LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF ALL TEE OBJCTS OF INTEREST AND PLACES OF RESORT ON THIS GREAT INLAND SEA; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE IRON, COPPER AND SILVER MINES; ALSO, .ommtrrtal tatI~tst~s IN REGARD TO THE PRODUCT OF THE MINES, FISHERIES, &c. WITH A TOWNSHIP MAP Including the Lake Superior Region and Northern Minnesota. PHILADELPHI4:, COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY J. DJSTURNELL, No. 17 South Sixth Street. 1872. 1. of { q i THE TOWNSHIP MAP OF THX LAKE SUPERIOR REGION AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, IXTENDING TO THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH, Compiled from Government Surveys by J. CALVIN SMITH, which accompanies this volume, can be relied upon for its accuracy. PRICE, 75 cents, pocket form. PUBLISHED BY J. DISTURNELL, 17 SOUTH SIXTH STREET, ,N.l~~l Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, BY JOHN DISTURNELL, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. G P, P, ") ,7, LAKE SUPERIOR REGION. TO THE TRAVELING PUBLIC. LAKE SUPERIOR and its surroundings constitute one of the grandest and most instructive features of the American Continent, in a physical point of view. Here Nature has been lavish in her gifts to man-affording pure and sparkling waters-a healthy and invigorating climate-useful and precious metals, and various kinds of fish of a delightful flavor, all abounding in this favored region; where Pictured Rocks, mountains, water-falls, islands, bays and varied land and water scenery greet the eye of the observing traveller while passing over this Inland Sea, elevated six hundred feet above the ocean with a depth of about one thousand feet near its centre. St. Louis River with its Dalles-Pigeon River with its picturesque fallsKaministiquia River with its bold mountain scenery-Neepigon River with its rapids and falls, abounding in speckled trout of the largest size and in great abundance, together with other streams flowing into Lake Superior, afford most delightful camping grounds and resorts for the seekers of health and pleasure. Most of the smaller streams are alive with brook trout, while the lake itself abounds in white-fish, mackinac trout, siskowit, and other kinds of fish of a superior quality. The Iron Mines, extending along the South Shore, from near Marquette to Lake Michigammi, and beyond, afford ore of the purest quality and in in exhaustible quantities. The Copper Mines of Keweenaw Point, running south west for about eighty miles are the wonder of the world-here is found mass-copper of large size in some localities, and in others copper mixed with quartz, and some in a conglomerate state, such as the Calumet and Hecla Mines-all these mines are accessible arc well deserving of a visit. They 3_ TO THE TRAVELLING PUBLI(. are divided into three. districts, the Portage District, Keweenaw District, and Ontonagon District, and can be reached from several ports where the copper is shipped to Eastern markets. The Silver MJines along the North Shore, extending from near Pigeon River to the Neepigon River, embracing Thunder Bay District are almost fabulous as regards their richness and extent. For upwards of one hundred miles, recent explorations indicate the existence of silver ore yielding from one to five thousand dollars a ton of the precious metal. Gold is also found in the northeastern part of Minnesota and in the region west of Fort William, in Canada. These mines, no doubt, will be more fully explored during the season of 1872. The above knowledge in connection with Commercial advantages which Lake Superior now possesses, by means of Lines of Steamers and Railroads, running towards the east, south and west, has induced the Compiler to prepare for the use of the Travelling Public a new work with a TOWNSHIP MAP, forming a complete GUIDE to the LAKE SUPERIOR REGION, hoping to be encouraged by a liberal support, both by the American and the Canadian public.' J. DISTURNELL. PmmIALPUA, May, 1872. 4 CONTENTS. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER and LAKE NAVIGA TION-Lower St. Lawrence and Sague nay Rivers......................................... 7 Approaches to Lake Superior................. 8 TABLE OF DISTANCES from Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland and Detroit, to Duluth, Minn................................................. 9 From Toronto and Collingwood to Saut Ste. Marie and Fort William, Canada.. 10 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE-Saut Ste. Marie, Michigan.......................................... 11 Saut Ste. Marie, Canada-Enlargement of the Ship Canal-Early History, &c... 12-13 SOUTIH SHORE, LAKE SUPERIOR-Iroquois Point-Gros Cap-White Fish Point and Light........................................... 14 Grand Marais Harbor............................ 15 Pictured Rocks - Munising - Onota Grand Island..................................... 16 MARQUETTE-Iron Mountain.................... 17 Negaunee- Ishpeming -Lake Michi gammi.............................................. 18 Iron Mining Companies-Lake Superior Iron Trade......................................... 19 Analysis of Lake Superior Iron Ores Marquette to Portage Entry................ 20 Fall River or L'Ance-Houghton-Port age Lake............................................ 21 Hancock-Portage Lake and Lake Supe rior Ship Canal.................................. 22 Keweenaw Point-Manitou Island-Cop per Harbor........................................ 23 Eagle Harbor- Eagle River-Ontona gon.................................................... 24 La Pointe-Bayfield-La Pointe Bay......................25 Ashland-Apostle Islands...................... 26 City of Superior-Minnesota Point................... 27 CITY OF DULUTH - Harbor Improve ments-Shipments, &c........................ 28-29 COMMERCE OF LAKE SUPERIOR-Saut Ste. Marie Ship Canal............................... 30 Mariner's Guide to the Upper Lakes....... 31-32 PAGE. Table of Distances, &c.-Population of the Lake Superior Country........................ 33 Merchant Vessels of the Lakes-Tonnage, &c.......................................... 34 DULUTH TO ISLE ROYALE, Pigeon River, Fort William and Silver Islet.............. 35 Grand Portage Bay-Pigeon Bay and River-Isle Royale............................. 36 Geology of the Northern Shore-Fort William........................................... 37 Kaministiquia River-Thunder Bay-Pie Island-Black Bay.............................. 38 Prince Arthur's Landing-Lake Superior Gold Discoveries................................. 39 Silver Mining Companies-Extremes of Temperature...................................... 40 Trip from Marquette to Silver Islet-Sil ver Islet, Canada................................. 41-42 TRIP ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKS SUPERIOR-Mamainse Point, &c........,.. 43 Michipicoten Harbor and Island-Caribou Island......................................................44 Island of St. Ignace-Slate Island-Nee pigon Bay.......................................... 45 Lake Neepigon Explored —Its Climate, &c.-Canadian Pacific Railroad............ 46 Fauna and Physical Features of Lake Superior.................................................. 47 LAKE SUPERIOR-Its Bays, Harbors, Is lands, Tributaries, &c......................... 48-49 List of Steamers in th e La ke Superior Trade-Running from Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, Collingwood and Sarnia......... 60-51 Lake and River Commerce-Principal Hotels............................................... 52 GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSION-Table of Distances, &c..................................... 51-52 Duluth to the Red River of the North Northern Pacific Railroad.................... 53 Railroad and Steamboat Route from Chi cago to Green Bay and Lake Supe rior................................................... 54 ADVERTISEMENTS. PAGE PAGS RAILROAD ROUTE from Phila. to Williams- Lake Superior Royal Mail & Express Line. 68 port & Erie, via Phila. & Erie Railway. 5559 Great Central Railroad Route, via CanLAKE SUPERIOR STEAMERS-Buffalo, Erie, ada............................................ 69 Cleveland and Detroit to Duluth, Minn. 6064 Michigan Central Railroad...................... 70 Chicago to Duluth-People'd Line Steam- Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad............. 71 ers............d.........................65 BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENTS...................... 72-75 Northern Railway of Canada-Colling wood to Fort William, Canada............. 66,67 HOTELS................................................. 76-80 PAGE. TO SEEKERS OF HEALTH AND PLEASUR~. ad- laiu - flor t a atz o 1872 -FROM BUFFALO, ERIE, CLEVELAND AND DETROIT, TO LTLLTTff AN ) ST. PATTO, PASSING THROUGIH Kr,EjJ B t-TO:.A::LD) S8'ETIL:p:",:IOI. To PONTINUE DURING THE SUMMER JONTHS. A Daily Line of STEAMERS will run from Buffalo, Erie, &c., to Saut Ste. Marie, Marquette and Duluth,-Connecting with Cars on the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, running to St. Paul, Minn. FROM St. Paul Steamers run Daily on the Mississippi River, during the season of Navigation, to La Crosse, Prairie du Chien, Dubuque and St. Louis,-Connecting with the Lines of Railroad running to Milwaukee, Chicago and Detroit,-thus furnishing a ROUND TRIP of over two thousand miles, by land and water, through one of the most healthy and interesting regions on the Continent. NEW ORLEANS TO QUEBEC, VIA ST. PAUL AND DULUTH, This New and HEALTH-RESTORING LINE OF TRAVEL, by means of the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, 155 miles in length, Connects the waters of the Great Lakes of America with the noble Mississippi River at the head of Navigation,- thus affording an extended EXCURSION of over three thousand five hundred miles, from NEW ORLEANS to QUEBEC, Can.,-passing up the MISSISSIPPI and through the GREAT LAKES to the FALLS OF NIAGARA, the THOUSAND ISLANDS, and the RAPIDS of the ST. LAWRENCE-forming altogether the GRA,RBEST EXOUR18QN EN THE WQRILD 11 M ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l,~ ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND LAKE NAVIGATION The St. Lawrence navigation extends from the Straits of Belle Isle, n ear the coast of Labrador (N. Lat. 51~ 30', W. Long. 55~ 30l), to Duluth, Minn., at the hea d of Lake Superior, a dis t ance of abou t 2,500 statu te miles, by direct course. The Canad i an Canals on this route .are the Lachine Canal, 8f miles; Beauharnois, 11~ miles; Cornwall, 11~ miles; Farran's Point, 1 mile; Rapid Plat, 4 miles; Galops, 7? miles, (on the St. Lawrence River), and the Welland Canal, (between Lakes Ontario and Erie), 27 miles. Their united length is 71 miles, and total lockage is 537 feet, passing through 54 locks. The St. Mary's Ship Canal 1 mile in length and 18 feet lockage (two locks), avoiding the Rapids and uniting the waters of Lake Huron and Superior, was constructed by a company with the aid of the United States Government. Lake Ontario is elevated 234 feet above the highest tidal flow of the St. Lawrence, at Three Rivers: Lake Erie, 564 feet; Lake Huron, 574 feet; Lake Michigan, 576 feet, and Lake Superior, 600 feet above the ocean. tiILES. PORTS, &a C. 2,540 STRAITs of BELLE ISLE, 0( 1,0, o 3't 870 Mouth Saguenay River, 670 n, t h o a u i 1,730 QUEBEC, 140 810 adtt 1,645 Three Rivers, 85 895 m y c1,560 MONTREAL, 85 980 1,551 Lachine, 9 989 T Cu 1,536 Beauharnois Canal, 15 1,004 aete ahne 1,492 Cornwall, 44 1,048 1,440 OGDENssUR, N. Y., 52 1,100 e om o 1,402 KNGsTON, Can., 38 1,138 LAKEX ONTAXIO. RpdPt 4mls, 1,242 TORONTO, 160 1,298 m se 1,202 Mouth Welland Cana, 40 1,338 a t ane 1,175 WeUand Canal, 27 1,365 LA,KE If i........................ Ti u e lg ia 895 Malden, Can., 280 1,645 tt lc. 875 DETROIT, Mich., 20 1,665 ps g 800 Port Huron, Mich., 75 1,740 LAKE HIURON. T. a SpCa i 570 Point de Tour, 230 1,970 5320 BAUT fSTE. MARP., 50 2,020 l s480 Wadhite Fish Point, 40 2,060 LAKIS SUPZP.IOP w3sd c 50 MARQurTTE, Mich., 130 2,190 Spro,270 Keweenaw Point, 80 2,270 pn wi th adoe 170 Ontonagan, 100 1,370 S t G r n L O a i 86 Bayfield, 84 1,45 00 DULUTH, Minn., 86 2,540 NOTEI.-This disftance c ould be shortened 450 miles by the completion of the proposed Huron and Ontario Ship Canal. Distance from CHICAGO to the Straits of Belle Isle, 2,400; from TOLEDO, Ohio, 1,700 miles, from BUFFALO, 1,365 miles. Lower St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers. famed Saguenay River, 140 miles, is another deeply interesting excursion, passing Murray Bay, 80 miles; Kamouraska, 100 miles; Riviere du Loup, 120 miles, arriving at Tadousac, 140 miles, where the river is 30 miles wide. At the Watering Places on the Lower St. Lawrence, are several well kept Hotels, being much frequented during the Summer Months. The Trip down the nobl e St. Lawrence River, passing through the Rapids to the City of Montreal, 160 miles, is one of the most exciting character. The excursion from Montreal to Quebec, 170 miles, is also deeply interesting, passing through Lake St. Peter. The river thus far being from a half to one mile in width. The Trip from Quebec to the far 7 TABLE OF DISTANCES. ZtLES,. PORTS, &C. 2,540 13TP.ATB of BELLEC ISLE, 1,870 Mouth Sagenay River, 1,730 QUEBEC, 1,645 Three Rivers, 1,560 MONTR.EAL, 1,551 Lachine, 1,536 Beauhamnois Canal, 1,492 Cornwall, 1,440 OGDFNSBUTG, N. Y., 1,402 MNGSTON, Can., LAKE ONTARIO. 1,242 TORLONTO, 1,202 Mouth Welland Cana 1,175 Wasn C'anal, La,KE I Ef. 895 Malden, Can., 875 DETROIT, Mich., 800 Port Huron, Mich., LAKE HURON. 570 Point de Tour, 520 SAUT STE. MARIE, 480 White Fish Point, LAKE SUPZRIOR. 350 MARQUrTTE, Mich., 270 Keweenaw Point, 170 Ontonagan, 86 Bayfielcf, 00 DULUTH, Minn., APPROACHES TO LAKE SUPERIOR. The fourth is via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, running to Green Bay; then passing through that beautiful sheet of water to Escan aba, Mich., and from thence by railroad to Marquette, si tuated on the south shore of Lake Superior; a total distance of 437 miles. This route is direc,t and speedy, passing th ro ugh an interesting section o f country for most of the distance. The fifth is via ST. PAUL, pas sing over the Lake Superior a nd Mississippi Railroad to DULUTH, 155 miles. This route affords an e asy ac cess to the Lake Superior region from the south; passing up the noble M ississippi to the head of navigation,- uniting the " Imperial Lakces with the Father of Waters." The sixth is via the Northern Pacific Railroad, no w completed from Duluth toh e iv o the Red R iver of the north, a distan ce of 252 mi les. This important railroad, when finishe d, will extend to Puget Sound, Wa shingto n Territory, with a branch running to Portland, Oregon. It will also afford a speedy line of travel to FORT GARRY, Manitoba. The favorable features of this extended r out e Across the Continent, in a commercial and climatic point of view, cannot be over-estimated, affording a speedy and desirable route Around the World. Two other lines of railroad will soon be completed, affording additional means of reaching Lake Superior, viz.: the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, extending from Fort Wayne, Ind., to Old Mackinac, Mich., and the Wisconsin Central Railroad, running from Menasha and Portage City, Wis., to Bayfield, on the south shore of Lake Superior. There are now six great Routes of Travel open to Tourists to and from the Lake Superior country. The first is by the ATLANTIC, DULUTH and PACIFIC LAKE SUPERIOR LINE STEAMERS. Starting at Buffalo, they pass through Lake Erie and enter the Detroit River, stopping at Detroit to land and receive passengers-cross Lake St. Clair, and ascend the St. Clair River to Port Huron, Mich., stopping at Fort Gratiot, where the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada crosses the river from Point Edward. The broad waters of Lake Huron are next crossed-passing Saginaw Bayand then St. Mary's River is entered at Point de Tour, passing upwards to the Saut Ste. Marie, and through the S hip Canal to Lake Superior; a distance of about 400 miles from D etroit. The second is by the Canadian route, starting from Toronto and proceeding by Northern Railway of Canada to Collingwood, 94 miles; then crossing Georgian Bay and passing through the North Channel and St. Mary's River to Saut Ste. Marie, entering Lake Superior via the Ship Caual. This route affords some of the grandest lake and river scenery imaginable -passing the Great Manitoulin Island and numerous other islands and islets along the Canada shore. The third is by the Chicago and Milwaukee Line of Steamers, passing through Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mackinac for a distance of about 400 miles, when the far-famed Island of Mackinac is reached; from thence the steamers run to the mouth of the St. Mary's River, ascending this beautiful stream to Lake Superior; a total distance of 500 miles from Chicago. 8 9 TABLE OF DISTANCES, FROM BUFFALO, ERIE, CLEVELAND AND DETROIT, TO THE SAUT STE. MARIE AND DULUTH, MINN. PASSING THROUGH LAKES ERIE, HURON AND SUPERIOR. MILES. PORTS, &O. MILES. 14 CHURCH'S LANDING....36 646 0 Saut Ste. Marie.14 660 PORTS, &O. BUFFALO, N. Y... Silver Creek................ DUNKIRK................... 9 State Line...................28 Erie, Pa................... 20 Girard........................ 15 Conneaut, Ohio........... 3 ASHTABULA............. 13 Painesville........... r26 Cleveland............. 30 Point Pelee Is. & Light...60 MALDEN, Can...............40 Grosse Isle, Mich......... 2 Wyandotte, ".......8r.. 8 WINDSOR, Can........9..... 9 Detroit, Mich......... 1 Lake St. Clair.............. 7 Algonac, Mich.............1 33 NEWPORT, "...........3.. 6 ST. CLAIR,"............ 10 Port Huro.n, 17 SARNIA, Can. I FORT GRATIOT............ 2 (Lake Huron.) Saut Ste. Marie. POINT AUX PINS, Cani. 6 Pt. Iroquois & Light I 9 -Gros Cap, Can. J White Fish Point...... 25 Lakeport, Mich...........11 391 239 EAGLE HARBOR...... Lexington, ".......11 402 229 EAGLE RIVER......... Port Sanilac".......12 414 209 Entrance Ship Canal Forrestville"........14 428 169 ONTONAGON, Miclh... Port Hope, Mich..........16 444 89 LA POINTE, Wis....... Po int au Barqve- 6 450 86 BAYFIELD "....... off Saginaw Bay,.... Thunder Bay Island...75 525 (Twelve ApIste ~q POINT DE TOUR- 85 610 6 SUPERIOR C~', Wi g St. Mary's River, I "8 0 Duluth, Minn..... * A distance of 85 miles is saved by passing through the Ship Canal. MILES. 660 629 620 592 572 557 544 531 505 475 415 375 373 365 3,56 355 348 315 309 299 282 280 MILES. 0 31 40 68 88 103 116 129 155 185 245 285 287 295 304 305 312 345 351 361 378 380 (Ship Canal and Rapids.) 570 564 555 530 660 666 675 700 ..60 760 ..18 778 } 6 784 r.10 794 h.36 830 ..50 880 ...30 910 14 Miles.) ..50 960 ..15 975 ..16 991 ~..19 1,001 *.20 1,021 ..40 1,061 ~.80 1,141 .. 3 1,144 ?ds.?.. ~..80' 1,224 .. 6 1,230 269 258 246 232 216 210 135 50 10 TABLE OF DISTANCES, FROM TORONTO AND COLLINGWOOD, TO SAUT STE. MARIE AND FORT WILLIAM, CANADA. PASSING THROUGH GEORGIAN BAY, THE NORTH CHANNEL AND LAKE SUPERIOR. Norther Railway of Canada. MILES. STATIONS, AG. MILES. 436 TORONTO............8 0 422 Thornhill.................... 14 418 Richmond Hill.........4... 4 18 406 Aurora...................... 12 30 402 Newmarket................. 4 34 398 Holland Landing......... 4 38 395 Bradford.................... 3 41 387 Gilford....................... 8 49 384 Lefroy......................... 3 52 372 BARRIE......................12 64 356 Sunnidale...................16 80 342 Collingwood........14 94 Steamboat Route. Saut Ste. Marie... POINT AUX PINS, Can... 6 Gros Cap..................... 9 Parisien Island............ 10 Goulois Bay and Point.. 5 Sandy Islands.............. 14 Batchewanaung Bay..... 5 Mamainse Point........... 10 Michipicoten Island......75 Slate Islands................ 85 Ste. Ignace Island........30 Ent'ce to Neepigon Bay.15 SILVER ISLET............... 40 Fort William, Can 20 312 Cape Rich................... 30 296 Owen's Sound.............. 16 262 Cabot's Head...............1 34 242 Lonely Island.............. 20 226 Squtaw Island...............16 216 Cape Smythe...............10 196 She-ba-wa-nah-ning.........20 181 Man-i-tou-wah-ning......15 171:. Iittle Ourrnt —Great 1 1 :~,,': ]~'qjTiiiirgIsland. ~' 151'6.appE)poif.land.........20 121 Barrie Island...............4 30 86 Cockburn Island........... 35 1'4?"'Wu'~'" "~' MILES. 71 53 45 39 36 26 STATIONS, &O. Drummond's Is., Mich...15 BRUCE MINES, Can....... 18 St. Joseph Island........... 8 Campement D'Ours Is... 6 The Narrows................ 3 Sugar Island, Mich....... 10 MILES. 365 383 391 397 400 410 (St. Mary's River.) 24 21 14 10 0 Nebish Rapids............. 2 Lake George............... 3 CHURCH'S LANDING...... 7 Garden River Settle'hnt..- 4 Saut Ste. Marie... 10 (Ship Canal.) 412 415 422 426 436 (Georgn Bay.) 324 318 309 299 294 280 275 265 190 105 75 60 15 0 436 442 451 461 466 480 485 495 570 655 685 700 740 760 124 140 174 194 210 220 240 255 265 285 315 350 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. sure. The Chippewa House, a well kept hotel, on the Amnerican side, situated near the Steamboat Landing, and one on the Canadian side of the river, both afford good accommodations. The scene, as witnessed from the deck of the steamer on passing through the locks, is of the most interesting and exciting character. The Ship Canal-the River-the Islands-the two villages in sight on either side of the stream, and the Indians in their birch canoes, engaged in taking white fish below the Rapids, are all in view at the same time, presenting altogether a magnificent panorama. FPort Brady, erected in 1823, is an old and important United States military post, contiguous to this frontier village, where are officer's quarters and barracks for a full garrison of troops. It commands the St. Mary's River at this point, and the approach to the mouth of the Ship Canal. Early in the present century the American Fur Company established a trading post at the Saut, which was kept up until the year 1848. The mean annual temperature of Saut Ste. Marie is 40~~ Fahr.; Spring, 371~; Summer, 62~; Autumn, 43i~; Winter, 20; it being situated near the northern limit of the temperate zone. Immediately to the north, in this latitude, the country is liable to killing frosts during the summer months, ,Saut Ste. Marie, the capital of Chippewa county, Michigan, and a port of entry, is advantageously situated on St. Mary's River, or Strait, 355 miles N. N. W. of Detroit, being 50 mil es above Lake Huron, and 15 miles from the foo t of Lake Superior, in N. lat. 46~ 31'; W. long. 84~ 43'. The Rapids at this place, giving the n ame to the settlements on both sides of the r iver, have a descen t of 20 feet within the d istance of a mile, and form the nat ural limit of navigation. The Ship Canal, however, finished in 1855, on the Am erican s ide, obviates this dif fi culty. Steamers and sail vessel% of a large clas s now pass th rough t h e locks in to Lake Superior, greatly facilitating trade and commerce. T he v il lag e on the Am e rican side is pleasa ntl y situate d at the foot of the Rapids, and contains a Presbyterian and a Roman Catholic Church; 2 hotels; 6 or 8 stores and storehouses, and about 1,200 inhabitants, having increased but slowly since its first settlement by the French in 1668. Many of the inhabitants, Indians and half-breeds in the vicinity, are engaged in the fur trade and fisheries; the latter being an important and profitable occupation, here being taken large quantities of white fish. Summer visitors annually flock to this place and the Lake Superior country for health and plea 11 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. owing to the cold influence sweeping down from Hudson Bay, some 300 or 400 miles distant. ENLARGEMENT OF ST. MARY'S SHIP CANAL.