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-.oo(D)  
LIAWS AND REGULATIONS
OF THE
AMERICAN
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
WITH A
SKETCH OF DETROIT,
AND A BRIEF RISTORY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN,
AND OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESOURCES OF THE STATE.
PRESENTED TO
.......... Jo  M.D.
TBHE GENERAL COMMI TEE OF ARRANGEMENT.
DETROIT:
PRINTED BY R. F. JOHNSTONE & CO.
ADVERTISER OFFICE.
185s. 
I
i
I 
COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENT.
ZINA PITCHER, M.D.
GEORGE B. RUSSEL, M.D.
MOSES GUNN, M.D.
A. S. LELAND, M.D.
MORSE STEWART, M.D.
PETER KLEIN, M.D.
JAMES A. BROWN, M.D.
I,                                          0               - 
COMMITTEE OF RECEPTION,
APPOINTED FROM THE CITY OF DETROIT.
RANDALL S. RICE, M.D.
HII. P. COBB, M.D.
N. D. STEBBINS, M. D.
EDWARD BAT WELL, M.D.
D. HENDERSON, M.D.
LUCRETIUS H. COBB, M.D.
LOUIS DAVENPORT, M.D. 
COMMITTEE OF RECEPTION,
APPOINTED FROM THE STATE.
II. TAYLOR, M.D )., Mt. Clemnens.
J. PADDOCK, M.D., Pontiac.
J. H. BEECH, M  D., Coldwater.
M. A. PATTERSON, M.D., Tecumseh.
C. M1. STOCKWELL, M.D., Port Huron.
S. R. ARNOLD, M.D., Monroe.
N. K. MANIATES, M. D., Marshall.
C. L. HENDERSON, M  D., Grand Rapids.
SAMUEL DENTON, M.D., University of Michigan.
SILAS H. DOUGLASS, M.D.,  do              do 
RECEPTIONS.
EVENINGS, AT HALF PAST EIGHT O'CLOCK.
TUESDAY.
DR. HT. P. COBB, 484 Jefferson Avenue.
MR. ALBERT CRANE, 464 Jefferson Avenue, between Ri     vard and Russell.
DR. MORSE STEWART, corner of Congress and Brush
Streets.
THURSDAY.
DR. Z. PITCHER, corner Congress and WVayne streets.
HoN. H. LEDYARD, corner Cass and Fort streets.
HIox. CHAS. HOWARD, corner Congress and Second streets.
WEDNESDAY.   I
STEAMBOAT EXCURSION, from Central Railroad Dock,
at 4 o'clock, P. M. 
CONTENTS.
Page.
Plan of Organization,........................................... 9
By-Laws,...................................................... 16
Ordinances,.................................................... 18
Proposed Amendments to the Constitution,........................ 27
Officers of the Association,..................................... 28
Standing Committees,............................................ 29
Special Committees,............................................. 31
Code of Ethics,................................................. 37
City of Detroit,.................................................. 57
Detroit in 1805-Before the Fire,............................-.... 58
The New Town,................................................. 58
Population,..................................................... 60
Property VAluation,............................................. 61
Liabilities,.................................................... 61
IHotels,................................................... 63
Public Grounds,...............................................63
Mercantile;..................................................... 65
Commerce in 1854,.............................................. 66
Manufactories,............................................... 68
Lumber,.................................................... 69
Fish Trade of the Lakes,.................................... 69 
CONTENTS.
Lake Superior Trade,........................................... 7
Lake Superior Copper,.......................................... 71
Produce of Copper.............................................  72
Lake Superior Iron,............................................ 73
Coal, — —...................................................   74
Common Schools,............................................... 76
The State University at Ann Arbor,............................... 77
Steamboats and Steamboat Routes,............................... 89
Lake Navigation,......................................... 90
Conclusion,.................................................... 91
viii 
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION
AMERICAN M3EDICAL ASSOCIATION.
REGULATIONS.
IS TITLE OF THE ASSOCIATION'.
This institution shall be known and distinguished
by the name and title of "THE A3IERICAN MIEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.'
II. MEMBERS.
The members of this institution shall collectively
represent and have cognizance of the common interests
of the medical profession in every part of the United
2
OF' TIHE 
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.
States; and shall hold their appointment to membership either as delegates from local institutions, as
members by invitation, or as permanent members.
The Delegates shall receive the appointment from
permanently organized medical institutions of good
standing in the United States, and from the American
Medical Society in Paris. Each delegate shall hold
his appointment for one year, and unt,il another is
appointed to succeed him, and shall participate in
all the business and affairs of the Association.
Each local society shall have the privilege of
sending to the Association one delegate for every ten
of its regular resident members, and one for every
additional fraction of more than half this number.
The faculty of every regularly constituted medical
college or chartered school of medicine, shall have
the privilege of sending two delegates. The profes-sional staff of every chartered or municipal hospital
containing a hundred inmates or more, shall have the
privilege of sending two delegates; and every other
permanently organized medical institution of good
standing, shall have the privilege of sending one
delegate.
Delegates representing the medical staffs of the
United States Army and Navy shall be appointed by
the Chiefs of the Army and Navy Medical Bureaux.
The number of delegates so appointed shall be four
from the army medical officers, and an equal number
from the navy medical officers.
The Members  by Invitation shall consist of practitioners of respectable standing from sections of the
10 
P,LAN OF ORGANIZATION.
United States, not otherwise represented at the
meeting. They shall receive their appointment by
invitation of the meeting after an introduction from
any of the members present, or from any of the
absent permanent members. They shall hold their
connection with the Association until the close of
the annual session, at which they are received; and
shall be entitled to participate in all its affairs, as in
the case of delegates.
Tile Ferrnmanent Milernbe)rs shall consist of all those
who have served in the capacity of delegates, and of
such other members as may receive the appointment
by unanimnous vote.
Permanent members shall at all times be entitled
to attend the meetings, and participate in the affairs
of the Association, so long as they shall continue to
conform to its regulations, but without the right of
voting; and when not in attendance, they shall be
authorized to grant letters of introduction to reputable practitioners of medicine, residing in their
vicinity, who may wish to participate in the business
of the meetings as provided for members by
invitation,
Every member elect, prior to the permanent organization of the annual meeting, or before voting on
any question after the meeting has been organized,
must sign these regulations, inscribing his name and
address in full, specifying in what capacity he attends;
and, if a delegate, title of the institution from which
he has received his appointment.
1l 
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.
III. MEETING S.
The regular meetings of the Association shall be
held annually, and commence on the first Tuesday of
lIlay. The place of meeting shall never be the same
for any two years in succession, and shall be determined for each next sucQeedeing year by vote of the
Association,
IV. OFFICERS,
The officers of the Association shall be a President,
four Vice Presidents, two Secretaries and a Treasurer.
They shall be nominated by a special committee of
one member from each State represented at the meeting, and shall be elected by vote on a general ticket.
Each officer shall hold his appointment for one year,
and until another is appointed to succeed him.
TIhe Priesident shall preside at the meetings, preserve
-order and decorum in debate, give a casting vote when
necessary, andc perform all the other duties that
custom and parliamentary usage may require.
The Vice Presidents, when called upon, shall assist
the President in the performance of his duties, and,
during the absence, or at the request of the President,
one of them shall officiate in his place.
The Secretaries  shall record  the minutes,  and
authenticate the proceedings, give due notice of the
time and place of each next ensuing annual meeting
and serve as members of the Committee on Publica
tion. The Secretary first in nomination shall also
preserve the archives and unpublished transactions of
the Association.
I'
12 
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.
The Treasurer shall have the immediate charge
and management of the funds and property of the
Association. He shall be a member of the Committee
on Publication, to which committee he shall give
bonds for the safe keeping and proper use and disposal
of his trust. And through the same committee he
shall present his accounts, duly authenticated, at
every regular meeting.
V. STANDING COMMITTEES.
The following standing committees, each composed
of seven members, shall be organized at every annual
meeting, for preparing, arranging, and expediting
business for each next ensuing year, ard for carrying
into effect the orders of the Association not otherwise assigned-namely a Committee on Arrangements
and a- Committee on Publication.
The C'ornmittee on Arrgangemenots shall, if no sufficient reasons prevent, be mainly composed of' mlembers
residing in the place at which the Association is to
hold its next annual meeting; and shall be required
to provide suitable accommnodations for the meeting,
to verify and report upon the credentials of membership, to receive and announce all essays and memoirs
voluntarily communicated, either by members of the
Association or by others through them, and to determine the order in which such papers are to be read
and considered.
The Committee oit Publication, of which the Secretaries and Treasurer must constitute a part, shall have
charge of preparing for the press, and of publishing
13 
,PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.
and distributing such of the proceedings, transactions
and memoirs of the Association, as may be ordered to be
published. The six members of this committee, who
have not the immediate management of the funds,
shall also, in their own hands, as agents for the Association, hold the bond of the Treasurer for the faithful
execution of his office, and shall annually audit and
authenticate his accounts, and present a statement of
the same in the annual reports of the committees;
which report shall specify the character and cost of
the publications of the Association during the year,
the number of copies still at the disposal of the
meetings, the funds on hand for further operations,
and the probable amount of the assessment to be laid
on each member of the Association for covering its
annual expenditures.
VI. FUNDS ANXD APPRorRIATIONS.
Funds shiall be raised by the Association for meeting
its current expenses and awards from year to year,
but never with the view of creating a permanent
income from investments. Funds may be obtained
by an equal assessment of not more than three dollars
annually on each of the members; by individual voluntary contributions for specific objects; and by the
sale and disposal of publications, or of works prepared
for publication, The funds may be appropriated for
defraying the expenses of the annual meetings; for
publishing the proceedings, memoirs and transactions
of the Association; for enabling the standing committees to fulfil their respective duties, conduct their
correspondence, and procure the materials necessary
14 
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.
for the completion of their stated annual reports; for
the encouragement of scientific investigations, byprizes
and awards of merit; and for defraying the expenses
incidental to specific investigations under the instructions of the Association, where such investigations
have been accompanied by an order on the Treasurer
to supply the funds necessary for carrying them into
effect.
VII. PROVISIONS FOR AMIENDIMENTS.
No amendment or alteration shall be made in any
of these articles, except at the annual meeting next
subsequent to that at which such amendment or
alteration may have been proposed; and then only by
the voice of three-fourthls of all the members in attendance.
And  in acknowledgment of having adopted the
foregoing propositions, and of our willingness to abide
by them, and use our endeavors to carry into effect
the objects of this Association, as above set forthwe have hereunto affixed our names.
RESIDENCE.   INSTITUTIONS REPRESENTED.
i. 
15
NAMES OF MEMBERS.
i
I
i 
BY-LAWS.
In connexion with the foregoing " Plan of Organic
zation," the following was adopted as one of the
ordinances or by-laws of the Association, viz:
THE ORDER OF BUSINESS.
The order of business at the annual meetings of the
American Medical Association shall at all times be
subject to the vote of three-foiurths of all the members
in attendance, and until permanently altered, except
when for a time suspended, it shall be as follows,
viz:
1. The temporary organization of the meeting preparatory to the election of officers.
2. The report of the Committee of Arrangements on
the credentials of members; after the latter have
registered their names and addresses, and the titles of
the institutions which they represent.
3. The calling of the roll.
4. The election of officers.
5. The reading of minutes.
6. The reception of members not present at tho
opening of the meeting, and the reading of notes from
absentees.
7. The reception of members by invitation.
8. The reading and consideration of the stated
annual reports from the standing committees.
9. The  selection of the  next place of annual
meeting.
10. The new appointments to fill the standing
committees.
11. The choice of permanent members by vote.
16 
BY-1 AW vS.
12. Hesolutions  illtrodullcing  iiew   business  aiid
instructions to the permanent comniittees.
13. Th,e  readiig,  and  discussion   of voluntary
comluni ications introduceci thiroug,h tle Comi-mlittee
on Arrangemlents.
14. Unfinished and iniscellaneous business.
15. Ad(ljolrnent.
17 
ORDINANCES.
The following RPesoluttions, adopted at different
meetings of the Association, though not incorporated
into the Plan of Organization, constitute a portion of
the Riegulcations for the government of the Association.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL
MEETING HELD IN CHARLESTON, IN 1851.
(See TRANSACTIONS, vo]. iv.)
Riesolved, That committees of three be appointed
to investigate and report, severally, on the following
subjects:  1st. Causes of tubercular diathesis.
2d. Blending and conversion of the types of fever.
3d. The  mutual relations of yellow fever and
bilious remittent fever.
4th. Epidemic erysipelas.
5th. Acute and chronic diseases of the neck of the
uterus.
6th. Dengue.
7th. The milk sickness, so-called. 
0 RDIiANCES.
8th. Endemic prevalence of tetanus.
9th. Diseases of parasitic origin.
10th. Physiological  peculiarities and diseases of
the Negro.
11th. The action of water on lead-pipes, and the
diseases which proceed from it.
12th. The alkaloids which may be substituted for
quinia.
13th. Permanent cure of reducible hernia.
14th. Results of surgical operations for the relief
of malignant diseases.
15th. Statistics of operations for removal of stone
in the bladder.
16th. Cold water dressings
17th.  The  sanitary  principles  relative  to the
construction of dwellings.
18th. The toxicological and medicinal properties of
-our cryptogamic plants.
19th. Agency of the refrigeration produced through
upward radiation of heat as an exciting cause of
disease.
20th. Epidemic diseases of New England and NeW
York.
21st. Epidemic  diseases.of Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Delaware, and AIaryland.
22d(. Epidemic diseases of Virginia and North
Carolina.
23d. Epidemic diseases of South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, and Alabama.
24th.  Epidemic diseases of Mississippi, Louisiana,
Texas, and Arkansas.
19 
ORI)INANCES,.
25th. Epidemic  diseases of Tennessee and Kecn
26 th. EIp)idemic diseases of Missouri, Illinois, Iowa,
and Wisconsin.
27th.  EpideiLic  diseases  of Indiana, Ohio, and
3iichigan.
Pesolvc(l, That a  Commiiittee  of Nomiination  be
appointed, whlose duty it shall be to nominate one
chairmanl for each of the above coi-mmittees
Pieso7ved, That each of the chairImen thus lnomninated, shall select, at his earliest convenience, two
llembers of the Association, to complete  the coinmiittee.
-Resolved, That a coiimmittee of five members be
al/pointed, to be called the Commiittee for Volunteer
Communications,* whose  duty it shall be, in the
interval between the present and the next succeedling,
sessions, to receive papers upon any subject, from any
person who miay choose to send them,  to decide upol
the merits of these papers, anxd to select for presentation to the Association, at its next session, such as
they may deem worthy of being thus presented.
Itlesolvc(, that the Coimmittee for Volunteer Commlunications  shall  have  t-o power  to  form  sucl
regulations as to the mode in which the papers tre to
le presented, and as  to the cobservinig of secrecy, as
they may think proper.
