PR OGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES IN POPULATION AND WEALTH IN FIFTY YEARS, AS EXHIBITED BY TIIHE DECENNIAL CENSUS FROM[ 1790 TO 1840. BY GEORGE TUCKER, IATH PROFESSOR OF MORAL PIITLOSOPIIY IN TIlE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, AND FOKR.KRfL PREPRESI'NTATIV IN COCGRELSS FROM'TIlE SAIME STATE. WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING AN ABS'RACT OF THE CENSUS OF 1850. 13 I I Itnr PRESS OF HIUNT'S MERCHANT'S MAGAZINE. 1855. PREFACE, THE writer of the following pages being desirous of firther gra-. tifying the curiosity he had always felt on the subject of the census of the United States, was induced to make a thorough analysis of it from 1790 to 1840. The result of his inquiries decided him on giving them to the public. They have conducted him to important inferences on the subjects of the probabilities of life, the proportion between the sexes, emigration, the diversities between the two races which compose our population, the progress of Slavery, the progress of productive industry; and on one point they have disclosed an interesting fact which seems never to have been suspected. They conclusively show that, as the number of children bear a less and less proportion to the women, in every State of the Union, the preventive checks to redundant numbers have already begun to operate here, although there is no increased difficulty in obtaining the means of subsistence. From this fact we are able to ascertain the law of our natural increase, and thus, in the estimates of our future progress, correct some prevalent errors. To the Tables and Estimates the author has subjoined comments to aid those who were not familiar with statistical inquiries; for he wished the general reader to see and understand on what solid basis rest the hopes of the Anglo-Saxon race on this continent. And though these explanations were unnecessary to the scientific statist, they may often suggest to him valuable hints and reflections. 1* iv PREFACE, In his estimate of the annual products of the States, which most will deem rather under than over the truth, by showing how ample are the means to pay their public debts, he has taken away the only ground upon which the base doctrine "of repudiation" could have found countenance with any large portion of the American people. Both in his estimates and speculations the writer has studied brevity, as he wished to make his little work a sort of hand book to the legislator, the statesman, and to all who are conversans with political arithmetic. To these it is more particularly addressed by THE AUTHOR. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, July 1, 1843~ CONTENTSo PAGECHAP. I.-INTRODUCTION-THE CENSUS OF 1790,... 13 Origin of the decennial census in the United States,... 13 Its many recommendations,....... 14 Of peculiar value in the United States,..14 Table of the census of 1790,...... 15 The population at the Revolution overrated,..16 Distribution of the population in 1790,.... 16 The number of white males and females compared,... 16 The number under and over sixteen,...... 16 Distribution in the slaveholding States,..... 17 CHAP. II.-THE CENSUS OF 1800-ITS PLAN,...... 1 Number of white males and females,.... 18 Number of free coloured and slaves,.... 18 Increase of each class in 10 years,...... 18 Table of the census of 1800,.... 19 Accessions from immigration,....20 The census of 1790 compared with that of 1800,. 20 The number of white males and females under sixteen,.. 20 The number of white males and females over sixteen,.. 20 The white population distributed according to ages,... 20 The proportion of males to females at different ages,... 21 Local diversities explained,......21 Number of white females between sixteen and forty-five,.. 22 Different rates of increase in different States,. 22 Distribution in the slaveholding States,..... 22 CHAP. III.-THE CENSUS OF 1810,........23 The acquisition of Louisiana,......23 The number of white males and females,..... 23 The number of free coloured and slaves,..... 23 The decennial increase of each class in 1800 and 1810 compared,. 23 Table of the census of 1810,...... 24 The different rates of increase in 1800 and 1810 explained,.. 25 Centesimal proportion of the three classes in 1790, 1800, &c.,. 25 Number of white males and females under sixteen,... 25 Number of white males and females over sixteen,... 26 Distribution of the white population, according to age,... 26 Increase of each class in 20 years,...... 26 Proportion of males to females,...... 26 Vi CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAP. III.-Number of white females between sixteen and forty-five,. 26 Distribution of population in the slaveholding States,. 27 CHAP. IV.-THE CENsus OF 1820-ITS PLAN,.28 The decennial increase of each class,...... 28 The increase in the last term compared with the preceding,. 28 Table of the white population,... 29 Table of the free coloured,... 30 Table of the slaves,.....31 Table of the aggregate population,...... 32 The proportions of each class in 1810 and 1820,.... 33 The proportions of males and females in each class,.. 33 Excess of females in the free coloured class,... 33 Excess of females in five of the New England States,.. 33 General excess of males,....... 33 Distribution of the three classes according to age,.. 34 Distribution of the population in the slaveholding States,.. 35 CHAP. V.-THE CENSUS OF 1830,... 36 The time of taking the census changed from August to June,. 36 The plan of the census of 1830,... 36 Table of the white males,....... 37 Table of the white females,.... 38 Table of the free coloured persons,..... 39 Table of the slaves,........ 40 Table of the aggregate population,..... 41 The decennial increase of the several classes,... 42 Their increase by the census of 1820 and 1830 compared,.. 42 The number of males and females compared,.... 42 Gain in the proportion of females in the slave population,.. 42 Distribution of males and females at different ages,. 43 The number of children under ten, and of females compared,. 44 Decrease in the proportion of children,..... 44 Distribution of the population in the slaveholding States,.. 45 CHAP. VI.-THE CENSUS OF 1840,... 46 The decennial increase of the different classes,.... 46 Centesimal distribution of those classes,..... 46 Table of the white males,....47 Table of the white females,... 48 Table of the free coloured persons,...... 49 Table of the slaves,....... 50 Table of the aggregate population,..... 51 Variances in the rates of increase explained,.... 52 Proportions between the sexes, in the different classes,. 53 Distribution of the different classes, according to age,.. 53 The same distribution compared with that of 1830,... 54 Distribution of the population in the slaveholding States,. 55 CHAP. VII.-AGGREGATE INCREASE IN FIFTY YEARS,..... 56 Heads of inquiry,.... 56 Table of the population of each State, at each census,. 57 Increase of whole population in each geographical division,. 58 The disparity of increase explained,..... 58 CONTENTS. Vii PAGE. CHAP. VII.-The decennial increase of each class at each term,... 58 The total increase of each class in 50 years,.... 58 The relative proportions of each class at each term,.. 59 CHAP. VIII.-THE PROPORTION BETWEEN THE SEXES,..... 60 General excess of males,..... 60 Proportion between the sexes at each census,. 60 The diversities in the several classes,.... 60 Increase in the proportion of females,..... 61 The proportion of white males under 10 to the females,.. 62 The proportion in the slave population,..... 62 CHAP. IX.-THE PROBABILITIES OF LIFE-THE DEAF, BLIND AND INSANE,. 63 The information afforded on these topics very limited,.. 63 Tables of the proportion of whites at different ages,.. 63 Comparative numbers of the two sexes at different ages,.. 64 Comparative longevity of the sexes,..... 65 Circumstances to be regarded in estimates of longevity in U. S.,. 65 Disturbing causes in comparing the longevity of the sexes,. 66 Table of the proportion of coloured persons at different ages,. 67 Greater mortality of coloured males,... 67 Exception to this rule,........68 Explanation of the exception,. 68 The chances of life between male and female slaves,...68 Longevity of the free coloured class,..... 69 Causes suggested,......... 70 The proportion of whites under 45 and of coloured persons compared, 70 The proportion over 45 compared,... 71 The proportion over 100 of the different classes,... 72 Uncertainty of the ages of slaves,..... 73 Causes of their extraordinary longevity,. 73 Diagram of life, showing the decrease of life of the different classes, 74 Diagram showing the decrease of life in England and Connecticut, 75 Table of the deaf and dumb and blind in 1830,.... 76 The numbers in the different races compared,... 76 Table of the deaf and dumb, blind, and insane in 1840,..76 Proportions in the two races compared,. 77 The diversities explained,... 78 The number of insane at public and private charge,.. 78 The diversities among the States, as to insane whites, explained, 78 Table of the proportion of insane coloured persons in each State, 79 The extraordinary diversity among the States,.. 79 CHAP. X.-EMIGRATION,........ 80 Emigration from Europe, causes of its extraordinary increase,.80 The precise number not to be ascertained,... 81 The probable number of emigrants from 1790 to 1840,.. 81 Irregularity in the custom-house returns,... 82 British emigrants to Canada through New York,... 83 British emigrants to the United States through Canada,. 84 Foreign emigrants to the United States from 1830 to 1840,. 84 Their probable natural increase,.. 85 The increase of immigration nine-fold in 50 years,.. 87 Viii CONTENTS, PI'AE. CHAP. X.-A continuance of this increase not probable.... 87 Emigration of coloured persons,...... 87 Whole gain by immigration,.... 88 CHAP. XI.-THE PAST NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION.... 89 Increase of the whites, deducting immigrants,... 90 Increase, &c., by comparing the females with children under 10,. 90 Influence of immigration on this proportion,. 91 The children under 10, and females of the same, compared,. 92 The same, compared with those of the preceding census,. 92 The same, compared with females between 16 and 45,. 9 Average of the different estimates of natural increase,.. 92 The natural increase of the coloured population,... 93 Uniformity in the increase of slaves in States,.., 94 Causes of the apparent diminution from 1830 to 1840,.. 94 Extraordinary mortality in the Southwestern States,.. 94 The slower rate of natural increase in some of the States,. 95 Difficulty of estimating the increase of the fiee coloured,. 96 Why it is much less than that of the slaves,.... 97 The increase of the white and coloured population compared,. 98 CHAP. XII.-THE FUTURE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION,. 101 The rates of increase a diminishing series,.... 101 European emigration will proportionally diminish,... 102 Opposite opinions on the future rate of increase examined,. 102 In every State the rate of natural increase is steadily diminishing,. 103 Table showing the ratio between white females and children,. 104 Table showing the proportion in each great divisicn of the States,. 105 The proportion of children diminishing at each census,.. 105 Estimate of the future increase at the same rate of diminution,. 106 The probable result a century hence,.. 106 Table calculated on different rates of decennial increase,..107 Estimate of the population on June 1st, 1843,.. 107 CHAP. XIII.-THE FUTURE PROGRESS OF SLAVERY,......108 The progress of slavery not likely soon to change,... 108 The effects of the efforts of the abolitionists,... 108 The decline in the value of labour must in time terminate slavery, 109 When this point of depression will reach the different States,. 110 Table of the density of population in the slaveholding States,. 111 Inquiry what degree of density makes slave labour unprofitable,. 112 Points of diversity between those States and England,.. 112 Difference between the cost of slave labour when reared, &c.,. 113 Agriculture hastens the depression of slave labour,... 114 Argument drawn fiom the experience of New Jersey,..114 When the slave States are likely to reach the requisite density,. 115 The States in which slavery is likely to be first abolished,.. 116 Circumstances which may delay the termination of slavery,. 116 Circumstances which may accelerate it,.....117 The policy which these views dictate to the slaveholding States, 117 The increase of the whites, &c., in the slaveholding States,.118 CHAP. XIV.-ATLANTIC AND WESTERN, SLAVEHOLDING AND NON-SLAVEHOLDING S., 118 Table of the Atlantic States, numbers, and rates of increase,. 119 CONTENTS. ix PAGE. CHAP. XIV.-Table of the Western States,.. 120 Summary of the popula'n and decen'l increase in the four divisions, 120 The rate of their future relative increase,.. 121 CHAP. XV.-DISTRIBUTION OF POLITICAL PowER,... 13 Table of the representatives to each State at each apportionment, 123 Comparison of the political power of different States,.. 123 Security against the danger arising from the inequality of power, 124 Comparison of political power in the election of President,. 124 Time will lessen the inequality,... 124 The inequality less in the great divisions than the separate States, 125 Diagram showing the inequality of the States,.. 126 CHAP. XVI.-CITIES AND TowNS, 1..27 The importance of the ratio between town and country popula'n, 127 Table of the population of the towns of 10,000 inhabitants,. 128 Proportion of the population in those towns,... 128 Table of the towns containing betw'n 10,000 and 2,000 inhab'ts, 129 Table of the aggregate town population,.. 132 Provincial use of the word "town" in some States,. 133 Circumstances which determine the proportion of town popula'n, 133 The effect of railroads in stimulating the growth of towns,. 134 CHAP. XVII.-DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDUSTRIOUS CLASSES,....135 Table showing the number of persons empl'd in agricul'e in 1820, 135 Table showing the number employed in 1840,...126 Showing the number of the indust'us classes in the five great divis'ns, 137 Showing the distribution of each class in centesimal proportion, 137 Showing the proportion of persons in each class to the whole pop'n, 137 Comparison of the distribution in the U. States and Great Britain, 138 The proportion of the unproductive classes nearly the same,. 140 Comparison of the distributions in 1820 and in 1840,...140 Diversity in the five great divisions,... 140 Difference in the proportion of agricultural labour in this country,. 141 Diversity of industrious pursuits in the five great divisions,. 141 Diversities among the individual States,... 141 Ratio of the number employed in each branch of industry,. 142 CHAP. XVIII.-EDUCATION,.......143 Peculiar importance of education in the United States,.. 143 Table of the schools, scholars, and illiterate in each State,.. 144 Table showing the ratio of each class of scholars to the whites, 145 Summary of each class in centesimal proportions,... 145 Diversities among the States as to the proportion of schools,. 146 Causes of these diversities,...... 146 Peculiar policy of New England,... 146 Number of scholars at public charge,..... 147 The peculiar functions of each class of schools,.. 147 The ministers of religion,....147 The periodical press,........ 148 Number of periodicals,....... 148 CHAP. XIX.-THE ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY,.. 150 Classification of those products by the census of 1840,.. 151 Table of the several products, &.c., in each State,.. 151 X CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAP. XX.-VALUE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY,. 169 CHAP. XXI.-THE INCREASE OF WEALTH,....202 Why wealth increases faster than population,.. 202 A part of the increase of wealth not shown by money values,. 203 Comparative increase in the value of lands in 10 States,.. 203 Comparative increase in the value of lands in Virginia,..204 Comparative increase in the value of lands in New York,. 204 Diversities in the increased value of lands,.. 204 Increase in the amount of imports in 50 years,... 205 Increase in the amount of exports in 50 years,....205 Increase in the amount of imports in 20 years,... 205 Increase in the amount of exports in 20 years,....205 Increase in the consumption of tea, coffee, and wine,.. 205 Increase of manufactures,........ 206 Imperfect returns of manufactures in 1820,.... 207 Increase in the number of persons employed from 1820 to 1840,. 207 Extraordinary increase of manufactures from 1820 to 1840,. 208 Increase in the amount of specie,..... 208 The effect of the foreign loans on the amount of specie,.. 209 The effect of the lessened production of the mines,.. 209 Summary of the several comparisons,... 209 Increase of wealth compared with that of population,... 210 The public debts of the States compared with their incomes,. 210 They have no good pretext for not fulfilling their engagements,. 210 Repudiation condemned by public sentiment,. 210 PRO GRESS OF POPULATION AND WEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES IN FIFTY YEARS, AS EXHIBITED BY THE DECENNIAL CENSUS TAKEN IN THAT PERIOD. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION-THE CENSUS OF 1790. As soon as the framers of the Federal Constitution had decided on giving to each State a representation in Congress in proportion to its numbers, and that direct taxes, whenever resorted to, should be in the same proportion, it became necessary to take an exact enumeration of the people. Such an enumeration was accordingly directed by the Constitution; and, as it was known that the progress of population greatly varied, and would continue to vary in the several States, it was further provided that similar enumerations should be taken " within every subsequent term of ten years."* This census of the people at stated periods, which was thus subordinate to a particular purpose, was soon found to have substantial merits of its own. It has furnished an authentic document which * The provision of the Constitution referred to is in the second section of the first article, and is in these words: " Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons, [meaning slaves.] The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct." 2 14 Progress of Population and Wealth is invaluable to the philosopher and political economist, as well as to the statesman and legislator. By the evidence it affords they are enabled to deduce truths of sufficient importance to justify the trouble and expense it involves, though it were not necessary to the just distribution of political power, and to equality of taxation; and its benefits became so obvious, that the most enlightened nations of Europe have followed the example, and now take periodical censuses of their inhabitants solely for the valuable knowledge they convey. As the numbers of a people are at once the source and the index of its wealth, these enumerations enable its statesmen to see whether national prosperity is advancing, stationary, or retrograde. They can compare one period with another, as well as different parts of the country with each other, and having this satisfactory evidence of the facts, they can more successfully investigate the causes, and apply the appropriate remedies, where remedy is practicable. They also furnish occasions for obtaining other statistical information on subjects that materially concern civilization and national prosperity. The same means taken to ascertain the numbers of the people may be used to distribute them into classes, according to sex, ages, and occupations, and different races, where such diversity exists. Accordingly, the United States, and all the European nations who have profited by our example, have thus improved their respective enumerations of their people. Six censuses have now been taken in this country in the course of fifty years, during which period many new items have added to our knowledge of the progress of social improvement. By their aid, speculations in political philosophy of great moment and interest may be made to rest on the unerring logic of numbers. This knowledge, so indispensable to every government which would found its legislation on authentic facts, instead of conjecture, is peculiarly important to us. Our changes are both greater and more rapid than those of any other country. A region covered with its primeval forests is, in the course of one generation, covered with productive farms and comfortable dwellings, and in the same brief space villages are seen to shoot up into wealthy and populous cities. The elements of our population are, moreover, composed of different races and conditions of civil freedom, whose relative increase is watched with interest by every reflecting mind, however he may view that diversity of condition, or whatever he may think of the comparative merit of the two races. in the United States in Fifty Years. 15 It is the purpose of the following pages to profit by the information which the several censuses have furnished, so as not only to make us better acquainted with the progress of our Federal Republic during the half century it has existed, but also to give us a glimpse of the yet more important future which awaits us. Before we consider the inferences to be deduced from all the censuses together, let us take a brief notice of each of them in succession. The first census was taken in 1790, and its enumeration referred to the 1st of August of that year. It distributed the population under the following heads: 1st. Free white males, sixteen years of age and upwards. 2d. The same under sixteen. 3d. Free white females of all ages. 4th. Slaves. 5th. All other persons; by which was meant free persons of colour. The result is exhibited in the following Table of the Population of the United States on the 1st of August, 1790. WVhhite White STATES. 1 Males of ales 0n- White All other Slaves. Total. 16and 5:'les un-.. Slaves. Total. 16 and der 16. females. persons. upwards. *Maine,...................... 24,384 24,748 46,870 538...... 96,540 New Hampshire,......... 36,089 34,851 70,171 630 158 141,899 Massachusetts,............. 95,383 87,289 190,582 5,463......378,717 Rhode Island.............. 16,033 15,811 32,845 3,469 952 69,110 Connecticut,................ 60,527 54,592 117,562 2,801 2,759 238,141 Vermont,................ 22,419 22,327 40,398 255 17 85,416 New York,................. 83,700 78,122 152,320 4,654 21,324 340,120 New Jersey,................ 45,251 41,416 83,287 2,762 11,423 184,139 Pennsylvania............... 110,788 106,948 206,363 6,537 3,737 434,373 Delaware................. 11,783 12,143 22,384 3,899 8,887 59,096 Maryland.................. 55,915 51,339 101,395 8,043 103,036 319,728 Virginia,.................... 110,934 116,135 215,046 12,766 293,427 748,308 North Carolina,.......... 69,998 77,506 140,710 4,975 100,572 393,751 South Carolina,.......... 35,576 37,722 66,888 1,801 107,094 249,073 Georgia.................. 13,103 14,044 25,739 398 29,264 82,548 Kentucky................... 15,154 17,057 28,922 114 11,830 73,077 Tennessee,................. 6,271 10,377 15,365 361 3,417 35,791 Total,.............. 813,298 802,3271,556,839 59,466 697,897 3,929,827 * Maine was then a part of Massachusetts, and so continued until 1820, but as its census was taken separately, it has always properly held a separate place in statistical tables. By this census the population of the United States was first ascertained by actual enumeration, together with its several parts, white and coloured, free and servile, and the comparative numbers of the different States. As the result somewhat disappointed expectation, the census was supposed by many to be inaccurate, and the 16 Progress of Population and Wealth assumed error was imputed, I know not on what evidence, to the popular notion that the people were thus counted for the purpose of being taxed, and that not a few had, on this account, understated to the deputy marshals the number of persons in their families.* But the general conformity of this census with those subsequently taken, in all points where the discrepancy cannot be satisfactorily explained, shows that the errors could not have been considerable. The census showed that the population of this country had been overrated at the revolution, for, supposing the rate of increase to have been the same before the census as after it, the people of the thirteen colonies, at the time of the stamp act, fell considerably short of two millions, and at the declaration of independence, they did not reach to two and a half millions. The items of the first census were unfortunately too few to furnish much materials for comparison. The most important facts it discloses are the following: Per cent. Of the whole population, the whites were 3,172,464 = 80.73 The free coloured, 59,466 1.51 The slaves, 697,897 - 17.76 3,929,827 100. Consequently, the whole free population, white and coloured, were....82.24 And the whole slave population,.... 17.76 The number of white males to that of the females was as 103.8 to 100; or, for every 10,000 males there were 9,636 females. It deserves to be remarked that the age of sixteen, which was adopted by Congress to divide the male population into two parts, with a view probably to ascertain the number of men capable of bearing arms, made an almost equal division between them. Thus, of the whole male white population, the part over sixteen is 50.3 per cent, and the part under sixteen 49.7. The age of twenty was thus found to divide the male population of England into two equal parts, by the census taken in that country in 1821. It will be perceived that, at this period, every State in the Union, * It is certain that this supposed source of error was credited by General Washington, usually so cautious, and almost unerring in his judgments, and that on the faith of it, he expected that the second census would show a much larger amount of population than proved to be the fact. in the United States in Fifty Years. 17 except Massachusetts, contained slaves. But, as in several States the number was few, and slavery was there subsequently abolished, in tracing the progress of the slave population, it has been thought best to confine our views to those in which slavery still exists, and where it constitutes a large, or at least not an inconsiderable part of the population. The proportion of the white, the free coloured, and the slave population may be seen in the following table: PER CENTAGE OF STATES. Whole Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. populat'n. Whites. Free col. Slaves. Delaware,.............. 59,096 46,034 4,177 8,887 77.9 7.1 15. Maryland,.............. 319,728 208,649 8,043 103,036 65.3 2.5 32.2 Virginia,................. 748,308 442,115 12,766 293,427 59.1 1.7 39.2 North Carolina,........ 393,751 288,204 4,975 100,572 73.2 1.3 25.5 South Carolina,.......... 249,073 140,178 1,801 107,094 56.3.7 43. Georgia,................. 82,848 52,886 398 29,264 64.1.5 35.4 Kentucky,.............. 73,077 61,613 114 11,350 84.3.2 15.5 Tennessee,.............. 35,791 32,013 361 3,417 89.4 1. 9.6 Total,........... 1,961,374 1,271,692 32,635 657,047 64.8 1.7 33.5 It thus appeared that in these States, then constituting nearly one-half the Union, the number of slaves was a little more than a third of the population, and that the whites were nearly two-thirds. 2* 18 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER II. THE CENSUS OF 1800, BEING THE SECOND ENUMERATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. THE act of Congress which directed the second enumeration added some new divisions of the white population to those of the first census. It discriminated between the sexes, and it distributed each under the five following heads, viz: Those persons who were under ten years of age. " " ten, and under sixteen. (" " sixteen, and under twenty-six. "; " vtwenty-six, and under forty-five. "i " forty-five and upwards. This census, besides informing us of the actual numbers then in the United States, made us further acquainted with the rate of our increase, and which proved to be somewhat greater than it had, on the authority of Dr. Franklin's opinion, been previously estimated. The whole population was thus distributed: White males....2,204,421 " females... 2,100,068....- 4,304,489 Free coloured..... 108,395 Slaves....... 893,041 Total....... 5,305,925 The increase in ten years wasOf the whole population. 35.02 per cent. " whites.... 35.68 4 " free coloured.... 82.28 " " slaves...... 27.96 " " whole coloured population... 32.23 The following table shows the whole population of the United States on the 1st of August, 1800. TABLE OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE 1ST OF AUGUST, 1800. WHITE MALES. WHITE FEMALES. STATES AND TERRITORIES. -. Unde 1 10 and 16 and 26 and 45 and Under 10 and 16 and 26 and 45 and Freecol'd. under 16.Sunder 26. under 45. upwards. under 16. under 26. under 45. upwards. persons. TOT. Maine........... 27,970 12,305 12,900 15,318 8,339 26,899 11,338 13,295 14,496 8,041 818 151,719 1 New Hampshire... 30,594 14,881 16,379 17,589 11,715 29,871 14,193 17,153 18,381 12,142 856 8 183,762 Vermont.............. 29,420 12,046 13,242 16,544 8,076 28,272 11,366 12,606 15,287 7,049 557...... 154,465 Massachusetts....... 63,646 32,4981 38,305 39,729 31,316 60,920 30,674 40,491 43,833 35,381 6,452...... 423,245 Rhode Island......... 9,945 5,352 5,889 5,785 4,887 9,524 5,026 6,463 6,919 5,647 3,304 381 69,122 Connecticut......... 37,946 19,408 21,683 23,180 18,976 35,736 18,218 23,561 25,186 20,827 5,330 951 251,002 New York............ 100,367 44,2731 49,275 61,594 31,943 95,473 39,876 48,176 56,411 28,651 10,374 20,343 586,756 New Jersey.......... 34,780 15,859 16,301 19,956 12,629 32,622 14,827 17,018 19,533 11,600 4,442 12,422 211,949 Pennsylvania....... 103,226 46,161 54,262 59,333 38,485 99,624 43,789 53,974 53,846 33,394 14,561 1,706 602,365 Delaware............. 8,250 4,437 5,121 5,012 2,213 7,628 4,277 5,543 4,981 2,390 8,268 6,153 64273 Maryland............ 35,852 17,392 21,234 22,778 13,394 33,796 16,437 22,367 21,170 11,906 19,587 105,635 341,548 Dis't of Columbia.... 1,588 671 1,178 1,332 539 1,577 663 1,027 1,02t 463 783 3,244 14,093 $ Virginia............. 92,438 40,500 48,708 50,262 30,221 87,323 38,835 50,730 47,810 27,453 20,124 345,796 880200 North Carolina....... 63,118 27,073 31,560 31,209 18,688 59,074 25,874 32,989 30,665 17,514 7,043 133,296 478,103 South Carolina....... 37,411 16,156 17,761 19,344 10,244 34,664 15,857 18,145 17,236 9,437 3,185 146,151 345,591 Georgia............. 19,8411 8,470 9,787 10,325 4,957 18,407 7,914 9,248 8,835 3,894 1,019 59,404 162,101 Kentucky............ 37,274 14,045 15,705 17,699 9,233 34,949 13,433 15,524 14,934 7,075 741 40,343 220,955 Tennessee........... 19,227 7,194 8,282 8,352 4,125 18,450 7,042 8,554 6,992 3,491 309 13,584 105,602 Ohio............. 9,362 3,647 4,636 4,833 1,955 8,644 3,353 3,861 3,342 1,395 337...... 45,365 Indiana.............. 854 347 466 645 262 791 280 424 393 115 163 135 4,875 Mississippi......... 1,009 356 482 780 290 953 376 352 416 165 182 3,489 8,850 764.... - 343.....I 393....I5 43,8 26I8 - 7 I_,4 _I_- 1,91243 09 930153595 764,118t 343,071 393,156 431,589 262,487 725.1971 323,648 401,499 411,694 248,030 108,395 893,0415,305,925 20 Progress of Population and tealth It must be recollected that the white population was increased by immigration, and the free coloured by emancipation. The increase from the first source was estimated by Dr. Seybert, on such imperfect data as he possessed, at 60,000 in the ten years from 1790 to 1800. But since an account has been taken of the foreign emigrants who arrive in our sea-ports, as well as from the intrinsic evidence afforded by the enumerations themselves, we must regard his estimate as much too low. The number of refugees from St. Domingo was known to make a considerable addition, at that period, to the steady stream of European emigration. The accession to our numbers from this source, instead of about 1 per cent, as Dr. Seybert supposed, was probably not short of 3 per cent. The distribution of the three classes of our population, compared with that of the preceding census, may be seen in the following table: By the Census of By the Census of 1790. 1800. The proportion of the white population............... 80.73 per cent. 81.12 per cent. " free coloured.................... 1.51 " 2.05 "." " slaves.............................. 17.56 " 16.83 100. 100. Consequently, the proportion of the whole free popu- - lation was.................................... 82.24 83.17 " " whole coloured................. 19.27 18.88 The age of sixteen divided the white population, as at the preceding census, into two nearly equal parts, and the excess of those under sixteen was yet less than in 1790. Thus, The number of white males under sixteen was 1,117,169 4" " females " 1,038,845 2,156,014 The number of white males over sixteen 1,087,252 "~ 6" females " 1,038,845, 2,126,097 The white population is thus distributed according to ages, viz: Those under the age of ten... 34.6 per cent. " between ten and sixteen... 15.5 " " between sixteen and twenty-six.. 18.4 " " between twenty-six and forty-five. 19.6 " " forty-five and upwards... 11.9 " which shows the numbers under and above sixteen to be yet nearer than 50.1 to 49.9. in the United States in Fifty Years. 