a little off Warren's gore, and west by Holland. It
from that stream are situated on Dog riv- is 12 miles long from east to west, and 4
er and have good water power. During from north to south. The land is said to
the last 15 years this town has increased be good and well timbered, considerable
rapidly in wealth and population. There tracts of it with pine. The charter of the
are in town, 18 school districts, 8 school- township was burnt, and it is difficult gethouses, 3 grist and two filling mills, I ting a valid title to the lands. There are
carding machine, one woollen factory, 2 two considerable ponds lying partly in
flannel factories, 3 stores, and 2 taverns. this township.  The  outlet of Norton
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 329; cattle, pond is the head branch of Coatacook riv1,399; sheep, 4,979; swine 1,501.; wheat, er, which unites with the Masuippi, in
bus. 7,159; barley, 652; oats, 12,574; Ascot, and then unites with the St. Franrye, 341; buck-wheat, 2,335; Indian corn, cis, at Lenoxville. Farrand's river, also,
heads here and runs south.
* Dog river took its name from the circumstance heads here and runs south.
of a hunter losing a favoritedog here, before the townRIH, a post town in the northeast
was settled, by being caught int trap.  corner of Windsor county, is in lat. 43~
PT. III.               17




130                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            PART III.
NORWICH.                                                               NORWICH.
45' and long. 4" 42', and is bounded north in 1776, and it was at that time the best
by Thetford, east by Connecticut river, meeting house in the state. The other
which separates it from Hanover, N. H., Congregational meeting house was built
south by Hartford, and west by Sharon. in 1818. The Methodists have two meetIt lies 40 miles southeast from Montpelier ing houses, one built in 1836, and the othand 20 north from.Windsor. This town- er in 1837, in the west part of the town.
ship was chartered to Eleazer Wales and The Baptist house was built in the west
others, July 4, 1761, by the name of part, in 1835. Among the eminent per-.Jorwhich, and  contains about 25,000 sonages may be mentioned the Hon. Peacres. In 1762, the township was partly ter Olcott, who died here in September,
lotted, and the next year Jacob Fenton, 1808. He had a military command at the
Ebenezer Smith and John Slafter came capture of General Burgoyne, and, afterhere from Mansfield, Con., built them a wards, passed through every grade of milcamp, and began improvements. There itary office to that of Major General. He
were, at this time, two men in Hanover, was for some time judge of the supreme
and a small settlement in Lebanon.  In  court, many years lieut. governor of the
July, Smith and Slafter left Fenton on state, and, at the time of his death, trusWednesday for the purpose of hoeing tee of Dartmouth College.  The Hon.
corn in Lebanon, and returned on Satur- Thomas Murdock died here in December,
day evening, when they found Fenton  1803. He was a member of the council of
dead in the camp. It appeared afterwards the state, and a judge of the county court.
that Mr. Freeman happened over here, The Hon. Paul Brigham  died here July
and finding Fenton sick and alone, he 15, 1824, in the 79th year of his age. He
tarried with him till he died, and then served four years as captain in the revowent to Lebanon for help to bury him. lutionary war; was five years high sheriff
Freeman returned, and Fenton was buried of the county of Windsor; a major genJuly 15, 1763, aged 65 years, and a mon- eral of militia; five years chief judge of
ument erected over him. In the summer the county court; and 22, of 24 succeedof 1764, four men moved their families ing years, lieut. governor of the state.
into the township, and from this time the All of these offices he discharged to the
settlement advanced with considerable satisfaction of his fellow citizens, and he
rapidity, mostly by emigrants from Mans- received their suffrages for the latter till,
field and Preston, Con.*  The town was admonished by the infirmities of age, he
organized in Connecticut. The first town declined any further public service. Conmeeting was held in Norwich, in 1768. necticut river washes the eastern bonnThe religious denominations are Congre- dary of the township, and is from 30 to
gationalists, Methodists, Baptists, Episco- 40 rods in width. It is fordable in three
palians, &c.  The first Congregational places at low  water. Ompompanoosuc
church was organized'in 1770, the second river enters the township from Thetford,
in 1819. The Rev. Lyman Potter was two miles west of Connecticut river, and,
ordained over the Congregational church  after running three miles across the northAugust 31, 1775. At this time there was east corner, mingles its waters with those
no other denomination of Christians in of the Connecticut. It is a rapid stream,
town. Mr. Potter was dismissed in 1800, with a gravelly bottom, about six rods in
and the Rev. James Woodward was in- width, and affords several eligible mill
stalled over the same church September seats. Bloody brook arises wholly in this
5, 1804. The Rev. Samuel Goddard was township, and, passing a little westerly of
settled over the north society January 23, Norwich plain, falls into the Connecticut
1822. The Rev. R. W. Bailey was set- just below the bridge leading from  Nortled over the south society Nov. 24, 1819, wich to Dartmouth College.  On this
and dismissed in November, 1825. The stream  are several excellent mill seats.
first meeting house was built in this town It is said to have had its name from a
bloody  battle fought here during the
* The above statements are made on the author-  L   a
ity of a communication furnished by Mr. Hezekiah t renc  war. At its mouth, if is about
Goodrich, in 1814, to Capt. Josiah Dunham, for his two rods in width. On each of the above
proposed Gazetteer of Vermont. The Rev. Grant streams are some fine tracts of intervale.
Powers, in his "Historical Sketches of the Coos Smalley's brook is a small mill stream
country," says that Fenton's death took place in
1765, and that in 1766, when Dr. Burton came with which falls into Connecticut river behis father to Norwich, there were but two families tween the Ompompanoosuc and Bloody
in town. Mr. Power's statement may be correct, brook. Mosher's brook rises in the south
and Mr. Goodrich's wrong; but I judged it best to part, and unites with the Connecticut in
retain the latter, till I should find means to reconcile Mr. P.'s statement with what he says else- Hartford. The timber on the meadows
where. Whether Mr. P.'s severe strictures upon was originally elm, bass, ash and butterthe first edition of my Gazetteer were generous or nut; on the p.rins and hils near the rivjust, I leave others to judge.




PART Ill.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            131
NULHEGAN RIVER.             OMIPOMPANOOSUC RIVER.                     ORANGE.
ers, principally white pine, and further They had a carrying place of about two
back maple, beech, birch, hemlock, A&c. miles from the head of one river to that of
The surface of the township is uneven, the other,and several other carrying places
but nearly all admits of cultivation. It by the falls and rapids in these streams.
produces all kinds of grain and grass, and This river waters about 120 square miles,
some of the finest orchards in the state. and is about 3 rods wide at its mouth.
Extensive beds of iron ore are found in   OMPOMPANOOSUC RIVER, rises in the
the northwest corner of the township, northwestern part of Vershire, and runs
connected with the copperas ore in Straf- easterly into West Fairlee. It then takes
ford. Cyanite,or sappare, is also found in a southeasterly  course into  Thetford,
this township in laminated masses,connec- where it receives a considerable stream
ted with quartz and mica. Beautiful speci- from Fairlee lake, which is a large body
mens of actynolite are found, and anthra- of Water lying partly in Fairlee and partcite in small quantities. On the bank of ly in Thetford. Continuing a southeastConnecticut river, about 70 rods above erly course through the township, the
the mouth of the Ompompanoosuc, is an Ompompanoosuc mingles its waters with
Indian burying ground, where human Connecticut river in the northeastern part
bones, stone pots, arrows, &c., are fre- of Norwich. In the south part of Thetquently found. Between the Connecticut ford, it receives a considerable mill stream
and the Ompompanoosuc is a high bluff, from the west, which originates in the
where explosions were formerly heard, eastern part of Tunbridge and in Straflike the report of cannon, to the great ford. The whole length of this river is
terror of the inhabitants. The township about 20 miles, and it affords a number
has, generally, been very healthy. The of valuable mill privileges. The name,
dysentery, however, prevailed here ih which is Indian, is said to signify a stream
1795, and carried off 60 persons, and the where many onions are found.
epidemic of 1813 was very mortal- The   ONION RIVER. See [inooski river.
scarlet fever prevailed in this town and   ORANGE, a post town in the northwest
neighborhood in 1831, and produced con- corner of Orange county, is in lat. 44~ 9'
siderable mortality. Windsor co. gram- and long. 40 33', and is bounded north by
mar school was incorporated and estab- a part of Plainfield, Goshen, Harris' Gore,
lished here in 1785. JVYorwich village is and Groton, east by Topsham, south by a
pleasantly situated on Norwich plain, and part of Corinth and Washington, and
contains a handsome meeting house, the west by Barre. It lies 13 miles north of
Norwich university, (seepart second,page Chelsea, 13 miles east from Montpelier
168,) several stores, a tavern, a consider- and 55 miles north from Windsor. It
able number of mechanics' shops, and was granted Nov. 6, 1780, and chartered
about 40 dwelling houses.  The town to Capt.Ebenezer Green, Amos Robinson,
contains 5 meeting houses, 1 grist and 9 Esq. and others, August 11, 1781, consaw mills, and 5 stores. Statistics of 1840. taining 23,040 acres. The first settleHorses, 481; cattle, 2,348; sheep, 13,395; ment was commenced by Ensign Joseph
swine, 1,559; wheat, bus. 3,801; barley, Williams, in Sept. 1793, on the south line
349; oats, 20,727; rye, 2,854; buckwheat, of the town. The town was organized
1,182; Ind. corn, 11,119; potatoes, 53,- March 12, 1796; John Sloan was first
480; hay, tons, 5,265; sugar, lbs. 15,730; town clerk, and Ezra Paine first constawool, 27,639. Population, 2,218.       ble. It was first represented in the year
NULHEGAN RIVER, rises partly in Aver- 1800, by Thomas Storrs Paine. The reill and partly in Wenlock. The North ligious denominations are Congregationbranch runs a southerly course through alists, Methodists, Freewill Baptists, and
Averill, Lewis, and a part of Bloomfield, Universalists, in about equal numbers.
the West branch runs an easterly course The Rev. Enos Bliss was settled over the
through Wenlock and a part of Bruns- Congregational church in 1.799, and after
wick. They unite in Bloomfield, and, ta- preaching several years was dismissed.
king a southeasterly course, fall into Con- There was a small but decent meeting
necticut river a little above the northeast house erected at the centre of the town
corner of Brunswick. This river is gen- in 1823, and one of about the same dierally rapid, except that part of the West mensions erected in the southeast corner
branch that runs through Wenlock and of'the town, in 1825; both houses are ocBrunswick, which is very still and deep, cupied by all of the several denominaand bordered by alder meadows. Through tions. The epidemic of 1812 carried off
this and Clyde river, which runs a north- about 40 persons in a few weeks. Doct.
west course into lake Memphremagog, Preston Chamberlin is the only professthe Indians formerly had their naviga- ional man in town. The surface of this
tion from said lake to Connecticut river. town is uneven, and in some parts rath



132                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PaRT III.
ORANGE COUNTY.                                           -           ORLEANS.
er broken. Knox mountain in the north- water the south and southwestern parts,
easterly part of the town is a considera- and Steven's branch of Winooski river,
ble elevation, and affords inexhaustable the northwestern parts.  The eastern
quantities of granite for building stone. range of Green Mountains, called the
The rocks of this town are principally height of lands, extends along the northgranite; the timber is chiefly hard wood, western part of the county. The rocks
except along the streams, where it is in the northern and central parts, are alspruce, hemlock, cedar, pine, and fir. most exclusively granite, which, in many
The soil in some parts of the town, par- places, makes the best of mill and buildticularly on the heights,is rather cold and ing stones. A range of argillaceous slate
wet; in other parts and on the streams it extends through the western part. Lead
is rich and productive. Large flocks of ore is found in Straftord, and immense
sheep are kept in this town, and consid- quantities of the sulphuret of iron in Theterable attention is paid to dairying. The ford. Statistics of 1840. —Horses, 6,674;
principal stream of water is Jail branch. cattle, 36,853; sheep, 156,053; swine, 22,Coming froin Washington, it receives a 516; wheat, bus. 69,565; barley, 5,265;
considerable stream from the north, call- oats, 245,878; rye, 11,933; buckwheat,
ed Cold branch, and then passes into 30,144; Indian corn, 120,543; potatoes,
Barre.  The  principal roads  leading 1,055,379; hay, tons, 73,004; sugar lbs.
through the town are, the Market road, 420,639; wool, 311,674. Pop. 27,873.
through from Barre on Wait's river, and   ORLEANS, a post town in the central
the Old turnpike, leading from  Barre part of Orleans county, situated in lat.
through to Chelsea. There are in town 440 53' and long. 40 45', contains about
12 school districts and school houses, and 35 square miles. It is 49 miles northeastabout 300 scholars, 2 stores, 2 taverns, erly from  Montpelier, and is bounded
1 starch factory, I grist and 7 saw mills, north and west by Newport, east by
4 blacksmith shops, and  I tannery.-  Brownington, and south by Irasburgh.
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 248; cattle, It was granted October 23, 1784, and
1,803; sheep, 5,184; swine, 874; wheat, chartered, by the name of Coventry, to
bus. 2,048; barley, 637; oats, 9,610; rye, Major Elias Buel, of Coventry, Con., and
231; buckwheat, 768; Ind. corn, 2,189; others. The name was altered to Orleans
potatoes, 60,316; hay, tons, 3,412; sugar, in 1841.  The first settlement of the
lbs. 22,208; wool, 11,619. Population, town was begun about the year 1800, and
984.                                   it appears from  the census of this year
ORANGE COUNTY, lies on the east side that there were, at this time, seven perof the Green Mountains, about half way sons in town. The first settlers were S.
between the northern and southern boun- and T. Cobb, Samuel Wells, JohnFarnsdary of the state. It is situated between worth, Jotham  Pierce, Joseph Marsh,
lat. 43~ 46' and 440 13' north, and between John Ide and others. The town was orlong. 4O 15' and 40 57' east, extending 34 ganized in March, 1803, and Joseph Marsh
miles from eastto west, and 28 from north was first town clerk. The religious deto south, and containingabout 650 square nominations are Baptists, Congregationmiles. It is bounded north by Caledonia alists, Methodists and Freewill Baptists.
county, east by Connecticut river, which The Rev. John Ide was ordained over the
separates it from Grafton county, N. H., Baptist church June 28, 1815. The Rev.
south by Windsor county, and west by a Lyman Case was settled over the Conpart of Washington county, and a small gregational church in March, 1823. The
part of Addison county. This county was present minister is the Rev. L. S. French.
incorporated in Feb. 1781. Chelsea, ly- This society have a handsome meeting
ing nearly in the centre of the county, is house, erected in the village in 1830, and
the seat of justice. The Supreme Court about 2 miles east of the village is a union
commences its session here on the 5th house. Barton and Balck rivers run northTuesday after the 4th Tuesday in Janua- erly through this town into Memphremary, and the County Court on the 3d Tues- gog lake. These streams are from four
days of June and December. There are to eight rods wide, and very deep near
several pleasant villages in this county, their mouths. There are good mill priviparticularly in Chelsea, Newbury, and leges in this town on Black river, and
Randolph. There are no large streams likewise on some of the smaller streams.
in this county. Wells river runs across The other waters are South bay of lake
the northeast corner. Connecticut river Memphremagog, and two small ponds.
and its tributaries, particularly Ompom- The soil is generally good. Near the
panoosuc and Wait's river, water the eas- lake it is, in some places, clayey, and on
tern and southeastern parts; the first,sec- Black river it is somewhat sandy, but
ond and third branches of White river through the township, generally, it con



PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            133
ORLEANS COUNTY.                                                      ORWELL.
sists of a deep, rich loam.  Its timber by lake Champlain, being opposite to Tiis mostly maple and beech, with some conderoga, N. Y. It lies 20 miles northelm, basswood, birch, hemlock, spruce, west from Rutland, 47 southwest from
fir, cedar, &c. The western part of the Montpelier, and 47 southwesterly from
town is somewhat broken, but not moun- Burlington. This township was chartered
tainous. The village of Orleans was com- to Benjamin Ferris and associates, Aug.
menced in the fall of 1821, by Calvin and 8, 1763, and contains 42 square miles.
Daniel W. Harmon, when all that part of John Charter began improvements-on the
the town was a dense forest. It is situa- south end of Mount Independence, and
ted at the falls in Black river in the south lived here several years before the revowest part of the town, and now contains lution. In 1776 a large body of troops
a meeting house, 2 stores, 1 tavern, I was collected together in this township,
grist and 2 saw mills, a carding machine, the greatest part of whom was stationed
clothier's works, tannery, starch factory, at Mt. Independence, at the north end of
s&c., together with nearly 40 dwelling which was a breast work, and a picket
houses. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 224; fort on the top. This mountain contains
cattle, 1,379; sheep, 4,011; swine, 596; about 250 acres, and was heavily timberwheat, bus. 2,364; barley, 362; oats, ed, but the timber was all demolished by
6,155; rye, 85; buckwheat, 1,635; Ind. the soldiers. The next year Ticonderocorn, 1,892; potatoes, 39,901; hay, tons, ga and Mt. Independence fell into the
2,832; sugar, lbs. 38,445; wool, 7,706. hands of the British, and the Americans
Population, 796.                       retreated to the south. The first permaORLEANS COUNTY, lies in the north nent settlement was made in 1783, by
part of the state, and about half way be- Amos Spafford, Shadrach Hathaway, Ebtween Connecticut river and lake Cham- er Murray, Ephraim and William Fisher,
plain. It is situated between lat. 440 28' and John Charter, (the latter having been
and 450 north, and between lon. 40 19' driven off during the war,) upon Mt. Inand 50 4' east, being 33 miles in length dependence. The next year the Hon.Pliand 30 miles from east to west on Cana- ny Smith and others came into the town,
da line, and containing 700 square miles. and from this time the settlement advanIt is bounded north by Canada, east by ced with considerable rapidity. The town
Essex county, south by Caledonia and was organized Dec. 12, 1787, and David
Lamoille counties, and west by Lamoille Leonard  was first town  clerk.  The
and Franklin counties. It was incorpo- town was first represented in 1788, by
rated Nov. 5, 1792, and Irasburgh, situa- Ebenezer Wilson. The religious sects
ted near its centre, is the seat of justice. are Baptists, Congregationalists, MethoThe Supreme Court sits here on the 9th dists, and Universalists. Elder E. Phelps
after the 4th Tuesday in January, and the was settled over the Baptist church about
County Court on the 4th Tuesday in the year 1789, and was the first settled
June and December. The first settle- minister. He preached here 5 or 6 years.
ment was commenced in this county in The church has since been successively
1787, in the southwestern part, on the under the pastoral care of Elders Culver,
river Lamoille, by John McDaniel, Esq. Webster, Murray, Fishers, Sawyer,  nThis county contains more natural ponds ger, and Ide. Elder Ephraim  Sawyer
than any in the state; and Memphrema- was settled in 1821. This church was orgog lake extends into the north part. The ganized about the year 1784. The Rev.
eastern and central parts are watered by Sylvanus Chapin was settled over the
Black, Barton and Clyde rivers,the south- Congregational church March 30, 1791,
ern part by the Lamoille, and the west- and dismissed May 20, 1801; Rev. Mason
ern part by the Missisco river.  This Knapen was settled from Jan. 1, 1808, to
county lies wholly between the eastern Aug. 24, 1819; Rev. Sherman Kellogg
and western ranges of the Green Moun- from June 14,1820, to Oct. 23,182 2; Rev.
tains. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 3,464; Ira lngraham  from  June 14, 1826, to
cattle, 18,299; sheep, 46,669; swine, 9,- April 18, 1832; and the Rev. Henry Mor.
750; wheat, bush. 33,315; barley, 10,991; ris from  Oct. 9, 1834. The Congregaoats, 133,301; rye, 2,400; buckwheat, tional meeting house is at the centre, and
20,067; Ind. corn, 20,886; potatoes, 596,- was erected in 1805, and that belonging
855; hay, tons, 37,291; sugar, lbs 507,- to the Baptists is in the eastern part. The
446; wool, 107,580. Population, 13,634. dysentery prevailed here about the year
ORWELL., a post town in the northwest 1804, and in the course of 60 days carried
corner of Rutland county, is in lat. 43' off 60 children. The epidemic of 1813
48' and long. 3~ 47' and is bounded north was also very mortal, and a considerable
by Shoreham, east by Sudbury and a part number, mostly heads of families, were
of Whiting, south by Benson, and west victims to it. There is a tract of about




134                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
OTTA QUECHEE RIVER.                                             OTTER CREEK.
2,000 acres in the south part of the town. north, and south branch, which rises in
ship, which is somewhat broken and hilly. Plymouth from the south, both considerThe remaining part is very level, hand- able mill streams. In Woodstock it resome land, and produces abundant crops ceives two other branches of considerable
of all kinds of grain.  The principal size; one rising in the northeast corner
streams are East creek, which rises in of Bridgewater and southeast corner of
Benson and falls into lake Champlain on Barnard, falls into Quechee river from
the north side of Mount Independence, the north just below the north village in
and Lemonfair river, which here consists Woodstock, the other rising in the south
of two branches, running parallel with part of Woodstock, passes through both
each other, along the eastern border, and the villages in that town, and empties inuniting near the north line of the town- to it from the south just above the mouth
ship. On these streams are several mill of the last mebtioned stream. Both these
privileges, which are good during a part streams afford excellent mill seats. Queof the year. The waters where the land chee river, in its course, receives numeris clayey are slightly impregnated with ous other tributaries of less note. It is a
Epsom salts, or the sulphate of magnesia. clear and lively stream, with a gravel or
There is a spring on the lake shore, about stoney bottom. There are eight bridges
100 rods south from the northwest cor- across this river after it leaves Sherburne,
ner, the waters of which are very strong- viz: four in Bridgewater, two in Woodly impregnated, and,from these,salts have stock, one in Hartford, and one in Hartbeen manufactured in considerable quan- land; and 8 dams, on which mills and
tities. In the compact-limestone in this other machinery are erected, viz: two in
township are shells of various kinds. Bridgewater. three in Woodstock, two in
In the compact limestone on Mt. Inde- Hartford and one in Hartland.  This
pendence, flint is found. Specimens of stream is about 35 miles in length, and
blende, or the sulphuret of zinc, have al- waters about 212 square miles. The name
so been found in this township. The of this stream is of Indian origin, and is
width of the lake between Mt. Indepen- said to signify quick whirling motion, and
dence and Ticonderoga is about 80 rods. was probably given on account of apA mile further south, at a place called pearances exhibited at the falls near its
Sholes ILanding, it is only 40 rods wide. mouth.
The average width of the lake against Or-   OTTER CREEK, is the longest stream in
well is about one mile, and the widest Vermont. It originates in Mount Tabor
place 2 miles. May 13, 1820, a piece of Peru, and Dorset, within a few rods of
land in this township, of' more than 5 the head of the Battenkill. In Dorset it
acres area, sunk about 40 feet, and slid turns suddenly towards the north and reinto the lake. The impulse made upon turns into Mount Tabor, running nearly
the water was so great as to raise the lake north through the western part of this
3 feet at the opposite shore, a mile and a township and Wallingford, and through
half distant. The ground was partly cov- the central part of Clarendon into Rutered with small trees, some of which land; it thentakesa northwesterly course
moved off erect, while others were thrown through Pittsford and Brandon; between
down. There was formerly a furnace Leicester and Salisbury on the east, and
here, which did considerable business, but Whiting and  Cornwall on the west;
it is now in ruins. There are two small through the western part of Middlebury;
villages. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 325; between New  Haven and Weybridge;
cattle, 2,066; sheep, 30,275; swine, 892; through the northeast corner of Addison;
wheat, bush. 3,702; oats, 6,273; rye, 2,- between  Waltham  and Panton; and
049; buckwheat, 153; Ind. corn, 6,456; through Vergennes and Ferrisburgh into
potatoes, 16,960; hay, tolls, 7,053; sugar, lake Champlain. From the southwest it
lbs. 5,525; wool, 77,485. Pop. 1,504.    receives in Ferrisburgh a large creek
OTTA QUECiEE RIVER, (called also Wa- which originates in Bridport; in Weyter Quechee and Quechee river,) rises in bridge Lemonfair river, from Orwell and
Sherburne, runs nearly east through the Shoreham; in Rutland Little West rivsouth part of Bridgewater; thence east er, or Furnace brook, from Tinmouth;
northeast" through Woodstock into the and in Mount Tabor Mill river, from Dansouth part of Hartford, and thence south- by. From the east it receives New Haeast through the northeast corner of Hart- ven river in New Haven,Middlebury river
land into Connecticut river, about two inMiddlebury,LeicesterriverinLeicester,
miles above Quechee falls. In Bridge- Furnace river in Pittsford, East creek in
water it receives two considerable branch- Rutland, and Cold river and Mill river in
es, namely, north branch, which rises in Clarendon, all of which are considerable
the north part of this township from the mill streams. Otter Creek above Middle.




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            135
PANTON.                        PASSUMPSIC RIVER.                    PAWLET.
bury is a very still stream, and its waters Creek whichrunsnortherlynearlythrough
deep, affording very few mill privileges. the centre, and unites with Otter creek in
From Middlebury to Pittsford, a distance Ferrisburgh. Itisawide sluggish stream.
of 25 miles, it is navigable for boats. At There is not a good mill privilege in the
Middlebury, Weybridge and Vergennes, township.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
are falls in the creek, which afford excel- 151; cattle, 1,050; sheep, 9,886; swine,
lent sites for mills, and on which are some 318; wheat, bus. 671; oats, 3,460; rye,
of the finest manufacturing establish- 108; buck-wheat, 243; Indian corn, 2,ments in the State. From Vergennes to 338; potatoes, 5,722; hay, tons, 2,971;
the mouth, a distance of 8 miles, the sugar, lbs. 220; wool, 24,890.  Populacreek is navigable for the largest vessels tion, 670.
on the lake. The alluvial flats along this   PARKER'S GORE, now a part of Sherstream are very extensive, and are inferi- burne.
or to none in the state. Its whole length   PARKERSTOWN. Name altered to Menis about 90 miles, and it waters about 900 don, Nov. 6, 1827. See JMendon.
square miles. Otter creek was named by   P-AssuMPsIc RIVER has its source in a
the French la Riviere auz Loutres, the pond on the easterly line of Westmore,
River of Otters, long before any settle- and, running a southeasterly course thro'
ments were made by the English within Newark, passes into the west corner of
this state.                            East Haven; thence it pursues nearly a
OxBow. Name given to two bends in south course through Burke, Lyndon,
Connecticut river in Newbury, distin- St.Johnsbury, Waterford and Barnet, and
guished as the Great and Little Oxbow.   falls into the Connecticut a mile below
PANTON, a post township in the western the foot of the fifteen mile falls. From
part of Addison county, is in lat. 44Q 8' its source till it approaches near the cenand long. 30 40', and is bounded north by tre of Lyndon, it is a swift stream. It
Ferrisburgh, east by Otter creek, which then meanders through a rich tract of inseparates it from Waltham, and by a part tervale till it approaches the south line,
of Vergennes, south by Addison, and west where is a high fall. The greatest part
by lake Champlain, which separates it of the way through St. Johnsbury it is
from  Elizabethtown, N. Y. It lies 13 swift, but in a few places it runs slow
miles northwest from Middlebury, and through  excellant intervale land; and
25 southwesterly from Burlington, and through Waterford and Barnet it runs
was chartered Nov. 3, 1764, containing slow through rich flat land, though there
10,530 acres. A settlement was commen- are some large falls in Barnet. It is genced here in 1770, by John Pangborn and erally deep, and is between four and six
Odle Squire, from Cornwall, Con., who rods wide below St. Johnsbury plain. It
were soon joined by Timothy Spalding receives several large branches in Lynand others, from the same place, and by don, two in St. Johnsbury and one in
Peter Ferris, from Nine Partners, N. Y. Barnet. Its length is about 34 miles.
Ferris settled at the bay where Arnold The name of this stream is said to be deblew up -his fleet during the revolution. rived from the Indian phrase Bas-soom-suc,
The wrecks of this fleet are now to be signifying a stream where there is much
seen here at low water. During the rev- medicine.
olution this settlement was broken up.   PAWIET, a post town in the southMost of the men were made prisoners, west corner of Rutland county, is in lat.
their dwellings burnt, and the women 430 21', and long. 30 54', and is bounded
and children driven to the south.'The north by Wells, east by Danby, south by
settlers returned after the war, and in Rupert, and westby Granville, N. Y. It
1784 the town was organized.  Elijah lies 33 miles north from Bennington, and
Grandy was first town clerk, and Peter 21 southwest from Rutland. It was charFerris was first representative, chosen in tered Aug. 26,176I, to Jonathan Willard
1787. Elder Henry Chambers was or- and others, containing 23,040 acres. The
dained over the Baptist church in this settlement of this township was commentown, in the year 1800, and was dismis- ced in 1761, by Simeon Burton, and Wilsed in 1804, and Elder Jeremy H. Dwi- liam Fairfield. The next year Capt. Joner was ordained in 1817, and dismissed athan Willard, who owned 22 rights of
in 1818.  The Baptists have a meet- land here, equalto 7,920 acres, came into
inghouse, erected 1808. The Congrega- town with 8 or 10 hired men, and Messrs.
tionalists here belong to the church in Rush, Fitch, and others about the same
Addison. Peter Perris lived to the age time. In 1769 the town was organized,
of 96 years, had four wives and died a and Simeon Burton was first town clerk.
widower. This is a very level township. The religious denominations are Baptists,
The only stream of consequence is Dead Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Meth



136.     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
PAWLET RIVER.                                                      PEACHAM.
odists, and Universalists. The Congre- was chartered December 31, 1763. In
gational church was organized August 8, 1773, that part of Peacham called "the
1781. The Rev. Lewis Beebe, the first square," was allotted, and several pitches
settled minister, was settled over it from  made. In 1774, pitches were made by
June 14, 1787, to May 6, 1791; the Rev. Jonathan Elkins, John Sanborn, Frye
John Griswold from October 23, 1793, to Bailey, John Skeel and Robert Carr, and
August 11, 1830. The Rev. Elijah W. the same year a line was run from ConPlumb, the present minister, was settled necticut river in Barnet through PeachMay 18, 1831. They have a handsome am to Missisco bay on lake Champlain.
meeting house erected in 1797, situated This line was of great use to our scouts
in a small village, about one mile south and to deserters from the enemy during
of the centre of the township. The Bap- the revolutionary war. In the spring of
tist church was organized Oct. 4, 1791. 1775, Jonathan Elkins came to Peacham,
In the year 1800 they erected a large with several hired men, and began immeeting house in the western part of the provements upon the lot he had pitched
township, and Oct. 17, 1802, settled the the year before. His farm in Haverhill,
Rev. Isaac Bealls. There is a small Epis- N. H., he had sold on a credit of several
copal church here, which is called Triinity annual payments; but, on account of the
church. Mr. Rush, one of the first set- depreciation of the currency, after two or
tlers, died here in March, 1824, aged 110 three of the first payments, the purchaser
years. The principal streams are Pawlet paid at the rate of three, four and five
river, which runs southwesterly nearly bushels of corn for a hundred dollars. In
through the centre of the township, and March, 1776, several companies, belongIndian river, which runs the same course ing to Col. Beedel's regiment marched
across the southwest corner. The latter through Peacham to Canada, upon snowrises from a spring of pure water, suffi- shoes, on the line run in 1774. The same
ciently large to carry a grist mill. It spring Gen. Bailey had orders to open a
abounds in trout, and takes its name from  road fromNewbury toSt.Johns,for the conthe great number of Indians who formerly veying troops and provisions into Canada.
resorted here for the purpose of fishing. He had it cut from Newbury six miles
The township is divided nearly in the above Peacham, when the news arrived
centre by a range of mountains extending that our army had retreated from Canathrough it from south to north. The most da, and the undertaking was abandoned.
remarkable summit is a little north of the Jonathan Elkins had removed his family
centre, and is called Haystack mountain. to Peacham in June of this year, but, afThe soil is dry and warm, easily cultiva- ter a stay of three weeks, was obliged to
tod, and produces good crops of grain and retreat with Gen. Bailey's men to Newgrass. The timber is maple, beech, birch, bury, where he remained until the Octoelm, bass, ash, walnut, oak, hemlock and ber following.  He then removed his
pine. There are here 1 oil, 3 saw, 1 grist family again to Peacham, where they reand 5 fulling mills, 2 carding machines, mained during the war. Only three fanm4 woollen factories, I cotton factory, 7 iliesspent the succeeding winter in Peachstores, 3 taverns, and 1 tannery. Statis- am, viz; Jonathan Elkins', John Skeel's
tics of 1840.-Horses, 369; cattle, 2,335; and Archibald McLachlin's.  In 1777,
sheep, 20,705; swine, 1,409; wheat, bus. James Baily, Asher Chamberlain and
2,477; oats, 12,215; rye, 3,244; buck- Noah Hollyday removed their families
wheat, 287; Indian corn,J10,950; potatoes, here. Henry Elkins was born on the 15th
41,920; hay, tons, 6,931; sugar, lbs. 1 0,- of October of this year, and was the first
300; wool, 49,422. Population, 1,748.  child born in town. In 1778, the inhabiPAWLET RIVER is a small stream which tants of Peacham were in constant alarm.
rises in Oorset, runs northwesterly across Our scouts frequently discovered signs of
the northeast corner of Rupert, diagonally Indians, and informed the inhabitants as
across the township of Pawlet, and unites they passed and repassed. During this
with Wood creek, in the state of New year, a number of prisoners and British
York, 2 or 3 miles above its mouth. This deserters found their way through from
stream affords a number of eligible mill Canada, and arrived at Peacham in a very
seats in Vermont.                     weak and famishing condition. The inPEACHAM, a post town in Caledonia habitants had to go to Newbury for their
county, situated in lat. 440 20' and long. grinding, and a considerable part of the
4~ 47. It is 20 miles east from Montpe- time in the winter, with no other than a
lier, and 18northwesterly from Newbury. snow shoe path. In 1779, Gen. Hazen
It is bounded northerly by Danville, east- came to Peacham with a part of his regierly by Barnet, southerly by Groton, and ment, for the purpose, as he said, of comwesterly by Marshfield and Cabot. It pleting the road commenced by Bailey in




PART II.            GAZETTEER  OF VERMONT.                             137
PrACHAM.                                                           PEACHAM.
1776, that an army might be sent through The greater part of the people of this
for the reduction of Canada. But this town are Congregationalists. A Congrewas only a feint for dividing the enemy gational church was organized here April
and preventing their sending their whole 14, 1794, consisting of 12 members. Ocforce up the lakes. Hazen cut, cleared tober 30, 1799, they settled the Rev.
and made a passable road for 50 miles Leonard Worcester for their pastor, and
above Peacham, through the towns of he has continued his connection with the
Cabot, Walden, Hardwick, Greensbor- church ever since, though, on account of
ough, Craftsbury, Albany and Lowell, age and infirmity, he has ceased to preach.
and erected several block-houses. This At the time of Mr. Worcester's ordination
road was a great benefit to the settlers of the church consisted of 40 members. The
this country after the war, and, in many most remarkable revival, which has taken
places, itis still called the "Hazen Road." place, was in 1817 and'18, in conseThe present road from Peacham to Low- quence of which there was an addition to
ell, occupies the same ground over which the church of'225 members. The whole
the Hazen road passed. Hazen marched number admitted since its organization is
to the south in the fall, abandoning all 611, and the present number 266. From
the block-houses, except the one 12 miles a bill of mortality kept by Mr. Worcester,
above Peacham, and committing this to it appears that the whole number of deaths
the care of a sergeant's guard. In the in this town, from the 30th of October,
spring of 1780, Capt. Aldrich came to 1799, to September, 1824, was 406. The
Peacham and built a small picket around greatest number in any year was 59, and
the house of James Bailey, and the block- the least 6. Mrs. Hunt, the oldest person
house above was abandoned. In the fall who has died in this town, was aged 96.
Aldrich marched his men to the south, Caledonia county grammar school was
leaving the inhabitants to look out for established here by act of the legislature,
themselves. Col. Thomas Johnson, of October 27, 1795.  The building  was
Newbury, who had engaged toerectmills erected, and the school commenced in
in Peacham, arrived at Jonathan Elkins' August, 1800. The institution is under
with the mill stones, on the evening of the direction of nine trustees. The school
the 7th of March, 1781. About one o'- has been prosperous. The average numnclock next morning a party of the enemy ber of scholars from  30 to 40.  Onion
from Canada came upon them, and made river pond, so called fromn its giving rise
prisoners of Col. Johnson, Jacob Page, to one of the principal branches of Onion
and Col. Jonathan Elkins, of Peacham, or Winooski river, lies in the western part
who was then a youth. They were all of the town, and covers about 300 acres.
carried to St. Johns. Col. Johnson re- There are several other small ponds,
turned on parole, Mr. Page was sent to which are not worthy of particular notice.
Montreal, and Col. Elkins to Quebec, and There are two considerable streams passthe two latter imprisoned. In the fall, ing off to the east into Steven's branch,
when the British fleet sailed from Quebec, which afford numerous mill privileges.
Col. Elkins was sent a prisoner to Eng- A ridge of land passes through the westland with about 150 more who were dis- ern part, but there is no very consideratributed throughout the fleet and obliged ble elevation in this town. The western
to do duty. When the fleet arrived at part is a hard soil, but the eastern is rich
Plymouth, England, the prisoners were and pleasantly diversified with hills and
confined in Mill prison, where they re- vallies, being inhabited by a great nummained until they were exchanged for her of respectable and wealthy farmers.
Cornwallis' troops, in 1782, when Col. There is, in the eastern part of the town,
Elkins returned again to Peacham. Capt. a natural bog meadow, containing an inNehemiah Lovewell was stationed with exhaustible quantity of shell marl, from
his company in Peacham during the sum- which lime has been manufactured to
rner of 1781. In September, he sent a considerable extent. The color of the
scout of four men up the Hazen road, marl is a bluish white. There is also a
who were ambushed and fired upon by the plenty of limestone, from which lime is
Indians. Two were killed and scalped, made. One of the most remarkable ocand the other two taken, and on the tenth currences in this town, was the loss of a
day, after they left Peacham, they were man's great toe, by frost, in the month of
prisoners in Quebec with Col. Elkins. June. Mr. Walker, the gentleman who
There were no soldiers kept at Peacham  sustained the loss, was 84 years old, and
in 1782, and two Messrs. Baileys of this was frozen, in consequence of being lost
town were carried prisoners to Canada. in the woods, and lying out through the
Peacham was organized March 18, 1783, night of the 8th of June, 1816. There is
and James Bailey was first town clerk, a small village, situated on an elevated
PT. III.       18




138                   GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                         PART III.
PERU.                                                             PITTSFIELD.
spot near the centre of the town, which   PHILADELPHIA. A township was charis a place of some business. The public tered by this name March 14, 1761; Nobuildings, in town, are a meeting house vember 9, 1814, the north half of it was
and an academy, both standing a little annexed to Goshen, and the remainder of
out of the village to the southwest. The it annexed to Chittenden, Nov. 2, 1816.
market road leading from Boston to Mont-   PHILADELPHIA RIVER is a small stream
real through Newbury, passes through  which rises in the south part of Goshen,
the village, and also the county road from  runs southwest through Chittenden, and
Chelsea to Danville. There are in town unites with East creek, in Pittsford.
3 stores, 1 grist, 1 fulling and 6 saw mills,   PIKE RIVER. See Berkshire.
1 carding machine, and 2 woollen facto-   PITTSFIELD, a post town in the northries.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 373; east corner of Rutland county, is'in lat.
cattle, 1,910; sheep, 9,228; swine, 1,055; 43o 48' and long. 4~ 14', and is bounded
wheat, bus. 5,491; barley, 730; oats, 23,- easterly by Rochester, southeasterly by
603; rye, 90; Indian corn, 2,377; pota- Stockbridge. and westerly by Chittenden
toes, 67,816; hay, tons, 4,001; sugar, lbs. and Goshen. It lies 35 miles southwest21,180; wool, 17,786. Population, 1,443. erly from Montpelier, and 17 northeast
PERU, a post town in the northeast cor- from Rutland. It was granted November
ner of Bennington county, is in lat. 43' 8, 1780, and chartered to Samuel Wilcox
15' and long. 4~ 8', and is bounded north and others, July 29, 1781, containing
by Mount Tabor, east by Landgrove, about 12,000 acres. The settlement was
south by Winhall and west by Dorset. It commenced in 1786, by Thomas Hodglies 30 miles northeast from Bennington. kins, Stephen Holt, George Martin, Danand the same distance southwest from  iel and Jacob Bowe, and a Mr. Woodard.
Windsor. It was chartered October 13, The town was organized March 26, 1793.
1761, by the name of Bromley, and con- Thomas Hodgkins was the first town
tains, by charter, 23,040 acres. The set- clerk, and also the first representative.
tlement of this township was commenced The religious denominations are Congreabout the year 1773, by William Barlow, gationalists and Methodists.  The Confrom Woodstock, Con. The town was gregational church was organized in 1793.
organized March 1, 1802.  John Brock Rev. Justin Parsons was settled over it
was first town clerk, and Reuben Bige- from  September, 1814, to 1831.  Rev.
low, Esq., first representative. The reli- Samuel Sparhawk, the present minister,
gious denominations are Congregational- was settled March 29, 1839. Their meetists, Episcopalians, Methodists and Bap- ing house was erected in 1820.  The
tists.  The Rev. Oliver Plympton was Methodist church was organized in 1804,
ordained over the Congregational church and has generally been supplied by cirDecember 29, 1813, and died the next culit preachers. Their present minister
year. The Rev. Thomas Baldwin is the is the Rev. J. L. Slason. The dysentery
present minister.  This society have a prevailed here in 1803, and was very mormeeting house, which was erected in tal, particularly to children, and the epi1814. The other societies are small. In demic of' 1813 was also very fatal. The
the years 1809 and'10, and 1813 and'14, victims of the latter were mostly adults.
the inhabitants of this township suffered Two streams, one from the west, and the
much from sickness. The prevailing dis- other from the south, unite near the cenorders were the measles, canker and fe- tre of the township, forming Tweed river,
vers, and they were, in many cases, mor- which falls into White river in Stocktal. This township lies upon the Green bridge.  These streams afford several
Mountains, and much of it is high and good mill privileges.  White river runs
broken.  There are two natural ponds, across the eastern corner. The township
one covering about 40 and the other about is mountainous, and the most important
60 acres. The eastern part is watered by elevation is called Wilcox's peak. The
some of the head branches of West river. timber is such as is common to the mounThe best road across the Green Moun- tain towns. The turnpike from  Bethel
tains in the state, south of Montpelier, to Rutland passes through the township
passes through this township. There are along Tweed river. There are here 3
2 grist and 3 saw mills, 2 taverns and 1 saw, 1 grist and 1 fulling mill, 2 stores, 2
tannery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 87; taverns and 1 tannery. Statistics of 1840.
cattle, 717; sheep, 1,053; swine, 244; Horses, 117; cattle, 729; sheep, 2,358;
wheat, bus. 534; barley, 170; oats, 4,430; swine, 390; wheat, bus. 584; barley, 14;
rye, 218; buckwheat, 850; Indian corn, oats, 1,956; rye, 294; buckwheat, 818;
320; potatoes, 23,100; hay, tons, 1,290; Indian corn, 1,531; potatoes, 16,373; hay,
sugar, lbs. 7,640; wool, 1,610. Popula- tons, 1,632; sugar, lbs. 19,920; wool,
tion, 578.                             5,220. Population, 615.




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             139
PITTSFORD.                                                         PITTSFORD~
PITTSFORD, a post town in Rutland and in the latter part of summer carried
county, is in lat. 43~ 43' and long. 4o 2', off 40 persons in the course of 4 weeks.
and is bounded north by Brandon, east by The epidemic of 1812 and'13, was also
Chittenden, south by Rutland, and west very fatal, particularly to heads of famiby Hubbardton and a small part of Ira. lies. Mrs. Elizabeth Smith one of the
It lies 60 miles north of Bennington, and first settlers, lived to the age of 96 years,
44 southwest from  Montpelier, and was Mr. Elisha Adams to his 92d or 93d year,
chartered October 12, 1761, containing and several others to nearly the same
25600 acres. The settlement of this town- age. Mary, daughter of Ebenezer Lyship was commenced in the year 1769, by man, was born in this town June 20,
Messrs. Gideon and Benjamin  Cooley 1784, and died January 23d, 1794. In
from  Greenwich, Mass., but they were September previous to her death, being
soon joined by Roger Stevens, Felix Pow- but little more than 9 years of age, she
ell, Ebenezer Hopkins, Stephen Mead, weighed 174 pounds, and at the time of
Moses Olmsted, Edward Owen, Joshua her death, probably weighed 2001bs. She
Woodward and others, from Massachu- was a healthy child, with good common
setts and Connecticut. The first records sense, and her strength was equal to her
of this town were accidentally burnt, and size. She caught a slight cold, and was
therefore the time of its organization has somewhat unwell for about two weeks
not been ascertained. It was probably in before she died, but ate a hearty breakfast
the year 1770. Col. Benjamin Cooley on the morning preceding her death. Otwas first town clerk, and Jonathan Fas- ter creek, which flows through the midset first representative.  During the rev- dle of this township, from south to north,
olutionary war two picket forts were erec- with a gentle meandering current, is the
ted in this township, one called Fort Mott principal stream, and its width here is
and the other Fort Vengeance. The lat- from 40 to 50 yards. Furnace brook, a
ter was built early in the year 1779, upon considerable tributary of Otter creek, is
an eminence on the east side of Otter formed by the union of East creek, and
creek,and near the present stage road from  Philadelphia river. Along these streams
Pittsford village to Middlebury. Pittsford are extensive meadows of the rich alluviwas a frontier township, and Fort Ven- al soil. On Furnace brook and its branchgeance the most northerly post in Ver- es are numerous mill privileges which are
mont, on the west side of the Green well improved. There are two ponds, one
Mountains, which was held by the Amer- in the southeastern part dovering about
icans durinog the revolution. The reli- 20 acres, and the other in the northeastgious denominations are Congregational- ern covering about 30 acres. There are
ists, Baptists and Methodists. Elder Eli- no mountains. A range of hills extends
sha Rich was the first settled minister, along the west line between this townand was ordained over the Baptist church ship and Hubbardton. The soil is generabout the year 1784. Elder Rich, after ally loam, with some tracts which are
preaching here a number of years, left the sandy, and some of clay. The timber is
town, and was succeeded by Elder Wm. oak of several kinds, pine, maple, beech,
Harrington, who was dismissed about the birch, elm, basswood, ash, cherry, butteryear 1819.  The Rev. Eleazer Harwood nut, walnut, poplar, &c. This township
was settled  over the  Congregational abounds in iron ore, which makes the
church about the year 1785, and continu- best of ware, and bar iron, and has inexed its pastor till his death, which happen- haustable quarries of excellent marble.
ed in 1807. December 30th, of this year, The iron ore yields about 25 per cent. of
the Rev. Holland Weeks was ordained metalic iron. The marble is coarse grain.
over this church, and dismissed in 1814; ed and somewhat flexible. Much of it is
the Rev. Asa Messer was ordained Jan. conveyed down Otter creek to Mliddlebu.
29, 1818, and dismissed February, 1822; ry, to be sawn and manufactured into
and the Rev. John Ingersoll, Dec. 18, jambs, &c. The oxyde of manganeseia
1823, and dismissed in September, 1826. also found in this township. In the eastThe Rev. Willard Child, the present min- ern part of the township is a deep cavern
ister, was settled April 25, 1827. The in which ice may commonly be found in
Congregational, Baptist, and Methodist the months of July and August. There
societies have each a convenient meet- is a small village near the centre of the
inghouse, two of which are situated in township, containing two meeting housthe village near the centre of the town- es, three stores, one druggist shop, two
ship. There have been two general re- taverns, several mechanics' shops, and
vivals of religion, the former in 1784, and about 30 dwelling houses. It is situated'5, and the latter in 1802, and'3. The eight miles north from  Rutland colrt
dysentery was very mortal here in 1803, house. Another called JMillvillage is sit



GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
PLAINFIELD.                                                        PLYMOUTH.
uated on Furnace brook, containing two which passes through the northwest corstores, a saw and grist mill, woollen fac- ner, and by Great brook, which passes
tory, &c. Pittsford contains one of the through the township in a northwesterly
best town libraries in the state. It con- direction into Winooski river.  At the
sists of 1500 volumes, towards the pur- junction of these streams is a small vilchase of which a Mr. McCiure, of Mexi- lage, containing a Congregational and
co, gave $400. The town is divided into Methodist meeting house, two stores, one
13 or 14 school districts. There are 1 tavern, one tannery, &c.  There is a
grist and eight saw mills, two woollen small pond in the eastern part which is
factories, q4 stores, 3 taverns, 2tanneries, 2 well  furnished  with excellent trout.
furnaces, and an extensive bed of iron There is also a mineral spring similar to
ore.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 333; those in Newbury, which is a place of
cattle, 1,796; sheep, 22,052; swine, 536; some resort for invalids. It is situated
wheat, bus. 1,837; barley, 5; oats, 10,121; so near the margin of Great brook as to be
rye, 2,177; buck wheat, 864; Ind. corn, overflown at high water. The surface of
13,425; potatoes, 30,661, hay, tons, 7,- this township is uneven, but is well tim162; sugar, lbs. 20,539; wool, 54,128. bered. There is but little waste land and
Population, 1,927.                     the soil is generally of a good quality.
PLAINFIELD, a small post town in the The town is divided into seven school
eastern part of Washington county, in districts. There are here three saw and
lat. 44~ 14' and long. 40 35', and is boun- two grist mills, one fulling and one cloded north by Marshfield, eastby Goshen ver mill. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 190;
gore, south by Barre and Orange, and cattle, 1,145; sheep, 8,853; swine, 414;
west by Montpelier. It lies 55 miles wheat, bus. 4,298; barley, 28; oats, 4,north from  Windsor, and 21 northwest 225; rye, 199; buck wheat, 314; I. corn,
from  Newbury, and was chartered to 1,036; potatoes, 26,316; hay, tons, 2,832;
Gen. James Whitelaw, and others, Oct. sugar, lbs. 13,980; wool, 11,201. Popu27, 1788, containing 10,000acres. The lation, 880.
settlement was commenced  about the   PLATT OR PLOTT RIVER. See Laplot.
year 1794, by Theodore Perkins, Joseph   PLYMOUTH, a post town in the western
Batchelder, and Seth Freeman. They part of Windsor county, is in lat. 43~ 31'
were joined the next year by Jonathan and long. 4~ 19', and is bounded north by
and Bradford Kinney, Moulton Batchel- Bridgewater, east by Reading, south by
der, John Moore and others, from differ- Ludlow and a part of Mount Holly, and
ent parts of New England. The titles to west by Shrewsbury. It lies 15 miles
the lands, under which the first settlers nearly west from Windsor, 52 south from
purchased, proved to be bad, and they Montpelier, and 16 southeast from Rutwere mostly obliged to purchase a second land; and was chartered July 6, 1761, by
time. But by the indulgence of the Hon. the name of Saltash. The settlement of
Heman Allen, into whose hands the lands this township was commenced in 1777, by
fell, the inhabitants were mostly enabled John Mudge, who was soon followed by
to retain the farms on which they had Aaron Hewett and others. Wm. Mudge
commenced improvements.  The town was the first child born, and received in
was organized under the name of St. An- consequence a lot of land. The town was
drew's gore, April 4, 1796, and Harvey organized about 1787. Adam Brown was
Bancroft was first town clerk, who was first town clerk, and Moses Priest first
the same year killed by the fall of a tree. representative. The religious societies
November 6, 1797, the name of the town- are Congregationalists, Baptists, Methoship was altered to Plainfield. The first dists, Christians, and Freewill Baptists.
town meeting under this name was March The Congregational church was formed
20, 1798, and Thomas Vincent, Esq. was in 1806, and the Rev. Prince Jennie
then chosen town clerk. A small Con- settled over it for 5 or 6 years.  In 1822,
gregational church was organized here Rev. Abel Manning was settled over it
about the year 1796, or 1797, a Methodist and continued about three years. The
church about the year 1800,and a Univer- Baptist church is the most numerous and
salist society about the year1820. TheCon- their present minister, the Rev. Ambler
gregational church has, for a part of the Edson.  Elder Isaac Banister was the
time, enjoyed the labors of the Rev. Jon- first minister of the Christian church, in
athan Kinney, and this and the other so- 1819,and he was succeeded by Elder Noah
cieties have been supplied to a considera- Johnson, but the society is now destible extent, by itinerant preachers. The tute of a minister. The Freewill Baptist
Rev. James Perry, a Methodist preacher, church consists of 52 members. A union
died here May 13, 1840, aged 83. The meeting house was built in the south part
township is watered by Winooski river  of the town, in 1816.  The principal




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             141
PLYMOUT H.                                                         PLYMOUTH.
stream  in this to.wnship is Black river, ing particular had been done to ascertain
which is formed here, and runs southeas- the fact, until 1835, when Mr. Tyson,
terly into Ludlow. On this stream are crossing the mountain near the head of
several good mill seats and a number of Black River-which takes its rise between
natural ponds, which abound in fish. Two a high elevation on the east,called'Mount
considerable branches of Quechee river Torn,' and the range of mountains of the
also rise in this township. A large share west-discovered here several pieces of
of the rocks are primitive limestone,which ore, which proved to be the micaceous
makes the best of lime. Not less than and magnetic oxydes of iron. The ap2,000 hogsheads are annually manufac- pearance of these led him to institute a
tured and transported to different parts of further examination, and accordingly the
the country.  Some of the limestone ensuing spring he despatched Mr. Joseph
makes excellent marble, and in 1834 a Martin, his former agent at Strafford, and
factory, where 150 saws can be put in op- on whom he relied as an experienced -mieration, was erected on Black river, for ner, to make a thorough search in the vi.
its manufacture. Some of the marble is cinity. This resulted, in a short time, in
white and some beautifully variegated. the discovery of the bed of brown hemaThe surface of the township is consider- tite which has since been opened, lying
ably broken. Two mountains extend about 6 miles south of the place where
through it parallel to the river, and at no the ore was first discovered. Large massgreat distance from it. That on the north- es of this ore had been previously found
eastern side is very abrupt, and is known about the place, and quantities of it had
by the name of Mount Tom. Near the been removed to the nearest iron works
meeting house is an extensive bed of ste- in order to be wrought.  Some years preatite, or soapstone. At the foot of the vious the company at Pittsford had sent a
mountain on the southwestern side of the Mr. Buel to make experiments upon the
river, and about 80 rods from it, are situ- same, all of which had proved successful,
ted the Plymouth caverns. (See Part 1st, In 1837 Mr. Tyson commenced the erecpage 8.)  This cavern was discovered tion of his works, which were put in opeabout the 1st of July, 1818. The author ration the same year; they consist of a
of this work visited it about the 10th of very large blast furnace, besides a small
the same month, and explored the sever- one for convenience. The specimens first
al apartments, an account of which was discovered by Mr. Tyson near the head
published soon after in the Vermont Jour- of Black River, were part of a rich vein
nal. At this time numerous stalactites of rock ore. An excavation was immediwere suspended from the roof and sides of ately commenced here, and the ore,when
the cavern, the greater part of which smelted, is said to produce the best of
were rudely beaten off and carried away wrought iron. A combination of the two
by the numerous visitants (amounting to kinds, however, is generally used in the
several thousands) with which the cav- castings. Two other excavations were
ern was thronged during that summer. also made, one about 5 miles north of the
The rocks are limestone, and the cavern furnace, and the other 2 miles south, in
was probably formed by the removal of the town of Ludlow. Another location
the earth from among the rocks by water. of ore, apparently of a superior quality to
For the following very full and inter- the others, has been discovered about a
esting account of Tyson Furnace, in this mile and a half east of the furnace, called
town, and of the minerals in the vicinity, sparry or spathic, and sometimes steel ore,
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. R. from the fact that steel may be procured
H. Washburn, of Ludlow.                from it without the subsequent process;
Tyson Furnace, so named from the pro- from  the beautiful rhomboidal surfaces,
prietor, is situated in the southern part of which it presents, it appears to be a crysPlymouth, within a few rods of the bonn- talized carbonate. The bed of brown hedary line between that town and Ludlow. matite above mentioned,is situated about
It owes its existence to Mr. Isaac Tyson, one fourth of a mile west of the furnace,
Jr., of Baltimnore, who has probably done arnd is nearly parallel with the side of the
more than any other individual to devel- mountain, forming an angle with a perop the internal resources of the state, pendicular of 650. A shaft was sunk to
having previously been connected with the depth of 70 feet, but it becoming nethe extensive copperas works at Strafford. cessary to drain the mine, a drift was dug,
Although the existence of a large quanti- extending horizontally  about 80 rods.
ty of iron ore in the vicinity had been in- The excavation in the ore bed has already
ferred for many years previous, from the proceeded over 400 feet. Another shaft
frequent discovery of specimens lying has recently been sunk a few rods west
loose upon the surface of the earth, noth- of the first; the ore was reached at a depth




142                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           PART III.
PLYMOUT.                                                             POMFRET.
of 35 feet from the surface. In draining vicinity.  Considerable manganese has
off the mine a large bed of sand was dis- been exported from thence, and specimens
covered, which has proved very service- of copper ore are occasionally discovered.
able for moulding. The various kinds of A large bed of steatite lies about a mile
ore which have been found here, and all and a half to the east. Nearly all the
of them of a superior quality, render this minerals common in the state, are found
one of the most favorable locations in the in different parts of the town. Limestone
country; and the iron, which is produced exists in great abundance. A few miles
by compounding them together, is believ- north of the iron works is a valuable quared to be superior to any other in New  ry of marble, which has been wrought to
England, and is said to be equal to the considerable advantage. It consists of
best of foreign importation. Through the several different kinds, varying in color
enterprise of the proprietor, a flourishing and quality; the most beautiful of which,
village has already sprung up here. A  as well as the most valuable, is a dark
store and a ware-house are connected clouded; the others consist of different
with the works, as are also all the neces- shades of white and sienna. The success
sary mechanical shops. In order to se- which has thus far attended the establishcure the complete success of his under- ment of Mr. Tyson, seems almost unpartaking, Mr. Tyson had previously pur- alleled; and if we may judge of its future
chased all the wood land in the vicinity, success from its past and present, we may
in order to be well supplied with the ne- readily infer that it will become, at no
cessary article of fuel, and so extensive distant period, one of the leading places
are the forests around, and so apparently in the state.
inexhaustible the mines which have been    Plymouth is a good grazing township,
already  developed, that there is little and there are here some excellent dairies.
doubt but the establishment will be able It is divided into fifteen school districts,
in a short time to supply the whole coun- with school houses. There are three grist
ty with the important product of iron. and thirteen saw mills, one trip hammer
The average number of hands connected  shop, two stores, two taverns and one
with the furnace is about 100. The cast- tannery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 275;
ings and pig iron amount in the year to cattle, 1,7393; sheep, 8,144; swine, 537;
about 600 tons. The stoves and other ar- wheat, bus. 1,910(; barley, 384; oats, 6,ticles sent forth have already reached 676, rye, 645; buck wheat, 1,333; Ind.
most of the New England states, and ob- corn, 3,374; potatoes, 59,840; hay, tons,
tained a decided preference. The pres- 4,127; sugar, lbs. 13,480; wool, 17,105.
ent manager is Mr. Martin, and the agent Population, 1417.
Mr. Augustus Haven. A post office, of   Pococ-K. Name altered to Bristol, Octhe same name, has been established here. tober 21, 1789. See Bristol.
and a stage runs daily through the place.   POMFRET, a township in the north part
All that has been already accomplished of Windsor county, is in lat. 43? 42' and
has been done without the aid of an act and long. 40 31', and is bounded north by
of incorporation, and the proprietor in- Sharon, east by Hartford, south by Woodtends still further to enlarge his under- stock and west by Barnard. It lies 18
taking, by erecting a rolling mill and nail miles north from Windsor, and 40 south
factory. The works are favorably situa- from Montpelier; was chartered July 8,
ted 5 miles north of the village in Lud- 1761, to Isaac Dana and associates, and is
low, and 17 southwest from  Woodstock. seven miles long and five and a half wide.
The village has sprung up as if by en- The settlement of this township was comchantment, among the mountains, and, menced in the spring of 1770, by Bartholfrom its romantic location, offers induce- omew Durkee, from Pomfret, Con., who
ments to the admirer of whatever is grand came into it with his family, consisting of
in the works of nature. In the inimedi- a wife and five children, on the 6th day
ate vicinity are three beautiful sheets of of March. In coming into the town, the
water, two of which are well stocked family proceeded on foot, upon a snowwith the lake fish, and are about a mile shoe path, six miles, drawing their furniin length. In the north part of the town ture upon handsleds. In the course of a
lie the Plymouth caves, imbedded in the few days, they were joined in the settleside of the mountain. To the lover of the ment by Mr. John Cheedle and family.
natural sciences, and particularly to the John, son of B. Durkee, was born Decemmineralogist and geologist, -the locality is ber 25. of this year, and was the first child
a matter of interest. The Green Moun- born in town. The proprietors made him
tain range seems here to display gratuit.- a present of 100 acres of land. In 1771,
ously its internal wealth. Large quanti- Wm. Wilson came into the township from
ties of plumbago have been found in the Connecticut, and, a few weeks after, his




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VARMONT.                             143
POMFRET.                      POTTIER'S POINT.                     POULTNEY.
wife and three children followed him the   POULTNEY, a post town in the western
whole distance on foot. In the course of part of Rutland county, is in lat. 44~ 32'
two years, the settlement was increased and long. 3" 54', and is bounded north by
by a great number of families, among Castleton, east by Middletown and Ira,
whom were John W. Dana, Seth Hodges south by Wells, and west by Hampton,
and Benjamin Bugbee. Mr. Dana built N. Y. It lies 60 miles southwest from
the first grist mill, soon after he came in- Montpelier, 13 from Rutland, and 46 north
to town, upon a small stream, which emp- from Bennington. It was chartered Septies into White river. The town was or- tember 21, 1761, and contains about 35
ganized in March, 1773, and John W. square miles. The first proprietor's meetDana was chosen town clerk. At this ing was held at Sheffield, Mass., June 7,
meeting John Throop was chosen justice 1763. The settlement was comnenced
of the peace, and three constables were in 1771, by Thomas Ashley and Ebenezer
appointed, and but two highway survey- Allen. The early settlers were mostly
ors. The town was first represented in emigrants from Connecticut and the west1778, by John Throop. The first settled ern part of Massachusetts. Heber Allen
minister was the Rev. Elisha Hutchinson, was first town clerk, and Wm. Ward first
of the Congregational order. He was or- representative.  The religious denomidained December 14, 1784, and dismissed nations are Congregationalists, Baptists,
January 8, 1795. He was succeeded by Methodists and Episcopalians, each of
the Rev. Ignatius Thompson, who was which has a good meeting house. That
ordained November 20, 1805, and dis- of the Congregationalists was erected in
missed April 26, 1811. Rev. John Dut- 1803, that of the Baptists in 1805, that of
ton was ordained March 17, 1819, and has the Methodists more recently, and that of
since been dismissed.  Their present the Episcopalians in 1831. Rev. Ithamer
meeting house, situated in the centre of Hibbard was the first settled minister.
the township, was built in 1792. There He was settled over the Congregational
are also, in this township, a considerable church in 1780, and dismissed July 7,
number of Methodists, Christians, Bap- 1796. His successors have been Rev.
tists, &c. The spotted fever prevailed James Thompson from May 18, 1803, to
here in 1811 and'12, and was very mor- 1820; Rev. Ethan Smith from Nov. 21,
tal among the young people and children. 1821, to December, 1826; Rev. Sylvester
The surface of the township is considera- Cochrane from Oct. 24, 1827, to Oct. 13,
bly uneven, but the soil is generally good. 1834, and Rev. Solomon Lyman, the presThere are to be seen here the traces of a ent pastor, settled Feb. 25, 1835. This
hurricane, which formerly passed through society has funds to the amount of $5000.
the township from  west to east. The Elder Clark Kendrick was the first settled
timber was, probably, all laid prostrate miinister of the Baptist church. He was
through the distance of seven or eight ordained in 1802, and died in March, 1824.
miles, and about 100 rods in width, a new  Their present minister is the Rev. V. R.
growth having evidently arisen, much Hotchkiss. The Episcopal church, which
younger than the neighboring forests, bears the name of St. John's Church, connone of the trees appearing, from the sists of about 50 communicants.  The
number of concentric layers, to be more Episcopal clergymen who have officiated
than 120 years of age.  White river here more or less are Rev. Bethuel Chittouches upon the northeast corner, and tenden, Rev. Amos Pardee, Rev. Moore
Quechee river touches upon the southeast Bingham, Rev. Luman Foote and Rev.
corner.  The, other streams. are small. L. M. Purdy. Of the Methodist church
There are in town 13 school districts, 1 we have no account. The epidemic in
grist, 4 saw and 1 fulling mill, 1 carding the spring of 1813, was very distressing,
machine, 2 stores, 2 taverns and 2 tanne- and in the course of three months was faries.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses,   396; tal to about 60 of the inhabitants. This
cattle, 4,982; sheep, 14,526; swine, 1,449; township is watered by Poultney river
wheat, bus. 4,435; barley, 85; oats, 15,- and its numerous tributaries, which afford
786; rye, 1,352; buckwheat, 2,520; In- a number of valuable mill seats. The soil
dian corn, 11,021; potatoes, 65,135; hay, is generally warm and productive, and
tons, 5,947; sugar, lbs. 39,261; wool, the surface pleasantly diversified with
32,683. Population, 1,774.            hills and vallies. Along Poultney river
POTTIER'S POINT is situated on the the alluvial flats are extensive and very
west side of Shelburne, 2 miles, 182 rods productive. The timber is mostly decidfrom the south wharf in Burlington. It uous, there being but few evergreens. A
took its name from John Pottier, the first violent freshet, in July, 1811, swept off
settler upon it. It is often called Shel- from the streams here four grist and four
burne Point.                          saw mills, one woollen factory, one card



144                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART Ill.
POULTNEY RIVER.                                                       POWNAL.
ing machine, and several other buildings. 100 feet deep lowering the bed of the rivThere are two pleasant villages in Poult- er for some distance above, and carrying
ney, called East Poultney and West Poult- immense quantities of earth into East bay.
ney. East Poultney contains three houses The bay, which was before navigable for
for public worship, 3 stores, 1 grist and 2 vessels of 40 tons burden, was so comsaw mills, 1 iron foundry with machine pletelyfilled,for several miles,that a canoe
shops, 10 or 12 mechanics, 1 tannery, 2 could with difficulty pass at low water,
taverns, and about 60 dwelling houses. and the navigation was much obstructed
West.Poultney contains a stone chapel, at Fiddler's Elbow, a narrow place in the
the Troy Conference Academy, a bank, lake near South bay. The obstructions
3 stores, 1 tavern, an extensive iron foun- have since been mostly removed by the
dry, 52 dwelling houses and 312 inhabi- force of the current.  A company was
tants. The academy was projected at a incorporated for the purpose of improving
meeting of the citizens, January 14, 1834; the navigation of these waters.'
adopted by the Troy Conference of the   POWNAL, a post town in the southwest
Methodist Episcopal church September 3; corner of Bennington county and southchartered by the legislature of Vermont west corner of the state, is in lat. 42~ 47'
Oct. 25, and went into operation Sept. 1, and long. 30 54' and is bounded north by
1836. The principal building is of brick, Bennington, east by Stamford, south by
112 feet by 36, with 4 principal stories, an Williamstown, Mass., and west by Hooattic and basement, and a rear 90 by 32 sic, N. Y. It lies 56 miles southwesterfeet. The school is conducted by 4 male ly from Rutland and 30 west from Bratand 2 female teachers. (See part second, tleboro'. It was chartered Jan. 8, 1760,
pages 180 and 184.)  There are in town and contains about 25,000 acres. The set15 school districts, 2 grain, 6 saw and sev- tlement of this township, under the New
eral fulling mills, 5 stores, 4 taverns, and Hampshire charter, was commenced in
3 tanneries. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, the spring of 1762, there being at that
363; cattle, 2,098; sheep, 13,696; swine, time 4 or 5 Dutch families within the lim1,013; wheat, bus. 1,613; barley, 38; its of the township, claiming under the
oats, 10,748; rye, 3,894; buckwheat, "Hoosic Patent,." granted by the govern1,283; Indian corn, 22,082; potatoes, 28,- ment of New  York. Among the early
724; hay, tons, 5,013; sugar, lbs. 10,765; settlers of the town were the families of
wool, 34,946. Population, 1,880.       Wright, Gardner, Morgan, Dunham, NoPOULTNEY RIVER, rises in Tinmouth ble, Card, Curtis, Watson, and Seelye,
and runs a westerly course through Mid- but the precise time when they severally
dletown and Poultney. On arriving at came into the town is not ascertained. In
the west line of Poultney, it begins to 1791 it was the third in Bennington counform the boundary between Vermolnt and ty, and the fifth in the state, in point of
New-York, and, running between Fair- population, containing at that time 1,746
Haven and West-Haven, on the north, inhabitants. The religious denominations
and Hampton, N. Y., on the south, falls are Baptists, Methodists, and Protestant
into the head of East bay, which is an Methodists. The surface of the township
arm of lake Champlain. From Fair-Ha- is considerably uneven, but the soil is genven it receives Castleton river, and from  erally good, and produces plentiful crops.
West-Haven, Hubbardton  river.  The It is well adapted to the production of
whole length of Poultney river is about grain and grass, and here are kept some
25 miles, and it affords a number of ex- of the finest dairies in the state.  The
cellent mill seats.'A remarkable change principal stream is Hoosic river, which is
took place in this stream, in 1783. A lit- formed here and passes off in a northwesttle above its junction with East bay, a erly direction into the township of Hooridge of land crosses in a northerly direc- sic, N. Y. Along this stream  are some
tion. The river running a northwesterly rich and beautiful tracts of intervale, and
course, on meeting the ridge, turned on it are several valuable stands for mills.
suddenly towards the northeast, and, af- Some of the head branches of Walloomter keeping that course about half a mile, scoik river rise in the northeastern part
turned westerly, rushing down a steep of this township, and pass off into Benledge of rocks, and forming a number of nington. The town is divided into 13
fine mill privileges. The river had, for school districts, and contains a meetingsome years, been observed to be making house, situated near the centre, 2 stores,
encroachments upon the ridge at the 2 taverns, 2 grist and 5 saw mills,mechanplace, where it turned to the northeast; ics' shops, &c. Statistics oq 1840.-Horand in May, 1783, during a violent fresh- ses, 313; cattle, 1,468; sheep, 9,540;
et, the river broke through the ridge, and, swine, 1,169; wheat, bus. 1,075; barley,
meeting with no rocks, it cut a channel 150; oats, 20,891  rye, 4,057; buck



PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMiONT.                           14
PUTNEY.                                                               PUTNEY.
wheat, 1,072; Ind. corn, 11,147; pota- about 16 feet high,-the houses were built
toes, 28,215; hay, tons, 3,164; sugar, lbs. against the wall, with a roof slanting up,
6,087; wool, 22,367. Population, 1,613. (called a salt-box roof;,) to the top of the
PUTNEY, a post town in the eastern part wall, the wall of the fort making the back
of Windham county, is in lat. 420 59' and wall of the house, and the houses all
long. 4~ 28', and is bounded north by fronting the hollow square in the centre
Westminster, east by Connecticut river, of the fort. It was garrisoned by troops
which separates it from Westmoreland, from New Hampshire until about 1760.)
N. H., south by Dummerston, and west The first settlement on Sackett's brook,
by Brookline. It lies 10 miles north from  or what is now called Putney street, was
Massachusetts line, and 33 south from  made by Joshua Parker, in 1764. The
Windsor. It was chartered by N. Hamp- town was organized, and the first town
shire Dec. 26, 1753~ to Col. Josiah Wil- officers chosen, May 8, 1770. Noah Salard, and rechartered by New York Nov. bin was first town clerk. The religious de6, 1766, and now contains 18,115 acres. nominations are Congregationalists, BapA settlement was commenced and a fort tists, Methodists, and Universalists. The
built on the " Great Meadow," so called, Congregational church  was organized
in the eastern part of the town, a little Oct. 17, 1776, at which time they settled
previous to the breaking out of the French the Rev. Josiah Goodhue, who died Nov.
war in 1744; but on the commencement 14, 1797. His successors have been Rev.
of hostilities, the fort was evacuated, and Jairus Remington, from Feb. 12, 1800, to
the inhabitants, together with those from  Feb. 15, 1803; Rev. Elisha D. Andrews,
adjacent towns, retired to Northfield, Ms., from  June 25, 1807, to May 27, 1829;
which was the frontier post during that Rev. B. H. Pitman, March 3, 1830, to
war. One circumstance took place, how- Nov. 1, 1832. Rev. Amos Foster, the
ever, previous to the breaking up of the present minister, was settled Feb. 13,
fort, which undoubtedly hastened that 1833. Their first meeting house was built
event, which was as follows:-A man by in 1773; their present house in 1808.
the name of William Phipps was hoeing The Baptist church was organized in 1786.
corn on the 5th of July, 1745, near the The ministers have been the Rev.Messrs.
southwest corner of the meadoW, when Jonathan Wilson,Lewis Allen, Ziba Howtwo Indians sprang upon him, and drag- ard, and Ferris Moore. Their present
ged him into the woods near by. Here, meeting house was built in 1839. The
after a short parley, one of the Indians Methodist church was organized in July,
departed, leaving the prisoner under the 1828. The ministers have been the Rev,
care of his comrade. Phipps, with the Messrs. Justin Spalding, Jorla. Hazeltine,
hardihood characteristic of the pioneers C. D. Cahoon, and Johin S. Smith. Meetin these'wilds, watching an opportunity, ing house built in 1832. The Universalstruck his keeper down with his hoe, and ist society was formed in 1833. The town
seizing his gun, gave the other, who was has generally been healthy. The dysenreturning, a fatal wound. Thus at liber- tery prevailed here in 1775, and the epity again, he sought refiuge in the fort; demic of 1813 was very mortal. There:ut, unfortunately, before he reached it, were 38 deaths by the latter between the
he fell in with three other Indians, who 9th of Jan. and the 13th of April. On
butchered the brave fellow in cold blood. the 19th of August, 1788, a violent temFive days after this event the Indians pest prostrated a great part of the forest
made an attack upon Upper Ashuelot, trees here. In 1770 the town was over(Keene, N. H.) and killed and scalped Jo- run by immense swarms of worms,which,
siah Fisher.  Shortly after, Nehemiah like the swarms of Egypt, ate up every
Howe, as he was cutting timber on the green thing; also to a limited extent in
"' Meadow," was captured by the Indians 1823 and 4. The bottom lands on the rivand carried to Canada, where he died. In er and Sacket's brook, in this town, are
1754 the first permanent settlement was rich alluvial tracts, and amply repay the
made in town, by John Perry, Philip Al- toil of the husbandman by their abundant
exander, and Michael Gilson, emigrants crops. The "great meadow," with its
from Massachusetts. They located them- waving fields of corn and luxuriant vegeselves on the Great meadow, as their pre- tation, on a summer day affords a treat to
decessors had done, and in the year fol- the lover of nature rarely equalled. The
lowing, 17.55, in company with others uplands are mostly of a rich, strong soil,
lately arrived, built a fort on the site of and well adapted to grazing and the prothe house now occupied by Col. Thomas duction of the hardier kinds of grain.
White. (This fort was 120 feet long by The lowest meadow lands, when the coun80 wide, and was built of yellow pine tim- try was new, were covered with a tangled
ber, hewed six inches thick and laid up growth of butternut, elm, soft maple, and
PT. III.         19




