,' T'                                           H  E'
0 POETICAL GEO G(PI:IY,9
I;I                                      \xIT'1'ii lE'1n11.
BJ            RULES OF ARITHMETIC IN VERSE. 
oil_______               -         --              _                        I-fil' ^p                           ~~~~~~~~~~~[View of Edfau.]'
l::jlm~ Tlihe towvns and mountains which be-neath me stood,                             hll
j-jj^ i S ~~~And rivers rciling to the dark-blue flood,                
^^^1;-~~,              ~And isles and lakes as they were spread to me.,
filg~ 1|~ I'll sing and bind upon thy memo0ry.i, -d-Llj,1~ ~        Harsh sounds in smooth uLnbrolken fines shall glide   
"Q~ll~~ ~             As free and easy as the sparkling tide.' "
P PUBL ISHED AT 
CINCINNATI, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK,'o iHARTFOR.D, AND  BOSTON. 
Sold by Subscription, and not to be obtained at any Bookstore in the IU. S.
UUV N NWU
&N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t      
















THE
POETICAL GEOGRAPHY,
DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY
OUTLINE MAPS OR SCHOOL ATLASES.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE RULES OF ARITHMETIC IN RHYME.
BY  GEORGE VAN WATERS.
[Black and White Swan,]
The towns and mountains which beneath me stood,
And rivers rolling to the dark-blue flood,
And isles and lakes as they were spread to me,
I'11 sing and bind upon thy memory:
Halsh sounds in smooth unbroken lines shall glide
As free and easy as the sparkling tide.
PUBLISHED AT
LOUISVILLE, PHILADELPHIA, HARTFORD, NEW YORK, AND BOSTON
1 85 1.




To those who have not the time to turn over a large volume, who are not prejudiced against improvements in science and literature, who would learn the leading
features of a very difficult branch and keep it in the memory, who have a relish for
the novel, and a curiosity to know some of the most important and striking characteristics of nature and art; in a word, all unprejudiced and generous minds, to
such, this work is respectfully dedicated and inscribed by their
Humble Servant,
THE AUTHOR,
who has spared neither time nor labor to make it useful and interesting.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by
GEORGE VAN WATERS,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Ohio.
JAMN   &  C BO, Stereotyper, Cincinnati.
(tii




PREFACE.
ONE of the extravagances of authors, is, in flattering themselves that their own productions
are superior to those of their rivals, and many, to make it appear more obvious than it may be,
essay to turn the public favor from their competitor's merits, by defects real or pretended, which
they are careful to exhibit; presenting their own at the same time, in their most brilliant colors.
But, avoiding this extreme, the Author of this work would ask leave only to show the need
and worth of a rhyming system, in securing a knowledge of the branch here treated of, and
leave others to decide how far he has succeeded in the formation of such.
That proper names are more difficult to retain in the memory, than common, is almost
superfluous to mention. In acquiring general terms, or in the study of language, the continual
repetition of the same words, and our familiarity with the subjects to which they are applied,
renders it less difficult to the memory, than in learning proper names that are fixed to
denote one thing only, and never occur unless the objects or things for which they stand are
particularized.
Geography is a branch that is studied by nearly all-but how few among the vast number,
who spend years in acquiring a knowledge of it, ever retain or remember it.
But the defect is not to be attributed to the works studied, but to the poverty of memory;
the retentive powers of the mind are not endowed with energies competent to the task of
sustaining so cumbrous a load; some mechanical aid is requisite, and hence the utility of a
work of the present kind.
The author has endeavored to circumscribe in as small a space as possible, the matter here
presented, and by so doing, has sacrificed ornament to brevity, which is the leading characteristic
of the work.
From the different pronunciations that names admit of, and the unsettled difference among
the learned and unlearned, as to their correct orthoepy, the manner of pronunciation here, may
by many, be deemed imperfect, and by a different pronunciation, render many of the lines
prosaic and disproportionate in measure, which will doubtless be an objection offered to the
reception of the work; but such an objection would be unjust and unwarrantable; it would be
utterly impossible to establish a system of orthoepy, which would be sanctioned by all. That
of the present work is founded principally on the authority of Baldwin, Worcester, and Morseand if theirs be adhered to, no irregularities of sound or quantity will be discernible.
The following, from Joseph E. Worcester, will serve to show the impossibility of establishing
a uniform system  of pronunciation of foreign names, and also, the high claims of Common
Custom (and it might be said with propriety, " Common Sense"), in settling this matter.
" There can be no doubt but that geographical names, which assume such different forms in
different languages, should be pronounced differently by the inhabitants of different countries,
and in accordance with the analogies of their respective languages. All the common geographical names, such as are familiar to all intelligent persons, have become more or less Anglicized,
and their pronunciation is more or less conformed to the English analogy. Many of these
words may be considered as perfectly Anglicized, and are pronounced as common English
words; but there are many that are only partially Anglicized, and with regard to such, it is
often difficult to determine how far, in pronouncing them, the English analogy should be
allowed to prevail.
" With respect to the class of words which are partially Anglicized, there is a great diversity
in the manner of pronouncing them. Some respectable speakers incline to pronounce them, for
the most part, according to the English analogy, while others aspire to pronounce them as they
are pronounced in the several languages to which they appertain; and there are many cases
in which it is difficult to determine which is most to be approved, the English or foreign method;
but a medium between the two extremes may be regarded generally as a judicious course."
(iii)




~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - lo~
-  ___  ~~ — =-`'~- --------- --------                       ___                    __________                 __        ____              *13
SAN FRAKNCISCO IN 1848.
_______________                                 ___ —;-^==~V~iZ~  _ —-~~-~;~I-   T-__r_~-_i~~~-;= ___   __  _________________
SAN FRWANCISCO IN 1849.




IN T RO    U CTION.
AWAY into a grove young Alva strayed,
His task to learn beneath the cooling shade;
Before him lay an Atlas open wide,
Where towns and mountains stood on every side;
Long on its page his studious mind was placed,
But dark Forgetfulness each name defaced;
At length discouraged, sorrow o'er him press'd,
And a deep sigh came from his laboring breast,
When lo! a seraph stood before his face,
And beamed with radiance of celestial grace;
In his right hand a golden lyre he held,
And'mid ambrosial clouds poised o'er the field;
The astonished boy could scarce his presence brook,
While the fair Spirit thus his errand spoke:
"I am a traveler, on my aerial way,
Across the gulf of vast immensity
I speed my course, and in a moment pass,
From star to star-from world to universe.
Creation's furthest skirts I have beheld,
And marshalled o'er her wide unbounded field;
And when I winged the vast profound of space,
This world remote reared up her clayey face;
With rapid flight, upon extended oars
I came and circled round her terrene shoresAll I beheld-but ere I passed away
To other worlds, I cast mine eyes on thee.
I saw the tear roll from thy sparkling eye,
And why it rolled, I need not ask thee why;
(v)




vi                        I NTR ODU CTION.
I've come, my boy, to wipe the falling tears,
And give an opiate for thy grief and fears:
The towns and mountains which beneath me stood,
And rivers rolling to the dark-blue flood,
And isles and lakes as they were spread to me,
I'11 sing and bind upon thy memory:
Harsh sounds in smooth unbroken lines shall glide
As free and easy as the sparkling tide.
When first I launched me down the ethereal sky,
Columbia's shores were spread before mine eye
In dusky features, for the orb of day
Blazed on the antipodes, the other way,
And the pale moon, fair empress of the night,
Sat veiled in glory, on her chariot bright.
And now of that, which lay beneath my wing,
Harp, raise thine airs, and aid me as I sing."
Thus having said, he struck his heavenly lyre,
And sang in accents of celestial fire.
THE OSPRA.




THE
POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
I.-GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS.
Geography.                                             Prose Definitions.
The surface of the Earth, with all its tribes,         GEOGRAPHY-Geography is a description of the
Of sea and land, Geography describes.               earths surfaLce.
Tile earth is a large ball, the diameter of which is eight thousand miles, and the circumference, or distance around it twentyThe  Earth.                             five thousanld.
One fourthi of the surface of the earth is land, and the other
This Earth is but a mighty ball profound,           three fourths water.
Just five and twenty thousand miles around:            Tihe earth is one of the planets that revolve around the sun;
One fourth the suce of tluis goe is  land           which circuit it performs once in a year. It turns round upon
One fourth the surface of thi          its axis once ill twenty foutr hours. Its distance from the sun is
Three fourths are water, as you understand.          niLety five millions of miles.
II.-DIVISIONS OF LAND.
Divisions.                                                 Continents.
Of land, and its divisions, read the stories;            A  Continent is a vast extent of land,
Peninsulas, Continents, Island, Promontories,             Where rivers run and boundless plains expand;
And Isthmuses and Capes, and lllountains high,           Where mountains rise-where towns and cities grow,
Volcanoes, Shores, and Deserts, wet and dry.             And nations live, and all their care bestow.
Two continents only, on this globe are seenEastern and Western, are their names (I ween);
The Land  is divided into Continents, Islands               Eastern and Western, are their names (I ween;
Promontories Isthmuses, Capes, Mountains, Volcanoes, Shores,   The Eastern Continent, we see, divide
Deserts, &c'                            In Eutrope, Africa, and Asia wide.
The surface of land, to the surface of water, is 1 to 4; but   The Westen Continent we next behold
the cubic proportions are unknown.                             Where North and Sout#America unfold.
(7)




8                               POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
A   Continent is  a  vast extent  of  land, not    Valleys are spaces between mountains, or hills.
divided by water.                                            They are sometimes called vales.
There are two continel:ts-the Eastern and Western. Tile
Eastern Continent comprises Europe. Asia, and Africa. The                          VolCalOeS
Western Continent comprises North and South America.
Volcanoes, from their craters, vomit fire,
Islands.                                     And smoke and lava, in a stream, most dire.
Islands, upon all sides, the waves surround; 
In rivers, lakes, and seas, and oceans found.            Volcanoes  are mountains that send forth  fire
ana smoke from their tops, allnd SoIelIIleilC   mitlted stones. Thle
An  Island is a portion  of land, surrounded  by  openllig ill the top. is called the crater.'rie dischtarge or
water; as, Long Island, Isle of Frattce, Isle of Man, Icelandl  melted matter, is called an eruption. The matter thrown out,
Ireland, &c.                                                 is called lava.
Peninsulas.                                                      Capes.
A Peninsula, the dark sea wave entwines,                        A point of land extending in the sea,
Save by some neck that to the main land joins.                  Is called a Cape; as tape R:nma i  a.
A  narrow  portion  of land, extending  into  the
sea, is called a Peninsula; as, Sialacca, California, &c.                       Prolnoiutories.
Mlountains.                                 When high above the waves, or dark seas hoary,
Mountains are high and elevated land,                    The proud Cape hangs,'t is called a Promontory.
That rises o'er the province, dark and grand.            A  Cape is a point of land extending into  the
A  Mountain  is a high  elevation  of land, that sea; as Cape Horn. Cape Ann, &c.
rises above the surrounding country; as, AIoutnt Sinai, Mount   A high Cape is a Promontory.
Holyoke, the White Mountains, &c. The top of a mountain is
called the summit; the bottom is the foot, or base. When the                         Deserts
land rises to a small hight, it is called a hill. The space between
two hills or mountains is called a valley.                          A Desert is a vast and sandy plain
When the land is flat and level, it is called a plain. Exten-    A      s' i s
sive plains are called,in the United States, prairies; as, Rock     Where sweeps the simoom and the hurricane,
Prairie, in Rock county, Wisconsin. In South America, they          Where vegetation neither grows nor thrives,
are called pampas or Ilanas. In Asia. steppes; as, the Steppes      Where nothing finds repose, and no one lives.
of Issim, in the southwestern pert of Siberia.
A  Desert is a vast and sandy plain, destitute of
Valleys.                             vegetation; as Sahara in Africa, Attacama in South America.
Valleys are spaces'tween the mountains spread,              A fertile spot in a Desert is called an Oasis; as the Oasis
of Fezzan in Sahara. These Oases in the Deserts serve as
Safe from the storm that scathes the mountain's head.   resting places for caravans that cross them.
III.-DIVISIONS OF WATER.
The Water next, of this great globe we mention,                                        Seas.
Of Seas and Oceans first, of vast extension,                                r   r       i          
Then Archipela roes,   and Gcl~lls, anl Buy~s,                       Seas are large bodies of the briny tide,
Then Archipelagoes, and Gulf, and Bays,
And Lakes and Channels, next the eye surveys,y la   encircled round on every sie.
And Sounds, and Friths, and Roads, andL  Harbors too,           A  Sea is a collection  of salt water surrounded
With Rivers rolling to the dark seas blue.                   by lasd; as the Caspian Sea.
The Water is divided into Oceans, Seas, Gulfs,                               Archipelagoes.
Bays, Archipelagoes, Lakes, Channels, Straits, iarbors, Roads,
Havens, &c.                                                          A Sea filled full of Islands, well you know,
Oceans.                                      Is always called an Archipelago.
=___._.-_~=_ _          _ _-_ —_=_ -   A  Sea filled full of Islands is called an Archi_____          ____ _......_=... _:__=_ —_ _      pelago; as the Grecian Archlipelago.
Gulfs, or Bays.
A Gulf or Bay, is when the waves expand
T'o wide extent, encroaching on the land.
When  the sea, or water extends up into  the
land. it is called a Gulf or Bay; as the Bay of Fundy, Gulf of
Bothinia, &c.
Lakes.
An Ocean is a vast extent of brine,
Or salt sea water boundless and sublr me.                 -Lakes are fresh water Seas, and always found,
Or salt sea water, boundless and sublime.'S~~~~~ ~~By land compassed upon all sides around.
An  Ocean  is a vast extent of salt water not                      
An  O i sA  Lake is a body of water surrounded by land,
separated by land; as the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.           A  Lake is a body of water surrounded  by land,
The Oceanl goes by different names, as the Main, Sea, Deep, the same as a sea, only that the water is fresh instead of salt;
Brine, &c.                                                   as Lake Erie.




DIVISIONS OF WATER.                                                            9
Straits.                                                  Rivers.
A narrow passage, like a door or gate,               Rivers are streams, by numerous branches formed,
That leads into some sea, is called a Strait.        Tat frm the highlands to the seas are turned
A passage of water that leads between two seas,   A River is a large stream  of water, formed by
numerous branches, that empties into some sea. gulf. lake or bay.
or bodies of water, is called a Strait; as the Straits of M11agellan.
o   ater, is aled aStrait   the Straits of Maella  e place where a river rises, is called its source; the place
betweenl South America and the Island of Terra del Fuego.   Mwhere it empties is called its mouth. The small streams that
empty ito it are called its branches.
Channels.                                                   Firths.
A Channel is a strait that opens wide;                      A River wid'ning'tween its banks of earth,
As the Ertglish Channel, where proud navies ride.           Towards its mouth, is called a Frith or Firth.
A  Channel is a wide strait; as the English    The widening of a river toward its mouth, is
Channel.                                                  called a Fritll or Firth; as Solway Fritl in Scotlalnd; the Firth
of the River Forth.
Sounds.                                         Harbors or Havens.
A Strait so shallow that its depth is found,              A Harbor or a Haven, is a port,
By lead or anchor, oft is called a sound.                 Where ships in safety, from the storm resort.
When a strait is so shallow  that its depth can    A Harbor or Haven is a port where ships may
be measured by a lead and line, it is called a Sound.     run in and find slelter from the storm.
EXPLANATIONS NECESSARY TO THE USE OF MAPS.
Hemispheres.                              Eastern and Western lHemispheres are found
Upon the Map that shows, the world is round.
The world's a Globe, the world we live on here;           Northern and Southern Hemispheres beside,
One half a globe is called a Hemisphere.                  One North, one South the Equator is espied.
The word hemisphere  is  formed
from hemi, that sig-       h
The   Eastern
globe or ball; so,                                                                              eisphere iHemisphere   inludes Noearth  and
Southe America.
The  Northern               -'                   i
The  Southern
Hemisphere   in-             2H                                                                     s     e
cludes all that part  
eludes all South
of the earth North                                                                                  e         r
of the Equator. ~~~of the Equator.
csof l the Equuat por..    ---




1o                                  POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
The  Equator.                                   The North is Cancer called, South Capricorn,._ _        For here the sun doth in his pathway turn,
And backward trace his steps; these circles show
_-~ —.,  -   I R!   C I    E S                         The limits of the solar orb below.
_==__~-~11Tropics are circles that run  parallel with  the
E  quator? at the distance of twenty three and a half degrees
__.  - -hNIorth anld Soath of it. Tile circle North of the Eqquator, is
called the Tropic eo Cancer. Thle one Soulh of the Equator, is
called the T2rojPic of Capricor l.
Tropic sigilifies return; for when the sun arrives as far from
the fEquator as eitier of these lines, it appears to stop and
retrace its steps.
T______ _i~~~~~The sun crosses the Equator  twice a year; on the 21st of
= — |~__ _______5                       IM_ arc   antid the 21st of Septelmber.
Th ~is_~ c~ircle_'It is over the Tropic of Cancer the 2tst of June; which is
The= daysX and- ni rcalled tle Sulmner Solstice. This is the longest day in the
AndE_____ _ c      year, to all North of the Equator, and the shortest to all South
of it.
_.T -hat -~ -pa — r ---— Tile siun is over the Tropic of Capricorn the 21st of Decembetweenl ____________________b her; this is called the Wifnter Solstice. Itis the shortest day in
the year, to all North of the Equator, and the longest to all
South of it.
A circle drawn around the earth, and greater              oth o
Than any parallel, is called the EquaStcr.                                 Polar Circles.
The Eytlctaor is a fancied line, that folds
Around the earth, half way between the poles.                 And of the Polar Circles now I'll tell:
This circle's called the Equisoctial Line,                    They with the Tropics are found parallel;
For when the Solar orb doth o'er it shine,                    Just twenly three. onle half, and nothing less (23),
The days and nights are equal, as the clocks                  Aloof the Poles;-these, in degrees, I guess.
And watches all proclaim the Equtinox.                     The Polar Circles are parallel with the Tropics,
That part of the earth which is just half way  and 23a degrees from the Poles. This. in geographic miles,
b     tetweent the North and Sout!lt oles, or equally dislalt from the  would   lie 1410 miles, the dcistance from the Pole to the Circle;
poles, is called tile Equator. It is the warnest part of the  twice tlis distance. or 2820 miles, is the diameterof the Arctic or
Eartl. as tile sunil's rays are more direct on this portion than  Antarctic Circle, or the Frigid Zones.
a     lly other. It is called by mariners simply, the Line.     W thel   the Sun is over the tropic of Cancer, all that part
withini the Arctic Cilcle has constant day; aind all that part
Tropics.                             I  the tropic of Capricorn, constant night. The reverse takes
Tropics are circles that restrict the sun,              place when the Sun is over the tropic of Capricorn, on the 21st
Tropics are crcles that restrict te sun,  of Decenmber.
Which with the equator parallel doth run,                  At the Poles it is day six months of the year, without intermisJust tveunty-three and a half' degrees they shine       sion;  for this length of tine the sun is visible above the horizon.
Both North and South the Equatorial line.               The other six months of the year, it is one dark, dreary night.
Meridians.                                          Parallels of Latitude.
Meridians run from Pole to Pole ('tis true),                  Now Parallels of Latitude we'll view:
Cuttin(r the Equator, at right angles, through;              They are lines that pass arcund the globe (not through),
They're used to reckon distance, east and west,              As parallel they with the Equator run,
And of all other ways have proved the best.                   Eastward and westward is the course they turn.
Meridians   -_                                      -_~
are, also, imagi-.
nary1    n e s                       =   _,                              _    _ 
nary'Ii on  the 5,'  _= A                                                            Parallels  of
drawn  on  the
Map, to reckon                                                                                         L a t i t u d e are
d istance, east or
west, from  any                                                                                        lines  on  the
one  of  thenm. 
|vThestly run  int                                                                                     Map, used  to
the North toth e                                                                                       reckon   disSouth Pole.
All places a c                                                                                      tnces, north
through  which   _                                                                                     osut ofh
the same merit1 ___                                                                                   or south, of the
dian passes have                                                                                       Equator.
noon, or mid-                                                            E=ut
night,  at  the
same time.




POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.                                                                        1
Latitude and Longitude.                                                        Zones.
Latitude is distance from the Equator,                          Zones are divisions of earth's surface; made
Either north or south (let it be less or greater);              By tropics and the polar circle's aid.
The distance, east or west, is Lotiitude                        Th'I'ere arefive zones: two temperate and one torrid,
From any one meridian, understood.                              Two frigid zones, where winter's cold is horrid.
Both latitude and longitude are reckoned
In mintutes and degrees, as well. as seconds;                                    Torrid  Zone.
Just sixty geographic miles make a degree;                      The Torrid Zone is'tween the tropics spread,
In English, sixty nine and just a half you see.                 Where, twice a year, the sun is overhead.
Places that are under the Equator have no Lati-                               Tenierate  Zones
tude. All places nortl of the Equator are in Northl Latitude;                                       
ail places south of the Equator are in South Latitudle. Te    The Temperate Zones are on those parts our ball
greatest latitude a place can have is 90 degrees. The Nortlh
and South Poles of the earth are the only places that have 90    Which'tween the polar curves and tropics fall.
degrees of latitude.
^               i,,                                                   Frigid  Zones.
Longitude is reckoned east and west.
The Frigid Zones include both land sky,
Most nations reckon their longitude from the metropolis of    T        r     Z       i                 
their country; as. the French. fiom Paris; the Englisll, from      Of parts which in the polar circles lie.
Greenwich; the Americans, from Washington. Though the
Greenwich; tIle Americalls,  front Wasllilltttoll.''ougt ilte    The Torrid  or Burningy Zone, is included within
Americans reckon mostly from  Greenwich, the same as the                               urning 
nglish. l                                                       the Tropics..nS1..The Temperate Zones are between the Tropics
Latitude and longitude are reckoned in degrees. minutes, and    Te Temerate   ones  re  et
aitd lthe Polar Circles.
seconds. Sixty geographic miles (or sixty nine atndl a halfriid  Zones  ile  t                              e  part  o 
lish miles), make a degree; sixty seconds make a minute;    The Friid Znes include those parts of the
sixty minutes one degree.                                       earth betweenl the Polar Circles and the Poles
The Tem'nperate Zones enjoy a mild, termperate climate, beEvery circle is supposed to be divided into 360 degrees, tween llhe extremes of heat attin  cold.
whether it be larger or smaller.                                   The heat in the Torrid, or Burlning Zone, is excessive at all
The distance round the Earth being G60 degrees. one half of seasons of the year.
that distance must be 130 degrees; one quarter, 90 degrees.            he Fri     or Frozet %ote,  the col  is iltensi.  Winter
"0~~~  X       "n  ~       holds an uninterrupted reign the year round.
The greatest distance that any two objects on the surface of
the earth can be apart. is 1S0 degrees. To be this distance, they                          Iaps.
must be on opposite sides of the earth; consequently, no place
can have over 180 degrees of longitude.                               A Map's a picture, of the whole or part,
Of the earth's surface, to be learned by heart
Zones.                                      The top is North, while South points to your breast;
The right hand's East, the left hand's always West... _-ii -~- - __. _._.___A- More Maps than one, bound up for school or college,
__ Q ZDDES - L S    =-                   Is called an Atlas, and contains much knowledge.
-___ — ~_                                                How Latitude and Longitude are expressed on Maps.
Both Latitude and Longitude, we see,:.-..-::::::;:::                        Upon the Map, in figures, 1-2-3;.W -T. O r -1 _ -   R R QI-   D i.i Q -\         Upon tho side the Latitude is told,:__::_                        __^- 5j'-!-:::-::._'While Longitude we at the top behold.
Maps are pictures of the whole, or of parts, of
=           _      the earth's surface.'The top of the rntlap reprcsslits lie tiorilierts
part of a country; the bottom, the southlerl: the righit llaid. tlhe
______________-~-~-__   Aeastern;   the left i                       hand thte wester.  A collection of nmaps is
called all Atlas.
=~~ —-     -  -= _ ~~ ~_ -Latitude and Longitude are represented on Maps
~_ __ ~-  ~tt.~- ~by figures. Iatitude is usuaily written on the sides of the map,
while Longitude is generally at the top or the bottom.
QUE S T IONS are not inserted in this work, from  the fact that it was deemed
superfluous. All the Teacher has to do, to form a question, is to read over any sentence and prefix
the interrogatives,' What is -1' or,' Where are -3' &c., and it becomes a question.
He turns to page 7, for instance, and  glances his eye upon the word, Geography, in full-faced letters, (over the poetry that defines Geography,) and asks the question-' What is Geography V'  Then,'What is the Earth,' &c.; and, to answer the question, the Pupil repeats the poetry, and in his own
language gives the sum  and substance of the prose.
The Teacher, in all instances, should explain the licensed poetic phrases to juvenile classes.




NORTH A MERICA.
North America is                                         _                         being the home of
noted for the  largest                                                                the  oppressed  of all
lakes  of fresh water             i                                          7        nations.
in  the world, and  as
View of Niagara Falls from the Ferry.
Capes.                                                    Rivers.
Cape Farewell, south of Greenland, first relate,            Cold Ar-a-bas'-ca Lake, the El/c divides,
While Wel'-sig-ham is west of Davis Strait,                 And the Peace River, to Slave Rivcr guides.
Cazpye Lewivs stands southeast 3f Es'-qui-lnaux,            Slave Ricer, to Slave Lake her tribute pays,
And North of Bell'-isle Strait, as seamen know,             An( to a Northern Strait, Alkelstzie strays.
North of the Gulf, and South of Lab'-ra-dor,                    he    l i Hudsons apl Bay is rolled,
Cape Wti/tlle hears Law-ren'-e-an surges roar.              Wi,  N/e                   d te   er 
1-,.               vvWith Churchill, 2Nel.,on and the Severn cold.
Cape Sable west, by Nova Scotia's formed,                      11d           and lloose, i James' Bay,
Where Fundy's matchless tide is backward turned.            We n                     all their waters lay
Ma/-a-bar',       With Ea.9t Mlaie River all their waters lay.'hen comes Cape Ann, Cape Cod and RMal Ra-bar',                        ecds in TWinipeg her story,
Of Massachusetts all, as you're aware.                      Where    -         w'-     antles all er lory.
Rhode Island holds Poitl Jim'-dtiih,'oint!lMon-tauk',                                             S
Long Island claims, and Jersey Sandy IHook,
Cape Heaz'-lpen of Delaware-Cape May,
Of Jersey's shore, by Delaware's dark Bay.
Just at the entrance of the Ches-a-peake',                St. ilaty's il;ll Slpelrior, Huron takes,
Cape Charles and Henry both their sentries keep.          In like St. Ci i;, St. Clair fromt  Huron breaks.
Cale latteras, then Cape Lookout and Cape Fear,           From  ILake St. Cl.ir, Det roit to Erie pours,
Of North Carolina, in the list appear.                    Fromnl -he!ce Niagara to Ontario roars:
Of Florida, Can-ave-ral, well you know,                From  here St. Lawrence to the gulf drives in,
With Florida, Sable and Ro'-rma-no,,                      With U-ta-was, hrl first and largest stream.
And one St. Blas, near Ap-pa-lach'-ee's flow,  RIVERS ON TIIE EASTERN  COAST.
Ro-xo' beside Tam-pi'-co next appears;  (Ro-ho.)h B                                               k m     s 
Ca-touche' of Yu-ca-tan' the sailor nears.  (Ca-toosh.)ick                                               kes her
East of Honduras Gra'-cias mantles low,                    <'aY
East of Honduras Gra'-cias mantles low,                   And with St. Croix, rolls into Fundy's Bty. (St. Croy)
As west of Cuba stands An-to'-ni-o.'
As  et of Cuba stan -From Mtaine,  Penobscot, a;!d   thle Ken-ne-beck,
As the Western Coast of Mexico we keep,                 ith An- o Po si and               te    en-co  bre ck.
First Co-ri-ents' springs upward from the deep,          Tile lero-ri-nc,  fron Hanlii  tes its coil
^  T   ^  i ^  T'                ^Te Mer-ri-mack, from Hampsliire takes its coil
St. Lucas next, and St. La-za'-ro's seen,                  lrouh Msschusetts' nortlern eastern soil.
31lor-re Her-ruo'-so then, and Point Aftin-drains'.       Throucl  Massachusetts' northern, eastern   soil.
lor-ro Her-rmo'-so then, and  oinzt Mn-dmrains'.'Connecticut, in the E:istern Sta.tes is found,
len-do'-ci-no o'er Jbrty latitude, (40)                   With Hozu-sa-ton-ic wakes Lng Island Sound.
While Oxford Cape, for Jibrty three is good.  (43)      lMohwk to Hudson, Hulson to the sea,
In sixty-five, and east of' Beh'-ring's pass,  (65)    FroPmi New York Stalte, join in the Jubilee.
Cape Prrice of Wales, heaves up his icy mass;               From  Jersey's shore, the Delawvare divides
Just North of this, Cape Lisbon you behold,               The Delavware and Pennsy!vanian meads.
Then Icy Cape and Bar'-rows Point unfold;                   By Maryland and Pennsylvania formied,
And Bee'-cher, De-mar-ca-tion, Bath'-trst, all           In Ches-a-peake, the Sus-qnte-han-nah's turned.
Where the frozen ocean scours the arctic wall.           Here Po-to-nac drives onward to the brine,'Tween Maryland and Virginia the line.
PRONUNCIATION.                        Here Rhap-pa-han-nock, York and James are thrown
Esquimeaux,  Es-ke-mo.   Mondraines,  Mon-drene.   From fair Virginia, their summller home.
Tampico,       Tam-pe'-co.  Henlopen,    Hen'-lo-pen.    In Alae —marle, Cho-wan, and Roa?oke,
Catouche,      Ca-toosh.    Roxo,          Ro-ho'.        Virginia's shores w-i'h Carolina yoke.
(12)




RIVERS OF NORTH AMERICA.                                                                   13
And Pam-li-co and Neuse in Pamlico,                            Red Cedar then, with Iowca made fast;
O'er North Carolina, murmur in their flow,.         Skunk rier next, with dark Des lloiLes the last.
From whence Cape Fear to Ocean mutters low.
Little and Great Pe-dee', here take their source,                                         MISSOURI.
And with San-tee', through South Carolina course.                 F                                iven,
Far from Missouri Territory driven,
TEis-o here, with Cam-ba-he~   entwine,                         Where the Ilocky Mountains rear their heads to heaven,
With dark Sa-vanl-ah on the Georgian line.                     L          f                    e east,,,   a  1    t   *   Leaving fair M1innisota on the east,
ee-chee, Al-a-na-ha, Sailla, all                               Missouri rolls to Mississippi's breast
From  Georgia drive, and into ocean fall;
From whence St. Mary's waves to Ocean strav,
With Na's-sau and St.' John's in Flolrida.                     An    Mar-a-mcc sprns from the Iron Mountain,
And runs northel.st, to ili.,isis.ppi' s fountain.
RIVERS OF TIIE  GULF  OF MEXICO.                       Arkansas state lays claim to young St. Fra7ncis,
From Georgia, Flint and Chat-a-hoo'-chce lower,-             WXhcre, fimn the Rocky Mountains, fbams Ar-kfan-sas.*'The Cha/llhoochee bounds her Western shore.                    The branches of the last arc, tl-/e lt and Jean'Then to the Gulf, o'er Florida they stray,                      oth in Arkansas, on the map are seen.
Through Ap-pa-lach -i-co'-la's watery way.                      A nd, to A,rkanss, with the ti(te A -.,-o,
3l/,-hile fioml  Alallam   comes, whose bed                    From  Indian fields, Cc;?mdinr  mullrmurs low.
i'lhe Albamane a alnd  omil-bir'- bee tread.                    O'er lexas, north, southwest the Alraisan bn!ner,
And Para -ca   ou-la alnd the limpid Pearl,                  Red river, comes; tlen pours through Louisiana.
From Mississippi State, their waters furl,
And Mii.si..pppi here unloads her stores,                                     BRANCIIES  OF  T'HE  OHIO.
And the broad Gulf her b;iling surge devours.'e     Io   a'Tween Illinois and Illndian, tread
"'we'wc    louisiana and the Texan green,                      e    -!        los, to 0 bi_  s  ed.
Tl'hrough Lake Sa-.bine'  here rolls the dark Sa-blne,           iie    l      th  her L'and fo er  i tides,
Fronm'lexas,  A'-ches,'Trio-i-dad, and Braz,                 Fro              to te             cs
xT^ ^}  ^ ^ I-\-^    ^^'^X # 7Fromn Indiana, to the lU!.c, glides.
With Col-o-ra'-do whose loud roar would craze us.              Ol                  ih              roar
Here Gau-da-loupe' and Nite-ces ceaseless flow,                Scitao, lc/;,  and Jwll.-rlg-o          our,
\ ith Rio Grande, northeast of Mexico.                                    er           n   I e nslvaa,
Then Be, ver riier, born in Peinnsylvanlia,
MISSISSIPPI.                            Last northern branch, save one, called Al-le-gha —y....S SIS..                                           Oh. -. ^0//ioi drinks M,-,-non-a-hc-la in,
The 16is,sissippz, rom I-tas'-ca Lake                                d                           of Peni.
In e.I'-rrabh, the. broadGulf awake.     lT'hat sweeps Virginia and the land of Penn
In I'-o-w^a,* bids the broad Gulf awake.                                                   is on te route,
Litle Kacn-ha-way, then, is oil the route,
W\isconsin for the Eastern Coast survey,                        i       r      i         an   the Gu de
T'lhen Ilinois, Kentucky, Tennessee.                          With Great Ka ViriaaR and the C'i borde''lerr    s soil is next beheld,               Bg, SandI., on Virginia's western border;
The'n Mississippi's soil is next beheld,                        1    ici    rer    Kentul;i;l order.
W\ith Louisianas's     most southeastern field                    d L            er, of Ke       an  re
Thlen comes Kelluckc?/ rier, S.'l!., and Green —
W\ith I'-o-wax; Missouri's on the west.                           n    e               m     C e is sn
\  here, with Arkansas, Louisiana's pressed.                   U       he'las, th    e Mammoth   entuc  sle   rs
Where Tennessee, and state Kenatucly, slumbers,
EASTERN  BRANCHES. Teli  Cam-b)r-lrand warbles her watery numbers.
In the same states, and Alabama, too,
To this proud tide, from Ibroad Wisconsin, flock            The u'nncssec unfoldls unto the vieo.'The C/rli-pe-wca, Wiscon.sin, and tlhe Rock.'Throughl Illinois, Rock/ river rolls her tide,                            BRANCIIES OF  THE  MISSOURI.
\W here Il,lihioi.i  and fiair KLas-kas.'-k/ia glide.
Ohieo, hlItre, from    enrnsKlvaslia coglnies.                  Among Missouri's branches, on the north,
South of Ohio state her billow foams.                          Are T/hompson's,, W;ilmliams', Polrcupine, \11dile Eartih,'lThen Indiana state, and Illinois, (illiioy)                  From  Minnesota next the Sibephcrid glides,
Besile its patlway all their arts employ.                      With Fish, and Jale., and SJirc.a,  iantd I rr F.loyds,'Tle same dark breaker sweeps Virginian earth,                 With NTd-a-wary, from state lMi-souri, run
And1 bounds Kentucky state upon tie north.                     The Plot/e, and Gralde, witll rih r C/l:r-c:-ion.
In Western'ennessee, tlhe O-bi-on keeps,                      The Jeffersonl  a northern course is thrown,
And li.tch-ic on to Mississippi sweeps;                       To join the JlMad'iron and YilD/w.r/one.
In Mississippi state, behold Ya-zoo','I'he Yel/oltstoe collects, in lihr own sea,
In zigzag path, with B3i  Black rivier, too                    Clark Fork, Bir 1uorm, and 7bgrrl-ot'  branches three.
Little Mist.ouri n.ext, then Ca(tri Bua ll,
WESTERN  BRANCHES.                           CtCay-ennl,    and Platte, all frolm Missouri fall.
From  Minnesota drives the purpling Pine;                   La-platte is on ler territorial tlound,
Crolw  Vior,, arind S11eii7, and 1Elk/c, findl tac/Cr, comlrne;  North of the Indian claims and hunting grounld.
Tlien, casting up their bubbles by the billion,                   ith tranhes four —Bh  HBI', LoI) "ir,./-, and Black,
Crow river comes,.5. Pelers, and Vermillion.                     ith one Ia-doi-c, on the Indian tract.
Wh/itc Wa/ler, Root, and Upper l;wa,                           And eastward, from the Indian Province, wide
With Turke6y river, sing their roundelay.                     The river Kazr!-ts rolls her three-iorked tide.
* Sometimes, though erroneously, pronunced I-o'-wa.                      * Sometimes prontounced Ar-kan-saw'.