21 The males of the whole white population exceeded the females in the proportion of 100 to 95.3, but there is great diversity in the proportion between the sexes at different ages. Thus, Of those under ten years of age,+ the proportion of o 949 -_11 V /100 to 94.9 males to females was as " between ten and sixteen.... " 94.3 " between sixteen and twenty-six... " 102.1 " between twenty-six and forty-five.. " 95.4 " over forty-five...... " 94.5 It appears from the preceding statement, that, notwithstanding the greater number of males born, yet from the greater number also who go abroad as travellers or seafaring men, or who die from casualties, the females between sixteen and twenty-six exceed the males between the same ages; and it may be presumed that they would maintain the excess in the after periods of life, but for the foreign emigrants, who consisted, at that time, far more of males than females. The small gain of the males on the females between ten and sixteen is probably to be referred to the same cause; though a part may be ascribed perhaps to the greater mortality of females at that period of life. Although in every State of the Union the males under ten, and between that age and sixteen, exceed the females, yet in the subsequent ages there is a great diversity among the States. In all the New England States, except Vermont, the excess of females over sixteen is so great as to outweigh the excess of males under sixteen, whereby the whole number of females exceeds that of males, thus In Maine the white males were 74,069, the females 76,832 New Hampshire, " 91,158 " 91,740 Massachusetts, " 205,494 " 211,299 Rhode Island, " 31,858 " 33,581 Connecticut, " 121,193 " 123,528 In Vermont, however, the males of every age exceed the females. This diversity is doubtless owing principally to the seafaring habits of the people in the five first-mentioned States, and partly to the great number of emigrants which they send forth to the States south and west of them, who are or were mostly males. Vermont, * Dr. Seybert, in his Statistics, p. 44, states, that of the persons under ten, the females exceeded the males. It is due however to him to remark, that while his computations appear to be accurate, according to the data he possessed, he has often been misled by the errors in the first publications of the first and second census, which a more careful revision of their returns has subsequently shown. 22 Progress of Population and Wealth on the other hand, must have gained greatly by immigration, as its population nearly doubled in ten years, and thus its males, even between sixteen and twenty-six, somewhat exceeded its females. The number of white females between sixteen and forty-five was 813,193, equal to 18.9 per cent of the whole white population; and this may be regarded as the ordinary proportion which the married and marriageable women in this country bear to the whole population, though it will of course be somewhat affected by a change in the rate of increase. The increase of the whole coloured population, which neither gains nor loses much by migration, gives us very nearly the ratio of increase by natural multiplication. Supposing this ratio to be the same with the two races, then the further gain of the white population must be referred to immigration. By this rule, the accession to our numbers by foreign emigrants would be in ten years 3.45 per cent, equal to the difference between 35.68 and 32.23 per cent. The second census showed a very great difference in the rate of increase among the different States. Thus, while the population of Georgia and Vermont nearly doubled, and that of Kentucky and Tennessee trebled in the ten years, that of Connecticut, of Delaware, of Maryland and Rhode Island increased less than 10 per cent. The difference was caused almost wholly by the flow of the population from the States where it was most dense to those where it was least so. Table showing the number and proportions of Whites, Free Coloured, and Slaves, in the slaveholding States, on the 1st of August, 1800. PER CENTAGE OF STATES AND Whole Frees _________ TERRITORIES. population. Whites coloured. Sae ~ ~ Whites. F. Col'd. Slaves. Delaware,................ 64,273 49,852 8,268 6,153 77.5 12.9 9.6 Maryland............... 341,548 216,326 19,587 105,635 63.3 5.7 30.9 District of Columbia,.. 14,093 10,066 7831 3,244 71.6 5.4 23. Virginia.................. 880,200 514,280 20,124 345,796 58.4 2.3 39.3 North Carolina,......... 478,103 337,764 7,043 133,296 70.7 2.4 27.9 South Carolina,......... 345,591 196,255 3,185; 146,151 57.7.9 42.3 Georgia,............... 162,101 101,678 1,019 59,404 62.7.7 36.6 Kentucky................ 220,955 179,871 741 40,343 80.5 1.2 18.3 Tennessee,............. 105,602 91,709 309 13,584 86.8.3 12.9 Mississippi............... 8,850 5,179 182: 3,489 57.9 2.7 39.4 Total,............2,621,31611,702,980 61,2411 857,095 65. 2.3 32.7 It thus appears that, in the slaveholding States, the white population had gained a little on the whole coloured, and yet more on the slaves, who, from being somewhat more than a third of the whole population, were now somewhat less. in the United States in Fifty Years. 23 CHAPTER III. THE CENSUS OF 1810, BEING THE THIRD ENUMERATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. THE population was distributed under the same heads by this census, as by the census of 1800; but in addition to the population in the former territory of the United States, it comprehends that which was contained in the settled parts of Louisiana, which was purchased from France in 1803. The accession to our numbers from this source was about 77,000. The distribution between the white and coloured races was as follows: White males,... 2,987,571 " females,... 2,874,433 5,862,004 Free coloured,... 186,446 Slaves,..... 1,191,364 1,377,810 Total, 7,239 814 The decennial increase from all sources, compared with that of 1800, was 1810. 1800. Of the whole population. 36.45 per cent... 35.02 percent. Of the whites.... 36.18 "..35.68 " Of the free coloured.. 72. ".. 82.28 Of the slaves.... 33.40 "..27.86 " Of the whole coloured, bond and free.... 37.58 "..32.23 The following table shows the whole population of the United States on the 1st of August, 1810: POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE lsT OF JUNE, 1810. W YITMALES ] W'HITE FEMALES. S ATE ND TE~-l Under 10. 10 and l16 and t26 and [Over 45. under 10.1 10 and ]16 and 26 and Ove 45 re old aves. TOTAL., ]RITORI/ES. t under 16.]under 26.lunderq45.] t underl16'tunder 26'Iunder 45 persons.[ [New Hampshire,~ 34,0841 17,840/ 18,865, 20,531[ 14,4621 32,3131 17,2591 20,7921 22;040t 150 970]..214,3601 Vermnt,...... 3 8, 062I 18,347/ 19,6781 20,441/ 13,0531 36,6131 17,339 1,181[ 2072 1,457 750t. 217,7131 IMassachusetts,... 68,930[ 34,9641 45,0181 45,854[ 34,976[ 66,881[ 33,191/ 46,366t 49,:2 3989 6,7371. 472,040 11 Rhod Isand... 10,7351 5,554[ 7,2501 6,765/ 5,539[ 10,555[ 5,389/ 7,520t 7,63 6 [7 3,609 1 0 7731 Connecticut 37',812[ 20,498/ 23'8801 23'699] 20'484[ 35'913 1891 207 2693 266 645 30 202 [New York,....... 165,933] 73'702[ 85'779[ 94'882[ 53'9851 157'9451 68'8111 85,139185,0 4678 25,3331 15,0171 959,0491 INew Jersey,....... 37'814t 18'9141 21',231[ 21',394[ 16',004] 36',0651 17',7871 21,1841 21,35 1510 7'843/ 10,8511 245,555] Pennsylva ia.. 138',464[ 62'506/ 74,2031 74,193/5,0 3,6 60,943/ 75,960 7,2 580 2,9 9 1,9 Dalaare......] 9,632/ 4'4801 5'150] 5,866[ 2.878[ 9,041[ 4,370[ 5,541[ 5,52,7 13,136] 4,177/ 72,6741 ]Maryland,..... 38'6'13t 18'489/ 22',688] 25,255/ 15',1651 36:1.371 17,8331 23,8751 22,98 115 33',9271 111,502 380,5461 /D. of' Columbia,.[ 2'4791 1',1581 1,520! 2,107/ 866t 2,5381 1,192] 1,653} 1,73 3 2,549] 5,395 24,023{ Virgnia....... 97',777/ 42,9191 51,473 52,567[ 35,302[ 90,7151 42,207/5,9 113 3,1 3,7 9,1 7,2 lNorth Carolina,[ 68,036[ 30;321] 34]630 34,456/ 21'189[ 65,421l 30,053I 37,933] 33,94 042 10,266/ 168,824[ 555,500[' ]South Carolina,..[ 39,669/ 17,1931 20,933!20,488{ 11',3041 37'4971 16,629/ 20,583 1897 1092 4,554/ 196,365] 4.15,115[ tGeorgia,........... 28'002[ 11,951[ 14,085 141372[ 7,435[ 26'2831 11'237[ 13,4611 12',35 63 1',801[ 105,218 252,4331 Kenuck,....- 65'134/ 26,804[ 29'7721 29,553] 17,5421 60'7761 25',7431 29,51112,2 342 173 8,6 0,1 [Tennessee,........44'494/ 17'170[ 19'4861 19'9571 10,656[ 41'810 16,3291 19'864/ 17',62 8 1,3171 44,535/ 261,727[ t ho.............46'623/ 18'119/ 20'1891 22'761[ 11,9651 44'1921 16'8691 19'9901 19 1,491.. 30,60 Indana........ 4'9231 1'9221 2o'2841 2'3161 1,1251 4'555 1,8631 2',2281 1'80 74 33 27 2,2 ]Mississippi,.......} 4'217[ 1',637t ~'6921 3'160[ 1,4441 4'0151 1,5441 2,1871 1'7531 675[ 240/ 17,088/ 40,352[ [Illnois..........t 2',2 66{ 945[ 1',274/ 1'339{ 556[ 2'019['791[ 1,053'894 364 613[ 18 1,8 ]Louisiana,......... 5,848] 2,491[ 2,963[ 5'130] 2,508] 5'384{ 2,588I 2,8741 3,026[ 1,499 7,585/3,6 7,6 ]Missouri,......'.... 3',438[ 1',345[ 1',568[ 2',0691 967[ 3,213[ 1,2651 1',4311 1'369[ 5621 607} 301 2,4 Mihgn.............. 351 5.....340 640 3...6......20. 4.476 TOT.AL,....11,035,058 468,083, 547,597, 571,997 364,836 981,421 448,322 561,9561 544,256 338,478 186,446 1,191,364 7,239,814 in the United States in Fifty Years. 25 The greater rate of increase of the whole population, exhibited in the preceding comparison, is to be ascribed principally to the acquisition of Louisiana, and, in a small degree, to an increased importation of slaves before 1808, when it was known that Congress would avail itself of the power it would then possess, of prohibiting their further importation. These two circumstances are sufficient to account for the excess of increase under the census of 1810, which excess did not exceed 77,000 persons; and, indeed, as the slaves imported and acquired with Louisiana, probably amounted to more than half this number,* the remainder is not equal to the white inhabitants which Louisiana contained, and consequently we are justified in inferring, notwithstanding the augmented ratio of actual increase, a small diminution in the rate of gain from immigration or natural multiplication, or both united. The three classes of the population were distributed in the following proportions in 1790, 1800, and 1810: 1790. 1800. 1810. The white population 80.73 per cent, 81.12 per cent, 80.97 per cent. Free coloured 1.51 " 2.05 " 2.57 " Slaves 17.56 " 16.83 " 16.46 " 100. 100. 100. Of the whole free pop. 82.24 " 83.17 " 83.54 " Whole coloured 19.07 " 18.88 " 19.03 " It thus appears that the free coloured population had a greater proportional increase than either of the other two classes; and that, while the whole free population gained on the servile, the whole coloured gained a little on the white. The age of sixteen continued to divide the white population into two nearly equal parts, but the small excess of those under that age continued to diminish, thus: Whites under sixteen, males... 1,503,141 c" " females.. 1,429,743 ~-I - 2,932,884 * Supposing the natural increase of the coloured population to be the same from 1800 to 1810, as from 1790 to 1800, and there is no reason for supposing it to be different, then the difference of the decennial gain in this class, shown by the two enumerations, shows the accessions to this class from the purchase of Louisiana and from importation. That difference is 5.35 per cent on the whole coloured population, which is equal to 53,576. 3 26 Progress of Population and Wealth Whites over sixteen, males... 1,484,430 " " females.. 1,444,690 - 2,929,120 which shows the proportion under sixteen to be 50.03 per cent. But as the proportion of the females under that age was greater than that of males, the former being 50.26 and the latter 49.69, we may infer that, if there were no migration to the United States, which consists more of adults and of males than of children and females, an age somewhat below sixteen would constitute the point of equal division. The distribution of the white population, according to age, differs little from that shown by the preceding census, viz:Those under ten were....34.4 per cent. " between ten and sixteen... 15.6 " between sixteen and twenty-six. 18.9 " " between twenty-six and forty-five. 19. " " of forty-five and upwards. 12. " The increase in twenty years was as follows, viz: Of the whole population.. 84.2 " Whites....... 84.8 " Free coloured.....213.5 " Slaves....... 70.7 " Whole coloured.... 81.9 " The proportion of males to females in the white population was as 100 to 96.2, showing an increase of females of 1.1 per cent since the census of 1800. At the different ages specified in the census, the proportions of the sexes were as follows, viz: Under ten, the males to the females were as 100 to 94.8 Between ten and sixteen... " 95.7 Between sixteen and twenty-six.. " 102.7 Between twenty-six and forty-five.. " 97.3 Forty-five and upwards... " 92.7 which proportions exhibit the same features of irregularity as those of the preceding census. The number of white females between the ages of sixteen and forty-five was 1,106,212, which is 18.87 per cent of the whole white population, showing a very small variation from the proportion exhibited by the preceding census. The following table shows the number of whites, free coloured, in the United States in Fifty Years. 27 and slaves, in the slaveholding States and Territories, on the 1st of August, 1810, with the relative proportions of each: PER CENTAGE OF STATES AND Whole l Free Sa TERRITORIES. population. coloured. ves. Whites. F.Col'd. Slaves. Delaware........... 72,674 55,361 13,136 4,177 76.2 18.1 5.7 Maryland,........... 380,546 235,117 33,927 111,502 61.8 8.9 29.3 District of Columbia,... 24,023 16,079 2,549 5,395 66.9 10.6 22.5 Virginia,................ 974,622 551,534 30,570 392,518 56.6 3.1 40.3 North Carolina.......... 550,500 376,410 10,266 168,824 67.8 1.8 30.4 South Carolina..........415,115 214,196 4,554 196,365 51.6 1.1 47.3 Georgia.......... 252,433 145,414 1,801 105,218 57.6 1.7 41.7 iKentucky,......... 406,511 324,237 1,713 80,561 79.8.4 19.8 Tennessee,.............. 261,727 215,875 1,317 44,535 82.5.5 17. Mississippi.............. 40,352 23,024 240 17,088 57..3 42.7 Louisiana,............. 76,556 34,311 7,585 34,660 44.8 9.9 45.3 Missouri.................. 20,845 17,227 607 3,011 82.6 2.9 14.4 Total,............ 3,480,9042,208,785 108,265 1,163,854 63.5 3 33.4L It appears from the preceding table that both descriptions of the coloured population in these States had gained on the whites in the preceding ten years, and that the slaves, which in 1800 had constituted a little less than a third of their aggregate number, now amounted to a little more than a third. 28 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER IV. THE CENSUS OF 1820, BEING THE FOURTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. THIS census was the first which made any discrimination in the coloured part of the population, either as to sex or age. It distributed the males and females, both of the free coloured persons and slaves, under the four following divisions, viz: those who were under fourteen; who were fourteen and under twenty-six; who were twenty-six and under forty-five; and who were forty-five and upwards. It made no change in the distribution of the whites, except to add a column for those males who were between the ages of sixteen and eighteen. The decennial increase, shown by this census, compared with that of 1810, was as follows: 1820. 1810. Of the whole population,. 33.35 per cent,. 36.45 per cent. Of the white,....34.3 ".. 36.18 " Of the free coloured,.. 27.75 ".. 72. Of the slave,... 29.57 ".. 33.40 " Of the whole coloured,.. 29.33 ".. 37.58 " It thus appears that the increase of the whole population was 3.10 per cent more in the last ten years than in the ten preceding. But if we make a deduction from the increase shown by the census of 1810, for the extra gain by the purchase of Louisiana, and which may be estimated at 1- per cent, the difference will be reduced to 1.6 per cent-equivalent to 115,837 persons. This falling off is to be attributed partly to the suspension of immigration during the war, partly to the slaves who fled to the enemy during the same period, and lastly to that gradual diminution of natural increase, of which the several enumerations furnish evidences, and which probably the war slightly increased. The result of the census may be seen in the four following tables: TABLE.-SHOWING TIE WHIIITE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STALES ON THE IST OF AUGUST, 1820. MALES. FEMALES. STATES AND TERRI. 10 and Between 16 and 26 and 45 and 1nde. 10 and 16 and 26 and 45 and TOTAL. TORIES. Unde under 16.16 and under 26 under 45. upwards. under 16. under 26. under 45. upwards. Maine. 49,217 24,528 7,1461 28,530 27,742 1.9,178 149,195i 46,565 23,982 30,823 28,248 18,527 148,145 New Hampshire... 35,460; 19,672 5,529 22,703 22,956 18,413 119,210 34,599 18,899 24,806 25,797 19,925 124,026 Vermont.......... 35,708 19,241 5,860 24,137 22,035 16,189 117,31.0 35,327 18,577 24,713 23,683 15,236 117,536 Massachusetts....... 70,993 38,573 10,912 49,506 54,414 38,668 252-154 69,260 38,308 52,805 57,721 46,171 264,265 Rhode Island......... 11,530) 5,860 1,767 7,596 7,618 5,888 38,492 10,917 5,769 8,407 8,671 7,157 40,921 C Connecticut......... 36,848 20,682 6,284 25,731 25,632 21,814 130,707 35,289 19,833 27,205 29,069 25,078 136,454' New York........... 222,608 104,297/ 29,598 132,733 138,634 81,259 679,551 216,513 101,904 132,492 129,899 72,385 653,193 New Jersey. 42,055 19,970 5,956 24,639 24,418 18,537 129,619 39,921 19,504 25,637 24,693 18,035 137,790 ] Pennsylvania........ 175,381 77,050( 25,901 102,550 97,144 64,493 516,618 166,710 78,425 101,404 94,345 59,592 500,476 - Delaware.............. 9,071 4,448 1,719 5,516 5,607 3,263 27,905 8,657 4,311 5,573 5,537 3,299 27,377, Maryland............. 41,511 18,952 6,261 26,404 27,916 16,960 131,743 39,454 19,578 27,293 26,347 15,807 128,479 Dis't of Columbia.... -3,276 1,540 550 2,171 2,893 1,291 11,171 3,319 1,640 2,518 2,615 1,351 11,443 Virginia.. 103,963 45,762 13,148 58,863 57,898 38,245 304,731 98,485 45,766 62,411 55,995 35,686 298,343 / North Carolina....... 75,488 32,912 9,748 39,527 36,264 25,453 209,644 70,998 33,101 42,253 38,069 25,135 209,556 South Carolina....... 42,658 18,258 5,877 23,984 22,115 13,919 120,934 39,891 18,741 23,662 20,939 13,273 116,506 Georgia.35,444 14,7;43 4,215 19,483 17,874 10,869 98,404 33,177 14,937 18,642 15,365 9,041 91,162 Kentucky............. 83,050 36;,004 10,383 41,328 38,178 25,136 223,696 77,641 35,120 41,905 35,483 20,799 210,948 [ Tennessee.......... 67,746 28,497 7,472 31,028 27,549 18,780 173,600 63,419 27,770 31,569 27,931 15,638 166,327 Ohio................... 111,683 45,858 12,607 57,008 54,432 31,626 300,607 106,036 44,106 53,337 48,797 23,689 275,965 ] Indiana 29,629 11,454 3,270 14,428 14,072 7,066 76,649 27,684 10,707 13,635 12,009 5,074 69,109 Mississippi.......... 8,104 3,216 1,052 4,560 5,110 2,296 23,286 7,220 3,176 3,791 3,107 1,596 18,890 Illinois..... 10,554 4,227 1,313 6,224 5,755 2.641 29,401 9,558 4,018 4,842 4,166 1,803 24,987 Louisiana..11817 4,710 2,105 8,747. 11,236 4,822 41,332 11,062 5.484 6,708 5,695 3,102 32,051 Missouri.............. 10,677 4,256 1,301 6,537 6,622 2,909 31,001 9,766 3,978 5,076 4,265 1,902 24,987 Alabama............ 17,103 6,281 1,750 9,336 9,055 4,064 51,750 15,810 6,289 7,993 6,625 2,895 44,495 Michigan............. 1220 559 152 1,334 1,661 609 5,383 1,130 525 692 595 266 3,208 Arkansas............ 2,420 985 329 1,427 1,453 686 6,971 2,142 927 1,179 934 426 5,608 TOTAL...... 1,345,220 612,535 182,205 7;76,030, 766,283 495,065 4,001,064 1,280,570605,375 781,371 736,600 462,8883,871,647 * See note to table IV. TABLE II.-SHOWING THE FREE COLORED POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE 1ST OF AUGUST, 1820 ~ ^ ~ ~'~~l~r nl~ NJ-LV:-MALES. FEMALES. STATES AND TERRITORIES. Uner 14 14 and 26 annd 45 ad TOTAL Unde14.and 45 and TOTAL. ST AD E T.under 26. under 45.upwards. TOTAL. U ~ 1under 26. under 45. upwards. Maine.... 70o 86 911 90 437 168 115 126 83 492 New Hampshire.......................................... 97 101 8 89 32 10 99 106 100 414 Vermont...........152...................... 113 9............... 43 170 125 9 73 465 Massachusetts............................................3,308 969 77 904 781 3,432 Rhode Island............................................. 577 388 343 279 1,587 550 523 465 429 1,967 Connecticut.............................................. 1,432 911 85 629 3,83 1,421 961 950 675 4,007 New Jerse.................................3,328 1,116 1,090.............. 882 6,416 3,093 1,198 987 766 6,044 Pennsylvnia........................................... 5,666 3,348 3,890 1,900 14,804 5,465 4,063 4,073 1,797 15,398 Delaware................... ~ 2,812 1,317 1,207 1,143 6,479 2,742 1,379 1,307 1,051 6,479 Maryland.......................... 7,829 3,593 3,756 3,568 18,746 7,857 4,461 4,752 3,914 20,984 DMistrict of Colmbia..................................... 56 338 349 288 1,731 828 549 548 392 2,317 ^ Virginia...................................... 8,145 3,884 3,135 2,685 17,849 7,640 4,545 3,772 3,083 19,040 North Carolina.....................................3,415 1,728 1,09 1,143 7,395 3,129 1,737 1,345 1,006,217 South Carolina....................................... 1,376 732 647 541 3,296 1,223 836 800 671 3,530 Georgia...... 320 195 180 146 851 349 209 195 159 912 Kentuckyv. 585 281 284 343 1,493 488 254 244 280 1,266 Tennessee................................................ 323 532 29 224 173 1,226 Ohio........................................................ 1,057 544 538 315 2,454 99 549 466 260 2,269 Indiana................................................ 75 146 141 92 654 251 137 120 68 576 Mississippi.87 62 52 38 239 84 52 44 39 219 93 40 36 17 186 62 39 34 26 1,61 Alabama.118 83 68 49 357 9'1 69 58 35 276 Michigan.................................................. 35 32 27 1 105 20 20 16 1 69 Arkiansas................................................18 13 2 44 8 3 1 3 15 TOTA............. 47,659 24,012 23,450 17,613 112,783 45,898 28,850 27,181 18,861 120,783 I See note to table IV. TABLE III.-SHOWING THE SLAVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE 1ST OF AUGUST, 1820. MALES. FEMALES..... A14 and 26 and 45 and l - TU 7r14 14 and 26 and 45 and STATES AND TERRITORIES. Underl4. 14 and 26 andTOTAL. under 14 and 26 and 45 and TOTAL. under 26. under 45. upwards. under 26. under 45. upwards. Maine.......................................................... New Hampshire......................................... Vermont.................................................. Massachusetts.........................................' Rhode Island.................................................. 2 1 1 14 18 2 3 3 22 30 Connecticut..................................13 24 37............ 13 47 60 New York... 1,861 1,624 932 671 5,088 1,544 1,579 1,065 812 5,000 New Jersey............................................ 860 1,583 917 628 3,988 592 1,285 1,036 656 3,569 Pennsylvania............................................. I 1 18 65 85 3 236 85 126 Delaware.............................................. 1,244 839 337 135 2,555 979 611 233 131 1,954 Maryland.....24,736 14,846 10,718 6,073 56,373 22,740 13,403 9,362 5,520 51,025 0 District of Columbia.. 1,245 775 671 316 3,007 1,311 990 696 373 3,370 Virginia................................. 96,881 52,791 45,438 23,164 218,274 92,468 51,972 40,691 21,748 206,879 North Carolina........................... 48,914 27,511 19,395 10,731 106,551 45,055 25,663 18,326 9,422 98,466 0 South Carolina................. 51,738 32,324 31,641 14,769 130,472 49,694 33,991 30,461 13,857 128,003 Georgia.................................. 33,204 19,541 16,249 6,922 75,916 32,141 19,879 15,631 6,089 73,740 Kentucky.............................. 31,469 17,132 10,944 4,369 63,914 29,231 17,407 11,801 4,379 62,818 Tennessee........................................ 20,314 10,078 6,529 2,826 39,747 19,251 11,153 7,192 2,764 40,360 Ohio............................................ Indiana...................'....'.'.'.... 43 37 11 7 98/ 40 21 21 10 92" Mississippi........................................ 7,016 4,600 4,061 1,173 16,850 6,677 4,807 3,506 974 15,964 Illinois................................................. 170 173 133 66 548 139 128 71 31 369 Louisiana............................... 11,675 10,876 10,520 3,495 36,566 10,763 11,672 7,758 2,305 32,498 Missouri........... 2,491 1,511 852 487 5,341 2,281 1,461 855 284 4,881 Alabama*................................................. 9,665 6,563 4,200 1,352 24,717 9,140 6,141 3,779 1,039 22,722 MVichigani...........*,,,,....................................... 9,,, Arkansas.............................323 276 143 78 820 293 268 157 79 797 _________......_________TOTAL............ 343,852 203,088 163,723 77,365 790,965 324,344 202,336 152,6930,637752,723 * See note to table IV. a 0 ao - * TABLE IV. —SHOWING TIlE AGGREGATE NUMBER OF WHITTES, FREE COLORED PERSONS, AND SLAVES,I, ~~a -~OF EACHI SEX, IN TIHE SEVERAL, STATES ON TIlE 1ST OF AUGUST, 1820.: C' 5WHITES. FREE COLORED. SLAVES. a" a ~. — CD~ STAESAM)TES. w CCd STATES AND TERI-. Males. Females. Total. MIlales. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. TOTAL. -~ _~ g~~ ~~-we s ill~~3ales. CD CDr3 TORIES. c' 5 ~ ~ ~ S a C 3. -C,.! - 4 Manew Js. 149,195 148,145 257,340 4 492 *995...... 298,335 0 0Z,a -Dela" warNew Hampshire... 119,210 124,026 2,236 372 414 *925 244,161.. Vermont.............. 117,310 117,536 234,846 438 465 3918...... 3 0 7...... 235,764 E3.- 3,0 3,L3 *6,86853,8' - Massachusetts....... 252,154 264,465 516,419 310 8 3432. 3 6......7 523,287 E=- "..0Rhode Island......... 38,49 8 40,921 796413 1,587 1,967,13,598 18 30 48 83,059 3 1 "N Connecticut.......... 130,707 136,454 267,161 7 4,007 607,944 0 97 275202 ~ Do S-u ~Cri 103 1,6 74 2 5 5686 3,000 10,0881372,812 o, 2 -, Gera. N9ew York............ 679,551 653,'193 1,332,74496,0 14981, 32,81 2 i New Jersey.......... 129,619 127,790 257,409 6,416 6,044'*12,609 3,988 3,569 7,557 277,5751 =' m — CD 31 8 126 211 1,04914585 CD a -c PennsIylvadinia..7516,618 500,4761,017,09 14,5804 15, 39 23 8 126 19 147,8 - ~ Mississippi. 23,286 18,890 42,176 239~,219, 958 16,5 5964J 32,814 75,7449.. Delaware.............. 27,905 27,377 55,282 6,479 6,479 12,958 2,555 1,954 4,509 72,7490 3 - Maryland............. 131,743 128,479 260,222 18,746 20,984 39,730 56,373 51,025 107,398 407,350 c ~ Dis' t of Columbia.... 11,171 11,443 22,614 1,731 2,3171 4,048 3,007 3,370 6,377 33,0391 Virginia.. 304,731 298,343 603,074 17,849 19,040.37,139 218,274 206.879 425,153'1,065,366 8,: C.'a Virginia................ 0171 833 0,7j189100 ~~~Mihgn.,8 3,208 8,5912 10556 6946 *305.7 8,896 North Carolina....... 209,644 209,556 41.9,200 7,395 14,612 106,561 9866 205,017 6381829 o3a'a = a3 3. __=C South Carolina....... 120,934 116,506 237,440 3,296 3,530 6,826 130,4792 128,003 258475 502,741i Georgia.............. 98,404 91,162 189,566 851 912 *1,767 7.5,916I 73;740 149;656 340,989 entucky~. 223,696 210,948 434,64 A 1,493 1,266,2,941 63,914 62,818 126,732 564,317 c Tennessee.............173,600 166,327 339,927 1,501 1,22 6 2,779 39,747 49,360 80,107 422,8131 2",669 m,62'.. 58 43464i 01q a?~ a ~-,- Ohio................... 300,607 275,965 576,572 2,454 2,6 4,862.. 581,434 Indiana................ 76,649 69,109 145,78 654. 576 1,23. 2 190 147,178 CD Mississippi............ 23,286 18,890 42,176 2391 219 458 16,850 15,964 32,814 75,448 Co- =' =-? M Illinois............... 29,401 24,387 53,788 2371 20 *506 54 369 917 55,211 CD CD " Louisiana............ 41,332 32,051 73,383 4,5091 5,967'10,960' 36,566 32,498 69,064 153,407 CD CD CD Missouri.............. 31,001 24,987 55,988 186 161 *376 5,341 4,881 10,222 66,586 -: A49 9,25 57 27 633 24,717/ 22,722 47,439 144 317~ CD CZ W M P labama. =.......... 51,750 44. d ~ Michigan............. 5,3831 3,208 8,591 105 69'305...... 8,896 CD wz CD Arkansas............ 6,971 5,608 12,579 44 15 *77 820'797 "l'~617 14,2731 CD -,Mo~ z TOTAL...... 4,001,06413,8 71,6'47 7,872 71l 112,783 120,783 238,197J 790,96571'52,72311543,-68819654,5961 _ C in the United States in Fifty Years. 33 While there was so sensible a difference in the increase of the population shown by the two last enumerations, its distribution among the several classes continued in nearly the same proportions, viz: Census of 1820. Census of 1810. The whites amount to. 81.55 per cent.... 80.97 The free coloured... 2.46.... 2.57 The slaves.... 15.99.... 16.46 The whole free population, 84.01 "... 83.54 The whole coloured,.. 18.45 ".... 19.03 It thus appeared that the white population had gained on both descriptions of the coloured. The proportion between the sexes in the three classes was as follows: In the white population the males exceed the females, as 100 to 96.77. In the free coloured population the females exceed the males, as 107.09 to 100. In the slave population the males exceed the females, as 100 to 95.16. This excess of females in the free coloured class is to be ascribed principally to the seafaring and roaming habits of many of the males, and probably in a small degree to the greater number of females who are emancipated. The disproportion is therefore greatest between the ages of 14 and 45. In five of the New England States, from the like prevalence of seafaring and migratory habits, the females exceed the males. In Maine, however, there is a small majority of males-the gain fiom immigration in that thinly settled State more than counterbalancing the loss by the pursuits of fishing and navigation. In the other States of the Union the males, both of the white and coloured population, exceed the females; and of the whites under ten years of age, the males are most numerous even in the New England States. The excess of males exhibited by the census has doubtless been somewhat enhanced by foreign emigrants, of whom a majority are males, but it is to be referred principally to that curious and admirable provision of nature, by which the greater number of males born is sufficient, under ordinary circumstances, to compensate the peculiar casualties to which that sex is exposed. Even in the free 34 Progress of Population and Wealth coloured population, of which the females have a preponderance of 7 per cent, the males under fourteen exceed the females about 3 per cent. The numbers of the three classes, male and female, within the several ages mentioned in the census, are respectively in the following proportions to the whole of each class, viz: 1st. Ofthe whites, The males under 10 are 17.1 per cent. The females, 16.3 per cent. 10 and under 16 7.8 ".. " 7.7 16 and under 26 9.9 ".. 9.9 " 26 and under 45 9.7 " " 9.4 45 and upwards 6.3 ". " 5.9 50.8 49.2 2d. Of the free coloured, The males under 14 are 20.4 per cent. The females, 19.7 per cent. 14 and under 26 10.3 ". " 12.4 " 26 and under 45 10. ". ". 11.6 " 45 and upwards, 7.5 ". ".8.1 48.2 51.8 3d. Of the slaves, The males under 14 are 22.4 per cent. The females, 21.1 per cent. 14 and under 26 13.2 ".. ". 13.2 " 26 and under 45 10.6 "... 9.9 " 45 and upwards, 5. "... 4.6 " 51.2 48.8 " It thus appears that one-third of the white population was under ten years of age, and not quite half (48.9 per cent) under sixteen. This age does not so equally divide this part of the population as it did in the previous enumerations, since the same causes which occasioned the small decline in the rate of natural increase before adverted to, lessened the proportion of those who were under that age, and consequently placed the point of equal division at a somewhat greater age. Of the free coloured population less than two-thirds, (62.8 per cent,) and of the slaves more than two-thirds, (69.9) are under twenty-six years of age. The relative numbers of the white and coloured population in the slaveholding States, is exhibited in the following table: in the United States in Fifty Years. 35 PER CENTAGE OF STATES AND Whole Whites. Free Saves. TERRITORIES. population. coloured. Slaves. ahites. F. col'd. Slaves. Delaware,................ 72,749 55,282 12,958 4,509 76. 17.8 6.2 Maryland,................ 407,350 260,222 39,730 107,398 63.9 9.7 26.4 District of Columbia,. 33,039 22,614 4,048 6,377 68.5 12.2 19.3 Virginia,.........1,065,366 603,074 37,139 425,153 56.6 3.5 39.9 North Carolina,........ 638,829 419,200 14,612 205,017 65.6 2.3 32.1 South Carolina,........ 52,741 237,440 6,826 258,475 47.2 1.4 51.4 Georgia, 340,989 189,566, 1,767 149,656! 55.6.5 43.9 Kentucky.............. 564,317 434,644! 2,941 126,732 77. 5 22.5 Tennessee.... 422,813 339,927 2,779 80,1071 80.4.7 18.9 Mississippi............. 75,448 42,176 458 32814 55.9. 43.5 Louisiana....... 153,407 73,383 10,960 69,0641 47.8 7.1 45. Missouri................ 66,586 55,988 376 10,2221 84.1.6 15.3 Alabama................ 144,317 96,245 633 47,439 66.7.4 32.9 Arkansas,................ 14,273 12,579 77 1,617 88.1.5 11.3 Total,............ 4,502,224 2,842,340 135,304 1,524,580 63.13 3.01 33.86 It thus appears that in these States, since the preceding census, the white population lost, and the coloured portion gained nearly the half of one per cent. 36 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER V. THE CENSUS OF 1830, BEING THE FIFTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. IN the act of Congress which directed the fifth census, some important deviations from the preceding acts were introduced. Thus it numbered the population as it was on the 1st day of June, instead of the 1st of August, as had been previously done, so that the increase shown, on a comparison with the preceding census, was not as heretofore, for ten years, but for nine years and ten months. There were also a greater number of divisions according to age, both in the white and coloured population.* The whites of each sex were arranged under thirteen heads, as follows: Those under... 5 years of age. 5 and under.... 10 10 ".....15 15 ".....20 20 ".....30 30 "....40 40.....50 50 ".....60 60 ".....70 70.....80 80 ".. 90 90 ".. 100 100 and upwards. The coloured population of both descriptions, and of each sex, were arranged under the six following heads, viz: Those under 10; 10 and under 24; 24 and under 36; 36 and under 55; 55 and under 100; 100 and upwards. The result is exhibited in the five following tables: * There were also columns for the deaf, and dumb, and blind, of different ages, which will be hereafter noticed. t I: 1 8~t~ ~t~tl~~r l [ sT.