JItesolvet, That the selection of the miembers of this
colmmittee  be  referred  to  the same  Nominating
* The title of this Conommittee was changed, by a Resolution adopted a.t
the Sixth Annual 3Meeting, to that of "Commintitee on Prize Esst,,s."' See
Vol,  v-i., I), 4:.
20 
ORDINANCESo
Commnittee, whose  duty it will be to appoint the
chairmnan of the several special committees, as above
directed with this restriction, that the individuals
composing it shall reside in the same nei,ghborhood.
-Resolvcd, That a prize of fifty dollars:' be awarded
to each of the volunteer communications reported on
favorably by the  committee and directed  by the
Association  to be  published,  provided(.  that  the
number to which the prize is thus awarded, does not
exceed five;<:' and  provided, also, if the number
approved and directed to be published exceeds five,
that ill such case, the prize be awarded to the five
which the committee  may  determine  to be miost
meritorious (pp. 36 —38.)
P-csolvc(d, That the Commllittee on Publication be
instructed to print conspicuously, at tllhe beginning of
the forthcoming volume of the  Trcansactions, the
following  disclaimer,  viz: The American  Medical
Association, although formally accepting and publishing the rei:orts of the various standing committees,
holds itself wholly irresponsible for the opinions,
theories, or criticisms thlerein contained, by special
resolution (p. 39.)
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE FIFTII ANNUAL 3IEETING
HELD IN IIICH-iIOND, IN 1S52.
(See TRANSACTIONS, Vol. V.)
Resolved, Thlat  special  conlmmllittees  on  Mledical
Education and  Mledical Literature, be appointed,
* By a Resolution adopted at the Fifth Annual Meeting, the number
of Prizes was reduced to two, and the amount of the Prizes increased to
one h?ttLdred dollars. See vol. v., p. 45.  (See p. 27.)
21 
ORIDINANCES.'
consisting each of five members, and that the Nominating Committee be instructed to nominate such
committees to the Association. (p. 32.)
Reso1lved  That, instead of awarding five prizes of
$50 each annuially, the Association hereafter grant
two prizes of $100 each "for the two first essays.
(p.45.)
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE SIXTH ANNUALMEETINGQ
HELD IN NEW YOP,K, IN 1853.
(See TRIANSACTIONS, VOl. vi.)
Resolved, That the Committee onil Publication hlave
power to furnish the chairmian of Committees on
Epidemics with extra copies of their reports, respectively, at the expense of the Association- the said
extra copies not to exceed one hundred. (p. 28.)
]Resolved, That the name of the Committee on
Volunteer Communications be changed to that of
Committee on Prize Essays. (p. 47.)
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED  AT  THE SEVENTH MEETING)
HELD AT ST. LOUIS.
(See TRAnSACTIONS, vol. vii.)
Pcsolvccl, That the sum of three dollars annually
be assessed upon each of the delegates to the session
of the Association, as well as upon each of its permanent meimbers, for the purpose of raising a fund, to
defray the expenses  of printing the'Transactioits.
The p)ayment of this assessmient shall be required of
the delegates and miembers in attendance upon the
sessions of the Association, previously to their taking
their seats, andi participating in the business of the
2 
OIlDINANC'Es.
session; and of all others on or before -the first of
Septenmber in each year.
Resolved, That each delegate and imember who has
paid his annual assessment, in accordance with the
terms of the above resolution, shall be entitled to
receive a copy of. the printed Tiarwsctcions of the
session.
Pte8olved, That the name of no one shall be inserted
or continued on the list of permanent nmembers of the
Association, who shall refiluse or neglect to pay his
annual assessment, in accordance with the terms of
the first resolution; but it shall be the duty of the
Treasurer, before erasing the nam.e of any member, to
issue a circular informing him of his indebtedness.
Resolved, That it shall be the duty of the Coinmittee of Publication to fix the price at which the
printed transactions of each session will be furnished
-to other than delegates and members; provided, that
in no case shall the said price be less than three
dollars.
Resolved, That the delegates of the Association be
requested to appoint conmmittees at one or. more
central points within their respective States, for the
purpose of aiding the Committee of Publication in
procuring subscribers and in distributing the printed
volumes of Transactions to said subscribers, as well
as to the members of the Associations, residing within
the neighborhood of the said Committees, respectively.
(p. 22.)
1Resolved, That a standing committee be appointed
for this Association, to procure memorials of the
23 
OR DIN ANCES.
eminenlt and worthy dcead amolng, the distinguished
physicians of our country, andl present them to this
Association for publication in  their  Tracsactios.
(p. So.)
tesoolvedl, Tlhat a standing committee of
members be appointed by this Association on the
sulbject of insanity, as it prevails in this country,
including its causation-as hereditary transmission
educational influences —physical and moral. social and
political institutions, &c.; its forms and complications;
cnrability; means of prevention, (&c. (p. 32.)
Resolvecl, That it shall be the duty of the Publicttion Committee to append to each volume of the
Tragicscttioils hereafter  published,  a  copy of  the
constitution of the Association. (p. 34.)
Ptcs0ved(, That hereafter every paper received by
the Association, and ordered to be published, and all
plates or other means of illustration, shall be considered the exclusive property of the Association, and
shall be published and sold for the exclusive benefit
of the Association. (p. 40.)
Resolved, That hereafter the majority of the Committee  on Publication shall be selected from the
physicians of that city in which this Association may
hold its annual session. (p. 41.)
Resolved, That it is the duty of every member of
this Association, who learns that any existing medical
school departs from the published condition of graduation, to report the fact at the annual meetings; and
that, on proof of the fact, such school shall be
deprived of its representation in this body. (p. 43.)
24 
ORDINANCES.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE EIGHTH ANNUAL
M3EETING HELD IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA,
MAY 1, 1855.
(See TRANSAcTIONS, vol. viii.)
Resolved, That no permanent member, who is not
present at a meeting ot the Association, shall be
required to pay the annual assessment; but no such
permanent imember shall be entitled to receive a copy
of the printed Transactio)s, unless he pay into the
treasury a sum not less than the annual assessment
paid by the delegates and permanent members in
attendance; and that all the names of permanent
members that have been left off the published list,
be reinsertedl therein, in the next volume of Transactionis.
Resolved, That no assessment whatever, shall be
made-against members by invitation, but that they
also, shall be entitled to a copy of the printed Transactions by paying the sum assessed upon delegates in
attendance (p. 29.)
Resolved(, That hereafter, beginning with the session
of 1856, no report or other paper shall be entitled to
publication in the volume for the year in which it
shall be presented to the Association, unless it shall be
placed in the hands of the Committee of Publication,
on or before the first of June (p. 36.)
Resolved, That the Association appoint a special
committee for each State and Territory represented,
of   -.members, whose duty it shall be to report
upon the medical topography —epidemic diseases
and the most successful treatment thereof; and that
3
25 
ORDINANCES.
the same shall continue to hold their office for three
years.
Resolved, That as other States and Territories, not
now represented, become so by delegates duly
appointed by this National Association; similar committees shall be appointed for like purposes, and that
they also shall hold their office for three years.
Resolved, That in the appointment of gentlemen of
education and experience in the affairs of their own
State, we have the best guarantee that the important
objects we seek, will be more satisfactorily accomplished, the profession, as well as the public interest,
thereby better served.
Resolved, That all the medical topography and
prevailing diseases of the different States in order to
entitle them  to be received and published in the
Transactions of this Association, shall first be approved by the medical societies of the State or Territory
(where such societies exist,) to which such reports
respectively pertain.
Resolved, That the committees heretofore appointed
by this Association, at its session in Charleston, for a
similar object, be, and the same are hereby, discharged.
(p. 36 and 44.)
Resolved, That no State or local society shall hereafter be entitled to representation in this Association,
that has not adopted its Code of Ethics.
Resolved, That no State or local society that has
intentionally violated or disregarded any obstacle or
clause in the Code of Ethics, shall any longer be entitled to representation in this body (p. 50.)
26 
ORDINANCES.
Resolved, That no organization or institution,
entitled to representation in the Association, shall be
considered in good standing, wvhich has not adopted
its Code of Ethics (p. 60.)
P R O P O S E 1)
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION,
AT THE MEETING IN l5.
By DR. CHARLES  HOOKER, of Connecticut.  To
amend the Constitution as follows:
Any permanent member who omits to pay for the
published Transactions for three successive years, shall
be considered as withdrawn.
27
OFFERED 
OFfICEIIS OF TIlE ASSOCIATION
FOR 1855-6.
PRESIDENT.
GEORGE B. WOOD, M.D, PHILADELI,PIrlIA, PEN.'NSYLVANI.l.
VICE PRESIDENTS.
W. 11. BOLING, M.D., MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA.
D. IIUMPHRYS STORER  M.D., BOSTON, MASSACIIUSETTS.
DANIEL TILDEN, M.D., SAN-DI,USKY, OIIro.
GRAFTON  TYLER, M.D., DISTRICT OF COLIUMBIA.
SECRETARIES.
FRANCIS  WEST,  M.D., PIIILADELPIIIA, PF.NNSYLVANIA.
WTILLIAM  BRODIE, M.D., I)LTROIT, MICIIGAN.
TREASURER.
CASPER  WISTAR, M.D.  PIILADELnPIIIA, PENNSYI,LVANIA. 
STANDING COMMITTEES
FOR 1856.
COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.
Z1NA PITCHER, M.D. DETROIT, Chairman.
MAIOSES GUNN, M.D.   "
GEORGE B. RUSSEL, M.D. D
A. S. LELAND, M.D. 
MORSE STEWART, M.D.    "
PETER KLEIN, M.D.         C
JAMES A. BROWN, M.D.    "
COiMMITTEE ON PRIZE ESSAYS.
A. B. PALMER, M.D., ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, Chairman.
SAMUEL DENTON, M.D., 
ADRIAN R. TER}RY, M.D, DETROIr
ABRAHAM  SAGER, M.D., ANN AR]1OR.
S. IL. DOUGLASS, M.D.,
(CORYDON LA FORD, MI.D.,
E. ANDRDWS,  M 1,  CIICACO, IJ,T,UNOI. 
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.
FRANCIS G. SMITH, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PENN. Chairman.
CASPER  WISTAR, M.D.,
FRANCIS WEST, M.D., 
SAMUEL L. HOLLINGSWORTH,  M.D., 
WILLIAM BRODIE, M.D., DETROIT, MICHIGAN.
H. F. ASKEW,  M.D., WILLMINGTON, DELAWARE.
SAMUEL  LEWIS, M.D., PI.LADELPHIJA, PENNSYLVANIA.
30 
SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
Special Committees for 1856, to report upon the
subjects named:  Dr. Lewis H. Steiner, of Washington, D. C.-on
Strychnia, its Chemical and Toxicological properties.
Dr. Asbury Evans, of Covington, Kentucky-on
Tracheotomy in Epilepsy.
Dr. J. Taylor Bradford, of Augusta, Kentuckyon the Treatment of Cholera.
Dr. Charles Q. Chandler, of Rocheport, Missourion Malignant Periodic Fevers.
Dr. H. A. Johnson, of Chicago, Illinois-on the
Excretions as an index to the Organic Changes going
on in the System.
Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, of Boston, Mass.-on the
Microscopical Investigations of Malignant Tumors.
Dr. E. H. Davis, of New York City-on the Statistics of Calculous Diseases, and the operations therefor.
Dr. J. S. Carpenter, of Pennsylvania-on the
Treatment and Curability of Reducible Hernia.
Dr. A. J. Fuller, of Maine-on the best Treatment
of Cholera Infantunm. 
SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
Dr. Win. B. Page, of Philadelphia-on Injuries of
the Joints.
Dr. Wilson Jewell, of Philadelphia-on the
Statistics of Mortality of the large Cities of the United
States.
Dr. J. Knights, of New Haven, Conn.-on Endemic
Tetanus.
Dr. P. Ht. Cabell, of Alabama-on  the Native
Substitutes for Cinchona, indigenous to the Southern
States.
Dr. James M. Newman, of Buffalo, N. Y.-on the
Sanitary Police of Cities.
Dr. S. W. Noble, of Le Roy, Illinois-on Puerperal
Fever and its Communiicability.
Dr. J. ]1. Freer, of Chicago, Illinois-on the Progress of General and Descriptive Anatomy.
Dr. J. W. Corson, of New  York City-on  the
Causes of the Impulse of the Heart, and the Agencies
which influence it in IIealth and Disease.
Dr. D. Meredith Reese, of New York City-ont the
Causes of Infant M3ortality in large cities, the source
of its Increase, and the Means for its Diminution.
Dr. Mark Stephenson, of New York City-on the
Treatment best adapted to each variety of Cataract,
with the MIethod of Operation, Place of Election,
Time, Age, &c.
Dr. J. B. Coleman, of New Jersey on the Effects
of Mercury on the Living Animal Tissues.
Dr. T. G. Richardson, of Louisville, Kentuckyoil the Diversity of the Venereal Poison.
32 
SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
Dr. J. B. Flint, of Louisville, Kentucky-on the
best mode of Rendering the Medical Patronage of the
National Government, tributary to the Honor and
Improvemient of the Profession.
Dr. J. C. Hutchinson, of Brooklyn, N. Y.-on the
Anatomy and Hisology of the Cervix Uteri.
Committee to )rocure -Iemoirs of the Eminent  and
TVortlty Dead.
Dr. P. A Jewett, of Conn., Chairman; Dr. Thomas
F. Betton, of Pennsylvania; Dr. C. J. Blackburn, of
Kentucky; Dr. Wmin. M. Boliing, of Alabama; Dr.
Zina Pitcher, of Michigan.
Comm)ittee on Plans of Oryanizatio)n of iState aznd
Cotunty Societies.
Dr. A. B. Palmer, of Michigan, Chairman; Dr. N.
B. Ives, of Connecticut; Dr. E. B. Haskins, of Tennessee; Dr. Charles Woodward, of Ohio; Dr. Josiahi
Crosby, of New Hampshire.
Commnittee oin Medical Literateure.
Dr. P. C. Gaillard, of South Carolina, Chairman;
Dr. N. P. Monroe, of Maine; Dr. Jas. Couper, of
Delaware; Dr. R. Hills, of Ohio; Dr. A. Coffin, of
South Carolina.
Co-mmittee on l[edical Education.
Dr. W. H. Anderson, of Alabama, Chairman; Dr.
J. B. Flint, of Kentucky; Dr. P. H.  Cabell, of
Alabama; Dr. George Hayward, of Massachusetts;
Dr. E. B. Smithb of Missouri.
4
33 
SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
COMMITTEE
On Medical Topography and Epidemics, consisting
of one from each State and Territory:
(See Pap. 36-TRANSACTIONIS, Vol. 8.)
Maine-J. C. Weston, M. D., Bangor.
New Hampshire  Edmund R. Peaslee, M. D., Dartmouth College.
Vermont-Joseph Perkins, M. D., Castleton.