14                          POETICAL  GEOGRAPHY.
The northern fork, Republican, behold;                 St. Reg-is, Racket, and the river Grass,
Then Sol-y-mann's, and Smoky Hill, unfold.             With Os-we-catch-ie, to St. Lawrence pass.
La-mine and fair O-sage, pour forth their waters)      Black river, then, Oswego, Genessee,
With Gasconade, Missouri's warbling daughters.         Ontario drowns in her loud minstrelsy.
RIVERS OF MICIIGAN.                           RIVERS OF OREGON AND CALIFORNIA.
From Michigan, the lRais'iL runs to Erie,
From   ichian, the Raisin runs to Erie,  In Oregon, Coltumbia makes her pillow,
And Hutn, there her sparkling xwaters carry,
In St. Clair River. Ghrtsrtk engs wher lcary,          And westward, to Pacific, drives her billow.
In St. Clrir River, Grettiot ends her lay,
And Sag-i-naWt is iost in her own bay;                 Fro  Califrnia, Scrmeno I roll-d;
ARnith brd!lies Canss, aind Fotn, and w'nShi-a-ya;ssee,    Southward her course, through regions rich with gold.
Witli branches Cass, and Flint, and 7Ski-c-was-see,
Wihich roar. at last with Huron's billows, massy.      And Colorado joins with Gila rier;
And Tit-ti-ba-was-see, with her Chippecwa,             In California Gulf, their waves roll ever.
That drinks the Pine, is lost in Saginavw.                                    U     ATIO
Au1-sa-ble eastward runs, with Thunder Bay, 
Where Huron's billows greet them on the way.           Chippewa, - Chippelvau'.  Multnomah,  Mult.no'-ma.
Che-boy-'an, northward, leaves the noisy clan,         Mobile, - - IMbecl.        Sioux, - -  Soo.
While Betsey, westward, seeks Bake Michigan;           Sabine, - - Sabeen'        Chayenne, - Sha-en'.''here, Mill-zs-tee, and Not-i-pe-ka-oo, run,         Itasca, - - -loa'-ca.       Laplatte,  - La-plate'.
With river White, and flaming MuLs-lce-gon.            Hatchie, - Hach'-ee.        Lamine,  - La-meen'.
Grand river, then, and the dark Kal-ma-zoo,            Des Moines, De 3loin.      Saline, - -  Sa-leen.
With one St. Josephs, break their pathway through.     St. Croix, - St. Croy.     Hiaqui, - -  He-a-kee'.
RIVERS OF NORTHERN NEW  YORK.,
RIVERS OF NORTHERN NEW  YORK.                  Gila, -     Ge-la, or      Sascashawan, Sas-ca-shaw'Hee-la.                        an.
The Sa-ra-nac is lost in lake Champlain,
East of the state, where Plattsburgh holds her reign;
COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
THE RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS
Are noted for their furs, and as a cold, dreary climate, inhabited only by savages
and hunters. The population is about 50,000.
The coast, in some parts, rises into snow capped summits.
GREENLAND.
The coldest, most                                                              norant natives, who
dreary, and desolate                                                              imagined his ships to
country in the world.                                                             be huge birds.   On
Inhabited by a filthy,                                                            the  cliffs, he  found
degraded race of In-                                                              red snow.
dians, called  Esqui-                                                                The    settlements
maux.                                                                             are L ichteau, LichCaptain Ross, on                      f      l                                ten feds  and   New
the  northern shores,                                                             He-rnet.
found  a race of ig-                     Esquimeaux spearing a Walrus.
BRITISH AMERICA
Includes New Britain, Canada East, and Canada West, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, and Newfoundland.
New Britain is noted for its cold climate, for its savages or Esquimaux Indians, and
for its being the ground or theater for the operations of the Hudson Bay Company.




BRITISH  AMERICA.                                              15
The natives live mostly on seal. In traveling, they are drawn by a very fine kind
of dog, which is harnessed to their sleds.
The British have trading stations at the mouths of most of the rivers, where the
Indians come to exchange their furs for blankets, guns, beads, &c.
COUNTRIES AND TOWNS.
Canada West.                                       Canada West.
Kingston is found N. E. Ontario's roar,                  Noted as being the most productive, and
is Hamiltn i  Gore    best settled of the British Possessions in N. A.;
While west the lake is Hamilton in  Gore;                 also for the intelligence of its inhabitants, wko are
Toronto to the N. W. finds a Home,                        mostly of an English origin.
2^  i'- T -31-The soil is a fine dark loam, mixed with a
As north the lake, Port Hope and Coburg come.              egetable  ou   and is unsurpassed forit 
vegetable moulA, and is unsurpassed for its
Canada East.                          productiveness.
In the lower Province, Montreal lives ever,                          Canada East.
Upon an island in St. Lawrence River;                       The cultivated portions lie in the valley
And down the stream, one hundred eighty miles,   of the St. Lawrence.
Q b   to. heae  he  gian  It has the climate of Sweden, though the latiQuebec to heaven heaves up her giant piles;               ue of France.
A fortress strong, on a high promontory,                    The French language is chiefly spoken.
And famed in song, in history, and story.
New Brunswick.                                      New Brunswick.
St. Johns, and Frederickton, New Brunswick keeps,   Noted for its immense quantity of lumWhere the St. Johns along her pathway sweeps;                           the St. Johs  River, is the capital.
Frederiekton on the St. Johns River, is the capital.
West of St. Johns, and east the young St. Croix,           St. Johns is the largest town.
St. Andrews is the second in population.
St. Andrews lives, by commerce her employ.
Nova Scotia.                                       Nova Scotia.
Yarmouth, on Nova Scotia's western border,               A peninsula south of New Brunswick,
Where Fundy's tide rolls up in wild disr,                having a rugged stony coast. Noted for coal and
Where Fundy's tMde rolls up in wild disorder,          lm          m l   s  t  Ag~.
gypsum. Climate mild; subject to fogs.
And Halifax, near the peninsula's center,
Known for her port, where the largest crafts may enter;
With vessels of all kinds, this place is full,
But chiefly with the war ships of John Bull.
The northern shores, which Pictou has a seat on,         NEWFOUaDLAND. —A barren, hillv island
With Sidney, on the island of Cape Breton,               in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, abounding with good
harbors, and noted for the greatest codfisheries in
Are noted for their coal the world all over,             the world.
Which mineral freights full many an ocean rover.
An Iceberg.




U N T T E D S T A T E S
Noted as being the largest, most enlightened and powerful republic on the globe.
Bounded by the Atlantic on the east, and the Pacific on the west.  Having an
area of more than  2,000,000 square miles.
I.-EASTERN  STATES.
Maine.                                                       r Maine. 
I
In Maine, Aug-usta, on the Kien-ne-beckc,                            Noted for its vast forests of lumber, for...   r~slip buil                                               d     foin g, and for belin^g theIl,inot no ea-tetci' 
re -        e         ga    te we'tIremeobertstate in the unioen.
Jus-t 50  uimles, if liglLt I recollect;                             st   ^  bill tl e lltlC~l                       i
Tlherelllovli, fffo r ante Ile'1remember,                              It was a part of Massa(llusetts tiil I1201, when
And Bath, for buildingr slps of white oai  timber.                   it ecn'  crate  tate.
ihe clinate is coldl and healthy.
Ban-gor' in libcr trades; as boards and              i:,           The coast is ru  ed, and the hati- r; rnumierous.
And talkes her place upon Pe-nob-scot's bankc,                         A largg  ar! t   stil ov redl with foiscts. _            lt^ slctIt is lettr atlapted to graziln than agliculture,
O-ro-no, Frankfort, Bucksport, and Castine (teen),  AUGUSTA is ol0,!( ti!; c;apital!.
r\~~,i-l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~. i ~ ~ ~ 1                           }il ~ J{!a!vall owel il''r (ri-iit (q1zarries. 
On the same banks, by the same glowing stream.,at, ior Si t, i'liltI.
~3  -  n  ~~ o.L          ~.  ~ Poriland iC.)r c!lillnt'ce nll fisheries, and as breing
Portiland by  Casco CBay S,  chief town in Maine,                 tie largest town i:i    ine. 
l'fislieries and conm  terce tlollds her reign.
NRewv SIa  sshlre.                                             e  H amppshire.
Portsmouth her harbor boasts, and sits supine,                       Called the  Granite  State.  Noted  for
Where meets Pi-.sct-a-qu(ta the rollin   brine.                     the White Mountains.!..........  ~     -'^The surface is level on the coast.
Up the same tide is found Great Falls and Dover;                        It abounds in rivers, lakes and mountains.
As on Co)no ecticut is fair Hanover                                    The soil is better fitted for grazing than tillage.
[i'        i-,, i.....'I,,,'he climate is cold and healthy.
And Concord on the lMerl-r' —a/ck may rest her,.
Ai  a -h-         CONCORDcoco  is noted as the capital
As further soutil is Nash'-ua and Man-ches-ter.
(16)'g'




EASTERN  STATES.                                                             17
Vermont.                                                       Vermont.
Montpelier, near the center of the state,                              Noted for the Green Mountains, and for
On Onion River, rules oWer small and (Treat.                           the enterprise of its hardy inhabitants.
A large portion )of it is still covered with timber.
Windsor upon Connecticut may relign,                                   The valleys are well adapted to tillage and the
As Burling'ton is found on L e C mplin,                             hills to g i
The manutactures are not extensive.
And Otter Creek lhas fair Vergennes' upon her,'ihe climate is cold and the winters severe.
Known for the fleet of Commodore  McDonough ~;                                  ELR is oteilie          al.,              WI IVe-rgmHlles. as wini  lihe place whlere MeDontough
And Mildij 1e-bu-ry on this tide may tarry,......filned 01w his fleet bor lthe celebrated(l battle on Lake
Known'l for ler (ollege atnd her manrble quar My.                        Middlebury, for its college and fine marble quarries.
And Benningoton, southwest of all, we mark
Famed for the victory of General Stark.
Massachlusetts.                                                 Massachusetts.
Boston and Charlestown both together lay,                              Called  the  Bay  State.  Noted for its
~W~ith  Clmb~ridte; hl  bh- M~tvsstelwtI tts Bc.            wealth, and the active part it took in the great
With Cambridg'e,' born by Massachusetyts Bay.,- "                                                I struggle for the liberty and independence of our
Lynn, famed for shoes, for codlish Marblehead,                      country.
S~l  m   e (tinede~ i.!'The eastern part is uneven, and the western
Sal(m for wealth, gained in the India trade.
ISalem  for   wealth,            iatmountainous.  Mount Tom, Mount Holyoke,
Gloucester for mnackerel and coc7?i nhliy both,                    Saddle Mount and Wachusett, are celebrated
And Newbur'pi ort, for commerce fartlhest north                        peaks.
-''~                                               Bo)STON is noted as the capital; and as the largest
Lo         oell on Merrimaclk, a far famed weavler.                toiwVn inI Ne\v  ngland.
Charlestoovn tor the Bunker Hill Monument.
For whvich is known botli Taunton and Fll River.                        Cambridte f)r its university.
bLynn for the inanutfietire of shoes.
As S})rinl'tteld, for her armory,', we hail.                        AI;1rh!eiesd  f)' iS cod-fislieries.,   7 ")'  ^ ^',ir'                   Salenm for it weralth, obtained in the India trade.
Ncw  Bedfiord and Nantucket fisll for wha/iG,C.                       Gloucester ior codl and mickerel-fisheries.
N   whirvpo rt, the!most northern town in the State,
Flymiouth, known for the I ilgrim  Fatlers' landino'  fourcotiicrce.
By                tat'snearthe. B.h.                  lowell, ts the first town in manufacturing in the
Bv C(J,,Pe Cod Bay, in Massachusetts standing-.                        Uii'ud Siatos.
P"v C,tte~e   1     ~ ir S s i -tn l.            u, \  ^     s "New Bediord andl Nantucket for whale fisheries.
And Worcester, tlhat's near the Bay State's center,    Plymouth ior the landillig of Pilgrim Fathers, 1620.
As a!lreat thoroughfare, we next will enter.
Coniecticut.                                                  Connecticut.
And  fatrtford, Middletown, and Say'-brook bide,                       Noted for the ingenious character of its
Fast by C(ionne-ticst' unfailitngv tide.                               inhabitants, and for its schools.
The common school tfund, in this state, is over
N'ew  London, Brid' eport. Ftairfield and 3elv  Ilatten,  two millions of dollars.
\sfWith  Nror~xwalkl  by  Lo    lcvq:7 It?(it~v~t..?e/ are   rave-C~n.  1  It has heen distinguished for its men of genius
oo' /'"d                    I                and learning.
And Stoning'ton, southeast of all, we hail,                           HARTFORD andI NEA HIAVEN are the capitals.
That with New  London, iish for seal and wiale.
Rhode Isla  cl.                                               Rhode Island.
Among her factories, Providence makes her stay                        Noted as the smallest state in the union.
On her own stream, by   zJar-ra-yan-sett Bay:                            It consists mostlyv of the shores and islands of
And.  Newpor,- on Rhod- stnXarragansett Bay, that gives it great advantages
And NvwT)ort, on Rhode Islana finds resort,                        for navigation.
WXell fortiEed and noted for ler p~ort.               PR~()VIDENCE is noted as the capital, likewise for its
Well fortified and noted for her   ort.s   ell as being the  seat of Brown
From  Providence north, Pautuclket finds a seat,                       Uuiversimc.
From  Providence north,  atcket finds a sNewport, as a naval station, for its fortifications
As north of Newport, Bristol next we greet.                           and its excelleit harbor.
2




18                             POETICAL GEOGRAP  Y.
II.-MIDDLE STATES.
New Yorkl.                                                   New York.
In Ncw  York State, where Hudson meets the brine,    Called the Empire State.  Noted for its
New  York and Broolynin their trade combine..canals, railroads, extensive commerce, and its
5few  York and;Broolklyn in their trade combine.                   great political influence.
On the samle tide, \Vest Point and NTewburg stay:                       IIts population is greater than any other state in
the union.
Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Troy, and Albany.'le route from  New York to Buflflo, is one
Schenectady, with Ulica and Rome,                                     of the greatest thoroughfares in the world.'l'he scenery on the Hudson is of a sublime
Upon the Erie Channel find a home.                                    and imposing cllaracter.
Here Syracuse and RIochester, we see-                                   The steamboats on this river are celebrated for
sDeed and grandeur.
The last is on the River Genc  ee.                                          
ALteANY. ol lle ltldson. is noted as the caplital.
Then Brockport clmies, wit.!.  kport in the score;                   New  York at tle tiioah of tlie ludsol. s liri
Then Brokport c omes, wit}a,.  kport in  the stla rgest, Iictst comimnercial, and imiportant townl in
As Buffalo is found on Erie's slore.                                                or s military academy.
N\ est I oWint for its military scadlemy.
From  Buffalo east, takes Attica her fare;                           Utica i'(r the Stall,unalr   tei risoyls.
ScLicll ori tn t 1r Union Collegeuin.
In Genessee, Batavia has a share.                                       sc- lellect. L  r Utitiot College.
c.Sr;te.e t'or jis s;lt aorks.
Then Canandaigua in Ontario view;                                      Ioc.iester tor its lolcril.g nills.
in  O           oocktorti itor it., eoy andt i expensive canal locks.'hill]o tin oone of the Incst conitnercial towIts in the
As stands Geneva east, with Waterloo.!ullti,I ts o  the li.e.of two lieinrcitet thorgh
Ullilt (i't1111;tleS oi0 tllh linres Of lN~o tihe -reatest thorouglhAuburn is seated by Owasco tide.                                     fares ill Ati.erica-l-tie Erie Canal, ald Niagara and
Auburne Oit a rio roules.
1t Tls.t. oii and Saratoga for mineral walers.
South of Cayu Ta, Ithaca is spied.                                     }J~ll.l~c( Sfrntoa for m leral waters;
South of Cayuga, Ithaca is spied.                                      Oswego as tlie principal port otn iake Ontario.
Oxford and Norwich in Chenango trace                                   Sacketis l arlor for; bttle fou wit durii tilte last
war w ithi (Great 13ritaill.
TIn Courtl'nd   County, Courtland hlas a 1place.                     Waiterlowvv  for its neattness and matnufactures.
In Courtland Co unty, Curtland has a place.                             Ogdelsbur-ghl as lying adjacent to Canada East.
Bath in Steuben, Elmira in Chemung;
Owego next, then Binghampton in Broome.
Near Saratoga, Ballston makes her quarters,                          The city of New York is one of tle most imAnd both are noted for their. mineral waters.                        portant towns in the world.  It is situated at the
mouth of the Hudson, on an island about fifteen
Salem  in Washington, with Sandy Hill;                               miles in length.
Whitehall is where Champlain's dark waves distil                        It is visited by vessels from  all parts of the
world.  Mail steamers are daily arrivingn from, or
Ticonderoga lives by Lake Champlain,                       [reign. departing for foreign ports.
Where stands Crown Point, and Plattsburg  holds her    Broadway is one of the finest streets in the,;:                 world and the Park Fountain one of the city's
Oswego sits beside Ontario's border;                              greatest ornaments.  Among the public buildings
While on the eastern coast is Sackt's Harbor.                       we may mention Trinity Church, a gothic structWhile on the eastern coast is Sackctt's Harbor.                      ure, haing a spire or steeple, 283 feet high.
ure, having a spire or steeple, 283 feet high.
A  place to Watertown, Black River warrants;
As Ogdensburgh is found upon St. Lawrence.
New Jersey.                                                  New Jersey.
Trenton, that takes from  Jersey's shore her fare,                   Noted for manufactures, canals, railroads
and its revolutionary incidents.
Is on the eastern side of Delaware.                                     The southern part is barren and thinly settled;
Then Bordentown, from  Trenton south is seen,                        the northern part, rough and mountainous; the
middle part is extremely fertile.
With Burlington and Camden down the stream.                            Apples and peaches are raised in great abundFreehold in Monmouth, known for Monmouth battle.   ance in the southern part.
The Philadelphia and New York markets are
Princeton N. E. from  Trenton, deigns to settle.                     supplied with their best fruits from this State.
T  1  ENTON. on the D)elaware, is ltoted as th- capital
Where River Raritan pours forth her waters,                         Freehold is noed forthe Baltle of Monmouth, ioi.ght.T -rui   "ti l  i A. y i  1 1.~.~  1775 Ibetween the British under Iord Cor nwallis, and
New Brunswick stands, and Amboy makes ler quarters. the Conltinental army under Getl. Washingtoin.




MIDDLE  STATES.                                                            19
From  Amboy north, Elizabetlltown we view;                               Treiitoit and Princeton are likewise celelrated for
hattles loughlt durinll the Revolutionl ill all of whiich
In Molris, Troy and Morristown are two.                                Washilgton cominatided in person.
"yo~~~  i(,.'~~Newark, lnoted for the ianaufacture of shoes and
Upon Passaic's banks, Newark has grown;                                carri;ags.
Pattezrson, noted for its cotton manufacturing.
As farther up the stream  is Patterson.
Pennsylvania.                                                  Pennsylvania.
Noted for coal mines and iron manufac= = =i -- ---    tures; and as being the center of the Alleghany
Mountains.
TIle mountains extend through the middle of
Where  Scull         the state, leavingl  the  northleastern and  southwestern portions level, or undulating.
It is the first mIatufcturirng state in the union,
A  and iis the richest in minerals.
The irotn mines of this state are great sources
of wealth, and chiefly supply the manufacturing
establishments.'J'lhe coail beds are inexhaustible, yielding over
==_........... two millions of tons annually; and in real imtport-____Bo__lv~ance iead wrorth, are more valuable than the gold
mnites of Mexico, or California.  On the eastern
Mauch Chunk _ __~ in C n e e g  u      side of the mountains is fbund the anthracite, or
hard coal; on the west bituminous, or soft coal.
Pittsburg is near the center of the bituminous
PITTSBURGH.                                coal region.
Wheat is the principal product of the soil,
though corn and other grains are raised in great
Where Sc/huylkill and the Delaware convene,                       abundance.
Its population is second to none but New York.
Is Philadelphia, oldest child of Penn.                                   Several battles were fought in this state during
And Iharrisburgl the state mLetropoisi, folthe revolutionary struggle.  Valley Forge, twenty
And Hparrisburg the state  metropolis,
Bristol in BukshoePhlagimIiles northwest of Philadelphia, is known as the
On Susquehannah River, none can miss,                                 place where Gen. Vashington made his winter'Bove   Harisbur,       Northumbrland may tarry:    quarters, during the darkest hours of the contest.'Bove lHarrisburg, Northumberland may tarry:                           a'
As in Luzerne is one, called Wilkesbarre.                              ITARRTSReRG, ol1 the Susqlleh annalH, is tle capital.
Pltiladelphial is toted as beiig the largest tow.  in
Mauch Chunk in Carbon, where the Lehig   pours;  th sae. ai secold ilt the Ute  Staes.  It is distillti ishet for its iu manle and literarv inlsitutions;
Honesdale  in Wkayne, where LackaVlaxen roars.                        atnog d  whiceh are Girard College, for orpliais. the
YSchool for the llilid. antl one for (leaf and dumb perMilford, in Pike, and Stroudsburg in Monroe,                          sOI.  Fairiouti Water Works, w iict supply a
great Iportioer of the        p city Nilth pure water from the
Easton where Delaware                                   and Lehih flowegreatprtiionofotn.
Easton  vwhere Delalvrre ~and Lehigzl flowr.                          Schusylkill river. hold a;,romitlet p!ace amonig the
pleasure grotunds. which are numerous.
Pittsl.., the secoeid town, in the state, in populaBristol in Bucks,'bove Philadelphia's landing;                        Piiteg, the second town in the state. in poputation. is distilguishled   for coal minees ill its vicinity,
Chester below, in Delaware is standing.                              aind for the manufacture of iron, glass, white lead and
heavy mtachiniery.'From  Philadelphia west, three score and two,                           Pottsville, Mancth Chunk and Honesdale, are nioted
for their coal miiies.
Lanctlster, in Lancaster county, view.                                 Realding is a large and beautiful town. situated about
fit-y miles tfiom  l'liladellphia. on the Schlu)ylkill river.
On Schuylkill banks, is one called Norristown;                     It is distlfol mPislleld for ils extellsive iron  works.
Eal;stoin s nloted for its flour mills.
Tlere Readino keeps;   thlere  Pottsville sits her down.   WVilkeslarre for the massacre of the inhabitants in
T   1    1 *10~~~~ thle,Vyoming v-alley, during the Revolution.
From  Reading west, is Lebanon  the while;
York lives in York; in Cumberland  Carlisle.
From  Cumberland, is Cllambersburg southiwest;                           The works of internal improvement in this
As sollth in A dams, Gettysbhlurg may rest.                           state have greatly facilitated the intercourse with
zn'~~J ~~"`   b                the eastern and western portions of the union.
Where Alleghany joins Monongahela,                                    Since  1844 the system  of common  school
Pittsburg is found, thou>gh smoke and coal conceal ler; education has received its due attention.




20                              POETICALGEOGRAPHY.
Here Birmnigham, and one called Alleghany,  Erie is where Lake Eric's waves roll ever;
Their stations take in Western Pennsylvania.             f  As Beaver lies upon the Ohio River.
Delaware.
On Jersey's Creek, in Delaware, is Dover,                   And Delaware City, with Newcastle fare,
While Brandti:cine, fair Willlnilgton lives over.          On the west bank of River Delaware.
Noted as having tle smallest population of any state in the union, and  the smallest territory
excepting Rhode Island.  In the northern part, tle soil is fertile; in the southern, unproductive.
III.-SOUT IIERN STATES
M1aryland.
Of Maryland's towns, thle first is 3BALTIMORE;           I  And CUMlERLAND may of Po-to'-mac share,
Near Clhs-a-peake upon Pa-taps'-co's shore.                   Westward of all I've named a thorowghfitre,
And west from lh 1altimnore liil.s Jfr'ty-two,                   Between Po-to'-mac and the Chesapeake,
Has FRnEnDE: CKTOWN, 1Mo-noc'-a-cei inl view.                  NEW LEONARXIT)TOWN with POIT  TOBACCO seek,
On Serer7's blanlks, tIwo nlilfes f:'o!0  Ches-a-peake',       And DENTON, west of Chesapeake, may rest IIe,
AN.,-NXiA'-O- IS rules( thl  p    l  tle p ad thweak.          With CAa>BRIDGEn, EASTOX, Cel1-t t'eill and CTnESTER.
A German settle'neit is H.X'-n'ErI.S-TOWN,                  And HAVRE DE OGAACE* il Harfordl spreads before us,
West of the Bl:,e R':dle is her station known.                 As EmiM:rTS3aunR', in Frederick, joins the chorus.
Noted for mill climnte, favorable situation  for commerce, and  as having  been settled by Roman Cathol;ics.  It is s)lpar: t:dl f(irom Virgilita b  t!le Potomnac, and divided ilnto two parts by the Chesapeake
Bay.  These waters are navilgable to tile extremie boundaries of the state.  ANNAPOLIS is the capital.
District of Columbia.
And WASHINGTON, C(olnmbia's limlits bound,                  With fair Potomac, murmuring   at her feet.
The famled mletropolis of all aronll(l;                        GElOitGETOWN, from W1 ashlington, Rock Creek divides,
Two hundreld miles froTl s:a sh1e holds lher seat,            West of Potomac, ALEsrXANDlA hides.
The  District of Columibiat was  ceded  to the United  States' government, by Maryland  and
Virginia, in 1790.  It is ten noil,'s sqluarc, contaiini g an alrea of one hundred square miles.
Virginia.
One hundred ten miles from the mouth of James,              North-west from here, are MARTINSBURO and BATII,
In old Virginia, lRICHIaON.o  makes her claims.                Where drives the swift train o'er the iron path.
Famed for tobacco, )v the  sa;ne bright water,                Near Harper's Ferry, CIAIESTON makes abode;
Lyscn'-BuRG( stlllds eastwalrdi froml tile Peaks of Otter.   As WINIIESTER lives fnrther on tle road.
From Richmlonl  (low:  thl  stirteam, on0 Jam.1s' billow,        In Loudoun, LEESBIRG sits the first in power;
JAIMESTOWN reclines alnl  iHA4MTON finds a pillow.            And WOOUSTOCK rules the land of Shen-an-do'ah.
From  Richmond s:)nt]h, in mniles full twenty-two,            And H\AnrSONsIBRG from  Rockinlghanm, we glean;
On Ap-po-mat'-tou, PlETRSI 3noRG we view.                     LU-RAY', from Page; and Stannardsville, from Greene.
Still further siotith ahlo1n  thli iron way,                     Known the world over for its Suliphurr Springs,
BELLFIELD and HICKSFoI) nearlt   eachl other stay.            One LEWISBURG is where Greenbrier sings.
As BOWLINGr  GREEN fro)l  Richnlllid north we hail;           WARM SPRmNGS in Bath, a famed resort for many,
Fair FREDEmRI CKSiBt ( lives 1)v the iron rail.               SWEET SPRTING and COV-IGTOX in Alleghanv.
YORKTOWN upon )1York Rirer sits allne,                     And EHUNTERSVILLE drinlks fro)m  Greenbrier's wave
Where Lord Conwallis bowed to Washington.                     As STAUN'-TON dwells near Wey'-er's fanlous Care.
In Al-be-marle' ole CIIARLOTTESVILLE we see,                To Rockbridge County, LEXINGTON is given;
Famed for Virginia's UlTiversitv.                             The Natural Bridge here lifts its arch to heaven.
Known for her college, WILLIA\ISBRGa( we mark,                   And MORGAN-TOW.N and FAIRMOUNT botlh sojourn;
Between the purling streams of James and Yrork.               Northward apace, with one called MI)DLEDOUnN'.
From  Hampton Roads, eight miles, NORFOLK lives ever,  WELLSBURG and AWIIEELING,, north of all we gather,
With PORTSMOUTih by Elizabeth's flowing river.                Their places each, are on the Ohio river.
SUF'-FOLK stands north-west from tlhe Dismal Swamp,   Adown the stream, one PA.RKERS;BURG is standing;
Where Drummond Lake sends up its vapors damp.                 As further on, POlNT PLEASANT shows a landing.
Where Shen-an-do'ah and Potomac meet,                         Below the Great Falls, noted for its salt,
One IARPER'S FERRY makes its august seat,                  I Fast by Ka-na'-wha, CHARLESTON mlakes a halt.
Noted as the birth-place of the immmortal Washington, and for having given seven presidents
to the Union.  It is crossed by the Alleghany Mountains and Blue Ridge, which extend N. E. and S. W.  The
soil, on the coast, is sandy and sterile; on the banks of rivers and in the valleys, it is rich and fertile.  The
climate, on the coast, is unhealthy; but, among tle. mountains, cool and salubrious.  RICHMOND is the capital.
Hav-ver de Grasst.r a




SOUTHERN STATES.                                                            21
North Carolina.
RALET.GII in the inlte:ior of N. C.,                      Anld BLAKE'-LY, tALFAIFAX nl(ld WrELDON yoke
Wlielre Ricer Neese proclaims her jubilee.                  By railway, on tlh  banks of Ro-anl-ole'.
NKI ER:xnI     r ill Cr:aveni, stands upon the Neese,     GAS'-TON, likewise on Roanoke, is ftarin)r,
Of Cape iear -rier FAYETTEVILLI lmakes use.                 While WARIRE'TON rules o'er tlle landl of Warren.
Anid \\ILrMINGTON Colli'S ill the stainza lext,            HILLS-BO't-O tlhen ill () rane joilns tle score,
Ip C.\I  F'EAT  lIVER, mliles full thirty-six.             Where CIAIrEL. HLIL is lnlted for its lore.
Witlh WASHI(NGTON, TAR-BO'-R(o notes tlhe flow              Near Pilot Mloantain, ROCFORIn ) lives ill Surrv;
Of Riter iTar, tllt rolls to Paml'-li-co.                   As east tile Blac!k 1Ou10nt, Io;:c- IGATOWN may tarry.
Near Al'-bc-marle', let EDENTONx abide;                    3BtNsvILLE in Yan'-cy; Asu\-ILLE, ill Bull-combe 
1PLYMOUTH, froml Edenton, lives o'er the tide.              As west of all, one tMulRl'ii finds a ionie.
Noted for its Gold Mines, that yield $4,000,000 annually; and, also, for thlI Dismal Swamp,
thirty miles longr, and ten miles wide.  It is low andt sandy, for sixty or seventy imils  f;()ln thle coast.  In the
ilterior, it is hilly; and in tle western part it is mountainous.  This state has no good'arbors.  The coast is
lin'd witll sand bars and reefs, that lrender navigation danglerous.
RALEIGH, near the center of the state, is the capital.  Newbern is noted as the largest town in the State.
Wilminigton, the chief colmmercial depot, is noted as being the terminus of an extensive line of railroad.
South Carolina.
COLrUMBIA stands upon the Congaree;                       From Hamburg north, EDGEFIELD lher seat is making,
CIIERAW'* and GEORGETOWN 0on the Great Pedee:               From HanbIrll     east, is 0one whose iname is AIINi.
As CHARLESTON lives full seren miles from sea.              WINNSBOIo, CrE.STERFIELD andll CAIMD1EN, three;HAMmuiR(r by the Svrannah keeps her station,               CArMDEN is on thle banks of VWa-ter-ee'.
Just at the hlead of steamboat navigationL                  South froim the Blue Ridge, and nlorth-west of all,
BEAUFORT is seated on Port Royal Isle,                       GREENVILLE and PENDLETON as last we lail.
And BR.ANCHVILLE lives near ORANGEBURG the while.
the smallest of the Southern States; noted for the opulence and independent character of its
planters.  COLUMBIA, the capital, is noted for its neatness.  Charleston is noted as the largest of the Atlantic
cities in the Southern States.
Georgia.
Where rolls Oconee's waves is MILL-EDGE-VILLE';           GRIFFIN and FORSYTI both, their seats have taken,
AUGUSTA where Satcannaht's waters spill.                    Besides the rail-road course, with one called MIA'-co-.
On1 the same tide SAVANNAH mounts her bluff,               And SPARTA m1akes, with EA'-TON-TON, her pillow
Say secenteen from sea-for that's enough.                   Near Milledgeville, witl olne called MoON-TI-CEL'-LO.
By Al-ta-mtc-/Mc', one DA-RI-EN' we number,                 CASSVILLE, with MARIETTA, fillds abode
Known for her trade in cotton and in lumber.                Where lives DECATUR on tlhe GeorgiLan Road.
BRtUNSWIcK, in Glynn, is by the roaring sea;                There CovIrINGTON amld MADISON may dwell,
From Brunswick south ST. MARY'S makes ler stay.             GREErNSsoRo inext, and likewise CriAWFoRDSVILLE.
Lo! HAWKINSVILLE, where rolls Ocmulgee's water;            As ATHENS, near her railway, lives in Clarke;
A    s BAINSmiRTGE stands, south westwardin De-ca'-tur.   In Wil-kes' Countyv WASTINGTON we mlark.
Up Cl/at-ta-hoo'-chee far as steamboats wade,               Northward of all, is DAI-LON-E'-GA told,
In Mus-co-gee', COLUMBUS drives her trade.                  In Lump'-kin County,'nong lher mines of gold.
Noted for its productions of rice and cotton, as well as for gold  mines.  The mines are found
in the northern part. In surface and soil, it resembles the Cariolinas.  Indigo was once raised ill large quantities, but cotton has now taken the lead of all other products.  Sugar cane is raised to some extent  in thle
southern part.
MILLEDGEVILLE, the capital, has a pleasant situation.   Savannah is noted as being the largest town in the
state, and as having a large share of commerce.
Alabama.
Where SEL-MIA and CA-IIAW'-BA both belong,                As LINDEN, from Demopolis is south
On Alabama's breast MONTGOMERY's hung.                     North-east from Linden, MA'-RI-oN seels her rest
Mo-RBLE' is west the mouth of Mobile tide,                  While LIVINGSTON and GAINSVILLE live north-west.
As BLAKE'-LEY lives upon the other side.                      HUNTSVILLE 1and ATIIENS take a northern seat;
Where Coo'-sa roars, WE-TUMP'-KA finds a choice;            In Tennessee DECATUR laves lher feet.
As TUS-CA-LOO'-SA hears Black Warrior's voice.              By Tennessee, FLORENCE her name enrolls,
DE-.MOP —O-LIS is near Black Warrior's miouth;              Where lives TUS-CUM'-BI-A west of Muscle Shoals.
Noted  for its fertile soil, and  rapid  increase in  population.   Cotton is the chief agricultural
product.  MONTGOMERY, on tlhe Alabama river, is the capital. -Mobile is noted for its extensive commerce.
Tuscaloosa, the former capital, is a flourishing town.
She-raw'.