~TSS'rZ~- Under 5. i to 10. t0 to 15.15 to 20.20 to 30.130 to 40J40 to 50.50 to 60.i ~ ~ 5 60 to 70. 70 to 80. Tosms. 90. 100. ttpW'll$ TOTAL. Maine................ I —'~4-~/ —'-~, 74'2/' ~ ~-~ -— 3-4, —~ -— 21,-'~ 547 9,2281..... - New Hampshire.... [~ —-~,63'71 ~ ---— ~] —— ~l-'~0,'-~/ 19'4281 17,521t 16,737/ 14,8471 21.,191] 14,696/ 772 7,2181 2,786 840 85/ 41 ]31,184I Vermont, 5,~1591............''211700[ 19,406/ 17,597[ 15,782t ~4,2071 15,773] 405[ 7,051[ ~03[ 5,;~ 618[ 48{ 3/ 139,996I Massachusetts....... 406441 35,988/ 34,679i 32,891 58,621/ 35,433! 683/ 15,008[ 10,319t 5,575 1,7601 173/ 1{ 294,6851 ~' 2,203[ iRhode Island,-..... 512 L441 854, ~6',7331 5,786/ 5,400 5,354 8,425/ 5,379 2,1.571 1,4 261{ 28/...... [ 45,383I iConnectieut......... ~9,033t 17,8911 17,788 16,509 26,1661 16,6981 595] 7,85lI 5,495[ 3,154~ 871[ 8i/ 5[ 143,047I New York,........ 158,077[ 13.7,071/ 118,5231 101,712! 176.7541 113,136 8711 40,5031 23,q091 10,034 2,5611 255/ 35/ 951,4411 New Jersey......... 25,071[ 21,204/ 19,745[ 17,123t 27;0011 17,231 043] 7,0531 4,4581 2,021 5341 44/ 11 152,529I Pennsylvania,...... 117,8531 96,199/ 82,375/ 73,1131 121,359.[ 75,172 6001 28,0321 ~' 16, Delaware............ 4,744[ 4,099[ 3,919] 3,1841 5,5081 3,206 036[ 1,286I 6,979 1,775] 228] 42/ 665,812/ ~851;09/ 202 431 9[...... [ 28,845/ Maryland........... 23,737/ 19,438/ 17,886 15,7781 29,3971 18,2151 072] 6,5651 3,.~ D. of Columbia.... 2,3,33[ 1,680[ 1,4861 1,5221 2,8051 1,817/ 0681 593[ ~L62] 1,375 53/ 71 ld,~7,3401 o~ ~451 75 25 [ 1[ 13,647[ P. Virginia, 65,7931 51,8051 43,287t 36,947t 60,911/ 36,5391 3811 15,2611 ~711 3,674 1,108 ] 26/ 347,887I............ 8,c t8I North Carolina,.. 355[ 46,7491 35,950/ 3t~,5271 25,452/ 39,428[ 23,042/ 998] 10,536/ 2,489 5,c 649{ 1381 28f 235,954/ ~South Carolina..... 25,132 2(),259~ 3f68{ 16,4971 13,96Il 22,1641 13,969/ 3341 5,644t ~42{ 1,2101 2981 66/ 14[ 130,590I 37,027/ 23,709 t I Georgia...... ~[]]].. 22,764 15,482t 18,5941 15,186/ 26,8441 16,156{ 542] 5,6741 [ 1,120 2901 63 10 153,288 Alabama....... 3,083[ 591 12,129/ i 19 3 100,846 9,509/ 17,440i 11,3991 0291 3,593/ 1, ql Mississippi.......... 7,918 5 572 4,59tl 3,6231 7,237/ 4,632/ 4191 1,595/;3~ 1.891 47, 1t/...... [ 3'8,456] Louisiana........... 7,968 6'402[ 5,134/ 4,325{ 10,458t 7,7771 304[ 2,203[ t96[ 317: 78 24/ 91 49,715[ Tennessee.......... 59,576 45',366 36,044/ 29,247] 44,982[ 25,111] 108] 11,188] 1471 5,~ 2,107 657 105[ 3~1 275,066/ Kentucky........... 5.'1,116 41,0731 34,222[ 29,0171 45,9131 6,;43[ 26,289[ 966[ 10,843[!53/ 2,585 699[ 1191 28[ 267,123/.~ Ohio,................. 96,411 74,6901 62,151, 51,138.81,290/ 49,346l 112, 18,058/ ~11/ 3.632 i 291 479,713/ 10,~ 9351 138 Indiana,.. 39,786]........... 28,692i 22,872[ 17,653[ 28,153[ 17,904[ 3061 6,004/ 3,1.60 1,059 2401 4~ 13 175,285~ Illinois............... 18,834 12 753 10,024[ 7,770[ 14,706/ 8,825/ 6271 2,853[ 384 90 4 82,0481 Missouri............ 1,~ 13,531 9',617 7,4691 5,6391 11,1471 7,084/ 6421 1,939/ i 334 60 14] 21 61,405} Michigan............ 2,326 1,9(!5 ] 4,389[ 2,7391 2321 658] 264 64t [ 11 18,168/ 3,023] 543 20 Arkansas............ 3 020 2,02tI 1,6261'272/ 2,835] 1,820t 876 834/ 2091 69} 12 I...... [ 14,195/............... t'l ToT.Am..... 97'2,980' 789,075 6 —-~,734{ 573,1961 592,535[.367,840, ~,36,4s:' —'~[5 —~-5"~/, TaBlLE II. —SHOWING THE NUMBER OF WHITE FEMALES IN THE UNITED STATES, ON THE lsT OF JUNE, 1830 OD sxTATEs AND TExRP- U n d e r 5. 50 to 60. 60 -.' 80to 90 to 100 TORIES. - Unr~der 5. 5 to 10. 10 to i5 15 to 20.'20 to 30. 30 to 40. 40 to 50. 50 to 60. 60 to 70. 70 to 9.u T 32471 27676 4067 22348 35596 229 14,183 9,330 5,904 2,688 911 138 3 197,574 New Hampshire,... 18,538 16,790 15,525 14,823 24,564 16690 11,896 8,448 5,888 3'110 1,085 174 6 1.37,537 Verniont,............. 21,33-11 18,632 16,575 15,978 26,54 17,9371 13,214 9,245 6,707 3,760 1,228 156 139,77 Massachusetts....... 39,533 34,537 33,326 34,439 60,495 38,163 26,684 18,456 12,989 7'173 2,528 347 4 308,6741 Rhode Island....... 6,623 5,642 5,213 5,584 9,203 5,756 4,024 2,826 1,939 1,058 376 441...... 48,2881 Connecticut,........ 18,270 16,943 16,575 15,978 26,540 17,937 13,214 9,245 6,707 3,760 1,228 156 3 146,556[ o New York,........ 151,868 133,084 115,1661 105,1961 168,897 104,522 641,315 38,344 22,589 9,645 2,673 304 17 916,620 New Jersey,........ 23,937 20,479 18,267 16,784 25,817 16,623 11,007 7,307 4,705 2,160 586 63 2 147,737I e'ennsylvania,...... 111,947 92,719 80,087 75,976 115,898 69,604 44,485 27,882 16,2.21] 7,084 1,929 235 21 644,088l Delaware,........... 4,647 4,011 3,654 3,381 5,484 3,179 2.047 1,397 360l 263 56 6 1 28,756 Maryland,.......... 22,356 18,693 17,327 18,020 27,248 16,6.17 10,840 6,983 3,633 1,541 432 64 14 143,768] D. of Columbia... 2,182 1,646 1,648 1,843 2,856 1,75-) 98(0 603 272 98 32 41...... 13,9161 Virginia.......... 62,411 49,964 4[.936 40,479 62,044 36,456 3,50 15,447 8,765 3,81 7 1,09 18 8 346,413 North Carolina,.. 43,775 34 28,842 27,398, 41,636; 24,534 16,428 10,601 5,980i 2,496 747 158 30 236,889 ~" Sout~h Carolina,... 23,6911 19,043 15,632i 15,12[ 21,866 13,438 8,468S 5,455 2,929 1,181. 351 80 17 127,2731 C;~ 30,9581 22,590 17,988 16,452 24,036 13,974 8,427 5,089- 2,664 987 268 65 20 143,518 Alabaa a.............21,340 14,801 1,951 14,457 8,559 4,695 2,731 1,319 432 144 29 1/ 89,560 M\~ississippi.......... ":1 51165 4,169 3,653 5,231 3,090 1,739, Louisiana........... 7,180 6,193 5,140 4,709' 6:930 4,204 2,310 1,257 660 222 73 17 1 39,516'Penl~nessee,...... 55,309 42,975 33,556 30,616 49,970 23,545 15,264 9,279 4,541 1,855 542 110 28 260,680 K~entuckiy,.....'.... 50,8351 39,439 32,197 29,6231 41,936 23,463 15,476 9,499 5,315 2,195 575 97 14 250,664 89,8731 71,851 59,306 52,635 75,574 43,894 27,546 15,898 8,293 2,915 736 89 6 448,616 lndi............. 37,505 27,313 21,07Z 18,087 26,702 15,703 9,028 4,808 2,275 780 212 251 4 163,514 Illinois,............. 17,429 12,000 9,246 8,053 12,461 6,850 3,750 P2,047 812 273 77 14 1 73,013 Mi sso u 12,561 9,07'7 6, r 94 5,765 8,791 5,121 2,718 1,499 766 2927 60 9 2 53,390 INE C II' m......;.. 2,743 2,066 1,686 1,438 2,540 1,399 726 3... 103,178 Al-lkansas,,.......... 2,782 1,897 1,494 1,225 2,012 1,087 528 301 107 31 9 3/...... 11,476 Fl~ridu,.............. 1,807 1,251 981 923 1,447 848 484 247 101 45 10 5...... 8,149 ToT:,, 921,9341 750,7411-"38, 856 596,254 918,411 555,531 356,,046 223,504i 131,30713 8-i,336 17"434, 252- 2385,171,115" TOA,......~ 581,93367071 i8,515624 9~1. j TABLE III.-SHOWING THE NUMBER OF FREE COLORED PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES, ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1830. MALES. FEMALES. STATES AND TERRI- rder 3 55./ 7'... TORIES. U e 10 to 24.24 to 36.36 to 55 t100. 1 and Total. U d 10 to 24.24 to 36.36 to 55. to l100and Total. _____'__~'up'ds. up'ds. Maine.......... 163 172 I11 108 541 2 610 143 175 117 93 52........ 580 New Hampshire,... 67 78 53 44 32 1 275 68 97 54 63 45 2 329 Vermont.............. 121 116 78 60 481 3 426 121 131 73 71 57 2 4,555 Massachusetts,.'' 1 806 887 718 629 3141 4 3,350 812 967 815 661 396 39 3,699 Rhode Island, 337 501 317 238 152 3 1,548 355 597 443 350 265 3 2,013 Connecticut,.... 1,019 1,121 771 624 313i 2 3,850 1,051 1,233 819 667 417 10 4,197 New York.... 5,643 6,094 4,860 3,492 1,3581 19 21,466 5,509 6,843 5,504 3,780 1,714 54 23,404 ^ New Jersey............ 3,033 3,234 1,458 1,196 573 7 9,501 2,811 2,890 1,428 1,113 554 6 8,802. Pennsylvania.......... 5,095 5,250 4,069 2,796 1,1321 35 18,377 5,054 6,142 4,476 2,742 1,105 34 19,553' Delaware,............... 2,627 2,259 1,303 1,180 503 10 7,882 2,524 2,359 1,446 1,102 526 16 7,973 Maryland,.......... 8,309 6,099 4,020 4,142 2,287 49 24,906 7,912 7,313 5,389 4,535 2,796 87 28,032 District of Columbia,. 895 649 464 405 229 3 2,645 863 1,033 682 564 358 7 3,507 ~ Virginia.8,236 6,126 3,546 2,721 1,731 27 22,387 8,002 7,031 4,501 3,379 2,024 24 24,961 ~ North Carolina,...... 3,438 2,955 1,400 1,062 685 21 9,561 3,287 3,118 1,649 1,179 720 29 9,982' South Carolina,...... 1,314 958 622 424 335 19 3,672 1,378 1,175 746 545 399 6 4,249 Georgia,.............. 368 353 224 186 118 12 1,261 347 330 231 185 126 6 1,225 Alabama................ 275 202 187 124 56....... 844 245 209 131 84 56 3 728 Mississippi.............. 81 82 59 43 22 1 288 72 51 45 49I 14 231 Louisiana.............. 2,503 2,296 1,20(8 828 384 11 7,230 2,640 2,727 1,927 1,402 755 29 9,480 Tennessee............. 842 583 361 321 216 7 2,330 772 616 359 285 187 6 2,225 Kentucky............. 764 584 410 484 402 8 2,652 633 505 351 398 369 9 2,265 Ohio,................ 1,562 1,440 808 646 325 8 4,789 1,573 1,551 799 611 241 4 4,779 Iadiana................ 617 544 307 240 138 11 1,857 594 573 279 215 107 4 1,772 Illinois........... 277 251 136 119 40 1 824 305 225 125 106 50 2 813 Missouri.............. 87 76 43 57 18 3 284 77 62 46 63 34 3 285 Michigan,............... 31 43 48 29 8....... 159 20 36 26 16 4........ 102 Arkansas................ 27 17 23 17 3 1 88 17 13 10 7 6........ 53 Florida.................. 138 109 46 56 33 1 383 1441 136 70 62 48 1 461 _ TOTAL....... -~48,675 43,079 27,650 22,271 11,509 269 153,453 29 47 8,138 32,541 24,327' 13,425 386 166,14.6 TABLE IV. —SHOW1ING THE NU3MBER OF SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES, ON THIE IST OF JUNE, 1830. MALES. ____ ________FEMALES. _________ STATES AND TERRI- r 10o0 Under 10 to 910 TORIES. 1 t1 and Total. 10T 10 to 24.24 to 36.36 to 55. 1Q n Ta lT 1 t 242 t 3~ 3 t5 100 O., d'__ _______uup'ds. 10' up'ds. M aine,...1...1...~... 2.......... 2...................... 2 New Hampshire,............ 3 Vermont, eRhodelsland,............................................................. Rhode Island........ 3 4...... 14 Connecticut,............. 1 4" 8 1 3. 4 9 17 New York,............. 5 6.................... 13 23 12 17 3 6i"1 62 CI New Jersey,.. 5 12 395 383 261 3 1,059 8 20 424 451 288 4 1,195 Pennsylvania. 23 102 25 11 10 1 172 32 106 22 25 42 4 231 Delaware............... 580 853 245 83 42 3 1,806 508 617 230 80 49 2 1,486 o Maryland,............ 17,880 17,759 8,846 6,135 2,772 50 53,442 17,002 16,236 8,331 5,329 2,601 53 49,5521 District of Columbia,. 794 1,024 542 375 114 3 2,852 816 1,270 612 391 176 2 3,267 F' Virginia.................. 84,000 68,917 43,189 30,683 12,155 133 239,077 83,207 66,921 40,927 27,206 12,275 144 230,680 SNorth Carolina....... 45,991 38,099 20,212 14,030 5,848 133 124,313 44,847 37,508 20,095 13,088 5,636 114 121,288 5 South Carolina....... 51,820 44,600 29,710 21,674 7,567 98 155,469 51,524 45,517 32,689 22,006 8,112 84 159,932 Georgia................. 38,367 34,253 19,440 12,818 3,847 92 108,817 38,102 33,917 20,527 12,325 3,765 78 108,714 Alabama........... 21,837 19,553 11,100 5,158 1,495 27 59,170 21,386 19,669 11,088 4,898 1,312 26 58,379 I Mississippi.............. 11,037 10,793 6,947 3,455 845 22 33,099 10,860 10,841 6,983 3,173 682 21 32,560 Louisiana. 13,627 17,926 15,784 8,443 2,089 42 57,911 13,687 16,613 13,534 6,249 1,552 42 51,677 * Tennessee.............. 27,713 23,431 11,260 6,020 1,729 63 70,217 26,568 24,145 12,223 6,519 1,891 41 71,387 Kentucky,.............. 31,500 27,449 13,520 7,499 2,280 61 82,309 30,975 27,346 13,854 8,107 2,572 50 82,904 Ohio,........................................................................ 1............ 2 3.... 5 Indiana.....................2.. 1...3 Illinois................... 98 118 76 47 6 2 347 144 128 61 52 12 3 400 Missouri............... 4,872 4,364 2,058 923 208 14 12,439 4,611 4,605 2,199 1,014 219 4 12,652 Michigan2........1...... 2 7 1 1..... 22 1 3 3 3... 10 Arkansas...........8.... 845 814 395 192 47........ 2,293 803 836 399 193 51 1 2,283 Florida................. 2,501 2,482 1,830 948 224........ 7,985 2,560 2,449 1,561 768 177 1 7,516 353,498 312,567 185,585 118,800 41545 748 1,012,823 347,662 308,770 185,786 111,887 41436 676 996,220 I C TABLE V.-SHOWING THE AGGREGATE NUMBER OF WHITES, FREE COLORED PERSONS, AND SLAVES, +go ~+ — 4-*~~~ ~OF EACH SEX, IN THE SEVERAL STATES, ON THE 1st OF JUNE, 1830. o13D1. STATES AND TER- | _____ WHITES.__ FREE COLORED. | SLAVES. STATES AND TERI 3 RITORIES. Miales. Females. Total. |3ales. Fees. Tal. ales. Feales. Total. TOTAL. CD Maine,............ 200,689 197,574 398,263 610 580 1,190 2 2 399,455 nrg NewHampshire.......... 131,184 137,537 268,721 275 329 604... 3 3 269,328 c5 Vermont. 139,996 139,775 279,771 426 455 881...280,652 -s - Massachusetts,.......... 294,685 308,674 603,359 3,358 3,690 7,048........................ 10,408 -C. Rhode Island. 45,383 45,288 93,621 1,548 2,013 3,561 3 14 17 97,199 Z Connectict,................. 143,047 146,556 289,603 3,850 4,197 8,047 8 17 25 297,675 S.- New York,.................. 951,441 916,620 *1,873,663 21,466 23,404 44,870 13 62 75 1,918,608? w New Jerse. 152,529 147,737 300,266 9,501 8,802 18,303 1,059 1,195 2,254 320,823 o PJennsylvania 665,812 644,088 1,309,900 18,377 19,553 37,930 172 231 403 1,348,233 Delaware... 28,845 28,756 57,601 7,882 7,973 15,855 1,806 1,486 3,292 76,748 5' Maryland.............. 147,340 143,768 291,108 24,906 28,032 52,938 53,442 49,552 102,994 447,40 D. of Columbia,............. 13,647 13,916 27,563 2,645 3,507 6,152 2,852 3,267 6,119 39,834 a. Virginia............... 347,887 346,413 694,300 22,387 24,961 47,348 239,077 230,680 469,757 1,211,405 5- North Carolina........ 235,954 236,889 472,843 9,561 9,982 19,543 124,313 121,288 245,601 737,987 C s South Carolina,.............. 130,590 127,273 257,863 3,672 4,249 7921 155,469 159,932 315,401 51,185 Geogi................ 153,288 143,518 296,806 1,261 1,225 2,486 108,817 108,714 217,531 5 6,823 > g Alabanma,............~....... 100,846 89,560 190,406 844 728 1,572 59,170 58,379 117,549 309,527 2 Mississippi,.................. 38,456 31,977 70,443 288 231 519 33,099 32,560 65,659 136,621 r ^ ~a Louisiana........... 49,715 39,516 t89,441 7,230 9,480 16,710 57,911 51,677 109,588 215,739 Tennessee................... 275,066 260,680 535,746 2,330 2,225 4,555 70,216 71,387 141,603 681,904 ^ Kentucky,.............. 267,123 250,664 517,787 2,652 2,265 4,917 82,309 82,904 165,213 687,917. 0 Ohio.................... 479,713 448,616 928,329 4,789 4,779 9,568 1 5 6 937,903 o, Indiana,................... 175,885 163,514 339,399 1,5 772 3,629..... 3 3 343,031 - Illinois............. 82,048 73,013 155,061 824 813 1,637 347 400 747 157,445 Z Missouri..................... 61,405 53,390 114,795 284 285 569 12,439 12,652 25,091 140,455 Michigan............ 18,168 13,178 31,346 159 102 261 22 10 32 31,639 E' Arkansas,,................... 14,195 11,476 25,671 88 53 141 2,293 2,283 4,576 30,388 Florida,....................... 10,236 8,149 18,385 383 461 814 7,985 7,516 15,011 34,730 TOTAL,.............. 5,355,133 5,171,115 10,537,378 153,453 166,146 319,599 1,012,8231 996,2202,009,0431t12,866,020 _.,009,043..2,.66,020. 42 Progress of Population and Wealth The increase shown by this census, that is, for a period of nine years and ten months, is as follows: The whole population,. 33.26 per cent. Whites,..... 33.85 " Free coloured,.. 34.17 " Slaves,..... 30.15 " The whole coloured,.... 30.7 " If we add the increase for the two months required to make up the complete term of ten years, which is very nearly equal to the half of 1 per cent, the last decennial increase will thus compare with the preceding, viz: 1830. 1820. The whole population, 33.92 per cent.. 33.35 per cent. Whites,.. 34.52 ". 34.3 Free coloured,. 34.85 ". 27.75 " Slaves,.. 30.75 ". 29.57 " The whole coloured,. 31.31 ". 29.33 " This comparative view shows that the rate of increase was somewhat greater in the last ten years than in the ten preceding, instead of being less, as would appear by the enumeration actually taken. The gain from a greater and more uninterrupted immigration, from. 1820 to 1830, is more than equal to the additional increase here shown. The increase of the three classes had been so nearly equal, that their relative proportions are nearly the same as in 1820. Thus: In 1820, In 1830, The whites were 81.55 per cent... 81.90 per ct. The free coloured, 2.46 " 2.48 " The slaves, 15.99 ".. 15.62 " Showing a small gain of the white population on the coloured, and of the free coloured on the slaves. The males and females, in the three classes, were in the following proportions, viz: In the white population the males exceed the females, as 100 to 96.56. Free coloured " the females exceed the males, as 107.64 to100. Slave " the males exceed the females, as 100 to 98.37. The proportion between the sexes continued nearly the same as under the preceding census, with both descriptions of the free population; but with the slaves, the proportion of females was greater than under the preceding census by more than 3 per cent. This in the United States in Fifty Years. 43 relative change in their numbers might have been caused by a greater mortality among the males; by an extraordinary number of runaways to foreign countries, who are chiefly males; or lastly, by a greater proportion of males of those who had been emancipated. As there seems to be no reason to suppose that more males than females were emancipated, the two first causes must be relied on to explain the difference in question; and neither of them is inconsistent with well-known facts. The instances of escape to Canada lave greatly increased within the last twenty years; and of the slaves who are transported to the south, there is a greater proportion of males, and their lives are probably abridged by change of climate and habits. The proportions of the males and females, at different ages, to the whole number of each sex in the several classes,* are as follows: 1st. Of the whites, IMales. Pemales, Those under 5 years of age, 18.17 per cent. 17.83 percent. 5 and under 10 " 14.60 " 14.52 " 10 and under 15 " 12.51 " 12.35 " 15 and under 20 " 10.70 " 11.53 " 20 and under 30' 17.86 " 17.76 " 30 and under 40 " 11.09 " 10.74 " 40 and under 50 " 6.86 " 6.89 " 50 and under 60 " 4.28 " 4.32 " 60 and under 70 " 2.52 " 2.54 " 70 and under 80' 1.08 " 1.13 80 and under 90 ".29 ".34 " 90 and under 100 ".04 4;.05 " 100. 100. 2d. Of the free coloured persons, Those under 10 " 31.72 per cent. 28.49 per cent. 10 and under 24 " 28.07 " 28.97 " 24 and under 36 " 18.02 " 19.59 " 36 and under 55'" 14.51'" 14.64 " * It will be perceived that this comparative view differs from that given under the census of 1820. Here the number of males and females, at the different periods of life, are compared with the whole number of the same sex, in the respective classes; but there the same were compared with the whole number of both sexes. In that, the per centage of both sexes is found by adding the separate per centage of each; hele, the same result is obtained by taking the medium per centage of both. 44 Progress of Population and Wealth Males. Females. 55 and under 100 years of age, 7.50 per cent. 8.08 per cent. 100 and upwards ".18 ".23 100. " 100. " 3d. Of the slaves, Those under 10 " 34.90 " 34.90 10 and under 24 " 30.86 " 30.99 " 24 and under 36 " 18.32 " 18.61 " 36 and under 55 " 11.74 " 11.23 " 55 and under 100 " 4.10 " 4.16 " 100 and upwards ".07 ".07 " 100. 100. The preceding tables show that, of the whole population, the number under ten years of age is exactly one third; but the slaves of the same age exceed that proportion, and both descriptions of the free population fall short of it. If we compare the number of white children under 10, with the number of females between 16 and 45, whether of the same or the preceding census, we find the ratio continually diminishing. Thus: 1st. When compared with the females of the same census, The children were to the females, in 1800, as 183.1 to 100. 6" " " 1810, as 182.3 to 100. i" " " 1820, as 173.0 to 100. 2d. When compared with the females of the succeeding census, The children were to the females, in 1810, as 248. to 100.;" " " 1820, as 237.4 to 100. d " "c As 1830, as 225.8 to 100. For which diminution of ratio no satisfactory explanation can be given but a gradual decline in the rate of natural increase; of which fact we shall hereafter find satisfactory evidence. The relative numbers of the three classes, in the slaveholding States, were thus distributed in 1830, viz: in the United States in Fifty Years. 45 PERCENTAGE OF STATES AND Whole Wh Free ___ TERRITORIES. population. coloured. Saves. Whites. F. col'd. Slaves. Delaware............... 76,748 57,601 15,855 3,292 75.1 20.6 3.3 Maryland,............. 447,040 291,108 52,938 102,994 65.1 11.8 23.1 District of Columbia,. 39,834 27,563 6,152 6,119 69.2 15.4 15.3 Virginia,..................1,211,405 694,300 47,348 469,757 57.4 3.8 38.8 North Carolina,........ 737,987 472,843 19,543 245,601 64.1 1.6 33.3 South Carolina,......... 581,185 257,863 7,921 315,401 44.4 1.3 54.3 Georgia............ 516,823 296,806 2,486 217,531 57.4 1.5 42.1 Alabama,.............. 309,527 190,406 1,572 117,549 61.5.5 38. Mississippi............. 136,621 70,443 519 65,659 51.5.4 48.1 Louisiana............ 215,739 89,441 16,710 109,588 41.5 7.7 50.8 Tennessee,.............. 681,904 535,746 4,555 141,603 78.5.7 20.8 Arkansas.............. 30,388 25,671 141 4,576 84.5.5 15. Kentucky.............. 687,917 517,787 4,917 165,213 75.3 1.3 23.5 Missouri,.......... 140,455 114,795 569 25,091 81.7.4 17.9 Florida................ 34,730 18,385 844 15,501 53.1 2.3 44.6 Total,............5,848,303 3,660,758 182,070 2,005,475 62.60 3.11 34.29 By the preceding table both classes of the coloured population had gained a little on the whites in these States. The numbers gained by the acquisition of Florida are included in the fifth enumeration, and the several estimates relative to it; but as its population at the time of its purchase (in 1821) probably did not exceed 10,000 persons, or the tenth of one per cent on the whole population, its disturbing influence has been disregarded ir the preceding views. 46 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER VI. THE CENSUS OF 1840, BEING THE SIXTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. TIE population was distributed under the same heads by this census as by that of 1830. This, however, also exhibits copious details of every branch of productive industry in the United States, by which we are furnished with authentic data for estimating the revenue and wealth of the Union, and the several States. They will be used for this purpose after the subject of population is disposed of. The decennial increase since the census of 1830, was Of the whole population.. 32.67 per cent. Of the whites.... 34.66' Of the free coloured... 20.88 " Of the slaves.... 23.81 " Of the whole coloured... 23.4 " The distribution of the different classes under this census, compared with that of 1830, was as follows: 1840. 1830. The whites amounted to 83.16 per cent... 81.90 per cent. The free coloured.. 2.26 "... 2.48 " The slaves....14.58 "... 15.62 100. 100. The result of the census of 1840, as to population, may be seen in the five following tables, viz: FREE WHITE MALES. t" STATES AND TER-] RITORIdES. 5 and 10 and I 15 and 20 and 30 and 40 and[ 50 and 60 and 70andd8and d 4 Und~cer 5., = 0 = - OTAL:: under 10.lunder 15.tunder 20.]under 30.tunder 40.1under 50. ander 60.[under 70. und. 80 und. 90~! - 2 ToTaL. Maine,............ 40,532 35,671 31,691 27,740 42,266 29,864 19,948 12,.551 7,408 4,]52 1,041 120 5 252,989 New Hamsphire, 18,435 17,300 16,929 15,663 22,170 16,781 12,915 8,690 5,485 3,447 1,084 103 2 139,00 Massachusetts,... 47,313 40,296 37,971 37,069 76,285 52,283 30,161 19,270 11,432 6,473 1,914 14.5 17 360,679 Rhode Island,... 7,]121 5,947 5,969 5,659 9,878 6,798 4,4522 2,799 1,570 862 ] 37 20 51,362 Connecticut,...... 19,021 1.7,420 17,270 16,718 26,097 19,056 13,355 9,121 5,727 3,381 1,034 92 8 148,300 Vermont,......... 21,786 19,069 17,551 16,999 23,006 17,596 12,817 7,982 5,4 3,137 884 84 13 146,378 New York....... 187,730 158,107 139,7521 130,094 230,981 158,194 97,542 54,975 30,869 14,694 3,984 379 56 1,207,357 New Jersey,..... 28,827 23,809 21,951 19,308 31,05 21,553 13,949 8,526 4,887 2,459 6601 67 7 177,055.% Pennsylvania,... 149,480/ 117,351] 101,522[ 89,825 152,624 99,421 64,366 37,933 028924,53 406 8470 37,93 202689,224[ 2,153] 4( 63 844,770 Delaware,... 4,939 3,957 3,581 3,104 5,722 3,549 2,117 1,270 6 12 682l 2681 61t 4 29,259~ - Maryland,........ 26,921 20,5731 18,351 16,218 30,028t 20,732 12,626 1,258 3,899 1,533 417 64 16 158,636 Virginia,........ 69,308 53,485 45,822[ 38,263 63,465 41,141 27,465 161670 9'673 4,458 1,241 196 26 371,223.. North Carolina,.. 46,413 37,011 31,473 24,819 38,756 24,254 16,799 10,432 6,365 2,830 741 125 29 240,047 South Carolina,. 24,828 19,360 16,621 13,719 22,489 13,774 9,132 5,615 3,059 1,418 409 5 22 130,496 I G e o r gi a,..... 43,759 33,899 27,136 20,897 341,696 22,196 13,8861 7:623 4,240 1,641 455 87 19 210,534 M ~. Alabama. 36,611 28,215 22,819 16,222 31,455 19,340 11,783 6,024 2,886 997 273 47 20 176,692 JO Mississippi,..... 19,542 14,164 11,475 8,662 20,084 6,001 3'289 1'430 466 130 14 4 97,256 Louisiana,........ 13,835 10,736 7,848 7,21.8 20,791 16,304 7,940 3,309 1,206 410 102 26 18 89,747 oc".% Tennessee,..... 67,18~ 53,821 44,489 34,218 51,112 31,3}3 19,369 12'755 7'140 3,039 855 109 22 325,434?~entucky,........,290 46,242 39,190 32,611 53,265 32,206 19,958 11'809 6'639 3,092 860 130 31 305,323 Ohio............... 144,5821 115,832 96,697 81,431 138,755 85,944 54,992 30'298/18,182 6,778 1,617 200 52 1775,36 Indiana............170,468 57,457 46,]29 36,599 60,002 37,565 21,678 13,789 6,195 2,258 551 68 14 352,77 Illinois,...........[4, 3337783,02486{5,83,8 -48,363 37,278 31,0 62 24,876 52,580 31,428 15,809 8,755 3,660 1,119[ 257 35 13 255,235 E' Missouri,......... 34,597/ 26,054[ 21,222 16.784 33,772 20,568 11,384 5,620 2,439 814 183 2 5 173,470 Arkalsas,......... 8,607 6,331 5,077 3,863 8,532 5,129 2,751 5,194 523 162 35 4 3 42,211 Michigan'......... 19,484 16,054 12,839 10,887 22,759 16,025 8,276 4,442- 1,903 623 88' 12 3 1 3,39' Florida,............ 2,455 1,947 1,520 1,305 4,388 2,801 1,193 530 222( r3 20 3 1 16,456 IWiskonsin........ 430 3 3,-5 217j 627 330l,,1 9 7 2....121.. 425 W~iskionsiin,....... 2,627 1,793 1 1,13441 6,328 3,348 1,191 554. 201/ 10 2 1 18,75755 4,380 3,38 2,475 2,179, 6,207 3,310 1,5121 698[ 272[ -13t 12'*26 D. ofColumbia,.. 2'354 1',755 1,76,!] 1,728' 2,891 1,953 13,201 7241 312 115 21 2 2 14,822' TOTAL, — 1,270-1790 1,0242 —l-87.4.' 7,56,0-22 1,322,440 8 — 6,4-3 36, -3 —,4 505 174,226[ 80,0511 21,67- 7 9 1 536,5681 91~~~~ 5)T47 7,249,266 FREE WHITE FEMALES. OD STATES AND TER- STBTES AND TER- S~~5and 10 and 15 and 20 and 30 and 40 and 50 and 60 and 70 and 80 an TOTAL. Unde.under 0. nder 15. under 20. under 30.[under 40. under 50.1under 60..Under 70. und. 80 und. 90 ~)CT - Maine............. 38,185 34,458 30,044 27,940 42,165 29,046 20,024! 12,3 7,703 4,12~ 1,274 —-- -," 2 New Hanisphire, 17,959 16,693 15,689 15,457 24,679 18,269 14,183; 9,8241 6,702 4,000 1,388 181 8 145 032 Massachusetts,... 45,313 40,115 36,832 40,360 741,250 49,324 33:109 22,684 14,645 8,387 2,955 375 2 3681351 Rhode Islandl... 6,5(4 5,812 5,71.0 6,030 10,833 7,138 4,891 3,430 2,176 IJ96 444 59 2 54,225 Connecticut,.... 18,253 16,889 15,964 16,478 27,1'20 20,110; 14,863 10,792 7,220 4,274 1,436 153 4 153,556 Vermont,..........20,379 18,877 16,677 15,744 24,225 181163 12,807 8,612 5,423 2,875 951 1.10 7 144,840 NJew York;,.....- 180,769 154,525 134,977 137,4141 227,137 143,882 9011.63 53,4961 30,190[14,281 4,152 522 25 1,171,533 New Jersey, 27,505 23,161 20,362 19,701 31,514 20,5391 14,009 8,841 5,253 2,769 803 82 3 174,533 Pennsylvania,.... 141,786 115,570 97,972 96,692 153,803 92,864! 60,838 37,965 21,007 9{783 2,725 316 24 831,345 Delaware 4,751 3,859 3,40 3,337 5,707 3,469: 2,173 1,341 837 320 92 9 3 29,302 Maryland,...... [25,680, 19,978 17,560 18,349 31,021 19,343 12,477 7,859 4,376 1,801 534 95 8 159,081 Virginia,.......... 65,286 52,264 43,996 42,475 65,797 40,082 26,928 1-6,865 9,986 4,468 1,256 202 40 369,745'1~ North Carolina,.. 43,637 35,221 29,646 26,965 43,132 25,906i 18,114 11,374 6,754 2,94 962 150 19 244,823 South Carolina 23,639 18,741 15,822 14,69J 22,392 13,471. 9,145 5,551 3,168 1,443 430 74 21 128,588 Georgia,.......... 40,579 32,080 25,993 22,395 31,705 19,603 12,300 6,795 3,679 1,485 443 79 25 197,161.b Alabama, 33,917 26,804 21,78 17,911 5,5 7 15,152 9,18 4,647 2,407 847 205 45 14 158,493. Mississippi,....4.. 18,235 13,328 10,919 8,911 14,4647 7,847; 4,8 2,250 1,05 381 96 22 6 81,818 Louisiana,.......~ 1.3,718 10,395 7,760i 7,947 13,602! 7,9071 4,099 1,967 891 323 81 19 1 68,710 orTennessee,........ 6,68 51,013 42,327 35,965 51,907 30.597 19,198 I1,535 6,46 2,617 732 126 2 19 Kentucly,..... 55,419 44,022 37,298 33,207 47,970 281608 18,050 10,907 6,029 2,525 735 137 23 284,930 Ohio,....... 137t725j 110,949 91,294 84,872 127,730, 75,799 4~8,588 28,037 14,636 5,592 1,345 1731 22 726,762 F Indian,.......... 66,397 53,805 42, 8 90 36,904 55,1'76 32,708 19,967 10,759 5,03 1, 7 0 436 59 9 325,925 =~ Illinois,.,44,775 34,913 28,496 24,078 38,823 122,676 12,712 6,514 2,941 8661 184 39 2417,019, Missouri, 32,600 24,321 19,679 16,952 26,330 14,889 8,580 4,259 2,019 634 131 41 C341 Arkanusas,-...... 8,108 5,853 4,869 3,911 5,881 3,317 1,715 805 357 113 30 3 1 34,963 Michigan,.... 18,401 15,89 11,798 10,819 18,706 11,864 6,109 3,394 1,441 451 80 11 2 98,165 Florida,............ 2,241 It761 1,448 1,322 2,220 1,219 704 10 2 1 11,487 Liskonsin,....... 2,58 1,692 1,289 1,209 2,713 1,423 612 128 37 7 2 1 11,992 Iow,........... 4,082 2,962 2,188 2,064 3,789 1,865 979 187 51 6......... 1 18,668 c D. ofColumbia.. 2,2941 1,771 1,8995 2,077 3,030 2,026 1,338 7951 413 149 41 1 1 15,835 TOTAL,...... 13,72051,34,9 986,9214 836,58 81 792,1681 253t)95 779,097 502148 3043810 173,299 80,562123,96 3,23173156,939,842 STATES AND TEF, RI-IFREE COLORED MALES. FREE COLORED FEMALES.I STATES. ANIEI TRE. Under {10 and 24 and 36 and 1 1~ Under 10 and I24 and I36 and % 1~ 10 udr24.1ne -6]ne 55. [ 1TT. 10. under 24!under 36. under 55{ ~~~ OA.[ Maine,............... -149 -2 —1- 135 137 67 1 720 147 195[ 128 1 —-- --- — 4 2 63 New Hampshire,.. 57 ] 68 [ 42 ] 48 ] 33[......[ 2481 50 665I1 5 8 981,119 [1,444 I 871 ]306[ 6]464[9[,0581 868 771 {417/ 2 4,014[ Rhode Island,...... 355 388[ 319[ 242] 1091......I 1,413] 318I 489I 4251 3601 232/ 1.1 82 Connecticut,...... 935[ 1,165[ 710[ 746 331[ 41 3,891[ 967 1,2381 8601 715 433 1[ 4,24{ Vermont,........... 9 1] 99] 74[ 60[ 38] 2[ 364[ 76[ 106[ 65] 76] 43]......l 366]., New York,.......,6,008/ 6,370I 5,711 4,221{ 17476] 231 237809[ 6,032 6,951[ 6,809[ 47454[ 1,928] 441 26,218[. New Jrsey...... 3019,429 1,978 1,639I 711[ 41 10,780[ 2,834I 3,106[209 145 78 12 116 -j c Pennsylvania,..... 6,245[ 6,192[ 5,182 3,697[ 1,400[ 361 22,752/ 6,264I746 601,0,0 0 2,0 2.7.0.2..7 1,392 17,163 [ 645[ 7 8,6[,1].47 Delaware.......... 7 8,626 2,618 2,457 ~~1,415[ 1,127 [ 662[ 14] 829 Maryland.......... 97460 /7,727 /4,772 4,670 /2,4941 50 291 7 913 862 666 543 290 76 287 Vigna......... 795 716 3,898 3,135 [16,652[ 20] 20,094[ 7,899 7,616[48-,5 74 6 2,2 North Carolina,- 3,962 3,593 1,665 1,255 73~~~4 871122 3{0 33'55 2,0463 1354 0 2861,504 Q~' Viorgina,......... 42 7O22 15 3 4~~~~~~~~,7 7 381 29 9 784 139 Northbarolna,....... 30 29a7 5 0,3 7 1 8 2 0,0 Louisiana~,9 6 3,593.. 4,015 3[0 2,01 74[ 1,81 83 2 11,52627 16 376794 2,9751 2',04 1',44 9861 213 13,50576 e SouhCaoln,. 2,5603 2[ 8 1 1,175 57 19 Q~ 6~~~~~~~~~~~877405 2[3 2684 123,8640 1,0392 4872I870 -- 8581 15160 497 339 8~ 3731 1,12 1 52 413[215 2 3,434 Aergiansas.......... 727 56 2 34 1 3 24 67 6 5 I 32 291 2 II 108 125 8~ ~~171 49 2 8...1 9 0 1237478 375] 351...... 4192 Alabama~~~~~1 3 8 1 6........ 3 01 21 296 210 15[127 4[...... 21 33]88[ I14[9 Miowaspp........... 0 3 22 8 148... 1 95 114 39 761 2.. 798 TOTALse,......... 56733 577991 3538 2725 1 3749391 261 18,471 5096 56621/ 742 1 4673 30285 8 /5,7 28/ —1 19178 MALE SLAVES.. FEMALE SLAVES. ] TEiToRE. Under 10 and 24 and 36 and 55 and Und 10n 24 and 36 and 55 and 10. under 24. under 36. under 55. und. 100. 10. under 24 under 36. under 55.und. 100. N. Hampshire.......................... Massachus'tts, Rhode Island,. 1...................13.. 4...... 3 Connecticut,.....................5 3...... 1 8 9 Vermont,............ New York......... 1 4 Q New Jersey,.. 1 1 7 8 37 Pennsylvania,. 12 20.3 35 8 1 11 1 29 Delaware...... 442 676 170 53 30 1,371 375 551 194 76 37 1 1,234 Maryland..... 14,996 15,440 7,725 5,218 2,522 58 45,959 14,551 14,383 7,537 4,732 2,297 36 43,536 Q Virginia,....... 76,84 68,751 40,194 30,380 12,398 91 228,861 75,703 65,814 38,372 27,781 12,636 120 220,326 N. Carolina,... 44,854 38,419 19,636 14,053 6,512 72 123,546 44,190 37,910 20,292 13,374 6,421 84 122,271 S. Carolina,... 52,642 46,137 30,373 20,751 8,650 125 158,678 54,527 48,251 34,589 22,403 8,506 84 168,360 1 Georgia. 48,933 43,630 24,953 16,319 5,374 126 139,335 48,445 44,348 27,557 16,265 4,922 72 141,609 Alabama..... 43,767 41,293 25,812 12,802 3,626 60 127,360 43,663 40,818 26,491 12,023 3,130 47 126,172'' Mississippi,.... 31,736 31,564 22,008 10,120 2,537 38 98,003 31,972 32,358 21,670 9,019 2,162 27 97,208. Louisiana...... 22,703 23,572 24,717 12,699 2,769 69 86,529 23,158 24,804 22,373 9,441 2,114 33 81,923 Tennessee,.... 34,115 30,883 15,068 8,665 2,717 29 91,477 33,705 30,356 15,635 9,021 2,832 33 91,582 Kentucky..... 32,531 31,627 15,095 9,054 2,657 40 91,004 32,713 30,818 15,058 9,645 2,998 22 91,254 Ohio...........1 1.......................... 1 1 c Indiana,.................................I............. Illinois......... 53 63 30 15 6 1 168 53 59 20 24 7...... 163 Missouri.. 10,873 10,718 4,269 2,329 536 17 28,742 10,479 10,926 4,887 2,558 644 4 29,498 Arkansas,...... 3,450 3,514 2,069 890 182 14 10,119 3,302 3,558 1,930 849 174 3 9,816 i Michigan. Florida,. 4,044 4,070 2,907 1,496 512 9 13, 440 8 12,679 Wiskonsin,... 1 34 2 1 1 2 1...... 7 Iowa........ 1 3 1.................. 6 1 5 3 1.................. 0 Dis. of Colum. 