14,6                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART 1Il,
RANDOLPH.                                                          RANDOLPH.
yellow pine. The higher flats abounded and long. 40 25', and is bounded north by
with the white pine, of a majestic kind. Brookfield, east by Tunbridge, south by
This glory of the American forest has, Bethel, and west by Braintree. It lies 23
however, nearly disappeared, there being miles south from Montpelier,and 34 northonly here and there a solitary tree raising west from Windsor. It was granted Nov.2,
its head to the heavens, and standing as 1780, and chartered  to Aaron  Storrs
an emblem of the few early settlers that and others, June 29, 1781, containing
remain amongst us. The other forest 28,596 acres. A company, consisting of
trees are oak, maple. beech, birch,walnut, 20 persons, was formed at Hanover, N. H.,
ash, &c. The rock formations on the east then called Dresden, in May, 1778, for
side of Sackett's brook are mostly mica the purpose of purchasing this township,
slate, abounding with garnets and stauro- known to them by the name of Middletide. Through the centre of the town run sex. At the first meeting of this comthe extensive strata of argilite or roof pany the Hon. Joseph Marsh was choslate, that extend from Massachusetts line sen moderator and agent to prefer a petifar into Vermont. West of this range tion to the legislature for a charter; Capt.
comes the mica slate again, interspersed Aaron Storrs was chosen clerk, and Capt.
with a hard black limestone. In the east Abel Marsh to ascertain whether there
Ipart of the town is found a very rare min- were any claimants of the land in Neweral, known by the name of fluate of lime York, or elsewhere. The settlement was
or fluor spar, of a beautiful emerald green commenced here three or four years becolor. This is the only locality in the fore the township was chartered. As near
United States where this mineral, of an as can be ascertained William Evans and
emerald green, is found. Specimens of family, Edward Evans, John Parks and
it have been sent to the most distinguish- Experience Davis, were the first persons
ed mineralogists in this country and Eu- who wintered in the township. Mr. Zarope. Serpentine of a beautiful shade, dock Steele was taken from this townand susceptible of a high polish, is found ship by the Indians and carried into caphere also. The village of Putney is about tivity, on the 17th of October, 1780, the
one mile from Connecticut river, and is day after the burning of Royalton. Ranbuilt on both sides of Sackett's brook. dolph Parmelee was the first child born
The location is pleasant, in the bosom sof in this township.  The town was organa beautiful valley, and sheltered on each ized March 31, 1783, and Jehiel Woodside, except towards the east, from the ward was first town clerk. The religious
bleak winds of our climate, by forest- denominations are, Congregationalists,
crowned hills. Sackett's brook, a never Methodists, Freewill Baptits, Universalfailing stream, affords many valuable mill ists, Christians, Episcopalians, and some
privileges, and its waters are employed in Baptists. The Rev. Elijah Brainard was
the short space of 100 rods to keep in op- ordained over the Congregational church
eration one large factory, 2 paper mills, 2 and society, September 6, 1786, and disfulling mills, a bark mill, a trip hammer, missed January 4, 1798.  The Rev. Tila machine shop, a saw mill, and a grist ton Eastman was settled June 3, 1801,
mill, affording occupation to a large num- and dismissed in May, 1830; the Rev.
ber of hands. The factory above spoken Moses Kimball was settled from January
of is 80 feet long by 32 wide, 4 stories in 7, 1832, to November, 1833; and Rev. E.
height, with two setts of machinery,which J. Boardman, from July, 1834, to March
turn off annually 33,000 yds. of cassi- 8, 1842. This society erected a new and
meres, valued at $40,000. Beside the elegant meeting house in 1838, on the
buildings enumerated above, there are in site of the old one, built at the centre in
the village 1 smaller woollen factory, 1 1792. An Episcopal church by the name
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 3 stores, 2 taverns, of Grace Church was organized here in
and about 20 mechanics' shops, besides 1834, but it is small and destitute of regudwelling houses. Number of school dis- lar services. T'he town has generally
tricts in town, 13. Statistics of 1840.- been very healthy. There were a few
Horses, 262; cattle, 1,778; sheep, 6,956; cases of the spotted fever in 1811, and the
swine, 985; wheat, bus. 993; barley, 130; dysentery was very distressing here in
oats, 18,400; rye, 2,274; buckwheat, 325; the autumn of 1823. This township is
Ind. corn, 12,225; potatoes, 26,390; hay, watered by the second and third branch
tons, 2,849; sugar, ]bs. 8,830; wool, 13,- of White river,the former running through
730. Population, 1,382.                the eastern and the latter throupgh the wesQUECHEE RIVER. SeeOttd- Quechlee river. tern part of the township. These streams
QUECHEE VrLLAGE. See Hartyo;'d.    and their tkrbutaries afford a number of
R&NDOLPH, a post town in the western advantageous situations for mills. The
part of Orange county, is in lat, 430 56' timber is, principally, maple, beech, and




PART III.                 GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              147
RANDOLPH.                                                               READING.
birch, with some hemlock and spruce. and 9 saw  mills, 8 stores, 4 taverns,
The surfaee of the township is considera- five tanneries, two furnaces, two starch
bly elevated,butis less broken than thatof factories, clothiers' works, and carding
the towns generally in this vicinity. The machines, &c. Statistics of 1840.-Horssoil is productive and the farming inter- es, 589; cattle, 2,233; sheep, 17,792;
est extensive.   There are here  three swine, 2,620; wheat, bus. 5,525; barley,
pleasant villages, one in the centre of 104; oats, 32,105; rye, 3,406; b'kwheat,
the township, another in the eastern, and 7,287; Ind. corn, 18,499. potatoes, 112,the other in the western part.  The Cen- 598; hay, tons, 8,831; sugar, lbs. 34,660;
tre village is very handsomely situated  wool, 40,782. Population, 2,678.
on elevated ground, and contains 2 hand-   RANDOM.-Name altered to Brighton
some meeting houses, an academy school November 3, 1.832.- See Brighton.
house, a post offce, 2 attornies' offices, 2   READING, a post town in the central
stores, 1 tavern, and a number of hand- part of Windsor county, is in lat. 430 30'
some dwelling houses. The Hon. Dud- and long. 40 26*, and bounded north by
ley Chase, many years speaker of the Woodstock, east by Windsor, south by
House  of Representatives, afterwards Cavendish, and west by Plymouth. It is
judge of the supreme court, and subse- 53 miles south from Montpelier, and was
quently senator in Congress, resides here. chartered to Israel Stowell, Jonathan
The union meeting house in this village, Hammond and others, July 6, 1781, and
erected in 1837, is occupied principally  contains 23,040 acres. The settlement
by the Universalists and Methodists. The of the township was commenced about
principal preachers have been Rev. Wm. the year 1772, by Andrew Spear, who
S. Ballou,Universalist, and Rev.S.P.Wil- removed his family here from Walpole,
liams, Methodist. Randolph Academy, N. H. This was for several years the
or Orange County Grammar School, was only family in town. About the year
established here Nov. 8, 1806, and the 1778, John Weld, Esq. moved his family
building erected in 1S807. This institution  from Pomfret, Conn., and several young
is well furnished with apparatus, and the men from that and the other New Engliterary society connected with it has a land states, began improvements in the
library of 300 vols., for the use and bene- south and eastern parts of the township.
fit ofthe scholars. This academy has been, Most of the early settlers were in low cirfor the most part, deservedly popular. cumstances as to property, and, like the
The following is a list of the prceptors:  settlers of other new townships, they had
- William Nutting,    from 1807 to 1813.   to endure privations and hardships. The
D. Breck,         from 1813 to [814.    town was organized March 30, 1780, and
Rufus Nutting,    from 1814 to 1818.    Jedediah Leavens was the first town clerk.
George Rush       from 1818 to 1819.    It was represented the same year by Thos.
Samuel A. Worcester, from 1819 to 1820.
Joseph Sawyer,    from 1820 to 1821.    Hapgood.  Col. Tyler, of Claremont, N.
Rufus Nutting,    from 1821 to 1828.    H., built a saw mill here in 1780, and the
Clement Long,     from 1828 to 18.31.   first grist mill in 1783. Capt. David
John Fairchild,   from 1831 to 1832.    Burnham opened the first tavern in 1786.
T. G. Brainard,   from 1832 to 1836.
Samuel A. Benton,   from 1836 to 1838.    On the 23d of November, 1787, the Rev.
Azariah Hyde..    from 1838 to 1841.    Nahum Sergeant was ordained to the pasEdward Cleveland,  from 1841 to -.    toral care of the Congregational church
Randolph East village is situated on the in Reading, with a permanent salary for
2d branch of White river, is compactly  life. A log meeting house was erected
built and aplace of considerable business. about the same time. The church, howIt contains a meeting house built in 1839, ever, were not long blest with his labors;
and owned principally by the Universal- for in visiting his friends in Chelsea,
ists, 3 stores, 1 tavern, a post office, an at- Mass. he was disposed to have the small
torney's office, and mills of various kinds. pox by inoculation, of which he died on
The "Infirmary and Insane Hospital" of the 7th of October, A. D., 1792. No othDr. Jehiel Smith is in this village. Ran- er minister was permanently settled here
dolph  West village contains a meeting  until the 22d of February, 1819, when the
house, 2 stores, 1 tavern, a post office, an Rev. Moses Elliott was ordained to the
attorney's office, and mills, and otherma- pastoral care of the same church; but
chinery. The meeting house is occupied continued here only about a year.  There
principally by the Congregationalists and are at present, several religious denomi.
Christians, the minister of the former be. nations in Reading, viz. Congregationaling Rev. John Vinton, and Rev. Mr. ists, Baptists, Methodists, Christians,and
Marsh of the latter. There are in town Universalists. The Rev. Samuel C. Love4 attornies, 7 physicians, 22 school dis- land, minister of the Universalists, resides
tricts, with school houses, 1 oil, 5 grist, here; and the Revds. Jonathan Jones




148                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART II1.
READING.                        READSBOROUGH.                       RICHFORD.
and Elijah Gale are ministers of the Meth- southeast corner of Bennington county,
odist church.  A  meeting house was is in lat. 42048' and long. 40 6', and is
erected here in 1801, and partly finished; bounded north by Searsburgh, east by
it was, however, destroyed by fire on the Whitingham, south by Rowe, Mass., and
night of the 4th of July, 1810; supposed west by Stamford and a part of Woodford.
to be the work of an incendiary. In 1816, It lies 12 miles southeast from Benningan elegant brick meeting house was erec- ton, and 18 southwest from  Brattleborted here, and completely finished the ough.  This township  contains 20,480
same year. The most remarkable season acres, but the time and the source of the
of mortality ever experienced here, was grant are not known. Its population, in
in February and March, 1813, when more 1791, amounted to 64 persons. The surthan sixty persons died in two months. face is considerably mountainous, and
mostly of the spotted fever. The surface much of it unsuitable for settlement. The
of this town is uneven, and the elevations streams are Deerfield river, which runs
pretty abrubt. Towards the west part, along the eastern Boundary into Massais an elevated tract of land extending chusetts, and a branch of this river, which
through the town from north to south, runs diagonally through the township
from which issues its principal streams. from  northwest to  southeast.  These
It is worthy of remark that no water runs streams afford several mill privileges.
into this township. In the southwest The turnpike, from Bennington to Bratpart, and on the line between Reading tleborough, passes through the north part.
and Plymouth, is a natural pond, about There are here 4 schools, 4 saw  and 1
two hundred rods in length, and fifty in grist mill. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
breadth. The outletof this pond is to the 424; cattle, 1,132; sheep, 2,679; swine,
south, and leads into Plymouth pond. 508; wheat, bus. 249; barley, 178; oats,
From the northwest part of the town, the 4,050; rye, 386; buck-wheat, 752; Instreams take a northerly direction, and dian corn, 972; potatoes, 20,952; hay,
fall into Quechee river at Bridgewater. tons, 2,146; sugar, lbs. 27,217; wool, 5,From the middle and northeast parts, the 376. Population, 767.
streams take an easterly direction.  and   RICHFORD, a post town in the northunite with Connecticut river at Windsor, east corner of Franklin county, is in
whilst those in the southeast part take a lat. 440 57' and long. 4~ 24', and is bounsoutheasterly direction and fall into Black ded north by Sutton, Can., east by Jay,
river at Weathersfield.   Some small south by Montgomery, and west by Berkstreams, however, rise in the north part, shire. It lies 50 miles north from Montand taking a northeasterly direction, fall pelier, and 24 northeast from St. Albans.
into Quechee river at Woodstock North It was granted March 13, 1780, and oharvillage. The streams in Reading, though tered to Jonathan Wells and others, Augenerally small, afford a tolerable supply gust 21, of the same year, containing
of water for common mills. The soil in  23,040 acres. The settlement was comReading is of a middling quality, and af- menced in 1797. The town was organfords excellent pasturage. The timber ized March30, 1799. Chester Wells was
is generally hard wood, but the highlands first town clerk and Jonathan Jones first
afford spruce and hemlock. There are representative.  There are two Baptist
three villages and post offices in the town. societies, the first organized in 1810, the
Reading, near the centre, contains the second in 1827, and a Methodist society
meeting house,'Bailey's mills,' a store, organized in 1839. Elder Wm. Rogers
tavern, &c. South Reading, in the south- is minister of the 1st Baptist society. The
ern part, has 2 stores, a tavern, and the others have no settled ministers. The
extensive copperplate printing establish- eastern part of the township is high and
ment of Mr. Lewis Robinson. Felchville, broken. The southeast corner extends on
a new village in the southeast part, con- to Jay Peak. The principal stream  is
tains a woollen factory, 2 stores, a tavern, Missisco river, which enters the township
&c. There are in the town 15 schools, from Canada near the northeast corner,
2 gristand 7 saw mills, 2 woolen factories, and runs through it in a southwesterly
5 clothiers' works, 5 stores, 3 taverns, and direction into Berkshire. Along the riv2 tanneries. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, er is some fine intervale. There are here
424; cattle, 1,879; sheep, 8,983; swine, no meeting houses, 7 school districts and
596; wheat, bug. 2,950; barley, 478; oats, school houses, 2 stores, 2 starch factories,
6,339; rye, 601; buck-wheat, 405; In- and several mechanics' shops. Statistics
dian corn, 3,984; potatoes, 22,540; hay, of 1840.-Horses, 202; cattle, 930; sheep,
tons, 4,177; sugar, lbs. 24,215; wool, 2,268; swine, 379; wheat, brush. 2,238;
18,379. Population, 1,363.             barley, 2; oats, 2,272; buckwheat, 784;
REEDSBOROUGH, a township in the Ind. corn, 2,112; potatoes, 39,706; hay,




PART 111.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             149
RICHMOND.                          RIPTON.                        ROCHESTER.
tons, 2,236; sugar, lbs. 19,505; wool, 5,- the meeting house is situated. The stage
168. Population, 914.                  road from Montpelier to Burlington passRICHMOND, a post town in the central es along the north bank of Winooski rivpart of Chittenden county,is in lat. 44~ 24' er. The town is divided into 8 school disand long. 40, 4' and is bounded norther- tricts, and contains three saw and one fully by Jericho, easterly by Bolton, south- ling mill, 2 tanneries, 2 taverns, 3 stores,
erly by Huntington, and westerly by Wil- and 1 woollen factory. Statistics of 1840.
liston. It lies 13 miles southeast from  -Horses, 281; cattle, 2,211; sheep, 5,Burlington, and 24 northwest from Mont- 543; swine, 1,371; wheat, bus. 1,941;
pelier. This township was taken from  oats, 13,049; rye, 1,177; buckwheat, 549;
the townships of Huntington, Williston, Ind. corn, 7,864; potatoes, 38,115; hay,
Bolton, and Jericho, and was incorpora- tons, 3,767; sugar, lbs. 11,650; wool, 11,ted by act of the Legislature, passed in 717. Population, 1,054.
October, 1794. The town was organized   RIPTON, a post town in Addison counin Mlarch, 1795, and Joshua Chamberlain ty, is in lat. 440 1', and is bounded north
was first town elerk. Amos Brownson, by Avery's gore, and Bristol,east by GranEsq. was the first representative, chosen ville, south by Goshen, and west by Midthe same year. Joel Brownson and James dlebury. It lies 26 miles southwest from
Farnsworth were the first justices of the Montpelier; was granted April 13, 1781,
peace. The first attempt to forml a settle- and chartered to Abel Thompson and asment here was made in 1775, by Amos sociates. Middlebury river runs through
Brownson and John Chamberlain, with the south part, and on this stream are 5
their families; but they abandoned the saw mills in Ripton. The turnpike from
township in the fall, and did not return Royalton to Vergennes passes along the
till the close of the revolutionary war. In bank of this stream. In 1814 a strip from
the spring of 17T4 they returned to the the east side of Middlebury was annexed
farms, on which they had made begin- to this township, and in 1815 the north
nings, accompanied by Asa and  Joel part of Goshen was annexed to it. Much
Brownson, Samuel and Joshua Chamber- of the township is mountainous and brolain, James Holly, Joseph Wilson, and ken, and unsuitable for settlement. Sta.
Jesse McFairlain. The religious denorn- tistics of 1840.-Horses, 86; cattle, 260;
inations are the Congregationalist, Bap- sheep, 634; swine, 126; wheat, bus. 170;
tist, Freewill Baptist, and Universalist. oats, 1,42t); rye,. 190; buckwheat, 15;
Elder Ezra Wilmot was ordained over the Indian corn, 120; potatoes, 9,360; hay,
Baptist church, and continued several tons, 690; sugar, lbs. 4,200; wool, 1,796.
years. He was the first settled minister, Population, 357.
and there was no other in town till Sep-   ROCHESTER, a post town in the north.
tember 25, 1823, when Elder John Peck west corner of Windsor county, is in lat.
was settled over the same church. There 43o 53' and long. 40 15', and is bounded
is a meeting house in the centre of the northerly by Braintree and a small part
town having 16 sides, with a steeple rising of Kingston, easterly by Bethel, southerfrom the centre, and owned by the sever- ly by Pittsfield, and westerly by Hancock.
al 4enominations. Around the meeting It lies 30 miles southwest from Montpehouse is a small village, and another small lier, and 20 southeast from Middlebury.
village has recently grown up on the op- It was granted November 6, 1780, and
posite side of the river, upon the stage chartered to Hon. Dudley Chase and othroad leading from Burlington to Montpe- ers, August 30, 1781, containing 23,040
lier. It contains a store, tavern, and sev- acres. The settlement of this township
eral mechanics.  Mr. Bigford Spooner was commenced about the close of the
died here in 1819, aged 104. Dr.Mlatthew  revolutionary war. In the fall of 1822,
Cole was the first physician. He died in the dysentery prevailed here to an alarm1809, and his brother, Dr Seth Cole, has ing degree, particularly in the village.
been the principal physician since that There were about 40 deaths in the towntime. The township is watered by Win- ship in the period of two months. The
ooski river, which runs through it in a, religious denominations are Congregawesterly direction, and by Huntington tionalists, Methodists, Universalists and
river, which enters the township about Baptists. Rev. Salmon Hurlbut was setthe middle of the southern boundary, and tled over the Congregational church in
unites with the Winooski river east of the 1822. Rev. William Scales is the present
centre. There are also several smaller minister. They have a meeting house
streams,on which mills are erected. Along which was erected in 1813. Rev. Lewis
Winooski river the alluvial flats are ex- Hill is minister of the Methodist church.
tensive and -beautiful.  This township The two oldest persons in this township,
forms a very convenient centre, in which in 1824, were Eliakim Root and Seth




]50                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
ROCKINGHAM.                                                      ROCKINGHAM.
Briggs, both between 96 and 98 years of Congregational church was formed at
age. The principal stream is White riv- Saxton's River village in 1836, over which
er, which runs through the township from  the Rev. Nelson Barbour was settled from
north to south. About half a mile south Nov. 13, 1836 to Sept. 11, 1839; the Rev.
of the centre it receives a considerable Samuel A. Benton, the present minister,
tributary from the west, which originates was settled Jan. 15, 1840. The Episcopal
in Goshen. On each of these streams are church, by the name of Immanuel Church,
good situations for mills. The township was formed at Bellows Falls, as early as
is mountainous and broken, but contains 1798.  The first articles of association
much good land. The intervale along the were signed by 17 persons. For several
river is handsome, but not extensive. years the society held only occasional
The timber is mostly hard wood, inter- meetings for public worship, availing itspersed with some spruce, hemlock, &c. self of the services of passing clergymen.
There is a small but pleasant village sit- For many years it received the income,
uated near the centre of the township on $70 per annum, of the glebe grant- in
the eastern bank of White river, contain- town, which was usually appropriated for
ing a meeting house, and it is a place of the ministerial services of the Rev. Dansome business. There are in town 13 iel Barber, but sometimes of other clerschool districts, I grist, 7 saw  and 2 gymen, as the Rev. Messrs. Ogden, Chitfulling mills, 3 stores, 2 toverns and 1 tenden and Bronson. Two acres of land
tannery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 287; being given as a site for a church and
cattle, 1,609; sheep, 11,646; swine, 678; burying ground in Bellows Falls village,
wheat, bus. 2,367; barley, 155; oats, a church was built and consecrated Sept.
10,552; rye, 639; buckwheat, 1,559; In- 24, 1817. Rev. Carlton Chase, D. D.,
dian corn, 4,446; potatoes, 44,945; hay, the present minister, became rector of
tons, 5,250; sugar, lbs. 39,110; wool, this church Sept. 19, 1819, the Rev. Geo.
29,980. Population, 1,396.             T. Chapman having officiated between 1
Rock DUNDER. See Dunder Rock,    and 2 years previous.  About 1821, a
RoCK RIVER rises in Franklin, and course of prosperity in spiritual and temruns through Highgate into Missisco bay. poral things began, which, by Divine faROCKINGHAM, a post town in the north- vor, has not ceased. In 1826, the rector
east corner of Windham county, isin lat. commenced a course of " Bible class" and
43~ 11' and long. 40 32', and is bounded catachetical instruction, which is still connorth by Springfield, east by Connecticut tinued with a manifest blessing. The
river, which separates it from Charles- progress of the church in numbers and
town, N. H., south by Westminster, and piety has been firm and constant. Comnwest by Grafton. It lies 85 miles from  municants in 1831, 45; in 1837, 80; in
Montpelier, 22 from Windsor and 25 from  1842, 116. Baptisms, 315. Confirmed by
Brattleborough, as the roads are travelled. Bishop Griswold, 46; by Bishop Hopkins,
It was chartered December 28, 1752, con- 101. Marriages, 56. Deaths, 81,-in 22
taining 24,955 acres. The settlement of years.  Connecticut river washes the
the township was commenced in 1753, by eastern border of this township. WilMoses Wright, Joel Bigelow and Simeon liams' river runs through the central part
Knight, who emigrated from Massachu- and unites with the Connecticut about
setts. The town was organized about the three miles north of Bellows Falls. Saxyear 1760.  The first town clerk was ton's river runs through the south part
Joshua Webb, and he and John Roundy and falls into the Connecticut a mile
were the first representatives.  But little south of Bellows Falls, in the northeast
is known of the early history of this town. corner of W'estminster. These streams
The attention of the first settlers was afford a great number of valuable sites for
principally directed to fishing for salmon mills. The surface of this township is
and shad, which were then taken in great somewhat broken, but the soil is in genabundance at Bellows' falls.  For this eral warm and productive. Bellows'falls
reason, agriculture was, for many years, are in Connecticut river, near the southmuch neglected, and the settlement ad- east corner of this township. The breadth
vanced very slowly. The religious de- of the river above the falls is from 16 to
nominations are Congregationalists, Epis- 22 rods. At the falls a large rock divides
copalians, Methodists, Baptists, &c. The the stream into two channels, each about
Congregational church  was organized 90 feet wide. When the water is low
about 1770. Rev. Samuel Whiting was the eastern appears crossed by a bar of
settled over it from Oct. 27, 1773, to May solid rock, and the whole river flows into
18, 1809, the Rev. Elijah Wallage from  the western channel, where it is contract1818 to 1821, and the Rev. Samuel Mason ed to the breadth of 16 feet, and flows
from Jan. 5, 1837 to August 22, 1838. A  with astonishing rapidity. There are sev



PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             151
ROCKINGHAM.                                                           ROXBURY,
eral pitches, one above another, for the len factories, 5 grist and 7 saw mills, and
distance of half a mile, the largest of 2 tanneries.  Slatistics of 1840.-Horses1
which is that where the rock divides the 389; cattle, 1,950; sheep, 15,225; swine,
stream. Notwith'standing the velocity of 1,421; wheat, bus. 1,618; barley, 145;
the current, the salmon formerly passed oats, 21,424; rye, 4,647; buckwheat,
up this fall, and werq taken many miles 2,525; Indian corn, 15,992; potatoes, 41,above; but the shad were never taken 581; hay, tons, 4,259; sugar, lbs. 14,725;
above here. In 1785, Col. Enoch Hale wool, 32,371. Population, 2,330.
erected a bridge over the Connecticut at   RoxsBRY, a post town in the south part
these falls. Its length was 365 feet, and of Washington county, is in lat. 44~ 4'
it was supported in the middle by the and long. 4~ 18', and is bounded north by
great rock mentioned above. Till 1796 Northfield, east by Brookfield, south by
this was the only bridge across the Con- Braintree and Granville, and west by
necticut. The bridge here is about 50 Warren. It lies 15 miles southwesterly
feet from the water, and from it the trav- from Montpelier and 45 northwest from
eller has an interesting and sublime view  Windsor. It was granted November 6,
of the falls. The whole descent of the 1780, and chartered to Hon. Benjamin
river at these falls is 42 feet. They are Emmonds and others, August 6, 1781,
passed by a canal, on the Rockingham  containing 23,040 acres. The settlement
side, consisting of nine locks and are half of this township was commenced in 1789
a mile in length. Around these falls is an by Christopher Huntington.  He was
interesting locality of minerals.  The originally from Mansfield, Conn., but rerocks are principally gneiss.  There are sided a while in Norwich in this state,
also the following rare minerals, viz: tre- previous to his moving into this township.
molite; prehnite, radiated in small nodules He, like many other settlers of new townof a greenish white color; fibralite, abund- ships, had to draw  his effects several
ant in granite; fluate of lime a few rods miles upon a hand-sled, and had many
below the bridge, in gneiss, and, also, one hardships to encounter.  The,town was
mile northwest from the falls in quartz, organized in 1796. Thomas Huntington
crystalized, massive and of a green color; was first town clerk and Zebadiah Butler
cyanite, or sappare; green carbonate of first representative. The religious denomcopper in small quantities; macle and in- inations are Freewill Baptists, Congregadicolite. Besides the above, there are in tionalists, Methodists, Baptists and Unithe township aluminous and argillaceous versalists.  They have each a regular
slate, the latter of which is used for build- church, but are all dependent upon mis'
ing and gravestones; chlorite; hornblende; sionaries or other itinerant preachers. A
limpid and radiated quartz; bitter spar; union house for public worship was finjasper; schorl; garnets; zoisite; augite, ished in 1839. The dysentery was very
and sulphuret of iron. There are in this mortal here in the autumn of 1823, partictownship several pleasant villages. Bel- ularly in the northeastern part.  This
lows Falls village, situated on the bank of township is situated on the height of land
the Connecticut at Bellows falls, in the between Winooski and White rivers, and
southeastern part of the township, is the has consequently no large streams. The
most important. It contains two church- waters in the north part flow through
es, a bank, a post office, a number of ele- Dog river into Winooski river, and those
gant private  dwelling houses, several in the south part through Ayres' brook,
stores, an extensive paper manufactory, and the third branch into White river.
and a variety of mills, machinery, and The surface of the township is uneven,
mechanic's shops. Rockingham village is but the soil is well adapted to the producsituated near the centre of the township, tion of grass, and in general yields good
and contains a meeting house and several crops of grain. T-he timber is mostly hard
handsome dwelling houses. Saxton's riv- wood, with some hemlock, spruce and fir.
er village is situated on the stream of that The rocks in the eastern part are argillaname in the south part of Rockingham, ceous slate, and abound with cubical c-:ysand is very pleasant and flourishing. It tals of the sulphuret of iron. Iron ore is
contains 2 meeting houses, a post office, found in the southeastern part. There is
mills of various kinds, several stores, a very sinall village in the northeast cormechanic's shops, &c. The village of ner, on a principal branci of Dog river,
Cambridge Port, in the southwest corner contLa;n;i  a grist, saw, fulling and clover
of the township, contains a meeting house, mill, tavern, &c. There are in town 11
woollen factory, a tavern, 2 stores, an school districts. 1 store, 3 taverns, 1 carattorney, and a physician. There are riage siop, 1;iid t, 1 clover and 3 saw
in town 17 nrimary schools, 4 meeting mills. Sotistics of 1840.-Horses, 172;
houses, 12 stores, 7 fulling mills, 4 wool- cattle, 794; sheep, 3,646; swine, 498;




162                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART II,
ROYALTON.                                                           ROYALTON.
wheat, bus. 2,695; barley, 477; oats, and dismissed in 1822. Rev. Joseph Tor5,608; rye, 294; buckwheat, 1,952; In- rey was settled from  August, 1824, to
dian corn, 1,221; potatoes, 25,855; hay, 1827. The present minister is the Rev.
tons, 2,055; sugar, lbs. 16,198; wool, C. B. Drake. Their mneeting house built
9,061. Population, 784.                in 1792, has recently been taken down,
ROYALTON, a post town in the north and another, in modern style, erected in
part of Windsor county, is in lat. 43o 49' its place. An Episcopal society, by the
and long. 4o 28', and is bounded north by name of St. Paul's church, was formed
Tunbridge, east by Sharon, south by Bar- here Oct. 12, 1835, and received its presnard and west by Bethel. It lies 31 miles ent organization May 4, 1836. A small
south from Montpelier and 25 northwest church was soon after erected, and consefrom Windsor. This township was origi- crated by Bp. Hopkins Nov. 3, 1837. It
nally granted by New York to George has had the services, apart of the time,
Bangor, Wm. Smith, Whitehead Hicks, of the Rev. Messrs. Parker, Sabine, and
and John Kelly, and was by them sur- Potter, successively up to March, 1838i
veyed and allotted in 1770. The first when the Rev. N. Sprague, the present
permanent settlement was made in 1771, minister, took charge of it. Communiby Mr. Robert Havens, who this year cants, about30. Of the Methodist church,
moved his family into the town..The who also have a chapel in the village, we
next year he was joined in the settlement have no particulars. The surface of' the
by Mr. Elisha Kent and family, and the township is somewhat broken and hillyj
inhabitants were so much increased in the but the soil is good, particularly along
course of a few years, that the town was White river and its branches, where it is
organized. Comfort Seaver was the first of a superior quality. White river runs
town clerk. It was represented in 1778 through the township in an easterly diby Joseph Parkhurst, at which time there rection, and receives here its first and secwere about 50 freemen. It was not again ond branches, which are the only streams
represented till 1781, the town having ta- of much consequence. Royalton village
ken exception to the proceedings of the is pleasantly situated on the bank of
legislature in relation to a union with a White river, about half way between the
part of New Hampshire. It being ascer- mouths of the first and second branches,
tained by the inhabitants, who had all and near the centre of the township. It
purchased under the New York charter, contains three meeting houses, an acadethat the legislature of Vermont was about my, 4 stores, 1 tavern, a number of meto treat this township as vacant land, and chanics' shops, several handsome dwelgrant it to Eliakim Spooner and others, ling houses, and about 300 inhabitants.
the settlers applied, and obtained a grant Royalton Academy was incorporated in
of the same, and the township was rechar- 1807, and located here. The town contered to Comfort Seaver, Esq., and asso- tains 16 schools, 1 grist, 6 saw, and 2 fulciates, Dec. 20, 1781. In 1780 the settle- ling mills, 2 woollen factories, 4 stores, 3
ment here consisted of about 300 persons, taverns, and 2 tanneries. Statistics of
and was in a very thriving state. They 1840.-Horses, 551; cattle, 1,866; sheep,
had hardly secured the harvest of that 9,790; swine, 1,469; wheat, bus. 2,727;
year, when they received a hostile visit barley, 29; oats, 17,827; rye, 2,930;
from  the Indians, and the settlement buckwheat, 2,896; Ind. corn, 11,383; powas laid in ashes.*  In 1781, the in- tatoes, 60,835; hay, tons, 5,173; sugar,
habitants having mostly returned, the lbs. 30,470; -wool, 20,828. Pop. 1,917.
town was again  represented  in  the   RUPERT, a post town in the western
General Assembly, by Mr. Elias Ste- part of Bennington county, is in lat. 43~
vens, and this year the township was re- 15' and long. 3~ 54', and is bounded north
chartered as already related. The most by Pawlet, eastby l)orset, south by Sandnumerous religious society in this town is gate, and west by Hebron, N. Y. It lies
the Congregational. There is, however, 26 miles north from Bennington, and 78
a respectable number of Methodists, and southwest from Montpelier. It was charsome Bautists and Episcopalians. The tered Aug. 20, 1761, containing 23,040
Rev. John Searle was the first settled acres. The settlement of this township
minister. He was ordained over the Con- was commenced in 1767, by Isaac Blood,
gregational church in 1783, and died in Reuben Harmon, Oliver Scott, and a Mr.
1767, or 88. In 1789 the Rev. Azel Wash- Eastman. Oliver Scott built the first grist
burn was ordained in his place, and dis- mill.  It is watered by Pawlet river,
missed in 1792. Rev. Martin Tuller was which passes through the northeast corordained in 1794, and died in 1813. Rev. ner, and by White creek, which origiEbenezer Halping was ordained in 1818, nates here in several branches, and runs, southwesterly into the Battenkill inWash* For particulars see part second, page 69.




PART I1.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              1 i3
RUTLAND.                                                             RUTLAND.
ington county, N. Y. The surface of the The religious denominations are Congretownship is uneven, and the eastern part gationalists, Episcopalians, Baptists, and
mountainous. It is a very good farming Methodists. There are two Congregatownship, and is divided into 9 school tional societies, one in each parish, each
districts. It contains a meeting house, 1 of which has a large and commodious
grist and 3 saw mills, 1 tannery, and 3 meeting house. That in the east parish
stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 217; is of brick, that in the west of wood. The
cattle, 1,237; sheep, 16,190; swine, 778; 1st Congregational church was organized
wheat, bus. i,442; oats, 4,130; rye, 2,- in the west parish in 1773,and has had the
963  buckwheat, 337; Ind. corn, 5,417; following settled ministers. Rev. Benas
potatoes, 30,920; hay, tons, 4,804; sugar, jah Root, from  1774 to 1787; Rev. Lemlbs. 5,900; wool, 26,446. Pop. 1,091.    uel Haynes, from  March 1788 to 1818;
RUTLAND, a post town and capital of Rev. Amos Drury, from  June 1819 to
Rutland county, is in lat. 43~ 37' and Ion. April 1829; and Rev. Lucius L. Tilden,
4~ 4', and is bounded north by Pittsford, from March 1830 to Oct. 1839. Church
east by Mendon, south by Clarendon,and members, 266. The church in the east
west by Ira. It lies 50 miles southwest parish was organized in 1787, and has had
from Montpelier, 60 south from Burling- the following ministers.  Rev. Heman
ton, and 52 northeasterly from Benning- Ball, from Feb. 1, 1797, to his death, Dec.
ton. It was chartered Sept. 7, 1761, and 17, S121; Rev. Charles Walker, from
contains, according to the words of the Jan. 1, 1823 to March 13,1833; and Rev;
charter, " exclusive of ponds, rivers,rocks, Win. Mitchell, the present minister, was
&c., something more than 26,000 acres of settled March 14, 1833. Members 323.
land."  The length of the north line is 7 The Episcopal church was organized iri
miles and a half; that of the east line, 5 Jan.,1832, by the name of Trinity Church;
and a half, the south line, 6 and three and Rev. John A. Hicks, the present minquarters, and the west, 5 miles and a half. ister, was chosen rector. Their church edThe original proprietors of the township ifice was erected in the east village, in
mostly resided in New Hampshire, none 1832, and consecrated  in May, 1833.
of whom ever located themselves perma- Since the organization there have been 55
nently in Rutland. Some of the earliest baptisms, and 60 confirmed. Present comsurveys were made in the spring of 1770. municants 48. No information resspecting
Among the earliest pioprietor s records the other churches. The principal stream
now to be found in the town clerk's of- is Otter creek, which enters the township
fice, is one bearing date 2d Tuesday of about the middle of the south line, and
October, 1770. Nothing is known in the leaves it about the middle of the north
early history of the township to distin- line, cutting it into two nearly equal parguish it from the other towns in its vicin- allelograms. Tributary to this are West
ity. During the war of the revolution, it river, rising in Tinmouth,and East creek,
Was, for some time, a frontier town, and one of whose branches rises in Chittenden,
was subject to all the commotions and in- andthe other in Mendon,the latter entering
conveniences incident to its situation. Otter creek, 1mile above Gookin's falls,
Through it lay the only military road and the former about 40 rods below. In adfrom Charlestown, N. H., to Ticonderoga dition to these, there are two other streams
and Crown Point, on lake Champlain. of less magnitude, flowing in above East
During the war, the Vermont troops, or creek,on the right bank, the first of which,
Green.Mountain Boys, erected here two near the south line, is Cold river, the othsmall picket forts, sufficient to contain er, one mile and a half below, is the conabout 100 men each. One of them was fluent stream formed by the union of the
situated on the ground occupied by the Moon and Mussey brooks, so called. Near
present village in the east parish, about the northwest corner of the township, on
12 rods north of the spot where the court the north line, another stream, called Cashouse now stands. Some of the stumps tleton river, enters, and, after pursuing a
are still remaining in the highway, cov- southerly course about 3 miles, turns to
ered with earth, and also a well sunk for the right, and passes off into Ira. On all
the accommodation of the garrison. The of these streams are convenient sites for
other fort was situated at the head of the mills and other machinery, most of which
falls in Otter creek, then called Mead's are already occupied. Among the most
falls. No traces of its position are now  eligible are two on Otter creek, one at
remaining. As a means of checking the Sutherland's falls, where there are a saw
incursions of the enemy, and of facilita- and grist mill, and the other at Gookin's
ting the communications between the eas- falls (formerly called Mead's falls), where
tern part of the state and lake Champlain, there are also a saw mill and grist milli
these forts were found to be very useful. together with a woollen factory and a pa*
PT. III      20




154                   GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                         PART IIL
RUTLAND COUNTY.                                                     RYEGATE.
per mill. The soil of this township pre- of January; and the county court on the
sents all the varieties from heavy loam to 2d Tuesdays in April and September.
a light sand, the eastern half appearing to The United States circuit court sits here
be chiefly of primitive formation, while annually on the 3d and the district court
that of the western is transitory. Among on the 6th day of October. There are
the useful minerals are found considera- several pleasant villages in this county,
ble quantities of iron, superior clay for of which Rutland and Castleton are the
bricks, and an abundance of lime in al- mostimportant. Otter creek flows through
most all its various forms. In the west the county from south to north, and is
part several quarries of very beautiful the principal stream. Black, White and
white and clouded marble have been open- Quechee rivers all originate in the easted, and from  which fire-places, monu- ern part, and flow easterly into Connectments, and other useful and ornamental icut river. Pawlet river runs across the
articles are manufactured, both for domes- southwest corner, and Poultney, Castletic use and for the New York and other ton and Hubbardton rivers water the
markets. The quarry opened within a western part. Along Otter creek and in
few years near Sutherland's Falls, is ex- the southwestern part of the county, the
ceedinglyfine andbeautiful,and iswrought surface is level and handsome, and theto great extent. This township is divided soil of the first quality. The remaining
into two parishes, denominated East and parts are hilly and broken, but the soil is
West parish. Rutland village, situated in warm and well adapted to the production
the east parish, is the most important of grass and grain. A range of granular
place. It is handsomely situated princi- limestone passes through the county from
pally on a street running north and south, south to north along Otter creek, in which
and contains an Episcopal church, two a great number of quarries of excellent
meeting houses, a court-house and jail, a marble have been opened. Along the
bank, a printing office, 13 stores, 12 at- foot of the Green Mountains beds of extornies, 6 physicians, the usual variety of cellent iron ore have been found in severmechanics, and upwards of 100 dwelling- al places, particularly in the townships of
houses. The longitude of the court-house, Tinmouth, Pittsford, Chittenden, and
according to Dr. Williams, is 720 57' 27" Brandon. The county extends over the
west from Greenwich. In the west par- height of the Green Mountains through
ish are two small villages, called 1West the whole length of the eastern bounRutland and Gookin's Falls. In the fbr- dary. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 6,200;
mer are a Congregational meeting house, cattle, 40,023; sheep, 271,727; swine,
2 stores, a tavern, and about 20 dwelling- 15,563; wheat, bus. 40,116; barley, 853;
houses. In the latter a Methodist chap- oats, 154,119; rye, 38,013; buckwheat,
el, a store, an extensive paper manufacto- 10,850; Indian corn, 154,792; potatoes,
ry, and a variety of mills and machinery. 642,108; hay, tons, 103,737; sugar, lbs.
Sutherland's Falls is also a place of some 396,804; wool, 653,819. Pop., 30,701.
business, containing mills for sawing mar-   RYEGATE, a post town in the southble, &c. In the town are 16 schools, with east corner of Caledonia county. situated
963scholars.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, in lat. 440 12' and long. 40 54', and is
475; cattle, 2,518; sheep, 28,332; swine, bounded north by Barnet, east by Con1,017; wheat, bus. 3,708; barley, 8; oats, necticut river, south by Newbury, in the
15,722; rye, 2,199; buckwheat, 915; Ind. county of Orange, and west by Groton.
corn, 19,347, potatoes, 48,193; hay,tons, It lies directly opposite to the township
10,025; sugar, lbs. 51,833; wool, 69,902. of Bath, in Grafton county, N. H., and
Population, 2,708.                     contains 20,492 acres, or 32 square miles.
RUTLAND COUNTY is situated on the It is 33 miles easterly from Montpelier,
west side of the Green Mountains, and is 58 miles northerly from  Windsor, and
bounded north by Addison county, east 150 northwesterly from  Boston, as the
by Windsor county, south by Bennington roads are travelled.  It was chartered
county and west by Washington county, September 8, 1763. Ryegate was origiN. Y. It lies between 430 18' and 430 nally settled from Scotland. A company
54' north lat., and between 3  41' and 40 was formed, in 1772, by a number of farm19' east long., being 42 miles long from  ers in the shires of Renfrew and Lenark,
north to south, and 34 wide from east to for purchasing a tract of land for a setwest, and containing 958 square miles. tlement in North America, and 10001.
It was incorporated in February, 1781. sterling raised to defray the expense. In
Rutland, situated near the centre of the March, 1773, Mr. David Allen and James
county, is the seat of justice. The su- Whitelaw, Esq., were sent by the compapreme court commences its session here ny to explore the country and purchase
on the 1st Tuesday after the 4th Tuesday such a tract of land as their funds would




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             155
RYEGATE.                                                            RYEGATE.
permit. After examining much of the Reformed Presbyter'nchurch, over which
country, they purchased the south half of the Rev. William Gibson was settled from
the town of Ryegate, and immediately  1800 to 1816, and the Rev. James Milligave notice thereof to their constituents. gan from 1818 to 1839. The surface of
In the spring and summer of 1774, a this township is uneven. In the north
number of families and several young and east part it is hilly and ledgy. Nearmen came over and commenced a settle- ly all of it, however, is fit for pasture, and
ment. Aaron Hosmer and family were a large proportion of it arable land. There
the only persons in town previous to this are only three small tracts of intervale on
time. In 1775, 60 persons left Scotland Connecticut river in this town.  The
to settle in Ryegate. But unfortunately  soil, near the river, is principally clay;
for them, before they arrived, the revolu- in other parts of the township, it is a choctionary war had commenced, and they olate-colored loam, and in the western
were detained in Boston by Gen. Gage, part very rich, producing all kinds of
who gave them their choice, either to join grain, and garden vegetables in abunthe British army, go to Nova Scotia, or dance, but peculiarly adapted to grass.
Canada, or return. Some of them settled  Ticklenaked pond lies in the south part of
in Nova Scotia, but they generally re- the town, and covers 64 acres. It disturned to Scotland; so that no addition charges its waters by a stream, which
was made to the settlement during the carries a saw mill, and running south falls
revolution. But they who had settled into Wells' river a little south of Newpreviously maintained their ground. Af- bury line..JVorth pond, in the north part
ter peace was concluded, in 1783, a few  of the town, discharges its waters to the
families arrived, annually, for a number east into Connecticut river. On its outof years, among which were one family let are two saw mills. Connecticut river,
which had returned to Scotland from Bos- upon the eastern boundary of this town,
ton, and two young men who had gone to is about 24 rods wide. At Canoe Falls,
Nova Scotia, in 1775. These were all of against the middle of this town, there is
the 60 mentioned above, who ever arrived a dam across this river, and a grist and
at Ryegate. There is still now and then saw mill on the Ryegate side. Just below
a family, or young man from Scotland to the fall is Neilson's ferry. Nearly oppojoin the settlement. Nearly two thirds site to the southeast corner of the town the
of the inhabitants of this township are of Great Ammonoosic river, in New HampScotch descent. They still, in a great shire, enters the Connecticut.  About
measure, follow the habits, and subsist half a mile above are the JVarrows, where
upon the diet to which they were accus- the whole river is contracted to a breadth
tomed in Scotland. They introduced the of only 80 feet. Just above the narrows
method of manufacturing oat meal into is a swift bar, and the course of the river
the country, which was a great benefit to nearlyT east, but it turns suddenly south
the inhabitants during the cold seasons through the narrows, where it is remarkbetween 1810 and 1817. In those sea- ably deep and still at low water. The
sons, about 8000 bushels of oats were an- ledge, which forms the east side, is a long
nually made into meal in this town, and ridge, called the saddle, extending from
about as many in Barnet. The Scotch Gardner's mountain, and is not more than
inhabitants of this town and Barnet are four rods broad. In very high floods the
celebrated, throughout New England, for water passes over this ridge near the
the manufacture of good butter.  The mountain. Below it, the river immedi.
first religious society in this town was ately assumes its usual width.  Wlells'
the Associate Presbyterian, organized river runs between three and four miles
about 1790. From 1791 to 1822 they en- in this town, through the southwest part.
joyed a part of the services of the Rev. It is about four rods wide, and affords
David Goodwillie, of Barnet.*  In Sep- many excellent mill seats. The rest of
tember, 1822, they settled the Rev. Thos. the town is well watered with small
Farrier; and, in 1.830, their present pas- streams. Blue mountain, situated about
tor, the Rev. Wm. Pringle. This church a mile northwest of the centre, is the only
belongs to the Associate Presbytery of one in town. This mountain is composed
Vermont, in subordination to the Asso- of granite, and affords inexhaustible quarciate Synod of North America. There is ries of mill stones, &c. LimestQne is
here' another church called the Scotch abundant in many parts of the town. The
timber is beech, maple, hemlock, spruce,
* Since our account of Barnet was printed, we and, near the river and ponds, white pine
have received fiorm the Rev. Thomas Goodwillie and oak. There is a good meeting house
a very fill account of the Scotch Presbyterian church situated near the centref the town. The
in that town, and have to regret that it was not fur.
nished in season to be inserted.       town is divided into 9 school districts




156                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           PART III.
ST. ALBANS.                                                         ST. GEORGE
with a school house in each; 1 store, 1I state of cultivation. The timber is magrist and 5 saw mills. Statistics of 1840. ple, beech, birch, and, near the lake, oak.
Horses, 315; cattle, 1,315; sheep, 5,270; St..lbans village is very pleasantly situ.
swine, 1,313; wheat, bus. 3,421; barley, ated in the centre of the township. It
417; oats, 32,952; rye, 27; buckwheat, lies 25 miles north from  Burlington, 15
37; Indian corn, 3,389; potatoes,47,176; south of Canada line, and 3 miles from
hay, tons, 3,959; sugar, lbs. 11,308; wool, the lake. The village, consisting of about
9,200. Population, 1,222.               100 dwelling houses, besides stores and
ST. ALBANS, a post town and capital of other buildings, is situated around a handFranklin county, is in lat. 440 49' and some common 25 by 30 rods in ex.
long. 30 54', and is bounded north by tent. The site is elevated and ascends
Swanton, eastby Fairfield, south by Geor- gently towards the east. The public builgia, and west by lake Champlain, a part of dings are a court house and jail, 3 houses
which separates it from North Hero. ltlies for public  worship, and  an academy.
25 miles north from Burlington, and 48 There are 12 English and India goods
northwest fromMontpelier, This township stores, 1 book store, 2 printing offices, 3
was chartered Aug. 7,1763,containing 23,- taverns, several cabinet makers, I hat
040 acres. J. Walden is supposed to have factory, 2 chair factories, 2 manufactories
been the first civilized person who settled of tin ware, 1 goldsmith and watchmaker,
in this township. He removed here dur- 3 tanneries, and a variety of other meing the revolutionary war, and began im- chanics' shops. There are here 13 pracprovements at the bay. There was no tising attornies, 4 physicians, and  16
addition to the settlement till 1785, when merchants. The inhabitants are indusAndrew  Potter emigrated to this town- trious and enterprising. The first vessel
ship, and from that time the settlement that arrived at the city of New York from
advanced rapidly, by emigrants from the lake Champlain through the northern casouth part of this state, and from the other nal was built and owned here. St. Alstates of New England   Among the ear- bans Academy, or Franklin county gram,
liest settlers were, the families of Messrs. mar school, was incorporated and estabPotter, Morrill, Gibbs, Green, and Meigs. lished here in November, 1799. At the
The town was organized in 1788. An- landing place on Belamaqueen bay, three
drew Potter was the first representative miles west of St. Albans village, is a small
in the general assembly. The religious village, and a meeting house; and there
denominations are, Congregationalists, is, during summer, a daily line of steamMethodists and Episcopalians. The Rev. boats, each way, between this place and
Jonathan Nye was the first settled minis- Burlington, by the way of Plattsburgh
ter. He was settled over the Congrega- and Port Kent. There is, also, a daily
tional church from 1807 to 1810, the Rev. line of stages each way through St. AlWillard Preston from January 8, 1812 to ) bans village, besides some which are less
August 2, 1815, Rev. Henry B. Strong frequent.  Statistics of 1840 —— Horses,
from January 22, 1817 to October 4, 1821, 437; cattle, 1,839; sheep, 13,210; swine,
and the Rev. Worthington Smith, the 560; wheat, bus. 5,250; barley, 60; oats,
present minister, from  June 4, 1823. 8,556; rye, 220; buckwheat, 117; Indian
Their house of worship in the village, corn, 7,112; potatoes, 33,325; hay, tons,
was built in 1826. The church consists 5,180; sugar, lbs. 5,000; wool, 39,175.
of upwards of 100 members. The Epis- Population, 2(702.
copal church, by the name of Union   ST. ANDREWS GORE. See Plainfield.
Church, was organized about 20 years   ST. GEORGE, a small township in the
ago, and from 1825, has had, successive- central part of Chittenden county, is in
ly, the services of the following clergy- lat. 440 24' and long. 30 48', and is bounmen: the Rev. Joseph S. Coville, the ded north and northeast by Williston,
Rev. Sylvester Nash, the Rev. George south by Hinesburgeh, and west by ShelAllen, and the Rev. Win. H. Hoit who burne. It lies 8 miles southeast from Buris the present rector. The church which lington, and 28 nearly west fiom Montpeis in the village, has recently been re- lier. It was chartered Aug. 18, 1763, and
moddeled,and is now one of the first Epis- contains only 2,200 acres. The settlecopal churches in the state.  Present ment was commenced here in the spring
communicants, 70. The Methodist soci- of 1784, by Joshua Isham, from Colchesety is large and has a chapel in the vil- ter, Conn. The next year several others
lage, but we are unable to give particu- joined the settlement. The town was orlars.  There are no large streams, nor ganized in March, 1813. Jared Higbee
good mill privileges in this township. was first town clerk, and Lewis Hligbee
There are, however, several saw mills. first representative. The surface of the
The soil is a dark loam, rich and in a good township is very uneven, with consider,




PART 11II.           GAZETTEER  OF VERMONT.                              157
ST. JOHNSBURY.                                                         SALEM.
able elevations. The timber is principal- Passumpsic river, in the northerly part of
ly maple, beech and birch. There are no the town. It has been of rapid growth,
streams of consequence, and no mills or and does a prosperous business. In it are
mill privileges. The soil is loam, clay three meeting houses, Methodist, Conand gravel. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, gregational, and Universalist,-2 stores,
33; cattle, 198; sheep, 1,625; swine, I tavern, a saw mill, grist mill, clothier's
152; wheat, bus. 217; oats, 1,254; rye, works, tannery, and various mechanics.
40; buckwheat, 37; Ind. corn, 616; pota- The East village, situated upon Moose
toes, 4,635; hay, tons, 566; sugar, lbs. river, in the east part of the town, is the
1,130; wool, 2,368. Population, 121.    natural centre for the business of parts of
ST. JOHNSBURY, a post town in the east. St. Johnsbury, Waterford, Concord, Kirern part of Caledonia county, is in lat. 440 by, Victory, and Bradleyvale. It contains
27' and long. 4~ 58', and is bounded nor- a meeting house, 2 stores, 1 tavern, a
therly by Lyndon, northeast by Kirby, grist mill, saw mill, oil mill, tannery, and
southeast by Waterford, and southwest by various mechanics. The pleasant village
Danville. It lies 37 miles northeast from  called the Plain, containing a meeting
Montpelier, was granted the 27th of Oc- house, academy, public house, 2 stores, a
tober, and chartered Nov. 1, 1786, to Jon- printing office, and other mechanics, is.
athan Arnold and associates, containing situated in the southerly part of the town,
21,167 acres. James Adams and his son and is central between Paddock's Furnace
Martin Adams, with their families com- and Fairbanks' manufactory, the former
menced the settlement on " Benton's on the Passumpsic and the latter on Sleep,
meadow," and Simeon Cole on the " But- er's river. The establishment of Mr. H-.
ler meadow," in 1786, and the next year Paddock consists of a blast furnace, and
Dr. Jona. Arnold, Dr. Jos. Lord, Barna- a machine shop for finishing every de-.
bas Barker, and others, moved into town. scription of mill gear and ordinary ma-.
Dr. A. built the first framed house and chinery. Here are also a grist and saw
the first saw mill, in 1787, and the first mill, a carriage factory, a factory for make
grist mill in 1788. The town was or- ing sash, doors, blinds, d&c., on a respec,
ganized June 21, 1790, and Jonathan Ar- table scale. The establishment of E. &
nold was first town clerk. The religious T. Fairbanks & Co. is devoted principaldenominations  are  Congregationalists, ly to the manufacture of castironploughs.
Methodists, and Universalists. The 1st and patent balances. The latter article.
Congregational church was organized is manufactured by them extensively, beNov. 21, 1809, and then consisted of 19 ing variously modified and adapted to all
members. The Rev. Pearson Thurston the various operations required to be
was settled over this church from Oct.25, transacted by weight, from  the small
1815 to Oct. 13, 1817. The Rev. Josiah counter scale used by traders and merMorse, the present minister, was settled chants, to the ponderous Rail Road scale,
Feb. 21, 1833. This church consists of 50 to 100 feet in length, for weighing
I12 members. The 2d Cong. church was trains of cars. The improvement has been
organized April 7, 1825. The Rev. Jas. patented in the United States and in EngJohnson was settled over it from Feb. 28, land, and the article is now in extensive
1827, to May 3, 1838. Rev. John H.Wor- use in both countries, possessing the encester, the present minister, was settled tire confidence of the public. Statistics of
Sept. 5, 1839. This church consists of 1840. —Horses, 585; cattle, 2,960; sheep,
218 members. A 3d Cong. church was 6,088; swine, 1,383; wheat, bus. 2,478;
organized in the east village Nov. 25th, barley, 286; oats,28, 382; rye, 212; buck-.
1840, and the same day their meeting- wheat, 1,050; Ind. corn, 6,950; potatoes,
house, recently built, was dedicated.-  74,115; hay, tons, 4,953; sugar, lbs, 50,The Passumpsic river runs through the 520; wool, 14,599. Population, 1,887.
town from  north to south, and receives,   SALEM, a post town in the north easjust below  the Plain, the Moose river, tern part of Orleans county, is in lat. 440
a considerable stream  fromt the north- 54' and long. 40 50', and is bounded north
east, and Sleeper's river, a smaller trib- by Derby, northeast by Morgan, southutary, from the northwest. The amount east by Charleston, and southwest by
of available water power furnished by Brownington and Orleaps.  It lies 50Y
these streams, within the town of St. miles northeast from  Montpelier, was
Johnsbury, exceeds that of any other granted Nov. 7, 1780, and chartered Autown in this part of the state, and affords gust 18, 1781 to Col. Jacob Davis and
facilities for manufacturing operations to others, containing 17,330 acres. The setany desirable amount. The business of tlement of the township was commenced
the town centres in three villages. The by Ephraim Blake in March 1798. AmCentre village, so called, lies utpon the asa Spencer came into town in 1801, and




158                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART II1
SALISBURY.                                                         SALISBURY.
David Hopkins, jr. in 1802. The town hung over it from the bank above. They
was organized April 30, 1822, and Samu- usually retired to their lodgings in the
el Blake was first town clerk. Clyde dusk of the evening, and left them before
river runs through the township in a light in the morning, and this was effecnorthwesterly direction, and falls into Sa- ted by means of a canoe, so that no path
lem pond, which is partly in this town- or footsteps were to be seen leading to
ship and partly in Derby. There is no their subterraneous abode.*  The family
other stream of consequence, and no mills of Abel Waterhouse was the second in
nor mill privileges in town. There are town. The religious denominations are
two other ponds, one of which lies in the Congregationalists and Methodists. The
course of Clyde river, and the other on Congregational church  was organized
the line between  this township  and Feb. 8, 1804, and the same year built a
Brownington and they are each about one' meeting house. The Rev. Rufus Pomemile in length and three fourths of a mile roy was settled over this church from
in breadth. South bay of lake Memphre- Sep. 15, 1811 to Nov. 19, 1816, the Rev.
magog lies between this township and Joseph Cheney from March 11, 1819, to
Newport. The surface of the township March 4, 1823, and the Rev. Eli Hyde
is uneven but not mountainous. The from May 30, 1833 to Sept. 27, 1836. The
timber is principally maple, beech, birch, present minister is the Rev. Calvin Butash, hemlock, spruce, fir, cedar and pine. ler. Otter creek forms the western bounStatistics of 1840.-Horses, 67; cattle, dary of this township. The other streams
428; sheep, 961; swine, 294; wheat, bus. are Middlebury river, which touches up791; barley, 250; oats, 3,073; rye, 16; on the north part, and Leicester river
buck-wheat, 606; Indian corn, 454; po- which waters the southern part. Lake
tatoes, 13,270; hay, tons, 689; sugar, lbs. Dunmore is about four miles long and
19,420; wool, 1,871. Population, 299.  from half to three fourths of a mile wide,
SALISBURY, a small post town in the and lies partly in this township, and partcentral part of Addison county, is in ly in Leicester. On the outlet of this
lat. 430 55' and long, 3~ 57' and is boun- pond, called Leicester river, are several
ded north by Middlebury, eastby Goshen, falls which afford some fine mill privilesouth by Leicester, and west by Cornwall ges, around which, near the south line of
and Whiting. It lies 34miles southwest this township, is a thrivinglittle village
from Montpelier, 40 south from Burling- containing 2 saw mills, 1 grist mill, 1
ton, and was chartered Nov. 3, 1761. The carding machine, 1 woollen factory, 2
first person who came into this township stores and other shops and machinery.
with a view of settling was Amos Storey. The surface of this township is somewhat
He built a log'hut which was consumed uneven, but the soil is generally good.
by fire and he himself was killed by the The eastern part extends on to the Green
fall of a tree before his family moved here. Mountains.  In the western part, are
Thomas Skeeles and Abel Waterhouse, some fine tracts of meadow.  In the
were the two next to make beginnings. mountain east of lake Dunmore is a cavThe widow of Mr. Storey, and 8 or 10 ern which consists of a large room, and is
small children were the firstfamily which thought to have been inhabited by the Inmoved into town, and Mrs. Storey was dians, as their arrows and other instru.
consequently entitled to 100 acres of land, ments have been found here. There are
by a vote of the original proprietors. She several considerable swamps, which furcame into the town the 22d day of Feb- nish cedar for fencing and other purposes.
mary, 1775. She endured almost every The timber is maple, beech, oak, pine,
hardship, laboring in the field, chopping cedar, &c. The stage road from Rutland
down timber and clearing and cultivating to Middlebury passes through the village
the soil. She retreated several times to in this township. The town contains 10
Pittsford during the revolution, on ac- schools, 2 stores, 1 grist and 6 saw mills,
countof the danger apprehended from  a glass manufactory &c.  Statistics of
the enemy, but at length she and a Mr. 1840.-Horses, 164; cattle, 740; sheep,
Stevens prepared themselves a safe re- 5,200; swine, 490; wheat, bus. 1,460;
treat. This was affected by digging a oats, 6,300; rye, 800; buck-wheat, 150;
hole horizontally into the bank, just above Indian corn, 5,060; potatoes, 20,240;
the water of Otter creek,barely sufficient hay, tons, 2,150; sugar, lbs. 5,600; wool
to admit one person at a time. This pas- 15,900. Population, 942.
sage led to a spacious lodging room, the   X
bottom of which was covered with straw,  * Mrs. Storey afterwards married Mr. Benjamin
and upon this their beds were laid for the Smalley one of the first settlers of Middlebury.
accommodation of the families. The en- Mrs. S. and her underground room occupy a prominent place in the recent historical tale,'"The Green
trance was concealed by bushes which Mountain Boys," by Daniel P. Thompson, Esq.




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              159
SANDGATE.               SAXTON'S RIVER.-SEARSBURGH.               SHAFTSBURY.
SALTASH.-Name altered to Plymouth, 19; cattle, 98; sheep, 77; swine, 27;
February 23,1797. See Plymouth.        wheat, bus. 8; oats, 390; rye, 24; buckSANDGATE, a post town in the western wheat, 70; potatoes, 2,240; hay, tons,
part of Bennington county, is in lat. 43~ 158; sugar, lbs. 5,640; wool, 234. Popu10' and long.30 54', and is bounded north lation, 120.
by Rupert, east by Manchester, south by   SEYMOUR LAKE. See JMorgan.
Arlington, and west by Salem, N. Y. It   SHAFTSBURY, a post town in the weslies 20 miles north from Bennington, 31 tern part of Bennington county, is in lat.
southwest fromRutland,andwas chartered 420 58' and long. 3~ 54', and is bounded
Aug. 18,1761. The settlement was com- north by Arlington, east by Glastenbury,
menced in 1771 by a Mr.Bristol. The reli- south by Bennington, and west by Camgious denominations are Congregational- bridge, N. Y. It lies 97 miles southwestists and Methodists. The surface of this erly from Montpelier. It was chartered
township is very broken and mountain- Aug. 20, 1761, containing by charter 23,ous. The most considerable elevations 040 acres. The settlement of this town
are Shettarack and Bald Mountain in the was commenced about the year 1763.
northwest corner, Spruce and a part of Among the early settlers may be menEquinox mountain in the northeastern tioned Messrs. Cole, Willoughby, Clark,
part, Red mountain in the southeast part Doolittle, Waldo, and several families of
and Swearing hill in the southwest part. Mattisons.  The Hon. Jonas Galusha,
The streams are all small, consisting of late Governor of Vermont, came into this
several branches of the Battenkill, and of town in the spring of 1775. During the
White creek, and the mill privileges are revolutionary war he was made captain
few. The town is divided into 9 school of one of the two companies of militia in
districts, and contains I store, 1 grist, 1 this township, and the other was comfiulling and 3 saw mills, and 1 woollen manded by Captain Amos Huntington.
factory.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 169; Capt. Huntington was taken prisoner at
cattle, 885; sheep, 8,437; swine, 593; the battle of Hubbardton, and sent to Canwheat, bus. 612; oats, 8,225; rye, 3,138; ada, after which the two companies were
buck-wheat, 1,387; Indian corn, 3,427; united under the command of Capt. Galupotatoes, 23,278; hay, tons, 3,145; sugar, sha, who fought at their head in Benninglbs. 5,725; wool, 17,020.  Population, ton battle.  The town  was organized
777.                                   some time before the revolution, and
SAXTON's RIVER, is formed in Grafton Thomas Mattison was first town clerk,
by the union of several streams from  which office he held more than 40 years.
Windham, and running an easterly course The Baptists are the most numerous reliabout ten miles through the south part of gious denomination, and they have two
Rockingham, falls into Connecticut river societies. The town gives name to the
in the northeast corner of Westminster, Baptist association in this section of the
about one mile below Bellow's Falls. It state, it being called the " Shaftsbury asderives its name from a Mr. Saxton, who sociation," and is one of the first formed
unluckily fell into it while crossing it on in the state. The Rev. Caleb Blood was
a log, for the purpose of surveying the line for many years a zealous and successful
between Rockingham and Westminster, preacher of the gospel here. He removed
but was not drowned, as stated in our to Boston about the year 1807. Rev. Isaformer edition.                        iah Mattison has been settled over one of
SEARSBURGH, a post town in the east- the Baptist churches more than 40 years,
ern part of Bennington county, is in lat. and still continues his faithful labors.
42~ 45' and long. 4o 6', and is bounded Rev. Joseph W. Sawyer is minister of the
north by Somerset, east by Wilmington, other church. The Universalists have no
south by Readsborough, and west by settled minister. Dr. Daniel Huntington
Woodford. It lies ]1 miles east from  was for many years the only practising
Bennington and 17 west from Brattlebo- physician. This township lies between
rough. It was granted and chartered to the Battenkill and Walloomscoik rivers,
William Williams and others, Feb. 23, and consequently has no large streams.
1781,containing 10,240 acres. Deerfield Some tributaries of each of these rivers
river enters this township from Somer- rise here, which afford several mill priviset, and, after passing across the north leges. West mountain lies partly in this
east corner, crosses the east line into township and partly in Arlington. ItexWilmington.  It lies mostly upon the tends into Shaftsbury about 3 miles, and
Green Mountains, and the greatest part is about 2 miles in width. This mounof it is incapable of being settled. Hay- tain is timbered with chestnut, oak, mastack mountain lies partly in-the north- ple, birch, &c. The soil is generally of
east corner. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, a good quality, and in the southwestern




160                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III.
SHARON.                          SHEFFIEILD                       SHELBURNE.
part is probably not exceeded in fertility the township is very uneven and brokenj
by any in the state. The timber on the but the soil is good, producing fine crops
high lands is mostly chestnut and oak. of corn, grain and grass. The CongreThere is a small tract here which was for- gational meeting house is situated near
merly covered with a beautiful growth of the centre of the town.  Around the
white pine, of which nothing now remains meeting house is a pleasant and flourishbut the stumps. The minerals are iron ing little village, lying on the bank of
ore, of an excellent quality, of which White river, and containing a variety of
large quantities were conveyed to Ben- mills, mechanic's shops, &c. There are
nington furnace, and a beautiful white in town 13 school districts and school
marble, which has been extensively quar- houses, 3 grist, 1 paper, 1 fulling and 7
ried. There are 3 meeting houses in town, saw mills, 1 carding machine, 2 stores, 4
2 belonging to the Baptists, and built taverns and 1 tannery. Statistics of 1840.
more than 50 years ago, and 1 to the Uni- Horses, 328; cattle, 1,590; sheep, 10,524 -
versalists, built in 1836. The town is di- swine, 1,204; wheat, bus. 2,774; oats,
vided into 16 school districts, in two of 16,410; rye, 1,771.; buckwheat, 2,930;
which are elegant two-story brick school- Indian corn, 9,142; potatoes, 41,735; hay,
houses, having bells, and 2 well furnish- tons, 3,813; sugar, lbs. 8,580; wool, 20,ed school rooms in each. There are in 602. Population, 1,371.
town 2 stores, 2 taverns, 2 grist, 12 saw,   SHARPSHIN POINT, a high, rocky point
and 2 paper mills, and I woollen factory. situated in the north side of Burlington
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 538; cattle, bay, 1 mile and 217 rods from the south
2,246; sheep, 24,436; swine, 1,538; wheat, wharf in Burlington.
bus. 1,999; barley, 20; oats, 28,857; rye,   SHEFFIELD, a township in the north
3,6'28; buckwheat, 3,861; Ind. corn, 12,- part of Caledonia county, is in lat. 440 57'
684; potatoes, 50,000; hay, tons, 4,380; and long. 40 51', and is bounded northeast
sugar, lbs. 9,527; wool, 43,682. Popula- by Glover and a part of Barton, easterly
tion, 1,835.                           by Sutton, and south and southwest by
SHARON, a post town in the north part Wheelock.  It lies 35 miles northeast
of Windsor county, is in lat. 43o 47' and from Montpelier, and 40 miles north from
long. 4Q 35', and is bounded north by Newbury. This township was granted
Strafford, east by Norwich, south by Pom- Nov. 7, 1780, containing 22,607 acres.
fret, and west by Royalton. It lies 22 The settlement of this township was commiles north from Windsor and 34 south- menced about the year 1792. The towneast from Montpelier. It was chartered ship lies on the height of lands which
August 1] 7, 1761, containing 23,795 acres. separates the waters which flow into ConThe settlement of this township was com- necticut river from those which flow into
mnenced about the year 1765, by emigrants the lakes. It is watered by some of the
from  Connecticut.  As near as can be head branches of the Passumpsic and also
ascertained, Robert Havens and family of Barton river. In the north part are
were the first who wintered in the town- several small ponds. The streams here
ship. The town was organized March 8, afford several good mill privileges, some
1768: and Benjamin Spalding was first of which are occupied. Statistics of 1840o
town clerk.  The religious denomina- Horses, 148; cattle, 949; sheep, 2,490;
tions are Congregationalists, Baptists and swine, 465; wheat, bus. 1,396; barley,
Methodists. The Congregational was the 876; oats, 5,902; rye, 70; buckwheat,
first church formed, and was organized 9'24; Indian corn, 725; potatoes, 39,200;
September 11, 1782. The Rev. Lathrop hay, tons, 2.292; sugar, lbs. 25,615; wool,
Thompson was the first settled minister, 4,273. Population, 821.
and was ordained over this church Dec.   SHELBURNE, a post town in the west3, 1788, and dismissed March 26, 1793. ern part of Chittenden county, is in lat.
The Rev. Samuel Bascom  was settled 440 23' and long. 3~ 49', and is bounded
March 12, 1806. Mr. Joel Marsh was the north by Burlington, east by St. George,
first settler on White river in Sharon, and south by Charlotte, and west by lake
was, for 40 years, a justice of the peace. Champlain. It lies 33 miles west from
White river runs through this township Montpelier and 26 miles northwesterly
in an easterly direction, and affords a from Middlebury. It was chartered Aunumber of valuable mill privileges. On gust 18, 1763, containing, exclusive of
one of these near the centre are erected bays and ponds, 14,272 acres. A small
an excellent saw and grist mill, and on settlement was made in this township
another towards the eastern part is a pa- previous to the revolutionary war. The
per mill and some other machinery. earliest settlers were two Germans by the
There are several smaller streams on name of Logan and Pottier, who comwhich mills are erected. The surface of menced upon two points of land extend



PART II1.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             161
SHELBURNE.                          SHELDON.                       SHERBURNE.
ing into lake Champlain, which still bear 1,768; barley, 772; oats, 11,545; Jye,
the names, " Pttier's point" and " Lo- 944; buckwheat, 462; Ind. corn, 5,854;
gan's point."   The first settlers were potatoes, 35,281; hay, tons, 2,158; sugar,
employed principally in getting out lumn- lbs. 1,220; wool, 36,677. Popula. 1,089.
ber for the Canada market, and tradition    SHELBURNE POINT. See Pottier's Point.
says that Pottier and Logan were mur-   SHELBURNE BAY. See Shelburne.
dered for their money, near the north   SHELDON, a post town in the central
end  of lake Champlain, by a party of part of Franklin county, is in lat. 44~ 54'
soldiers sent out from Montreal to protect and long. 40 5', and is bounded north by
them from the Indians, on their return  Highgate and Franklin, east by Enosafter having sold a raft of lumber. Be- burgh, south by Fairfield and west by
fore the revolution commenced, there had Swanton. It lies 46 miles northwest from
about ten families settled along the lake Montpelier and 32 northeast from Burshore, among whom were Thomas and lington.  The township was chartered
Moses Pierson. The Messrs. Piersons had August 18, 1763, containing 23,040 acres.
a large crop of wheat which was harvest- The settlement of this township was comed before the town was abandoned on the menced about the year 1790, by Col. Eliadvance of the British up the lake, and sha Sheldon and Sam'l B. Sheldon, emithey came here during the fall with a grants from Salisbury, Con. The settlenumber of hands for the purpose of ment advanced with considerable rapidthreshing it out. While engaged in this ity, and the town was soon organized.
business they were attacked by a party of Samuel B. Sheldon was the first town
Indians, and two of their number, Barna- clerk, and also the first representative.
bas Barnum and Joshua Woodward, Were The religious denominations are Methokilled. The others, however, succeeded dists, Episcopalians and Congregationalin repelling the Indians, and securing the ists. Each of these churches is small.
grain.  D)uring the war the settlement The Congregational church was organwas abandoned, but recommenced imme- ized in 1816, and the Episcopal church by
diately upon its close. The early settlers the name of Grace Church, not far from
were mostly from Connecticut. In 1787 the same time. Neither has at present a
there were about 24 families here, and on settled minister. There are two houses
the 29th of March of this year the town for public worship in which each denomwas organized. Caleb Smith was the first ination has a share, and ohe belonginrg to
town clerk. The principal religions de- the Episcopalians, built in 18'2A.  The
nominations are Episcopalians and Meth- only streams of consequence are Missisco
odists. The Methodist church is the most river, which runs through the township
numerous, and has a neat chapel, built in from east to west, and Black creek, a con1831, and parsonage at the centre of the siderable tributary of the Missisco. On
town. There was a small Episcopal par- the latter are some good mill privileges.
ish here, under the charge of the Rev. The surface of the township is diversified
Bethuel Chittenden, soon after the town with hills and vallies, and the soil is genwas settled; but the present organization, erally good and easily cultivated. There
by the name of Trinity Church, was effect- are in town 9 school districts, 1 grist, 1
ed about 1819, when the Rev. Joel Clapp fulling and 4 saw mills, 1 woollen factowas settled here, who continued 4 or 5 ry, 5 stores, 3 taverns, and 2 tanneries.
years. The present minister is the Rev. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 300; cattle,
Charles Cleveland. Their church is of 2,300; sheep, 5,900; swine, 600; wheat,
wood, and was erected in 1807.  The bus. 3,850; oats, 7,800; rye, 760; buckepidemic of 1813 was very mortal. La- wheat, 400; Indian corn, 5,000; potatoes,
plot river is the principal stream, and af- 66,185; hay, tons, 4,340; sugar, lbs.
fords some mill privileges.  Shelburne 29,270; wool, 14,721. Population, 1,734.
bay extends about four miles into the   SHeRBURNE, a post town in the eastern
township in a southeasterly direction. part of Rutland county, is in lat. 43~ 38'
Pottier's or Shelburne point projects into and long. 4o 15', and is bounded north by
the lake on the southwest side of this Stockbridge, east by Bridgewater, south
bay. Shelburne pond is in the northeast- and west by Mendon. It lies 22 miles
ern part of the township, and covers northwest from Windsor, and 9 northeast
about 600 acres. The soil is of an excel- from Rutland.  It was chartered to Ezra
lent quality, and is principally timbered Stiles and Benjamin Ellery, of Newport,
with hard wood. There are, in town, 13 R. I., by the name of Killington, July 7,
school districts, 2 saw, 1 grist and 1 full- 1761, containing 23,040 acres. A tract
ing mill, 2 stores and 1 tavern. Statis- of land, called Parker's gore, lying betics of 1840.-Horses, 304; cattle, 1,376; tween this township and Bridgewater,
sheep. 17,636; swine, 999; wheat, bus. was annexed to it November 4, 1822. It
Pi. Itr.       21