22                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Mississippi.
JACKSON, in Mississippi, drinks the Pearl;                Southward and west from Jackson still is seen.
Round MION'TICELLO the sLmue iwaters furl.                   Ill Madlison0 o011 CANTON i makes sojourn1;
And NATCIIEZ makes a risiin  bluff her seat,                 RAYM-iON)D in Hinds; PORT GinsoN in Claiborne.
O'er Jlississipp's streal three hutndredfeet.               COicIairBus keeps beside Ton-hig-bcc's flow,
GRA.\D GULF an(d V ICKSIIR G u1p the stream are standing,  Where AnERDE:E stands northward in Monroe.
Where BOL-i-VA\L and COIMMIECE find a landing.               OxFonRD is faund north-west of Aber,'deen l
MIEAD)VILL E, in Franklin, let us not forget-                POi -T-TO-TOC in Pontotoc keleps between.
North-east from Natchez, harbors one FAYETTE.               HER-NAN-DO dwells along the northern line,
WOODVILLE, in WNilkinson, while GAL-LA-TIN                  W here HOLLY SPRlNGS to Marshall we assign.
Situated mostly in the basin of the Mississippi river, which bounds it on the west.   It is noted as being the chief cotton growing State in the Union.  The southern portion is level, and the northern
mountainous.
JACKSON, the capital, is oil Pearl river.  Natchez, the largest town, and a place of great trade, is situated on
a high bluff; 300 feet above the Mississippi.
Louisiana.
And NrE  ORLEANS o'er Louisiana smiles,                   As lives VIDALTA o'er the stream from Natchez.
Up Mississippi's stream one hundred miles.                     One ALEXANDRIA, for its trade in cotton,'Bove NEW ORLEANS one hundred, ten, at most,                Upon Red River, nmust not be forgotten.
Is BATON RO-GE,I   a military post.                         There NATCII-I-TOCHESI an old French town we  enter,'Bove Baton Rouge, ST. FRANCISVILLE is seen;                For trade with Mexico,'twas once tlhl center.
Below, is DONALDSVILLE and one PLAQUE-MINE'.t              To SIIIEVEPORIT next, a place northlwest we warrant,
And northward, PROVIDENCE her colmmlerce watches;           Where tlhe Greatt rt blocked lp Red rirer's current.
Noted for its great commercial advantages, and as tlhe chief sugar growino etate in tlhe Union.
It is a low and level tract, and at the southern part forms the delta of tle (reat Miiassippi.  The waters of
the river are higher ta th te surrounding country, andll  are kept from oe-rflowinlg by levees.  The sugar raised
in Louisiana, in 1845, was 207,000,000 of poundls.
NEW ORLEANS, by far the most important tovwn in the Southern States, is situataed on the Mississippi, one
hundred miles from its mouth.  Its commerce is next to that of New York.  Baton Route, tlhe present, capital,
is noted as a military station, and for a United States' arsenal.  Alexandria is noted for its trade in cotton.
Florida.
In Florida is TAL-LA-ITAS-SEE found,
_-RD    "'s'h naiesae                   Tile seat of rule, on elevatled groun.llt.
Ald PEN-sA-Co'-,LA stalds, f;ar to the west
As of the G:l pl torts she is deemed the bestl
Upon the easterin coast,  ST. Ao-vUSTIAE~
Oldest of towns, beneath a sky serene.
TALLAIASSFF, the capital, has an elevated site. St.
i     Augustine is noted as tile oldest town il thle Unlited
StAates.  It is the resort of invalids, on account of its
And_______ _ AL- O  b  h   nsmild and healthy climate.
Scene in Florida.
FLORIDA is the native state of the Seminole Inlians.   It is noted for fertility of soil and luxuriant vegetation, and as being the most southern  parnt of the United States.
Texas.
AuSTIN, from ColBorado, slakes her thirst,                  HousTos N, nortlhwest of Galveston, we view,
Alnd o'er the Lone Star reigins supreme and first.          On a small streaml, call'd B:!.ffalo Btaymo.
BAs-TRorP, LA GxRANGE, COLUMBUS firther south,              VE-LAS'-CA, whllere tle Brazos nieets the brineWith 5AT-A-GOR-DA at tilhe river's mouth.                   A place of m1ucth resort in suimmer tinie.
SA-BINE' is at the mouth of dark Sa-bine,lj                 Go -LIAD, a town oil San An-to'-nio's shore,
And GAL'-ES-TON beside her bay is seen.                    Where Fanninl died, with full four hundred mort.
"The Lone Star" —noted for its rapid increase in population, and for having once been a part
of Mexico.  It was declared an independent state in 18:35; and, in 1846, it was annexed to the Uinited States.
Texas contains about six times as much territory as Pennsylvania.
Ba-tong roozh.   t Plack-mee'n.   I Naeck-i-tosh.   ~ Au-gus-teenl.   I Sa-been,




WESTERN STATES.                                                             23
IV.-WESTERN STATES.
Arkansas.                                                      Arkansas.
Twice thirty miles, up the lArl'kansas' billow,                       Lies west of the Mississippi, and noted
O'er the north hank, Arkansas makes her pillow.                           t\s atnitted into the Union in 1836.
Arkansas State to Little Rock lays claim,                             A lon,  the Mississippi, it is low and unhealthy.
Thallt by, Altzrkansas rikver lwrites her name.                        The interior is elevated, and enjoys a salubrious
climate.
Van Buren, near the Indian Territory,                                 It abounds with large rivers.
Up the same tide, is woven in the story.                                 ITTLE. ROCK. the capital, is on Arkansas river.
AArkansas is notled as belig the oldest town in the
And I3ates'-ville slumbers on the river W/ite,                      state,; settled   the Frenlch in 18.-5. tts ptopulation
stale  settled l~v tile dreitch ins 18a. Its population
As, in the northwest, Fay'-ette-ville we write.                        is mostly descendais of Freenci a nd Indians.
Tennessee.
Nashville, of TENNESSEE, is knowtn to stand                 Kingstoni in ROANE; and Athens in McMitN;
B\ the Great Bend of Ricer Cit.nberlic'nd.                  Knoxville in KNox; as Greenville lives in GRiEEN.
As Gal-il-tin near Cumhcleraud is seen,                     Memiphis, secnire froln Mississippi's waters,
(larksville, onl Cunmberluand, is down the stream;          South West of all makes a high bluff her quarters.
As South from Nashville, Franklin takes her throne;           And Pur-dy Bol-i-var, and Ra-leigh, three,
From Nashville East is stationed Lebanon.                   Stand with La Grange in WESTERN TENNESSEE;
And where Duck River rolls her purling rill,                Where Somerville rma  learn her pedigree.
Columbia stands with one called Shel-bv-ville.             And North of these Brownsville and Jackson trace,
In RUTH-EIl-FORD, as Mur-frevs-bo-ro smiles;                Where Trenton comes, and Pa-ris finds a place.
Near Fay-ette-ville, Pu-las-ki lives in GILEs.
Noted  for the  Cumberland  Mountains;  for its healthy climate  and  fertile  soil.   It is
divided, by the Cumberland Mountains, into East and West Tennessee.
Kentucky.
Where rolls the Ohio, Mays-ville let us greet;              Paris, in BOUR-BON, makes her quarters yet,
In BitACK-ENs there Au-gus-ta finds a seat.                 While Lexington is stationed in FAY-ETrE.
New-port:ld Cov-i:ig-ton are side bv side.                 And Nich-q-las-ville, in J}s-sA-mrINE, we mark;
Wltre Lic/k-ing Riccr joins her parent tide.                Versailles in WooDFo}0u; Win-ches-ter in CLARK;
W;,r-saw is where the Ohio billows range                    Rich-mond in MADIsoN: while to GER-RARD,
With Car-roll-ton, one Bedford and La  Grange:              The town called Lan-c:s-ter, we next award.
Here Lon-is-ville, the 1;irgest town. is seen               Stan-ford in LIN-coLN; Danville then in BOYLE;
With Brat-den-bur,r that's further down the stream; As Har-rods-burr in MEtICE:R lives the while.
And Flaws-ville, here in IIANCOcE County, ranks;             Then Taylorsville and Shepardsville we greet,
As ()Ow-en-bo-ro mounts the Ytllow Btank.s:                 While Springfield makes in WVASHINGTON her seat.
Then Hen-der-son and Smith-land, each, are passed; In NELsoN Bardstown; Greensburg lives in GREENE;
As comes Pa-du-cab in the stanza last.                      As Ma-ri-on stands with Leb-a-non, between.
Ftankfoit is bv Kentucky's purling rill;                 Columbia in A-DAIR; Gias-cow in BAR-R:N;
In St}EL,BY West, is one ca'ted Shll-bv-ville;              As Bowling Green her station makes in WARREN.
Georgetown in SC(TT; in NIC-HLas C;tr-lisle;                And Rus-sel-ville, Elk-ton and many more,
As iHAtIlso N sees Cyn-thi-a-na smrile.                     With Hopkinsville and Princeton join the score.
Settled  by Daniel Boone, in 17(9.   It is  noted for its deli(htful climate  and  fine soil,
the Marmmoth Cave, and for the brave and hospitable character of its iihabittants.
tIdiana.                                                       Indiana.
Of Indiana State, the riulin   Miss,                                  Smallest of the Western States, though
I-),'~, ~'one of the most fertile and prosperous.
Upon  West Fork, is In'-di-an-ap'-o-lis.                                 It resembles Ohio in surface, soil and climate.
Known for her vineyards, by the  Ohio's tide'The people of this state, as well as inl all of the
*here. lie             ~           Western States, are chiefly employed in agriculWhere lives New  Albany, is Vevay spied.                               tural pursuits.




24                             POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
On the same tide, makes Madison her lair;                              Indian corn, wheat, oats, beef and pork. are
Whee    fiom  Columbus,  rives te rilrod  craised in vast quantities, with half the work necWhere, from  Columbus, drives the railroad car.                     essry i the   ster States.
With Lawrenceburg let Cambridge City mix;,..^...          IN IITAX-APoLIs, on West Fork, of'White river,
Though space divides them, miles, just seventy six.    is the capital.
Vincennes, Terre Haute, and (Covington, we rank [tere hote]           V   is  te  for its vineyard, panted by
With i,a Fayette, all on the Wlaubwh bank.                        Swiss eirants'There, Delphi keeps; there, Ilogansport is known;                    ew       y is note  as bein  te largest totn
There stand Peru, Wabash, and HIuntington.                       in the stte.
Northeast from this, bound by the tow-path chain,                   Aichigan City is the only good port i the state,
MWhere foams IMaltmee, in Allen, is Folt Wayne.                   on Lake Michian
South Bend is where St. Joseph's billows break;
As Michigan City smiles above the Lake.
Ohio.                                                      Ohio.
Columbuseigs  u n Ohio's soil,                     Called the Buck Eye State.  It is destiColumbus reigns upon Ohio's soil,                            tute of mIountalis, though hilly and  irregular
While at her feet Scioto's waters boil.                             along the valley of the Ohio river.
With Steubenville, and one called Marietta,are prires are i-   at tle ha  waters of
the Scioto and Muskingum.
On the Ohio tide, is Cincinnati.                                      This state is noted for great wealth and rapid
And Sidney, Troy, and Dayton, find a home,                          increase in population.
Lake Erie and the Ohio river give it great adUpon Miamni's banks, with Hamilton.                                 vantages for commerce.
Cleveland is north, where Erie chants her ditty                       It was settled as late as 1789, yet, in point of
poIpulation, is tlhe third state in the Union.
As, west firom  Cleveland, stands Sandusly City.
Lower Sandusky, where Sandusky's bill(ow                               CoCLU InUS, the capital, is situated on the east
Lower Sandusky, where Sanzdush: y's billow,..
bank of the Scioto river. Its site was selected in
Gives Tiffin, and Bucyrus, each, a pillow.                          1812, as the seat of the legislature, and was then
In Ot-ta-wa', Port Clinton, finds a spot;                           an entire wildernes.',',:l1Cincinnati, situated on the Ohio river, in the
Huron, in Erie, must not be forgot.                                 southwest part of the state, is one of the lirg'est
Norwvalk, and Manstield, with Mount Vernon, lain                  cities west ofthe Allehalins.  It is one huntred
From Erie, south, while A ooster lives in Wayne.                  and fifteen miles southwest of Colunl'us, four
And south of Wayne is Millersburg the while;                      hundred and nitety from Washington, and atout
As, north, Medina, and Elyria, smile.                            nie hundred from the cit of  ew Yo-, y the
Northwest of all, where foams the dark Mlltmee,                   Buflalo and lake Erie route.   Thlis city, in 
Charloe, Defiance, and Napoleon see:                              1795, contained but 500 inhabitants; in 1800,
7,50; in 1820, the population was 9,640; in l182,
And Perrysburg lives by the Jfaumee stream;                         24,000); in 1840, 46.000; in 1847, the populaWhere, further down, Toledo's turrets beam.                         tion ha  reace  as high as 90,000; and, at the
present time, probably exceeds 100,000.
With Bryan, Paulding and Van Wert, are west,''he climate of this  ity is sjct to consider(,elina, Greenville, Eaton, and the rest.                         able extremes of heat and cold, but is generally
Putnam and Findlay, near the dark Auglaize;                       considered healthy..ima, and Kenton, both, are south of these.                         Cincinnati is noted and distinguished as being
Dresden and Zanesville, o'er.Muskinyum  bide;                    the greatest pork market in tie world.
The streets that run east and  west are denomiMcConnellsville is seated down the tide.                            n he  rstees that rond,'li  ar d west he & enomic.
nated First, Second, IThlird, Fourth, &c.; those
Logan, and Athens, on the Hoclking stay;                         that run north and south are named; as, Elm,.Jackson, and Chester, south of them may lay.                    Race, Vine, Walnut, Main, &c.  The city is )eWith Pomeroy, Galliopolis lives ever,                            tween the river, on the south, and a high hill surBy Burlington, on the Ohio river.                                rounding it on the east, north and west; the streets
that run north and south extend from the river to
From  Cleveland, south, along the tow-path side,                    the hill.
Cuyalloga Falls with Akron are espied;                                Cleveland is the principal port for this state, on
Lake Erie. Its advantages for trade and cornFulton and Massillon we likewise view;                              Les for tre 
merce are great.'T'he city, with the exception of
Then Bolivar and Philadelphia too:                                  that part lordering on the Cuyahoga river, is one
Coshocton next, then Newark, Circleville-                           of the most beautiful in the United States.  The
streets are all wide, and the houses are neat and
The last is where Scioto's waves distill;                           beautifully shaded with trees.




WESTERN  STATES.                                                               25
And Chlillicothle standitivT farther south,                                Zanesville, on the Muskingum, opposite the
An   Cilio, stnin fre           mouth of  licking river, is a flourislhing town.
Drinks from  this tide with Ji'keton and Portsmouth.                       Sandusky City is on Sandlsky  Bay, upwards
of one hunlltred miles from C'olulmbus.
East from Miarmi, west Sci ito's furrow,                              Dayton, on the Miami, sot thwest of Wolf run,
Are london, Washington and one Hillsboro.                          is considered one of the han.!somest towns in the
Ii (Clinton, Wilmington; (West Union count,)                       state. It is crossed by the Miami Canal that conGeortetown in Brown, i3;tavia in (lermnont.                        nects it with Cincinnati.
Irllana lies, wiith Springfield by her side,                          Chillicothe, on the west bank of the Scioto, has
\N'liere roars Mlad river, in its might and pride.                 a beaut;ful situation.
Xenia, froml Springfield, south, is found in G eene; (Zenia)          Steubenville is in Jefferson county. in the easfIn \Xarren county, Lebanon is seen.                                ern part of the state, on the Ohio river, and in a
Bellefonte, froml  Springfield north, in loga'l know;              coal district.
As  Voodfield, east. is stttiotled in Monroe.'I he internal improvements in this state are
And Marysville, Marion, and Delaware,                              rapidly progressing, and in extent are seconl to
Near the glad waters of Scioto Ifre.                               no state but New York.
Lan-cas-ter lives in Fairfield county yet;'he most important are as follows:
While, in the county east, is Somerset.                                                                 LIXGTIT.
In Guernsey county, (Camtridge numbers.ne;                        Ohio Canal and branches,.... 33.;, miles.
St. Clairsville next, Cadiz and Carrollton.                        Miiami Canal and branches,.....
As, one New l!isbon rules Colunbiana,                               Mliami Extension Canal and branches, ] i8
And Canton Stark; o'er Portage is Raven ia.                         WXabalsh mand Erie Canal......91
From  Portage, north, Chardon and P'ainee-ville tread.              Walionding (Canal.........    5'Warren is east, in Trumbull county bred.                          Hocking Canal,.......          56
Northeast of all, is Ashtabula known,                              Mu:kingum Improvement,...    91
Whose county town is christened Jetferson.                         M;ad Iiver and Lake Erie Railroad,. 160
Little Miami Railroad,...       140
Michigan.                                                       Michigan.
Southeast t.he  State of. Michio   in siht "Noted for its great commercial advanSoutheast the State of Michigran, in sight
tages, its t~ilines of copper, forests of pine, and
Of her dark waters, is the town Detroit.                                for its rapid improvement.
Adri'an, Tecumseh and the f ai'r Monroe,                                   It consists of tro great peninsulas, one beAdrian,  lccum seh and the  fair  Monroe,                                ^^   ^^  Micliig^  and Huron; the other
tween laies ieici:ii  anl nd Huron; the other
Where Rliver.taoisin murmurs in its flow.                              betw-een lakes Michig'an and Superior.
nAnd Ypilanti   on thTe r*il-wacy    keeps 1'l'lme  copper miines are on the  shores of
And Ypsilanti on the rail-*t,,y keeps                                   Lake Sup erior
Lake Superior.
In Washltenaw, where Huironz.River sweeps.
Ann Arbor then with Dexter we may view,                                    L.NsiN, th  new  capital, is on Grand lver,
near the center of the st:te.
Then Jackson comes, Marshall and Kalamazoo.                                Detroit, the largest and most important town
-r)  *>    ~r^      i     i  c  11 cu  T.                         in the state, is favorably situated ior commerce
Paw  Paw  is next, and last of all St. Joe,                             in the state, is foray  situated   r co
andl trade, inl the eastern part of the state, on
Where the dark waters of St. Josephs flow.                               the Detroit river.  It is the half way lhouse foi
boats and vessels running between  13ufilalo and
And Hills-dale, Branch, and Niles, and Cen-tre-ville,              Chicago.
WVith Ber-ri-cn, where St. Jieph', waters spill.                     Adrian, Teculnseh and Monroe, are flourishing
As Shelby, northlward from Detroit, we track;                      tcwns on the Raisin river.
From Shelbv, west, is seated Pontiac.                                 Ypsilanti is in Washtinaw county, on Huron
Near St. Cliir Lake, Mt. Clemens seeks repose;                     river.
St. (Clir is where the Sf. Cl/ir river flows.                         Ann Arbor, Dexter, Jackson, Marshall, Kala.
From iPontiac, west. HIowell tle first we scan;                      az, l',  &av Paw, &c., are tihe principal pil:ces on'lhen Bellvue conies, Hastings, and Allegan.                       the KRailrc   d  lthlt crosses the state east and west.
Grlndl Haven, at the mouth of r'ver Grand,                          st. Jose ph is:t the mouth of the St. Jt.seph's
Just opposite Milwaukee, takes her stand.                          river.  liillsdale, Niles' Branch, Centervi'e and
Grand l'apids, with I-o-ni-a, up this stream,                      Berrie1 are all in tlhe southwest part of tlih  state,
Where lan-ing lives, as capital, I ween.                           on the same river.
Corunna, Flint, Port Huron, and La-Peer,                              Shelby is situated north of Detroit.
Ari in the counties stationed east of here.                           Grand Haven, at the mouth of Grand rver, is
And Mackinaw keeps in an open S!rait,                              opposite Milwaukee, in Wisconsin, on the v estern'Tween Mlichigan and Hrlron.'tis the gate;                        shores of the lake.
Upon a dusky isle her bulwarks flame,                                 tackilnaw is notied for its fortifications. an,'or the
A fortress strong, and owned by Uncle Sam.                                  eet   of  e.    rceve teir yearly
stipend froin the Untited States' goverllment.




26                                P OETI CALGE0 GG RAP HY.
Illinois.                                                        Illinois.
Springfield is capital of Illinois,   (   ll, inoy) 
Chi-ca'-o reins  th             e hief of all the clanprares of the   estern  taes are every  ear
Lockportest  ofand Ju-li- et' with  Dresden, tain,                                       fire. The view,   e   e tall   ss is
Are near Chicaoroo, on the dark  Dflames                                                                  arelains. (D     Plain)
A nd l ois,. to Ot-ta-wa may roar,d, is oe   l   agificet ad sulime.
Peru, Pe -o-ri-a, and Ha-van-nallef  a-voo.                          ed for rapid increase in population
Then Beardstaiwn comes, and   M        er-e- xt   e o-sias see  great fertility.
As, east this t ide, is Carroemploymentlton, in Greene.
Prairie on Fire.
Ga-le'-na, noted for her comines ofa lie. ad,
Gasa-leas'-nkia, notedfaorheThe praences of tothen festern Stasouthead is                                   are every year
NoWith iwest of all,  b        ver River bred,                            sep      er y  fire. Tmoute view, whe  te tall greatass is
thoroughluy dried and the flames are aided by a strong
Rock Island, first on  Mississi)ppi view,                                 wiid, is one truly tmagnificent and sublime.
And then the AMornmon. city,                                called Nau-voo.  Noted  for rapid increase  ichigan with theion,
Then Warsaw  comes, and Quincy next we rhyme;                             and great fertility.
And Al' -ton, noted for her cool and lime.                                   Agriculture is the chief employment of the
Illinois river, is now complete.
And Sl'elLyville, V andalia, and Carlisle,
Along the lhanks of fair Kaskaskia smile.                                                 pa. is on th
S.PRTNGFrELD- the saptal. is on tgrea Sabnmoda river.
Moninouth and Knoxville near each other rest;                          Chicago. otne of lie largest towns il tshe AWest, is
Macon and (Carthage, from Peoria, svest.                             at the headl of Lake Michiganl.
And lHtushville, Woodville, and Columb)us, throng;                     Nauvoo, on the Mississippi, is noted as the Mormon
INear Quincy, is the place they all belong.                            Altot is noted for its coal ad. lime.
From Springfield, west, has Jacksonville her fare;                    Galena for its lead mines.
Known for the college that is stationed thaere.
And, by the Waubash, Danville sits her down;
While, on the Ohio tide, is Shawneetown
Missouri.
Missouri.                                       The largest state in the union, with the
exception of Texas, and nioted for its great mineAnd Jefferson  Cityv on a high bluff smiles,                           ral resources.
Cit"',                                      -I This state lies west of the Mississippi, and is
Up the Mfissomri tide twice sixty miles,   (120)                          intersected,   from  west to east bv thle,Missouri
On the same tide, just twenty from  its mouth,                            r, h  g         triuaryof the Mi~sisppi.
The mines of lead, iron, salt, co,(l, &c., are
St. Charles is on the north bank, not the south,                          inexhaustible, and constitute the wealth of the
And Independence, west of all hath laid her,                              State.
Iron Motutain is a mass of pure iron, 350 feet
From  whence for Santa F6, leaves many a trader,                          high, and two miles in circuit.  Pilot Knob is
St.Louison the  Mfississippi'S seen,                       another mass 600 feet high, and three miles ir
St. Louis, on the  Xississij~j~i's seen,                                 circuit.
Down from  Missouri's mouth miles seventeen,
From  New  Orleans, twelve hundred up the tide,                             Jr,.o   CITY, the capital, is on a high
[b!uWt, one hundred ar-il twenty miles up the MisMissouri's largest town, Missouri's pride.                                SOuri river.
And from  St. Louis, seventy miles southwest,                               St. Louis is one of the larSest towns in the
Po-to'-si^liv, known.f.or  ber lead t1 e best.                          Western States, and bids fair to become one of
Po-to'-si lives, known for her lead tile best.                           the first in the union.
* Pronounced in English Po-ts'-si; in Spanish, Po-lo-sil.




WESTERN STATES.
Iowa.                                                        Iowa.
The  Northwest State  of the  union.
Noted for its ftrtility and lead mines.
It is ounded  on the cast by the Mississippi
river, which sep; rates it froms the states of Illi:nois
and \tWisc onsin.
3Is}   Brl'The soil is uncommonly fertile; large crops of'%     COlcrn, oats, wheat, &c., are raised with but little
he lead mines of this state, with those of
siscosin, Illinois and M issouri, are the richest
W::_..ith_'___Davenport             in the world.
Sac Indian lls Spearlng Fish.                       Iowxa  Ci,, the capital, is on Iowa fiver.
the above cut represelts th em spearing fish                         for trade.
Dubuque is in one of the greatest lead districts
I'owa City sits the first in state,                                in the world.
Up her fair stream  a cypher and an eight,   (80)
li'om  the state limits forty miles or more,                                           Wisconsin.
Is Burlington, on fississis)ii's   shore;                                Th-e  Badger  State.  Bolinded  on  the
And norlt-l of thlis ins BploomMiingeton espieed,                  leasst byT 1ake Michigan, on the west by the MisAnd   n      orth of tl-iis is B loo m ington espied,
sissippi river. These waters give it great facilities
With Davenport upon the western  side;                                for coimmnerce..
Ca-lians -che next, then Bell'-vue and Du'tue',                        It is noted for its valuable lead mintes, its tertt,
soil. beautiful oak openings and numerous fine
Known for her lead, beside this gi;ont brih                          prairies.
I    he southern part of ts-e state presents one of
WVisconsi.                                 I the best farming, districts in the union.
I The  populationi is a multifarious mass of
Between two lakes holds Madison lher rule,                         Euroleans  alnd  Americans.'Th e  former are
And of the Bladg(er State is capital.                                 characterised for their industry and  temperate
habits; the latter for superior intelligence and
Beloit and Janesville on Rock River bide,                            enterprise.
As Prai-rie-du-Chien drinlks JMississippi's tide;'                  Ca1S)    tetueellThir an! Fourih  alaes is the
An;d Mineral  Poiit is near Potosi bred;                                MR lwaiiee, the laroest to^w  i the state. is poati
forims rapid advantcemneiis in vealthe, d opulalton and
These two are noted for their mines of lead.                          imnortance.
Lake AMichigan, She-boy'-a-gan gazes o'er,                                              California.
Milwaukee next, Ra-cine' and Soutlhport four.
As  VWau-lke-shla' we flrom  Milwaulkee track,                                       _
On WIinnebago Lake is Fond du Lac',
And North of all, where the Fox.River sweeps,.
Upon Green Bay, Green Bay her station keeps.
Oregon.
This territory lies north of California, and between the Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.  It is noted for being the great               _ "
Western division of the United States; as well as for the enormous                Gold Digging in California.
growth of its pines, which are sometimnes found 250 feet high.          This cotry 
* *           n 1 ~ This country v'as onee claimed by Mexico, but
The soil, west of the Cascade Range, is represented as extremely  was cetled to thie Jmiitted States 1)b treat. iin 1i4S. It
productive.                                                           lies ibetweenl the Rocky MTountain s on the east,,mld
Oregon City stands in a fertile valley near the falls of Willamoitte  the'aciic  Oc all olm the west.
river; it contains upwards of 500 inhabitants.                        It is mioted for the vast qiuantity of gold found within
river; it contains upvwards of 500 inhabits borders. The golit i s                            dug from the mounltains ldi
Astoria is near the mouth of Columbia river.                       rocks, ard from the sand il the beds of the rive.rs
rocks, and froin tire sand tiltie betds of the rivers.




s8                               POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
MEXICO AND GAUTAMALA.
Mexico.                                                      Mexico.
Noted for its mines of silver and  goll,
the formCer of which, have furnished rore than
half the silver of the known world.
It wais on     e thte seat of a  pow erful empire,
over which presided a race of kings, telred
In-Bi rY Y a" h,  the Montezuivt as."
It was irnvaded and conquered by Cortez, a
Spa:nish  adventurer,     in  1521; and became a
T e Po tp1rokinctpe    of Spaein till 182 1, Wen it was declared independent, and a republican form  of
rovernment  esta biihed.
The City of Mlexico.
MTExrco is one of the oldest cities on  the  estern Continent. It is
sitated seven thousalnd feet above the level of the sea. on tIhe table lands.
Upoll the So ithl are seell some of the loftiest peaks of tle Cordiileras, andt
among thei Popocatapetl, a large volcano that is crowned with perpetual
O110Zw.
And Mexico, hiTgh  on the table lands,
In the interior of the province stands,
Above the sea full seven thousand feet,
Adorned with temples rich and structures great.
High mountain peaks upon the south are seen:
There Popocatapetl smokes all below,
From  its hioh summit, covered o'er with snow.
leadetir i1n lie -wart with the United States, and former
presi*dent of the Republic.
The City of Vera Cruz.
Vera Cruz is noted for its Castle of San Juan D'Ulloa, one of strongest._
in1 the world, and which cost $40.,000 000 to bnild it. It was taken Iy thle
Ulited States' army under G;ei. Scott, during the late Mexican wvar, but
was restored by treaty.
For her castle famed, from  Mexico  due east,
Is Ve'-ra Cruz, three hundred miles, at least.
Southeast from  Mexico, full eighty miles,
Famed for her churches, La Pu-e-bla smiles.
*Oa-xa'-ca, on this course, two hundred, stands,
Inhabited by numerous Indian bands;
While south, one, eighty, Ac-a-pul'-co keeps, [180  Camche Indian on 1orseback.
For her harbor known by the Pacific deeps.
The Cnallche Indians, inlhalbiting  tle northernl
In the interior, Gua-na-xua'-to shines, [gwa-na-wha-ta  part of Mexico, are of a brave and hiostile character.
lounted on their swift horses. tliev roam over the
WVith Zac-a-te'-cas near the silver mines.                           vast plaints. attacking caravanis anld every thing that
will afford. them booty and plunder.
W* \~a-ha'-ca.




MEXICO AND GUATAMALA.                                                              29
La Puebla is famous for its beautiful churches.
Oaxaca. 200 miles S. E. of the city of Mexico,
is inhabited by bands and tribes of Indians.
_/~~/  ~.~ ~_ __   is A capulco is noted for its beautiful harbor, which
___M ____    is the most capacious in the world.
Guanaxaco and Zacatecas are in the vicinity
of the silver mines.
Querataro is renowned as one of the most
beautiful towns in Mexico.
The Pyramid of Cholula.                          Cholula is noted for its wonderful pyramid,
made of unburnt brick.
The Pyramid of Cholala. in magnitude, rivals the great Egyptlan Pyra-    Resaca de la P'lma,  Palto Alto  Monterey
Resaca de la Palma, Palto Alt), Monterey,
m d ot- (izuhll. It is olilv )5( feet high, but its lengtIL and breadth are.
1:.3-) tmel. wllile the:gy);tial Pyrairi is onlly 73 feet. Onl its top was and Buena Vista, are noted for victories gained
a temple dedicated to tlle stll. It was built of uniburiit brick.   by the United States' army under Gen. Taylor.
Que-re'-ta-ro, for beauty, has renown; [ka-ra-ta-ro                    The gold  mines of Mexico are inferior to
As, for her pyramid, Cho-lu'-la's known. [co-lu'-la    those of Brazil, Peru and Siteria; but the richness of its silver mines is without a parallel, and
And Mat-a-mo-ras, on the Ri-o Grande, [re-o-grand  have produced mlre of the silver coin than all
Just o'er the stream  from  Texas, takes her stand.                 tle rest of the world put togcther.'I'ey are
mostly found in tlhe vicinities of Guanaxuato and
Re-sa-ca de-la Palm'-a's bloody ground,                             Zacatecas.
With Pa'-lo Al'-to, north of this is found.'he Mexican Milt is capable of stamping from.1.    twice..  m.les           [1      75,000 to $100,000 in one hour's time.  It is
While west from  here, twice eighty miles away,  [160  estimated by some that the whole amount of
On San Fernando's bank, is Monterey. [mon-te-ra                     money coined in this establishment exceeds three
From  Monterey, southwest, behold Saltillo,                      billions of  ollars.
Near Bue'-na Vis'ta's battle field her pillow.                         LoERn CALIFon-TA is a narrow peninsula in
- mMat-a-mo'-ras,     south, Tampico   smiles,        the northwestern part of Mexico.  It is bounded
From  Mat-a-mo -ras, south, Tampico smiles,                      on the north by Upper California, on the east
Along the coast two hundred  eighty miles.                          by the Gulf of California, on the south and west
I^^.I'...i                I T' -rt L  )'  n   hy the Pacific Ocean.  The soil is of a sandy,
IWhile west from  here, San Louis Potosi, [lue potosee'    y nature, an  the population small.
Upon Tam-2pi'-co river makes her stay. [tam-pee-co
Guatamala.                                                   Guatamala.
San Salvador, near the Pacific coast,                               Noted for numerous volcanoes and freFor indig-o her trade is noted most                                 quent earthquakes, and  for remarkable ruins
For indigo her trade is noted most;                                 1.                     ~,
fountd within its borders.
Old Guatamala, once a splendid city,                               It was conquered by Spain in 1524, and hel]
Thou-h of earthquakes now they sing a mournful ditty. as a Spanish province until 1 82; when it d.
I-).Q s' Jclared itself independent, adopting a republican
New  Guatamala, five-and-twenty miles [25                        form of government.
From  the old town, in wealth and commerce smiles.                    SAN SALVADon, the capital, i. situated in a
very fertile valley, and is noted for its extensive
Guatamala is a land of volcanoes; upwards of twenty volcanic trade in indigo and tobacco.
peaks, in constant activity are seen in that part of the Cordilleras   Old Guatamala was destroyed by an earthquake
chair; which is circumscribed within the territory of this province. in 1775.  It has sustained several shocks from
The eruption of the Volcano of Casiguina, in 1834, was one of the the Water Volcano.
most terrible and sublime upon record.  The noise was heard for
more than a thousand miles, and its ashes were carried more than
eight hundre(d.                                                       BALTZ:  SETTLFe5ET. —'. This settlement was
established and is owned by the British, for the
PRONUNCIATION.                             purpose of cutting logwu' and mahogany.
It extends along the Bay of Honduras 150
Pensacola,.   Pe-sa-coo'-la.  St. Augustine, St.Augt.ste'.     miles.  It is inhabited by negioes, Indians and a
Mobile,        -   MIobeel.        Natchitoelhes, lNash-i tosh.
Salbine.   -   -   Sa-been'.       Terre Haute,  Tare Hote.         few whites.
Vera Cruz, -   -   Vera ('ruse.    Oaxaca,       }Wa-ha'-ca.          BALIZE, the capital, is a small town, which
Tampico,  -   -   Tampe-co.        Nolterey,    MIon-te-ray.        exports logwood and mahogany to the amount
Resaca de la Palma, Re-sack'-a de-la Chihuahua,    She-wau'-wau.       1,500,0 
Palm-a.                                       of  1,500,000 annually.




SOUTH AlMERICA.
Commerce of the Andes, carried by Mules and Lamas.
Noted as having loftier  ranges  of mountains, larger rivers, a greater number of
volcanoes, more  extensive  plains, richer mines  of precious minerals, and sublimer
natural scenery, than any  other division of the globe.
Capes.                             And Ura-LuaL  and Parcaguay, are found
In Ri-o de la Plt'-ta's channel bound.
Cape Ve-la, first, by Mar-a-cay'-ho stands,
Most northern point of New Grenada's lands;                           EASTERN  COAST OF BRAZIL.
Orange and North, in fifty longitude,                       And eastward from  the Amazonian coast,
Above the line, near French Guiana brood.                 In the same deeps, the Diamond's waves are lost.
Five south, five west of thirty, Cape St. Roque, [Sl.Roke  The St. I'ralci.sco and S(alado there
Eastward of all, in Am-a-zo'-ni-a cloke.                  With one Par-no'-tha, in his deeps appear.'Tween twenty and the line called Capricorn,
St.'ihomas and Cape Fri'-ar both are born.                      AMAZON AND  BRANCIES-SOUTHERN.
From thirty-five to forty, as we go,                         To-can'-tins, walled with Ar-a-tuay', rolls on
Are Corientes and St. An-to'-n.-o.                        In I'Pa-r's tide, or mouth of Amazon.
Cape Horn, near fifty-six, stands by his post,         Xi,'-,-u. To-pa''jos and Mlu-di-ra tread, (zin-gu)
On''er-ra-del-Fu-e'-go's southern coast.                 With Pa'-ros. in the Ar.lazoni2n. bed.
And St. Fran-cis'-co and CLpe Blanco etay,             Be-ni', Ma-ato'-re, Bri'-ca, and (lark Gua-pore,
On the western coast of south America.                    Join in Madeira from Bolivia's shore.
And 7?fffe, Ju'-reua, and the Jit'-ta.y run, (taf'J-a)
From Sol-y-mas' to mother Amazon.
And from Peru, northward the Ucayale,
Rivers.                              With dark Hliua-lla'.o, the saire waters hail. (walla'-go)
The Port Desire and Cam-a-ra'-nes fall,                                 NORTHERN  BRANCIES.
With Ki'-o Ne'-gro, in the Atlantic hall.                   From Eq-ua-dor', Pa-tas'-co southward goes,
The Col-o-ra'-do rolls her purpling billow,            And NTL'-.o there with Pu-ta-may'-o flows:
From Buenos Ayres, with the dark Saladillo.               Pu-pz'-ra too(, that skirts her limits north,
From here, Salado and Verrejo throng,                     With Ne'-gro from Brazil here marshal forth.
Where Paraguay drowns Pilconayo's song.                  While liro1l Peru, and south of Eq-ua-dor',
Queen Anrazon treads Amazonia o'er.
PARAGUAY AND  BRANCHES..~r, ~ en.~~,v~ ~                        RIVERS NORTHI OF AMAZON.
East of Bolivia, west of Par-a-guay',
In Atn-a-zo'-nia born, pound to the sea,                    IMa-ro'-ni, Sl-ri-namt', and Dem-er-ra-ra, (ma-roo'-ni)
('er Buen-os Ayres her rich and native home,              With Es-se-rli-bo. front Gui-an-a hurry.'The I'araguay' and her dark branches come.                 From Ven-e-zue'-la, 0(-ro-,o-co's rolled;
Round Paraguay, both south and east descried,  A-pu're there, a northern branch, behold:
Rolls Pa-ra-na', and empties in her tide;                 Two branches more, we from Gren-a'da gather.
Springing from Am-a-zo-ni-a's province wide.              Me'-fa is one, Gaa-va'-ri is the other.'Tween Buenos Ayres and fertile Uraguay,               And from Grenada where Ca-rib'-bee storms,
Nained from the last, a river makes her way;              The Mag'-da-le'-na rolls with Cau-ca in her arms.
30




SOUTH AMERICA.                                                          31
TOWNS AND COUNTRIES.
Brazil.                                                      Brazil
Rio Jan-ei'-ro, in a country fair,                                  Noted as being the largest of the South
The capital, that breats B n.  American provinces; for rich gold and diamond
Th'e capital, that breathes Brazliacn air.                           memines, and for having been once governed by an
And Per-nam-bu'-co lives upon that shore,                         European sovereign in person.
Its area is recorded as high as three millions
With Mar-an-ham' and fair St. Salvador.                             of square miles.
And Rio Grande, so famous for its hlides,                           Brazil was a colony of Portugal till 1812, when
Where over Palos Lake the trader  lides                       it was declared an independent state, and Pedro
W5Vher  over Palos Lake the trader glides.                          the son of the king  of Portugal was, by the
people of Brazil, made Emperor.  The population is about five millions; the greater part of
which are negroes, held as slaves.  The comr
merce is greater than any other country in South
A merica.
r? y           _-~   ~  _ —'::;Y~;:~-  ~_~,j~:.... Rio Janeiro is the most populous city in South
They are  orke    te ove t. Te cut reresets the maner i outh Am eric a still un.er the contol of Euro
Rio Grande, by Lake Palos, carries on a great trade
in Il,:es.
TJU' Tejuo is in the interior of the diamond district;
and Villa Rica of the gold district.
Guiana.                                  Holland3.
Diamond Washing in Brazil.                                          Guiana.
The diamond mines of Brazil are the most important in the world.    Noted  as being  the  only  portion  of
They are worketd  y, tlhe governelit. The cut represent the manner in South America still under the control of Euro.
which they are washed from the satnd.
pean powers.
Tejuco, for its diamonds bought and sold;                        It is nearly under the Equator; and on the
Aln  the mouth  ofDemerrara river, and other parts, is said to be
And Villa Ri'-ca, for her mines of Gold                             unhealthy
It is claimed by Great Britain, France and
Guiana.                                  Holland.
The land along the coast is level and extremely
Georgetown, the English capital, may tarry                       fertile.
Along the mouth of river Dem-er-ra'-ra.'iThe area is estimated at 150,000 to 160,000
0                                                             square miles.
And Par-a-mar'-a-bo as Dutch we name,
~Full eiteen   miles up tle ]Ot Surinam.                         Georgetown. the capital of English Guiana, is at the
Full eighteen miles up   e hot u           nam.                          o of Demerrara river.
Cayenne, well foltifiedl, is east of alil,                       mlesP otI'aranarablo. capital of Dutch Guiana, is eighteen
miles from the mouth of the Surinam river.
Upon an island, and belongs to Gaul.                                to  a)nne oil all islald ald strollly fortified, belongs
BuBuenos Ayres.
Buenos Ayres.
And Buenos Ayres is on La Plata found, 
~. ~ ~ ~~~..    i~.,~Noted  for its vast pampas or plains,
The chief emporium  of the province round;                          that feed immense herds of wild cattle, which are
San Ju'-an with Men-do'-za let us class,                         taken with the lasso for their hides and tallow.
Because each stands upon a mountain pass.                             Bu-TEos AYsrs. the capital of Buenos Ayres. or the
United Provinces, is one of the largest rowi;s of
Cor-do'-va is an active trading  town,                          South America. T is sittuated about 2(00 minles from
-  7 1tile nmotthi of the Rio (e la Plaia; it is well built. and
And Sal'-ta, for her mules, has much renown.                        has a Ilrge share of commrnrce. It was founded by
the Spaniards as early as 1535.
Paraguay and Uruguay.                                         Paraguay and Uruguay.
San Car-los and Conception make their stay,                        Noted for a plant called matte, or Para
With fair As-sump'-tion, on the Par-a-guay.                         guay tea; which is used in several countries of
In Uruguay, was Mon-ti-vi'-de-o born,                            South America n place of the China herb.
Uruguay is noted as the smallest of the South
On the La Plata are her garments worn.                             American provinces.




POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Venezuela.                                                     Venezuela.
jiffi                                 oft.ild cattle; the tallow  and  hides of which
lorm the chief articles of export.  It has an area
__~___  aresl of over 40l,1b0  square miles.:-_                   \.? —-',                            a~"?;' ilhis province is watered by the Oronoco and'y    its brancitcs.'I his great river is subject to inunScene among the Moudtions, which render its shores uninhae gitare                                            e, hobut
nlike the Nile of Egyp t, deposit s a richness and
art. lizing q, ality to the soil.
Ne'vv Grenada.
Noted as embracing the         Istht rod u s o f Darien, and as lying upon two oceans.  It has an
area of' 450,t000 square miles.  This is the most
norteren pat  of South  America, and contains
Scene among the clMountainmbs  of Venezuela.                ome of its ublimest fetures. The great though
natural Bridg e of B Iononza extends across a
C^AS,~C:iiCAS   iiselva   g t he. Aniles.:~000 fect above the level of te  crevice or chasm between two perpendicular walls
It snv ed HI is h  on  of Ili, mos iwful vr~ihles  of rn)k, at the bottom of which a lows the torres t
uiAblongiiliiliiiii k ~euis stiniaid a  ug Sof Summa Paz. b Tlhe  arch is 3d0 feet above the
ui (al-p i-rai -  seven    m hles  dih arbtiis   istor i,  water,  and   the   efltct  produced    by    looking    down
Ca-rac'-cas fror     the earthquake scarce survives,              is sa  to b  painful.
Bon.oTA. or Santa Fe ue Bogota, 8,000 feet above the
Of ei' htCeen- twelve, thlat cost ten thousand lives;           ltee  of the                                     f s  e catal.
Th1lree thousand feet she climbs the mount to  heaven
La Guay'-ra is her port, miles distant, seven. 
There Mar-a cav'-bo, to her lake allied,
With Cu-ma-na', that smiles above the tide.a                                                                         5 
Eig'ht tl'ousand feet and seven hundred more,
Stands lBo-go-ta', o'er New Grenada's shore
By ~oyota's roug'h, rollin(r tide her state,
Just fifteen nmiles northeast the Cataract.
Valparai.so hiss a finte Harbor, and is thme nort for Satt.1:agu&.  over I,200 miles, and average width about 150.




SOUTH AMERICA.                                                         33
Peru.                                                      Peru.
Seven miles from  sea, upon a river, narrow,
Lima, fair city, stands-famed for Pizarro;
The,adies of I,ima
11cr port, Cal-la'-o, beams above the tide;                         The dies of Lima' ~~~~~are distiniguishied ibr
Famed for its harbor, and well fortified.                          beaumt, vivacty. coCuzco, where once the Incas held the throne,                   qat try. love of dress,
and admiiration~. In
Now  noted for its Temple of the Sun,                             walki  aod theyU                              -
Invet Ilernslvesitt
From  Lima, stands five, fiftv miles, southeast, [550             iva cloak calleds thes  i.~   ~~~~~~~a cloak called thle
And in the interior of the province placed.                        maeno, which lide
their face from view,`'Tween this and Lima, on the Lima road,.       so eat lt.ey are ea-,ldto pas~s anto,,
Gu-an'-ca Vel'-i-ca makes her abode,                               rcd to pass aintim a 
Near fourteen thousand feet high o'er the field,                   friends without heiinge
Sublime she sits; her mines quicksilver yield.                    recogitised......jl~~~~Ladies of  ia.
Peru was in-,,i        ~ vaded by Francis!t  I, i iII      1Pizarro, a Spanish
I~' II~ ~         adventurer, in the
year  1531.   He
made the inca, or
Peruvian king, his
f~lli!Iprisoner; who offered for his freedonn, as much gold
uiiii~~ ~        as would fill a large
Iflll  ~   room in his palace,
piled as high as he
could reach; which
was no sooner deII I    lIj;ii!ii!qI;   i )IlI                                                  livered   than   the
I! 111, ~l'"li iI -il-l                                -  blood thirsty Pizar-J//'ii  ~ro condemned the
~;1!   i-jt11111'11'!'1!!p!tpi                             in n o c e n t   k in g   to   a
cruel death.
li!Hililli'''iii!'I                     Pvts             [ Pr   li' -izarro's invasion,
ll~ ii  uiiIi)iiiii  ~~! A i                     lePcthe   eruvians were
ii IIt.i 11~i II               t Iuuifire vorslipers.
Thc empire,  acliT~   4I~~ r                               ~~i~~intii            I  cording to their traSpit: ~~~1                                               hdition, was founded
t1'he 10th or 11th
Isa'sii~~~!M~                by  Mano         apac,
11    century;  whose first
appearance was on
I'l;s~             ilieI   a small is;land in
a l ke Titticaca. He
avowed himselfand
I     -=< ~~  wife to be children
-(~~~ 4I~~~~~ ~ ~ ~of the  sun, sent
down to enlighten
and c:.'ilze the nations.  He taught
a~~~T         ~~ ~ the men agriculture
and  other useful
-arts, whilst his wife
_________ ~   ~ ~~~~~instructed the wo.
men in spinning,
weaving and other
Interior of the Temple of the Sun, at Cuzco.                         domestic affairs.
3~




34                              POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Peru is noted for its rich mines of gold and silver; and for having i  LInrA, the capital of Peru, is situated in a rich
been the seat of one of the most civilized nations in South America.  vale, watered by the Rimac.  It is celebrated
It is bounded on the north by Equador; east by Brazil; south by  mostly  for its founhder, Francis Pizarro.  The
Bolivia; west and southwest by the Atlantic.'The area is reck- streets are wide and regular.  In the middle of
oned at 500,000 square miles.  Rain seldom or never falls on the  the town is the Great Square, one of the largest
coast of Peru, south of Cape Blanco.  The earth, from  June to  and finest in America; in the middle of which is
November, is wet with heavy dews and fogs.  Cinchona or Peru- a large fountain having a bronze statue of Fame
vian bark, so valuable in medicine, is obtained from this country.    in the center.
The coast of Peru is unfavorable to navigation, and with the    Cuzco, 550 miles southeast of Lima, is noted
exception of Callao, has no good harbors.'The surf and breakers as having been the capital of the lnca,', or Peruare so tremendous that no ordinary boats can land, or reach the  vian kings; and also for containing the remains
shore.  To remedy this the natives inflate with air large l,.gs, of a magnificent temple of the Sun, the interior
made of skins; of which a sort of raft is constructed, called the  view of which is given on the foregoing page.
balsa; with this they are enabled to load and unload vessels.          Guanca Velica, between Cuzco and l,ima, has
the highest elevation of any towvn on the globe,
Efqup ador.                               excepting Potosi, which is probably as high.  Its
mines of quicksilver were once sources of great
t wealth.
_______ E____=___ —-_____Equador.
Qu',to \S celbNoted as lying under the  equator, and
for containing some of the loftiest peaks of' the
Andes.  It is divided into taree parts; Equador,
Perpet___~ uaGuayaquil and Assuay.
Equador consists of' table lands.  The climate
Quito anrd  tie Amles.                      is the finest in the world and resemtbles spring,
Quito and                              the Andes.                                       pao
the year round. It is called the Evergreen Quito.
Quito is celebrated in Geographi for its sublime elevation, and unparalleled( anint unequalled serenity of climnate. It issituated among the An-             Bo a.
des. 00()0 feet albove the level of the sea; and thlough unider the, equator,               ivia.
has an atmosphere fraught with eternal April.                                             
Named in honor of General Bolivar, the
Qui-to is seated on her mountain throne,                         liberator of most of South America.  Noted for
containing the loftiest peaks of the Andes; also
Nine thousand   feet, and in a burning zone;                        for the celebrated mines of Potosi.
Perpetual spring around those summits keep,                             s area is estimated at 400,000 square miles.
It is rough and mountainous.
And pure the zephyr in its gentle sweep.                               Sorato, the highest peak of the Andes, towers
And Guayaquil, chief port of Equador,                            aloft to the highth of s25,380 feet, or nearly five
nathisissouth,  onr  the s     b   s       miles high.  Illimani, the second highest peak of
From  this is south,  along the surf beat shore. the Western Continent, is 24,350 feet.
iBolivia.
La Plata, in Bo-liv'-i-a, we see,                                  The Condor is the largest
Much noted for its splendid scenery.                                bird of ts win  ared meas x res,
wiet  its wings are ealteeed.
As Po-to-si' is known for silver mines, [po-to-see                sixteen feet.  It soears aoft
aisove the highest peaks of
La Paz', from  Potosi, northwestward shines.                      the Anles, anly in esuelts to
LA PLATA, or Chuquisaca, the capital of Bolivia, is noted for pr                                   he Condor.
the splendid scenery found in its vicinity.                           Potosi, elevated 13,26;5 feet above the level of
the sea, is celebrated for its rich silver mines.
PATAGONIA is noted as being the coldest and most southern  The city is situated on the west side of Mount
portion of South America; also for the gigantic stature of the  Cerro de Potosi, that contains the precious metal.
Indians that inhabit it.  It is bounded on the north by Buenos They were first discovered 1by an Ilidian, who,
Ayres; east by the Atlantic; south by the Straits of Magellan, and  pursuing a lama up the declivity, caught hold of a
west by the Pacific. Its area is estimated at 300,000 square miles. bush, which being torn up by the roots, revealed a'rhe natives of this country are probably the tallest and most solid mass of silver.
gigantic in the world; their average hight being six feet and a half.    The produce of these mines from  1556 to
1800, amounted to 823,950,508 Spaniish dollars.
PRONUNCIATION.                                La Paz, northwest of Potosi, is the principal
Buenos Ayres, Bwa'-nos Ayres.  Guyaquil,   Gau-a-keel.           town of Bolivia.  T'he lofty summits of Sorato
Quito,  -  -   Ke-to.             Rio Janeiro, Rio Jan-e'-ro.    and Illirnani, are seen from  this place crowned
Lima,  -  -   Le'-ma.             Cuiaba,      Ki-a'-ba.         with eternal snow.




EUROPE.
Europe is noted                                                                    _and most powerful
as the smallest but                                                                      and enlightened of
wealthiest,   m  o s t                                                                   the  general  divithickly   populated,                                                                     sions of the globe.
Coliseum at Rome.
" While stands the Coliseum Rome must staud,
Whlt falls the Coliseum Rome must fall."
C Iapes.''The Dee and. Nith with An-nan southward pass,
With Esk and Lid-dell, bound to Solway Frith.
Far to the north, where roars the Arctic Sea,
In seventy-one, (71) Norikt  Cape is known to lay.                     RIVERS OF ENGLAND.
The Naze of Norwav, and La H(gue of France,              The 7Tyne and Tees come first then with the Humber,
One south, one north, atbove the waves advance.           Ouse, Air and 7Tent, branches jtst three in number;
To the north of Spain Cape Or'-te-rul may fare,          These with the T7'.tm.os, from Britain's eastern coast,
NWhile north and westward, stands Cape Fin-is-terre'.    Are hurried on, and in the North Sea lost.
Southwest of all, St. Vincent shines afar,             To the British Channel westward rolls the Severn,
As near Gibraltar, stands Cape Tr'aj-Cffllar,            As Mersey to St. George's Strait is driven.
And Ge'-la south, Pa'-los southeast of Spain, 
While on the east, St. iMartin finds a rein.                             PORTGAL AND  SPAIN.
South of Sar-din'-i-a, Spai-ti-Len'.to peers,             Northward of all, upon the Spanish shore,'While north of Corsica, Cape Cor-so rears.              The MIin'-ho's waters to the Atlantic pour;
And Italy bids her Sparr-ti-ven-lo smile,              And here the Due'-ro and the Talgus drain,
As Pas-wo's south of Sicily's fair isle;                 With Guar-di-an-a, Portugal and Spain;
And south of Greece Cape lMatI-a-pan' behold,          Here Gua-dal-quiv'-er An-da-lu-sia sends,
Where last of all, St. An-ge-lo's enrolled.             And Ebro in the Mediterranean ends.
OF FRANCE.
*Rivers. ~                  Ga-roanne' and Loire, in Biscay's Bay are thrown,
Rivers.                              And the Gulf of Lyons drinks the flashing Rhone,
The English Channel swallows up the Seine,
RIVERS OF IRELAND.                                                        p
ItIVERS OF IRELA~ND.                       That runs from France where Paris holds her reign.
From E-rin northward runs the R;ver Foyle)
With River Bunt, whose flashing waters boil;                         RlINE AND  BRANCHES.
In George's Channel, eastward rolls the Boyne, [boin      The Rlilze from Switzerland makes her first advance,
Where Li:f-ey pours and Slaney's billows shine;          Then northward turns-kissing the shores of France;
Southward, in seven west, behold the Bar-row;          In Germany and Holland then she's seen,
Blhckwaoter then, and Lee, in channels narrow.'Taking from Germany Mo-selle' and Mlnayne;  [[main]
From Allen, Rec, and Der —three sylvan lakes,          From Hollandl, 3Mese, that moistens Belgium's earth,
Southwesterly her waves the Sh/an-non takes.             Coming from France-the province of its birth.'The Enls, the Weser and the Elbe are hurried
IRIVERS OF SCOTLAND.                        O'er German shores, and in the North Sea buried.
From Scotland, to the North Sea, runs the Tweed,'Tween Scot and Englishman she finds a bed;                         OF RUSSIA AND PRUSSIA.
Then comes the Forth, the Tay, and flashing Dee,            From Prussia to the Baltic, O-der glides,
Still further north, with Don and rolling Spay.          As Walr-tha river in her channel hides.
As southward, on her western coast we roam,               Vis-!a-la there, with Neimen's waters tread,
The Clyde first greets us, then the Ayr and Doon;        By Prussia nurtured and by Russia fed.
35




136                           POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
OF LAPLAND AND SWEDEN.                                           OF NORWAY.
From Lapland, At'-nis seeks the Bothnia's roar;          The Glom-ma rolls her down the Norway coast,
Where Tor'-ne-a, Ca-lix and Lutl-le'- shower,           And in the Strait of Cat-te-gat is lost.
With River Dal, from Sweden's wintry shore.                       DANUPE AND BRANCHES.
OF RUSSIA.Here Dan-ube comes, the tide that Swiss and German,
And Austrian and Turk, all hold as common.
Dit-na from Russia on to Riga storms,                    A northern branch the RKver Prllit is seen,
La-do'-ga Lake to Finland, Ne-va turns.                  The boundary line'tween Russ and Ottoman.
Ortei'- r, )Dwi-na, and the  Iez-en sweep,
~;~. o o,..;,,.+,.T;,.,.  f-                   RIVERS  EMPTYING  INTO  THE  ARCIIIPELAGO,
O'er Russia's shores into the White Sea deep.                                              A     IPEAGO,
From the same fields, with all her ice in motion,               ADRIATIC AND MEDITERRANEAN.
Pet-cho'-ra runs into the Arctic Ocean.                    Vardur and Slruma with Marissa go
Vol-ga and U-ral seek the Caspian Sea;                From Turkey to the Archipelago;
The last is Europe's eastern boundary.                     Narena westward with the rolling Drin,
And Kuban's waves, the Black Sea's waters greet,      Foams where the Adriatic waters grin.
As Dol and Donec, near the Azof meet.                      From Italy here comes the river Po;
And Lneiper, Bog and Dneister, all are lain [neister    While westward, Arno and the Ti ber flow
From Russia, to the Black Sea's raging main.             In Mediterranean, with the Vol-tar-nao'.
TOWNS AND COUNTRIES.
British Empire.
The most powerful, and with the exception of China, the most populous empire on the globe.
It embraces England, Ireland, and Scotland, with the principality of W ales, Gibraltar and the Island of Malta,
the greater part of Hindoostan and the Island of Ceylon; Sierra Leone, and several forts in Guinea, the Cape of
Good Hope, St. Helena and Mauritius, British America and Honduras, Jamaica, Barbadoes,'Trinidad and several of
the West India Islands, English Guiana, Australia, Valn ieman's Land, New Zealand and other islands in difllrent
parts of the world.
The population of the whole is estimated at 160,000,000, or eight times that of the United States.
Her great power and bulwark is her vast navy, that once outnumbered the combined navies of the world.
IIet commerce is greater than any other nation. The merchant vessels are upwards of 27,000 in number; of
the burden of 3,050,000 tons. These are navigated by 180,000 seamen.
England.                                                 England.
Windsr Cas,             The southern part of Great Britain; the
seat of the British Empire; and notod as the most
1X. Eglandimportant state in Ejurope, a     nl as exerting th e greatest influence upon the destinies of the civilized and
A  uncivilized world.
England abounds in beautiful and inleresting sceneis wealth more une(qually distributed.'ITh e government is a limited heredita   y l monar y.
The national debt is,4,000,000,000; thlie interest
of which is $160,000,000 annually, or six times as
Man —ches,much eas the whole e>penditures or the United States'
g overnment.
Windsor Castle.                                            Wales.
Windsor Castle, on the Thames, is one of the royal residences of   A rough, rugged, and mountainous country,
the Queen. It was built by William the Conqueror.
west of England.; noted for its mines of lead, iroll,
On En~gland's shores, London is first surveyed,   copper, and coal, and as giving the title of " Prince
The queen of towns in commerce, arts and trade.  of Wales" to the English sovereign's eldest son.
And Liverpool upon the Mersey lay,
And Liverpool upon the Mersey lay,  LONDoN, the capital, on the Thames, 60 miles
The port for Ireland andA.merica.                            from  its mouth, is the largest city on the face of
Manchester, east of Liverpool we enter,                     the globe both in extent and population.  It covers
Of cotton manufacturing'tis the center.                    about 25 square miles in area.  Among'its public
_L                _  v




EUROPE.                                                     37
For woolen factories, Leeds first is classed,             buildings, are St. Paul's Church, the Tower, Westminster Abbey, and Bank of England.
As Birmingham  for hardware's unsurpassed.                  The bridges of London, are works of great labor
Sheffield, for cutlery may wear the crown,                and expense.
For stockings, Nottinoham and Leicester's known.    The Tunnel, under the Thames, is one of the
For stockings, Nottingham and Leicester's known. great achievements of art.
For watches Coventry is famed the while;                    Sheffield has the most noted cutlery in the world.
Swan-se-a, for copper works comes in the file.            Bristol is noted for hot sprilgrs.
Plymouth is noted for its immense breakwater,
Bristol is noted for her wells so hot;                    that cost 55,000,000.
As Hull, upon the Hrumber finds a spot.                                      Scotland.
Portsmouth is found upon the southern coast,                North of England, separated by the GramWith Plymouth, for her sea wall noted most.               pian Hills into two parts; North and lS.uth, or the
Windsor and Warwick, for their castles named;   1ihlad an  the Lowlands.
Oxford~, and CambrIt abounds in wild and sublime scenery.
Oxford and Cambridge, for their schools far famed;   The Hiihlands are mountainous, the Lowlands
Scar'-bo-rough,  Bright'-on, Cheltenham, and Bath   more level, and better adapted to tillage.
Q3,~~,'~'I'Q~The Highlanders are brave, hospitable and indeChief watering places, all beneath my path.                 pendent, and possess a rude and lawless kind of
character.
Scotland.                              lEsTxBURGH is the capital.
Throned on her hills, for science first in place,           Leith is te ort of Ediburgh.
Bannockblurn, on the Forth, is noted for the
Is Edinburgh, Scotia's metropolis,                          victory of Bruce over the army of Edward II, of
England.
Leith is her port, beside the Forth we learn,                E"rl"nd
Stirling, on the same river, is a strongly fortified
Upon whose shores is the famed Bannockburn.                 town.
Proud Stirling here displays her warlike dress,                Dundee, in the eastern part of Scotland, on the
3O^~~,"~~~ ~River Tay, is noted for the manufacture of canvas.
As north on Murray's banks is In-ver-ness'.
Fair Ab-er-deen, between the Dee and Don,                                     Ireland.
For building ships has gathered much renown.                   Ireland, called the "Emerald Isle," "Green
is fon  uo  th Rier               e            Erin."'  A  large island west of England.  The
Glasgow is found upon the River Clyde;                          land of the Irish.
Greenock, her port, is twenty down the tide.                   The surface is uneven, but not mountainous.
Paisley from  Glasgow, west miles eight or nine,  Bogs and marshes cover one tenth of its surface.
The peat bogs supply the fuel.
Is noted for its cotton goods so fine.                         Barley, oats, wheat, flax, &c., are extensively
On Scotia's eastern shore, behold Dundee',               raised.
Potatoes constitute the chief product, and before
Spinning her canvas on the banks  of Tay.                   the potato rot of late, formed the principal food for
Known as the abode of Scotia's ancient kings,    the poor.  Ireland has been sorely oppressed by,    its English rulers for centuries past.
Perth on the Tay, linen and cotton spins.                      The Iish are  uick  witte   sanguine, warmIreland.                             hearted and hospitable, but prodigal and passionate.
Four-fifths are Catholics, and the remainder ProtSeven miles is Dublin from  the Irish Sea,                estants.
For a few years past, Ireland has been in a starvOn Lffey's banks, she rules o'er bond and free.    ing and deplorable condition, from the failure of her
Gal'-way is west, as Cork is to the south,                crops.
While Lime k l s fr up te Shannon's mouth.    DunILI., the capital, is on the Liffey, seven
While Limerick lives far up the Slmnnon's mouth.  miles from its mouth.
Belfast north-east mav at her linen toil;                   Galway is in the western part of the island.
A L ne     l ve upon th. F e. 7Limerick is on the Shannon, in the interior.
As Londonderr~y lives upon the toyle.                          Belfast is noted for the manufacture of fine linens.
Spain.                                                  Spain.
Madrid, the capital, on table-lands,                        Noted for its salubrious climate and picturesque
In the interior of the kingdom  stands.                     scenery, and as having been one of the leading pow-.Fair Barcelona smiles above the se;                     ers of Europe; but now one of the most feeble and
Fair Barcelona smiles above  the sea;                     unimportant.
In manufactures and in commerce free.                          The soil is fertile, but poorly cultivated.  Her




38                           POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
There Al-i-cant' and Car-tha-ge-na rest,                  commerce and manufactures are in a neglected state.
Of Mediterranean portsthe last is bt.         It is separated  from  France by the Pyrennees,
Of MIediterranean ports the last is best.                    among which are found numerous monks and hermits.
There Mal'-a-oga for fruits and wines is known,                The richest portions of America once belonged,,. 1 1  11",          ~~~~to Spain, though Cuba and Porto Rico are all that
On Andalusia's southern shores her home;                     now remain.
Cadiz, her bulwarks o'er the Atlantic rears,                The other colonies are the Philippine, CarBline,.^r -,  A   *^'^    i-1 J.1 riand Ladrone Islands in the Pacific, and the Canary
North-west the Straits, where strong Gibraltar peers.                     Islands in t h e Atl an ic Oan. T hese   are,n~~ r          Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.  These are her chief
North-west of all Co-run'-na lives, the station,   sources of national revenue.
For ships of Britain and the Yankee nation.,.For ships of Britain and the Yankee nation.                   MADRID, the capital, is situated on the table-lands
Fer-rol' stands here, where Spain her navy gathers, in the interior.
Near where Cape Ortugal the dark sea weathers.                 Barcelona, on the Mediterranean, is noted for
commerce and manufactures.
On the Bay of Biscay, whence the wool of Spain                 Carthagena is noted as being the best port on the
Exported is, Bil-bo'-a Ends a reign.                         Mediterranean.
E ortdis, Bil-bo'-a finds a r n              Malaga, in the province of Andalusia, is noted
Valencia's noted for her silks so fine;                 for its rich wines and delicious fruits.
Xeres is known quite well for sherry wine.(ze-res)    Cli is strongly fortified.
Corunna is noted for the battle of Corunna, between
Se-ville', Grenada, and Cor-do'-va lower,                 the French and English, and as the port or station
All splendid cities once, of Moorish power.                 for packets of Great Britain and the United States.
Ferrol is noted for a naval station; Bilboa for its
Portugal.                             commerce in wool; Valencia for its silks; Xeres
for sherry wine; Seville, Grenada, and Cordova, as
Lisbon, with wines and fruits where Tagus fills   important Moorish cities. 
The Atlantic bowl, is throned on several hills.                        - 
St. Ubes, south-east of Lisbon makes a halt,
And from  the sea-wave manufactures salt.
Gibraliar.
The Promontory of Gibraltar constitutes the strongest
fortress in the world. It is three miles long, half a mile
wide. and 1400 feet high. It commands the entrance to
Coimbra.                       the Mediterranean.  It is in the possession of Great
UnCo~~~imbra.  ~Britain.
Coimbra, 120 miles north-east of Lisbon, is noted for its University.         Portugal
The palace of the University, once the residence of the kings, is one
of the finest buildings in the place.
of the finest buildings in toe place                       Portugal was once the most commercial state of
And north of Lisbon, next Co-im'-bra see,                 Europe, but is now reduced to insignificance.
Much noted for her university.                                 The climate is remarkably mild and healthy.
Agriculture, manufactures, education, and improveOporto, on the Duero makes resort,                        ments of every kind, are in a backward condition.
Known the world over for a wine called Port.                 The only productions of importance are wine and salt.
LISBO-, the capital, is situated on the Tagus.
*rance.                              St. Ubes is noted for salt; Coimbra for its univerParis, in gardens, palaces and pride,                     sity; Oporto Ibr the production of Port wine.
Fashions and gaiety, is not outvied.                                            France.
Lyons in manufacturing takes her throne,                       Noted for the important part she has acted
Just at the junction of the Rhone and Saone.                in the affairs of Europe, and as having lately become
a Republic, the only one of consequence on the
Mar-seilles, in commerce is by none surpassed,    a                ei  te on   one o   onseene on te
Bordeaux in wines, much money has amassed;'The climate of France is mild and salubrious.




EUROPE.                                                             39
Havre, fair port of Paris on the Seine, (hav'-r)    The vineyards yield 850  million  gallons of wine
Tou-lon' an   Brest  as naval stations rein.      anlually, and occupy five million acres of ground.
Tou-lon' and Brest, as naval stations reign.
The principal colonies are Algeria, Senegal, and the
Roche-fort' and l'Orient on Biscay's Bay, (lo-re-ong)  Isle of Bourbon in Africa; Martinique and Guadaloupe, ill the'West Indies; French Guiana in South
Are naval stations too, where ships may lay.                          America; and Pondicherry in Asia.,.'     America; and Pondicherry in Asia.
Bay-onne', near Spain, for bayonets lono known,
B y n.   near  Spain,    for   bayonets    long  kno w n,     PARIS. the   gay    capital   of   the    French     Republic  - the
Cal-ais', that oft has bowed to England's throne.  paragon of fashii.ons lr the world -is on tIhe Seine..  yons, noted for manufactures, is at the junction of the
Bou-logne, south-west from  this her station finds,  Rhotle and Saone.
rD  /   +1    C'   I        ^        ~                     Marseilles is noted for commerce; Bordeaux for wines;
Rou-en', upon the Seine her cotton Spins.                             Havre as the port oi Paris; Toulon, Rochefort, and }Brest
as naval stations: Itayooite as the place where bayonets
Russiaq,.                                 were first used; Calais as havinlg repeatedly been in tile
possession of Great Britain; Rouen for cotton manufacSt. Petersburgh is 60 from  the Equator, (60~)                     turi5g.
By  i.eva's banks she rules, and none is greater.                                      Russian  Empire.
Cron-stadt, a naval post where Finland boils,                        It comprises nearly  one half of Europe,
West from   St. Petersburgoh just twenty miles.                       one third of Asia, and a part of North America.. ^  i  -r>     -,      -XT-i/ It extends half way round the earth, and compreAnd south of Petersburgh, is Nov-go-rod':                          hends one seventh of the land's surface.  It is, gen-'lThoughol fallen now, she boasts of royal blooed:                    erally, a level country, and its characteristic features
$.. 11 I^are vast plains and majestic rivers.
The proudest city once of all the north,
Godlike in power, imperial in worth.                                                         Russia.
Pol-to'-wa, known for Charles the XII of Sweden;'>~~~,' ~~~ KRussian Europe is noted for its great power
Whose fate we learn when history we're reading.                       and importance.
The inhabitants are Russians, Poles, Finns, TarO-des'-sa, by the Black Sea, takes her seat,                                  z,,
O-des'-sa, by the Black  Sea, takes her seat,         tars, and Cossacks; the latter form a most efficient
And from  this place exports the Russian wheat;                       part of the army of Russia.
And Ni-ca-la-jef' there joins the catalogue'The Emperor is at the head of the church, and is
0   O o'     styled the Autocrat of all the Russias.
A  naval station, seated on the Bog.                                     The  military  force, or army of Russia, is the
Knozwn for her palaces, and for her bell,                          largest by far of any in Europe, and is a great object
of terror and anxiety throughout all the Eastern
Moscow  in the interior may dwell.                                    Continent: it amounts to nearly  1,000,000  men.
As north of all Archangcel's lair is made,'he naval force consists of 300 vessels, 50 of which
are ships of the line.
Riga on liga  Gulf may boast her trade.                                  The great body of the Russians is divided into
And by the  C(aspian of the Russian clan,                          two classes: nobles and slaves.  The former live in
great splendor; the latter are the property of the
On  Volga's southern bank, is Astracan.                               nobles or the emperor.
Known for her battlements, and  for her -wall,                       Twenty-two millions of serfs or slaves are said to'~c,) i   J  ^IT   ~  ^i   ^i   be owned by the Autocrat himself.
Of Poland, Warsaw  reigns the capital.
Sr PETERSBURGcn, the capilal, on the banks of the Neva,
and 60 degrees from  the equator, is one of the most
The Russians, in fueneral, are robust, well shaped, and of   splcndid cities in the world.
pretty good complexistns. The dress of the higher ranks are             Novorod. though now i  a decayed state, was once
the seat ot a great re-lpLblie.
after the French  and English fashions; and  all wear a                 Pollown is renarkaic. it history, for a great battle
covering of fur for six months of the year.  Persons of both  fongllt betweent Cllarles XII of Sweden, and Peter the
sexes wear a cross on their breasts, which is plt ol whetl  (rent of Russa. it which the latter gained a complete
they are baptized, and never laid aside while thev live.              victory.t   f Ti~       i                   -> ~ -                     Moscow was l)uLrrTt by the Rutssians, in 1SI2, to prevent
The following are the Sovereigns of Russia, showing the   its fallinll into tile lands of the French. It was celebrated
years of their accession to power:                                   for its matmmnoth bell. the largest ever cast, the weight of
Peter the Great, ascension in 1)96                    which was upwards of 15 tonlls.
Catherine I.,     -         17-5
Peter II.,                  127                                             Laplan
Anne,.  1730
Elizabeth, -            -  1741                         Noted as being  the most northern  country
Peter III.,    -    -       1762                     of Europe.  It is owned by Russia and Sweden.
Catherine II.,    -         172'he inhabitants are called Laplanders or Lapps.
Paul,   -      -     -7 96
Alexander,..      -  181                       They are a simple, inoffensive race; strictly honest;
Nicholas)      -     -      13s                       and live to a great age.  In stature they never exceed
five feet.




40                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Republic of Cracov.                                       Republic of Cracow.
Cra'-cow, beside Vistula, takes her post,                    Noted for a mound raised to the memory of
Know   for th n  of Ks- us'k        Kosciusko, which is 300 feet in highth, and 275 feet
Known for the mound of Kos-ci-us'-ko most.                   in  i  h   ase.
in diameter at the base.
Sweden.                                                  Sweden.
Stock-holm, in Sweden, is the brightest star,                Noted for its numerous lakes.  It is a level
On seven small isles,'tween -Baltic and Jfa-lar'.    I
On seven small isles,'tween iBaltic and A~ac-lar'.          country, With the climate of Canada East, and has
about 2,400 miles of sea coast.
At Gotha's mouth, whose fountain head is Wenner,   It has valuable mines of iron and copper.
Fair Gottenbero spreads her commercial banner.                 Hardivone thirtieth of the andis tillable.
^   ^  ^.0s~~~~~~ The higher classes of the Swedes are intelligent,
Of Fah-lan's copper mines, go read the story,    brave and hospitable; but luxurious and ostentatious.
And then, for iron, look at Dan-c-mo-ra.                       The peasants are simple, kind and strictly honest.
In fur,,Tor-ne-a trades1; she's  orth of all;            The complexion of the Swedes is ruddy; the hair
n ur, Tor-ne-a trades; she    ort  o   ll;  flaxen; and their beards and moustaches have been
Carls-cro-na, south, a naval station call.                described by travelers as almost white, and in beautiful keeping with their blue eyes and rich complexions.
Norwlay.                               STOCKHOLM. between Baltic and Malar, is the capital.
Danemora hna lhe best iron in the world
B.. and MFahlan is noted for copper, all                     Tornea fbr fur.
__ —-..  _t SwCharles XII, of Sweden, was one of the greatest....... -a- dI of modern warriors. He came to the throne in 1697,
Upon=.......   _  _          ~~~at the age of fifteen. In his seventeenth year, he
Ilumber -- tar- and.'.. —' f,                fought the combined armies of Russia, Poland and.~rrNI______:??~nl,,"~'~1~=z~I-c   K      Denmark, and gained over them  s, decisive victory.
Drn-i    is     _.........s,,,,al,,ng'   In his, first buattle when he heard the hissing of the
Of  _abullets about his ear he exclaimed, in a rapture,
Pru ssia.,          That shall be my music."
Norway.
/eln  of PNoted for its rugged mountains, cold cliA brc  sh on Ei bmate, gigantic pines, and fo                                    r the terrific whirlpool
on its coast, called the Malstrom.
It is united with Sweden under one government,
though each state enjoys its own constitution, its own
Bridge and Mountain torrent in Norway.              laws and legislature.
From 1380 to 1814, it was united to Denmark; but
Christiana on the Norway coast is laid                   since that tile it has formed a part of Sweden.
Chrstan o  the poay   coast IS laIt is one of the most mountainous countries in
Iron and lumber is her wealth and trade.                    TEurope, and abounds with romantic and sublime
Upon the western coast, is seated Bergen;                    scenery.
In lumber, tar and fish, her commerce urging lumber. IAsa,                    the capital, is noted for iron and
2.     lumber.
Dron-theim' is north of this, along' the flood-             Bergen, upon the western share, carries on a great
Of Norway's ancient kings,'t was once the. abode.  trade in lumber, tar and fish.
Prussia.                                                 Prussia.
Berlin, of Prussia, stands upon the Spree,                  Noted for its rapid rise from a small state
to one of the first powers of Europe.
A branch of Elbe, of royal pedigree.                           It was formerly an electorate of Germany; BranBres-lau is found far up the river 0-der,                 denburg the basis: East and West Prussia were first
added; Silesia was wrested from Austria; Posen
And known for linens, near the Polish border.                from  Poland; and a part of Pomnerania from  SweAnd Konigsburg is seated on the Pre-gal,                  den; arnd Saxony, WVestphalia, Clevesburg and the
Lower Rhine, were added in 1815.
Whose place or rank, in days gone by, was regal.               The principal rivers are all navigable.
Next, Dant-zic, on the Vis-tu-la, we greet,                 Amber is found on the shores of the Baltic.
The army is the best disciplined in Europe.
Great mart of Poland, for exporting wheat.