598 747 338 275 96 4 2,058 630 977 498 37 158 3 2,636 TOTAL,... 422,5991 391,131 235,373 145,264 51,2887531,246,408421,470 390,075 239,787 139,201 49,6925801,240,805. TABLE V.-SHOWING THE AGGREGATE NUMBER OF WHITES, FREE COLORED PERSONS, AND SLAVES, OF EACH SEX, IN THE SEVERAL STATES ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1840. STATES AND TERRI- WEIITES. FREE COLORED. SLAVES. GRAND * TORIES. Males. Fe emales. Total. 31 Mles. Females. Total 3Fema Total TOTAL. P Maine,.......5... 52,989 247,449 500,438 720 635 1,355...................... 501,793 v New Hampshire,... 139,004 145,032 284,036 248 289 537............... I 1 284,574 Vermont.............. 146,378 144,840 291,218 364 366 730............................................ 291,948 ~ Massachusetts,........ 360,679 368,351 729,030 4,654 4,014 8,668..................... 737,699 ~ Rhode Island,.... 51,362 54,225 105,587 1,413 1,825 3,238 1 4 5 108,830 - Connecticut... 148,300 153,556 301,856 3,891 4,214 8,105 8 9 17 309,978 New York,.... 1,207,357 1,171,533 2,378,890 23,809 26,218 50,027............... 4 4 2,428,921. New Jersey,......... 177,055 174,533 351,588 10,780 10,264 21,044 303 371 674 373,306 Pennsylvania........ 844,770 83 1,345 1,676,115 22,752 25,102 47,854 35 29 64 1,724,033 Delaware,.............. 25,259 29,302 58,559 8,626 8,293 16,919 1,371 1,234 2,605 78,085 Maryland........... 158,804 159,400 318,204 29,187 32,891 62,078 46,068 43,669 89,737 470,019, C District of Columbia,. 14,822 1.5,835 30,657 3,453 4,908 8,361 2,058 2,636 4,694 43,712 5 Virginia,................ 371,223 369,745 740,968 20,094 26,024 49,842 228,861 220,326 448,987 1,239,797 a c North Carolina........ 240,047 244,823 484,870 11,227 11,505 22,732 123,546 122,271 245,817 753,419'' South Carolina........ 130,496 128,588 259,084 3,864 4,412 8,276 158,678 168,360 327,038 594,398 C Georgia,............... 210,534 197,161 407,695 1,374 1,379 2,753 139,335 141,609 280,944 691,392: Florida................ 16,456 11,487 27,943 398 419 817 13,038 12,679 25,717 54,477 G Alabama................ 176,692 158,493 335,185 1,030 1,009 2,039 127,360 126,172! 253,532 590,756 Mississippi,............ 97,256 81,818 179,074 718 651 1,369 98,003 97,208 195,211 375,654 x Louisiana.............. 89,747 68,710 158,457 11,526 13,976 25,502 86,529 81,923 168,452 352,411 ~ Arkansas............... 42,211 34,363 76,574 248 217 465 10,119 9,816 19,935 97,574 Tennessee,............. 325,434 315,193 640,627 2,796 2,728 5,524 91,477 91,582; 183,059 829,210 o Kentucky,............. 305,323 284,930 590,253 3,761 3,556 7,317 91,004 91,254 182,258 779,828 Missouri............... 173,470 150,418 323,888 883 691 1,574 28,742 29,4981 58,240 383,702 Ohio................ 775,360 726,762 1,502,122 8,740 8,602 17,342 2 1 3 1,519,467 o Indiana,................ 352,773 325,925 678,698 3,731 3,434 7,165 1 2 3 685,866 s Illinois................. 255,235 217,019 472,254 1,876 1,722 3,598 168 163 331 476,183 v Michigan.............. 113,395 98,165 211,560 393 314 707............................................ 212,267 W Wisconsin.............. 18,757 11,992 30,749 101 84 185 4 7 11 43,112 Iowa.................... 24,256 18,668 42,924 93 79 172 6 10 16 30,945 TOTAL...... 7,249,266 6,939,842 14,189,555 192,550 199,821 386,348 1,240,408 1,240,8051 2,487,3551*17,063,353 52 Progress of Population and Wealth If we compare the increase of numbers shown by this census with that shown by the census of 1830, by adding to the last the proportional increase for two months, we find that the ratio of increase had diminished in the last ten years from 33.92 to 32.67= 1.25 per cent. But as the ratio of increase in the largest class (the whites) had, at the same time, experienced an increase, (equal to 0.14 per cent,) the diminution was proportionally enhanced in the two smaller classes, constituting the coloured part of the population. Thus the increase of the free coloured persons had fallen off from 34.85 to 20.88, or 13.97 per cent, and the slaves from 30.75 to 23.81, or 6.94 per cent. These differences are so great, compared with any before experienced, as to cast a shade of suspicion over the accuracy of the last enumeration, if they were not capable of explanation. First, As to the greater rate of increase of the whites. This class has experienced a small advance in its decennial increase since 1820, as, by the census of that year, it was 34.30 per cent, by the fifth census 34.52 per cent, and by the sixth 34.66 per cent. The progressive increase of ratio thus shown is to be ascribed to the known increase of immigration, which, as will be subsequently shown, has augmented at a rate beyond our indigenous multiplication, and which would have manifested itself much more sensibly in the two last enumerations, if there had not been a decline of the natural increase in the old settled States, and if the settlement of Texas had not furnished, for the first time, an instance of emigration of whites from the United States. We have no data for estimating the number of whites who have thus emigrated, but they probably have not been short of 50,000 since 1830, and may have reached to double that number; that is, the loss fiom this source may be from one half to one per cent of the white population in 1830. Secondly, The smaller rate of increase of the coloured population. This race has also lost by emigration. Slaves have been carried to Texas; some have escaped to the British dominions on this continent; and many free negroes are known to have migrated thither. This class has probably also received fewer accessions than formerly by emancipation. The zeal of abolitionists, by a natural reaction, has had the effect not only of making the holders of slaves less disposed to liberate them, but has also influenced the policy of some of the State legislatures, and created new difficulties in the way of manumission. These circumstances have had the greater in the United States in Fifty Years. 53 comparative effect, because before the last ten years, and since 1810, the coloured race had received no accessions from abroad, and had sustained little loss from emigration. We have no means of estimating these separate influences, but we learn how great must have been their united effect when we find that if the increase of the free coloured class had been as great in the last ten years as in the ten preceding, their numbers would have been 44,650 more than it was at the late census; and that if the increase of the slaves had also continued the same, their number would have been 128,000 more than it seems to be at present. A diminution in the rate of decennial increase of the coloured race so considerable as to be equivalent to 172,000 persons, may seem to some yet greater than can be reasonably ascribed to the conjoint effects of emigrations to Texas and to British America, and to the extraordinary mortality which was experienced by the slaves transported to the southwestern States during a part of the last decennial term; in which case, there seems to be no alternative but to question the accuracy of this part of the census. The proportions between the sexes, in the several classes, were as follows: In the white population, the males exceed the females as 100 to 95.73. In the free coloured population, the females exceed the males as 107.14 to 100. In the slave population, the males exceed the females as 100 to 99.55. The proportion of white males was greater than it was in 1830, but that of the coloured males was less. The first difference was probably produced by the increased immigration of the whites, and the last by the greater emigration of the coloured race —a greater proportion of those who migrate being commonly males. The males and females of each class were thus distributed, according to age, viz: 1st. Of the white population, llIales, Females. Those under 5 17.53 per cent... 17.34 per cent. 5 and under 10 14.13 "... 14.22 " 10 and under 15 12.13 "... 12.06 " 15 and under 20 10.43 "...11.41 " 20 and under 30 18.24 "... 18.06 " 30 and under 40 11.95 "... 11.23 " 5* 54 Progress of Population and Wealth Males. Females. 40 and under 50 7.40 per cent... 7.23 per cent. 50 and under 60 4.34 "... 4.39 " 60 and under 70 2.40 "... 2.50 " 70 and under 80 1.11 "... 1.16 80 and under 90.30 "...35 90 and under 100.04 "....05 " 100.' 100. 2d. Of the free coloured class, Thos under 10 30.21 per cent.. 27.57 per cent. 10 and under 24 28.32 "... 28.31 " 24 and under 36 18.93 "...20.86 " 36 and under 55 15.16 "...15.21 " 55 and under 100 7.23 "... 7.87 " 100 and upwards.15 "...18 " 100. 100. 3d. Of the slaves, Those under 10 33.91 per cent... 33.97 per cent. 10 and under 24 31.39 "... 31.44 " 24 and under 36 18.89 "... 19.32 " 36 and under 55 11.65 "... 11.22 55 and under 100 4.11 "... 4. " 100 and upwards.06 "....05 " 100. 100. The above proportions do not materially vary from those of the preceding census. The chief difference is, that in all the classes the proportion of those under ten years of age was less in 1840 than in 1830, as may be thus seen, viz: The number of whites under 10 was, in 1830, 32.53 p. cent-1840, 31.63 p. cent. free col'd " 10 " " 30.11 " " 28.88 " slaves, " 10 " " 34.09 " " 33.93 " in the United States in Fifty Years. 55 Table showing the Population in the slaveholding States, and how it was distributed among the three classes on the 1st of June, 1840. PERCENTAGE OF TERRITORIES. population. coloured. Whites. F. co'd. Slaves. Delaware.............. 78,085 58,561 16,919 2,605 74.9 21.7 3.4 Maryland............... 470,019 318,204 62,078 89,737 67.7 13.2 19.1 District of Columbia,. 43,712 30,657 8,361 4,694 70.1 10.7 19.1 Virginia,............... 1,239,797 740,968 49,842 448,987 59.8 4. 36.2 North Carolina,........ 753,419 484,870 22,732 245,817 64.4 3. 32.6 South Carolina,......... 594,398 259,084 8,276 327,038 43.6 1.4 55. Georgia,.............. 691,392 407,695 2,753 280,944 59..4 40.6 Florida,................... 54,477 27,943 817 25,717 51.3 1.5 47.2 Alabama,.............. 590,756 335,185 2,039 253,532 56.7.3 42.9 Mississippi,............. 375,654 179,074 1,369 195,211 47.6.4 52. Louisiana,.............. 352,411 158,457 25,502 168,452 44.9 7.2 47.8 Arkansas................ 97,574 77,174 465 19,935 78.5 1.1 20.4 Tennessee.............. 829,210 640,627 5,524 183,059 77.2.7 22.1 Kentucky............ 779,828 590,253 7,317 182,258 75.7.9 23.4 Missouri................ 383,702 323,888 1,574 58,240 84.4.4 15.2 Total,....... 7,334,434 4,632,640 215,568 2,486,226 63.411 2.92 33.67 It appears from the preceding table, that the whites, in the slaveholding States, have in the last ten years gained on both classes of the coloured population; but that in Mississippi, as well as South Carolina and Louisiana, the number of slaves exceeds that of the white population. 56 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER VII. THE AGGREGATE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION IN FIFTY YEARS, AND OF THE DIFFERENT RACES WHICH COMPOSE IT. HAVING exhibited in succession the six enumerations which have been taken of the population of the United States, and noticed the more striking and important facts to be inferred from each, it will now be our purpose to examine them in the aggregate, together with such general results as may be deduced from them. We therefore propose to take a comparative view of the progress of population during the half century that has elapsed since the first census was taken, in the several States and Territories, in the larger geographical divisions, and in the different races and classes; To investigate the subject of the proportion between the sexes, and inquire into the causes of the diversities among different classes, and of the variations in the same class; To compare the sexes and the different races as to longevity, and the maladies of deafness and blindness To inquire into the natural increase, in the United States generally, in the old and the new States, and of the different races; the past and future increase, and the future progress of population; To inquire into the future progress of domestic slavery, and some of its remote effects; To notice the distribution of political power so far as it depends upon numbers; of that of the population into town and country, also among the different classes of industry; And lastly, we shall estimate the annual income of the several States, and of the Union, from all sources, and compare the increase of wealth with that of the population. By the following table we may compare in the United States in Fifty Years. 57 The Population of each State and Territory, as exhibited by six enumerations in fifty years, with its Decennial Sate of Increase during the same period. POPULATION. DECENNIAL INCREASE. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1 1820. 1830. 1840. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. Maine,. 96,540 151,719 228,7051 298,335 399,455 501,793 57.1 50.7 30.4 33.9 26.2 N. Ham. 141,899 183,762 214,360 244,161 269,328 284,574 57.1 50.7 30.4 33.9 25.6 Verm.,. 85,416 154,465 217,713 235,764 280,652 291,948 80.8 41. 8.2 19. 4. Mass.,.. 378,717 423,245 472,0401 523,287 610,408 737,699 11.7 11.5 10.9 16.6 20.8 R. Isl'd, 69,110 69,122 77,031 83,059 97,199 108,830 0. 11.4 7.8 17. 11.9 Conn.,... 238,141 251,002 262,042 275,202 297,675 309,978 5.4 4.3 5. 8.1 4.1 1,009,823 1,233,315 1,471,891'1,659,808 1,954,717 2,234,822 21.1 19.3 12.8 17.7 14.3 N. York 340,120 586,756 959,049 1,372,812 1,918,608 2,428,921 72.5 63.4 43.1 39.7 26.6 N. Jer.,. 184,139 211,949 245,555 277,575 320,823 373,306 15.1 15.9 13. 15.5 16.3 Penn.,.. 434,373 602,365 810,091 1,049,458 1,348,233 1,724,033 38.6 34.4 29.5 28.5 27.9 Delaw'e 59,096 64,273 72,674 72,749 76,748 78,085 8.7 13. 0.1 5.5 1.7 Maryl'd 319,728 341,548 380,546 407,350 447,040 470,019 6.8 11.4 7. 9.7 5.1 D. of C.,........ 14,093 24,023 33,039 39,834 43,712...... 36.8 28.9 29.2 23.3 1,337,456 1,820,9842,491,9383,212,983 4,151,286 5,118,076 36.3 10.7 9.3 13.7 2.3 Virgin'a 748,308 880,200 974,6221,065,379 1,211,405 1,239,797 17.6 10.7 9.3 13.7 2.3 N. Car., 393,751 478,103 555,500 638,829 737,987 753,419 21.3 16.2 15. 15.5 2.1 S. Car.,. 249,073 345,591 4i5,115 502,741 581,185 594,398 38.7 20.1 18.1 15.6 2.3 Georgia, 82,548 162,110 252,433 340,987 516,823 691,392 96.4 55.1 35.1 51.2 33.8 Florida,................................ 34,730 54,477.....56.8 1,473,680 1,865,995 2,197,6702,547,936 3,082,130 3,333,483 26.6 17.8 15.9 21. 8.2 Alab'a,................... 144,317 309,527 590,756..................142. 90.8 Missis.'......... 8,850 40,352 75,448 136,621 375,651.....356. 87. 81. 175. Louisi'a................ 76,556 153,407 215,739 352,411........ 100.4 40.6 63.3 Arkan.,......................... 14,273 30,388 97,574................ 112.9 221.1 Tennes. 35,791 105,602 261,727 422,813 681,904 829,2101 200. 147.8 61.5 61.3 21.6 35,791 114,452 378,635 810,258 1,374,179 2,245,602 219.8 230.8 114. 69.6 63.4 Miss'uri................ 20,845 66,586 140,455 383,702,...........219.5 110.9 173.2 Kent'y,. 73,077 220,955 406,511 561,317 687,917 779,828; 200. 83.1 38.8 21.9 13.3 Ohio,.......... 45,365 230,760 581,434 937,903 1,519,4671.....408.7 152. 61.3 62. Indiana,........ 4,875 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,866...... 403. 500.2 133. 99.9 Illinois,................ 12,282 55,211 157,445 476,183........... 349.5 185.2 202.4 Mich.,.................. 4,762 8,896 31,639 212,267....... 8.. 6.8 255.6'570.9 Wiscon........................................ 30,945............................. Iowa........................................... 43,112........................ 73,077 271,195 699,6801,423,622 2,298,390 4,131,370 271.1 158. 103.5 61.4 79.7 ____ 3,929,827 5,305,925 7,239,814 9,654,596 12,866,020117,069,4531 35.01 36.45 33.35! 33.26 32.67 As the States and Territories naturally arrange themselves into five divisions, which are separated not only by their geographical position, but also, with few exceptions, in their modes of industry and commercial interest, it is thought proper to compare the progress of population in these divisions, as may be seeen in the following table: 58 Progress of Population and Wealth INCREASED POPULATION FROM AUGUST 1, 1790, IN DIVISIONS. ____________________ 10 years. 20 years. 30 years. 40 years.* 50 years.* 1. The New England States,......... 122.4 145.8 164.4 193.6 221.3 2. The Middle States, with Dist. 136.2 186.3 240.2 310.4 382.7 of Columbia,....... 1 186.3 240.2 310.4 382. 3. The Southern States, with the 126.6 149.1 172.9 209.1 226.1 Territory of Florida 126.6 149.1 17.9 209.1 26.1 4. The Southwestern States........ 319.8 1,058. 2,264. 3,839. 6,174. 5. The Northwestern States, with ) the Territories of Wisconsin 371.6 857.5 1,948. 3,145. 5,654. and Iowa,.................. _ _ ___ Total of the United States,...... 135.. 184.2 245.3 327.4 434.5 * It will be recollected that by the change of the day of taking the census from the 1st of August to the 1st of June, the periods referred to in the two last columns want two months of the terms mentioned. The very great disparity exhibited by the preceding table between the rate of increase in the three first divisions, which comprise the thirteen original States, and that of the two western divisions, is to be referred almost entirely to migration, the Atlantic States losing yet more than they gain by emigrants, whilst the Western States gain largely and steadily both from foreign and domestic emigration. There is, moreover, a small difference in their natural increase, as we shall see in a subsequent part of this memoir. The distribution of the population into the three classes of whites, free persons of colour, and slaves, at each census, with the decennial increase of each class, are presented in the following table: DECENNIAL INCREASE PER CENT IN CLASSES 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. Free col. 59,466 108,3951 186,446 236,197 319,599 386,348 32.3 72.2 27.7 34.2 20.9 Slaves,.. 697,897 893,0411,191,364 1,543,688 2,099,043 2,487,355 27.9 83.4 29.6 30.1 23.8 Tot. free, 2,231,930 4,412,884 6,048,450 8,110,908 10,866,972 14,575,903 36.4 37. 34.1 33.7 34.1 Tot. col., 75736311,001,4361,377,810 1,781,885 2,328,642 2,873,703 32.2 37.6 29.3 30.6 23.4 The total increase of the three classes in fifty years, has been, of whites, as 100 to 447.3 " " " of free coloured,. 649.7 " " of slaves,.... 356.4 46" " " of the whole coloured, 379.4 The relative proportions of the three classes, at each census, is as follows: in the United States in Fifty Years. 59 I790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. Whites. 80.7 81.1 81. 81.5 81.9 83.1 Free coloured,............... 1.5 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 Slaves.................. 17.8 16.4 16.4 16. 15.6 14.6 It appears from the preceding comparison, that in half a century the whites have gained, and the coloured persons have lost 2.4 per cent of the whole population; and that the free persons have gained, and the slaves have lost 3.2 per cent. 60 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER VIII. THE PROPORTION BETWEEN THE SEXES. IT seems to be a general law of the human species, that the number of males born exceeds that of females in a small proportion; and a disparity continues through the subsequent periods of life, until we reach that stage when the greater casualties, to which males are exposed, have counterbalanced the original excess. Is this an ultimate fact which we must refer to a final cause, or is its proximate cause the greater strength and vigour of the male sex, by reason of which fewer of that sex are still-born, or perish by abortion, or other casualties before birth? The numbers of the two sexes, and the proportion between them, as exhibited by each census, were as follows: 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. WHITES, As As As As As As Males,.... 1,15,625100. 2,204,4211100. 2,987,571 100. 4,001,064100. 5,355,1331100. 7,249,266100. to to to to to to Females,. 1,556,839 96.3 2,100,068 95.3 2,874,433 96.2 3,871,647.871,115 96.6 6,940,161 95.7 FREE COL. Males,.... 1...........112,734 153,453 186,467 Females,. No discrimination of the sexes in the col- 125,463111.3 166,146 108.3 199,778 107.1 SLAVES, ( oured population at these enumerations. Males,..........................788,028 1,012,323 1,246,517 Females,.........755,660 95.9 96,20 98.4 1,240,938 99.5 It appears, by the preceding table, that, while both in the white and the slave population, the males always exceed the females, commonly between three and four per cent in the free coloured portion, the females exceed the males from seven to eleven per cent. This diversity is to be ascribed principally to the roving habits of the men of this class, many of whom take to a seafaring life, and some travel and even settle abroad. Perhaps, too, there are in some of the States a greater proportion of females emancipated. The census furnishes us with no data for verifying this conjecture, as the excess of females is by far the greatest at that in the United States in Fifty Years. 61 period of life when either cause would be most operative; that is, between the ages of ten and thirty-six. By the fifth census, the males of this class between ten and twenty-four, were 43,079, and females 47,329; and of those between twenty-four and thirty-six, the males were 27,650, and the females 32,541. In like manner, by the sixth census, the males between ten and twenty-four were 52,805, and the females 56,592; and between twenty-four and thirty-six, the males were 35,321, and the females 41,682; so that of the whole excess of females by the fifth census, amounting to 12,693, nearly three-fourths (9,141) were between the ages of ten and thirty-six; and of the excess by the sixth census, 13,341 more than three-fourths (10,148) were between the same ages. Nor can any argument against the supposed greater emancipation of females be drawn from the fact, that there is no correspondent deficiency of female slaves between the ages of ten and thirty-six, since such emancipation may be counterbalanced, and more than counterbalanced, by the runaway slaves, who are mostly males. It will be also perceived, that there was, both in 1830 and 1840, a greater preponderance of males on the part of the whites than of the slaves, owing partly to the excess of males of the white emigrants from Europe, and partly to the diminution of male slaves by running away. Of the whites, the excess of males was the greatest in 1800; being to the females as 100 to 95.3. This was probably owing to the great number of French emigrants who thronged to the United States about the close of the last century. A similar flow of emigrants from Europe, between 1830 and 1840, has caused the like excess of white males, which is shown by the last census. To free the comparison between the sexes from the influence of immigration as far as practicable, let us take the males and females under ten years of age. Their numbers were first taken in 1800: By the second census the white males were to females as 100 to 93.6 By the third census " " " " " 94.8 By the fourth census " " " " " 95.2 By the fifth census " " " " 95.3 By the sixth census " " " " "A 95.4 By this, it appears that there has been a steady increase in the proportion of females during the last forty years. But the greater disproportion between the sexes, which is shown by the two first enumerations, than that which appears in the three last, seems to require explanation. Perhaps it is to be found in the interruption 6 62 Progress of Population and Wealth given to navigation from 1806 to 1815, by which the number of boys formerly going to sea, or on board fishing-vessels and coasters being diminished, augmented the proportion of males. Let us now compare the proportion of males to females in the different races, which we can do only under the two last enumerations: In 1830. In 1840. The white males under ten were to the females as 100 to 95.3 95.4 The free coloured males " " " 97.2 97.4 The slaves " " " " " 98.4 99.7 For the greater excess of males at this early age, in the white population, than in the coloured race, I am able to assign no reason, unless it be that there is a disproportion of boys, as well as men, among the European emigrants, or that slave boys, near the age of ten, being put to work out of doors, are more exposed than girls to accidents and diseases, whereby their original excess is more diminished than with the whites. But why is it that the proportional excess of males in all the classes has been progressively diminishing? If we suppose that the excess of boys over girls, among the emigrants from Europe, is gradually decreasing in its relative influence, that would apply only to the whites, and leaves the difficulty as to the coloured race unsolved. The only solution that occurs to me, as applicable to both races is, that those occupations by which the lives and health of boys are more exposed than are those of girls, have been slightly but gradually increasing; and it may be remarked, that the excess of males under ten is less, in the New England States, which are most maritime, than in the southern and western States, which are least so. It deserves notice, that in the slave population, although the females between fourteen and twenty-six, in the fourth census, approach to or exceed the males, yet after twenty-four, the preponderance of the males is restored. In the fifth census, too, of the slaves between twenty-four and thirty-six, the females slightly exceed the males, but both with all those at both the earlier and later periods of life, the males exceed the females; from which it would appear, that the diversity in their respective employments, which takes place in the vigour of manhood, abridges life with males more than with females; but that in subsequent periods, the chance of life is in favour of the male sex. According to the sixth census, the two sexes approach to equality in the slaves between ten and twenty-four, but at all other ages the males exceed the females. in the United States in Fifty Years. 63 CHAPTER IX. THE PROBABILITIES OF LIFE. —THE DEAF AND DUMB, THE BLIND, AND THE INSANE. ON these interesting topics our information is far more meagre than could be wished, but it has been gradually enlarging since 1790. The census of that year, indeed, afforded none, except the single fact of the number of white males above and below sixteen. The enumerations of 1800 and 1810 gave the numbers both of white males and females at five periods of life; but, like the first, made no discrimination of the sex or age of the coloured race. That of 1820 gave the numbers both of the free coloured and slaves, of both sexes, at four periods of life; and those of 1830 and 1840 have extended the discriminations of the whites to thirteen periods, and those of the coloured race to six periods. The two last have also numbered the deaf and dumb at three periods of life, and the blind of both races; but the census of 1840 has added the number of insane, and has confined the discriminations of the deaf and dumb, according to age, to the whites. The following tables show, as far as materials thus scanty and irregular permit, the comparative probabilities of life, between the sexes of each race, at different ages, saving the slight disturbances from migration, by which the white males gain, and the coloured males lose: I.-The proportion of white Males and Females at different ages, according to the enumerations of 1800, 1810, and 1820. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1800 1810. 1820. AEs. Males, Females Males, Females Males, Females Proportion of Males to p. cent. p. cent. p. cent.. t. p. cent. p. cent. Females as 100 to 1. Whites under 10, 34.66 34.37 34.64 34.14 33.67 33.12 94.9 94.8 95.3 2. 10 and under 16, 16.01 15.34 15.67 15.60 15.33 15.65 94.3 95.8' 98.9 3. 16 " 26, 17.84 19.03 18.33 19.55 19.43 20.21 102.1 102.6 100.7 4. 26 " 45, 19.58 19.51 19.15 18.93 19.18 19.05 95.5 95.1 96.1 5. 45 and upwards, 11.91 11.75 12.21 11.78 12.39 11.97 94.5 92.8 93.5 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 64 Progress of Population and Wealth II.-The proportion of white Males and Females, of different ages, according to the enumerations of 1830 and 1840. 1830. 1840. 1830. 1840. AGES. Males, Females, Males, Females, Proportion of Males to per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. Females as 100 to 1. Whites under 5,.... 18.17 17.83 17.53 17.34 94.7 94.7 2. 5 andunder10,.... 14.60 14.53 14.13 14.22 96. 96.4 3. 10 " 15,.... 12.51 12.35 12.13 12.06 95.4 95.1 4. 15 20.... 10.70 11.53 10.43 11.41 104. 104.8 5. 20 " 30.... 17.86 17.76 18.24 18.06 96. 94.8 6. 30 " 40,.... 11.09 10.74 11.95 11.23 93.7 89.8 7. 40 50,.... 6.86 6.89 7.40 7.23 96.8 93.6 8. 50 " 60,.... 4.28 4.32 4.34 4.39 97.5 96.9 9. 60 " 70,.... 2.52 2.54 2.40 2.50 97.2 99.5 10. 70 " 80.... 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.16 109.5 100.1 11. 80 " 90.....29.34.30.35 110.3 110. 12. 90 " 100.....04.05.04.05 112.2 128.9 13. 100 and upwards,............................ 79.1 66.2 100. o100. 100. I100.Whilst, of the children born alive, the males commonly exceed the females by about the twentieth part, the preceding tables show that the mortality of the males somewhat exceeds that of females in the middle periods of life, so as to more than counterbalance the original preponderance. This is owing, no doubt, to the greater casualties to which the male sex is exposed, and, probably, somewhat more to their frequent use of spirituous liquors in excess. At the two last periods of life in the three first enumerations, viz, from twenty-six to forty five, the males gain upon the females until they pass beyond their original excess. This is the effect, not of a greater mortality of the females, but of a greater accession of males by immigration, as will more clearly appear by the fuller details of the two last enumerations. According to these, the males gain upon the females from the age of twenty to forty, after which the proportion of females gradually increases until the period from seventy to eighty, when it preponderates, and the excess still increases until the age of one hundred, after which the number of males is greatest. In these enumerations, it will be seen that the proportion of males was smaller in the first class, (those under five,) than at any of the twelve succeeding periods, except the class between thirty and forty in the fifth census, that between thirty and fifty in the sixth census, and the class over one hundred in both. Now, as most of those who have migrated to this country within ten years preceding a census would be above thirty at the time it was taken, and a in the United States in Fifty Years. 65 majority are also known to be males, this partial and small increase in the proportion of males may be attributed, in part, to immigration, and in part, perhaps, to the greater mortality of women at this period of life. But to whatever cause we ascribe it, the census conclusively shows in the subsequent periods a diminished mortality of females, with the single exception of the small number who live above a century. From this exception, conflicting as it does with the excess and increasing excess of females shown in the periods of life immediately preceding, we are not warranted in deducing any general rule on the comparative probabilities of life between the sexes, unless we knew the circumstances, or, at least, the place of birth, of these rare instances of longevity; for if the greater part, or even a considerable part of them were of foreign birth, and from countries of greater average salubrity than the United States, that fact, from the known disproportion of male immigrants, would tend to increase the proportion of males in the advanced stages of life; and whilst such increase would not be manifested in classes that consisted of thousands, (as do all those under 100,) it might have so much effect in the few hundreds above that age as to produce the excess of males that we see, and thus explain the seeming anomaly. In comparing the chances of longevity in this country with those of other countries, we must take into account our more rapid increase of numbers. Thus, to ascertain what proportion of our population attain the age of 100, we must compare the number of those who have attained it, not with the present population, but with that which existed 100 years since; and this, at a moderate estimate of the intermediate increase, was less than one-sixteenth of our present numbers; whereas, in most densely peopled countries, the increase, in the same period, may not have been from one-eighth to one-fourth as great.* To make, then, the comparison fairly, we must multiply the number of persons in this country of the age supposed in the same proportion. In like manner, to compute the chances of here attaining the age of fifty, we must compare the number who have now reached that age with the population at the first census, when it was less than one-fourth of its present amount. As the census has, since 1830, made quinquennial classes of the * In England, the population in 1730 was 5,687,993, and in 1831 was 14,174,204, less than 2J times as great; and from 1700 to 1800 the numbers had not even doubled. In every other part of Europe, except Russia, the increase is yet more slow. 6* 66 Progress of Population and Wealth whites of both sexes under twenty, and decennial for all above that age and under 100, it had afforded the means of estimating, with great accuracy, the probability of life of each sex at different periods by comparing the numbers of the several classes in the preceding census, with those of the classes ten years older in the succeeding census, if it were not for the interference of two causes, whose quantities we have no means of precisely ascertaining. These are, the diminution of males from boyhood to middle age, by roaming and going to sea, and the increase of both males and females, but in unequal quantities, by immigration; of which disturbing influences the census affords us the most satisfactory evidence. Thus, the class of females between fifteen and twenty, in the census of 1840, which corresponds to the class between five and ten, in the census of 1830, instead of exhibiting a decrease, by reason of the deaths in the intervening period of ten years, shows an increase of 41,427, equivalent to 51 per cent; which effect must necessarily have been produced by accessions from abroad, supposing the ages of the females to be accurately noted.