-162                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONTP.                         PAR? IHI.
SHOREHAM.                                                        SHREWSBURY.
was surveyed and lotted, into 70 equal 1814, to Oct. 13, 1831; and the Rev. JosharCes by Simeon Stevens, in 1774. The siah F. Goodhue, the present minister,
sett'.  At was commenced in 1785, by was settled Feb. 12, 1834. Their meetIsai:'}'~aslhburn. The town was organ- ing house, situated near the centre of the
in  7'2.  Albro Anthony was the first town, was built in 1800. The minister
town clerk, and John Anthony the first of the Universalist society is the Rev.
representative. A Congregational church Kittredge Haven. Hon. Charles Rich,
was formed here March 26, 1823; but late member of Congress, who was for
there is no meeting house or settled min- more than 20 years a representative in the
ister. Quechee river originates near the state, or national government, was, for
northwest corner of the town; and, after about 40 years, a resident in this town.
running a southeasterly course 7 miles, He died here on the 15th of October, 1824,
enters Bridgewater. There are several aged 53 years. The only stream of contributaries to this river, which are suffi- sequence is Lemonfair river, which afciently large for mills. There are three fords some good mill privileges. Nearly
natural ponds here, covering about ten all the waters in town are impregnated
acres each. From one of these issues a with Epsom salts. The surface is level,
stream called Thundering brook, in which the soil good, and produces fine crops of
is a considerable fall. This township is corn and grain. This may be considered
very mountainous and broken except a one of the handsomest and best farming
narrow strip along Quechee river, where towns in the state. In the eastern part is
there is some very good intervale. The a bed of iron ore. The average width
celebrated summit of the Green Moun- of the lake against this township is about
tains called Killington Peak is situated halfa mile. Newton academy was incorin the south part, and is 3,924 feet above porated and located here in 1811, and is
tide water. There are in town 8 schools, now under the charge of Mr. Eastman.
1 store, 2 taverns, and 4 saw mills. Sta- There are, in town, 14 school districts, 2
tistics of 1840.-Horses, 82  cattle, 625; grist, 1 filling and 4 saw mills, 4 stores,
sheep, 1,450; swine, 217; wheat, bus. and 3 tanneries.  Statistics of 1840.686; barley, 153; oats, 1,787; rye, 216; Horses, 520; cattle, 5,350; sheep, 41,188;
buckwheat, 602; Indian corn, 762; pota- swine, 1,206; wheat, bus. 3,348; barley,
toes, 12,245; hay, tons, 1,2'395; sugar, 19; oats, 12,460; rye, 674; buckwheat,
lbs. 6,970; wool, 4,257. Population, 498. 564; Indian corn, 8,580; potatoes, 26,SHOREHAM, a post town in the south- 180; hay, tons, 13,560; sugar, lbs. 2,160;
west corner of Addison county, is in lat. wool, 95,276. Population, 1,675.
43~ 53' and long. 30 45', and is bounded   SIREWVSBURY, a post town in the easnorth by Bridport, east by Whiting and tern part of Rutland county, is in lat.
Cornwall, south by Orwell, and west by 430 31' and long. 40 11', and is bounded
lake Champlain, which separates it from  north by Mendon, east by Plymouth,
Ticonderoga, N. Y. It lies 40 miles south south by Mount Holly, and west by Clarof Burlington, 12 southwest from Middle- endon. It lies 22 miles vest from Windbury, and was chartered October 8, 1761, sor, and nine southeast from  Rutland.
containing 26,319 acres. The settlement It was chartered September 4, 1763, conwas commenced about the year 1766, by taining 44 square miles. This township
Col. Ephraim Doolittle, Paul Moore, Mar- lies mostly on the Green Mountains and
shal Newton and others. They adopted the eastern part is very much elevated.
the Moravian plan, and had all things In the north part is Shrewsbury peak,
common until the settlement was broken which is one of the highest summits of
up during the revolutionary war. On the the Green Mountains, and is more than
return of peace the settlement was re- 4100 feet above the tide water. This is
commenced by some of the former set- often mistaken for Killington peak. Mill
tiers and others from Massachusetts and river runs through the southwest part of
Connecticut, and the town was soon or- the township, and Cold river through the
ganized. Eliakim  Culver was the first north part, both of which are sufficiently
town clerk, and James Moore the first large for mills. There are two considerrepresentative. The religious denomina- able ponds in the southerly part called
tions are Congregationalists, Baptists, Peal's and Ashley's pond. There is a
Methodists and Universalists. Rev. Abel branch of the Congregational church in
Woods, of the Baptist order, was the first Clarendon here, which consists of a few
settled minister.  The Congregational members. There is a meeting-house sitchurch was organized  in May, 1792. uated in the southerly part of the townRev. Evans Beardsley was settled over it ship, around which is a small village.
from Dec. 26, 1805, to May 9, 1809; the This township is well adapted to the proRev. Daniel O. Morton from  June 30, duction of grass, and the timber is such




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             163
SLOOP ISLAND.       SOMERSET.-SOUTH BAY.-SOUTH HERO.             SPRINGFIELD.
as is common to the mountain towns. the year 1784. A Congregational church
There are, in town, 6 saw mills, 4 stores was formed in this town in 1795 and a
and extensive copperas works. Statistics of Methodist society in 1802. In the early
1840.-Horses, 339; cattle, 2,969; sheep, settlement of this part of the country the
4,750; swine, 689; wheat, bus. 528; oats, inhabitants of this as well as other town7,716; rye, 1,477; buck-wheat, 43; Ind. ships in Grand Isle county were afflicted
corn, 1,658; potatoes, 55,005; hay, tons, with intermittent fevers; but since the
4,788; sugar, lbs. 38,981; wool, 11,835. country has become cleared and cultivaPopulation, 1,218.                     ted, this is as healthy as almost any porSLOOP ISLAND, a small island in the tion of the state. The communication
lake against Charlotte, said to have been between this township and Chittenden
mistaken for a sloop and fired upon, in a county is facilitated by a sand bar, which
fog, during the revolution.            renders the lake fordable for a consideraSMITHFIELD. See Faisfield.           ble part of the year. The mouth of the
SOCIALBOROUH.  See Clarendon.        river Lamoille is now more than a mile
SOMERSET, a township in the western south of the sand bar, but it is supposed
part of Windham county, in lat. 420 58' to have been formerly on the north of it;
and long. 4~ 8', and is bounded north by and this bar has probably been formed by
Stratton, east by Dover and a part of the sand brought down by this river. The
Wardsborough, south by Searsburgh and sand is thought to be continually accua part of Wilmington, and west by Glas- mulating and this bar may at some future
tenbury. It lies 14 miles northeast from  period become a dry and permanent road
Bennington and 16 northwest from Brat- from the island to the main land. The
tleborough. The township is but little basis of this, as wellas of the other islands,
settled, and is very mountainous. The which constitute Grand Isle county, is
most noted mountain is mount Pisgah, limestone of different varieties, but mostly
which extends along the eastern part of of the compact kind. In some parts it
the township. Deerfield river is the prin- abounds with shells. The surface of the
cipal stream. It runs through the town- land is generally level. The soil is exship from north to south. Moose branch cellent, consisting of loam, sand, marl
runs along the western part of the town- and clay, but marl is the most common.
ship, and unites with Deerfield river in There is but little doubt but that lake
Searsburgh.  It contains three school- Champlain was once much more ext-nhouses, 4 saw mills and a meetinghouse. sive than it is at present, and the whole
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 41; cattle, of the county of Grand Isle was probably
421; sheep, 426; swine, 170; wheat, bu. covered with water. The limestone in
115; barley, 52; oats, 1,531; rye, 284; South Hero is generally of the shelly
buck wheat, 144; Indian corn, 151; po- kind, makes good lime, and some quartatoes, 9,930; hay, tons, 777; sugar, lbs., ries of it, though capable of being burned
5,440; wool, 993. Population, 262.     into lime, are employed for fire places,
SOUTH BAY. There are two bavs of and will endure the heat of a culinary
this name; one at the south end of lake fire for a long time. Statistics of 1840.Champlain near Whitehall, and the other Horses, 207; cattle, 984; sheep, 10,779;
at the south end of lake Memphremagog, swine, 575; wheat, bu., 1,917; barley,
between Salern and Newport.            479; oats, 8,638; rye, 2,278; buckwheat,
SOUTH HERO, a post town in the south 411; Indian corn, 3,000; potatoes, 13,part of Grand Isle county, is in lat. 440 076; hay, tons, 2,182; sugar, lbs. 6,852;
38', and long. 3Q44', and is bounded north wool, 23,044. Population, 664.
by the township of Grand Isle, and on all   SPRINGFIELD, a post town in the south
other parts by lake Champlain. It lies east corner of Windsor county, is iri lat.
twelve miles northwest from Burlington 43O 17' and long. 4~ 28', and is bounded
and 16 southwest from St. Albans. This north by Weathersfield, east by Connecttownship was chartered  together with icut river, which separates it from Charles,
Grand Isle, North Hero, and Vineyard, town, N. H., south by Rockingham, and
to Ethan Allen, Sarnuel Herrick and west by Chester and a small part of Balothers, October 27, 1779.  North and timore. It lies 13 miles south from WindSouth  Hero were separated into two sor, 68 from Montpelier and 30 north from
townships in 1788, and in 1798 South Brattleborough. It was chartered AuHero was divided into two townships gust 20, 1761, containing 26,400 acres.
by the name of South Hero and Middle Among the first settlers were Mr. Simeon
Hero. The name of Middle Hero has Stevens and the Hon. Lewis R. Morris.
since  been  altered to  Grand  Isle.- There are five religious societies, CongreSouth Hero contains 9,065 acres. The gationalists Baptists, Methodists, Episco.
settlement was commenced here about palians and Universalists. The Congro




164                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART II.
SPRINGFIELD.                      STAMFORD.                    STARKSBOROUGH.
gationalists built a meeting house in 1792,   STAMFORD, a township in the south part
and settled the Rev. Robinson Smiley in of Bennington county, is in lat. 420 47',
1801, who was succeeded in 1827 by the and long. 40 0', and is bounded north by
Rev. Mr. Goodman. He continned five Woodford, east by Reedsborough, south
years, and was succeeded by the Rev. D. by Clarksburgh, Mass. and west by PowO. Morton, who also continued five years, nal. It lies nine miles southeast from
and was succeeded by the Rev. H. B. Bennington, 21 southwest from BrattleHolmes, who continued three years. Rev. borough, and was chartered March 6,
C. D. Noble is their present minister. In 1753, containing, by charter, 23,040 acres.
1834 they built a new meeting house, and The surface of this township is very unthe same year the Episcopalians and Uni- even, and a considerable share of it waste
versalists built a house in union. The land. The south part is watered by some
Baptists built a house in 1836, and have of the head branches of Hoosic river. In
since settled the Rev. B. Brierly. The the north part are several natural ponds,
Methodist society is large, and is supplied the most important of which are Moose
by circuit preachers, and the Universal- pond and Fish pond. The waters from
ists are generally supplied with preach- this part run northerly into the Waling. The Episcopal church, called Union loomscoik. The streams here are all small,
Church, is small and without a minister. The town is divided into four or five
There are two villages, the centre and the school districts, and contains several
north. The Centre village contains 5 stores, mills. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 112;
2taverns, 1 cotton, 1 satinet and 1 cassi- cattle,572; sheep,1,259; swine,292; wheat,
mere factory, each 4 stories high, a paper bu. 267; barley, 6; oats, 3,666; rye, 355;
mill 100 feet long, an extensive sand pa- buckwheat, 398; Indian corn, 569; poper manufactory, a machine-card manu- tatoes,; 14,755; hay, tons, 1,652; sugar,
factory, an oil mill, iron foundry, and va- 21,050; wool, 3,059. Population, 662.
rious other mills and machinery. This   STARKSBOROUGH, a post town in the
village is situated at the falls in Black north part of Addison county, is in lat. 440
river 4A miles from its junction with the 13' and long. 40 0', and is bounded north
Connecticut. These falls amount to 110 by Huntington and Hinesburgh, east by
feet in an eighth of a mile, 50 of which Huntington and Buel's gore, south by
are nearly perpendicular, and they are re- Lincoln and Bristol, and west by Monkgarded as one of the greatest curiosities ton. It lies 22 miles southwest from
in the state. In some places the channel Montpelier, and 20 southeast from Burthrough which the river passes is not lington. It was granted November 7,
more than 3 yards wide, and for 20 rods 1780, and chartered the 9th of the same
it passes through a deep ravine from 3 to month, containing 18,500 acres. A part
5 yards wide, walled by perpendicular of Monkton has since been annexed to it.
ledges of mica slate from 60 to 80 feet The settlement was commenced in April,
high. The village and all the scenery 1788, by George Bidwell and Horace
about is highly romantic and interesting. Kellogg with their families. John FerThe JVorth village is 3 miles north of the guson and Thomas V. Ratenburgh came
centre, and contains 3 stores, 1 tavern, I into that part of Monkton which has
grist mill, 1 saw mill, 1 tannery, and sev- since been added to this township, about
eral shops. In other parts of the town the same time. The first settlers emigraare 1 grist and 5 saw mills. The produc- ted principally from New York and Contion of silk has received considerable at- necticut. Mr. Bidwell lived 52 years on
tention here for a few years past, and the place where he settled, endured at
more than 1000 lbs. of cocoons have been first many privations and hardships, but
produced in a year. A mong the minerals by industry and economy acquired a handmay be mentioned granite suitable for some landed property, and died April 13,
building, quartz suitable for making sand 1840, aged 84. He was in his day one of
paper, limestone, mica slate, tremolite, the principal men in the town and he is
epidote, serpentine, titanium, scapolite, still remembered with gratitude and affecschorl, yenite, hornblende, garnet, alumi- tion. The town was organized in March,
nous slate and galena.  There are in 1796. Warner Pierce was first town clerk,
town 17 school districts and one high and John Ferguson first representative,
school. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 433; both chosen this year.  The religious
cattle, 2,643; sheep, 18,583; swine, 1,198; denominations  are  Congregationalists,
wheat, bus. 2,305; barley, 873; oats, Methodists, Friends and Freewill Bap,
17,527; rye, 8,260; buckwheat, 7,455; tists. The Congregational church was
Indian corn, 3,181; potatoes, 46,603; hay, organized Aug. 7, 1804, but has had no
tons, 6,345; sugar, lbs. 13,247; wool, settled minister. The Friends have a meet481412. Population, 2,625.              inghouse built in 1812,which was, in 1824,




PART III.                GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            165
STERLING.                      STEVEN S RIVER.                    STOCKBRIDGE,
the only one in town. There were some 1840.-Horses, 44; cattle, 456; sheep, 
cases of the epidemic in 1813, but it was 1,087; swine, 207; wheat, bu. 536; oats,
less distressing here than in the adjacent 738; Ind. corn, 262; potatoes, 10,870;
towns  Mrs. Hannah Lane died here in hay, tons, 833; sugar, lbs. 5,400; wool,
November, 1823, aged 100 years and three 1,806. Population, 193.
months. The principal stream  in this   STERLING PEAR. See Sterling..township is Lewis creek, which rises in   STEVEN'S BBANCH. See Barre.
the southeastern part, and runs first west-  STEVEN'S RIVER, is a lively little stream,
erly and then northerly along the western two branches of which have their sources
part.'Huntington river waters the east- in Peacham and one in Ryegate, and all
ern part. The streams here abound with meet about a mile east of the line between
excellent mill seats. The surface of the Barnet and Peacham. It runs easterly
township is very uneven. A mountain through the middle of Barnet, and falls
lies along the west line and extends into into the Connecticut. On each of the
Bristol, called Hogback. Another range branches which rise in Peacham, are sevextends through the central parts from  eral millsin that town. The branch that
south to north, called East mountain, has its source in Ryegate carries one saw
dividing the waters of Lewis creek from  mill in that town, and passes through Harthose of Huntington river. Ilere is a vey's Lake, which is a beautiful sheet of
stream which is formed by the confluent water, in Barnet, 1  mile long, and 200:
waters of three springs that are not more rods wide at the widest part, and coverthan 20 rods asunder. They unite, after ing 300 acres. There are on this stream
running a short distance, and form  a within the limits of Barnet a number ofstream  sufficient for a saw mill, a full- mills and factories. At Stevens' village,
ing mill, a forge and two trip-hammer about half a mile from the mouth of the
shops, all within half a mile of its head. river, is a high fall, perhaps 60 or 70 feet.
The soil is mostly loam. The timber is   STOCKBRIDGE, aposttown in the north-i
principally hard wood, with some spruce, western part of Windsor county, situated
hemtlock and cedar. There are two small in lat. 430 45', and long. 4~ 18', and con?
villages, both near Lewis' creek, in the taining about 48 square miles. Itisbounwesterly part of the township. The prin- ded northerly by Bethel, easterly by Barcipal village contains a store, tavern, post nard, southerly by Sherburne,and westeroffice, forge, fulling mill, trip hammer ly by Pittsfield, and lies 36 miles south
shop, &c.  There are in town 14 school westerly from Montpelier, and 26 miles
districts, with 488 scholars, 1 grist mill, northwest from Windsor. The charter is
1 forge, producing 60 tons annually of dated July 21, 1761. The settlement of
bar iron, 2 trip hammer shops, 3 saw mills, this township was commenced in 1784,
1 fulling mill, 1 carding machine, 1 tan- and 1785 by Asa Whitcomb, Elias Keyes,
nery, 1 tavern and 3 stores. Thl-e mills, John Durkee and Joshua Bartlet, with
are mostly situated on Lewis' creek and its their families.  The settlement of the
branches. Statistics of l840.-Horses, 242; town proceeded slowly for some years,
cattle, 1,087; sheep, 4,216; swine, 698; The first grist mill and first saw mill were
wheat, 1,478; oats,7,360; rye, 1,064; buck- erected by the Hon. Elias Keyes, in 1786.
wheat, 396; Ind. corn, 5,800; potatoes, The town was unorganized until about the
30,200; hay, tons, 3,120;. sugar, lbs. 10,- year 1792. The prevailing religious de690; wool, 10,260. Population, 1,263.   nominations areCongregationalists,MethSTERLING, a township in the central odists, Baptists, and Universalists. The
part of Lamoille county, is in lat. 44~ Rev. Justin Parsons was settled over the
35', and long. 40 16', and is bounded Congregational church in this town and
northerlyby Johnson, easterly by Morris- Pittsfield September 15, 1812. He contown, southerly by Mansfield, and west- tinned till 1827, when a separate church
erly by Cambridge. It lies 24 miles north- was organized here, over which the Rev.
east from Burlington, and the same dis- Gilman Vose was settled from 1829 to
tance northwest front Montpelier. This 1831. The Rev. T. S. Hubbard, the prestownship was chartered  February 25, ent minister, was settled in 1840. In 1803
1782, containing 23,040 acres. Sterling the dysentery swept off a great part of the
contains no large streams, and is but thin- children in this town, and in 1813 the
ly inhabited. The settlement was com- spotted fever prevailed and proved very
menced about the year 1799. Its surface fatal. The town has generally been very
is mountainous and part of it very eleva- healthy. White river runs through the
ted. Sterling peak, in the southern part, northerly part of this town, and in its pasranks among the highest submits of' the sage receives the fourth branch, or Tweed
Green Mountains. It contains two saw  river, from the west. The mill privilemills and three schoolhouses. Statistics of ges are sufficiently numerous, but those




166                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART TI'
STOW.                                                                STRAFFORD.
at the Great Narrows in White River are land which is not suitable for cultivation.
the best.  The whole river is here cornm- A considerable part of the surface is very
pressed into a channel but a few feet in level, and appears to be of alluvial formawidth. A post office is established here tion. Thlere are here some of the handcalled Gaysville, and a small village has somest farms in the state, and they are
sprung up.  Steatite, or soapstone, is surpassed by few in fertility. The townfound in considerable quantities in the ship lies between the Mansfield mounnorth part of the town, but it is of a qual- tains on the west and a range called the
ity inferior to that found in Bethel, Bridge- HIogback on the east, and contains no elwater and several other places in the state. evations of consequence.  Among the
There are here 2 meeting houses,1]3 school minerals of this town may be mentioned
districts, 2 grist mills, 4 saw mills; 2 ful- iron ore, some small veins of copper, and
ling mills, 1 woollen factory, 2 stores, 2 steatite. There are in town 3 ministers,
taverns, and 1 tannery. Statistics of 1840. 5 attornies, and 4 physicians, 13 school
-Horses, 333; cattle, 1,605; sheep, 8,- districts, a school for young ladies, 5
402; swine, 553; wheat, bus. 1,746; bar- stores, 2 taverns, 2 tanneries, 1 woollen
ley, 30; oats, 8,347; rye,962; buckwheat, factory, 2 starch factories, 2 clothier's
3,008; Ind. corn, 4,982; potatoes, 42,680; works, 2 grist and 7 saw mills. Statistics
hay,tons, 4,057; sugar, lbs. 34,320; wool, of. 1840. —Horses, 371.; cattle, 2,679;
18,005. Population, 1,419.              sheep, 7,484; swine, 1,011; wheat, bus.
STOW, a post town in the south part of 2,636; barley, 37; oats, 9,241; rye, 262;
Lamoille county, is in lat. 44~ 28', and Ind. corn, 5,337; potatoes, 75,957; hay,
long. 4~ 20', and is bounded north by Mor- tons, 4,812; sugar, lbs. 31,150; wool, 16,ristown, eastby Worcester, south by Wa- 628. Population, 1,371.    w. H. H. B.
terbury, and west by Mansfield.  It lies   STRAFFORD, a post town in the south
15 miles in a straight line northwest from  part of Orange county, is in lat. 43~ 52'
Montpelier, and 25 east from  Burling- and long. 40 39', and is bounded north by
ton, and was chartered June 8,1763, con- Vershire, east by Thetford,south by Shartaining 23,040 acres.  The settlement on, and west by Tunbridge.  It lies 30
was commenced about the year 1793. miles southeast from Montpelier, the same
The town was organized in March, 1797, distance north from  Windsor, and was
and Josiah Hurlbut was first town clerk. chartered Aug. 12, 1761, containing 24,It was first represented by Nathan Rob- 325 acres. The settlement of this towninson, in 1801, and for 13 years after- ship was commenced just before the revwards. He died in April, 1842. The re- olutionary war. The first town meeting
ligious denominations are Congregation- on record was on the 18th of March, 1779,
alists, Methodists, Baptists, Christians, and David Chamberlain was town clerk.
and Universalists, most of which have Several of the early settlers became tories,
regular preaching on the Sabbath. There left the country, and their property was
are 4 handsome meeting houses, 3 at the confiscated. Tile first meeting house was
centre and one in the west part of the built in town by the Baptists, in 1794, and
town. The first was built in 1818, and the second in 1799. The Rev.Joab Young
now  owned by  the Universalists and was the first settled minister.  He was
Christians; the second by the Congrega- settled by the Universalists in 1799, and
tionalists, in 1840; the third by the Meth- died in 1816. There are at present 4
odists, in 1841; and a union house in the meeting houses, one belonging to the
west,part, also in 1841. There are four Congregationalists, and the others union
small villages. The Centre villare is lar- or free. The religious societies are the
gest, containing three meeting houses, 4 Baptist, Christian, Methodist, Congregastores, I tavern, 4 attorney's offices, 3 tionalist, and Universalist. Strafford conphysicians, I trip hammer and a variety tains two pleasant villages. The upper
of other shops, and about 50 families. village has a post office bearing the name
Halfa mile south of this is a village con- of the town, and is handsomely built,
taining a store, tannery, woollen factory, around a triangular common, the dwelclothing works, mills, &c. One mile still ling houses, stores, shops, and a new
further south is a small village, contain- church, forming the sides, and the round
ing a grist and saw mill, and several me- hill and old meeting house the base. The
chanics. The 4th village is a mile north post office designation of the other, or
of the Centre, and contains a tavern and lower village, is South Strafford.  The
several shops. The township is watered surface is uneven, but the soil is generally
by Waterbury river and its several bran- good. It is watered by a principal branch
ches, which afford good mill privileges. of Ompompanoosuc river, which affords
Nearly all the town is capable of being several good mill privileges, on which are
made into good farms, and there is little erected a number of mills and other ma



PART 111.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              167
STRAFFORD.                                                          STRAFFORD.
chinery. In the northeasterly part is a sulphate of iron. The lye is now drawn
pond covering about 100 acres,called Po- off into  large wooden reservoirs, and
dunk pond, which is a place of consider- thence into the leaden vats as fast as
able- resort for amusement and angling. wanted. In these vats the lye or liquor
In the southeast corner of this township is boiled to a certain strength, tested by
is an extensive bed of the sulphuret of acidimeters, and then drained off into
iron, from  which immense quantities of wooden vats, where it remains to crystacopperas are manufactured. For the fol- lize. Branches of trees were formerly
lowing account of the Strafford Copperas thrown in for the crystals to adhere to;
Works, I am indebted to the kindness of but Mr. Reynolds, the present agent, has
Justin S. Morrill, Esq.                 made an improvement. Pieces of joist
Strafford Copperas [Forks. This estab- 3 inches square, 6 ft. long, laid across the
lishmentwas formerly styled the Vermont top of the vats, with holes bored, and
Mineral Factory Company, but is now  round sticks 18 inches long by i of an
called the Vermont Copperas Company; inch in diameter, inserted at intervals of
the owners, residing chiefly in Boston, about 6 inches, are now used with great
having united this with a mine they own advantage. This makes a great saving of
in Shrewsbury. It is situated in the ex- labor, although it has in some measure
treme southeastern corner of the town,on destroyed the fanciful shapes which the
the east side of a hill which contains an crystals formerly assumed upon some fainexhaustible ridge of the ore, or techni- vorite branch-and the poet, had he been
cally sulphuret of iron. This mass of solid born on copperas-hill, would have writrock, in appearance, is usually covered, ten, " as the twig is bent the copperas is
with what miners call the cap, a petri- inclined."  The crystals are multangular,
factive soil of various depths, in which and of a beautiful transparent green colroots, leaves, and limbs of trees, beech- or. These twigs, with specimens varnuts, hazle-nuts and acorns are often nished, may be seen in the cabinets of
found turned into stone or iron. There many  scientific gentlemen  in various
are 2 factories,each about 267 ft. in length  parts of the country. After crystalization
by 94 in width. These contain 8 vats made takes place the liquor is drained off, and
of lead, 10 ft. by 12 ft., 21 inches in depth the copperas is shoveled into the packing
and three fourths of an inch in thickness, rooms. When dry it is usually put into
used for boilers. Lead is the only metal  casks holding about halfa ton each, but
that will endure the operation of the cop- frequently into casks of every size.
peras liquor, and this requires constant re-   The mine was discovered in 1793, by
pair. An unlimited quantity can be made; two men who were tapping sap-trees.
the facilities for manufacturing being per- Tradition says they discovered a spontahaps unsurpassed in the world. The cop- neous combustion among the leaves, but
peras made here is used by most of the it is more probable that they found copmanufactories in New England, and is peras in some wet spot spontaneously
sent to all parts of the United States. It formed. The works were first comnmenis supposed to excel for dyeing purposes ced by Mr. Eastman, but were not sucany copperas offered in market.  The cessfully prosecuted until within about
process of making is as follows. The ore 30 years, when the stock was taken up in
is blasted from the bed by means of pow- Boston, by the Messrs. Reynolds and the
der. It is then broken into pieces with late energetic Col. Binney. President
sledges, and afterwards the miners assort JMonroe visited the works in his tour in
and break it up still finer with hammers. the summer of 1817. In 1827 the coinpaIt is then thrown into large heaps, where ny employed from 30-to 40 hands to make
it ignites spontaneously, or fire is some- about the same quantity of' copperas they
times set to it to hasten the process. In now make with ten hands. The present
this condition it generally burns for the year they have made one thousand tons.
space of two months; in that time the This, at the present market price, $2,00
sulphur is converted into sulphuric acid, per cwt., amounts to $40,000. Of this
and unites itself with the iron, forming sum  they  pay out about $10,000 for
sulphate of iron, or copperas. The smoke freight. They use 1:500 cords of wood
gives to vegetation, and to all surround- annually, though  they  formerly used
ing objects, a sterile and sickly appear- imore. For many years the business was
ance, but the health of the workmen is not continued under great discouragements,
afbected. These heaps of pyrites, being and at a loss. The stock is now valuable.
now thoroughly pulverized by fire, are In 1824 the duty on copperas was fixed
carried to places where water,fromn   a foun- at two cents per pound. The price was
tain on the summit of the hill, is made to then $3,00 per cwt. The British estabrun upon and )each this mass of crude lishments sent over large quantities in




168                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART II1.
STRATTON.                           SUDBURY.                      SUNDERLAND.
vessels, serving for ballast, hoping to glut There are in town 5 school districts. Stathe market and break down all American tistics of 1840.-Horses, 49; cattle, 534;
capital engaged in the business. But the sheep, 694; swine, 159; wheat, bus. 169;
tariff has protected the manufacturer un- barley, 5; oats, 543; rye, 407; bucktil Yankee enterprise is nearly able to wheat, 405; Indian corn, 141; potatoes,
compete with the low  priced labor of 942; hay, tons, 837; sugar, lbs. 2,672;
Europe. The company now sellthe arti- wool, 1,637. Population, 341.
cle for two cents per pound, after trans-   STRATTON GORE. Annexed to Stratton.
porting it hundreds of miles. Smoky    SUDBURY, a post town in the north
quartz, hornblende, garnet,&c., are found part of Rutland county, is in lat. 43~. 47',
at the mines. Sulphuret ofcopper being  and long. 3~.54', and is bounded north
also found in considerable quantities, in by Whiting, east by Brandon, south by
connexion with the sulphuret of iron, or Hubbardton, and west by Orwell, and a
copperas ore, attempts have been made part of Benson. It lies 47 miles south
to work it for the copper. In 1829 alarge from Burlington, 65 north from Benningfurnace was erected, and for several years ton, and 43 southwest from Montpelier. It
the business was carried on extensively, was chartered August 6th, 1761, containand large quantities of copper were pro- ing 13,426 acres. The early settlers of
duced, but the expenditures were such this township were generally from Conthat it was not found to be profitable,and in necticut. The religious denominations
1839 the business was finally abandoned.* are Congregationalists and Methodists.
Strafford is divided into 13 school dis- The Rev. Silas Parsons was settled over
tricts, with 623 scholars, and it is a curi- the Congregational church in Jan. 1806,
ous fact that in 1810, with a less popula- and was dismissed in 1815. The Rev.
tion, the number of scholars was 810. Mason Knapen, was settled in 1819, and
There are in town 3 stores, 2 grist and 9 dismissed in 1830; the Reverend John
saw  mills. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, Thompson, was settled  in 1833, and
340; cattle, 2,235; sheep, 12,182; swine, dismissed Feb. 18, 1838. This church
1,095; wheat, bus. 4,382; barley, 166; consists of about 45 members. They
oats, 8.460; rye, 293; buckwheat, 875; erected a meeting-house about the year
Ind. corn, 6,640; potatoes, 51,634; hay, 1805. Of the Methodist society, we have
tons, 4,909; sugar, lbs. 28,485; wool, no particulars. Otter creek touches upon
13,550. Population, 1,761.              the eastern border of this township. rThe
STRATTON, a township in the western other streams are  small. Hubbardton
part of Windham county, is in lat. 430 3' pond extends into the south part, and
and long. 40 8', and is bounded north by there are in town several smaller ponds,
Winhall, east by Jamaica and Wardsbo- of which Hinkum  pond is the most conrough, south by Somerset and west by siderable. On the outlet of this pond,
Sunderland. It lies 18 miles northeast which falls into Otter creek, is one saw
from Bennington and 22 northwest from  mill, and on the outlet of another pond,
Brattleborough. This township was set- which is the source of Hubbardton river,
tled principally by emigrants from Mas- is another saw mill. The surface is unsachusetts.  Among the early settlers even, and a high ridge of land extends
were several families by the name of through the township near the centre
Morsman and Patch. There are two reli- from south to north. The soil is genergious societies, the Congregational and ally a rich loam. The timber is princiBaptist. A meeting house was built here pally pine, beach and maple. There is a
about the year 1809, which is occupied small village in the westerly part of the
by both denominations. Bald mountain township, containing a meeting-house, a
branch of West river rises in the eastern store, a tavern, and a number of dwelpart, on which are erected a saw and ling houses. The town contains 7school
grist mill, the only mills in town. Deer- districts and school houses, 2 saw mills,
field river rises in the western part, and 2 stores, 2 taverns, 2 tanneries. Statisruns south into Somerset. There are two tics of 1840.-Horses, 174; cattle, 954;
naturalponds; one in the south part call- sheep 11,653; swine, 511; wheat, bush.
ed Holman's pond, and the other in the 1,488; oats, 2,662; rye, 2,156; bucknorthwestern part, called Jones' pond. wheat, 204; Indian corn, 3,890; potatoes,
They cover about 100 acres each. The 13,315; hay, tons, 3,009; sugar, lbs.
waters of the former are discharged to the 550; wool, 24,718. Population, 796.
south into Deerfield river, and those of  SUNDERIAND, a post town in the eastern
the latter to the north into Winhall river. part of Bennington county, is in lat. 43o
4', and long. 3~. 59, and is bounded north
count of reeived from  r. Morrill  particular ac-bv Manchester, east by Stratton, south by
count of the process of obtaining the copper from
the ore, and we regret that we are obliged to omit it Glastenbury, and west by Arlington   It
tfor the want of toun.




PART III.                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                         169
SUNDERLAND.                                                                           SUTTON.
lies 15 miles northeast from Bennington,87 other machinery.  The soil consists of alsouthwesterly from  Montpelier, and was  luvion, loam and marl.  Near the foot of
chartered July 30, 1761, containing 23,04() the Green Mountains the sulphate of iron
acres.  The  settlement of the township  is found in considerable quantities.  On
was  commenced  in  1766, by  Messrs. the side of the mountain a vein of lead
Brownson, Bradley,  Warrens,  Evarts, ore has been discovered in granular limeChipman and Webb, emigrants from Con- stone.  Specimens of the ore have been
necticut.  The town  was  organized  in  analyzed, which  yielded  60 or 70 per
1769, and  Gen. Gideon  Brownson  was cent. of pure lead, and two or three per
first town clerk.  Joseph  Bradley, Esq. cent. of silver.  The  town  contains 5
was representative  to the first Legisla- school districts, with a school house in
ture, and  Col. Timothy  Brownson  was each, 1 grist and 6 saw  mills, I store, 1
one of the firstcouncillors. The religious tavern, 1 tannery and 1 woollen factodenominations  are,  Congregationalists, ry.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 79; catand  Methodists.   The  Rev. Chauncey  tle, 467; sheep, 1,475; swine, 198; wheat,
Lee was the  first settled minister.  He bus. 125; oats, 3,506; rye, 952; b. wheat,
was  settled   over  the  Congregational 545; In. corn, 1,861; potatoes, 7,804
church in 1786, and  dismissed in 1795. hay, tons, 1,232; sugar, lbs. 5,577; wool,
They have a meeting-house situated in the  4,349.  Population, 437.
northwest part of the township. The Bat-    SUTTON, a post town in the north part
tenkill river passes through the northwest- of Caledonia county, is in lat. 440 38' and
ern part in a southwesterly direction. On  long. 40 56', and is bounded northeasterly
this stream  are some fine alluvial flats, by Westmore, and a part of Newark, east
which are overflown every spring.Roaring  by Burke, south by Lyndon and west by
branch originates in  several large ponds Sheffield.  It lies 38 miles northeast from
in the eastern part of the town, and run- Montpelier, and 13 north from  Danville.
ning westerly, unites with  the  Batten- It was chartered by the name of Billykill, in Arlington.*   On this stream  are mead, February 6, 1782, to Jonathan Arseveral excellent situations for mills and  nold and associates, and contains 23,040
acres.  In 1812 the name was altered to
* WVe had intended to insert entire in this place Sutton.   The settlementofthe  township
the account furnished by Mr. T. M. Bradley, of
Williston, of two children, who were lost in the was commenced about the year 1791, by
woods near this branch in 1780, but we are obliged a Mr. Hacket, who was soon after joined
to omit it for want of room. We will however brietlv by other families from  Rhode Island and
state the principal facts. —On the 31st May, 1780,
two daughters of Eldad Taylor, of Sunderland, Kez-  Connecticut.  The  religious denominaziah, aged 7, and Betsey, aged 4 years, wandered tions are Methodists, Baptists, and Freeinto the woods. Not returning, the parents became will Baptists.  Elder Amos Beckwith was
alarmed and commenced a search1 which, with the
aid of a few neighbors, was continued through ordained over the Baptist church in 1804.
the night without success. The next daythe search  A  meeting  house was erected  here  in
was continued by large numbers from this and the 1813.   This town  has been  generally
neighboring towns, and was continued till the mid.
die of the afternoon of the third day, when it was re- healthy.  The epidemic of 1812, comlinquished,and the people who had been out,collected Inenced  about the 10th of February of
together with the view of returning to their homes. that year.  In the space of seven weeks
Among those was one who thought the search should
not be abandoned and this was ETrHAN ALLErN. He there were about 60 cases of the disease
mounted a stump, and soon all eyes were fixed upon and six deaths.  The town is watered by
him. In his laconic manner, he pointed to the father two considerable branches, which unite
and mother of the lost children-now petrified with near the south line of  urke, and join the
grief and despair-bade each individual present, and
especially those who were parents, to make the case Passumpsic river in Lyndon.  There are
of these parents his own, and then say whether they several ponds, of which Fish pond is the
could go contentedly to, their homes without making largest and it lies in the northwest coro
one further effort to save those dear little ones, who largest, and t lies in the northwest corwere, probably, now alive, but perishing with hun- ner.  It covers about 200 acres and disger, and spending their last strength in crying to charges its waters  into  Barton  river.
father and mother to give them something to eat. The surface of the township is generally
As he spake his giant frame was agitated and the
tears rolled down his cheeks, and in the assembly of even, and considerable tracts of it is so
several hundred men, but few eyes were dry., I'll low and wet as to be incapable of cultivago, 1'11 go"-was at length heard from every part tion.  There are several bogs of marl in
of the crowd. They betook themselves to the woods
and before night the lost children were restored in this township.  The town is divided into
safety to the arms of the distracted parents. It ap- 7 school districts, and  contains several
leared that the first night they laid down at the foot mills and other machinery.  Statistics of
of a large tree, and the second they spent upon a
large rock. They obtained plenty of drink from the 1840.-Horses, 280; cattle, 1,569; sheep,
stream, but were very weak for the want of food. 3,994; swine, 1,145; wheat, bush. 2,876;
They, however, both survived, and Betsey, the barley, 1166; oats,  3,53; rye, 49; b'k
younger, is now, (July, 1842), the wife of Captain, 1      oats, 13,538; rye, 49;
John Munson, of Williston. Theelder was the wife wheat, 2,126; Ind. corn, 1,372; potatoes,
of John Jones, and died some years ago at Williston. 61,175;  hay, tons, 3,088;  sugar, lbs.
PT. Inl.         22




170                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          FART III
SWANTON.                                                            THETFORD85,430; wool, lbs. 7,755.  Population, different directions. Along the river the
1,068.                                 land is low and moist. Further back it
SWANTON, a post town in Franklin becomes more elevated, dry and sandy,
county, is in lat. 44Q 53' and long. 30 54', and is timbered principally with pine. In
and is bounded north by Highgate, east the southern part the soil is gravelly and
by Sheldon and Fairfield, south by St. timbered with hard wood. The northAlbans and west by lake Champlain, western part is marshy, and during the
which separates it from  Alburgh  and summer season is the favorite resort of
North Hero. It lies 30 miles north from  wild ducks, geese, cranes and other waBurlington, and 50 northwest from Mont- terfowl. Bog iron ore of an excellent
pelier, and was chartered October 17, quality is found in the north part of the1763, containing 23,040 acres. Novem- township. As yet but little of it has been
ber 3, 1836, all that part of Highgate, ly- wrought here, but large quantities have
ing west of Missisco river, was annexed been transported and wrought at the furto this township. Before the conquest of naces in Sheldon, Highgate and VerCanada by  the English, the French gennes. Marble, also, of a fine quality is
and Indians had a settlement at Swanton found here in abundance. It covers an
Falls, consisting of about 50 huts, and area of more than 300 acres, and extends
had cleared some land on which they to an unknown depth. It is generally
raised corn and vegetables. They had found at the distance of from two to eight
also built a church and a saw mill, and feet below  the surface. It is detached
the channel cut through the rocks to sup- from its original bed in large blocks by
ply water for the latter, still remains. blasting, and these are conveyed about
This place was occupied by the Indians half a mile to the mills at Swanton falls.
till the commencement of the revolution. Here they are sawn into slabs or pieces of
The first permanent settlers here were any required dimensions. The marble is
John Hilliker and family, about the year of a beautiful black, or light blue cloudy
1787. They were soon joined by other color, according to the quarries from
settlers, and, in 1790, the town was or- which it is taken. It is manufactured inganized and Thomas Butterfield was chos- to various forms- and articles, which are
en town clerk. There are five religious transported by water to Albany, New
denominations in this township, viz. Con- York and other markets. There are 3
gregationalists, Baptists, Methodists,Epis- post offices, designated as Swaton Falls,
copalians, and Friends. The Congrega- Swanton Centre and East Swanton. At
tional church was organized January 4, Swanton Falls is a flourishing village sit-,
1800. This church depended upon mis- uated on both sides of Missisco river, 6
sionary labors and stated supplies up to miles from its mouth, but only 1 mile from
January 13, 1825, when the Rev. Eben the lake in a direct line. - It contains a
H. Dorman, the present minister, was meeting house, 2school houses, 3taverns,
settled.  The church now  consists of 5 stores, I grist mill and 4 saw mills, I
about 100 members. The present minis- woollen factory, mills for the manufacter of the Baptist church is the Rev. Dan- ture of marble, and about 75 dwelling
iel Sabin.  There are two houses for houses. The ground on which the vilpublic worship; one erected in 1816 and lage is situated, is elevated, pleasant and
17, belonging to the Congregationalists, healthy. There are in town 16 schools,
and Baptists, and the other in 1822 and 8 stores, 2 tanneries, besides the mills
23 belonging to the Congregationalists, and other machinery. Statistics of 1840.
Episcopalians, Methodists and Friends. Horses, 443; cattle, 2,000; sheep, 11,000;
The most remarkable instance of longev- swine, 1,206; wheat, bush. 4,290; oats,
ity, is that of Walter Scott, who died here 11,275; rye, 1,388; buck-wheat, 807;
in 1815,aged 110 years. Missisco river Ind. corn, 7,184; potatoes, 46,264; hay,
runs through the township, fertilizing a tons, 4,920; sugar, lbs. 10,474; wool,
considerable tract of intervale along its 22,759. Population, 2,313.
course. At the distance of six miles from    THETFORD, a post town in the southits mouth is a fall of about 20 feet, afford- east corner of Orange county, is in lat.
ing a number of very valuable mill privi- 430 50' and long. 40 43', and is bounded
leges. The river is navigable from this north by Fairlee and West Fairlee, east
fall to the lake for vessels of 50 tons bur- by Connecticut river, which separates it
then. McQuam creek, which flows from  from Lyme, N.H., south by Norwich, and
Missisco river into the lake, several miles west by Strafford. It lies 34 miles southsouth of the principal mouth of the river, east from  Montpelier, 28 northeasterly
forms a delta called Hog Island, which be- from Windsor, and was chartered Aug.
longs to this town. Besides these there 12, 1761, containing 26,260 acres. The
are several small streams which flow in settlement was commenced here in 1764




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              171
THETFORD.                                                           TINMOUTH.
by John Chamberlain, from  Hebron, Ct. I very deep, and in summer falls 2 or 3 feet.
The next year he was joined by two oth- It contains large quantities of perch and
er families, one by the name of Baldwin, other fish. The road passes between the
and the other by the name of Hosford. pond and the river. A small vein of gaSamuel, the son of John Chamberlain was lena, or the sulphuret of lead, has been
the first English child born in town  discovered here. The mine is situated
John Chamberlain was nick-named Quail about 100 rods northeasterly  from the
John. Being industrious and somewhat meeting house, on the south side of a hill.
parsimonious, he accumulated considera- The surface of Thetford is uneven, and
ble property, and his fame has been per- in some parts rocky. There are in town
petuated in the following stanza.      three small villages, two of which are sit"Old Quail John was the first that came on,   uated on the Ompompanoosuc, and the
As poor as a calf in the spring;   other near the centre of the township.
But now he is rich as Governor Fitch,*  The latter is the most important, and conAnd lives like a lord or a king."
tains a meeting house, an academy, a tavThe first meeting of the proprietors ern, several stores, and a number of hand.
held in this township, was at the house of some dwelling houses. Thetford AcadeAbner Chjamberlain, May 10, 1768. The my was incorporated and established here
town was not organized till 1768, and Ab- in 1819. The average number of scholars
ner Howard was the first town clerk. is from 40 to 50. There are in town 17
The Congregationalists are the most nu- school districts, a small woollen factory,
merous denomination of Christians. Their &c.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 476;
first settled minister was the Rev. Clem- cattle, 2,256; sheep, 13,604; swine, 1,ent Sumner. He graduated at Yale Col- 351; wheat, bus. 3,635; barley, 1,020;
lege in 1758, settled at Keene June 11th, oats, 19,710; rye, 2,499; buckwheat, 2,1761, was dismissed April 30, 1772, and 289; Ind. corn, 15,628; potatoes, 58,957;
installed at Thetford in 1773. He became hay, tons, 4,978; sugar, lbs. 21,288; wool,
a tory at the commencement of the war, 25,798. Population, 2,065.
went to Swanzey, N. H., where he be-   TINMOUTH, a post town irl the central
came a Universalist preacher, and contin- lmrt of Rutland county, is in lat. 43 27'
ued such till his death. From the time and long. 49 2', and is bounded north by
of Sumner's leaving Thetford till the ar- Clarendon and Ira, east by Wallingford,
rival of Dr. Asa Burton, in 1778, the south by Danby, and west by Wells and
church was without a pastor. Dr. Burton Middletown. It lies 41 miles north from
was born at Stonington, Ct., August 25, Bennington, eight south from Rutland,
1752, came to Norwich with his father in and was chartered September 15, 1761,
1766, graduated at Dartmouth College in to Joseph Hooker and others, containing,
1777, read divinity with Pres. Wheelock, originally, 23,040 acres. Its size has since
commenced preaching  at Thetford  in been reduced, by contributing to neigh.
1778, was ordained there in Jan., 1779, ing townships, about one third. The setand continued there till his death, on the tlement was commenced here about the
1st of May, 1836, at the age of 84 years. year 1770. Among the first settlers were
The Congregational society has a meet- Thomas Peck and John McNeal. This
ing house situated in a village near the town was organized March 11, 1777, and
eentre of the township. There has been Charles Brewster was the first town clerk.
a Baptist church organized here, but it is On the 17th of February of this year the
small. This township is watered by Om- inhabitants of Tinmouth had a -neeting
pompanoosuc river, which runs through and "voted not to raise money towards
it in a southeasterly direction, and by a paying Seth Warner's regiment."  Soon
large branch, which rises in Strafford and after, the following oath of allegiance was
unites with the Ompompanoosuc in the imposed upon the freemen of this town.
south part of the township. Both these " You each of you swear, by the living
streams afford fine mill privileges. About God, that you believe for yourselves, that
half of Fairlee lake lies in the north part the King of Great Britain hath not any
of the township, and there are several right to command, or authority in or over
smaller ponds. One of these covers about the States of America, and thatyou do
nine acres, and is situated in the eastern not hold yourselves bound to yield any
part, about four rods from the west bank allegiance or obedience to him within the
of Connecticut river, which is in this same, and that you will, to the utmost of
place more than 100 feet above the level
place more than 100 feet above the level your power, maintain and defend the freeof the river. It is fed by no stream, nor dom, independence and privileges of the
is there any stream issuing from it. It is United States of America, against all
* Allusion is here made to the Governor of Con 
wecticut,                             swhatsoever; so help youl God."  The




172                  GAZETTEER OP VERMONT.                         PART III.
TINMOUTH.                          TOPSHAM.                      TOWNS HEND.
Congregational church, which was for sugar, lbs. 19,555; wool, 10,759. Popumany years the only church in town, was lation, 781.
organized in 1780, and has had the fol-   TOMLINSON. Name altered to Grafton,
lowing settled ministers: the Rev. Benj. October 31, 1791. See Grafton.
Osborn from Sept. 25, 1780, to Oct. 11,   TOPSHAM, a post town in the north
1787; Rev. William Boies from Feb. 26, part of Orange county, is in lat. 440 8'
1804, to July 15, 1818; Rev. Stephen and long. 40 45', and is bounded north by
Martindale from Jan. 6, 1819, to Feb. 6, Groton, east by Newbury, south by Cor1832, and the Rev. Rufus C. Clapp, the intl, and west by Orange. It lies 19
present minister, since Sept. 18, 1839. miles southeast from Montpelier, and 47
Between 1832 and 1839 the Rev. Stephen north from Windsor. It was chartered
Williams labored here more than 4 years. June 17, 1763. The settlement was comThis church consists at present of 57 menced about the year 1781, by Thomas
members. An Episcopal church, by the Chamberlain, Thomas McKeith and Samname of St. Stephen's Church, is organ- uel Farnum. In 1783 they were joined
ized here, and now consists of 16 mem- by Robert Mann, Samuel Thompson and
bers, but has no settled minister. There John Crown. and, in 1784, by Lemuel
are some Methodists here, who have Tabor. The first settlers were generally
preaching a part of the time. There is no from New  Hampshire.  Lemuel Tabor
meeting house excepting that belonging built the first saw mill here in 1784, and
to the Congregationalists, which is a neat, the first grist mill in 1787. The town was
convenient building, erected in 1836. organized March 15, 1790, and Lemuel
The situation of the town is elevated and Tabor was the first town clerk, which ofhealthy.  Mrs. Abigail Carpenter died fice he held 33 out of the 34 succeeding
here in Jan., 1817, aged 100 years and 6 years. It was first represented in the
months. The Hon. Thomas Porter lived general assembly, in 1801, by William
here from 1779 to about 1832, and died at Thompson. The religious denominations
Granville, N. Y., in May, 1833, aged 99 are Congregationalists, Freewill Baptists,
years and 3 months. Mrs. Rossetter and Baptists, Universalists and Methodists.
Mrs. Dean died here in 1820, aged about The Rev. Stillman Morgan is minister of
98, and the Hon. Nath'l Chipman is still the Congregational church, Elders Williving here at the age of 90. The epi- liam and Eber Sanborn of the Baptist, and
demic of 1813 was very mortal. Furnace Elder A. Shipman of the Freewill Baptist.
brook, or Little West river, rises from a A town house, which has been occupied
small pond in the south part of the town- as a meeting house, was erected here in
ship, and runs nearly north through 1806. The township is watered princiClarendon, and unites with Otter creek pally by the head branches of Wait's rivin Rutland. A dam was formerly erected er, several of which are considerable mill
on this stream, near the north line of the streams. The surface is very uneven,
town, which caused the water to flow  and much of it stony.  The rocks are
back for the distance of three miles, and principally granite. The timber is maple,
the pond was, in some places, half a mile beech, birch, spruce and hemlock. There
in width. In this pond the fish multiplied are in town 17 school districts and school
and became remarkably numerous and houses, 7 saw, 2 fulling and 4 grist
large. About the year 1815, this dam  mills, I carding machine, 2 stores, and
was taken away, and the furnace, which 3 tanneries.  Statistics of 1840.-Hors.
stood upon it, was removed further up es, 350; cattle, 2,591; sheep, 6,111;
the stream near the centre of the town- swine, 1,457; wheat, bus. 5,576; barley,
ship, where it was in operation till 1837, 470; oats, 18,215; rye, 164; buckwheat,
when it ceased. Poultney river waters 487; Ind. corn, 5,653; potatoes, 63,179;
the western part. There are two ranges hay, tons, 4,294; sugar, lbs. 31,645;
of hills or mountains extending through wool, 8,961. Population, 1,745.
the township from south to north, one on   ToWNSHEND, a post town in the central
each side of Furnace brook.  Several part of Windham county, is in lat. 43~ 3'
quarries of fine marble have been opened, and long. 4~ 24', and is bounded north by
and iroqr ore is found in abundance in sev- Grafton and Athens, east by Athens and
eral places. The town contains 6 school Brookline, south by Newfane, and west
districts, besides forming parts of three by Windham, Jamaica and Wardsboro'.
more with adjoining towns, 3 saw mills, It lies 28 miles northeast from BenningI store, 1 tavern and 1 tannery. Statis- ton, and 12 northwesterly from Brattletics of 1840.-Horses, 179; cattle, 2,059; borough; and was chartered June 20,
sheep, 5,215; swine, 589; wheat, bush. 1753, containing, originally, about 23,000
1,441; oats, 7,555; rye, 3,363; Ind. corn, acres. In 1840 the town of Acton was
g,824; potatoes, 10,750; hay, tons, 3,187; annexed to it. The first settlement was




PART II1.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             173
TOWNSHEND.                       TROUT RIVER.                           TROY,
commenced in 1761, by Joseph Tyler, cinity, who were to hold themselves in
who was soon joined by John Hazletine, readiness to march at the beat of the
whose mother lived to the age of 104 drum. His whole company volunteered,
years, and others, from Upton, Ms. The and in 1777, they marched to Ticondefirst town meeting was onL the 30th of roga for the purpose of relieving the
May, 1771. Joseph Tyler was the first American army, which was there betown clerk. The religious denominations sieged. On this expedition, with 13 vol.
are Congregationalists, Baptists, Metho- unteers, he attacked a British detachment
dists and Universalists. The Rev. Mr. of 40 men, killed one and took seven prisDudley was the first settled minister. He oners, without sustaining any loss himwas ordained over the Congregational self. He soon after received a Major's
church June 26,1777, and dismissed about commission, and continued in the service
the year 1780. This church, having be- till after the capture of Burgoyne. After
come extinct, was reorganized in 1792, his return, he rose through the different
and then consisted of 15 members. The grades of office to that of Major General
ministers since that time have been the of militia, which office he held six years.
following: Rev. Luke Whitcomb from  He was several years member of the exAug. 30, 1815 to his death, Jan. 2, 1821; ecutive council, and, in 1788, was apRev. Philetus Clark from Nov. 21, 1821, pointed high sheriff of the county of
to July 6, 1824; Rev. James Kimball from  Windham, which office he held 18 years
Jan. 13, 1825, to Oct. 6, 1830; and Rev. successively, and he was three years a
Horatio N. Graves, the present minister, judge of the county court. He died Sepwho was settled Feb. 3, 1833. The pres- tember 15, 1814, aged about 70 years.
ent minister of the Baptist church is the The surface of this township is generally
Rev. Wmin. D. Upham, who has been set- uneven, and many of the hills are high
tled here 3 or 4 years. There are two and steep. West river runs through the
villages, whose post office designations township in a southeasterly direction. It
are Townshend and West Townshend. is a very rapid stream, and is about ten
The former is a flourishing village, con- rods in width. Along its banks are some
taining a Baptist and Congregational fine tracts of intervale. There are also
meeting house, the former built in 1838, several brooks, which afford good mill
the latter in 1790, 3 stores, a number of seats. The town contains 9 school dismechanics' shops, and about 40 dwelling tricts and school houses, 2 grist, I fulling
houses. The Leland Classical and Eng- and 4 saw mills, 4 stores, 2 taverns, 1 trip
lish School is located here. It is a flour- hammer, and 2 tanneries. Statistics of
ishing institution.  The building is of 1840.-Horses, 326; cattle, 2,669; sheep,
brick, 54 feet by 36, together with a large 8,890; swine, 1,055; wheat, bus. 2,025;
boarding house for the accommodation of barley, 116; oats, 8,936; rye, 1,823;
the pupils. In the west village is a meet- buckwheat, 898; Indian corn, 7,946; poing house, built in 1816, but no settled tatoes, 41,488; hay, tons, 4,178; sugar,
minister. There are now living in this lbs. 10,460; wool, 17,276.  Population,
township two persons who are between 1,515.
90 and 100 years of age.  Among the   TROUT RIVER, is formed in Montgomearly and distinguished inhabitants of this ery, by the union of south and east branch,
township may be mentioned the late Gen. the former rising in Avery's gore, and
Samuel Fletcher. He was born at Graf- the latter in Westfield. The junction is
ton, Mass., in 1745. At the age of 17 he formed about half a mile west of the cenenlisted as a soldier in the contest between tre of the town, from  which the river
the British and French colonies, in which takes a northwest course, and, after run.
service he continued one year. On his ning about four miles, passes through the
return he learned the trade of a black- northeast corner of Enosburgh, into Missmith, which he followed about four years, sisco river near the south line of Berkwhen he married a young lady with a shire. Trout river receives, in its course,
handsome property, and, resigning the a number of tributary streams, affords
sledge, removed to Townshend to wield several valuable mill privileges, and ferthe axe among the trees of the forest. In tilizes a handsome tract of intervale. The
1775 he joined the American standard at Rev. Mr. Gray, an Episcopalian clergyBunker's hill, with rank of orderly ser- man, was drowned in attempting to cross
geant.: He returned to Townshend in this river to attend a funeral, during a reJanuary following, where he was made markable freshet in the fall of 1822. He
a captain of militia. He was, at this time, was a man respected and beloved, and his
principal leader in the county convention, loss was much lamented.
and was ordered, as captain, to raise as   TROY, a post town in the north part of
many minute men as possible in his vi- Orleans county, is in lat. 44~ 55' and long.




174                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART Ill.
TROY.                                                             TUNBRIDGE.
4~ 36', and is bounded north by Potton, part of Orange county, is in lat. 430 54'
Can., east by Newport, south by Lowell, and long. 4` 32', and is bounded north by
and west by Westfield and Jay. It lies Chelsea, east by Strafford, south by Roy47 miles northeasterly from Montpelier. alton, and west by Randolph. It lies 30
This township is eleven miles and a half miles north from  Windsor, and 26 southlong from north to south. The length of east from Montpelier. It was chartered
the north line is nearly five miles, and Sept. 3, 1761, to Abraham Root, Obadiah
that of the south nearly two, and the Noble, and others, containing 23,040 atownship  contains about 23,000 acres. cres.  The settlement of the township
This township was granted in two sepa- was commenced about the year 1776, by
rate gores. The south part was charter- James Lyon, Moses Ordway and others,
ed to John Kelley, Oct. 13, 1792, and the emigrants from New-Hampshire. James
north half to Samuel Avery. The settle- Lyon, jr., was born January 25, 1780, and
ment was commenced about the year 1800, was the first child born in town. The
by emigrants from  different towns on Indians passed through the township, at
Connecticut river. During the late war the time they visited Royalton, and took
with Great Britain, most of the inhabi- one or two prisoners here. The town
tants left the town. A part of them, how- was organized in MYarch, 1786, and A.
ever, returned after the war, and the set- Stedmanwasfirsttown clerk. The town
tlement has since advanced with consid- was first represented in 1787, by Seth
erable rapidity. The town was organized Austin, who was also the first captain of
March 30, 1802, and was then called Mis- militia and the first justice of the peace.
sisco. Curtis Elkins was the first town About this time the ingress of inhabitants
clerk. This township is well watered by was so great that grain could not be proMissisco river, which runs through it cured for their support, and they were renear the western border from  south to duced almost to a state of starvation.
north, and by several of its tributaries. Since that time the inhabitants have been
The falls, on the Missisco, in the north generally  blessed  with a competency.
part, are a considerable curiosity. Here The religious denominations are Congrethe river precipitates itself down a ledge gationalists, Freewill Baptists, Methoof rocks about 70 feet. these falls and dists and Universalists. The first settled
the deep still water below, present agrand minister was the Rev. David H. Willisand interesting spectacle, when viewed ton. He was ordained over the Congrefrom a rock, which projects over them, gational church, June 26, 1793, and dis120 feet in perpendicular height.  The missed in 1802. The Rev. Jacob Allen
soil is in general a strong loam, suitable September, 1813, and dismissed in 1821.
for grass and most kinds of grain. The The Rev. Joseph Thatcher, the present
surface is generally level, and along the minister was settled in April 1838. The
river are tracts ofintervale of considerable Congregational church was organized
extent and fertility. The principal rocks Feb. 5, 1792. In 1836 and 7 the society
are chlorite and mica slate, serpentine, built a new meeting house, which was
limestone and steatite. About 10 years dedicated June 14, 1837. April 19, 1838,
ago an immense mass of iron ore of an this building was consumed by fire. A
excellent quality was discovered in this new  house was, however, immediately
town a short distance to the eastward of erected  which was dedicated July 25,
Missisco river. A furnace and forge have 1839. This church consists of 52 membeen erected, which  produce annually bers. The Methodists have a good brick
about 400 tons of cast iron, and several meeting house at the lower village, built
tons of wrought iron. The quantity of in 1833. The Freewill Baptists have
ore is inexhaustible. The timber is most- one in the easterly part of the town built
ly maple, birch, beech, spruce and hem- in 1808. Their minister is the Rev. Geo.
lock, with some pine. There are here 3 Hacket. A union house was finished at
post offices, denominated Troy, North the upper village in 1840. The meeting
Troy, and Troy Furnace, around each of house near the centre was built in 1797,
which is a small village. The town con- and is now  principally used as a town
tains 8 schools, 4 saw, 3 grist and 2 ful- house. There are three small villages
ling mills, 4 stores. Statistics of 1840. —  situated on the first branch of White rivHorses, 195; cattle, 1,066; sheep, 2,995 er, called the Centre, the Upper and Lowswine, 632; wheat, bus. 923; barley, 132; er village, of which the Centre is largest,
oats, 6,592; rye, 511; buckwheat, 1,336; containing 1 meeting house, 2 stores, 1
Ind. corn, 1,886; potatoes, 30,880; hay, tavern, 1 grist, 1 saw and I fulling mill,
tons, 2,192; sugar, lbs. 19,066; wool, 5,- trip hammer &c., also 1 clergyman, 1 at944. Population, 816.                  torney and 1 physician. Among the inTUNBRIDGE, a post town in the south stances of longevity may be mentioned




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                               175
UNDERHILL.                                                          VERGENNES.
that of Daniel Hunt, who died here aged portion of the township is very uneven.
100 years, Daniel Hopkins, who died here The timber is principally hard wood, in,
in 1818, aged 100 years, and Mrs. Mary terspersed with spruce and hemlock. The
White, who died in 1822, aged 95 years. streams are all small. The most imporThis town has never experienced any re- tant are the head branches of Brown's
markable season of mortality.  The town- river, which rise in the south part. The
ship is watered by the first branch of town contains 8 school districts and school
White river, which runs through it from  houses, 10 saw mills, 2 stores and 1 tavern.
north to south, near the centre. There Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 174; cattle,
are, on this stream, several very good 1,089; sheep, 3,361; swine, 461; wheat, bu.
mill seats, which are already occupied. 1,186; oats, 2,936; rye, 50; buckwheat,
The soil is generally a deep, rich loam, 310; Ind. corn, 1,954; potatoes, 30,375;
and along the branch is some intervale. hay, tons, 1,556; sugar, lbs. 30,827;
The surface of the township is uneven, wool, 8,010. Population, 1,441.
broken, and the elevations are abrupt.   UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.  See part
There is a medicinal spring in the wes- second, page 144.
tern part of the township, the waters of   VERGENNES, the  only city in Verwhich are impregnated with sulphuretted mont, is situated in lat. 44~. 10', and long.
hydrogen. They have been considerably 30 43, and is bounded north and east by
resorted to by persons afflicted with cuta- Ferrisburgh, south by Waltham, and west
neous complaints, and have been found by Panton and Ferrisburgh. It lies at
beneficial. There are in town 5 meeting the head of navigation on Otter creek
houses, 19 school districts, 2 grist 10 saw  and was incorporated with city privileges
and 3 fulling mills, 2 carding machines, October 23, 1783, being 480 by 400 rods
4 stores, 1 tavern, 2 tanneries, I woollen in extent. The first meeting under its
factory, besides the usual mechanics. charter was held March 12, 1789, and
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 376; cattle, Samuel Chipman, jun. Esq. was first
2,185; sheep, 8,890; swine, 1,345; wheat, clerk. Its first Mayor was Enoch Woodbus. 3,310; barley, 175; oats, 13,305; bridge, Esq. who was afterwards chief
rye, 655; buckwheat, 1,415; Indian corn, judge of the Supreme Court. He was
7,620; potatoes, 67,705; hay, tons, 3,430; chosen July 1, 1794, and the same year
sugar, lbs. 31,670; wool, 13,905. Popu- represented Vergennes in the  General
lation, 1,811.                          Assembly. In 1798, a large building was
TURN ERSBURGH. See Chelsea.           erected here for a state house, which has
TYsoN FURNACE.  See Plymouth.         since been taken down. The first settleUNDERHILL, a post town in the north- ment within the present limits of Vereastern part of Chittenden county, is in
lat. 440 33' and long. 40 7', and is bound-      Ground plan of Vergennes.
ed- northerly by Cambridge, easterly by
Mansfield, southerly by Jericho, and westerly by Westford. It lies 15 miles northeast from Burlington, and 26 northwest
from Montpelier. It was chartered June
8, 1763, to Joseph Sacket and others,
containing 23,040 acres.  In 1839 the
western part of Mansfield was annexed to
it. The settlement of the township was
commenced about the year 1786, the first
surveys having been made in 1785. The
town was organized March 9, 1795, and:: ~              m
William Barney was the first town clerk,
and also the first representative, chosen
the same year. The religious denominations are Congregationalists and Methodists. The Congregational church was
organized in December, 1802. And they,                     I
in 1804, settled the Rev. James Parker,
who was dismissed in 1812. The Rev.
N. B. Dodge was settled in 1814, and dismissed in 1820. His successors have been
the Rev. Messrs. Robinson, P. Kingsley,
and John Adams.  The latter is their  a Episcopal church and Methodist chapel. e Conpresent minister.  They have 2 meet- gregational church. p Mills. q Champlain Arsenal.
ing houses.  The surface  of a large c Iron Foundries.




176                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
VERGENNES.                                                            VERNON,
gennes, was made in 1766, by Donald render the navigation difficult with the
M'Intosh, a native of Scotland, who was most favorable wind, To obviate this in,
in the battle of Culloden. He came to convenience it was contemplated to conthis country with Gen. Wolfe's army du- struct a tow  path along the bank of the
ring the French war, and died July 14 creek, by which the navigation might be
1803, aged 84 years. The emigrants, who greatly facilitated. The shore of this creek
subsequently  located themselves here, is very bold, and vessels of 300 tons
were principally  from  Massachusetts, burthen may receive and discharge their
Connecticut and the south parts of this cargoes at almost any spot with the assisstate. The Congregational church. was tance of ten feet plank. The flotilla,
formed Sept. 17, 1793. The Rev. Dan- commanded by the brave M'Donough,
iel C. Sanders was settled over it from  which captured the British fleet in PlattsJune 12, 1794 to August 24, 1799; the burgh bay, on the llth of September,1814,
Rev. John Hough from  March 12, 1807 was fitted up at this place. A United
to August 28, 1812; the Rev. Alexander States Arsenal was erected here in 1828.
Lovell from  Oct. 22, 1817 to Nov. 10, (See part second, pagre 128.)  There is no
1835, and the Rev. Harvey F. Leavitt, place in the state which affords greater
the present minister, was settled August facilities for ship building. Vergennes is
31, 1836. This society built a neat and surrounded by a rich, fertile country.
commodious house of worship in 1834 Its trade has always been considerable,
which was dedicated Dec. 23 of that year. and is gradually increasing. There are
An Episcopal society was organized here regular lines of canal and steam-boats bein 1811, which was under the care of the tween this place and New York, and also
Rev. Parker Adams for 2 or 3 years, but, between here and Buffalo, through the
having become nearly extinct, it was re- western canal. The city contains three
organized in January,1832,by the name of houses for public worship, 6 attorneys, 3
St. Paul's Church. The society shortly physicians, 1 bank, 14 dry goods, grocery
after erected a neat church edifice, which and apothecary stores, 1 book store, 2
was consecrated Jan. 18, 1835.  The iron foundries, 2 flour mills, 2 saw mills,
Rev. Charles Fay  became rector of this 2 clothiers' works and 3 tanneries. Stachurch in 1833 and continued about three tistics of 1840.-Horses, 96; cattle, 388;
years, since which they have had the sheep, 3,683; swine, 246; wheat, bus.
services successively of the Rev. Messrs. 150; oats, 1,330; buckwheat, 50; Indian
A. T. Twing, A. K. Putnam, Z. Thomp- corn, 1,453; potatoes, 3,420; hay, tons,
son, N. W. Monroe and Mr. Greenleaf. 1,284; wool, lbs. 9,900. Population, 1017.
Rev. H. M. Davis is the present minister.   VERNON, a small post town in WindThere is a respectable Methodist society ham  county, situated in the southeast
here which has erected a neat house corner of the state, is in lat. 42~ 46' and
of worship the present year, (1842.) long. 4~ 28', and is bounded north by
Vergennes has always  been healthy, Brattleborough, east by Connecticut rivhaving suffered as little as almost any er, which separates it from Hinsdale, N.
place of its size in the state, by sick- H., south by Northfield, Mass., and west
ness. Otter -creek passes through this by Guilford. It lies 35 miles nearly east
city, and at the falls here are some of from  Bennington, and 50 south from
the finest stands for mills in the country. Windsor. This township constituted a
At the head of the falls the stream is di- part of Hinsdale, N. H., which was charvided by two small islands into three chan- tered September 5, 1753, till Vermont
uels, forming three distinct sets of falls became a separate state. It then became
of 37 feet. On these falls a very large the township of Hinsdale in Vermont,
amount of machinery was put in opera- which name was altered to Vernon, in
tion during the non-intercourse and war 1802. This was one of the first settled
with Great Britain, which consisted of townships in the state, but the precise
one blast furnace, one air furnace, eight time of its commencement is not known.
forges, one rolling mill, one wire factory, The earliest inhabitants were emigrants
besides grist, saw, and fulling mills, &c. from Northampton and Northfield, Mass.
During the war 177 tons of cannon shot The inhabitants of this township encounwere cast here for government. In June, tered all the dangers and solicitudes of
1816, most of the iron works were sus- Indian wars, and struggled with all those
pended and have since, only in part, been difficulties and hardships which are inciresumed. The creek is navigable to the dent to frontier settlements. Fort Durnfoot of the falls here, a distance of seven mer in Brattleborough, Hinsdale's fort in
miles, for the largest vessels on the lake. Hinsdale, and Bridgeman's fort in this
Its width varies from 14 to 20 rods. The township, were all insufficient to shield
channel is so crooked in many places as to the inhabitants from the incursions of the




PART III.        GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            177
VERNON.                           VERSHIRE.                          VICTORY.
Indians. On the 24th of June, 1746, a some growth of oak and chestnut has
a party of 20 Indians came to Bridgeman's sprung up. Between the meadows and
fort, attacked a number of men who were the hills is a considerable tract of pitch
at work in a meadow, killed Wm. Rob- pine plain, which produces good crops of
bins and James Parker, wounded M. Gil- rye, when cultivated. The town contains
son and Patrick Roy, and made prisoners 8 school districts, 2 grist mills, 4 saw
of Dan'l Howe and John Beeman. Howe mills, 1 tavern, and 1 store. Satistics of
killed one of the Indians before he was 1840.-Horses, 98; cattle, 686; sheep,
taken. In 17,47, they burnt Bridgeman's 1,095; swine, 430; wheat, bus. 127; barfort, killed several persons and made oth- ley, 12; oats, 10,210; rye, 2,967; buckers prisoners. On the 27thof July, 1755, wheat, 280; Ind. corn, 8,910; potatoes,
the Indians ambushed Caleb Howe, Hil- 7,955; hay, tons, 970; sugar, lbs. 300;
kiah Grout and Benjamin Gaffield, as wool, 1,965. Population, 705.
they were returning from  their labor in    VERSHIRE, a township ini the central
the field, and then proceeded to Bridge- part of Orange county, is in lat. 43' 57',
man's fort, where they made prisoners of and long. 4~ 41', and is bounded north by
Mrs. Howe, Grout and Gaffield, with Corinth, east by West Fairlee, south by
their children.' Startwell's fort was built Strafford, and west by Chelsea. It lies
here in 1740, and is now standing in the 25 miles southeast from Montpelier, and
north part of the town, and has been till 35 north from Windsor. It was granted
recently occupied as a dwelling house. It Nov. 7, 1780, and chartered Aug. 3, 1781,
is probably the oldest house now standing to Abner Sealy and others, containing
in the state.  The records of the town 21,961 acres. The settlement was comwere accidentally burnt in 1797, and menced in the year 1780. The town was
therefore the time of its organization can- organized in 1783. Andrew Peters was
not be ascertained. It was, however, be- first town clerk and Ebenezer West was
fore the revolution.  The Hon. John first representative.  The religious deBridgeman, who has subsequently been, nominations are Congregationalists, Bapmany years, a judge in this county, was tists, Freewill Baptists, and Methodists.
the first town clerk, and the Hon. Jona- The Rev. Stephen Fuller, Congregationthan Hunt, who was afterwards Lieut. alist, and Rev. Ebenezer West, Baptist,
Governor of the state, was the first rep- were the first settled ministers. There
resentative. He died June 1, 18-23, aged are 3meetinghouses, inthetownship, Con85. The Baptists are the most numerous gregational, Baptist and Freewill Bapreligious sect.  A  meeting house was tist. It is watered by the head branch.
erected herein 1802. Elder David New- es of Ompompanoosuc  river, which are
man, a Baptist, has officiated a number of here small. The surface is very uneven,
years. The Rev. Bunker Gay, a Con- and in some parts stony. There are 12
gregationalist, was ordained over this school districts, 1 grist mill, 4 saw mills,
town and Hinsdale, N. H., in 1764, and 2 stores, and 1 tavern. Statistics of 1840.
dismissed in 1802. The epidemic of 1813 -Horses, 269; cattle, 1,928; sheep, 7,was very distressing in this town. About 617; swine, 936; wheat, bus. 6,303; oats,
one fifth of the inhabitants were afflicted 65,960; rye, 11; buckwheat, 197; Ind.
with it, and about one thirtieth part died. corn, 3,533; potatoes, 65,915; hay, tons,
There were 21 deaths, mostly of children  3,940; sugar, lbs. 35,375; wool, 14,194.
and youth, in the course of a few weeks, Population, 1,998.
and four died in the space of 24 hours.    VICTORY, an unorganized town in
Doet. Cyrus Washburn was the first, and the southwest part of Essex county, is in
has ever since been the only regular phy- lat. 440 32' and long. 50 5', and is boundsician in town. He has been in success- ed northwesterly by Burke and a part of
ful practice here about 40 years. The Kirby, northeasterly by Granby and a
streams in this township are all small. part of East Haven, southeast by LunenWhite lily pond covers about 100 acres. burgh and Concord, and southwest by
A large proportion of the surface of the Bradleyvale. It was granted November
township is mountainous, and the soil is 6, 1780, and chartered Sept. 6, 1781, to
dry, stony and thin, except some small Ebenezer Fisk and others, containing 23,tracts of intervale along Connecticut riv- 040 acres. It is watered by Moose river,
er, which are very fertile. In the western which runs through it from northeast to
part are some quarries of excellent slate. southwest. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
The original growth of timber, on the 17; cattle, 87; sheep, 102; swine, 55;
mountains, has long  since been  de- wheat, bus. 200; barley, 72; oats, 160;
stroyed by fires, and a young and hand- rye, 30; buckwheat, 130; Ind. corn, 50;
potatoes, 2,610; hay, tons, 123; sugar,
See'Part 2d, p. 68; also Gay's Narrative.  lbs, 2,450; wool, 192. Population, 140.
PT. ill.      23




178                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART II1.
WAITSFIELD.                                                     WAITSFIELD.
VINEYARD. See Isle La Motte.        sheriff of the county of Windsor. HavVIRGIN HALL. See Alikens' Gore.      ing made a large purchase here, he reWAITSFIELD, a post town in the south- moved his family to this township in 1789.
western part of Washington county, is in Here he lived to behold the wilderness
lat. 44o 11' and long. 4Q 15', and is boun- converted into fruitful fields, in the ended north by Moretown, east by North- joyment of competence, and died in 1822,
field, south by Warren, and west by Fays- aged 86 years. The religious denominaton. It lies 11 miles southwest from  tions are Congregationalists, Methodists,
Montpelier, and 30 southeast from  Bur- Universalists, and Baptists. The Conlington. It was chartered Feb. 25, 1782, gregational church was organized June
to Roger Enos, Benjamin Wait, and oth- 26, 1796, over which the Rev. Wm. Saers, containing by charter 23,030 acres, lisbury was settled Oct. 7, 1801. He was
but by survey in 1788, 23,850. Nov. 7, dismissed Jan. 4, 1809. The Rev. Ama1822, four tier of lots from the east side riah Chandler was settled Feb. 7, 1810,
of the township, were annexed to North- and dismissed Feb. 3, 1830; the Rev.
field. The settlement of this township Samuel G. Tenney was settled July 8,
was commenced in 1789, by Gen. Benja- 1835, and dismissed July 5,1837; and the
min Wait.  The town was organized Rev. Preston Taylor, the present minisMarch 25, 1794, and Moses Heaton was ter, was settled Jan. 23, 1839. The other
first town clerk.  The first freemen's societies have had no settled ministers.
meeting was holden in Sept., 1795, when There are three houses for public worGen. Wait was chosen to represent the ship: the Congregational, built in 1807,
town in General Assembly. Thenumber the Methodist, in 1833, and the union
of legal voters in town was,at this time, 27. house, in 1836,-the two former of wood,
Gen. Wait, the first inhabitant of this the latter of brick. The town is settled
town, was born at Sudbury, Mass., Feb. with industrious, enterprising, and gen13, 1737. He possessed a firm and vig- erally flourishing farmers. The soil is
orous constitution, and early manifested diversified, but generally a mellow loam,
a disposition and talent for military en- deep and of excellent quality, producing
terprise. At the age of 18 he entered the grassin the greatest abundance. Wheat,
service of his country, under the brave rye, barley, oats, corn, &c., are raised in
Gen. Amherst. In 1756 he was taken by such quantities as amply to reward the
the French, carried to Quebec, and from  hand of industry.  Mad river passes
thence sent to France as a prisoner. On through the town near the western bounthe coast of France he was retaken dary, in a direction from  southwest to
by the British and carried to England. northeast, and falls into Winooski river
In the spring of 1757, he returned to in Moretown, 7 miles below Montpelier.
America, and in 1758 assisted at the cap- It receives here Mill brook and Shepture of Louisburgh.  During the two herd's brook from  the west, and Fay's
succeeding years he aided in the reduc- brook and Pine brook from the east, all of
tion of Canada. After the submission of which are sufficient for mills. Along this
Canada, he was sent, by the commandant river the intervales are extensive, and,
at DetrOit, to Illinois, to bring in the together with the adjacent uplands, make
French garrisons included in the capitu- many excellent farms. The high lands,
lation. He left Detroit Dec. 10, and re- too, are of a good quality, and there can
turned on the first of March following, hardly be said to be a poor farm in town.
having performed this difficult service A range of high lands runs through the
with singular perseverance and success. eastern part of the town, the chief sumAt 25 years of age he had been engaged mit of which is called Bald mountain.
in 40 battles and skirmishes; and his Timber and animals such as are common
clothes were several times perforated with in towns in the central part of the state.
musket balls, but he never received a Clay of a good quality, iron ore and rock
wound. In 1767, he removed to Wind- crystals are found. There are in town 9
sor, in this state, and constituted the third school districts, 8 school houses, 2 stores,
family in that township. He acted a de- 2 tanneries, 1 grist, 1 shingle, and 7 saw
cided and conspicuous part in favor of mills, 1 carding machine, and clothiers'
Vermont, in the controversy with New  works, and several mechanics' shops.
York. In 1776, he entered the service of Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 238; cattle,
the United States as captain, and fought 1,372; sheep, 7,400; swine,l,022; wheat,
under the banners of Washington till the bus. 1,615; barley, 81; oats, 9,104; rye,
close of the war, during which time he 222; buckwheat, 1,136; Ind. corn, 3,had been raised to the rank of Colonel. 559; potatoes, 47,315; hay, tons, 2,256;
After this, he was made a Brigadier Gen- sugar, lbs. 30,495; wool, 17,499. Popueral of militia, and was seven years high lation, 1,048.