Rhode Island-Joseph Mauran, M.D., Providence.
Connecticut-Charles Hooker, M. D., New Haven.
Massachusetts-George C. Shattuck, Boston.
New York- Joseph M. Smith, M.D., New York
City.
New Jersey-Lyndon A. Snmith, M.D., Newark.
Pennsylvania-Jacob M. Gemmnill, M.D., Alexandria. 
Delaware-James W.  Thompson, M.  D., Wilmington.
Maryland-Peregrine Worth, M. D., Chestertown.
Georgia- John F. Posey, M. D., Savannah.
Virginia-J. F. Peebles, M. D)., Petersburg.
District of Columbia-Thos. Miller, M. D., Wasliington.
South Carolina-D. J. Cain, MW. D., Charleston.
North Carolina-O. F. Manson, M.D., Townsville.
Kentuckyv-Wmi. F. Sutton, 3I. D., Georgetown.
Tennessee-E. B. Haskins, M. D., Clarksville.
Louisiana-E. D. Fenner, M.D., New Orleans.
Minnesota-J. H. Murphy, M. D., St. Anthony's
Falls.
34 
SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
Ohio —G. MAendenhall, M. D., Cincinnati.
Mississippi-T. J. Grafton, M. D., Rodney.
MissouLri —J. S. B. Alleyne, M. D., St. Louis.
-Michigan  J. H. Beech, M. D., Coldwater.
Alabama-S. W. Clanton, iM.D., Warsaw.
Illinois-John Evans, M.D., Chicago.
Indiaina Vierling Kersey, M. D., Milton.
Wisconsin- -Alfred L. Castleman, M. D., Delafield.
Iowa  E. A. Arnold, M. D., Davenport.
United States Navy —Thos. Dillard, M.D., Philadelphia.
United States Army -Clement A. Finley, M. D.,
Philadelphia.
COMMITTEE
To report upon a uniform system of Registration
of Marriages, Births and Deaths:
Doctor M. W. Wilson, Hartford, Conn., Chairman.
G. S. Palmer, Gardner, Maine.
Silas Cummin,s Fitz William, N. H.
G. T. Elliot, Jr., Woodstock, Vt.
" Edward Jarvis, Dorchester, Mass.
' Joseph Mauran, Providence, R. I.
John H. Griscom, New York City, N. Y.
Henry Carpenter, Lancaster, Pa.
"   O. H. Taylor, Camden, N.J.
Lewis P. Bush, Wilmington, Del.
. "   A. Snowden Piggott, Baltimore, Md.
"   1'. C. (Xoo'tl, t iclimon(d, Va.
35 
SPECIAL COMMITTEES.
Doctor N. Pittinan, Tarboro, N. C.
Harvey Lindsley, Washington, D. C
John L. Dawson, Charleston, S. C.
R. D. Arnold, Savannah, Ga.
A. Lopez, Mobile, Ala.
James Jones, New Orleans, La.
R. C. Foster, Nashville, Tenn.
C. J. Blackburn, Covington, Ky.
John Dawson, Columbus, Ohio.
"Edmund Murphy, New Harmony, Indl,
N. D. Stebbins, Detroit, Mich.
J. -V. Z. Blaney, Chicago, Ill.
George D. Wilbur, Mineral Point, Wis.
William McPheeters, St. Louis, Mo.
J. D. Elbert, Keosaqua, Iowa.
John H. Murphy, Falls of St. Anthony, Min.
36 
CODE OF?MIEDICAL ETHICS.
ADOPIED MAY, 1847.
CIIAPTER I.
ON THE DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO THEIR PATIENTSI
AND OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF PATIENTS TO THEIlt
PHYSICIANS.
AnT. I.-Duties of Phlysicians to their Patients.
SEC. 1.  A physician should not only be ever ready to obey
the calls of the sick, but his mind ought to be imnbued wvith tlheo
greatness of his mission, and the responsibility he incurs in its
discharge.  These obligations are the more deep and enduring,
because there is no tribunal otheli th an his own conscience, to
tljudge pelnalties for carelessness or nleglect.  Physicians shlould,
therefore, minister to the sick with due impressions of the importance of their office; reflecting that the ease, the health, and the
lives of those commnitted to their charge, depend on their skill,
attention and fidelity.  They should study, also, in their deportmnent, so to unite tenderness with fir-mness, and condescension with
authority, as to inspire the minds of their patients with gratitude
respect and confidence. 
CODE OFl MEDICAL ETHICS.
SEc. 2   Every case committed to the chlarg;e of a physician
should be treated with attention, steadiness aid humanity.
Reasonable indulgence should bc granted to the mental  iibecility and caprices of the sick. Secrecy and delicacy, when required
by peculiar circumstances, should be strictly observed; and the
f;amiliaLr and confidential  intercourse to which physicians are
admitted in their professional visits, should be used with discretion, and with the most scrupulous regard to fidelity and honor.
The obligation of secrecy extends beyond the period of professional services-inone of the privacies of personal and domestic
life,ino infirmity of disposition or flaw of character observel during
professional attendanc e, should ever be divulged by him except
when he is imperatively required to do so.  The force and necessit. of this obligation is indeed so great, that professional men
have, under certain circumstances, been protected in their
observance of secrecy, by courts of justice.
SEc. 3. Frequent visits to the sick are in general requisite,
since they enable the physician to arrive at a more perfect
knowledge of the disease-to meet promptly every change which
may  occur, and also tend to preserve the confidence of the
patient, But unnecessary visits are to be avoided, as they give
useless anxiety to the patient, tend to diminish the authority of
the physician, and render him liable to be suspected of interested motives.
SEC. 4.  A physician should not be forward to make gloolmy
prognostications, because they savor of empiricism, by magnifyingt the imlportance of his services in the treatment or cure of
the disease.  But he should not fa.il on proper occasions, to give
the firiends (f the patient timely notice of danger, when it really
occurs; and cvenl to the patient himself, if absolutely necessary.
This office, however, is so peculiarly alarming when executed by
himn, that it ought to be declined whenever it can be assigned to
any person of sufficient judgment and delicacy. For the physician should be the minister of hope and comfort to the sick; that,
by such cordials to the drooping spirit, he may smooth tlhe bed
of death, revive expiring lif, and counteract.;the depressing inlflu 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
ence of those maladies which often disturb the tranquility of the
most resigned, in their last moments.  The life of a sick person
can be shortened not only by the acts, but also by the words or
the manner of the physician.  It is, therefore, a sacred duty to
guard himself carefully in this lespect, and to avoid all things
vwhich have a tendency to discourage the patient and to depress
his spirits.
SEc. 5. A physician ought not to abandon a patient because'
the case is deemed incurable; for his attendance may continue
to be highly useful to the patient, and comforting to the relatives
around him, even in the last period of a fatal malady, by alleviating pain and other symptoms, and by soothing mental anguish.
To  decline attendance, under such circumstances, would be sacrificing to a fanciful delicacy and mistaken liberality, that moral
duty, which is independent of, and far superior to, all pecuniary
considerations.
SEc. 6.  Consultations  should  be promoted in difficult or
protracted cases, as they give rise to confidence, encergy, and
more enlarged views in practice,
SEC. 7. The opportunity which a physician not unfruquently
enjoys of promoting and strengthening the good resolutions of
his patients suffering under the consequence of vicious conduct,
ought never to be neglected.  His counsels, or even  remonstrances, will give satisfaction, not offence, if they be proffered
with politeness, and even a genuine love of virtue, accompanied
by a sincere interest in the welfare of the person to whom they
are addressed.
ART. II.-Obligations of Patients to their Physicians.
SEc. 1. The members of the medical profession, upon whom
are enjoined the performance of so many important and arduous
duties toward the community, and who are required to make so
many sacrifices to comfort, ease and health, for the welfare of
those who avail themselves of their services, certainly have a
leight to expect and. require, that their patients should entertain
39, 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
a just sense of the duties which they owe to their  medical
attendants.
SEc. 2.  The first duty of the patient is, to select as his
medical adviser, one who has recepived a regular professional cducation.  In no trade or occupation do mankind rely on the skill
of an untaught artist; and in medicine, confessedly the most
difficult and intricate of the sciences, the world ought not to
suppose that knowledge is intuitive.
SEC. 3.  Patients should prefer a physician whose habits of
life are regular, and who is not devoted to company, pleasure, or
any pursuit incompatible with his professional obligations.  A
patient should, also, confide the care of himself and family, as
much as possible, to one physician- for a medical man who has
become acquainted with the peculiarities of constitution, habits
and pre-dispositions of those he attenlds, is more likely to be
successful in his treatment, than one who does not possess that
knowledge.
A patient who has thus selected his physician, should always
apply for advice in what may appear to him trivial cases, for tlhe
most fatal results often supervene on the slightest accidents.
It is of still more importance that he should apply for assistance in the forming stage of violent diseases; it is to a neglect
of this precept that medicine owes much of tlhe uncertainty and
imperfection with which it has  been reproached.
SEc. 4.  Patients should faithfully and unreservedly communicate to their physic'ans the supposed cause of their disease.
This is the more important, as many diseases of a mental origin
simulate those depending on external causes, and yet are only to
be cured by ministering to the mind diseased  A patient should
never be afraid of thus making his physician his friend and
adviser; he should always bear in mind that the medical man is
under the strongest obligations of secrecy. Even the female
sex should never allow, feelings of shlame or delicacy to prevent
their disclosing the seat, symptoms and causes of complaints
peculiar to them.  However commendable a modest reserve may
be in the common occurrences of life, its strict observance in
40 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
mnedicine is often attended with the most serious consequence%
and a patient may sink under a painful and loathsome disease,
which might have been readily prevented had timely intimation
been given to the physician.
SEC..5.  A  patient should never weary his physician with a
tedious detail of events or matters not appertaining to his disease
Even as relates to his actual symptoms he will convey  much
more real information by giving clear -answers to interrogations,
than by the most minute account of his own framing.  Neither
should he obtrude the details of his business nor the history of
his family concerns.
SEc. 6. The obedience of a patient to the prescriptions of
a physician should be prompt and implicit.  lHe should neve
permit his own crude opinions, as to their fitness, to influence
his attention to them.  A failure in one particular may render
an otherwise judicious treatment dangerous, and even  fatal.
This remark is equally applicable to diet, drink and exercise.
As patients become convalescent, they are very apt to suppose
that the rules prescribed for them may be disregarded, and the
consequences but too often, is a relapse.  Patients should never
allow themselves to be persuaded to take any medicine whatever
that may be recommended to them by the self-constituted doctors
and doctresses, who are so frequently met with, and who pretend
to possess infallible remedies for the cure of every disease.
hlowever simple some of their prescriptions may appear to be,
it often happens that they are productive of much mischief, and
in all cases they are injurious, by contravening the plan of treatment adopted by the physician.
SEc. 7. Patients should, if possible, avoid even the friendly
visits of a physician who is not attending him; and when he
does receive them, he should never converse on the subject of
his disease, as an observation may be made, without any intention
of interference, which may destroy confidence in the course he
is pursuing, and induce him to neglect the directions prescribed
to him.  A patient should never send for a consulting physician
without the express consent of his own medical attendant.  It
5
41 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
is of great importance that physicians sl,ould act in concrt; for
,although their mlodes of treatment may be attended with equal
success, when employed singly, yet conjointly they are v(3ery
likely to be productive of disastrous results.
Src. 8.  When a platient wishes to dismiss his physician, justico
and common courtesy require that he should declare his reasons
for so doing.
SEC. 7.  Patients should always, when practicable, send for
their physician in the morning before his usual hour for going
out; for being early aware of the visits he has to pay during the
day, the physician is able to apportion his time in such a manner
as to prevent an interference of engagements.  Paticnts should
always avoid calling on their medical adviser unnecessarily during
the hours devoted to meals or sleep.  They should always be in
readiness to receive the visits of their physiciIan, as the detention
of a few minutes is often of serious inconvenience to hilm.
SEc. 10. A patient should, after his recovery, entertain a just
and enduring sense of the value of the services rendered him by
his physician; for these are of such a character, that no melre
pecumiaryi acknowledgment can repay or canccl them.
42 
C HAPTER II.
ON THE DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO EACH OTI[ER,
AND TO THE PROFESSION AT LARGE.
ART. 1.-Duitiesfor the support ofprofessionlal character.
SEC. 1. Every individual, on enteriing the profession, as hbo
becomes thereby entitled to all its privileges and immunities,
incurs an obligation to exert his best abilities to maintain its
dignity and honlor, to exalt its standing, and to extend the bounds
of its usefulness.  He should, therefore, observe strictly such
laws as are instituted for the government of its members-should
avoid all contumelious and sarcastic remarks relative to the faculty, as a body; and while, by unwearied dilligence, he resorts
to every honorable means of enriching the science, he should
entertain a due respect for his seniors, who have, by their iabors
brought it to the elevated position in which he finds it.
SEC. 2. There is no profession, from the members of which,
greater purity of character, and a higher standard of moral
excellence are required than the inedical; and to attain such
eminence, it is a duty which every physician owes alike to his
profession, and his patients. It is due to the latter, as without
it he cannot command their respect and confidence, and to both,
because no scientific attainments can compensate for the want of
correct moral principles. It is also incumbent upon the faculty'
to be temperate in all things, for the practice of physic requires
the unremitting exercise of a clear and vigorous understanding;
and, on emergencies, for which no medical man should be -unlr3 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
pared, a steady hand. an acute eye, and an unclouded head may
be essential to the wvell-being, and even the life of a fellow
creature.
SEc. 3.  It is derogatory to the dignity of the profession, to
resort to public advertisements or private cards or handbills,
inviting the attention of individuals affected with particular
diseases-publicly offering advice and medicine to the poor gratis,
or promising radical cures; or to publish cases and operations
in the daily prints, or to suffer such publications to be made
to invite laymen to be present at operations -to boast of cures
and remedies-to adduce certificates of skill and success, or to
perform any other similar acts. These are the ordinary practices
of empirics, and are highly reprehensible in a regular physician.
SEc. 4.  Equally derogatory to professional character is it for
a physician to hold a patent for any sur'gical instrument or medicine; or to dispense a secret nostrum, whether it be the composition or exclusive property of himself or of others. For, if
such nostrums be of real efficacy, any concealment regarding it
is inconsistent with benificence and professional liberality; and,
if mystery alone can give it value and importance, such craft
either implies disgraceful ignorance, or fraudulent avarice.  It
is also reprehensible for physicians to give certificates attesting
the efficacy of patent or secret medicines, or in any way to promote thq use of them.
ART. 2.-Professional services of Physicians to each other.
SEc. 1.  All practitioners of medicine, their wives and their
children while under the parental'care, are entitled to the gratuitous services of any one or more of the faculty residing near
them, whose assistance may be desired. A physician afflicted
with disease is usually incompetent to judge of his own case;
and the natural anxiety and solicitude which he experiences at
the sickness of a wife, a child, or any one who by the ties of consanguinity is rendered peculiarly dear to him, tend to obscure
his judgment, and produce timidity and irresolution in his practico.