* Thus, too, whilst the females of this class show an increase of 5- per cent, a similar comparison of the males between five and ten, in 1830, with those between fifteen and twenty, in 1840, exhibits a decrease of 31 per cent; which seems to indicate that, although immigration has considerably swelled their numbers in ten years, it has done so to a less extent than with females, principally by the number of boys who have gone abroad, and in some degree by the greater mortality of males, which is manifested by the general tenor of the census. It is proper to add that the same sources of error which have been mentioned, must affect any estimates that can be made of the probabilities of life in the United States, and that, therefore, the tables that have been given must be regarded as only approximating to the truth. Let us now advert to the coloured race in reference to this subject. The following tables compare the decrease of life between the * As it seems scarcely credible that the number, at any period of life, should have gained by immigration in any given time equal to the loss sustained in the same time by death, it is rational to suppose that some error has crept into this part of the census. Can it be that many of this class of females, who work from home, are counted twice? or must we suppose that many, who have passed twenty, have reduced their age within more desirable limits? in the United States in Fifty Years. 67 free and slave portions of the coloured population, and between the males and females of each, according to the three last enumerations, when the discriminations were first made: I.-The proportion of coloured IMales and Females, according to the census of 1820. FREE COLOURED. SLAVES. FREE COL. SLAVES. AGES. Males, Females, Males, Females, Proportion Qf Males to per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. Females as 100 to Under..........14......... 42.27 38. 43.63 43.24 96.3 94.3 14 and under 26,.......... 21.30 23.89 25.77 26.98 120.1 99.6 26 " 45....20.80 22.50 20.78 20.36 115.9 95.4 45 and upwards,.......... 15.63 15.61 9.82 9.42 107.1 91.3 - -- - - I 1__ _ 100 - 100. 100. 100. 107.2 95.1 II.-The proportion of coloured Males and Females, according to the census of 1830. FREE COLOURED. SLAVES. FREE COL. SLAVES. AGES. Males, Females, Males, Females, Proportion of Males to per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. Females as 100 to Under..........10......... 31.72 28.49 34.90 34.90 97.4 98.3 10 and under 24,........ 28.07 28.97 30.86 30.99 111.7 98.8 24 " 36......... 02 19.59 18.2 18.65 19.5917.7 100.1 36 " 55.......... 14.51 14.64 11.74 11.23 109.3 94.1 55 " 100.......... 8.08 4.10 4.16 115.6 99.7 100 and upwards,...18..23.07.07 143.5 90.4 100. 100. 100. 100. 108.3 98.4 III.-The proportion of coloured Males and Females, according to t~e census of 1840. FREE COLOURED. SLAVES. FREE COL. SLAVES. AGES. Males, Females, Males, Females, Proportion of Males to per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. Females as 100 to Under..........10,.......... 30.20 27.57 33.91 33.97 97.8 99.7 10 and under 24..... 28.32 28.31 31.38 31.44 107.2 99.7 24 " 36........ 18.93 20.86 18.88 19.32 118. 101.9 36 " 55,............ 16 15.21 11.66 11.22 107.5 95.8 55 " 100...... 7.24 7.87 4.11 4. 116.5 96.9 100 and upwards,.........15.18.06.05 126.2 77. 1. 100. 0. 00. 100. 107.2 99.3 These tables seem to indicate a much greater mortality among the males than the females of the free coloured population; as though, in the class under the age of puberty, the males exceed the females about 2 or 3 per cent, yet, in all the subsequent periods of life, the females have the preponderance, and after the age of fiftyfive the disproportion greatly increases. Part of this excess, indeed, 68 Progress of Population and Wealth is to be ascribed to the roving habits of the males; yet, as this cause operates chiefly with the young and middle aged, the increasing excess of females after fifty-five can be attributed only to their greater longevity. The period between thirty-six and fifty-five, in the two last enumerations, presents an exception to the supposed greater mortality, as the excess of females, which, between the ages of twenty-four and thirty-six, had been as much as eighteen per cent, had, in the period from thirty-six to fifty-five, declined from eight to ten per cent. This single instance of a decrease in the proportion of females might be caused either, 1st. by a greater number of males emancipated than of females between thirty-six and fifty-five; 2d. by the return of a part of those males who had gone abroad before the age of thirty-six; or, lastly, by a greater mortality of females at this period of life. There seems to be no ground for presuming the existence of the first cause; but the census, both in 1830 and 1840, affords some evidence of both the others. Thus, if the free coloured males between thirty-six and fifty-five be compared with those between twenty-four and thirty-six, the former will be found to be only twenty per cent less; whereas, if the male slaves at the same periods of life be compared, the diminution' is from thirty-five to forty per cent. This difference between the two portions of the coloured race, so greatly exceeding any supposable difference of mortality, must be referred to a return of a part of the free coloured who had roamed abroad. We are also warranted in attributing a part of the difference to the greater mortality of women about this period of life, because we perceive the same falling off in the proportion of females between the ages of thirty-six and fifty-five in the class of slaves, in which none of the males who leave the country ever return to it; and because, also, we have some evidence of a falling off in the proportion of white females about the same time of life. In the slave portion of the coloured population, there seems to be but little difference in the chances of life between the sexes. From the age of ten to twenty-four, the males retain the small excess of from one to two per cent, which they had under ten years of age; from twenty-four to thirty-six, the number of females slightly preponderates; from thirty-six to fifty-five, the males gain on the females; from fifty-five to one hundred, the females gain on the in the United States in Fifty Years. 69 males; and after one hundred, the males regain, and exceed their original preponderance. We are the more warranted in referring these alterations to general causes, as they are found in both the last enumerations. The gain of the females between the ages of twenty-four and thirtysix, may be referred to the greater casualties to which the male sex is exposed, and to the greater number of runaways of that sex. The loss of the females from thirty-six to fifty-five, is probably to be ascribed to that greater mortality of the sex which has been observed in the other classes at this period of life. The gain of the females from fifty-five to one hundred may be confidently attributed to their greater longevity, after they have passed the age of fifty; and if the excess of males above one hundred, which is shown by the census, may seem to contradict this supposition, the fact admits of a similar explanation to that given for the excess of white males of this extreme age. Most of the male slaves over one hundred may have been Africans by birth, and have thus had constitutions more favourable to long life than the average of the native slaves, much the largest part of whom live in the least healthy parts of the United States. This supposition derives some probability from the fact that in the free coloured class, which is known to consist almost entirely of natives, the females above one hundred exhibit a continuance of the same progressive excess which they had exhibited in the periods of life immediately preceding. There is a manifest difference in mortality and longevity between the two portions of the coloured race, in favour of the free coloured class. By the census of 1820, of those under thirty-six, the proportional numbers of the two classes are nearly the same; but of those over that age, the free coloured are fifteen per cent of the whole number, while the slaves are but ten per cent. By the two last enumerations, the centesimal proportions of each class from twenty-four to thirty-six are nearly equal; but after thirty-six, the proportion of the free coloured increase in an augmented ratio. A part of this excess is attributable to emancipation, which commonly takes place in middle life, whether it be effected by the favour of the master, or by the purchase of his freedom by the slave himself; but the change in the relative numbers of the two portions in after life, shows that those who are free are more long-lived than the slaves. The causes of this difference may arise from several circumstances. Of the coloured population, a much larger proportion of 70 Progress of Population and Wealth the free than of the slaves is probably descended from the white, as well as the African race; and it is possible that this mixed breed may possess some advantages of temperament, as they certainly do of appearance, which is favourable to longevity. Or it may be, that the small number who attain old age may have been better provided with the comforts of life, and have taken better care of their health than the slaves are able to do. Or lastly, since many of the free coloured consist of those who have been emancipated for their merits or services, or have purchased their freedom by the earnings of a long course of industry, sobriety, and frugality, it may happen that the excess of the long-lived is derived from this description of persons, who would, from the regularity and good conduct implied by their change of condition, be most likely to attain long life. As the enumerations, both of 1830 and 1840, have adopted different discriminations of age for the whites and the coloured race between the ages of ten and one hundred, we cannot accurately compare the chances of life between the two races for the intermediate periods. But by the census of 1820, the discriminations of the coloured classes coincided with those of the whites in that census, as well as the two preceding enumerations, in two particulars, to wit: as to those who were between the ages of twenty-six and forty-five, and those who were above forty-five. Let us, then, compare the two races at these periods of life. By the enumerations of 1800, 1810, and 1820, the white males between twenty-six and forty-five were 19.58, 19.15, and 19.18 per cent of the whole number, making an average of 19.30 per cent; and the white females were 19.51, 18.93, and 19.05, making an average of 19.16 per cent. By the census of 1820, the males of the free coloured class were 20.80 per cent, those of the slaves were 20.78, and both together, equal to 20.79 per cent of the whole coloured population;* and the females of the free coloured were 22.50, those of the slaves, 20.36, and both together, equal to 20.40 per cent of the whole. At this period of life, then, the centesimal proportion of the whites of each sex was about one and a half per cent less than that of the coloured race. * By uniting the two classes of the coloured race, the comparison is not disturbed by emancipation, by which the numbers of one class is increased and the other diminished, to the same absolute extent, indeed, but in very different proportions. in the United States in Fifty Years. 71 If those over forty-five be similarly compared, the centesimal proportion will be as follows: 1st. Of the Males, Per cent. Whites, in 1800, 1810, and 1820, 11.91, 12.21, 12.39, average 12.17 Free coloured and slaves, in 1820.... " 10.55 Difference, 1.62 2nd. Of the Females, Whites, in 1800, 1810, and 1820,11.75,11.78,11.97, average 11.83 Free coloured and slaves, in 1820.... 10.30 Difference, 1.53 This relative gain of the whites after forty-five may seem at first to indicate greater mortality in the coloured race in the later periods of life. But when it is recollected that the whites gain largely by those who migrate to this country, (sometimes, as we shall see, more than ten per cent,) and that the coloured race, on the contrary, lose somewhat by emigration, the influence of these two causes might be expected to make a greater difference than has been mentioned, if they were not counteracted by the greater tenacity of life of persons of the coloured race when they have passed middle age. Such a comparison, between the two races at a later period of life, as we are able to make under the enumerations of 1830 and 1840, affords evidence of the same fact. Thus, by taking the proportional mean between the whites over fifty and those over sixty, we obtain the probable number over fifty-five, which we may then compare with the numbers of the coloured race of that age, according to actual enumeration. The number of white males over fiftyfive, by computation, was, in 1830, 568 per cent of the whole number; and in 1840, 5.62 per cent. The number of white females in 1830, 5.84 per cent; and in 1840, 5.86 per cent. The comparison, therefore, between the whites and the coloured race past forty-five, will be as follows: Males, Per cent. Whites, 5.68, 5.62 per cent.... average,. 5.65 Free coloured and slaves, 5.72, 4.59.. ". 4.65 Difference, 1. 72 Progress of Population and Wealth Females, Per cent. Whites, 5.84, 5.86 per cent.. average,. 5.85 Free coloured and slaves, 4.81, 4.61.. ". 4.71 Difference, 1.14 By which it appears, that the small proportionate excess of the whites over forty-five, was, at a period of life ten years later, diminished about one half of one per cent. We unfortunately have no means of comparing the two races at any intermediate period between fifty-five and one hundred, by which we should be able to see whether, as the influence of immigration declined, (but a very small number of European emigrants to this country being past middle age,) the proportion of the coloured race continued to increase. But a comparison of their respective numbers under fifty-five and upwards of one hundred, would lead us to expect that result. Thus: In 1830, The whites over 100 were, males 301 6c " " S females 238...- 539, equal to 1 in 19,529 " free coloured,* males 269:' " " females 386 655, " 1 in 487 " slaves, " males 748' " " females 676 1,424, " 1 in 1,410 According to which, the chances of attaining this extraordinary longevity were more than thirteen times as great with the slaves, and forty times as great with the free coloured as the whites. In 1840, The whites over 100 were, males 476 " " " females 315 --- 791, equal to 1 in 17,938 " free coloured," males 286 ~" " " females 361 --- 647, " 1 in 597 " slaves, " males 753 " " " females 580 --— 1,333, " 1 in 1,866 * The free coloured and the slaves are here separated, as emancipation scarcely ever takes place at this advanced age. in the United States in Fifty Years. 73 Which shows a less, but still extraordinary disproportion in favour of the coloured race; the proportionate number of the slaves to that of the whites being more than as nine to one, and of the free coloured to the whites as thirty to one. It is proper to remark, that the ages of the coloured part of the population are, for the most part, conjectural, their births being rarely recorded even in family registers; and consequently, that the uncertainty is greatest in the most advanced stages of life. There is, moreover, a very prevalent disposition among the slaves who are past middle age to over-state their ages, either by way of furnishing an excuse for a relaxatiori of labour, or of presenting stronger claims to kindness and charity. On the other hand, the temperate mode of living, the steady but moderate labour to which most of the slaves are habituated; their freedom from cares about the future, and, as a consequence of these incidents to their condition, their comparative exemption from some of the maladies which greatly abridge life with the whites, as diseases of the stomach, of the liver, and the lungs, obviously tend to increase the proportion of those who attain extraordinary longevity. It has also been supposed by some that more than a fair quota of the superannuated few are native Africans, who would thus seem to have better constitutions than the average of their race born in the United States. And lastly, it is possible that an undue proportion of the long-lived may be of the mixed breed, and that such may be more tenacious of life than either the white or the negro race. Should this prove to be the fact, it may aid us, as has been already mentioned, in accounting for the greater longevity of the free coloured than of the slaves. It is only by a careful attention to the individual cases of longevity, that these questions in the statistics of life can be solved. The following diagram presents to the eye the proportions in which the whites, free coloured persons, and slaves, are respectively distributed, according to age; and it would accurately show the mortality of each class save for emigration, by which the number of whites is increased and that of the coloured classes is diminished; and also for emancipation, by which one of these classes gains and the other loses. The horizontal lines indicate the number of persons living at and above the ages annexed to them; the outer curve marking the numbers of the free coloured, the middle line those of the whites, and the inner line those of the slaves: 7 74 Progress of Population and Wealth The comparative decrease of life of the White, Free Coloured, and Slave population in the United States: the black horizontal lines showing the proportion of persons living at and above the ages respectively annexed. The outer curve marks the lines of the Free Colored, the middle, that of the WThites, and the inner, that of the Slaves. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 yrs.tri, 2as exhibited by the ce s of G t, "in 1821, ad In England. In Connecticut.30 I10 -0.. 40... 2,2 20 to 30.. 1,990 1. 760....~(J~~~~L~I~~ 1e70" ~~~~~~j~~~~~(~ ~ ~ ~I ~~~~/~~~~....... 80" 30to40..1,156.... 1,28590 IX' _L-< —t _100" - 4,783.. - 5,337 10 9 8 7 6 5 4f 3 2 1 0 The diagram following shows the proportion of living males, at different ages, in England and Connecticut,* in conformity with the following comparison of the distribution of life in the two countries, as exhibited by the census of Great Britain, in 1821, and by that of the United States, in 1840. According to these, of every 10,000 males there are living In England. In Connecticut. Under 10 years of age, 2,881... 2,458 10 to 20.. 2,157.. 2,292 20 to 30.. 1,990.. 1,760 30 to 40.. 1,156.. 1,285 4,783 ~ ~ 5,337, This State is selected because it is one of the few which do not gain by immigration. in the United States in Fifty Years. 75 In England. In Connecticut. 40 to 50.. 940.. 900 50 to 60.. 666.. 615 60 to 70.. 448.. 386 2,054.. 1,901 70 to 80.. 222.. 228 80 to 90.. 56.. 69 90 to 100, &c.. 4.. 7 282.. 304 10,000 10,000 The comparative decrease of life in England and Connecticut: the black lines show the proportion of 10,000 persons living at and above the ages respectively annexed. Those of England are bounded by the inner curved line, and those of Connecticut by the outer. 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 100 0 10 yrs.............;.,......... 60 " 20 " 100" By which we perceive that under ten years of age, the number in England is greatest by about fourteen per cent; from ten to forty, the number in Connecticut exceeds about twelve per cent; from forty to seventy, the excess is again in favour of England by 76 Progress of Population and Wealth five per cent; and after seventy, Connecticut again exceeds by about seven per cent. It is not easy to say in what degrees these diversities, thus varying and alternating, are influenced by a difference of natural increase, of emigration, and of mortality in the two countries. It must be admitted that there are few parts of the United States which would compare as advantageously with England in the probabilities of life as Connecticut. The number of Deaf, and Dumb, and Blind, in the white and coloured population of the United States, on the 1st of August, 1830. WHITES. COLOURED PERSONS. STATES AND TERRI- DEAF AND DUMB. DEAF AND DUMB. TORIES. BLIND. BLIND. Under 14 to 25 and tal Uder 14 to 25 and t 14. 25. upw'ds. 14. u. 25. upw. Maine,........ 64 60 56 180 159 4...... 1 5 1 New Hampshire,. 32 55 48 135 105 5 1 3 9....... Vermont........... 39 59 55 153 51 3....... 2 5 Massachusetts,.... 56 62 138 256 218 2 3 4 9 5 Rhode Island..... 6 22 28 5 56 56 2....... 4 8 Connecticut,....... 43 152 99 294 188 4 2....... 6 7 New York,........ 277 310 255 842 642 17 14 12 43 82 New Jersey,....... 64 71 72 207 205 5 2 8 15 22 Pennsylvania,..... 222 279 255 758 475 12 12 15 39 28 Delaware,......... 6 15 14 35 18 5 4 9 11 Maryland,.......... 50 31 54 135 147 40 30 26 96 124 Dist. of Columbia,. 4 5 3 12 11 1 2 3 6 16 Virginia,.......... 132 118 169 419 356 51 41 38 130 438 North Carolina,.... 70 81 79 230 223 31 27 25 83 161 South Carolina,.. 60 52 62 174 102 9 27 33 69 136 Georgia,............. 50 51 44 145 150 26 21 12 59 123 Florida........... 2...... 3 5 3 1 2 3 6 16 Alabama.......... 45 25 19 89 68 9 7 7 23 48 Mississippi.......... 12 10 7 29 25 2 8 2 12 31 Louisiana.......... 15 19 49 36 7 5 9 21 77 Tennessee,......... 59 54 172! 176 13 9 6 28 37 Arkansas,........... 2 2 10 8 4......... 2 Kentucky,......... 100' 113 90 303 169 16 25 5 46 83 Missouri,........... 12 5 10 27 27 2 1 5 8 10 Ohio......... 148 160 118 426 232 5..... 4... 6 Indiana,........... 49 59 33 141 85 1 2!... 3 2 Illinois, 23 27 16 66 35....... 4 Michigan........... 4 4 15 5................. Total...... 1,652 1,905 1,806 5,363 3,974 272 2461 224 743 1,47 The white population at that time being 10,537,373, and the coloured 2,328,642, the number of whites, deaf and dumb, according to the preceding table (5,363) was equivalent to 1 in 1,964, and of coloured persons (743) was in 3,134. Of the blind, the number of whites (3,974) was I in 2,651, and of coloured persons, I in 1,584. This shows an excess of whites, deaf and dumb, in a somewhat in the United States in Fifty Years. 77 greater proportion than three to two, and an excess of blind in the coloured race in about the same ratio. The number of Deaf and Dumb, Blind, and Insane, of the white and coloured population of the United States, on the 1st of August, 1840. WHITES. COLOURED PERSONS. STATES AND TERRI- DEAF AND DUMB. TORIES. INSANE DEAF INSANE, _~, _BLIND. AND AND BLIND. AND Under 14 to 25 25 and Total IDIOTS. DUMB. IDIOTS. 14. upw'ds. Maine, 47 13 102 222 180 537 13 10 94 New Hampshire,. 43 41 97 181 153 486 9 3 19 Vermont,.......... 27 19 89 135 101 398 2 2 13 Massachusetts,... 56 63 164 283 308 1,071 17 22 200 Rhode Island,.... 15 25 34 74 63 203 3 1 13 Connecticut,...... 60 141 108 309 143 498 8 13 44 New York,....... 269 362 408 1,039 875 2,146 68 91 194 New Jersey,...... 33 29 102 164 126 369 15 26 73 Pennsylvania,.... 225 225 331 781 540 1,946 51 96 187 Delaware,......... 18 15 12 45 15 52 8 18 28 Maryland......... 43 59 79 181 171 400 68 101 150 Dist. ofColumbia, 1 5 2 8 6 14 4 9 7 Virginia.......... 133 111 209 453 426 1,048 150 466 384 North Carolina,. 82 80 118 280 223 580 74 167 221 South Carolina,.. 40 41 59 140 133 376 78 156 137 Georgia,.......... 78 62 53 193 136 294 64 151 134 Florida,............ 6 4 4 14 9 10 2 10 12 Alabama,.......... 72 53 48 173 113 232 53 96 125 Mississippi,....... 25 16 23 64 43 116 28 69 82 Louisiana,........ 14 17 11 42 37 55 17 36 45 Arkansas........ 18 11 11 40 26 45 2 8 21 Tennessee........ 102 93 96 291 255 699 67 99 152 Kentucky,........ 120 128 152 400 236 795 77 141 180 Missouri.......... 48 32 46 126 82 202 27 42 68 Ohio............... 167 198 194 559 372 1,195 33 33 165 Indiana,.......... 112 91 94 297 135 487 15 19 75 Illinois............ 54 48 53 155 86 213 24 10 79 Michigan,......... 7 9 15 31 25 39 2 4 26 W isconsin........ 4......... 5 9 8.................. 3 Iowa,........... 2 5 10 3 7 4 3 4 Total,....... 1,9191 2,057 2,709 6,685! 5,030 14,521 979 1,902 2,935 According to the preceding table, The deaf and dumb of the whites was.. 1 in 2,123 4" " of the coloured.. 1 in 2,933 The number of the blind was, 4" of the whites.... in 2,821 " of the coloured.... in 1,509 The number of the insane was, " of the whites.... in 977 " of the coloured.... 1 in 978 7* 78. Progress of Population and Wealth This census, like the preceding, shows a greater proportion of whites among the deaf and dumb, and of the coloured race among the blind; but in both descriptions, their relative proportions were changed in favour of the whites. Thus, in the deaf and dumb, the ratio of the whites had diminished from y I to 23, whilst that of the coloured population had increased from 34 to -; and in the blind, the ratio of the whites had decreased from or- to -T, but that of the coloured classes had slightly increased, that is, from 5-8 to T-6. These opposite changes in the two races are probably not greater than can be accounted for by the extraordinary loss which the coloured population has sustained from emigration in the last ten years, (as is shown by the census,) and also by the unusual influx of Europeans in the same time, since persons falling under either class of disability would be rarely found among emigrants. It deserves to be remarked, as favouring some of the conjectural views that have been hazarded in comparing the two races, that of the three privations here considered, the only one that is always congenital is far less frequent with the coloured than the white population; whereas, the greater proportionate number of blind in the former class may be reasonably referred to the severer labour and greater exposure to which they are occasionally subject, to their greater improvidence, and greater want of medical assistance. Of the insane and idiotic, the proportions in the two races would seem to be identical; somewhat more than one in a thousand in both being visited by this greatest of all human maladies. The census distinguishes between those patients of this description who were at public and at private charge, as follows: At public charge, whites... 4,333 " " coloured... 833 5,166 At private charge, whites... 10,188 6" " coloured.. 2,102 - 12,290 Showing, that in both classes of the population, the proportion at public charge is the same, and that it is about forty per cent of the number at private charge. The diversities among the several States, as to the proportion of insane of their white population, is not greater than may be referred to emigration; for, as insane persons are seldom or never seen among emigrants, we ought to find the proportion of this class greater in those States that lose by emigration, as the New England in the United States in Fifty Years. 79 States, and least in those which gain from that source, as the western States. If, then, we make fair allowance for this influence, we shall find that the difference among the different States, as to this afflicting visitation, is insignificant; and that in all of them, as to the white population, if we deduct the foreign emigrants, the proportion of the insane will be very nearly as 1 to 1,000. But as to the coloured population, it appears to be far otherwise. We find an extraordinary difference among the States, in the proportion of the insane of the coloured race. The proportions in the several States appear to be as follows: STATES AND Coloured No. of Ratio as STATES AND Coloured No. of Ratio as TERRITORIES. population. Insane. I to TERRITORIES. population. Insane. I to Maine,........ 1,355 94 14.4 Georgia,....... 283,697 134 2117. New Hamp.. 537 19 28.2 Florida........ 26,534 12 2211. Vermont,..... 730 13 56.1 Alabama,.... 255,571 125 2044. Massachus.,. 8,668 200 43.3 Mississippi,... 196,580 82 2397. R. Island,.... 3,238 13 249. Louisiana,.... 193,954 45 4310. Connecticut,. 8,105 44 184. Arkansas,.... 20,400 21 971. New York,.. 50,031 194 257. Tennessee,... 188,583 152 1240. New Jersey,. 21,718 73 297. Kentucky,.... 189,575 180 1053. Pennsylvania 47,918 187 256. Missouri,..... 59,814 68 879. Delaware,.... 19,524 28 697. Ohio,......... 17,345 165 105. Maryland,.... 151,815 151 1005. Indiana....... 7,168 75 95.5 Dist. of Col.,. 13,055 7 1865. Illinois........ 3,929 79 49.7 Virginia,...... 495,105 384 1289. Michigan,.... 707 26 27.2 N. Carolina,. 268,549 221 1215. Wisconsin,.. 196 3 65.3 S. Carolina,. 335,314 137 2447. Iowa......... 188 4 47. Total......................................................... 2,873,945 2,936 978.8 It thus appears, that the proportion of insane is greatest among the coloured population of the northern States, and that it considerably decreases ~as we proceed south; from which we may infer that the rigours of a northern winter, which have no influence on the temperament of the whites, affect the cerebral organs of the African race. There are, however, two other circumstances, which operate to produce the great diversity we see; and these are, emigration and slavery-the slave population seeming to be less liable to this malady than the fiee coloured population, and the insane very rarely migrating. By a due regard to these three circumstances, of coldness of climate, migration, and the proportion of slaves in the coloured population of a State, we may probably go far to reconcile most of the diversities which are exhibited in the above table. But perhaps it is premature to theorize on this subject; for when we see in some of the States so large a proportion of the coloured population as 1 in 43, and in Maine nearly 1 in 14, so anomalous a fact throws a doubt over the correctness of this part of the census, and at least inclines us to suspend our opinion, until we have further evidence or explanation. 80 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER X. EMIGRATION. THAT emigration from the old world to the new, from which the whole present population of the United States is directly or remotely derived, still continues to make large annual additions to our numbers. After the political connexion with the parent country was severed, foreign emigration, which had been suspended during the war of independence, returned with unabated force; and, what was still less to have been expected, its subsequent increase has been yet greater than that of the whole population which it helped to swell. This tide of European emigration ceases to be an object of wonder, when it is recollected that labour and skill are more than twice as well rewarded in the United States as in Europe; that capital receives nearly twice the profits; and, above all, that land can be here purchased in absolute property at a smaller cost than would there be its annual rent. In addition to these strong inducements, which apply to nearly all Europeans, the British and Irish emigrants find here the language, laws, usages, and manners to which they have been accustomed. They, therefore, constitute the larger part of the emigrants from Europe to the United States. Next to these, the Germans are the most numerous; for they, too, with the recommendations of cheap land and high-priced labour, meet, in many of the States, thousands whose language* and manners are the same as those they have left behind. From the time that the first German settlers came to this country, in 1682, under the auspices of William Penn, there has been a steady influx of emigrants from Germany, principally to the middle States, and, of late years, to the west. * As early as 1793, a journal, in the German language, was established at Germantown, in Pennsylvania. From that time to the present, the number of German newspapers has continued to increase in that State. in the United States in Fifty Years. 81 The coloured part of the population, which also owes its origin exclusively* to the old continent, has, since 1808, received no accessions from abroad; but is, on the contrary, constantly losing, by emigration, a part of what it gains by natural increase. It is obvious, that if the number of persons thus migrating to and from the United States could be ascertained, the census, periodically taken, would enable us to determine the precise rate of our natural multiplication. But such certainty is, as yet, unattainable. Of the coloured race, we have no means of knowing the loss sustained, either from the free portion who settle abroad, or from runaway slaves; and our estimates of the whites who migrated hither before 1819, were purely conjectural. In that year, indeed, an act of Congress required accounts to be taken by the collectors at the seaports of all passengers who arrived from abroad, distinguishing foreigners from citizens, and to be returned to the office of the Secretary of State. But even this regulation has not afforded the desired certainty, for, besides that the returns are defective, a part of the British emigrants who arrive at New York, take that route to Canada, in preference to a voyage up the St. Lawrence; whilst, on the other hand, a part of those who pass directly from Great Britain or Ireland into Canada, migrate thence by land into the United States; and the numbers of neither portion have we any means of ascertaining. With these sources of uncertainty, our estimates of the amount of emigration to and from the United States, with all the collateral aid to be derived from the census, can be considered only as approximations to the truth. Let us first estimate, from such data as we possess, the number of white persons who have migrated to the United States from 1790 to 1840. In the twenty years between the census of 1790 and that of 1810, Dr. Seybert supposes the number of foreign emigrants to the United States to be 120,000, averaging 6,000 per annum. From 1810 to 1820, I have been able to procure no data, except Dr. Seybert's estimate for the year 1817, founded on the records of the customhouses at the principal seaports; according to which estimate, the number of passengers who arrived in the United States that year, * The number of Indians, or descendants of Indians, comprehended in the decennial enumerations of the people of the United States, is too small to deserve to be regarded as an exception. It certainly would not amount to a thousandth, perhaps not to a tenthousandth part of the whole population. 