P ART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                           179
WAIT'S RIVER.                    WALDEN.                       WALLINGFORD.
WAIT'S RIVER. The main branch of and ahead branch of Winooski river origithis river rises in Harris' gore, and runs nates in the southwestern part. There
southeasterly along the west line of Tops- are two considerable ponds, viz. Cole's
ham. Another branch, called Jailbranch, pond, in the northeastern, and Lyfords
rises in Washington, and running north- pond, and a part of Joe's pond, in the
easterly, joins the main branch in the southern part. The northwestern part
southwest part of Topsham.  Another has a handsome surface, and the soil genstream  rises from  several heads in the erally is a rich deep loam and produces
north part of Topsham, and, running good crops.  The rocks are generally
southerly unites with the main stream  slate and granite. A few years ago a
near the northeast corner of Corinth. stone mortar was found here, supposed to
Another stream, called the south branch, have been made by the Indians. The
rises near the middle of Washington, and town has generally been healthy, The
pursuing a southeasterly course, joins the typhus fever in 1818, and the dysentery in
river at Bradford. Wait's river and all 1820, produced considerable mortality.
its branches are lively streams, and afford Mrs. George lived here to the age of 100
a number of very good mill privileges. years, and Mrs. Plummer to the age of 95y.
In Bradford, where this river is crossed 5m. 17 d. James Bell, Esq., a self taught
by the main road leading up the Connec- lawyer, who has risen to considerable emticut, is a fall which furnishes a number inence in his profession, resides here. Not
of fine mill seats. This river is said to less than 40,000 sap and butter tubs are
have derived its name from a Capt. Wait, manufactured in this town annually.belonging to Major Rogers' Rangers, who There are here 12 school districts, 2 stores,
killed a deer near its mouth, on the re- I1 grist and 8 saw mills. Statistics of 1840.
turn from St. Francis in 1759, which was -Horses, 204; cattle, 1,575; sheep, 3,009;
probably the means of saving the lives of swine, 769; wheat, bus. 2,812; barley,
several of that famishing party. See part 762; oats, 11,203; Ind. corn, 486, pota2d, p. 14.                            toes, 38,833; hay, tons, 3,466; sugar, lbs.
WAIDEN, a post town six miles square 40,370; wool, 4,226. Population, 913.
in the western part of Caledonia county,  WALLINGFORD, a post town in the southis in lat. 440 28', and long. 4Q 45', and is eastern part of Rutland county, is in lat.
bounded northerly by Goshen gore, eas- 430 27' and long. 4~ 8', and is bounded
terly by Danville, southerly by Cabot, north by Clarendon, eastby Mount Holly,
and westerly by Hardwick. It lies 22 south by Mount Tabor, and west by Tinmiles northeastfrom Montpelier,was gran- mouth. It lies 42 miles northeasterly from
ted November 6, 1780 and chartered to Bennington, and 10 miles south from RutMoses Robinson, Esq. and others August land. It was chartered November 27th,
18, 1781. Nathaniel Perkins Esq. moved 1761, and contained by charter 23,040
his family into this township in January acres. The settlement was commenced
1789, and his was for three years the on- in 1773 by Abraham Jackson and family.
ly family in town. He has always lived The early settlers were mostly emigrants
upon the same farm, and is now 89 years from Connecticut. The town was organof age. Nathan Barker, Esq. was the sec- ized March 10, 1778. Abraham Jackson
ond settler. Jesse, son of N. Perkins was was first town clerk, and also first reprethe first child born here. The settlement sentative. The Baptist church was the
was commenced on the Hazen road, at a first organized in town, and Elder Henry
place where there was a block house erec- Green was the first settled minister. Elted during the revolutionary war. The der Saunders is the present minister. The
town was organized March 24, 1794. N. Congregational church was organized aPerkins was first town clerk and first rep- bout 1802, when they settled the Rev.
resentative.  The religious societies are Benj. Osborn, who continued till his death
the Methodist, the Universalist, Baptist in 1818. His successors have been Rev.
and Freewill Baptist. The first was or- Eli Meeker, from 1818 to 1819, Rev. Eli
ganized in 1810, the second in 1829, and S. Hunter, from 1820 to 1825, and Rev.
the last in 1837. There is a union meet- Stephen Martindale, the present minister,
ing house, built in 1826, but no settled who was settled in Feb. 1832. Besides
minister. This township lies between the above there are here societies of
the head waters of Winooski and Lamoille Episcopal Methodists and Protestant Meriver, and contains no large streams. The thodists. The township is watered by Otmost considerable is Joe's brook, which ter creek, which runs through it from
originates in Cole's pond, runs southeas- south to north, by Mill river in the northterly into Joe's pond, and thence easter- eastern part, and by a number of brooks,
ly into Passumpsic river. The river La- all which afford convenient sites for mills.
moille touches upon the northwest corner, Lake Hiram, sometimes called Spectacle




180                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART 1III
WALLOOMSCOIK RIVER. WALTHAM.-WANTASTICOOK RIVER.             WARDSBOROUGH.
pond, lies on the mountain in the south- It was set off from New Haven, and ineast part of the township, and covers about corporated in 1796, and was named Wal350 acres. A mile and a half southwest tham  by Mr. Phinehas Brown of this
of lake Hiram  is a pond, covering about town, who emigrated from Waltham, Ms.
50 acres, and west of Otter creek, opposite It was organized immediately after, and
the village, is one covering about 100 Andrew Barton was the first town clerk.
acres. The eastern part of the township The settlement of this township was comlies on the Green Mlountains, and the menced just before the beginning of the
highest ridge here is called the White revolutionary war, by a family of GrisRocks. The soil neat Otter creek is of a wolds and others from Connecticut. Dursuperior quality. In other parts it is good, ing the war a Mr. Griswold of this town
and produces excellent grass. A range of was taken by the Indians, and carried a
primitive limestone passes through the prisoner to Canada, where he was detainwest part of the township, in which have ed about three years, and the settlement
been opened several quarries of excellent here was broken up. At the close of the
marble. Green Hill, situated near the war the settlement was recommenced by
centre, is composed almost entirely of Messrs. Griswold, Brown, Cook and othquartz. A part of the range called White ers, and advanced with considerable raRocks appears to be granite, and the rest pidity. The religious denominations are
quartz. Further east the rocks are prin- Congregationalists and Baptists; but no
cipally granite. At the foot of the White meeting-house or settled minister. Otter
Rocks are large cavities formed by the creek washes the western border, but
fallen rocks, called the icc beds, in which there are no mill privileges in town.
ice is found in abundance through the Buck mountain lies near the centre of the
summer season. The principal village in township, and is the highest land in the
this town is situated near Otter creek, in county west of the Green Mountains. It
the north part, about a mile from Claren- commands a very extensive and beautiful
don line. It is a very flourishing village, prospect. The soil is generally good, and
containing a number of stores, mechanics' alone the creek are some fine tracts of
shops, &c., and is built principally upon intervale. The timber is pine, oak, maone street, running north and south. The ple, beech, birch, walnut, butternut, ash,
town contains, besides houses for public and hemlock. The town is divided into
worship, twelve school districts and school four school districts. Statistics of 1840.
houses, two grist mills, eight saw mills, Horses, 78; cattle, 662; sheep, 4,934;
six stores, one tavern, and two tanneries. swine, 266; wheat, bus. 346; oats, 1.,187;
Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 301; cattle, rye, 100; buckwheat, 41; Indian corn,
2,297; sheep, 6,322; swine, 679; wheat, 1,910; potatoes, 7,600; hay, tons, 1,730;
bu. 2,614; oats, 6,829; rye, 320; buck- wool, 12,652. Population, 283.
wheat, 193; Ind. corn, 7,384; potatoes,   WANTASTICOOK RIVER, written also
38,775; hay, tons, 5,216; sugar, lbs. 17,- Wantastiqueg and Wantastiquet, but now
715; wool, 14,560. Population, 1,608.   more commonly called West river, rises
WALLOOMSCOIK RIVER is a small stream  in Weston, and runs south into Londonwhich is formed in Bennington by the derry. Near the south line of this towns
union of several branches which rise in ship it receives Winhall river from WinGlastenbury, Woodford, and Pownal. It hall. It then takes a southeasterly course
takesa northwestern direction, leaves the through Jamaica, Townshend, Newfane
state near the northwest corner of Ben- and Dummerston, and unites with Connington, and unites with Hoosic river, necticut river in the northeast part of
nearly on the line between Washington Brattleborough. In Jamaica, it receives
and Rensalaer counties, N. Y. Between from  the west Bald Mountain branch,
this stream and Hoosic river was fought which rises in Stratton, and another large
the Bennington battle. On the Walloom- branch from Wardsborough, and from the
scoik and its branches are many good mill east, Meadow  branch, which rises in
privileges and some fine meadows. (Part Windham. In Newfane it receives South
second, page 20.)                      branch and Smith's branch. This stream
WALTHAM, a township in the central affords but few mill privileges, but there
part of Addison county, is in lat. 44~ 8' are a great number on its branches.
and long. 3~ 41'. and is bounded north by Along its banks are some fine tracts of
Ferrisburgh, east and south by New Ha- intervale. This river receives the waters
ven, and west by a part of Vergennes and from about 440 square miles.
Otter creek, which separates it from Pan-   WARDSBOROUGH, a post town in the
ton. It lies 24 miles south from Burling- western part of Windham county, is in
ton, and 9 northwest from Middlebury. lat. 420 59' and long. 40 11', and is boundThis township is about three miles square. ed north by Jamaica, east by Newfane




PART 1I1.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            181
WARNER'S GORE.              WARREN.-WARREN GORE.                WASHINGTON
and Townshend, south by Dover, and corn, 2,487; potatoes, 35,538; hay, tons,
west by Stratton and Somerset. It lies 2,833; sugar, lbs. 15,810; wool, 5,442.
20 miles northeast from Bennington and Population, 1,102.
15 northwest from  Brattleborough.  It   WARNER'S GORE, a tract of 2.000 acres
was granted November 7, 1780, and char- of land, lying the northwestern part of
tered to William Ward, of Newfane, and Essex county, is bounded north by Norothers, the same day. In 1788 this town- ton, east by Warren's gore, soath by
ship was divided into two districts, called Morgan, and west by Holland. It was
the North and South districts. In 1810 granted October 20, 1787. It contains no
the two districts were incorporated into streams of consequence, and is unintwo separate and distinct towns: the habited.
northern by the name of Wardsborough,   WARREN, a post town in the southeast
and the southern by the name of Dover. part of Washington county, is in lat. 44o
The settlement of Wardshorough was 6' and long. 4~ 11', and is bounded northcommenced in June, 1780, by John Jones, erly by Waitsfield and a part of Fayston,
Ithamer Allen and others, from Milford easterly by Roxbury, southerly by Granand Sturbridge, Mass. The town was ville, and westerly by Lincoln.;It lies
organized March 14, 1786, and Aaron 31 miles southeast frum Burlington, and
Hudson was the first town clerk. He was 16 southwest from Montpelier. 1It was
also the first representative, chosen the chartered October 20, 1789, to the Hon.
next year. The religious denominations John Throop and others, containing 16,are Congregationalists, Baptists, Metho- 660 acres. The settlement of this towndists and Universalists. The Congrega- ship was commenced about the year 1797,
tional church was organized May 1,1793, by Samuel Lard and Seth Leavitt. The
over which the Rev. James Tufts was or- town was organized soon after, and S.
dained November 4, 1795. The Rev. E. Lard was chosen town clerk. Thomas
G. Bradford was settled as his assistant, Jerrells was the first representative. The
Oct. 5, 1836. Their meeting-house is in religious denominations are Congregathe centre of the town, and was erected tionalists, Methodists and Baptists. Mad
in 1796. The Baptist church was formed river rises in Avery's gore, and runs
about the year 1793, and has a meeting- through this township in a northerly dihouse in the north part of the town, built rection into WVaitsfield, affording atinumin 1795. Elder Stephen Choate was or- ber of good mill privileges. This towndained over this church in 1806, and died ship lies between the two ranges of the
in 1811, since which they have depended Green Mountains at the place where the
mostly upon temporary supplies. Of the two ranges commence, but the surfice is
others we have no particulars. In 1795 not very mountainous. It is divided into
the canker rash was very mortal here 8 school districts.  There are here: 10
among the children, and the epidemic of saw and 3 grist mills, 3 stores and 1 tav1813 carried off about 40 persons, mostly ern.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses,: 260;
adults, in the course of six months. The cattle, 1,349; sheep, 7,084; swine, 864;
surface of this township is very uneven, wheat,bus. 1,711; barley, 74; oats, 7,286;
and some parts of it rocky. Between this rye, 265; buckwheat, 2,018; Ind. corn,
town and Dover is a range of high hills. 1,737; potatoes, 44,081; hay, tons, 2,054;
The soil is better adapted to grazing than sugar, lbs. 26,934; wool, 14,667. Poputillage, yet there is sufficient arable land lation, 943.
to produce grain for the support of the   WARREN GORE, an uninhabited tract
inhabitants. The township is watered by of 6,380 acres, lying in the northwestern
a considerable branch of West river, part of Essex county, and belonging to
which affords some tolerable good mill Warren, is bounded north by Norton,
privileges. Of the rare minerals found east by Avery's gore, south by Morgan,
here, tremolite and zoisite are the most and west by Warner's gore. On the line
important. The tremolite is in fine crys- between this gore and Norton is a considtals, sometimes six inches long, penetra- erable pond, the waters of which flow to
ting quartz. The zoisite is in prismatic the north into Masuippi river in Canada.
crystals, of a gray color, sometimes a foot   WASHINGTON, a post town in the northin length, and from  one to two inches western part of Orange county; is in lat.
wide. There are here 7 school districts 44~ 4' and long. 4~ 35', and is bounded
and school houses, 3 grist, 1 fulling and north by Orange, east by Corinth, south
6 saw mills, 3 stores, 2 taverns and 1 tan- by Chelsea, and west by Willismstown.
nery.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 183; It lies 15 miles southeast from Montpecattle, 2,116; sheep, 3,382; swine, 533; lier, and 43 north from Windsor. It was
wheat, bus. 1,277; barley, 165; oats, granted November 6, 1780, and chartered
3,782; rye, 541; buckwheat, 338; Indian to Major Elisha Burton and others, Oct.




182                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
WASHINGTON COUNTY.                                              WATERBURY.
25, 1781, containing 23,040 acres. The and 3d in November. This county is
territory embraced in this township was very uneven, and is watered by Winooski
granted by New York by the name of river and its numerous branches. In the
Kingland, and Kingland was constituted eastern part there is an abundance of exthe shire town of Gloucester county. A  cellent granite.  West of this the rocks
town plot was laid out into village lots are principally argillaceous slate, quartz,
near the centre, and a log jail erected, chlorite slate, and mica slate. Statistics
which gave the name of jail branch to two of 1840. —Horses, 4,360; cattle, 25,415;
streams which rise here, one running in- sheep, 110,872; swine, 12,150; wheat,
to Winooski river, and the other into bus. 44,110; barley, 4,028; oats, 200,294;
Wait's river. The township was surveyed rye, 5,763; buckwheat, 23,066; Indian
in 1784, and the settlement commenced corn, 63,108; potatoes, 698,745; hay,
in 1785, by Daniel Morse, who was soon tons, 55,100; sugar, lbs. 451,348; wool,
joined by his brother John Morse. A  159,724. Population, 23,506.
son of John Morse was the first child    WATERBURY, a post town in the westborn here, and received, in consequence, ern part of Washington county, is in lat.
50 acres of land from  the proprietors. 44o 23' and long. 49 17', and is bounded
The town was organized March 1, 1792, north by Stow, east by Middlesex, south
and Jacob Burton was first town clerk. by Winooski river, which separates it
It was first represented in 1794 by Thad- from Duxbury, and a part of Moretown,
deus White. The religious denomina- and west by Bolton. It lies 12 miles
tions are Congregationalists, Methodists, northwesterly from  Montpelier and 24
Freewill Baptists and Baptists. The for- southeast from Burlington; and was charmer are the most numerous. There are tered June 7, 1763, containing 21,220
two meeting-houses, one in the north acres. In June, 1784, Mr. James Marsh
part, completed in 1823, and the other, in moved his family, consisting of a wife
the southwest part, built in 1824. Branch- and eight children, into this township
es of Winooski, Wait's and White river from Bath, N. H., and took possession of
originate in this township, but they are a surveyor's cabin, which was standing,
small, and afford few  mill privileges. near Winooski river. Mr. Marsh was inThe timber is principally maple. On jail duced to move his family here at the
branch of Winooski river is a small vil- time he did by the promise of the proprrielage, containing several stores, shops and tors, that several other families should be
mills.-! The town contains 17 school dis- procured to move into the town in the
trictas,  grist and 7 saw mills, 2 stores, 1 following fall. This promise was not
tavern and I tannery. Statistics of 1840. fulfilled, and for nearly a year this soliHorses, 328; cattle, 2,002; sheep, 7,359; tary family scarcely saw a human being
swine, 1,125; wheat, bus. 3,647; barley, but themselves, and, for more than two
877; oats, 11,100; rye, 216; buckwheat, years, their nearest neighbors were in
1,831; [nd. corn, 2,838; potatoes, 70,770; Bolton, 7 miles distant. In the spring of
hay, tons, 4,381; sugar, lbs. 27,595; 1785, Hon. Ezra Butler visited this town,
wool, 10,836. Population, 1,359.       and spent some time in preparing a place
WASHINGTON COUNTY lies principally of residence.  In September, 1786, he
between the two ranges of the Green moved his family from  Weathersfield,
Mountains, and nearly in the centre of Vt. to this town. In 1788, Mr. Caleb
the state. It is situated between 44~ 1' Munson moved into the town with his
and 44~ 32' north lat., and between 40~ 1' family, and soon after was followed by
and 40 41' east long., being about 34 miles several others. The town was organized
from north to south, and 31 from east to March 31, 1790. Hon. Ezra Butler was
west. It is bounded north by Iamoille the first town clerk, and Dr. Daniel Bliss
and Caledonia counties, east by Caledo- the first representative. About the year
nia county, southeast by Orange county, 1800 a revival of religion commenced in
southwest by Addison county, and west this town, and continued through that and
by Chittenden county. It was incorpo- a part of the following year. About this
rated November 1, 1810, by the name of time a Congregational, a Baptist and a
Jefferson county, and organized Decem- Methodist church were organized, and
ber 1, 1811. The name was altered to Hon. Ezra Butler was ordained Elder of
Washington county November 8, 1814. the Baptist church, with which he was
Montpelier, lying near the centre of the connected till his death. In 1803 the
county, is the seat of justice, and is a Rev. Jonathan Hovey was ordained and
place of considerable business. The su- settled as pastor of the Congregational
preme court sits here on the 6th Tuesday church in this town. He was dismissed
after the 4th Tuesdayin January, and the about four years after his settlement.
county court on the 2d Tuesday in April The Rev. Daniel Warren was settled




PART III.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            183
WATERBURY RIVER.               WATERFORD.                       WATERVILLE.
over this church from 1826 to 1839. The ceives. several tributaries from the! west,
present minister, the Rev. J. F. Stone, in Waterbury, which originate in Bolton.
was settled in 1839. There are two small The whole length of the stream is about
but pleasant villages. The largest, called- 16 miles, and it affords a number oP good
Waterbury Street, is in the south part near mill privileges.
Winooski river, and contains a Congre-   WATERFORD, a post town in the eastgational meeting-house, built in 1824, a ern part of Caledonia county, is in lat.
Methodist meeting-house, built in 1841, a 44" 26' and long. 50 1', and is hounded
village school-house, a tavern, 3 stores, a northeast by Concord, southeast by Conpost office, bearing the name of the town, necticut river, which separates it from
and the usual variety of mechanics. The Lyman, N. H., southwest by Barnet, and
other village is near the centre of the northwest by St. Johnsbury. It lies 32
township, and is called Waterbury Centre. miles nearly east from Montpelier and 21
It contains a post office, bearing the name north from  Newbury.  It was granted
of the village, two brick meeting-houses, November 7, 1780, and chartered to Benone belonging to the Baptists and the jamin Whipple and others, November 8,
other to the Methodists, I store, &c. 1780, by the name of Littleton. The setThere is much level land in this town, tlement of this township was commenced
and where the surface is uneven, the in 1787. The town was organized May
swells are generally so gradual as to pre- 6, 1793, and Selah Howe was the first
sent little or no obstacle to cultivation. town clerk. The name was altered from
The soil is good, being in general dry Littleton to Waterford in 1797. The reliand warm. The intervale on Winooski gious denominations are Congregationalriver, and on several smaller streams, is ists, Methodists, Freewill Baptists, and
not surpassed in fertility by any in the Baptists. The Rev. Asa Carpenter was
state, and the lands in every part of the ordained over the Congregational church
town produce in a manner that amply May 30, 1798, and dismissed June 18,
repays the labor of the skilful farmer. 1816. The Rev. Reuben Mason was orThe rocks are principally chlorite and dained Oct. 20, 1819, and dismissed in
mica slate and quartz, the former con- 1825; the Rev. Thomas Hall, Sept. 28,
taining sulphuret of iron and sulphuret of 1825, and is the present minister. The
copper. The timber is generally hard church at present consists of about 120
wood, with a considerable mixture of members.  There are three meetingspruce and hemlock. The town is sepa- houses; that belonging to the Congregarated from Duxbury by Winooski river. tionalists is near the centre, and that beWaterburyriver runsthrough it from north longing to the Freewill Baptists is near
to south. In the easterly part is a large the line between this township and St.
brook, called Thatcher's branch, running Johnsbury. The number of deaths in this
nearly parallel to Waterbury river. These town up to the year 1814, was 110, avertwo streams afford several excellent mill aging seven per year, since the comprivileges, most of which are now occu- mencement of the settlement. The Paspied. Smaller streams are numerous in sumpsic river runs across the northwest
all parts of the township. In the south- corner, and Moose river just touches upwest corner of the township the passage on this township. Stiles' pond is in the
of Winooski river through a considerable southeast part, and covers about 100
hill is reckoned a curiosity.  See Winoo- acres. The fifteen mile falls in the Conski river. There are in town 4 meeting- necticut are partly against this township.
houses, 17 school districts, 2 post offices, There are some flats along the river here,
4 stores, I tavern, 2 grist and 10 saw  but they are narrow and not overflown at
mills, 3 tanneries, I clothing works and high water.  The surface is generally
woollen factory.  Statistics of 1840.- rough and stony, and the timber maple,
Horses, 210; cattle,1,608; sheep, 4,085; beech, birch, spruce, hemlock, &c. In
swine, 493; wheat, bus. 2,329; barley, this town there are 3 stores, I oil mill,
50; oats, 11,775; rye, 120; buckwheat, and 8 saw mills. Statistics of 1840.2,100; Indian corn, 4,070; potatoes, 21,- Horses, 465; cattle, 2,573; sheep, 7,341;
389; hay, tons, 3,327; sugar, lbs. 25,502; swine, 1,263; wheat, bus. 2,750; *barley,
wool, 9,001   Population, 1,192.      239; oats, 23,022; rye, 438; buckwheat,
WATERBURY RIVER rises in Morris- 459; Ind. corn, 5,022; potatoes, 64,265;
town, and runs south through the west- hay, tons, 5,015; sugar, lbs. 29,805;
ern part of Stow and Waterbury into Wi- wool, 12,032. Population, 1,388;
nooski river. In Stow it receives one  WATER QUECHEE RIVER. See Otta Qucconsiderable tributary from the east which chee River.
rises in Worcester, and two from  the   WATERVII.LE, a post town in the northwest which rise in Mansfield. It also re- western part of Lamoille county, is in




184                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III.
WEATHERSFIELD).                                              WEATHERSFIELD.
lat. 440 33', and is bounded north by nations, which is now principally occuBakersfield, east by Belvidere and John- pied by the Baptists, under the pastoral
son, south by Cambridge, and west by care of the Rev.Mr. Lunt, who was ordainFletcher. It was chartered Oct. 26, 1788, ed in 1841. In 1825 the Methodists erecto James Whitelaw, James Savage and ted a meeting house in the north part of
William  Coit, -by the name of Coit's the town, and in 1836 a more numerous
Gore, and originally contained 11,000 society built a neat chapel of brick at
acres. It, with some portions of the ad- Perkinsville. In 1838 a' church was orjoining towns, was incorporated into a ganized in the southeast part of the town,
town by the name of Waterville, Nov. 15, formed mostly of members from the cen1824. The settlement was commenced tre church, which has erected a beautiful
about the year 1789. The first mills were church. Rev. JohnDudley, the present
erected in 1796 and 1797, by John John- pastor of this church, was installed in
son for Wm. Coit. It is watered princi- 1841. The first meeting house, situated
pally by the north branch of Lamoille near the centre of the town, was builtby
river; which affords several good mill a land tax, and was consumed by fire in
privileges. Along this stream is a tract March, 1821, generally supposed to be
of very good land. Other parts are some- the work of an incendiary. The same
what mountainous and broken.  There year the Congregational society, which
are here 6 school districts, I grist, 3 saw  had been previously organized, built a
and 2 fulling mills, 1 woollen factory and beautiful brick edifice on the same site.
2 stores.  Statistics of 1840. —Horses, During the spring and summer of 1791,
110; cattle, 874; sheep, 1,557; swine, there were more than 70 cases of the small
270; wheat, bus. 697; oats, 2,542; rye, pox here, 9 of which were fatal. Among
20; Indian corn, 1,104; potatoes, 23,054; those who sacrificed their time and mohay, tons, 1,319; sugar, lbs. 11,020; wool, ney, and were indefatigable in ameliora3,118. Population, 610.                ting the sufferings of their neighbors, may
WEATHERSFIELD, a post town in the be mentioned Thomas Prentiss, Joseph
eastern part of Windsor county, is in lat. Hubbard, and Samuel Steele, the earliest
430 23' and long. 4Q 30', and is bounded settlers of the town, now dead. The epnorth by Windsor, east by Connecticut idemic of 1812 prevailed extensively, carriver, which separates it from Claremont, rying off about 70 of the inhabitants. ConN. H., south by Springfield, and west by necticut river washes the eastern border
Cavendish and Baltimore. It is 70 miles of this town, upon the banks of which
south from Montpelier,and 21 south from  are some of the best farms in the state.
-Woodstock. It was chartered to Benja- In the southeast part the river makes a
min Allen and others, Aug. 20, 1761, and bend, significantly called " the Bow,"
contains 22,030 acres. The early settlers from its resemblance to an ox-bow. This
of this town emigrated principally from  encloses several hundred acres of the
Connecticut. It was organized in March, most productive land, principally owned
1778. Benoni Tuttle was the first town by Hon. Wm. Jarvis, late United States
clerk, and Israel Burlingame its first rep- Consul at Lisbon. Mr. J. resides upon
resentative. The Rev. James Treadvway, this farm, and has done much toward imof the Congregational order, its first min- proving the quality of wool throughout
ister, was settled by the town in 1779, the state. His flock of full breed merino
and continued their pastor until 1783. is probably not excelled by any in VerRev. Dan Foster was settled in 1787, and mont. Black river waters the western
dismissed in 1799. Rev. James Converse section of this town, affording numerous
was ordained Feb. 10, 1802, and remain. privileges for mills and manufacturing esed their pastor until his death, Jan. 7th, tablishments. The meadows upon this
1839. Mr. C. was eminently useful, and river are rich and fertile. The remaindied universally beloved and lamented. ing part of the town is undulating, but
During his successful ministry, there fertile, and richly rewards the labor of
were several extensive revivals of religion the husbandman.  Large quantities of
in town. Rev. Nelson Bishop was set- pork, beef, butter and cheese were fortled in 1840, and dismissed in March, merly furnished for the Boston market,
1842.,In 1835 a Congregational church by the enterprising farmers, but of late
was formed at Perkinsville, in the west the attention  of the agriculturist has
part of the town, which have erected a been turned more to wool growing, for
house of worship, but have no settled which the high lands are admirably fitted.
minister. Previous to this a neat and The bed of Black river, for a considerable
commodious house of worship, of the distance, is a solid mass of gneiss and miGothic style, had been erected here by ca slate, and upon each side of it are con
the united efforts of different denomi- siderable elevations of the same material,




PART II1.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             185
WEATHERSFIELD.                                                        WELLS.
interspersed with lime quarries. Lime- 756; swine, 1,259; wheat, bus. 532; barstone abounds in the northwestern part, ley, 128; oats, 6,418; rye, 4,352; buckfrom which large quantities of lime of a wheat, 927; Ind. corn, 14,204; potatoes,
superior quality, are manufactured annu- 58,498; hay, tons, 5,921; sugar, lbs. 9,ally. There are also in the western part 185; wool, 30,120. Population, 2,082.
localities of serpentine,ligniform asbestos,                           s. P.
tremolite, and crystalized sulphuret of   WELLS, a small post town in the westiron, which are often visited by the min- ern part of Rutland county, is in lat. 430
eralogist, who is richly rewarded for his 27' and long. 30 54', and is bounded north
labor. The asbestos is of a very superior by Poultney and a part of Middletown,
quality. On the north, between this town east by a part of Middletown and Tinand Windsor, lies Ascutney Mountain. mouth, south by Pawlet, and west by
Perkinsville, situated in the southwest- Hampton, N. Y. It lies 40 miles north
ern part of the town, derives its name from  Bennington, 65 southwest from
from a MWr. Perkins, a capitalist from Bos- Montpelier, and 13 southwest from Rutton, who in 1830 purchased a small wool- land. It was chartered Sept. 15, 1761,
len factory, which he greatly enlarged, to Eliakim Hall and others. This townthus giving an impulse to the business of ship was originally 6 miles square, but a
the village, and attracting the attention part of it has since been annexed to Poultof other capitalists to improve the favor- ney and a part to Middletown. The setable advantages afforded by the rapids in tlement was commenced by Ogden MalBlack river, to engage in the same enter- lary, about the year 1768. Daniel and
prise. In 1835 a brick edifice, 110 ft. in Samuel Culver came into town in 1771.
length, 46 ft. in width, and 4 stories high, The town was organized March 9, 1773,
was erected for the purpose of manufac- and John Ward was first town clerk. It
turing cassimere and sattinet. In this was first represented in 1778, by Daniel
there were 8 full sets of machinery, mov- Culver. The religious denominations are
ed by a wheel 26 feet long and 19 feet in Methodists, Reformed Methodists, Episdiameter. When in full operation, this copalians, and Universalists. There are
establishment gave employment to 150 three houses for public worship, one behands, and manufactured 750 yards of longing to the Methodists, one to the
cloth per day. In November, 1839, this Episcopalians, and a union house. The
expensive building, with all its valuable Episcopal church, called St.Paul's church,
contents, was destroyed by fire. Insu- consists of 24 communicants.  Their
rance, $81,000.' It has not been rebuilt. house of worship was erected in 1840.
The broad-cloth mill, purchased by Mr. There is no settled minister. The first
Perkins, is still in operation. There is settlers of this township were afflicted
a paint and printing-ink establishment, with fever and ague, but the town has,
where is manufactured a very superior for many years past, been remarkably
quality of engraving ink, also a Bobbin healthy. Wells pond, called also lake
factory, with the usual mechanical work Austin, is about 5 miles long, and in some
carried on in manufacturing villages. In places one mile and a half wide, and covthe spring of 1841 an academy was open- ers upwards of 2,000 acres. About one
ed under the superintendence of Messrs. third part of this pond lies in Poultney.
A. P. Chase and S. A. Bullard. It is now  The outlet of this pond is the principal
in a flourishing condition, the number of stream, and on this are a saw mill, a grist
students the first year being 175. The mill, one clothier's works, and machineschool is furnished with a choice set of ry. There is one other stream, on which
chemical and philosophical apparatus. are mills. The western part of this townThere are three other small villages in ship is generally level, and the eastern
town, one in the south east part, called part is mountainous and broken. The
"the Bow," one in the northeast, called soil is generally good, where it is not so
"the Corners," and one at the northwest, uneven as to preclude the possibility of
called " Greenbush."  At each of these cultivation. There is a small village, sitvillages, and also at Perkinsville, there is uated near the south end of the pond, calla post-office, bearing the name of the vil.- ed the corner, which contains a meetinglage, except the one at the Bow, which house, a store, a tavern, and several mebears the name of the town. There are chanics' shops. There are in town 10
in town 12 school districts, each furnish- school districts, 1 grist and 2 saw mills,
ed with a neat and commodious school- 1 woollen factory, I fulling mill, 2 cardhouse. There are 4 grist and 9 saw mills, ing machines, 1 store, 1 tavern, and 1 tan4 woollen factories, 6 stores, 5 taverns, nery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 148;
and 2 tanneries.  Statistics of 1840.- cattle, 1,019; sheep, 4,283; swine, 446;
Horses, 393; cattle, 2,345; sheep, 10,- wheat, bus. 742; oats, 4,713; rye, 1,415;
PT. III.      24




186                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PaRT III.
WELLS RIVER.              WENLOCK.-WEST FAIRLEE                  WESTFIELD.
buckwheat, 301; Ind. corn, 4,275; pota- set off from  Fairlee and constituted a
toes, 16,360; hay, tons, 2,261; sugar,lbs. township by the name of West Fairlee,
6,200; wool, 8,752. Population, 740.    Feb. 25, 1797. This town was organized
WELLS RIVER, has its source in Kettle immediately after it was set off, and Hon.
pond, which lies at the northwest corner Elisha Thayer was first town clerk. It
of Groton, and a part of it in Marshfield. was first represented separately from Fair.
It runs nearly southeast about 2 miles, lee in 1823, by Samuel Graves. The
and falls into Long Pond in Groton, Rev. Joseph Tracy was settled over the
which is about 2 miles long and 100 rods Congregational church here and the weswide. From  this pond it continues its tern part of Thetford, in July, 1820. He
southeasterly course halfa mile, and falls preached at the meeting house here, and
into another pond, which is about half a at Post Mills village, in Thetford, altermile long and quarter of a mile wide. nately. Fairlee lake lies partly in the
It then runs a mile and a half, and meets southeast corner of this township, and
the south- branch, which rises near the Ompompanoosuc river runs across the
southwest corner of the town, and runs southwest corner. The surface is very
nearly east to its junction with the main uneven. The town is divided into seven
stream; it then runs east southeast about school districts, and contains 1 store, 1
a mile, and receives the North branch, grist and 4 saw mills, 1 fulling mill, and
which has its source near the northeast 1 tannery. Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
corner of the town. Continuing the same 210; cattle, 1,316; sheep, 5,249; swine,
course, it passes through the northwest 518; wheat, bus. 821; barley, 90; oats,
part of Ryegate into Newbury, and run- 6,938; rye, 373; buckwheat, 1,133; Ind.
ning near the line between Newbury and corn, 3,758; potatoes, 29,641; hay, tons,
Ryegate about 4 miles, falls into Connec- 2,775; sugar, lbs. 12,622; wool, 10,525.
ticut river about half a mile south of the Population, 824.
northeast corner of Newbury. This is   WESTFIELD, a post town in the northgenerally a rapid stream, furnishing many west part of Orleans county, is in lat. 449
excellent mill privileges, on which mills 52' and long. 40 30', and is bounded north
are erected. At Wells River village, near by Jay, east by Troy, south by Lowell,
the mouth of the river, are a paper mill, a and west by Montgomery. It lies 42
corn mill, a saw mill, and other machine- miles north from  Montpelier, and 44
ry. Wells river had its name long before northeast from Burlington. It was charany settlement was made in Vermont, but tered May 15, 1780, to Dan'l Owen and aswe have not ascertained why it was so sociates, containing 23,040 acres. The
called.                               settlement was commenced in 1799, by
WENLOCK, a township in the central Jesse Olds, a Mr. Hobbs, and others. The
part of Essex county, is in lat. 440 47', town was organized March 29, 1802, and
and is bounded northerly by Lewis and Jesse Olds was first town clerk, and MeAvery's gore, easterly  by Brunswick, dad Hitchcock first representative. There
southerly by Ferdinand and Brighton, and are 5 religious societies, the Congregawesterly by Morgan. It was chartered tional, formed in 1819, the Methodist, in
Oct. 13, 1761, and lies 53 miles northeast 1831, the Baptist, in 1831, the Christian,
from Montpelier. The south and princi- in 1824, and the Universalist, in 1835.
pal branch of Nulhegan river, rises in this The ministers of the Congregational ch.
township. A road has been opened along have been, Rev. Silas Lamb, 3 years from
this stream from Connecticut river to Or- 1826; Rev. Wm. Holmes, 3 years from
leans county. There are only 4 or 5 farm- 1832; and Rev. Reuben Mason, since
ilies settled in this township, and it is un- 1838. The only house of worship was
organized.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, built by Dea. Luther Page, for the Con-'6; cattle, 41; sheep, 37; swine, 13; gregational society. Missisco river runs
wheat, bus. 60; oats, 62; rye, 10; buck- about 4 miles, through the southeastern
wheat, 280; Ind. corn, 12; potatoes, 950; part of the township, and receives here 3
hay, tons, 76; sugar, lbs. 1,200; wool, 65. considerable tributaries which afford sevPopulation, 28.                       eral mill privileges. The eastern part of
WEST FA1RLEE, a post town in the this township is very good land, but the
eastern part of Orange county, is in lat. western is high and mountainous. Ha43~ 56' and long. 4~ 46', and is bounded zen's Notch in the Green Mountains lies
north by Bradford, east by Fairlee, south in the southwest corner. The town conby Thetford, and west by Vershire. Itis tains 4 school districts, a small meetingsituated 28 miles southeast from Montpe- house, 2, stores, and 5 saw mills. Statislier, and 35 northeasterly from Windsor. tics of 1840.-Horses, 106; cattle, 681;
It was chartered in cennexion with Fair- sheep, 1,823; swine, 355; wheat, bush.
lee, Sept. 9, 1761. This township was 917; barley, 57; oats, 3,484; rye, 214;




PART l.             GAZETTEER  OF VERMONT.                            187
WESTFORD.                       WEST HAVEN.                  WESTMINSTER.
buckwheat, 777; Ind. corn, 958; pota- At the end of 60 years, a certain part of
toes, 19,190; hay, tons, 1,221; sugar, lbs. the money accumulated was to be em11,375, wool, 3,711. Population, 370.   ployed in building a meeting house, setWESTFORD, a post town in the north tling a minister, erecting school houses,
part of Chittenden county, is in lat. 440 &c. The epidemic of 1812 and 13 was
36' and long. 4~ 1', and is bounded north very distressing here, and destroyed maby Fairfax, east by Underhill, south by ny valuable lives. Hubbardton river and
Essex, and west by Milton. It lies 13 Cogman's creek are the only streams of
miles northeast from Burlington, and 32 consequence,except Poultney river,which
northwest from Montpelier, and was char- washes a part of the southern boundary.
tered June 8, 1763, containing 23,040 a- They empty into East Bay, one about a
cres. The settlement was commenced mile, and the other about two miles below
immediately after the revolutionary war, the head of the bay. Hubbardton river
by Hezekiah Parmelee and others. The has three considerable falls in West Hareligious denominations are Congrega- yen, on which- mills are erected. The
tionalists, Methodists, and Baptists, each soil is principally clay, and there is an
of which have a meeting house. The abundance of excellent limestone. There
Rev. Simeon Parmelee was settled in are 9 school districts, 1 store, 1 grist and
September, 1809, over the Congregation- 3 saw mills, and 2 woollen factories.
al church, and continued many years. Statistics of 1840. —Horses, 136; cattle,
The Rev. John H. Woodward is the pres- 878; sheep, 8,029; swine, 304; wheat,
ent minister. The only stream of conse- bus. 1,196; oats, 3,140; rye, 940; buckquence in the township, is Brown's river, wheat, 282; Ind. corn, 2,458; potatoes,
which runs through it from  south to 7,895; hay, tons, 2,578; sugar, lbs. 340;
north, and falls into Lamoille river in wool, 15,153. Population, 774.
Fairfax. The surface of the township   WESTMINSTER, a post town in the eastis uneven, but it contains no mountains. ern part of Windham county, is in lat.
The town contains 11 school districts, 1 430 5' and long. 4Q 32', and is bounded
grist and 8 saw mills, 1 fulling mill, and north by Rockingham, east by Connecti4 stores. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 290; cut river, which separates it from Walcattle, 1,235; sheep, 7,196; swine, 997; pole, N. H., south by Putney, and west
wheat, bus. 1,617; barley, 25; oats, 5,- by Brookline and Athens.  It lies 37
569; rye, 637; buckwheat, 873; Indian miles northeast from Bennington, and 82
corn, 4,780; potatoes, 45,317; hay, tons, south from Montpelier. This township
4,456; sugar, lbs. 21,885; wool, 13,636. was chartered November 9, 1752; and as
Population, 1,352.                   the grants which had been made of the
WEST HAVEN, a post town in the wes- townships of Marlborough and Wilmingtern part of Rutland county, is in lat. 430 ton,-anterior to that date, were superseded
36' and long. 3~ 44', and is bounded north by their new charters, it may be consid.
by Benson, east by Fair-Haven, south by ered as the third, in point of time, in the
Poultney river, which separates it from  state: Bennington and Halifax having
Whitehall, N. Y., and west by lake preceded it. It contains 25,000 acres.
Champlain. This township was set off At what precise time the settlement comfrom Fair-Haven in Oct., 1792, and for menced, it is now difficult to ascertain.
its early history, the reader is referred to One of the oldest inhabitants thinks it to
the account of that township. It was or- have been about the year 1741. The earganized immediately after the division, liest permanent settlers came from Northand William Wyman was the first town field, in Massachusetts, and from Ashford
clerk. The Congregational and Baptist and Middletown, in Connecticut; and
are the only regular churches. The Rev. were soon followed by others from the
Ebenezer Hibbard was installed over the same states. The pleasant situation of
Congregational church in this township the town, and its proximity to the fort
and in Whitehall in 1822, and dismissed maintained by the New Hampshire govin 1829. The present minister is Rev. J. ernment in what is now called Walpole,
Gilbert, and the minister of the Baptist caused the settlement to proceed with
church is the Rev. J. P. Huntington. In considerable rapidity, and it was, at an
1787 Doct. Simeon Smith moved into early period, one of the principal towns
this town from Sharon, Ct. He died in west of the Connecticut. A jail formerly
1804, having accumulated a large estate, stood in this place, and a court house in
$1,000 of which he bequeathed to the which were held some of the earliest
town of West Haven, which was to be let courts of justice; and when Vermont
under the direction of the select men, at subsequently set up an independent juristhe rate of 6 per cent. interest, the inter- diction, several sessions of the legislature
est to be paid annually, and again loaned. were also held here. It was here that the




188                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART IIl.
WESTMINSTER.                                                       WESTMORE~
famous massacre of the 13th of March, Bradley, late members of Congress, reside
1775, took place, and that the first regu- here. The principal and oldest village is
lar measures were adopted to resist by delightfully situated in the east parish,
force the government of New York; and on the bank of Connecticut river. The
after the erection of the county of Wind- main street, which is perfectly level,
ham, the courts were held alternately at crosses a table of land about one mile in
Westminster and Marlborough, for many diameter, considerably elevated above the
years, until they were removed to New- river, and also above the large and fertile
fane. For many years afterwards it main- meadows by which it is approached on
tained its reputation as a place of consid- the north and south; and the whole is
erable business and trade; but has, of enclosed by a semi-circle of hills which
late years, been rather stationary, if not touch the river about two miles above
on the decline. It is, however, a good and below the village. It is this barrier
township of land, and inhabited by a which, while it contributes to the natural
steady, industrious, agricultural popula- beauty of the place, has, by turning the
tion. Westminster is divided, by law, water courses in another direction, deinto two parishes, the east and the west. prived it of all those facilities of access,
The Congregational church was organ- and of water power, which have so
ized, and the Rev. Jesse Goodell settled much contributed to the rapid growth of
in the east parish June 11, 1767, who left some of the neighboring villages. The
in 1769. His successors have been the rocks are granite, slate, and silicious
Rev. Joseph Bullen from 1774 to 1785, limestone. There are in town 14 school
and the Rev. Sylvester Sage from Oct. houses, 2 grist and 8 saw mills, 1 tannery
13, 1790 to March 1, 1838. The Rev. and store. The first newspaper in VerCalvin R. Batchelder is the present min- mont was printed here. (See part second,
ister.  Their first meeting house was page 171.)  Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
erected in 1770, the present in 1835. The 301; cattle, 1,739; sheep, 16,976; swine,
Congregational church was organized in 1,185; wheat, bush. 1,893; barley, 479;
the west parish in 1799. The ministers oats, 19,649; rye, 3,299; buck-wheat,
have been the Rev. Reuben Emerson J,144; Indian corn, 12,498; potatoes, 30,from Feb. 18, 1800 to March 29, 1804; 267; hay, tons, 4,307; sugar, lbs. 28,670;
the Rev. Timothy Field from January 20, wool, 31,382. Population, 1,546.
1807 to April 1, 1835, and the Rev. Pres-   WESTMORE, a township in the southton Taylor from April 1, 1835 to Nov. 6, east part of Orleans county, is in lat. 44Q
1836. The Rev. J. Wellman, the pres- 45' and long. 40 57', and is bounded norent minister, was settled March 7, 1838. therly by Brightorn and Charleston, easThere are some Baptists and Methodists, terly by Newark, southerly by Sutton,
but they have no organized societies. and westerly by Brownington. It lies
The Rev. and venerable S. Sage died 43 miles northeast from Montpelier, was
here in Jan. 1841; he preached his 50th an- granted November 7, 1780, and chartered
niversary sermon October, 18, 1840. This to Uriah Seymour and others, by the
town has had its share of men whose name of Westford, August 17, 1781, connames occupy a distinguished place in taining 23,040 acres. The name was afthe history of the state. At an early pe- terwards altered  to Westmore.  The
riod Crean Brush, the colonial deputy township was surveyed in March, 1800,
secretary of New York, and Ezra Stiles, and the settlement commenced the same
the son of the late Dr. Stiles, president of spring.  The settlement was abandonYale College, removed to this place, and ed during the war of 1812, but resumentered into the practice of the law. The ed on the return of peace. This town
former left at the breaking out of the rev- ship is but little  settled. The surface
olution, and died a short time after, and is uneven, and mount Hor, Pisgah and
the latter deceased long before his learned Pico are'the most important summits.
and venerated father. Gen. Stephen R. Willoughby's lake lies in this township,
Bradley, whose name occurs so often in and is about six miles in length and one
all the important transactions connected and a half wide. Its waters are discharwith the formation of the state, and who ged by Willoughby's river into Barton
is better known abroad as a senator in river.  Some of the head branches of
Congress, which office he held for sixteen Clyde river and of the Passumpsic rise
years, was, for more than thirty years, a here.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 12;
resident in this tpwn; as was also the cattle, 37; sheep, 62; swine, 38; wheat
Hon. Lot Hall, a distinguished lawyer, bush. 308; barley, 108; oats, 223; rye, 55;
and afterwards judge of the supreme buckwheat, 223; lnd. corn, 55; potatoes,
court, who died here in the year 1809. 2,350; hay, tons, 92; sugar, lbs. 48; wool,
Hon. Mark Richards and Hon. Wm. C. 114. Population, 122.




PART III.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             189
WEST RIVER.                 WESTON.-WEYBRIDGE.                   WHEELOCK.
WEST RIVER. See Wantasticook.       Jonathan Lee from July 2d 1834 to May
WESTON, a post town in the southwest 24, 1837. This society erected a house
corner of Windsor county, is in lat, 43" for worship  about the  year  1802.
19' and long. 40 14', and is bounded north Otter creek  is the  most important
by Mount Holly and Ludlow, east by An- stream, and  in it are here  several
dover. south by Londonderry, and west falls which furnish fine mill privileges.
by Mount Tabor and Landgrove.  It Lemonfair river is a sluggish stream
lies 66 miles south from  Montpelier, which runs through the western part of
and 22 southwest from Windsor. This the township into Otter creek. Snake
was formerly a part of Andover. It was mountain lies mostly in the western part
set off in in 1790, and organized March of the township. Near the paper mill is
3,1800. Alvin Simons was the first town found earthy asbestus between layers of
clerk, and also the first representative. limestone which is the common rock in
The religious denominations are Congre- this township. A few years since a congationalists, Baptists, Methodists and Uni- siderable body of land here slid into Otter
versalists. A meetinghouse, owned by creek, which completely stopped the wathe several denominations, was comple- ter for some time, leaving the channel
ted here in 1817. Jeremiah Blanchard is bare below, and altering materially the
the most remarkable instance of lon- course of the stream, when it again comgevity in this town. The epidemic of menced flowing. At one of the falls on
1813 was very distressing here. West Otter creek is a small village containing
river passes through the township in a I store, 1 tavern, a woolen factory. &c.
southerly direction, affording severalgood There are in town, 6 school districts,
mill privileges. On the bank of this riv- 3 saw mills, 1 grist mill, I paper mill 2
er are two small villages. The upper fulling mills, 1 woolen factory, 3 stores.
village is near the centre, and contains 2 Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 154; cattle,
meetinghouses, 2 stores,l clothier's works, 1,595; sheep, 10,021; swine, 492; wheat,
1 carding machine, 1 tannery, and 1 black- bush. 717; barley, 16; oats, 4,451; rye,
smith. The town is divided into 12 508; buck-wheat, 168; Indian corn, 4,school districts, 2 grist, 8 saw and 1 ful- 808; potatoes, f4,215; hay, tons, 3,851;
ling mill, 2 stores, 2 taverns and I tannery. sugar, lbs. 896; wool, 28,989. PopulaStatistics of 1840.-Horses, 120; cattle, tion, 797.
1,596; sheep, 3,111; swine, 432; wheat,  WHEELOCK, a post town in the north
bush.- 1,159; barley, 779; oats, 5,453; part of Caledonia county, is in lat- 440
rye, 302; buck-wheat, 1,025; Indian corn, 33' and long. 4~ 50', and is bounded north
631; potatoes; 33,555; hay, tons, 2,776; by Sheffield, east by Lyndon, south by
sugar, lbs. 13,455; wool, 6,858. Popula- Danville, and west by Greensborough.
tion, 1,032.                          It lies 30 miles northeast from Montpelier,
WEYBRIDGE, a post town in the central was granted and chartered to the president
part of Addison county, is in lat. 44~ 2' and trustees of Dartmouth college and
and long. 4~ 50', and is bounded north Moore's charity school, June 14, 1785,
and east by Otter creek, which separates containing 23,040 acres. It was named
it from New Haven and Middlebury, south Wheelock in honor of Rev. John Wheeby Cornwall. and west by Bridport and lock, who was at that time president of
Addison. It lies 80 miles north from  Dartmouth college, A considerable part
Bennington, and 30 south from Burling- of the lands are held by lease. Jos. Page
ton, and was chartered November 3, 1761, commenced the settlement or this towncontaining 8261 acres. The settlemnnt ship, in 1790. He was joined the next
was commenced about the beginning of year by Abraham Morrill, from Danville,
the revolutionary war by David St Wv and and also by Dudley Swasey. The town
John Sanford, but the settlers were soon was organized March 29,1792. The Freeafter dispersed or made prisonei/s by the will Baptist is the most numerous religious
enemy. The settlement was recommen- sect. A meeting house was erected here
ced on the return of peace. The first about the year 1798. The streams in this
settlers were mostly from Massachusetts. township are all small, but they afford sel'he religious denominations are Congre- veral good mill privileges. There are
gationalists,Baptists, Methodists and afew  two ponds. One, in the western part,
Friends.  The Congregational church covers about 100 acres, and discharges its
was organized June 20, 1794. The Rev. waters into the Lamoille. On the outlet
Jonathan Hovey was settled over it Feb. is one saw mitl. The other is in the east10, 1806 to Dec. 9, 1816; the Rev. Eli ern part, covers about 50 acres, and disMoody from Aug, 12, 1818 to Dec. 9, charges its waters into the Passumpsic.
1823; the Rev. Harvey Smith from March The eastern range of the Green Moun8, 1825 to April 22, 1828 and the Rev. tains passes through the western part of




190                  GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART III
WHETSTONE BROOK.         WHITE CREEK.-WHITE RIVER.                  WHITING.
the township, and is here called Whee- branch originates in Roxbury, runs thro'
lock mountain. In the eastern part are the corner of Granville, through Brainmany good farms, but the land in the wes- tree and the corner of Randolph, and joins
tern part is cold and stony, and but little White river at Bethel village. Each of
of it under improvement. The county these streams is about 20 miles in length,
road from Danville to Stanstead in Cana- and on each are several very good mill
da, passes through the eastern part. There privileges, particularly on the latter, at
are in town 12 school districts, three saw, Bethel village. White river is the largest
one grist, and one fulling mill, one tan- stream  in Vermont on the east side of
nery, and one store. Statistics of 1840.- the mountains. Its length is about 55
Horses, 264; cattle, 1,472; sheep, 4,787; miles, and it waters about 680 square
swine, 1,007; wheat, bu. 1,967; barley, miles. This stream  was known by the
903; oats, 11,070; rye, 26; buckwheat, name of White river long before any set.
1,100; Ind. corn. 1,100; potatoes, 57,520; tlements were made in Vermont.
hay, tons, 3,334; sugar, lbs. 32,160; wool,   WHITING, a post town in the south part
8,287. Population, 881.                of Addison county, is in lat. 43~ 51' and
WIHETSTONE  BROOK, is a small mill long. 3O 53', and is bounded north by
stream, which rises in Marlborough and Cornwall, east by Otter creek, which sepruns nearly east through Brattleborough arates it from  Leicester and Salisbury,
into Connecticut river. It affords a con- south by Sudbury, and west by Orwell
siderable number of good mill privileges. and Shoreham. It lies 40 miles southWHITE CREEK is formed in Rupert by west from Montpelier, and 42 south from
the union of a number of small branches, Burlington. It was chartered August 6,
and, taking a southwesterly course, unites 1763, to Col. John Whiting, of Wrentwith the Battenkill in Washington coun- ham, Mass., from  whom  it derives its
ty, New York.                          name, and contains about 9,000 acres.WHITE RIVER rises in Granville, and, John Wilson, from the same township,
running a southeasterly course through erected the first house in this township in
the northeast corner of Hancock, the south 1772, and in June 1773, a family by the
west part of Rochester, and the northeast name of Bolster moved into it. In 1774,
corner of Pittsfield, enters Stockbridge. Mr. Wilson's and several other families
It then turns to the northeast, and, after moved here. During the revolution the
running through the southeast corner of settlement was abandoned, but was reBethel into Royalton, bears to the south- commenced immediately upon its close,
east through Sharon and Hartford, and by those persons who had been driven off,
falls into Connecticut river about five and by others. Among the first settlers
miles above the mouth of Otta Quechee were a Mr. Marshall, Gideon Walker, Joriver. From  Granville this river runs seph Williams, Daniel Washburn, Joel
slowly through a narrow tract of intervale Foster, Samuel Beach, Ezra Allen, Jehiel
till it arrives at the eastern part of Stock- Hull, Henry Wiswell, and Benjamin Anbridge, after which the current is very drus. The town was organized in March
rapid till it reaches Bethel village. From  1785, and John Wilson was first town
Bethel to its mouth the channel of the ri- clerk. In 1786, Ebenezer Wheelock was
ver is from 16 to 18 rods in width, and the chosen delegate to the convention for recurrent generally rapid, and the water vising the constitution, and Samuel Beach
shallow. On account of its proximity to was appointed representative to the GenOtta Quechee river, White river receives eral Assembly in 1788. The religious deno large tributaries from the south. Broad noliinations are Baptists, Congregationalbrook and Locust creek are the most im- ists, Methodists, and Universalists. Elportant. From the north it receives three der David Rathbun was ordained over the
large branches, called the first, the sec- Baptist church in June, 1800, and continond, and the third branch.  The first ded three or four years. After this, the
branch rises in Washington near the head Rev. John Ransom  preached here about
branches of Wait's andWinooski river and, two years. In January 1810 the Rev.
running through Chelsea and Tunbridge, Justin Parsons was settled over the Conunites with White river in the eastern gregational church, and-continued about
part of Royalton. The second branch ri- three years. From 1821 Elder Joseph W.
ses in Williamstown in conjunction with Sawyer was hired by the Baptist and ConSteven's branch of Winooski river, and gregational societies for several years, and
running southerly through Brookfield and the two societies united in 1809 in erectRandolph, enters White river alittle west ing a meeting house, which was the next
of the centre of Royalton. This stream  year consumed by fire, supposed to be
runs with a gentle current through a nar- the work of an incendiary. Other houses
row  tract of fine intervale. The third have since been erected. The dysentery




PART IL.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              191
WHITINGHAM.            WILD BRANCH.-W1LDERSBURGH.            WILLIAMS' RIVER.
prevailed here in 1803, and the epidemic ebrated his hundredth birth day by maof 1812 and 13 was very mortal. One king a pair of shoes, without spectacles.
person has lived in this town to be 100 In 1793 the canker rash was very mortal,
years of age.  Otter creek waters the and carried off one fourth of the children
eastern border of the township but affords in town. The typhus fever prevailed in
no mill privileges. A saw mill, on a small 1801, and was fatal to more than 40 adult
stream, is the only mill in town. Otter persons. Many of the first settlers of
creek,till lately, afforded no valuable fish. this township had numerous families of
In the spring of 1819, Mr. Levi Walker, children. Mr. Pike had 28 children, 10
of Whiting, proposed to the inhabitants by his first wife, and 18 by two others.
of this and the neighboring towns along Most of these lived to a mature age, and
the creek to transfer fish from the lake 19 of them were alive a few years since,
into the creek above Middlebury falls. the youngest of whom was 25 years old.
The plan was carried into execution, and Deerfield river runs through the whole
the fish have, since multiplied exceeding- length of the township, along the western
ly. In 1823 not less than 500 pounds of part, fertilizing some handsome tracts of
excellent pickerel were taken from the meadow. There are many other smaller
creek in the distance of two miles. Along streams in different parts. There are two
the eastern part of the township, near Ot- natural ponds.  Sawdawda pond is so
ter creek, is a swamp, which covers 2 or called from an Indian of that name who
3000 acres. It affords an abundance of formerly lived near it, and was afterwards
excellent cedar, pine, ash, &c. The soil supposed to have been drowned in going
is generally of the marly kind, and pro- down Deerfield river.  This pond has
duces good grass and grain. In1810 Mr. been gradually decreasing for 50 years
Samuel H. Remmele had a field of five past, by land forming over the water,
acres of wheat which averaged 50 bushels which, to the extent of 70 or 80 acres,
to the acre, and Mr. Benajah Justin for rises and falls with the waters of the
several years raised an annual crop of pond. The surface of the township is uncorn which averaged 100 bushels to the even, but the soil is generally good, and
acre. The stage road from Burlington to is timbered with maple, beech, birch, ash,
Albany passes through the centre of the spruce and hemlock. A mineral spring
township. The town is divided into five was discovered here in 1822, which was
school districts, with a school house in analyzed by Doct. Wilson, and found to
each. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 181; contain the following ingredients, viz:
cattle, 807; sheep, 10,323; swine, 390; muriate of lime, carbonate of lime, muriwheat, bu. 1,232; barley, 136; oats, 2,- ate of magnesia, carbonate and per-oxyde
600; rye, 236; buckwheat, 71; Ind corn, of iron, alumina with an acid trace. It is
2,255; potatoes, 7,150; hay, tons, 2,837; said to be a specific for cutaneous erupsugar, lbs. 1,590; wool, 27,168. Popula- tions, scrofulous humours, dropsy, gravel
tion, 660.                             chronic ulcers, liver complaint, and a vaWHITINGHAM, a post town in the south- riety of other diseases. The western part
west corner of Windham county, is in of the township abounds with limestone,
lat. 420 47', and long. 4~ 9', and is boun- which is burnt extensively into lime.ded north by Wilmington, east by Hali- The town contains a well finished meetfax, south by Heath and Rowe, Mass., ing house, 50 by 55 feet on the ground,
and west by Reedsborough. It lies 18 fourteen school districts, two grist mills
miles southeast from Bennington, and 20 nine saw mills, two fulling mills, five
northwest from  Greenfield, Mass., and stores, one tavern, and one tannery. Stacontains 23,404 acres. The settlement tistics of 1840.-Horses, 267; cattle, 2,was commenced in 1770, by a Mr. Bratlin 710; sheep, 3,997; swine, 989; wheat,
and Silas Hamlinton. In 1773, Messrs. bu. 1,154; barley, 375; oats, 5,137; rye,
Angel, Gustin, Nelson, Lamphire, and 822; buckwheat, 1,044; Ind. corn, 3,270;
Pike, emigrants from Massachusetts and potatoes, 43,978; hay, tons. 4,999; sugar,
Connecticut, moved their families here. lbs. 30,389; wool, 6,809.  Population,
The town was organized March 23, 1780, 1,391.
and Eliphalet Hyde was first town clerk.   WILD BRANCH5riginates in Eden, runs
Silas Hamlinton was the first justice of through the western part of Craftsbury,
peace, and first representative. The re- and unites with the river Lamoille in
ligious denominations are Baptists, Meth- Wolcott.
odists, Universalists, and Congregational-  WILDERSBURGIT. Name altered to Barre,
ists. There have been several instances October 19, 1793. See Barre.
of longevity. Mr. Benj. Cook died here   WILLIAMS' RIVER is formed in Chesin 1832, aged 106 years. His health and ter, by the union of three considerable
strength held out remarkably, and he cel- branches, which originate in small streams




192                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART Ill.
WILLIAMSTOWN.                                                     WILLISTON.
in the townships of Ludlow, Andover, that the people within had barely time to
Windham  and  Grafton.  These three escape with their lives. There had been
branches unite about a mile and a half to no fire in the store during the day, and
the southeast of the two villages in Ches- the cause of the ignition was not ascerter, and their united waters, after running tained. This township lies on the height
15 miles in a southeasterly direction, fall of lands between Winooski and White
into Connecticut river in Rockingham, rivers, and contains no large streams.
three miles above Bellows Falls. Along A brook, which here runs down a steep
this river is some fine intervale, and it hill towards the west, divides naturally,
affords several good mill privileges. Wil- and while one part runs to the north,
liams' river derives its name from the forming Steven's branch of Winooski
celebrated Rev. John Williams, who was river, the other runs to the south, forming
taken by the Indians at Deerfield, Mass., the second branch of White river. The
in 1704, and who, at the mouth of this turnpike from  Royalton to Montpelier
stream, preached a sermon to his fellow passes along these streams, and is known
captives.                             by the name of the Gulf Road, on account
WILLIAMSTOWN, a post town in the of the deep ravine through which it passnorthwestern part of Orange county, is es in this township, near the head of the
in lat. 44~ 6' and long. 40 28', and is second branch.  The hills here, upon
bounded north by Barre, east by Wash- each side of the branch, are very high and
ington, south by Brookfield, and west by abrupt, and approach so near each other
Northfield. It lies 11 miles southeasterly as hardly to leave space for a road befrom  Montpelier, and 45 northwesterly tween them. In this ravine a medicinal
from  Windsor. It was granted Novem- spring has recently been discovered which
ber 6, 1780, and chartered August 9, 1781, is thought to be equal to that at Clarento Samuel Clark and others, containing don. This township is timbered princi23,040 acres.  The settlement of this pally with hard wood, and the soil is well
township was commenced in June, 1784, adapted to the production of grass. There
by Hon. Elijah Paine, John Paine, John is a small bult pleasant village near the
Smith, Joseph Crane, and Josiah Lyman. centre of the township, containing 2 or 3
Penuel Deming moved his farlily here in meeting houses, 2 stores, 1 tavern, 1 tanFebruary, 1785, and this was the first nery, several mills and mechanics' shops,
family in town. Hon. Cornelius Lynde and about 35 dwelling houses. There
moved here in 1786. The town was or- are in town 17 school districts and 16
ganized September 4, 1787. Cornelius school houses, 1 grist, I clover, 1 fulling
Lynde was the first town clerk, and Eli- and 8 saw mills. Statistics of 1840.jah Paine the first representative. The Horses, 474; cattle, 2,909; sheep, 11,433;
religious denominations are Congrega- swine, 1,960; wheat, bush. 3,712; barley,
tionalists, Baptists, Methodists, Freewill 232; oats, 26,530; rye, 518; buckwheat,
Baptists, and Universalists. The Con- 3,927; Indian corn, 4,528; potatoes, 85,gregational church was organized in 1795, 066; hay, tons, 5,459; sugar, lbs. 33,451;
and now has 99 members. The ministers wool, 20,555. Population, 1,620.
of this church have been the Revs. Jesse   WILLISTON, a post town in the central
Olds, Nathan Waldo, Benton Pixley, Joel part of Chittenden county, is in lat. 44Q
Davis and Andrew Royce. The Rev. J. 25' and long. 3` 58', and is bounded north
Davis is the present minister.  Their by Winooski river, which separates it
meeting house was built in 1812. The from Essex, east by Jericho and RichBaptist church consists of 90'members. mond, south by St. George, and west by
The Rev. Friend Blood is their present Muddy brook, which separates it from
minister.  They built a new  meeting Burlington. It lies 27 miles northwest
house in 1839. The Methodist church from Montpelier, and was chartered June
consists of 152 members, and has a con- 7, 1763. It was called Williston in honor
venient chapel. The Universalists built of Samuel Willis, one of the grantees.
a meeting house in 1835, and the Freewill The settlement of this township was comBaptists one in 1841. Rev. Lester War- menced in May, 1774, by Thomas Chitren is minister of the former, and Rev. tenden, who was joined in 1776, by Elihu
Joshua Tucker of the latter. In August, Allen, Abijah Pratt, John Chamberlin
1839, a store was burnt in this town, with and Jonathan Spafford. These families
all its contents, by the spontaneous igni- had, however, but just arrived, when the
tion and explosion of a hogshead of N. E. enemy advanced from Canada, and all the
rum. The hogshead was about half full, settlements in this part of the country
50 per cent. above proof. It exploded were abandoned. John Chamberlain was
about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and the attacked in his house by the Indians, and
store was so quickly enveloped in flames a hired man and a child were killed by




PART IIl.             GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                              193
WILLOUGHBY S RIVER.              WILMINGTON.                        WINDHAM.
them. The settlers returned after the 17 miles east from Bennington, and 46
war, and in 1786 the town was organized. southwest from  Windsor. The settleRobert Donnelly was the first town clerk, ment was commenced before the revoluand Jonathan Spafford the first represen- tionary war by emigrants from Massachutative. The religious denominations are setts and Connecticut, but the settlement
Congregationalists, Baptists, and Metho- was, for several years, retarded in consedists. Rev. Aaron Collins was settled quence of the township having been twice
over the Congregational church January chartered by New-Hampshire, to different
29, 1800, and d;smissed in 1803; Rev. proprietors, first by the name of WilmingJames Johnson was settled in October, ton, and afterwards by the name of Dra1818, and dismissed in October, 1823; per. The first charler was dated April
Rev. Josiah F. Goodhue was settled from  25, 1751, and the second June 17, 1763.
May, 1824, to 1833; Rev. Jonathan Hurl- The Congregational church was organbut from 1834 to 1838, and Rev. Simeon ized here in 1780 and has had the followParmelee since 1838. Their first meeting ing ministers, Rev. Winslow  Packard
house, built in 1797, was taken down a from July 3, 1781 to Oct. 12, 1784; Rev.
few years ago, and a beautiful new one Jonas Hatch from March 7, 1787 to Feb.
of brick, 40 feet by 60, erected. The 18, 1791; Rev. E. Fairbanks from Sept.
other public buildings are a town house, 11, 1793 to Jan. 3, 1800; Rev. Alvan Toof brick, 30 feet by 42, and an academy, bey from Sept. 1803 to Oct. 18,1810; Rev.
of wood, 26 by 36, and two stories high. Wm. B. Stow from July, 1812 to Oct. 19,
Mrs. Susannah Hart died here in 1830, 1814;- Rev. Joel Wright from  Oct. 28,
aged 104 years, Mrs. Susannah Wells, 1829 to Jan. 2d, 1834; and Rev. Geo. Butabout 1811, aged 104, and Mrs. Rachel terfield the present minister settled June
Mann, aged 96. Mrs. Adocia Thatcher, 5, 1839. The other denomninations are
a daughter of the latter, is now living Baptists, Methodists and Universalists.
here, aged 92, but she has not walked for The Rev. Mansfield Bruce is minister of
45 years. She has a sister in Stockholm, the Baptist church. The east and west
N. Y., 100 years old, who formerly resi- branch of Deerfield river unite in this townded here. There are 7 persons now liv- ship,and there are two other considerable
ing here who are over 84 years old, and streams called Beaver and Cold brook.
30 who are over 70. Gov. Thomas Chit- There is one large natural pond, called
tenden died here Aug. 25, 1797. (See Ray's pond, on the outlet of which is a
part second, p. 85.)  Williston is a very grist mill.  There is also a grist mill
fine farming township. The surface is on a branch of Deerfield river. There
diversified, but not mountainous. The are in town 12 school districts and schoolsoil is a rich loam, of a black or yellow  houses, 2 grist, 8 saw and 1 fulling mill,
color, and produces abundant crops. Wi- 1 carding machine, I trip-hammer, 2 tavnooski river washes the border of this erns, 4 stores and 2 tanneries. Statistics
township, and there are within it some of 1840. —-Horses, 253; cattle, 3,044;
small streams, on which mills have been sheep, 2,920; swine, 1,133; wheat, bush.
erected, but there are only two which can 1,152; oats, 8,962; rye, 895; buckwheat,
be called good nill privileges. Williston 737; Indian corn, 1,618; potatoes, 66,contains 9 school districts, 6 saw mills, 110; hay, tons, 4,991; sugar,lbs.S1,159;
4 stores, 2 taverns, and 2 tanneries. Sta- wool, 5,419. Population, 1,'296.
tisticsof 1840. —Horses, 421; cattle, 2,054;   WINDHAM, a post town in the northsheep, 13,035; swine, 1,465; wheat, western part of Windharn  county, is in
bush. 2,726; barley, 40; oats, 19,970; lat. 43~ 11' and long. 40 19', and is bounrye, 2,064; buckwheat, 406; Ind. corn, ded north by Andover, eastby Grafton,
7,526; potatoes, 42,529; hay, tons, 4,926; south by Jamacia, and west by Londonsugar, lbs. 13,167; wool, 23,138. Popu- derry. It lies 31 miles northeast from
lation, 1,554.                         Bennington, and 25 southwest from WindWILLOUGHBY'S LAKE. See 1Westmore.  sor. This town was formerly a part of
WILLOUGHBY'S RlvER issues from Wil- Londonderry.  It was set off, and with
loughby's lake in Westmore, runs through the addition of a small gore of land called
the south part of Brownington, and unites Mack's Leg, was constituted a scparate
with Barton river in the north part of township  by the name of WVindham.
Barton.                                Among the first settlers of this township
WILMINGTON, a post town in the wes- were Edward Aiken, James McCormick
tern part of Windham county, is in lat. and John Woodburn. It was organized
420 52' and long. 40 9', and is bounded immediately after the division. The renorth by Dover and a part of Somerset, ligious denominations are Congregationeast by Marlborough, south by Whiting- alists, Baptists, Methodists aid Univerham, and west by Searsburgh.  It lies salists. The Rev. John Lawton was setPT. Is.               25




194                    GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                        PART III.
WINDHAM COUNTY.                                                      WINDSOR.
tied over the Congregational church Oct. buildings. Connecticut river washes the
4, 1809, and dismissed Oct. 1819. The eastern border, Williams' and Saxton's
Rev.S.R. Arms, the present minister, was river water the* northeastern part, West
settled Jan. 5, 1825, There are two Con- river, the central part, Deerfield river,
gregational meeting houses, one }n the the southwestern part. The tract, emnorth part and the other near the centre. braced within the county of Windham, is
The latter was built bout the year 1807, hilly and uneven, and, in the western
and the other a little before. The Rev. part, mountainous. Its geological feaM. D. Miller is minister of the Baptist tures, though distinctly marked, are very
church. The line, between this town- irregular. Few  continuous ranges can
ship and Londonderry, runs along the be traced with certainty, and many secsummit of a considerable mountain. The tions, especially the western, have not as
streams are all small, and consist of yet been particularly explored. The gebranches of Williams',Saxton's and West ological character of the county is uniriver. In the northwest part of the town formly primitive. The western part is of
is a considerable pond. The most impor- the oldest and the eastern of more recent
tant minerals found in this township are formation.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses,
actynolite, chlorite, garnets, serpentine, 4,969; cattle, 42,661; sheep, 114,336;
steatite and talc. The actynolite is found swine, 29,435; wheat, bush. 23,796; barabout two miles from the south meeting- ley, 8,129; oats, 178,761; rye, 33,502;
house, on the road leading to Grafton. It buck-wheat, 13,387; Indian corn, 139,is in slender four sided prisms of a leek 923; potatoes, 743,366; hay, tons, 70,green color. Some of the crystals are 398; sugar, lbs. 423,400; wool, 222,260.
five or six inches in length, and they vary Population, 27,431.
from a hundredth of an inch to an inch   WINDMILL POINT. See.lburgh.
in breadth. These crystals are embed-   WINDSOR, a post town in the eastern
ded in talc, and are very abundant. Be- part of Windsor county, is in lat. 43o 29'
sides actynolite and talc at this locality, and long. 4~ 29', and is bounded north by
within the compass of a few feet, are Hartland, easterly by Connecticut river,
found common serpentine, amianthus and which separates it from Cornish, N. H.,
ligniform  and earthy  asbestus.  The south by Weathersfield, and westerly by
town is divided into eight school districts Reading. It lies 55 miles southeast from
with a schoolhouse in each. There are Montpelier, 55 northeast from Benningalso, 1 grist mill, 7 saw mills, 2 stores, 1 ton, 95 from Boston, and 420 from Washtavern and one tannery. Statistics of ington. It was chartered to Samuel Ash1840.-Horses, 159; cattle, 1,829; sheep, ley and 58 others, July 6, 1761, contain5,702; swine, 781; wheat, bush. 1,378; ing, by charter, 23,500 acres. The probarley, 518; oats, 5,177; rye, 89)4; buck- prietors immediately  organized  themwheat, 561; Indian corn, 1,434; pota- selvesunder this charter, and proceeded
toes, 36,083; hay, tons,2,723; sugar, lbs. to survey, make a plan of, and allot the
15,830; wool, 11,722./ Population, 757. town. The first permanent settlement
WINDHA3I COUNTY, lies in the south- in the town was commenced by Captain
east cornerofthe state. it issituatedbe- Steele Smith, who removed his family
tween 420 44' and 430 16' north lat. and from Farmington, Ct., to this town, in
between 4~ and 4~ 42' east long., being August, 1764. At that time there was no
36 miles long from north to south, and 28 road north of Charleston, N.H. The next
wide from  east to west, and containing season Maj. Elisha Hawley, Capt. Israel
about 780 square miles. It is bounded Curtis, Dea. HIez. Thompson, Dea. Thos.
north by Windsor county, east by Con- Cooper, and some others, came on and
necticut river, which separates it from  began improvements. There was, howCheshire county, N. H., south by Hamp- ever, a man by the name of Solomon Emshire county, Mass., and west by Ben-  nons, and his wife, who had erected a
nington county. This county was incor- hut, and were living here when Captain
porated by the name of Cumberland, Feb- Smith arrived, but he had not purchased
ruary 11, 1789. Newfane, lying near the the land, or made any improvements with
centre, is the seat of justice. The Su- a view to a permanent settlement. Mrs.
preme Court sits here on the 3d Tuesday Emmons was the first and for some time
after the 4th Tuesday in January, and the only white woman, who resided in
the County Court on the 2d Tuesday in the town.  She was for many years
April and September. There are several supported by the town, and died about
pleasant villages in this county, the most 1833. She was for a number of years
important of which are Brattleborough, the only midwife for many miles around.
Bellows Falls anddFayettville. In the lat- IV;. Samuel Smith, who recently died in
ter situated in New Fane are the county te wn, aged 77 years, a son of Capt, Steele




PART II1.              GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                             195
WIN DSOR.                                                            WINDSOR.
Smith, was the first child born. The town this church have been Rev. Dr. Chapman,
was rapidly settled, and was soon organ- ill 1818, who was succeeded by the Rev.
ized, though the records do not show the George Leonard, who  continued  till
time when. Dea. Thomas Cooper was 1829; Rev. Wm. Horton, who officiathe first town clerk. During the contro- ted from 1829 to 1835; Rev. Darius Barversy between the government of New  ker, from 1836 to 1838; and Rev. O. H.
York and New Hampshire, respecting the Staples, from 1838 to 1841, The Rev.W.
jurisdiction of the territory now forming D. Wilson is the present minister. The
the state of Vermont, the proprietors of church edifice is of brick, in Grecian
Windsor became alartned for their title, style, and was consecrated Nov. 20,1822.
and conveyed their respective rights of It has a good organ and bell. In 1793
land, in trust, to Col. Nathan Stone, who the town was divided into two distinct
surrendered the same to Wm. Tryon, the parishes, by an act of the Legislature. In
Governor of the Province of New York, 1814, these two parishes were, by an act
who regranted the township to Col.Stone of the Legislature, erected into two disand 28 others, by Letters Patent, dated tinct towns, by the names of Windsor
March 28, 177'2. Both these Royal grants and West Windsor, with the right in each
reserved one whole share for the Propa- to send a representative to the General
gation Society, one share for the first set- Assembly. The next year, however, the
tied minister of the gospel, one for a glebe party excitement which had induced that
for the Church of England, and one for measure, having in some degree subsided,
the benefit of a public school in town. they were reunited again into one town,
From what few of the proprietors' records under the ancient name of Windsor.
are now remaining, it appears that the This town is hilly, but it is well watered
public lots were drawn and set apart, ac- by small streams, and the soil is fertile.
cording to a plan or map of the town, then Nearly all the tillageable land in town is
in existence, previous to the regrant of settled; but is capable of subsisting a
1772. But after that grant, the old plan much denser population than it does at
seems to have disappeared, and a new one present. The principal stream  in town
was substituted, in which all the public is Mill brook. It rises in the westerly
rights are located on the most barren and part of Reading, and after an easterly
inaccessible part of Ascutney mountain; course of about 15 miles, it falls into Con.
so that they are of no value to the town. necticut river at the south end of WindAt an early period, two religious societies sor village. It affords a variety of mill
of the Congregational order were formed seats.  Ascutney mountain is situated
in Windsor, one in the east and the oth- partly in  Weathersfield and partly in
er in the west parish of the town. About Windsor: the line between the towns
the year 1778, the Rev. Martin Tuller passing across the apex of the mountain.
and the Rev. Pelatial Chapin were ordain- See A.scutney. The timber of this towned the first ministers over their respec- ship is principally sugar maple, white
tive churches in those parishes.  The maple, birch, ash, walnut, red oak, butRev. Samuel Shuttleworth succeeded Mr. ternut, basswood, white pine, spruce, and
Tuller, as the pastor of the Congregation- hemlock.  TWindsor villag-e is situated on
al church in the east parish, who was or- the west bank of Connecticut river, about
dained June 23, 1790. His successors equi-distant from  the north and south
have been Rev. Benj. Ball, Rev. Bancroft lines of the township. It is built'on the
Fowler, Rev. John Wheeler, Rev. Geo. westerly side of the meadow, which here
Wilson, and Rev. Thomas Kidder. The is large and beautifuil, about one fourth
latter was recently dismissed. The Con- of a mile from the river, between Mill
gregational church in the west parish has brook on the south, and southwest, and
been for some time vacant. There is al- the Pulk-hole brook, so called, which terso a small Baptist church in the west par- minates it on the norl h and northwest.
ish, of which Elder Samuel Lawson is These two streams approach very near to
the pastor. In 1813 a Baptist church and each other on the west side of the village,
society was formed in the east parish. leaving but a narrow  isthmus. between
Rev. Joshua Bradley was the first pastor them; then suddenly turning, the one to
over this church. He has been succeed- the south, and the other to the north,
ed by the Rev. Leland Howard, the Rev. they diverge to the extent of a mile, and
Romeo Elton, and the Rev. Elijah Hutch- then both turning easterly, they fall into
inson, who is the present pastor.  An the Connecticut. It is through this isthEpiscopal church, by the name of St. mus that the main roads from Reading,
Paul's church, was organized here Nov. and the west parish of Windsor, and- the
25, 1816, under the temporary ministry of road from Woodstock, which form a juncthe Rev. Dr. Morss. The minis ters of tion a little west of the village, enter it.