Under such circumstances, medical men are peculiarly dependent
44 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
on each other, and kind offices and professional aid should
always be cheerfully and gratuitously afforded. Visits ought not,
however, to be obtruded officiously; as such unasked civility
may give rise to embarrassment, or interfere with that choice, on
which confidence depends.  But, if a distant member of tho
faculty, whose circumstances are affluent, request attendance,
and an honorarium be offered, it should not be declined; for no
pecuniary obligation ought to be imposed, which the party
receiving it would not wish to incur.
ART. 3.-Of the duties of Physicians as respects vicarious offices.
SE.c. 1. The affairs of life, the pursuit of health, and the
various accidents and contingencies to which a medical man is
peculiarly exposed, sometimes require him temporarily to withdraw from his duties to his patients and to request some of his
professional brethren  to officiate for him.  Compliance  with
this request is an act of courtesy, which should be performed
with the utmost consideration for the interest and character of
the family physician, and when exercised for a short period, all
the pecuniary obligations for such services should be awarded
to him.  But if a member of the profession neglects his business
in quest of pleasure or amusement, he cannot be considered as
entitled to the advantages of the frequent and  long-contiuued
exercise of this fraternal courtesy, without awarding to the
physician who officiates, the fees arising from the discharge of
his professional duties.
ART. 4.-Of the duties of Physicians in regard to Consultations.
SEC. 1.  A regular medical education furnishes the only presumptive evidence of professional abilities and acquirements,
and ought to be the only acknowledged right of an individual to
the exercise and honors of his profession. Nevertheless, as in
consultation the good of the patient is the sole object in view,
and this is often dependent on personal confidence, no intelligent
regular practitioner, who has a license to practice from some
4,.5 
CODE OF MFEDICAL ETHICS.
medical board of klnown and  ckinowledlgedl respectability, recognized by lhis association, and who is in good moral and professionil standing in the place in which  he resides, should be
fastidiously excluded from fellowship, or bis aid refused in consultationi, wvhen it is requested by thle patient.  But no one can
be cosidereL:t a regular practitioier, or a fit associate in consultation, wvhlose practice is based on an exclusive dogma, to the
rejection of tlheo accumulated experience of the profession, and
the aids actually furnished by anatolmy, physiology, pathlology,
and organic chemistlry.
SEe. 2.  In consultations, no rivalship or jealousy should be
indulged; candor, probity, and all due respect should be exercised
toward tlhe physician hlaving charge of the case.
S?. 3.  In consultations the attendi;ng physician should be
the first to propose the necessary questions to the sick; after
whlich the consulting physician should have the opportunity to
make such fuirther inquiries of the patient as imay be necessary
to satisfy him of the true chlaracter of the case.  Both physicians
should then retire to a private place for deliberation; and the
one first in attendance should communicate the directions agrect
upon, to tllhe patient or his friends, as well as any opinions which
it may be thoulght proper to express.  But no statement or discussionl of it should take place before the patient or his friends,
except in the presence of all the ficulty attending, and by their
common consent; and no opinions or prognostications should be
delivered, which are not the result of previous deliberation and
concurrence.
SEc. 4.  In consultation, the physician in attendance should
deliver his opinion first; and when there are several consulting,
they should deliver their opinions in the order in which they
have been called in.  No decision, however, should restrain the
attending physicianl from making such variations in the mode of
treatment, as any subsequent unexpected change in the character
of thle case may demand.  But such variation, and the reason for
it, ought to be carefully detailed at the next meeting in consultation.  The same privilege belongs, also, to the consulting phy
46 
CODFE OF AIFDICAL ETIHICS.
sician, if hc is sent for in an emiergenlcy, wvhen the regular
attendant is out of the way, and similar explanations must be
made by him, at the next consultation.
SEc. 5.  The utmost punctuality should be observed in the
-isits of physicians when they are to hold consultations together,
and this is generally practicable, for society has been considerate
enotu,gh to allow the plea of a profcssional engage.ment to take
precedo,erce of all others, and to be an ample  reason for the
relinquishmenct of any present occ pation.  But as professional
cilgagements may soimetimes interfere, and delay one of the
parties, the physician who first arr.ives, should wait for his associate a reasonable period, after which the consultation should be
conlsidIered as postponed to a new appoiitmenit.  If it be tihe3
attendi-ng physician whio is present, he will of course see the
patient ancd prescribe; but if it be tihe consulting one, he should
retLire, except in case of emeigenicy, or when he hals been called
fiom a conisiderable distance, in which lattor case he may examiie
the patient, and( give his opinion in wvritilig and under seal, to
be delivered to his associate.
SEC  6.  In consultatioi,, thieo,etical discussions should  be
a-vo(cided, as occasionling perplexity and loss of Lime.  For thereo
may be much diversity of opinion concerning speculative points,
with perfect agreement in thlose modes of practice which are
founded, not on lhyllotl)esis, but on experience and observation.
SEC 7..All discussions ii) conisultationi shoul(I be secret aind
confidential.  Neither by word or maniner, should any of the
p;rtics to a consultation asscert or insinuate that any part of the
ti-eatilent pursued did not receive his assent.  The responsibility imust be cqually divided( between the medical attendants
-tlhey miust equally share the credit of success as we-0l as the
blame of failure.
SEC. 8.  Should an irreconcilable divcrsity of opinion occur
whlen several physicians  are called upuon to consult togcetlIeci;,
the opinionIs of the majority should be considered as decisive;
but if the numbers be equal on each side. then the d(csciion
slioald( rcst with    atte:dijig plhlysician.  It may, moreover;
47 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
sometimes happen, that two physicians cannot agree in thAir
views of the nature of the case, and the treatment to be pursucd.  This is a circumstance much to be deplored, and should
always be avoided, if possible, by mutual concessions of judgment.
But in the evcnt of its occurence, a third person should, if
practicable, be called to act as umpire, and if circumstances
prevenct the adoption of this course, it must be left to the
patient to select the physician in whom he is most willing to
confid(le. But as every physician relies upon the rectitude of his
judgment, he should, wivlen left in the minority, politely and
consistently retire from any further deliberation in the consultation, or participation in the managemcnt of the case.
SEc. 9.  As circumstances sometimes occur to render a special
eonsultati,n desirable, when the continued attendance of two
physicians might be ob jectionable to the patient, the member of
the faculty whose assistance is required in such cases, should
sedulously guard against all future unsolicited attendance.  As
such consultations require an extraordinary portion, both of
time and attention, at least a double honorarium miay be reasonbly ex)pectcd.
SEC. 10.  A  physician wvho is called upon to consult, should
observe the most honorable and scrupulous regard for the chlaracter and stanlding of the practitioner in attendance; the practice
of the latter, if necessary, should be justified as far as it can be,
consistently with a conscientious regard for truth, and no hint
or insinuation should be thrown out, which could impair the
confidence reposed in him, or affect his reputation.  The consulting physician should also carefully refrtliii from any of those
extraordinary attentions or  assiduities, which are too often
practiced by the dishonest for the base purpose of gaining
applause, or ingratiating themselves into the favor of families
and individuals.
ART. 5.-Duties of Phlysicians in Ca(ses of Interference.
SEc. 1.  Medicine is a liberal profession, and those admitted
into its ranks, shouldl found their expectations of practice upon
tl'e extent of their qualifications, not on- intrigue or artifice. 
48 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
SEc. 2.  A physician, in his intercourse with a patient under
the care of another practitioner, should observe  the strictest
caution arsd reserve.  No meddling inquiries should be made;
no disingenuous hints given relative to the nature and treatment
of the disorder; nor any course of conduct pursued that may
directly or indirectly tend to diminish the trust reposed in the
physician employed.
SEc. 3. The same circumspection and reserve should be
observed, when from motives of business or1 friendship, a plhysician is prompted to visit an individual who is under the direction
of another practitioner.  Indeed, such visits should be avoided,
except  under  peculiar  circumstances,  andl  when   they are
made, no pairticular inquiries should be instituted relative to the
disease, or the remedies employed, but the topics of conversation
should be as foreign to the case as circumstances will admit.
,SEc. 4.  A  physician ought not to take charge of, or prescribe for a patient who has recently been under the care of
another member of the faculty, except in cases of sudden
emergency, or in consultation with the physician previously
in attendance, or when the latter has relinquished the case or
been regularly notified that his services are no longer desired
Under such circumstances no unjust and illiberal insinuations
should be throwin outi1n relation to'the conduct or practice ])reviously pursued, which should be justified as far as candor and
regard to truth and probity will permit; for it often happens,
that patients become dissatisfied when they do not experience
immediate relief, and, as many diseases are naturally protracted,
the want of success, in the first stage of treatment, affords no
evidence of a lack of professional knowledge and skill.
SEc. 5. When a physician is called to an urgent case, because
the family physician is not at hand, he ought, unless  his assistance in consultation be desired, to resign the case of the patient
to the latter, immediately on his arrival.
SEc. 6.  It often happens, in cases of sudden illness, or of
recent accidents and injuries, owing to the alarm and anxiety of
fiiends, that a number  of physicians are simultaneously sert f6..
6
49 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
UJnder thcse circumstances, courtesy should assign the patient
to the first one who arrives, who should select from those present
any additional assistance he may deem necessary. Il all such
cases, however, the practitioner who officiates should request the
family physician, if there be one, to be called, and, unless his
furthei' attendance be requested, should resign the case to the
latter on his arrival.
SEC. 7.  When a physician is called to a patient of another
practitioner, in consequence of the sickness or absence of the
latter, he ought, on the return or recovery of the regular attendant, and with the consent of the patient, to surrender the
case.
SEc. 8.  A physician, when visitilng a sick person in the country, may be desired to see a neighboring patient who is under
the regular direction of another physician, in consequence of
some sudden change or aggravation of symptoms.  The conduct
to be pursued on such an occasion is to give advice ad(lapted to
present circumstances: to interfere no farther than is absolutely
necessary with the general plan of treatment, to assume no
future direction, unless it be expressly desired; and in this last
case, to request an immediate consultation with the practitioner
previously employed.
SEc. 9. A wealthy physician should not give advice gratis to
the affluent; because his doing so is an inijury to his professional
brethren.  The office of a physician can never be supported as
an exclusive beneficent one, and it is defrauding, in some degree,
the common funds for its support, when fees are dispensed wvith,
wvhich might justly be claimed.
SEC. 10.  When a physician who has been engaged to attend
a case of mid-wilbry is absent, and another is sent for, if delivery
is accomplished during the attendance of the latter, lie is entitled
to the fee, but should resign the patient to the practitioner first
engaged.
AET. VI.-Of Differcnces between Physicians.   ~
Sec. 1.  Diversity of opinion and opposition of interest may, in
the medical, as in other professions, sometimes occaisionl centre
50, 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
versy and even contention. Whenever such cases unfortunately
occur; and cannot be immediately terminated, they should be
referred to the arbitration of a sufficient number of physicians,
or a coitrt-medical.
Sec. 2. As peculiar reserve must be maintained by physicians
towards the public, in regard to professional matters, and as
there exist numerous points in medical ethics and etiquette
through which the feelings of medical men may be painfully
assailed in their intercourse with each other, and which cannot
be understood or appreciated by general society, neither the
subject matter of such differences nor the adjudication of the
arbitrators should be made public, as publicity in a case of this
nature may be personally injurious to the persons concerned,
and can hardly fail to bring discredit on the faculty.
ART. VII.-Of Pecuniary Icknowledgment.
Sec. 1. Some general rules should be adopted by the faculty,
in every town or district, relative to pecuniary acknowledgment
from their patients; and it should be deemed a point of honor
to adhere to these rules with as much uniformity as varying
- circumstances will admit.
51 
CHAPTERP  III.
OF THE DUTIES OF THlE PROFESSION TO THE PUBLIC,
AND OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PUBLIC TO THlE
I'ROFESSION.
ART. 1.-DDuties of the Profession to the Putblic.
Sec. 1.  As good citizens, it is the duty of physicians to be
ever vigilant for the welfare of the community, and to bear their
part in sustaining its institutions and burdens; they should also
be ever ready to give counsel to the public in matters especially
appertaining to their professions, or on subjects of medical police,
public hygiene, and legal medicine. It is their province to
enlighten the public in regard to quarantine regulations-the
location,  arracingement  and  dietaries of  hospitals, asylums,
schools, prisons, and similar institutions; in relation to the
medical police of towns, as drainage, ventilation, &c.-and in
regard to measures for the prevention of epidemic and contagious
diseases; and when pestilence prevails, it is their duty to face
the danger, and to continue their labors for the alleviation of the
suffering, even at the jeopardy of their own lives.
Sec. 2. Medical men should also be always ready, when called
on by the legally constituted authorities, to enlighten coroners'
inquests and courts of justice, on subjects strictly medical-such
as involve questions relating to sanity, legitimacy, murder, by
poison or other violent means, and in regard to the various other
subjects embraced in the science of medical jurisprudence   But:
in these cases, and especially where they are required to make a
post-mortem examination, it is just, inll consequence of the time,
0 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
labor and skill required, and the responsibility and risk they
incur, that the public should award them a proper honorarium.
Sec. 3. There is no profession, by the members of which
eleemosynary services are more  liberally dispensed, than the
medical, but justice requires that some limits should be placed to
the i)erformance of such good offices.  Poverty, professional
brotherhood, and certain public duties referred to in Sec. 1 of
this chapter, should always be recognized as presenting valid
claims for gratuitous services; but neither institutions endowed
by the public or by rich individuals, societies for mutual benefit,
for the insurances or for analagous puiposes, nor any profession
or occupation, can be admitted to possess such privilege.  Nor
can it be justly expected of physicians to furnish certificates of
inability to serve on juries, to perform militia duty, or to testify
to the state of healthl of persons wishing to insure tlheir lives,
obtain pensions, or the like, without a pecuniary acknowledgment.
But to individuals in indigent circumstances, such professional
services should always be cheerfully and freely given.
Sec.-4. It is the duty of physicianis, who are frequent witnesses
of the enormities committed by quackery, and the injury to
health and even destruction of life caused by  the use of quack
medicines, to enlighten tLe public on these pretensions of artful
empirics and impostors. Physicians ought to use all the influence
which they may possess, as professors in Colleges of Pharmacy,
and by exercesing their option in regard to the shops to which
their prescriptions shall be sent, to discourage druggists and
apothecaries from vending quack or secret medicines, or from
being in any way engaged in their manufacture and sale.
ART. II.-Obligations of the Public to Physici(ans.