EUROPE.                                                     41
Co-logne, upon the Rhine, with Dutch may trade,    Its system of common school education is considA  water called Cologne, she long has made.               ered the best in the world.
A  water, called Cologne, she long has made.                   BERLIN, the capital, on the Spree, a branch of the
As Frankfort on the Oder keeps her fairs,                 Elbe, is one of the most splendid cities in Europe.
On Elbe, is Maor-de-buro, prepared for wars.,.Konigsburg was once the capital of the whole
kingdom.
As Luther lived in Wittenberg-in Thorn,                     Frankfort, on the Oder, is noted for fairs.
By Vis-tu-la, Copernicus was born.                             Magdeburg, on the Elbe, is strongly fortified.
Wittenberg was the residence of Luther.
Aix la Cha-pelle and Til-sit both, we find,                 Thorn was the residence of Copernicus.
Are for important treaties borne in mind.                   Aix la Chapelle and Tilsit are noted for treaties.
Austria.                                                 Austria.
On Danule's banks, o'er Austria stands Vienna,               One of the most important states of Europe;
one third larger than France, and twice as lal-e as
Upon a fertile plain, she rules o'er many.                   Great Britain and Ireland.
Prague rules Bohemia, on the tide Moldau;                   It is richer in minerals than any other European
Her0~~~~ buwaksfrwnupn  hefild  blostate.
Her bulwarks frown upon the fields below.                      The Archduchy of Austria is the original basis
North of Vienna Aus'-ter-litz appears,                    of this Empire. Hungary was obtained in 1438, by
And of Napoleon's victory wears the scars.                   marriage; Gallicia in 1792, by the dismemberment
of Poland.  The Italian provinces were annexed
By the Adriatic Gulf is throned Tri-este,                 in 1815.
Well fortified, of Austria's ports the best.                   VIENNA, on a fertile plain, and situated upon the
Danube, is the capital.
And near the Adriatic,'mong the number,                    Prague, on the Moldau, a strongly fortified town,
I'-dri-a, for quicksilver mines, remember.                   is the capital of Bohemia.
Austerlitz, north of Vienna, is noted for a great
P -est, ot e e bevictory of Napoleon over the Austrians.
Trieste, by the Adriatic, a strongly fortified town,
has the best port in Austria.
Buda, noted for baths, on the Danube, is connected with Pesth, on the eastern side, by a bridge of
boats.
Wieliczka, a town of Poland, is noted for salt
mines.
Buda and Pesth.
Bada, on fhe west bank of the Danube, is connected with Pesthi, on
the eastern banik, by a bridge of boats.
At Bu-da's baths and palaces, now lookBy Danu6e's western bank, upon a rock;
With this, connected by a bridge of boats,
Pesth, on the eastern bank, her trade promotes.                                  lremnitz.
Schem'-nitz and Krem'-nitz,'mono  the mountains   Krcmnitz and Schernitz, among the mountains of Hungrgary, are notedt for gold anid silver miies.
Well known for mines of silver and of gold.   [old,
To-kay', for wines; as Presburg, well you know,                    German States. -Bavaria.
Was IHungary's capital, some years ago.                        Bavaria, in the southeastern part, is, next
Lem-bcer,  for inland trade; of Polish birth,             to Austria and Prussia, the most impcstant state in
Wie-licz'-ka from her salt mines draws her worth.              The Black Forest and the Alp, two masses of
mountains, fiorn one principal feature of this state.
d~Germanru   Stateys- Bavataria.'laThey are bleak regions, with little wood or verdure.
Agriculture is in a backward state, and manufactures
Bavaria waves her banners by the I'-ser, [e-ser]  have been neglected.
Bavaria's capital, she's known to be, sir.                    BAVARIA, 011 the Iser, is the capital.




42                             POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
For watches known, inventions, toys and books,    The  battle of Hohenlinden, where   Moreau
gained one of his great victories, is commemoratel
At Nuremberg, the traveler often looks.                      by Camnpbell in a sublime and glowing song, of which
Blenheim, on Danube, and the H-o-hen-lin-den,   tile following is an extract:
From Mu'-nich, east, the war-horse once reclined on.              On Linden when the sun was low,
Ail bloodless lay the untrodden snow,
And dark as winter was the flow,
Saxony.                                        )f Iser, rolling rapidly.
For her picture  galleries known, now  look  at                But Linden saw anothersiaht,
When the drum beat at dead of night,
Beside the Elbe, as Saxony, she rests in. [Dresden,               Commanding fires of death to light,
In fairs and commerce, let fair Leip'-sic reign,he darkess of her s                          ry.
As Meis'-sen, on the Elbe, makes porcelain;                                      Saxony.
And Frey'-berg, by two hundred mines surrounded,    The smallest kingdom  in Europe, though
Has there a minino institution founded.                      the people are the best educated.
Agriculture and mining mostly form the occupation
~~~Hanover,~                     ~ ~of the inhablitants.
Tahe Saxon sheep are noted for their fine wool.
Upon the Leine, from the western shores, just over,    Commerce and manufactures are extensive.
DRESDEN. oil thle Elbe, is noted for ils picture galleries.
Well fortified and strong, is fair Hanover.                    Leipsic is noted for fairs.
Z:)O^~~~.  ~Freyberg, in the center of the mining district, is noted
Up the same tide, has Gottingen her post,                 for its inillili itnsitutios.
Known for her university the most.                                              Hanover.
A  North Sea port, for vessels great and small,                anover became a kindom  in 1815.
Em'-denanover is on tecame a kingdom  n 1815.
Em'-den is on tlhe Eros, northwest of all.                     It is mostly an extensive plain, with gentle rising
grounds, and nearly destitute of mountains.  The
Virtemberg.                             HIartz Mountains are rich in mines, which are extensively wrought.
Stutt'-'ard of Wir'-tem-ber,, as first may shine,
Sttgr   of   irte brg  a  fis mysin, STUTTGARD, onl a branch of the Rhine, is the capital.
Upon a branch of the fair flowing RMine.    [dress,   Erdenlc  on the Elms, is the principal port for the North
Upon a                     b          r          an of the~hit flowing R/d. [dress,  Sea trade.
On Danube's banks, Ulm  wears her shining war-   Gottingen, on the Leine, is noted for its university.
O'er Europe, noted for a mighty fortress.                                     Wirtemberg.
Baden.                                 Noted as being the best cultivated part of
Gerimany.
Carls-ru'-he, near the.Rhine, rules over Ba'-den,    Erected into a kingdom in 1806.
Whose shores, with  Man'-heim, farther north, are    Its mountains are rich in minerals.
laden.
Baden.
Small German  States.                            A narrow but fertile plain on the east side
of the Rhine.
Mentz, on the river Mhine, invented printing;             oCAf LsaH, is the capital.
Of war, her bulwarks seem  to be a hinting.
Small German States.
Weimar, tlle capital of Saxe Weimar,
Has been tlie abode of many a learned dreamer;                 HESSE DARMSTADT consists of three sepa-'-na,  southeast of this, her pace may fix,               rate districts; two north, and the other south of the
Je'-na, southeast of this, her pla.ce may fix,            River Mavne.
Remembered for the fiay of eighteen'six.  [1806               SAXE WEIMAR is noted for its high rank in
literature and the arts.
Free  Cities.                            JJena is noted for a great battle between the French
and Prussians, where Napoleon gained one of his
Frankfort, known for her Federative Diet,                 greatest victories.
Lives on the Mayne-a place of fairs and quiet.                                Free Cities,
Itamburg, upon the Elbe, has fixed her station,
cmbure r, vs sepon  the Elbe, has fixed her station,        MIentz, strongly fortified, is noted as being
Where vessels come to trade, of every nation.                the place where printing was invented.




EUROPE.                                                      43
Seated upon her western banks, is Bremen,                       The four free cities of Germany are all that remain
Noted for c e, ad, of t s, a   of the Hanse or imperial towns; which once numote  for commece,  nd,  tons, a freemn.       bered eighty-five of the most commercial cities in
Lu-bec', though in obscurity immersed,                     Europe.
In the fmed Hanseatic Lea, ws firt.                  FRANKFORT, the capital of Germany, is noted for
In the f d H c.     fairs, and as the place where the German or FederaS^w tzerla ~nd.           tive Diet, or Congress assemble.
Switzerlwand.
Switzerland.
T.  Phillst  l;i  Cna    by Lk One of the most mountainous countries of
Europe. Noted for its sublime and romantic scenery.
It is divided into twenty-two cantons, which are
/h D ev l's    each independent  republics, united together otr the
purpose of common detense.
The Swiss mountaineers are noted for hospitality
and love of liberty.
_T;sl~~-~~~Phs~1~F1F ~LU='The country abounds with lofty mountains, covered with perpetual snow; glaciers. or lakes of ice;
torrents that roar and foam  down the rocks; and
avalanches, or immense masses of snow.
B Un}:, LUCERN xe  and ZuicH are the capitals of
Switzerland; they are noted for the grandeur of their
scenery.
Basle, noted for its university, and as the place
where paper was first made, is on the Rhine.
Schauffhausen is near the celebrated cataract of
the Rhine.
The Devil's Bridge.                        Constance, by Lake Constance, is noted for its
The Devil's Bridge, in Switzerland, is built over the Reuss, a foaming rapi torrent that empties in lake Iucerne after passing through    TH            TH   THRE   TELS-The
the canton ot Ur{. The sensation produced by looking from thet top,e
is giddy and sublime; an( tile roar of waters almost deafeni,.  three founders of the Helvetic confederacy are thought
I ofswtzenrlhandstow, B n   sthan    u         t                                  hto sleep in a cavern near the Lake of Lucerne.  It
Of Switzerland's towns, Berne stands  upon the  is suposed that if Switzerland is ever enchained, they
Lau-sanne, upon Geneva, has her fare;                [Aar;  will arise and vindicate her rights.
These two, with Zurich, on her lae or sea, [zu'-rick              When lri's beece woods wave red,
Int the burniig hamlet's lighlt
Are noted for their splendid scenery.                             Tlhe from the cavern of the dled,
Shall lihe sleepers walk in mighlt.
Known as the place where paper first was made,                      Writh a leap like''ell's pro( leap,
Whlien away the Ielmii hlie fluiing,
And for her school, Basle on the Rhine is laid. [bale                  Antd olilly tip tlle steep
oatbrancth of tShel, Rt          From the flashinig billow sprung
Scauff-hau'-sen,  for a cataract of the Rhine                                        D 
Scauf-ha'-sere fower aeThey shall wake ibeside the forest sea,
Lu-cerne', where towers the forest tree, sublime. Ii the ancient garb they wore,
VWhen they litnked the hainds that made us free,
Known for her council, of religrious maOke,                      on t!he Griitli's iytoon!glit shore.
And their voices shall bie he.r(l1,
Constance, northeast of all, is by the Lake.                            Anid ble answered with a shout,
Till the echoillg Alps are stirred,
And the signiial fires blaze out.
BelgiumI.                                                            Mairs. Henzans.,n 5 -M_                       Belgium.
Noted for its fertility; its high  state of
_     cultivation; and for its beiing the most thickly populated of any country of Europe.
The Belgians were formerly called Flemings.
Belgium  once belonged to Austria, and then to
France.  In 1815 it was united with Holland   It
became a separate State in 1830, when Leopold took
ll  Brussels.                       the throne.
Brlussels, in Belgium, is noted for carpets, lace, camblets, &e.
Brussels, in Belgium, on a branch of Scheldt, [skelt    BRussELS, the capital, is noted for its carpets, lace,
In carpets, lace and camblets, long has dealt.                camblets, &c.




44                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
From  Brussels, north, in miles, just twenty-five,           Antwerp is noted for its cathedral, the spire of
Antwerp, upon the Scheldt, her trade may drive;    which is 44  feet high.
Ghent is the place where peace between the United
Of her cathedral, there is much renown,                      States and Great Britain was concluded.
That climbs the heavens in feet, four, forty-one.(44 )    Waterloo is famous for one of the greatest battles,Thatci s h e e ifty    ). ever fought; a battle that decidee the fate of Europe
Ghent, for a treaty known, we next will scan,             and Napoleon.
Just thirty miles southwest of Amsterdam.                       The following extracts are from Byron' Waterloo:
And there was mounting in hot haste, the steed,
Nine miles from  Brussels, south, is Waterloo,             The mustering squadron, and the ciatterlng car
Where met Napoleon his overthrow.               [quarters.   Went pouring forward with impetuous speed,
And swiftly forming in the ranks of war.
Liege, known for firearms, makes the Meuse her                                         ro       lf
0 X,                             Last noon beheld them full of lusty life,
Mech'-lin for lace, and Spa for mineral waters.            Last eve in beauty's circle proudly gay,
rlong the French frontier,     The midnight brought the signal sound of strife,Tour'-ney and Mons along the French frontier, The morn, the marshalingin arms,-the day
The morn, the marshaling in arnis,-the day
Safe in their battlements, need nothing fear.                 Battle's mngnificently stern array!.'   o^~   The thunder-clouds close o'er it, which when rent,
The earth is covered thick with other clay,
Denmark.                                Which her own clay shall cover, heaped and pent,
Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial hient.
And Copenhagen stands on Zealand isle;                                        Denmark.
As, by the Elbe, Al-to'-na reigns the while.                 Denmark comprises the peninsula of JutFrom  Copenhagen, north, on Zealand's shore,              land, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenberg, together
W.. l..-^.  ~~,  ~ with Fuen and Zealand, with the foreigi possessions
Where vessels pay their toll, is El-si-nore'.                of Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, &c.
The soil is fertile and well adapted to pasturage.
Holland.                                The atmosphere is thick and cloudy, but generally
salubrious and healthy.
In proportion to its extent, Holland is one of the most      The Danes are honest and well educated.
pop'districts on the globe.                                The principal source of influence of this state, is
Tppulo tchs   ere, at a forner period, tle most; flourishing  the command of the entrance to the Baltic. It exacts
The Dutch were, at a ftbmer period, the most flourishing
Theant gret st chmwmerel at a foreeropi e  od, tise mlostlouerisising   a toll of all ships that pass in and out of that sea.
and greatest commercial people on the globe.                                                      i      cal
Te forn te *es    *     to.olland are chiefly' COPENHAGE, on11 the island of Zealand, is the capntal.
Tlhe foreign territories belonging to H11olland are chiefly
in the East Indies, a.nd include part of the islands of Java,
Sumatra, Banda, Borneo, Celebes, Gilolo, and Timor, alsoHolland.
the Moluccas or Spice Islands. In South America, Suri-          Th  l,  r r             
uam or Dutch Guiana.  In the West Indies, the islands of        Theland of the Dutch, formerly called the
St. Eustatia, Curacoa, Saba, and part of St. Martin's. In   Netherlands
Afiica, severatl forts on the coast of Guillea.                This is a flat, level country, below the bed of the
sea; which is kept from encroaching and overflowing
the land by means of dykes or embankments.
In Holland, near the coast,Hague makes her claim;    Canals serve the purpose of streets, and are the
i..A   s e'  l    highways for the commerce of the kingdom.
As, thirty miles northeast, is Amsterdam;                      The Dutch are the most inveterate smokers in the
The last stands on an arm  of Zuy-der Zee,                   world.
nown    f    canals, whe b s ps m rily.                        They have colonies in South America, West AfKnown for canals, where boats pass merrily. 
Known for Xs' ass 1-   Ji  *        rica, Java, and other Asiatic islands.
As Rotterdam  is seated on the Meuse; [muce                  AMSTERTIA, the capital, on Zuyder Zee, is noted
Harlem, by Hcarlemn LFake, of flowers makes use.  for its canals, that serve the purpose of streets.
Harlem, by Harlem Lake, of flowers makes use.'
As a naval depot, next, remember Flushing,                                      Italy.
U-trecht', for peace, where river Rhine is blushing.    A peninsula in the southern part of Europe;
noted as having been the seat of the Roman Empire,
The States of Italy.-Sardinia.                       and of the Popes, and as the land of sculpture, paintMuch noted for her silks, beside the Po,            ing, architecture and music.
Much noted for her silks, beside the Po,                    It is distinguished likewise for its mild climate, and
Tu-rin rules o'er Sardinia you know. (tu-reen')              as being the most delightful country of Europe.. built upon a  i.o'n''.d          It is now divided into several different states or
Gen'-o-a, built upon a mountain's side,                governments, the principal of which are as follows:
Still of Columbus makes her boast and pride.                   1. The kingdom  of Naples, or the two Sicilies.
Here, Al-es-san'-dria and Ma-ren'-go's known,    2. The Statesof the Church.  3. Grand Duchy of
Tuscany.  4. The kingdom  of Sardinia. 5. The
The last, where fought the great Napoleon.                   kingdom of Lombardy and Venice.




EUROPE.                                                     45
Upon Sardinia's isle, behold Sas-sa'-ri                                       Sardinia.
High to the north, wl)ile south is one Cagl-ia'-ri.            The  kingd6m  of Sardinia embraces the
island of Sardinia, and the northwestern part of Italy.
Lombardy  and  Venice.                            The latter has a fine soil and mild climate.
The Island of Sardinia has an area of about
For her Cathedral known, the fax Mi-lan,                  10,000 square miles; it is a trifle smaller than Sicily.
Upon the west of Lombardy)wescan;              A large portion of the surface is hilly and mounUpon the west of Lombard} we scan~; tainous.  It produces every variety of fruits common
Venice, beside the A-dri-at-ic smiles,                   to southern Europe.
High to the head on seventy-two small isles.                   TtrIs, the capital of Sardinia, on the Po, is noted
for silks.
As Virgil's birth place, next Man-tu'-a know,               Genoa is noted as the birthplace of Columbus.
That keeps her station on tle rolling Po.                      Marengo for a great victory of Napoleon over the'- ^   ^,.  ^  TAustrians, in 1800.
Lo'-di is west of this, a warlike town,
Where Bonaparte a splendid victory won.                                Lombardy and Venice.
St4ates. of the Church.                          Lombardy and Venice, or Austrian Italy, is
situated between the River Po and the Alps.
Rome, by the Tiber, keeps her ancient seat,                 It is one of the best cultivated states of Italy, and
belongs to Austria.
Known for her temples and her structures great;                Lombardy is in the west and Venice in the east.
Her columns, arches, monuments we hail,                        MILAN, in the west of Lombardy, is noted for its
cathedral.
But the far famed St. Peter's first of all.                    Venice is situated on seventy-two small islands, at
As fair Bo-logn-a keeps the northern border,              the head of the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice.
-     Mantua is noted as the birthplace of Virgil.
An-co'-na, to the south-east, boasts her harbor.            Lodi for one of Napoleon's most splendid victories.
The Two  Sicilies.                                     States of the Church.
Rome, the most celebrated city on the globe,
is fifteen miles fro m the mouth of the T'iber. A mlon
^'i__'the structures  and monuments of greatness, that
Lon  nt fote u  excite the interest of travelers, is the great St. Peter's,
T':t/'J.   c-^' -'sA f            the largest cathedral ever built.
Naples.
4 DPa-M                   Naples, or the two Sicilies, includes the
And /s11~~~~~~:Apatsouthern part of Italy, the island of' icily, and the
Lipairi Isles.
As —I- The(se enjoy a warnr climate. andl have a fertile
The-f~~~    w-              ~~soil, that produces the greatest variety of grains and
____~'~r —~-s~imea ~    1 f fruits.
The island of Sicily was formerly called the Granary of Ite ly.
\ riculture and manufactures, nothwithlstan!dil ng,
m re in a very backward state.
NAPL.es, seven miles from  Mount Vesuvilus, is
Naples.                           noted for its beautiful bavy.
Naples, near Mlount Vesuvius. has long been noted for the beaut of   Syracuse is noted bor its ancient splendor.
its bay, the deliciousness of its climate, and the picturesque scenery    Marsala, for its delicious wines,
in its vicinity.
Near Mount Vesuvius let Naples stay,                              Grall d Ducly of Tuscany.
Long noted for the beauty of her Bay.                          One of the most populous states of Italy.
Pa-ler'-mo sits on Sicily's fair isle,                      Thei people are industrious and enterprising.
Manufactures, as well as agriculture are flourishing.
And there Mes-si'-na and Ca-ta'-ni-a smile,                   FLORENcE:, on the river Arno, is noted for painting
As Syracuse is known for ancient splendor,               and sculpture.
Pisa, for its leaning tower, 1 90 feet high, and 14
The wine cup to Mar-sa'-la we may tender.                   from a perpendicular.




46                             POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Grand Duchy of Tuscany.  Turkey in Europe.
The seat of the Ottoman Empire, and the
most southeastern country of Europe.
It is interspersed with  mountains, valleys, and
rivers,
lo  I-t ce                      mot It is mostly watered by the Danube and branches.
" ~"li'~' " -  It has a fertile soil, anti mild climate; and under a
In._                   _ sculp~!ature~ andt~ in t ~i liberal aovernment  would lbe one of the finest coun-....__.~~~~~  / ~,  tries of Lurope..~:"'-~- ~' —~~~~~~~~~~~7~~'                 I lThe court is called the Ottoman Porte, or Sublime,-~-7? -"~~ —L —-L1-sY-~- ~  ~j ~Porte.
Pi-sa__~- IS___ —noted-                                    COf-rhs- Ai eri -OPLF, in the southeastern part of
Europe, upon theiBosphorus, near AsLi  and the sea
oreic^'e.~ ^of Marinora, is one of the finest cities of Europe.
Florence. situated on the Arino. is noted for its Gallery of Pntings e serli  or    l palace is a city of it
atnd  culpture. It is one of the nost beautiful cities ii Europe.,, 
F lor'-ence is seated on the Arzo's banks;                                       Greece.
In sculpture and in painting, high she ranks.                     One of the most distin guished countries on
Pi.acc  b.looms for   C orsc    rh towr                           Frthe globe.  Noted for its great antiquity, and for
Pi-sa is noted for ir hleanint tower; (pe-za)  having been the cradle of the arts and sciences.
Leg-horn', near by, in commerce boasts her power.    It has lately been rescued fiolll''urkish thraldom,
by the combined aid of Rttssia, France and Eni.HSmal mlu  St bat    gland; and is now in a prosperous condition.
ATr!IFeNS is noted for its antiquity, and importance
Ano-de'-na rules the Duchy of Modena;                       in former times.
Navarino is noted for the destruction of the TurkCarrara there, for marble's known to many.                  ish fleet, October 20)th, 1827. )y the combined fleets
Ajaccio blooms on Corsica's riOchll coast,                 iof the French, English and Russians, ulnder Admiral
An. a, N o' bith   lt    bst.  Cod(rine ton.
And as rNapoleon's birth-place let it boast.    d.tissolonghi is noted as being the place of Byron's
death; April 19th, 1824.
MODENA is the capital of Modena.
Carrara is noted for its beautiful marble.                                        I 
Ajaecio, on the island of Corsica, is noted as the birthplace of                               i 
Napoleon.
Turkey In Europe.
Near Bos'-pho-rus, in sight of Asia's shore,
Constantinople hears AMar-mo'-ra's roar;
Well fortified, her harbor let her boast,  
Her mosques and temples, but seraglio most.                                          Athens.. 
And A-dri-an-o'-ple sits in ancient Thrace,                   Athens. the capital of Greece, was one of the most celeUpon  2iir&-*is-sa's   banks her trading place.                brated cities of antiquity. It was anciently the seat of
Upon  ella-ris-sa's banks lher trauding place.                 learning, eloquence, philosophy, poetry, and the fine arts.
Greece.
Ath'-ens, in Greece, a town of age and fame,
Beside the 6Zulf E-gi'-na writes her name.
Hy'-dra, upon an island takes her rest;
Na-po'-li has a harbor called the best:' 
And Navarino is remembered yet,
For the destruction of the Turkish fleet,
In 18-27, when Frank and Russ, (1827)
And Britain, all combined the Turk to crush.                                     Town of Syra.
And  is-so-lon'-ghi,  last of all, beside, *,.Syra. on the island of Syra. in the G'ecian Archipelago,
1 And Alis-so-lon'-ghi, last of all,, beside                is built on a conical hill, and has a ve.y singular appearTe Gulf Pt' -r       s',-  the   place awhere Byron died. ance from a distance. It is onle of the most flourishing'rlhe Gulf Pa-tras,                                    diheplacewhere, Byron died. towns in Greece.




A  S  I A o.ASTA
CJape Ta;t/~..mour's parallel is seventF"-sever", (77o)
WIS     PALMRAThe ruins of Palmnra are amoe      mot remarkable anter fod  onsistin mostly of templehaven.
palaces, porticos, &   of Grecia  arcitecture     is supposed to be  ad     in t  drt built by -oe. (
Asia is noted  as the largest of                                  l' grand divisions  of the globe; -fias having boen
the abode of our first parents, anc  the  theater where most of the events, recordecl
in the souriptres, transpi ed, and  as  containing  msore inhabitants that rolls                          the Oest
of world.
CapeP.                                   And Yeas-se'-i-dooi', anid -os-al-gacl, belong
From  Arhat'-a'sby, and fiozen ish out the Arctic tideg.
And Cape Tay'     s'mo   lier's parallel is sentyseven, (770)spray,
Where one eternal winter fins a haven.d-rca and dark Kal'-a-ra.
Near seventy-/lvo Svi-a'-Loils limits run;      (720)
As Skol'-a/-skoi is scarcely serenty-one.       (710)
East Cape, beneath-the Arctic Circle lies,                 TWOa l' and Is'-sim with the Ir'-lish join
Southile south and ooest, Coa-de'-va's seen to rise;      In   -is stream, that rolls to Obithe brinsea,
And Pack-a-chino'-skoi, with Lo-pat'-/a lower,             Arid Yen-e-se'-i with Ton-goos'-ka glide
From cold Kam-schat'-ka's bleak and frozen shore,          Where Pi-a-ci'-na scours the Arctic title.
Trhe Gulf Si-am' around Cambodia raves;'There An-a-bar;'-a and O-Iensk' unfold,
Ma-lac'-ca rears Ro-ma'-niii o'er the waves.               With Le'-na in the same bleak ocean rolld.
And Cape Ne-ras lies westward from Ran-qoon9            And Ya'-na drives, arnid the frozen spray,
Where the Bay of Bengal heaves the watety moan.            With li-di-gri'-ca and dark Ka/l-a-rna.
South of Hindoostan, Com-o-siu' we see,                      And Au-a-dir' pours eastward to the sea,
North eight, and east the seventy-eightk degree.           Last in the list of cold Siberia.
(47)




48                                POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
RIVERS OF THIS  EASTERN  COAST.                      Jumt-na' and Ganl'ges, both of Hindoo birth 
Son-ga-ri drives, joined with the bold A-mnour',             Go-dver^y too, and Krist'-na, in her mirth,
In Tartary's Charinel, from the'Tartar shore.                 o the  ay  of  egal sen  their billows foth
~ n 17g'0  anld [i-G? Kit (L- eastwa    trrday,                es         erlbu' dah rolls to Cambay Gulf,
FI7rorn (ll-inese sha es il4tO the Yelloii Sea,              Smiling on Hindoo shores, as smiles the sylph.
From ('hinese shores into the Yellow Sea,                    Ti,  7r?        p     i  i  Ar        a
F ro-m  Ulin-a, to hler sea, H'lo-avq/' 7Ki-ai)''The In'-d0is empties in the A'rab  Sea,
Ft'ic s,  -'Tween Hindoo, Af-ghan, and the Bel.oo-chee',
For aes past, has'neath the tropic san.                         2Ll'  at 
I,  T J-"   i                                    h!- ^i'ii 4.]Ud-mntnd' runs westward into B3ura Lake,
O'er India's pla.ns, Cina and'lict too,                      l-r d'  ns  estwar  itO  )ra Lae,
T'lo China  iea,  Crlr     -bo-dii-r  nurlnrs low. ~               n7Whose murmuring waves the Afghlan borders shake.
To China  G'eCam'bo(di&a mrurmurs low.
The Ted-zen mingles with the Caspilai brine,
RIVERS OF TIHE SOUTHERN  COAST.'Twveen Persian shores and Tartary the line.
From Thibet soutlhward rolls the Ir-rer.wad'-do,              And l-J'-honz rolls with Si',.hon by her side,
O'er India's plains, a bold, gigantic boldy.                 In Tartary, where Aral opens wide.
And BItr-anr-poo'-ter, called by some S'n-poo','The'lTi-ris and the great Elz-phzra-les joined,
From Thibet comes, passing Hindoostan through.            IInto the Persian Gulf with murmurs wind,
TOWNS AND COUNTRIES.
Siberia.                                                      Siberia.
"1,C'~<'[fft,~j             ~'~'-^^^~~~~   -,^\,a Siberia, or rRussian Asia, is noted as being'x~'~~~ ____  ~,'~     -4V~~~~~~r   an alnost unbounded expanse of level, frozen desert.'^T8X T    11 _- Q   -\-  I,}!       It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific
Ocern.'Traveling in Siberia.'T''  orB K, the chief town in Siberia, is noted as
the residence of distinguished exiles.
The traveling in Siberia is performed mostly by means of dloa.       isea is         o
Th n                                             z' T ^    ^ ^ Fi Kiachta is the only place where the Chinese allow'I'lleo, five, sever or core. as the load reruires, are harnessed               te onl   lace  wee te  hn
toReticer hoicre the light sleds; vwhich are easily drawn over tire ice the Russians to trade.
and snow.                                                            Yakutsk and Okhotsk are the chief emporiums of
To-bolsh', upon the To'-bol, is the place,                      the fur trade.
Or chief abode of Russia's exiled race.                                                   Japan.
Ir-koutisk', on the An-gam'-ri-a river seen,
It' iootols,' on the A   gee  2 - a  H~i et seen,     A  small empire  east of Asia;  comprising
Clhief town of East Si-be-ri-a, I ween.                            the islands of Niphon, Jesso, Kiusiu and Sikoke.
Ki-aclh'-tca on Se-linx'-'Sc  banlls is laid,                     The inhabitants are the most civilized, the best
educated, and sustain the best miorals of any country
The only spot, where Russ and Cinese trade,                        of Asia,
a_-1m7.1 tsi'   on fie-azcg, Ok1'-hlotsk  near the tide,         It is the only country of Asia where the 2-"Ilr;i's  of
I ~Are.n,0,,-,s!'^.                         reil Len  er  hwomoen,?  are respected.
Are bv   the fir-tr'tlde, in One5  bond allied.'Their laws are very severe; quartering the body,
immersion ina hot oil, crucifying, 6&c., are anmong their
lc       fIi r.        i               moides of punishment.'L'he Parent sullirs for the child's crimes, and the
On    p,/1'  -o,?, Is'c,  J iel-do stands first in place,, G ^  tle parent'..child for the parent's.
\With near1' two  millions of the Ihuman race.                       J,rino is one of thle most populous cities on the globe.
i-s        2.   so             p..  -i  I, /r'l Meaco is the residence of the ihiari. or spiritual
e-a-co   Ovttere  -ia,  mal.Jes abode, (da-e- ree)i emperor, the head of the Sinto Religion. 
One h1un.dred sixty from  thle JedCldo road.
And Nan-ga-,-sack'-i is the only port,                        I             idependent Tartary.
Where European traders make resort,                               I  Noted for the independent and roving character of its inhabitants; and for its having been the
S.S3e2 p een1A le Sst        riI r'y.              seat of rule for Ghenghis Khan, Tamerlane and
And Bok'-ha-ra and Sam-ar-cand' abide,                         others               
It is bounded on three sides by mountains and
In Tartary along the Ko-ulTvk tide.                               deserts; and on the fourth by the Caspian sea.
t'rar ad Tas'-cat by the    i'-on keep'ITe  artars'are subject to no foreign power, and
Ot''ar and Tas'-cant by the'-]on keep,                                                             n
are not united "under any one government. They are
By Ji'-leonr's waters Balkh and Kie'-va sleep.                    a pastoral people.'Iheir favorite food is horsefiecrh.




ASIAo                                                         49
eChina.                                                 Chinese Empire.
Noted for its great antiquity, and for being
the most populous empire on the globe.
i~"_______ —~-~-l- \t~-=~;-;~; I~;~=;I=~      It embraces China, Chinese Tartary, (Corea and
a Thibet; the population of which is estinated at
2.50,000,000, the greatest number ruled by any one
of- the- E=mperonwhich forms'oihe ruler of this immense mass of beings, is an
Pe____-'-'rabsolute despot, but governs ihis subjects in a parental
Two hude  frconquered in 1644.
I         -  nitedLe  Stater;s ah Gret BriC tahina.
The bIais of t              re Chinese  Empire  notedh
r The Gjealous cacter of ites inhbitants, and f
~Pekin, wth                           the eieprin of 1,e                          whnrich, is the  ost popultivous city o   tentfou et   h.  is th  greated to suwo a  etent
=the jl~~.  1SZoa the great                      that iet su plies the t Chole  world. It is estimated theatl
V                                                              CO nof0lE rpo   ^rhi'tr?7^p-fp 0,00,000  pounds are ainually  exported to thea
Lnited States and Great Britain.
d orded i Dnto tO   A   he Chiese an Tial ranat is o                                     f males while  childen th.
The Great Waial is 1,500 miles in length, and
Pekin, wtth the exception of omndon, is the rost populous city on  twtenty-four fiot high.  It is the greatest work ever
the globe. It is near tie great Chinese Wall. it cottains the place
of tile Emnperor, which forms one of its principal features. It is  perforroed  ty man.
divlded into the Chinese and Tartar city.                             Pressing the feel  of females while children, to
Pe'-in,~ the first in population, stands                prevent their growth, is a prevailing custom  among
Pe'-kin, t        he f     irst in population, stands
the Chinese, and is their criterion of female beauty.
Near the geat wall that guards  the Chinese lands.    The principal ifod of' the nation  is rice, though
Nan-kin, known for her tower, from  Pekin south,  rate, puppies, Iice, &c., are conmoon dishes.
Two hunl dedt   forty from i      i-aen' -ku's mouth. tThe armny amounts to 800,000 men, but their
o h u ndre  f or             y fo... mode of wvarfre is vastly inferior to the European.
Learning is highly prized in China, and is the only
__________                      t,~requisite qualifrication for office.
Nankin is celebrated for its porcelain tower, 200
feet high.
Canton, the great commercial town of China.
Canton. s one of the most commercial cities of the Chinese  Empire.i e.....    ~hS1\  
Nearly all the teas sold to foreigrn nations are shlipped fror this por1t.i -w,-t > 
It was until quite late the only port Europeans were  permitted to t
trade at.
In commerce, first, Canton, on  Canton    iver, 
Where Europeans sail, their leas to gather.   
The Great Chinese WVall.
The Chinese'Wall is iunquestionably one of the greatest
Yor'-kund, by  Yorkunrc   River, finds a homee                   -orks ever performed by man. It was built b1, the Chinese. as a defense against the Tartars. It is 1;500 miles'Tis Central Asia's chief emporium.                                1ole. telty-folr fet ligh, and broad elough for several
hiorsemen to ride abreast.
Maim-at'-chin makes the mountain pass her bed,
Where, with Ki-ach'-ta China holds a trade.                                        Chinese Tartary,
Yorkund is the emporium for cetiqtal Asia.                         An elevated country on the table lands of
Maimatchin, by a mountain pass, on the opposite side of the  the Himmaleh, Kuenlin and Celestial Mountains. It
Sayanskoi Mountains, from  Kiachta in Siberia, is noted as the  is a cold country, inhabited by a pastoral people, of
only place at which the Russians are allowed to trade.             whom but little is known.
4




50                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHYT 
TIRsiet                                                  Thibet.............Noted  for being the most elevated country
Wi t}'I  - -/orsh/ i, "2lip\          on the globe, and for the worship o the Grand Lama.!he orship o                                                 It is situated on the table lands of the rHimmeaeh
__  hit~~~~~~.t~i/)',,~:_-e-     Mountains, so elevated that the cold, in the winter
portion of Centraeason, is inense, is                                   he shc ayt all seasons appears as
EverlastingC Fadackher of Heave.ink.'ie stars shine with the efflvulgence of 
suns; there is no twilight the  t precedes the risin, or
pries, ad i                       succeeids the settin  of sun or moon; and beere the h re
Lasl -sanot mountain peaks of a still higher elevation, to
foretell the opening or closing of day, it would be
i/i~imb ~                lih _~ cone sudden change from darkness to light, and from
light to darkness.
WVorship of the Grand Lamra.
The worship of the Grand   Lam si constitutes the relignon of a grea       Trey           sia
potamia anu Arkenisa.
portion of Cetral Asi.  He is considered by his worhipers  the
Everlasting Father of Heaven. They blieve that wien le dies his
soul passes into the body of some child, who is souglt after by te  Noted for its fine climate and fertile soil,
priest, and immediately exalted to the throne.               and  as having been the seat of most of the events
On  Phihie's kes tidepro  abode,           narrated in Bible History, and the theater of more
LFor s'-sa,  in Thibet damask  res foher sord blabodes,own.   
Las n                     b t rin    T i e ma e hchanges  than  any  other part of  the  globe.
Where the Grand Lama  its, a human god.                         It comprises Syria, Palestine, sia Minor, Mesopotamia and Armenia.
Turliey.-Sy'i   a nd Paleslne.
A-lep'-po by an earthquake torn of late,sli a nd as teteate
s first in rule o'er little and o'er great.                     SYRI.  -Notea for its importance in formet
Is fi~~~~Acrest in ruletimes, when Tyre, Damascus, Antioch, Balbef  and
On PhpLeb'a r's tide, Damascus makes her p       hrone, Palmyra, were in their glory.
or silks call'd d s, an  fo  swor  blades  non.    It was conquered by the Pacha of Egypt in 1832;
BaFor silks call'd damak, and for sword blades knisownbut restored by the interference of the European
Jerusalem   reigns just thirty miles l fron     sea,      powers in 1840.
Jaf'-fa,  her port, northest, is known to be.                PALfNE                 as the Holy Land, the
~Both these are knP~own ft-or relicas of the pas  and, Theroy
Southeest of all, Ga-za is on the coast,                     inheritance of the Israelites, and as the theater  here
For c s it is a resting post.              the most important events have occurred that the
Smyrna  is seaed  whereworld has ever witnessed;
Acre, ftom  Jaffa north, her fortress rears;
On LebB'-a -noa, one Diar-el Kai-mer peers                                 Asia  Minor.
Bal-bec is by the feet  of Leb-a-snon;                      The peninsula between the Mediterranean
An-gom-ra in the deseriot lives builtone.
Pal-my-rn in the desert lives alone.                      and Black seas. Noted for its delightful climate, and
as having been the seat of the kingdoms of Lydia
Both these are known for relies of the past,              and Troy.
Where ruins rise on every side aghast.
eesopotamiad  an  idn A1rmenia.
Asa~Bas-soo}raMESOPOTAMIA  was once  the seat ofa the
myrn  a  is seated wh-ro ere    e-vnt' is found,          mighty Babylon; of Paradise; of the t     ower of
Babel; of the kingdom of Nimrod, Cyrus, Darius,
As south the Black Sea dwells fair Treb-i-zond'.  Alexander, &c.
Bagdad, that lives upon the Tigris shore           d      itsport.
Bru'-s, near by the sea that's called         r-mo-r,    ARMENIA, norting    of ac   esopotamia, is crnoted
Was once the capital of Turkish glory,                       as the place where the Ark rested after the flood.
An-go-rn in the interior is built,
And famous for a goat with hair like silk.                              w       f    rke   i  Asia
ALEPT,,o, the capital, once a flourishing city, was
~Mesopotamil     a  and  Arlmenia.                 destroyed by an earthquake in 1822.
Bas-so-ra is a place of wealth and trade,                 clei ankDamascus is noted for sword blades, and a silk
called damask.
On Shut'-el A'-'ab is her station made.                        Jerusalem is thirty miles in the interior,  Jaffa is
Bagdad, that lives upon the Tigris shore,                 its port.
Gaza is a resting place for caravans, before crossing
Was once the seat of Calif rule and power.                  the desert to Egypt and Arabia.




ASIA.                                                     51
Mo-sul' likewise drinks from  the Tigris flood,              Acre is noted for its strong fortress.
Balbec at the foot of Lebanon, and Palmyra, in the
For  tzmuslins lknown, whvere Nineveh once siood.             desert east of BIalbec, are noted for their remarkable
tIil-lah, beside Euiaphrates makes her throne,             ruins.
Built on the site of mighty Babylon.                            Bassora, on Shut' el Arab, is a place of great wealth
I-!)O~~~~ ~and importance.
Ar-me-nia's capital is Er-ze-roam';                           Bagdad was the seat of the caliphs.
Van on Lake Van, a fortress of renown.                        Mosul, on the Tigris, near the ruins of ancient:Nineveh, is noted for muslins.
Hillah, on the Euphrates, is supposed to be near
Arabia.                              the site of ancient Babylon.
Mec'-ca, where old Mahomet took his birt                      Erzeroum is the capital of Armenia.
e  where old Mahomet took his bithVan, on Iake Van, has a strong fortress.
With fair Me-di'-na where he veils his earth.
Yern'-bo, Medina's port, is by the sea;                                         Arabia.
Jid'-da is Mecca's port, all will agree.                      The birthplace of Mahomet. It lies between
Mocha, t sa sthe Red Sea and Persian Gulf.  Noted  for the uni____________                            changing character of its inhabitants; for its great
antiquity; for its burning sandy deserts; its superior
_-lt   --— __                                         coffee, and as being the center of the Mahommedan
i_ ____ _                Religion.
5o-ca  che,epr  town                                It is divided into Arabia Petre a, or stony Arabia,
in the northwestern part; Arabia Deserta, or Desert
Arabia, in the interior; and Arabia Felix, or Happy
WArabia, in the southern part.
The Bedouins, [bed-oo-weens] or the wandering
Arabs that inhabit the desert, subsist chiefly by robbery and plunder.
MEA, the birthplace of Mahomet, is regarded as
the capital.
Medina is important as the place of his tomb.
Muscat, the capital of Oman, and governed by the
Imam, or sacerdotal prince, is the entrepot for the
merchandise of the Persian Gulf, on which it is situated. It is noted for its extensive trade in pearls.
T-pera  wherthElais,                         Moore's inimitable song of Araby's Daughter, has,
among its other merits, the glow of oriental scenery.
l.oclha.
Farewell-farewell to thee, ARA.BY' daughter!
Aocha, toh i sonewhat of a decayed state, is still the most  (Ths wared a P   beneath the drk sea
important port of Arabia on the Red Sea. It is noted for its excel- No pearl ever lay, uiider ObMAN'S green water,
lent coffee, which is carried to most parts of the world.       More pure in its shell, than thy spirit in thee.
Mo'-cha, chief seaport town of Ar'-a-by,                   But long upon ARABA'S green suniny highlands,
WIntlioe coffee's drank on every shore and sea;                Shall maids and their lovers remetmerne the doom
~Whos~e coffee's~~ drank    ~~Of tieryhenoe, whNo lies sleepiig among the Pearl Islands,
PMus'-cat, a seaport tokwn, well fortified.                 With nought but the sea-star to light lip her tomb.
The Sacerdotal prince, or Imam's pride.                       We'll dive where the gardens of coral lie darkling,
And plant all the rosiest stems at thy head;
Southeast it stands where the Persian Gulf unfurls,    e'll seek where the sadlls f the Caspia ar  parkling
ANd Is-pa-han', onear    c,      i where Per-sp itn irs te    sta frtin,
And gather their,cld to strew over thy bed.
And much renowned for trade in shells and pearls. 
Persia.
Persia.
Noted for its great antiquity and importance
Te-he'-ran, where the El'-burg peaks arise,                in early times.
Heaves up her  warlike forehead to the skies.                   A large portion is barren, mountainous and destitute of running streams.  It is the most fertile on
And Is-pa-han', once capital, is lain,                     the borders of the Caspian  sea
In tlhe in7terior,  on a fertile plain.                          he Persians are the most learned of the Asiatic
Shi-raz', famed for her wine and Persian lore,    nations.'Thley manufacture the most beautiful carpets, silk
Near where Per-sep'-o-lis in ruins lower.                    shawls, porcelain, &c., in the world.




52                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Bu-shire', chief seaport on the Persian Gulf;               The inhabitants are well formed, and like the Dutch,
are great smokers.
Or-mus, known once for commerce and for wealth.   Teheran, strongly fortified, is at the foot of the
Gam-broon' and Min-ab, near to Ormus keep,                Elberg Mountains.
Ispahan, once the capital, is on a fertile plain in
On the same shore, beside the coral deep.                    the interior.
Yezd, where the Gle'-ber finds a last repose,                Shiraz, the se:t of literature, and noted for delicious
South of the desert blooms, as bloos te r.    wines, is near the ruins of ancient Persipolis.
th of the desert blooms,s blooms the rose.     Yedz, near the center of Persia, is the resort of
Sul-ta'-nia, found on I'-rack's northern beat,            the persecuted Ghebers, or fire worshippers.
Sultania, in the province of Irack, is the summer
The king's resort in summer from  the heat.                  resort of the soveeis.
resort of the sovereigns.
Still farther north, in A-der-bi'-jan peers                  Tabreez was once a city of importance.
Gourgaun, east of the Caspian, and near the line
Ta-breez', a splendid town in former years.                  of Inepenent Tartary is a strong fortress
of Independent Tartary, is a strong fortress.
Gour-gaun', a fortress by the Tartar line,
On Persian shores east from  the Caspian brine.                               Afghanistan.
The country which lies between Persia and
Afglhanistan.                           Hindoostan.
T he Afghans are a bold and warlike race; hospitaCabul, on Ka'-ma tide, the Af-ghans greet,               ble to strangers, and even to their most bitter enemies.
Above the sea it stands six thousand feet.                     Cabul, on Kama River, is elevated 6,000 feet
O'er Ca'-bul's kingdom  once Pesh-awer' reigned  among the Hindoo Koosh Mountains.
Peshawer was once the capital of Cabul.
The first in rule, e'er Cabul was enchained.                   Candahar, on  Helmund River, is the principal
And Can-da-har' is by the dark Hel'-mund,                 town of the Dooraunees.
The central point where Door-au-nees' abound.              Herat, in the northwestern part of Afghanistan, is
The central point where Door-au-nees' abound.                    seat of trae between Persia and India.
the seat of trade between Persia and India.
Northwest of all, He-rat', with Persia trades,
Where llin'-doo Koosh' unfold their giant shades.                             Beloochistan.
The country lying south of Afghanistan.
Beloochistan.                            It is inhabited by a number of independent tribes, of
whom the Beloochees are the principal.  Like the
Ke-lat' by Slas'-kid River, finds a seat,                 Bedouin Arabs, they are a mixture of hospitality
On Mountains o'er the sea eight thousand feet.               and ferocity; generous and liberal when hailed in
their tents, but bloodthirsty and clandestine on the
field.
Hindoostan.
Kelat, by Maskid River, is among the mountains,
8,000 feet above the level of the sea.
Hindoostan.
A large peninsula in the southern part of
Asia.  Noted for its great fertility,  its peculiar
religion, the superstitious character of' its inhabitants,
and for its great antiquity.
from- t     The Hindoo has the skin of the Negro, with the
That- paroteitwerfeatures of the European. They are extremely  superbu * ~         ~        ~        O i            _stitious; servile to superiors, cruel to their women and
mated_,'at 625,000.                          Benare-inferiors, and destitute of moral honesty.
Calcutta.                            Their food is principally rice, which is raised to a
great extent.
Calcutta, on the Hoogly, an arm of tile Ganges, one hundred miles   The cotton manufactures of this country have long
from the sea, is one of the most important cities of llindoostanl.
That part of the city where the Europeans reside is magnificently  been celebrated.
built. Its commerce is very extensive; and the population is estimated at 625,000.                                              Benares, 460 miles northwest of Calcutta, on the.Calcutta, Hindoo's proud emporium, smils   same river, is one of the most populous cities of InCalcutta, Hindoo's proud emporium, smiles                 dia, and noted as the seat of learning, and as a sacred
On Ganges, from  its mouth one hundred miles.                city; thousands coming from various parts of Asia
On. t, hei, same tieBe e ato end th il' days within its environs, regarding it as
On the same tide Ben-a'-res has a share,                    the sure gate to paradise. It is a great mart for
Four sixty, northwest of Calcutta's lair.   (460)    diamonds.
_~~~-                                                         = 




ASIA.                                                      53
Of gems and diamonds read her story o'er,                         Patna is noted for its saltpetre and opium.
Cashmere is noted for its shawls.
Of pilgrims dying, and of Bramin lore.                           Hydrabad, or Golconda, is noted for diamonds.
Pat'-na is on the Ganges, none can beat her,
Or match her for her opium  and saltpetre.                                      Farther India.
Del'-hi, once capital of Hindoo rule,                          A large peninsula south of Thibet.  Noted
(On Jsamna Ibranclh, is known to every school.                |for its large, numerous, and majestic rivers, and for
great fertility.
Cash-mere', whose shawls are of the Thibet goat,   It comprises the Empire of Birmah and Assam;
Stands north of all, a city of much note.                      the  in       of Siam an  the British possessions.
La-hore' from  Cashmere south, o'er Pun-jab shr                  AVA, the capital of Birmah, is on the Irrawadda.
La-hore fom  Cashmere south, oer Pun-ab shrouds    Peu is on the Delta of the Irrawadda.
With Am-rit-sir', beneath her sunny clouds. (seer)    BANKOK is the capital of Siam.  It is noted for
Su-rat', Bom-bay', Go'-a, and Man-ga-lore,                  its floating houses, built on bamboo rafts.
HUE, capital of Cochin China, is a fortified town
Are found upon Hindoostan's western shore.                     near the Gulf of Tonquin.
While south and east, Ma-dras' and Pon-di-cher'-ry
Vale of Cashmere.
Along the Cor-o-man'-del coast may tarry.
Nacepoor' in the interior writes her name,                     Cashmere  is a beautiful vale of the Himg^-o~~~.o                           ~~~..maleh Mountains, in the northern part of HindooWhere Hy-dra-bad'mid sparkling diamonds flame. stan.  It is elevated 8,000 feet above the level of the
sea; and enjoys a climate unequaled in mildness, save
Farther  India.                            by the " Evergreen Quito," which it resembles. It
was not long since in the possession of the Afghans;
As lr-ra-wad'-da rolls her billows south,                   from whose rule it passed to that of Runjeet Sing.
A'va is found five hundred up her mouth.                         The beauties of the Vale of Cashmere, are portrayed in the following graphic and glowing lines
As Um-me-ra-poo'-ra north of this is seen,                     from Moore's Lalla Rookh:
Pe-gu' is on the Delta of the stream.                          Who has not heard of the Vale of Cashmere,
South of Pe-gu', where trade and commerce bloom,   Wih  s rosesthe lrightest that earti ever gave,
v                             Xa~~~~~~~ It~~s temples and grottoes, and fountains as clear
On the same tide, behold the fair Ran-goon',                     As the lov-lighte  eyes hat hg over their wave?
Ban'-kok is o'er Siam  a town of note,                      Oh! to see it at sanset, —when warm o'er the Lake
Ban'-kok is o'er Siam  a town of note,
Its splendor at parting a summer eve throws,
On bamboo rafts one half the houses float.ike a bride  ll of lushes,  he                          rig   ake
A last look at her mirror at night ere she goes!Cam-bo'-dia's capital is called Sai-gon';                   When the shrines through the foliage are gleaming half
Beside Cambodia's mouth she takes her throne.                  And ach hallows the hour by some rites of its own.
Here the music of pray'r from a minaret swells,
Hue, o'er Co'-chin China, next is seen, (oo-a')               Here the magian his urn full of perurne is swinging,
And here, at the altar, a zone of sweet bells
Well fortified, and near the Gulf Ton-quin'.                    tRound the waist of some fair Indian dancer is ringing.
Or see it by moonlight,-when mellowly shines
On the peninsula's southern  coast or share,''he light o'er its palaces, gardens and shrines;
\Vlhen the water-falls gleam like a quick fall of stars,
Malacca reigns, with one called  Sin-ga-pore'.                 And the nightingale's hymn from the Isle of Chenars
Is broken by laughs and light echoes of feet
From the cool, shining walks where the young people
meet:Farther India comprises a territory of about 900,000 square Or at morn, when the magic of daylight awakes
miles, and has a population of 20,000,000.                     A new woider <ach minute, as slowly it breaks;
The elephant here attains his greatest size, and is found in IIiils, cupolas, fountaills, call'd forth every one
Out of dlarkness, as they vwere just Lorn of the Sun.
lurge numbers.  The white elephant is highly valued, and in when the Spirit of Fragrance is up with the day,
Siam and Birmah is an object of religious worship.             From his Ilaram of night flowers stealittg away;
The Siamese are described as destitute of courage and moral And the wind, full of wvantm ness, woes, like a lover,
honesty; and as being lazy and sluggish in their habits.  They'Te young aspen trees, till they tr(mble all over.
are puffed up with a national pride, and consider it a great dis- When the East is as warm as the light of first hopes,
And Day, with its banner of radiance unfurl'd,
grace to be in the employ of an European.                      Shines in through the mountainous portal that opes,
The governments of all these states are absolute despotisms.  Sublime, from that valley of bliss to the world.
The throne and person of the sovereign is approached with the
profoundest awe by the nobles and officers of state, who pros-                  PRONUNCIATION.
trate themselves before him, with their faces to the earth.    Indigrica,   ln-di-gre'-ca  Thibet      Tib'-et
Females are not restricted here to the rigid customs of most Balkh,      Balk           Pharphar,   Far'-far
Asiatic countries.  Their faces are not veiled, or their company Araby     Ar'-a-be       Chen Yang, Shen-Yang
excluded from the other sex.                                   Caucassus, Cau-cash'-us  Bakou,         Ba-koo




A F R I C A
-v-' —-' -=
SUEZ, a town of Egypt, on the southern part of the Isthmus, at the head of the Red Sea, and surrounded by a desert, is important as a caravan post between Egypt and Arabia; also for lying on the route of the British overland-mail, to Bombay.,
Africa is noted for the dark complexion and degraded condition of its inhabitants;
for its burning climate; its vast deserts, and its unknown and unexplored interior.
Capes.                                                        Rivers.
Guar-daf'-ui Cape and Orf'-ui, part the tides; [orf-we    The Mediterranean sups the river Nile,
With Bed-o-uin and Cape Ba.-su, besides. [Bed-oo-win.   Whose waves o'er Nu'-bi-a and Egypt smile;
Then Cape DeLa'do, east of Mo-zam-bique';                     The Sen-e-gal', the Gam-b:-a and the Grande,
Of Co-ri-entes' let Mon-o-ma-ta'-pa speak.                   Boil up fromt' Senegambia's burning sand.
Cape Am-bro's north of Madagascar Isle,                        As IMes-ur-a'-do bids Liberia thrive,
While to the south, St. Mary lives the while.                In Guinea, La'-gos and For-mo'-sa live;
And south of all, Good Hope nods o'er the brine,               And Ni-ger here from Guinea rolls her tides,
In thirty-five degrees below the line.                         And with Ga-boin', in the Gulf of Guinea gliders.
Si-er'-ra Fr''-o and the Nnthnwest Point,'Tween Congo and Lo-an'-go, Congo -wells
Are of Cim-be'-bas, as you're well acquaint.                   From Ethiopia's scorched and unknown fields.
Cape Le'-do, of Angola pass, and then                             Co-an'-za's waves north of Ben-gue'-la course,
Coast Castle and Three Points, of Guinea, scan.                As on her southern limits roars the Nourse.
Pal-mas and Mes-u-ra'-do west of these,                           The Orange, from South Africa we track;
In fair Liberia, smile above the seas.                         While in Cape Colony boils up the Zack.
Cape Verde, of Gambia; while Sa-ha-ra's shore                  Southward, the Gau'ritz turns, bubbling forever;
Has Blan'-co, Bar'-bos, and Cape Ba-ja-dore'.                  As eastward of the Cape is Great Fish River.
Cape Spar'tel, near the Straits, and last in song,             Zam-bese' southeastward drives from Mo-zam-bique',
And north of all, near Tunis throned is Bon.                   And bids her breakers the broad Channel seek.
Dark Mu-ru-su'-ru sleeps in Zan'-gue-bar,
PRONUNCIATION.                            Where farther north O-zee' provides a lair;
Guardafui,    Gar-daf'-wee  Orfui,             Orf'-wee                          all,  om Ayssinia's sres,
Bedouin,       Bed-oo-weenI Bassa,            Bas-saw'         In Bab-el-Man'-del Strait, fair Ze-lia roars.
(54)
— >  X1 —= —
3, —-_~~~__I,-;
SUEZ a:-rT~-~~~- L town  f EgwT, on th  southe —~~~ —— ~~~ —-rn; pato  h  stlua  h  ha   fteR1lSa  nlsrrule  ~   dsri m
portant as a ~-caravan postbeteerlEgyt an  Arbia  als fo Iyllg n te rote  f th  Brtis oe lalld T-~-mail, to Bomlay
Africa_ is.: noe  for -        e  ark  ornlexin ad deradd coditon o it inhbitnts
for its burnin=,~ —-"~_:=~~_ clrnt;  t  +as    esrsan              tsuknw,           and ——, _ unexplered  interior.~-~
~~~ —a                    s:R   el s. —1,~-.~=~~:~-~Guar-~ —-- d-' —ueCpez  t Ory';i~~~~~-= I_~-I —— y-i,; p;l theti~es [r —Xse  __rhe Med_-Iterraneall- sus herierlr
Wit  Be-0L~ —-—' —-l~~in an _ Cay;I_-TI_~Le~ }Sz. -sa, L-L besi(3es [Bed-oo-win.   Whose wases oer Nu'~-Ii_~_-; vi ~_Ll   gpts'rhen Cclpe Del>(l'clo,- ~ east —---- of i -----— lo_-___-zatc le;'ltcS~-e<l' ll   an-,-l lth    rad
Of Co —vi-entes le I\10n-__=~ —-om-ta-pa spea                 l30i __tlrv___~I__~~~~.  fiol-ll ~ - Sen~ab L=-'slrigan.
Cape Aii bzo s-~_-L ~   norh o -_1=-I — SrI —s-a[=asear Isle,-   AsI-~ —- lle l=_~_r a'I~_=-do l~irs~ lleihIx
N~~hile t th  souh,  t ikry  ive  th -vhil                    111 —-~~ r-"~. _    Guillea, —-=- Lu-ros an(3~ —:  Fc —=~r~ lo-sa~-.- li-e —And sutll  f al, Go~! H(joe n~ls oer tle brne,  1 —--    l_~i;~ —   freeher frm  Gine  rols  er id
~-~~-In hr^-five-~~ —~    degrees belonv the ____   _~~__=~,i~e  t _l;l \vit  6'C- r00 1' in the Gu~lf ot ('ir-en g=i
A~i-er ra Ft'-o anl the   -!nst11etst   -ia~f         2'I'reerl _-1t7~;~ —ono  ndl~;~~o_ —ar' oCfng  Farl
Are  f (im  e' as, s tou'e wll aq ant.Fro2-l -hipiI's corce lant vl~kllmllfieels
Cape Le'-de, —    of Angola pass,~ —~~;ip —~I=~ an   hnC-l'S'n  -+e  ot   f  o-                            acus
(54)t-iedjre biv   h   ie                                   rt  wt'ibo2,i  heGl  f(ne                     lds