82 Progress of Population and Wealth was 22,840. He supposes that the number, in any preceding year, did not amount to 10,000, except, perhaps, in 1794. In three of the years of this decennial term, that is, during the war with Great Britain, migration to this country was almost totally suspended. If, then, we suppose, that in the three years from 1818 to 1820, both inclusive, the number of passengers was the same as in 1817, and if we deduct from the whole number 2,840, (1,840 for the American citizens, that being about the proportion at that time,) we shall have 84,000 for the number of foreign emigrants to the United States for those four years. If we further suppose, that in the remaining six years the number was 30,000,* we shall have 114,000 for the whole number of white immigrants from 1810 to 1820. From 1820 to 1830, when the collectors of the customs were required to report to the State department the number of foreigners who had arrived in their respective ports by sea, we might have expected entire accuracy; but these reports are so much at variancQ with other documents, entitled to respect, and are confessedly so defective, that they cannot be relied on. Thus, to give an example, the number of emigrants who left the United Kingdom in 1829 for the United States, was, according to British official returns, 15,678; yet the whole number of foreign emigrants from all parts of the world, reported to the State department in the same year, was but 15,285, there being, besides less important omissions, that of New York for the third quarter. Again, the number of foreign emigrants returned to the State department for 1830, is but 9,466, though 30,224 landed in New York alone in that year, for the whole of which the proper officers had failed to make any return. In consequence of these, and like instances of failure of duty, the number of foreign emigrants returned to the State department for the six years from 1825 to 1830, both inclusive, was only 87,140;t whilst the number who emigrated from the United King* That is, 10,000 per annum for three years, excluding the three years of war. I have not ventured to go beyond 10,000 a year, from respect to Dr. Seybert's opinion; and I could not take a less number, from a regard to the progressive increase of immigration both before and after this period. t This number is obtained partly by computation, that is, by adding to the official number returned for five and a quarter years, (from the 30th Sept., 1825, to the 31st Dec., 1830,) three-fourths of the number returned for the year 1825. This was neces. sary, as the annual returns to the State department were, before 1828, closed on the 30th September, and subsequently, at the end of the year. in the United States in Fifty Years. 83 dom to the United States for the same six years, according to the official accounts in that country, was 80,522, which allows but 6,618 for the number of emigrants to the United States from all the other parts of theworld, though it is known that these (including the emigrants from the rest of the British dominions) are nearly equal to the number from the United Kingdom. The more accurate returns, subsequently made to the State department, furnish us with some data for correcting these errors. By the official returns of British consuls residing in America, the number of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the United States for the five years from 1833 to 1837, was 163,447; but, according to the reports of the collectors here to the State department, the whole number of foreigners who came to the United States, in the same period, was 324,750, which is very nearly double the number of those who were from Great Britain and Ireland. If, then, we suppose that the British accounts were not less accurate in the last period of five years than in the first period of six, (and they were probably more so,) and that the emigrants from other countries to the United States bore as large a proportion to those from Great Britain and Ireland in the first period as the last, (which there is no reason to question,) then the British returns of emigrants to the United States would be to the whole number from all parts of the world in the ratio of 163,447 to 324,750, unless it were proper to make a deduction from the last number for those British emigrants who took their route to Upper Canada by way of New York. To some, this deduction may not seem to be necessary, because they would consider that the number of those who came to the United States from Canada was likely to equal those who went to Canada by the route of New York, and especially during the civil commotions that broke out within the five years in question. Yet as, since 1834, the proportion* of British emigrants who take the New York route is said to be " considerable," let us assume, in the absence of all precise data, that as many as one-third of those emigrants who land in New York afterwards proceed to Canada, and see how far the above-mentioned ratio is affected by that proportion. The number of British and Irish emigrants who arrived at New York from 1833 to 1837, inclusive, was 152,164; and the number * Porter's Progress of the Nation. 84 Progress of Population and Wealth of those who left Canada for the United States, in the years 1834, 1835, 1836, and 1837, was 10,256. Supposing the number, in 1833, to have been in the same proportion, the whole number for five years would be 12,820. With these facts, the whole number of emigrants to the United States would be thus reduced, viz: The total number who arrived in the United States, 324,750 British emigrants who left New York for Canada, one-third of 152,164,. 50,821 Deduct for those who left Canada for the United States,....... 12,820 38,001 286,749 On this liberal estimate, then, of the number of British emigrants from New York to Canada, the proportion which the number from the United Kingdom to the United States bears to the whole number from all countries, is as 163,447 to 286,749, or nearly as 4 to 7. Applying, then, this rule to the 80,522 who emigrated from the United Kingdom to the United States from 1825 to 1830, we have 141,300 for the whole number of immigrants for the same six years. In the remaining four years, from 1821 to 1824,\the number of foreign emigrants returned to the State department was 31,158, which, we may presume, bore the same proportion to the actual number as 87,140 to 141,300, and consequently would be 50,500. This number for the four years, added to 141,300 for the six years, would give us 191,800 for the whole number of immigrants from 1820 to 1830. If we make a lower estimate of the number who proceed from New York to Canada, as probably we ought, and allow something for deficient returns to the State department, we cannot suppose the whole number to be short of 200,000, and I shall accordingly so consider it. From 1830 to 1840, we have better materials than in any preceding decennial term, for estimating the number of foreign emigrants to this country. The following is a summary of the returns that have been made to the State department of the number of passengers wio arrived in the United States in that period: Years. Americans. Foreigners. 1831.... 1,256 15,713 1832.... 1,155 34,970 1833... 1,251 58,262 1834... 2,114 64,916 in the United States in Fift Years. 85 enetzrs. Americans. Foreigners' 1835... 3,320 45,444 1836.... 4,029 76,923 1837... 3,813 79,205 13S38... 3,964 42,731 1839... 4,171 70,494 1840.. 5,8110 86,338 Total... 30,883 574,996 It appears, however, that this account, though far more accurate than any preceding it, is not free from errors, some of which are considerable. Thus, the numbers of foreigners in the preceding statement for 1831 and 1832, are set down at 15,713 and 34,970, making together 50,683; whereas the number who arrived in New York alone in those years, was 80.328. If to this number we add one-fourth for the ordinary proportion arriving at other ports, we shall have 107,104, thus showing omissions in those two years amounting to 56,421. The omissions in the subsequent years are believed to be comparatively small. Correcting, then, these errors, the whole number of emigrants who arrived at all the ports in the United States from all parts of the world, between 1830 and 1840, would be 631,417. Allowing the number of those who left New York for Canada to be in the same proportion as before, that is, as 38,000 to 324,750, we have 58,690 for the number of persons thus migrating in the whole ten years. Deducting this number, and 100,000 for the emigration of American citizens to Texas and Canada, from 631,417, we have 472,727 for the whole gain to the white population by immigration in the same period. To the number of foreign emigrants in the several decennial terms, should be added their probable natural increase during each term. If the number was the same every year of a decennial term, and if the number of females was in the same proportion as in the rest of the population, we might estimate the increase at half its ordinary amount in ten years, or at about 16 per cent. But as neither of these suppositions is true, let us adapt our estimate to the varying circumstances. In the first place, as the number of foreign emigrants to the United States progressively increases, and consequently is greater in the last years of a decennial term than in the first, our estimate of the increase of each term should be computed on a mean between the number of emigrants of that term and of the preceding term. 8 86 Progress of Population and Wealth Secondly, as to the proportion of females. This is known to be much less in the class of emigrants than it is in the whole population, of which the following table affords illustrations: Emigrants from the United Kingdom to Quebec in 1834 and 1837. Children. Years. ales. Females, under 14. Total. 1834.. 13,565 9,687 7,681 30,933 1837.. 11,740 6,079 4,082 21,901 Total.. 25,305 15,766 11,763 52,834 Thus showing, that the females over fourteen were about 30 per cent of the whole number. But inasmuch as the females between sixteen and forty-five constitute but about 19 per cent of the whole population, and as a very small proportion of the female immigrants are over forty-five, if we make a deduction for the excess, and also for the number between fourteen and sixteen years of age, (which does not exceed 2~ per cent of tie whole number,) we shall find the proportion of women within the childbearing ages greater with the emigrant class than with the whole population. Thus: The proportion of women over 14, was. 29.8 per cent. Deduct the proportion over 45, suppose. 2. That between 14 and 16.., 2.5 4.5 The proportion between 16 and 45.. 35.3 After making some deduction for the decrease of this proportion, the number of females under sixteen not being sufficient to keep up the number of marriageable women, we should be justified in estimating the average increase of the emigrants for the ten years at 20, instead of 16 per cent. Applying these principles, and dividing the supposed number of emigrants in the two first decennial terms (120,000) into 50,000 for the first term, and 70,000 for the second, the number, with their increase at each term, would be as follows: From 1790 to 1800-number of emigrants. 50,000 Increase, 20 per cent on 40,000. 8,000.... 58,000 From 1800 to 1810-number of emigrants. 70,000 Increase, 20 per cent on 60,000. 12,000 ~ —- 82,000 in the United States in Fifty Years. 87 From 1810 to 1820-number of emigrants, 114,000 Increase, 20 per cent on 97,000. 19,400 133,400 From 1820 to 1830-number of emigrants. 200,000 Increase, 20 per cent on 157,000. 31,400 231,400 From 1830 to 1840-number of emigrants. 472,727 Increase, 20 per cent on 336,363. 67,273 540,000 Thus, while the whole population had, in fifty years, increased about fourfold, the average annual immigration had increased more than ninefold in the same time. So great and so disproportionate an increase may seem to some improbable, but the deductions have been made on so liberal a scale, that the preceding estimate, I am persuaded, rather falls short of the truth than exceeds it. In truth, the steady extension of our settlements into the western wilderness continues to multiply the opportunities of buying land at prices as low as ever, without being placed more beyond the benefits of civilization and commerce; and the rapid growth of our cities and manufacturing industry is constantly enlarging the field of employ. ment for tradesmen and artizans. Whilst these circumstances present to the indigent and enterprising foreigner more and more points of attraction, the long peace in Europe seems to have given a proportionate increase to the repellent force that is there felt. Whether both these facts are likely long to continue, and though they should, whether considerations political, moral, or economical, may not induce the national legislature to check this tide of foreign emigration, are among the uncertain problems of the future. Of that part of the coloured race who emigrate from the United States, we have no means of estimating the number, except by comparing the rate of increase in the last decennial terms with that of the first term, when there were few emigrants of this description, and when they were probably balanced by the Africans then imported. In making this comparison, it is assumed that the rate of natural increase has continued unchanged, which fact there seems no reason to doubt, at least as to the six-sevenths who are slaves. From 1790 to 1800, the increase of the coloured population was 32.2 per cent, which, for the reasons mentioned, we consider to indicate the rate of its natural increase in the United States. In the next ten years, from 1800 to 1810, the increase was 37.6 per cent; but in that time the increase was enhanced by the acquisition 88 Progress of Population and Wealth of Louisiana and by the increased importation of slaves, both on account of the increased demand for them for the cultivation of cotton and sugar, and because it was known that the further importation of them would cease after 1807. The accessions from these combined causes, beyond what was lost by emigration, was 5.4 per cent on 1,001,436 persons, equal to 54,000. In the following term, from 1810 to 1820, the increase declined to 29.6 per cent, owing principally to the slaves who escaped to the British during the war. From 1820 to 1830, it was 30.7 per cent; and from 1830 to 1840, it sunk to the unprecedented rate of 23.4 per cent. These rates of decennial increase since 1810, compared with that between 1790 to 1800, show the loss by emigration, exclusive of their probable increase at each term, as follows: Emigrants From 1810 to 1820, decrease (32.2-29.3) is 2.9 per cent= 29,300 " 1820 to 1830, " (32.2-30.7) is 1.5 " 20,600 " 1830 to 1840, " (32.2-23.4) is 8.8 " -=204,900 From the number in the last decennial term, a considerable deduction should be made for the extraordinary mortality of the slaves sent to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, during a part of the term, and perhaps, their slower rate of increase. The census shows an increase of the slaves in those three States, between 1830 and 1840, of 324,399 on a population of 292,796, which is 230,000 more than the probable natural increase; and it is known that, during a part of the term, disease, especially the cholera, made frighful ravages among the negroes brought from other States. The remainder of the 204,900 is to be referred to emigrations to Texas, and to the unusual number both of the free coloured, and slaves, who betook themselves to Canada in the ten years preceding 1840. In conclusion, we may say that, without attempting a computation in which we must yet further rely on conjecture, the facts here stated are sufficient to satisfy us that, after deducting what the country has lost by emigration, the foreign emigrants and their descendants in fifty years, now add above a million to its population. in the United States in Fifty Years. 89 CHAPTER XI. THE PAST NATURAL INCREASE OF THE POPULATION, WHITE AND COLOURED. LET US now direct our inquiries to the natural increase of our numbers, independent of all accessions from abroad. No fact disclosed by the census is of equal importance to this in the eyes of Ihe statesman and political economist; since, in an underpeopled country like the United States, such increase is the surest index of the nation's present abundance and comfort, as well as of its future strength and resources. I. The natural increase of the white population. If we deduct, from the whole increase of this class at each census, the number gained by immigration beyond the number of our own emigrants, the result would of course give us the precise amount of increase fiom natural multiplication. The following statement shows the result of such deduction, according to the estimates of immigration made in the preceding chapter: From 1790 to 1800, the increase of the whites was 35.7 per cent. Deduct the number immigrating, 58,000, equal to 1.8 ".- 33.9 per c't. From 1800 to 1810, the increase was.. 36.2 Deduct, 1. The whites acquired with Louisiana, 51,000," equal to.. 1.2 2. The number immigrating, equal to 1.9 3.1 33.1 " * I have ventured to put down the whole number of whites returned in 1810 for Lou. isiana and Missouri, (then called the territories of New- Orleans and Louisiana,) as an accession to the population since 1800, though doubtless a part of them had migrated from other States. No deduction was made on this account, partly because other citi. zens were acquired by the purchase, who were not comprehended in the returns for those territories, and partly because the estimate of the immigration between 1800 and 8* 90 Progress of Population and Wealth From 1810 to 1820, the increase was.. 34.3 per cent Deduct the number immigrating, 132,400, equal to 2.2 - 32.1 6 From 1820 to 1830, the increase was.. 33.8 Deduct the number immigrating, 231,000, equal to 2.9 - 30,9 From 1830 to 1840, the increase was.. 34.7 Deduct the number immigrating, 540,000, equal to 5.1 29.6 " According to which computation the actual and natural increase, in each decennial term, may be thus compared: Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent, Actual increase, 35.7 36.2 34.3 33.8 34.7 Natural increase, 33.9 33.1 32.1 30.9 29.6 Thus showing, in the rate of decennial natural increase, a diminution of 4.3 per cent during forty years, or an average of about I per cent for each term of ten years. It will be perceived that this diminution of ratio is not uniform, but that it increases progressively, and with a regularity which is remarkable, and which gives some assurance that the estimates made of the numbers acquired by immigration are not wide of the truth. The differences of ratio are in the following series: 8, 10, 12, 13. Let us now see how far this decline in the rate of natural increase derives confirmation fiom the census itself. If there be such a diminution of ratio, it will be manifested by the decreasing proportion of children under ten years of age, since, at each census, they constitute all of the population who have been born since the preceding census. From 1800 to 1840, the number of white females and of children under ten, and their proportions to each other,. were as follows: 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. No. of females,.................,100,068 2,874,433 3,871,647 5,171,115 6,939,842 No. of children under 10,......1,489,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,130 Prop. of children, per cent,... 70.92 70.15 67.82 66.20 64.63 1810 is probably too low. Dr. Seybert, on whose authority I Lave stated the immigration from 1790 to 1810 at only 120,000, estimates the whole gain from imni,. ants and their increase at 180,000; whereas, the estimate made ia the preceding chlpter would not reckon it at more than 160,000, viz.: 58,000+-82,000+the increase of 58,000 for 10 years, which could not exceed 20,000. He has thus, probably, more than corrected the error of underrating the number of immigrants by too high an estimate of their increase. in the United States in Fifty Years. 91 Thus showing a gradual decrease in the proportion of children during forty years of 6.29 per cent; which, allowing for the ordinary difference between the number of males and females, is equivalent to something more than 3 per cent of the whole population. So, if the children under ten, be compared with the females of the preceding census, we see a correspondent diminution of ratio, viz: 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. No. of females,................. 1,556,839 2,100,068 2,874,433 3,871,647 5,171,115 No. of children at the succeeding census.....................1,489,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,130 Prop. of children, per cent,.... 95.66 96.02 91.35 88.53 86.73 But these proportions are also affected by immigration. In the first case, in which the comparison is made between the children and the females of the same census, the proportion of children is lessened by reason of the greater proportion of adults in the immigrating class than in the whole population. But in the last case, in which the children of the succeeding census are compared with the females of the preceding, the proportion.of children is increased by immigration. The first source of error is, however, inconsiderable. The increase of immigrants in ten years, wre have seen, may be estimated at 20 per cent of the whole number; and to such increase we must add the portion of immigrant children under ten at the time the census is taken. Now, if we suppose the females to constitute one-third of those who migrate hither, and the children one-sixth, (as seemed to be the proportion in Canada,) and if we further suppose that, one-tenth of those children who arrive in the first year of the decennial term would be under ten years of age at the succeeding census, two-tenths of those who arrive in the second year, three in the third, and so on throughout the term, we shall find, after making a fair deduction for the intervening deaths, that the proportion of children to females in such immigrants will be little inferior to the proportion in the indigenous population. Let us, however, assume it to be 3 per cent less, or 30 per cent on the whole number of immigrants and their increase, and to adapt our estimates to this supposition, we must in the first comparison add 3 per cent of the whole number of immigrants to compensate for the excess of adults, and in the second comparison deduct 30 per cent to correct the excess of children gained by immigration. With these corrections the proportion of children will be as follows: 92 Progress of Population cnzd Wealth First, when the children are compared with the females of the same census. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. No. of children under 10...... 1,490,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,130 Add 3 per cent on the num. ber of immigrants in each decennial term,.............. 1,640 2,460 3,972 6,930 16,200 Total........................ 1,490,955 2,018,939 2,629,762 3,427,730 4,323,200 Prop. of children, per cent,... 71 70.23 67.92 66.55 64,87 Secondly, when the children are compared with the females of the preceding census. No. of children under 10,..... 1,489,315 2,016,479 2,625,790 3,427,730 4,485,200 Deduct 30 per ct. of the immigrants in each term,..... 16,400 42,483 39,720 69,300 162,000 Total.................. 1,472,915 1,973,996 2,586,070 3,358,430 4,323,200 Prop. of children, per cent,.. 94.61 94 89.97 86.75 83.60 It thus appears that the addition of 3 per cent on the number of immigrants in the first comparison, reduces the decrease in forty years only from 6.29 to 6.13 per cent of the females, though the addition of 30 per cent in the second, augments the decrease from 8.93 to 11.01 per cent of the females at the preceding census; which corresponds more nearly with the estimate first made. We arrive at a similar result if we make the more limited, but perhaps more satisfactory comparison of the children under ten with the females between the child-bearing ages of sixteen and forty-five, in 1800, 1810, and 1820, when their number was ascertained by the census. That class of females amounted in those years, respectively, to 813,193, 1,106,212, and 1,517,971. When compared with the children under ten in the same year. The proportion of children in 1800, is 183.1 per cent. c" " " " 1 1810, is 182.3 " Ad" " "c " 1820, is 173.2 " Showing a decrease in the proportion of children, of nearly 10 per cent, of this class of females in twenty years; and thus, by whatever test we compare the rate of natural increase, as exhibited by the different enumerations, we have the same evidence of a continual diminution of such increase. Let us now compare the rates of diminution of decennial increase which these tests severally indicate, estimating the females at 49 per cent of the whole population; those of the preceding census, at one-third less, or 32 per cent; and those between six in the United States in Fifty Years. 93 teen and forty-five, at 19 per cent. When reduced to the same standard, the foregoing. comparative estimates exhibit the following rates. of diminution of increase in the whole population from 1800 to 1840: Decrease of ratio Decrease of ratio in 40 years. ih 10 years. 1. Where the whole population at each census is compared, after deducting for immigration....... 4.3 per cent=l per cent. 2. Where the children under 10 are compared with the females of the same census,.............. 6.13=3. " =0.75' 3. Where the children under 10 are compared with the females of the preceding census,....... 11.02=-3 5 " =0.89 " Decrease in 20 years. 4. Where the children under 10 are compared with the females between 16 and 45............. 9. 9=1.88 " =0.94 " The average of these rates of diminution is very nearly ninefenths of 1 per cent for ten years, and this is probably somewhat beyond the truth; first, because in the second comparison, which makes the lowest estimate, there seems to be fewer sources of error than in the rest; and secondly, because a moderate addition to the supposed number of emigrants in the first decennial term would approximate the first comparison, which makes the highest estimate, to the other three; and there is more than one reason for believing that Dr. Seybert's estimate of the immigration, which has been here adopted, is too low. We may, then, on the whole, conclude that the rate of increase of the white population has diminished, on an average, between 1, and i of I per cent. in ten years, and that the diminution has been in a slightly increasing ratio. II. The natural increase of the coloured population. In the preceding chapter it was assumed that the natural increase of the coloured race in the United States was uniform, and that it was 32.2 per cent in ten years, which was their rate of increase between 1790 and 1800, when it was supposed the number brought into the country equalled those who went out of it. But we have no proof that the slaves imported into South Carolina and Georgia, (the only States which then received them from abroad,) were equal to those who escaped to other countries, together with the free coloured persons who emigrated; and if they were inferior in number, the supposed rate of increase would be too low. It certainly seems improbable, at the first view, that the natural increase of the whites should have exceeded that of the coloured race 1.7 per cent in ten years, as has been supposed in the preceding estimates; and it is very possible that the one is somewhat too high, and the other too low. 94 Progress of Population and Wealth The uniformity of increase in this part of our population was presumed, because the same circumstances which tend to check multiplication with the whites have no existence with the coloured race; certainly not with the slaves, who now constitute more than six-sevenths of the whole. and, in 1790, constituted more than eleven-twelfths. Nor are they likely to exist to the same extent in the free coloured class as with the whites, since the diminution of increase with these may be occasioned principally by the delay of marriage in the richer classes of society, which cause might not ex-tend to the poorer, who now find it as easy to obtain the necessaries of life, and even its substantial comforts, as ever. No deduction was therefore made on account of the free coloured class. The census, unfortunately, affords us not the same means of ascertaining the natural increase of the coloured population as of that of the whites; it not having distinguished the ages of coloured persons before 1820, and having adopted a different distribution then, from that made in the two subsequent enumerations. To these last, therefore, our inquiries will be limited. As emancipation seeems not to have varied much in the two last decennial terms, we will investigate the natural increase of the two classes of the coloured race separately, beginning with the slaves. If the increase of slaves, fiom 1830 to 1840, had been proportionally as great as it was from 1820 to 1830, the number at the last census would have been 2,615,000, instead of 2,487,000; thus showing a deficiency of 128,000. How is so great a deficiency to be explained, without supposing a decline in the rate of increase? The following circumstances obviously contributed to lessen the number of slaves in 1840. 1. The emigration to Texas, which may account, perhaps, for a third of the deficiency or more. 2. The increase of runaway slaves. It is a fact of general notoriety, that the number of those who have taken refuge in Canada or the northern States, has greatly increased within the last two years. 3. The extraordinary mortality which prevailed in Mississippi, Louisiana, and South Alabama, in the first year of the term, among the slaves, and especially that large portion of them who had been transported from the more northern slave-holding States. The census shows the unwonted extent of such transportation. In the three States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, the slaves, which in 1830 were 292,796, in 1840 amounted to 617,195, thus in the United States in Fifty Years. 95 showing an excess of 230,000, after allowing for the decennial increase 32.2 per cent; whilst, on the other hand, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, had a smaller number of slaves in 1830 than in 1840, by 21,000, though their natural increase, at the same rate of 32.2 per cent, would have amounted to 334,000. So great a number as these facts imply, transported from a more, to a less salubrious climate, and often subjected to new habits of life and new modes of treatment, necessarily supposes a great increase of mortality, without the aid or cholera, and other epidemics, which, however, did their part also in the waste of life. 4. The slower rate of natural increase in most of the southwestern States. Although the slaves may have, as we have supposed, the same ratio of increase in the same State, they may have very different ratios in different States, according to diversities of climate, occupation, and treatment; and the census shows that the States to which so many slaves were carried between 1830 and 1840, for the culture of cotton, are much less favourable to the natural multiplication of that class, or, at least, have hitherto been so, than are the States, from which they were transported, as may be thus seen: In 1840, the total number of slaves, and that of the slave children under ten, were respectively as follows: In Alabama, whole number of slaves, 253,532-number of children under 10, 87,430 In Mississippi, " " 195,211 " " A 63,708 In Louisiana, " " 168,452 " " " 45,861 In Florida, " " 25,717 " "i " 8,036 Total,........................642,912 205,035 If, on the whole number of slaves, 642,912, we take 34.9 per cent as the proportion of children under ten, (which was the proportion throughout the Union in 1830,) it will give 224,376 for the number of children in 1840, which is 19,341 more than the number returned by the census. It may be supposed by some that, inasmuch as the States in question received large importations of slaves from other States, of whom there was an over proportion of adults, a part, if not the whole of the deficiency here mentioned, may be referred to such importations, and that it would be compensated by an excess of children in the slave-exporting States. But we perceive no such disproportion of adults in the case of slaves transferred from State to State, as exists in the case of emigrants from foreign countries. When the slave-holder migrates to the south, none of his slaves are too young to be taken with him, and it is the 96 Progress of Population and Wealth aged only, who are left behind. Even the slave-dealers, although they confine their odious traffic chiefly to adults, confine it also to those who are young and healthy, and whose increase, consequently, or the loss of it, in a few years corrects, and more than corrects, the slight temporary change in the proportion between children and females, which their removal occasioned both in the State they had left and in the State they were carried to. We accordingly find, that Virginia exhibits no excess of slave children, in consequence of the 180,000 slaves which the census shows she had lost between 1830 and 1840. On the contrary, the number had undergone a sensible decrease (from 35.6 to 33.9) in that time; and North Carolina, which had parted with a smaller proportion of slaves in the same time, (about 80,000,) exhibits also, a correspondent decrease in the proportion of children, that is, from 37. to 36.2 per cent. These facts seem to show that the transportation of slaves from State to State, by settlers and slavedealers, tends rather to raise than to lower the proportion of children in the importing State. Though we have no data for estimating the other causes of diminution with even an approach to accuracy, we must admit that their combined force does not seem insufficient to account for the large deficiency (128,000) shown by the census of 1840; and no one well acquainted with the condition of slavery in the United States, will admit, without the most indubitable evidence, a falling off in the natural increase of the slaves, farther than to the qualified extent that has been mentioned. This natural increase probobly exceeded 32 per cent in ten years, during the three first terms, and was certainly below 33 per cent. The subsequent diminution, in consequence of the great movement of the slave population to the south, when cotton bore a high price and money was redundant, has scarcely been more than from 1 to 2 per cent of the whole slave population, so as to make the average decennial increase in fifty years not widely different from the 32.2 per cent supposed, The natural increase of the free coloured population is the more difficult to estimate on account of emancipation, which we have no means of ascertaining, and which, while it but slightly diminishes the rate of increase of slaves, greatly augments that of the free coloured class. Thus, the decennial increase of this class has varied from 82.3 to 20.9 per cent, though that of the slaves has ranged only from 33.4 to 23.8 per cent. The census, nevertheless, in the United States in Fifty Years. 