-The size of the old locks, two in number, were 70 feet wide by 350 feet in length, being 12 feet deep; they have been enlarged to a width of 80 feet, with a length of 400 feet, and afford 16 feet of water. The estimated cost of the improvement was $1,500,000, of which $500,000 has already been appropriated. In 1870 $115,000 was expended in enlarging the canal above the locks, leaving $385,000 to be expended during 1871-72. When fully finished a double set of locks, of the above dimensions, will afford all the desired accommodation for the passage of the largest vessels navigating the Upper Lakes. trout, which are here taken in large quantities during the summer months. The country in the rear of this frontier settlement is settled, for five or six miles, by an industrious class of farmers; but a few miles further to the north commences an endless wilderness, extending north to within the arctic circle, being sparsely inhabited by roving tribes of Indians. EARLY HISTORY OF SAUT STE. MARIE (copied from the HISTORY OF CANADA, by ANDREW BELL.)- The territory, visited by Champlain, and the southern lakeboard of Erie beyond Buffalo, being as yet almost unknown, about 1640 it wa s resolve d to sen d thither Peres Chaumont and Brpbeuf, whose e xplora tion ts c ml thus completed the first di s cove ry of the Laure ntian basin, from to t e r the ocean to the farthest nook of Lake Superior.* " Two Jesuits, Charles Raimbault and Is aac Joques, sent toward s th at fresh-water sea, after a navigation of seventeen days, and losing their sway in the ar chip elago of Lake Huron, reached the Saut Saint e Marie; and there f o und assemb led about 2,000 sa vages, wh o received them with signs of great good-will. Far as French adventurers had advanced, the limits of the continent seemed to be never the nearer; for they learned, at Saut Sainte Marie, the names of a great number of nations, located beyond, to the west and south, whose existence they had never heard of before. Saut Igte. Marie, Algoma District, Canada, is a scattered settlement, where is located an old post of the Hudson Bay Company. Here is a steamboat landing, a public house, and 3 or 4 stores; ast atone court house an d jail, 3 chu rches, and 600 or 700 inhabitants. Indians of the Chippewa tribe reside in the vicinity in considerable numbers; they having the right to take fish in the waters contiguous to the Rapids. They also employ themselves in running the Rapids in their frail bark canoes, when desired by citizens or strangers-this being one of the most exhilerating enjoyments for those fond of aquatic sports. The streams flowing into the St. Mary's River and Lake Superior, on the Canada side, are favorite resorts for anglers fond of pursuing the brook * The natives of the vicinity were of the Algonquin race, but the French called them "Sauteurs," from their being near to Saut Sainte Marie. Between the years 1638-1647, these countries were said to have been first visited by eighteen Jesuit missionaries, besides several others attached to their ministry. 12 EARLY HISTORY OF SAUT STE. MARIE. the only perceptible improvement made during the pres ent century, while the mixed character of the population, consisting of Americans, French, half-breeds and Indians, in connection with their English neighbors on the opposite side of the river, who are a more aristocratic class, remind one of something foreign to the general appearance of American villages. Nothing but a projected railroad to connect with the Northern Pacific Railroad, and extend eastward across St. Mary's River, at this point, running toward Montreal and Toronto, will wake up this place from its " Rip Van Winkle slumbers." " In 1659, two young traders, led on by personal curiosity and a spirit of adventure, joined some roving bands of Algonquins, and coasted with them the shores of Lake Superior, upon which they passed the succeeding winter. Here they first learned the existence of the Sioux race, of whom thitherto little was known, even by their compatriots of the nearer wilds." In 1751 a grant of a seigniores was issued to Sieurs Louis de Bonne and Chevalier de Repentigney, two French officers, and confirmed by Louis XV., then King of France, being duly recorded as required by the laws of France; said land lying on the southern side of St. Mary's River, of six leagues in front on the portage of that river, by six leagues in depth, bordering the river, which separates the two lakes. The grantees soon entered into possession and commenced the first permanent white settlement of the Saut Sainte Marie.* In 1763, after the capture of Quebec, this whole country came into the possession of the English, who maintained their claim to the Saut until after the peace of 1783. The actual possession of the Saut by the Americans did not take place until after the war of 1812. The dilapidated appearance of this ancient town, in connection with its surroundings, is of a most interesting character. The canal and locks being A charter was obtai ned at a late session of the Dominion Parliament, granting the necessary powers to build a line of Rail way from the village of the Saut. Ste. Marie in the District of Alg,oma, to connect with the projected railway in the Province of Ontario, at or near Lake Nipissing, and to extend a branch therefrom to connect with the Toronto, Simcoe and Muskoka Junction Railway at or near Bracebridge, in the County of Victoria. This railroad will be 280 miles in length. One of the chief objects of the promoters is to establish a connection between the Railway System of Canada and the Northern Pacific Railroad now under construction. The above road when completed would be a substitute for a Canadian Pacific Line proper, affording a railroad route between Montreal, Toronto and Manitoba. * The petition for confirmation of alleged title of petitioners to certain lands at the Saut de Ste. Marie, in the State of Michigan, under the private Acts of Congress, was approved April 19, 1860. By a late decision of the United States Supreme Court the petitioners were denied their claim. 13 PROPOSED RAILWAY. 'LAX] IO','Iasl SOUTH SHORE, LAKE SUPERIOR. Goulais Bay and Batchewanaung Bay, being famous resorts for trout fishing, are seen toward the north east, and in the far distance can be discerned Mamainse Point, where is found copper ore and other minerals, being the commencement of the treasures of wealth to be found along the North Shore. WHITE FISH POINT AND LIGHT, 40 miles from the Saut, is another object of great interest to the mariner.LAKE SUPERIOR, stretching about 460 miles in a northwest direction, with an average width of about 100 miles, here presents a grand appearance from the deck of the passing steamer. It lies 600 feet above the sea, its greatist depth being 900 feet, extend ing 300 feet below the level of the ocean; estimated area, 32,000 square miles. Near two hundred creeks and rivers are said to flow into the lake, a few of which are navigable for steamers from 2 to 20 miles. Its principal affluents being the St. Louis River, Pigeon River, Kaministiquia River, and Neepigon River. Grand Island, the Twelve Apostles, and Isle Royals, on the American side, and Pie Island, St. Ignace Island, and Michipicoten Island, on the Canada side, are the most important bodies of land, there being numerous other small islands and islets, mostly lying on the North Shore. On passing White Fish Point the American steamers usually run near the South Shore of. the lake, having the land continually in sight along the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, ex SAUT STE. MARIE, situated on St. Mary's River, or Strait, 55 miles above Point de Tour, on Lake Huron, and 15 miles below Tonquamenon, or White Fish Bay, is a place of great interest to travellers, and the place of embarkation for fishing and pleasure parties, during the Summer Months. From this point is afforded a grand view of the Rapids and islands lying in the river, while the scene is usually enlivened by seeing Indians taking white fish by means of scoop nets. On leaving the Ship Canal, on the upward trip, a beautiful stretch of the river is passed before arriving at Point aux Pins, 7 miles, situated on the Canada side. Here is a good steamboat landing and a desirable place for fitting out fishing parties. Waiska Bay is next entered, being an expansion of the river of about 5 miles in length-Round Island Light is seen on the south. Iroquois- Point and Light, on the American side, and Gros Cap, on the Canada side, are next passed, 15 miles from the Saut. The latter is a bold promontory, rising 500 or 600 feet above the water. Tonquamenon, or White Fish Bay, is now entered, presenting a wide expanse of water, being about 25 miles long and as many broad, with a depth of 300 or 400 feet. Here a scene of wonder is presented to the view from the deck of the steamer Parisien Island, attached to Canada, is passed on the right, while the highlands toward the north rise to the height of 800 or 1,000 feet. 14 GRAND MARAIS HARBOR. bor, there being no perceptible one, only two or three small streams emptying into the harbor, and the whole of them put together not carry ing water enough to drive a single saw. The harbor, which might per haps more appropriately be called a small lake, will safely hold our entire lake marine. The water inside deepens very rapidly, and once over the bar, vessels will lie in ten fathoms at one half their length from the shore. So bold, indeed, are the shores, that a steamer could lie close enough for her gang planks to reach from her decks to the land." In all the navigation on Lake Superior, there is none more dreaded by the mariner than that from White Fish Point to Grand Island, and this is especially the case late in the season when the fall storms make navigation the most hazardous, and the heaviest an d mo st valuable freights are on transit. This coast is exposed to every wind that blows from the lake, the sweep being of its full width and length, and there is not at present a single place where a landing can be made, or a lake steamer or vessel run for safety, in the whole distance of 80 odd miles. The entire coast is made up either of the towering cliffs at the western end, the bleak hills of sand at the Sauble Banks, coming down to the water's edge and offering no landing, except for a small boat in pleasant weather, or the dull, low beach beyond-stretching away for nearly 50 miles further, with one single insignificant creek-rthe Two Heart River-that a Mackinaw boat can possibly enter if in smooth water, excepting always the harbor of Grand Marais-to which there is no entrance for large vessels. This beach is tending westw a rd to near the Apostle I s lands, a dis tance of about 400 miles, passing in their course around Kewee naw Point. Running along t he coast from White Fi sh Point, we stward, for about 50 miles th e sho r e presents high sandy bl uffs, wi th n o h arbor or place of re fuge for ae, the mariner, although the mouths of Tw o H e arte d River and Sucker River are passed. GRAND MARAIS HARpBOR, 45 mile s west of Whi te Fish Point, with 9 fathoms within th e b ar, would be rendered a secur e and c ommodious harbor by the c onstruc tion of a canal, or dredg ing for a short distance inland. " The harbor is about 2 mile s l ong, and is from 500 to 1,00o yard s in width. The western or largest p or tio n is a mile and one-h alf in length, and lies parallel with the shore of the lake, with o nly a na rrow strip of sand beach between. In many cases this is but a few rods wi de, and at no point is it mo re tha tten f eet higher than the water. The eastern or further end curves inland, and is a full half mile in width. The entrance to the harbor is about five-eighths of a mile in width, and is over a bar where there is from four to eight feet of water at all times. This bar is very narrow, is composed of about 6 feet of sand resting on a clay and gravel bottom, and to all appearance, never changes in shape under any circumstances. From the formation of the coast but very little change is likely to be made by the action of the waters of the lake, even were cribs built out, and we should not anticipate any trouble from the filling in of the channel. This will not certainly occur from any sedimentary deposit, by reason of a current out of the har 115 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. MtNISING, 2 miles further, being 90 miles west of White Fish Point, is the first landing or settlement lying on the South Shore. For the whole of this distance the mariner is threatened with shipwreck in stormy weather, which usually occurs during the spring and autumn months. At Munising is a small settlement, and a hotel for the accommodation of visitors desirous of fishing and visiting the Pictured Rocks. The Schooleraft Furnace is located a short distance west of Munising, where is a small stream entering the bay, on which is a fine fall of water. ONOTA, 6 miles further, is a new settlement, where is located Bay Furnace. This is the county seat of Schoolcraft county. GRAND ISLAND, 8 miles long and 4 miles wide, surrounded by bold shores, being elevated 300 or 400 feet, is a fine piece of land, being for the most part heavily wooded with hard and soft wood timber. Its shores are famous for its fisheries and romantic scenery. Here is a small settlement on the south end of the island, on the north end stands a light house erected on a high point of land, being distant 38 miles east of the Marquette Light. "The cliffs on the north bank are broken by the waves into picturesque caverns, pillars and arches, of immense dimensions."-Bayfield. Wood Island is a small body of land lying a short distance west of Grand Island. Train Point, 6 miles west of Grand Island, is a most romantic headland. Train Island, 4 miles further, is another picturesque body of land. Laughing Fish Point, 16 miles west of Grand Island, is a rocky projection, where may be witnessed fine scenery. strewed with wrecks from the Pic tur ed Rocks to White Fish Poin t. Point S able, 10 miles further, is elevated 300 feet above the lake, but affords no ha rbor in its vicinity, al though two small str eams enter fro m the s outh. Off this point, s oundings have been made, showin g a depth of 120 fathoms, or 720 feet. The PICTURED ROCKS, 18 miles west of P oint Sable, constitut e one I of the greatest wonders of Lake Superior, extending alon g the coast fr om the Chapel some 8 or 10 miles to Miner's Castle. The principal object of at traction i s th e Arched R ock, or G rand Portail, which can be seen distinctly from the passing steamer. Here is an excavation, worked by the waves, extending about 200 feet under a bluff, which juts out into the waters of the lake. The Pictured Rocks can be seen to the best advantage, from a distance, when there is a favorable sunlight effect, or by a close view, which is obtained by coasting along the precipitous rocks in a small boat, during calm weather. For upwards of 100 miles the coast on the South Shore presents an almost unbroken wilderness. The soil on the summit of the cliffs is tolerably good, as indicated by maple trees. Miner's River, at the mouth of which stands a bold promontory, called Miner's Castle, is a beautiful clear trout stream, falling into the lake over rapids. Sand Point, 10 miles east of the Pictured Rocks, is at the eastern side of Grand Island Harbor, one of the most secure bodies of water to be found on the South Shore. Here Lake Superior has its greatest width, it being about 150 miles to Neepigeon Bay. 16 HARVEY- MARQUETTE. school and 3 ward schools; several hotels and taverns, the Northwestern Ieotel, the Coles House, Tremont gouse and Tibbett's House, being the most frequented by strangers. There are also several well kept private board ing-houses, 2 banks, 20 or 30 stores and storehouses, i printing office, be sides a large foundry, a rolling mill and blast furnace, and machine shops tand factories of different kinds. Population in 1860, 1,665; in 1870, 4,000. Gas works and water works are in operation-the latter affording an abundant supply of pure water taken from Lake Superior. There are four extensive piers, arranged for the transhipment of iron ore and pig metal, on which the railroad trains deliver and receive a great amount of freight. Here is the terminus of the Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad, finished about 40 miles, passing along the south shore of Lake Michigammi, soon to be extended westward to Ontonagon, and connect with the Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad. The Peninsula Railroad of Michigan also unites with the above road, extending to Escanaba, on Green Bay, 65 miles. This flourishing Lake City is closely identified with'the extensive Iron mines in the vicinity, being from 12 to 30 miles distant situated on an elevated ridge, some 700 or 800 feet above the waters of Lake Superior, being known as the Iron Mountain. There are now fifteen mines extensively and profitably worked, being owned by separate companies; the Jackson Iron Company, the Cleveland Iron Company, and the Lake Superior Company having separate docks for the shipment of iron ore. Tile drives from Marquette to Harvey, 4 miles, running along the beach; to Sable River, Fish River, Chocolate River, and Carp River are all small streams flowing into the lake between Laughing Fish Point and Marquette. HARVEY, situated at the mouth of the Chocolate, is a small village, 3 miles east of Marquette, where is located a blast furnace. Marquette, the county seat of Marquette County, and a port of entry, is advantageously situated on the south shore of Lake Superior, in N. latitude 46~ 32', W. longitude 87~ 33t, having a mean annual temperature of 41~ Fahr. T he harbor, formed by the Bay of Marquette, is safe and commo dious, b eing prote cted from all but n orthe ast winds: when blowing in that direction, vessels are obliged to anch o e soe or off the shore for safety. The U ni ted S tates Government have erected substantial piers, or breakwaters, f or the further protection of the numerous steamers and sailing vessels wh ich f reque nt the h ar bor, taking, annuall y, an immense amount of i ro n ore an d pig met al t o the Eastern ports on Lake Erie. A Light H ouse st ands on a poin t of land immediately north of the anchorage, as a guide for mariners. The s ettleme nt of Marquette was commenced in July, 1849; in 1855, on t he c ompletion of the Ship Canal at the Saut Ste. Marie, commenced the shipment of iron ore to the Eastern markets. In 1859 it was incorporated as a village, and as a city Febrnary, 1871, being now governed by a Mayor, Recorder, and Common Council. It contains a court house and jail; a public hall; 1 Episcopal, I Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic church * a union high 2 17 LAKE SUIPERIOR GUIDE. Mt. Menard, 21 miles, and to Collinsville and Forrestville, are all worthy of attention. The boating and sailing in the Bay of Marquette, and to the islands and mouths of several creeks or rivers, where good trout fishing is to be found, is a favorite source of amusement. .lshpemngt, situated on the line of the Marquette and On ton agon Railroad. Three miles west of Negaunee is another flourishin g mn ining town, where is located the Cleveland Mine, the Lake Superior Mine, Bar num Mine, New York Mine, New England Mine, Wil liams Min e in th ine Winthrop ine, and the Pitt sburgh a nd Lake Angeline Mine. The village contains a town hall, 3 churches, a b ank, a hotel, and 15 or 20 sto res, besides a fo undr y an d machine shop and several fine residences. Population about 5,000, most of whom are employed in the different Iron Or e M ines. Beyond Ishpeming, on the line o f the railroad, are situated Winthrop, 3 miles, Greenwood, 3 miles, Cla rksburg, 4 miles, Humboldt, 1 mile, and Champion, 4 miles, before a rriving at Lake Michigammi, situated 34 mile s west of Marquette. Champion Furnace and Mine, 32 miles from Mar que tte. Here is a min ing settlement containing about 700 inhabitants. The mine is located about one mile southwest of the furnace, where is a large deposit of red and black oxides of iron ore; a part of the ore is taken to the furnace and made into pig iron, the balance being sent to Eastern markets via Marquette. Here is the junction of the Marquette and On tonag n on ad Houghton and Ontonagon Railroads. LAKE MICHIGAMMI, about one mile west of the Champion Furnace, is becoming a place of considerable re sort for fishing and pleasure parties. The Houghton and Ontonagon Rail road, runs northwestward along the north shore of Lake Michigammi, it being 31 miles to L'Ance on Keweenaw Bay. Negaune, Marquette County,' Michigan, 13 miles west of Marquette and 62 miles north of Escanaba, is situated on the line of the Marguette and Ontonagon Railroad, at its junction with the Peninsula Division of Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. It is in the immediate vicinity of the Iron Mountain, and is a flourishing village of about 3,000 inhabitants. Here is situated the Jackson Mine, the McComber Mine, the Grand Central, and the Negaunee Mine; also the Pioneer Furnace, w orked b y th e Ir on Cliffs Company, altoget her giving profitable employment to several hundred workmen. The village contains a town hall, 2 railroad depots, 3 churches, 3 hotels, the Ogden House and Jackson House being the most frequented; 2 banks, 20 or 30 stores, and 1 steam saw mill. Thousands of strangers annually visit these celebrated mine5 within a range of 20 miles, now producing altogether about 1,000,000 tons of ore yearly, most of which is shipped from Marquette and Escanaba to Eastern markets. There are several Iron Furnace Companies in the vicinity of the Mines, which produce annually a large amount of pig metal of a superior quailty. The amount produced in 1871, was 51,225 tons. I 18 LAKE SUPERIOR IRON TRADE. IRON MINING COMPANIES. NAG LoCATION. Barnum and Foster, Ishpeming, Champion. Humboldt, Cleveland, Ishpeming, Grand Central, Negaunee Jackson, Lake Superior.. Ishpeming, McComber, Negaunee, Marquette hpeming, New England, New York, Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline, Ishpeming, Washington, Humboldt, Winthrop, Ishpeming, Wi lliam. PRESIDENT. W. H. Barnum, Joseph S. Fay, S. L. Mather, - Waterman, Phila. - Stuart, New York, -Joseph S. Fay, Wm. C. McComber. John Outhwaite. E. B. Ward, S. J. Tilden. - Laughlin, Edwin Parsons, A. B. Meeker. H. G(. Williams, IN MARQUETTE COUN! IRON FURNACE COMPANIES Marquette. Humboldt, Marquette. Ishpeming, Humboldt, Marquette. MNegaunee, Pionoer, W. H. Barnum, E. B. Isham. Bancroft, Champion, Collins, Deer Lake GreenwooA Michigan, Marquette, Morgan, Pioneer, H. J. Colwell. ]L J. ColwelL THE LAKE SUPERIOR IRON TRADE. The following is a Statement of the production of Iron Ore and Pig Iron ill Marquette District from 1856 to 1871, inclusive, in gross tons, value, &c. IRON ORE. PIG IRON. ORE AND PIG. VALUE. 