196                     GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                          PART 111.
W INDSOR.                       WINDSOR COUNTY.                        WINHALL
The site of the village is uneven, and the wheat, 1,847; Indian corn, 12,920; potamain street, which passes through it from  toes, 61,075; hay, tons, 5,673; sugar, lbs.
north to south, is serpentine, making no 18,320; wool, 25,343.  Population,2,744.
less than fbur very obtuse angles within    WINDsoR COUNTY is situated on the
the village; the effect of which is, that east side of the Green Mountains, between
not more than about one third of the vil- 430 13' and 43o 56' north lat. and between
lage can be seen from any one point of 40 7' and 40 45' east long. being 48 miles
viewe. The village contains about 125 long from north to south, and 30 wide
dwelling houses. It is rather compact- I rom east to west, and containing abo-t
ly built, and several of the houses are 900 square miles. It is bounded north by
elegant.  The  place  is much  adoin- Orange county, east by Connecticut rived with trees and shrubbery, which, uni- er, which separates it from  Grafton and
ted with the bill prospect around, and a Cheshire counties, N. H., south by W\indfine view  of Ascutney mountain, which ham county, and west by Rutland county.
lies 3 miles southwest of it, render it one This county was incorporated in Febrraof the most pleasant villages in this part ry, 1781.  Woodstock. situated near the
of the country.  The public buildings are centre of the county, is the seat of justice.
three houses for public worship, a court The supreme court sits here the 4th Tueshouse, where the U. S. Circuit and Dis- day next following the 4th Tuesday of
trict Courts meet annually, on the 21st January, and the county court on the last
and 27th of May; thei state prison; and Tuesday in May and November. The e
a seminary for young gentlemen and la- are several pleasant villages in the coundies. The latter is under the charge of ty, the mostimportant of which are WindMessrs. J. Swett, Jr. and Alonzo Jack- sor, Woodstock, Norwich, and Royalton.
man. For the purpose of affording the White river runs across the north part of
village the advanolages of water powe,', in the county, Quechee river through the
1835 a stone dlam was constructed ac-oss central part, and Black river through the
Mill brookl, half a mile from its mouth. It south part.  Some of the head branche.s
is'360 feet in length, 56 in breadlh at the of West and Williams' rivers rise in the
base, 12 at the top, and 42 feet in height, southwestern part. The surface of this
forming a reservoir of water nearly one county is uneven, but the soil is generally
mile in len(rth, wth a surface of 100 a- of an excellent quality, producing fine
cres, having an available fall of 60 feet in crops of grass, corn, and grain. A range
the distance of one third of a mile. The of talco-argillaceous slate passes through
dam is built on the arc of a circle, over tile western part of the county, in which
which, in flood time, lhe water flows in several quarries of excellent steatite or
an unbroken sheet 102 feet in lengtb,  soap stone have been opened,particu'arly
forming one of the most beautiful cas- in Plymouth, Bridgewater, and Bethel.
cades in the country. The village con- In the southeastern part is an abundance
tains at present 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill, of excellent granite, and primitive lime2 tanneries, a. post office, 3 taverDs, 4 law- stone abounds in the southwestern part,
yers, 4 physicians, a printingr  office, at where it is extensively manufactured into
which is published the Vermont Chroni- lime, particularly  in  Plymouth.  The
c!e, by Bishop & Tr'acy, 9 siores of d;f- rocks in the other parts are principally
ferent kinds, and the usual variety of me- gneiss, mica slate, and hornblende.  A
chanics' shops. Many of the houses are range of argillaceous slate extends into
elegant, and the vilage is rendered de- the northwestern part of the county. The
lightful by the shade-trees, shrubbery, miica and talcose slate, in many places,
and fine gardens. The garden of Hon. abounds with garnets.  Statistics of 1840.
Horace Everett offers one ortlie best spe- -Horses, 8,440; cattle, 51,863; sheep,
cimens of horticu!ltural taste and skill in 234,826; swine, 22,834; wheat, bu. 56,this sect;on of the country.  There are 659; barley, 5,164; oats, 30t,0b6; rye,
two small villages in the west parish, 46,126; buckwheat, 49,380; Ind. corn,
called Brownsville and Skeddsville.   The  168,897; potatoes, 1,072,753; hay, tons,
former has a meeting house, occupied by 107,109; sugar, lbs. 462,444; wool, 552,the Methodists, 2 stoies, I tavern, 1 saw  770. Population, 40,359.
mill, and several mechanics' shops. The    WISHA LI, a post town in the eastern
latter has a meeinog house, occupied by part of Bennington county, is in lat. 43'c
the Freewill Baptists and Universalists, I 10' and long. 4~ 7', and is bounded north
store, I tavern, 1 tannery, 1 shoe shop, by Peru, east by Jamaica and a part of
&c.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 50'1; Londonderry, south by Stratton, and west
cattle, 2,428; sheep, 12,429; swine, 1,- by Manchester. It lies 25 miles northeast
244; wheat, bushels, 2,864;  baley, fronm Bennington, 33 southwest from
103; oats, 15,822; rye, 4,077; buck- Windsor, and was chartered September




PART III.                GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                                197
WINOOSKI RIVER.                                                          WOLCOTT,
15, 1761, containing by charter 23,040 flats along this river are narrow, till the
acres. Mr. Nathaniel Brown, from Mas- river has passed through the  western
sachusetts, commenced the settlement of range of the Green Mountains, when they
this township, during the revolutionary  become much more extensive. In Bolton,
war. The town was organized about the  where it passes the range, the mountains
year 1796. Asa Beebe jr. was first town approach very near the river. The chanclerk, and Asa Beebe was first represent- nels which have been worn in the rocks
ative. The religious denominations are by this river are a great curiosity. One
Congregationalists, Methodists, and Bap- of these between Middlesex and Moretists. The Rev. B. Barrett was settled  town, is about 80 rods in length, 60 feet
over the Congregational church about the  in width, and 30 feet deep; the rock aptime the town was organized, who died pearing like a wall on each side. Anothabout two years after.  Tiere has been  er of these channels isbetween Waterbuno settled minister since, There is a ry and Duxbury, four miles below Watersmall union meeting house situated near bury village. Its depth is about 100 feet,
the centre of the township, and another and the rocks on the south side are perin the eastern part, belonging to the Con- pendicular.  The rocks have here fallen
gregationalists and Baptists. The Con- into the chasm and formedanatural bridge,
gregationalists are suppl;ed by the pre- which is crossed byfootmen at low water.
ceptor of Burr Seminary, and the Metho- Among the rocks here, are also, sevedists by circuit -reachers.  The town is ral  curiouss caverns.  Holes  also  of
watered by Winriall river which affords cylindrical form, are here worn into the
a great number of good mill privileges. solid rocks several feet in depth. This
There are in town five school districts, chasm is hut a few steps from  the turnand four'school houses,one grist and seven  pike leading from Montpelier to Burlingsaw mills, one store, three taverns, and ton, and is worthly the attention of the cu.
one tannery.  Statistics of 1840.-Horses, rious traveller.  A third channel of this
172; cattle,693; sheep, 815; swine,279; kind is between Burlington and Colches.
wheat, bu. 579; oats, 2,775; rye, 366; ter, about three fourths of a mile above
buckwheat, 647; Ind. corn, 564; pota- Winooski lower falls. The channel here
toes, 17,3S8; hay,tons, 1,466; sugar, lbs. is about 40 rods in length, 70 feet in
11,000; wool. 1,590. Population, 576.    width, and 65 feet deep.  Across the
WINHAI.T, RJvER is a small mill stream  channel a bridge has been thrown which
which is collected in Winhall, and, after is perfectly secure from floods. There is
running easterly through the corner of abundant evidence, both here and at the
Jamaica, unites with West river in the natural bridge  above  mentioned, that
south part of Londonderry.                there formerly existed a large pond at
WINOOSKI RIVER, called also Onion riv- each place, whose waters were drainedoff
er, is formed in Cabotby the union of sev- by the wearing-down of the channels. In
eral small streams, and taking a souther- Winooski river are several falls which afly course, enters Marshfield where it re- ford excellent sites for mills.  The turnreceives a large tributary from  the east, pike from Burlington eastward along this
which originates in Onion river pond in river affords the best passage of the Green
Peacham and in Molly's pond in Cabot. Mountains in the State. Winooski river is
On this stream is a remarkable cateract, one of the largest in the State, being about
where the water falls about500 feet in the 70 miles in length, and  watering  970
distance of30rods.  Through Marshfield, square miles.*
the river continues a southerly course into    WOLCOTT, a post town in the east part
Plainfield, where it bends to the south- of Lamoille county, is in lat. 44~0 34'and
west and crosses the corner of the town- lon_. 40 31' and is bounded north by
ship into Montpelier.  Here it receives Craftsbury, east by Hardwick, south by
Kingbhry's branch, from Calais.  After Elmore, and west by Hydepark.  It lies
crossing the southeast co':ner of Moni pelier,the river takes a northwesterlycourse,   * Winooslki is an Indian name, composed of two
which it continues till it falls into lake words in the Ablaacqui, or Algonquin tongue, zeiChamplainl, between Colchester and Eur- noos, onions, or leeks, and ki, land. so that its li'ercl s'gnit;cation is lend of onions. Thespelling
lington, five miles north of Burlington  comes to us through the French, and the i having
village.  Its most considerable tributa- the sound of long e, it is pronounced Wenooskee.
ries are Dog river and Steven's branch in Considering the nld so ame preferahle in every re
sonee: to its translation, onion, we have given it the
Berlin, North branch at Montpelier vil- preference through the whole of our work, and we
lage, Mad river in Moretown, Waterbury  hope the time is not distant when it will be in geno
river in Waterbury, Huntinglon river in eral use. During tilhe colonial wars the French and
Indians often made their descent upon the English
Richmond, and TMuddy brook between  throngh the valley of this river, and hence it was
Williston and Burlington.  The alluvial olten called Friench Rivet.




198                   GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                         PART III.
WOODFORD.                                                         WOODSTOCK
37 miles northeast from Burlington, and settlement of this township was com22 nearly north from Mantpelier. It was moenced by Mr. James Sanderson, who
granted November 7, 1780, and chartered moved his family here about the year
to Joshua Stanton and others, August 22, 1768. He was soon joined by other set1781, contaiinng 23,040 acres. The town- tlers, and, in May, 1773, the town was
ship is but thinly settled. It is watered organized, and Joab Hoisington was choby the river Lamoille, which runs through  sen town clerk. The whole number of
it from east to west, and by several of its families in 1774 was 14.  Major Joab
branches, among which Green river, and Hoisington was the first settler in that
Wild branch are the most considerable. part of' the town afterwards called the
Thlere is in the eastern part a large natu-" Green."  In 1776, he built a grist mill,
ral pond called Fish pond. There are in and soon after, a saw mill, on the South
town one store, one tannery, one grist and branch of Quechee river, near the spot
five saw mills. Statistics of 1 840.-Hors- where the county jail now stands. These
es, 195; cattle, 907; sheep, 1,937; swine, were the first mills erected in town, and,
493; wheat, bu. 1,733; barley, 142; oats, previous to this time, the inhabitants were
7,530; rye, 460; buckwheat, 136; Ind. obliged to carry their grain to Windsor,
corn, 2,040; potatoes, 30,101; hay, tons, and, sometimes, to Cornish, N. H., to be
1,728; sugar, lbs. 32,565; wool, 4,025. ground. Doct. Stephen Powers was the
Population, 824.                       first resident physician. In 1774 he reWooDBURY. Name altered to Monroe,  moved to this township from Middleboro',
Nov. 5, 1838.  See Monroe.             Plymouth co., Mass., and erected the secWOODFORD, a township in the central ond log house on the "Green."  During
part of Bennington county, is in lat, 420 the revolutionary war, the progress of the
52' and long. 40, and is bounded north by settlement was much retarded.  There
Glastenbury, east by Searsburgh and a were at this time scarcely any inhabitants
part of Reedsborough, south by Stamford, in the state to the north and northwest of
and west by Bennington. It lies 24 miles this township, and the settlers here were
west from Brattleborough, 50 south from  subject to frequent alarms by reports that
Rutland, and was chartered March 6, the Indians were coming upon them, at
1753, containing, by charter, 23,040 acres. which times they usually secreted their
This township began to be settled imme- most valuable effects in the woods. The
diately after the revolutionary war, but early inhabitants also suffered much by
the progress of the settlement has been the ravages of the wild beasts. In order
slow. The religious denominations are to preserve their young cattle and sheep
Congregationalists and Methodists. This from the bears and wolves, they were, for
township is watered principally by the some years, compelled to guard them
head branches of Walloomscoik river, the during the night, or shut them  up in
largest of which originates near the cen- yards, or buildings, prepared for the purtre in a pond which covers about 100 acres. pose. The Rev. George Daman was orA branch of Deerfield river rises from a dained over the Cangregational church
small pond in the northeast part. The here about the year 1782, and was the
township is mountainous, and much of it first settled minister. Previous to this,
incapable of settlement. It is well tim- the Rev. Aaron Hutchinson preached for
bered with beech, maple, birch, spruce, some time in Woodstock, Hartland and
hemlock, &c. The turnpike from Ben- Pomfret, alternately.  This town was
nington to Brattleborough passes through divided into two parishes, called the
the south part. There are in town three north and south parish, by an act of the
school districts, one grist and three saw  legislature passed March 1, 1784. The
mills, and one tannery. Statisticsof 1840. Congregational church, in the north par-Horses, 73; cattle, 219; sheep, 133; ish, erected a meeting house in 1806,
swine, 96; oats, 105; buckwheat, 27; which was finished in 1808.  April 25,
Ind corn, 40; potatoes; 1,900; hay, tons, 1810, they settled the Rev. Walter Cha193; sugar, lbs. 515; wool, 350. Pop- pin, who continued pastor till his death,
ulation, 487.                          July 22, 1827. His successors have been
WOODSTOCK, a post town and capital the Rev. John Richards, the Rey. Robert
of Windsor county, is in lat. 430 36' and Sou!thgate, and the Rev. Worthington
long. 40 27', and is bounded north by Wright. The latter, who is the present
Pomfret, east by Hartland, south by Read- pastor, was installed Feb. 14, 1838. The
ing, and west by Bridgewater. It lies 11 other religious denominations are Chrismiles northwest from Windsor, 46 south tians, Methodists, Episcopalians and Uni.
from Montpelier, and 428 from Washing- versalists. The Christian society is large,
ton, D. C. It was chartered July 10, and has been for more than 20 years un1761, and contains 26,017 acres.  The der the care of Elder Jasper Hazen. The




PART III.               GAZETTEER OF VERMONT.                            199
WOODSTOCK.                                                        WORCESTER'
liturgy of the Episcopal church was first mercantile transactions, this village ranks
used here by the Rev. Joel Clap, Nov. as one of the first in the state. Among
20, 1825. Jan. 27, 1826, a parish was or- the manufactories, that of Messrs. R.
ganized by the name of St. James' Church, Daniels &  Co., for the manufacture of
and a neat church edifice was erected in carding machines, jacks, shears, and all
1827, which was consecrated June 28, other articles used in woollen factories,
1828.  The Rev. Joel Clap officiated is deserving of particular notice, both on
here from Nov. 20, 1825 to July 15, 1832; account of the amount of business and
the Rev. B. C. C. Parker from October, the excellency of the work. There are
1832 to May, 1839; the Rev. John Grigg in this village 5 resident clergymen, 12
from May, 1839 to Easter, 1840, and June -ttorneys, 6 physicians, 2 printing ofAces,
Ist, 1840, the Rev. Joel Clap again took at which newspapers are printed, and 20
charge of the parish, and is the present dry goods, grocery, and other stores.
rector. Communicants 65. The Univer- South Woodstock is situated 5 miles south
salist and Methodist societies are large, of the court house, on the road to Springbut we are unable to give particulars. field, and contains a handsome meeting
The epidemic of 181 1 and'12 was very house, 2 stores, 2 physicians, and a numdistressing here, and fatal to many of the ber of mechanics. There are in town 18
inhabitants.  Woodstock is one of the school districts, 3 grist, 5 saw and 3 fullbest farming townships in the state. The ing mills, 2 woollen factories, 3 tanneries
surface is pleasantly diversified with hills and 2 printing offices. Statistics of 1840.
and vallies, and the soil is generally of a Horses, 621; cattle, 5,719; sheep, 15,974;
good quality, and easily cultivated. This swine, 1,655; wheat, bush. 4,671; oats,
township is watered by OttA Quechee 28,879; rye, 1,426; buckwheat, 3,900;
river, which runs through it in a north- Indian corn, 15,141; potatoes, 82,584;
easterly direction, and by two of its hay, tons, 8,374; sugar, lbs. 32,072; wool,
branches, one on the north side and the 39,072. Population, 3,315.
other on the south. That on the north is   WORCESTER, a township in the northcalled Beaver brook, and originates in western part of Washington county, is in
the north part of Bridgewater, and in the lat. 440 24' and long. 4~ 25', and is boundsouth part of Barnard and Pomfret, and ed north by Elmore, east by Calais, south
affords two or three good mill seats in by Middlesex, and west by Stow. It lies
this township. The south branch affords 10 miles north from Montpelier, and 31
good mill privileges rt both the villages, east from Burlington. It was chartered
and there are 1 Its erected upon it in two to Joshua Mason and associates June 8,
or three other places. But the best situc- 1763, and contains 23,040 acres.  The
tions for water power are on Otta Que- settlement was commenced in 1797, by
chee river. There are two dams con- George Martin and John Ridlan, emistructed across this stream, but a short grants from Kennebec, Maine. The town
distance above the village, on which mills was organized March 3, 1803, and John
and other machinery are erected, and an- Young was the first town clerk. It was
other near the spot where the river leaves first represented in the general assembly
the township, at which is one of the in 1808. When the cold seasons comrnmost extensive and successful manufac- menced, the inhabitants abandoned the
tories of scythes, clothiers' shears, axes, township, and in 1816 there were but
and other edged tools, in the state, carried three families here. In 1820, there were
on by Mr. Daniel Taft and sons. There 44 inhabitants, and in March, 1821, the
are two pleasant villages, known by their town was reorganized, it having, some
post office designations, Woodstock, and time before, lost its organization, and Mr.
South Woodstock. The village of Wood- Amasa Brown was chosen town clerk.
stock is the largest in the county. It is A Congregational church was gathered
built on both sides of Otta Quechee river, here in February, 1824. and then consistand contains about 350 buildings, mostly ed of 12 members. There are also Freesituated around  a beautiful park, and will Baptist and' Methodist societies here.
about 1,400 inhabitants. The public build- The township is watered by the north
ings are a handsome court house, (see branch of Winooski river, which rises in
part second, p. 122,) and a strong jail, 5 Elmore about four miles from  the Lahouses for public worship, Congregation- moille, and unites with Winooski river at
al, Christian, Episcopalian, Universalist the village of Montpelier. On this stream
and Methodist, and the Vermont Medical are here several good mill privileges, on
College, (see part second, p. 165.)  The several of which are saw mills. This
business of a large tract of country cen- stream opens a convenient passage for a
tres at this village; and for the variety road through the height of lands between
and extent of its manufactures and its Winooski river and the Lamoille. The




200                  GAZETTEER OFr VERMONT.                      PART III
NAMES OF TOWNS ALTERED.
surface of the township is uneven, and swine, 168; wheat, bush. 883; barley,
along the western part is a considerable 151; oats, 4,002; rye, 267; buckwheat,
mountain. The town is divided into 7 775; Indian corn, 1,386; potatoes, 3,305;
school districts.  Statistics of 1840.-  hay, tons, 415; wool, 267.  PopulaHorses, 79; cattle, 244; sheep, 589; tion, 587.
List of Towns the names of which have been altered.
Flamstead to New Flamstead, Nov. 3,1761 Medway to Parkerstown,  Nov. 7, 1804
New Flamstead to Chester, July 14,1766 Hopk;nsville to Kirhy,    Oct. 28, 1807
Kent to Londonderry,    April 20,1780 Middle Heroto Grand Isle, Nov. 5, 1810
Hertford to Hartland,    June 15, 1782 Billymead to Sutton,   Oct. 19, 1812
Neshobe to Brandon,     Oct. 20, 1784 Lutterloh to Albany,    Oct. 30, 1815
Turnersborough to Chelsea, Oct. 13, 1788 Duncansborough to Newport, Oct.30,1816
Moretown to Bradford,    Oct. 23, 1788 Huntsburgh to Franklin,   Oct. 25, 1817
Pocock to Bristol,      Oct. 21, 1789 Navy to Charleston,     Nov. 16,1825
Minden to Craftsbury,    Oct. 27, 1790 Parkerstown to Mendon,  Nov, 6, 1827
Tomlinson to Grafton,    Oct. 31, 1791 Minehead to Bloomfield,  Nov. 9, 1830
Hungerford to Sheldon,    Nov. 8, 1792 Vineyard to Isle la Motte, Nov. 6, 1830
Wildersburgh to Barre,   Oct. 19, 1793 Kellyvale to Lowell,   Nov. 1, 1831
New Hunting'n to Hunting'n,Oct.27,1795 Random to Brighton,    Nov. 3, 1832
Saltash to Plymouth,    Feb. 23, 1797 Kingston to Granville,    Nov. 6, 1834
Littleton to Waterford,  March 9, 1797 Woodbury to Monroe,    Nov. 5, 1838
Killington to Sherburne,   Nov. 4, 1800 Coventry to Orleans,    Nov., 1841
Caldersburgh to Morgan,  Oct. 19, 1801 Westlord to Westmore,
Hinsdale to Vernon,     Oct. 21, 1802 Draper to Wilmington,
Isle la Motte to Vineyard,  Nov. 9, 1802 Socialborough to Clarendon,
Missisco to Troy,       Oct. 26, 1803 Harwich to Mount-Tabor,
Bromley to Peru,         Feb. 3, 1804




INDEX
TO PART FIRST, OR NATURAL HISTORY.
[G.'stands for Genus. For an Index to the Genera of Plants see page 207.]
Acanthopterygii 129 Bunting Savanna. 87 Domestic Fowls,  11,Hawk, Br.winged, f61
Acipenser, G.  149 ---  Snow,    86 Dove, Carolina, 100          Cooper's, 62
Alasmodonta, G. 165 Butcher -Bird,   75 Duck, Wood,   109        Fish,     60
Alburgh Springs  8 Butternut,      215       Mallard, 109      - Gos,      62
Alcedo, G.      9 -Buttonwood,    214        Dusky,  110 -       Large-foot. 62
Alosa, G.      144 Caledris, G'102 ----— Bluewing.110       Marsh,   62
Ammoccetes, G. 150 Caprimulgus,  G  99 tagles,         59        Pigeon,   63
Anas, G.       109 Cartilag. Fishes, 148 Earthquakes,    16      Red-shoul. 60
Anchor Ice,     15 Carp Sucker,   133 Eel, Black,      148       Red-tailed, 63
Ancylus, G.    164 Carp Family,   133-  Common,  147             Slate color.61
Angle Worm,  170 Cat,               52  - Silver,    148 Hedge-hog,        47
Anodonta, G.   164 Catalog. Quadru., 24 Eel-pout,      147 Height of lands,  3
Annulata,       169.-  Birds,    57 Elk,              50 Helix, G. snails, 58
Anser, G.       108-   Reptiles, 113 Elm, White,   214 Hemlock,           217
Anthus, G       86  Fishes,  128-  Red,               215 Heron, Blue,   103
Appear.. of Birds, 13    Plants,  173 Emberiza, G       86 — Green,  104
Appendix(shells) 169 Catamount,     37 Emys, G         113  --  Night,  103
Arachnides, G   170 Catastomus, G   133 Emysaurus, G   114 Herring family, 144
Arbor Vitae,    218 Cat Bird,       78 Ermine,          31 Hickory,       215
Arctomys, G     44 Cat Fish,       139 Esox, G        137 Hiodon, G       144
Ardea, G       103 Cattle,          51 Etheostoma,    132 Ilirundo, G      97
Area of Vermont, 2 Caves,            8 Extent of Vt.,    2 Hog,            53
Arvicola, G.    41 Cedar Bird,      74 Face of country,  3 Hog Fish,      132
Ash,           211 Cedar, Red,    218 Falco, G         58 Hornbeam,       212
Ass,            53       - White,  218 Finches,        90 Horned pout,   139
Astacus Bartonii,.170 Certhia, G    95 Fisher Martin,   32 Horse,          52
Aurora Borealis, 18 Centrarchus, G  131 Fishes,       127 Horses in Vt.,   53
Bass, Black,    131 Champlain, Lake, 5 Fly-catchers,    75 Horse Leech,   169
Rock,      131 Cherry,        20( Fox, Black,     36 Humming bird,  96
Basswood,      209 Cherry Bird,    74 —  Cross,        35 Hydrargira fusca,137
Bat, Carolina,   25 Chestnut,      213  -  Red,        35 Hyla,           122
- Hoary,        25 Chickadee,       73 -   Sampson,  36 HylodesPickerin.121
-    Say's,     25 Chickaree,       46 Fringilla, G    87 Ice,             14
-   Silver-haired,26 Class. of Animals, 23 Frog, Bull,  119 Icterus, G  67
Batrachia,     119 Climate,          9     Black,     121 Indian summer,  16
Bays',           6 Climates compar'd 20    Horicon,  121 Insectivor's birds, 74
Bear,           28 Clytus pictus,  172     Leopard,  120 Insects,         170
Beaver,         38 Coccyzus, G      92 -   Pickerel,  120 Iron-wood,      212
Beech,         212 Coluber, G      115     Spring,    120 Islands,          6
Beetle,        172 Columba, G      100 —   Woods,   121 Jay, blue,         72
Bill-Fish,     145 Colymbus, G    11 -   Tree,        122 -  Canada,    73
Birch,         213 Corvina, G      132 Fulica, G      106 Jumnping Mouse, 44
Birds,          56 Corvus, G        71 Gadide,        146 King Bird,.75
Black Bird, Cow, 69 Cougar,         37 Gallina. Birds, 100 King Fisher,    96
Crow,   70 Counties,          2 Gar Fishes,    145 Lakes,           -5
Red-wing., 68 Crane, Whoop'g, 103 Geology,      222 Lamprey, Blue, 150
-       Rusty,   71 Crawfish,      170 Goldfinch,      89  -    Mud,   150
Blue Bird,      85 Crow,            71 Goosander,      110 Lanius, G       74
Bob-o-link,     7) Cross Bill, Com. 91 Goose, Wild,   108 Larch,          217
Bombycilla, G    74 -     white wing.92 Gos-hawk,      62 Lark, Brown,    86
Boundary,        I Crustacea,      170 Granivor'us Birds,86 -     Meadow,   67
Borer, Locust,  172 Cuckoos,        92 Grosbeak, Pine, 91 Latitude,        -1
Bos, G          5'4 Currant,       220 Grouse,        101 Larus, G        107
Botany,        173 Cyclas, G.      168 Grus, G        103 Lepisosteus,,G;.16
Bug, Cucumber, 172 Cypselus, G      98 Gull, Bonapart. 107 Limax. G       163
Bufo, G        123 l)ace,          135 — Herring,  108 Limnea,.G         153
Bull Frog,     119 Dark Days,       15 Halcyons,       96 Ling,           146
Bull Pout,      138 Dobchick,      107 Hancr Bird,     68 Linnet, Pine,    89
BuuntinD,baywing. 87lDog,           52 Hare,           48-   Parple   91
PT, 1i.            26




INDEX TO NATURAL HISTORY.
Lizards,        11' Perch, Common, 129 Salmo, G        140 Tatler Solitary, 105
Lobe footed birds,106 --  Pond,   130 Salmon,          140       Spotted, 105
Lobster, F. water,170 Percida,     129 Salrnonidw,    140 Teal, Blue-wing. 110
Longe,          140 Perdix, G      101 Sanderling,     102 Tebenophorus, G 163
Longitude,        1 Petromyzon, G  150 Sassafras,      211 Temperature,     9
Loon,           111 Pewee,          76 Sauria,         115 Tetrao, G      101
Lota, G         146 Pheasant,      102 Saw-whet,        66 Thrasher,       78
Loxia, G         91 Philomycus, G  163 Scolopax, G     105 Thrush, Aquatic, 79
Lucio-Perca, G  129 Phcebe,         76 Seal,            38       Brown,   78
Lynx,            36 Physa, G       154 Seasons,     13, 20       G. crown. 80
-    Bay,        37 Pickerel,      138 Serpents,       115       Hermit,  80
Magnetic varia'ns, 19 Picus, G      93 Shad,           143       New York, 79
Maple, Red,    210 Pigeon,         100 -    Winter.   144        Wilson,  79
---- Sugar,  209 Pike,             137 Sheep,           55 Tip-up,        105
-----   White,  210 Pike-perch,    130 Sheep-head,    133 Titmouse,bl'k cap, 73
Martin, Pine,    32 Pimelodus, G   138 Sheldrake,      110   ~  Hud'n bay, 73
-  Purple,   97 Pine Grosbeak,  91 Shiner,         136 Toad, Common, 123
Medicinal Springs, 7 -   Linnet,    89 Shrew, Forster's, 26 -    Tree,    122
Melania, G     152      Martin,    32 -    Short tailed, 27 Tortoise, painted,113
Meleagris, G    101 Pine,          215 Shrew-mole,      27      sculptur'd 114
Menobranchus G 126 Planorbis, G    154 Siluride,       138       snapping, 114
Mergus, G       110 Plover,Sand'ling 102 Sitta, G       94 Totanus, G     104
Metals,        223 --  Upland, 104 Situation,            I Trochilus colubris,96
Meteorology,      9 Podiceps, G    107 Skunk,           33 Troglodytes, G   84
Meteors,         16 Pomnotis, G    130 Smelt,          142 Trout, Brook,   141
Minerals,      224 Ponds,            5 Smoky atmosph'e, 15 -- Salmon, 140
Minki            31 Poplars,       174 Snake, Black,  117 Tupelo,         211
Minnow, Brook, 136 Porcupine,       471-   Brown,   116 Turdus, G          78
Moles,       27, 28 Pout, Bull,    138     Chicken,  118 Turkey, Wild  101
Moose,          49 -     Horned,   139-   Green,    1i7 Unio, G           166
Mouse,           43 Productions,     6     Rattle,    118 Valvata, G      152
-   Meadow,   41 Pupa, G           157 -- Ribband,   115 Verd-mont,         4
-     Jumping,   44 Pyrrhula, G     91      Ringed,   117 Vireos,          77
Mud Fish,       137 Quadrupeds in Vt. 23 - Spott. neck, 116 Vitrina, C(   162
Mulberry,       212 Quay Bird,     103     Striped,   115 Wading Birds,  102
Mule,           53 Quail,          101 Snipe,         105 Walnut,         220
Mure na, G      147 Quiscalus,      70 Snow,            12 Warblers, b. & w. 83
Musclcapa, G    75 Rabbit,          48 Snow Bird,       88 -- Blackburn's, 82
Musk Rat,        41 Raccoon,.      2) Snow Bunting,  86 —black-throat. 83
Namaycush,    140 Rail,            106 Soil,             6-  coerulean,   82
Name of Vermont, 4 Rain in Vt.,     12 Sparrow, Blue,  88 -  green,        81
Night Hawk,    99 Rallus, G        106       Chipping, 88 — Maryland,  83
Norway Rat,    42 Rana, G          119  Field,    88-   Nashville,  81
Nuthatches,      95 Rat, Black,    -43       Song,    87- pine-creep'g 82
Oak, Red, White, 213 -  Brown,      42       Swamp,  89- spotted,    81
Oil-nut,        215 Raven,          72       Tree,      88-   summer,    81
OmnivorousBjrd, 67 Red-pol4,        89 Spruces,        216 — yellow crown.80
Ophidia,        115 Regulus, G      83 Squirrel, Black,  45 — yell. red poll, 80
Oriole, Baltimore, 68 Reptiles,    112  -   Flying,   47 — worm-eating, 83
Osmerus, G      142 Rivers,          4        Gray,    45 Weasel,          30
Otter,          33 Robin,           79       Red,       46 Web-footed birds,107
Owl, Barn,      67 -- Golden,   68 —---   Striped,  46 Whip-poor-will,  99
Barred,     66 Rocks,         222 Starnosed Mole, 28 White Fish,    143
-Cinereous,  65 Rumina. Animals, 49 Streams,          4 Winds,           10
-Great-horn., 65 Rusticola, G.   105 Sturgeons,     149 Winter Shad,   144
Hawk,       64 Sable,          32 Sturnus, G       67 Wolf,           34
Screech,    64 Salamanders,   123 Succinea, G     156 Wolverine,      3(
-   Sbirt-eared, 66- Glutinous, 125 Suckers,           133 Woodchuck,      44
-   Snowy,    ~4,-   Many-spot., 123 Sun Fishes,    130 Woodcock,         106
Ox,              54-Red backed, 125 Swallow, Bank   98 Woodpeckers,   93
Paludina, G:1-511- Salmon eol, 124        Barn,    97 Wren, House,   84
Panther,, 3.7 - Symmetri'l1 123      Chimney, 98  -  Winter,    84
Partridge,'   101      Tiger,     1'24.      Cliff,    97 -- Wood,        85
* —-    -Spruce, 102 -   Two-lined, 125      White bell. 98 Yellow Bird,    89
Parus, G         73 - Violet col'd, 125 Sylvia, G       80      - Summer, 81
Pekan,           32 Salamandxa, G  123 Tamarack,       217 Yellow Throat,  83
A~rca,.G.129:Kalia, G        85 Tatler, Bartram's 104 Yoke-toed Birds, 92




INDEX
TO PART SECOND, OR CIVIL HISTORY.
Abercrombie defeated    12 Charlestown defended,   7 Hough, Benjamin        31
Academies chartered    143 Charter, form of N. H. 224 Howe, Lord,           12
Adams, Dr., punishm't of 32 Chittenden, Thomas    51 Hubbardton Battle      42
Addison settled         6       biography of      85 Hudson river discovered  3
Admission into the Union 83 -- last speech of    87 Independence of Vt. decl. 50
Agents sent to Congress 59 Christian churches,    190 Indians of Vermont    205
Agriculture           213 Clinton's proclamation   53 Indian depredations   67
Alarm in Windham co.  70 Coins, Vermont          135 -    gallantry         70
Albany settled          3 Commerce               215 -   hieroglyphics     208
Allen, Ethan           30 Congregation'l churches 176    relics            207
reply to Kemp     21 Continental money,    133 Insurrection            79
takes Ticonderoga  33 Controversy with N. Y. 16 -    Windsor and Rutl'd 80
-  taken prisoner   35  --  settled           83 Iroquois Indians         4
-  proclamation,       77 Constitution of Vermont, 105 Jefferson, President  90
Allen, Ira          25, 63 — Amendments of 115 Judges, Supreme Court 123.
America discovered      I —--  Preamble to       107 Judiciary             122
Amherst, General       13 Constitution of U. States 82 Lafayette,           99
Anti-Masonry          100 Convention at Dorset   49 Law, extraordinary      27
Appeal of Vermont      58 -- Westminster,    50 Laws and Legislation   120
Arnold's retreat       37 --   Windsor            52 Legislature, sessions of 117
Arsenal, Champlain    128 Copper coined          135 Light house           216
Asylum, Insane        219 Coossuck Indians       205 Listing law           105
Authors and Books     173 Cornwallis, surrender   66 Longevity             222
Baker, Remember        31 Councils of Censors    125 Lotteries             222
Banks, history of     132 Counties formed         20 Louisburgh taken       12
Baptist churches      185 Courts                 122 Magazines             174...-    Free Will     188 -    attempts to stop    80 Manufactures         213
Battle, Bennington     45 Crown Point          6, 17 Massachusetts line     17
-  ubbardton     41 -    taken by Warner   34 Massacre, fort Wm.Henry 11
----   L. Champlain 39, 97 Debenture of Assembly 119 D     Westminster    28
—.- Plattsburgh       96 Deerfield destroyed      5 Medical Colleges  160, 165
Benevolent Institutions 217 Deposit money        143       Societies       167
Bills of Credit       133 Dieskau defeated         8 Methodist Ep. Church  180
Biographer of Brant    67l Diseases, history of    220 Middlebury College    152
Black Snake Affair     95 Disturbances,           77 Military associations  22
Block Houses    17, 25, 68 Dorrilites            202 Militia of Vermont    127
Books and Authors     173 Dummer Fort,         6, 16. Monro, John           21
Braddock defeated       8 Education & Literature 141 Monroe, Colonel        11
Breakenridge, James    21 Election Sermons,      102.J      President       98
Breakwater,           216 Employments           211 Montcaln, General       11
Bridgeman's Fort,    7, 68 Episcopal Church     194 Montreal burnt           4
Burgoyne, arrival of    40 Fanatical Sects      202 --  surrendered         16
council with Inds. 40 Flag of-Vermont,    128 Mount Independence    41
----- proclamation     41 Flag sent to Canada    63 Mutual Ins. companies 219
surrender        48 Frame of Government, 110 Navigation             215
Burr Seminary         168 Francis, Col., killed   42 Naval battles       39, 96
Canada ceded to G. Brit. 16 French War             7 Negotiation with Canada 61
Capital punishment    121 Freshet            93, 100 New Lights            204
Cartier's discoveries   1 George, Lake             2 New England settled     3
Catalogue of Vt. Univer 148 Germain, Lord, letter of 65 Newspapers         171
-  MiddleburyCollege 155 Gloucester county   20 New York settled        3
-   Castleton Med.Col. 161 Godfrey, Samuel E.     98 Niagara Fort taken     15
-   Woodst'k Med.Col. I66 Grants in 1761  -       18 Norwich University    168
- NorwichiUniversity 170 Gregg, John           90 Number Four             7
Catholic Churcl, Rom. 201 Hale, Colonel          421 Officers of government 118
Census         30, 209, 211 HlarrisburghConvention, 104 Old Tenor          133
Champhin, Samiiel       2 Hochelaga,               l Oranfe Fort             3
Character of books    174 [loosic Fort taken       6 Original Inhabitants   205
---     of.the people 30, 211 Horicon lake         2 Peace with Great Britain 67




INDEX TO -CIVIL: HISTORY.
Pequot war                     \ 3 Rioters iidicted                20 State Prison                  138
Periodicals                   171 Robinson, Samuel                 19 State of Society              205
Pilgrims                      203    - --       Silas              21 Steam  Boats                  216
Plymouth settled                 3 Rogers' Expedition              14 Stevens, Capt. P.                7
Political Institutions        105 Royalton burnt                   69'Stillwater, Battle'of           47
Population          30, 209, P11 St. Francis destroyed             15 Tenor, Old                    133
Post Offices                  223 St. Frederick, Fort               6Ticonderoga                   8, 12
Preamble to Constitution 107 St. Lawrence River                     I Tupper, Sergeant                65
Printing, History of          171 St. Leger's retreat              47,Union with Vermont              61
Proclamation               27, 41 St. Sacrament Lake                2- -   dissolved                  74
Provincial union                 8 Salaries                      140 Unitarian Churches             189
Punishments               31, 120 Salmlon Falls                     4 Universalist Churches   192
Puritans                         3 Schenectady destroyed            4 University of Vermont  144
Putnam                         10 Schools                        1411  --  Norwich                  168
Quebec taken                2, 14 School Fund                    142 Vermont Reports                124
Rail Road companies           217 Schuyler                          4 Vermont organized               51
Rebellion in Canada           103 Senators in Congress    223 Virginia settled                         2
-- - in Vermont    76 Shay's Insurrection                          79 Votes for Governor    119
Reed, Colonel                  24 Shirt of Mail                  208 War declared                     94
Registers, Vermont            175 Skeene, Philip                   20 Washington's letter             73
Religious Institutions    175 Smuggling                            95 Washingt'n &  Chittend'n 85
Reports, Law                  124 Snow  storm  in June             98 Wentworth, Benning              17
Representatives in Cong. 223 Societies                           217 Westminster massacre    29
Retreat from  Canada           37 Stark, General J.               44 William  Henry, Fort             10
Revenue and Expenses  139 State Debt                             140 Young, Thomas              51, 106
Revolution, War of the   33            - House                   1301
ERRATA.
Several typographical and other errors having been observed, in different parts of our work, we
shall here correct such as would be likely to mislead the reader.  These errors have mostly occurred
in the Catalogue of Plants, in consequence of some additions made to the manuscript after it left the
hands of the author, and of our being obliged to commence working it off before proof-sheets were returned with the author's corrections. These proofs were however received in season to correct most of
the errors in our list, in the greater part of the edtition.
rPage               PART I.                        i'ag'e              PART I.
4, Note, line 8, for 176;3 read 1768.            195, For Order Phytol;lceae  read Phytolaccacew.
58, For Larts t.riaiilla, Black headed Gull, read!19, Lipa ris-for Naalaxis lorrea;narea;d ml.correana.
L. urgeLtatums, t li ring Gull.'205, Erase Nlichx. atier T'lisetuihm striatum.
164 & 166,'I'he:uts should chantlge places.      206, Addl Equisetumr arvense, L. Moist fields, pas174, Erase Equisetum  v-ariegatutn and (;Golden Cory-    lures, & C
dalis., and transposei the last four lines.  The fiollowing species should have the character ts
175, For E;raroitis read Ero!rostis; for Polanisia   denoting that they have been introduced and natread, Polnisia.                              uralizedl. inserted before them.
177, For Monocoiledmnolis  read Dicotyledonous. 179, Barbarea vulgaris.
[Note. T'lhe name of this (Class was (Ift blank 181, Agroslellma Githago; Portulaca olescea.
in Mr Oakes' iMs. and the blstnk filled( by re- 182, Sida Abutilos; Vicia sativa; Vicia Cracca.
fearirtg to Dr. Torrey's Cat. of N. Y. plants in 183, Melilotus aofficinalrs.
the Report for 1841, andl thh  error in that Cat. 188, Inula Heleniumt; Xanthiumn stromarium.
was not observed until a pa t ofl our sheets were 189, Anthemis Cotula; Chrysanthemum Leucantheworkedl off.] Ten liles below,far p. 18 read p. 12.  mum; Arctium Lappa; Leontodon Taraxa.
179, For Dentaria la3itiata reald D. lacitaiala.         curon; Sonchus oleraceus   Amaranthus Bli180, For vcrtrclliata read vertitiltiuta.                tum.
181, For Cerastieam vlgaltum  reatd C.viscosiam. For  Some errars have also occurred in the use of capiXanth,,zylan  t,'azineaum read X. f.axineum. tals, in poAictuation, and in writing the diphthong,a
Erase the sentence in parenthesis 3d aind 4th which are not here particularized.
I:ne frorn top, and Geranaiuam dissectcum.
183, For R(abinsii read Robbinsii i for espedeza read
Lespetdeza.                                  32, Column 2d, near the middlle,for Dutchman read
185, Erase Ribes floridum.                               Dr. Adams.
186, Erase Burliagton, Macrae, 4th line.           209, In our table of population, the town of Low.
187, Erase L. after Nardosmia, Cass; also A pn-          ell was oamittad.  The census of tlis town
hesctnt var. &c. liie 25.                          in  l;9l was 0; 1800, 0; 1810, 40; 1820,
189, For Cardus read CardtLus. Sonclus, var. spin-       139; 1830, 314; 1840, 431.
ulosus, faor E. H. read E. F., and for ocAe-                    PArT Il.
nia read achenia.
191, Erase A.,scletias debilis.                     62, 26th line from bottom, for Peninan read Pen193, For Mentha Piperito read M. piperita.               niman.
194, Orobanche Americana; erase Sharpshin Point, 89, Highgate bounded west by Missisco river.
Burlington,  luacrae.                        91, Hog Island belongs wholly to Swanton.




APPENDIX
TO THE'HISTORY OF VERMONT,
NATURAL, CIVIL AND STATISTICAL,
1853.
BY ZADOCK THOMPSON.
To    I  t g
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR.
STACY & JAMESON, PRINTERS.
1853.




Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1853, by
ZADOCK THOMPSON,
in the Clerk's office of the District Court, for the District of Vermont.




PREFACE.
A little more than ten years have now elapsed since the publication of my
Natural, Civil and Statistical History of Vermont. In that work I endeavored
to collect and present as concisely and clearly as I was able, and, at the same
time, as fuily as the state of knowledge and my prescribed limits would permitI. An account of the Natural History of the State, embracing its physical
geography, zoology, botany and mineralogy.
II.  The Civil History of the State, comprehending the settlement of the territory, the organization of the government, and the progress of legislation and
improvement, together with a full account of the controversy with New York,
the negotiations with the British in Canada, and of our various political, literary
and religious institutions.
III. A Historical and Statistical Gazetteer, embracing a full account of all the
counties, towns, streams, &c., in the State, arranged in alphabetical order.
Since the publication of that work, rail roads and the magnetic telegraph have
been introduced into the State, and very considerable changes have taken place.
A Geological Survey of the State has been commenced, but was discontinued,without
any full publication of the results; in consequence of which, the greater part of
the discoveries made and the fieats elicited, have been lost to the State and thle
world; while a very small additional appropriation in 1847, would have secured
to the State aL Final Report on the Geology o- Vermont, which would have been
not only creditable to the State Geologist, but an honor and treasure to the State.
But notwithstanding the loss, which has been occasioned, by this penny wise and
pound foolish policy of the legislature, our general knowledge of the geology, and
of the mineralogical productions of' the State, has been greatly enlarged by the
information elicited and made public during the continuance of the survey.
During the last ten years, I have spent a large portion of my time in collecting
and preserving tfaets in relation to the natural and civil history of the State,
thinking that the time might possibly come, when I should be warranted in thile
publication of a new and improved edition of the whole work.  But the new
materials halving largely accumulated, and the nlumber of copies of the original
work, on hand, being such as to tlZfird no encouragement bor a speedy republication of the entire work, I concluded to select some of the principal items into the
form of an Appendix, which might be bound with the remaining copies of the
original work, and also be bound separately for those who already have the origi'
nal work and desire the Appendix.
The matter of the Appendix will be lound, to belong almost entirely, to the department of Natural Hiistory.  This is not owing to.any lack of materials for
making additions to the other parts, but bhcause those materials could not be so
conveniently used in their separate condition.  Additions to a work of this nature




PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
are, necessarily, fragmentary; and to be used advantageously, they must be incorporated by re-writing the whole. But as this could not be done without reprinting the whole, I have selected, for the Appendix, such materials as I thought
would be most interesting and useful in their separate state; and these, for the
most part, relate to Natural History.
Since the publication of my work in 1842, much light has been thrown upon
the early history of our State by the antiquarian researches of Itenry Stevens,
Esq., and facts have been developed, which remove the mystery from certain
transactions in our revolutionary struggles. But the introduction of these matters into the Appendix would require a repetition of much of the history of that
period, to make it intelligible, and, consequently, more room than can be spared
for it.
The history of our legislation during the last ten years, if fully written, would
furnish an interesting and instructive chapter; but that, too, is excluded for the
want of room. Perhaps the most important acts of legislation within the time,
are those which relate to schools and the sale of alcoholic liquors. But, these
several acts have not yet been fully tested by experience. The general school
law of 1845, appeared to have been drawn with much care, and to promise an
efficient provision for the advancement of primary education in the State, and it
is to be regretted that it had not been more fully tested, before it was mutilated
by repeals and additional enactments; and was violated by the body which enacted it, by their neglect to appoint a State Superintendent of Schools. But in
spite of all obstacles, I am happy in believing that the cause of education is
advancing, and that one of the most efficient causes of' this advancement in our
large villages, is the establishment of Union Schools. These schools fuirnish to
the children of the poor the same advantages which are enjoyed by those of the
rich, for pursuing the higher branches of study, and thus afford a universal stimulus in all the classes in the several schools, which form the union.
To almost every article in the Gazetteer, alterations and additions might be
made, but, for the reasons already stated, it was deemed inexpedient. If life
and health should be spared for a few years longer, it would afford me much satisfaction to re-write the whole work, and, by incorporating in it the additional
material, make it more worthy of the approval and patronage of my fellow citizens, but, as the great expense would preclude me from the possibility of being
able to publish a new edition, that satisfaction is not likely to be realized.
Z. THOMPSON.
Burlington, April 9, 1853.




APPENDIX
TO
THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
NATURAL HISTORY
state, and many objects of interest and value
Topography.              have been brought to light.  RemeasureWhen the History of Vermont, to which ments have been made of several of our
this is an Appendix, was published, in principal mountain summits, and their alti1842, the boundaryline between the United tudes ascertained with greater accuracy,
States and the British provinces was un- probably, than before, and a number of
settled, and in dispute between the two important peaks ha; e, within that period,
governments; but in the latter part of the been measured for the first time.
summer of that year, the matter was ami-  In addition to these measurements of
cably arranged by a treaty, formed by Mr. isolated mountain summits, there have
Webster and Lord Ashburton, and ratified been reconnoisances and surveys made, in
by the two governments. The northern almost every direction, through the state,
boundary of the state was intended to be for the location of the various railroads
along the 45th parallel of latitude, and was which have been built, or are now building.
supposed to be on that parallel till the sur- The profiles of these roads, together with
vey of 1818 proved the 45th parallel to be the profiles of the canal routes, which had
some distance to the southward of what had been surveyed previously, have furnished
been previously regarded as the northern the means for giving a very tolerable exhiboundary of the state, cutting off a strip bition of the elevation above the sea, of the
through the whole width, varying from principal places and most interesting obone-fourth of a mile to a few rods. By the jects in the state.
treaty, the northern boundary of the state  In the following list of altitudes, those of
was established upon the old well known mountain summits are all derived from
line, without reference to the 45th parallel. Barometrical measurements. The others
This line was marked in 1845, by cutting are in part Barometrical; but they are deaway the timber, where it passed through rived principally from the various surveys
forests, and by putting up cast iron posts for canals and railroads. Minute accuracy
at short distances through its whole length. in these altitudes above the sea, cannot be
The geological explorations and the rail- expected.  They are, however, believed to
road surveys, which have been made during be a near approximation to the truth, and
the last ten years, have added much to our to show with sufficient exactness the relative
knowledge of the general topography of the elevation of the different places and objects.




6                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
MOUNTAIN SUMMITS.         MOUNTAIN PASSES.      VILLAGES.      LAKES AND PONDS.
ALTITUDES ABOVE THE OCEAN.   I Castleton,                                  475
Ludlow,                            985
Mountain Summits.             Ludlow,                             985
Feet. Proctorsville,                     895
Chester,                            670
Chin,  Mansfield, Thompson,       4348 Brandon,                             460
Nose,   4044Middleury,                                                      390
SouthPeak, "                       3882 Middlebury,
Camel's Hump, Duxbury, "          4083 Vergennes,                           225
Jay Peak,             Adams,      4018 Nebury,
Shrewsbury Peak,                  4086 Newbury,                             420
Killington  " Sherburne, Partridge, 3924 St. Johnsbury,                    5460
Killington      St. Johnsbury,                      585
Equinox, Manchester,       "       3706 Lyndon,735
Ascutney, Windsor,         "       3320 Barton,
Snake Mt., Bridport,    Adams,   1310 Derby CeBarton,                       95
Buck Mt., Waltham,         "       1035 D     erby Centre,                 10975
Sugar Loaf, Charlotte, Thompson,   1003 Craftsbury Common,                  1158
SnakeHillMi2Craftsbury Common,    1158
Snake Hill, Milton,       "cc       912 Troy, south,                        740
Troy, south,                        740
Cobble,      "             "        827 Irasburgh,                          875
Hardwick Hollow,                    720
Hydepark,                           560
Passes over the Green JMountains.    Cambridge,                          410
Lincoln,              Adams,    2415 Johnson,                               460
Granville,                 "      2340
Peru,                      "      2115             Lakes and Ponds.
Sherburne,           Partridge,    1882 Champlain, Lake,*                    90
Walden,        De Witt Clinton,    1615 Memphremagog  "                     695
Mt. Holly, (R. Road)  Gilbert,   1415 Joe's Pond,              Cabot,      1544
Roxbury,  (R. Road)                 997 Lyford's Pond,         Walden,    1692
Williamstown,          Johnson,    908 Molley's Pond,          Cabot,      1626
Winooski Pond,        Peacham,   1410
Wells River Pond,     Groton,     1000
Villages.                Crystal Pond,         Barton,       933
Burlington Town House, Benedict,  202 MudPond,                 Sutton,     118
Ut Ia niversity,  I'     367 Savanna Pond,                      1210
Milton Falls,         Thompson,  298 Willoughby Lake,         Westmore,   1161
Essex,                    "        452 Elligo Pond,           Craftsbury,   893
Jericho Corners,                    604 Salem Pond,           Salem,        967
Underhill Flat,                     665 Pensioners Pond,      Charleston, 1140
Williston,                         402 Island Pond,           Brighton,   1182
Franklin,                          430 Lake Connecticut, head of Con. River,
St. Albans,                         370   in N. H.,                        1589
Highgate Springs,                   160
Swanton,                            160                  Falls.
E. Berkshire,                       460 Great Falls, Marshfield, (head,)   1074
Winooski Falls,                     203                  "     (foot,)      871
Sheldon,                            375 Nat. Bridge Falls, Waterbury, (foot,) 345
Richmond,                           332 McIndoe's Falls, Barnet, (head,)    449
Waterbury,                          520 c2 Me              c    (foot,)     436
Miontpeslex, (Capitol,)             50 20 MilesRapids, Lunenburg, (head,) 822
Montpelier, (Capitol,)              5        c       cc     Barnet, (foot,)  486
Barnet, (foot,) 486
Northfield, (Depot,)                724 Guildhall Fall, Guildhall, (head,)    835
Braintree,                          732
West R1ndolph,                      678
Bethel,                             556  *The level of Lake Champlain is taken for a basis
Royalton,                           476 in many of the surveys, which have been made, for
Whioyalton, River6Juncanals and railroads, and their profiles indicate the
White River Junction,               335 height of pllaces above the lake. In estimating, from
Windsor,                            288 these, the heights above the ocean, for the accompaBellows Falls,                      225 nying tables, 90 feet are added. The mean height of
the lake above the ocean is frequently stated at 94 or
Woodstock,                          400 95 feet, but from the data, to which I have had acBrattleborough,                     160 cess, I am disposed to think that 90 feet is nearly
Bennington,                        432 the true height.  The change of level of the lake,
Manchester,                        650 that is, the difference between the extreme high water and the extreme low water marks, amounts to
Rutland,                           500 eight feet.




NATURAL HISTORY.                               7
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.                             EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
A general account of the Climate and Meteorology of Vermont is given in Part I.
page 9 to 23, to which the following tables and observations are now added:
M3onthly and lnnual Mean Temperatures at Burlington,-continuedfron the table
on page 9, Part I.
MONTHS.  1842. 1843. 1844 1845.11846. 1.847. 1848.11849.1850.11851.11852,  Mean,
Ii Yrs.
January,    22.30 28.02 9.91 21.36 19.77 20.97 24.17 15.06 23.74 19.60 14.36 19.93
February,    26.60 12.95 20.33 22.63 15.05 18.59 21.09 14.34 24.32 26.02 28.19 20.46
March,       35.80 25.66 31.00 34.09 33.89 25.73 29.03 31.66 30.47 33.35 28.50 30.83
April,       44.60 43.85 49.50 43.82 47.73 37.48 42.89 39.90 41.35 43.31 39.86 42.12
May,         53.50 53.92 58.50 53.81 57.60 56.40 58.86 51.59 51.64 54.13 56.16 55.10
June,        63.80 61 86 66.50 65.21 64.97 64.15 65.02 66.76 67.12 62.97 64.34 64.80
July,        70.00 64.16 67.10 68.40 69.51 71.03 68.39 72.74 70.03 67.40 71.08 69.08
August,      70.10 67.78 65.60 69.43 70.45 67.62 66.82 69 14 66.03 65.68 66.44 67.73
September,  57.30 59.59.90 58.12 64.75 58.80 56.41 58.02 59.69 60.58 59.42 59.32
October,     47.50 42.84 47.00 51.15 45.37 45.89 47.24 47.10 48.25 51.09 47.95 47.40
November,   34.40 31.56 34.10 39.26 41.26 39.84 34.81 43.29 40.38 31.74 35.58 36.39
December,   21.30 26.87 23.40 17.81 23.43 27.00 30.01 23.17 18.65 18.58 30.32 23.69
Annual Temp. 45.60 43.25 44.40 45.42 46.15 43.88 45.39 44.40 45.14 44.54 44.77 44.74
The above results were deduced from three daily observations, made at sunrise, 1 P.
M. and 9 in the evening, by the Author. The location is in latitude 440 29' N. and longitude 730 11' W., and is one mile eastward from the shore of Lake Champlain, and
elevated 256 feet above the lake, or 346 above the ocean.
EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE.
Greatest and Least Heat in the Shade, and the Hottest and Coldest Day in each year
since 1837-15 years.
Year.       Greatest Heat.     Greatest Cold.   Hottest Day.  Mean. Cold. D. mean.
1838 June 10 and July 20, 93 January 31.  -13 July 29,      83 Jan. 30, -6
1839 July 20,            91 January 24, -19k August 20,    78 Jan. 23, -4k
1840 July 16,            94 January 18,  -16 July 16,       81j Jan. 16, -7
1841 August 18,          96 January 4,   -10 August 18,    82 Jan. 4,.
1842 July 19, Aug. 26,    93 January 13,  -11 July 19,Aug.26, 79~ Jan. 13, -4.
1843 June 22,            90 Feb'ry 17,   -17 June 22,       76 Feb. 17,  0
1844 June 19,            88 January 28,  -24 June 19,       74i. Jan. 29, 13.
1845 July 12,            96 Decemb. 11,  -18 July 21,       80 Dec. 11, -11k
1846 August 5,           96 Feb. 10 & 19,  -10 August 5,   81. Jan. 18, -5
1847 July 19,            98 Feb'ry 16,   -14 July 19,      83 Jan. 31,  ~
1848 July 12,21,22: Au.12, 92 January 11,  -25 June 18,     80 Jan. 10, -10.
1849 July 12, 13,       100 Feb'ry 17,   -17 July 13,      87 Feb. 18, -7
1850 June 19,            93 February 6,  -18 June 19,      813 Feb. 5,  -43
1851 September 10,       92 Feb 8,Dec.26  -17 September 10, 793 Feb. 8,  -11k
1852 June 16,            97 January 15,  -17 June 15,      81AIJan. 20,  -5k
By the above statement it will be seen, that, during the last fifteen years, the range of
the Thermometer has been from 1000 above to 250 below zero, equal to 125~; and that
the warmest day was the 13th of July, 1849, and the coldest day, the 29th of January,
1844, and that the difference between the mean temperature of those two days was 100.~.