Sec. 1.  The benefits accruing to the public, directly  and
indirectly, from the active and unwearied beneficence of the
profession, are so numerous an-ad important, that physicians aro
justly entitled to the utmost consideration and respect from the
community.   The public ought likewise to entertain  a just
appreciation of medical qualifications; to make a proper dis
53 
CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS.
crimination between true science and the assumption of ignorance
and empiricism-to afford every encouragement and facility for
the acquisition of medical education-and no longer to allow
the statute books to exhibit the anomaly of exacting knowledge
from physicians under liability to heavy penalties, and of making
them obnoxious to punishment for resortimg to the only means
of obtaining it.
54 
A  BPIEF  SKETCH  OF
DETROIT,
FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT; WITH A IIISTORY OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN,
AND OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESOURCES OF TlHE STATE.
PRRPARI',ED FOR THE USE OF THE
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.  
Thle following b,ief history is made up of extracts from a book
entitled,' Sketchles of the City of Detroit," with the p1ermission
vof the author, Mr. Robert E. Roberts:  The City of Detroit is s'tuaced on the nor'th shore of tlheo
D)etroit river or strait connect,ng Lakes Eirice and St. Clair.  The
river is the boiundiry lille between Michigan and Cana,d(a West.
Thc City is eighteen riles north of Liake 1rie, and seven miles
s;outhtl of Lake St. Cl,air, 300 miles west of Buffalo, and 545 miles
from Washing ton, in Latitude 42 degrees 19 minutes 53 seconds
north, and Longitude West 82 deg. 58 sec., or from Washington West 5 deg. 56 min. 12 sec.  I)ifferences in  time from
Washington 33 min. 44 sec., New York City 34 min. 48 sec.
The history of Detroit is most intimately connected with the
history of the whole north.west, as'its settlement dates among
the first on the American Continent.  Founded in the strife for
sovereignty between the English and French Governments, it
became, at an early day, a point of central influence, importance
and action.  No place in the United States, it has been observed,
presents such a series of events, interesting in themselves, and
permanently affecting, as they occurred, its progress and prosperity. Five times its flag has been changed. First, the lily of
France floated over its fortress, then the red cross of England,
and next the stripes and stars of the United States, and then
again the red cross, and lastly the stripes and stars.
7
CITY OF ]-)ETROIII. 
S KETCH OF DETROIT.
Three different sovereigns have claimed its allegiance, and
since it has been held by the United States its government has
been thrice transferred; twice it has been besieged by the
Indians; once captured in war, and once burnt to the ground.
Fire has scathed it-the tomahawk, scalping knife, and war club
have been let loose upon it in the hands of an unrelenting savage
foe. It has been the scene of one surrender. of more than fifty
pitched battles, and twelve horrid massacres.
The present site of the city was occupied by Indian villages at
the period of the discovery of the country.
DETROIT IN 1805-BEFORE THE FIRE.
The old town, previous to the fire, occupied a site embraced
within the following limits: Griswold Street, on the east, and Cass
Street on the west, and extending from the river to Larned Street,
secured by a stockade on the west and east running from  the
river to Fort Shelby, (present north line of Congress Street.)
The destruction of the old town was so far fortunate that it
led to the adoption of a plan better adapted to a city, such as
Detroit has become.
THE NEW TOWN.
The site of the city is an elevation of about thirty feet, along
the river front, rising farther back to about sixty feet, affording
most perfect drainage, covering an area within its corporate
limits of 3368 acres, about one-third of which is closely covered
by buildings. These limits will probably be enlarged on the
river front in each direction at the meeting of the next Legislature.
The Governor and Judges who laid out the new Town, seemed
to anticipate the future importance of the City, and to their
58 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
foesighlt, good taste and ju(dgment, are we indebted for tho
reserves of the Grand Circus, Campus  Martius, East, AVWest,
Centre and Capitol Park, and tLe numerous wide avenues, from
120 to 200 fect in widtl-h.
It is in contemplation now, to soon embellish the Parks' and
Circuses with public fountains.
Detroit was incor porated a City by an act of the Governor
and Judges in 1815, sevc.n yealrs before Boston bore the name
and lprivileges of a City, and the government was vecsted in five
trustees.
Detroit is a port of entry, the commercial metropolis of the
State of Michigani, and ocul-ies a central position onl the gcreat
chain of rivers and lakes two thousand miles in extent, and
formingl together the greatest body of inland navigable waters in
the world.
The location of the city is pleasant, commanding a fine view
of the suriounding, coulntry, witli Canada in the foreground, an(i
oftlhe river for miles above and below, until intercepted by
beautiful islands.  It was o'iginally selected by the natives of
the forest, withl their usual saga.city, as a site fori thleir villages,
and was tlhus occupied before tlhe lake country was discovered
by Europeans two hlundred and forty-five years ag,o, and for
about niiety years afterwards, or until the year of our Lord
1701, when it was taken possession of by the French, vwho
erected "Fort Ponchartrain" tl'r the purpose of establishing a
fur-trading post, and protecting the traderes.
Detroit, iii 1827, was t}l-e only municipal corporation in tho
territory of Michigan.  It containred a population at that time
of about two thousand souls, which was about one-fourth the
population of the whole territory, who were settled along the
lakes and' rivers, fromt Monroe to St. Clair, Macklinaw and Grecn
Bay; and but little was lknown of the interior of the territor y,
whlicll was for the most part ta wilderness of forest and prairie,
thoughl a fewv scattered settlements had bcen made in W-ashtenaw andl Oakland counties, withl  here and there a log house.
A waler flour, mill had been erected a year or two iprevious at
59 
SKETCH    IOF DETROIT.
Plontiac, by Col. Stephen MAlack and, Ilon. So!omon SiLley, wh.chI
was the first in MAichigan.
The City at that titune was but little else than a miilitairy and
ftni-trading post. T'he inhlabitants wvere principally native Frencli,
thlouogh there were a number of families lhero fromn the Easelel
States, but not more"tlhan a dozen from any foreign country.
The buildings were mostly constrected of wood, one or two
stories high, with steep roofs and dormer windows.  The banks
of the river within view of the city were studdeld with wind grist
mills, and flour was brought to the City and sold only in saIcks.
Since that time great changes ha  ve taken place, and scarcely a
vestige of the old city remains.  A  great portion of the theo
limits of tlhe City lhavc been swept over by fire and re-built witlt
substantial business buildlings.
POPULATION.
Thli population of the City proper, returned in tle Spriig of
1854, as taken by authority of the State, was 40,373.  A 1population of 3,000 reside in contiguous City suburbs, vwhich for all
business estimates should t)roperly be taken into account.
A portion of the population iare foreigneis, many of whomi are
uneducated, and do, not speak Englishl at all.  They regard the
operation of the census as a preparatory process to tax themn
eccording to their nunmeration, and it is now known that tlhe
census taken was quite below the true number.  A full census
of the city and suburb population, which are substantially one,
would have shown a population of from 47,000 to 50,000 souls.
The population at the following periods, from 1820, NAas as
follows:In  1820  it  was............  1,442
1830 ------------         2,222-Increase( in 10 years,   780
1840  " ---------         9,102 —,                    6,880
1850';......21,019-1 "    "'; 11,917
'1854';......40,3.3-    "    "4  "    19,354
1855 "......52,000-                   "    "1  "   11,(27
60 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
It will be seen that the population has dLubled in the four
years preceding 1854; andl duritg the year following, thc ratio
of increase was still greater.
PROPERPTY VALUATION.
Tlle valuation of real and personal property assessed
in thle city in 1854  was....... —.. $12,518,115
Add for differeice betwceen valuation for purposcs of
taxing or of traffic............. 4,172,7 05
Add for real and personal  property of railroa(Is, balnks,
&c., whichl pay a tax in gross to the State ot one per
cenlt. on their capital........ 3,500,000
Add for church property not taxed-.. -1,000,000
Public property not taxed, water works, engine houses,
markets, public schools, &c. &c..                       500,000
County and General Government Buildings. —----             100,000
$21,760,820
The following busincess statistics were returnecd with
the eonsus in the sprinig of 1854:
The capital invecsted in nanuftactures within the city
proper in 1854 was................$1,680,150
The products of the preceding year fionm  manuf.ic  tures wee..r................$2,013,200
The valute of merchandise imported in 1853 for tlhec
purpose of sale wNas... —-------....$7,422700
LIABILITIES.
Th,e city liabilities arc: Bonds due in 1855,, $53, 609; in 1857,
$20,000; in 1858, $250,000; in 1859, $60,000; in 1865, $50,000;
in 1869, 10,919; in 1870, $27, 925; in 1871, $19,320; in 1872,
61 
SKETCH OF DI)ETROIT.
$400;  1873, $22,000; optional, $3,450;-Total, $317,632These,er issued for construction of the original Water Works,
Public Sewers, City Ihall, MIarkets, &c. &c., the payment whereof
is provided for by the Common Council, and the interest on
which, is paid by direct annual tax.
By a law of the Legislature of the State, no further bonds for
purposes of city improvement can iss,eo  fi'om the Common
Council, but all imiprovements thereafter to be made must be
provided for, and paid for by direct tax at the time of construction.
The law aiso requires a stated sum to be annually raised by
tax, to go into a sinking fund, pledge-1 to the extiinguishment of
the public debt.  Since the passage of thec law, the sum of $35,199;38 has been placed to the credit of the public debt.  This
fund is computed to extinguish the above debt in seventeen
years.
The Water Works liabl)ilities are; Bonds due in 1873, $50,000; in 1878, $100,00;  in 1880, $50,000; in 1883,100,000;in
1885; $100,000; in 1890, $100,000;-Total, $500,000; $250,000 of which! is now on handi to complete the re-construction
of the works.
Total liabilities of city and water works $817,622.
Ini 1836, the total liabilities of the city were only $8,495.
The present debt of the city bhas since-been created for public
improvements, -imperiously demanded I)y the public weal.  Tho
public sewers-which improved property, checked disease, and
so materially advanced the convenience of the public —ineed nO
defence.
The water workls-the noblest improvements of our cityipon which its protection fiom fire. its health, its convenlience,
its comfort, so much dlepends-are nCt too dear at any price, and
which now will take care of the liabilities properly belong,ing
to them.
The  annual  city tax has increase(l  in ten  years-from
1845 to 1855-from $19,000 to $163,000.  The purposes for
which the tax of the present year was levie!d, were as follows:
62 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
Payment of interest $23,367;  sinking fund $5,000; common
schools $19,966; road tax $8,000; conltingent fund $19,661;
general fund $23,757;  fire department $4,925; street lamps,
$1,000; general road fund $11,066; improvements of parks
$1,200; sewers $38,960 site for Alms House $5,000; extenision of market $2,100; payment on lot for City Hall $700; total
$163,702.
HOTELS.
The HIotels of Detroit are renowned for comfort, neatness and
the excellence of their filre. There are forty-nine hotels in the
city, of various grades, several of which, usually denominated first
class hotels, were designed and erected expressly for that purpose, and are large and extensive edifices, constructed in the
most modern style, with every improvement attached, affording
to the sojourner every comfort, convenience and luxury.
PUJBLIC GROUNDS.
The wide Avenues and public Parks and Squares of Detroit,
are evidences and enduring monuments of the wisdom, good
taste, and judgment of the Governor and Judges who devised
and adopted the plan of the city, and elicit the enthusiastic
commendation of strangers who visit us, which besides being
adornments of an attractive chlaractet, are of vast utility in velntilating the City, and rendering it more salubrious, and in
arresting the spread of fires.
Campus Martius, which is crossed by Woodward Avenue, is
600 feet long and 250 feet wide, in the centre of which a
fountain is to be placed at some future day.
The City has recently purchased from the State a large lot,
on the west side of the square, with a front of 280 feet on
63 
SKETCH OF DETRIOIT.
Griswold Street, for a site for the proposed City IIall, and on
tho east of the Square is the Public Market extenldilig down the
centrec of Michigian Avenue, whichl Avenue is 200 feet wide.
The Grand Circus which is also crossed ill the ceintre by
Woodward Avenue, is a half circle, 500 feet across on Woodward
Avenue and 1000 feet on Adam's AveoDnue, on either side of
Woodward Avenue the grounds are enclosed, uand set with trees,
forming two Parks.  The water has been lately introduced into
the centre of eac,h of these, preparatory to the erection of fountains, which are to be immediately added, and the walks made
agreeably to the beautiful plafi which has been adopted, when
the grounds will be thrown open to the public.
Centre Park is situated on thlle north side of State Street,
between Farrar and Farmer Streets, and has a front on State
Street of 212 feet.  It is enclosed, and trees set, and is soon to
be embellished with a fountain.
Capitol Park is situated on the north side of State Street,
between Griswold and Rowland Streets, and has a firont on State
Street of 168 feet.  This park is enclosed; in the centre of
which is the old State Capitol building, occupied by one of the
Public TUnion Schools.
Besides the foregoing, there is the East Park, surrounded by
Farmer, Randolph and Bates Streets, forming a triangle, with a
front of 166 feet on either Street, which is enclosed, and trees
set, and a fountain is now being placed in the centre.
The West Park is triang,ular, surrounded by State, Park, and
Palmer Streets, with a front on State Street of 168 feet. This
.Park has for many years bcen occupied by one of the Public
School Houses, which is now to be removed. the ground enclosed
and embellished with trees and a fountain.
North Park is triangular, surrounded by Randolph, Grand
River and Centre Streets, with a front on Centre Street of eighty
feet; Crawford Park, at crossing of Fifth and Orchard Streets,
is oblong, 140 by 144; Elton Park at crossing of Fifth and Oak
Streets is oblong, 140 by 214 feet.
64 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
Besides  the Parks, Washington Avenue, extending from
Michig,an Avenue to the Grand Circus, 1400 feet, is 200 feet in
width, which is wide enough to admnit of being parked 100 feet
in the centre, and still leave amiple carriage way on either side
and also Madison Avenue of the same width, extending from
Randolph Street. to the Grand Circus 700 feet.
Should these two Avenues be parked in the centre as proposed,
they will, in connDection with the Grand Circus, form a continuous
graind promenade, of more than half a mile in extent, from
Michigan Avenue to Randolph Street.
A move las recently been made by our Common Council, to
purchase a beautiful grove, embracing many acres of land on
thile WVoodbri(dge farm, adjoining the west lilne of the city, north
of MIichligani Avenue.
MERCANTILE.
Detroit, from its first settlemenlt in 1702, has ranked first as a
commercial point on the western Lakes.  A company styled the
'Company of the Colony of Canada;' was incorporated by the
Colony of Canada at a Convention held at Quebec,  Oct. 31,
1701, which conferred upon them the right'to trade at Detroit
in beaver and other peltries to the entire exclusion of all private
individuals."
There are at this time three hundred and thirty-five stores
of various kinds in the city.  The stocks of merchandise formerly
kept, were very much mixed, consisting of staple and fancy dry
goods, groceries, iron and nails, crockery, hardware, leatheri boots
and shoes, hats and caps, clothing, &c. &c., "country stock."