1856............... 7,000 - 7,000 $28,000 1857............... 21,000 21,000 60,000 1858............... 31,035 1,629 32,661 249,202 1859............... 65,679 7,258 72,937 575,529 1860............... 116,008 5,660 122,658 736,596 1861.............. 45,430 7,970 53,400 419,501 1862............... 115,721 8,580 124,311 984,977 1863.............. 185,257 9,813 195,070 1,416,935 1864............... 235,123 13,822 248,955 1,867,215 1865.............. 196,256 12,283 207,539 1,590,430 1866............... 296,972 18,437 315,309 2,405,960 1867.............. 466,076 3 0,911 496,987 3,475,820 1868............... 507,813 38,246 546,059 3,992,413 1869............... 633,238 39,003 672,241 4,968,435 1870............... 856,471 40,298 904,319 6,300,170 1871............... 813,379* 51,225 864,604 6,115,895 Total... 4,585,318 294,685 4,888,553 $35,185,778 NoTz.-It is proper to remark, that the values in the above Table are computed from the aver. age value of ore and pig iron on the dock at Marquette. The iron exports of the district for 1871, would represent the value of about $11,000,000 in the Cleveland market, where ore is now quoted at $10 50' ton, and pig iron at $45~47.-Marquette (Mich.) Mining Journal. *The entire product of Iron Ore was 910,984 tons. 19 TARY & A. B. Isham. P. Ely. ed. A. Morse. yette Brown. P. Ely. H. G. Williams. T. D. Belly S. P. Ely. Jas. Matthews. Joseph S. Fay, S. P. Ely. J. B. Ward. E. W. Clap, E. W. Clap, L. R. Morgan, $. P. Ely. W. H. Barns E. B. Isham. LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. ANALYSIS OF LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES. Extract from the MARQUETTE Mining JourTal. ANALYSIS of the average specimen of Lake Superior Iron Ores, giving the kind of ore and the name of the chemist by whom the Analysis was made: PER CENT. METALLI7 IRON. 56.05 58.60 67.62 68.57 69.44 67.86 69.92 67,54 69.88 68.01 64.00 62.05 50.01 59.05 62.05 62.79 64.29 61.79 68.07 69.09 71.87 64.60 67.32 66.89 LOCATION. KIND OF ORE. Lake Superior Mine............ Soft hematite ............ ............. Specular, Washington Mine.............. Magnetic, ............... Specular, Champion Mine.................. Magnetic, ".................. Specular, Republic Mine................... Magnetic, ".................. Specular, McComber Mine................. Hematite, Winthrop Mine.................. Hard ore, Grand Central Mine............ No. 1 soft, "..................... No. 2 hard, "............ No. 3 hard, Negannee Mine.................. No. 2 hard, S. C. Smith Mine................. Hematite, Cascade Mine..................... No. 2, Jackson Mine..................... Granular, "..................... Slate, Edwards Mine..................... netic, Spurr Mountain................... .................. Chippewa Mine.................... CHJMIST. J. M. Wayne, Julius Ropes, W. E. Stone, 11 J. B. Britton, W. E. Stone, T. T. Morrell, J. M. Wayne, ...... ............. Prof. Chandler, J. B. Britton, Wm. Main, We have not been able to obtaln the figures for the New YorK, Cleveland, Barnum, Lake Angeline, or New England, but they compare favorably with those of the Superior Mine. MARQUETTE TO PORTAGE ENTRY. further, running N. W. by W. This is a rocky group of islands and dangerous to navigation. Huron Bay and Point Abbaye are pas sed on the southwest; the steamer running 23 miles west to Portage Entry; to Houghton, 14 miles further. On the south lies Keweenaw Bay, a fine expanse of water extending 20 miles to its head, where is a new and thriving settlement. Here is also a Methodist and Roman Catholic Mission on the opposite sides of the bay. On leaving Marquette for Portage Entry or Keweenaw Point, both distant 70 miles; the steamer runs north to Granite Island, 12 miles; from thence N. by W. 58 miles to Keweenaw Point. If steering for Portage Entry, N. W. by W., 13 miles from Granite Island to Big Bay Point. Big Bay, Salmon Trout River, and the Huron Moun tains lie to the west; the head-lands and the mountain scenery here present a fine appearance. Huron Islands and Light are 22 miles 20 L'ANCE-HOUGHTON-PORTAGE LAKE. Lakes, it being land-locked and pro tected by high hills on both sides. The settlement of Ho ughton was com me n c e d in 1854, and incorporated as a village i n 1861. It no w cont ains a court-house and jail; 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1i Roma n Catholic Church; I bank; 4 public houses, the mDouglas House and t he Butterfield :HouHse being the most frequented by visitors; 12 or 15 stores and several extensive warehouses; 2 large stamp mills, usi ng steam power; 2 steam saw-mills; 2 breweries, a nd severa l other manufacturing establishments. The population of the town is estima-' ted at 2,000 This flourishi ng mining town, lying on a side-hill ri sing 300 or 400 feet, is identified with the copper mines in it s immedia te vicini ty. Ther e ar e several mines worked to a large extent, besides o t her s of less note which will no doubt, soon be rendered productive. The mineral range of Keweenaw Point, s o me 4 to 6 miles in width, extends through all this section of country, being as yet only partially explored. The Isle Royal, Huron, and Portage, a re the principal mines worked on the south side of the lake. PORTAGE LAKE is an irregular body of water about twenty miles in length, extending nearly across Keweenaw Point to within two miles of Lake Superior. Steamers and sail-vessels drawing 12 feet can pass through Portage Entry, and navigate the lake with safety. This body of water was an old and favorite thoroughfare for the Indians, and the Jesuit Fathers who first discovered and explored this section of country. A canal of two miles in length would render this portage route navigable for steamers and sail-vessels navigating Lake Su Fall River or L'ANcB, is a new town favorably situated at the head of Keweenaw Bay. It is surrounded by picturesque scenery, overlooking the Bay of L'Ance. The harbor is one of the finest on thewhole chain of lakes, being perfectly protected and secure in all weather. The water power of Fall River is ample to drive a large amount of machinery, being suitable for blast furnaces and mills of every kind. The Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad runs through L'Ance, and will be the terminus of a system of railroads, running south to Chicago, and west to St. Paul, &c. Large deposits of iron ore are found within eight or ten miles of the town which when fully developed will tend to give great impetus to business of every kind. A steamer runs daily from L'Ance to Houghton passing through Portage Lake. Portage River and Lake are navigable for steamers of a large class, by means of an artificial channel running through to the lake for about 7 miles. The lake is next entered, and soon Houghton and Hancock come into view, being distant 14 miles from Lake Superior, by the circuitous channel. Here are extensive Copper mines which are profitably worked by a number of mining companies. -Houghton, Mich., the county seat of Houghton County, and a port of entry, is situated on the south side of Portage Lake, 14 miles above Portage Entry, and 10 miles from Lake Superior, lying on the northwest. By means of a river improvement and ship canal, steamers can run through Portage Lake into Lake Superior on both sides of Keweenaw Point-thus forming one of the most capacious and secure harbors of the Upper 21 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. perior, thereby reducing the distance over 100 miles. During the winter months the atmosphere is very clear and transparent in the vicinity of Houghton, and all through Keweenaw Point; objects can be seen at a great distance of a clear day, while sounds are conveyed distinctly through the atmosphere, presenting a phenomenon peculiar to all northern latitudes. This is the season of health and pleasure to the permanent residents. Portag e Lake and Lake Supegor Ship Can al Compan y, in corporate d b y the Legislature of Mich i ga n in 1864, for the pur pose o f con st ructin g a Ship Canal from Portage Lake to Lake Superior, e xtending across Keweenaw Point and lessening the navigation through Lake Super ior about 150 mi l e s. The canal is to be about 3 miles in length, 13 feet deep, and 100 feet in width at the bottom. It has a la nd grant of 400,000 ac res, appropriated by Acts of Congress, dated respectively March 3, 1865, and July 3. 1866. The ent ire distanc e through Portage Lak e and th e Ship Canal is 24 miles. At the west end terminus there is to be constructed a substantial pi er or b re akw ater and a lighthouse erected for the safety of vessels making the entrance. It is also hoped that it will affor d a sup ply of pure and wholesome water to the t owns o n its bord er s, which is no w d iscolored and rendered impure by the stamp m ill s a t Ha ncock and Houghton, wh ich are in almost constant ope ration. The Portage Lake and River Improvement Company was chartered in 1861, for the impro vement of Portage River, entering Keweenaw Bay, 14 miles below Houghton. An entrance was cut from the bay into the river, 14,000 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 12 feet deep, and a pier built out into the bay on the east side of the channel entrance. The channel of the river was also dredged so as to give a depth of 12 feet into Portage Lake, thus enabling the largest class of lake steamers to land at the wharves in Houghton and Hancock. On the completion of the Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canal, 3 miles in length, steamers and sail-vessels can run directthrough the river and canal. Hancock, Houghton County, Michigan, is situated on the north side of Portage Lake, opposite to the village of Houghton, with which it is connected by a steam ferry. The town was first laid out in 1858, and now conta ins about 2,000 inh abitants, including the mining population on the north side of the lake; its sudden rise and prosperity being identified with the rich, deposit of native copper, in which this section of country abounds. The site of the village is on a side-hill rising from the lake level to a height of about 500 feet, where the opening to the mines is situated. Here is 1 Congregational, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic Church; 3 public houses; the Hancock Mine and stamping-mill; a number of stores and warehouses; 1 steam saw-mill, i barrel factory, 1 foundry and machine-shop, and other manufacturing establishments; also, in the vicinity are 4 extensive steam stamping-mills, worked by the different mining companies. The Portage Lake Smelting Works is an incorporated company, turning out annually a large amount of pure merchantable copper. The business of the company consists of fusing and converting the mineral into refined metal or ingots, for manufacturing purposes. 22 KEWEENAW POINTCOPPER HARBOR. and one of the most remarkable features of this inland sea. It may be said to extend 60 miles from S. W. to N. E., with an average width of 15 miles. For this distance, and beyond the region, is celebrated for rich copper mines, producing yearly large quantities of copper which is shipped to eastern markets. MANITOU ISLAND, situated in 47~ 25X N. Lat., is a desolate island on which is located a light-house to guide the mariner approaching Keweenaw Point. Gull Rock is an Islet lying between Mlanitou Island and Keweenaw Point on which is situated a light-house; the steamers usually running between this light and the main land. The yield of Copper in the Portage Lake District bids fair to be immense during the present year (1872). The Calumet and Hecla Copper Mine produced in January 851 tons of ore, of which 80 per cent. was mineral; in February 863 tons of mineral, and in March 886 tons. The Houghton Mining Gazette says: The history of copper mining in the new and old world fails to record anything approaching a similar richness to that of the Calumet and Hecla Mine of Houghton county, Lake Superior, and, in its progressive developments under ground, one is confined to the ejaculation,'wonderful 1' The total mineral product of the Calumet and Hecla Mine for the month ending July, 1871, foots up the enormous figure of 800 tons, which is worth over three hundred thousand dollars." Copper Harbor, Mich., is situated near the extreme end of Keweenaw Point, in N. Lat. 47~ 30', W. Long. 80~; the harbor, although somewhat difficult to enter, is one of the best on Lake Superior, being distant 250 miles from Saut Ste. Marie, and about the same distance from Duluth, lying on the direct route from Marquette to Isle Royale and Silver Islet. The village contains about 250 inhabitants, a church, a public house, and two or three stores. This harbor is destined to raise in import ance as the commerce of the Lakes increase. Fort ],'ilkins, formerly an U. S. Military Post, is situated a short distance from the steamboat landing where is a beautiful lake called Fanny IIoe. In the vicinity are copper mines which have been extensively worked and are well worthy of a visit. Stcam,iiers often run direct from this port to Silver Islet on the North Shore, 75 miles distant. On resuming the trip for Keweenaw Point and Copper Harbor, the former 50 miles distant, the steamer runs northeast 50 miles to Maniton Island Light. This stretch presents a fine view of Mount Bohemia and Mount Houghton, as well as the head-lands along the coast. BETS GRISE BAY and LAC LA BELLS are beautiful bodies of water; the latter being connected with the bay by means of a canal. In the vicinity of the lake are veins of copper ore of a rich quality. This place should be improved and made a resort for seekers of health and pleasure. It is in the immediate vicinity of Mount Houghton and of several fine trout streams. KEWEENAW POINT is a b old projection jutting out into Lake Superior, 2.3 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE mills, and ten or twelve stores and storehouses, and 800 inhabitants In this vicinity are located the Minnesota, the National, the Rockland, and several other productive copper mines. The ore is found from twelve to fifteen miles from the landing, being imbedded in a range of high hills traversing Keweenaw Point from N. E. to S. W. for about 100 miles. Silver is here found in small quantities, beautifully intermixed with the copper ore, which abounds in great masses. A good plank road runs from Ontonagon to near the Adventure Mine, and other mines, some twelve or fourteen miles distant, where commences the copper range of hills. The Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad, and the Oshkosh and Ontonagon Railroad, are both in progress of construction, and when completed will afford treat facilities to this section of country. The distance from Ontpnagon to Isle Royale, attached to Michigan, is 60 miles, and to the mouth of Pigeon River, Minn., is about 70 miles. The PORCUPINE MOUNTAIN, lying 20 miles west of Ontonagon, is a bold headland that can distinctly be seen at a great distance, rising some 1300 feet above the lake surface. Michigan Island and Light, lying 60 miles west of Ontonagon, is the next object of interest. This is the easternmost of the group of islands known as the APOSTLES' ISLANDS; they consist of some twenty islands of different sizes, most of which are uninhabited, being for the most part clothed with forest trees of a small growth. Madeline Island, the largest of the group, is in part cultivated. These islands are all attached to Ash land County, Wisconsin The course pursued in running from Copper Harbor to Ontonagon, 85 miles, is about S. W. by W., p assing Agat e Harbor, Eagl e H arbor, Eagle River, and the othh entrane to Porh ntagne Lake, w here a Ship Ca nal is being constructed. This part of the trip around h othe sout h sh ore is uninteresting, so far as scenery is concerned. The ground rise s to a moderate height, presenting no object of interest for a number of miles. EAGLs H-ARBOnt, 16 miles west of Copper Harbor, is a good steamb oa t landing. This is the shipping port for several copper mines in the immediate vicinity. The Amygdaloid, Central, Copper Falls, and Pennsylvania. are the principal working mines. EAGLE RIVER, 10 miles further, s a flourishing county town, situated at the mouth of a stream of the same name, being the capital of Keweenaw County. Here is a court house, two churches, a well-kept hotel, four stores, and several store-houses. It is the outlet for several rich copper mines in the vicinity. On the north side of Keweenaw Point, in the distance, are seen the high lands which form the rich copper range of this region, extending southwest for about 80 miles. Ontonagon, Ontonagon County, Mich., 336 miles from the Saut Ste. Marie, is situated at the mouth of the river of the same name. The river is about 200 feet wide at its mouth, with a sufficient depth of water over the bar for large steamers. The village contains three churches, a good hotel, smelting works, two steam tanneries one grist-mill two steam saw 24 LA POINTE-BAYFIELD. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, potatoes and other vegetables, are raised in large quantities. Apples, cherries, gooseberries and currants are raised in the g arden s at La Pointe. The wild fruits are plums, cranberries, strawberries, red raspberries, and whortleberries. The principal foresttrees on the islands are maple, pine, hemlock, birch, poplar and cedar. The names Of the Islands, as designated on the Government chart, are as follows: Michigan (Light), Madeline, Basswood, Hermit, Stockton, Oak, Manitou, Outer, Cat, Ironwood, South Twin, North Twin, Otter, Rocky, Bear, Devil, Raspberry (Light), York, Sand, Eagle, and Steamboat. Good anchorage and protection from all winds can be found anywhere within the Apostle Islands, with a depth of water from six to twenty fathoms. Chaqu amegon Bay t and Point, situated south of Madeline Island, form a capacious barb or, at th e hea d of wh ich is situated the town of ASHLAND and BAY CITY, two growing sett lements. Here the Centr al Visconsin Railroad will connect with Lake Superior. Ea Pointe, 78 miles west of Onto nagon, situated on t he south end of Madelin e Island, the largest of the Apostle Isl ands, is on e of the oldest settlements on Lake Superior; i t w as first peopled by the French Jesuits and traders in 1680, being 420 miles west of the Saut Ste. Marie, which was settled about the same time. The mainland and islands in this vicinity have been for many ages the favorite abode of the American Indian, now lingering and fading away as the country is being opened and settled by the white race. The village now contains 200 inhabitants, most of whom are half-breeds and French. Here is an old Roman Catholic church, and one Methodist church; 2 hotels, 2 stores, and several coopering establishments for the making of fish barrels. The harbor and steamboat landing are on the south end of the island, where may usually be seen fishing-boats and other craft navigating this part of Lake Superior. Bayfleld, capital of Bayfield Co., Wis., is favorably situated on the southern shore of Lake Superior, 80 milps east of its western terminus, and 3 miles west of La Pointe, being 80 miles west of Ontonagon. The harbor is secure and capacious, being protected by the Apostle Islands, lying to the northeast. The town plot rises from 60 to 80 feet above the waters of the lake, affording a splendid view of the bay, the adjacent islands and headlands. Its commercial advantages are surpassed by no other point on Lake Superior, being on the direct route to St. Paul, Minn., and the Upper Mississippi. Here are situated a Presby terian, a Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church; 2 hotels, 4 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 steam saw-mill, and several mechanics' shops. Population in 1870, 400. The Central Wisconsin Railroad when completed will terminate at Bayfield. LA POINTE BAY, on the west side of which is situated the port of Bayfield, is a large and safe body of water, being protected from winds blowing from every point of the compass. The shores of the islands and mainland are bold, while the harbor affords good anchorage for the whole fleet of the lakes. 