97 affords persuasive evidence that the natural increase of the free portion of the coloured population is less than that of the slaves. The number of the former in 1820, was 238,197, and in 1840, 386,348, showing an increase in 20 years, of 62.2 per cent; and the slaves in the same time, showed an increase of 61.1, although the number of slaves emancipated in New York and New Jersey,* was probably more than 15,000; and which, consequently, made an accession of near six per cent to the free coloured in 1820.'Making, then, but a moderate allowance for their gain from this source, the increase of the slaves shown by the census will considerably exceed that of the free coloured. It is true, that whilst this class gained largely by emancipation, it is known also to have lost largely by emigration, especially in the last decennial term; but such emigration is not likely to have much exceeded the diminution of slaves from a similar cause, and certainly not enough to balance the gain from emancipation. But further: the proportion of children under 10 in this class, thus compares with that of the other two classes in 1830 and 1840, viz: Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Whites,.. in 1830, 32.54-In 1840, 31.61-Difference, 0.93 Slaves,.. " 34.90 " 33.94 " 0.96 Free coloured " 30.04 " 28.88 " 1.12 By which it appears that the proportion of free coloured children under ten was, at both enumerations, more than two per cent less than that of the whites, and more than four per cent less than that of the slaves. Now we cannot refer this inferiority to emigration, which, so far as it has any effect, tends to increase the proportion of children; and whether we refer the whole or part of it to emancipation, (which, by adding only adults to the class, unquestionably diminishes the proportion of children,) an inferiority in the rate of increase is the necessary result. If we refer the whole, then we suppose such an accession from this source that, when deducted from the total number of the class, the remainder would prove a slower rate of increase than the census exhibits in the slaves, and, perhaps in the whites; and if we refer only a part of the difference * In 1820, the number of slaves in those States was 17,645, and in 1830, it was reduced to 2,329. It may be presumed that the whole, or nearly the whole of the difference, was the effect of emancipation in the intervening ten years. 9 98 Progress of Population and Wealth of proportion to emancipation, then the other part of it directly indicates a smaller decennial increase. In the cities and towns, to which most of the free persons of colour resort, we find much reason for believing that their natural increase is slower than that of the slaves or the whites. They are, taken as a class, poor, improvident, immoral, and consequently, little likely to rear large families. The licentiousness, too, which characterizes many of the young females of this class, consigns a large portion of them either to unfruitfulness or a premature grave. In New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, they occupy much more than their proportion of the pauper list. These facts are not inconsistent with the supposed greater longevity of this class; for the rate of its natural increase depends upon the greater number, and its character for longevity, on a few. In comparing the proportion of children under ten, in 1830 and 1840, we find the falling off to be greater in this class than the other classes; and if we cannot refer it to an increase of emancipation in last decennial term, of which we have no evidence, it seems to indicate a small diminution in the rate of increase. Let us now compare the increase of the white and coloured population, in fifty years, supposing the former not to have gained, and the latter not to have lost by migration. In 1790, the white population was.... 3,172,464 Increase in 10 years, exclusive of immigration, 33.9 per cent........ 1,075,465 In 1800........ 4,247,929 Increase in 10 years, 33.1 per cent... 1,406,064 In 1810,........ 5,653,993 Increase in 10 years, 32.1 per cent... 1,814,932 In 1820,........ 7,468,925 Increase in 10 years, 30.9 per cent... 2,307,897 In 1830,....... 9,776,822 Increase in 10 years, 29.6 per cent... 2,929,136 In 1840,........ 12,705,958 Which shows an increase in fifty years, or rather in forty-nine years and ten months, in the proportion of 100 to 400.4 in the United States in Fifty Years. 99 In 1790, the whole coloured population was.. 757,363 Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent... 244,073 In 1800,....... 1,001,436 Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent... 322,462 In 1810,....... 1,323,898 Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent... 426,295 In 1820,....... 1,750,193 Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent... 563,562 In 1830,........ 2,313,755 Increase in 10 years, 32.2 per cent... 745,029 In 1840,...... 3,058,784 Which shows an increase, in the same period, in the proportion of 100 to 403.9 per cent, or three and a half per cent more than that of the white population. It may seem improbable, at the first view, that the natural increase of the white population was greater than that of the coloured in the two first decennial terms, as we have supposed it; and altogether inconsistent with that greater exemption from all the ordinary restraints on marriage, which keeps the increase of this race nearly uniform. It has been already stated, that the difference between them in 1800 and 1810, may have been overrated, and that we should, perhaps, be nearer the truth, to lower the increase of the whites by a higher estimate of the immigration, and to make a small addition to the increase of the coloured population in the first decennial terms. But we must not allow too much to the considerations that have been mentioned; for it must be remembered that, in the first decennial terms, most,of the slaves lived in the more insalubrious portions of the southern States, whilst most of the whites occupied much more healthy regions. Besides, if a greater proportion of the coloured females are mothers, and mothers at an earlier age, they probably do not rear such large families, and a greater number of their offspring die from disease and neglect. It is known that, while the slaves have a greater proportion of 100 Progress of Population and Wealth children under ten than the whites,* they are also subject to greater mortality in after life, and, perhaps, the last circumstance may balance or nearly balance the first. These, and other questions connected with the progress of our population, can be accurately solved only after fuller and more frequent statistical details than we now possess. * It must, however, be remembered, that a part of the excess must be referred to emancipation, which, by being confined to adults, enhances the proportion of children. But the precise extent of this disturbing influence we have no means of ascertaining. in the United States in Fifty Years. 101 CHAPTER XII. THE FUTURE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION. HAVING ascertained the actual increase of our population during half a century, and estimated its natural increase, unaffected by adventitious circumstances, let us now inquire whether the past increase affords us a rule for calculating its future progress; and since, as we have seen, the ratio of its increase has been diminishing, whether it will continue to diminish at the same rate. The ratios of decennial increase, we have estimated as follows: 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. Natural increase of the white population, per cent,. 33.9 33.1 32.1 30.9 29.6 Of the coloured,.. 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 Actual increase of the whole population, per cent,.. 35.02 36.45 33.35 33.26 32.67 In the last series there are two irregularities, which deserve notice. One was occasioned by the acquisition of Louisiana; the other was, that but nine years and ten months intervened between the census of 1820 and that of 1830, instead of ten years, which was the interval between the other enumerations. The first aug.. mented the ratio of increase between 1800 and 1810, about one and a half per cent; the last underrated it between 1820 and 1830, about two-thirds of one per cent. When these irregularities are corrected, the series of rates of increase, per cent, will stand thus: 35.02 34.95 33.45 33.92 32.67 And this would probably exhibit that diminishing series in the ratios of increase, which would take place if the gain to the whites and loss to the coloured population by migration, were to continue to increase in the same proportion that they have heretofore done. 9* 102 Progress of Population and Wealth This, however, is not to be expected. European emigration would be immediately affected by a European war, which would at once check natural increase, and give new employment to a great number; so that, instead of emigrants from that source increasing, as they have done for the last thirty years, they would be considerably diminished. Besides, though peace should continue, it is not probable that those emigrants will increase in proportion to our increasing numbers, and still less, in the same ratio as heretofore. The increase of their number depends upon the condition of both countries; and although, when the United States contain one hundred millions of people, they may present six times as many points of attraction as at present, yet it does not follow that Europe will then be able to spare inhabitants to the same extent. So far as England is concerned, Canada, New Holland, and New Zealand may draw off the largest portion of her redundant numbers; nor can it be foreseen how much our own policy may change in encouraging immigration, when the Western States have attained a density equal to that of the Middle States. But will the diminution in the rate of natural increase continue unchanged; and will it not even augment as the density of population increases? On this subject, very contrary opinions have prevailed. Whilst some have calculated upon an undeviating rule of multiplication until we have reached 200,000,000 or more, others have maintained that, although our population might continue its past rate of increase until it had reached 60,000,000, a change in that rate would certainly then take place; as such a population supposes the whole territory of the Union occupied, and all the fertile lands under cultivation. These opinions seem equally removed from probability. The first is satisfactorily disproved by the diminution in the ratio of increase which has already been shown, and which diminution we may rationally expect to increase with the increasing density of numbers. The other hypothesis would arrest the present progress of our population when it has reached 60,000,000, which would not be equal to 64 persons to a square mile on the country now occupied by the people of the United States. But when it is recollected that the unoccupied country west of the Mississipi is yet larger than that now settled, we may presume that, when the population has reached 60,000,000, the whole of the western territory to the Pacific will be more or less settled, and consequently, that the population will then average less than 33 to a square mile; a in the United States in Fifty Years. 103 degree of density which supposes indeed a progressive abatement in the rate of increase, such as we are now witnessing, but certainly none arising from the difficulty of obtaining subsistence. That is not likely to be an efficient check on the progress of our population until it has reached an average density of from 60 to 80 to the square mile. Without doubt, other checks to natural multiplication, those arising from prudence or pride, will continue to operate with increased force as our cities multiply in number and increase in magnitude, and as the wealthy class enlarges. These circumstances will have the effect of retarding marriage; and in the most densely peopled States, the fall in the price of labour, and consequently, the increased difficulty of providing for a family, may operate also on the poorer classes. It is even probable, that these checks operate sooner in this country than they have operated in other countries, by reason of the higher standard of comfort with which the American people start, and of that pride of personal independence which our political institutions so strongly cherish. The census shows that their influence has been felt ever since the first enumeration; but we have no reason to believe that they will operate with a more accelerated force than they have done, until the lapse of near a centnry. We find that each of the States exhibits a similar diminution in the ratio of increase to that which we have seen in the whole Union, and that it is equaily manifest whether population is dense or thin-is rapidly or slowly advancing-is sending forth emigrants, or receiving them from other States. This fact, which seems hitherto not to have been suspected, will clearly appear in the following tables, in which the progress of population from 1800 to 1840, is shown in all the States whose numbers at the former period have been ascertained; 104 Progress of Population and Wealth Table showing the Number of White Females, of White Children under 10 years of age, and of Persons to a Square M2ile, in twenty States, in 1800 and 1840; the Proportion of Children to Females, at the same periods; the Increase in the number of persons, and the Decrease in the proportion of children during the 40 years; and the average Decrease in 10 years. Children Persons Increase Propor- Decrea'eIDecrea'e STATES. Years. Females. under 10. to a f tion of of pro- in sq. mile. persons. childr'n. portion. 10 years. Maine, 1800 74,069 54,869 5 117 74 13.9 3.4 1840 247,449 148,846 16.7 60.1 ~ 1840 145,032 70,387 30.9 48.5 Ve mon, 1800 74,580 57,69, 15.7 14 5.7 7.3 22 5.3.......... 1840 144,840 80,111 29.7 55 1840 368,351 173,037 84.3 46.9 3Maoss aIchusetts.. 1800 33,579 19,466 53.1 3 57.9 1., ^ ^ - 1840!54,225 25,384 83.7 46.8 nnecticut,....... 1800 123,528 73,682 49.2 59.6 12. 3.2 Conncti.1840 153:556 71,783 60.7l 1 46.7 1 New York.... 1800 258,587 195,840 11.9 75.7.6 4.4 1840 1,171,533 681,091 47.6 58.1 New Jersey,....... 1800' 95,600 67,402 28.2 21. 70.5 i 11.4 2.8 1840 174,533 103,302 49.2 59.1 Pennsylvania, 1800 284,627 270,233 12.6 21. 71.2 8.2 2. Pensylani 1840 831,345 524,189 36.5 63. 8 Delaware,.......... 1800 24,819 15,878 29.2 62 63.9 4.5 1.1 1840 29,302 17,4061 35.4 594 Maryland.... 1800 105,676 69,648 30.6 11.5 65.9 7.5 1.9 1840 159,400 93,072 42.1 58.4 V.rina1800 252,151 179,761 11.7 2. 71.3 1.6 Vig..... 1840 369,745 240:343518.6 65. North Carolina,... 1800 166,116 122,191 9.6 1 73.5.8 1840 244,833 162,28215.2 66.2 9 South Carolina,... 1800 95,339 72,075 10.8 75.6 8.3 2. SouhCaroli,. 1840 128,5 86,566 18.7 7- 67.3 3 2 Georgia,........... 1800 48,298 38,248 2.6 8.6 81.1 4.9 1.2 Georgia. 1840 197,161 150,317 11.2 76.2 Mississippi,....... 1800 2,262 1,962.18 5.9 86.7 7. 1.7 1840 81,818 65,269 6.1 79.7 1840 315,193 234,700 20.6 74.4,Kentucky... 4 1800 85,915 72,234 5.4'9 13 83.9 12 3. 1840 250,664 204,978 19.2 71.9 1800 20,595 18,276 1.1 37.1.7 1.3 Oh~~...."-"~~~~~ 1840 726,762 509,08838.2 7 3.3 1800 2,003 1,645.13 17 82.1 6. 1.5 Indiana,.'....... 1840 325,925 248,127 18.8 1' 76.18 6_ The following table gives the same comparative view of the preceding twenty States when comprehended under five divisions, viz: * As the number of females is very nearly one-half of the population, one-half the numbers in this column may be taken as the several proportions of the children to the whole population in each State. in the United States in Fifty Years. 105 Children Persons Increase Propor- Decrea'e Decrea'e LOCAL DiVIsIONs. Years. Females. under 10. to a of tion of of pro- in sq. mile. persons. childr'n. portion. 10 years. N.EnglandStates, 1800 608,795 386,72319.2 15.6 63.5 12.4 3. 1840 1,113,453 569,334.8 51.1 Middle States,.... 1028.3 7 15. 3.75 Middle States.5 1800 784,068 554,78315.3 2, 70.7 13 3. t 1840 2,381,948 1,327,362143.6 55.7 Southern States,.. 1800 561,904 412,276 8.9 7 73. 6.4 1.6 1840 940,317 637,510 15.9 9 67.8 Southw'n States of South'n States of 1800 46,791 38,639 1.3 77.6 2.1.5 MisTenneissippiee,..... and 1840 397,011 299,969 13.7 12.4 75.5 Tennesseeta.tes o Northwn States of 1800 108,513 92,155 2.3 84.9 Kentucky, Ohio 1 1 2 2. 1 and Indiana... 1840 1,303,351 962,193 25.5 2 73.8 3.8 We see by the preceding tables that the natural increase of the population is inversely as its density; and this is apparent, whether we compare the increase of the same State at different periods, or the increase of one State or one division with another. Thus, in New England, where, with the exception of Maine, which is comparatively a newly settled State, the population is most dense, averaging 50 to a square mile, the proportion of children is the smallest, that is, 48.8 per cent of the females; in the Middle States, the population is 43.6 to a square mile, and the proportion of children, 55.7 per cent'; in the Southern States, the population is 15.7 persons to the square mile, and the proportion of children, 67.8 per cent; in the South-western States, the population is 13.7 persons to the square mile, and the proportion of children 75.5'per cent; and if the Northwestern States seems to be an exception to the rule, in having agreater proportion of children than the SouthernIStates, while they have also a denser population by 9.6 persons to the square mile, it is owing to the extraordinary fertility of those States, whereby 25 persons to the square mile does not indicate so great a relative density as 16 to the square mile in the Southern States. This rule of the rate of natural increase acts so uniformly, that we may perceive the falling off in the rate, not only in 40 years, as we have seen, but also in each decennial term, of which the largest States in the five great divisions may serve as examples, viz: 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. Massachusetts, prop. of children under 10,........ 58.9 57.6 53. 48. 46.9 New York................................... 75.7 72.8 67.2 63.2 58.1 Virginia,........................................ 71.2 69.6 68. 66.4 65. Tennessee,................................................. 84.6 82.9 78.8 78. 74.4 Ohio............................................ 88.7 83.1 79. 74.2 73.3 What is true in these States will be found true in the others; and 106 Progress of Population and Wealth there are not more than two or three cases, out of near a hundred, in which the comparison can be made, that the proportion of children, and consequently the rate of increase, is not less at each census then at the census preceding. When we perceive the causes of the diminution of increase operating so steadily, and so independently of the greater or less facility of procuring subsistence, we are warranted in assuming that the diminution will continue to advance at the same moderate rate it has hitherto done, until all the vacant territory of the United States is settled, after which, another law of diminution and an accelerated rate may be expected to take place. In conformity with the preceding views, we may conclude that the future increase of the population of the United States will not greatly differ from the following series during the next half century, if immigration continues to advance as it has done, viz: 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 32 p. cent. 31.3 p. cent. 30.5 p. cent. 29.6 p. cent. 28.6 p. cent. 27.5 p. cent. 22,400,000 29,400,000 38,300,000 49,600,000 63,000,000 80,000,000 If, however, immigration were to continue as it is, or have but a moderate increase, the ratios of increase might be thus reduced: 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 31.8 p. cent. 30.9 p. cent. 30 p. cent. 29 p. cent. 27.9 p. cent. 26.8 p. cent. 22,000 28,800,000 36,500,000 46,500,000 59,800,000 74,000,000 At which time, the population will not exceed the average density of from 35 to 40 persons to the square mile, after making ample allowance for the Rocky mountains and the tract of desert lying at their eastern base. The preceding estimates suppose a slower rate of increase than has been commonly assumed in our political arithmetic, and, for a part of the time, even by those who have set the lowest limit to our future numbers; but this rate cannot be much augmented without overlooking some of the facts or laws deducible from our past progress, or gratuitously assuming some new and more favourable circumstances in our future progress. The lowest estimate, however, ought to satisfy those whose pride of country most looks to its physical power, for, at the reduced rate of increase supposed, our population would, in a century from this time, or a little more, amount to 200,000,000, and then scarcely exceed the present density of Massachusetts, which is still in a course of vigorous increase. In these estimates, the increase of the coloured in the United States in Fifty Years. 107 population is supposed likely to continue as it has been, or with such small changes as will not materially vary the result. But the future condition of that part of our population will be separately considered in the next chapter. Some of our readers, who may wish to make calculations concerning the past or future increase of the population, may find a convenience in the following Table showing, in different rates of Decennial Increase, the corresponding rates for the intermediate years, and the number of years necessary for the Population to double, at different rates of Increase. INCREASE INCREASE, PER CENT, IN- NO. of IN TEN years reYEARS~ quired to 1I year. 2 years. 3 years. 4 years. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years, double. 20p.cent, 1.84 3.71 5.62 7.56 9.54 11.56 13.61 15.70 17.83 38.017 21 " 1.92 3.89 5.88 7.92 10. 12.12 14.27 16.87 18.72 36.362 22 4 2.01 4.06 6.15 8.28 10.45 12.67 14.93 17.24 19.60 34.837 23 " 2.09 4.23 6.41 8.63 10.90 13.22 15.19 18.01 20.48 33.483 24 " 2.17 4.40 6.66 8.98 11.36 13.76 16.25 18.78 21.36 32.222 25 " 2.25 4.56 6.92 9.33 11.80 14.33 16.91 19.54 22.24 31.062 26 " 2.33 4.73 7.18 9.68 12.25 14.87 17.56 20.31 23.12 29.991 27 " 2.42 4.90 7.43 10.03 12.69 15.42 18.21 21.07 24. 28.999 28 " 2.50 5.06 7.66 10.38 13.14 15.96 18.86 21.83 24.88 28.078 29 " 2.58 5.22 7.94 10.78 13.58 16.51 19.51 22.59 25.76 27.220 30 " 2.65 5.37 8.19 11.06 14.02 17.05 20.16 23.35 26.68 26.419 31 " 2.73 5.54 8.44 11.40 14.45 17.59 20.81 24.11 27.51 25.669 32 " 2.81 5.71 8.68 11.74 14.89 18.12 21.45 24.87 28.38 24.966 33 " 2.89 5.87 8.93 12.08 15.32 18.66 22.09 35.62 29.26 24.305 34 " 2.97 6.03 9.18 12.42 15.76 19.20 22.73 26.38 30.13 23.683 35 " 3.04 6.18 9.42 12.75 16.19 19.73 23.35 27.13 31.01 23.097 36 " 3.12 6.34 9.66 13.09 16.62 20.26 24.01 27.88 31.88 22.542 37 " 3.19 6.50 9.90 13.42 17.05 20.79 24.66 28.64 32.75 22.018 38 " 3.27 6.65 10.14 13.75 17.47 21.32 25.29 29.29 33.93 21.520 39 " 3.34 6.81 10.38 14.08 17.90 21.84 26.92 30.14 34.50 21.049 0 " 3.42 6.96 10.62 14.41 18.32 22.37 26.56 30.89 35.36 20.600 According to the preceding table, the population on the 1st of the present year, or three years after the census was last taken, is as follows: The increase on the last decennial term was 32.67 per cent, and the rate of increase for three years, in the table, being 8.68 per cent, where the decennial increase is 32 per cent, and 8.93 per cent where the decennial increase is 33 per cent, the intermediate rate of incfrease or three years, now, is 8.85 per cent. This gives an increase of 1,510,646, which, added to 17,069,453, shows the whole population of the United States to have been, on the 1st of June last, 18,580,000. In the latter year of the current decennial term, a small deduction must be made for the gradual diminution in the rate of increase. 108 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER XIII. THE FUTURE PROGRESS OF SLAVERY. So far as can now be seen, the progress of the slave population in the United States is likely to undergo but little change for several decennial terms, and to be no more affected by schemes of emancipation or colonization, or even by individual cases of manumission, than it has been. This is not the place for assailing or defending slavery; but it may be confidently asserted, that the efforts of abolitionists have hitherto made the people in the slaveholding States cling to it more tenaciously. Those efforts are viewed by them as an intermeddling in their domestic concerns that is equally unwarranted by the comity due to sister States, and to the solemn pledges of the federal compact. In the general indignation which is thus excited, the arguments in favour of negro emancipation, once open and urgent, have been completely silenced, and its advocates among the slaveholders, who have not changed their sentiments, find it prudent to conceal them. Philosophy no longer ventures to teach that this institution is yet more injurious to the master than the slave; religion has ceased to refuse it her sanction; and even the love of liberty, which once pleaded for emancipation, is now enlisted against it. Statesmen and scholars have tasked their ingenuity to show that slavery is not only legitimate and moral, but expedient and wise. The scheme of Las Casas, which, to relieve Indians from the prospective yoke of bondage, actually placed it on the necks of Africans, is no longer deemed a paralogism in morals, and the slavery of a part of the community is gravely maintained to be essential to a high State of civil freedom in the rest. Such have been the fruits of the zeal of northern abolitionists in those States in which slavery prevails; and the fable of the Wind and the Sun never more forcibly illustrated the difference between gentle and violent means in influencing men's wills. Nor is the effect a temporary one. All the prejudices of education and habit in the United States in Fifty Years. 109 in favour of slavery, have struck their roots the deeper for the rudeness with which they have been assailed. The slave himself, too, has suffered by the change. The progressive amelioration of his condition has been arrested; and in the precautions which the schemes of abolitionists (whose numbers have been as much overrated by the slave-owners as their power has been by themselves,) have suggested, his condition has, in some instances, become positively worse. Even where this has not been the case the " bliss of ignorance" has been converted by his misguided friends into a sullen and hopeless discontent. The irritating conflicts and recriminations to which the subject has given occasion between different parts of the Union, have afforded new means of gaining popular favour, which crafty politicians on both sides have gladly seized; and the dissensions thus inflamed, induce those who look with evil eyes on the future strength and greatness of this republican confederacy, to indulge in vain hopes of its dissolution. The causes of this strife of feeling and opinion are too deeply seated in the human heart not to be supposed to continue for the period that has been mentioned; and, accordingly, the State of domestic slavery, and the progress of the slave population, will probably experience no material change for forty or fifty years, or even a yet longer term, in any of the slaveholding States, except Delaware, and perhaps Maryland. But if we carry our views to a yet more distant future, we shall find causes at work whose effects on this institution neither the miscalculating sympathies of fanaticism or philanthropy, nor their re-action on the slave owners, can avert or long delay. The population of the slaveholding States, at its present rate of increase, and even at a reduced rate, will, in no long time, have reached that moderate degree of density which supposes all their most productive lands taken into cultivation. As soon as that point is reached, the price of labour, compared with the means of subsistence, will begin to fall, according to the great law of human destiny, so ably developed by Malthus, and which is the inevitable result of man's tendency to increase and multiply; of his dependence on the soil for his subsistence; and of the limited extent of that soil. Labour, then, as it increases in quantity, must exchange either for less or for cheaper food; and such reduction is altogether independent of a gradation of soils. It must take place if every rood of earth was of equal fertility with the American Bottom in Illinois, since every succeeding generation being more numerous than the preceding, 10 110 Progress of Population and Wealth the products of but a smaller portion of the earth's surface can fall to the share of one individual. In this progressive declension of its value, labour will finally attain a price so low, that the earnings of a slave will not repay the cost of rearing him, when, of course, his master will consider him as a burdensome charge rather than a source of profit; and as the same decline in the value of labour once liberated the villeins or slaves of western Europe, and will liberate the serfs of Russia, so must it put an end to slavery in the United States, should it be terminated in no other way. This may be called the euthanasia of the institution, as it will be abolished with the consent of the master no less than the wishes of the slave; and the period of termination will be sooner reached because the labour of slaves, by reason of the inferiority in industry, economy, and skill, inseparable fiom their condition, is less productive than that of freemen. But this depression in the value of labour will reach the different States at different periods of time, and it will advance more slowly as we proceed south. Yet the facility with which slaves can be transported from one State to another, will countervail much of this difference; and slave labour, in the more northern of the slaveholding States, will not greatly decline in price so long as it is very profitable in the more southern. If Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina were insulated from the rest, then, at no very distant day, slave labour in those States, with its inherent disadvantages, would not more than defray the cost of its maintenance; but so long as their slaves can be readily transferred to other States, they will retain a value in every State proportionate and approaching to their value in other States. This would, moreover, be the case, if the trade in slaves, now carried on, were interdicted, and their importation were permitted only in those cases in which they migrate with the families of proprietors, so many of whom are ever seeking to improve their condition in the south and the west. We must, therefore, in our estimates of the future progress and duration of slavery, regard all the slaveholding States as one community for a considerable time to come; and expect that, if the institution remains undisturbed by State legislation, (for that of the United States is not only unwarranted by the constitution, but is inconsistent with a continuance of the Union,) they will all approach to the same density of slave population, except so far as it may be affected by diversities of soil and other local circumstances. The slaveholding States and territories had, in 1840, a population in the United States in Fifty Years. 111 of 7,534,431, on an area of 629,500 square miles; and their comparative density, both as to the whole number and the slave portion, may be seen in the following Table, showing the Density of Population in the Slaveholding States. STATESAND A remi Whole asNo. NOTO THE Sq. MILE. STATES AND Area —miles. Whole Slaves. TERRITORIES. Population. Wholepop. Slaves. Delaware............. 