But withini a few years past, business has become thoroughly
divided, andl we now have our exclusive dry goods stores, carpet
stores, grocery stores, drugs anld medicine stores, iron stores,
hardware stores, crockery stores, leather stores, boot and shoe
stores, hat, cap and fur stores, book stores, agricultural imple        8
65
0 
SKETCH -OF  DETROIT.
menits and seed stores, teastore3, wilne antld liquor stores, furniture  stores, &C. &e.,  several of which  confine  themselvcs
exclusively to the wholesale jobbing business.
COMMERCE IN 1854
The shipments from this port, by the Lakes and Canada
Railway alone, during the year 185.4, were ili rounid numnbers zis
follows: 337,000 barrels of flour, 897,000 bushels of wheat, 587,000 bushels corn, 5090 bushels rye, 2,500 bushels barley, 228,000
bushels oats, 1,800 barrels and 1000 bags corn meal, 2,200 bags
feed.l1,300 bags shorts, 40 bags buckwheat flour,'00 malt, 3000
bags atud 480 bbls clover and grass seed, 380 bbls and 230 bags
beans, 20 barrels peas, 194,500 bushels potatoes, 17,000 bushels
turnips, -1,200 bushels onion, 24,600 barrels pork, 18,600 barrcls fish, 4,700 barrels beef, 450 barrels tallow, 6,000 barrels aidl
256 kegs lard, 70 barrels and 2,300 kegs and firkins butter, 550
barrels eggs,'780 boxes and 38 casks cheese, 2,200 barrels all
157 sacks dried firuit, 340 barrels cranberries, 2,400 barrels andl
73 sacks green apples, 27 barrels pickles, 230 barrels saur li'aut,
300 barrels vinegar, 3,800 barrels beer, 7,680 casks highwiiies,
136 hogsheads and 1,193 barrels sugar, 460 barrels molasses,
2,350 packages tobacco, 870 kegs nails, 2,300 rolls leather, 17,000
hides,  1,600  bundles  skins, 520 packs fuis, 500 barrels oil,
1,900 casks ashes, 4,000 barrels water lime, 300 barrels plaster,
50 barrels cement, 9,500 barrels and 1,900 bags salt, 62 barrels
crackers, 117 barrels salts, 65 baredls salieratus, 1,000 barrels an(l
8 casks bees-wax, 50 packages and 30 tons game, 150 packs hornis,
200 bales hair, 460 bales hemp, 39 bales ginseng, 380 bales broom
corn,, 570 fruit and ornamenltal trees, 100 horse rakes, 300 stoves,.
300 wheelbarrows, 70 carriages and wagons, 27 steam engine-s,
1000 empty half barrels, 8,500 dressed hogs, 80 dressed slheep,
9000 hams and shoulders, 480 tons iron, 240 tons hay, 1,500
live hlogs, 7,000 head cattle, 3 000 head sheep, 22 horses, 559,000
lbs. irags, 2,000,000 lbs  wool, 119,000 lb3. coal, 559 M  staves,
66 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
4,600 M shinigles, 9,000,000 pieces lath, 20,00f',000 feet lumber,
940 tons ingot coppelr, and 14,000 tons unspecified merchandize.
i'lis is exclusive of thelo amount distributed by other modes of
transportation, such as the Michigan (central Railro,d, and Dotr-oit and Milwaukee RtIailroads, and other land carriage.  In tho
single article of stoves, stated above at the number of 300, the
real total was actually over 5000.
The receipts of general inerchaldize for the use of the city,
during the year, was 36,233  tons.  In addition, there was  also
received, 99,000 barrels and 86,000 bag3 salt, 15,000 barrels
vwater limo, 60 barrels stucco lime, 300 barrels cement, 15,500,
barr'els plaster, 336 tons crude plaster, 1,000 tons pig iron, 740
tons railroad iron, 2,500 tolns coal, 5,.100 M. shingles, 2,400,000
l)ieccs lalh, 10,000,000 feet lumber, 80 tons hemip, and 25 tons
flax, (manuitfactured here into rope,) a consignment of furs direct
from Russia, (invoiced at $2,200,) 1,400 tons copper ore, which,
after beiing smrelted here, yielded 946, tons pure inigot copper,
equal to 66 per cent.; and pine logs manufactured at the mills,
liere, into 36,000,000 feet of lumber, and 14,000,000 lath.
Tonnage.
1,006,880.
36,810
4,804
1,048.494
The arrivals of American vessels in the coasting
trade in 1854, were -----------------------—.
Of foreign vessels,............................
American vessels from foreign ports,......... 
Totals,....................................
The clearances of American vessels employed in
the coasting trade were...................... 2,394
Of foreign vessels,............................ 136 
Of American vessels from foreign ports,........ 24
Totals,-....................................    2,554
was...- -       - *- —.            —...       986,985
Of goods imported in foreign vessels,.........        27,721
Total,.-...... $1,014,706
67
Number.
2,290,
123
. 21
2,434
1,200,89
37,786
5,459
1,244,131
T
0 
SKETC(H OF DETROIT.
The amount of duties on merchandize imported
wan,.........................................
The value of exports of domestic produce to for  ign ports in American vessels, was.- --- - G -  
The value of exports of domestic produce to
foreign ports in foreign vessels was..........
wa,    s-         ss   --       *-    -*      --   ^-      --   --      -*   *- $111,835
The value of exports of domestic produce to for       ign ports in American vessels, was- --- - Go -  As.   77,481
The value of exports of domestic produce to
foreign ports in foei  vessels was.......... *-****** 10,333
Total,- -- ----................................  $199,652
The value of foreign goods exported was........56,135
Total of exports, -.......................... $255,787
The weight of merchandizo of all kinds received at this port
during the year, was one hundred and twenty-six thousand, seven
hundred and eighty-one tons.
MANUFACTORIES.
There are, within the city limits, forty-six stationary steam
engines, most of which are used in manufacturing establishmnents of various kinds; amongr them are ten iron machine shops,
two locomotive manufactories, several brass foundries; sash,
door and blind factories, tobacco and morocco manufactories,
and tanneries; others are used in saw-mills, flouring mills, plas
terinills, printing offices, breweries, &c.  There are in the city
three hundred and forty-three mechanic shops, among which are
several iron foundries, boiler malkers, blacksmith shops, carriage
making, railroad car manufactories, furniture and chair,l; extelnsive boot and shoe and clothing establishments, (several of which
employ fiom one hundred to three hundred hands,) hat and cap
manuf-ictorics, and futrriers, jewelers, church organ, piano forte
makers, copper and tin ware manufactories, stone and marblo
works, bakeries, lard, oil, soap, and candle mnanufactories, &c., &c.
Among the most important manufactories in the city is that
of iron, which is now carried on the most extensively, employing
as they do between onie and two thousand men, and doing an
aggregate business of over a million dollars annually.
68 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
LUMBER.
The extensive forests of pine, covering a large part of our
Peninsula, afford lumber of a superior quality, which is noted
in all the principal markets.
The manufaceture and shipments arc mostly carried on along
the St. Clair River, Lak(e lIuron and Saginaw Bay.   There are,
however, in the city and suburbs, ten mills which manufactured
during the past year 36,000,000 feet of lumber and 14,000,000
lath.  Besides this thllere was received here from mills elsewhero
iO,000,000 feet of lumiber,24,000,000 lathl, a,nd 5,100 M shingles,
makiDng a total for 1854 of 46,000,000 feet of lumbei, 38,000,000
lathl, and 5,100 M. shingles.  This does not includ(e any of that
which arrived lhere over the plank-roads fromi the pine forests
of Lapeer county, nor the large shipments made by our citizens
directly firom the pincries, where many of them (own and manaae
mills.  And one of our most extensive dealers estimates that
the mills in this city will manufacture 50,000,000 feet of pine
lumber the present season.
THE FISH TRADE OF THE LAKES.
The early French explorers of the upper lakes, in 1610, make
mention of the white fish and trout as being very luxurious and
much used for sustenance of life by thle sons of the forest.  From
the time civilization dawned upon the shores of the lakes, the
1Frcnch settlers supplied themselves with them, and during the
war of 1812, they were found of Eubstantial benefit to cur
soldiers, in nppeasing theirhunger, for the want of other supplies.
Lake Superior abounds with the siscoweit, a fish weighing firom
three to ten pounds.  They are exceedingly fat, and when tried
will yield twenty-five per cent of oil.
There are a great variety of fish in the lhkes, besi(.e3 the
white fish, siscoweit and trout.  Sturgeon, weighilng 120 pounds
69. 
SKETCI  -OF-. DE'lRIOIir.
have been taken; trout six.ty pounds; niumskelun(ge forty pounds;
rpickerel, fifteen pounds;  mullett, ton pounds;  bill fish, six
pounds; cat twenty-five pounds.  In the vicinity of the Sault
Ste. Marie, and all the streams emptying into Lake Superior,
large quantities of small speckled or brook trout are.O taken.
In 1840 there were 35,000 barrels of fish of various kinds
packed, and it is estimated that the quantity now annually taken
cannot be less than 100,000 barrels; the most of which is
brought to Detroit, where quantities are sold for home consumption; and market is found for them in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiano,
and it is no uncommon thing to see them advertised in St.
Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville and Natchez;  and on the other
hand in New York anld Boston; while they also show themselves
at Salem, and Marblehead, the very  head quarters of the
mackerel fisheries.
The white fish is regarded as the prince of fresh water fish.
LAKE SUPERIOR TRADE.
The existence of Lake Superior was first known to the whites
ill 1641, when Charles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues, Jesuit
Missionaries, who first visited the Ste. Marie river, were informed
by the Indians that beyond the foaming rapids was a lake, called
by them "Kitchi Gummi," (Big Lake); and in 1660 IRene
Mesnard, a Jesuit Missionary, visited the lake and reached Point
Keweenaw, who, while crossing the portage, wandered into the
woods from his companions and was never heard of afterwards.
The importance of the mines of Lake Superior to the mercan
tile and manfucturing interests of Detroit has long been appreciated by its business men, who encouraged and assisted the
hardy adventurers in successfully developing the country, and
who advocated and procured the construction of the Sault Canal
-a gigantic and almost imperishable work that must be ranked
with the mighty structures of Greece and Rome. This great
aquceduct was completed last Spning, and Lake  Stiperior, the
70 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
largest body of fiesh water in the world, which has hitherto boon
navigated by only three or four inferior steamboats or propellers,
that were taken over land around the falls, is open to our lake
commerce.  A length of four hundred miles is thereby added to
our inland navigation which now extends uninterrupted fi'om
the Atlantic Ocean to the St. Louis River, at the head of Lake
Superior, ill the Territories of Minnesot(t and Wisconsinl; at
which point a short line of railroad is soon to be constructed,
extendil)g to the Mississippi river.
LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER.
The existence of copper Upon its shores appears to have been
known to the earliest travellers and traders.  As early as 1666,
IPather Claude  Allouze visited the Lake and informs us that
pieces of copper were firequently found there, weighing'from
ten to twenty pounds..
The mines were worked at as early a period as 1771, by  a
company composed of His Royal IlJighness, the Duke of Gloucester, Mr. Secretary Townsendl, Sir Samuel Tucket, Bart., Mr.
Baxter, Consulof the Emperor of Russia, and Mr. Cruickshank,
in England; anTd Sir William Johnson, Bart., Mre. Bostwick, Mr.
Baxter and Mr. Henry, in America.  An air furnaco was erected
by this company at Point Aux Pin.  Their mining operations
were confined on the southl shore of the'Lake, to the Ontonagon
River.  The object in forming this company  was  not for the
purpose of obtaining copper, but for the silver ore it might
contain.  During the winter of 1771-2, they penetrated into the
hill forty feet, on a vein of native copper, which held out that
distance.  In the  Spring, when the thaw came, the clay, on
which they relied for its stiffness, and neglected to prop up,
caved in.  Tlheo enterprize was then abandoned.'lraces of the
carly operations are distinctly visible at this late day, in the
vicinity where the great copper rock weighinig nearly two. ton,
71 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
was found, which was removed by Mr. Julius Eldred of this
City, in 1845, aid lies in the navy yard at Washiington.
Dr Franklin was familiar with the existence of these mines,
who remarked that when drawing the ireaty of peace with
England, in the city of Piaris, he had access to the journals and
charts of a corps of French En,ineers, that were exploring Lake
Superior when Quebec fell to the French; from which  Charts
he drew the line through Lake Superior, to include the most
and best of the copper mines to the United States; that the
time would come when drdwing that line would be considered
the greatest service lie ever rendered his country, and the copper
ore to be a greater source of wealth than any other nation
possessed; that the facilities of transportation would be well
improved, so as to export copper ore to Europe cheaper than
they raised it from their own mines."
PRODUCE OF COPPER.
The first shipment of copper of any account, was made in
1848, amounting to about 200 tons.  In 1853 there were 2535
tons of copper, of thb value of $1,014,000 exported. In 1854 it
is estimated that there were exported 3500 tons of copper,
valued at more than a million and a half of dollars, and it is
estimated that the exports of the present year will reach 5000
tons of copper valued at over $2,000,000.
The Minnesota mine is now producing about 130 tons of copper
per month, and the Cliff mine about the same, making from
these two mines alone, an aggregate of 3,120 tons of copper per
year, which at $400 per ton-the estimated value at the mines
-will produce $1,248,100.
Besides these, there are forty others of the younger mines
that will send forward from twenty to 500 tons each, during the
present year.  rThe annual product of the mines will doubtless
increase and double every two or three years for some time to
come.
72 
SKETCI OF DETROIT.
The shipments of copper from the Ontonagon district alone,
lhe present season up to August 18, amounted to 2,754,860
pounds, as follows:  Minnesota and Rockland mines,......-1,661,302 lbs.
National,-..... 56,369
Forest,............212,763 
Norwich,. —-.............. 315,461
Rtidge,.-.................. 80,549
N o' raska, —..-................                37.600
Ohio Trap Rock,.................  -42,733
Adventure,............................  91,470"
Douglass Iloughll ton-,.. ----------    50,145
Bohemian,............... - 4,592 
Toltec,.. —-----—....... 117,516
Windsor,. —------—........ —----- -------------- 67,679
Evergreen Bluff -------------------------- 14,690
The Minnesota mine in the mouth of July produced 139i tons,
and will ship during the present season about 1300 tons of copper.
The milles in the Portage Lake, and Kewenaw Districts, are
equally iproductive, but not having them at hand, particulars are
not here given.
All11 the copper of Lake Superior contailis more or less native
silver, and it is sometimes found in pieces weighing several
pounds.
All of the mines produce native copper, and masses weighiing
three and four hundred thousand pounds have been found.
Smelting Works, for the purpose of smelting Lake Superior
copper, have been erected at Det:roit, Cleveland and Pittsburgh,
all of which are kept well suppliedl. The Works at Detroit are
the lzargest in the United States.
LAKE SUPERIOR IRON.