25 AAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. drift, 250 or 300 feet high, and is the highest of the group. Madeline,' Wau-ga-ba-me' Island, is the largest (on which lies La Pointe), being 13 miles long, from northeast to southwest, and has an average of 3 miles in breadth. ", Muk-quaw" or Bear Island, and "Esbquagendeg" or Outer Islands, are about equal in size, being six miles long and two and a half wide. "They embrace in all, an area of about 400 square miles, of which onehalf is water. The soil in some places good, but the major part would be difficult to clear and cultivate. The causes to which I have referred, as giving rise to thickets of evergreens along the coast of the lake, operate here on all sides, and have covered almost the whole surface witha cedar, birch, aspen, hemlock, and pine. There are, however, patches of sugar-tree land; and natural meadows. " the waters around th e islands afford excellent white f ish, trout, and siskowit, which do not appear to diminish after many years of extensive fishing for the lower lake markets. For trout and siskowit, which are caught with a line in deep water, the best ground of the neighborhood is off Bark Point or'Point Ecorce' of the French. Speckled or brook trout are also taken in all the small streams. "That portion of the soil of the islands fit for cultivation, produces potatoes and all manner of garden vegetables and roots in great luxuriance. In the flat wet parts, both the soil and climate are favorable to grass; and the crop is certain and stout. Wh-eat, oats, and barley do well on good soil when well cultivated. The Indian Agency for the Chippewa tribe of Indians residing on the borders of Lake Superior, have their headquarters at Bayfield. Ashland, 12 miles south of La Pointe, at the head of Chaquamegon Bay, is a new and flourishing settlement, no doubt, destined to rise to some importance, it having a very spacious and secure harbor, with the prospect of speedy railroad facilities. MASKEG RIVER, a considerable stream the outlet of several small lakes, enters Lake Superior about 15 miles east of Ashland; some 10 miles farther eastward enters MONTREAL RIVER, forining the boundry, in part, between the States of Michigan and Wisconsin. THE TWELVE.APOSTLES' ISLANDS.The following description of these romantic islands is copied from Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, W'e. "When the waters of Lake Superior assumed their present level, these islands were doubtless a part of the promontory, which I have described as occupying the space between Chaquamegon Bay and Brute River. they are composed of drift-hills and red clay, resting on sandstone which is occasionally visible. In the lapse of ages, the winds, waves, and currents of the lakes cut away channels in these soft materials, and finally separated the lowest parts of the promontory into islands, and island-rocks, now twenty-three in number, which are true outliers of the drift and sandstone. " At a distance they appear like mainland, with deep bays and points, gradually becoming more elavated to the westward. I Le au Chene,' or Oak Island, which is next the Detour (or mainland), is a pile of detached 26 CITY OF SUPERIOR. side of the Bay of Superior, formed by the Minnesota and Wisconsin Points; between these points is the entry to the harbor through which is discharged the waters of the St. Louis and the Nemadji rivers; the former being the largest tributary of Lake Superior. The United States Government recently made an appropriation of $189,000, which, in the opinion of competent engineers is sufficient to make the harbor of Superior, what it was by nature designed to be, one of the finest harbors on the continent; it is seven miles in length and threefourths of a mile in width, affording a sufficient depth of water for the largest class of Lake Steamers. Superior was surveyed and laid out in June, 1854, rapidly increasing in population until the year 1857; since that period it has slowly increased in numbers, there now being about 1,200 inhabitants. Here is a court-house and jail, four churches, one hotel, ten or fifteen stores and store-houses, five steam saw-mill, one steam planing mill and sash factory, one printing office, one tannery, and several mechanic shops. The fisheries off the Minnesota and Wisconsin Points are extensively and profitably carried on, whe r e are annu ally take n large quantities of white-fish, mackinac trout, and siskowit. This town favored by natural advantage s i s destined soon to have railroad facilities. A road is already projected to pass eastward from Duluth toward the Straits of Mlackinac, and another to approach Superior from the southeast. Minnesota Point is a strip of land jutting out into the Lake some seven or eight miles, on the end of which is a light-house, to guide the mariner into the Bay of Superior. " In regard to health, no portion of the continent surpasses the Apostle Islands. In the summer months they present to the residents of the South the most cool and delightful resort that can be imagined, and for invalids, especi ally such as are affected in the lungs or liver, the uni form b racing atm osp her e of Lak e Superior produces surprising and beneficial effects." On leaving Bayfield for Duluth, the steamer runs northward to Oak and R aspb erry Islands, then westward passing within sight of both shores of the lake which here contract to 20 or 30 miles in width, narrowing as you approach the mouth of St. Louis River, where stands a light house and Superior City- Dulut h being si tu at ed at t he he ad of Minn eso t a Point some six mil es fu rther. Here a grand view is p resented tak ing in b o th t he Wisconsin and Minnesota shores-the former is low and wooded, while the latter rises by a steep ascent some 300 or 400 feet above the waters edge for a considerable distance. The North Shore of Lake Superior, attached to the State of Minnesota, extends N. E., by E., about 150 miles from Duluth to Pigeon River and Isle Royale. This coast is highly interesting with occasional good harbors. Agate Bay, Burlington Bay, Encampment Island, Beaver Bay and Good Harbor Bav, affording the best landings. The land in many places is elevated and clothed for the most part with evergreens, such as pine, spruce, hemlock, &c. The City of Superior, the county seat of Douglas County. It is in N. lat. 46~38/; W. long. 92~03'; mean annual temperature 41~ Fahr. It is advantageously situated on the south 27 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. dation for steamers and other lake craft. The Ship Canal through Min n e - sota Point, which affords access to the inner harbor in the Bay of Duluth, has been completed, with an iron drawbridge connecting the point with the mainland. This canal will be 1,200 feet in length, and 220 feet wide, and afford 14 feet of water. The Union Improvement and Elevator Company have finished an elevator with a storage capacity of 500,000 bushels of grain, and capable of unloading twenty cars per hour, and of handling 10,000,000 bushels during the season of navigation. There is also erected three extensive warehouses being about 600 feet long by 60 feet wide. Granite is found in large quantities in and about Duluth; the machinery for dressing this stone is now on the ground, and the buildings necessary for its working have been erected. This trade will no doubt, become large and important, as the stone is well adapted for building purposes. Here is a United States land office, a court-house and jail; 6 churches of different denominations; 4 public schools, a public library and readingroom, and a Young Mens' Christian Association; 3 printing offices, a foundry, machine shops, 3 steam sawmills, 2 planing mills, and several other manufacturing establishments; numerous stores for wholesale and retail purposes; 3 hotels, the Clark House and Bay View House being situated near the Railroad and Steamboat landings; the buildings of all kinds now number about 600, some of them being first class brick structures. Gas and Water Companies, for supplying the city have formed and are in operation. ZUI~th, St. Louis Co., Minn., a city and port of entry, is most advantageously situated at the head of Lake Superior near the mouth of the St. Louis river, in N. Lat. 46~ 38'; W. Long. 92~ 10', being elevated 600 feet above the Ocean, the ground rising in the rear to the height of 300 feet. It is distant from Buffalo, via the Great Lakes, 1,200 miles, and from Quebec, via the St. Lawrence River, 1,750 miles; from St. Paul, by railroad, 155 miles, and from Chicago, 600 miles; from the Red River of the North, 252 miles, and from Puget Sound, by the proposed line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1,775 miles; making the distance across the Continent by Railroad and Steamer, with one transshipment, 3,525 miles. This distance can be shortened 500 miles by the proposed International Route through Canada. This City, in two years, has increased from a small village to a flourishing mart of commerce. It is now an incorporated City with an active population of about 4,000 inhabitants, being governed by a mayor and board of aldermen. The streets are wide and regular, crossing each other at right angles. Within the past year nearly nine miles of streets have been opened, affording ready access to all parts of the town. A breakwater is completed nearly 500 feet from the shore, behind which are located the docks of the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad, and the grain elevator. Alongside the docks vessels can lay in perfect security during the severest gales. The Citizens' dock 40 feet in width, and extending 600 feet into the Lake, is completed, affording ample accommo I 28 DULUTH-HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. original Breakwater, and the city of Duluth has memorialized Congress, asking for an appropriation of $500,000 for further Harbor Improvements. The Dyke, extending from Rice's Point to Minnesota Point, was finished in March, 1872; it gives to Duluth an inner harbor in the bay of about two square miles, the expense of which was $40,000. An extensive and magnificent view is afforded from the top of the Granite Quarry, within the limits of Duluth, elevated about 100 feet; it is of the most grand and interesting character imaginable when taking in all surroundings. Looking eastward on the right hand lies St. Louis Bay and Rice's Point;. in front is seen the beautiful Bay of Superior, Minnesota Point, and the City of Superior in the distance,-while on the left hand is seen the City of Duluth, the inner and outer harbor, and the broad waters of Lake Superior extending eastward as far as the eye can reach, here and there being visible lake craft of different dimensions, while the moving train of cars at your feet present altogether a sight unequalled in any other part of the country. The future of this grand prospect it is hard to conceive, when here will be centered two rival cities numbering their tens of thousands of inhabitants, and the surrounding waters alive with commerce. STATERO IMENT OF S HIPMENTS BY LAKE, from the Lake Superior and Miss. R. R. Co.'s Dock, and Unio n Im. Elevator Co.'s Elevator, 1871. Wheat, bushels, 1,420,254 Barley, " 38,502 Oats, 640 Flour, barrels, 164,114 Pork, " 153 Mill Feed, pounds, 875,688 Butter, " 60,691 Rags, " 198,320 Salt Fish, packages, 187 Scrap Iron, pounds, 93,550 Scrap Copper, " 4,370 Tallow, " 18,350 Sundries, 331,505 Grass Seed, 20,000 STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS BY LAKE, DURING THE YEAR 1871. 29,128 tons of Railroad Iron. 2,914 " Merchant Iron. 587 " Pig Iron. 13,369 " Coal. 3,372 boxes of Window Glass. 15.,777 kegs of Nails. 35,512 barrels of Salt. 17,765 " Sugar. 4,826 " Oil. 4,044 sacks of Coffee. 2,486 Barrels of Molasses. And a great variety of merchandise in proportionate amounts. A Breakwater has been built by the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad, at a cost of about $85,000, and the necessarily accompanying Docks, about $60,000 more; a Citizen's Dock in the nature of an outside harborage, costing nearly $50,000, the Ship Canal through Minnesota Point, constituting a safe and reliable entrance for the Inner or Bay Harbor, costing the city over $100,000, and the Dyke across the Bay of Superior towards the channel of St. Louis River, the expenditure thus far, Jan., 1872, being about $10,000. The United St t e tes Government have expended $60,000 in extending the 29 HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. OOMMEROE OF LAKE SUPERIOR. Machinery, tons,.. 595 Engines, No... 18 Boilers, No..... 17 Liquor, bbls.... 4,366 Malt, lbs.. 653,140 Coarse grains, bush.. 283,503 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS PASSING THROUGH THE CANAL FROM LAKE SUPERIOR. Mass Copper, tons,... 1,091 Ingot Copper, ". 7,666 Stamp works. "... 5,705 Iron Ore,.. 327,461 Pig Iron,.. 23,304 Silver Ore, ".. 464 Fish, half-barrels,.. 59,325 Flour, bbls... 179,093 Wheat, bush... 1,376,705 Barley, "'. - 25,320 Of the passengers carried in 1871, 10,600 were by the Buffalo and Detroit Lines, 2,123 by the Chicago Lines, and 3,136 by Canada Lines. The freights of copper during 1871, aggregated 14,462 tons, against 11,301 tons in 1870, showing a gain of 3,161 tons. As the Iron statistics are founded on the registered tonnage of the vessels, they do not give the full amount of Iron passing through the Canal, since nearly all the vessels carry more than they register. Of late years large quantities of Iron Ore have been shipped via Escanaba to Eastern ports. TONNAGE ARRIVING AT DULUTH, 1871. Number. Tonnage. Men, Steamers, 27 11,516 561 Propellers, 172 127,004 4,232 Schooners, 55 18,827 464 Barques, 9 4,220 81 Total, 263 161,567 5,338 SAUnT STi. MARIE SHIP CA NAL. The business of the Saut Ste. Marie Canal in 1870-1, was as follows: 1871. 1870. Sail Vessels, 1,064 1,397 Steam Vessels, 573 431 Total, 1,637 1,828 Total amount received for Tolls,* $31,865 45 $41,896 00 Total amount of Ton nage, 752,100 696,825 -ncrease of Tonnage, 55,275 Number of Passengers passing through. 15,859 17,158 Total receipts since the opening of Canal in 1855, $389,310 42 PRINCIPAL IMPORTS PASSING THROUGH THE CANAL TO LAKE SUPERIOR DUR ING THE SEASON OF 1871 Beef, bbls.. Pork, bbls.. Bacon, lbs. Lard, lbs. Butter, lbs. Cheese, lbs.. Tallow, lbs. Soap, boxes, Apples, bbls. Sugar, lbs. Tea, chest. Coffee, bags. Tobacco, lbs. Nails, kegs,. Dried Fruit, lbs. Salt, bbls. Lime, bbls. Vegetables, bush. Window Glass, boxes, Cattle, No. Horses and Mules, Hogs, No. Brick, M. Furniture, pieces, * Tolls were reduced in 1871 to 43/2 cents per ton, against 6 cents per ton in 1870. 30 ~ 3,054 . 8,887 163,763 283,141 519,545 . 187,340 104,354 21,799 18,839 4,062,087 . 3,864 5,228 258,179 29,843 115,366 36,199 . 2,338 . 27,619 25,226 2,639 435 1,625 . 1,227 13,619 MARINER'S GUIDE. MARINER'S GUIDE TO THE UPPER LAKES. LIGHT HousEs ON LAEE HURON. 1. Fort Gratiot, 42~ N. lat., situated at the head of St. Clair River, Mich.; elevated 82 feet. Marks entrance from Huron into St. Clair River, Goderich, Canada, N. E. by N. 63 miles. 2. Point Aux Barques, on eastern side of entrance into Saginaw Bay; elevated 88 feet. Thunder Bay Island light, N. by W. i N., 74 miles. 3. Charity Island, at the mouth of Saginaw Bay; elevated 45 feet. Saginaw Bay light-house S. W. i S., 35 miles. 4. Thunder Bay Island, north side of entrance to Thunder Bay, Mich.; elevated 59 feet. Sturgeon Point light, S. by W. 23 miles. Great Duck Island, Canada N. by E. i E., 43 miles. 5. Presque Isle, about 25 miles northwest of Thunder Bay light; elevated 123 feet. A coast light on the northern point of the Peninsula. The Detour light bearing N. N. W. i W., 48 miles. 6. Bols Blanc, on the north side of Bois Blanc Island, in the Straits of Mackinac; elvevated 53 feet. The Detour light bearing E. N. E., 26 miles. Fort Mackinac W. N. W. i W., 9-i miles. 7. Cheboygan, on the mainland opposite Bois Blanc Island; elevated 37 feet. Marks entrance into the south channel of the Straits of Mackinac. Old Fort Mackinac on the main, N. W. by W. i W., 17 miles. 8. Detour, 45~ 57' N. lat., situated at the mouth of the River St. Mary, Lake Huron, Mich.; elevated 75 feet. Marks entrance from Lake Huron into St. Mary's River. Island of Mackinac 30 miles west. Saut St. Marie, 55 miles N. N. W. LIGOHT-HousEs ON LAEE SUPERIOR. 1. Round Island, 46~ 26/ N. lat., s ituated in White Fis h Bay, n ear ent rance to St. Mary's River; elevated 50 feet. Light on square s ton e tower, rising from the keeper's dwelling. A guide to and from the ent rance to Lake Superior. 2. Point Iroquois, on south shore of White Fish Bay; elevated 72 feet. The light is on a red brick tower, connected with the keeper's dwelling. Parisien Island, N. b y W. i W., 12 miles. White Fish Point, N. W. i N., 25 miles. 3. White Fish Point, on White Fish Point, Mich.; elevated 76 feet. Iron pile str u c ture. A guide to and from White Fish Bay, at the S. E. extreme of Lake Superior. The s outhwest point of the shoal off Caribou Island, Canada, bears N. W. + W., 55 miles; Manitou Island, W. N. W. i W. 131 miles; M ontreal Island, Can., N. by E. 37 miles. 4. Gran Island, on north point of Grand, on a high bluff; elevated 205 feet. Stannard Rock Be a con, N. W. by N. a N., 50 miles. Manitou Island Light, N. W. N., 73 miles. Marque tte Light, W. i S. 33 miles. 5. Grand Island Harbor, —a guide through the eastern passage to the anchorage at Grand Island Harbor and the wharf at Munising; elevated 34 feet. 6. Grand Island Harbor, (front light) on the mainland at west entrance to Grand Island Harbor; elevated 23 feet. Front light in wooden tower. Rear light on keeper's frame dwelling. These lights are a guide for entering the west channel. With the north point of Wood Island, bearing W.; of a mile, and the lights in range, steer 31 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. S. by E. i E., 5 miles, toward the range lights. 7. Marquette, 46~ 32/ N. lat., situated on the north point of Marquette Harbor; elevated 77 feet. Stannard's Rock Beacon N. ~ E. 44 miles; Grand Island Light, E. i N., 34 miles. 8. Granite Island, on Granite Island 12 miles N. W. of Marquette; elevated 93 feet. Keweenaw Point N. by W. i W., 48 miles; Stannard's Rock, N. by E. i E., 32 miles. 9. Huron Island, on the West Huron Island, off Huron Bay; elevated 197 feet. Manitou Island Light, N. by N. E. i E., 37 miles; Traverse Island, N. W. by W., 14~ miles. Portage Entry Light, W. 20 miles. 10. Portage River, near mouth of Portage Entry, western shore of Keweenaw Bay; elevated 68 feet. Manitou Island light, N. E. i E., 50 miles. To Houghton and Hancock, via Portage Lake, 14 miles; to head of Ship Canal, Lake Superior, 23 miles. 11. Portage Range, (front light,) on prolongation of cut from Keweenaw Bay; elevated 21 feet. Guide into Portage River. Front light on wooden tower. Rear light on keeper's dwelling. 12. Manitou, on the east point of Manitou Island. Iron pile structure, connected with keeper's house; elevated 81 feet. Stannard's Rock, S. E., 231 miles; the east point of Isle Royale, N. W. 4- N., 66 miles. 13. Gull Rock, on a rocky islet between Manitou Island and Keweenawv Point; elevated 50 feet. Tower and keeper's dwelling connected, built of Milwaukee brick. A guide through the passage between Gull Rock and Keweenaw Point. 14. Copper Harbor, 47~ 28' N. lat., situated on the eastern point to the entrance to Copper Harbor; elevated 65 feet. Tower and keeper's dwelling connected. S. W. point of Isle Royale, W. N. W., 68 miles; Passage Island, (route to Silver Islet,) N. N. W. i W., 58 miles; Saut Ste. Marie, E. S. E. 200 miles. 15. Copper Hnarbor Range, (front light,) on Fort Wilkins reserve; elevated 22 feet. To guide vessels into Copper Harbor. 16 Eagle Harbor, on the west point of the entran c e to Eagle Harbor. Light on keeper's dwelling; elevated 47 feet. The north point of the outer or easternmost of the Apostle Group, W. by S. * S., 105 miles. 17. Eagle River, near the entrance to Eagle River, south shore of Lake Superior. Light on keeper's dwelling; elevated 61 feet. Michigan Island light, W. S. W. i W., 100 miles. 18. Ontonagon, 46~ 52t N. lat., at mouth of Ontonagon River; elevated 47 feet. House and tower of Milwaukee brick. The S. W. point of Isle Royale, N. i E., 67 miles. 19. Michigan Island, on the southern point of Michigan Island, the most eastern of the Apostle Group, Wisconsin; elevated 129 feet. A guide through the passage,between Madeline and Michigan Islands, to Bayfield and La Pointe. Ontonagon, E., 56 miles. 20. LaPointe, on Chaquamegon Point the southeastern entrance to La Pointe Harbor, and to the northward of Ashland and southward of Bayfield; elevated 42 feet. Light on keeper's dwelling, painted white. 21. Raspberry Island, on the southwest point of the island, one of the Apostle Group; elevated 77 feet. A guide between the Main and Raspberry Island, and to Bayfield. 22. Minnesota Point, 46~ 471 N. lat., situated at the head of Lake Superior, 32 TABLE OF DISTANCES-POPULATION. POPULATION OF THirE LAKR SUPERIOR COUNTRY-1870. U]PPZ PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN. mouth of St. Louis River; elevated 50 feet. A guide into Superior Bay and Duluth. The S. W. point of Isle Royale, N. E. by E. I E., 150 miles; Silver Islet, Canada, N. E. i E., 180 miles. Pop. 1870. County Seat. Pop. 1870. 1,689 9aut Ste. Marie, 1,213 2,542 Escanaba, 1,370 13,879 Houghton, 2,700 4,205 Eagle River, 600 1,716 Mackinac, 938 15,033 Marquette, 4,000 1,791 Menominee, 1,597 2,845 Ontonagon, 75O 800 Onota, S 0 4500 Wiscolqsll~. 221 Ia Pointe, 2n 344 Bayfield, 8.4 1,122 Superior City, 1,122 1,687 MINI0OTA. 135 4,661 Duluth, 5,131 4,696 TABLE OF DISTANOES, AT WHICH OBJECTS CAN BE SEEN ON THE LAKES AT DIFFERILENT ELEVATIONS. Height Distances Height Distances in feet. in miles. in feet. in miles. 10 4,184 100 13,221 20 5,916 150 16,208 30 7,245 200 18,702 40 8,366 300 22,917 50 9,354 400 26,450 60 10,246 500 29,583 70 11,067 600 32,406 80 11,832 800 37,418 90 12,549 1000 41,883 Statute miles. EXAMPLE-Detour Light, 75 feet high, visible 11.456 Add for height of observer's eye, on deck 10 feet, 4.184 Distance of Light, miles, 15.406 AlgomaDis., Can. 5,000 Saut Ste. Marie, 1,000 Making a grand total of 55,833 residing in the Lake Superior County. 3 33 County. Chippewa, Delta, Houghton, Keweenaw, Mackinac, Marquette, Menominee, Ontonagon, Schoolcraft, Total, Ashland, Bayfield, Douglas, Total, Lake, St. Louis, Total, 34 MERCMANT VESSELS ON THE TLAES. The following Statement, published by authority, exhibits in detail the number, class and tonnage of MERCHANT VESSELS belonging within the Customs Districts of the Northern Lakes, on the 30th of June, 1870: UNRIGGED Vs-t No. Tons. 474 53,761.15 628 40,107.47 230 26,350.37 200 9,916.37 40 9,850.37 2 230.60 235 8,283.77 217 26,817.80 102 13,369.37 184 0,865.03 8 1,746.39 1 258.69 22 2,289.94 8 512.20 772 84,410.99 1 136.71 3 135.40 7 492.02 3,154 285,53.5.64 693 29 772 644 406 845 6 268 231 229 229 158 243 27 26 886 88 35 29 5,343 CUSTOMS Di)s8TRiICTS. Total Tons. 140,055.24 3,728.08 50,079.68 94,M6.99 54,473.88 74,660.74 '99.28 13,290.22 28,637.26 27,862.16 15,946.72 10,674.29 38,493.40 3,557.30 2,545.16 102,224.21 11,=7.20 2,002.85 5,869.12 680,463.78 Buffalo, N. York............ Cape Vincent,"............ Champlain, "............ Chicago, IlI.................... Cuyahoga, Ohio............. Detroit, Mich................. Dnkirk, N. Y............... ]X'e, pa........................ Genesee, N. Y................. Huron, Mich.................. Miami, Ohlio.................. Michigan, Mich.............. Milwaukee, Wis............. Niagara, N. York............ Oswegatchie,"........... Oswego, "......... Sandusky, Ohio.............. Superior, Mich............... Vermont, Vt.................. 1,548 232,433.67 641 142,4T4A7 3,154 2855.64 I 5,343 680,463.78 OPENIN(G AND CLOSING OF NAVIGATION. The following Statement shows the dates at which Navigation opened and closed, at the places named, in 1870: AT BUFFALO. YEAR. Lake Opened. Canal Opened. Canal Closed. No. Days Open. 1860........................ April 17 April 25 December 12 241 1861........................ April 13 May 1 December 16 224 1862........................ April 5 May 1 December 7 221 1863........................ April 7 May 1 December 18 224 1864........................ April 13 April 30 December 8 223 1865........................ April 26 May 1 December 12 226 1866........................ April 28 May I December 12 226 1867.................. April 27 May 6 December 10 218 1868........................ April 11 May 6 December 7 215 1869...................... ay I M ay 6 December 18 296 1870...................... April 16 May 10 December 8 212 1871....................... April 1 April 24 November28 220 I SAulaG VES8ZL8. No. Tons. 107 34.682.26 28 3,710.45 132 8,472.01 333 62,722.22 156 33,371.57 19'2 29,0.53.12 3 573.23 23 4.305.98 12 1,752.97 62 7,319.46 26 5.2'24.54 86 5,633.50 205 25,149.58 5 1,267..36 11 1,778.37 78 17,140.52 67 8,755.21 7 416.93 15 823.49 1,548 252,453.67 STEAM VESSELS. No. Tons. 112 51,611.83 1 17.63 12 1,499.30 81 8,144.40 49 11,185.94 113 35,757.25 1 5.45 10 700.47 2 66.49 65 7,173.33 19 557.15 64 3.294.40 37 13,085.13 ......... i.6 7 254.59 16 672.70 20 2,445.28 25 1,450.52 7 4,552.61 641 142,4?4.47 DULUTH TO ISLE ROYALE, PIGEON RIVER, ETO. DULUTH TO ISLE ROYALE, PIGEON RIVER FORT WILLIAM, AND SILVER ISLET. T height of over 300 feet, presenting perpendicular columns. Baptism River, 2 miles, is a mountain stream, rising in an eminence called Saw-Teeth Mountains. The numerous rivers and creeks, falling into Lake Superior along the North Shore, from Duluth to Fort William, Canada, for a distance of about 160 miles, are generally rapid streams of moderate length. They are mostly pure water, abounding in speckled trout and other kinds of fish. In the rear it is almost an unbroken wilderness, although supposed to be rich in minerals of different kinds,copper, iron, silverandgold,-the latter being found in the vicinity of Vermillion Lake, lying in a northeasterly direction some fifty or sixty miles. Petit Jlarais and the mouth of Manitou River are next passed. Two Islands River is named from two beautiful islands which lie off its mouth. Temperance River, another romantic stream, rising in Carlton's Peak, is thus named owing to its having no bar at its mouth. This locality should become a favorite resort for invalids and others seeking health and pleasure. Here are a succession of waterfalls of great beauty; some only 200 or 300 feet from the Lake shore. GOOD HARBOR BAY, 100 miles N. E. of Duluth is a safe harbor, as its name implies. Terrace Point, Rock Island and Grand Marais are all in sight, while small streams flow into the lake alive with speckled trout. GRAND PORTAGE BAY and Island, 40 miles further, is a place of considera The Trip along the North Shore of Minnesota to the mouth of Pigeon River, and Isle Royale, which lies opposite, is one of great interest. The harbors, head-lands, islands and object s of interes t ar e numerous. Then the inside passage along the Ca nada shore, passing several islands, is still more interesting, until you en t er Thunder Bay, when the scene is by far more grand and impos inghaving in full vie w Pi e Island, M'Kay's Mountain and Thunder Cape, the latter rising 1,350 feet in heighth, with almost perpendicular walls. GRANITE POINT and KNIFE RIVER are passed 18 miles N. E. of Duluth, near where is the settlement of Buchanan and Isle aux Roches. AGATE BAY, 25 miles and Burlington Bay, 2 miles further, are much frequented by tourists. Starting from Duluth or Superior City, a small steamer runs frequently to these harbors during the summer months, carrying parties of pleasure. ENCAMPMENT ISLAND and RIvERt 35 miles from Duluth, is another interesting locality. Here the shores are remarkably bold and precipitous, rising from 800 to 1,000 feet above the water. BEAVER BAY and SETTLEMENT, 18 miles further, is a small village inhabited mostly by Germans. Here the shore presents a rugged appearance with high lands rising in the back-ground. The Palisades, 6 miles further, presents a grand appearance from the water's edge. The rock rises to the 35 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. The other harbors are-Washington Harbor on the southwest, Todd's Harbor on the west, and Rock Harbor and Chippewa Harbor on the northeast part of the island. In some places on the west are perpendicular cliffs of green-stone, very bold, rising from the water's edge, while on the eastern shore conglomerate rock or coarse sandstone abounds, with occasional stony beach. On this coast are many islets and rocks of sandstone, rendering navigation somewhat dangerous. Good fishing-grounds abound all around this island, which will, no doubt, before many years, become a favorite summer resort for the invalid and sportsman, as well as the scientific tourist. SISKOWIT LAKE is a considerable body of water lying near the centre of the island, which apparently has no outlet. Other small lakes and picturesque inlets and bays abound in all parts of the island. Hills, rising from 300 to 400 feet above the waters of the lake, exist in many localities throughout the island, which is indented by bays and inlets. ble r esort. Here is an Indian village and Reserv ation, w here is a Roman Cath ol ic Mission, a block-house and some 12 or 15 dwellings. From thi s point commences a portag e rout e to Pig eon River, R ainy Lake, and Lake of the Woods. Waus-wau-Goning Bay is a beautiful expanse of water, encircled in part by highland s, rising to th height of i,000 feet, and several beautiful wooded islands. From this bay to the south en d of Isle Royale the distance is 20 miles.' PIGEON BAY and RIVERt, forming the northwest boundary between the United States and C anada, is w ell worthy of a visit. The bay contains several beautifu l islands a nd islets where is excellent fishing. Pigeon River Falls, situated a o t f i l about half a mile above the ,land ing are exceedingly gr and and impos ing. Her e the water falls about 90 feet, almost perpendicular, into a chasm, then rushes through a gorge into the bay. PARERSVILLE is a small settlement situated at the m ou th of the river, where also is to b e seen I nd ian huts and w igwams constructed of birch bark. This place, no doubt, is soon destined to become a place of resort during the summer months; it is situated about 140 miles N. E. of Duluth. Isle Boyale, Houghton Co., Mich., being about 45 miles in length from N. E. to S. W., and from 8 to 12 miles in width, is a rich and important island, abounding in copper ore and other minerals, and also precious stones. The principal harbor and only settlement is on Siskowit Bay, being on the east shore of the island, 50 miles distant from Eagle Harbor, an the main shore of Michigan. NORTHERN SHORE.-" Beginning at Pigeon Bay, the boundary between the United States and the British Possessions (N. Lat. 48~), we find the eastern portion of the peninsula abounds with bold rocky cliffs, consisting of trap and red granite. "1 The Falls of Pigeon River, eighty or ninety feet in height, are occasioned by a trap dyke which cuts through a& series of slate rocks highly indurated, and very similar in mineralogical characters to the old graywacke 36 EXTR.&ICTS FROM REPORT ON THio GEOL OGY OF THE LAKI SUPIRRIOR COUNTP.Y. ISLE ROYAL-FORT WILLIAM. Silver Mines which are now being extensively worked. Fort William, an important Hudson Bay Company's Post, is advantageously situated at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River, in north latitude 48 degrees 23 minutes, west longitude 89 degres 27 minutes. Here is a convenient wharf and safe harbor, the bar off the mouth of the river affording 7 or 8 feet of water, which can easily be increased by dredging. The Company's buildings consist of a spacious dwelling-house, a store, and 3 storehouses, besides some 10 or 12 houses for the accommodation of the attaches and servants in the employ of the ab.ove company. The land is cleared for a considerable distance on both sides of the river, prese nting a thrifty and fertile appearance. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and most kinds of vegetables can here be raised; also grass and clover of different kinds. The early frosts are the great hindrance to this whole section of country, which is rich in minerals, timber, furs, and fish; altogether producing a great source of wealthto the community. Pine, spruce, hemlock, cypress, and balsam trees are common, also white birch, sugar-maple, elm, and ash, together with some hardy fruitbearing trees and shrubs. The Roman Catholic Mission, situated 2 miles above the company's post on the opposite side of the river, is an interesting locality. Here is a Roman Catholic church and some 50 or 60 houses, being mostly inhabited by half-breeds and civilized Indians, numbering about 300 souls. The good influence of the Roman Catholic priests, along the shores of Lake Superior are generally admitted by all group. Trap dykes and interlamina'ted masses of traps were observed in the slate near the falls. "The base of nearly all the ridges and cliffs between Pigeon River and Fort William (situated at the mouth of Kaministequoi River), is made up of these slates, and the overlaying trap. Some of the low islands exhibit only the gray grits and slates. Welcome Islands, in Thunder Bay, display no traps, although in the distance, they resemble igneous products, the joints being more obvious than the planes of stratification, thus giving a rude semi-columnar aspect to the cliffs. "1At Prince's Bay, and also along the chain of Islands which lines the coast, including Spar, Victoria, Jarvis and Pie Islands, the slates with the crowning traps are admirably displayed. At the British and North American Company's works the slates are traversed by a heavy vein of calcspar and amethystine quartz, yielding gray sulphuret and pyritous copper and galena. From the vein where it cuts the overlaying trap on the main shore, considerable silver has been extracted. " At Thunder Cape, the slates form one of the most picturesque headlands on the whole coast of Lake Superior. They are made up of variously colored beds, such as compose the upper group of SIR WM. LOGAN, and repose in a nearly hori - zontal position. These detrital rocks attain a thickness of nearly a thousand feet, and are crowned with a sheet of trappean rocks three hundred feet in thickness.-'" In the vicinity of Thunder Cape and along the shores of Thunder Bay, have recently been discovered rich 37 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. about 8 miles long and 5 miles wide, and presents a most singular appearance, being elevated at one point 850 feet above the lake. This bold eminence is shaped like an enormous slouched hat, or inverted pie, giving name to the island by the French or English explorers, while the Indians gave it the name of tortoise from its singular shape. This elevated point is basaltic, rising perpendicular near the top, like the Palisades of the Hudson River. Thunder Bay, and its vicinity, has long been the favorite residence of Indian tribes who now roam over this vast section of country, from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay on the north. The mountain peaks they look upon with awe and veneration, often ascribin g some fabulous legend to prominent localities. A learned Missionary, in describing this interesting portion of Lake Superior and its inhabitants, remarked, that "' the old Indians were of the opinion that thunder clouds are large gigantic birds, having their nests on high hills or mountains, and who made themselves heard and seen very far off. The head they described as resembling that of a huge eagle, having on one side a wing and one paw, on the other side an arm and one foot. The lightning is supposed to issue from the extremity of the beak through the paw, with which they launch it forth in fiery darts over the surrounding country." BLACK BAY, lying a few miles east of Thunder Cape, is 45 miles long, and from six to eight miles wide, being encompassed on both sides by high and lofty hills. Towards the north are two peaked eminences termed the Mamelons or Paps, from their singular formation, resembling a female's breast, when seen at a distance. un prejud iced visi tors- the poor and often degraded Indian being instructed in agriculture and industrial pursuits, tending to e levat e the human species in eve ry clime. McKay's Mountain, lying 3 miles west of Fort William, near the Roman Catholic Mission, presents an abrupt and grand appearance from the water, being elevated 1,000 feet. Far inland are seen other high ranges of hills and mountains, presenting altoget her, i n connecti on with th e islands,, a most interesting and sublime view. KAMINISTIQUIA, or " Gah-mahnatekwaiahk" River, signifying in the Chippewa language the, ".place where there are many currents," empties its waters into Thunder Bay. This beautiful stream affords navigation for about 12 miles, when rapids are encountered by the ascending voyageur. Some 30 miles above its mouth is a fall of about 200 feet perpendicular descent. THUNDER BAY presents a large expanse of water, being about 25 miles in length and from 10 to 15 miles wide, into which flows several small streams, abounding in speckled trout. Thunder Cape, on the east, is a most remarkable and bold highland, being elevated 1,350 feet above Lake Superior. It rises in some places almost perpendicular, presenting a basaltic appearance, having on its summit an extinct volcano. From the elevated portions of this cape a grand and imposing view is obtained of surrounding mountains, headlands, and islands -overlooking Isle Royale to the south, and the north shore from McKay's Mountain to the mouth of Pigeon River, near Grand Portage, Minn. PIE ISLAND, in the Indian dialect called "M ahkeneeng" or Tortoise, bounding Thunder Bay on the south, is 38 PRINCE ARTHURBS LANDING-GOID DISCOVERIES. gold discoveries in that vicinity. The place at which gold has been found is called Jackfish Lake, and is about 75 miles west of Thunder Bay, not far from the road constructed by the Canadian government in 1870, when sending troops to Manitoba. Capt. Frue had just returned from a personal inspection of the vein, and reports it to be of the greatest richness, far surpassing any similar discovery on this continent. The vein is of almost pure native gold, though silver ia found mixed with it in some places. Specimens which Capt. Frue picked up he said wo uld yie ld gold at the rate of $20,000 to the ton. ANTICIPATING Ali BLEORADO.-The Dominion surveys on the Nor t h Shore of Lake Superior are doing much to develop mineral resources, even if they ultimately fail to demonstrate a pra ctica l railroad route. It is defi - nitely ascertained that mines of copper, zinc and silver aboun d a ll t hrough the Black Bay region, and it is be. lieved, on scientific grounds, that they will prove quite equal in value to the workings on the Michigan shore. They lie in the same general range, associated in the same rock, and were no doubt contemporaneous in origin with the copper lodes on Keweenaw Peninsula. The high lati tude precludes successful winter work ing, from the inaccessible nature of the country, except by steamer. A railroad built to this section, by giving access to market, cannot fail to lead to large results in this new field of enterprise. Princ e Arthurr' s La nd ing, in the district of Thunder Bay, Can., lies on the west shore of Thunder Bay, three and a half miles north of Fort William. This is a new settlement from whence starts a government road running west towards Fort Garry, on the Red River of the North. Here is a steamboat landing, 3 stores, 3 taverns, and some 50 or 60 dwellings, recently erected. This village is handsomely located and bids fair to be a place of conside rable importance, being contiguous to rich silver mines. The Shuniah Mine, Ontario Mine, Thunder Bay Nine, and the Silver Harb or or Beck Mine are being successfully worked. Northeast of the landing o n M'Kenzies Riv er are found rich deposits of amethyst. The Canadian troops, to the number of about 1,400, landed at this place in June, 1870, and proceeded overland to Fort Garry, Manitoba, in or der to suppress a rebellion. A portion of the troops returned by the same route in October of the same year. T]e length of the military road from this landing to Fort Garry, Manitoba, is 443 miles, of which 138 is by land, (eleven portages), and 305 miles b'y water. This route passes through Lake Shebandowan and the new gold region, some 60 or 70 miles west of Thunder Bay, Lake Superior. LAKE SUPERIOR GOLD DISCOVERIES. A letter from Capt. Frue, dated at the Silver Islet Mine, Feb. 19th, 1872, represents that great excitement then existed in consequence of the recent 39 LAKZ SUPERIOR GUIDm SILVER MINING OOMPANIES-NORTH SHORE, LAKE SUPERIOR. PRESIDENT. A. H. Nicola, N. Y. ALGOMA. INTERNATIONAL. ONTARIO. SHUNIAH. SILVER HIARBOR, or BECK. SILvER ISLET. THUNDER BAY. The Superior (Wis.) L'mes says that the result of systematic explorations Along Thunder Bay has exposed rich veins, " thus proving the main land a silver mining region, and not leaving'Silver Island' the wonder of the mining world, to be estimated as an accident. Silver Island is yielding silver by the ton. Two tons of the richest ore, valued at $4,000 per ton, came out of the shaft from one blast. That company last week found what appears to be the true vein on the main land. And Carson now working on the ' Shuniah Vein,' at Current River, two miles from Thunder Bay, struck the true vein, and it is now pronounced by the most experienced mining engineers on the lake, who have visited it to be as rich a mine and as valuable as Silver Island." This latter mine yielded in 1871, $820,000. EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE-LAKE SUPERIOR REGION. SHOWING THE MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY AND JULY. STATIONS. Green Bay, Wis. Mackinac, Mich. Saut Ste. Marie, Mich. Michipicoten, Can. Marquette, Mich. Houghton, Mich. Copper Harbor, Mich. Ontonagon, Mich. Bayfield, Wis. Duluth, Minn. Isle Royale. Fort William, Can. Fort Ripley, Minn. St. Paul, Minn. NOTE.-The influence of'Lake Superior causes the Winter Months to be warmer and the Summer Mo?nths colder, 40 NAMa. 3ECRETARY, &O. a. M. Garrison. Jos. W. Clark, Boston. Fred. Carlisle. Jos. Bigelow. W. G. Frue, Supt. Alex. H. Sibley. N. LAT. 44~ 30/ 45~ 51/ 46~ 30t 47~ 56/ 46~ 32/ 47~ 00/ 47~ 30/ 46~ 52/ 46~ 45/ 46~ 38/ 48~ 00/ 48~ 23/ 46~ 19/ 44~ 50/ JANUARY. 20~ Fahr. 19~ c 16~ It 11~o " 16~ it 16~ do 14~ It 16~ It 14~ it 14~ i 10~ Ad 8~ ~ 7~ ~ 14~, JULY. 70~ Fahr. 65~ do 65~ it 570,, 660 ~: 66~ it 64~: 67~, 68~ Ad 68~ it 65~ do 64~ t4 70~ it 7,30 4 TRIP FROM MARQUETTE TO SILVER ISg4. TRIP FROM MARQUETTE TO SILVER ISLET. LAKE SUPERIOR, JULY 18, 1871. arriving at the end of the opening a rich sight was presented to our view; the face of' the mine sparkling with silver as viewed by candle light. The ore yields from 2,000 to 5,000 dollars a ton. Silver Islet Settlement lies on the main land, having a secure harbor and easy of access. Here are a number of dwellings and stores already erected, with a convenient wharf for the shipment of silver ore which is mostly put up in barrels for the purpose of transportation. Mining for silver has been commenced on the main land near the water's edge, which bids fair to be very productive. The vein has been traced for several miles northward in a straight line from Silver Islet. Back of the settlement, lies Sur8rise Lake, while Thunder Cape, to the westward rises almost perpendicular from the waters of Lake Superior, here containing several small rocky islands scattered along the coast. Leave MARQUETTE at 2 P. M. on Steamer COBURN with a large party of tourists on board, bound for Silver Islet and Duluth. Arrive at Houghton, 85 miles, at 9 P. m.: leave at 4 A. m. next morning for Silver Islet, distant 150 miles from Marquette by direct route. Pass Keweenaw Point and Copper Harbor at 11 A. s. Fresh wind from the N. W., steering northward; thermometer 42~ Fahr. Pass Passage Island at 4 P. M., running direct for Thunder Cape. The N. E. part of Isle Royale presents a rugged appearance; the highest part being elevated 500 feet. Arrive at SILVER ISLET or RYANTON at 6 P. m.; distant 24 miles E. of Fort William. Take a tug-boat and visit Silver Islet Miine lying 3,000 feet from the main land; descend down the shaft, within the coffer dam, about 50 feet, by means of two ladders; the passage being lighted by candles; length opened about 70 feet from south to north; vein about 8 feet wide with a dip of 75~. On SILVER ISLAND, LAKE SUPERIOR. mainland, if found desirable. The island is so low and such a mere speck in the lake, that in a sea the waves were wont to wash entirely over it, rendering it altogether uninhabitable, and presenting great difficulties in the way of opening a vein. It became necessary that breakwaters should be built all about it, and large expenses incurred before the location could be worked at all. The present owners bought the property from a Montreal Company and commenced building breakwaters Sept. 1, 1870. " SILVER ISLET, a desolate rock some 70 or 80 feet square, projecting from the stormy waters of Lake Superior, lies some 3,000 feet away from the Canadian Shore of Lake Superior, south of Thunder Bay, off Thunder Cape, 24 miles east of Fort William, and until recently was regarded merely as a danger to navigation, an object to be scrupulously avoided. Now, it is known that the rocks of the island and its vicinity are rich in the silver, and arrangements have been made for mining in them, even as far as the 41 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. Before the close of navigation in Nov.. they had completed their erection and had mined 22 days, sending to the smelting works in New Jersey some $100,000 worth of ore. " Operations have since been continued, and there are now (1871) on their way from Lake Superior to Detroit some 200 barrels of rock filled with the treasure. A number of specimens were Deposited at the office of Capt.Ward, all rich, and the silver glistening in the sun, suggesting brilliant visions of wealth. One huge piece of rock weighed 2,550 pounds, and so rich in silverwere its veins that it was estimated that it would yield between $5,000 and $6,000 in value. Many specimens have already been tested, and the results have proved eminently satisfactory. It is thought the ore as a rule will not average less in its yield than from $1,500 to $3,000 per ton, and at this rate it would prove immensely remunerative. Smelting works have been built at Wyandotte, Mich., which are now in operation, and it is designed that the smelting shall all be carried on there. The Company has sold a small amount of stock, and we believe it was originally intended to put a large amount more into the market, but the design has apparently been abandoned on account of the richness of the mine, and the present stockholders, it is understood, propose to carry on the whole work themselves and to reap the entire harvest. They, of course, incur heavy expenses at the outset, as the cost of the breakwaters was $80,000, and the smelting works cost $100,000 more. "The miners are now boring and blasting a short distance below the surface, and, though they will deepen the passages as they go forward with the mine, it is thought that no very deep work will be required, even in getting beneath the surface of the Lake and working toward the main-land, 3,000 feet distant. All indications point to the great success of the enterprise, and incline one to the belief that this recent addition to the mineral wealth of Lake Superior is one of the most brilliant discoveries that have been made in that marvelous region." The treasure shipped in 1871 amounted to $820,000 A settlement has been commence d near Thunder Cape, opposite Silver Islet, on the main shore. Some 40 or 50 dwellings are already erected for the accommodation of the miners, and bids fair to be the nucleus of a large mining town. A church and schoolhouse has been erected by the Silver Mining Company. The Montreal and Silver I1let Mining Comnpanies own 107,000 acres of Silver and Mineral lands on the nouth Shore of Lake Superior, in different localities, extending from Pigeon River on the west, to Mamaines Point on the east. These mines are now being worked by a company of American capitalists. From a map issued by the Crown Land Department of Canada, showing a proposed route around the North Shore of Lake Superior it gives the course of numerous streams and locates some good timbered lands. The trees are mostly birch, balsam, cedar, spruce, pine, and hard maple on the high ridges. Iron, copper and silver ore is also found for a distance of 400 or 500 miles from near Saut Ste. Marie to Fort William, situated at the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. 