8                 APPENDIX TO THOMIPSON'S VERMONT.
TEMPERATURE AT NEWBURY.                          FALL OF WATER AT BURLINGTON.
ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE AND WEATHER AT NEWBURY.
THERMOMETER.                 WEATHER.
Year. Mean heat. greatest. least. Range. Fair. Cloudy. Rain. Snow. [Sn. & Rain.
0     0    0    0    0  I 0       0    0        0
1840  44.28    90  -33  123  169  196    96   32         6
1841  44.36    86   -22  108  146  219    78  46         4
1842  43.61    86   -19  108  163  202   101   49:
1843  43.70    90   -25  115  157  208    77  57         5
1844  43.83    86  1-26 112  160  206   106   31         2
1845  43.44    88   -28  116  142  223   100  47         5
1846  45.44    90   -20  110  149  216    87   42        4
1847  44.44    90   -22  112  144  221   106  42         6
1848  44.83    87   -32 119  165  201   107   56         6
1849  44.13    94   -21  115  161  204    99   61        2
10 yr. 44.20    94   -33 127  156  209    96  51         5
The materials for the above table are daily observations, made at 6 A. MI., noon,
derived from Meteorological observations and 6 P. M. This mean is probably a little
made at Newbury, by Mr. Johnson, of that higher than it would ha-e been if the obplace, and published in the Annual Report servations had been made at sunrise, 1 P.
of the Regents of the University of New M. and 9 P. M., as in the preceding table.
York for 1850. These observations were By a comparison of the eight years, from
continued through a period of twenty-seven 1842 to 1850, which are embraced in both
years, but the earlier observations were tables, the mean annual temperature of
made without a thermometer, and embraced Burlington appears to be about two-thirds
only the clearness of the sky, the rains and of a degree warmer than Newbury, while
snows, the course of the winds, the progress the latitude of the place of observation in
of vegetation, aurora borealis, and other Burlington is 23' greater, and its altitude
rare phenomena.  The mean temperature above the ocean about 75 feet less than the
in the above table, is derived from three place of observation at Newbury.
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL FALL OF WATER AT BURLINGTON.
Continued from page 12, Part L
Mlean
MONTIS.  1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 11 rs.
Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches
January,      1.04 0.71 2.29 2.38 1.72 2.80 1.84 0.79 1.57'1.20 1.03 1.58
February,    3.75 1.43 0.73 2.52 1.47 1.85 0.90 0.41 1.79 1.90 1.69 1.52
March,        1.97 2.12 2.35 2.48 2.20 2.10 2.44 2.14 1.11 0.67 1.92 1.96
April,        2.52 0.82 1.43 2.22 0.91 3.15 1.09 0.471 2.41 1.67 1.15 1.62
May,          1.55 2.47 4.40 3.39 3.18 1.85 4.24 2.74 5.04 2.29 0.71 2.90
June,         3.24 4.58 2.08 2.08 3.63 5.05 2.19 1.41 3.18 7.33 4.76 3.59
July,         4.62 2.59 5.35 4.51 5.08 4.05 3.57 1.73 5.08 3.81 4.99 4.12
August,       1.74 2.09 3.46 2.37 0.48 3.12 4.40 5.69 0.89 1.92 1.50 2.51
September,   3.80 1.80 1.36 5.62 3.77 4.69 2.91 1.33 3.25 2.06 1.80 2.95
October,      4.10 5.03 5.11 2.26 2.65 3.69 2.59 5.32 8.11 3.56 4.11 4.23
November,   2.32 1.63 0.57 4.00 2.88 2.13 2.26 2.69 1.77 3.59 2.90 2.43
December,    3.20 1.48 2.08 2.21( 1.68 4.07 2.95 1.63 3.31 1.83 2.26 2.41
33.85 26. 75 31.21 36.04 29.66 3855 31.38 26. 35 37.51 31.83 28.82 31.82
By the above table it appears that the is about one-fifth of the whole amount. The
greatest amount of water in any one year greatest rain-storms in the eleven years
was 38.55 inches in 1847, and the least embraced in the above table, were on the
26.35 in., in 1849,-range 12.20 in.  The 10th of July, 1844, when there fell 4.07
greatest monthly amount was 8.11 inches, inches in twenty-four hours, and on the
in October, 1850, and the least 0.41 in. in 22d and 23d of June, 1851, when the
February, 1849-range 7.70 inches.  The | amount was 5.16 inches in thirty-six hours.
proportion of the water, which falls in snow,