AFRI CA.                                                    55
TOWNS AND COUNTRIES.
Barbary States.
The Barbary States include Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Barca; or that portion of Africa
north of the great desert of Sahara, and west of Egypt.  It is distinguished for the number of its noxious animals;
as the scorpion, serpents of a deadly venom, the hyena, the Numidian lion, and the destructive locust.
The people of these states were once extensively engaged in piracies.  The present inhabitants are Moors, Jews,
Arabs and Berbers.
Morocco.                                                  Morocco.
Morocco, near Mount Atlas, holds her reign;                  In the northwestern part of Africa   The
Mauritania of the ancients; embracing Morocco, Fez,
Unfolded on a smooth and fertile plain.                      and''anfilet.
Fez, for her learning, once could boast with pride;    The government is an absolute despotism.  Agri1e  f     Fez, is Me'-qui-nez espied.              culture is neglected, and the only manufacture is
Southwest from  Fez, is Me'-qui-nez espied.               morocco leather, made of goat skins.
The largest ports, Ba-bat' and Mogadore',                    MorroCco, the capital, is on a fertile plain, twelve
A -n  IDr  ~miles from Mount Atlas.
Are found along Morocco's western shore;                       Tangier is noted as the residence of most of the
Where European consuls take their fare,                    European Consuls.
Close by Gibraltar Straits, is found Tan-gier';                                   Algiers.
Known for her pirates once, behold Sal-lee                   Te  ancient Numidia; situated  east of
That keeps her station by the roaring sea.                   Morocco.  It is the most fertile and healthy of the
Barbary States.  Noted for the coral fishery on its
Algiers.                             coast.
It was invaded and conquered in 1830, by France,
Oran and Bona in Algiers arise;                          and is now a part of the French dominions.
The last. for coral fisheries, twe prize.                      ALGIERS, onlce called tilhe Pirate Nest, is built on a hill.
There Con-stan-ti'-na smiles in antique mood,                                   Tunis.
And old Algiers boasts of her pirate blood.                     The ancient Africa Propria.  Noted as the
seat of ancient Carthage, so long the rival of Rome.
Tunlins                               The government is more liberal, and the people
more civilized than any of the other States.
Tunis southwest the Carthagenian throne,                     Tu''is is noted as being the capital, and as lying
-r  rn ~ ~~...~~,J~ inear the site of ancient Carthage.
In Tunis reigns superior and alone.
Kair-wan', from Tunis south, famed for her mosque,                             Tripoli.
Finds an abode upon the Barbary coast.                          The ancient Tripolis; it is a dry, sparsely
populated country; fertile on the coast, but mostly
Tripoli.                             desert elsewhere.
It is the weakest of the Barbary States; but its
And Trip'-o-li, in Tripoli we scan;                       inhabitants are among the most civilized.
Where from  the interior comes the caravan.                     It abounds in ruins and relies of past ages.
Barca.
Barca.
The ancient Lybia; it was once famed for
On Barca's northern shore, is seated Derne;               its three crops a year, but is now mostly a desert. It
Cy-re'-ne's tombs with wonder there we learn.                once contained the temple of Jupiter Ammon.
Darfoor.                                                 Darfoor.
And in Dar-foor', Cob-be' as monarch reigns,                 A large oasis in the southeastern part of
re    m.   Sahara. The inhabitants are Mahommedans.  The
Where laughs Tam-bul', above her fertile plains,    government is a rank despotism.
Fezzan.                                                  Fezzan.
With Germa, o'er Fezzan' Mour-zouk' may shroud,    The laest oasis in the world.  It is outh
Mourzouk is compassed roud by walls of mud.              of Thripoli, to which country it belongs.
Mourzouk is compassed round by walls of mud.                 of Tripoli, to which country it belongs.




56                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Egypt.                                                 Egypt.
One of the most celebrated countries of.....___  -      -c^~ ~                 antiquity, the cradle of the arts and sciences, the
e P_    -    E        _    -.               l          scat of the kingdom of the Pharaohs, is situated in the
_atq _                                                  valley of the Nile, in the northeastern part of Africa.
forty —-: - ~ ~    ~     ~     _____            It is now noted for its stupendous ruins, that attest
its former greatness.
ing the head ofamanandthebIt  a              is at present the seat of a new and prosperous
-I he Ekingdom, under Mahomined Ali, who has lately introduced European arts, learning and civilization
into the kingdom.
GRAND C:AIn  is the largest city of Africa, and
is the residence of the Pacha of Egypt.
Rosetta, Thebes and Alexandria, are all noted for
the remarkable ruins found in their vicinities.
Pyramids and Sphynx.
The Pyramids of Egypt are among the most remarkable works of            Senna Gambia.
antiquity. They are on the west bank of the river Nile, and about
forty in number. The largest is five hundred feet high, and 72S feet   A  well watered and productive  country,
at the base. The Sphynx is a monster cut out of the solid rock, hav- south of the Great Desert.
ing the head of a man and the body of a lion. It is one hundred and    The climate is hot and fatal to Europeans.
twenty five feet in length. It is now mostly buried in the sand.  e English, Fenh and Prtuuese have settle
The English, French and Portuguese have settleFair Cai-ro and Ro-set'-ta standing where               ments on the coast.
Egyptian ruins cloud the middle air:                         TEMoo is the capital.
St. ILouis is claimed by France.
There Thebes and Alexandria lie unfurled,
The dim  resemblance of an ancient world.                                Sierra Leone.
Sierra Gambie           Established by Great Britain, 1787, for the
dSennda  Grambba.           Ipurpose of Christianizing the natives.
Temboo, St. Louis, Bathurst and Kem-i-noo,                TIhe colony contains about 18,000 inhabitants;
mostly negroes, taken from slave ships.
In Senna Gambia stand in open view.                          Freetown is a missionary station, established by
The first is capital, the chief of all,                    Great Britain, 1785.
The next, on Senegal, belongs to Gaul.                                        Liberia.
Sierra  Leone.                            Formerly an American colony-now an independent republic. It was colonized in 1821; beIn Sier'-ra Le'-one, Freetown let us write,             came independent in 1847.
Reformed and christianized from heathen night.               MONROVIA, the capital, was founded by the American Colonization Society, 1820.
Liberia.                                               Guinea.
Mon-ro'-via, in Liberia we see,                            Comprises the kingdoms of Ashantee, DaWhere Afric's sons are numbered with the free.             homey, Benin, &c.  Note  for its burnin  cliate
The coast is divided into the Grain, Ivory, and Gold
coast.
Guinea.                             coast.
COOMASSIE, the largest town in Guinea, is the
In Guinea stand Bi-af'-ra and Be-nin',                  capital of Ashantee, the most powerful kingdom in
the West of Africa.
There Ab'-o-mey-a pagan rude is seen.                     Abomey is but a large collection of huts.  BarbarCoo-mas'-sie, where Ashantee's tribes abide,            ism and paganism exist here in their most hideous
shapes.
And push their conquests round on every side.             apes.
Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela.
Loango  and  Congo.                           LOANGO is about 400 miles in extent.  The
climate is said to be salubrious.  The coast is high.
Lo-an'-go, on Loango's coast unfolds,
Lo-an'-go, on Loango's coast unfolds,           CONGO is bounded on the west by the Atlantic;
And Con'-go's skies St. Salvador beholds.                  on the east by lofty mountains.
The last is throned upon a mountain high,                    ANGOLA is resorted to by slave vessels, to procure
And famed fretbslaves from its coast.
And famed for health beneath a cloudless sky.                BENGUELA.-The coast is extremely unhealthy.




AFRICA.                                                     57
South Africa.
South Africa.
Comprises Cape Colony, Caffraria, the Land
of the Hottentots, and the District of the Boshuanos.
Cape Colony was settled, in 1650, by the Dutch,
and is now in the possession of Great Britain.
CAFFRARIA, or the COUNTRY of the CAFERES,
extends about 650 miles along the eastern coast of
South Africa.
The Caflres are a mixture of the Arab and Negro.
They possess vigorous constitutions, have brown
complexions, with features of an European cast.
Cape Town.                             TaE BusnIIX;N, or WIILD HOTTENTOTS, are among
Cape Town, in Cape Colony. on the extreme southern shore of                    t  human species.   hey ha
Africa, was founded by the Dutch in 1650, and is now in the pos- sharp, fierce-looking features, and a wild expression in
session of Great Britain. Itis the great half-way-house for vessels in their eyes. They wander about without any fixed
the China or India trade.                                    habitation, subsisting on roots, toads, lizards, grassCape Town, within Cape Colony is found,                   hoppers, &c.
Where vessels stop when to the Indies bound.                                 Mozambique.
And from  Cape Town, northeast, we likewise view               A  large country, on the eastern coast of
Kur-re-chan-ee', Ma-show', and Lat-ta-koo'.                  Africa, claimed by Portugal. Its trade is ivory, slaves
and gold.
MWozambique.                                Mozambique, and all the rest of the ports on the
coast of Mozambique, are in the possession of the
In Mo-zam-bique', holds Mozambique her rule,   Portuguese, who hold a traffic with the natives for
ivory, gold and slaves.
Which with So-fas-la's owned by Portugal.ory gold and slaves.
There Quil-li-mane' and In-ham-bane' behold                                 Zanguebar.
Where Lisbon trades for ivory, slaves and gold.                 A marshy, unhealthy country, that abounds
in elephants, crocodiles and venomous serpents.
Zanguebar.
Adel and Berbera.
In Zan'-gue-bar, dark Mag-a-dox'-a breathes,                 Adel, west of Berbera, is imperfectly known.
And there Me-lin'-da with Quil-lo'-a lives.                    Berbera is the most eastern part of Africa, and noted for gums and spices.
Adel.                                ADEL and BERBERA, the chief towns, are noted for
their frankincense and rich gums.
And A'-del and Ber-be'-ra both appear,
Where Adel's plains their tawny bosoms rear:                                    Abyssinia.
For gums and frankincense, and costly myrrh,                    The ancient Ethiopia, is an uneve.n country,
intersected by ranges of high mountains.  The soil
These both are known and chronicled afar.                    in the valleys is fertile, and the climate is mild and
salubrious.
Abyssinia.                              The inhabitants are a cruel and licentious race.
Axum is noted for monuments and ruins; among
And Mas'-sua, Gon'-dor, and one Ax'-um  throng, which are 40 obelisks; one 80 feet high.
Where Abyssinia's doors are round them  hung.
*   *   ^3 i  ~  i iNubia.
As Axum  spreads her ruins to the days;
As... spreads, herruistotA rocky, sandy, desert country, where pillars
Gondor is on a hill, and built of clay.                      of sand are spen moving in the wind, and where the
poisonous simoom  blows.  It belongs to the Pacha
Nubia.                              of Egypt.
Near Meraweh are a number of temples, adorned
And Sen'-na-ar, Shen'-di, and Mer-a'-weh smile   with sculptures. hieroglyphics, &c.  One of these,
With Derr in Nubia, on the flowino' ilie.                   the largest, is 450 feet in length and 160 in width.
Mr e f e fo  temples,               Near Shendi are upward of 40 pyramids, supposed
Meraweh's famed for temples, near her border,                by many to be older than those of Egypt.
Shendi for pyramids of ancient order.                          DON;OLA, on the Nile, is the capital.
As by the Nile Dongola mounts the throne;                   Ipsambul is noted for a temple of immense proporTp-sa -bul frh l,         wtioml, excavated out of the solid rock.  It is adorned
Ip-sam'-bul for her temple well is known.                 with colossal statues and painted sculptures.




58                            POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Central Africa.                                      Soodan, or Central Africa.
Niger's banks Tim-buc'-too finds a spot,              Soodan, or Nigritia, sometimes called CenNear 2Mger's banks Tim-buc'-too finds a spot,              tral Afica, is imperfectly known.  It includes all
For caravans a place of great resort.                       south of the Great Desert, and north of Ethiopia.
Se-go' and Jena both are towns of trade,              Tri~lUCTOO, once supposed to be a large city, is
Se-go' and Jena both                                          are tfound to be but a mere collection of huts.
Southwest from  this, beside the Niger laid.
From  Niger east, some hundred miles or more,                                Great Desert.
Is Sack-a-too', the first in size and power.                     The Great Desert of Sahara, north of SooE1s3; cka-to o,~  the f irst  in size and power.               dan, is 3000 miles long and more than 1000 broad,.containing over 1,800,000 square miles. This immense
The commerce of Africa, Arabia, and many other parts of Asia, cntaining over 1,800,000 square miles. Thisimmense
ts carried on by means of caravans. The camel is the only animal that expanse is nearly all covered with sand, which is
call endure the scorching heat of the sandy deserts.  A caravan  blown by the wind in moving pillars, scattering death
sometimes consists of 2000 camels, and as many persons.       in its fearful path.. --
[The Red Sea, viewed from Ras Mahommed, on the southwest coast of Arabia Petraea.]
The RED SEA is a large inlet or bay. communicating with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Babel-Mandel and the Gulf of Aden.
Its length is about 1400 miles, and its greatest breadth 200. This sea is bounded on the east by Arabia; on the west by Egypt.
It is still memorable for the wonderful passage and safe deliverance of the children of Israel through its waters, and for the
overthrow of the haughty Pharaoh and the Egyptian host.
The celebrated Song of Miriam, sung after this great drama (see Exodus xv. 20), is thus paraphrased by MOORE, in one of his
most beautiful and melodious strains.
MIRIAM'S SONG.
SOUND the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea!              Praise to the Conqueror, praise to the Lord I
Jehovah has triumph'd-his people are free.                 His word wurs our arrow, his breath was our sword!Sing-for the pride of the tyrant is broken,                Who shall return to tell Egypt the story
His chariots, his horsemen, all splendid and brave-        Of those she sent forth in the hour of her pride?
How vain was their boasting!-The Lord hath but spoken,    For the Lord hath look'd out from his pillar of glory,
And chariot and herseman are sunk in the wave.             And all her brave thousands are dashed in the tide.
Sound the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea!             Sound the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea!
Jehovah has triumph'd,-his people are free.                Jehovah has triumph'd, —his people are free.