The following description of the Iron Ore of Lake Superior,
was ftrnished by Charles A. Trowbridge, Esq., of Detroit, and
9
73 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
first published in the Transactions of the Agricultural Society
" There is probably no part of the American Continent, whichi
can boast of as pure iron ore, in as great quantities, entirely
above the surface of the eatrth-(the amount below the surfaco
never having been ascertained,)-as the State of Michigan."
As regards the quality and strength of the iron made from
this ore, we quote fromt the report of Major Wadoe, of the United
States Ordnance Department, made to the Secretary of War(Senate Documents, Special Session, March, 1851, p. 80.)
Iron from Salisbury, Conn.,-by means of fori-ty trials, 58,009
from Sweden, four trials,..                   -58,184
"  from Centre County, Pa., fifteen trials,... 58,400
"  firom Lancaster County, Pa., two trials,..- 58,661
from McIntyre, Essex Co., N. J,, four trials,-.   58,912
"  from England, Cable Bolt, E.-V., five-trials,.  59,105
from Russia, five trials,  -.  -...             75,069
"  from Carp River, Lake Superior,... 889,582
By the above data, it will be seen that the Lake Superior iron
sustained a pressure of 13,513 lbs. more to the square inch, than
Russia iron, which was found to sustain 16,694 lbs. more per
square inch than English cable bolt, which is known to be the
strongest iron England makes-thereby showing the Lake
Superior iron to be about fifty-four per cent stronger than the
best English cable bolt.
Works for the manufacture of iron are now ill operation at
Marquette, and others are being erected.  Railroads firom Marquette to the iron manufictories have been constructed, and the
whistle of the locomotive is already heard there, while largo
quantities of the ore are transported to Erie, Cleveland and
Wyandotte, a few miles below Detroit, to be manufactured.
COAL.
The late Dr. Houghton, State Geologist, made thorough expklc,rations of the Coal Districts, and in his reports to the Legis
74 
SKETCH OF DETROIT,
lture in 1839, 1840, and 1841, he says that "the main bed of
coal which traverses the central Counties of the State, has been
traced northerly, to within a few miles of the south line of Shia
wassee.County, and that the bed has been found of sufficient
thickness to admit of being profitably worked."  Also, "southsvesterly into Jackson County, where the bed was of sufficient
thickness to admit of being worked, and the coal is of a quality
well fitted for all the purposes to which that substance is
applied." The eoal-bearing rocks extend through nine Counties
of the State-(and they probably do more,)-a distance of
nearly one hundred miles. —
Eber B. Ward, who had its power to raise steam tested on onlo
of his boats, testifies that "the coal burned freely, emitting a
great deal of flame, and raising steam rapidly, was reduced to
ashes without exhibiting any evidences of sulphur, or clinker,
or making any impression on the grates of the furnaces, which,
after the experiment, were left as firee from any adhesive matter
as if wood had been burned." 
Col; Owrville B. Dibble, of the "Biddle House," after testing it
in making gas, certified that his " decided opinion is, your coal
yields as much gas as any other domestic coal used for that
purpose, and its luminous qualities certainly exceed any other
gas manufactured by us."
Mr. Francis Smith, an engineer of great experience, in the
making of coke in the north of England, certifies that he made
somle experiments with the "Michigan coal, and came to the
conclusion, which was entirely favorable to the coal, as being
good for the making of coke; that he "had seen a gas retort
charged three several times, and the coke yielded in these instances was, throughout, of that uniform silvery appearance,
which is an invariable appearance in good coke," and that his
impression is, "that this coal, with proper ovens, would make as
good coke as that now used in England, in firing locomotives and
blast furnaces."
For domestic use, Adrian R. Telrry, M. D., certifies that he
"never, in the western country, burnt a coal which gave so
75 
SKETCH OF DETROlI.
clear and- brilliant a flame, and of which the coke, (after tle
bitumen was burned out,) made so permanent and hot a firo.
It leaves but an insignificant amount of ashes or earthy 1 esidue,
in comparisoin with any coal I have ever burned in this region."
The foregoing certificates are published in thle "Transactions
of the Michigan Agricultural Society."
'I he coal fie'(ls belonlging to the " Michigan Coal Company,"
which is now fully organized, are three in numnber.  One upon
the Michigan Central Railroad, o1:e upon tlhe Detro;.t and Milwaukee Railroad, and one 0upon the Detroit and Lars.',ng Plank
Road-each of which have recently been explored by Mr. A. G.
Bradforid, of Pennsylvanria, a scientific genitlemian of high attainments, and ealch is spoken of in at report made by him  to the
Board of Directoirs, in the most favorable terms.  Mr. B. states,
at the conclusion of his rel)ort, that' the coal found at each
place is of extraordinary purity, approaching in) quality, " Cannel
Coal," blending, in its component parts, all the necessary elements for every variety of use. From my coal explorations, in
several States of the Union, to which I have devoted the most
of my attention for the past fifteen years of my life, I can safely
say, that I never Eaw coal at the out-crop, of such extraordinary
quality and purity, and so free, generally, from sulphur and
other impurities."
This Company is about commencing active operations.
COM3MON SCHOOLS.
The Common Schools of Dctmoit, whcre every child in the city
can obtain the elements of a good English education free of
charge are the pride and boast of our city.
In 1842 an act was passed by the Legislature incorporating
the various Schools of the city into one District, under the style
of the "Board of Education of the City of Detroit."  The Board
is composed of two School Inspectors from each ward, one of
whom is annually elected for the term of two years.
76 
SKETCH OF.DETROIT.
- The Schools under the clharge of the Board, are three Union
Schools; two Middle Schools; eleven Primary Schools, and one
Colored School.  The three Unionl Schools contain eleven
departmentts, and have an aggregate attendance of 2,000 scholars.
The number of teachers employed in all the schools, is thirtyseven, of whom nine are males, and twenty-eight are females.
The numnber of scholars in all the schools, during the past year
was 5000. The expenditures for the year amounted to $815,623,94.
The value of the property owned by the board is estimated at
835,000. 
The schools are sustained by moneys annually drawn firom the
State School Fu.d, and( by a tax on the real as well as personal
property in the city.
It is in contemplation to establish at an early day, a High
School, where pupils may be prepared for the University course.
'When this is done, the system wvill be complete in form, and if
carried out with the same faithfulness that has hitherto characterized the acts of the Board, the pupils of the Detroit common
Schools will rank favorably with those of any other similar
institutions in the country.
Besides the common schools, there are twenty-four private
schools and seminaries in the city, where those who wish can
educate their children; and two excellent commercial Colleges.
THE STATE UNIVERSITY AT ANN ARBOR.
The University of MAlichigan is established upon an endowment made by the general Governlment.  The first legislation
of the Continental Congress, concerning the lands in the Northwest, had provided for setting apart one section out of thirty-six
in every surveyed township for purposes of general education.
This legislation has been uniformly followed up wherever there
are public lands, and this endowment is the foundation of our
Commoni School Fund. It was intendedl originally to build up
77 
SKETCHI OF DETROIT.
schools in the several townships, (each section for its own town ship,) and trow that the land has fallen, into the hands of the
state, its income is applied as generally as possible with that
view.  In 1804 Congress appropriated a full township of land in
each of the Districts now known as Indiana, Illinois and Michigan,
for the support of a Seminary or University in each.  This was
the first provision for a University, as distinguished from the
local or common schools. The design evidently was to furnish
to the people, at the expense of the Government fromwhom they
bought their lands, a complete course of education from the
foundation upward. Subsequent additions were tmade to the
University Fund of Michigan by the United States; and in 1826,
in lieu of one compact township, an appropriation was made of
land equivalent to two entire townships, but in detached bodies,
and to be selected with a view to securing the best lands in the
District.  This latter selection was judiciously made, and the
University Fund created by it will, when made productive, support an institution of the first order.
Nothiing was done towards. establishing a University until
1817; as there was no pressing need of such an institution in the
thinly settled territory. In that year a law was passed, entitled
"An  act to establish the Catholepistemiad, or University of
Michigan." This act, which is curious in some respects, provides
for a University of thirteen Professorships, embracing nearly
the whole scope of human knowledge. Law only was excluded.
The President and Professors were empowered to establish
;Colleges, academies, srhools, libraries, museums, athenaeums,
botanic gardens, laboratories, and other useful and scientific
institutions," and appoint their officers and teachers, all of whom,
like themselves, were to be paid out of the public treasury. The
University Professorships were as follows:-1. Catholepistemia,
or universal science, (to be filled by the President.) 2. Anthropoglossica, or literature; embracing all the Epistemfim or science
relative to language. 3. Mathematics. 4. Physiognostica, or
Natural History.  5. Physiosophica, or Natural Philosophy.
6. Astronomy.  7. Chemistry.  8. Iatrica, or Medical Sciences.
78 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
9. CEconomia, or Economical Sciences. ]0. Ethica or Ethical
Sciences. I1. Polemitactica, or Military Sciences.  12. Diegetica,
or Historical Sciences. 13. Ennoeica, or Intellectual Sciences;
embracing all the Epistemum, or science relative to the'minds
of animals, to the human mind, to spiritual existence, to the
Deity, and to religion. The Professors were public officers. It
is needless to say that this scheme never went into operation.
Ill 1 821 this law was repealed, and the corporation became
merged in a University system iu the hands of Trustees appointed
by the Territory. These Trustees were empowered to establish
and superintend colleges, schools, &c., depending on the University.  This institution continued to exist under the law until
altered and revised under the State Constitution and laws.
Upon the admission of Michigan into the Union, the State was
made Trustee of the University Fund, and assumed the obligation of correctly managing it. In 1837, the whole subject was
reviewed, and a law passed, under which the University affairs
have been regulated ever since, with few changes. Its affairs
were to be managed by a board of regents. It was to consist of
three departments -1. The department of literature, science
and the arts.  2. The department of law.  3. The department
of medicine.  Fifteen Professorships were established in the
first department, five in the second, and six in the third; room
being left for further subdivisions of labor if necessary. Branches
were authorized to be established as preparatory departments.
The tuition in the University was always required to be free.
The institution was located at Ann Arbor. Appropriations were
made for buildiengs, and for purchasing a cabinet and library.
With a view to provide facilities for prosecuting the natural
sciences, and forming collections of the natural productions of
the State, Dr. Asa Gray was appointed Professor of Botany and
Zoology, and despatched to Europe to purchase the library,
and  Dr. Douglass  Houghton,  Professor  of  Geology  and
Mineralogy-Dr. Iloughton had charge of the Geological Survey
of the State.-and Dr. now Professor, Sager, and Mr. Wright
were attached to the Survey in the Botanical and Zoological
79, 
SKETCH OF D)ETROIT.
department.  The labors of this Survey were ably perf,rmcd 
and, although not completed, have added largely to the fame of
the State and the scientific resources of the University..TlIo
lamented death of Dr. tIoughton put an untimely end to its prosecution.
Branches of the University were established in several places,
as soon as the Regents had time to act; and they were organized
as preparatory departments to the College.  In 1842 the first
College class was formed; and thenceforward the operations of
the University proceeded on the same footing with those of other
Colleges, the Professorships being filled up as fast as necessity
required.  I   1845 the first graduating class completed their
course.
The plan originally adopted embraced a range of studies
corresponding with the ordinary colleoge studies, and embracing
the clas3ics. The funds of the institution havi'ng increased sufficiently to permit it, a parallel scientific course has been introduced,  so  that  students  desiring to  pursue  the  higher
English branches, with mathematics and the natural sciences,
may do so without being compelled to study the dead languages.
Every facility is furnished for these pursuits, including civil
engineering, astronomy,  chemistry, and the other  cognate
sciences.
An observatory has recently been erected, chiefly by contributions from citizens of Detroit, and knowvn as the Detroit
Observatory, which, in addition to other instruments, possesses
a telescope and a transit instrument of the best class.  The
observatory is under the charge of Dr. Brunnow, Professor of
Astronomy in the University, and well known to the scientific
.world as one of the first astronomers of the age.
The Course of study in the University is free to all, no charge
whatever being made for tuition.  Thle  present number of
students in the collegiate department is 223, and their numnbers
increase rapidly each year.
The medical department of the University was established in
1849.  The instruction here, as well as in the collegiate depart
80 - 
lsi]ETCH OP DErTPOIT.
mecnt, is free.  Although int operation but a few years, it has
met with the most gratifying success.  The present number
of studenls is 152.  The corps of professors is an able one, and
in addition to the usual advantagecs, the students have the benefit
of the library and apparatus of the whole  University, besides
iaccess to well stocked museums.
The law departme,t has not yet been organized.  Facilities,
however, are presented for the prosecution of a Uitiiversity courso
proper; which,l  when completely establishedl, will embi'ace every
department of learnitg for which provision is Inm:tde in the best
European Uniiversities.  The library and cabinets are well stored,
and such additions are made to thenm constanltly as at' calculated
toadd to their practical usofulness.*
CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
Thero are at this time twenty-eight church edifices in the
City, as follow:
ROMAN CATHOLIC.'
Cathedial of St. Ann, (Frnch,) or,ner of Bates and Larnod
streets-stone.
Cathedral of St. Petcr and St. Paul, (Irish,) "orner of Jcfferseot
Avenue and St. Antoine streets-brick,
St. Mary's Church  (German,) coner  of Cioghan anid St.
Antoine strcets —briek.
TrIinity Church (Irish,) corner of Porter and Siaxth streets
wood.
PROTESTANT.
Presbytei ian Chuech, corner of State and Farrar streetsbrick.
* The foregoing history of the University has been kindly prepared
by James'Y. Campbell, Esq, for many yeats Secretary to the  o.ard o
lRegents.
10
81 
8S~2          SKETCH  OF DETROIT.
Presbyterian Church, corner of Fort and Third streets-stone.
Presbyterian Church, Jefferson Avenue, near Rivard streetbrick.
Presbyterian Church, corner of Lafayette -tid Wayne streets
-brick.
Prcsbyterian Church (Scotch,)East Park-wood.
Congregational Church, corner of Fort and Wayne streets
brick.
St. Paul's Church, corner of Congress and Shelby streets
-stone.
Christ's Church, Jefferson Avenue, between Hastings and
Rivard-wood.
AIariner's Church, corner of Woodward Avenue and Wood
bridge street-stone.
St. Mathew's Church, (colored) corner of Congress and St.
Antoine streets-wood.
Baptist Churlch, corner of Fort and Griswold streets-brick.
Tabernacle, Baptist, Howaid, between Second  and Third
streets-wood.
Methodist Church, corner of Woodward Avenue and State
street-brick.
Methodist Chuieh, corner of Congress and Randolph streets
-brick.
Methodist Church, corner of Lafttyette and Fourth streetswood.
Methodist Church, corner of Walnut and Seventh streets
-brick.
Methodist Church (French,) corner of Rivard and Croghan
streets-brick.
Methodist  Church (German,) Croghan, near  St. Antoine
street-brick.
Methodist Church (colored,) Lafayette  street, near Beaubien-brick.
New Chutrch, corner of Jefferson Avenue and Beaubien
street-brick. 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
Unitarian Church, corner cuf Lafayette and  Shelby streets
-brick.