42 RYANTON, OR SILVER ISLET. TRIP ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR. TRIP ALONG THE NORTH BHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR, STARTING FROM SAUT STE. MARIE, VIA CANADIAN STEAMERS. the Saut, lying near the middle of the above bay, being attached to the Province of Ontario. SANDY ISLANDS, lying off Batcheewauaung Bay, form with others, a handsone group of islands, where are good fis hing-grounds, being distant from the Saut Ste. Marie about 35 miles. MAMAINSE POINT (Little Sturgeon), opposite White Fish Point, is another bold headland, where is a fishing station and a few dwellings. A copper mine is located near this point, 45 miles north of the Saut, where is a small settlement. Here is a good harbor, the land rising abruptly to the height of 300 feet, presenting a rugged appearance. Some 12 or 15 miles north are located, on MICA BAY, the old Quebec Copper Mining Company's Works, at present abandoned, owing to their being found unproductive. Still farther north, skirting'Lake Superior, is to be found a vast Mineral Region, as yet only partially explored. MONTREAL ISLAND and RIVER, 20 miles north of Mamainse, afford good fishing-grounds. Here is a harbor exposed to the west winds from off the lake, which can safely be approached when the winds are not boisterous. LIZARD ISLAND and LEACH ISLAND, some 10 miles farther northward, are next passed, lying contiguous to the mainland. CAPE GARGANTUA, 40 miles north of Mamainse, is a bold headland. On the south side is a harbor protected by a small island. From this cape to the island of Michipicoten the distance is about 30 miles. After leaving the mouth of the Ship Canal, above the Rapids at the Saut Ste. Marie, on board one of the Canadian Steamers, the first landing is POINT AUX PINS, 7 miles. This place is delightfully situated on the Canada Shore. Waiska Bay is next entered, which is a small expanse of water extending westward to Point Iroquois, on the south shore, 15 miles distant from the Saut. Immediately opposite rises GROS CAP, on the Canada side, being about four miles asunder. This bold headland consists of hills of porphyry rising from 600 to 700 feet above the waters of the lake. " Gros Cap is a name given by the voyageurs to almost innumerable projecting headlands; but in this case appropriate-since it is the conspicuous feature at the entrance of the lake." North of Gros Cap lies GOULAIS BAY, and GOULAIS POINT, another bold highland which is seen in the distance. Goulais River enters the bay, affording, in connection with the adjacent waters, good fishing-grounds; the brook or speckled trout being mostly taken in the river. Here is a large Indian settlement of the Chippewa tribe. The whole North Shore as seen from the deck of the steamer, presents a bold and grand appearance, while in the distance, westward, may be seen the broad waters of Lake Superior. TONQUAMENON or WHITE FISH BAY, is a beautiful expanse of water, which is about 25 miles long and as many broad, terminating at White Fish Point, 40 miles above Saut Ste. Marie. PARISIEN ISLAND is passed 30 miles from 43 t LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. erected on the shores of this romantic island, wher e er e, sooner or later, will flock the wealthy and beautiful in sea r ch of health and recreation, such as are afforded by pure air, b o ating, fishing, and h unting. The fish mostly taken in th is part of the la ke ar e white-fish, siskowit, Mackinac trout, and speckled trout, the for mer being t aken by gill-nets. On the mainland are found the carabou, a large species of deer, bears, foxes, otters, be a ver s, martins, rabbits, partridges, pigeons, and other wild game. The barberry, red raspberry, and whortleberry are also found in different localities. CARIBOU ISLAND, lying about 25 miles south of Michipicoten, near the middle of the lake, is a small body of land attached to Canada. It is usually passed in sight when the steamers are on their route to Fort William. After leaving Michipicoten Island, the steamers usually run in a westerly direction passing over the widest part of Lake Superior, losing sight of land for about I00 miles, when the North Shore and Island of St. Ignace is sighted, if running for Neepigon Bay and River. OTTER BAY, 25 miles north of Michipicoten, is a beautiful and secure body of water, being protected by an island at its entrance. Here is a wild and rugged section of country, abounding in game of the fur-bearing species. Other bays and islands are found along the North Shore beyond Otter Head, toward Pic River and Island, and said to be of great beauty, the whole coast being bold and rugged, as seen from the water. At the mouth of the Pic is situated a Hudson Bay Company's Post. SLATE ISLANDS are a cluster of great Michipicoten Harbor and RIVER, 110 miles north of the Saut Ste. Marie, situated in N. lat., 47~ 56', W. long., 85~ 06', affords a safe anchorage, being surrounded by high hills. Here is established a Roman Catholic mission, and an important Hudson Bay Company's post, from whence diverges the river and portage route to James's Bay, some 350 miles distant. The shore of the lake here tends westward toward Otter Head, about 50 miles distant, presenting a bold and rugged apparance. MISCHIPICOTEN ISLAND (the Island of Knobs or Hills), 65 miles from Mamainse Point in a direct course, running in a northwest direction, lies about 40 miles west of Michipicoten Harbor. This island, 15 miles in length and 6 miles wide, may be called the gem of Lake Superior, presenting a most beautiful appearance as approached from the southward, where a few picturesque islands may be seen near the entrance to a sate and commodious harbor, which can be entered during ali winds. Nature seems to have adapted this island as a place of resort for the seekers of health and pleasure. Within the bay or h arbor a beautiful cluster of islands adorns its entrance, where may be found acates and other prec ious stones; while inland is a most charming body of water, surrounded by wooded hills rising from 300 to 500 feet above the waters of Lake Superior. The shores of the island abound with greenstone and amygdaloid, while copper and silver mines are said to exist in the interior, of great value. The fisheries here are also valuable, affording profitable employment to the hardy fisherman of this region. As yet, but few houses are 44 TRIP ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR. interest, where is to be found a large and secure harbor, lying north of the principal islands of the group. To the north on the mainland, are numerous bays and inlets affording safe harbor. As yet, the wild savage of the north alone inhabits this section of the Province of Ontario, which no doubt is rich in minerals of different kinds. The -$stand of St. Ignace, lying on the north shore of Lake Superior, is a large and important body of land, being rich in minerals and precious stones. It is about 17 miles long and six miles wide; the hills rising to 1,300 feet in some places, giving it a wild and romantic appearance from the water. Here are five small lakes, all be ing connected, and the outlet forming a beautiful stream, with rapids and falls. Large quantities of bro ok trout make th ese lakes and streams their favorite resort, they b eing but frequently visited except by the trapper and miner. Coppe r, silver and lead are said to b e found on this island in large quantities, a s well as on ot her i slands in its vicinity. The whole archipelago and m ainland here a fford good and s afe ha rbors; the Canada side of the lakes being greatly favored in this respect. On the west end, toward the entrance to N~eepigon Bay is a steamboat landing, the mouth of Neepigon River being some 12 or 15 miles distant. Here sportsmen resort during the summer months who are fond of trout fishing. The speckled trout taken in this river are of fabulous size and generally greedy for the snare or hook. Weeks and months can here be profitably spent by the angler and sportsman or seekers of health. NE.EPIGON BAY is another romantic sheet.of water, containing a number of beautiful wooded islands. It is about forty miles long and fifteen miles wide, being mostly surrounded by high and rocky eminences. Here the explorer, hunter, and angler may alike enjoy themselves with the wonders of the surrounding scene. Copper, silver, lead, and precious stones are here to be found in abundance on the islands and the mainland; while there is no end to the wild game and fish of this region. LAKE NEEPIGON EXPLORED. For many generations the existence of LAKE NEEPIGON has been known, but only partially, to the traders, trappers and Indians in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Fur Company. The general impression has been, that Lake Neepigon was located about 80 miles north of Lake Superior and that it was as large as Lake Erie. But during the past three years the government of Canada has been extending its surveys to the public lands along the North Shore of Lake Superior, past Fort William toward the Red River country. Mr. Herrick, one of the provincial surveyors, made a traverse of the Neepigon River in 1866, and found the distance to the lake to be in a rig ht line less than thirty miles. The lake, instead of lying east and west for 200 miles in length, has its longest diameter north and south seventy miles; its breadth east and west being fifty miles. Its height above Lake Superior is determined approximately at 313 feet, or 913 above the ocean. In 1869, Robert Bell, an assistant geologist and engineer of the Canada survey, in company with surveyor 4V LAKE SUPERIOR GUID]E. theodolite and the distances with a micrometer. They also took observations for latitude and longitude. At the end of eight weeks they met at the northern extremity of the lake, having had a pleasant and prosperous journey. The latitude of the northern extremity is 50~ 15, north. Its surroundings are less mountainous than Lake Superior. To the north, between Neepigon and Hudson's Bay, the country is represented by the Indians to be comparatively level. The Ombabika River coming in from that direction heads with the Albany River which discharges into salt water at James' Bay, and between them is supposed to be a fiat limestone region. This is one of the routes of the Hudson Bay Company to their posts on Hudson Bay. Southwest of Lake Neepigon between it and Thunder Bay of Lake Superior, the country is represented as capable of cultivation, and the climate the counterpart of Quebec. By referring to the map can be seen the route usually pursued by the Canadian steamers; also, the islands and head-lands along the North Shore. McKellor, made the entir e circuit of Lake Neepigon, exploring it typographically and geologically. From the reports and maps of these bold explorers it is learned that Lake Neepigon is accessible and has around it a valuable country. It has a shore line of about five hundred and eighty miles of navigable water, and probably one thousand islands. Its waters are clear, cold, and pure, and its outlet is the largest river of Lake Superior. A larg e part of the rocks are such as produce copper. Near the -southwest angle of the lake at Grand Bay, with only a few feet of elevation between them, the Black Sturgeon River has its rise. The space between them is so narrow and so low that in a high stage of the lake the waters appear to flow over the intervening ground from the lake into the head of this river. iNeepigon, in Chippeway, signifies deep and clear water. When the party reached the head of the river at the lake, they divided, McKellor following the right hand or eastern shore, and Bell the western. They travelled in canoes, Indian fashion, taking the courses with a CANADIAN PAOIFIC RAILROAD. about 950 miles from Halifax. From Ottawa through an almost unbroken wilderness, north of Lakes Huron and Superior, to the head of Lake Winnipeg (50~ N. lat.), a further distance of 1,250 miles, here winter prevails for six months-from November to May. From Lake Winnipeg through the valley of the Saskatchewan and over the Rocky Mountains to the Mouth of Fraser's River, a further distance of As the British Government has offered to guarantee $12,500,000 in order to further the construction of this road, running north of Lake Superior, and the Dominion of Canada purpose to give 50,000,000 acres of land, we give the route over which it must necessarily pass:-Starting from Halifax, N. S., it will run in a circuitous course to Quebec, from thence to near Montreal and Ottawa, a distance of 46 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 1,600 miles; making a total of about distance frosts prevail during every 3,800 miles from ocean to ocean. West month of the year, rendering the of Lake Winnipeg a Siberian summer country north of Lake Superior unfit prevails, but for about one-third the for permanent settlement. THE FAUNA AND PHYSIOAL FEATURES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. posit of clay or clayey mud. Water was taken from the bottom at many points, and everywhere perfectly fresh. That at 169 fathoms gave no precipitate with nitrate of silver The. temperature everywhere below 30 or 40 fathom, was very uniform, varying only slightly from 39~ Fahr.* while at surface, during the summer months, it varied from 50~ to 55~ Fahr. " The fauna of the lake-bottom corresponds with the above physical conditions. In the shallow waters along the s hores, the fauna varies wi th th e varying character of the bottom; while below30 or 40 fath oms, where the deep-water fauna properly begins, the same species seem to be everywhere nearly uniformly distributed down to the deepest points. The soft clayey bottom is, however, very unfavorable to most formsof animal life, and, as we might expect, the fauna of this region is very meagre. Except among the worms, it seems to have scarcely any species peculiar to it, and is characterized rather by the absence of many of the shallow-water species than by forms peculiar to itself." From a recent Report of SIDNEY J. SMITH, the zoologist of the Lake Survey, while on board the United States Steamer Search, we copy this interesting information: " The following will show the localities at which dredgings were made, the depth, and the composition of the bottom. On a line from the Slate Islands, near the north shore, toward Stannard's Rock, (the widest part of the lake), four hauls were made as follows: First, about 18 miles south of the western end of the islands, 105 fathoms, soft clay. Second, about 35 miles from the islands, 169 fathoms (1,014 feet), the deepest point yet found in the lake, very soft light clay, with small pieces of rotten wood. Third, about 40 miles from the islands, 116 fathoms, bottom same as the last haul. Fourth, about 57 miles from the islands, 159 fathoms, bottom very soft clay North of Copper Harbor, dredgings were made at three different points: First, 17 miles off, 148 fathoms, soft clay. Second, nearer the shore, 62 fathoms, soft reddish mud and sand. Third, with a quarter of a mile of the shore, 17 fathoms, bottom sand. " From the above it is seen that, in all the deeper parts of the lake, the bottom is covered with a uniform de 1 se ~1. - ~ * The mean annual tempera ro o tlupeincumbent air (40~ Fahr.) nearl c'repond with the deep waters of the lake, marking the northern limits of the Temperate zone. 47 48 LARE SUPERIOR, Its Bays, Harbors, Islands, Tributaries, &c. OBJECTS OF INTEREST ON THE SOUTH SHORE. Miles. Portage Entry and Light (West),. 245 Portage Lake.................. 6-251 HOUGHTON, + N. lat. 46~40', W. long. 88~30.................. 8-259 Hancock,t.................... 841-260 Head of P or tage e Lake (8 mile s), 268 Traverse sla nd from Portage Entry,...................... 10-255 Tobacco River,................6 12-267 Lac La Belle, t a nd Bete Grise Bay 14-281 Mount Houghton (900 feet high). Montreal River (Fishing Station), 6-287 KeweenawPoint,.............. 8-295 Manitou Island and Light...... 3-298 COPPER HARBOR,T N. lat. 47-30', . W. long. 88~,................. 10-308 Agate Harbor,................. 10-318 Eagle Harbor t and IAght,....... 6-324 EAGLE RIVER, t N. lat. 47~25', W. long. 88~2 0',............ 9-333 Entrance to Ship Canal & Portage Lake Route,................ 20-353 Salmon Trout River,........... 8-366 Graveraet River,.............. 5-366 Elm River,................... 8-374 Misery River,................. 5-379 Sleeping River,................. 6-385 Flint Steel River,.............. 6-391 ONTONOGAN,, N. lat. 46052', W. long. 89~30.................. 9-400 Iron River,................... 11-411 Porcupine Mount'ns, 1,300 ft. high, 8-419 Carp River,................... 10-429 Presque Isle River,............ 6-435 Black River,.................. 6-441 Montreal River boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin,..... 20-461 Markeg, or Bad River,......... 10-471 Chawawegon Point, Bay, & Light, 11-482 Ashland, Wi,wousin head Chaw awegon Bay. Saut Ste. Marie, Mich. N. lat. 46~30', W. long. 84~43'. Head of Ship Canal andRapids, 1 Round Island and Light,......... 6-6 7 Waiska Bay................. 2-9 Iroquois Point and Light........ 7-16 Tequamenon Bay and River,.... 9-25 White Fish Point and Light,.... 15 -40 Carp River,.................. 20-60 Two-Heart River............. 6-66 Sucker River,................ 12-78 Grand Marais River,.......... 12-90 Grand Satible, 300 feet high,.... 10-100 Cascade Falls, 100 feet,....... 18-118 The Chapel,.........' 2-120 Arched Rock, or Grand Portail,............ Pictured 4-124 Sail Rock........... Rocks. 2-126 The Amphitheatre... 2-128 Miner's Castle, & River, 3-131 Grand Island and Harbor......3-134 Munising, and Iron Works...... 2-136 ONOTA, Schoolcraft Co....... 4-140 Au Train Island, and River.... 9-149 Au Sauble River.............. 6-155 Harvey, Mouth Chocolat River,.. 12-167 MARQUETTE * AND LIGHT, N. lat. 46o32', W. long. 87041........3-170 Dead River,................... -172 Presque Isle,................. 1-173 Middle Island................ 2-175 Granite Point and Island,....... 5-180 Garlic River................. 8-188 Little Iron River, and Lake Inde pendence.................. 10-198 :.Smon Trout River........... 8-206 b ln.ivar a'nh Lake,...... 6-212 Huroal,lafidiand Light,. 10-222 Huron Bay,':................. 6-228 Point Abbaye,................ 4-232 Keweenaw Bay (13 miles wide) L'A nc and Settlement (South),. 13-245 Miles. LAKE SUPERIOR-OBJECTS OF INTEREST. Burnt Wood River............ Poplar River,................ Cotton Wood River,............ Amican River................. Mouth Nemadje, or Left Itand River, (Alloues Bay). Wisconsin Point,............... Minnesota Point and Light,.... St. Louiis Bay and PRiver. Sulperior City, Wisconsin, Duluth, Minnesota........ la Pointe. Madeline Island,..... (The Twelve Apostle Islands). BAYFIELI), Wisconsin, N. lat. 46~45', W. long. 91~3',...... Basswood Island,............. Raspberry Island, and Light,.... York Island,................. Fishing Island,................ Bark Bay and Point,.......... Apakwa, or Cranberry River,... Iron River,................. * Shipping Port for Iron. f Shipping Ports for Copper. Objects of Interest on the North Shore. Miles. FORT WILLIAM, Canada, N. lat. 48~23', MT. long. 8927',........3-150 Prince Arthur's Landing, 8~ miles, Thunder Cape, 1,350 feet high,.. 15-165 Silver Islet, Canada............-170 Black Bay...................6-175 Point Porphyry............... 6-180 Entrance to Neepigon Bay & River 30-210 Ste. Ignace Island,.......... 10-220 Slate Islands,................. 30-250 Pic Island................... 15 -265 Peninsula Harbor.............. 8-273 Pic River and Harbor......... 10-283 Otter Island, Head and Cove,... 30-313 Michipicoten Island, 800 ft. high, 25-338 Michipicoten, Harbor and River, N. lat. 47~56', W. long. 85~06'. 45-383 Cape Gargantua.............. 25-408 Leach Island,................ 12-420 Lizard Islands................. 6-426 Montreal Island and River,..... 14-440 Mica Bay (Copper Mine)........ 20-4(;0 IMamainse Point............... 6-466 Batchewanaung Bay (Fishing St'n) 10-476 Sandy Islands................ 4-480 Maple Island,................ 7-4.84 Goulois Bay and Point.......... 8-495 Parisien Island,.............. 5-500 Gros Cap, 700 feet high,........ 10-510 Point Aiux Pins,............... 7-517 Saul Ste. Marie, Canada,.. 8-525 Superior City, Wisconsin, N lat. 46~ 401, W. long. 92~, (Superior Bay.) Duluth, Minn............ 7 L ester River,................. 5- 12 Kassabika River,............... 7- 19 French River (Copper Mines),... 3-22 Buchanon,.................... 4-26 Knife River (Copper Mines),... 1-27 Burlington.................... 10-37 Stewart's River,............... 3-40 Encampment River and Island.. 3-43 Split Rock River,............. 7-50 Beaver Bay, N. lat. 47~12', W. long. 91~.................... 10-60 Palisades..................... 5-65 Baptism River,................ 1-66 Little Mara,s,.................. 6-72 Mtanitou River,................ 3-75 Two-Island River,............. 8-83 Temperance River,............ 5-88 Poplar River,................... 6-94 Grand Portage, -Indian trading post, N. lat. 47~50', W. long. 90~....................... 16-110 Isle Royal, attached to Michigan, Pigeon River, boundary between the United States and Canada, 10-120 Pie Island, 700 feet high,....... 20-140 Welcome Island,.............. 7-147 Mouth Kaministiquia River. I 49 Miles. 3-485 Mile& 10-545 9-554 4-558 2-560 3-488 7-495 6-501 4-505 ,4-509 10-519 6-525 10-535 1 7-567 1-568 1-569 7-576 Miles. LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. LIST OF STEAMERS IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE BEFORE AND SINCE THE OPENING OF THE ST. MARY'S SHIP CANAL IN 1855. American S8eam CAPTAINS. Capt. Titus. Capt. Averill. Capt. Easterbrook. John Wilson. Capt. Ripley. R. Ryder. John Reed. Capt. Jones. John Reed. Benj. Wilkins. F. S. Miller. John Wilson. B. G. Sweet. J. Hallorin. A. Stewart. G. Davis. Capt. Ripley. Capt. Jones. Benj. Squires. B. G. Sweet. John Wilson. Capt. McIntyre. J. E. Turner. J. Nicholson. Capt. Cleveland. John Frazer. S. Dustin. Capt. Wilson. B. Sweeny. BULT. NAME. ToNs. 1836 Julia Palmer1843 Independence. 1847 Sam Ward. 450 Manhattan. Monticello. Napoleon. Albany. Peninsula 1845 Superior. 567 1847 Baltimore. B500 1848 Queen City. 1,000 1851 Arctic No. 1. 867 1851 Lady IElgin. 1,037 1851 Northerner. 800 1852 Cleveland. 574 1852 Traveller. 603 1852 Michigan. Gen. Taylor. 1853 E. K. Collins. 950 1853 Garden City. 1854 North Star. 1,100 Illinois. 926 Concord. 1855 Iron City. 700 Planet. 1,154 1856 Dubuque. Comet. City of Toledo. Favorite. Gazelle. Queen of the Lake. Sunbeam. 1857 City of Cleveland. 800 1858 - Northern Light. 800 1862 Meteor.* 957 1863 Pewabic. 960 Arctic No. 2.* Atlantic.* Pacific.* 1864 Iron Sides. Lac la Belle. 1866 Northwest. 1,200 Sea Bird. 600 City of Madison. 487 Cuyahoga 727 Ontonagon.t 682 Norman.t 545 Mineral Rock. 719 1866 Keweenaw.* 800 1869 St. Paul.* 1,000 1870 R. G. Coburn. 0 Runs on Lake Michigan. Wrecked on Lake Superior in 1860. Burnt on Lake Superior, June, 1869. Wrecked on Lake Superior, Aug. 28,1863. Changed to a barque. Runs from Cleveland to Lake Superior. Buffalo to Lakle Superior. Sunk in Lake Huron in 1865. Buffalo to Lake Superior. Runs on Lake Michigan. Runs from Detroit to Cleveland. Burnt on Lake Michigan. Chicago to Lake Superior. Buffalo to Lake Superior. Lost on Lake Huron, Oct. 18,1871. 50 G. H. Ryder. Thomas Wilson. Geo. P. M'Kay. J. E. Turner. IF. S. Miller. M. H. Murch. John Spaulding. E. Yiger. Capt. Blodgett. James Davis. C. M. Davis. Francis Dugo. Thomas Lloyd. A. G. Ripley. Albert Stewart. Allen McIntyre. .], Dumont. LIST OF STEAMERS IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE. Geo. B. Dickson. Buffalo to Lake Superior. Benj. Wilkins. " " " A. McDougall. " " Ed. Kelly. " "I Charles McCrea. " " " R. M'Grory. Cleveland to Lake Superior. John Brown. " " " Geo. P. McKay. Chicago to Lake Superior. 