ISLANDS.
Chained to the Arctic sea is Greenland found,               GRnE XLAND is probably the largest island in the
Where winter spreads lis desolation round.                   world, excepting New Holland; it is known to extend more than 1,400 miles north, and how much
As Disco here in snowy garb is dressed,                      further is unknown. It probably reaches to, or beyond
Prince William's Land from  Baffin's Bay is west;   the pole, and forms an Arctic Cotinent of itself
Souha m 1 J. eps.i~    X' ~ TTm~ i   11       MELVILLE is noted as having been the head quarSouthampton keeps in Hudson's ample bay,                     ters of Captain Parry, for two years.
While west of all, Sabine and Melville lay.                    NEWFOUNDLAND is noted for the greatest codfishAnd Newfoundland from  Labrador is south,                     riesin theworl.  It belons to Great Britain.
Where the St. Lawrence river opes her mouth.                   NANTUCKET is noted as a whaling depot.
~.~ ~ 1- ~ i -1'.^~.A.t'~ ^~LoNe ISLAND, south of Connecticut, is noted for
Prince Edwards here, with Anticosti keeps,                   its fertility of soil.
With one Cape Breton, on the liquid deeps.                     TIHE BAHtAMAS and BEnrMUDAs, are noted for
Longr Island floats upon the azure wave,                  their salubrious climate.  St. Salvador, one of the
Bahamas, was the first land discovered by Columbus.
Where Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket lave.                    THE  WEST  INDIES  are noted for their great
Ber-mu-das and Ba-ha'-ma, blooming where                    fertility.
Swleet spring distils her ever-balmy air;   [smiles,    CUBA, the largest, belongs to Spain; it is about
n' 11  1, 800 miles in length, with an average width of 75
Where storms and earthquakes frown, and verdure  miles.
In summer's climes lay fair West India Isles;                  JAMAICA, one of the most beautiful of the West
Of these rich Cuba sparkles o'er her stand;                 Indies, is subject to hurricanes, earthquakes, and
TT/,      dreadful storms of thunder and lightning.
Hay'-ti and Por-to IRico join the band;              torn.,
ay'-ti and  or-to  ico join the band;  [torn     JOAsNNE is a large island, lying in the mouth of
Though scorched by lightnings, and by earthquakes  the Amazon.
Ja-mai'-ca there still blushes like the morn.                  TERRA DEL FUE;O, or the land of fire, is a cold,
Southeast from  these, and smiling on the tide,           desolate region, inabite  by a race of the  ost miserable savages.
Ca-rib'-bee's mounds are mantled in their pride;               sr. HELENA is a rocky island off the coast of
There Bar-ba-does' and fertile Gua-da-loupe',                Africa. It is noted as having been the prison of Navth  rin-'~i-   stand ~in the efin group             poleon, from  1815, to his death, 1821. His body
With Trin-i-dad', stand in the elfin group                   remained there till 1840, when it was taken to France.
Jo-an'-nes dwells in Am-a-zon's broad mouth,                   AscENssio  is noted for turtles.
With Mar-tin-Vas', and Sax-em-burg more south;                 CAPE DE VEnlEs have a hot, unhealthy climate.
Au-ro-ra and South Georgia, dismal shores,                     THE CANARIES are noted for canary birds, and the
lhere wointer  rith his blusterin  tempests roars;    Peak of MI'eneriffe, an extinct volcano, 12,250 feet
Where winter with his blustering tempests roars;           hig.
And Ter'ra del Fu-e'-go, scorched by fire,                     TIE Azorns or Western Islands, belonging to
With Falk'-land,'neath the storm's impetuous ire;  Portugal, are noted for fertility of soil and salubrity of
South Shet'-land and South Ork'-ney, unexplored,   climate.
MADE:IRA, a mountainous island, is noted for ferWith Sand-wich Land, whose names we scarce afford; tility and Madeira wine.
And St. Hel-e'-na, where Napoleon lay,                      Tl'aE  HEBRIDES belong to Scotland, they are
Is on the wes-tern coast of Africa.                          mostly barren and sterile.
~, *'  s X>%^ Ti +,  ~ ^1,~1TaH ST ETLAN-DS. north of the Orkneys, number
As-cen'-sion and St. Mat'-thew northly glow,                                     orh  o  he  rney  n        er
in all about 100.  They are cold and barren.
With one St. Thomas, and Fer-nan-do Po;                        ICELAND,, one of the largest islands in the world,
Cape Verd, from  Gambia west, comes in the song,  is noted for Mount Hecla, and its geysers or springs
As the Canary Isles to Spain a   belong                     of hot water. The climate is dreary and cold. It is
As the Canary Isles to Spain belong;m
owned by Denmark.
Madeira there with sparkling wine cup full,                    SPITZBERGF. is the most northern land known;
In mountain garb, is owned by Portugal;                     it lies between the 77th and 81st degrees of north
T-i  i iiiJ-.'Alatitude. On its coast are found whales, sea-dogs,
For health renowned, then comes the fair Azores,, sealio,  c. In the su er the sun dos
sea-cows, sea-lions, &c. In the summer the sun does
Or Western Isles, where ocean's dark surf roars.    not set for three months.
(59)




60                           POETICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Great Britain, west of Europe, takes her post;              NovA ZEMBLA lies north of Europe and Asia.
A     I   bre   on her westernoaIt is destitute of all traces of vegetation, save lichens
And Ireland borders on her western oast;        and mosses.   et on its shores are found vast numAnd Fa'-roe, Shet-land and the Ork'-neys gaze                bers of foxes, white bears, walruses and seals.
Still further north, where sleep the Heb'-ri-des;              CORSIcA, 100 miles long, and about 44 wide, is
-^,~~~ -i r7  i    i    L   11noted as the birthplace of Napoleon.
Fu-en' and Zeal-and east of Denmark keep;                                       
e    SARDINlAl,  160 miles tong and 60 wide, is rich with
Born-holnm  and Ru'-gen in the Baltic sleep;                 minerals, and has a fertile soil.
O'-land and Goth-land there in slumbers lay,                   SICILY was once called the granary of Europe.
And A'-land gazes o'er the Baltic sea.                       It is the largest island in the Mediterranean, and is
noted for Mount Etna.
OfMAIDAGASCAR, on the coast of Africa, is one of
Ol thme Mediterraine an.
the largest islands in the world, being 840 miles long
MAi-nor'-ca and Ma-jor'-ca, east of Spain,                and 300 wide. Its inhabitants are Arabs, Negroes
it7h   -   a   t   w     and Malays.  The soil is rich and fertile, and the
With Iv'-i-ca assert their watery reign  climate healthy.
Sar-din'-i-a on her watery throne I found,                     BOURBuo  belongs to France.  It contains a volcaWith Cor'-si-ca, her sister, by her crowned;                 no in a state of activity.
-pess, ana'-iai.iT  Ihe ISLE Or FRAN-CE, or MAURITIAS, belongs to
Cy'-press and Can'-di-a in angelic mien,                    England.  It is noted for a lofty mountain, which is
With Sic'-i-ly in the same bright sea are seen.              crowned by a high, rocky peak, called Peter Botte
Mountain.
Of the  Arctic  Ocean.                          NEW  HOLLAND, or AUSTRALIA, is the largest
The foxes' empire, IVo-va Zem-bla, stands,                island in the world, having an area of 3,500,000
square miles.  The whole of this vast tract of land
And o'er the pole Spitz-ber-gen holds her hands.    is claimed by Great Britain.
The natives or aborigines of this island are probaOf the  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans.                   bly the lowest in the scale of any that belong to the
human family. They are the only race that goes
Com-o'-ro Isles, Bour-bon, and Isle of France,           entirely nake. Their food consists of fish, snakes,
With Mad-a-gas'-car, from  the waves advance;                snails, worms, lizards and all kinds of loathsome
And Lac'-a-dives and Mal-dives there are strown,    reptles
VAN- DIEMAN'S LAnD, situated south of Australia,
With Cha'-gos Isles, by Indian zephyrs blown.                is noted as being the place where most of the conSouth of Hindoostan blooms the fair Cey-lon',                victs of Great Britain are now banished. The population is about one third criminals.
Known for her costly pearls and cinnamon;
NEW  ZEALA.N  became a part of the British EmHai-nan' is seated in the gulf Tonquin, (ton-keen') pire in 1840.  The natives are tall and well formed,
From  China east, Formosa Isle is seen,                      and were formerly cannibals.
With Ki-u-si-u and So-koke, we scan                            SvU-ATRA is noted far Mount Ophir, 13,000 feet
high.  The island produces large quantities of camNiphon and Jesso, islands of Japan.                          phor and pepper.
From  Niphon north behold Saghalien Isle,                      JAVA belongs to the Dutch.  It produces coffee,
*ienorth and east are those we call Kurile,            sugar, rice, &c. Batavia, the capital, is a great comWhile north and east are those we call Kurile,               mercial emporium  for the trade of the Dutch in the
And Bor'-ne-o where the ourang-outang is found; East.
Whose shores with forests and with swamps abound,   CELEBES is noted for its vast number of venomous
reptiles, flies, &c., that annoy the inhabitants to such
And Cel'-e-bes, where herbs of poison grow,                 a degree that they are compelled to build their houses
And reptiles live, stands east of Bor'-ne-o;                on posts, to prevent their intrusion.
Sumatra where Mount Ophir towers the while,                    THE PHILIPPNES are noted for terrific storms of
thunder and lightning.
As Java slumbers a volcanic isle.                              BORNEO is one of the largest islands in the world.
Moluccas for their spices next we name,                     Its shores are beset with swamps and forests.  The
As the Philippine Isles are owned by Spatn.                 orang outang, the connecting link between man and
As the Philippine Isles are owned by Spain. 
the lower animals, is found here.
Australia, Ocean's first born offspring stands,             The original inhabitants of the LADRONES have
And o'er his azure empire spreads her lands,                 been nearly all exterminated by the Spaniards.
New  Guinea and New Zealand there are lain,                    TE CAROLINE ISLANDS   are mostly all of coral
formation. They are beat by a tempestuous ocean,
And there Van Dieman's Land usurps her reign.   and are subject to storms and hurricanes.




ISLANDS.                                                     61
The Caroline, where reefs of coral form,                     THE  SANDWICH ISLANDS are among the most
Brave the rouh sur, te t t ad te s m             important of the Pacific.  The native inhabitants
Brave the rough surf, the tempest and the storm;   have all been converted to the Christian religion.
Ladrones beneath the Spanish yoke are bound,
While farther north the Bonin Isles are found;
The Sandwich Islands, where Mount Roa keeps,
And where Kirauea flames above the deeps,
Where Captain Cook was by the natives slain,
Are bound together in the coral chain.
Folded in Ocean's arms, the Friendly Isles,
By the Society, rear up their piles;                                              Otaheite.
Fair Otaheite, in the last named band,                          Otaheite "the gem of the Pacific," is the largest of the
Society Islands. Its circumference is about 108 miles.
Shines like an Eden in a fairy land.                         The interior rises into high mountains, the sides of which
are covered with rich verdure. The natives of this island
Marquesas Isles are in the burning zone,                   are tall and well made; they have lately been converted,
i       ll  i   by the efforts of missionaries, to the Christian religion.
South of the line with those called Washington.
Ju-an' Fer-nan'-dez sparkles in the deeps,
And young Chi-lo'-e near to Chili keeps;As Gal-a-pa'-gos fronts the torrid skies,
Van-cou'-ver's to the north at fifty lies; (50~)                 
And farther still, Queen Charlotte's Isle is sown,
There  On-a-las'-ka and A-leu-tian shone.  
The Aleutian Islands, in the North Pacific, belong to Russia. 
They are about forty in number, and contain several active volcanoes.  In 1795 a volcanic island rose from the sea, which, in                Juan Fernandez.
1S07, had enlarged to twenty-one miles in circumference.       Juan Fernandez was formerly noted for having been
The natives of these islands are a mild race of savages, who  the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk for several
live in large subterranean houses, which frequently contain from   ears from which event  sprung the celebrated  one of the
of Robinson Crusoe. It has been described as one of the
100 to 150 persons.                                          most beautiful islands in the world.
JER FALeoN.-A fierce frrmidable bird, the largest of the Falcon kind.
Attacking sometimes the Eagle. Found in Iceland, Denmark and the north
ernr part of Germany.




MO UN TAI N S.
Mt. Chimborazo.
North  America.                             The following table shows the length of the principal ranges of Mountains:
The Rocky Mountains join in airy bands,                   AILES....             T                              Andes,............                4,500
O'er British soil and over Yankee lands.                     Mexican and Rocky Mountains...,500
O'er Mexico and Guatamala, too,                              Whole American Chain......  10,000
tor-dil'- s we vie.          Altain Mountains,.......  5,000
In the same chain, Cor-dil'-le-ras we vietw.                 Mountains of the Moon........ 2,000
As Ozark Mfountains in Missouri pile,                     Ural Mountains..........   1,500
Atlas Mountains,.
In Tennessee is Cumberland the while,                     Doflafield Mountains....... 1,000
N. C., Virginia, Maryland and Penn.,                      Olonetz,............   1,000
Alleghany.... 900
Are bound together by the Blue Ridge chain.                  Alps,...........   600
O'er the same states, except the state N. C.,                Appenines............    700
e Ai  tm.                   Carpathian............ 500
The Alleghany keeps them  company.                           Green Mountains,..........  350
The dark G'reen Miountains in Vermont embower,   Pyrennees,............                       200
And the White Mountains o'er New Hampshire tower.   The following shows the hight of some of the
loftiest peaks of Mountains:
South  America.                                                                     FrrT.
Chumularee,...... Thibet,.. 29,000
O'er South America the An'-des rise,                      Sorato,........    Bolivia,.. 25,000
With  him-bo-ra'-zo throned above the skies.                Chimboro.....Equaor,. 21,44!
Hindoo Koosh.... Afghanistan, 20,600
So-ra-to, too, the highest peak, is there;                   Cotopaxi, a volcano,... Equador,. 18,890
Bolivia is the place he makes his lair.                      St. Elias, highest in N. A.,. Russia Am. 17.900
Popocatapetl, highest in.. Mexico,.. 17,700
Mt. Blanc, highest in Europe, Italy,.. 15,685
Eurolpe.                             Antisana Farm House,..Equador,. 14,300
As Scotia's climes the proud Ben Ne'-vis hails,           Mount Etna, volcano.. Sicily,. 10,950
Mount Lebanon,....   Syria,.  10,000
With Grampian Hills; —Snowdon is found in Wales.   Mount Sinai,...... Arabia,...8,168
With huge Cantabrian and Iberian reign                       Pindus, highest in..... Greece,..7,677
The bold Ne-va'-da o'er the realms of Spain.                 The highest inhabited spot in Europe, is the MoCastile  To-le-do, and Mo-ra'-na steep,                   nastery of St. Bernard, in the pass over the Great
Castle, To-le-do, and Mo-rana steep,        St. Bernard Mountain.  It is 8,000 ftet above the
O'er Spain and Portugal their sentries keep.               level of the sea. Here the monks entertain all'Teen France  and Spain behold the Py-ren-nees'  straners and travelers gratis, for three days. Dogs
are so trained that they are sent out in the storms of
The proud Ce-vennes' in France the traveler sees,  snow, to rescue benighted travelers.
Auw-verne, near by, spreads out his rocky line            In South America we find large cities excelling the
Au-vergneX na, spreads out  isroabove. They are mostly on the table lands of the
As the Vosges Mounts are west the river Rhine;    Andes.  Quito is 9,000 feet above the level of the
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MOUNTAINS.                                                      63
As Switzerland claims the Alps-the Ap'-pen-ines   sea; La Paz 12,000; Guanca Velica and Potosi
^, -,.1r~.rI  i''reach as high as 13,000 or 14,000 feet; and the
O'er  taly unfold their snowy shrines.                       farm  house of Antisana, tie highest inhabited spot
On Austrian shores, upon the map are traced               on the globe, is sublimely elevated at the hight of
The Erz'-ge-berg, with the Car-pa'-thi-an braced.            1430  feet.
wih. th 11.                 The sublimest mountain scenery in any part of the
He'-mus in Turkey, with the U-lym -pus mound;  world, is found in South America. The cities just
While proud Par-nas-sus Mount in Greece is found, enumerated are above the region of the clouds and
The DAof-fr a-field in Norway                             storms, and enjoy one perpetual spring, with the clear
The Dof-fr~a,-field in Norway, and between                azure above, which is lit by day with the great lumiNorway and Sweden, on the map are seen.                      nary, and by night sparkling with the effulgence of
O-lentz' in Finland, while the UT-ral chain              ten thousand stars.
Travelers in ascending the Andes have witnessed'Tween Russia and Siberia may reign.                         storms of lightning and thunder raging in their elemental fury, thousands of feet below them, while
Asia.                              they themselves were enjoying the cool zephyr, or the
mild sunshine.
In Turkey dwells Tau'-rus and Lebanon;                      The Andes, seen from the Pacific Ocean off the
As Ar-a-rat' is there on his high throne.                    coast of South America, present one stupendous
-o'-reb and Si'-nai in their  randeur tower, _            wall of adamant, that in the distance has a hazy,
Ho -re5b and Si'-nai in their grandeur tower,         blue appearance, which contrasts and softens with
With one Ram-le-ah, on the Arab shore.                       the clear white of the eternal snow with which the
Par-a-po-mi'-sus and the Eldwin brood,                    top or summit is crowned.
Wit.  o'rPersa'seighb  o,'The highest peak of the Andes is Mount Sorato,
With Lou-ris-tan' o'er Persia's neighborhood,                in Bolivia; its summit is elevated 25,000 feet  IlliThe Gon-do-ree' and Kind, with Hindoo Koosh',   mani, near Sorato, is the second highest, being 24,350
feet. Chimborazo, in Equador, is the third in elevaO'er Afgthanistan shores their shadows push.                 tion, being 21,444 feet.
Him-ma'-leh Mountains bound Hindoostan north;    The Alps are the highest mountains of Europe,
Hindoostan is the place where Ghaut has birth.   and among the Alps, Mount Blanc, (or the White
Mountain), towers above all others, being 15,685 feet.
From  Thibet north, Ku-en'-len lMountains peer;   It is in the northern part of Italy.
In Chinese Tartary the Celestials rear.. ^^' hia'hooll Mount Blanc is the monarch of mountains,
Al-tay', Sai-an'-skoi and the Ya-blo-noy',                       We crowned him long ago,
Alon, Siberia south, we next espy.          On a throne of rocks. in a robe of clouds,
Along Siberia south, we next espy.                                  And a diadem of snow.
Around his waist is the forest braced,
Stan-voy' is east, near the Pacific coast,                       And the avalanche in his hand,
Where O'-kotsk's billows round their feet are tossed.             But e'er it fall, t  thullderilg ball,
AManfred.
Africa.                               The highest peak of Asia is Chumularee, of the
Himmaleh range, being 29,000 feet. This is the highIn Barbary the Atlas Mounts belong;                       est mountain in the world. Next to this is DawaleSouth of Nigritia is the chain called Kong.               geri, 27,677 feet.   ver twenty different mountains
So ou n ti                            s       ontheo ut an of t h e.ioon  in this chain are said to be over four miles in hight.
Kong Mountains jon the Mounlains of the Moon,    Mountains are sometimes intersected by rivers,
In Ethiopia,'neath the burning zone.                        which afford in many places but a narrow channel.
rrThe   alrm-e-ro on  in Guinea next we see;'IThe passages of the Potomac and Susquehannah,
The Cam-e-roon', in Guinea next we see;
through the Blue Ridge, and the Missouri through
As the Snow Mounts are in Cape Colony.                    the Rocky Mountains, are the most distinguished.
Mountains aTe great obstructions to roads and canals, as well as rivers. The roads over the Andes are so dangerous
and difficult that they can be passed only by mules and lamas; they are often constructed upon the side of the mountain precipice, where a single misstep would precipitate the traveler thousands of feet into the yawning gulf, or chasm
beneath.  The pass of Quindu, between Popayan and Bogota, excels all others. The highest part of the road is
11,000 feet above the level of the sea.  " No hut," says a distinguished writer, " is to be seen for eleven days; the
path winds through chasms for half a mile in length, and such places are covered with the bones and carcasses of animals that have perished from fatigue or accident."




VOLCANOES.
Volcanoes.
Ve  ofrool. 2_u tMore than two hundred volcanoes are
v ~Aol~ cnesknown to exist in the world; one half of
anr;5~~~~t Go33d                           which are in America.  But a great many
M — ~~~~_J~                      su  ahave never been described, and have scarcely
Mount-: ~ St.   li isreceived a name.
Those of Europe and Asia are mostly on
islaInds; while those of America are on the
main land.
T'hey are distributed as follows:
Has — a_                                          Amierica, on the continent, 97: on islands, 19.
And_____:___                      Europe, on the contianent  1: on islicias, 12.
_hi  oCl  the coniti nt,   8: o n islas,  58
l____ecla,___A Africa,                                                         unknown.          many.
More than forty volcanoes are continually'
burning   between Cotopaxi and Cape Horn.
Equ dor is one great volcanic district.  Cotm
pax i, TIunguragua, Antissana, and Pichinca,
are the principal outlets for the internal fires.
The island of Java is noted as having P
A   greater number of volcanoes than any other
portion of the earth of the same size.  A chain
_-z_=R_-T'        -  of mountains, in some parts 13,000 feet high,
crosses the island, and, in the eastern part, is
divided into a series of thirty-three separate
volcanoes, most of which are in a high state of
activity.
~ VifA ew of Strombolt.i.    liavetroAn eruption of one of the largest, in 1772,
Stromboli, on the Llpari Islands, north of Sicily, is one of the most active was one of the most terrible on record.  The
volcanoes ii the world. It has urned for more than two thousand  ears mountain for a lon  time was enveloped in a
without riterruption. It is visible at the distance of more than 100 miles                            enlo           a
and is styled the great Light House of the MIediterratlean             cloud of fire.  Soon after, the immense mass
sunk away, and disappeared, carrying with it ninety
Afounr St. Elias is a mount of flame,                        square miles of the surrounding country, forty vilN~ear' tlages, and three thousand inhabitants.
Near the Pacific, in the Russian claim.                            KiRAUt}A,  on  Hawaii, one  of the  Sandwich
And Po-po-cat-a-petl, in Mexico,                             islands, is  another of the terrible  volcanoes; its
crater is seven and a half miles in circumference,
Has a high summit covered o'er with snow;                       and 1,000 feet deep.
In Guatimala, Cos-a-qui'-na piles,                             -_ 
Antd the  Water Afo uZntcain or Volcano boils.
In Equador, there  Co-to-pax-i scan;                                -
As high o'er Chili flames the proud  CAlil-lan.
Iecla, in Iceland, and Vesuvius near
Naples, in Italy, the next appear.
Et'-na in Sicily, and the Strom-bo-li, (strom'-bo-lee')
Just north of Sicily, burns o'er the sea.                                         View of Cotopaxi.
Cotopaxi is the loftiest volcano on the globe, and some
of its eruptions have been the most tremendous. It is
18,890 feet high, and is one of the most beautiful summits
On the Canary Isles is  Ten~-noe-riffle',                   of the Andes. It is a regular and smooth cotne. wrapped
in a vesture of eternal snow, whichl dazzles in the rays of
Foq-o on Cape-de-Verd rears her high cliff.                  the sun, with a superior splender. Some of its eruptions
have formed the most terrific and sublime scenes the eve
Afi-ra-uea on the Sandwich sits sublime,                     ever witnessed.'ie flames nave beIi tnown to asceid
And from  its horrid crater pours forth slime.                  3,000 feet above the top of the mountaili. it;s in a state
(64)




VOLCANOES.                                                             65
By a terrible eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in the year 79,    Mount Etna is one of the oldest volcanoes
the cities of Herculaneum  and Pompeii were totally over-  in the world, and has had some of the most terrible
whelmed by the ashes and lava thrown from the crater of  eruptions.  One, in the year 1669, destroyed fourteen
the volcano.  These cities slumbered in silence beneath the  towns and 27,000 inhabitants.  The lava thrown
congealed mass till the year 1750, when their sites were ac-  out formed a perfect river of fire, 1,800 feet wide,
cidentally discovered by some peasants digging in a vile-  and 40 feet deep; and continued its course for mole
yard near the river Sarno.  Since when, temples, theatres, than 15 miles into the sea.
shops, houses, paintings, &c., have been brought to light.
Here skeletons were found, some in the actitude of prayer,   Mount Hecla is a celebrated volcano, on the island of
some clasped together in each other's arms, and soe with   celan.  t is thirty miles from the ocean, and 5,530 feet
their treasures in their hands, as if trying to effect their'igh.
Skaptar Jokal, on the same island, had an eruption, in
escape.                                                            17s3, that ranks among the most terrible, in the destruc"Of MAN here many a frightful form                   tion of life and the amount of lava thrown from its crater.
In grilnnin' horror stands,                      No less than twenty villages, containing in all about 9.000
Striving to'scape the roaring storm,              inhabitants, were consumed. It was estimated that the
tlis gold clenched in his hands.                 lava discharged would be sufficient to cover an area of
Here skeletons by blood allied,                    1,400 square miles, to the depth of 150 feet.
Locked in each other's arms,                       The geysers, or hot springs, or rather water volcanoes,
Still lie embracing as they died,                  spout hot water from  100 to 200 feet high,with a noise
In terror and alarms."                           that resembles the discharge of a cannon.
OCEANS.
An ocean is a vast extent of brine,                             Three-fourths of the surface of the earth are covered
Or salt sea water, boundless and sublime,                    with water, and the other fourth is covered by the
land.
Five oceans there are found upon this ball:                       The water forms five great divisions, called OCEANS,
viz. the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Antarctic, and Indian
Pacific, first, the largest of them  all;                          Ocean.  Beside these, there are many smaller diviTo  Asia and America allied,                                      sions, called seas, lakes, rivers, &c.
tT A  housiand  loner    and full twelve thousand wide.            The Pacific has an  area equal to 78,000,000
Eight thousand long, and full twelve thousand wide.   square miles; the Atlantic, 20,000,000; the Indian
square miles; the Atlantic, 20,000,000; the Indian
I.'~~~~    ~~Ocean, 12,000,000; the Antarctic, 10,000,000; the
Atlantic, second, in the list survey,                           Northern, 2,000,000.
pon the west, bound by America;                                     The extent of the different seas are as follows:Upon  Americ~ a;^  ^Chinese Sea, 1,000,000; Mediterranean, 8,000,000;
While Africa and Europe, on the east,                              Caribbean, 600,000; Okotsk, 500,000; Black Sea,
Heave up their sea-walls to her waves of yeast                     200,000; Re  Sea, 100,000; Baltic, 9,000; Irish,
5,600.
Three thousand miles in width-eight thousand long,                        five great oceans form one continuous mass of
In such a space the Atlantic sings her song.                       water.
The Ocean.s one of the sublimest works of Nature, whether it be in a state of rest, or aroused by
The Iedian  Ocean is the third in size,-                       storms.
Upon the north, the Asiatic shores arise;
Upon the north, the Asiatic shores arise                  Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll,
Australia's east; while Afric's west her tide:                         Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain,
Four  thouand lono  and  fl.         Man marks the earth with ruin; his control
FIour thousand long, and  full three thousand wile.                     Stops with thy shore. Upon the watery plain,
The wrecks are all thy deeds.
*      *        *        *        *        S      *
The Antarctic  Ocean laves the Southern Pole;                      Thou glorious mirror! where the Almighty's face
Glasses itself in tempest, in all time,
\hile, round the North, the Arctic billows roll:                      Calm or convulsed, in breeze, or gale, or storm,Icing the Pole, or in the Torrid clime,
Asia, and Europe, North America,                                        Dark-heaving, boundless, endless, and sublime,
The image of the Invisible!      [Childe Harold.
With Greenland, are the boundaries of this sea.




LAKES.
Lake of the Woods, and Rainy Lake are found                 Lakes are large bodies of fresh water, surrounded
Skirting Columbia on her northern bound                by land, which generally have an outlet into some
Then comes Superior, Huron, and St. Clair,                ocea, gulf, or bay.
A   rie Lake, wit'  oe  X   fair. *       The great chain of lakes between the United States
And Erie Lake, with one Ontario fair.                  and British America discharge all their waters into'Tween Michigan and state Wisconsin roars              the ocean, by the St. Lawrence river.
Lake Michigan, that laves the yankee shores.                Lake Superior, the largest on the globe, stands at
In Maine, is M'oosel]ead Lake and Umn-ba-gog,          the head of this great chain. Its waters are elevated
With Grand and Scoo'-dac in the catalogrue.               between 600 and 700 feet above the level of the
And  n-ni-pi-so'-ge    New  Hampshie lain    Atlantic Ocean. It abounds with fish: trout, weighnd  Tin-ni-i-sio'-ge on New Ham hire lin               ing from fifteen to fifty pounds, are caught in large
As'tween Vermont and Y ork is Lake Champlain.   quantities. The waters of this lake are remarkably
Oneida Lake, Cayutga, Seneca,                         clear,-a quality that pertains to all in this chain.
In New York state with Lake O-was-co' lay.                The Pictured Rocks, on the southern shores, are great
Wisconsin hears her Win-ne'-ba-go talk,                natural curiosities. They form a perpendicular wall
With St. Croix Lake, Flan-beau' and Tomahawk.   of 300 feet, and extend from  twelve to fifteen miles
in length.  The waters of this lake empty into Lake
Leech Lake, Itasca, Devil's and Ottertail,               Huron, by the St. Mary's river.
In Minnesota with Fox Lake we hail;                     lake Baikal, in Siberia, is the largest body of fresh
Then Pepin Lake and Spirit Lake we see,                  water on the eastern continent.
And Big Stone Lake there finds a pedigree.               Ladoga and Oneiga are the largest in Europe.
Salt Lake in Utah scours the Mormon border,                 Geneva, Neufchatel, and Lucerne, are elevated,
Where Utah Lake rolls up in wild disorder,             among the Alps, more than 1,200 feet.  They are
In California roars Lake Bon'-ne-ville,                distinguished for the wild, romantic character of their
There Turtle Lakes their rolling waves distil.           scenery, a feature that pertains to all lakes of mounT-Tk.r~~ ~  7tainous districts; such as those of Norway, Sweden,
In Mexico, Tes-cu-co and Cha-pa'-la,                   Finland, Scotland, Mexico, and South America.
As Ni-car-a'-gua lives in Guatamala.                      Their shores are usually lined with dark forests and
rugged precipices.
In Venezuela, Maracaybo view,                            The following table shows the size of most of the
As Tit-i-ca-ca stands part in Peru.                       principal lakes.
European Lakes.
In Scotia stand Loch Lomond and Loch Ness,                           E.  miles.  S. ils.
With Tay and Ran-noch in their highland dress.            Ladoga, Russia,  6,350  Constance, Switz.,  290
Zu-rich, Lucerne and.Aeuf-cha-tel combine,            Wenner, Sweden, 2,150 Illman,   -  -       275
On Switzerland's mounts to feed a branch of Rhine. Peipus, Russia,  - 850 Maggiore,   -   -  150
onstance is north of Swizerland's rugged she,    Wetten, Sweden,   850 Neufchatel,   -    115
Constance is north of SwiLtzerlands rugged shore,    Malar, Sweden,  - 760 Lucerne,    -  -  100
Geneva west, while south is Lake.Mag-giore'.            Geneva, Switzerland, 340 Garda,   -  -    180
In Sweden, Wenner, Wetter and M/alar',
Mid wild fantastic scenery take their fare.                              Asiatic Lakes.
In Russia, Pe-i-pus' and Ill'-m'n bide,                  Aal,              9,930 Van,   -          1,960
Baikal,       - 7,540 Uroomiah,-  -    760
Where roars O-nei'-ga and Lad-o'-ga wide.                Palkati, -    -    3,696 Dead Sea,  -  - 500
Tska-ny and Baikal in Siberia roar, (sha-ny)                         African Lakes.
Bal-kash is found upon the Tartar shore.                 Lake Tchad,   -?  Dembea, - 
Maravi, -    -          Dibble,. -
As Afghan hears Lake Durra's wild harangue,   Maravi, -    -                   Dibbie, -  -
Ton-tia in China keeps with Lake Po Yang.                             American Lakes.
Superior,-  - 35,000 Arabasca,           6,000
Melgig and Alshot Lakes, are in Algiers,              Huron, -  -    20,000 Erie,  -  -    10,000
ilfelggn~~~~~~~~     ^ r7-Great Bear Lake,? Ontario, -        7,200
Dem-be-ah Lake in Tunis next appears.                  Winnipeg, -   10,000   iticaca,         5,500
And last in Soudan, Tchad Lake finds a lair,           Slave Lake, -   12,000 Nicaragua,   -  5,000
As Lake Maravi roars in Zanguebar.                       Michigan,   -   16,000
(66)




NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS.
NIAGARA FALLS, AS SEEN FROM THE AMERICAN SIDE,
NATURE  has many waterfalls, a few  cataracts —oNE NIAGARA!  That stands alcne, vast,
grand, indescribable! -  the mighty alembic in which the world of waters is refined and etherealized!-  the august throne upon which Nature sits,
clothed in the glorious attributes of power and beauty                       __
-the everlasting altar, at whose cloud-wrapt base                   _
the elements pay  homage to Omnipotence!   The
floods that pour down its tremendous heights, seem
gushing from  the opened heavens, and plunging into
the depths of the unfathomable abyss!  Air groans,.
earth trembles, deep calleth unto deep, and answering
thunders roll up the vast empyrean!  Like a, seethiong 
hell the gulf below sends up the smoke of its torment, 
and the foam of agony thickens upon the face of the 
dread profound, while far above upon the verge of the              i
precipice, sits the sweet Iris -  like faith upon a dying    - 
martyr's brow -  arching the fearful chasm  with its
outspread arms, and smiling through all the terrors of 
the scene.
This cataract, the most wonderful and amazing curi-  
osity in the natural world, is formed by the precipitous. 
descent of the river Niagara down a ledge of rocks of 
more than one hundred and sixty feet perpendicular
height, into an abyss or basin below, of unknown, but.,..,'probably much greater depth.  The river Niagara is
that portion of the St. Lawrence, by which the lakes            / 
Erie and Ontario are united..,.;::'         i
Some idea of the immense quantity of water forced
NOTE.-Most of the description here given of Niagara River and Falls, is taken from  PECK'S TOURIST'S COMPANION"; a work
that should be in the possession of every true lover of Nature. The language and descriptive talent of the author, as will be seen
by the few extracts here given, are in full keeping with the sublimity and beauty of his subject.
(67)




68                          NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS.
BRIDGE TO BATH ISLAND.
over the falls of Niagara, may be formed from the fact, that the lakes and tributaries which supply
the river Niagara, cover a surface of not less than one hundred and fifty thousand square miles;
and contain, as nearly as can be estimated, about one half of all the fresh water on the globe.
Niagara river is, in its whole course, quite in keeping with the stupendous cataract from which
its principal interest is derived. There is nothing insignificant, nothing paltry, nothing commonplace about it, from the lake in which its vast floods have birth, to that which they supply. It is
every where grand, mighty, and majestic.  When spread to the dimensions of a little sea, it has
no resemblance to a shoal; and when contracted to the breadth of a creek, it seems to possess the
power of an ocean. The very interruptions it meets with in its way, seem  placed there only to
exhibit the immensity of its force. The basin which receives its prodigious far-falling volume,
resembles an abyss without bounds to its capacity; and the compressed channel through which it
then flows, seems to have opened its rock-bound banks to an imprisoned sea, that would have burst
a passage, had escape been denied.
Making  a sharp angle at the   Falls, it rolls on    U    OF THE WILO        -CA A 
through beautiful curves, in an alm os   t straight die     -
off to the left,            and passing  through a succession of
nobl te ends of hesnawil, m eofrom thesa wnid,  ip e             uos s anri uncobutn — _  soon
Titan  strugging   with    hie s bonds, it ragesa and p lung es                       e
away, free, fearl ess,   a nd triumphant        to the   e              i      t 
C    on         tinuing in its new course —having turned less
than a right- angle - but a short d istance, it rolls     -- <~    ~'- ~ —righte, and again bending to the left-here maddened by restraint, and ther throhed by expansion,
to the endf of the mountain-plaine  from the gasping jaws of which it rushes anrily forth but soon
reovering there  seran,    oitnd   atino longer chafed o        r enraged   it flows quietly and
smoothly on, through gentle curves and wooing banks, to the sweet lake whosek te  embrace it has




NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS.                                         69
J1
I ___ j f
Et   o h Cv o                                                ki
Entrance to the Cave of the Winds.              Table Rock from below, as it appeared before its fall.
come so far, and encountered so much, to meet, and in whose peaceful bosom it finally sinks to
repose.
The Cataract is made up of three distinct falls.  The Great Horse-Shoe Fall is between Iris
Island and the Canada shore.  The Central Fall is between Iris Island and Luna Island.  The
American Fall is between Luna Island and the American shore.
The Cave of the Winds is back of, or behind the Central Fall.  Reascend the sloping bank to
the Central Fall, and the Cave of the Winds is before you.  At the entrance, you pause to look
up at the projecting cliff, and the sparkling torrent that shoots off far above, falling far over, and'
far below you  and down at the piles of rock heaped up around, and the foam and the spray
springing to light and loveliness from  the rock-wave concussion.  The mightiest throes give
birth to the most beautiful things; and thus the rainbow was born of the deluge.
You are on the steps descending into the cavern.  The majesty, the sublimity of the scene
cannot escape your notice,, and you will feel what I find it impossible to express. A wall of
rock rises frowning on one side; the falling sheet arches the other.  You see it leap from
the cliff far above, and lash the rocks far below.  You seem  between  two eternities, with a
great mystery before you, whose secrets are about to be revealed.  What a moment is this!
From  the vast cavern  into which you are passing, comes the sound of a thousand storms.
You hear the mad winds raging around the walls of their imprisonment, and mingling their
fearful roar with the reverberating thunders of the cataract!   The spray falls thick around
you, and, almost overpowered with intense emotion, you hasten on, descend the steps, reach
the bottom, instinctively retire from the rushing waters, and, having gained the centre and back
of the cave, pause to look around.  You seem  all eyes, all ears, all soul  You are in the
sublime  sanctuary of Nature-Her wonderful and fearful mysteries are above, beneath, and
around you.  God is Infinite, you are nothing!  This is His temple, you are His worshiper!
It is impossible in such a place to be irreverent  The proudest, here is meek; the haughtiest,




70                              NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS.
A ==;== —                                             S. Zut i —v -
NIAGARA RIVER SUSPENSION  BRIDGE.*
humble; and the loftiest, lowly.  The sights and sounds that crowd upon your gaze, and fill
your ears, will be remembered to the latest day of your life; nor will the  emotions that
swell your bosom and thrill your very soul, be ever forgotten.
THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE, two and a half miles below the Falls, spans the immense chasm
of Niagara River, and serves as a connecting link between two great nations.
This stupenduous work was commenced  in  February, 1848, under the superintendence of
CHARLES ELLET, jr., of Philadelphia, and finished during that year.
The length of this wonderful fabric, from  tower to  tower, is eight hundred  feet.  It is
twelve feet wide, two hundred  and thirty feet above the surface of the river, and capable
of sustaining a weight of two hundred and fifty tons.  It certainly is a triumph of art.  There,
over the raging element, it hangs, gorgeous and sublime, as a fit associate and companion of
the mighty stream it crosses.
The immense wire cables, eight in  number, that look like an inverted rainbow  of faded
colors; the strong towers over which they are suspended; the solid fastenings in the rocks at
each end; the thick heavy planking that trembles at the lightest breeze, and undulates'neath
our footsteps,-combined with the sullen roar of the savage stream  beneath  us, and  the
giddy, painful height to which we are suspended, inspire us with the highest emotions of
awe and sublimity.
There is another bridge of much greater length, though of less elevation, now in process
of building, six miles and a half below this, at Lewiston, designed  to connect this village
with Queenston, on the Canada side.  Its length between  towers is some fourteen hundred
feet, and will form, when completed, another great highway between Canada and the United
States.
* From Burke's Guide to Niagara Falls.