NATURAL HISTORY.                                     9
FALL OF SNqTW.                                                    ADVANCE OF SPRING.
FALL OF SNOW, AND DAYS OF SLEIGHING IN TEN SUCCESSIVE YEARS.
Continued from page 12, Part I.
__ONTHS   1842-4/114-3843-44 1844-45 18 18-461846-47 184-48 IS48-49 1849-5011850-51 1851-52
Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
October,       0    10       0      0      7      0      0     0      5      0 
November,      9      3      2      0      5      4      3     1      1    24
December,    47    18    13    36    22    13    18    19    48    14
January,        7    16    20       9    24    11    10    16    11    24
February,    20    13    22    24    25    19    10    18             8    17
March,        38    18    12        4    22    20       7    12    14    22
April,         2      0      6      0      7     1      0      8      O    12
Total.       123    78    75    73   112    68                74    87   113
Sleighing,     -          35 d. 102d. 40 d.  16 d. 30 d. 80 d. 61 d. 87 d.
ADVANCE OF SPRING FOR ELEVEN SUCCESSIVE YEARS.
Continuedfrom page 13, Part L
Barn              Red  Plums and  Crab   Common
Robins   Bluebirds Swallows Currants  Plums  Cherries  Apples  Apples
Years.  seen.     seen.     seen.  Blossom. Blossom. Blossom. Blossom. IBlossom.
1842. March 131March 13 May   2 May  11 May 14               May 27-May 29
1843. April  121April 12             "           15 May  17                26
1844. March 21 March 25 April 25 April 25 Apr. 30          4  "   9      11
1845.  "      9   "   13May   3                      "   13           "21
1846.   "   25   c   26 April 29  "  29 May  5  "   10  "  131  "  17
1847.  "   25   "   25May   4 May  16  "  20  " 22  ".. 26  "28
1748.  "   25 "   28             4        5  "  11        14  "  18  "  20
1849.   "   14         26       10  I  20  "  23   "   26 June  1 June  4
1850.  "   291  "   28           2  "   13  "  19   "   20  "   21'  4
1851.   "   20   "   22April 25  "    9          14       15 May 21 May 24
1852."    16  "   17            30      16  c  18         20  "  23  "  27
Of our migratory birds, the Bob-o-link, Iter part of May.  But from observations
Icterus agripennis, is undoubtedly one of since made, and from information derived
the most regular in its return in the spring. from others, I am satisfied that its arrival
In my account of that Bird, Part I, p. 70, in Vermont very seldom varies more than
it is said to make its appearance in the lat- two or three days from the 12th of May.
Closing and Opening of Lake Champlain the lake opposite to Burlington.  With the
and Running of the Line Steamers. —  exception of 1835, this part of the lake has
Continued from page 14, Part I.          never become frozen entirely over earlier
than the 15th of January, within the last
Line boatsJ Line   thirty-six years.  The mean time of closing
YEAR. Lake    Lake  commen'd  Boats  for that period would fall on the 1st day of
Closed. Opened. running. stop'd.  February.  During four of the years it did
-.. -.... -   l     __...- not close at all.  The narrower parts of the
1842 not clos.        April 13. [Nov. 29. lake usually become frozen over so as to
1843 Feb. 16. Apr. 22. April 27. Nov. 30. interrupt navigation, through its entire
1844 Jan. 25. Apr. 11. April 19. [Nov. 29. length, early in December, and most of the
1845 Feb. 3. Mar.26. April 9. Nov. 29.  bays become covered with ice about the
1846 Feb. 10. Mar.26. April 13.           same time.
1847 Feb. 15. Apr. 23. May 3*. Dec.  2.
1848 Feb. 13.1Feb. 26. April 8. Dec.  2.
1849 Feb. 7. Mar. 23. April lO. ]Dec.  8. |   Although the Line Boats commenced running so
1850n ot clos.        April l. /Dec. 9'  late as the 3d of MIay, they were for several (lays
~~~~1850 not clos,    Dec.  -'after that unable to proceed farther north than
1851 Feb. 1. Mar. 12. April 7. Nov. 28. Plattsburgh, on account of the ice.  It was not till
1852 Jan. 18. Apr. 19.| May  3. Dec. 13. the 6th that they were able to pass through the whole
length of the lake, and then only by cutting through
The closing and opening of Lake Cham-, the ice for a distance of nearly six miles. The boats
were not able to reach St. Albans till the 10th, and
plain have reference to the broadest part of ice remained in many of the bays up to that time.




10                 APPENDIX TO THIOMPSON'S VERMONT
SIIELBURNE BAY.                                      LAKE CIIAMIPLAIN PHENOMiENA.
The following record, kindly furnished mile from the shore, the temperature of the
me by my friend Robert White, Esq., of water was found to be, at the surfiace 32~,
Shelburne, exhibits the number of days, at the depth of 6 feet 32.1 —at 12 feet 344
during which teams were able to pass upon and at'25 feet 381C.  On the th of March,
the ice from Shelburne Harbor across the 1852, when the lake had been frozen over 7
mouth of Shelburne Bay and the southeast- weeks, one-fourth of a mile from the shore,
ern part of Burlington Bay, to Burlington, where the water was 28 feet deep, the temin each year since 1835.                 perature at the bottom was 3410, that at the
Days                Days  surface being 320.  On the 5th of April
Year.  passable.     Year.  passable. following, at the distance of one mile from
In 1836,      76    In 1845,       12  the shore, the water being 82 feet deep, the
1837,      81        1846,      36  temperature at the bottom was 34~. At
18-38,     47       1847,       67  the distance of 21 miles from the shore, at
1840,      61       1848,       164  an open crack where the water was 125 feet
1840,      21       1849,       40  deep, the temperature at the bottom was
1841,      48       1850, not passa. 8340o
1843,      24       1851,       46    The sudden disappearance of the ice from
1843,      56       1852,       82  Lake Champlain has been a subject of re1844,      67                        mark and speculation, from the first settlement of the country..But to a person, who
carefully observes the circumstances, there
Lake Champlain Phenomena.          will not appear any thing in the phenomeIn Part I, page 14, something was said non either mysterious or very wonderful.
respecting the sudden disappearance of the In order to its occurrence, the temperature
ice from Lake Champlain in the spring of of the great body of water must be some
some years, and an attempt was made to degrees above the freezing point, the ice
account for the phenomenon, without hay- must be reduced to the honey-comb strucing recourse to the absurd notion that the ture, or brought into a condition in which
ice sinks.  The explanations there given it will easily separate into minute divisions,
were founded, partly on observed fiacts, and and there must be a wind sufficiently strong
partly on theoretic views.  Additional ob- to produce considerable agitation of the
servations have since been made, which, water.
while they go to confirm the general theo-   In addition to theoretic objections to the
retic principles, require some modifications popular notion that the ice sinks, when it
of the results. It was there supposed that, disappears suddenly,persons of observation,
when the general surface of the lake cornm- who live near the lake, have occular proof
menced freezing, the great body of the that it does not sink. The ice, while yet
water below might be at a temperature 70 spreading over the entire surface of the
or 80 above the freezing point, and this, in lake, is seen  to be gradually wasting as
accordance with the researches of Count spring advances and to become less firm,
Rumford, would doubtless be true were the till, at length, it is so far disintegrated that
waters gradually cooled down without agi- a stick may be thrust through it, while it
tation.  But it is not found to be true in is yet from 6 to 12 inches thick. This disfact; and from recent observations it ap- integration is sometimes carried so far,
pears probable that, in consequence of their before the general icy covering is broken
violent agitation by the cold winds which up, that the ice has little more solidity or
prevail in the early part of winter, the tenacity than snow saturated with  water.
whole mass of water is cooled down very In this state of things, a strong wind soon
nearly to the freezing point before any ice produces rents in the ice,-the waters, beis formed at the surface over the deeper fore pent up and quiet, are thrown into
parts of the lake, and that, after the waters violent agitation, and the slightly cohering
are protected from the winds by a covering masses are actually seen falling to pieces
of ice, their temperature is gradually, but and dissolving on the surface of the water.
slowly, elevated by the reception of heat But it is never seen sinking, nor was any
from the earth beneath. The following ex- ever seen lying at the bottom after it had
periments show that the temperature of the sunk.
water under the ice is, generally, some de-   Some have supposed that the sudden abgrees above the freezing point, but not so sorption of so large an amount of caloric,
much above as we had supposed.          as would be required for the liquefaction
On the 27th of March, 1844, when the of the ice, would produce severe frost in
lake had been covered with ice about eight the neighborhood of the lake, which is not
weeks, at the distance of one-fourth of a found to be true in fact. But this difficulty. is removed by the consideration, that the
* The mouth of Shelburne Bay only.    heat employed in melting the ice, is derived




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 1
LAKE CHAMPLAIN PHENO3IENA.           ItUPrTURE OF ICE.               NEW YORK BAT.
rather from the water than from the atmos- The nearest of these blocks was 7,} rods
phere, and that the surface of the lake, in  from the opening and they were both the
contact with the atmosphere, after the ice same side up as when they were lying upon
is all melted, is still warmer than the icy the water.  The depth of the water at the
covering was before.                      opening was 17 feet, and the sides of the
There is another phenomenon connected blocks matched, in part, the imargin of the
with the freezing(r of Latke Champlain, which1 opening.
is of someinterest. At Rouse's Point, where    Respecting the cause and manner of this
the lake passes into Canada, and where it occurrence, there were v'arious conjectures;
narrows down into the form of a river and many supposing tiat it must have been
some current is perceptible, it becomes effected by the exertion ofsolle sudden force
strongly frozen over long before the broad or explosion from beneath.  But as a fall
lake closes; but very soon after the broader *from the least elevation must lbave inevitaand deeper parts of the lake become covered bly broken such masses.of ice into innumewith ice, the ice begins to fail at this place rable fraggments, it is evident that it was
and in a measure disappears, even while not thrown out by a force acting upward,
the cold is severe and ice is forming in but by a lateral force, which caused the
other places. To many, this phenomenon masses to slide upon the surface of the unhas appeared somewhat mysterious; but its disturbed ice, and to be thus removed from
explanation may, probably, be found in the their bed without being broken.  The cause
circumstance that the lake at Rouse's Point of this lateral pressure was probably the
is quite narrow and shallow and that the wind.  While the wind was blowing from
water which passes there, before the broad the south, a crack might have been opened
lake freezes, is the surface water and conse- and these large fragments loosened.  When
quently the coldest water of the lake.  This the wind came round and blew violently
cold water, passing the Point in a shallow, from the west, this crack might have closed
scarcely perceptible stream, is soon cooled suddenly and the broken pieces, not redown and congealed at the surface, and turning exactly to their former position,
the ice usually becomes strong here before might have been thrown out with a force
the main body of the lake is frozen over. sufficient to dause them to slide to the posiB3ut soon after the broad lake closes over, tion in which they were found, without
the ice begins to waste at the Point and being broken.
usually fails here soon after it becomes
good elsewhere.  This failure of the ice      QUAD'RUPEDS OF VERMONT.
here, is owing to the circumstance that,
after the lake is covered with ice, the water    Additional to Part I, Chapter ii.
passing off here is no longer the cold sur-   To our previous list of Mammalia, we now
face water, but the warmer water lying add two living species, and two extinct fossil
below.  It is this warmer water by its moo- species.  They are the following:
tion, though moderate, under the ice and Ves. nloveboracensis, N. Y. Bat.
in contact with it, which causes the ice to Ail as leucopus,   White bellied Mouse.
fail here, while it is increasing in other Eleph. primogenius? Fossil Elephant.
places.                                   Belu -a vernmoltana, Fossil Whale.
In February, 1851,, there was an occurIn February, 1851., there was an1 occur-   Besides these, we have made additions to
rence in Windmill Bay, on the west side           s these,      e made additions to
of Alburgh, which is worthy of note; the our account, of the following
lake and bay being at that time covered Felis concolor,        Panther.
with ice.  On Saturday, Feb. 15, the wind Phoca vetulina,      Seal.
blew quite hard from  the south, and the Sciurus hudsonius,  Red Squirrel.
snow thawed so that water ran in the roads.
Saturday evening the wind came suddenly
round to the west and blew for a short time
with great violence. In the morning of the
16th something unusual was observed in
the bay, and on going to it, it was found
that the ice had been ruptured for the space
of five or six rods each way, and that there
were two immense bloclks of ice lying upon
the firm  ice at some distance from  the
opening made by the rupture. The largest of these blocks was        feet long,           NW        K  BAT.
with an average width of about 26 feet.
The other was thirty-eight feet long and 20  Vespe tilio noveboracensis.-LINN.
wide, and their thickness was 17 inches.   DEscRIPTION.-He ad small; nose point



12                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
PANTHER.                                                                HISTORY.
ed. Ears broad, rather small; targus club- the upper lip clear white. Nose naked, of
shaped.  Interfemoral membrane broader a brownish copper color, and narrowly
than long, including the entire tail.  This margined with white hairs.  Whiskers 2&
membrane is hairy above, but two-thirds inches long, white, intermingled with a
naked beneath. Hind feet with five sub- few black hairs. Eyes oblique, with a
equal toes, of which the outer are shortest. whitish spot above and a little in front of
Brachial mlembrane naked above, excepting each, and a smaller one below.  Irides
near the body and at the base of the pha- orange.  ClavN  completely retractile, one
langes: beneath, the hair extends farther inch long, very strong and sharp. of a
from the body, and the patch at the base of pearly white color, having a blood red tinge
the phalanges much more extensive. Gen- on the under side near the base.
eral color of the fur above, tawny red-   Dental Formula-Inscisors 6          11
beneath, The same, but much lighter.  A        4 4                   6        1 1c
whitish patch on the sides of the body at molars 3 -= 30. Teeth all clear white, perthe base of the wings, most conspicuous on fectly sound, exhibiting no marks of wear.
the under side. The brachial membrane Incisors small, outer ones largest.  Canines
is dark brown, beautifully reticulated with conical and strong, projecting 1.1 inch belighter color. Length of the specimen be- yond the gum, The carniverous molars
fore me 4-: inches, spread of the wings 12 project ijths of an inch.  Posterior molars
inches.                                 in the upper jaw not fully developed.  The
HISTORY. —This Bat is less common in weight of the specimen before me, which is
Vermont than several other species, and a male, is 86 pounds.
Vermont is probably near the limit of its   Length, from the nose to the root of the
northern range. According to Dr. DeKay, tail, 48 inches. Length of the tail (vertethis is the most common species in the state brie 29.5, skin and hair beyond 1.5) 31.
of New York. Its range is from Massachu- Total length 79 in., or 6 ft. 7 in.  Length
setts to the Rocky Mountains, and south of facial line, from  nose to occiput, 10.
through Pennsylvania. This Bat, from its Width of the head between the ears, postered or ferruginous color, is very commonly riorly, 4.5, anteriorly 6, between the eyes
called the Red Bat, and is figured under 2.5. Height of the rounded ear 3.5. Length
that name in Wilson's Ornithology.  With of the humerus 8, fore-arm  9, thigh 11,
the exception of the Hoary Bat, this is the leg 12.  Circumference of the wrist 7.5,
largest bat found in Vermont, and in its fore paw 7.5, ankle 6, hind foot 7. Height
measurements it scarcely falls short of the at the shoulders 26, at the rump 27.  Girt
Hoary Bat, but its form is more slender.   of the neck 16 inches, just behind the fore
For the specimen from which the prece- legs 27 inches.
ding description is made, I am indebted to   HISTORY. —The Panther here described,
my friend C. S. Paine, of Randolph.     was caught on the western slope of the
Green Mountains, in the town of Manchester, Bennington county, on the 5th day of
February, 1850.  It was taken, by a Mr.
Burritt, in a trap set for a bear.  Being
caught by one of its paws only, and being
quite ferocious, it was not deemed prudent
to attempt to secure him alive, and he was
killed by shooting him through the body..... ~                  ~ [ >  It was purchased by the Hon. L. So rgeant
i    andl a few others in Manchester, who, with
a public spirit and zeal for the advancePANTHER, or CATAMOUNT, (Part 1.-37.) ment of science truly commendable and
worthy of imitation, presented it to the
Felis concolor.-LINNEU.s.        Museum  of the University of Vermont,
DEscRIPTION. — Color oftheface, head and where its skin and skeleton are now preserall the upper parts of the body dark gray, ved. In taking off the skin, the head, neck
slightly brushed with red. Interior of the and inner sides of the fore legs were found
ears, under side of the body and tail, and very much filled with Hedge-Hog quills,
inner side of the legs grayish ash; between which, in many cases, had passed entirely
the hind legs and beneath the tail tawny through the skin and were deeply embedded
white. Exterior oftheears, bottoms of the in the flesh. The trap, in which it was
feet and extremity of the tail black.  Also caught, had not been visited for some time
a black patch on each side of the nose, previous, and, from appearances, it was
from which the whiskers proceed, and the supposed to have been several days in the
two connected together by a brownish band trap, when found; and when shot it bled
over the nose.  Chin, lower lip and part of very profusely. Its weight was very much




NATURAL HISTORY.                             13
SEAL.                                            WHITE BELLIED JUMPING MOUSE.
diminished by both these circumstances,   Lower incisors quite small. Upper inand it was the general opinion, that, when cisors larger, (the two outward ones largest,)
first caught, its weight was not less than overlapping the lower ones, when the mouth
100 pounds.                           is shut. Canines rather large and hooking
The teeth of this Panther were all per- inward.  The molars are placed obliquely
fectly sound and white, showing no marks in the jaw; that nearest the canines smallof wear, and as the posterior molars in the est, and increasing backward in size and in
upper jaw were not fully developed, there the number of their sharp pointed tubercles.
can be no doubt that it was a young animal, Its dentition resembles very closely that of
probably about two years old.          the common cat.
The Panther, above described, is the last  Its hair was short, stiff, thick and even.
and the only one which has been, to my Color of the hair brown olive and tawny
knowledge, killed in Vermont for many white, forming a beautiful dark spotted
years; and as the animal is now exceedingly marbling, lighter and more tawny on the
scarce, and there may never be another ob- belly.  Base of all the hairs on the hind
tained, within the state, for any of our feet brown olive, with the tips slightly
museums, I have thought it advisable to be brushed with white, giving them a hoary
thus minute in its description and history, appearance. Hair on the fore feet obscurely
notwithstanding the full general account mottled.
given in Part I-p. 37.                   At the time the above mentioned seal
was taken, the lake, with the exception of
SEAL.                  a few cracks, was entirely covered with ice.
Phoca vitulina.-LINNIEUS.
In Part I, page 38, of my History of WHITE BELLIED JUMPING MOUSE.
Vermont, will be found some account of a     Mlus leucopus.-RICHARDso N.
Seal captured on the ice on Lake Champlain
in 1810. Another Seal waskilleduponthe    DEsarIPTIoN-.Head moderately large,
in1810. AnotherSealwaskilleduponthe with the nose pointed. Eyes medium size.
ice between Burlington and Port Kent, on withthenosepointed. Eyes medium size.
the 23d of February, 1846. Mr. Tabor, of Ears large, rounded above, and naked,
Keeseville, and Messrs. Morse and Field, of with the exception of a short down, which
Peru, were crossing over in sleighs, when is whitish, along the margin. Auditory
they discovered it crawling upon the ice, opening rather large. Whiskers turned
and, attacking it itth the but end of their backward, in part, longer than the head,
some of the hdirs black and some white.
whips, they succeeded in killing it, and some feet withe hirs black and a rudime white.
brought it on shore at Burlington, where it Fore feet with four claws and a  rudimentary
was purchased by Morton Cole, Esq., and thumb, without nail.  Hind feet with five
presented to the University of Vermont, toes, having feeble curved claws, nearly
where its skin and skeleton are now pre- concealed by long white hairs. Tail slenserved.  Before it was skinned I noted der, andslightly tapering. Incisors yellow.
down the following particulnarsI:      Fur fine, and rather long.  Color above
Total length of the Seal 50 inches; thick- reddish brown, darkest along the back.
The reddish brown extends downward on
ness just behind the fore legs 12 inches; the shoulders and on the outside of the
weight 70 pounds. Length of the fore paw the shoulders and on      the outside of the
7, nails 14, width 4; hind paw, length 8, thighs, forming a band. All the under
nail 1, width 11, measured along the mar- parts, from the chin to the extremity of the
gin of the web, with the foot spread. Tail tail, including the feet and nails, pure
3.5 inches long and 2 broad at the base; white, excepting a narrow band of reddish
hair on the tail reversed, forming a crown brown under the base of the tail. Color of
at the extremity.  Nose truncated and the fur, plumbeous, at its base.  Length
somewhat notched, being 2.5 inches across of the specimen before me, which is a male,
the extremity. Whiskers numerous, and measuring from the snout to the extremity
nearly white; four erect, stiff and nearly of the tail, 7 inches; head 1, body 2.7,
white bristles, situated above and a little tail 3.3, fore feet, 0.45, hind feet, 0.8, whisbehind each eye. Distance between the kers 1.5.
eyes 21 inches.                        EHIsToRY. —This Mouse is a very delicate
The specimen was a female having two and beautiful little animal.  It is exceed-. nav 1 ingly active, often leaping to considerable
abdominal mamnmt situated thus (.' ~teats.) distances in the manner of the Deer-Mouse,
The teats appeared rather like cavities than but it has nothing of that Kangaroo form,
protuberances, and she was doubtless a fe- or disproportion between the fore and hind
male which had never suckled young.   legs, which exists in that species. It is
Dental Frmula-Incisors   canines — 1 most common in forests and wooded places,
3-54             4            but frequents, also, meadows and cultivated
molars ~.s= 34.                       fields, particularly where grain and grassi
2




14                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
WHITE SQUIRREL.                                                 FOSSIL ELEPHANT.
seed abound. It also enters barns and a large tree, near the railroad bridge, behouses in quest of food and shelter.  Two tween Burlington and Colchester.  There
or three have been taken in a trap, in my were two of these white squirrels in compaown cellar, during the past year, and they ny, but only one of them was captured.
are frequently brought in by cats, in the This one was a male, and, although its
village of Burlington.  It is found on both form was slender and delicate, it had every
sides of the Green Mountains. I lately re- appearance of having been healthy and acceived two specimens from my friend, C. S. tive.  Its entire length, from the nose to
Paine, which were taken in Randolph.  It the extremity of the hairs of the tail, 12.5
is found in all the northern states, and as inches-to the extremity of the vertebrae of
far north as Hudson's Bay.               the tail, 11, to the root of the tail, 6; length
of the head 2.  Color of the hair entirely
WHITE SQUIRREL.                 of snowy whiteness. Nails white, with a
Sciurus hudsonius, (Albino).-P. I., p. 46. slight carnation tinge. Eyes nearly transNovember 11, 1850, I obtained an indi- parent, with a slightly smoky aspect, but
November 11, 1850,   obtained an indi-   the dead animal, they exhibited scarcely
vidual of the species commonly called the in the dead anima  they exhibited scarcely
Red Squirrel, or Chickaree, which was any of that redness, which is regarded as
entirely white.  It was shot, in the top of the characteristic of albinos.
FOSSIL ELEPHANT.
Elephas primogenius?-BLUIENBACH. 
It is a remarkable fact that, in making
the Rutland and Burlington Rail Road,
which extends from Burlington to Bellows
Falls, two of the most interesting fossils
ever found in New England, were brought.
to light.  These were the remains of an rE                  m
Elephant and a Whale: the former were    -i4
found in Mount Holly, in 1848, and the
latter in Charlotte, in 1849.             -_
The Rutland and Burlington Railroad
crosses the ridge of the Green Mountains,
in the township of Mount Holly, at an
elevation of 1415 feet above the level of
the ocean, and the bones of the fossil   =:
Elephant were found at that height.  In
order that their true position may be understood, and a knowledge of it preserved,
the accompanying rude map has been
prepared.  The map embraces an area
of about 35 acres, lying at the summit
level of the Green Mountains, over which
the railroad passes.                   4. Station ttouse.        6, Road.
_the railroad passes.Dotted lines, outlets of muck bed.  7. Division of water.
More than half of this area consists of a muck, consisting of billets of wood, about
solid mass of rock, elevated considerably 18 inches long, which had been cut off at
above the ground on each side, and only both ends, drawn into the water and dislightly covered with soil, or earth, except- vested of the bark, by the beavers, for food.
ing the cavities indicated, which are filled When first taken out, the marks of teeth
with vegetable muck. The line on the map, upon the wood were as distinct as if they
marked 5, denotes the ridge, which, previ- were the work of yesterday.  At 3, the
ous to making the railroad, divided the outlet of the basin, the beavers had conwaters flowing into Connecticut river from  structed a regular dam for the purpose of
those falling into Lake Champlain. The deepening the waters within.  But at the
cut, for the railroad, through this mass of time the excavation for the railroad was
rock, (from 4 to 8 on the map,) is about 180 made, the basin had become entirely filled
rods in length, and from 12 to 35 feet deep. with vegetable matter, which was in parts
The muck beds are formed in basins exca-  15 feet deep, and its surface was a swamp,
cavated out of the rock. The larger basin on which plants, shrubs, and small trees
appears to have been originally filled with were growing. The billets of wood, which
-water, and to have been a favorite resort the beavers had brought in, were, many of
for beaver, a large proportion of the mate- them, three inches in diameter, and were
rials which formed the lower part of the of several kinds, as ash, willowsand alder.




NATURAL HISTORY.                                15
FOSSIL ELEPHANT.                                                   FOSSIL WHALE.
These, together with numerous cones of and its greatest circumference, 12 inches.
black spruce and white pine, in a good The circumference has diminished very
state of preservation, were embedded in a much since the tusk was taken from the
thick vegetable mucilage, nearly resem- muck bed, on account of shrinkage in drybling clay in color, but which, when cut in ing, and several longitudinal cracks have
cakes and taken in the hand, would shake been formed in it, extending through its
and tremble like a mass of jelly.  A cake whole length, and it was found necessary
of this mucilage, when dried, was much to wind it with wire to prevent it from
lighter than cork, and was diminished to splitting to pieces.
about one-eighth of its original bulk.  The   These are believed to be the only fossil
mucilage was undoubtedly produced by the remains ever found in New England, which
solution of leaves and wood, which had have been, with certainty, ascertained to
steeped for ages in that basin of cold water, belong to an Elephant. Remains of Elefrom which there was not a sufficient flow phants have been found in several of the
to carry it off.  The billets of wood, when southern and western states, and very retaken out from the bottom of the muck, cently some fine specimens have been dug
appeared plump and fresh, as if they had up in Ohio.
been recently pealed, but were very soft,   I Ilhave prefixed to this account the speand in drying, they lost full five-sixths of  cific name of the Mammoth, or fossil Eletheir bulk.                             l phlant of Europe, but have little doubt that
In making the exca:vation folr the rail-  ours is a distinct species, and I am happy
road, through the muck-bed above descri-! in knowing that one of our best comparabed, in the latter part of the summer of. tire anatomists is now investigating this
1848, the workmen found, at the bottom of i vely subject.
the bed, resting upon gravel, which sepa-                  -
rated it from the rock below, a huge tooth,         FOSSIL
the place of which is indicated on the map and
Cut by 1. The depth of the muck at that     Bellga vermontana. —THoIrPsoN.
place was 1 1 feet. Soon afterwards, one of'
the tusks was foulnd, at 2,t abouts 0 feet   As many rare fossils are rendered nearly
the tusks was found, at ~, about 80 f'eet, valueless ws the fantof an accurate knowlfirom the place of the tooth, above mention- valueless by the want of an accurate knowled, which was a grindeer.  Subseq uently i edge of their localities, and of the circumthe other tusk, and several of tle bones of stances in which they were found, I have
the animal were found nevalr the   nsame  plc. deemed the above mentioned fossil, which is
the animal were found near the same place.
These bones and teeth were submittec to undoubtedly the most interesting of the
the inspection of Prof. Agassiz, of Caml- organic remains yet found in Vermont, of
bridge University, who pronounced them  sufficient importance to justify a minute
to be the remains of an extinct species ot lhistory of its discovery and position, and
Elephant.  The Directors of the Rutland  i the introduction of a small map of the localand Burlington Rail Road, to whom they ity  The discovery of this fossil took place
belong, design to have them  placed in the in August, 1849. While widening an exMuseum of the University of Vernmont, for caration for the Rutland and Burlington
preservation, and for the illustration of o   Rail W v, in the township of Charlotte, the
fossil geology.                         i workmen struck upon a quantity of bones,
The form of the cut through the rocks which were embedded in the clay at the
and the muck, and the position of the fos- depth of about eight. feet below the natural
sils, may be seen in the accompanying surface of the ground.  Some of the Irishsection.              3 2 1       4     i men remarked that they were the bones of
a dead horse buried there; but little notice,
however, was taken of them, till the overseers observed something peculiar in the
1. Grinder.     3. Original dividing ridge.  iform of several of the bones, and were,
2. Tusks.       4. Present division of water. thereby, induced to examine them more
The grinder is in an excellent state of carefully.  It was soon found that the
preservation, and weighed 8 pounds, and bones discovered, belonged to the anterior
the length of its grinding surface is about portion of the skeleton of some unknown
8 inches. The tusks are somewhat decayed, animal, the head of which had already been
and one of them badly broken.  The chord, broken into fragnients, by the workmen,
drawn in a straight line fromn the base to aind many of the fragments carried away
the point, of the most perfect tusk, ineas.  with the earth, which had been removed.
ures 60 inches, and the longest perpen- On carefully removing more of the clay, a
dicular, let fall from that to the inner i number of vertebra were found, extending
curve, of the tusk, measures 19 inches. in a line obliquely into the bank, and, apThe length of the tusk, measured along the parently arranged in the order in which
curve on the outer surface, is 80 inches, they existed in the living animal.  These




16                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
FOSSIL WHALE.                                                   BONES DESCRIBED.
vertebrae were taken out, and, together figures in that work, it was found to rewith the sternum, fragments of the head, semble the living rather than the extinct
ribs, &c., were forwarded to Burlington, types, and that the osteology of the head
and, by the kindness of Messrs. Jackson & was very like that of the Beluga leucas, or
Boardman, engineers on the railroad, were small northern White Whale.*
placed in my hands.                        Having collected together all the bones
By a careful examination of these bones, and fragments of the Fossil, within my
I found that they belonged to some animal, reach, I proceeded with them to Cambridge,
with whose skeleton I was not acquainted, Mass., and submitted them to the inspection
and that there were wanting, in order to of Prof. Agassiz, who confirmed the opinion
complete the skeleton, the greater part of I had formed respecting them, and, for two
the head, all of the teeth, a considerable days, very kindly lent me his aid, and his
number of vertebrae and ribs, and the bones great skill and knowledge of the subject, in
of the limbs. I was at first in some doubt, their collocation and arrangement. Havwhether the animal belonged to the whale ing, all together, more than four-fifths of
family or to the saurian; but this doubt the bones of the skeleton, he was able, from
was soon removed, by a careful examination the number, position and size of these, to
of the caudal vertebrae. These were found determine the number, position and size of
to have their articulating surfaces convex, those, which were missing, and thus to deand rounded in such a manner as to allow termine the size and form of the whole
of a very extensive vertical motion of the animal.
tail, but of a very limited lateral motion.   The head of the skeleton, as already reThis arrangement plainly indicated that marked, was broken into a great number of
the movements of the animal in the water, pieces, and only a portion of the fragments
were effected by means of a horizontal recovered; but enough to determine its
caudal fin, and that it, therefore, belonged entire length and general form. Fig. 2
to the family of Cetacea, or Whales.    represents the head, as reconstructed out of
The manner in which these caudal ver- the fragments, viewed from above; and fig.
tebrse move upon each other may be seen in 3, a side view, with the lower jaw dropped
the cut, where Fig. 1 represents the 13th, a little below its true place. The entire
14th and 15th vertebrae of the tail,-a, as length of the head is 21.2 inches. The
they appear viewed from above-b, as seen maxillary bone on the left side is mostly
laterally*.                             wanting, but on the right side, it is entire,
After having carefully removed from the so far as to embrace the alveolar margin,
bones, I had received, the adhesive clay, in which is 6.85 inches in length, and perfoorder to prevent their crumbling by expo- rated for 8 teeth. The corresponding alvesure to the air, and secure their preserva- olar margin of the lower jaw measures 5.5
tion, I saturated them with a thin solution inches, and is perforated for 7 teeth. Hence
of animal glue, and then proceeded to it appears that there were 16 teeth in the
Charlotte in order to recover, if possible, upper jaw and 14 in the lower, making 30
the bones, which were missing. By spend- in the whole.
ing several days in the search, I succeeded   The teeth are all of one kind, being coniin obtaining most of the anterior portion of cal, with flat or rounded crowns, much
the head, nine of the teeth, and thirteen worn, but, in their substance, very dense
additional vertebrae, together with the bones and firm. They are from one to two inches
of one forearm, several chevron bones, and in length, with a diameter of half an inch.
portions of ribs. From the portions of the Fig. 4 represents their different forms and
head, which I obtained, and the fragments sizes. Only nine of the teeth were recovpreviously received, I was able to recon- ered, and none of those were in their places
struct so much of the upper and anterior when found; but, that they were in their
portion of the head, as to exhibit distinctly places, up to the time the bones were first
its spiracles, or blow-holes, showing un- discovered, is evident, from the fact, that,
equivocally that it belonged to the Whale while every other cavity in the bones was
family. My next object was to ascertain, filled with clay, the alveoli were all empty.
if possible, whether it was a living, or an   Of the v-ertebrae, 41 were secured, of
extinct, species of this family.  Being which four were cervical, eleven dorsal,
without specimens for comparison, my only ten lumbar, and sixteen caudal. Three
reliance for aid was Cuvier's great work on cervical vertebra, the first, fifth and sixth,
Fossil Bones.  By a comparison of the are evidently missing, which, with the four
Fossil Whale with the descriptions and obtained, make seven, the usual number.
These vertebrae are all free, not being sol*The fractions after the number of the figure, dered together, as in the common dolphin,
when introduced in the accompanying cuts, denote I -Ithe linear proportion of the cut to the object, which  * Cuvier's Osse. Foss., Vol. V, page 299 and Plate
it represents.                           XXII, fig. 5 and 6,-Paris edition, 1825.




NATURAL HISTORY.                 ]17
FOSSIL WIIALE.                                BONES FIGURED.
4.~                  l,~i".
tl,i
~ ~g                2- ~-'\ ng\ =5                      ____
ct                    G'\




18                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
FOSSIL WHALE.                                                             LOCALITY.
and some other cetacians.  Fig. 5 repre- scapula is 7 inches; the length of the
sents the third cervical vertebra.        humerus 5, and of the fore-arm 4 inches.
The second and twelfth dorsal vertebre   I was able to obtain the following measare missing, the whole number being thir- urements of the head, which admit of direct
teen.  Fig. 6, represents the seventh dor- comparison with a part of the measuresal vertebra-a, as seen from behind-b, ments, given by Cuvier, of the head of
as seen laterally.                        Beluga leucas:
The lumbar vertebral amount to twelve,                     B. vernmontaao. B. icucas.
of which the sixth and twelfth are missing. Length of the head, from the
occipital condyles to the 21.2inch. 20.9inch.
Fig. 7, represents the seventh lumbar ver-  end of the snout,
tebra.  These vertebrm all have the same "of one side of the lower jaw, 16.5 "   16.5
general form, but the lateral winged pro- " ofalveolar margin,  "  3.2 ".S7.
cesses are more decayed and broken in "of the symphysis,.1 ".1
some of them, than in the one here repre-   Between these measurements, it will be
sented.                                        that there is a very close agreement;
The eleventh and seventeenth caudal but they disagree in their dental formule,
vertebre are missing, and perhaps a nine-'s expressed below:
teenth and twentieth, making the, proba-                 B. vermontala.   B. leucas.
ble, whole number, twenty.  Fig. 8, repre-  Dental Formul    8=30:        9 -30i.
sents the fourth caudal vertebra.   The                        7         9   0
form of those nearer the extremity of the   They also differ in the relative width of
tail may be seen in fig. 1.               the maxillary and intermaxillary bones, as
From  these statements, it will be seen, developed on the upper side of the snout,
that  th   e whole number of vertebre in the and also in the outlines of the head.
skeleton was 52, eleven of which are nlis-   Since the  abov   e measurenents and coinsing.  Two of the missing vertebrere   pariso we rearisons  ere made, I have  had an opporknown to have been taken away, after the tuity to examine the bones of three heads
bones were discovered.  Articulating sur- of B. leucas, in the Hunterian Museum, in
faces, at the meeting of the caudal vertebr,  London, and an entire skeleton  of the
indicate five chevron bones, of which the animal in the collection of Prof. Agassiz, at
fourth only is wanting.  Fig. 9, represents Cambridge, Mass.  On account of the abthe second chevron bone.                  sence of Prof. Agassiz, when I visited CamThe total length of the vertebral column, bridge, a minute comparison of my fossil
due allowance being made for the eleven bones, with the corresponding bones of his
missing vertebrae, and 17 inches for the skeleton, was not gone into, but a sufficient
aggregate thickness of the 51 intervertebral number of bones was compared, to leave
cartilages, is one hundred andthirty-seven little doubt that they belong to different
inches.  Of this length, the cervical ver- species of the same genus.  I have, theretebre make 10 inches, the dorsal 40 the fore, described my Beluga under the specific
lumbar 48, and the caudal 39. The h   nl4 - name of vermontana, which I gave it, probar vertebrae are largest, having ain average visionally, in my first account of the fossil0.
length of about 4 inches, with a diameter  LOCALITY. —In orderto prevent ay doubt,
of 3 inches.  The total length of the animal, hereafter, in regard to the precise place in
including the head and caudal fin, must which these fossil bones were found, I have
have been about 168 inches, or 14 feet.    here introduced a little map of the township
Fig. 10, is the hyoid bone, and Fig 11, of Charlotte, on which I have marked the
the sternum, both of which are large and locality by a black a. The township is six
strong, in proportion to the size of the miles square, and bounded on the west by
skeleton. The former measures 8.5 inches Lake  Champlain.   The single lines  dein a right line, from point to point, and the note the principal roads passing through
latter is 15 inches long, from 3A to 7 wide, the township.  The railroad passes through
and on an average about one inch thick.   it, from north to south, nearly parallel to
The ribs are considerably decayed and the lake shore, and at an average distance
broken.  The longest entire rib measures of l4 mile from it.  The distance between
just 24 inches along the curve. Fig. 12, the two roads, which cross the railroad, one
represents the anterior rib, on one side. It on the north and the other on the south
is very strong, consisting of two portions  side of the locality, is about 80 rods; the
of nearly equal length, of solid bone.    distance to the locality, from  the north
Fig. 13, represents the scapula, the road, being perhaps 25 rods, and from the
humerus and the bones of the fore-alrm  of south road, 55 rods.  The northern road
the left fin, in their connexion.  The scap- crosses the railway on a bridge, over the
ula and the ulna of the right side were re- excavation, elevated about 1]6 feet above
covered, but all the other bones of the
paddles are wanting.  The height of the |  Silliman's Journal of Scielnce, ol. IX, 1). 256.




NATURAL HISTORY.                              19
MAP OF CHARLOTTE.                                                FOSSIL WHALE.
the track: the southern                   MAP OF CHARLOTTE.
road crosses on a level with
the track.  The accompa- J
nying cut exhibits a section
along the east side of the
excavation, in which the
bones were found.  The
surface of the ground slopes  
to the south, and, to the:    F
depth of four feet, consists  
principallyofsand, showing'
no signs of stratification. i  
Next, below this, is a mix-                                I
ture of sand and clay, finely Mr\.
and regularly stratified, for
a depth of 2. feet, below
which is a vast bed of fine
blue clay, in which were
observed no signs of stratification, and which appears'=
to have been, previous to the deposit of the stratified sand and clay above it, an extensive quagmire.
SECTION.                 A and C denote the points where the two
roads, above mentioned, cross the railroad;
A the northern road, and C the southern,..-...  and the line A C the distance between the
A           D              B         c roads. From C to B, the railroad track
is on the level of the natural surface of the earth; and from B to A at the bottom of the
excavation in the clay bed. D indicates the point in the line of the road, where the
fossil bones were found.
X                         ~~~~~~~~~~10..  -
The fossil bones were embedded in this was nearly on a level with the railway,
clay, at an average depthbelow its surface of while the posterior parts extended obliquely
nearly two feet. The head of the skeleton into the bank, towards the southeast. In
was towards the northwest, was lowest, and the bluo clay, with the bones, were found




20                   APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
FOSSIL WHALE.                                                          BIRDS OF VERMONT.
some vegetable remains, and also specimens stratified sand and clay above.  The localof JV'ucula and Saxicava.  At the surface ity, as ascertained by the railroad survey,
of the blue clay were great numbers of is 60 feet above the mean level of Lake.Mytilus edulis and Sanguinolaria fusca, Champlain, and 150 above the ocean.*
and the latter were scattered through the
12_..63...
BIRDS OF VERMONT.
Additional to Part I, Chapter III.
To our list of Birds given in Part I, page  of these was shot and wounded.   It flew
58, we now add the following species:         about half a mile and pitched down into a
Tyranlznus cooperi,    Olive sided King Bird.    thick forest, but could not then be found.
sluscicapa traillii,    Traill's Flycatcher.  About a week afterwards, it was discovered
rslticilla,  American Redstart.   
"  pusilla,   Green Blackeap Warbler.and captured.  It was confined in a stable,
Vireo gilvus,        Warbling Vireo.          fed on meat, anl  kept there more than a
Jlerula olivacea,    Olivebacked Thrush.      year.  It was then sent to Middlebury, to
Sylvia striata,      Black-poll Warbler.      Prof. C. B. Adams who on the 23d of Oct.
CruJicapilla,     Red-poll Warbler.               
cpardolina,       Canada Warbler.          1846, sent it to me, at Burlington.  I kept
cparus,          IHemlock Warbler.        it in an open cage, or coop, in the corner
iphiladelphia,    Mourning Warbler.        of my yard, through the winter, and watch"  americana,      Particolored Warbler.    ed its conduct with much care.   It was a
Frisnilla borealis,    Mealy Redpoll. 
Coccoborus ludovicians, Rosebrested Grosbeakl.  female, and was, in her disposition, very
Tanagra rubra,       Scarlet Tanager.         savage; and during the 7 or 8 months I
Picus pileatus,      Crested Woodpecker.      kept her alive, I made very little progress
A1rdea minor,        American Bitterln. 
Tatanus melanoleucaos,Greater Yellow Shanks.   towards taming her.  She would strike
Tringe semipalmata, Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Colymbus septentrionalis, Red Throated Loon.    * In 1847, a portion of the skeleton of a whale, was
found in the same kind of clay, as that in which the
We also make additions to our former bones were found in Charlotte, in the vicinity of
account, of the following:                    Montreal. It was found about 15 feet below the
Falco chrysaetas,    Golden Eagle.            surface, ill digging clay for makig  bricks, and was
about    e 100 feet above the level othe St. Lawrence.
Cypselumis pelasgius,  Chimney Swallow.       The portion found, conssted of 19 consecutive verteColumba migretorie, Passenger Pigeon.
brle, which measured, all together, when arranged in
their order, 4 1-2 feet. About one-third of the verTHE GOLDEN  EAGLE.                   tebra were caudal, the other two-thirds sacral and
Falco chrysaetas.-LINN.             lumbar. These fossil bones were carried to London,
by Mr. Logan, Provincial Geologist, where I had an
In May, 1845, two eagles of this species opportunity of comparing with them some of the
were observed flying near the summit of a vertebrae of B. ermontatna, at the Museum of the
high h    in Pittsid in ts S.    Geological Survey of Great Britain, and I have little
high hill, in Pittsfield, in this State.  One doubt that they are identical in species.




NATURAL HISTORY.                              21
OLIVE-SIDED KING BIRD.       TRAILL'S FLY-CATCHER.         AMERICAN REDSTART.
with her feet with the quickness of a cat; shot it in Randolph, in this state. The
and, after having had a piece of meat nest of this King Bird is usually built in
snatched from my hand so suddenly that I the top of an evergreen, from 30 to 50 feet
scarcely had a glimpse of the claws that from the ground, and resembles, somewhat,
took it, I thought it most prudent to keep that of the common King Bird. The eggs,
my hands beyond her reach.  She was four in number, are of a yellowish creammost fond of meat when first killed, but, if color, thinly sprinkled with dark brown
hungry, she would not reject it after it had and purple spots. A nest, found by Mr.
become putrid. When a hen, or dove. was Paine, was on a horizontal branch of a trll
killed and thrown into her cage, she would hemlock, standing alone in a pasture, near
suddenly pounce upon it, striking in her the border of woods. The nest, containing.
claws with great force. She would then three eggs, was composed of twigs, moss,
stretch up her neck and look around, as if and a few blades of grass.  It was very
exulting over the victory she had achieved. flat, and slovenly put together. This bird
Before eating a particle of the fowl, she manifests much uneasiness and anger,
would take it to her roost, and holding it when its nest is approached, erecting its
with one foot, she would pick it, with her crest, and becoming very clamorous. These
beak, as cleanly as if it were to be cooked. birds are known to breed, in the same localThe length of this specimen was 33 inch- ity, several years in succession.
es, the spread of her wings 72, the folded
wing 24, tarsus 3.5, tibia, 6.5, tail, consisting of 12 feathers, 10.5. It weighed,    TRAILL'S FLY-CATCHER.
when killed, on the 19th of May, 1847,       JMuscicapa traillii. —AD.
10.5 pounds, the greater part of the weight   DESCRIPTIoN.-COlOr of the head and
being made up of the muscles of the wings body above, dark glossy olive green; circle
and legs.                              round the eye and streak towards the bill,
NOTE.-The specimen, belonging to the pale yellow. Wings, dark hair brown;
Museum  of the University of Vermont, secondaries and wing coverts edged with
which I have described in Part I, page 60, dull white, forming two bars across the
without a name, I have satisfied myself to wings.  Bill, blackish above, flesh-colored
be an old female Bald Eagle.           beneath. Chin and throat yellowish white;
breast, ashy brown; belly, and under tail
THE OLIVE-SIDED KING-BIRD.    coverts, pale sulphur yellow. Legs black.
Tail emarginate.  Length, 5.75; spread
Tyrannus cooperi. —NUTTALL.       8.75.
DESCRIPTION.-General color above, dark    HISTORY.-This species bears a very
olive, becoming dusky brown on the head, strong resemblance to the.M. flaviventris.
wings and tail. Chin, throat, belly, and It is quite a common bird at some places
under tail coverts, white, tinged with light along the east side of the Green Mountains,
greenish yellow. Secondaries edged with in Vermont, particularly along the second
white, and the wing coverts tipped with branch of White River, in Bethel and Rangray, giving the appearance of two obscure dolph, where, I am informed by my friend,
bars on the wings. Breast and sides of the Paine, it rears its young in large numbers.
belly, brownish, with an irregular yellowish Its nest is usually built in a low bush, by
white band from the throat down the breast the side of a stream, from one to four feet
to the belly. Legs and feet black. Upper from the ground. The nest is composed,
mandible, blackish horn color; lower, yel- outwardly, of wild grass and wool, and
lowish, darker at the point. Irides hazel. lined with - ery fine grass and weeds. It
Billstoutandbroad. Secondquilllongest, is very snugly put together, and nearly
first and third equal.  Tail emarginate, two inches deep. The eggs, usually three,
extends one inch beyond the folded wings. are of a yellowish white color, sparsely
Length, 6.5 inches; spread, 12.5.      sprinkled with light umber toward the
HISTORY.-This species was first distin- larger end.
guished from the Wood Pewee, which it
much resembles, by William Cooper, in
1829, and was described and named, in       THE AMERICAN REDSTART.
honor of its discoverer, by Mr. Nuttall. Its.Mlitscicapa ruticilla.-LINNAUS.
range is from Texas to the 53d parallel of
latitude, and from New England to Oregon.   DESCRIPTION.-Upper parts, bill, chin
It is a rare bird in New England, but num- and breast, black; sides of the breast, base
bers of them spend the summer and rear of the primaries and of the tail feathers,
their young here. For the specimen, from excepting the two middle ones, fine reddish
which the above description was made, I orange, sometimes approaching scarlet.
was indebted to my friend C. S. Paine, who Belly white.  Female and young olive




22                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
BLACK-CAP WARBLER. WARBLING VIREO  OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. BLACKPOLLWARBLER.
brown above, head cinereous; beneath, yel- parts dull greenish white. Sides of the
lowish white. Sides of the breast, base of body and beneath the wings, dull greenish
the quills and tail feathers, yellow, where yellow. Legs, bluish brown. Length, 5
they are orange in the male. Bill and legs inches; spread, 8.
smoky olive. Notch in the bill small. Sec-   HIsToRY.-This Vireo, though plain and
ond and third primaries subequal and long- unadorned in plumage, is one of the most
est. Length, 5 inches; spread, 6.5.    musical of the feathered warblers.  Its
HISTORY.- This beautiful little bird is range is through the whole extent of the
found in all parts of the United States, and United States, from  the Atlantic to the
extends its summer migrations as far north  Pacific. The nest of the Warbling Vireo is
as the 62d parallel of latitude. It arrives usually pendulous, and placed in the very
in Vermont about the middle of May. It summits of the loftiest trees. Nuttall has
is a shy and retiring bird, confining itself found them elevated to the airy height of
to the forests and groves. It builds its more than 100 feet from the ground. The
nest, usually, between the forked branches nest is made of the fibres of weeds and shreds
of a small tree, or saplingr, 10 or 12 feet of bark, and lined with grass. The eggs
from the ground. The nest is very securely are from 4 to 6, white, with confluent spots
andt neatly built, being made of fibres and and thread-like lines towards the larger
shreds of bark, very firmly agglutinated end. My friend, C. S. Paine, who kindly
together. The eggs, 3 or 4 in number, are favored me with a specimen of this bird,
of a light cream color, thickly sprinkled and its nest, which was built in the top of
with different shades of yellowish brown, a lofty elm, near his dwelling, in Randolph,
particularly towards the large end.    assures me that the favorite resort of the
Warbling Vireo is among the trees and
bushes, growing by the side of ponds and
THE GREEN BLACK-CAP WARBLER. streams..Muscicapa pusilla.-WILsON.
DESCRIPTION. —-Crown, glossy black;    THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH
back, rump, and upper tail coverts, olive.Merula olivacea.-GIRAUD.
green. Fiontlet, line over the eye, and all   DEscRIPTION.-General color above, yelbeneath, bright lemon yellow. Tail and lowish olive brown; breast and throat buff,
wings, hair brown, the feathers having spotted with black; belly, soiled white,
their outer vanes edged with yellow olive. spotted' with reddish brown. Bill, brown,
Bill, brown; legs, flesh color. No part short and robust. Legs, flesh color, line
white. Second and third quills longest, from the bill to the eye slightly rufous.
subequal. Tail longandrounded, reaching Outer webs of the primaries, yellowish.
more than one inch beyond the tips of the Lower tail coverts, white. Second primary
fulded wings. Female and young without longest, first and third nearly equal.the black crown.  Length, 4.5 inches; Length, 6.5 inches; spread, 11. Length of
spread, 6.5.                           the tarsus 1 inch. Tail extends 1 inch
HIrsToY.-This species appears to be beyond the folded wings.
very widely diffused, being found in Labra-   HISTORY.-This species was long regarddor, in latitude 58" north, where it breeds, ed as a variety of the Hermit Thrush,.M.
and as far westward as Columbia river. solitaria. It was first shown to be a disAccording to DeKay, it arrives in New tinct species by Mr. DeRhane, and was first
York early in May, but is in that state ex- described and named by Mr. Giraud, in
ceedingly rare. Their nests are built on his Birds of Long Island. This bird rears
low bushes, in which they lay about four its young in Vermont, and is not very rare.
grayish eggs, which are sprinkled with Its nest, which is built on the ground in
reddish dots, in a circle around the larger the woods, is composed of leaves and vines,
end.                                   and lined with fine roots. It has 4 light
blue eggs, but somewhat darker than those
of the Hermit Thrush, or very nearly the
THE WARBLING VIREO.             color of those of the Robin. It probably
rears two broods in a season, since my
Viereo  gilvU~s. —BIONAPAR.    friend Paine assures me, that he has found
DESCRIPTION. —Pale greenish olive. Head their nests, containing eggs, in the months
and upper part of the neck, dark ash, ap- of June, July and August.
proeching to brown. Line over and beneath
the eye, and extending from the eye to the
nostril, light ash. Wings and tail, hair    THE BLACI-POLL WARBLER.
brown, the feathers edged with greenish        Sylvia striata -WILSON.
gray. Upper mandible dark horn color,   DESCRIPTION.-Head deep glossy black;
the lower one lighter.  Chin and under back mottled with black, white and dark




NATURAL HISTORY.                                23
RED-POLL WARBLER.  CANADA WARBLER.  HEMLOCK WARBLER.   MOURNING WARBLER.
ash.  Cheeks, collar round the neck, and ash, with central parts of the feathers on
under parts generally, white, largely spot- 1the head, black, giving it a dark spotted
ted with black on the breast and sides; line | appearance.  Wings and tail brown, edged
of black spots from the chin towards the with grayish.  Line under the eye descenshoulders.  Two white bars on the wings. ding down the side of the throat towards
Primaries brown, edged on their outer the shoulders, black. Spot in the forehead,
webs with greenish yellow.  Tail, wood a broad line towards the eye, and all bebrown, the two outer feathers on each side neath, bright lemon yellow.  A  broad
having large white spots on their inner rounded band of black spots across the
webs.  Bill, dark horn color.  Tail emar- breast, forming a sort of collar. Under
ginate, reaching three-fourths of an inch | tail coverts white, tinged with yellow.
beyond the folded wings. Legs, flesh color. Upper mandible brownish the lower manFen ale and youvg dull yellowish olive, dible, the legs and feet, flesh color. Second
streaked with black and gray.  Length 5 and third  primaries subequal, longest.
inches; spread, 8.                       Tail long, rounded, reaching 1.2 beyond
HIsToRY.-The Blackpoll Warbler is pret- the tips of the folded wings. The female is
ty generally diffused over the United States, greenish above, and all its markings less
and has been observed as far north as the distinct. Length, 5 inches; spread, 8.5.
54th parallel of latitude.  Audubon found   HISToRY-This is a rare species, being
the nest of this species in Labrador, built only occasionally met with in Vermont.
in the forked branches of a fir tree, about It breeds, according to Audubon, in Pennthree feet from the ground. It was formed sylvania, Maine, and the British Provinces,
of mosses and lichens, lined first with coarse and if so, it doubtless breeds in Vermont,
dried grass, then with fine moss, and lastly though I am not aware that its nest has
with feathers.  The nest contained 4 eggs, been found here. It is said to range as far
but he has given no description of them. north as the 55th degree of latitude.  The
It probably breeds in Vermont, but I am  nest is usually built in a low evergreen.
not aware that its nest has ever been found The eggs, about five in number, are white,
here.                                   with a few dots of brownish red.
THE RED-POLL WARBLER.
Sylvia ruficapilla.-LATHAM.  THE HEMLOCK WARBLER.
DEscRIPTION.-General aspect brownish j         Sylvia parus.-WILSON.
olive, streaked with dusky brown; crown   DESCRIPTION.- Color above greenish yeldark rufous.  Line over the eye, and all low, striped with dusky; bill, wings and
beneath, yellow. The two lateral tail feath- tail brownish black; two white bars on the
ers with large spots of white on their inner wings; quills edged with greenish. Line
webs, extending to their tips. The yellow over the eye, throat and neck yellow; beon the breast streaked and spotted with neath, yellow, streaked with dusky on the
bay. Legs and bill dusky brown.  The breast and sides; under tail coverts white;
first three quills nearly equal, second long- patches of white on the inner webs of the
est. Tail slightly notched, and reaches two outer tail feathers; legs and under
one inch beyond the folded wings.  Female mandible greenish  yellow.  First quill
without the rufous crown, and having the longest; tail emarginate.  Length, 5.~25
spots on the breast brown instead of bay. spread, 8.5
In the young male the crown is spotted   HISTORY.-This bird resides, for the most
with bay, and the breast yellowish brown. part, in thick Hemlock forests, and hence
Length, 4.75; spread, 7.5.              it has derived its name. Its nest, according
HIsTo RY.-The history of this little war- to Audubon, is usually built in a hemlock
bler appears to be very little known. I or spruce, at a considerable elevation from
have two specimens, a male and a female, the ground, and is composed of slender
from which the above description is drawn. twigs and lichens, and lined with hair and
They were both shot by my friend Paine, in feathers.  The specimen above described
Orange county, in 1848, one on the 20th of was shot in Randolph, and the bird, no
April and the other in September.  It has doubt, breeds here.
been observed, according to DeKay, from
Mexico to the 55th degree of north latitude.
Whether it breeds or not in Vermont, I       THE MOURNING WARBLER.
have not been able to ascertain.
Sylvia philadelpkhia.-WILsoN.
DESCRIPTION.-Head and sides of the
neck bluish slate; upper parts of the body,
Sylvia pardalina.-BONAPARTE.        wings and tail, dark yellowish olive-green;
DEscRaIPTIo.-All the upper parts bluish Ispace before the eye, and frontlet, black.




24                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
PARTI-COLORED WARBLER. MEALY REDPOLL. ROSE-BREASTERI GROSBEAK. SCARLET TANAGER.
Chin, throat and sides of the neck bluish and posterior part of the rump, in the male,
gray. Breast black, with numerous fine pale carmine. First primary longest, seccrescent-shaped blue-gray lines.  Beneath ond and third nearly equal. Bill yellow,
bright lustrous yellow. Bill smoky horn brownish towards the point; very acute,
color; legs flesh color. In the female and upper mandible longest. Hind nail long
the young, the throat and breast are buff, as the toe. Length, 5.5 inches; spread, 9.
the latter much the darkest, and all the   HiSTORY. —This species, though very
upper parts are a greenish olive. Length, rare, is quite widely diffused, being found
5 inches; spread, 7.5.                 in Maine, New Jersey and Oregon. The
HISTORY.-The Mourning Warbler de- specimen from which the above description
rives its name from its peculiar melancholy was made, was shot in Randolph, in the
notes. The specimen, from which the above winter of 1850. They appeared there in
description is chiefly drawn, was shot by flocks, and fed upon the seeds of weeds,
my friend, C. S. Paine, in Randolph, on which projected.through the snow, in the
the 4th of July. It was a male, had with open fields. They were not seen in the
it a mate and a brood of young ones, just forests. Its notes were very much like
able to fly. This warbler is a rare bird, those of the common yellow bird, F. tristis.
and is of shy and solitary habits.  Its In appearance it very closely resembles the
range, so far as at present ascertained, is Lesser Redpoll, F. linaria;-so closely
between the 23d and 47th parallels of lati- that there is some difficulty in distinguishtude.                                  ing them. It is, however, somewhat larger,
and its colors a little lighter, particularly
THE PARTI-COLORED WARBLER.   on the rump.
Sylvia americana.-LATHAML.
THE ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
DESCRIPTION,-Color pale blue above,
with a large golden umber spot on the   Coccoborus ludovicianus.-LINN.EUS.
back. Upper mandible black; lower, yel-   DESCRIPTIOr.-Head, chin and upper
lowish. Chin, throat and lower part of parts mostly black, varied with white on
the breast, bright yellow.  A blackish the wings and rump.  Tail and wings
collar, bordered below with umber, mixed brownish, with a broad white bar across
with yellow. Sides, under the edges of the the quills of the latter, and a narrower one
folded wings, spotted with bay.  Belly on the wing coverts. Breast and under
bluish white. Two white bars on the wings; wing coverts carmine, or bright rose color.
and outer tail feathers largely spotted with Beneath, yellowish white.  Bill, cream
white, on their inner webs. Wings and color;legs and feetgrayishbrown. Female
tail brown, the quills and feathers edged brown above, spotted with dull white on the
with light blue, on their outer webs. Legs wings; three yellowish white bands on the
and feet fuliginous.  Three first quills head, one passing from the bill over the
nearly equal. Female without the dark crown to the occiput, and one passing along
collar on the breast. Length, 4.5, spread, each side of the head, just over the eye.
6.4 inches.                            Feathers on the breast yellowish, with a
HISTORY.-This very beautiful little war- brown central streak; under wing coverts
bler ranges from Mexico to the 46th parallel sulphur yellow; no rose color. Bill brown
of latitude, and is very common in the horn color. Tailslightly emarginate. Bill
western states. It arrives in New England notched near the point. Second quill longabout the beginning of May. Its nest, ac- est. Length, 8 inches; spread, 13.
cording to Audubon, is built in the upright   HISTORY.-The range of this bird is said
forks of small trees, and is composed prin- to be from Texas to the 56th parallel of
cipally of lichens, lined with downy sub- latitude. Though not numerous in Verstances. The eggs, about 4, are white, mont, they are frequently met with and
with a few reddish dots near the larger end. rear their young here.  Its nest is usually
built in thick forests, at a considerable
THE MEALY REDPOLL.              height from the ground, and composed of
twigs and lined with grass.  The eggs are
Fringilla borealis.-SAvI.       4 or 5, bluish and spotted with brown.
DESCRIPTIoN.-Above dusky, streaked
with yellowish white and rusty.  Wings       THE SCARLET TANAGER.
and tail, hair-brown, the feathers edged
and tipped with yellowish white. Rump        Tanagra rlbra.-LINNmUs.
whitish. Crown dark rich crimson. Front-   DESCRIPrTION.-The bill robust, rather
let, lores and throat black. Beneath, gray- short, compressed towards the point, and
ish white, streaked with dusky. Legs, feet acute.  The second quill longest.  Tail
and nails black. Cheeks, sides of the body slightly forked. In the male, the plumage




NATURAL HISTORY.                                25
CRESTED WOODPECKER.              CHIMNEY SWALLOW.                SWALLOW TREES.
is of a brilliant scarlet, excepting the wings reaching three inches beyond the tip of the
and tail, which are black, and the under folded wing.
wing coverts, which are yellow.  Bill and   HISTORY.-For the specimen here descrilegs brownish horn color.  Female and bed I was indebted to MIr. Austin Isham, of
young dull green, or brownish yellow. Williston, who shot it near Shelburne pond,
Wings and tail, brown, with the feathers on the 10th of November, 1851.  It was a
edged with greenish.  Color of the bill and female, and on skinning and dissecting it,
legs lighter than in the male. Length, I found in its craw more than 100 fiat,
6.6 inches; spread, 10.5.               jointed worms. They were, most of them,
HisTOnY.-This bird, on account of the entire, about an inch long, and of a yellowbright red color of the male, is sometimes ish white color; such, in short, as are very
called the Fire Bird.  It is also known in common between the bark and wood of old
many places as the Blackwinged Red Bird. trees.  The gizzard  contained parts of
It rears its young in Vermont, but is said worms, and a large quantity of the fragto extend its summer migrations northward, ments of ants and coleopterous insects, but
as far as the 69th parallel of latitude. Its no gravel.
nest is usually built on the  horizontal   Though no where numerous, this Woodbranch of a forest tree, 10 or 1-5 feet from  pecker is found in all parts of the United
the ground.  It is composed of sticks, States and as far north as the 63d parallel
weeds and vines, nicely put together, and of latitude.  In Vermont it has been very
lined with finer materials.  The egrgs are generally called the Woodcock. It is a
usually 4, of a dull blue color, spotted with very restless and retired bird, confining
different shades of brown. It is a shy bird, himself chiefly to the depths of the forests,
occupying retired places, and manifests and hence he is much more frequently
great solicitude for the safety of its young. heard than seen. In the early part of
One of the nests of this bird, found by my spring, as is well known to those employed
indefatigable friend, Paine, in Randolph, at that season in the manufacture of maple
was on the branch of a maple, in the skirt sugar, his loud cackle and the sound of his
of a forest, was 10 feet from the ground, powerful blows upon the old trees, are
and composed of hemlock twigs, laced and heard, reverberating through the naked
bound together with fibrous weeds and forests, to a great distance.  Like the other
strings.  It was 1.5 inch deep, and con- woodpeckers, it builds its nest in a cavity,
tained three eggs. The male bird showed hollowed out of an old tree, and lays about
much uneasiness  when  the discoverer 6 purely white eggs.
approached the nest.
THE CRESTED WOODPECKER.               CHIMNEY SWALLOW,-(Part I —98.)
Picus pileattls.-LIN Eu s.              Cypselus pelasgius.-TEJr.
DEscIPTIO.N.-Geneelal color black. Chin   In our account of this bird, we spoke of
white, with a rusty white stripe over the its habit, when the country was new, of
eye, and another from thenostrilextending resorting in immense numbers to hollow
backward along the side of the neck to the trees, in spring and autumn, and that there
base of the wings, which are, on the under were many trees in this state, which were,
side, of a delicate straw color.  Vanes of on that account, extensively known as
the basal part of the wing feathers, white swallow trees.  Many of these trees had,
on the upper side, but nearly concealed by probably, been resorted to by thousands of
the wing coverts, when the wing is closed. birds, year after year, for centuries. The
Crest and mustachios, in the male, bright consequence would naturally be, that the
yellowish carmine red; crown variegated hollow, in which they roosted, would be
with black  and  golden yellow.  Irides gradually filled up from the bottom, by the
bright orange; bill and claws dark horn excrement, cast off feathers, exuvia of incolor, the bill a little lighter below, sharply sects, and rotten wood; and trees have been
ridged above and on the sides; with the often found in this condition, long after the
mandibles, which are of equal length, swallows had ceased to resort to them; and
brought to vertical cutting edges at their even after they had been blown down, and
points. Tongue slender, protractile and had become rotten by lying. One of this
barbed towards the point.  Tail wedge- kind, in Ohio, is described in Harris' Jourshaped; feathers 12, stiff and pointed, cen- nal, and quoted in Wilson's Ornithology.
tral ones longest. Length of the specimen The tree was a sycamore, five feet in diamhere described, which was a female, 18 in- eter, which had been blown down, and
ches; spread, 28; from the point of the bill whose immense hollow  was found filled,
to the feathers 2.4;to the top of the crest 4.5. for the space of 15 feet, with a "mass of
Length of the folded wing, 9.5,-tail, 7, decayed feathers, with an admixture of




26                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
CHIMNEY SWALLOW.               PASSENGER PIGEON.                 AMERICAN BITTERN.
brownish dust and the exuvia of various ing the feathers.  But, if done quietly,
insects."                                 what did it?  What insect would devour
The remains of a tree of this description the hones, and beaks, and clams, and not
were found in this state, in Middlebury, so meddle with the quills?  Or would the
lately as the spring of 1852.  The tree had formic, or any other acid, which might be
been blown down, and had, nearly all, generated within the mass, dissolve the
rotted away, leaving little besides the cyl- former without affecting the latter?  These
indrical mass, which had filled its hollow. I are questions, to which the savans have
The length of this mass was about seven not yet returned any satisf;lctory response.
feet, and its diameter 15 inches.  Of the.  A specimen, from the above mentioned
materials, which composed it, about one feathery mass, was obtained, in May, 1852,
half consisted of the feathers of the Chim- by Mr. J. A. Jameson, Tutor in the Uniney Swallow, being, for the most part, versity of Vermont, and presented, by him,
wing and tail-feathers.  The other half to the Museul-    of that Institution, to be
was made up of exuvia of insects, mostly preserved as a, relic of primeval Vermont.
fragments and eggs of the large wood-ant,
and a brown substance, probably derived
from the decayed wood of the interior of the PASSENCER PIGEON.-(Part I, p. 100.)
tree.                                           CColumnba mi51gral!otis.-L l..
This discovery at Middlebury, though           oli rnbei ratorie. LaN.
interesting, would not have been regarded                         _Hvirng learned that Pigeons had appearas very remarkable, if the materials, which  edand reared their young in large numbers,
had filled the hollow of the tree, had been in the spring of 1;49, in several towns on
promiscuously and disorderly mingled to- the Green Mountains, particularly in Faysgether.  Such a jumbled mass would be ton and Warren, in Washington county,
what we should expect to find in.a hollow "n'd being desirous in case they should retree which had been, for centuries, per- turn there the next spring, to visit the
haps, the roosting place of myriads of Swal- localities, for the purpose of observing  the
lows.  But this is not the case.  In their habits of the Pigeons, and securing some of
general arrangement, the largrer~ feanthers   their eggs for specimens, I addressed a note
have nearly all their quills pointing  out- of inquiry to Jacob Boyce, Esq., of Fayston.
ward, while their plumes, or ends on which To this note I received the following reply:
their webs are arranged, point inward.                   FAYsTON, June 28, 1850.
This arrangement might perhaps have   MRP. THOMPSON:
arisen from  the nesting of small quadru-     Sir,-I lhavereceived yours of the 1 0th
peds in the hollow, making the feathers inst., requesting information about Pigeons.
their bed.  But this is not the most remark- They are not here the present season. Last
able circumstance connected with the sub- year they came here early in April, and
ject.  In various parts of the mass, are commenced building their nests by the
found, in some cases, all the primary Imiddle of that month; and they left here
feathers of the wing; in others, all the with their young, about the middle of June.
feathers of the tail, lying together in con- Their nests extended over a. territory of. at
tact, and in precisely the salne order and,least,?,000 acres.  Above the height of 25
position, in which they are found in the feet from the ground, the tops of the trees
livingswallow. In al lumpofthe materials, were covered  with  nests.  Some large
measuring not more than 7 inches by 5, birches had from  100 to 125 nests on a
and less than 3 inches thick, five wings and tree.  The nests consisted of bunches of
two tails were plainly seen, with their sticks, placed in the crotches of the limbs.
feathers arranged as above mentioned, and, They laid only two eggs in a nest, alnd
in one of the wings, all the secondary quills laised only one brood.  There might have
were also arranged in their true position been any quantity of eggs obtained from
with regard to the primaries.             the nests; and great numbers of eggs rolled
Now, we cannot conceive it possible that out of the nests and lay scattered on the
these feathers could be shed by living birds, ground, but I do not know that any of the
and be thus deposited.  We may suppose eggs were preserved.
that the birds died there, and that their,             Respectfully yours,
flesh had been removed by decay, or by in-                      JACOB BOYCE.
sects, without deranging the feathers. But 
in that case, what has become of the skele-                   -
tons?  I do not learn that a bone, beak, or,     AMEICAN BITTER.
claw, has been found in any part of the 
whole mass.  What, then, has become ofi I           irdea minor.-WILSON.
these?  They could hardly have been re-'I  DEScarPTION.-General color yellowish
moved by violent means, without disturb- ferruginous, mottled and sprinkled with




NATURAL HISTORY.                                27
AMERICAN BITTERN.        GREATER YELLOW-SHANKS.         SEMII-PALMATED SANDPIPER.
dark brown.  Crown dusky reddish brown.   THE GREATER YELLOW-SHANKS.
Chin and throat white, with reddish brown    Totanus melanoleucas.-GEMLI'N.
stripe.  From  the angle of the mouth a
brownish black stripe proceeds downward,   DEserlPTtoN. —Color   of the upper parts
becoming broader on the side of the neck, brown, spotted with black and white. Bill,
and turning upwards towards the back black; rump and tail dusky white, barred
side, where it is lost.  The quills are also with brown.  Throat, belly, and under
brownish black. Feathers of the neck and tail coverts, white. Legs and feet yellow.
breast have their central part along the A small black spot before the angle of the
shaft dark yellow, sprinkled thickly with eye.  Shaft of the first primary white.
brown, broadly marglined with tawny cream  Length, 13 inches; folded wing, 7.25; bill,
color. Dorsal plumage dark umber brown, along the ridge, 2. 1; under mandible shortwith the feathers edged and spotted with er, and both cylindrical towards the point.
yellowish brown and tawny white.  Plu- Tarsus 2.5 inches long; middle toe to the
mage about the vent and inside of the nail 1.5. A short web between the inner
thighs, ochre-yellow. Legs, feet and nails and middle toes.
greenish olive-brown.  Bill dark greenish   HIsTORY.-This bird appears in Vermont
horn color, longer than the head, straight  in the latter part of May, proceeding northbeneath, moderately arched above, stout, ward, where it is found in the summer up
pointed, serrated on both mandibles, and, to the GOth degree of latitude.  Some of
on  the upper, notched to wards the point, them, however, remain in Vermont through
Tibia bare nearly an inch abow.e the joint. the summer, and breed  here. It builds
Middle toe longest, pectinated. Hind nail its nest, according to Nuttall, in a tuft of
longest.  Feathers on the back of the head rank grass, on the border of a creek or bog,
and neck loose and elongated.  Tailsmall, and lays 4 eggs of a dingy white color,
rounded, and of 10 feathers. Length of marked with spots of dark brown. The
the specimen before me, which is a female, eggs are said to be remarkably large for
25 inches. Bill, along the gape, 4, along the size of the bird.  Perhaps its most
the ridge, 2.6; neck 11; folded win, 10; common vulgar name is that of Tell-Tale.
tail 3; tarsus 3; longest toe 3; longest
nail 1.2.
THE SEMII-PALMATED SANDPIPER.
HIsToRY.-The specimen of American          Triiga sem ipalmata.-WILso N.
Bittern described above, was presented to   DEscRiPToN.-The bill is shorter than
me by my friend, N. A. Tucker, }<sql.  It
me by my friend, N. A. Tucker, Esq. It the head, straight, enlarged and flattened
was shot by him in his garden, in Burling- towards traigh te end, and acutely poiflted at the
ton village, where it had alighted, on the t  Tibi one-forthe e nd, and a cutely p ointed at the
30th of April, 1815. It was a female, and tip.  Tibia one-fourth naked; tarsus com0contained several egos, wrhict   were some- pressed and of the length of the bill. Hind
contained several eggs, which were some- toe short and small. First quill longest.
what enlarged. About the first of June, toe short and small.  First quill ongest.
Prof.  J.   rrey foun  the nest of one of Tail pointed, reaching beyond the folded
these birds in a swamp, in the east part of wings; middle feathers longest. The color
these birds in a swramp, in tile east part of of the bill is black; the legs dark dusky
Burlington. It was made on the ground,   the bill is blalk; the legs dark dusky
of sticks and grass, was very shallow, and olive. General color above grayish ash,
contained 6 eggs. The eggs were of a dark thickly streaked and spotted with dusky
contained 6 egg.   he ebrrgrS wer of   I ci brown, while the feathers a-re edged with
bluish brown clay color, and contained       ligh            t gray and rufous. Frontlet  anedged lineth
young, which were considerably advanced. light gray and rufous.  Frontlet and line
This bird is called by a great variety of over the eye, light gray. All beneath,
nameThis but is most generalled by a greatknown in white, excepting the breast and lower front
Vermont by the name of Stake Driver. of the neck, which are gray, with brownish
This name is given it, on account of the spots and streaks. Length, 6 inches; foldresemblancame s given it, iton ccount ofin the ed wing, 3.7; bill and tarsus each 0.8; midresemblance of the sound, it makes in the dle toe, which is longest, including the
breeding season, to that made by a smart nail, 0 8.
blow and its echo, in driving a stake into   HIsTORY.-This little Sandpiper ranges
the ground, resembling somewhat the un- through all parts of the United States.  It
couth syllables of'pump-au-gah.  It is a appears in Vermont in  ay, and remains
sly, solitary bird, and feeds ol mice, appears in Vermont in Mlay, and remains
sly, solitary bird, and feeds on mice, here till autumn, and undoubtedly breeds
aquatic reptiles and the larger insects, and here, till although   hae  not seen its nest.
though not often seen, its sound is not un-here, although I hall, it mnkes its nest,
frequently heard during the summer, pro- According to Nuttall, it makes its nest,
cecding from the depths of the swamps, in early in June, of withered grass, and lays
varding fiom the depths of the state. Its rangemps, acin 4 or 5 eggs, which are white, spotted with
various parts of the state. Its range, ac- brown. Forthespecimnen abovedescribed
cording to DeKay, is between the 38th and brown. For the specimen above described
68th parallels of latitude.             I am indebted to Mr. C. S. Paine, of Randolph, who shot it in the fall of 1850.




28                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
RED-THROATED LOON.           REPTILES OF VERMIONT.        GEOGRAPHIC TORTOISE.
RED-THROATED LOON.              and fall, in their annual migrations north
and south. The Swan, Cygn2us anizeriColymbus septentrionalis.
canus, is occasionally met with, even in
DESCRIPTION.-Color of the head and the small ponds in the interior of the state.
upper parts of the neck, deep ash.  Chin My friend, Dr. Ariel Hunton, of Hydepark,
and sides of the mouth, white. Sides of informs me that a Swan was shot in Mud
the throat and neck, white, spotted, or pond, in Cambridge, by Mr. Eliel Page, in
striped with ash. Upper parts brownish, 184]. It was very large, said to be six
spotted with white, the feathers usually feet high, to spread its wings eight feet,
having a white spot on each side toward and to weigh 57 pounds. These statements
the point. White beneath, with a brownish are doubtless exagerated, particularly the
transverse band across the vent. Wings last. The length of the American Swan is
brownish black; second quill longest, first usually stated at about 5 feet, and spread
nearly equal. Tarsus much compressed, 7 feet.
with a slight web along the edge, black on
the outside and whitish on the inner side.
Outward side of the feet, and a part of the
web on the inner side, blackish. Bill blu-    dldditional to Part I, Chapter IV,
ish black, lightest towards the point, nar-   Althouuh we are well satisfied that we
row and pointed; upper mandible longest have a considerable number of species of
and a little curved; lower, incurved on the reptiles, which are not embraced in our
sides, acute at the tip and grooved beneath. list in Part I, page 113, we shall here add
Tongue pointed, with a fringe at the base only the two following:
directed inward.  Eye moderate; irides
dark purple; pupils black. Length of the Emys geog'raphica, Geographic Tortoise.
specimen above described, which is evi- TrionyxferOx,    Soft-shelled Tortoise.
dently a young fowl, 24 inches; bill,
along the ridge, 1.7, beneath, 1.9, along
the gap, 2.9; folded wing, 10.6; tarsus,
3.2; longest toe, (the outer,) 3.2, nail 0.3.  Emys geographica.-LE SUEUR.
Tail very short and rounded, reaching two
inches beyond the folded wings. Adults  DESCRIPTION.-Shell oval, ratherdepresshave the head lead color, the upper parts ed,  smooth, widely emarginate in front,
blackish, the belly white, and a reddish serrated behind, and deeply notched over
stripe along the throat and neck.      the tail. Vertebral plates slightly carinate,
HISTORY.-The Loon above described the first hexagonal, rounded in front-the
was shot in Burlington Bay, on the 1st day three following somewhat larger, subequal,
of November, 1846. It is very rare in and hexagonal. The two intermediate
Vermont, in comparison with the C. gla- lateral plates largest, and pentagonal-the
cialis, or Great Northern Diver, described posterior rhomboidal. Marginal plates 25,
in Part I, p. 111. They are common in the three first on each side subequal, with
the northern parts of both continents, and a nearly equal margin,-the three followrear their young in the neighborhood of ing restricted, with their outward margins
fresh water lakes. They lay their eggs, 2 turned upwards; the seventh slightly turnin number, on a smcall quantity of down, ed upwards and widening posteriorly. The
or other soft materials, near the edge of the five remaining ones on each side are two
or other soft materials, near the edge of the toothed on their outer margins, the bidenwater. They are of a pale oil-green color, tations becoming more distinct to the biden
and are nearly 3 inches long and 1i in thick- tations becoming more distinct to the last.
ness. This fowl is called, in England, the Sternum deeplynotched behind, and slightSprat Loon, by the fishermen. It is known ly before —scapular plates small, trianguin some places by the name of Scape Grace. lar-brachial plates truncate, triangular;
third pair of plates narrow, with their exNOTE.-In Part I, Chap. III, we have de- terior edges projecting laterally and backscribed 141 species of Vermont Birds; and ward, and joining the 4th and 5th marginal
we have in this Appendix described 20 plates at their junction,-the fourth pair
additional species, making the whole num- largest and joining the fifth marginal plate
ber described 161 species. And even this and a small intermediate one; five pairs of
number falls very considerably short of the trapeziums, with the longest of the parallel
whole number of species found in the state. sides outward; caudal plates rounded posI have specimens of several species, which teriorly, with the two straight sides forming
are not here described, on account of doubts an acute angle, Head moderately large;
with regard to their proper names. And edges of the jaws very sharp. Legs rather
it is well known that we have a considera- long; upper sides of the fore legs covered
ble number of ducks and other water fowl, with flat roundish scales, largest on the
which spend some time with us, in spring outer margin; fore feet armed with five




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 29
GEOGRAPHIC TORTOISE.                                        SOFT-SIIELLED TORTOISE.
sharp incurved claws; hind feet broad, pal- the present, this may be regarded as its
mate, covered with flat scales towards the eastern limit.
posterior margin, and armed with five   The dimensions of the shell of this species,
claws, longer but less curved than on the given by Dr. DeKay, are: length, 6.5 in.;
fore feet. Tail conical, pointed, and reach- breadth, 5, anti  height 3. Mlost of those
ing 1 inch beyond the shell. Color, green- observed in this vicinity have been from 7
ish brown, with meandering yellow lines, to 10 inches long, and from 6 to 8.5 broad.
crossing one another in various directions. i Their flesh is said to be a very palatable
Under side of the marginal plates greenish article of food.
yellow, with numerous and somewhat regular brown markings. Sternum, yellowish
flesh-color. Head, neck and legs, beautifully striped with brownish  and yellow.ENUSTRION-X.-GeON}OY.
Jfully ws of a uniform yellowish  nd yellowr,-    Generic Characters.-Shell without plates, and,
u r,-a together with the stenum, cartilaginous, and exyellow spot on each side of the head, back tending over the edges into a flexible margin. Feet
of the eye.  Eyes yellow, with a horizontal palmated, with three sharp claws. A corneous
black stripe. Sutures, at the junction of beak, covered with fleshy lips. Nose produced.
the plates above, a little elevated.  Length Vent near the extremity of the tail.
of the shell, 10 inches; breadth, 8.5; length
of the head, 2.75; width, 1.8; between the
orbits, 0.5; width of the palmated hind
foot, 2.4; length of the tail, from the attachment of the vertebra, 3.3; beyond the shell,    -:
1.25.                                          X
HISTORY.-The specimen here described,               = 
was taken in Colchester, near the mouth of -
Winooski river, on the 28th of May, 1846. 
It was a female, containing 14 mature eggs
in the oviduct, with about the same number,
considerably developed, and innumerable
small ones, in the ovaries. She was crawling very fast over the sandy plain, when
taken, and was evidently in search of a        SOFT-SHELLED TORTOISE.
suitable place for depositing her eggs.  The
form of the mature eggs, was that of an           Tio Sy  ferox.-GIELIN
ellipsoid, with one end a trifle larger than    DESCRIPTION.- General color of the shell
the other, and they differed not sensibly in brownish olive, above, with ocellated spots,
size, being 1.4 inch long, 0.9 thick, and formed mostly by a circular arrangement
having their greatest circumference 3.7 in., of black dots, and with a border formed of
and least, 2.9.  The oviduct, containing black dots around the margin of the shell.
the mature eggs, was taken from the abdo- The spots are usually about the size of a
men, cut into three pieces, and laid aside, dime. In dried specimens, the color is
and, in the course of ten minutes, by re- nearly black, and the spots very obscure.
peated visible contractions, or throes, all All the under parts dull white, or light
the eggs were expelled from it.           flesh-color.  A bright yellow line, edged on
Another female of this species was taken, both sides with black, extends from the
June 10th, 1846, near Clay Point, in Col- snout to each eye, and from the eyes backchester.  She was sitting over a hole she wards, till lost in the marbling of the neck.
had excavated in the sand, in the act of Irides bright yellow, crossed by a black
depositing her eggs, and made no effort to medial stripe.  Upper side of the legs variescape when approached.  Her oviduct was ed with black and yellow.  Form orbicular;
filled with mature eggs. I learn that in shell bony in the central part, with the
ploughing the sandy lands near this Point, margin  cartilaginous, soft and flexible.
nests of this tortoise, containing from 12 to Head long and pointed, snout projecting
20 eggs, have been frequently laid open.   beyond the jaws, with large open nostrils
The chief habitat of this species is in the at the extremity. Jaws horny, with the
states at the south-west, and I was not lips fleshy and revolute.  Upper side of the
aware of its existence in New England, at legs, next the margin of the shell, covered
the time of the publication of my History of with horny scales.  Five toes on each foot,
Vermont, in 1842.  Since that time, I have three of which have well developed claws,
found that it is quite common all along the the others are enveloped in a web, forming
eastern shore of Lake Champlain.  It has paddles for swimming. Tail projects less
not, however, to my knowledge, been found than an inch beyond the shell, with the
any where else in New England; and, for vent near the extremity.
4




30                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
SOFT-SHELLED TORTOISE.           FISHES OF VERMIONT.           GROUND PIrE-PERCH.
Dimensions:-Length  of the shell, 13           FISHES OF VERMONT.
inches; breadth, 10;3-; height, 3.; head, 2-;
head  2n nc,7                 dditionzal to Part I, Chapter v.
head and neck, 7.
HIsTORY.-The existence of this species   To our list of Vermont Fishes, given in
of Tortoise in our waters, was not even sus- Part I, page 128, we now add the following
pected by me at the time of the publication species:
of my History of Vermont, in 1842.  My Lucio-perca canladensis, Ground Pike Perch.
first specimen of it, I obtained on the 10th Boleosonsa tassellatumn,  Darter.
Of August, 1844.  It was caught on a fish- Cottls obioides,     Little Stargazer.
Leuciscus atrolmaculatls, Small scaled Dace.
hook, in the river Lamoille, in Milton, by Esox nobilior,       Alasquallonge.
Mr. Joseph Dupau, to whom I have been Salmoperca pellucida,   Trout Perch.
indebted for many interesting specimens of Corezonus clupeiformis, Ilerring Salmon.
reptiles and fishes.  Since that time 1 have Amia ocellicauda,  Bowfin.
obtained several other specimens, which
were taken in or near the mouth of Winoo-      THE GROUNI PIKE-PERCH.
ski river, in Burlington.   Most of these I
kept alive for some weeks, but I could        Lucio-perca canadensis. —SmIT.
induce none of them to take any food; and, L. grisea, DPKAY, Zoology of New York, Part IV.,
although it might be inferred, from  the   page 19.
name, ferox, that they were of a ferocious   DEscRIPTION. —General form elongated,
disposition, I could never cause either of cylindrical, and proportionally more slenthem  to bite at a stick, notwithstanding der along the abdomen than in the common
I frequently provoked them for that pur- Pike-Perch, but the head and opercules
pose.                                     resemble that species very closely.  The
The specimen, which furnished the ma- preoperculum is finely serrated on the posterials for the preceding description, was terior margin, and more coarsely below.
taken in a seine, at the mouth of Winooski There are also fine serratures on the lower
river, on the 6th of May, 1848.  I kept it margins of the preoperculum and suboperalive till about the middle of June, when I culum, near their junction.  Instead of a
killed and skinned it.  It was a female, single ridge proceeding from  the upper
and her ovary contained 29 eggs, enlarged d anterior angle of the operculum, and terto near the size of a musket ball, besides minating backward in a single spine, there
innumerable minute eggs.                  are usually several ridges radiating thence,
The Trionyx ferox, though common in and often terminating in the opposite marthe western waters, has not, to my know- gin in very acute spines.  Humeral bones
ledge, been found any where in New Eng- armed  posteriorly  with  several spines.
land, excepting the western parts of Ver- Vent midway between the ventrals and the
mont, along the margin of Lake Champlain; caudal fin. The anal fin commences under
but it would seem, from the dimensions the fourth:ray of the second dorsal.  The
given by naturalists, that it attains a lar- first dorsal begins in a vertical line, passger size here than at the west, where it is ing through the base of the ventrals.  Caumore common.  The shells of three speci- dal forked.
mens, taken in this vicinity, measured as   General color grayish or brownish yelfollows, viz:                            low, or orange, lightest beneath.  First
Length.    Breadth.      Heig-ht.    dorsal sprinkled with roundish black spots
1. 11 inches;  9.5 inches.  2.2 inches.  of the size of a small pea, usually arranged
2. 13   "     10.75  "      3.2   "      in two or three rows, nearly parallel to the
3. 13.5 "     11     "      3.5   "      line of the back, but without the black
The dimension of the shell of this species, patch on the posterior part, which forms a
given by Dr. DeKay, Zoology of New York, conspicuous mark in the L. americana.
Part I, p. 6, are: length, 5.3 in.; breadthSecond dorsal, and the caudal, barred with
5 in.;  height, 1.4.'black, or brown. Usual length, 13 inches.
This species resembles the sea-turtle, in   Rays, B. 7, D. 13-1118, P. 13, V. 115,
its structure and habits, much more than A. 12, C. 175.
our other tortoises.  It leads a more aquatic   HIsTOR. —When the Natural, Civil and
life, and, probably seldom, if ever, crawls Statistical History of Vermont was publishout upon the land, except for the purpose ed, I was well satisfied that the species
of depositing its eggs.  On account of the here described was distinct from  the L.
shortness of its legs, and the great width of americana, but was not so clear whether
the shell, it travels upon land with much it was a species already described, or not.
difficulty, especially where the surface is The difference between this species and the
uneven, or covered with vegetation. Its flesh L. americana is so obvious, that they are
is esteemed a wholesome and nutritious instantly distinguished, even whenthere is
article of food.                          no difference in size; but while the latter




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 31
THE I)ARTER.                                                    LITTLE STAR-GAZER.
species often exceeds two feet in length, and purpose of watching their motions and
weighs five or six pounds, the L. canadensis learning their habits.  They were very
seldom, if ever, exceeds 14 inches in length, uneasy, and seemed extremely anxious to
or half a pound in weight.  It is much less escape from their confinement.  Aided by
common in Lake Champlain than the L. their caudal and pectoral fins, in giving
americana, but is frequently taken in them an impulse upwards, and by their
company with it. It usually swims very ventrals in climbing and adhering, they
near the bottom of the water, and hence it would often raise themselves up the perhas received the name of Ground Pike, pendicular side of the vessel, entirely above
(Pike-Perch).  As an article of food, this the surface of the water, excepting only the
species is held in the same high esteem, as caudal fin. Another peculiarity of this fish,
the Common Pike-Perch.                   is its power of bending its neck and moving
its head without moving the body, in which
respect it equals many of the reptiles.  This
GENUS BOL~EOSOIMAB.-~De~Icy.       Ifish is entitled to the name of Darter, both
Gencric Characters.-Two dorsal fins. Opercule from its sudden motion, and from its having
scaly, with a single spine. Preopercule smooth on the general form of a dart.
the margin. Six branchial rays. Nape depressed,
contracted.
THE LITTLE STAR-GAZER.
*      0            Coitus gobioides.-GiRARD.
-     -..DESCRIPTION.-Color, blackish on the
back, mottled with light yellow; abdomen
white; lower parts of the sides and under
THE DAR!TER.                 parts posterior to the vent, yellow-all
the under parts finely sprinkled with black
Boleosoma, tassellatumn.-DEKAY.       specs.  Fins; first dorsal blackish, edged
DESCRIPTION.-A small fish, with a row with red; all the others barred with brown
of quadrated black spots, about seven in and yellow, except the ventrals, which are
number, along the dorsal ridge, occupying white, close together, and a little behind
about one-half of the space.  A row of the pectorals.   Teeth sharp and fine, like
lozenge-shaped black spots, a little smaller velvet pile, on both jaws.  Tol gue large
than those on the back and about the same and fleshy, with a patch of teeth. Head
in number, along the lateral line, on each large, broad, and a little flattened, with the
side of the body.  General color of the re- eyes, which are large, on the upper side
maining parts brownish yellow, approach- and near together.  A sharp, stout spine.
ing to white on the belly.  Eyes moveable on the preoperculum.  Lips rather fleshy,
in their sockets; pupils black, surrounded and the upper one a little protractile.by a golden line, which fades outward into Body thick forward, tapering very fast
a gray iris.  Fins yellowish white, with towards the tail.  Lateral line nearest the
faint brownish bars on the dorsals and back, consisting of a furrow with the edges
caudal fin.  Body cylindrical, covered with a little raised.  Caudal fin rather large,
rough scales.  Head rather small; eyes and nearly even.  Pectorals very large,
large and projecting; nape depressed.     and rounded.  Ventrals long and narrow.
HIsTORY.-The habits of this fish are Vent anterior to the middle.  Skin thickly
quite peculiar.  It moves not from place to covered with mucus.  No scales.
place by an even labored motion, like other   Total length, 4 inches; to the commencefishes, but proceeds by sudden leaps, or ment of the first dorsal fin, 1.2; to the vent,
darts, impelling itself forward by its tail 1.7. Width of the head, 0.95.
and pectoral fins, which it moves as a bird   Fin Rays, B. 6, D. 7-17, P. 14, A. 12,
does its wings.  It remains suspended in C. 15.
the water no longer than it keeps its pec-   HiSTORY.-For the specimen here descritoral fins in rapid motion, When the mo- bed, I was indebted to the kindness of Mr.
tion of its fins ceases, the fish sinks, at R. Colberth.  He caught it, while fishing
once, to the bottom, showing that its spe- for trout, in a branch of the river Lamoille,
cific gravity is greater than water, owinlg, I in Johnson.  This fish usually lies still at
doubtless, to its want of a swimming blad- the bottom, or concealed under the stones
der.  When it reaches the bottom, it alights in the streams, and seldom  moves, except
upon its stiff ventral fins, upon which it when disturbed, and then its motions are
stands on the bottom, balanced, with its sluggish and labored. It is called, in some
head elevated, as a bird stands on its feet. places, the Slow Fish.
I kept several specimens of this fish alive,   It probably derived the name of Starin a vessel of water, for some time, for the 1 Gazer, from the favorable position of its




32                  APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
SMALL-SCALED  )ACE.                                                     MIASQUALLONGE.
eyes for looking upwards, they being placed I  DESCRIPTION.-Back nearly black; sides
very near the top of the head.  It seldom  bluish gray, mostly covered with irregular
exceeds 4 inches in length.                 roundish dark-brown spots, usually about
Mr. Girard ascertained our Cottus to be an inch in diameter, and often confluent,
an undescribed species from  the identical with a few  meandering yellowish lines.
specimen, which I have described here, and Belly grayish white, with ruddy tinges,
he gave it the name of C. gobioides, from  Fins dark brown; pectorals ruddy.  Eyes
its strong resemblance to the Coitts gobio moderately large; pupils black, surrounded
of Europe.  His description of the fish, by a bright yellow ring, which fades outaccompanied by a beautifully  engraved ward over the irides into grayish orange.
figure of it, is contained in his valuable Length of the specimen before me, 48
Monograph'of the Cottus Family of Fishes, inches, from  the tip of the under jaw,
published in the second volume of Smith- which is longest, to the extremity of the
sonian Contributions to Knowledge.          tail; to the anterior nostril, 4 inches; to
the orbit, 5; to the nape, or beginning of
the scales, 8; to posterior edge of the preoSMALL-SCALED DACE.                  perculum, 8.5; do. of the operculum, 10.5;
Leueiscus  rtrosscc~ulatus.-MsrcuITc I.  the beginning of ventral fins, 24.5; do. dorsal, 31.5; do. anal, 32.5; to the centre of
DESC~IrTIO~. —Color of thle headand the base of the cautclal,  42.75; width beback dark olive-brown; sides lighter, often the base of the caudal, 42.75; width beback dark olive-brown; sides lighter, often tween the orbits, 3.  Fins: dorsal, length,
with bronzy reflections, and passing into a 5; height 4,-pectorals, length, 1.7; height
whitish flesh-color on the belly.  Dorsal, 5, —ventrals, length, 1.; height, 4,-anal,
caudal and outer margins of the pectoral length, 4; height 4  5, —caual, 4 across the
fins, brownish; inner margins of the pec- base; longest rays,.    ower  part of
torals, the ventrals and the anal fin, dull the cheek,  in  front of the preoperculum,
orange.  Eyes rather small; pupil black, naked. Facenearly lat between the orbits.
surrounded by a fine golden line; iris                 F         f. o  i5
brown.  Scales small and crowded, as far  Rays,D. 18, Pl(6, V. 12,A. 16,C. 1)-.
backward as the ventrals.  Lateral line   HISTORY.-This fish has, till lately, been
begins at the top of the gill opening, bends confounded with the Esox estor, or Comrapidly downward over 11 scales, and then mon Pike, or Lake Pickerel.  When my
runs a straight course to the tail, passing description of the E. estor was published,
over, in the whole, 60 scales.  Tail luna- in 1842, I doubted the existence of this
ted.  Pectoral and ventral fins rounded. species in our lake, but since that time my
A squarish distinct black spot on the ante- mind has changed on the subject.  In May,
rior part of the base of the dorsal fin.    184-7, I received from my fiiend, the Hon.
Length of the specimen described, 6.5 A. G. Whittemore;- of Milton, a fish caught
inches; to the pectoral fins, 1.5; dorsal 3; near the mouth of the river Lamoille, which
vent, 3.75; anal, 3.9; to base of caudal, the fishermen called Masquallonge.  It was
5.5; width between the eyes, 0.6; head, 0.8. 26 inches long, and weighed about 6 pounds.
Rays, D. 8, P. 16, V. 8, A. 8, C. 19.    Upon examining it, I was fully satisfied
HIIToRY.-This is one of the most com- that it was of a species distinct from E.
mon fishes of this genus in the western estor, and, as I could find no description
part of Vermont.  It abounds almost every of it under any other name, I made out a
where, both in the rivers and small streams. description and gave it the name of Esox
Its insipidity and small size prevent its nobilior.
being sought as an article of food; but, as   In April, 1848, I received another speciit takes the hook with great readiness, it men from the same source, which weighed
affords the boys an opportunity to indulge 1 9 lbs., and was 41-  inches long.  In May,
in the cruel sport of catching them for mere 1849, two specimens were brought along,
amusement.  They are also caught to be both caught near the mouth of the Lamoille,
used as bait in taking larger fishes.       one of which weighed 40, and the other 27
pounds.  I purchased the latter, and from
it the preceding description is chiefly drawn.
Believing this species to attain a larger
size, and to be a more excellent fish for the
table, than any other epecies of the Pike
* Since the above was written, I have received intellicence of the death of my esteemed friend, Albert
MASQUALLONGE.                    G. Whittemore, Esq.  He was accidentally killed
Esox. nobilior.-TI-IOMPSON           at Zanesville, Ohio, on the 10th of Noveimber, 1852,
aged 55 years; where he was engaged as contractor
Esox estor, Richardson Fauna Boreali, PartIrI,-127. on the rail road front that place to Wheeling. He
Esox estor, IIerbert's Frank Forester's Fish and was a gentleman of intelligence and entelrprise, and
Fishing.                                   of many estimable lqualities as a man and a citizen.




NATURAL HISTORY.                                33
TIASQUALLONGE,                                                      TROUT-PERCH.
family, found in the United States, I have ed in two ovaries, which extended nearly
given it the specific name of nobilior.  It the whole length of the cavity. This fish
is a fish, which is eagerly sought, and cornm- abounds much more in the streams and
mands the highest price in market, but it smaller lakes in Candla than in Lake
is rare in Lake Champlain, compared with Champlain.,E. estor, or Common Pike.  Very good
figures of both of these speeies are given in:Frank Forester,s Fish and Fishing, but     GENUS SALMOPERCA.-T/hompsosn.
both under wrong names; the E. nobilior   Generic Characters.-Two dorsal fins, the first
being figured under the name of E. estor, supported by flexible rays, and the second adipose,
and the E. estor under that of E. lucioides. as inthetrouts. Operculessmooth. A band of fine
The vulgar name, MlASQUALLONGE, a Pteeth in each jaw. Scales with serrated edges, as in
The vulgar n~me, [A~SaALLGE,,p- the perches.
pears to have been given by the early
French settlers of Canada to the Pikes and
Pickerels generally, it being a term, or
phrase, descriptive of the whole family,
Jasque, signifying face or visage, and
allonge, lengthened, —-they  all having
lengthened, or elongated heads. In modern
times this name, Masquallonge, has been
confined, by the fishermen, to the species          TROUTPERCH.
here described, while the other species bear 
the vulgar name of Pike, or Pickerel. The    Salmoperca pellucida.-THoMPrsoN.
methods of spelling this Canadian-French Pe rcopsis guttatous, Agassiz Lake Superior, p. 284,
name, have been almost as numerous as  and Plate I., fig. 1 and 2.
the authors, who have used it, as may be  DEscRIPTION.-General color, lightbrownseen by the following list.:            ish yellow, with longitudinal rows of brown
Maskallonge,      Le Sueur.           spots, about one-tenth of an inch in diameMasquinongy,      Dr. Mitchell,       ter, usually one row along the dorsal line,
Maskinonge,       Dr. Richardson.     and two rows on each side between this and
Muskallonge,      Dr. Kirtland,       the lateral line. A broad satin stripe emMuskellunge,      Dr. DeKay.          braces the lateral line.  Belly white. Fins
The oldest forms of this name, it will be and flesh translucent-the vertebral column,
seen, approach nearest, both in spelling the contents of the abdomen, and portions
and pronunciation, to the phrase Jlasque of the head, only appearing opaque, when
allonge, which we have supposed to be its held towards the light.  Fins all large, in
origin, and, therefore, afford presumptive proportion to the size of the fish. The rays
proof of the correctness of our supposition. of the pectorals reach backward half of
This fish may usually be distinguished their length beyond the ventrals, which are
from the Common Pike by its dark circular attached near the middle of the abdomen,
markings, and its more robust proportions. and under a point a little anterior to the
Its head is proportionally shorter, the face first dorsal, and reach backward to the
flatter and less grooved, and the width vent.  The anal fin has its first ray short
across the eyes and upper jaw greater than and spinous.  Caudal fin forked. Nostrils
in the estor. But, perhaps, the mark by and eyeslarge;irides yellow. A depression
which it may be most readily distinguished on the head, between the orbits, divided
is on the cheek, the lower half of the cheek longitudinally by a long ridge.  Scales
in the E. nobilior, in front of the preoper- rather large and rough, having finely serculum, being naked, or without scales, rated edges. Length, from 3 to 5 inches.
while in the E. estor the whole cheek is The following are the measurements of one
covered with scales. The difference in the out of three living specimens before me,
general aspect of the two species may be when the above description was made'
seen by comparing the figure of the E. estor Total length, 3.9 inches; to the pectoral fin,
below, with the E. nobilior at the head of 1; to ventral, 1.45; first dorsal, 1.5; anal,
this article.                           2.1; adipose, 2.6; central base of caudal,
3.2. Fin rays, B. 6, D. z10 —0, P. 13, V.
8,A.117, C. 184.
H ISTORY. —The first knowledge  I had of
this fish was in the summer of 1841, when
I found a specimen of it, 5 inches long,
which was dead, and had been drifted up
Esox estor.-LESUEUR.         by the waves on the lake shore, in BurlingThe specimen here described was a female, ton. On examining it, I found it to possess
with her abdomen filled with eggs, contain- the adipose and abdominal fins of the trouts,




34                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
TROUT-PERCII.                                                       ERRING SXAL3ION.
but, in its teeth; gill covers and particu- I
larly in its hard serrated scales, to bear
considerable resemblance to the perch fanmily.  After searching all the books within..
my reach, without finding it described, I
concluded that it might be new, both in: _.__
genus and species, and accordingly, in,ii
allusion to the above mentioned properties,
I described it in my journal under the provisional generic name of SALMOPERCA. A              HERRING SALMON.
notice of this fish was omitted in my History of Vermont, published in 1842, because   Coregonus clupeiformis. —MITcu.
I had then only one specimen, and, ipon C       us  rted.that one, with my little experience, I did Coreonus artedi.
not think it prudent to found a new genus drryrosomus clupeiformis. —Aexsslz Lake Supeand species.  When Prof. Agassiz was at
Burlington, in 1847, I submitted the above   DESCr IPTION.-s Color of the back bluish
mentioned specimen to his inspection, hav- brown; sides lighter,  with silvery reflecing at that time obtained no others.  At tions; belly white.  Gillcovers and cheeks,
first sight, he thought it might be a young with silvery and cupreous reflections. Head
fish of the salmon family, but, upon further small, pointed  and  somewhat flattened
examination, he said it was not a salmon, above; under jaw longest; mouth small,
nor any other fish with which he was ac- without teeth; eyes large, round-irides
quainted.                                 silvery yellow.  Scales large and circular.
Lateral line distinct, nearly straight, and
thDuring the summer of  187this fish, I found passes over 72 scales; 13 rows of scales bethree other specimens of this fish, dead, on tween the first dorsal and the ventral finthe lake shore.  One of these I took with
a long slender bract at the base of the Xyenme to Boston, in September, to the meeting trals.  Pectoral fins long and pointed;
of the Association of American Geologists ventrals under the anterior part of the
and Naturalists, and put it into the hands dorsal, and triangular; first dorsal nearly
of my fr~iend D. H. Storer, M. D., with a midway between the point of the lower jaw
request that he would ascertain what it was, and the extremity of the caudal fin; second
and let me know.
i   dorsal adipose and over the posterior part
In May, 1849, I obtained from Winooski of the anal, and triangular; caZlLtlal forked.
river a number of living specimens, which   Length, total, 14 inches; to the posterior
I kept alive for some time; and, observing edge of the operculum, 2.4; to tle beginning
the great translucency of the living fish, of the dorsal fin, 6; to the ventrals, 6.2; to
when held up towards the light, I gave it the vent, 9; to the anal, 9.3  to the adipose,
the specific name of pellucida, having pre- 10.2; to the central base of the caudal, 12;
viously called it, in my journal, eoceta, greatest depth in front of the first dorsal,
from its wing-like pectoral fins.        ~2.5; thickness, 1.4. Length of the longest
About this time I noticed, in the pro- fin rays: first dorsal, 1.6; Pectoral, 1,5;
ceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Ventral, 1.4; Anal, 1, and Caudal 2.
History, that Prof. Agassiz had laid before   Rays, B. 8, D.:10,-0, P. 4, V.'11,
the Society an account of a new genus of A. 611  C. 18G
fishes discovered by him in Lake Superior,  
which he proposed to call PERcoPsIs.  Sus- ItIsTorY. -This fish is only occasionally
pecting, from the brief description given of met with in Lake Champlain, but they someit, that it was identical with my SALAO- tilles appear here in myriads.  In the
PERCA, I wrote to Dr. Storer and inquired spring of 1847, they were, for a short time,
of him, if the specimens from Lake Superi- taken at Burlington, in very large numor, presented to the Society by Prof. Agas- bers; as many as 200 being taken at one
siz, were like the one I put into his hands haul of the seine.  In sonle years none at
in 1847. He wrote me that he could not all are taken here.  The specimen from
say-that the specimen went out of his which the preceding description is made
hands soon after he received it, and he had was taken in 1848, and I learned of only
not seen it since.                        two others being takren t.hat season.  ItreIn Prof. Agassiz Lake Superior, page sembles, somewhat, the Lake Shad, C. al248, I find an account of his genus PER- bus, but is a rounder fish, having much
corsis, and his species P. guttatus, and 1 less depth in proportion to its length.  It
have no doubt that it is identical with my is much esteemed as an article of food. It
Salmoperca pellucida.   Still, I  have is common in Lake Ontario and Lakle Erie,
thought it best to let it remain, in this and is called in many places the Shad
Appendix, under the name I had given.    Salmon.




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 35
TIHE BOWFIN.                                                   BOTANY OF VERMONT.
GENUS AIIA. —Linnesus.           blunt teeth.  Scales large and thin.  LateGeneric Characters.-Small paved teeth behind ral line distinct, nearly straight, nearest
the conical ones. hIead flattened, naked, with con- the back. on the anterior part of the body,
spicuous sutures. Twelve fiat gill-rays. A large crossing  70 scales which are smaller than
buckler between the branches of the lower ja rossin  70 scales,   ch are saller thaw.
Dorsal long. Anal short.  Air-bladder cellular, those adjacent.  Attachment of the caudal
like the lungrs of rel)tiles.             fin oblique-caudal rounded.  Total length
of the specimen before me, 19.2 inches;
from the snout to the upper side of the gillR<- N_\Xm                 opening, 4; to the beginning of the dorsal,
\:;K~ ~  ~:Y~-~  ~    6.8;to the ventrals, 9; to the anal, 11.5
to tile lower edge of the caudal. 15; depth
behind the pectorals, 3.6.  Width of the
head, 3; back of the pectorals, 2.6. Distance between the eyes, and from the orbits
THE BOIWTFIN.                to the end of the snout, 1.3 each; between
the cirri, 0.6. Length of the dorsal fin,
Jlvnia ocellicauda.-RIcIuARDSON.      8.7; height, 1.2,-commences midway beAmia occidentalis.-DEKAY.               tween the pectorals and  ventrals, and
DEscRIPTIoN.-General color above, brown, reaches almost to the tail.
waved with dull bronzy yellow, approaching   Fin Rays, D. 48, P. 17, V. 7, A. 38, C.21.
to white on the belly, and having the sides   HISTORY.-This fish abounds upon the
sprinkled with yellowish white spots.  Pec- muddy bottoms and the marshy coves of
toral, ventral and anal fins, brownish; dor- the southern part of Lake Champlain.  It
sal and caudal with alternate bars of brown'is very plentiful in the vicinity of Whiteand brownish white.  A  large and con- hall, and also about the mouth of Otter
spicuous black spot near the upper part of Creek. From its partiality to muddy botthe tail, at the base of the 4th, 5th, 6th toms, it has acquired, in many places, the
and 7th rays of the caudal fin.  IHead name of Mud Fish. From its resemblance
without scales, covered with scabrous bony in form to the Ling, it is called in some
plates; opercules bony, with membranous places the Scaled Ling.  But its more
edges. Gill-rays fiat. Cartilaginous buck- common appellation in Vermont, is that of
ler between the branches of the lower jaw. Bowfln.  It attains to considerable size,
Two short cirri on the upper lip.  Eyes frequently exceeding two feet in length,
moderate, deeply sunken.  Jaws broad, i and weighing 10 or 12.pounds; but its flesh
rounded and even.  A row of sharp conical I is soft and ill flavored, very little esteemed
teeth in each jaw, paved behind with short as an article of food.
BOTANY OF VERMONT.
Additional to Part I., Chapter viI.
In the first edition of my Gazetteer of in our midst, by whose united labors our
Vermont, published in 1824, I gave a sim- list of known indigenous plants was greatly
pie catalogue of the plants then known to enlarged.  While engaged in collecting tobe indigenous, in this state.  The materials gether these scattered materials, for the
for that catalogue were derived, principal- purpose of making my Catalogue as comly, from  a list of plants growing in the plete as possible, in the work I was previcinity of Middlebury, prepared by Dr. paring for publication, I was so fortunate
Edward James, and published, in 1821, in, as to become acquainted with the late Wmin,
Prof. Frederick Hall's statistical account Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass.  He was at
of Middlebury, The additions to this list that time engaged in investigating the,*ere mostly furnished by Dr. William Pad- botany of the western part of Vermont,
dock, Prof. of Botany in the University of and he very generously undertook, for me,
Vermont.  At that time, very little atten- the systematic arrangement of a complete
tion had been given to the scientific botany Catalogue of Vermont plants.  I, thereof the state, and the whole number of plants fore, put into his hands my former cata.contained in my catalogue was only 569.  logue and all the additional materials, I
Between 1824 and the publication of my had accumulated, and the full and beaugeneral history of Vermont, in 1842, our tifully arranged Catalogue in Part I, Chapstate  was explored by  several eminent ter VII, is the result of his labor.  That
botanists from abroad, and by a number of Catalogue contains 929 species of Vermont
enthusiastic disciples of Linnaus, raised up plants, and is an honorable memorial of its




36                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
BOTANY OF VERMONT.                                          CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Author, both of his kindness as a friend, Vermont plants has been considerably inand of his zeal and accuracy as a botanist*. creased, and we have doubtless many more
Since the publication of the Catalogue species to reward the labors of botanists.
above mentioned, the number of known By the kindness of several friends, I am
enabled to add to the previous list 105
* It is my paiful duty here to record th death of species, making in the whole 1034.
my esteemed friend, William Oakes, Esq. Fie was   For the arrangement of these additional
drowned on the 31st of July, 1848, while passing species, and for the identification of a large
from Boston to East Boston, ralder circumstances number of them, I am indebted to the
which left it doubtful, whether by accident, or in a i
temporary fit of insanity, to which he was subject. kindness of my friend, Prof. Joseph Torrey,
lie was 49 years of age.                 D. D., of the University of Vermont.
CATALOGUE OF VERMONT PLANTS.
Continued fromn page 177, Part I.
CLASS I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
ORDER RANUNCULACEAE.
Clematis, Linn.
viorna, Wildn. Found at Castleton, by.Mrs. J. Carr.  A very rare species.
June, July.
Anemone, Haller.
aconytifolia, Mx.  Castleton.  Mrs. J. C.
Ranunculus, L.
fascicularis, Muhl. Low grounds. Burlington, T". Brattleborough, C. C. Frost.
ORDER MAGNOLIACEIE.
Liriodendron, L.
tulipifera, L.   A tree not rare in the southern part of this state, fifty years ago.
Some large specimens are still left in Bennington county, valley of
the Hoosic river..Mrs. J. C.
ORDER CRUCIFERA.
Nasturtium, R. Br.
hispidum, D. C. Low grounds, Burlington. Also found in Brattleborough, C. C. F.
Arabis, L.
lyrata, L. Mountain-garden.  Willoughby lake.  C. C. F.  May.
canadensis, L. Rocks below Winooski Falls; Colchester. T. June.
Cardamine, L.
rotundifolia, Mx. In Vermont, locality not specified.  Dr. Robbins.
Virginica, Mx. Hill-sides, Vt. d.. Wood.  June.
Sisymbrium,.l/l.
thaliana, Gay. Rocks and sandy fields, Vermont.  d. Wood.  May.
Draba, L.
verna, L. Willoughby lake.  A/. W.  May.
Erysimum, L.
cheiranthoides, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F.
Isatis, L,
tinctoria. Banks and islands of Winooski river; Burlington, T. Probably introduced.
ORDER VIOLACEIE.
Viola, L.
Selkirkii, Goldie. Rich cedar swamps. Grand Isle.  T.
pedata, L. Brattleborough.  C. C. F. April, May.
ORDER HYPERICACEIE.
Hypericum, L.
sarothra, Mx. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July, August.
* The authority to which T. refers in this catalogue, is Prof. Joseph Torrey, of the lUniversity of Vermont.




NATURAL HISTORY.                              37
BOTANY OF VERMONT.                                        CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE2E.
Saponaria, L.
fficinalis, L. Brattleborough, F. Banks of Castleton river. Mfrs. J. C.
Silene, L.
iqfiata, Smith. Brattleborough, F. Castleton,.Mrs. J. C. June.
Sagina, L.
procumbens, L. Brattleborough, F.  June.
ORDER PORTULACE}E.
Claytonia, L.
Virginica, L. Intervale lands in Colchester.  Quite distinct from the species
Caroliniana, Mx., T. April, May.
ORDER ACERACEIE.
Negundo,.Moench.
aceroides, Moench. Abundant in some localities on the banks of Winooski river,
Burlington and Colchester, T. April.
ORDER RHAMNACE:E.
Rhamnnus, L.
catharticus, L. Bethel, R. Green. July.
ORDER LEGUMINOSA.
Astragalus, L.
Canadensis, L. Burlington, near Red Rocks, R. Benedict. July.
Hedysarum, L.
boreale, Nutt. Willoughby lake../1. Wood. June, July.
ORDER ROSACE1E.
Sanguisorba, L.
Canadensis, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
Rubus, Tourn.
Ideus.  Cambridge, Dr. Robbins.  June.
ORDER ONAGRACERE.
Epilobium, L.
molle, Torr. Intervals, Burlington, T. June.
Oenothera, L.
fruticosa, L. Willoughby lake, C. C. F. August.
ORDER MELASTOMACE.E.
Rhexia, L.
Virginica, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F.
ORDER SAXIFRAGACEJE.
Saxifraga, L.
oppositifolia. Willoughby lake, A/. Wood.
aizoides. Willoughby lake,       cc
ORDER UMBELLIFERE.
Sium, L.
lineare, Mx. Burlington, T. June and July.
ORDER COMPOSIT2E.
Diplopappus, Cass.
linarifolius, Hook. Brattleborough, C. C. F. September.
Sericocarpus, NJVees.
solidagineus, Nees. Brattleborough,    "     July.
Aster, L.
radula, Ait. Brattleborough,          "       July.
elodes, T. & G. Brattleborough,       4"      July.
cyaneus, (var.)  Brattleborough,       "      July.
amethystinus, Nutt. Brattleborough,    "      August.
sagittifolius, Ell. Brattleborough,    "      September.




38                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
BOTANY OF VERMONT.                                       CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Solidago, L.
rigida, L. Burlington, T. August and September.
stricta, Ait. Burlington, T. August and September.
serotina, Willd. Burlington, T. August and September.
patula, Muhl. Burlington, T. August and September.
thyrsoides, Meyer. Willoughby lake, A. WT. Mansfield mountain, W.
Jfluhlenbergii, T. & G. Brattleborough, C. C. F.  August.
corymbosus. Willoughby lake, C. C. F. August.
Artemisia, L.
Canadensis, Michx. Willoughby lake, A. W.
Rudbeckia, L.
hirta, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
Helianthus, L.
frondosus, (var.)  Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
trachelifolius, Willd. Brattleborough, C. C. F.  August.
Hieracium, L.
Gr1-zovii, Tourn. Colchester, T. Brattleborough, C. C. F.: July.
scabrum, Michx. Brattleborough, C. C. F. August.
Cirsium, Tourn.
horridulum, Michx. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
Cichorium, Tomrn.
Intybus, L. Burlington, in the lanes, Mrs... P. Jldd. August.
ORDER LOBELIACEJE.
Lobelia, L.
Dortmanna, L. Willoughby lake,. W. July.
ORDER ERICACEAE.
Andromeda, L.
ligustrina, Muhl. Brattleborough, C. C. F. June.
ORDER AQUIFORDELELIACEIE.
Prinos, L.
Iaevigata, L. Mouth of the Winooski, Burlington, T. June.
ORDER ASCLEPIADACE2E.
Asclepias, L.
purpurascens, L. Brattleborough, C. C, F.  June.
variegata, L. Brattleborough,     "       July.
verticillata, L. Brattleborough,   "      July.
ORDER BORAGINACEtE.
Myosotis, L.
strictl, Link. Brattleborough, C. C. F. June.
Symphytum, L.
officinale, L. Pownal, T. Introduced. July.
ORDER LABIATIE.
Pyenanthemunm, Y.Michx.
linifolium., Pursh. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
aristatum, Michx. Brattleborough,  "       August.
Trichostema, L.
dichotoma, L. Brattleborough,      "       August.
ORDER SCROPHULARIACEIE
Verbascum, L:
blattarica. L. Burlington, T. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
Ilysanthus, Raftnesque.
gratioloides, Benth. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
Pentstemon, L'Her.
laevigatum, Soland. Burlington, Red Rocks, T. August.
ORDER LENTIBULACE2E.
Utricularia, L.
infiuta, Walt. Brattleborough, C. C. F. August.
ORDER PRIMULACE2E.
Primula, L.
Mlistassinica, Michx. Willoughby lake, A.. Wood.




NATURAL HISTORY.                            39
BOTANY OF VERMONT.                                     CATALOGUE OF PLANTF.
ORDER PLANTAGINC1A.
Plantago, L.
lanceolata, L. Burlington, T. July.
Virginica, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
ORDER POLYGONACEIE.
Polygonum, L.
erectunm, L. Burlington, T. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
punctatuma, Ell. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
Runlex, L.
sanguineus, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
aquaticus, L. Brattleborough,    "     July.
SUB-ORDER MYRICE2E.
Myrica, L.
gale, L. Wells, border of the pond, T. July.
CLASS HI. GY:V3NOSPER1]S$.
ORDER CO(NIFERE.
Cupressus, Toitrln.
thyoides, L. Willoughby lake, C. C. E   May.
Juniperus, L.
Sabilnus, L. West Rutland, I3Vrs. J. C.
CLASS III. ENDOGEiS OR MO1NOCOTYLEVDONS.
ORDER ASMi fRYLLIDACEzE.
Hypoxis, L.
erecta, L. Brattleborough, C. C. F. June.
ORDER ALISMACE2E.
Sagittaria, L.
lancifolia, (var.) Burlington, T. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
natans? Brattleborough, C. C. F.  July.
ORDER XYRIDACE"E.
Xyris, L.
Caroliniana, Walt. Brattleborough, C. C. F. August.
ORDER RESTIACEE.
Eriocaulon, L.
decangulare, Michx. Willoughby lake, S/. W.
ORDER PODOSTEMACEIE.
Podostemon, JMirhx.
ceratophyllurn, Michx. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
ORDER FLUVIALES.
Potamogeton, L.
praelongus, Wolff. Willoughby lake, A. W.  July.
oblongus. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
pulcher. Brattleborough, C. C. F.  July.
hybridus, Michx. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
spiralis. Brattleborough, C. C. F. July.
ORDER CYPERACEIE.
Rhyncospora, TVahl.
alba, Vahl. Burlington, T. August.




40.             APPENDIX TO THOMIPSON'S VERMONT.
BOTANY OF VERMONT.          CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.          GEOLOGY OF VERMONTCarex, Micheli.
lanuginosa, Michx. Burlington, T. July and August.
folliculata, L. Burlington, T. July and August.
angustata, (Boot.) Burlington, T. July and August.
filiformis, Linn. Burlington, T. July and August.
striata, Michx. Burlington, T. July and August.
dioica, L. Burlington, T. July and August.
scirpoidea, Schk. Willoughby lake. July and August.
ORDER G-RAMINEIE.
Koeleria, Pers.
Pennsylvanica, D. C. Burlington, T. July.
Oryzopsis, Michx.
melanocarpa, Muhl. Willoughby lake.
Aira, L.
atropurpurea, Wahl. Mansfield mountain, T.  August.
Lolium, L.
perenne, L. Willoughby lake, C. C. F.
Muhlenbergia, Schreb.
sylvatica, T. & G. Willoughby lake, C. C.'.
CLASS IV. ACROGENS.
ORDER FILICES.
Isoetes, L.
lacustris, L. Brattleboro, C. C. F.
Woodsia, R. Brown.
glabella. Willoughby lake.
GEOLOGY OF VERMONT.
Geological Survey.           authority of that state.  The execution of
the survey of Massachusetts was committed
In my Preface to the Natural, Civil and to Professor, (now President), Hitchcock,
Statistical History of Vermont, it was stated of Amherst College, and was prosecuted
that Chapter VIII, Part I., remained to be with so much ability and success, that
written, after a Geological Survey of the most of the other states followed the examstate should be effected.  Little did I then ple, and authorized surveys.
think that ten years would be suffered to  In the execution of these surveys, and in
pass away, and so desirable a work remain the publication of the results, the state of
unperformed.  But such is the fact; and New York has, by far, outdone any of the
I am, therefore, yet under no obligation to other states. The plan of the New York
redeem my pledge, to write that chapter. survey embraced, not only the Geology and
But since, within those ten years, a Geo- Mineralogy of the state, but also the Botany
logical Survey of the state was begun, and and Zoology; and ample provision was
since, through that beginning, and otherj made for carrying out that plan. The
means, important geological facts have been corps of surveyors embraced four distinbrought to light, I shall here give a brief guished geologists, one mineralogist, one
history of the labors, which have been per- pazleontologist, one botanist and one zooloformed, and a brief sketch of the knowledge gist, with their respective assistants. Arof our geology which has been acquired.   rangements were made for commencing the
The first state Geological Survey, prose- work in 1836, and, after five years of incuted under legislative authority, was, I cessant labor, in 1842, several volumes of
think, authorized by North Carolina, in the Final Reports were in readiness for pub1823. In 1824, the legislature of South lication, which, with other volumes afterCarolina authorized a geological survey; wards prepared, have since been published.
and in 1830 provision was made for a geo- These reports are published in large quarto
logical survey of Massachusetts, under the form, on excellent paper, and fully illus



NATURAL HISTORY.                                    41
GEOLOGY OF VERMONT.                                                GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
trated with excellent engravings. Eighteen    In arranging the details of the survey, it
volumes have been published, five of which was provided that, so far as should be found
are devoted to zoology, four to geology, practicable, eight suites of specimens of all
four to agriculture, one to mineralogy, two the rocks and minerals should be collected,
to organic remains, and two to botany.      trimmed and ticketed.  These specimens,
The subject of a Geological Survey of when the material admitted, were to be
Vermont was first brought before the legis- three inches square, and from one to two
lature of the state in 1836(..  In 1837 the inches thick.   The destination  of these
subject was referred to the committee on suites of specimens were as follows:-one,
education, in behalf of which, Professor (and the best, where there was a choice,)
Eaton submitted to the Senate a very able for a state collection at Montpelier; one for
Report, accompanied by several important the University of Vermont; one for Middledocuments.  The report closed by recom- bury College; one for Norwich University;
mending the passage of a resolution, order- one for each of the Medical Colleges, at
ing the report and documents to be printed Castleton and Woodstock; one for the Troy
and circulated among the people of the Conference Academy, at Poultney, and one
state, and by expressing the belief that, to be the property of the State Geologist.
upon due consideration, the popular voice   With the approbation of the Governor,
would be in favor of providing for the sur- the State Geologist appointed the Rev. S.
vey at the next session of the legislature. R. Hall and Z. Thompson, general assisIn 1838, the subject was again taken up, tants in the field labor, and Dr. S. P. Ladiscussed and dismissed, without any pro- throp, assistant in the depot of specimens,
vision  being made for commencing the and in occasional field services.  The field
survey; and nearly the same process, with labors were commenced  as soon as the
the same result, was repeated at each suc- advancement of the season would permit,
ceeding session of the legislature down to which was early in May, and were prosethe year 1844, when a bill, authorizing a cuted during the summer with unremitted
Geological Survey of the state, was finally diligence.  The labors of the general assistpassed, in the Senate, by 20 yeas to 7 nays, ants were confined to the northern half of
and in the House, by 96 yeas to 92 nays, the state; and, during their four months'
and received the Governor's approval.       services, they together, or separately, visitThis act authorized and directed  the ed and explored, more or less thoroughly,
Governor to  appoint a competent State about 110 townships.  The State Geologist,
Geologist, who should have power, with the with Dr. Lathrop and  other occasional
Governor's approbation, to appoint the assistants, labored, for the most part, in
necessary assistants, fix the amount of their the southern half of the state.  During the
compensation, and direct their labors.  It season, about 6,000'specimens were collectmade it " the duty of the State Geologist, ed and forwarded to the depot, in Middleas soon as practicable, to commence and bury. These were mostly trimmed, ticketed
prosecute a geological and mineralogical and catalogued, in the course of the followsurvey of the state, embracing therein a ing winter.
full and scientific examination and dclcrip-   During the years 1846 and 1847, the
tion of its rocks, soils, metals and mine- business of the Survey was diligently proserals," and report to the Governor, annu-  cuted by the State Geologist, and the assistally, on the 1st day of October, the progress ants were employed, for several months in
of the work.  For the purpose of carrying each summer, in field labors.  At each
the provisions of this act into effect, the session of the legislature reports were made
sum  of $2,000 annually, for the term of to the Governor, of the progress of the
three years, was appropriated.              work; and these annual reports were pubHis Excellency, William  Slade, Esq., lished and circulated among the people.
being Governor, upon  him  devolved the
bappeinGernt o the  hate Geologist, and the firiend, Prof. Charles B. Adams. lie died of fever,
appointment of the Stat~e Geologist, and the on the 19th of January, 1853, on the island of St.
arrangements, on the part of the state, for Thomas, AW. I., whither he had gone for the double
carrying  the  contemplated  survey  into object of improving his health and furthering himself
effect.  After some time spent in delibera- in his fav, rite pursuits of Natural History.  In the
death of Prof. Adams, the scientific world has lost a
tion and inquiry, lie finally commissioned most indefatigable and successful laborer. During
Charles B. Adatms, at that time Professor the last ten years, few individuals have done more
of Chemistry and Natural History in hlid- than he did, for the advancement of the natural scidcll~~~~ebury  Coilege. theences. By his contributions to Conchology, and his
dleburjy College, the State Geologist, who minute investigation of the geographical distribution
was to enter upon his duties on the 1st clay of mollusks, he has erected to himself an honorable
of March, 1845t.                            monument; and, although renmoved by a mysterious
P_  rovidence, in the prime of life, and in the midst of
* See Part II., page 104.                  his usefulness, his name will long be cherished by
his personal friends, and will be handed down to
t Since the above was written, I have received the future generations, deeply engraved upon the records
painful intelligence of the death of my esteemed of science.




42                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
GEOLOGY OF VERMONT.              CHAMI'LAIN ROCKS.             POTSDA3I SANDSTONE.
But they were by no means intended to duty the author of this work had the honor
exhibit the entire results of each years' la- of discharging, in the summer of 1849, and
bors, but merely to indicate the advance- his report to the Governor, was published
ment of the survey, and to furnish such in the Appendix of the House Journal, for
general information as would enable the that year.  Since 1849, the subject of the
people of the state rightly to understand, Survey has, once or twice, been called up
and duly to appreciate those results, when in the legislature, but nothing further has
they should be collected and systematised been done.  The untrimmed and unticketin a Final Report.                        ed specimens are lying, packed in boxes,
Before the close of the third year, for at Burlington, with a portion of the tools
which provision had been made by the act and fixtures; and the remainder are in
of the legislature authorizing the survey, charge of the State Librarian at Montpelier,
the State Geologist was app:Join"ate        d  Profes- and all these are fast losing their value.
sor in the College at Amherst, Mass.  Be-   The Geological Survey of the state, having
lieving that the remaining field labors, for been suspended before the examinations
the completion of the survey, would be were completed; and the results of the
finished during the next season, and that labors performed, having never been colhe should derive much aid in the prepara- lected together and systematically alrrantion of the Final Report, from the collections ed, a full and satisfactory account of our
and library at Amherst, he deemed it his Geology cannot yet be expected; and all
duty to accept the professorship offered that will now  be atte mpted, is a hasty
him; but he did it., with tile expectation sketch of the general geological f'eatures of
that he would not be required to enter the state.  There are important scientific
fully upon the duties of the professorship, questions, which an accurate knowledge oft
until he had completed the survey and the geology of Vermont would, doubtless,
prepared his Final Report, and that our very much aid in solving, but the acquisilegislature would make the appropriations tion of this knowledge will require much
necessary for those purposes.             additional patient investigation  and reAt this time, only a part of the specimens, searchl; and the discussion of these quescollected froml the various sections of the tions, would require more space than could
state, had been trimmed, ticketed and sent be afforded to the subject in this Appendix.
to the institutions for which they were designed. The remainder, embracing those               CHAMPLAIN ROCKs.
which had been ticketed for the state cabi-   We shall begin our sketch ct' Vermont
net, were in the depot at Middlebury.  Geology at the western border of the state,
Anticipating legislative provision at the and, proceeding eastwardly, give some
next session, for the completion of the work general account of the different lock-formaas above mentioned, the State Geologist tions in their order.
directed his assistant, at Burlingtonl, to   The rocks which  occupy the lowest parts
obtain, at that place, a suitable i'oom, or of the valley of Lake Champlain belong to
rooms, to serve as a depot for the tools, that division of the ePaleozoic rocks, denomifixtures and untrimmed specimens; which nated, by the New York geologists, the
Jeing done, the articles, amounting to Champlain Group.  Beginning with the
several tons, were forwarded from _Middle- oldest and most westerly, these rocks are
bury and placed in it.  In doing this, he arranged in the following order:
reserved the principal fossils and the speci-   1. Potsdam  Sandstone.
mens ticketed for the state cabinet, which   2. Cllciferous Sandstone.
he, soon afterwards, took with himrt to   3. Chazy, or Isle la Motte Limestone..
Amherst, that they might be at hand, for   4. Tr enton  Limestone.
examin ation and reference, avhile preparing    5. Utica Slate and Hudson River Shales.
his final Report.                        i  The Po,'dam  Sandstone is largely deAt the session of the legislature, in Oct. veloped at several places on the west, or
1847, the subject of the survey was taken New York, side of Lake Champlain, but is
up, but no appropriation was made, either no where found in situ, within the limits
for its continuance, or for the preparation of Vermont.   The remarkable  Chasm,
of a Final Report.                        through which the river Ausable passes,
In 1848 the subject was again taken up, near Port Kent, is in this rock.
but with no better success, and all that was   Calciferous Sandrock.-This, the second
done in relation to it, was the passage of a member of the Champlain group, appears
resolution, directing the Governor to employ on the Vermont side of the lake, but very
some person to get back into the state, the sparingly.  It is seen at the base of the
materials and manuscripts, belonging to
the Survey, and place them in the charge    * This division embraces the Clhazy and -1ird's eye
of the Survey, and place them in the charge limestone, and Isle la MIotte marble of the New York
of the State Librarian, at Montpelier. That Geologist.




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 43
ISLE LA MOTTE LIMIESTONE.              FOSSILS.                 TRENTON LIMESTONE.
uplift of Snake mountain, in Addison coun-                          This cut reprety, and in a few other places.                                   sents the Maclurea
Chazy, or Isle la Motte LimLestone.-This  magna, as it apis the most important member of the Chain-                       pears on the worn
plain group, and the oldest, which is in                         surfaces  of the
much force in Vermont.  This rock forms                          rocks, on the Isle
the principal part of the Isle la Motte, the    A                la Motte, and at
western part of Grand Isle and the eastern                       most places where
shore of the lake, from Charlotte southward.                     the rock is found.
It usually lies in thick, even-bedded strata,                    The Maclureas are
dipping, for the most part, slightly towards.IMaclurea, magna.  spiral shells, rethe east or northeast.  It is of a close, sembling in form our little fresh water shell
compact texture, eL-.sily broken into regular called the Planorbis, but they grow to a
blocks, and easily sawed, or hammered, and -very large size.  When in the surface of
yet sufficiently strong to serve as the very the very ock, and about half worn away, they
best of building stone.  It constitutes, in frequently present a spiral coil, eight or
many places, the shore of the lake, and is ten inches in diameter, sometimes having
in a position highly favorable for quarry- so much resemblance to serpents coiled up,
ing, and  for transportation  by  water. that the early settlers in the valley of Lake
Quarries of this limestone have been opened Champlain, regarded  them  as petrified
in various places, and it is extensively snakes.
used for building  and  other purposes.
Some of the best of these quarries are on
the Isle la Motte; and among these, Fisk's                       This cut represents
quarry, on the west side of that island, is        i           the general form  of
probably the most interesting and valuable.                    the Orthocerata, as
This quarry rises directly on the lake shore,                  they appear in the
and lies but a few rods from the usual line                    weathered  surfaces
Ortlw.oceras.
of steamboat navigation through the lake;                      of the Isle la Motte
and  the shore is here so bold that the  limestones.  The number of species found
largest vessels on the lake may safely ap-  n this  formation is very great, and the
proach it within a few feet, and a very number and magnitude of the individuals,
good landing is constructed.  The quarry accumulated at some localities, is remarkpresents a working breast, rising about 35 ably so.  At some places on the Isle la
fee  ab Xlotte the rocks, for rods in extent, and
feet above the lake.   The strata  vary
somewhat in their aspect, but they are, in several feet in thickness, seem to be made
general, of a bluish  gray  color.   The up almost wholly of Orthoceras, closely
thickness of the strata, varies from eight packed together in a limestone cement.
inches to five or six feet, and each stratum     of these are 1 or 20 inches long and
preserves its thickness with great uniform- 6 or 8 inches in diameter at the larger end.
ity.  The general dip of the strata is about The interior of these shells is usually filled
40 towards the north east.                with calcareous spar, but they are someOther excellent quarries have been open- times found empty.
ed on this island, of which Hill's quarry,
and the Black Marble quarry, on the east
side, are the most important.  The Isle la                   coeveral ar e found in this
Mottelimestone, obtained at these quarries,                  limestone.   Some of
and at others along the shore of the lake,                   th lese have a structure
is already extensively used in the construc-                 these have a structure
tion of buildings and rail road bridges, and                  resemblingthatof honconsiderable  quantities  are  sawed  for                    ey comb, and hence
hearths, or for being polished as marble.  Colunnariac alveolata. they have been suppohe black marble takes a very for bein polished as marblsed, by persons ignorant of geology, to be
The black marble takes a very fine ols, honeycob petrified. Like the coral reefs,
and some of it is exceedingly beautiful. The which are now in the process of formation
surfaces of the natural seams and fractures in chany parts of the  ocean, they are the
of the strata of this marble, are frequently work of minute i nsects called zooare hytes.
covered with a black, often iridescent, glazing, resembling the surface of anthracite,
and it is probably carbonaceous.            The Trenton Limestone.-This lies next
The Isle la Motte limestone abounds in in the ascending series. It occupies only a
fossils, among which, species of Maclurea, small extent of territory in Vermont, but
orthoceras and corals are conspicuous, is every where recognized by its characterbeing seen in the worn and weathered istic fossils.  From  near the south end of
surface of the rocks, in great numbers.    the lake it extends northward as far as




44                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
UTICA SLATE AND HUDSON RIVER SHALE.        RED SANDROCK.          LONE ROCK POINT.
Charlotte, showing itself in the uplifts, at; these shales are totally useless as a building
various places.  It appears again in South stone.'1 hey, however, disintegrate into a
Hero, and extends northward, through the black, rich soil, and are a valuable material
western part of Grand Isle, and constitutes for making roads.
the south eastern and highest parts of the                   Trilobites are occasionIsle la Motte. It also caps some of the,ally met with, particularelevations near the Medicinal Spring, in                   ly in the older portion,
Highgate.                                                  which has been sometimes
This rock is sufficiently compact and firm,              separated from the other
in some places, to serve as a building stone,  T..     shales, under the name of
but it is, for the most part, thin bedded                  Utica Slate, as well as in
and shaly, and of very little value, except- the Isle la Motte Limestone, before descriing that it forms the basis of a good soil.  bed.
The species of fossils in the Trenton Limestone are exceedingly numerous.  In the
single genus, orthis, they amount to no less W                       Graptolites are
than seventeen, which are peculiar to this       Graptolites.     few places, but as
rock; and in many other genera the species a whole, these shales are quite barren of
are nearly as numerous.  In Grand Isle, fossils. The above cut will furnish some
this limestone is rather thick bedded, is of idea of the general appearance of graptoa light gray color, and almost entirely lites.  It pretty nearly represents Gruplomade up of shells of the orthis.  This stone, lites amplexicaule, found in the Trenton
when the edge of the stratified mass was Limestone.
exposed to the heat, was found, unlike   Red Sandrock.-The next series of rocks,
most limestone, to withstand the action of lying above and to the eastward of shales,
the fire, and, on that account, it was much has been generally known in the neighborused by the early settlers, for the construc- hood, as the Red Sandrock formation. This
tion of fire-places, on which account it is rock extends from  south to north nearly
still distinguished by the name of fire stone. the whole length of Lake Champlain.  It
This figure exhibits the.e.makes its appearance in uplifts, presenting
eral form of anexhibits the gen- mural precipices towards the west, with a
dip from 50 to 30~ towards the east.  Its
western limit is marrked by a series of considerable hills, which are at some little
Utica Slate and Hudson River Shales. distance from  the lake shore at the south
-Still higher, and to the eastward of the and in the northern part of Franklin counTrenton Limestone, lie a series of black ty; but from Shelburne to St. Albans Bay,
slates.  Some of these slates are rather it lies, for the most part, along the shore of
thick bedded, are quite calcareous, and the lake.  Sugar Loaf and Glebe Hill, in
break with conchoidal fracture, and, lying Charlotte, Bed Rocks and Lonerock points,
immediately above the Trenton Limestone, in Burlington, and Alallet's Head, in Colare in some cases, with difficulty, distin- chester, belong to the same line of uplifts.
guished from it.  In other parts, the slaty The accompanying cut represents a section
laminie are quite regular, and readily sep- passing through the uplift at Lonerock
arated.  But far the greater part of it Point, where the thick bedded sandrock is
appears to be crushed and broken into seen resting on black glossy shales.
wedge-shaped masses, interspersed with
seams of calcareous spar.  In many places,
these wedge-shaped shaly masses are covered with glazing, giving them the lustre
and appearance of anthracite.  So strong
is this resemblance to coal, that many have
supposed that there must be coal beneath
it, and considerable excavations have been
made in it with the vain hope of finding it.  _
These shales are the only rock in the
place, in Alburgh; they form nearly the   The shale, here, has been  washed out
whole of North Hero, the eastern half of from under the sandrock, large masses of
Grand Isle, Rock Dunder, Juniper Island, which have broken off by their weight and
and most of the other small islands; and it fallen into the lake.  These, excepting one,
forms the bank of the lake, along the east are covered, when the lake is high, but
side, throughout almost its entire length. that one is seen at all times, and from all
With the exception of that portion of them  points of view, to stand prominently out of
which lies next to the Trenton Limestone, the water; hence the name, Lone-rock




NATURAL HISTORY.                                  45
CHAMPLAIN GROUP OF ROCKS.             RED SANDROCK.                       THE OVEN.
Point.  We are aware that it has been gen- are highly colored. There is an example of
erally called Sharpshiins, but we think that this in Willard's quarry, in Burlington.
it is quite time that vulgar name was dis-   The colored strata of this sandrock furcarded.                                   nish a very durable and beautiful stone for
Towards the northern part of this uplift foundations and underpinnings of buildthere commences -a bed of dove-colored ings, and, though somewhat refractory and
limestone, between the shale and the sand- difficult to work, has been very much used
rock, which appears with increasing thick- for that purpose.  The foundations of the
ness at Mallet's Head and St. Albans Bay; greater part of the buildings in Burlington,
and at Swanton is quarried for marble. are of this material.
From Swanton it continues northward into   From  the middle portion of the Red
Canada.                                   Sandrock series, the strata become more
One of these uplifts, that of Snake Moun- and more calcareous, in proceeding upward
tain, affords a fine exhibition of all the and eastward, till they, at length, become
members of the Champlain Group of rocks, in many places a very pure limestone. This
which we have been describing, as may be limestone is, generally, of a bluish color;
seen by the section below, which is copied but in some places, particularly in the eastfrom Prof. Adams' Second Annual Report ern part of Shelburne, its color is pure
on the Geology of Vermont, p. 163.        white.  Portions of this limestone make
the very best of quicklime, which is largely
manu.lctured from it, not only for use in
the neighborhood, but for transportation
f ears -m     -'m'k~ ~~.~',~-~.> ~.~, into the interior of the state, and to places
ii                 5Eim:!where no good limestone exists*.  At Penniman's quarry and kilns, which are by
a. Red Sandrock, forming the summit of the the side of the railroad above Winooski
mountain, with an easterly dip of 20'. Falls, AMessrs. Penniman &s Catlin manub. Debris from the Red Satdrock.          fkctured, in 1852, about 67,000 bushels of
c. Hudson River Shales, considerably coy- quicklime, and others, in the neighborhood,
ered with drift and debris.          manufactured about 40,000 bushels, mad. Utica Slate.                           king over 100,000 bushels, the principal
e. Trenton Limestone.                     part of which was sent by railroad into the
J:. Isle la Motte Limestone.               central and eastern parts of the state, and
g. Calciferous Sandstone.                 to other parts of New England.
h. Clay.                                    Some portions of the Red Sandrock series
The rocks, which constitute the Red are very regularly and handsomely stratifiSandrock series, differ very much in color, ed, but other portions are much disturbed
and  in composition, or lithological charac- and broken, or bent and folded.  One of
ter. The lower strata are, in many places, the  most interesting plications in this rock,
considerably calcareous, and thick-bedded, which  have been noticed, is in Monkton.
with the planes of stratification so much Tlhe south end of this plication  is repreobliterated, as to give them the appearance sented in the figure below.
of an igneous, or unstratified rock.  The                          The white spaces
color of this portion is often gray, or varie-                    between the curvgated with different shades of brownish red                       ed lines represent
and yellowish white; and parts of it are      ///the edges of the
sufficiently calcareous to admit of being   /////                 strata. These are
polished, and make a very compact and    ///////                  all of the ordinary
beautiful variegated marble.  The best    i//I///\\\\   \ sandstone.   The
specimens of this have been found in boul-       c Oven.  C       broad dark straders in connexion with the drift.'     tum, c c, is argillaceous slate, having the
The middle portion of this series is almost lamine nearly perpendicular to the plane
entirely siliceous, and, through a great of deposit.  The upper portion of this,
part of its extent from south to north, is of which is left wholly dark, has been remova dark reddish brown color; and it is the ed, forming the cavity called the Oven.
color of this portion which has given the' The (ood qualities of the qluicklime manufactured
name of Red Sandrock to the series.  But from this stone is not only attested by those, who
in some places, this middle portion is nearly have used it in this country, but has been fully acdestitute of coloring matter, appearing as ]kuowledged, by competent jtcdes, a)road. Il 1851,
U. H. Penniman, Esq., sent out a cask of his lime
a light gray stratified quartz rock. In some for exhibition at the World's Fair, in London. This
places it is so purely siliceous as to be suit- lime was examined, by a Jury, appointed for that
able for the manufacture of glass.  Cases purpose, under the royal commission, and this jury
also occur, where a stratum of pure white awarded him a Prize Medal and Certificate, as testilllonials of its superior excellence, placing it in the
quartz  intervenes between strata which first rank ill competition with the world.
6




46                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
TACONIC ROCKS.                 ROOFING SLATEI.              STOCKIBRIDGE LIMESTONE.
The portion represented in the cut, is about   Sparry Liilcesto7ne.-This rock stretches
30 feet broad at the base.                througlh the western parts of the counties
The general strike of the Red Sandrock of Addison and Rutland.  It is divided and
formation is about N. 20 E., and the dip chllecked by nulmerous beds of calcarious
varies from 40 to 25~ or more.  Its width, spar. -Its color is bluish, or gray of differfrom east to west, is very variable, but will ent shades.
average, perhaps, five miles..I3fagJ esi, iL  SlAt/cs.-These slates lie to
This rock is very barren in fossils, and the eastwa-rd of the roofing slates and sparry
those found are very obscure, consisting of limestone, anld to the westward of the
fucoidal layers, and fragments of crinoidea Stockbridge limestone.  They sometimes
and trilobites.  Marks of rain-drops, and alternate with the latter, as the two former
wate and ripple marks are very common, do -with each other.  They are most fully
and well defined.  The fragments of trilo- developed in the northwestern part of Benbites have been fould most abundant in nington county, and southwestern part of
this rock in Highgate, but they are there Rutland county.
so much decayed, and so obscure, that it is   The mafrnesian slates are usually of a
very difficult to determine the species.  light grayish color, and often of a greenish
hue.  They, in many places, are easily
TAcoNIc RocIs.                split into broad flat masses, the surfaces
of which often have a pearly lustre, and an
Under this name have been embraced the oily feel.  But for the most part, these
rocks in the southern half of the state, slates are largely filled and checkled with
which lie to the eastward of the Champlain veins and seams of white quartz.
group, and to the westward of the main   Stoclkbr'idge Lianestone.-In an economirldge of the Green RMountains.  They occu- cal view, the Taconic group probably furpy a large part of the counties of Benning- nishes the two most valuable locks in the
ton, Rutland and Addison.  They derilve state, excepting only theIsle la Motte Lime*their name from  a range of high lands, stone; and these two are, the roofing slate,
which extend from  the western part of already mentioned, and the Stockbridge
Massachusetts into Vermont, and whici Limestone.
are called the Taconic Mountaintils. The   Colmmencinmg at the south line of the
true geological position and character of state, in Pownl, the Stockbridge Limestone
these rocks is not yet well settled.  While forms a belt, which extends northward
some regard them as primary, and others through the counties of Bennington, Rutas metamorphic silurian rocks, Prof. Em- land and Addison, as far as the town of
mons, and some others, have maintained MIonkton.  This belt is, on an average,
that they are a distinct group of pahlozo~c nearly five miles wvide, having the Magnerocks, which are older than the Potsdam  sian  slate on tile west, and a range of
Sandstone, which is the oldest member of Granular Quartz on the east. To the norththe Champlain group.                      ward of Bennington county this rock occuThe Raconic group of rocks consists of pies, for the most part, the valley of Otter
Roofing Slates, Sparry Limestone, SMagne- Creek.
sian Slates, Stockbridge  Limestone and   This range oflimestone furnishes, through
Granular Quartz.                          almost its entire extent, an abundance of
Roofing Slate.-The roofing slate of this excellent marble.  Its color is generally
formation is found principally in the west- light, varying from dove color to the purest
ern part of Rutland county, particularly white,  Some portions of it are of a light
in the towns of Castleton, Poultney and flesh-color, and others are beautifully variFairhaven.  Some sixteen or eighteen slate egated; and at several places a very good
quarries have already been opened in these statuary marble is found.  Stephensonl's
towns, many of which yield slate of a very statue of the wounded Indian, which was
superior quality.  There are two principal exhibited at the World's Fair, in London,
varieties of the slate, one of which is of was made from Vermont marble, obtained,
greenish color, and the other reddish brown. I think, from a quarry in Rutland.
Several of the quarries have been opened   Marble quarries, at various places in the
very recently, and have not yet yielded a Stockbridge Limestone, have been more or
large amount.  The yield of all the quarries less worked for many years.  The principal
above mentioned, in 1852, was estimated of these are in the towns of Dorset, Rutland,
to exceed 10,000 squares, and the annual Pittsford, Brandon and Middlebury.  The
yield will doubtless go on increasing, from  great expense of transportation, for a long
year to year, indefinitely.  It already finds time prevented these quarries from being
its way, not only to Boston and New York, extensively worked, but the construction of
but to Buffalo, Cleveland, and other cities railroads, along the whole line of this forat the west.                              mation in Vermont, has opened easy out



NATURAL HISTORY.                                      47
GRANULAR QUARTZ.                                                            TALCOSE SLATE.
lets for the marble, and already largely  Calais, Craftsbury and lrasburgh, to Memincreased the nlarble business.  We have phremagog lake.
not room in this Appendix to go into particulars with regard  to the yield of the'ICOSE SLATE DvISION.
various quarries.  There is no doubt but
that the marble business is destined to be    This division, which constitutes the cenone of the most inlportant resources of the tral portion of the Green Mountains, varies
state.     m                                  in width from about 14 miles, in the south
part of the state, to 30 miles in the northern,
Gra,nular Qua riz. — This forlnm'  11a1- and it embraces the loftiest mountain sumrow range, or belt, extending froeme the south { mits in the state.
line of the state to the nolrthern part of   The roclks of this division, though, genAddison county, between the Stoclkbridge erallv, more or less talcose, vary consideralimestone on the west, and the rocks of the bly, iin their aspect and composition.  BeGreen Mountains on the east.  This range ginning in the northerly part of the state,
is quite irregular, and in some places not with the rocks next eastward of the Red
easily traced.  It is mostly of a dark grlay  sandrock formation, we find thlle  shaly,
or brownish, color, and is very barren in very quartzose, and with very little talc or
iminerals, containing  only   occasionally imica in their composition.  They have at
crystals of sulphuret of iron Land schol.    dip of about 400 to tile east, and in some
The Taconic rocks, generally,  contain places the beds, or strata, are a fine confew interesting minerals; and thle fbssils glomerate, the rounded pebbles being, ifo
which have been found in them  (al-e very tie most part, quite minute.  In some
few ani  obscure.  These rocls lhave, for parts the rocks have a greenish, or chlothe most part,,a steep eastern or south- ritic hue, and are so thick bedded and colteastern dip.                                  pact, as to make a very good buildinlg stone.
All the rocks, in plalce, in  e Vernlit, lying This is particularly the case in the townsato the eastward of thle Chlamplain Sand Ta- of Jericho and Westford.
conic groups, alreadly mentioned,  lcnd  occu-   In proceeding eastw-arl the dip of thlese
pyinig more thalln three-fourths of the state, rocks increases rapidly, till it becomes v-elhave, till recently, bleen regalrded's pri- tical along the western foot of the Green
mary; but facts:,re d;aily comrin  to light MIountains, fbrming a synclinal axes.  The
which render it pr.obable that the greater line of this axis passes through the towns
part of them  belong to tile pa;liozoic, O,' of [;erkshire, Enlosburgh, Blakersfield, C(amsilurian series, and that they have been bbridge, Undeihill and Jericho.   7o tile
changed, and have had their fossils nearly eastward of this line the dip contillues
all obliteralted by heat.  We'esall not enter  nearly  vertical for several mniles, beilng
-at all into the discussion of the geolog:icld somnetimes to the wvest,:nd, at others, to
age of these rocks, but confine ourselves to I the east, frmilng a succession of synclinal
aI hasty general description of them.ll       and  l;ticlinal axis.  The dip tlen becoles
In I former wo':.: 1 hie regardced these uniforlly  westward, and  continues  so
rocks as primarnly, anld hlat e described them  through the eastern part of the ibrmnation.;as beloniing to two grandc divisions, which    Inteostratifiecd witlh thle Talcose Slate, wye
aIre distinllished fl onl eaclh other by v-ery frequently find vwell cllaracterized clay and
obvious characteristics.  The'l  fir'st o  these mica slates; and in many places alone  the
divisioin, lying next eastwardt of the rocks slopes of the Green TMountlaiins, the talc and
already  described(,   and  constituting  the micaz enter into the coniposition of the same
rrain central body of the Green TMlouiltains, slates in such equal proportions as to i-nake
was denominated tile 7elcose slcate Jorinl- it difficult to say whlich name more propertion, or dcivision, fiol the general prcva- ly belongs to it.  In  l'erksllie and l noslence of that rock,  particuIl;irly in the burgh thlere are extensive beos (I well
northerln portiol o o.       lie othier division,  chlaracterized clay slathe, portions of whicich
extecndling   eastward i'oml this to Connecti- nmay hereafter be found suitable for ro1oing.
cut river, was called the Calca1io-iitica A i  little further east, in Richiford, is a natslate fol altion.  Tile line between these row- range of plunibaginous slaite, wlvtlic
formlotions is, for the niost part, vell de- has been trazeedi southwarcd  as filr as Hunfinedcid easily trcedl, firoll sonuti to northl, h  tington, in thle south eastern part of Chitthrough the whole lengthl (,f the state. tenden county.  In Canibridoe, it is fiunid
Frolm the south line of tile state, in Halifax, sufficiendtly soit and blach to form a tolerait ruins in a direction ne1arlly north through ble substitute for black lead.
the towns of NewfLne, CicL endish, Bridge-   In many places along tile western sio.1e
water and Bethel, to Nothfieldl,'nd thence  of tile Green Mountcins, tile rocks lie l1
a little eilst of nortil thlrough i Montpelier, thick beds, or strata, each stritumln splitting
- with nearly equal facility in all directiols,:. d(a';ell)ll)hy lnrtl e:iogy  ofTetrmoni- fIor, Is i.   and,i.pproachinp' to goneis  in  appearam-nc.




48                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
GOLD FORMATION.                                               DISCOVERY OF GOLD.
and composition; and it has been proposed of Windham  county, through  Ludlow,
to denominate the rocks, which constitute Bridgewater and Rochester, in Windsor
this great axis of the Green Mountains, county; through Roxbury, Moretown and
Green.Jlfoantain Gnzeis.               Waterbury, in Washington county, and
The rocks embraced in our Talcose Slate thence through Morristown, Eden, Lowell
Division, in the southern part of the state, and Troy, to the north line of the state.
are much less characteristic, than in the The rocks, which mark the line of this fornorthern, and the different varieties of rock mation, are talcose slate, steatite and serare much more broken and jumbled.  No pentine, accompanied by magnetic, specutrue granite or gneis have been observed in lar, chromic and titaniferous iron, also
this formation, in the northern half, but sulphuret and hydrous peroxide of iron.
both these rocks show themselves in the At some places, beautiful specimens of rock
southern half, in various places.  With crystal occur, many of which are traversed
the exception of a few small patches at the in various directions by hair-like crystals
south, and three or four thin beds of sac- of rutile, rendering them exceedingly incharoid limestone, at the north, there are teresting to mineralogists. The fine specino rocks which contain any sensible amount mens of this kind which have been found in
of lime, in the whole territory embraced in the drift in the valley of the Connecticut,
what we have called the talcose division, probably had their origin in this formation.
and which constitutes about one-third of Although, long since, aware of the fact that
the whole surface of the state.  Quartz is the formation, in which gold was found in
the great mineral element of this formation, Windham  county, extended through the
for, besides forming the principal part of whole length of the state, we had no knowlthe various slates, shales, &c., it is almost edge that gold existed in Vermont to the
every where infused and spread through northward of that county, previous to the
them  in great abundance, in the form of fall of 1852, when gold was discovered in
seams and veins. The color of these seams Bridgewater, Windsor county, by a Mr.
and veins is usually yellowish, white, or Kennedy, and the discovery made known
hyaline.                                to the public by Prof. O. P. Hubbard, of
Gold Formation. —It has been known Dartmouth College.  The gold is found
for a great number of years, that we have, there in seams of quartz, and also, in alluin Vermont, a formation agreeing, in almost vial gravel. Sufficient time and opportunity
all respects, with the gold formation in the for examination have not yet been had,
southern states, and in many-slr parts of since the discovery was made, to determine
the world; and it is a well known fact, that its value.  Some specimens of the gold,
native gold was found here more than which we have seen in the quartz, though
twenty-five years ago.  The statement, small, were exceedingly fine and beautiful.
which we published in a note on page 127,   In the neighborhood of the gold in BridgePart III., respecting a lump of gold picked water, very fine specimens of galena, or
up in Newfane, and weighing 8., ounces, sulphuret of lead, are also found, but we
was extensively circulated in the newspa- are not informed with regard to its extent.
pers soon after it was found. Our state- but as Bridgewater is our native town, we
ment was derived from Gen. Martin Field, hope ere long to have occular view of the
who had the lump in his possession. It revelations, which are being made there.
was a fact well known to us, when our   Although the formation, (in which gold is
History and Gazetteer were published, that found) may be traced through the entire
gold had been found in small quantities in length of the state, it is not to be expected
the township of Somerset, by washing the that gold will be found through its whole
alluvial gravel; but believing then, as we extent; nor is it, at present, at all certain
do now, that the success of Vermonters, in that the placers, where gold has already
digging for gold, will be best secured by been found, will yield gold enough to pay
observing the Quaker's directions, never to for working. This same gold formation,
dig for it more than plough deep, we took which passes through Vermont, has been
no pains to give prominence to these facts. traced from the north line of the state at
What we here call the Gold Formation Troy, nearly 200 miles into Canada. It
constitutes a part of what we have been passes along a little to the westward of
describing under the name of the Talcose Memphremagog lake to Orford, near SherDivision. It formls anarrow and irregular brooke, and thence takes a more northbelt, extending along  near the eastern easterly course tothe neighborhood of Quemargin of the great division, above men- bee. Gold was found, in this formation,
tioned, and reaching through the entire along the river Chaudiere, as early as
length of the state.  Beginning at the line 1834, and the discovery was announced in
of Massachusetts, in Whitingham, it ex- Silliman's Journal in April, 1835.  From
tends northward, through the western part that time gold was collected there, in small




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 4(
CALCARIO-MICA SLATE.                CLAY SLATE.                         LIMESTONE.
quantities, up to the time of the discovery from Barnard northerly to lake Memphreof gold in California; amounting in the magog, is mostly clay slate.  This slate
whole to only a few hundred dollars.  Since constitutes a large proportion of that beauthe geological survey of Canada has been tiful and fertile swell of land extending
in progress, more attention has been given from  Winooski to White River, through
to the subject, and it is found that the the towns of Berlin, Williamstown, Brookauriferous district is quite extensive.  Du- field and Randolph.  It is also largely dering the last three or four years the search veloped in the north part of Montpelier,
for gold has been prosecuted more exten- and in Calais, Craftsbury and Coventry.
sively, and the  yield has amounted to At Berlin, this slate has been found to
several thousand dollars.  In Ascot, near answer very well for roofing; and it is not
Sherbrooke, gold has been found in veins, improbable that good roofing slate will be
associated with copper pyrites in a quartz obtained from some of the other localities,
gague; and it is reported that a lump of which we have mentioned.
gold, weighing 14 oz., was obtained in that   Clay slate also exists, in large quantities,
vicinity in the fall of 1852.             along the Passumpsic and the west bank of
The steatite, or soapstone, and the ser- the Connecticut river, in the counties of
pentine, which we have mentioned, as in- Orange and Caledonia, and also in the
dicating the line of the gold formation, are, southeastern part of Windham county.  At
probably, destined to be of quite as much the latter place, it extends through the
economical value to the state, as the gold towns of Guilford, Brattleborough  and
itself.  The steatite is abundant, and is, in Dummerston.  The slate here is found to
many places, of a very good quality.  It be very suitable for roofing, and has been,
has been quarried at Grafton, Bridgewater, more or less, quarried for that purpose for
Bethel, Moretown, WVaterville, and, per- many years.
haps, a few other places.  The serpentine   The mica slate of this division is not, in
is largely developed  at Cavendish and general, very well characterized as mica
Ludlow, at Roxbury, and at Lowell and slate.  Indeed, the slates, or shales, of this
Troy.  Much of this serpentine is compact division, appear to be a combination, or
and firm, beautifully variegated with every jumble, of almost all the known varieties,
shade of green, from the lightest tints to sometimes exhibiting a predominance of
an almost perfect black; and, as it admits one kind and sometimes of another; and,
of a high polish, and is unaffected by heat again, we find the materials of three or four
and acids, it forms a most valuable orna- different varieties com mined in a single
mental marble.  It has long been used, to stratum.  There are, however, some small
a limited extent, in some of the neighbor- tracts, to which the above remarks are not
hoods where it is found, for fire-places, applicable.  This is the case with some
centre-tables, &c., and the opening of rail parts of Windham and Windsor counties,
roads, through these several localities, will, where mica slate is found, well characterprobably, be the means of bringing this ized, and forming a valatable and beautiful
valuable marble extensively into use.     material for flagging.
The limestone of this division is, every
where, very impure, containing  a very
large proportion of siliceous sand.  It is
Under this general name, we embrace all burned in several places for quicklime, but
the territory of Vermont, not included in the lime is nowhere of a good quality.  It
the divisions already described, with the is made to answer in mortar for stone work,
exception of a few tracts of granite.  It where better is not to be had; and it is
has been called the calcario-nica slate usefully applied, in agriculture, as a ferformation, or division, from the fact, that tilizer, to soils deficient in lime.  But the
it consists, to a very considerable extent, lime made from  the beds of shell-marl,
of impure limestone,,interstratified with which abound in this division, though that
argillaceous and mica slate.  These three is not of the best quality, is much preferable
constitute the principal rocks, but they, in to the above, both for the purposes of
many parts, run into several other varie- masonry and agriculture.
ties of slate. Through the central part of! The color of this limestone, where unafOrleans county, and in Caledonia county, fected by the weather, is of a bluish shade,
are extensive ranges of what might properly and the stone is very compact and homobe called hornblende slate.  In the northern genious, splitting, or breaking, with nearly
part of Essexcounty, extending into Cana- equal facility, in all directions. Where
da, is a range of siliceous slate; and in the long exposed to the weather, it is recognized
southern part of that county there is a  at once by its rust-colored, rotten surface.
considerable developmnent of chlorite slate. i This rotten surface consists of the siliceous
The western portion of this formation, sand, which remains after the lime, which




50                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
TERTIARY FORMATION.   WHITE CLAY.   YELLOW OCHRE.   IRON ORE}.   BROWN COAL.
had cemented it together, has been dissolved I  The deposits above mentioned, commence
and washed out.  In Hardwick, Berlin, in the south part of the state, at Benningand some other places, this blue silicious ton, and, extending northward, have been
limestone is regularly arranged in parallel traced as far tas Milton, in Chittendell
strata, showing very distinctly planes of county; and, probably, will be traced still
deposit. But it more commonly occurs in further north into Canada.   The material
irregular beds of unequal thickness, ill the in these deposits, which first brought them
different varieties of slates.             into notice, was the brown oxide of iron, or
Throughout nearly the whole of what we brown hematite.  This iron ore has been
have called the talcose division of the state, known and worked at Bennington, Pittsthe waters are soft and very pure, but ford, Brandon and Monkton, for a great
those of the calcario-mica slate division are, number of years.
on the contrary, hard, being, in general,   It was also early noticed that there were
strongly impregnated with lime.  But the bedls of a beautiful white clay, along the
reason is obvious; for, in the former case, same line, generally in the vicinity of the
there is no lime, excepting what exists in blrohwn iron ore.  The nllture of this clay
the materials of the drift, whlile in the latter, was little understood, but beiing found to
besides the lime in the drift, the blue sili- answer ias a substitute for whitinl, it was,
cious limestone of the formation is dliffulsed for a while, consideralbly used in makling
through every part, and being, by exposure, putty for setting glass.  Hence these beds
readily disintegrrated and dissolved, keeps of cla.y bec'ime known LLs puttty beds.  Dithe waters of the neighborhood constantly ring the war with GreaLt Britain, in 1812,
impregnated with liie.                     one of these beds in Mionkton was examined
The principal metalic ores found in this by Prof. J. MNuzzy, who published a'n
division, are iron and copper pyrites, or account of it, with illn  nalysis of the clay,
the sulphurets of iron aInd copper. These, in the " Repository," a'  onthly pelriodialnd particularly the sulphuret of iron', are cadl, published at Middlebury.  He showared
found, though, for the most part, sparing- it to bie kaoliz, or porceliin clay; and
ly, throughout the whole division, usually efibrts were nlade, abolt that time, to get
il the form of slmall yellow cubes, which up a manufactory of polcelain wrare.
irre not unfrequently mistaken for gold.   Sulbsequently, associated, for the iilost
The most extensive deposits of pyrites ire part, with the beds of brown heImlItite,
aIt Strafford, Corinth, Woodbury anvd Brigh- were found, not only extensive beds of pure
ton.  That at Strafford is fully described, yellow ochre, but large (quintities of tle
together with an account of the manufac- ores of' mlanganese, both of   i r.: lre iartiture of copperas fiomt it, in our description cles of much econonoical value i:: d at some
of that town in PIart III., page 167.  The localities in the sanme coilnexio;, aelre also
veins of pyrites at Corinth consist of the found be(ls of very pure white q uartz sland.
sulphurets of copper Ined iron in nearly The deposits, above mentioned, along the
equal proportions.  In Thetfobrd there is a western foot of the Green Mountains, hav-e
small vein of galenza or sulphur et of lead.  beein, as already remarked, known for mi any
In the different parts of this great divi- yearls.  But in (caddition to these, in sinking
sion of the state, thereis found a considera- shafts in the iron ore-bed, in Brancdol,
ble variety of interesting minerals, most of about 1848, a deposit of Lignite, or Brown
which are mentioned in Part III., under Coal, was discovered, which ihais throwin
the names of the towns in wllhicll they are some light upon the geological age of the
found.                                     deposits above described.
Of all tle localities, to whllich wae livy-e
FTaERTI-AmRY- I FoPmAIrailros.   referred, that at Briandon is the most interesting, not only on account of the Brown
It has been generally supposed,  lltil Coal, but on account of haiving all the other
within a very few years, that no geological materials iil conjunction with it.  We hive
tformation existed in Vermont, of an age here, in the area of a few acres, the followintermediate, between the lower silurian  ing substances, which are of economical
andcl the drift, or post-tertiarIy.  In other value 
words, it was supposed that the corboniferous series, and the secondary and tertiary    1. Pure white iu:Lartz sand.
formations, were entirely wanting.  Still   2. Beautiful white and stained kaolin, o,
it has been long known that tllere was a          porcelain clay.
series of deposits along the western foot of   3. Yellow ochre.
the Green Mountains, the geological age of   4. Brown hemIatitic iroll ore.
which was extremely doubtful, alnd it was   5. Ores of mlangallese.
not till the discovery of tile deposit of Browan   (. Brown Coal.
Coal in Brandon, in 1]848, that the uncer-   Thle two first, in the abov-e list, make thei i
tainty was in any degree renmoverl.        lppe:urance aIt, or very near, the surface;




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 51
COAL AND IRON AT BRANDON.             FIGURES OF FRUIT.             IGNEOUS ROCKS.
and the coal may also be traced to the
surface.  But the great bulk of the clay,
iron, manganese and coal, is buried att  a 
considerable depth beneath the drift, which
consists principally of pebbles, gravel and
ochrey earth.
In the area above mentioned, there have
been sunk, principally for obtaining the
iron ore, five shafts, to depths varying from
100 to 130 feef. From  these shafts, at
depths of 80 or 90 feet, drifts have been
sent off in various directions, connecting
the different shafts, and various galleries
have also been formed by the removal of
the ore.  By the shafts anl  drifts, the iron,
clay and coal have been passed through in
v arious directions, and something has been
learned respecting their relative position   The Brandon coal contains a considerable
and extent. The locality was visited during amount of earthy matter, but it burns
the summer of 1852, by a number of dis- readily, even when first taken from the
tinguished geologists, among whom were bed; and is employed, almost exclusively,
Dr. Hitchcock, President of Amherst Col- for fuel in  driving the steam engine, by
lege, Sir Charles Lyell, Prof. James Hall, which the iron ore is raised and the water
of Albany, and Mr. Foster, United States pumped from the mine.
Geologist; and the conclusion seems to be,   As the hematitic iron ore, kaolin, manthat the formation, embracing the hematitic ganese, &c., which occur at Brandon in
iron ore, the manganese, the kaolin and conjunction with the coal, are found at,
the coal, are of the same geological age, as numerous other places in Vermont, along
the brown coal of Europe, and, therefore, the western foot of the Green Mountains, it
belong to the tertiary period.            is, also, highly probable that at some of
The extent of the brown coal at Brandon, these places, coal will likewise be found.
is not yet ascertained.  It shows itself at,   The conclusion to which President Hitchor very near, the surface of the ground, and cock has arrived, from his examination of
has been found at the depth of 90 feet.  It the subject, is, that the formation of which
seems to descend somewhat obliquely, ly the Brandon deposit is a type, belongs to
the side of the kaolin, in a columnar form, the tertiary period, and that it extends
about twenty feet wide and fourteen feet through the entire length of the United
thick.  The carbonaceous materials are of a States, from Canada to Alabama.
dark brown color, appioaching to black.
Some portions of them are very completely             IGNEOUTS ROCKS.
converted into coal, while, in other parts,
the woody structure and the form of the   The only unstratified igneous rocksin
trees are clearly seen.  Scattered in this Vermont, which occupy any considerable
mass of materials, for the most part near extent of territory, are granite and serpenthe surface, are found many varieties of tine. The fields of granite are nearly all included in the cfalcario-lica  slate. ivision of
seeds or fruits, which vary in size from that
of a fig to that of less than a barley-corn. the state. The granite appears, every where,
These fruits -,ere at first supposed to be to have been forced up from beneath, in a
butternuts, walnuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, melted state, between the strata and beds of
&c., such as are now indigeneous in Ver- slate and limestone, sometimes in small isomont, but a very slight examination suffi- lated elevations; but for the most part in long
ces to show that they are unlike any vege- narrow ranges, extending  north and south,
tation now growing in our country. in accordance with the strike of the outcrop
President n oitchcok, ic an interesting of the strata.  This is particularly obserarticle  on  the  deposit of brown coal at  vable in the eastern part of the counties of
article'sontedeoi of    brown coalp.Orleans and Washingt of ranie was tBrandon, has figured about twenty species Orleans and ashington, and in the westof the fruits found in it, and his figures, ern part of Caledonia county.
for the f    fmost part, agree very well with    The most extensive tracts of granite, and
specimens of the fruit obtained by myself the  only ones, which have much width
from  the coal.  To furnish some idea of from east to west, are in Essex county, and
these fruits, I give, in the next column, in time southvestern  part of Caledonia
figures of a few of such of the fruits as I county, and the adjacent parts of the
have  in my possession,                   counties of Washington  and Orange.  It
avei_ m  possession.  _was from the southwestern part of this last'Silliman's Journal of Science, Vol. XY.,-p. 95. tract, in Barre, that the granite was ob



52                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
GRANITE BOULDERS.              ROCKING STONES.              TRAP ANSD PORPHYRY.
tained of which the State House was built. layers of black mica, separated from each
Further south, in the counties of Windsor other by extremely thin layers of pure
and Windham, there are many isolated white quartz.  Ill some portions of this
patches of granite and gneis, but with the granite the balls, or nodules, constitute
exception of Ascutney mountain, they are quite one-half of the entire mass, while, in
of quite limited  extent.  In numerous other portions, they are scattered very
places, granite is seen traversing the other sparingly, often several inches asunder, in
rocks, in the form of dikes, veins and all directions.  The only locality, beside
seams. This is particularly observable in those just mentioned, where this granite
Marshfield and Woodbury; and this fact, is found in place, is just over the north
and, also, the fact that fragments of clay line of Vermont, in Stanstead, C. E.  Boulslate are there found, embedded in the ders of it are scattered, sparingly, over a
granite, make it certain that the granite great part of the surface of the counties of
has been in a melted state since the forma- Orleans and Caledonia.
tion of the slate.                         The serpendtine has been alrheady menGranite boulders are scattered, more or tioned in our account of the talcose division,
less abundantly, over the whole of this as occurring along the line of the gold fordivision of the state. In the northeastern mation. Sole of those tracts are quite
part, they are exceedingly numerous, and extensive, forming hills of considerable
many of them are of very great magnitude. elevationl.  This is the case in Cavendish,
From a single granite boulder, in Greens- Lowell and Troy.  In the serpentine iln
borough, the material for a good sized Lowell, fine specimens of asbestus and of
stone house, including the walls of the different varieties of amianthus, are corncellar, were obtained, without using it all. mon. In Troy, it contains a large irregular
Another isol.ated boulder in that town, is bed or vein of iron ore.  The ore appears
41 feet long, 22 feet high, and, in the well, and extensive works were erected for
widest part, 25 feet wide, and is calculated manufacturing it into iron; but the diffito weigh more than a thousand tons. About culty of working it, on account of the
half a mile from this large boulder, there titanic acid it contains, and the cost of
are two smaller granite boulders, about 80 transportation, rendered the business unlfeet apart, so nicely balanced, on other profitable, and the works were, therefore,
granite rocks, as to be easily rocked by a abandoned and have gone to decay. The
push with the hand, and hence they have following is the result of the analysis of this
acquired the name of the rocking  stones.  titaniferous iron ore, by Ir. Olmsted:
Peroxide of iron, - -  - - 81.20
Protoxide  "    -             1- -  - -3.37
Titanic acid-, -        -    4.10
Silica, - -    -               1.33
100.00
Rocking Stones.                  MIetalic iron,    -   - - -  66.62
The accompanying rude cut will serve to   Chromic iron is also met with in many
show their relative positions.  They are places in the serpentine of this neighborboth considerably elevated above the sur- hood. In Jay, there are veins of it two
rounding country.  The one at the right feet wide. The ore is of good quality, and
hand in the figure is 9 feet high, 12 feet might easily be obtained to any amount.
long, and weighs about 70 tons.  It rests Its analysis, by Mr. Hunt, gave the followupon another mass of granite about 16 feet ing result:
high. The other rocking stone, at the left,  Green oxide of chromium,    - -   9.90
is 8 feet high and 11 long, weighing about  Protoxide cf iron, -  - - - - 48.96
40 tons.                                  Alumina, with traces of' silica, &tc., 1.14
The granite of this division, though
generally good, and, much of it, of a supe-                               100.00
rior quality for building purposes, exhibits,   One hundred parts of this ore will yield
nevertheless, several varieties.  Perhaps 191 parts of chromate of lead, or chrome
the most remarkable of these, is that found yellow.
in place in Craftsbury and Northfield, and
which has, sometimes, been called NVodular
Granite.  The granite is of the ordinary          TRAP AND O1)RPHYRY.
character, with the exception of having   These are found in Vermont only in the
flattened balls of black mica, about one form of dikes, or intrusive beds among the
inch in diameter, scattered through it, other rocks.  Trap dikes are met with in
like plums in a pudding.  These balls, or all parts of the state, but they are much
concretions, are composed of concentric  more common in some parts than in others.




NATURAL HISTORY.                                    53
TRAP DIKES.                       PORPIIYRlY DIKES.                      IGNEOUS ROCK.
In the central part of tile state, in the dikes and intrusive imasses, varies from a
talcose slate formation, they are exceed- dariki chocolate brown to alight cream color.
ingly rare.  They are more common in the In somie cases, the embedced crystals are
eastern part of the state; but abound most very numerous;   in others, they are rare
of all in the vicinity of Lake Chamiplain,  and in others still, no crystals are seen, but
and, particularly, in the neighborhool of they  appear  to consist of a homogeneous
Burlington.                                 mlass of feldspathic mineral.
The strike of the various stratifiedl rocks     No part of the state, which has been exin Vermont is, generally, fioll a little west aminedl, so much abounds in dikes, both
of south to a little east of north, while te etrap and feldspathic, as the northwestern
trap dikes, for the most part, cut tilrough part of Shelburne.  P'cttier's point is crossthese rocks in a direction nearly east and ed by   dozen, at least.  At Nash's point,
west.  The width of these dikes -aaries j the two kinds of dike are seen together, in
from three or four incihes to five or six ~fet. ci rcumstances to afford a clear indication of
The width of the greater part ci-ffers butltheir rel ttive ages.  Their positions may
little from three feet.  They solretimes cut  be ilnderst-ood by the accoimpatnying cut.
through the rocks quite obliquely, both to
the strike and the horizon, but are more
commonly nearly perpendicular. to both. 
In some.cases, the same dike may be traced
for several miles, in nearly a straight line,
across the outcrop of the strata.  In other 
cases they will terminate suddenly, and
commence anew, at some little distance to          =      _               _
the right or left, and'then proceed onward               Porphyry Dikes.
in the same direction as before.  Faults of
this kind are of frequent occurrence in the   The cut,  llich  represents the western
nunmerous trap dikes, which exist in the sicie of the point, exhibits a perpendicular
black shales along  the eastern shore of face of porplhyry, about 11 feet high and
Lake Champlain..  The accompanying cut sonle rods in length, resting upon black
represents one of these, as seen in the bank slate, alnd cov eed abo-ve by about 2 ft. of
black slate and soil.  Cutting through the
of the lake at Clay Point, in Colchester.
slate, in an easterly direction, beneath the
The fault is In olset  porp hyry, are two parallel trap dikes, about
of about three feet. eight feet apart, and eacch about one foot
The cdilke is in black wicde.  Portions of these trap dikes are also
slate.  The part of the found in the slate overlying the porphyry.
bank above it is sand. These facts make it certain that the trap
At Hubbell's Fall, in dikes existed in the slate before the porWinooski-river, t w o  phvry was thrown up, and that they were
faults may be seen, broken off, and parts of them lifted up with
inthe  sanme  dike, in  the slate by the intrusion of the porphyry.
---    the  bottom  Qo f.hie  ihe more e recent origin of the porphyry is
Trap Dike.    rivei'.                   also inferred from  the fact that it is freSome of these dikes are very compact quently  found to have tflowed laterally
~ald homogenious$.  Some  1have.1 conclre- obetaeen the strata of the rocks, while the
nd homogenious.  Sone have       trap is never found to have done so, showtionary structure, land, by exposure to the            the latter was formed under a
weather, separate into spheroidal masses.          r         i tat the latter  as formed ude a,
O)thers again exhibit signs of. colulmnar ilucl greater ineulmbent pressure than the
Others again exhibit signs of   colna  former.  Trap has been no where found in
structure; and still others contain nume- Vermont in the condition of an overlying
rous light colored crystals, giving it an
amygdaloidal character.  An interesting mass.
dike of this character may be  seen in a    The only purely igneous rock, observed
small island in Lake Champlain, a little to any where in Vermont, on the west side of
the northwardl of Colhcester poinlit.       the mountains, in any other form  than
that of dikes, is in Charlotte.  It there
The Porphy ry Dikes are mostly confined forms the hill, south of the Four Corners,
to the southwestern part of Chittenden and presents a surface of a number of
county.  Like the trap dikes, they have, acres.  It is, in appearance, intermediate
in general, an easterly and westerly course, between coinmmon trap and porphyry, and
but they are much more irregular in their most of it is exceedingly hard.   The posidirection, and much less uniform in width. tion of this hill rmay be seen on the map oft
In some places they seem  to bilge up in Charlotte, given on page 19, it being the
large rounded masses, crowding and crush- hill indicated on the muap nearest the localing the slate all around.  The color of these ity of the fossil whale.




54                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.           DRIFT MATERIALS.            LAWRENCIAN DEPOSIT.
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.          clay, gravel and pebble are so completely
Drift Scratches.             bedded together as to make it extremely
The rocks which have been briefly descri- difficult to penetrate them.
bed, with the exception of our tertiary for-   The proofs that the drift has been transmuation, are all fixed in the places in which ported in a- southerly direction, and never
they are found, and form the solid founda- in a northerly direction, are very abundant.
tion of our territory.  The surfaceofthese The large boulders of sienite and other
rocks, where exposed to view, are every rocks scattered through the valley of Lake
where found to be ground, or worn down Champlain, have evidently been brought
by some agency, frequently having their from beyond the 45th parallel of latitude,
surfaces finely polished, and crossed by there being no rocks of their kinds within
numerous parallel strive, or scratches. the limits of the state.  Boulders of TrenThese strive, or scratches, lying in the same ton and Isle la Motte limestone are found
direction, in which the loose materials, scattered along the western slope of the
resting upon the solid rocks, have been Green Mountains, and resting on talcose
transported, are supposed to have been slate, far to the southeastward of the quarproduced by the movement of these materi- ries from which they must have been derials; and, as the materials have received the ved. Boulders of the red sandrock, which
name of Drift, the strive, or grooves, are is found in place only near the lake shore,
called Drift Scratches. The general direc- are met with in masses, of several.tons, in
tion of these scratches, and qf the transpor- Williston and Richmond, and high up on
tation of drift materials, is towards a point the sides of the mountains, and even to the
a little to the east of south, but varies in eastward of these mountains.  To the eastdifferent parts of the state, somewhat in ward of Camel's Hurnp, in Duxbury, there
conformity to the directions of the valleys is a boulder, which weighs about three
and the ranges of mountains.            tons, and which very clearly came from the
The smoothing and striation of the sur- lower strata of the red sandrock formation,
faces of the rocks are most conspicuous, near the level of Lake Champlain.  It is
when the earthy materials are first removed now 20 miles from the nearest part of that
from them. In some varieties of rocks they formation, and rests upon talcose slate, at
are seen, in a great measure obliterated by an elevation of about 700 feet above the
exposure to the weather.  These polished level of the lake.
and striated surfaces are found, not only   The transportation of boulders of what
in the bottoms of the lowest valleys, but we have called Nodular Granite, has already
upon the tops of the highest mountains in been mentioned. They are found, of large
the state. Mount Washington, in New size, in Waterford, Ryegate, and other
Hampshire, appears to be the only point in places, 30 miles from any locality, where
New England, which was not reached by the rock is in place,  Instances might be
the agency which produced them.  The mentioned, where boulders of this rock
rocks, which form the summit of that moun- have been transported over deep vallies,
tain, are all sharply angular, exhibiting and lodged near the summit of the elevation
no appearance of having been worn, or on the opposite side.
scratched.
Drift  /Alfaterials.-The smoothed and          LAWRENCIAN DEPOSIT.
striated solid rocks, which we have been   Throughout the valley of the St. Lawdescribing, are, in nearly all parts of the rence, the valley of Lake Champlain, and
state, covered by a deposit, very variable around Lake Ontario up to the Falls of
in thickness, and consisting of boulders, Niagara, there is found a regularly stratipebbles, gravel, sand and clay, variously fied formation of sands and clays, to which
and irregularly blended together, without has been given the name of the Lawrencian
any distinct signs of stratification.  These Deposit. The thickest parts of this formaterials are, for the most part, different mation, in the valley of Lake Champlain,
from the rocks on which they rest; and, as is about 200 feet, and the highest part of
they are usually accompanied by evidence it is, at least, 400 feet above the level of
that they have been transported in a south- the ocean. The southern portion of it coneasterly direction, they have received the sists chiefly of clay, while in Franklin
general name of Drift.  In some places county and the northern part of Chittenden
the drift consists entirely of sand; in other, county, sand predominates, particularly at
of clay; in others, of gravel; but these are! the surface.
usually of small extent. The materials are   It is clearly a marine deposit, being well
more commonly mixed, but in very differ- filled with remains of marine bivalve molent proportions in different places. It is'luscs and other animals; and, as nearly,
quite common to find them in the condition or quite, all of these remains belong to
of what is called hard-pan, wherein sand, I existing species, it is plain that it belongs




NATURAL HISTORY.                                   55
FOSSIL SHELLS.                     FOSSIL SPONGE.                       FOSSIL WOOD.
to a very recent geological period, or is apart, in vertical height, showing clearly
what is called a Pleistocene, or post tertiary that the subsidence was a very gradual one.
formation. These remains are mostly shells   Fossil SpoT, ce.-While digging a well in
of molluscs, with a few remains of whales, Alburgh, about four years ago, at the depth
seals and fishes; and they are nearly all of 11 feet, the workmen came upon a horiidentical in species with those living on the zontal stratum of what appeared to be mats
coast of New  England, and in the Gulf of of lair.  It was in quite compact clay, was
St. Lawrence.                              about two inches thick, and extended over
Nearly an entire skeleton of a whale was nearly the whole bottom of the excavation.
found in this formation, in Charlotte, as It excited much curiosity, but very little
mentioned on page 15.  A number of the of it was saved.  Having obtained a small
lumbar and caudal vertebrlc of a whale, quantity of it, I sent it in a letter to my
probably of the same species, have also friend, Prof. J. D. Dana, who pronounced
been found in a similar cla.y bed, on the it, both upon his own authority and that of
Island of Montreal, as already stated in a Prof. Bailey, of West Point, to be Fossil
Iote on page 20.  The species of fossil Alarine Sponge.
shells, found in this formation, p-re quite    Fossil 4Wood.-It is not uncommon, in
numerous, but the most common in the the vicinity of Lake Champlain, to find
Champlain valley are the following:        wood, and other vegetable Imatter, buried
Saguilnolarito   usca.-  at'-arious depths in the earth, in places
i Tlis is thenmost common and and under circumstances, in  which  we
-{ _: abuniudant species. It is moet should little expect it.  There have been
5-~-~      w+ith, in huindreds of pil;ces,  several cases of this kind in thle village of
along the banls of thle ike |Burlington, which I shall here mlention,
and streams, in digging  wells, in mnaking   and all of which, with one exceptioin, have
excavations fi;r roads and railroads, and in  allen under my own observation; and that
cultivatinm  the lands.'It is mnet with at one is well attested.
the distance of several miles from the lake,   The first of these cases was in 1835. Thlit
and often more than 200 feet above it.     year the lIon, Alvan Foote, who reosides,
about 40 rods, directly north of the Uni"Samicacna1 rogosa.e    versity, dug a iwell near his residence. The
c m hins species is quites surflce of the ground, at thlie place, was
~-' —-:- - isoi ~' -"~~I,cnm    but is not so   originally covered with a heavy growth  of
— _ getnerally  dififused  as timber, and large boulders were thickly
th! pir7ecedingl.   Tlhe Iscattered odver it.  IIn diggin  the well, the
shell, being thick and strong, is often. und first four feet were loose earth and graa-el.
in a very good state of preservation.      Tle next 20 feet were what is ccmmonly'ya are next ari0- Tis fete lwerest ofmtmlye
p/lar~ciaii. —This is he larTest of'tle  called  hardptian, consistirlg  of pebbles,
fossil shells found here.  There are fewer g el sand an  cl           y  oiy   mgravel,   sand and clay, OerIy   solidly ecrlocalities of this than of the two preceding  pacted togetler.  Next came a said elarth,
species, but at some of these the individuals which could be shoeled  itout being
are so multiplied as to be exceedingly nu- loosened with a piekaxe, for about 4 feet,
merous; and they are often well preserved. when the workmen, to their astonishment,
mucts la portlcndica.-This shell is found broke into a hollow cavity, extending across
low in the blue clay, but is not abundant.  the bottom of the well..AIkytilsis edulis has been found only at a  Upon examination, the cavity was found
few localities; but in some cases the indi- to have been occupied by a large tree, supviduals are quite numerous.  They are posed to be pine, parts of which were reseldom well preserved.  maing, and quite sound.  It. hld been
The Sangsuinolaria fusca is a littoral embraced by the sand; but, a, -few inches
mollusc, which lives and propagates only lower down, a stratum ofblael carbonaceous
in the sweep of the tide.  This fact throws matter was found, resembling muc!.  The
light upon the progress of subsidence of the natural surface of the ground, where the
St. Lawrence and Champlain vallies, by well was dug, was about 240 feet abo-e
-which the ocean, (from, which the Lawren- Lake Champlain, and the tree -was'2;)t feet
cian deposit took place,)'as adamitted into below the surfmce of tile ground.
them.  In various strata we have this   The next case was in 1850.  In maiing
mollusc embedded in the position in which the excavation, on Pearl street, for the
it buries itself, when alive, and where it reservoir, connected with the aqueduct,
had evidently propagated, with the two which supplies the lower part of Burlington
valves united, and the epidermis undis- with water, at the depth of 1 3 feet froni the
turbed.  These strata must, therefore, have surface of the ground, a large amount of
been at the surface of the ocean, when the wood, sticks and leaves were found embedanimals were buried.  But we find them  ded in clean gravel.  The locality is about
thus bedded in strata more than 60 feet 200 feet above the lake, and the size of the




56                APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
FOSSIL WOOD.                       SHELL IARL.                       MIARL-BEDS.
excavation was 36 feet by 40. The surface  this elevated ridgebecamemore andmore imof the ground sloped moderately towards mersed, and the materials forming its steep
the northwest, and was originally covered declivities were gradually washed down and
heavily with timber.  The earth, after re-arranged by the action of the waves.
getting below the soil, was sand and gravel,   Previous to the burial of the tree first
which had been washed and assorted by mentioned, there appears to have been a
water, and was lying in irregular beds, small marsh at the foot of the steep bank
sloping steeply towards the northwest. The of drift.  When the subsidence had let the
vegetable remains formed a mass in the sea in upon this marsh, the tree was floated
gravel about two feet wide, one and a half in and lodged at the foot of the bank. The
foot deep, and 36 feet long, extending in a subsidence continued, and the action of the
right line, and was, at first, mistaken for waves soon washed down the drift materials
a rotten tree; but, on breaking it to pieces, and covered the tree; and we have evidence
it was found to consist of roots, limbs, thLt the valley continued to sink till the
bark, stems and leaves, snugly bedded to- whole ridge was immersed, and the island
gether, and all of a dark brown color; some disappeared.  During this immersion, the
portions of it approaching, in appearance, materials continued to be washed down,
to brown coal. Many of the sticks and and beaten and pressed together by the
roots were perfectly sound, and exhibited surf and weight of the water, until the
the structure of the wood completely, and wood became buried in the condition in
are, I have little doubt, the American which it is found, since the sea was emptied
Larch, Pinuspeudula.                    out by the upheaval of the valley; so that
In October, in laying the aqueduct pipes while the wood is buried in the drift, it has
in the south part of the village, wood, re- been buried by a re-arrangement of the
sembling larch and oak, were found, at the drift materials, since the drift period.
depth of 10 feet beneath hardpan. And in
April, 1852, in deepening the well at the             SIIELL MARL.
Pearl Street House, which is midway be-'The beds of shell marl in Vermont are
tween the two localities first mentioned, a considerably numerous, and some of the
piece of wood, ten inches long, six wide beds are quite extensive; but they are
and three thick, was found below hardpan, entirely confined to what we have called the
24 feet from the surface. The Pearl Street calcario-mica slate division, on the east
House is about 230 feet above the lake. side of the Green Mountains, and to a small
Wood has also been found in the central portion of the western border of the state.
part of the village, in the stratified sand On that large central portion of the state,
and clay, 20 feet below the surface.    which we have called the talcose slate diviThe question now arises-to what geo- sion, not a single marl-bed is known to exlogical period does this fossil wood belong? ist.  The marl, which constitutes these
The last mentioned certainly belongs to the beds, has a general resemblance to pulverpost tertiary or Lawrencian, for the char- ised chalk, and consists, essentially, of
acteristic shells were found with it. In the carbonate of lime, which has resulted from
other cases, the earth was unstratified, and the partial decay and crumbling of innuthe materials, which covered the wood, merable fresh-water shells, with sometimes
evidently belonged to the drift. But did a slight intermixture of sand and clay.
the wood belong to the drift period?-or to Though, when wet, like a bed of putty, and
the tertiary which preceded it?        when dry, a pulverulent mass, still shells,
To these last questions, I would answer, more or less entire, are found to be scatterthat, in my opinion, it belonged to neither. ed through all parts of it: and near the
The wood, and materials associated with it, surface unbroken shells are often numerous.
are totally unlike the lignite, and its asso-   These shells are, for the most part, of the
ciates, which constitute the tertiary  at same species, which are now found living
Brandon, and no one can for a moment re- in the ponds and streams of the neighborgard them as belonging to the same period. hood, and belong chiefly to the following
But the wood is beneath or within, what genera, viz: Paludina, Limnse, Physa, Plaare, evidently, drift materials.  How can norbis, Pupa and Cyclas.
this be, unless the wood and drift are of the   Marl beds exist in all the counties on the
same age?                               east side of the mountains, but are most
To answer this question, we are to con- numerous in Caledonia county. There are
sider that the elevation on which the Uni- several in each of the towns of Barnet,
versity stands, wal, at the close of the drift Peacham and Danville. In Orleans county,
period, a high ridge of drift deposit, having and in the eastern part of Wa'shington
a steep descent towards the northeast and county, there are a few. The following secnorthwest. Subsequently the whole Cham- tion exhibits the thickness and association
plain valley subsided, the sea was let in, and of one of these marl beds in Derby, with




NATURAL HISTORY.                                 57.MUCK AND MARL BEDS.                                              VEGETABLE I1UCK.
its overlying muck and underlying sand: 1 the marl and the lime, in the soil and waters of the vicinity, is very obvious; for
M   the pre-existence of the latter, is absolutely
-  Muck,    Inecessary, for the existence and multipli4 feet.     cation of the molluscs, whose shells form
-i the marl.  If the lime did not exist in the
-MalO,      Iwater, there would be no material for the
- ___   feet.! formation of the shells, and, therefore, the
i___.             Sad.         animals could not exist. HIence we learn
aS__ _d.    the reason why there are no marl-beds on
the talcose slate division of the state. There
M.uck and J-IarlD.Bed. 1.         are, there, no limerocks, and only a very'The most valuable bed of marl known on minute amount of lime in the soil and water,
the east side of the mountains, is in IWVil- and hence there are hardly any land, or
liamstown.  It is from 6 to 1  feet deep, fresh-water shells. The soil, throughout
and slightly covered with a dry soil. It is the whole of that division, would undoubtvery pure carbonate of lime, and makes the edly be improved by the application of marl.
best quicklime obtained in that part of the The soil in the calcario-mica slate division,
state.  Its analysis, by AMr. Hunt, gives is, in general, well supplied with lime, by
the following reseults:! the decomposition of the blue siliceous limeCarbonate of Lime,   -   -   -.So.   stone' and, in the western part of the
Carb,:mate of Magnesia. -   -   - L4.   state, by the marine fossil shells contained
alumica, wi-h traces of o- de Of i —-  a-C,  in it, and by the decomposition of the differWater and organic matter.  -.5=93.7. ent limestones, which abound; excepting
The marl beds on the west side of the the snndy plains.  These, though resting
mountains are not numerous, but some of upon limestone, are very deficient in lime,
them  are quite extensive.  The nmost inte- and are greatly benefitted by the applicaresting beds are those in nMonkton and tion of marl.
Alburghl.  That at Albnrgh extends over
60 acres.  Where exaimlined, it was found            AV-EGETABLE l;MUCk.
to be from 6 to'9 feet dceep, resting on fine   In all parts of the state are found deposits
blue clay, and covered by vegetable muck | of muck, consisting of partially decomposed
to the doepth of five feet, upon which there leaves and other vegetable matter.  These
hlad been a large growth of forest trees. deposits vary in extent from a few square
Supposing the,average depth of the marl to rods to many acres, and are from a few
be only three feet, the aggrecgate amount inches to 15 and 20 feet in depth.  When
would exceed 60,)000 cords, and the muck the country was new, most of these were
resting upon it would  probably exceed bogs, many of which have since become
100,000 cords.                            dry, either by draining, or by exposure to
An account of the nalrl in Monkton pond, the sun and winds, in consequence of the
and of the manner in which these marl-beds  removal of the forests.  They are, not unare formed, may be fouind in Prof. cldams' frequently, found resting on beds of marl,
Second Annual Report on the Geology of as has been already mentioned.
Vermont, pa.ge 148.                         The cavities, in which these beds, both of
Shell marl is valuable, both for the man- mnuck and marl, are found, were, undoubtufacture of quickliine, and as a, fertilizer to edly. originally, little pools or ponds of
be applied to the soil.  To obtain good water, which gradually became filled up
quicklime froom it, it should be moistened, with the shells of successive generations of
made into the fonrm of bricks, and, after molluscs, and vegetable matter, thus dibeing dried, should be arranged and burn- minishing the size of the pond by surrounded in iilns, for the expulsion of the car- ing it with a bog, or, what was more combonic acid, by fires placed beneath, as is monly the case, filling it entirely, leaving
(done in the manufiacture of common bricks. only a bog in its place.
This is the course pursued at Williamstown,   This muck is a valuable manure for most
where our best marl lime is made.         soils, and nature has provided plentiful
The value of marl, as a fertilizer, depends stores of it, in almost every part of the
upon the constituents of the soil to which state.  Some of our farmers have already
it is applied. If the soil is already sufi- learned its use, as a fertilizer, and profited
ciently supplied with lime, for the purposes by its application; and we trust that it will
of vegetation, thle application of mnarl will soon be smore generally appreciated, and
produce no sensible elfect; and this is gen-  more extensively used.  The value, both of
erally found to be the condition of the soil the muck and mnarl, for the improvement
in those neighborhoods in which marl-beds I of some soils, is thought to be much enhanare found.  Indeed, the connexion between ced by applying them in conjunction.




58                   APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
INFUSORIAL SILICA.       POPULATION OF VERMONT-SEVENTH CENSUS.              CLAY STONES.
INFUSORIAL SILICA.                              CLAY STONES.
Several deposits are met with in different   Councretions of various kinds are found il
parts of the state, which, in their situation Vermont, but the most common are those
aLnd appearance, very much resemble shell- found in beds of clay, and generally known
marl, but instead of being, like that sub- i by the lname of Clay Stoncs.  These clay
stance, calcareous, are a fine siliceous earth. stones exhibit all allmost infinite variety of
By examination, under the microscope, this forms.  Many of them appear as if skilfully
earth is found to have originated from the turneci in a lathe, or beautifully carved by
flinty shell of infusorial animalcules, in thie Lalt; and hence they are every where resame manner that the marl was formed firom  ga(rded as objects of curiosity.  Their most
the calcareous shells of molluscs, and hence  common form  is that of a convex lens, or
it received the name of Iefusorial Silica.  flattened sphere; but various forms are
The most extensive deposit of infusorial often blended together, in the most grosilica, known in the state, is in Hiosmer's tesque  and fanciful manner.   At some
pond, in the southwestern corner of Pea- localities, they are found in the form of'.
cham.  This pond is surrounded by granite perfect ring, like the ring of an ox-yoke,
hills, and covers about 250 acres.'The in- both in form and size.  Those concretions,
fusorial deposit is thought to average labout which abound in the Lawrencian formation,
six inches in depth, over the bottom  of in the neighborhood of Lake Cllamplain,
about two-thirds of the pond.  When taken are generally  cylindrical, having  their
out and dried in lumps, it is a very good longei  axis nearly perpendicular to the
substitute for chalk.  When dried and pul- stratification of the clay, and prolonged
verised,itresembles calcinedmagnesia; lnd,  through several of the strata.  Thesecylinhence, the pond is called, sometimes Chealk dric al concretions are all formed of concenpond, and  sometimes.ftgz2esia  pond. I tric layers around the axis of the cylinder,
There is another small deposit of inftsori(l  w lhichi axis is a capillary opening, extending
silica, ill Maidstone, inl Essex county.     through its whole length.  They appear as
By the examination of specimens of tlhe it' they had been formed around fibrous
silica, fiom these deposits, by Prof. Blailey,  roots, which had afterwa rds decayed out,
of West Point, the shields of mleore thaln Ileaving a small perforation, like a pith, extwenty distinct species of animalcules, were tending through their whole length.* Localdiscovered in it   Some of these are so ex- ities of clay stones and other interesting' coi:ceedingly minute, that, incredible as it may cretions exist in various parts of the state,
seem, it would require a million of them to  and are too numerous to be 1''icularizel.
make the bulk of a single mustard seed.  I
By the labors of Ehrenberg, and others, C   fongan it in.     n xi
By tCrag forations in the east part of;,.-i;and, I satithese microscopic fossils have all been ar-I fiedl myself that the, so calledl, coriolites, whichl
ranged, dcescribed ancl figured, so far as iaubnd there, and are so highly prized and extenknown, and many of the forms lare exceed-  i-ely used as a fertilizer, are, for the most part, at
least, concretions formed in the same minanner as those
ingly beautiful.  I give, below, the figur es  above nanmed. They differ in the materials of which
of a few of the many species found in Hos-i they are composed, but do not, apparently, differ in
mer's pond.  Their areas are magnified in'i thie manner, in which they are formed.  While ours
contain carbonate of lime, those found in the Crag, in
the cuts, about 73,000 times.                England, are said to consist of 65 per cent. of the
----- b 3                                  phosephate of lime, and hence the great value of the
_  E  __ _ i. slatter as a fertilizer.  Tihe clay iti which those coniE~i~T;   — cretions were foun(d, had probably abounded in fossil,, -.v   }  d   Al,\\X\X&&0& |it,,h bones, and the decomposition of these bones furnisihedl the lime, in the colndlition of a phosphate, for the
formation of the concretions.  Thousands of tons of
Gaillionella   Gomphonema    Eunotia    I these concretions are said to be, annually, separated
distans.    acuminatumn.    tetradon.    froin the Crag, and used as a manure.
POPULATION OF V-ERdMONT.
There have now been seven complete enumerations of the inhabitants of Vermont,
since the organization of her government.  The result of six of these are given, by towns,
in Part II., page 209. The result of the seventh is given below.
POPULATION OF VERM1ONT IN 18i50.
Towns.         Popa  Towmis.          Pop.  Towns.           Pop.  Towns.         -Pop.
Addison,        1.279 Andover,           725 Averill,             7 Bakersfield,     1528
Albany,          1052 Arlington,       1084 Avery'.; Gr., F.C. 48 Baltimore,          124
Alburgh,         1568 Athens,            859 Buell't Gore,       18 Barnard,         1647




CIVIL HISTORY.                               59
POPULATION OF VERMONT-                                           SEVENTH CENSUS,
Town-s.       Pop.  Towns.        Po-.'' Towns.     -Pop.  Towns.        Pop.
Barnet,        2521. iFairlee,       575 Montgomery,   1001 South Hero,       705
Barre,         1845YFayston,         684 Montpelier,    2310 Springfield,    2762
Barton,         987 Ferdinand,         0    "    East, 1447 Stamford,         833
Belvidere,      256 Ferrisburgh,   2075 Moretown,       1335 Starksborough, 1400
Bennington,    3923  Fletcher,      1084 Morgan,         486 Sterling,        233
Benson,        1305 Franklin,       1646 Morristown,   1441 Stockbridge,    1327
Berkshire,     1955 Jeorgia,        2686 Mt. Holly,     15341 Stow,          1771
Berlin,        1507 Glastenbury,      52 AMt. Tabor,     30S Strafford,      1540
Bethel,        1730 Glover,        1.137 Newark,         434 Stratton,        286
Bloomfield,     244!Goshen,         486 Newbury,       2984 Sudbury,         794
Bolton,         6021Goshen Gore, nor. 183 Newfane,      1304 Sunderland,      479
Bradford,      1723  " south, 32 Newhaven,    1.6603 Sutton,                 1001
Bradleyvale,    107 Grafton,        1241 Newport,        748 Swanton,        2824
Braintree,     1228 Granby,          127 Northfield,    2922 Thetford,       2016
Brandon,       2835 Grand Isle,      666 North Hero.     730 Tinmouth,        717
Brattleborough, 3816 Granville,      603 Norton,           0 Talpsham,       1668
Bridgewater,   1311 Greensborough,  1008 Norwich,       1978 To~wnsend,      1354
Bridport,      1393 Groton,          895 Orange,        1007 Troy,           1008
Brighton,       193 Guildhall.       501 Orwell,        1470 Tunbridge,    1.786
Bristol,       13441Guilford,       1389 Panton,         559 Underhill,      1599
Brookfield,    1672 Halifax,        1.133 Pawlet,       1843 Vergennes,      1378
Brookline,      285 Hancock,        430 Peacham,        1377 Vernon,          821
Brownington,   613 Hardwick,       1402 Peru,            567 Vershire,      1071
Brunswick,      119 Harris' Gore,      8 Pittsfield,     512 Victory,         168
Burke,         11031Hartford,      2169 Pittsford,      2026 Waitsfield,     1021
Burling- (vil. 6110)  585H Hartland,  2063 Plainfield,   8081Walden,          910
ton, (town, 147'5)  Highgate,     2653 Plymouth,      1226 Wallingford,   1688
Cabot,         1356f Hinesburgh     1834 Pomfret,       1546 Waltham,         270
Calais,        1410,Holland,         669 Poultney,      2329 Wardsborough, 1125
Cambridge,    1849 Elubbardton,    701 Pownal,          1742 Warren,          962
Canaan,         471 H-Iuntington,    885 Putney,        1425 Washington,   1348
Castleton,'301l6Hydepark,      11.07 Randolph,     2666 Waterbury,    2352
Cavendish,     15761Ira,            400 Reading,        1171 Waterford,     1412
Charleston,    1008 frasburgh,     1034 Readsboroughll,  8.57 Waterville,    753
Charlotte,     1634 Isle la Motte,    476 Richford,     1074 Weathersfield.  1851
Chelsea,       19581Jamaica,        1606 Richmond,      1453 Wells,          804
Chester,       2185:Jay,             371 Ripton,         567 Wenlock,         26
Chittenden,     675 Jericho,        1837 Rochester,     1493 West'airlee,    696
Clarendon,     1477 Johnson,        1381 Bockingham,   2837 Westfield,       502
Colchester,    2575 Kirby,           509 Roxbury,        967 Westford,      1458
Concord,       1153 Landgrove,       337 Royalton,      1850 Westhaven,       718
Corinth,       1906 Leicester,       596 Rupert,        1101 Westminster,   1721
Cornwall,      11.55 Lemington,      187 Rutland,       3715 Westmore,        152
Coventry,       867 Lewis,             0 Ryegate,       1606 Weston,          950
Craftsbury,    1223 Lincoln,        1057 St. Albans,    3567 West Windsor, 1002
Danby,         1535iLondonderry,  1274 St. George,       127 Weybridge,       804
Danville,      2577 Lowell,          6371 St. Johnsbury, 2758 Wheelock,       855
Derby,         1750 Ludlow,         1619 Salem,          455 Whiting,         629
Dorset,        1700 Lunenburgh,   1123 Salisbury,       1027 Whitinghanm,      1380
Dover,          709 Lyndon,         1752 Sandgate,       850 Williamstown,  1452
Dummerston,  1.6451 Iaidstone,       237 Searsburgh,     201 lWilliston,     1669
Duxbury,        845 Manchester,    1782 Shaftsbury,    1896 Wilmington,   1372
East Haven,      94'Marlborough,   896 Sharon,         1] 240 Windham,'      763
Eden,           668 Marshfield,    1102 Sheffield,       7971 Windsor,      1928
Elmore,.504 l'Iendon,        504 Shelburne,     1257 Winhall,         762
Enosburgh,    2009 Middlebury,   3517 Sheldon,          1814 Wolcott,         909
Essex,         2052 Middlesex,      1365 Sherburne,      578 Woodbury,       1070
Fairfax,       211 ll Middletown,    875 Shoreham,      1601 Woodford,       423
Fairfield,     2591 Milton,         2451 Shrewsbury,   1268 Woodstock,       3041
Fair Haven,'902Monkton,         1246 Somerset,        321 Worcester,      702
NOTE.-Montpelier and Windsor have each been divided into two towns, since the
sixth census, and the town of Mansfield has been swallowed up by annexation to Stow.
All these changes were made at the session of the legislature, in 1] 48.




60                   APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
POPULATION BY COUNTIES.    LITERARY INSTITUTIONS.   PRODUCTIONS OF AGRICULTURE.
POPULATION BY COUNTIES.             | -.2                      - C t-r'.'' c.:,'
IoOD cz Vz I — l.~'o) t — L~ -qCc %j ~'~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.|o3 a X) t-c -.  -n c  t_- "-A -t -- L- LCounties.                     Populiation.
Addison,           -    -        -26,54W!      O  X  -;'.    tBennington, -  -  -  -  -  -    18,589.        -,.
Caledonia,         -  -  -  -  -23,595              _        _        _
Chittenden, -  -  -  -  -    -  29,036.
(_~.~~~ -,,~,-4 vz I- Cz C~,-Z.) =
Essex, -  -                          -,U...  o 4 6:':
Franklin,                --  -        586, 4 r  I         Cq C...  Nr: t-'.    ^
Grand Isle,        -           -    -   4i,145  D  -.., 
Lamoille - -      -  -  - -: -  -  1,872,                -I.,.  cOrange,   -  -                                     O        4   -    co cc -  --  -.m - - OD.['-t- Cc'z ~ z   r_  — "q1  OCC    f,
Orleans,  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  15,707    
Rutland,      -..-  -  - 3  
Washington,  -         -   -      24,654                  I -'      -
Windhlam, -        -  -  -         -  - 29,062.. 
Windsor, -             -  -        38,504 01 - __                 _ r_ _         _-_
V-F V:I          I- r0 Li _~. lr -k — I:
Total aggregate,  -            14 -  o:.    _                 co 4: D.  -
White Males, - -  - -  -  -      1 9,748 |
White Females    -  -            1 )3 8 8 -            r- -8     e- s 
n  I,*IcJ r. 1 C-     1c                             z01T I    *'; 2L
Total Whites, -1.;,3'5S6. E 0                    _      -                 t-.i z',  -4, ---     r     -1 w-'  — q -q   - 4 -
Colored Males, -  -.-..      7.:
Colored Females,   -  -  -  -          D43 0:.-,
Total Colored,  -  -  -  -          718                   I_
L. L,          t_0  i''  -_
m 1_] 4  O                C: 1':i
Total aggregate, as before,  314,304                 C                    -
n, c 1n.~:,   z-..  =        _7 c: ~?. ~ 
LITERARY  INSTITUTIONS.'; 7E3,-,!                     I c V;. 1 >    t.' N   L) Cn  -rn   Z Z1    r- i CO -.1
No  Teachers. Pupiuls.... X
2'_.!'. ~- I —' t,Z 9t-  ~"n z 0  C ~  L~  GO or:q'
Colleges,  -  -  -   50        30     464       5 I    v:        z:'ot-)): I
Public Schools,-  2789 4,204  94,7% 95          ~.
Academies and Pri-; 
Yate Schools,  -'7 > 9   7;2 1'   H 
LIBRA-VRIES.                     I  I,- Co  v               -H _    C't -i. |
I I-'~    — i'                 -.' tt  C.~  CZ o:2  CS:
Public, (including School) 77   4 3,                            1 -;
Private -   - -             133   55,7713'
_4I.    I    C -,:.  m C:: v C- -: _ -::,_N
NOTE.-InI most of the Counties          -!       ~
private libraries were reported which''-I  -....
* L'z    -X I         i ~ i t-G C  i D
contained less titan 1,000 volumes.                  I-I                    -,- -,   - - 4-,..-q'iO!  o,-  ~z~~         - mm,~m~~
-r1 I-   C Gci r- j C. t- I_ I r 
~~~~NEWSPA.1~PERS.?     -.,, C   o                    - C-. -ZC
Whole No. 36.  Whig, 14; Democra- 0,        0   1-   3  C    -,Z   t _.-c -
tic, 7; Literary, &c., 15.                              _-_ <_ __          _:_:_
No. Circulation. Ann. Isslues.    I,,,,,
Daily,   -   2          550      171,050!
Semi-Weekly,  1    2,200         228,800                          I       I I  
Weekly,  -       1  41,206    2,42,                        I   I I       I  I I
Monthly,   -   2',00',   24,7000  0..,                          
3ej~~~~~-,6,32,V. *        t    I       I         It  I       
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~-; _k'" ~  -m ~ e.e>,,_  eJ. _,;
36                        2
* Two of them Medical Colleges.    |,_             __       _  V,,_
NOTE. —By comparing the numbers in the above table with the returns of 1 8140, giv en
in Part I., p. 52-57, it will be seen that, while the number of horses and cattle has remained nearly the same, there has been a very great diminution of the number of hogs
mnud sheep.'1he number of sheep returned shows a diminution of more than 600,000.