Dutch Reformed  Church, Congress, near  Rivard streetbrick.
Dutch Reformed Church, corner of Croghan and St. Antoine
streets-brick.
German Lutheran Church, corner of Monroe Avenue and
Randolph streets-brick.
Four stone, eighteen brick and six wood.
Several religious societies destitute of houses of worship hold
service in public halls, &c.
Many of the Churches are elegant and costly edifices.  The
Church of St. Ann (French Catholic) is the oldest church in
Detroit. It is 151 feet long and 60 feet wide. The Cathedral
of Saints Peter and Paul (Catholic) is the largest, being 160 feet
in lengtlh, 8S  fiet wide and 72 feet high. The steeple, which is
not yet erected, is designed to be 200 feet to its top from the
pavement.
The Congregational and three Presbyterian Churches, erected
within'the past two years, are large and commodious, each
capable of seating 1000 persons, and are not surpassed in their
style of architecture in the western States.
ELMWOOD,
This beautiful and sequestered. Cemetery lies in the Township of Hamtramck, about two miles from the City Hall, and
occupies about sixty-five acres of land, well diversified, of light
and porous soil, well adapted to its design.
The ground was purchased in the spring of the year  1846.
The fit improvements, such as fencing, laying out drives and
walks, and platting into lots, proceeded during the summer; a
tasteful English Cottage, designed as a residence for the Superintendent, was erected. and in October of that year it was opened
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SKETCHt  OF IDETROIT.
for the  inlf erlinent of the departed.  It afterwards  became
incorporated by act of the Legislatuice.
Since tlhe original purchase, twenty-five acres have been adde(l,
on the N. W.  side extending along uponl tlhe sid('s of the ravinc
adding' largely to tlme intcpesti     n      g       b fiature atd cLpabilities of the
place.
WATERT WORKS.
The citizens of Detroit may well congratulate themselves upon)
hlaving water  works, which furnish an ablindan-t supply of as
pure water as any in the wo,rld, conveying it into their very
dlwe'llngs, and at rates fatr cheaper than.,ny other citv.  The
water is taken from the river above the city, and forcel by two
steam Cnlgines into Ian ironl reservoir sixty feet in diameter and
twenty feet deep, elevated on a circular brilck tower fifty feet in
height, friom which it is distributed throughoeut the city, by means
of iroii and wood pipes.
An analysis of the surface water, shonvwel that it contained
116 grains of compound ingredients to a g'allon, while a gallon
of water -taklen from these works exhibited but about five grains;
the compound of the river water, composed mostly of silica,
allumina, and iron, elements that can p)roduce little or no
injury; while the solid matter of the well water contained a
large quantity of chloride of sodium, chloride of potassium,
a'ld magnesiun, the two latter being cathartic in their properties.
The analysis also shows that the water of the river. diown from
the great northern lakes, and firom which the  works are supplied, is found as pure and free from  mineral substance as
almost any body of water in the world.
The works are owned by the city, and managed by a Board,
of Commissioners, chosen by the Common Council.  The water
rates are not fixed by any law, but are graduated by the Board
to mneet the requirements propcrly beloniging to them.
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SKETCH OF DETROIT.
The present minimum price for fatmilies, is four dollars per
annum, a firaction over one cent per doy,.wlhich it is believed, is
lower than that established by any o-her water wo-rks in tlhe
ullnion.
NEW RESERVOIPTR.
In 1854 the construction of a new reservoir commenced, and
ablout one-tl-hir(l of the work was  acccmplished during the year~
The reservoir is to be constructed in two basins-by raising earth
embankments to a hleight of thirty feet.  The embankments are
to be 103 feet through at the base, and fifteen feet at the top, in the
centlc of which a puddled wall sixteen feet at the base, and eight
feet at the top.  The slopes of the embankment outside are to be
sodded and set with evergreens, and inside first lined with concrete and th,en paved with brick.  A flight of stone steps will be
built on the inside slope of either basin firom the terrace to the
bottom.  The terrace on the top to be gravelled, and a fence
constructed on the inner side around the basins. Either basin
will be 200 feet square at the top, 1141 feet at the bottom.  The
two basins covering nearly four acres. The top water line will be
fifty feet above the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward
Avenues, and 77~ feet above the river.  The total storage of the
two basins will be 7,592,704 imperial gallons.
The terrace at the top will be reached by a flight of stone
steps; at the base, one or more fountains will constantly jet
forth streams of water.  When completed, it will afford a commanding view of the city  and surrounding country, and a
delightful promenade for pleasure.
The water is to be forced up to the reservoir by a powerful
steam engine, through an iron pipe, twenty-four inches interior
diameter.  The water sill be distributed through a twenlty-four
inch pipe, extending firom the reservoir to the western line of
the city, connecting with all the pipes in streets running at riglht
angles fi'oin the river. A pipe is to be erected ait the engine
85 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
house wharf, ins,de of a brick tower, one liandred and fifteen
feet in height.  The top of the tower will be reached by a flight
of stoDne stairs inside, around the pipe.  The top of the tower
will be about forty feet above the reservoir, and( afford a fine
view of the City, Lake St. ClaLir antd surounding country.
When the summit reservoir is complete't, it is contemplated
to abandon the use of the one at the i'iver.
It is expected that the new works will be entirely completed
within the next two years.
GAS LIGHT.
DI)etroit is well lighted with gas, which is supplied by an incorporated company, who have erected very extensive works on the
river, near the eastern line of the city.  Gas pipes extend
throt,-ugh mnost of the principal streets' at present, and the company are constantly extending them into new districts.
PAVEMENTS AND SENVERS.
All the streets and avenues in the business portion of the city
are paved with stone, making in the aggregate about thirteen
miles of paved streets, and, the workl of paving is progressing,
and will continue until every street is paved.
A  proper system of sewerage is of vital importance to the
prosperity of any city. As a preventive of sickness, as a matter
of economy and comfort it addresses itself to every citizen. The
subject engaged the early attention of the authorities of the
city, and a large stone and brick sewer was constructed along the
track of the creek which formerly run through the low grounds
between Jefferson Avenue and Fort street. Since which time
a number of sowers have been constructed in various sections of
the city.
86 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
PLANK ROADS.
There are seven plank road(s leading from  the city into the
country, the aggregate len.gth of which is about three lhundred
miles.
THE RI1VER,
The Detroit river is twenty-five miles ill length, bet%een lakes
St. Clair and Erie, average widtl  oineo mile, depthl six fathonms,
currenlt, two miles an hour, and it is estimatd(l that at this velocity
at a transverse section, opposite the city, where it is coitracte(l
to about fifty-two chains, it diseharges 190,270,080 cubic fect
per hour, or 3,-171,168 cubic feet per minute.
THE CLIMATE.
Th lid imate of Detroit is temperate; snow fills at fi'omn.six
to eighteen inches dceel), and  never remains more than a fewv
weeks.  The transition fiom the cold of sprilig to the heat of
summer is rapid; fromt summer to winter gradlual and piroloiiged.
Summer diry; autumn mnild; winter cold and dry.  The average
temperature in the spring is 50 F'ahrelnheit; summer 80; winter
20; autumn 60 to 65.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.
The Fire Department, at present, consists of ei,ght engines,
"Protection No. 1," "Eagle No. 2," "Wolverine No. 3," "Lafatyette No. 4,"' Washington No. 5," Neptune No. 6," " Union
No. 7." and "Continientals No. 8," and one Hook, Ladder and
Axe Company.  Each of the several companies have very substantial brick houses, two st(r cs higlh, some of whom have very
cleganitly furnishi.d mce(etiig i ootrs.
87
I
i 
SKETCi  OF' DETIROIT,
YOUNG MEN'S SOCIETY.
The Detroit Young Mieii's Society was organized iii January
1833, when the late Dr. Douglass Iloughton delivered the first
lecturc be'ore the association.  Oa the 26th of March, 1836, tho
Society was incorporated by the Legislature.
The exercises of the Society are continued only during tlhe
fall andl winter months, and consist of debates and lectures
alternately one evening( in every week.
In 1850 the Society purchased a very desirable lot, fortyeight feet firont and one Ihunded feet deep, on Jefferson Avenlue, between Bates and Randolph streets, and erected a superb
building therecon, forty-eilght by ninety-five fect.  On  the first
floor are two spacious stores, over which is their eleganit Ilall.
Tlhe entrance to the Hall is betweenv the two  stores, over tlhe,
entrance and front part of the stores are appropriate cotImmittee
and library rooms.  The Society hatve a large and well selected
Library of ablout 3090 volumes.
MECHANICS' SOCIETY,
'fhe Mechanics' S(ciety of the City of Detroit, was founded
in the year 1818, and incorporated by an act of the Governor and
Judges of the Territory of Michigan, in 1820, their charter was
renewed in 1839, by the State Legislature.
rThe Society own a very cligibly situated lot, about one huudred  feet square on the corner of Griswold and  1,aflyetto
streets, on which their Hall is s'tuated.  It is in contemplation
to erect on this site a large and elegant Ilall.  They have a well
selected Library of about 2000 volumes, and it is the very
place where  every yolung(r mechanic and apprentice can store
his mind with all that has becn published upon the arts and
sciences.
88
i
I
II 
$KETCH OF DETROIT.
STEAM BOATS AND STEAM BOAT ROUTES.
The steam boat Waik-in-the-Water, Captain Jedediah Rogers,
was the first steamer that navigated the lakes, and her arrival
at Detroit for the first time, was chronicled May 20th, 1819.
Steam boats for the conveyance of passengers now leave this
city regularly, as follows
From Detroit to Buffalo, d,lly. —Threc magnificent steamers,
consisting of the "Western World," 2,002 tons burden; " Plymouth Rock." 1,991 tons burden; and "Buckeye State," 1.274
tons burden, form a daily line, connecting at Detroit with the
M. C. R. R. These boats make the trip on the north shore, and
go through without stopping-running time, fifteen hours.
From Detroit to Port Huroni  daily.-The splendid steamers
"Forester" and "Ruby," form a daily line.  Tlhrough by davlighlt.
From Detroit to Ports on Lake Superior.-Four magnificent
steamers, consisting of the "Illinois," " North Star," "'  Planet,"
and; "Northerner," ply regularly to Ontonagon, and other ports
on Lake Superior, passing through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal.
From Detroit to Cleveland, daily.-Steamers'May Queen"
and  "Ocean."
From Detroit to Sandusky. -. Steamer" Bay City"-daily.
From  Detroit to Toledo,  daily —Steameys  " Dart"  and
"'Al row."
"A 1TOW. 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,.
From Detroit to Ashley-Steamers "'Albion" and "Pearl."
From Detroit to Port Sarnia, C. W.-Steamer " Canadian."
The steamboats "Transit," " Mohawk," and "'Argo," (ferries,)
ply constantly between Detroit and Windsor.
Three regular lines of Propellers are established as follows:
From Detroit to Dulnkirk, conlnecting at Dunkirk with the
Noew York and Erie Railroad.
11
89 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
LAIE NAVIGATION.
Up to 1679 the lakes were only navigated by birch bark
canoes. But in August of that year, the first vessel that ever
crossed Lake Erie, arrived at Detroit. This vessel was sixty
tons burden, and called the "Griffin," it was constructed at Erie,
then Fort Frontinac, by Robert de LaSalle, her commander.
Father Louis Hennepin, a missionary, was among  the passengers. The Griffin proceeded up the Lake to Green Bay, from
which place she sailed on the 18th of September, on her return
with a cargo of furs, and was lost on Lake Erie, with all o n
board.
In 1817 the published marine list chronicled as the arrivals
during the week ending July 24th, ten schooners and one sloop,
the latter havingo the passengers on board-and clearances, onelO
sloop and six schooners.  In 1854, the arrival of vessels at this
port, during the seasone numbered 2,434, their aggregate tonnrage was 1,048,494, and the clearances numbered 2,554, aggregate tonnage 1,244,137.
The number of vessels enrolled at the Detroit Custom House,
in September, 1855, is as follows: steam boats, sixty, and steam
propellers, twenlty-three, tonnage 34,285,30-95.  Sail vesselsbarques, five, brigs nine, schooners one hundred  and twentythree, scow schooners fifteen, scows seventeen, sloops forty-four,
total, 213-tonnage, 35,653,50-95.  Total tonnage of steam and
sail vessels, 69,878,80-95, making together of steam boats and
sail vessels, enrolled in this district, about three hundred, the
largest of which, the steamer "Western World," is 2,002 tons
burden.
From Detroit to Buffalo, connecting at Buffalo with the New
York Central Rail Road, and Erie Canal.
From Detroit to Ogdensburgh and Cape Vincent, Lake Ontario,
passing through the Welland Canal, connecting with the Ogdens
burgh and Vernont Central Rail Road, between New York and
Cape Vincent.
90 
SKETCH OF DETROIT.
Besides these a large number of propellers are engaged in
carrying freight to various ports on the Lakes, above and below,
and thousands of brigs and schooneis arrive and clear during a
season.
CONCLUSION.
The City of Detroit is the commercial and manufacturing
metropolis of the State of Mlichigan, which is surrounded by a
greater extent of navigable waters than any other State in the
Union-its territory being washed by the waters of Lakes Erie
St. Clair, Huron, Superior, and Michigan; and its agricultural
resources are great, its pineries are most extensive, its fisheries
arc superior, its upper Peninsula abounds in mineral wealth.
The copper and iron found there is superior in quality and the
quantity is inexhaustible. Its coal and gypsum beds, and marble
quarries are inferior to none, and its salt springs are excelled
only in strength by those of New York; all of which are now
being appreciated by our citizens, who are putting forth their
efforts to fully develope them, satisfied that every element of
wealth is within their reach, and that the City of the Straits will
maintain a proud and eminent position among her sister cities
of the Lakes and the Union.
Three railroads nonv terminiate here, and the fourth will be
added within the next twelve months, connecting us with the
southern tier of counties of our State, friom which we have
hitherto been excluded, and with the Ohio roads leading to Cincinnati and beyond, and the Logansport and St. Louis railroad
must inevitably extend itself to this city.
The City contains at present numerous extensive manufactories, a population of 50,000, a vast number of prosperous
mechanics, mostly owning their own shops and houses.  We have
91 
SKETCH OF DE1ROIT.
an improved city, and magnificent rivser, never swollen by flood,
or shallowed by drouth, with a front of miles for wharfage, and
anchorage everywhere.  As a harbor it is excelled bv few in the
vworld, either in picturesqueness o' safety.
The country around aTid tributary to the city is growing and
improving not less rapidly, and the site and location of the town
is admirably adapted to commnerci-al and mechanical business of
every kind on a large scale.  The Sault Ste. Marie canal, just
completed, opens up to us a hitherto obtsructed prospect, and
secures a large and valuable trade with the upper portion of the
State.  The advanitages of this trade to Detroit are apparent.
92