MINNESOTA.
VIEW OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY.
THIS TERRITORY is bounded on the North by Canada West, on the East by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, on the South by Iowa, and on the West by the Rivers Missouri and
White Earth, having an area of 160,000 square miles.  It comprises all that portion of country
situated at the head waters of Mississippi, Lake Superior, and many of the northern branches of
the Missouri River.  The face of the country is no where broken by mountain chains, although
many portions are highly elevated, consisting of immense plateau or table-land, which sends out,
from inexhaustible reservoirs, some of the largest streams on the face of the globe. But the
greater part of this country, consists of rolling prairie, oak openings, with forests of pine,
tamarack, beech, and the sugar-maple.  In these immense uncultivated districts, are found all
kinds of wild game: there is the bear, the fox, the large grey wolf, the deer, and the antelope.
Also, the wild goose, the duck, and prairie hen. Pigeons in vast swarms likewise abound in
these forests.
No country in the world has a greater number of rivers, lakes, and springs, than Minnesota.
Besides the Mississippi and its innumerable branches, here the swolen flood of the Missouri
finds a supply. Here the mighty St. Lawrence, with its wide-spread lakes, has its origin. And
from these regions, Winnipeg, Lake of the Woods, and Rainy Lake draw their waters. These
waters are well stocked with fish, that furnish the wild Indian and adventurous pioneer with
food.
The lands are all well adapted to agriculture; barley, oats, wheat, and potatoes, are produced in abundance.  The strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and blueberry grow spontaneously, of a large size and an excellent quality.
Travelers, visiting this Territory, all speak in the most enthusiastic terms, of its picturesque
scenery, of its lovely lakes, sparkling and cool springs, its falls and cascades, its healthy and
bracing climate, and of the strange superstitions of the untutored Red Man that still roams
over its wildernesses.
THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY, rank as first among the curiosities of this Territory.  The Mis(71)




72                                      MINNESOTA.
sissippi River at the falls, is 627 yards wide, and is divided into two unequal channels by
Cataract Island, which extends several rods above and below  the Falls, having a width of
about one hundred yards.
The view on page 71 represents the Eastern channel, as it appeared in a state of nature.
A  dam has recently been thrown across to Cataract Island, so that the beauty of the fall is
destroyed.
The fall of the Western channel has met with a still worse fate.  The whole limestone rock,
over which the waters poured in one unbroken sheet, and behind which travelers walked in
safety, has lately broken away, so that the waters now run down an inclined plane, instead
of driving over a precipice.
The fall of water, in either channel, is not more than  20 or 25 feet, and is sublime,
only when taken in connection with the rough, savage scenery around.
ST. PAUL, the capital, and largest town in the Territory, is situated on the North or left bank
of the Mississippi, 8 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 327 miles by water from Galena in
Illinois. It has a population of over 1200 inhabitants, and is doubtless destined to be a large
and important city.
ST. ANTHONY, at the Falls, is situated on the East side of the river, and is fast advancing
in population and importance. It has an excellent water power, healthy location, and will, doubtless, be a place of fashionable resort.
MENDOTA, three miles above St. Paul, on the opposite side, is a small though important
village, from its being at the mouth of the St. Peters River.
FORT SNELLING, directly across the St. Peters, from  Mendota, is situated on a high bluff.
The Military Reservation here, embraces about 100 square miles.
KAPOSIA, an Indian village on the West bank of the Mississippi, and five miles below  St.
Paul, has a population of 300 souls.
STILLWATER, at the head of Lake St. Croix, is 18 miles by stage from St. Paul. Its population is about 1000.
PEMBINA, about the size of Stillwater, is situated on Red River in latitude 49~.  It is the most
northern town in the Territory.
PILOT KNOB, 262 feet above low  water, in the Mississippi, is a commanding eminence two
miles from the mouth of St Peters River.
MAIDEN'S ROCK, or Lover's Leap, is a high promontory, on the East side of Lake Pepin.
Here a beautiful Indian maiden, it is said, being compelled to marry against her will, threw
herself down upon the rocks beneath, and was picked up a lifeless corse.
FOUNTAIN CAVE, so called from  a rivulet of pure water that flows through it, is situated
near the bank of the Mississippi, two and a half miles above St. Paul.  It is 150 feet long,
20 wide, and composed of white sand-stone, resembling sugar-loaf.
PAINTED ROCK, two miles above Stillwater, on the St Croix River, is a high precipice, on
the face of which are, carved and painted, numerous images, figures, and hieroglyphics. This
place is held in much veneration by the Indians.




CALIFORNIA.
CALIFORNIA, as ceded to the United  States by Mexico, is bounded by Oregon on the i
North, the Rocky Mountains on the East, Mexico on the South, and the Pacific Ocean on
the West; comprising an area of 400,000 square miles.
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA  embraces nearly one half of this territory, or about
180,000 square miles; consisting of a large extent of land, bordering on the Pacific for 800
miles, having a uniform width of about 230 miles; and reaching from Oregon on the North,
to Mexico on the South.
THE GOLD REGION is that portion which lies in the Valleys of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin Rivers; where a greater quantity and abundance of the precious metal has been
procured, than in any other part of the known world. The gold is found here in its virgin
state, in three distinct deposits; 1st-in the sand and gravel beds; 2d-mixed with decomposed
granite rock; and, 3d-mixed with talcose slate.
THE CLIMATE of California varies very much in different parts. In the Valley of San Juan,
it is said to be that of a paradise, mild, healthy, and serene. While in the Valleys, of Sacramento and San Joaquin, it is subject to great extremes of heat and cold.  The year is divided into two seasons-the wet and the dry. The former commences in December and continues till March; the latter lasts during the remainder of the year.
Whether or not the soil and climate of California are adapted to agricultural purposes, is a
question of much controversy.  Wilkes gives it as his opinion, that the amount of arable land in
this portion of California, will not exceed 12,000 square miles; though, by the process of irrigation, he thinks it would prove exceedingly productive.
As to the salubrity of the Climate, it may justly be remarked, that in no part of the
world, could men expose themselves so much to the hardships of toil and deprivation, and
suffer less from the effects, than in California.
The population at the present time, numbers as high as 300,000;;and it is made up of
the most heterogeneous and motley mass of human beings, of any other country under
heaven. Here, every language is spoken; and here, after a lapse of thousands of years, the
noise and confusion of Babel is again heard. Here are men of every profession and tradeof every rank and condition in life.  Here are rich and poor, learned and unlearned; and,
contrary to every other country, the true nobility are those that dig the dirt. And if this
noble democratic principle will last, then California will have produced a corner-stone for the
monument of true democracy, that will do more to commemorate her fame than the golden
block taken from the Sierra Nievada, to adorn the monument of Columbia's honored Son.
The only good harbors of California, remarks Wilkes, are San Diego, San Francisco, and
Bodega. There are besides several roadsteads, which have been used as anchorages during
the summer season, viz.: the Bays of Monterey, San Pedro, and Santa Barbara.  San Diego
is the most Southern port in the State, and is believed, by Bayard Taylor, to be the
best on the Pacific coast, with the exception of Accapulco, in Mexico.
Bodega lies to the North of San Francisco ninety miles, and is of less importance than
either of the others.
From California Sacramento's rolled,
Southward and west, through regions rich with gold.
To Sacramento drives San Jo-a-quin,
Its course north westward on the map is seen.
(73)




74                                                CALIFORNIA.
j  N ^   J  4 -     SAN FRANCISCO, the largest and by
" J  J /  % /`  far the most important town  in the
".  /  1>/          T    State, is situated on a bay of the same
I' t ^  /^'  a  " _?1    name.  In a commercial point of view,'' ^        \              c-,  y "                    this city bids fair of becoming the em1Y~/', f, <W^   -/'^",    porium of the trade, the commerce, and
3-     the wealth, of the vast Pacific.  With a
Wvr____ _____ G,^~s1, ". ^(~^,X1 1 railroad connecting it with the Atlantic,''l --,,~.    ""1  it would doubtless take rank among the'P V          N                                        first cities of the globe.
p)i1iWi            A~^'C                               -  SACRAMENTO CITY, the second town
~SACRAMUENTO C/            Fo                           in size and importance, is situated on
curTT*i: rrs'TI \.  the Sacramento River; by an inundaS~  I                  ~/E        E 1 -    tion of which, it was once nearly deI'' v"o C es5,/   I         l- stroyed.  A  levee has recently been
oF SAN RAFAEL I".... J' a  -         -thrown up, for the purpose of protect-.~,0r ~^" ~,~~ %~                %~'~~"'?'~     ~ ~ing it from further encroachments.
SI -:'                            SEUTTER, named in honor of Capt.
Al ~NvWi ~OR~                             f N-E W.i C_,1S Sutter, and situated at the head of na1'  >SrcKr           (      X-.    ~    s, vi~gation on the Sacramento, is noted as
1c 55N   RAN.I- 0Lo"~ THS~the point fiom which the roads issue
oq^ 7  NC I    0  ~,si,  S —l-.               leading to the Northern mines.
v       7- _g*^      ^,> Z^                         s oCp  VERNON, at the junction of the Sacra41PP          t      $           E "vmento and Feather Rivers, is a town of
some importance from   the  country
sr CLARAO   >  PBLEOLO OF                                             around it.
XAN JOSE
STOCKTON, the commercial depot for
~' L  L  TE            Y                         the Southern, mines, is situated on the
OF THE                                   waters of the San Joaquin.
-  SACIRAMENTO   ^^^__.  ALVERO, at the head of the Bay of
AND                            \        San Francisco, is situated in one of the
u    SAATA 1Z.        S        A AN   JO A Q IN                           most fertile districts of California.
ENGRAYVD FOE THE
MONTEfRkEYV AY        U    npmTIAT    -         DAP  Among  other towns of note, may
__ilLAL  GEOGRAPHY. 1  _Jbe  mentioned  SAN JOSE, the present
[MOMI'REY._                      (               Capital of the State, and situated near
the Southern extremity of the Bay of
San Francisco.
WIGP TAN BUFFALO F N
UTAH, or the district of the GREAT SALT LAKE, called also DESERET, Is situated West of the Rocky Mountains, on the direct
line of the great Overland Route to California. It is near the shores of this lake, that the Mormons have established themselves.
From this place to the Gold Regions, the journey requires forty-five days, with wagons.
Salt Lake, the waters of which are very salt and bitter, is about seventy miles long, and from forty to sixty wide; being elevated
some 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Some of the lands around this lake are extremely fertile, while others are barren.
Bear River, emptying in from the North, is exceedingly cold and transparent.
Utah Lake, the waters of which are fresh, empties into Salt Lake, by the channel of the Utah River.
The entire basin of the Great Salt Lake, or, more properly, the Territory of Utah, comprises an extent of land measuring
160,000 square miles; sone portions of which are fertile and productive, but the greater part is composed of dry, arid, plains,
the rivers of which have no outlet, and either evaporate in their course, or empty into dead salt lakes, or, more properly, pools
of stagnant water covered over with a yellow skum, or saline incrustation.
The country situated East of the Colorado, North of the Gill, and West of the Anahuac Mountains, comprises a vast extent of 120,000 square miles. It is very imperfectly known, but is represented by travelers that have passed through it, as consisting mostly of high table-lands, dry, barren, aud unproductive-many of the Btreams of which, including the Colorado, are
salt and bitter.




THE
RULES OF ARITHMETIC,
IN VERSE.
Addition.                                                Addition.
Addition, is joining more numbers than one,                  ADDITION is joining together two or more
And putting together to make a whole sum,                    numbers, to make one whole sum or amount.
Addition's the rule that learns us to count,       Addition is the rule by which we count, or put
Addition's the rule thlat learns us to count,                num      t he
numbers  together.
And the sum  that's produced is called the amoun.                 e whole sum, or answer, is called the amout.
RULE.
R U LE.                               VWrite down the numbers, one under the other,
rrn       i.,,          J.I   i           i   J   placing units under units, tens under tens, and draw
The numbers write down, as the rule comprehends,  lin  uit ue ut  te  under tens, and daw
Placing units under units, and tens under tens;                Begin at the right hand, or unit column, to add
Draw a line underneath, and commence at the right, or unite the numbers together; add together all the
Or the unit column, the work to unite;                       figures contained in that column.
If its sum  or amount should not exceed 9,                     If the sum or amount should not exceed 9, then
Then place it direct'neath its own native line              place it under the column; but if it does exceed 9,
hen  place it  et   ts own native le:            the right hand figure under the column, and
But if 9 it exceeds, then the unit you place                 carry the left hand figure, and add it on to the next'Neath the column of units, (the units to grace);            column.
While the tens or the figure that's to the left hand,             sev  the same rule, putting down under the
To the next column join, as you well understand.                " a       l th riht hand   ureif it exceeds 9
Observe the same rule, till you come to the last,  and carrying the left hand figure to the next column.
Observe the same rule, till you come to the last,           At the last column, write down the whole amount
At the last column, write down the whole amount,
And the whole amount write as this column you cast. and the work is complete.
Subtraction.                                             Subtraction.
SUBTRACTION is taking a less number from
Subtraction, it teaches, when numbers are given,  a greater to find out the difeirence, as 7 from 10; the
One greater, one less, as 10 stands to 7,                    difference, or remainder, is 3.
rn  ~ id~  ^~.' ~   c~ A'w~ a-                 ->~The greater number, or the number to be lessened,
To find out their difference, for difference we see,             he reater nuer, or the less numbber, or the
is called the minutend. The less number, or the
And when worked and achieved, we find to be 3.    one to be taken from the greater, is called the subtrahend. The dififrence, or that which is left after the
R U L E.                           operation of the work, is called the remainder.
R U E E.
RULE.
The numbers first write, the less under the greater,    Write down  the numbers, the less under the
Placing units and tens, in lines of their nature,-           greater, placing units under units, tens under tens, and
The subtrahend, then, from  the minuend take,                draw  a line underneath.
And that. whih r s  an a r wl       Subtract the less from the greater: commence at the
And that which remains, an answer will make. —               right hand figure in the lower line, and take it from
But if in the less number, a figure we find,                 the one above it in the upper line; write the diflfrence
Which exceeds that above it, let 10 then be joined   below the line. So proceed till the whole is subtracted.
To the figure above, and from  the amount,                     If the figure above should be less than the one
below, then add ten to the one above, and tirom the
Take the figure below, (nor mistake in the count),   below, then a en to the one above, and fom the
0~~~~~~~ "                            ~','amount, take the figure below.  But in this case
But forget not to add, to the next figure, then              you must add one to the next left hand figure, in the
In the subtrahend, one to make up for this ten.              lower column. This is called borrowing ten.
('b)




76                           RULES OF ARITHMETIC.
Mulltiplication.                                          Multiplicaticn.
Now,  fuieliccpation, its nature I 11 show,                  MULTIPLICATION is a short way of perform
ing Addition,   when the same number is to be
It's a short way of working Addition, you know,    ing Ad,   he   te   me   me
0,'.  1' ~~repeated a number of times.
When the same number comes, in prose or in rhymes,    The  number we multiply  by, is called  the
To be used or repeated, a number of times —                 m7rulplier.
Let the less number under the greater one stand,'he  number to be multiplied, is called the
Call one the multiplier, one the multiplicand, —               ltiplicaiL.
Ithe answer is called the product.
Nlame the answer the product,-and then just annex'The sign of Multiplication is the letter X.
For the sign of the rule, the letter-X
RULE.                                                   RULE.
First, the number above, must be multiplied o'er             Whe  the ^mltiplier exceeds 12.
In succession, by each 1  i-ure found in the lower,            Write down the multiplicand, under which, write
It succession,  fi ure  on   n te lower,  the multiplier, placing units under units, tens under
While the same as Addition, the rule you have seen, tens, and draw a line underneath.
Remember to carry one for every ten;                           Multiply the multiplicand by each figure of the
While the right hand figure of each product must lie  multiplier, commencing  at the right hand; and
Direct'neath thle figure You multiply by                    r lremember to set the first product of each figure
mir i~.A~ i~.~ ^'*directly under the figure in the multiplier by which
Then the same as Addition their products unite,u        multiply.
And the amount of them  all is the answer quite.               Add these  several products together, and the
Or when the multiplier is 100 or 10,                      amount is the product required.
Or 1, with any number of ciphers, I mean,                      To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, 4c.
Of ciphersl, annex to the multiplicand,,Add to the multiplicand as many ciphers as there
A  ciper, ane  to the mutiplicr s and, Aare ciphers in the multiplier; and the multiplying is
As many, as in the multiplier stand.                         performed.
Or when ciphers are in the multiplier found,                When ciphers occur between the significant figures
Or btween the significant figures abound,                   of the multiplier, we omit them, multiplying by the
By;fibsres sicunificant only, perform,                      significant figures only, minding to write the first
While the righ~t of each product directly is borne           product of each figure, directly under the figure by
While the rigfht of each product directly is borne
which we multiply.'Neathl th  tigure you multiply by. (Now retain                To prove multiplication, divide the product by the
This rule forever secure in your brain).                    multiplier, and if the quotient is the same as the
multiplicand, the work is right.
Division.                                                Division.
Next sirile Division, the fourth Rule is seen,             DIVISION is a short way of performing many
It's a shoit way of working Subtraction, (I ween), Subtractions; or,
It shows us Slabtraction, its smallest remains,                It shows how often one number is contained in
another.
And how often one number another contains.                     The Dividend is the number to be divided.
The Diviso,r is that, which divides, as you see,            The  Divisor is the number that divides the
The Dividend's that, which divided must be.                 dividend.
TIhe caswer is called the Quotient,  and shows                 The answer is called the Quotient, and shows how
How  oft the divisor in the dividend goes.                  often the Divisor goe into the  ividend
RULE.
nvL~~~~~~~~~~~~~R U L E.
~~R U L E                          ~. ~When the Divisor is more than 12.
Write the dividend down, and to the left hand,              Place the Divisor at the left of the Dividend, sepaWith a curve line between, the divisor must stand,-  rated by a line.
Then of figures, as many divide, (and consign)              The  assume as many figures of the dividend as
As will hold the divisor, times not over nine, (9)            ill hold the divisor soething less thn      times.
With the number arising, the quotient supply,               assumed portion of the dividend, and place the result
Which by the divisor you then multiply,-                     at the right of the dividend, separated by another line.
The product then take from  the dividend o'er it,           Multiply the divisor by this figure, and place the
And beside what remains, the next figure lower it;  product under the part assumed or divided, and subWhich again you divide, if't will hold the divisor         tct it heefom, and to the remainder bng down
If  not, in, the q t a cthe next figure for a new dividend.
If not, in the quotient a cipher we tie sir,




RULES OF ARITHMETIC.                                                       77
And to our remainder, a figure once more,                     Divide this the same as before, and to the remainFrom  the dividend brin', and proceed as before.            der continue to rin  down fiures fro  the diviend
0X^~~~~  ~" ~till the whole is divided.
WHEN THE DIVISOR IS LESS THAN  12.                    To prove Division, multiply the divisor and quotient together, and if the product is the same as the
But when the divisor does not exceed twelve,             dividend, the work is right.
By short division the problem  we solve,                      Example:-2840 -140=71, the Quotient.  To'Neath the dividend then the quotient you bind,             prove this, multiply 71 by 40, thus: 71X40-2840,
While the process is mostly performed in the mind. the    e as the dividend.
Reduction.                                              Reduction,
Reduction is changing a kind and its name,                 REDUCTION is changing one kind or denomTo another, and keeping its value the same.                ination to that of another, without altering its value.
It consists of two kinds, Ascending is one,                                      Re tio  Ascending and De0 "-Y   IY ~    scending:  the former is performed by division, and
Descending the other, by which we come down;                          er         is  ero rme  by  iiion  an
~  ^.<. P'  ^...               X'   the latter by multiplication.
[n Reduction ascending, division we try;
In Reduction Descending, we then multiply.                         RULE FOR REDUCTION ASCENDING.
Divide the lowest denomination given, by as many
Reduction  Ascending.                         as it takes of the same to make one of the next
highest order.
Divide the lowest kind that stands in your sum,            Divide the quotient in the same manner, by the
By that number it takes of the sum  to make one            number it takes of its own denomination to make one
Of the next higher order, and keep the same round  of the next higher denomination; so continue to do
till it is reduced to the denomination required.'Till the problem  is solved, and the answer is found. till t  reuc  to the denomination required.
Decimal Fractions.                                       Decimal Fractions.
In decimal Fractions, your work is the same,               DECIMALS are performed the same as whole
As when in whole numbers, the problems you frame. numbers.'he only difficulty is to know where to
put the separation or decimal point, between decimals
and whole numbers.
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals.
~~R U L ~E.                Addition and Subtraction of Decimals.
In Addition of Decimals, Subtraction too,                     Write down the numbers, one under the
The same as whole numbers, the work you must do   other, placing those of the same value under each
Ten, an  whe n de s, k.i    w y m.    other; or, units under units, tens under tens, &c.
Write tenths under tenths, and hundredths, likewise, Likewise, tenths under tenths, hundredths under
You place under hundredths, the rule to comprise.  hundredths, and then add or subtract as in addition
Let the decimal point, if the work you approve,             or subtraction of simple or whole numbers.
Fall precisely'neath those in the numbers above.             Let the decimal point in the sum, or remainder,
fall directly under those in the sum.
Multiplication  of Decimals.
Multiplication of Decimals.
TO POINT OFF IN MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS.
To point off in Multiplication of Decimals.
If in iMultiplication of Decimals, then                    Multiply the same as in whole numbers, and point
Point off from  your product, with pencil or pen,          off in the product, for decimal places, as many
For decimal places, as many as stand                       figures as there are decimal places in both multiplier
In bol multiplier and   u 7ltipcand. T  and multiplicand, counted together.
In botlh  zultlplierl and multlplicalnd.                     To multiply a whole number by a decimal, the
If the product in figures deficient is found,              product is less than the multiplicand; for example,
To the left of the product let ciphers be bound.,5 multiplied by,5 the product is,25.
Division  of Decimals.                                   Division of Decimals.
TO POINT OFF IN DIVISION OF DECIMALS.                  To point off in Division of Decimals;
Divide the same as in whole numbers, and point
In Division of Decimals, then you may count              off from the right of the quotient, for decimals, as
From  the right of the quotient the whole amount           many places as the decimal places in the dividend




78                          RULES OF ARITHMETIC.
That the dividend numbers o'er the divisor                   exceed those of the divisor; and if there be a defiIn decimal figures-  and if the supply (sir)                 ciency of figures in the quotient, supply such defiInT t1 he'~  r ^ quo,^ o* f s. duficiency by annexing figures to the left of the quotient.
In the quotient, of figures, deficient you find,                ^                  n
n tne quotient, oT ures  ecent   you  nTo divide a whole number by a decimal, the
To the left of the quotient let ciphers be Joined.           quotient is greater than the divide/nd: for example.
250, divided by,5, the quotient is 500.
Interest.                                                Interest.
Interest is a certain per cent. that's allowed,             INTEREST is a per cent. paid by the borFor the use of money on the lender bestowed.                 rower to the lender, for the use of money.
T'ile )rinclilpal's that, which is loaned or lent,            The sum  of money loaned or lent, is called the
The rate, on each dollar, is called the peer cen(t.-        principal.
Te rat, o n eh d, is c d te   r ct            T'he per cent. is the annual amount paid, as so
It is Simple and Compoundl-The rule for the first many dollars for the use of a hundred.
When desired for one year, may thus be rehearsed: 
I     RULE FOR SIMPLE INTEREST.
Rt U L E.                           Multiply the principal by the rate per cent., and
First, the principal multiply by the rate per cent.  divide the product by one hundred, and the quotient
And divide by 100 the product, (attent)                     is the interest for one  ear.
A  7  7 7 -7  Multiply this last by the number of years, and the
If for more years than one, the product it bears            product is the interest for the years.
Must be multiplied by the number of years.                    7T compute the interest for months;
If the interest for months, in your sum  is implied,    Div-ide the interest of one year by 12, and the quoBy 12, the interest of one year, divide,                    Itient is the interest for one month; multiply this by
And the quotient by the number of months malt piied,  the number of months, and the product is the interest
The interest in full, for the months will decide.              To corpnute the interest for days;
If the use of your money for days you would see,    Divide the interest of one month by 30, the numThe amount for one month by 30 must be                        ber of days in a month, and the quotient is the interest
Divided, and then the quotient you raise                    for one day.
Be multiplied o'er by the number of days;                      Multiply the interest of one day by the number of
Be multipiled o' er by te nuer of            days, and the product is the interest for the days.
Add the days and the months and the years all in one,    Add the (lays, months, and years together, and the
And the answer desired will be the whole sum.                amount is the interest required.
Compound  Interest.                                       Compound Interest.
Now interest Compound, to you I will show,                  COMPOUND INTEREST, is interest on interest,'Tis interest on interest and princi]pal too,               where the interest is added to the principal at the end
Which are added together as interest is due.                 of each year, as it becomes  e.
RUL E.
RULE.
First find the amount for one year, the same                      
As in simple interest, the rule that you've seen,            amount is the principal for the seon  year. 
Then this is the principal for the next year,                  Then perform, with this principal, the same as with
Which again you compute with patience and care.   the first, finding the amount for the second yr'ar,
And ag-ain to the product the interest unite,                which amount is the principal for the third year; so
elcont inue to do, finding the amount for each year, and
Which becomes for the third year, a principal quite.  to d, inoding the amount for each year, and
So continue,  and fro    the am1           fr'om the last amount, subtract the sum loaned, and
So continue, and from  the amount ofis the Compound Interest for the
Subtract the sum  loaned, and the interest is cast.    number of years required.
Rule  of  Three.                                          Rule of Three.
R U L E.                              Of the three given numbers, make that the
Of the three given numbers, a third term you make third term which is of the same kind with the answer
Of the three given numbers, a third term you make sought.
That's of the same kind with the answer you seek;    Then consider, from the nature of the question,
And then just consider the question in hand,             whether the answer will be greater or less than the
Whether greater or less, the answer will stand              third term.




RULES OF ARITHMETIC.                                                     79
Than this the third term,-If greater't is known            If greater, place the greater of the two remaining
That of the two numbers the greater comes down    numbers for the second term.
For the term  that is second, or term  number two;          If less, place the lesser of the remaining numbers,
1For thle term thlat is second-, or term number tWO; for the second term.
While the less number's first, as the pencil will show.   In either case, multiply the second and third terms
But if smaller your answer than term number three, together, and divide by the first term; and the quoReverse the two terms, let the less second be,            tient will be the fourth term, or answer.
Then the second and third you next multiply,
And divide by thefirst and the answer is nigh.
Alligation.                                           Alligation.
ALLIGATION is mixing together several sinmAlligation is minglin  or mixing toether,                ALLIGATION is mixing together several sin,lngation is min~ling  or mxnX togetherI'DInples of different qualities, or prices, so that the compoTeas, sugars or spirits (and one thing or other),        sition may be of some intermediate quality or price.
It divides itself thus, (now be sure and learn it),         It is of two kinds, Alligation Alternate, and AlliAlligation Medial, Alligation Alterne.                    gation Medial.
Alligation  Medial.                                    Alligatlon MediaL
Alligation Medial is finding the mean,                   ALLIGATION MEDIAL, is finding the mean or
The middle or averace'twixt either extreme              average proportion or price, of several numbers or
Of several simples, some less and some greater;             ces
So read o'er these lines, and they'11 learn you its
nature.                                                                 nuUL.
R U L E.
Add together the several prices or ingredients, and
Supposing a merchant has three kinds of tea,           divide the amount by the number of ingredients.
At 10 shillings, 5 shillings, and shillings 3,              Or when there are a greater number than one of
Which lie wishes to mix and together confound,            ec kind,
A  t  w    o a    n       Multiply the number by the price, set the products
And then wants to know what's the worth of a pound,
And ten wants to know wat's te wort ofpoud, in a column, add the several products together, and
Add your 10 and your 5 and your 3 as you mix, divide the amount by the amount of the several
And divided by 3, the quotient is 6.                     ingredients, and the quotient is the mean price of the
Six shillings per pound, price of the mixture.       composition.
Alligation  Alternate.                                 Alligation Alternate.
Alligation Alternate is the rule that finds,             ALLIGATION  ALTERNATE  teaches to  find
What quantity of any number of simples or kinds,  what quantity of any number of simple  whose
Whoset     1 ruante  ar  all ni.edrec  asw s tate, o d,'rates are all given, will compose a mixture of any
Whose rates are all given, direct as we state,           specified rate.
To compose a mixture of a specified rate.
RULE.
RUL E.
Arrange the rates of the simples in a column under
Arrange n a column your rates for command,             each other, with the mean price at the left hand.
And place the mean rate off at the left hand;               Connect each rate, that is less than the mean rate,
Each rate that is less than the middle or mean,          with one or more that is greater; place the difference
Join with one that is greater, as is plain to be seen,   between each rate and mean price opposite that with
Place the difference'tween each rate and mean kind, which it is joined, and it will be the quantity required.
Opposite that with which it is joined.
Square  Root.                                         Square Root
RU L E.
Divide into periods of two figures each,                                  n.
The number you know, as the pedagogues teach,-              Divide your number into periods of two
In the left hand period find the greatest square,   figures each, by putting a point over the unit figure,
Which from it subtract, and to what remains there          d evey second figure from the place of units.
e n*  po  do wn' fo    7 Di e' \  Find the greatest square in the left hand period,
Bring the next period down fora Dividen fair:  and put the result in the root, at the right of the
Place the root of the square at the right hand of all, number.
And two times the root a Divisor we call.                  Square this figure, and place the square under




80                          RULES OF ARITH METIC.
Then try the Divisor, see how many times                 the left hand period. Then subtract it therefrom, and
The Dividend holds it (by prose or by rhymes).    to the remainder bring down the next period for a
Of/its......... h   figu re exclusive, you  /now          dividend.
Of its right hand figure exclusive, you know,                  Double the root, already found, for a divisor, or
And write in the root the number't will go,                 see how many times it is contained in the dividend,
Then to the Divisor the same figure tie,                  exclusive of its right hand figure, and place the result
And by the same figure the whole multipl;                   in the root, for the second figure of it, and likewise
The product then take from the Dividend (penned), I put the same figure at the right hand of the divisor.
An   of. t    h, i.. rean,...k  a,ivide      Multiply the divisor with the last figure annexed,
And of that  which remains, make a new dividend;  by the last placed in the root, and subtract the product
By bringing' tle period that' s next, along side,-          from the dividend, and to the remainder bring down
And for a Divisor that's new and untried,                   the next period for a new dividend.
Just double the figures that stand in the root,                Double the figures already found in the root, for a
Just double thefigures that stand in the root,..,''.
And  ok as before till the answer is got.                 new divisor, and from these find the next figure in
And work as before, till the answer is got.  ~,                ~ 
the root, as last directed, and so proceed till the whole
is finished.
Cube Root.                                                Cube Root.
R U LE.                                                 RULE.
Your number divide, as I shall prescribe,
Your number divide, as I shall prescribe,                   Separate the given numbers into periods of
In periods of three figures each, side by side,             three figures each, by putting a point over the unit
In the left hand period the greatest cube find,           figure. and every 3d figure beyond the place of units.
Put its root in the quotient, and then you must mind           Find the greatest cube in the left hand period, and
To subtract from the period, the Cube that is found, set the root in the quotient.
And by what remains, the next period brin  down                Subtract the cube, thus found, from the said period,
And by what remains, the next period bring down  f.  *.                       
* "'     and to the remainder bring the next period down for
For a dividend,-then a divisor to spy,                       a dividend.
By 300 your quotient's square multiply;                        Multiply the square of the quotient by 300, calling
Then as Simple Division, the work you perform,  it the divisor.
But subtract not the product-let this be forborne.             Seek how many times the divisor may be had in
T n the s e of te lt q tient    e e    d  the dividend, and place the result in the root; then
Then the square of the last quotient figure espied, multiply the divisor by this quotient figure, and write
By the first quotient figure, must be multiplied,            the product under the dividend.
And the answer arising by 30 be tried (or multiplied),    Multiply the square of this quotient figure by the
And the product of these placed under the last,    former figure or figures of the root, and this product
That units and tens in their lines may be cast.             by 30, and place the product under the last; under
al. l, write the cube of this quotient figure, and subWrite the cube of the last quotient sign, under all,   t            ract   the amount from  the dividend, and to the
And the amount of the whole, a subtrahend call,   remainder bring down the next period for a new
Which you must subtract from  the dividend o'er it,  dividend, with which proceed as before, until the work
And by what remains the next period lower it                is finished.
For a new dividend, with which you proceed
As before, till the root in the quotient you read.
Geometrical Progression.                                   Geometrical Progression.
The first term, ratio, and number of terms being                              RULE.
given, to find the last term.                             First put down a few leading powers of the
A  few leading powers of the ratio write down,    ratio, with the indices placed over them, beginning
WiT- h1' ine  plce  o' er,  b eginnin' a one        at one. Add the most convenient indices together,
t  ec  index placed oer,  egnnn   at one,        to make an index one less than the number of the
The indices whose sum  as the rule thus informs,            term sought.
Shall approach within one of the number of terms,              Mu'tiply together the powers belonging to these
Stand over the factors, whose product must be               indices, and their product, multiplied by the first
Multiplied bythefirst term, and the last term we see. term, will be the answer.
THE   END.
















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The Poetical Geography.-This is a very nmerito- viz: of giving the leading features of Geography a
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originality is equalled by few, and supassed by  the poetry, there is prose enouhl in the work to
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ucceed and become a popular one, it certainly is Dem.
notlie Author's fault.-N. Y. True Sion.
"A BOOK THAT IS A BOOK."1
It is written by George Van Water:;, who has lahorioilsiy and i!igeniously thrown thie whole sci-   The Poetical Geograpy, Inby George Van lreence of Geography into rhyme. * *   *   The ters.-Too much cannot be said in favor of this in-,
lines flow slnoolthly, and give eviderce of ease and  teresting publication. It is certainly a cmuiosity id 
skill in versification. It will prove as effectual in  literature. A composition that must have required 
-fasteling the principal facts of Geogr.phy upon the a patient, plodding brain to have produced.  It
memory, as the common verse of "Thirty days forms a complete system of Geography, containing
hath'September, &c.," is in fixing ftle days of the all the capes, rivers, cities, towns, islands, mounmonth.-N. Y, Evening Post.                     tains, &c., of the globe, put into smooth poetry,
giving the locations of places, and for what they
This is a book for every body, admirably calcu-ale ncted and distinguished. Aside from the mulatd and fitted for the wantsic of its quaint rhymes, its leading quality appears
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covers no mlean effort on the part of its author to  so much told, using so few wordsand certainly
bring into easy reading verse th e almost untro  one important point in literature is to strip it of its
bring into easy reading verse the almost unproouncable names of Woodrige's  Classfi redundancies. The prose part seems the quintesShool Atablasf-Wis.  W odabresha Frsee   sian.sence of the sublime and wonderful in nature and. art, as-imposing natural scenery, mountain peaks
volcanoes, cataracts, celebrated fabrics, ruin:, anThis is'an original composition-a model cut tiquities, &c.
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