CIVIL HISTORY.                              61.
PRODUCE OF THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850.                       SEVENTH CENSUS.
PRODUCE OF THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850.
COUNTIES.  Wheat,  Rye, S Ind. Corn.   Oats,  lPeas and' Potatoes, Barley,  Wool,
Bushels. Bushels.   Bushels.  Bushels. iBea. Bu. Bushels. Bush'ls. Pounds.
Addison,    103,434 20,09t)  175,478  211,3865 26,355  318,421   149  622,594
Bennington,  6,973 17,2701  150,920  177,511  3,150  200,013 3,003  221,679
Caledonia,   62,551  2,0901  96,389  218,735  6,419  565,341 3,658  136,790
Chittenden,  36,491 25,566  198,598  184,752, 10,390  383,113   682  185,215
Essex,        8,826  1,360   21,931   45,597! 2,506   94,124 1,221   29,614
Franklin,    55,488  9,1381 137,896  145,8401 10,255  258,757   815  209,350
Grand Isle,  31,324  3,986   23,245   81,027 10,469   31,793   739   70,291
Lamoille,    14,466  6,6631  66,017   90,434  4,351  278,252   629   49,053
Orange,      52,822  9,7401 176,586  205.457,  5,658  599,925 1,861  248,715
Orleans,     58,515  4,853   70,306  169,587i 3,723  407,132 8,974   81,947
Rutland,     25,874 20,598! 258,831  183,706' 4,220  416,000   627  623,199
Washington, 30,580 10,567  133,477  208,5541 4,954  446,551   865  153,843
Windham,    8,749 18,302i 210,141  160,393  2,279  338,295 14,124  179,122
Windsor,    39,8621 26,0041  312,581  224,756i 9,920  613,297 4,803  589,305
Aggregate, 535,955176,23312,032,39612,307,7341()4,649 4,951,014 42,150 3,400,717
PRODUCE OF THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850.
COUNTIES. Buckwh't Orchard Wine, Pro. mar   Butter,   Cheese,   Hay, Clo.S. Or. Se'd
Bushels.  Produoe. Gal,'s Garden.  Pounds.   Pounds.  Tons. Bush. Bush'ls.
Addison,    15,65;) $41,696 114 $         876,771  817,149 88,793 -5! 1,589
Bennington, 22,791 16,629   7  1,558   502,78.6  558,494 54,600          622
Caledonia,   14,3801 26,094  47    355 1,206,272  121,602 59,449 179! 2,991
Chittenden,  10,003! 33,8411 303 10,913   838,481 1,663,456 57,407   2   619
Essex,       15,400i 4,523                292,615  122,321 14,972  38   923
Franklin,    10,095  19,429         107 1,399,455 1,196,660 78,619       1,050
Grand Isle,  12,140  11,223          12    93,225   26,793  6,980   1   300
Lamoille,    10,373   9,095! 94           437,110  213,035 26,973   91  587
Orange,      28,942  23,980         2i'0   869,042  428,876 70,549 206   609
Orleans,     15,305   5,9201              645,160   68,092 45,288  39 1,798
Rutland,     12,051  38,457)  19    537 1,120,814 1,930,047X103,950    1   773
Washington, 10,135  20,620        1,475   970,368  437,476 54,959  37   767
Windham,    7,531  19,139' 15    581 1,144,653  469,728, 84,749  76   392
Windsor,    25,006  44,609' 60  3,0451 1,741,228  667,1051118,865 167 1,916
Aggregate, 209,8191 315,255 659 18,853 12,137,980 8,720,834i866,153 760114,936
PRODUCE OF THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850.
Hops,  Flax, Fl'xS'd Silk Co. Map. Sugar,, Molas. Wax and Ho. Man- Ani. SlaughCOIUNTIES.  Pounds. Pounds. Bush. Pounds. Pounds.* Gall's. Hon. lbs. ufac. Val. tered. Value.
Addison,      5,9621 1,282  51     76  205,2631 6      -50 40,654 $9,648  $176,856
Bennington,    1931 2,522 132           220,0091 165 14,814  6,450    86,123
Caledonia,    1,4221 2,365 113          854,820  364 22,863 40,343   135,537
Chittenden,           9681 26       4  242,842   70 18,319 13,359   134,536
Essex,       28,250   8551 11           145,041  129  3,855 22,044    37,020
Franklin,     1,610 1,052  833          684,5111   36 20,536 26,247   141,682
Grand Isle,           331    8     30   32,6651        4,866  3,449    19,967
Lamoille,    15,657 1,2931 41           427,9181   23 11,501  6,584    80,296
Orange,      23,827 3,752 158      15  532,156  674 12,438 27,346   160,430
Orleans,     77,605i  6601 140         656,8831        6,461 16,422    86,6 72
Rutland,       162   986  22           492,664        37,370 12,620   184,251
Washington, 12,125 2,730   31           765,429  407- 17,299 17,269   155,477
Windham,   41,510   518,  10        1  470,934 1,860  7,255 13,321   189,095
Windsor,    79,700| 1,.538 163    142  618,222 2,119 31,191 52,608   273,394
Aggregate, 288,023 20,85:2 939    268 6,349,8575,997 249,422 267,7101 1,861,33886
*By comparing the amount of Maple Sugar here given, with amount made in 1840, as stated in Part I,
page 210, it will be seen that the advance in the annual manufacture of this article, amounts to 1,701,423
pounds. T:here has also been a very great improvement in the quality of the sugar made as well as increase
in quantity. Two prize Medals were awarded at the World's Fair, in London, in 1851, for Yermont Sugar,
one to Mfr. L. Dean, of Manchester, and the other to Mr. W. Barnes, of Rutland.
8




62                 APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
PRODUCTIONS OF INDUSTRY. REAL.AND PERSONAL ESTATE. TAXES. WAGES. PAUiPERISIM.
PRODUCTIONS OF INDUSTRY IN THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850.
COUNTIES.    o. of  Capital  Valueofraw No. of Hands.l Monthly Wages.  Value of
COUNTIES. Estab. Invested.  Material Male. IFena.  Male.  Feale. Ann. Prod.
Addison,         1611 289,375 $360,069  523   74$12,143 $ 704 $659,838
Bennington,    "'150  468,050  414,622  6521 117  15,1371 1,077  880.216
Caledonia,       243  444,180t 399,427  742   74  18,633    869  799,053
Chittenden,      202  771,610: 700,192  848  3681 19,21.1 3,12111,320,730
Essex,            32   31,250   23,589   55           1,235          48,794
Franklin,        112  147,710  126,879  364   30t  7,133   247  285,697
Grand Isle,         9   13,100    1,790   47            675          15,600
Lamoille,         45  110,300   93,108  115  o31   2,909   421  175,861
Orange,           85  171,045  110,774  226,  27'  5,122   244  219,165
Orleans,          68   64,450   60,148  1161    9   2,188    73  119,036
Rutland,         276  828,975  490,507 1,2801   99  30,703   957 1,284,756
Washington,        77  231,337  223,705  375   74   9,656   784  525,236
Windsor,         196  476,7201 399,933  649  273  15,345 3,601  831,209
Windham,         193  953,2751  767,809  902  375 25,976 5,365 1,405,729!
Aggregate,   1,849 5,001,37714,172,552 6,894 1,551 166,066 17,463 8,570,920
REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE IN VERMONT.
Valuation of Real and Personal Estate, by Assessors,    -    -    -    $71,671,651
Estimated true value of Real and Personal Estate,    -    -    -    -   92,205,049
TAXES.
General State Tax,   -                                          138,533
School Tax,   -.                                             88,930
Poor Tax, -                                                      90,809
County, Town, &c., Taxes,  -401,142
Total, -.$719,414
WAGES.
Average Monthly Wages of a Farm Hand,    -    -    -    -         13,00
to a Day Laborer, with Board, -0,72
to a Day Laborer, without Board,   -    -       -          0,97
Day Wages to a Carpenter, without Board,      -            1,44
Weekly Wages to a Female Domestic, with Board,         - -1,19
Price of Board to Laboring Men, -                                   1,95
PAUPERISM.
Native. F'orei-gn. Total.
Whole No. of Paupers within the year ending June 1, 1850, -  2043   1611   3654
Whole No. of Paupers on June 1, 1850,                        1565    314   1879
CRIME.
Native. Iorcign. Total.
Whole No. of Criminals convicted within the year ending June
1, 1850, -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    34    45    79!
Whole No. in Prison on June 1, 1850, -64    41   105
RAIL ROADS IN VERMONT.
At the time of the publication of our struction of a railway across the Green
History of Vermont in 1842, we had nei- Mountains from the valley of the Connectther canals nor rail roads within the state; 1 icut to Lake Champlain, was very generalbut we ventured the opinion, (Part I, page I ly regarded as a chimerical notion, which
217) that Boston would in time be connec- would never be realized, and they who ented with Lake Champlain by a continua- tertained it were looked upon as visionaries.
tion of the Lowell and Concord rail road.  But events have proved it otherwise. We
At that time we little thought that the have already two rail roads crossing the
short period of ten years would witness the state from east to west, connecting these
completion of a net-work of rail road over vallies; and, also a road in each of these
the whole country. Ten years ago the con- vallies running north and south, through




CIVIL HISTORY.                               63
RAIL ROADS IN VERMTONT.                                     MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.
nearly the entire length of the state.  I and both of these roads were opened from
The first rail road commenced in this Connecticut river to Burlington in Decemstate was the Vermont Central, and the ber, 1849.
ground was first broken for the construc-   The following table exhibits the names,
tion of that road in the spring of 1846 at the terminations, the lepgths, and the times
Windsor.  The Rutland and Burlington [of opening the several railroads, in operaroad was commenced in the spring of 1847, ] tion in April, 1853.
NATIES.                    TERMINATIONS.         I LENGTH. OPENED.
Atlantic and St. Lawrence,;   Bloomfield,      Norton,             34     1853
Conn. and Passumpsic Rivers, jWhite River,    St. Johnsbury,       61     1851
Rutland and Burlington,       Burlington,      Bellows Falls,     119     1849
Rutland and Washington,       Rutland,         Poultney,           18     1852
Rutland and Whitehall,        Castleton,       Whitehall,          12    1850
Vermont Central,              Burlington,      Windsor,           117      1849
Vermont and Canada,           lEssex Junction,  Rouse's Point,     47      1850
Vermont and Massachusetts,!Brattleborough,  South Vernon,        10     1849
Vermont Valley,               MBellows Falls,   Brattleborough,    24     1851
Western Vermont,;Rutland,        N. Bennington,      51     1852
493
Several others are in contemplation with- vious, but I have not room to particularize
in the state, and no great length of time them.
will probably elapse before the Connecticut  *This is a section of the rail way designed to colland Passumpsic Rivers road will be con- nect Portland, AMe, with Montreal, C. E. It is now
tinned northward from  St. Johnsbury to opened (April, 1853,) from Portland to Island Pond
in Brighton and from Montreal to Sherbrooke. The
Canada Line. The effects which these roads intermediate portion from Sherbrooke to Island Pond
have produced upon the towns through and is nearly ready for the rails and is expected to be
near which they pass, are marked and ob- opened in the course of a few months. The length
here given is only an estimate from the AMap.
MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.
The Magnetic Telegraphl, which seems to j South Royalton, West Randolph, Northfield
be essential to the safe management of rail Montpelier,Waterbury, and Essex Junction
roads, sprang into being very soon after to Burlington. From Burlington it follows
the time when railroads themselves had the Vermont and Canada rail road through
their origin; and they were introduced St. Albans and Swanton to Rouse's Point,
simultaneously into Vermont. The first line i where it leaves the state, and proceeds in
of telegraph in Vermont,forms a part of the two branches, one to Montreal and the othTroy and Canada Junction Line, and was er to Ogdensburgh.  Connected with this
commenced in 1847. It was opened for line and crossing it at White River Junccommunication, from Troy to Burlington, tion, the same company have a line along
on the 2d of Feb. 1848, and was soon after the valley of the Connecticut, reaching
carried through to Montreal.  This line from St. Johnsbury to Springfield, Mass.
enters the state at Bennington, passes thro' From St. Johnsbury it follows the rail road
Manchester, Rutland, Castleton, White- through Newburyand Bradford to Norwich,
hall, Orwell, Brandon, Middlebury, Ver- where it crosses over to Hanover and back,
gennes, Burlington and St. Albans, and and then proceeds down to White River
leaves the state at Highgate.  The length Junction.  From the Junction it proceeds
of this line, within the state, is 200 miles. Ito Windsor, crosses over to Claremont, N.
The.JVorthern Telegraph Linle connects H., then back to Weathersfield Bow, thence
Boston with Rutland.  Proceeding from  to Springfield —then by way of Charlestown
Boston by way of Fitchburg and Keene it bridge to Charlestown, and down the Sullienters the state at Bellows Falls and fol- van rail road to Bellows Falls. From Bellows the line of the Rutland and Burling- lows Falls it proceeds down the Connecticut
ton rail road througil Chester and Ludlow on the Vermont side thro' Brattleborough
to Rutland.  Length within the state 50 into Massachusetts.  The whole length of
miles.                                  telegraph line belonging to this company
Vermont anld Boston Tele;raph Line. —  is about 700 miles, of which more than 300
Proceeding from Boston by way of Lowell are in Vermont.  The whole length of teland Concord, this line enters the state at egraph wire in the state is little less than
White River Junction, and, after going to 600 miles, and the cost of building, incluWoodstock and back,'20 miles, follows the i ding appurtenances and patent privileges
line of the Central rail road, passing thro' has been about. $215 per mile.




INDEX
TO THE APPENDIX TO THOMPSON'S VERMONT.
~Page.                       Page.                        [age.
Acres of Land or Farms, 60 Igneous Rocks,  -  -    51 Sanguinolaria fusca, -  - 55
Adams' C. B.,  -  -  -  41 Infusorial Silica,  -       58 Saxicava rugosa,  -  -  55
Agricultural Productions, 60 Isle la Motte Limestone, 43 Schools,   -    -    -.60
Amia ocellicauda,   -  - 35 Jumping Mouse,  -          13 Sciurus hudsonius,  -  14
Animalcules,  -  -  -  58 Kaolin, -.         50 Serpentine,   -     -  - 52
Ardea minor, -   -   - 26 King-bird, Olive-sided,  21 Snake Mountain,  -  -  45
Boleosoma tassellatum,   31 Lawrencian Deposit,-  - 54 Snow, fall of  -  -  -  -
Beluga vermontana, -  - 15 Leuciscus atromaculatus, 32 Sparry Limestone, -  -  46
Birds of Vermont, -      20 Libraries, -            - -  60 Sponge, Fossil  -  -  - 55
Bittern,   -  - -  -  -  26 Lime, -                    45 Spring, Advance of  -    9
Botany, -  -  -   -    35 Limestone, Blue, -        - 49 Squirrel, White  -  -  - 14
Bowfin,   -  -  -  -  - 35 Literary Institutions, -  60 Stargazer,  -  - -   -'1
Brandon Ores, -  -        50 Live Stock,  -  -  -  - 60 Stockbridge Limestone, - 4(;
Brown Coal, -  -  -  - 50 Loon, Red-throated   -  28 Superficial Deposits, -  54
Calciferous Sandstone,   42 Lucioperca Canadensis, - 30 Swallow Tree, -  -  -  - 25
Catalogue of Plants, -  - 36 Maclurea magna,   -    43 Sylvia striata, -  -  -  22
Champlain Rocks, -  -  42 Magnesian Slate,           - 46   "   ruficapilla,  -  - 23
Charlotte, Map of  -  - 19 Manufactures, -  -  -  62   "   pardolina, -  -  23
Chazy Limestone, -  -  43 Marble,          -  -  -     - 46     parus, -       -  - 23
Chromic Iron, -  -  -  - 52 Marl, Shell -  -        -  56   "   philadelphia,  -'23
Clay Stones,    -  -    58 Masquallonge,   -  -  - 32   "   americana,  -  - 24
Climate and Meteorology, 7 Merula alivacea,   -    22 Taconic Rocks, -  -  -  46
Coccoborus ludovicianus, 24 Muck, Vegetable -       - 57 Talcose Division, -  -  - 47
Colleges,     -     -   -   -  60 Muscicapa traillii, -  -  21 Tanager, Scarlet  -  -  24
Columba migratoria, -  26        "     ruticilla, -  - 21 Telegraph,  -  -  -  -  63
Colymbus septentrionalis, 28     "     pusilla, -  -  22 Temperature, Burlington, 7
Coregonus clupeiformis,  34 Mus leucopus,  -  -  - 13         "     Newbury, -   8
Corals, - -  -  -        43 Mya arenaria, -  -         55     "     Extremes-  -  7
Cottus gobioides,  -  -  31 Mytilus edulis,       -    55 Tertiary Formation,  -  50
Crime,-      -        -  62 News Papers,  -  -  -  60 Titaniferous Iron Ore, - 52
Cypselus pelasgius,  -  25 Nucula portlandica, -    55 Topography, -  -    -   5
Dace, small-scaled, -   - 32 Oakes, Wm.,               36 Tortoise, Geographic-  - 28
Darter, - -  -  -  -    31 Orthis. -               -  44 Tortoise, Soft-shelled -  29
Dikes,  -  -  -  -  -  - 53 Orthoceras, -  -  -  -  43 Totanus melanoleucas, - 27
Drift,-   -  -  -  -  -  54 Oven,  - -  -  -  -  -  45 Trap Dikes, -  -  -  -  52
Eagle, Golden -        - 20 Paupers, -          -   -   -    62 Trenton Limestone, -  - 43
Elephant, Fossil -  -  14 Phenomena, L. Champla., 10 Trilobites,  -  -  -  -  44
Elephas primogenius,  - 14 Phoca vitulina, -  -  -  13 Tringa semi-palmata,  - 27
Emys geographica,  -  28 Pickerel,  - -   -  - -  33 Trionyx ferox, -  -  -  29
Essox nobilior,  -  -  - 32 Picus pileatus, -  -  -  25 Trout Perch, -  -  -  - 33
Essox estor, -   -  -    33 Pigeon, Passenger  -  - 26 Tyrannus cooperi, -  -  21
Falco chrysaetos,-  -  - 20 Pike Perch, -  -  -  -  30 Utica Slate,  -  -  -  - 44
Felis concolor, -  -  -  12 Population by towns, - 58 Vespertilio novobaracen., 11
Fishes, -  -  -  -  -  - 30      "     by counties,  60 Vireo gilvus, -  -  -  - 22
Flycatcher, Traill's  -  21 Porphyry,  -            -  - 52 Warbler, Green black-cap 22
Fossil Seeds, -  -  -  - 51 Products of Industry, -  62    "       Black-poll -  - 22
Fringilla borealis, -  -  24 Quadrupeds of Vermont, 11    "        Red-poll -  -  23
Geological Survey,  -  - 40 Quartz, Granular  -  - 47    "         Canada-  -  - 23
Geology of Vermont,  -  40 Rail Roads, -  -  -  -  62    "         Hemlock,-  -  23
GoldFormation, -  -  - 48 Redpoll, Mealy  -  -  - 24    "          Mourning   -  23
Grain,  -                 60 Red Sandrock, -  -  -  44    "        Parti-colored - 24
Granite,  -  -            52 Redstart, -   -  -  -  - 21 Warbling Vireo,  -  -  22
Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, 24 Reptiles of Vermont, -  28 Water, Fall of  -  -  -  8
Heights,  -  -          -  -  -  6 Rocking Stones, -   -  - 521Whale, Fossil  -  -  -  15
Hematite,  -  -  -  -  50 Roofing Slate,  -           -  -  46 Wood, Fossil  -  -  -  5.5
Herring Salmon, -  -    34 Salmoperca pellucida,  - 33 Woodpecker, Crestedl  - 25
Hudson River Shale, -  44 Sandpiper, semipalmated, 27 Yellow Shanks,-  -  -  27