1871 China.* 1871 India.* 1871 Japan.* St. Louis.* Winslow.* Champlain.: Empire.+ City of Boston.1 1872 Peerless.t Canadian Steamers. TONS. CAPTAINS. Samuel Peck. 400 Duncan McLean. Capt. Dick. REMARKS. Changed to towboat. Transferred to Canadian Government. Name changed. Runs on Lake Superior. Runs to Saut Ste. Marie. Sarnia to Lake Superior. Runs to Lake Superior. P. M. Campbell. Capt. Symes. Capt. McCaulay. Capt. J. Tripp. Capt. James Orr. BUILT. NAMz. 1856 Gore. 1860 Plough Boy. 1862 Rescue. Collingwood. Algoma. 1864 Waubnlho. Manitoba. Acadia. 1869 Chicora.~ 1871 Cumberland. 1872 Frank Smith. * One of the above Steamers will leave BUFFALO, daily, at 2 o'clock P.M. (except Fridays and Saturdays); ERIE, daily, at 8 o'clock A. M., and CLEVELAND, daily, at 10 o'clock P.M., (except Saturdays and Sundays); DETROIT daily, at 10 o'clock P. M., (except Sundays and Mondays), touching at SARNIA, Can., and PORT tUR'QN, Mich., the following morning. Chicago, "People's Line of Steamers." Northern Transportation Line. The Chicora was built in Liverpool, England, in 1864, for a blockade-runner, sailing to Charleston, S.C.; purchased in 1867 by Milloy & Co. of Toronto, Can.; taken to Quebec and cut in two pieces and passed through the St. Lawrence Canals to Buffalo, N.Y. Here she was rebuilt and put on the Collingwood Line, in 1869. Her engines are marine, oscilating of superior workmanship, affording great speed. THE STRAITS OF MAOKINAO —DATES OF OPENING. The Dates for the opening of the Straits for the past eighteen years are as follows: 1854........ April 25 1863........April 17 1855... May 1 1864........ April 23 1856........ May 2 1865........April 21 1857........ May 1 1866........ April 29 1858........ April 6 1867... April 23 1859........ April 4 1868..... April 19 1860........ April 13 1869. April 23 1861........April 25 1870........ April 18 186258...... April 18 1871.......April 3 1854... April 25 186 3... April 13 The closing and the opening of the Straits of Mackinac, controls the navigation of the Upper Lakes; they are usually closed for five months. 51' 1,240 1,240 1,240 1,137 416 200 450 550 6(0 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. LAKE AND RIVER COMMEROE. including a large number of flat boats. In 1857 the tonnage had dwindled to 322,039 tons. A new series of disasters and the opening of the Railroads to West, together with the competition of the Erie Canal, had begun to divert trade to the Atlantic ports. The civil war afterwards had a discouraging effect, but after its close a reaction set in. In 1869, 392,901 tons were afloat, the number of vessels being 2223, of which only 1028 were steamboats, with 271,507 tons measurement. Since that time the amount of Tonnage has decreased some 10,008 tons. It will be seen that the tonnage of Western rivers has increased only 21,000 tons within the last twenty years, and this increase has been only in barge tonnage. The steamboat tonnage has actually decreased 100,000 tons.-Shipping List. INLAND MARINE.-If our Ocean Ma rine has decreased, it is a compensatory reflection that the proportions of our Lake Marine has wonderfully expanded the last few years, and is in a moderately prosperous condition, in spite of some drawbacks. In 1850, according to the Bureau of Statistics, the tonnage on the Northern Lakes was 434,639 tons. In 1869 it had increased to 661,366 tons, and is now (1872,) over 700,000 tons, with a large number of vessels on the stocks. The Lake vessel owners, moreover, have kept fully abreast of the times, among the fleet being a large number of iron propellers of vast carrying capacity. The Tonnage of our River craft, however, has not kept pace with that of the Lakes. According to the same authority, the tonnage on the Eastern rivers in 1850 was 314,842 tons, not PRINOIPAL HOTELS OF LAKE SUPERIOR AND VIOINITY. NAMiE. CHIPPEWA HOUSE. ISLAND HousE. MISSIoN HOUSE. COLES HOUSE. NORTH-WESTERN. SUMMIT HOUSE. TREMONT HOUSE. OGDEN HOUSE. TILDEN HOUSE. DOUGLASS HOUSE. SMITH'S HOTEL. AVERY HousE. BAY VIEW HOUSE. CLARK HOUSE. FOND D U LAC HOUSE. LITCHFIELD HOUSE. METROPOLITAN HOTEL. MERCHANTS' HOTEL. NICHOLAY HOUSE. SAUT STE. MARIE. MACKINAC, Mich. NEGAUNEE. ESCANABA. IEOUGHTON. BAYFIELD, WiS. SUPERIOR CITY. DULUTH, Minn. 52 PROPRIETOB.S H. P. Smith. E. A. FRANKS. Coles' Brothers. Hiram H. Hunt. Hamilton Fraser. Mrs. B. Armstrong. MARQUETTE, MICH. Sheldon & Allen. P. W. Smith. Baker & Stratton. J. J. Hull & Co. D. L. Kelly. J. W. Litchfield. Gilbert Dutcher. Johnson & Co. FOND DU LAC. THOMSON, Minn. ST. PAUL. MNINEAPOLIS. 5,3 DOLUTH'to the RED RIVER OF TEE NORTH, Via THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD, Connecting with STEAMERS on LAKE SUPERIOR. M Eastern Connections. STEAMERS run from DULUTH, touching on all the ports on LAE SUPERIOR, to SAUT STE. MARIE, and from thence to MACKINAC and CHICAGO on the South. To PORT HURON, DETROIT, CLEVELAND, ERIE and BUFFALO, connecting with the Great Lines of Travel to the Eastern Cities. To FORT WILLIAM and SILVER ISLET, on the North Shore, running to Saut Ste. Marie, Can., thence through the North Channel to COLLINGWOOD, where commences the Northern Railroad of Canada, running to TORONTO, and connecting with Steamers running to MONTREAL and QUEBEC,-forming altogether the most varied and interesting Steamboat Routes in the World. Western Connections. The LAKE SUPERIOR AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD runs from Duluth to St. Paul, Minn., 155 miles connecting with Steamers on the Mississippi River. At BRAINERD, 115 miles west of Duluth, the Mississippi is crossed; from whence Steamers run up and down the river. At MOORHEAD, 137 miles further, the Red River of the North is reachedStages and Steamers run to PEMBINA, Minn., and to FORT GARRY, Manitoba. STATION8. DIIjULUT.............. Rice's Poin t................. Oneota........................ 3 Spirit Lake.................. 5 Fond du Lac................ 6 THOMSON.................... 8 Junction............... 1 Lake Sup. & Mississippi R. 219 Norman..................... 9 206 Isla nd Lake................. 13 195 Sicottes....................... 11 176 Kimberly.................... 19 164 Aiken........................ 12 154 Reno.......................... 10 137 Brainerd............... 17 (Missippi B-iver.) 125 Pillagen..................... 12 115 Wellwood................... 10 109 Hayden....................... 6 101 Lindel........................ 8 91 Wadena...................... 10 86 Leaf River.................. 5 67 Negawno..................... 19 56 Milton........................ 11 46 DETROIT..................... 10 39 Oak Lake.................... 7 33 Marion....................... 6 23 Bethel........................ 10 17 Muskoday................... 6 O l[oorhead.............. 17 (Red River of the, North.) i -Ali - drip~~~~~~~o IL 7 MILES. 252 251 248 243 237 229 228 MILES. 0 1 4 9 15 23 24 .R. 33 46 57 76 88 98 115 127 137 143 151 161 166 185 196 206 213 219 229 235 252 54 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE, FROM CHICAGO TO GREEN BAY AND MfARQUETTE, LAKE SUPERIOR. A~ I I-..............~...... Chicago and North- Western -Railroad. Chester................. 8 Oakfield.................................... 8 Fond du Lac......... 9 OSH3COSa.................... 6 Neenah.......................14 APPLETON.................. 6 Little Chute................. 5 Kaukauna.................... 3 Wrightstown............... 5 6 De Pere...................... 10 FORT HOWARD............ 6 Green Bay............ STATIONS, CHICAGO............. Canfield...................... Des Plaines................... 5 Dunton.....J................... 5 Palatine..................... 4 Barrington................. 6 CRYSTAL LAJE............ 11 Ridgefield.................... 3 Woodstock.................. 5 Harvard Junction......... 12 Lawrence.................... 2 Clinton Junction...............13 Shopiere...................... 4 Janesville............. 9 Milton Junction........... 8 Fort Atkinson.............. 12 Jefferson..................... 6 Johnson's Creek........... 5 WATERTOWN............... 8 Juneau....................... 15 Minn. Junction*............ 3 Burnett....................... 4 195 Green Bay........... 242 75 ESCANABA, Mich......... 120 362 Day's River................. 13 Centerville................. 17 Little Lake.................. 12 NEGAUNEE................. 20 MAIRQUETTE.....13 - ~~iti Steamers run daily from MARQUETTE to the Saut Ste. Marie on the East, 170 miles; and to Houghton, Ontonagon, Bayfield, and Duluth on the West; a total distance of 400 miles,-passing around Keweenaw Point. This distance can be shortened about 100 miles by passing the Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canal. - s. MILES. 82 74 65 49 35 29 24 21 16 6 0 STATIONS. MILE@. 160 168 177 193 207 213 218 221 226 236 242 0 MILES. 242 230 225 220 216 210 199 196 191 179 177 164 160 151 143 131 125 120 112 97 94 90 MILES. 0 12 17 22 26 32 43 46 51 63 65 78 82 91 99 111 117 122 130 145 148 152 (Steamboat Boute.) Peninsula Division Bailroad. 62 45 33 13 0 375 392 404 424 437 H; vI!1. -. i; _ ~1873' Th FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. - \\(~ a j+%tt; $ PtljtPj>F++jv~t: OF sT~A~~E~ FaOnl BUl FFALOCLEVELAN s DET \- -~O~R'] HURON AN]) S3ARNIAo~ -TO Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Houghton, Hancock, COPPER HARBOR, EAGLE HARBOR, ONTONAGONT, BAYFIELD, ASHLAND, — AND — 'I. U t U, * ,I~~~~ ~ CONNECTINO WVITH TIIE 'NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL ROAD — TO — S T. PAUL3 MINIIC,&PQLIS And all Points in Northern Wisconsin and Iowa, Formiing the Mlost Dlirect Route to TU,VI 3t, B D JA' E,, o -PuO, JIE ~l-,~3 TB I MANITOBA an the UPPER MISSOTOURI RIVER,' Affording Uneq,,aled Attactions to the TOURIST & P'LEASUlkIE EEl(Eg. NEi 8ThL EiscAmoe EfPssgrSFI (MOST OF WHICH ARE NEW,) VIZ: JASSIENER T=Ax=RS q l.. 1,000 Tons. Kewveenav,.. .. 750." Comet,... Ro.. 7700 " Annie L. Craig, FR3:IG:T 5T]IECISIRS. 1,0 O5 Tons. Phil. Sheridan, 1,100 " Iinneapolls, PRun from BUFFALO to DULUTIH ain d inteIr m edliate Ports,-coiiiiectls at 1Buffalo with the NF.w YORK CExNTR.AL RAILPOAD, for all points EAST anl( SOUTdI-EAs aT,-ani( tt DULUTH withl tilhe NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD fO' ST. PAIL,, and all points in Miiiiiiesota, Nortliern Wiscoiiisin, Iowa, Dacotah and Manitoba. The Passenger Boats are first-class Steame us, which alc fittedl, tound and offlereled with especial reference to the traveling comiiiunity seekinig hlealthl andl pleasure. One of these Steaners will leave BUFFA LO every Sitiiila, Tuesdtay and T1hU's(l;y, at 7 ,'clock, P. M. CLEVELAND, every Monidiayl, IVeltessdil atd Fri,lSt!/ at 8 o'clock, P. M. ;)ETROIT, (fromI foot o f First Street.) every lite.sidct, hu iis(ltiy and S(ttliri(ey, at 10 o'clock, I'. M.,-or on arrival of late tirains-aid touich,tt Por)t HIl'oi, Sarnia, anand Grand( Tirunkl R. I. I)epot on the morning following the abov e (departures froi DI)etroit, connecting with the Railvays East, West and S:utli. The round tripto Dulutth eibl)races a distance of nearly 2,400 miles, passing through LAKES i',RIE, ST. CLAIR, URON and SUPEt,:IOR, and the Rivers l)etroit, St. Cltir and( Sault Ste. Marie, :l'ordiiig an opportunity of witnessilig thle filest lake allit river scenery on thle Coiitiiient ot Ailmerica. Cabin passage on thie Steamers ot this line incl(udes mieals and( stateroomis, and thle fare beinl' :iliout the price of board at a good( hotel. i makes thle trip a chleap lhlxurv, and enables the tour-ist ,,z invalid to enjoy, at a sinall cost, tihe hlealthl-giving and bracing atmisosplere of tl(he Great l,akes and the North-west. Information can be obtained, or Stateroomns secire(l, by applyilng to the following Agents : (i Consignees: HANNA & CO., - - - Cleveland, J. E. BOTSFORD & Co., - Port Huron, Or to EBER WARD, Manager, Foot of Woodward Avenue, DETROIT. TABLE OF DISTANCES. Fr'o(}IiL ]~ltflF~l:10 re O CLBOVLAND............................-15 AL Ha............................ 15- 900 DRT~Oi?.................20-..........1 5 E~L Rs............................. 10-1000 SAULT ST?. MARIE................. 365-660 O_A...... O.o.................. -i1 O6O MARqt'...r........................... 170-830 BivoigL............................. -l1 ]40 PoFsaGo LAs........................0 -s De.............................. 90-123(l CoPP HBOR..................... 955 DLI o T. PAl, i R. R........... 5 —1385 i II St. Paul, !.Mayflowver, Roeket 80() Tonts. 700"1 !)00 "1 Jarvis Lord,. Superior,.. 875 Tonis. . 1,400 " I I =1 I{ 4873. Pt LIKE SdrEsIQ 1873. P%, -~~~~~~~~, tI'$k ~ f-;"T,EAMBO'hATif~it RlUNINING( F.OM — BUFFALO, ERIE, CLEVELAND & DETROIT, TO SAULT STE. MARIE, MARQUETTE, And other PORTE on LAKE SUPERIOR. This Line is Composed of the following FIRST-CLASS STEAMERS: - CAPIT. CHARLES M(,CREA -- - " F. S. MILI,LER. - T..E. TURNER. i; BEN W ILKINS. I:: X - VV OX 4, - -,, - -B. I ONE OF THE ABOVE STEA'.MERS Leave BUFFALO every Sunday and Thursday at 2 P.M. Leave CLEVELAND every Monday and Friday at 9 P.M. Leave DETROIT every Tuesday and Saturday at 10 P.M. :!,W. BULLAPD, Gen. Manager Union S. B. Co., BUFFALO, N.Y. J. J. WADSWORTH, Agent, ERIE, Pa. E. M. BULLARD, Agent, CLEVELAND, Ohio. A. CIIHESEBROUGII, Agent, DETROIT, Mich. ..T. WHITING, General Agent, DETROIT, Mich. l:! I Il I . I X nought of qw"Arsavo o DISTAN CEmS FRO1V B<IIjOvE, y IL\DELrII 41 1\EW; yOtKy TO BUFFALO, CLEVELAND OR DETROIT, CONNECTIN(G W'ITH Miles. BALTIMORE to CUMBERL,AND. via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad... -178 CUMBERLAND to PITTSBURGH. via Pittsbl)urgh & Connellsville Railroad........150 —328 PITTSBURGH to CLEVELAAD, via Cleveland & Pittsbtirgh Railroad..............150-478 BALTIMORE to HARRISBURG, via Northern Central Railwa y......................... - 85 HARRISBURG to PITTSBURGH, via P,,iin. Central Railroad..................... 249-334 PITTSBURGH to CLENEI.AND, via Cleveland & Pittsbtrg,th Raiilroad...........150-484 CLEVELAND to DETROIT, via Steamer............................................. -120 IPHILADEL'HIA to CLEVELAND, via Pittsburgh, direct............................. -5(;5 PHILADELPHIA to ERIE, via Williamsport, Pa...................................... -451 NEW YORK to CLEVELAND, via Harrisburgh, Pa................................. -580 NEW YORK to BUFFALO, via Erie Railway......................................... -424 NsNEw YORK to NIAGARA FALLS, via New York Central Railroad............... -447 NEw YORK to DETROIT, Mich., via Suspension Bridge............................ -677 CLEVELAND and DETROIT can be -issily reached by Railroad from Cincinnati, Lonisvile and other Southern cities. RAILROAD TICKETS can be obtained in any of the Eastern Cities for the above Points situated on Lake Erie, etc. JEFFERSON AVENUE, DETROIT, MIOC. EDWARD LYON, - PROPRIETOR. This is a large and well kept HOTEL, situated on Jefferson Avenue, hall way betwaeen the Michigan Central and Detroit and Milwsankee Railroad Depots, and near Ithe Detroit and Cleveland Steaiinboat Landilig. _.......==....:00X....._=...._..D_....=..._=. li, - - - - - - - - - - - io **8trw1!^I I'wg"g 1,~ -~* —1,el. PHILADELPHIA TO WILLIAMSPORT AND ERIE, VIA THE 4t;t;t X %ht t.tU the Alleghany range of mountains. Total distance from Philadelphia to Erie, 451 miles. This favorite Line of Travel runs through the richest and most interesting part of Pennsylvania-passing through the city of Lancaster, on the route to Harrisburg. From Harrisburg, the capital of the State, the route is continued in a northerly direction, along the bank of the Susquehanna river; the stream being crossed four times by the Railroad track before reaching Williamsport. 55 ON leaving Philadelphia for Williamsport or Erie, passengers are conveyed over the Pennsylvania Central Railway to Harrisburg, 105 miles; from thence, over the Northern COmtral Railway to Sunbury, 58 miles. At Sunbury commences the Philadelphia and Erie Railway, extending north to Williamsport, 40 miles. Distance from Philadelphia to Williamsport, 203 miles. From Williamsport the Philadelphia and Erie Railway extends a further distance of 248 miles to the city of E,rie, situated on Lake Erie, crossing RAILROAD HOUTZ FROM PHILADELPHIA AND ERIE RAILROAD ROUTE. and the most lovely mountain and river scenery is passed, in quick suc cession, for many miles. RENOVO, 255 miles from Philadel phia, is handsomely situated, being sur rounded by mountain scenery. Here are the machine shops and works of the Railroad Company, also the Re novo Hotel, a large and well-kept house, where are several fountains and pools, filled with brook-trout. In the vicinity, the mountain streams are alive with this delightful fish, affording fine sport for the angler. The villages of Cameron and Emporium, and other stations, are passed before arriving at the summit of the Allegheny mountains; here abounding in wild game of different kinds, the' m o st numerous being the deer, whi ch are often taken in great numbers by hunters and sportsmen. ST. MARY'S, 120 miles west of Williamsport, is elevated about 2000 feet above the Ocean. Here are extensive coal mines, and a large Roman Catholic institution. KANE, 153 miles from Williamsport, and 95 miles from Erie, is situated on the summit of the Allegheny range of mountains, here elevated 2008 feet above the Ocean. This is the favorite residence of General Kane, and where passengers stop to dine,-often being treated to brook-trout and venison, At Northumberland, 60 miles above Harrisburg, the North Branch of the Susquehanna is crossed by a substantial bridge, and the Railroad track is continued for the remainder of the distance alo ng t he West Branch Oaf the SHusquehanna river t o n ear the summit of the Alleghany ra nge of mountains; crossing and re-crossing several times this beautiful and romantic s t ream. The city of Williamsport is beautifully situa ted on the north-east side of the Susquehanna, on a plain surrounded by hills. The city contains a populati on of 18,000, and a number of f ine pub lic buildings. The HEfRDIC HOUSE, situated near t he depot, is a large and popular Hotel, bei ng much fre quented by tourists, and pleasureeekers. It has 250 large, a i r) and w ell-fu r nished rooms, and all the modern improvem ents for t he convenience of guests; being surrounded by delightful gro und s, ornamented with forest trees. It is a favorite resort during the summer months. On leaving Williamsport the line of the Railroad extends westward through a wild and romantic section of country, following the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna. LOCK HAVEN, 25 miles above Williamsport, is a large and thriving place of business, from whence diverges the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, connecting with the Pennsylvania Central Railroad at Tyrone. Above Lock Haven the Railroad track crosses the stream, 56 when in season. The descent of the mountain on its western slope presents many fine views PHILADELPHIA AND ERIE RAILROAD ROUTE. after the discovery of the immense deposits of petroleum, in the valley of Oil Creek; it has since become an important Railroad centre. Extensive machine shops of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad are located in the City of ERIE, where are also commodious docks for the transshipment of coal, iron and merchandise. The opening of the trade with Lake Superior and the Upper Mississ ippi Valley, by means of the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad, must vastly increase the commercial importance of this favored city, possessing the largest and safest harbor on Lake Erie. before arriving in the beautiful valley of the Allegheny river, some 20 miles west from the summit, and about 1000 feet less altitude. WARREN, 66 miles from Erie, situate d in the valley of the Allegheny river, is a large and flourishing town. Frorn Irvineton, 6 miles west of Warren, the Oil reek and Allegheny P-ailroad commences, and runs south to Oil City, 50 miles; from thence, it runs in a northerly direction to Corry, 45 miles; here again uniting with the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad affording a fine excursion to the celebrated Oil Region of Venango County, Pa. CORRY is a large and thriving place, which sprang into existence shortly TI HI E PHILADELPIHIA AND ERIE RAILWAY l 65 Q]ILEP THE ~HORTEPT ROUTE TO Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Chicago, Milwaukee, If St. Paul, and all Points in THEI GRE AT NORTH-W:EST. Passengers will find this by far the S AF:S T, Q IC C KE ST AND mossr CoIEForTABL: laoulrTZ. 57 Are run Through on all Night Trains to Where direct Connection is made with the new and elegant Steamers of the LAKE SUPERIOR LINE FOR Duluth and all Points on Lake Superior. These Steamers are fitted and furnished in such a manner as to secure for the Traveller all the comforts of a well-regulated Hotel. For the convenience of Passengers, Through Tickets have been placed on Sale at PHILADELPHIA AND WILLIAMSPORT, FOR Detroit, Sarnia, Saut Ste. Marie, Marquette, Portage, Copper Harbor, Eagle Harbor, Eagle River, Ontonagon, Bayfield and Duluth. During the Months of JAUCTE, —'LY.ANlD -&IIJC ST, Excursions will be Made, VIA THE ]qO1TH HHOE- OF. FAKE ~UPE1IO1, VISITING THE Silver Mine, Fort William, the Grand Porage, And other Points, Making these Trips the most Interesting on the AMERICAN CONTINENI 58 MEALS AND STATE-ROOMS 0 THE STEAMERS, WILL BE SOLD AT GREATLY REDUCED RATES. Passengers desiring a Trip for fALTH,t PLESURE At} fErEATItN, Can Visit this Invigorating Climate by taking one of the PLENDID fASSENGER STEAMERS AT 3R-E FOIL DIUL, 3TH, THENCE BY THE Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad TO ST. PAUL, Returning, Via ATlT RAIL ROUTE, to their Starting Points. ROUNDITtlP TICKZTZ Will also be issued, Via this Route, in a reverse direction. Ample Time will be given to Visit the IRBON lINES AT MXARQUETTE, AND ,CiPP-r -M2e- -- fares2 L!!ake For detailed TIME TABLE of Boats of the LAKE SUPERIOR LINE, see pages, 60 and 64. 59 INCLUDING FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. SfEASON OF 10S72. THE UNION STEAMBOAT COMPANY AND THE AtIatic, Duluth an'Pacifc Liue WILL RUN DAILY, DURING THE SEASON OF NAVIGATION OF 1872, BETWEE THE PORTS OF Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Detroit, Sarnia, Saut Ste. Marie, Marquette, Houghton and Hancock, (Portage Lake,) Copper Harbor, Eagle Harbor, Eagle River, Ontonagon, Bayfield and Duluth ONE OF THEIR AGNIFICENT PASSENGER STEAMERS, CHINA, METEOR, ST. PAUL, INDIA, ATLANTIC, JAPAN. 60 ARCTIC, ST. LOUIS, WINSLOW. KEWEENAW, PACIFIC, Most of these ST?AMERS are new, and all have been refitted and re-furnished this Season, for Pleasure and Health-Seeking Travellers and Tourists, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO SAFETY AND COMFORT. Their Cabins and State-Rooms are spacious and well ventilated, while their Table D'Hote is equal to that of any First-Clas8s Hotel in the country. ONE OF THE ELEGANT STEAMERS OF THIS LINE Will Leave Buffalo at 2 P.M. daily, (except Fridays and Saturdays.) " Erie at 8 A.M. (except Saturdays and Sundays.) " Cleveland at 10 P. M. (except Saturdays and Sundays.) " Detroit at 10 P. M. (except Sundays and Mondays.) .TOUCtING A7T SABNIA THE NEXT MORNING, DULU?TH id al Ibtermediate Lake uperior Port$, NOTE —Por partiular days of each Steamer, see Time Schedule on following pages. Connecting at DULUTH with the lAKE SUPERIOR AND MISSISSIPPI RAILRBOAD9, For ST. PAUL, and all Points in MINNESOTA, NORTHERN W.ISCONSIN AND IOWA. Also, with the NORTHERN PAOIFIC RAILROAD, for the Red River Country, Fort Garry and Mlanitoba. S. D. CALDWELL, Gen'l Manager, U.. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 61 FOB B. F. PATRICK, Gm'l Passenger Aged Buffalo, N. Y. E. T. EVANS, Manager, A. D. < P. Line, Buffalo, N. Y. GRAND ExcURSION9 FOR LAKE SUPERIO0R, THZ UNION ZTZAMBOAT COMPANY, AND THE Atlantic, uluth and Pacific Lake Company Steamers During the Months of JUNE, JULY, and AUGUST, EXCURSIONS will be made, Via the NORTH SHORE OF LILAIhE SUI;]E RIOR., Visiting the SILVER MINES, FORT WILLIAMI, GRAND PORTAGE, and other Points; making these Trips the MOST INTERESTING ON THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. In addition to the regular Round Trip of the Lakes, EXCURSION TICKETS, at greatly REDUCED RATES, Will be sold by all principal Railway Offices in CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, LOUISVILLE, CINCINNATI, DETROIT, CLEVELAND, ERIE, BUFFALO, BALTIMORE, WASHINGTON, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, and throughout NEW ENGLAND and the CANADAS, Via Lake to DULUTH, returning by all Rail Routes through St. Paul and Chicago; or, taking the all Rail Route to St. Paul and Duluth, returning by Lake,-one of our splendid Steamers leaving Duluth every morning, (except Saturdays and Sundays,) on arrival of EXPRESS TRAINS on LAKE SUPERIOR AND MISSISSIPPI and NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROADS. State-Rooms can be secured by Mail or Telegraph to any of the Agents of the Line. SETH CALDWELL, Agent U. S. Co., Foot of Main Street, Buffalo. J..0, & E. T. EVANS, Agents A. D. & P. Line, Atlantic Dock, Buffalo, JOHN J. WADSWORTH, Agent Erie & Western Trans. Co., P. & E. R. R. Dock, Erie. H. 0. McDOWELL & (CO., Agents, 53, 55, & 57 River Street, Cleveland. A. CHESEBROUGH, Agent U. S. Co., Detroit. BRADY & CO., Agents, A. D. & P. Line, Detroit. LEWIS B. JOY, Agent, A. D. & P. Line, Duluth. PFRED. S. SWISHER, Agent, St. Paul. E. T. EVANS, Manager, A. D. & P. Line, BUFFALO N Y S. D. CALDWELL, Gen. Manager, U. S. Co., B For further Information, apply to B. F. PATRICK, Cen'l. Passenger Agent Buffalo, N. Y. 62 BY LAKE SUPERIOTR PROPLEnS LxN S AxBSE LEOPOLD & AUSTRIAN, Forwarding and Commission Merchants, Dealers In Ingot Copper, and Agents for the Houghton County Copper, Iron and Tin Mannucturlng Co., Cenat Bock, 244 Washington St., CHZCAGO. XILWAUKEE HOUSE. ERIE BSTREET, between East Water and Main Streets, MILWAUKEE. AARxON F. IOPO.. LIOPOLD. F. LP. JOSEPH AUII. LAKE PERIORPEOPLE'S LINE STEAMERS. '1872. ~Pmm~$$- - - gaff*zeow P. XaZe, JYWJF~.... m, ".P~ardtf 0&l The abonamed Steamers have excellent aser acoommodation, are officered in the several departments by first, experienced men, and will make regular Trips this season between Chicago, Milwaukee and Lake Superior, stopping at Mackinac, Sault Ste. Marts Grand Island, Marquette, Houghton, Hancock, Copper Harbor, Eagle Harbor, Eagle River, Ontonagon, La Pointe, Bayfield, Ashland, Superior and Duluth. The STzAxuM P RLESS has been built at Cleveland the past winter expressly for the lIke Superior route, and will take her place in the Line about 15th June. She is the first boat built under the new Government Regulations, and is supplied with water-tight bulkheads and everything requisite for the safety of passengers. Her cabin will not be excelled for elegance and comfort; main saloon, 164 feet long without obstruction, 12 feet 2 inches in heighth to centre of skylight, and 14 feet wide; the whole heated by steam, with a complete system of water-works throughout, together with hot and cold baths, and all other modern improvements. During JULY and AUGUST, the above boats will make GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSIONS to LAKE SUPERIOR, stopping at all points of interest. TIcxZTs can be had and State zooms ecnred sahead of time, at the offices of LEOPOLD & AUSTRIAN, Chieago and MXlwaukee, 4-B — NORTHERN RAILWAY OF CANADA. MAIL AtO EXPRIESS TAILSY lXTOl~T: AND SO JTINIL TWO TRAINS DAILY, EACH WAY, FOR TORONTO, NEWmARKET, BRADFORD, BARRIE, BETLL EWART, Orillia, tOLLINGWOOD, Meaford and Owen Sound. Connections at COLLrNGWOOD, on Georgian Bay, with Steamers for all ports on Georgian Bay, and with the LAKE SUPERIOR ROYAL MAIL LINE OF STEAMERS for the Satd Ste. Marie, Bruce M4ines, Fort William, Duluth, Fort Garry, &c. See preceding page for Steamboat arrangements. Connections at BeU Ewar4 Barrie and Orilia for Gravenhurst, Braecbge, Port Crling, &c., on Lakes Simmoe, Couchiching, Muskoka, Rosseau and Joseph,-forming the most Direct Route to the Muskoka Territory and the Free Grant Lands of OCanda. A Trip on the waters named above affords the Touriat and Pleasure-Seeker ample opportunity to see the magnificent scenery which characterizes the District. Lovers of sport can obtain unlimited amount-offishing and shooting. At Toronto, direct communication with all points Eat, South, and West, with the GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY, for Montreal, Quebec, Saguenay and the seaboard, and, at Ogden0b rg, with Vermont Central Railway, for Wh Mou tans, Bston, &c. With the Great Western Railway for Hamilton, spenio" Bride, Y Fals, Buffalo, Rochester, New York, &c. With Daily Royal Mail Line of Steamers on Lake Ontario and River S Lawrence for -Kingston, Montreal, Prescott, Thousand Islands, Grand apids, of the St. Lawrence, Quebec, Riviere Du Loup. With Steamer CITY OF TORONTO, daily, for Lewiston, and Niagara Falls, connecting with New York Central Railroad for points East, South and West. Head Office, TORONTO, Ontario. ADAM ROLPH, FRED. W. CUMBERLAND, 6 General Agent Managing Director. LAKE SUPERIOR ROYAL MAIL LINE, Northe This LIE embraces 15 OCHICORA, CUO Leaving COLLINGWOOI Inlet, Killarney, Little Our, Point A=ux Pins, Batehew Iat, Fort William, M. Connecting at SAULT for all ports on South S] the Lake Superior & Miss the Northern Pac Rilfi f Line of Steamers for For at FORT WILLIAM with GARRY, via Lake of the E_XCA During the Summer ] Islet, Fort William, Neepig This Line and Route ps Seeker the trip is one o picturesque in character, pure, bracing atmosphere The Round Trip of Lak the American Line, at Sa Line, for the North Shore Railway, to Toronto, and for'Niagara, Montreal, Qu ming one of the most pic Continent. See Connections of Nort R mation address, ADA1V RI:)LPH, General Agent Northern Railroad, Toronto, Oan. 67 LAKE SUPERIOR Royal Mail & Express Line, The most Pleasant and Cheapest Route from T0R1NTO to FORT WILL, D)ULUTRH & FORT GARRY, 'VI |t~i% wa& 10 $UP~e~o J!F d ie% IN CONNECTION WITH THE Great Western & Grand Trunk Railways of Canada, 3:Every F3Ei' ] ]Days. This Line comprises the following FIRST-CLASS STEAMERS, ACADIA and MANITOBA, With Parlor State Booms, and PtUlman Cars on Railways. These Steamers leave SARNIA, Can., opposite PORT HURON, Mich., for DULUTH, FORT WILLIAM, &C., calling at Goderich, Kincardine, Southampton, Bruce Mines, Saut Ste. Marie, Michipicoten, Neepigon, Silver Islet and Fort William. FREIGHT OR PASSAGE MAY BE SECURED AT THE Offices of the GREAT WESTERN & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAYS, OR AT TEI Central Passenger Office, No. 8 Front Street, Toronto, Where State Rooms can be secured in advance. N. MILLOY, General Agent, TOB ONTO. J. &. BE1ATTY & CO., Proprietors, qHOROID, CAN. REAT j iE-AL s Tous -* —.tour GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OF CANADA, BETWEEN Niagara Falls, Suspension Bridge, and Detroit, with Branch Lines; Hamilton to Toronto, Harrisburg to Guelph, Guelph to Alma, Komoka to Sarnia, and Wyoming to Petrolia, FORMING, WITH ITS CONNECTIONS, THE SKORTEST AND MOST PLOANST ROUTE To all Points in the East, West, Northwest, South, and Southwest. 3 THROUGH EXPRESS TRAINS, EACH WAY, DAILY, T (S7U N DAYS C- Dry 3.) Sunday Trains, East and West, between Detroit and Suspension Bridge, making close Connections for CHICAGO and NEW YORKr. Elegant and Comfortable Day Cars. PULLMAN'S PALACE SLEEPING, DRAWING ROOM AND HOTEL CARS Run Through on this Line between Chicago and New York, via Detroit, Without Change. Smoking Cars on Day Trains BAGGAGE CHECKED THROUGH. TIROUGH TICKETS by this Route can be obtained at all the principal Railroad and Steamboat Offices, in the United States and Canada For the carriage of THROUGH FREIGHT and LIVE STOCK, this Route possesses unequalled facilities. FRLUGHT being now carried between New York and Boston, and Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Cairo, and other Western Cities, without transhipment. New York Office, 349 Broadway. Boston Office, 69 Washington St. W. K. MUIR, Gen'l Superintendent, A. J. HARLOW, Gen'l Eastern Agent HMILTON, Ontario. 349 Broadway, NEW YORK. 69 GREAT CENTRAL 1OUTE BLUE LINXS. I ZJLSTl AlwD WIzsT. -. il..- I - 4 EXPRBSS PASS8EGgg TRAILS Bach Way DAILY. THIIS FIRST-Cl_ASS ROIJTE Offers Superior Inducements to the Traveller, ALL MODERN IMPROVEMENTS BEING IN USE ON ITS LINE. The Through Trains op THIS ROAD make Close Connections with the following Lines:At DETROIT, with Great Western Railway of Canada "DETROIT JUNOTION, with Grand Trunk Railway of Oanada& ' JAOKSON, with Grand River Valley and Fort Wayne, Jachkson & Saginaw Rlroads. " NOTTAWA, with Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad. ' THREE RIVERS, with Kalamazoo Div. of Lake Shore & iohigan Southern Railroad " BATTLE OREEK, with Pein lar Railroad. " KALAAZOO, with Kalamazoo Div. of Lake Shore Ralr&oad; also, South Haven Ralro " NEW BUFFALO, with Ohicago and Michigan Lake Shore RailroaL 5' MICHIGAN CITY, with Louisville, New Albany and Ohiago Railroad " LAKE, with Joilet Branch. " CALUMET, with Illinois Oentral Railroad. " OHIOAGO, with All Lines Diverging from hicago. This is the ONLY LINE Running the Celebrated PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPING, DRAWING ROOM AND HOTEL CARS Between Chicago, Rockester and New York, via Detroit, Without Change. APFARES always the same as by Other Lines, and BAGGAGE CIIHECKED THROUGH FROM PRINCIPAL POINTS to Destination THROUGHt TICETS, can be purchased at all Offices of Connecting Roads in the East and West. In CHICAGO, at the GENERAL OFFICE IN TREMONT HOUSE BLOCK, where Sleeping Car Accommodations can also be engaged. HENRY. WENTWORTH, H.E. 8S ARGENT, Gen'l West. Pass. Agent, Chicago. Gen'l Supt., Chicago. CHA& E. NOBLE, G'1 Eastern Agent, No. 849 Broadway, New York. 70 _,l~uil~ IIl-sliil{R I n n,,, r,, nn, MICHIAN CENTRAIL R. R, AND CONNECTIONS. The Cheap, Pleasant and Expeditious Route Between the East and West IS NOW BY THE Detroit and Milwaukee R A I L O IAD). Two Express Trains leave Detroit Daily with Passengers for PONTIAC, HOLLY, FENTONVILLE, FLINT, SAGINAW, OWOSS0O, Lansing, Grand Rapids, Grand Haven, MUSKEGON CHICAGO MILWAUKEE, ST. PAUL, ST. ANTHONY, And atl Points on the Mississippi River. FIl RdST OL&SS STAUNGR t STERIM Rtpssl Built expressly for this Line, ply on the Lakes to and from each Train. THROUGH FARE $3 OO LESS THAN BY ANY OTHER ROUTE. CLOSE CONNECTION MADE AT DETPOIT WITH THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY For Buffalo, Robhester, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Toronto, and withl Grand Trunk Rail. way for Montreal, Quebec, and with Cleveland and Lake Su)perior la,ines of Steamers. For Emigrants this Line offers Cheap and Comfortable Transit. e Table, to be had at any of the St'ations on application. OIT, FOOT OF BRUSH STREEIT. THOS. BELL, C,-n'l Rint D. & M. R. ru. OFFICS, Detroit, 1871. 71 THE WESTERN LAND ASSOCIATION, PROPRIETORS Or Lots in all parts of the City of Duluth AND LANDS A DJOINING, IS AGAIN OFFBRING IT8 PROPERTY FOR S.X0: T,'W]ASI. Lots or Blocks in any part of the City. , Liberal Inducements to Actual Sttlers. Oeli e,a OWes1t Superrio. Streetd LUTHER MENDENHALL, Agent. GRAVES & CULVER, REAL ESTATE AGENTS AND BROKERS City Lots, Farming & Timber Lands, BOUGHT AND SOLD. FOR MAPS AND REAL ESTATE INFORMATION, APPLY AT THE OFFlCE OPPOSITE THE Clark House, Superior St., Duluth. REFERENCES:-E. W. CLARK & Co., Philadelphia; JAY COOKE & Co., Philadelphia; CLARK, DODGE & Co., New York; H W. ROGERS, Esq., Buffalo; WM. MINOT, Jr., Boston; Hon. ALBImt DAY, Hartford, Conn. TO TOURISTS. LARGEST STOCK IN T]E CITY OF rtugs, Chemieals, Medicines; Znmorted and Domestic Yoilet AricZee; frushes, Perj]mery, 8oaps, Pomades, ec.; Yurkli#h Yoxels, Gtoves and Bath S8ponges, c. PRESECRIPTIONS COMPOUNDED AT AL THOU ICE COLD SODA WATER, with Cream Syrups. S Imported and Domestio Cigars. EDMOND'S BRICK BLOCK, SUPERIOR STREET, IDUIUT'Ir, lMIIf W N.B. - N.B. — N.B.- N.B. CURIOSITIES AND LAEE SUPERIOR SPECIMENS. L, mr SPALDING & 00O D U;LIJUT, MllINN., KEEP CONSTANTLY ON HAND A FULL STOCK OF Amythist, Agates, Quartz, Copper, and Silver Island Specimens; Moss and Lake Superior Agate; Jewelry, full and half sets; Soaf Pins, Sleeve Buttons, Studs, harms, &o. TOGETHER WITH A FULL STOCK OF Also, LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE BOOKS AND MAPS. ]. S. f]PALDE tZKQ a Ci. INDIAN NORTHERN PACIFIO-.-.. SEVEN-TIITY GOLD LOAN. selling price, PAR AND ACCRUED INTEREST IN CURRENCY. 2. The bonds are a First and Only Mortgage on the Road, its Equipments and Earnings, and also on a Land Grant which, on the completion of the Road, will exceed 23,000 Acres to each mile of track, or 500 acres of Land to secure each $1,000 bond. 3. They are at all times receivable at ten per cent. premium (1.10), in payment or exchange for the Company's Land at market prices-a provision which practically gives the hold er of these mortgage bonds the power of foreclosure at will. 4. The proceeds of all sales of Land are required to be devoted by the Trustees of the bond-holders as a Sinking Fund to the purchase and cancellation of the first mortgage bonds, or temporarily to the payment of interest thereon, if necessary. As these bonds are a first lien upon the Road and its Traffic, and upon a Government Grant of Land, the character of the security will obviously depend jointly upon the Earnings of the Road and the Value of its land. IN its First Mortgage Gold Bonds the Northern Pacific Railroad Company furnishes to the public an Investment Security which combines the readv Negotiability, the Convenience, and the high Credit of a first-class Railroad Bond, with the Solidity and Safety of a Real Estate Mortgage on Land, worth at least twice the amount loaned. These Bonds, which, after full investigation, we strongly r ecommend as a reliable and unusay profitable investment, and which now stand among the most solid and favorite securities, have the following leading features: 1. The issue is limited to $50,000 per mile of road; holders are exempt from United States tax; the Principal and Interest are payable in Goldthe principal in thirty years, and the interest (at the Banking House of Jay Cooke & Co., New York,) semi-annually, first of January and July, at the rate of 7T-1 per cent. per annumnearly 81 per cent. currency. Denominations, coupon; $100, $500, and $1000; Registered; $100, $500, $1, 000, $5,000, and $10,000. Present PACIFIC RAILROAD EARNINGS. As officially reported, the gross earn- 65 per cent. was from Local Business, ings of the present Pacific Railroad and fully 55 percent. or nearly Nine (Union and Central) for 1871, the sec- and a Half Millions, were net over ond year of through business, reached operating expenses. An equal traffic nearly Seventeen Millions and a Quar- on the Northern Pacific Road (and it ter ($17,250,000.) Of this amount, can hardly fail to secure a much greater) twill pay a yearly net dividend of more than 9 per cent. on its total cost. This established success of the first Pacific Road places beyond question the prosperity and profitableness of the Northern Pacific Line, with its great and obviouss advant ages in Distance, Gradients, Exemption from Snow, Cost of Construction, Climate, and Tributary Fertile Country. Each Road has an ample field of its own-the two being 500 miles apart. THE VALUE OF LAND GRANTS. issue of bonds; or, at the lowest average of any grant ($3.07), they will produce more than $70,000 per mile. Some Two Million Acres of these lands, lying in the most fertile and attractive part of Minnesota, are now ready for occupancy, and are being rapidly taken up by an excellent class of settlers. These facts regarding Paci/fc Railroad earnings, and the market value of Railroad Lands, as shown by actual sales to settlers, strikingly exhibit'the three-fold security of Northern Pacific Railroad Bonds. The average price at which the twenty-five leading Land-Grant Railroads have thus far sold their lands is $7.04 per acre-the highest average of any grant being $13.98, and the lowest $3.07. With few exceptions, the average selling price has steadily increased fromnt year to year. The lands of the Northern Pacific Road are admitted, by all who have seen them, to be better and more salable than those of most other grants; but, sold at the general average of $7.04 per acre, they will yield more than $161, 000 per mile-more than three times the possible cost of the Road and the EXCHANGING U.S. 5-20's. ly interest income nearly one-third. All marketable stocks and bonds will be received (by express or otherwise) at current prices, in exchange for Northern Pacific Seven-Thirties, without expense to the investor. Pamphlets and full information will be furnished on application. In view of the ability and fixed policy of the Government to call in all its 5-20's and substitute a low interest bond, many holders of 5-20's are exchanging them for Northern Pacific's, thus adding to their principal the present premium on Government Bonds, and increasing their year JAY COOKE & CO. PHILADELPmIA, NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON, Financial Agents Northern Pacific Railroad Company. For Sale by Banks and Bankers generally. ]iIC l'& -A by A Ets J>fun AVErNUE,. *.. DETROI, MICHGAN EDWARD L-YON, } Proprietors. FA INHIIA 1W LYO'N,J TIbs is a large and well-kept HOTEI, situated near the Steamboat Landing. TORONTO, ONTARIO. This Favorite and First-Class HOTEL, situated on the C'Q.B.iRiEi- 2-P K!-NlG ANI YOEX#-RKZ' Is a large and roomy edifice, affording every oomfort desired by the Travelling Public. a Omnibus ram to a from the Railroad Depots and Steamboat Ldings; GEORGE P. SHEARS, ~~~~76 ~~ ~Proprietor. J. EFFEON A 8ST. LAWRENCE RALL, GZRAX MONTREAL. .MONTREAL. This splendid HoTNL, which is situated in the most beautiful part of the City of Montreal, near the Banks and Post-Office, is furnished throughout in the best style of the New York and Boston Hotels, and comprises a DINING SALOON AND CONCERT ROOM, unequaled by any Hotel in Canada. W The TABLE will receive special attention, with the view of rendering it equal, if not superior, to any in America. can be had at all hours; and an Omnibus will always be in attendance on the arrival or departure of railway Cars and Steamboats. H. H[OGAN & CO., Proprietors. TEEE'8 HOTELS FTO. ONTARI O. HOTEL is Delightfully Situated, ACING TORONTO BAY. Capt. THOMAS DICK, Propr. THE QUEENS ROYAL NIAGARA HOTEL, HIAGAIA. XONTARIO, Is Handsomely Situated near the Steamboat Landing, at the MOUTHL OF THE NIAGARA RIVER. THOMAS McGRAW, Capt. THOMAS DICK, I Manager. 77 Proprietor. THOMAS McGRAW, Manager. Cor. Third and Washington Sts., ,,* 3PA%,t VW$ This HOUSE is entirely new, and furnished in elegant style, making it in every respect, a First-OIam Hotel. Its Suites of Rooms, Parlors and Dining Hall, are all spacious and well arranged. U egoipmlPR Nro. eed ouste, Cor. State Street and Park, Fronting the Public Square, ERIE, PENNA. ERtEE PA. F. R. ELLSWORTH, Proprietor. E A..'U.:= SO 0, Proprietor. This House has been newly fitted and furnished in the most elegant manner, and has all the This is a large and commodious Ho TEL, furnished in elegant style, making it in every respect MODERN IMPROVEMENTS A FIRST-CLASS HOUSE. 78 I A kAlropo Itt otet EmT W~~~~~~~i_ lAt g e to give it rank with the best. mI1SSI0 SOUSES MACKINAC, MICH., E. A. FRANKS, PROPRIETOR. This old and favorite HOT is most delightfully situated on the romantic A OF MACKNAc, within a short distance of the water's edge, and contiguous to the Arched Rock, Sugar Loa4 and other Natural Curiosities in which this famed Island abounds; being alike celebrated for its pure air, romantic scenery, and fishing grounds. MACEKNAC, July, 1867. CHIPPEWA H'OUSE, SAUT STE MARIE, MICHIGAN. This favorite Hotel is pleasantly situated, near the Steamboat Landings, at the mouth of the Ship Canal, and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Brady. No section of country exceeds the SAUT and its vicinity for Fishing, Hunting, or Aquatic Sports. The table of the Hotel is daily supplied with delightful White Fish, and other varieties of the season, no pains being spared to make this house a comfortable home for the pleasure-traveler or man of business. H. P. SMTH, Propmtor. 79 - 4401. LIST OF BOOKS AND MAPS COMPILED AND FOR SALE BY J. DISTURNELL, No. 17 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia, (up stairs.) Actrosgs oge the C~4sa round the Wor-DI STURNELL'S RAILROAD AND STEAMSHIP GUIDE; giving the GREAT LINES OF TRAVEL AROUND THE WORLD; also, other Useful Information relating to RAILROADS, STEAMSHIP LINES, TELEGRAPH LINES, &C. With MAP of the WORLD, on Mercator's Pro jection. PRiCE, 60 cents. United States Begistor, or BZue Book for 1872, containing the ARMY AND NAVY LIST, JUDICIARY, &C.; together with Infor mation relating to the STATES and TERRI TORIES, with the CENSUS of 1870; also, re lating to the DOMINION OF CANADA, and other portions of the Continent of America. PRICE, $1.50, in cloth binding. Offlci al Cen~ of the United Rtates and Territories, by Counties, &c., for 1860 and 1870, and of the DOMINION OP CANADA, from the latest enumeration; also, the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, and ArNDMBNTS. PRICE, 75 cents, in cloth. XInfluence of Climate in North and South America; showing the varied in fluences operating in the Equatorial, Tropi cal, Sub-Tropical, Temperate, Cold and Frigid Zones, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic Circle; accompanied by an Agri cultural and Isothermal Map of NORTH AMERICA. PRICE, $4.00, cloth binding. 2The Post-Office Directory for the 'United States and Canada, with a SUPPLEMENT containing the New Post-Offices of the UNITED STATES, corrected to April 1st, 1872. PRICE, $3.00, in cloth binding; $225 in paper covers. OF POSTA GE.-" -b Dmliraow a Desmrptpon of Lakes Supeor, Huron, Michig-n, Erie, and Onario; Cosmere of the Zahes, &c.; forming a Complete GUIDE for the PLEAsURE TRAVELLER; with Map and Illustrations. PRI CE, $.., bound in cloth. ;ake Supe rior Guide, giving a full De scription of the OBJECTrs of INTEREST and ] 1C of RIsoRT on this great Inland Sea -it IRON, COPPER and SILVER MINES, &C. With TOWNssrP MAP. PLICE, $1.00. .otonship Map of tthe.lakce Super Begion and lTpper Mississiipp Val /ey; showing the Copper, Iron, Silver, and Gold Fields on the South and North Shores of LAKZ SUPErIOR. PRICE, 75 cents, pocket form. A LIBE:EA3 I DISCOUNT TO THIJ T.ADS PHILADELPHIA, May, 18T2. I MA ILED PR EE