2,200 78,085 2,605 35.5 1.2 Maryland, 1........... 11,150 470,017 89,737 42.1 8. District of Columbia,. 100 43,712 4,694 43.7 4.7 Virginia.............. 66,620 1,239,797 448,987 18.6 6.7 North Carolina,....... 49,500 753,419 245,817 15.2 5. South Carolina....... 31,750 594,398 327,038 18.7 10. Georgia,.............. 61,500 691,392 280,944 11.2 4.5 Florida.............. 5,5,680 54,477 25,717.9.5 Louisiana,........... 49,300 352,411 168,452 7.1 3.4 Alabama,............... 52,900 590,756 253,532 11.2 4.8 Mississippi............ 47,680 375,651 195,211 8.3 4. Arkansas,............. 55,000 97,574 19,535 1.7.3 Tennessee,-........... 40,200 829,210 183,059 20.5 4.5 Kentucky........... 40,500 779,828 182,258 19.2 4.5 Missouri............ 65,500 383,702 58,240 5.8.9 Total,............ 629,580 7,334,431 2,486,226 11.6 4.1 The slaveholding States and Territories, then, taken together, have an average population of not quite twelve to the square mile, of which somewhat more than one-third are slaves; and they, as well as the free portion, are very unequally distributed over these States. To ascertain when the population of those States will attain a density which will make slave labour unprofitable, let us inquire, first, into that precise degree of density which reduces the price of labour to the cost of its maintenance; and secondly, into the future rate of increase of those States. I. To answer our first inquiry, we have but scanty materials. In those countries of Europe in which slavery has been abolished, history seems to be entirely unacquainted with the motives of the abolition, and it is left only to conjecture to infer that it was because it was no longer gainful to the master. Supposing this fact established, we have no authentic data for determining the density of population, and still less for estimating the state of husbandry, which must be taken into the account; since a population of 50 to the square mile in the 12th and 13th centuries, when slavery was abolished in England, might be equal to twice or thrice as many at the present day, by reason of the increased productiveness of the soil. It is, however, clear, that slavery is still profitable in Russia, and that it would be unprofitable in every part of western 112 Progress of Population and Wealth Europe. As there, a large part even of the free labour can barely earn a subsistence, and a portion cannot always do that, it follows that slaves, whose labour is inherently less profitable, could not earn enough for their snpport. We may, therefore, infer that a far less dense population than now exists in the western part of Europe would be inconsistent with slavery: and that the degree of density which would render it productive of more profit than expense, would be some intermediate point between that of Russia and that of the other States of Europe. But the population of those States is about 110 to the square mile, whilst that of Russia is but 25; and though the degree of density when slavery first ceases to be profitable is somewhere between the two, yet, between such wide extremes, we have no means of ascertaining that intermediate point, or of even approximating to it. Nor could any rule, drawn from countries differing so widely in soil, climate, goodness of tillage, and mode of living, be of easy application to the United States. But we may make a nearer approach to the truth if we confine our speculations to the abolition of slavery in England, though that part of her history is involved in no little darkness and contradiction. In the fourteenth century, when the emancipation of villeins had made considerable progress, the population in England and Wales was computed, from the returns of a poll-tax, to be 2,350,000, which is 40 persons to the square mile. About the end of the seventeenth century (in 1690,) when no vestige of villeinage remained, from the number of houses returned under the hearth-tax, the population was estimated at 5,318,100, which is 92 to the square mile. The medium point of density is 66, which we may assume to be inconsistent with any profit from domestic slavery. But in applying this fact to the slaveholding States, there are several points of diversity between them and England to be taken into consideration. 1. The difference of fertility. Though three of the slaveholding States, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, constituting less than one-fourth of the whole, are naturally more fertile than England, and are capable of supporting a denser population than she was at the period supposed, the other three-fourths are yet more inferior to England in fertility. 2. The standard of comfort for the labouring class is much higher here than it is in England, so far as it concerns the consumption of animal food, in consequence of the peculiar circumstances of this country, where the husbandry and useful arts of a cultivated people are conjoined with the thin population of a rude one. In every in the United States in Fifty Years. 113 part of Europe, population and the arts have advanced at the same rate; and the ascertained slowness of the rate supposes straitened means of subsistence in every stage of the progress. This is conclusively proved, as to England, by the fact that her population, which, in 1377, had been 2,350,000, had increased in 1800, that is, in 423 years, only to 8,872,980; since nothing but great difficulty in obtaining the means of subsistence, and extreme discomfort with the great mass of the people, could have retarded the period of duplication with our progenitors to upwards of two hundred years! Now, although the standard of comfort for the free labourer is not necessarily that for the slave, yet, in the same country and at the same time, the last will approximate to the first-at least, that has hitherto been the case in the United States, where animal food always constitutes a part of the daily aliment of the slave. 3. The difference of husbandry. Agriculture is doubtless much less skilful and productive in the United States than it is in England at the present day; but it is probably much more so than it was in that country at the period to which we refer. Of all, or nearly all, the improvements in husbandry, whether taught by experience or science, our agriculturists readily avail themselves; and the chief difference between the two countries is, that the labour which there neatly tills a small surface, here slovenly tills a large one. Of these diversities, the effect of the last is to make the rate of density that is inconsistent with slavery greater here than it was in England, and that of the second is to make it smaller. Let us suppose that the two neutralize each other; and that the more liberal consumption of the slave in the United States is compensated by the superiority of their tillage to that which prevailed in England at the supposed era. If, then, we make a deduction from the assumed density of 66 to the square mile, for the greater natural fertility of England, which we will suppose to be greater than that of the slaveholding States by one-fourth, that is, as 100 to 75, then the density, which in those States will be found inconsistent with profit from domestic slavery, will be reduced to about 50 persons to the square mile. Should this moderate degree of density be considered inadequate to the effect here ascribed to it, it must be recollected that adult slave labour may still be profitable, though it may not be sufficiently so to defray the expense of rearing it from infancy; and that the payment of this expense is assumed to be an indispensable condition to the continuance of the institution. In any country less populous 10* 114 Progress of Population and Wealth than China, the labour of grown slaves would generally be profitable; and the barbarous policy of making slaves of prisoners of war may continue slavery in some countries, as it does in Africa, in which its profits could not keep up its own stock. But in the United States, those who would appropriate to themselves the labour of the adult slave, must consent to incur the previous charge of his childhood. We must also bear in mind that the slaveholding States are almost exclusively agricultural, and, consequently, that their population is principally rural. Not over one-thirtieth of their population, if we take away Baltimore and New Orleans, live in towns, and with the inhabitants of those cities, not one-sixteenth part. In densely peopled countries, however, from one-half to two-thirds live in cities and towns; thus showing that from a third to a half of their whole population is sufficient for their culture; of course, were the density as much as 120 to the square mile, from 40 to 60 persons would be as many as could be advantageously employed on the soil; and thus the value of labour would decline as much and as fast in a country that was purely agricultural, as it would in another of twice its population that was also manufacturing. Should, then, agriculture continue to be the principal occupation of tie slaveholding States, and they not betake themselves more extensively to manufactures, the population, when it amounts to 50 persons to the square mile, will have reached that point when every addition to it will rapidly depreciate the value of labour. We may, therefore, reasonably infer that, if its value in the slaveholding Slates should not have attained the supposed point of depression when they have a population of 50 to the square mile, they will attain it in no long time afterwards. It affords some confirmation of these views, that when emancipation took place in New Jersey, which probably has the average fertility of the present slaveholding States, the population was something less than 40 to the square mile, and that, even then, the labour of slaves was thought not much to exceed the cost of their subsistence; and that many judicious slave-owners in Maryland and eastern Virginia, where the population, exclusive of Baltimore, scarcely exceeds 35 to the square mile, believe that the labour of their slaves yields but a small net profit. Supposing, then, a density of 50 persons to the square mile to be incompatible with the longer continuance of slavery in the States now permitting it, their aggregate population would then amount to in the United States in Fifty Years. 115 31,479,000. When are they likely to attain this number? Their past progress, from 1790 to 1840, has been as follows: 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. Total population,..... 1,961,372 2,621,316 3,480,904 4,502,235 5,848,303 7,334,431 Increase in each decennial term, per cent,.......... 33.7 32.8 29.3 30.2 25.4 The whole increase in fifty years has been as 100 to 383.7. The rate of increase, it will be perceived, has declined in the four decennial terms between 1800 and 1840, from 33.7 per cent to 25.4 per cent, showing a falling off in that time of 8.3 per cent in the ratio of increase for ten years. But more than half of this decline took place between 1830 and 1840, in consequence of the emigration to Texas, which was principally from the slaveholding States. As much of that emigration was the consequence of an ardent desire to aid the Texians in their struggle for independence, as well as of the great and sudden reverse of prosperity experienced by some of those States, and as motives equally strong are not likely to recur, we, perhaps, ought to regard this unwonted reduction of increase as temporary, and to consider the previous rate as affording the just rule for our estimates. Between 1800 and 1830, the falling off in the decennial increase was only 31 per cent; but between 1800 and 1810, it was augmented 3 per cent by the acquisition of Louisiana. Let us, then, take a medium course, and suppose a rate of diminution greater than that shown by the four first enumerations, but smaller than that shown by the last. Let us suppose that, in the future progress of the slaveholding States, the increase in each decennial term will be one-fifteenth part less than the increase of the preceding term, and see when, from that increase, the population will attain a density of 50 to the square mile. The rate of increase thus diminishing, will be 23.3 per cent in 1850; 21.7 per cent in 1860; and so on. in a descending series, by which, in a little upwards of eighty years, the population would reach the required density, and amount to 31,000,000. But inasmuch as the other States increase in a much greater ratio, as experience has shown, this circumstance is likely, after a time, to accelerate the rate of increase in the slaveholding States. In fifty years, when, on the supposed rate of increase, the latter would not exceed 30 to the square mile, many, perhaps most of the free States, will have attained a density of upwards of 100 on the same area. The difference in the price of land which these different densities imply, cannot but induce an increase of emigration from 116 Progress of Populution and Wealth the free States to the slaveholding States. The swarms from the New England hive prefer, at present, migrating to States where there are no slaves; but as soon as the northwestern States are settled throughout, and before they are densely peopled, the cheaper lands of the slaveholding States will hold out inducements to the settler too strong to be resisted. These States, instead of sending out emigrants, as at present, will then receive them; and thus the rate of their increase, instead of continuing in a descending ratio, will be a while stationary, and then moderately increase. The effect of this change, depending upon so many contingencies, it is impossible to calculate; but it might hasten the period in question some twenty years or more. The period, too, when slavery will be likely to expire of itself, will reach the different States at different times. So long as the labour of slaves is very profitable in any of the States, their value, as we have seen, is enhanced in all the others; but when that labour has greatly declined in value, as it will do when greatly augmented, the influence of one State on another will have proportionally diminished, and not be sufficient to overcome other obstacles to the removal of slaves. The diversities of the States, physical and moral, will then have an unchecked operation, and they are considerable. Some States and parts of States raise grain and cattle, which occupations require but little labour, and, of course, can support but few slaves; whilst others, cultivating cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rice, which, requiring much labour and manipulation, cannot be grown without a much larger number. In the former, then, emancipation will be at once easier and sooner; and thus after Delaware, in which it will first, and in no long time take place, the States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, may be expected to abolish slavery some considerable time before slave labour has ceased to be profitable in the States south of them. The climate, too, may have the effect of prolonging slavery in the last mentioned States, both because it indisposes men to field labour, and because it is less suited to the white than the negro temperament. Such appears to be the result of general visible causes, whose operation is beyond human controul. It may, however, be hastened or retarded by contingent events, the influence of which, as well as their occurrence, time alone can determine. The following circumstances would tend to delay the termination of slavery: Further emigrations to Texas; the formation of new slaveholding States, in the United States in Fifty Years. 117 which, though it would accelerate the increase of the slaveholding population, would lessen its density; or, should slave labour be more extensively applied to manufactures, which does not seem impossible, as they would incur no greater charge for superintendence than is now incurred by agriculture; or, should the cultivation of the sugar-cane be extended to meet the growing demands of our increasing population, and that commodity should maintain its monopoly price; or, lastly, should new articles of culture requiring much labour, such as silk and wine, be introduced in the slaveholding States. But, on the other hand, should none of these events take place, and should the sympathies now felt for the slave subside, or find sufficient employment at home, the same liberal sentiments which once prevailed in most of the slaveholding States may revive, and decide on the gradual abolition of slavery, or lessen its amount by colonization and private manumission. The natural multiplication of the slaves, too, may be affected by a less careful and kind treatment of them, as their value declines. Or, popular enthusiasm may be excited by religion or otherwise in favour of emancipating them; or the same popular feeling, in a frenzy of fear or resentment, may aim to destroy or expel them. These and other causes, not now foreseen, may prolong or abridge the existence of this institution in the United States, but none of them seem capable of averting its ultimate destiny. We may say of it, as of man: the doom of its death, though we know not the time or the mode, is certain and irrevocable. To conclude this subject, so pregnant with matter of serious reflection to all: the citizens of the slaveholding States are persuaded that emancipation will necessarily lead, first, to political equality, and finally, to an amalgamation of the two races. Believing, as they really do, that the negroes are physically, as well as morally and intellectually, their inferiors, they regard this intermixture as a contamination of their own race; and these supposed consequences constitute their most invincible objections to the liberation of their slaves. Those who entertain these opinions, and who also believe that the result here inferred is inevitable, or even probable, have it now in their power to make some preparation for an issue so fraught with mischief, and so abhorrent to their feelings. If they think the number of their slaves is too great for them quietly to remain, when the period of natural liberation arrives, as an inferior caste, or with a qualified freedom, they ought to lessen the number 118 Progress of Population and Wealth by all allowable means-as by colonization; and, since the emancipated class are found to increase more slowly than either the slaves or the whites, they ought to encourage, rather than check, private manumission. Even as a measure of precaution, the policy of prohibiting the liberation of slaves is very questionable; and if so, the States which have adopted it, have not only yielded to the common temptation of avoiding a present danger by incurring a greater one hereafter, but, perverting a wise maxim, have incurred a certain evil to avoid one that is doubtful. Though the natural increase of the free coloured class is less than that of the slaves or the whites, yet by its accessions from emancipation, its actual increase is far greater than that of either of the other two classes, as may be thus seen in the following Table, showing the Increase of the White and the Coloured Population in the Slaveholding States. DECENNIAL INCREASE PER CENT IN 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1 1830. 1840. Whites,... 1,271,692 1,702,980 2,208,785 2,842,341 3,660,758 4,631,998 33.9 29.7 28.7 28.8 26.5 Free col... 32,635 61,241 88,678 135,294 182,070 211,889 87.7 44.8 52.6 37.7 16.4 Slaves,. 657,047 1,857,0951,163,754 1,524,220 1,996,758 2,486,2261 30.4 35.8 31.0 31.6 24.5 The increase in the whole 50 years has been as follows: Whites, as 100 to..... 364.2 Free coloured, "... 649.3 Slaves, ".... 378.4 Total coloured..... 391.2 It is thus seen that, in these States, the whites have increased a little less than the whole population, (383.7 per cent,) and the slaves a little more; but that the free coloured have increased almost twice as fast as the whites. The table further shows that, but for emancipation, the slaveholding States would, at this time, have contained from 200,000 to 300,000, perhaps over 300,000 slaves more than they now contain; and that the reduction would have been still greater than it now is, if none of them had prohibited or impeded manumission. in the United States in Fifty Years. 119 CHAPTER XIV. THE INCREASE OF THE ATLANTIC AND WESTERN, SLAVEHOLDING AND NON-SLAVEHOLDING STATES, COMPARED. THE several States and Territories have been differently divided, according to circumstances. Sometimes they are classed, as we have seen, under five divisions, as they severally agree in climate, products, and in the prevailing habits and pursuits of their people. Sometimes, again, they are divided into Atlantic and Western States; and lastly, according to the fact of their permitting slavery or not. By combining the last twofold divisions, they admit of a fourfold division, as the Atlantic slaveholding and non-slaveholding States, and the Western slaveholding and non-slaveholding States. These four divisions will now be compared as to their present numbers, density of population, and rate of increase. The following tables show the population, area, number of persons to the square mile, and increase at each enumeration since 1810, of the four divisions, composed of the Atlantic and Western States, slaveholding and non-slaveholding: ATLANTIC STATES. POPULATION IN- Area- INo. to Increase,p. cent, inLOCAL DIVISIONS. -~- _ _ - _Square a sq. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. iMiles. mile. 10yrs. 20yrs.30yrs. L. N'on-slavehold'g States. Maine,........... 228,705 298,335 399,455 501,793 32,000 15.6...... New Hampshire,.. 214,360 244,161 269,328 284,574 9,200 30.9........ Vermont.......... 217,713 235,764 280,652 291,948 9,800 29.8......... Massachusetts,.... 472,040 523,287 610,408 737,699 8,750 86.5..... Rhode Island,...... 77,031 83,059 97,199 108,830 1,300 83.7......... Connecticut,....... 262,042 275,202 297,675 309,978 5,100 60.8........... New York,....... 959,049 1,372,812 1,918,606 2,428,921 49,000 49.5......... New Jersey,..... 245,555 277,575 320,823 373,306 7,500 49.7......... Pennsylvania...... 810,091 1,049,458 1,348,233 1,724,033 47,500 36.6...... Total......... 3,486,586 4,359,653 5,542,381 6,761,082 170,150 39.4 22. 55. 94. II. Slaveh'g St'tes. Delaware,....... 72,674 72,749 76,748 78,085 2,200 35.5.............. Maryland,........ 380,546 407,350 447,040 470,019 11,150 42................. Dist. of Columbia,. 24,023 33,039 39,834 43,712 100 43.7............... Virginia,......... 974,622 1,065,379 1,211,405 1,239,797 66,620 18.6................. North Carolina,... 555,500 638,829 737,987 753,419 49,500 15.2............... South Carolina,... 415,115 502,741 581,185 594,398 31,750 18.7............... Georgia,......... 252,433 340,987 516,823 691,392 61,500 11.2...... Florida,........................ 34,730 54,477 55,680.9 Total....... 2,674,913 3,061,074 3,645,752 3,925,299 278,500 14.1 5.3 25.3 43.5 120 Progress of Population and W]ealth WESTERN STATES. POPULATION IN- Area- No. to Increase,p. cent, inLOCAL DIVISIONS. - - Square a sq. 1810. 1820. 1830. 18i0. miles mile. 10 yrs. 20 yrs. 30 yrs. III. Slavehold'g S. Louisiana,........ 76,566 153,407 215,739 352,411 49,300 7.1... Mississippi........ 40,352 75,448 136,621 375,651 47,680 7.8...... Alabama,......... 144,317 309,527 590,756 52,900 11.1........... Arkansas,................. 14,273 30,388 97,574 55,000 1.7 Tennessee,........ 261,727 422,813 681,904 829,210 40,200 20.6 Missouri,....... 20,845 66,586 140,455 383,702 65,500 5.8........ Kentucky..... 406,511 564,317 687,917 779,828 40,500 19.2.......... Total,....... 805,991 1.441,161 2,202,551 3,409,132 351,080 9.4 54.8 136. 323. IV. NJon-slaveholding States. Ohio...... 230,60 581,434 937,903 1,519,467 39,750 38.2............ Indiana,.......... 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,866 36,500 18.8................ Illinois,.......... 12,282 55,211 157,445 476,183 57,900 8.2 Michigan,...... 4,762 8,896 31,639 212,267 59,700 3.5. Wisconsin,....................... 30,945 95,000.3. Iowa,............".............. "- 43,11]2 200,000.2.... Total,....... 272,324 802,719 1,470,018 2,967,840 488,850 6. 102. 269. 1090. ATLANTIC AND WESTERN STATES-SLAVEIIOLDING AND NON-SLAVEHOLDING STATES. Decennial incr. in1820. 1830. 1840. Atlantic States,... 6,161,499 7,420,727 9,188,133 10.686,381 448,650 23.8 20.4 23.8 16.3 Western States,... 1,078,315 2,243,880 3,672,569 6,376,972 839,930 7.6 108.1 63.7 73.6 Non-slavehold'gS. 3,758,910 5,162,372 7,012,399 9,728,922 659,000 14.7 37.3 35.8 38.7 Slavehold'gStates, 3,480,904 4,502,235 5,848.303 7,334,431 629,580 11.6 29.3 29.9 25.4 It will be seen by the preceding tables that the four divisions differ considerably in numbers, but far more in density of populalation; that the Atlantic non-slaveholding division has the greatest number and density, and the Western non-slaveholding division has the least. If, however, the vast Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa, which are comparatively unsettled, be deducted, this fourth division would rank second in density of numbers; its four States containing, in 1840, nearly 15 persons to the square mile. It will also be seen that the slaveholding States have increased more slowly than the States without slaves, though they are less densely peopled, which fact is owing principally to the difference of their accessions from immigration. In the thirty years from 1810 to 1840, The increase of the States without slaves has been as 100 to 258.8 That of the slaveholding States has been as.. 100 to 210.7 The disparity of increase between the Atlantic and Western States, has been far greater; for, whilst the former have not doubled in thirty years, the latter have, in the same time, augmented nearly sixfold. Thus, in the United States in Fifty Years. 121 Increase of Atlantic States from 1830 to 1840, was as 100 to 173.4 That of the Western States " " 100 to 591.4 Should their respective rates of increase in the current decennial term be the same as it was in the last, the numbers in the Atlantic States would, in 1850, be 12,428,000, and those in the Western States, 11,170,000. It, therefore, will not be before the next succeeding census, in 1860, that those States will have preponderance in numbers and political power, unless there should be, in the present decennial term, a further disparity in their rate of increase. On this subject it may be remarked, that most of the Western States, which are as yet but thinly settled compared with their extraordinary capabilities, have increased faster in the last ten years than in the ten years preceding, and that the same causes may continue to operate until the next census; whereas, in the Atlantic States, the cases of such increasing ratio are only two, and those to a small extent. They are Massachusetts, whose decennial increase has augmented from 16.6 per cent in 1830, to 20.9 in 1840, -the great extension of her manufactures having checked her wonted emigration-and New Jersy, whose increase has, in like manner, augmented from 15.5 per cent to 16.4 per cent, in consequence of her sympathetic growth with the cities of New York and Philadelphia. In every other Atlantic state, the ratio of decennial increase has diminished, so as to make the diminution in the New England States from 17.8 to 14.3 per cent; in the Middle States, from 29.2 to 23.3. per cent; and in the Southern States, from 21. to 8.2. per cent. But of the Western States, Mississippi augmented its ratio of increase, in the same time, from 81. to 175. per cent; Louisiana, fiom 40.6 to 61.6; Arkansas, from 112.8 to 221.1; Missouri, from 140.4 to 173.2; Illinois, from 185.1 to 202.4; Michigan, from 255.6 to 555.6; and even Ohio, the third State in the Union, from 61.3 to 62. per cent. And in most of these States, the next decennial increase may possibly be yet greater than the last. In the Atlantic States, on the other hand, the diminution may continue, though probably at a less rate. since the emigration from the more northern slaveholding States to the cotton-growing States may be much less in the present term of ten years than it was in the last. On the whole, should the decennial increase of the Atlantic States continue 11 122 Progress of Population and Wealth to decline as it has done, which is not probable, and should the Western States continue to increase in the same accelerated ratio, which also seems improbable, and unwarranted by the history of other States similarly circumstanced, these two great divisions of the Union will, in 1850, be nearly equal in population and political power. in the United States in Fifty Years. 123 CHAPTER XV. DISTRIBUTION OF POLITICAL POWER. As, by the federal constitution, political power, in some of its highest functions, is distributed among the several States according to their respective numbers, their relative weight in the government, besides being very unequal, has greatly varied after every census, in consequence of their very different rates of increase. The following table shows the number of representatives in congress assigned to each State under the several apportionments: Apportionments according to the Census. Apport'nment before the _~ Census. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. States. of States. of States. of States. of States. of States. of States. of Reps. Reps. Reps. Reps. Reps. Reps. Reps. Virgin'a 10 Virgin'a 19 Virgina 22 1. York, 34 N. York, 40 N. York 34 Mass. 8 Mass.,.. 14 Penn.,.. 18 Penn.,.. 23 Penn.,.. 26 Penn.,.. 28 Penn.,.. 24 Penn.,.. 8 Pen.,. 13 N. York, 17 Vigina 23 irgin'a 22 Virgin'a 21 Ohio,... 21 N. York, 6 N.York, 10 Mass.,.. 17 Mass.,.. 20 Ohio,... 14 Ohio,... 19 Virgin'a 15 Maryl'd, 6 N. Car., 10 N. Car.,. 12 N. Car.,. 13 Mass.,.. 13 N. Car., 13 Tenn., 11 Conn.,.. 5 tMaryl'd, 8 Mlaryl'd, 9 Kent'y,. 10 N. Car.,. 13 Kent'y,. 13 Mass.,. 10 N. Car.,. 5 Conn,.. 7 S. Car.,. 8 MIaryl'd, 9 Kent'y,. 12 Tenn.,.. 13 Kent'y,. 10 S. Car., 5 Car. 6 Conn.,.. 7 S. Car.,. 9I Maryl'd, 9 Mass.,.. 12 Indiana, 10 N. Jer.,. 4 N.Jer.,. 5 N.Jer.,. 6 Conn.,.. 7 SCar.,. 9 Car.,. 9 N. Car.,. 9 N. Ham. 3 N. Ham. 4 Kent'y,. 6 N. Hain. 6 Tenn.,.. 9 Georgia, 9 Georgia, 8 Georgia, 3 R. Isl'd,. 2 N. Ham. 5 Verm't,. 6 Georgia, 7 Maine,.. 8 Maine, 7 R. Isl'd,. 1 Verm't,. 2 lVerm't,. 4 N. Jer.,. 6 Maine,. 7 Maryl'd, 8 S. Car.,. 7 Delaw'e 1 Georgia, 2 Georgia, 4 Georgia, 6 N.Ham. 6 Indiana, 7 Alaba'a, 7 13 States, 65 Kent'y,. 2 Tenn.,.. 3 Tenn 6 Co.,.. 6 Coon., 6 Illinois,. 7 Delaw'e 1 R. sl'd,. 2 Ohio,... N.Jer., 6 N. r., 6 Maryl'd, 6 Tenn., I Delaw'e 1 Rl. [s'd,. 2 Verm't, 5 N. Ham. 5 N.Jer., 5 16 States under 1st app., 10 jOhio,*... I Delaw'e 2 Lonis.,. 3 Verm't,. 5 5 17 States under 2d app.,......... 142 Lois. I Indiana, 3 Alaba'a, 5 N.Ham. 4'indi'a,.'-` 1 Alaba'a, 3 Louis., 3 Conn., 4 19 States under 3d app.,.......................... 2 llinois,. 3 Verm't, 4 Delaw'e IR. lsid,. 2 Louis.,. 4 Miss.,*. Miss.,. 2 Miss.,. 4 Illin'is, 1 Misso'ri, 2 Mich.,. 3 Miss'ri,* 1 Delaw'e 1 R. sid, 2 24 States under 4th app................................ 213 Mich.,*. I Delaw'e 1 Ark.,*. 1 Ark., 1 26 States under 5th and 6th app.,............................................. 242..... 223 NOTE.-The States marked thus * were admitted into the Union after the apportionment under which they are here arranged was made, but before the succeeding census. It will be seen, by the preceding table, that the largest State, New York, has thirty-four times as much weight in the house of 124 Progress of Population and Wealth representatives as either Delaware or Arkansas; and that the six largest States are entitled to more votes than the remaining twenty, so great is their disparity. So great, too, have been their relative changes, that Tennessee, which, in 1790, was at the bottom of the list of sixteen States, is now the fifth of twenty-six; that Ohio, which was the lowest in 1800, is now the third in rank; and that Virginia, which was first, and New York, which was the fourth, in 1790, have now changed places. But the dangers threatened by this gross inequality of power, and the changes which its distribution is ever undergoing, are effectually guarded against by the senate, a co-ordinate branch of the legislature, in which every State has two members. By this provision, the smaller States are protected from the possible abuse of the power possessed by the larger; and the community fiom those sudden changes of public policy, which might be apprehended from the changes in the relative weight of the States after every census. In the election of president and vice president, the votes of the States also vary according to their several numbers; but as each State has as many votes as it has members in both houses of congress, the inequality is here much less than it is in the house of representatives, and the relative weight of the smaller States receives a great proportionate increase. Thus, New York, which has thirtyfour times as much weight in the house of representatives as Delaware or Arkansas, has but twelve times as much in the presidential election, that is, as 36 to 3. Rhode Island, which is but one-seventeenth of New York in the house, is one-ninth in the election; and New Hampshire, and the other States entitled to four votes, have their relative weight increased, on a like comparison, from less than an eighth (-4) to a sixth (-6.) New York herself, which has more than a seventh of the whole number of representatives, has less than a seventh of the presidential electors, or, more accurately, her relative weight is reduced from 15.2 per cent to 13.1 per cent. The States of a medium population have nearly the same relative weight in both cases. Time, which will augment the inequality among the States in some respects, will diminish it in others. When they shall have attained a dense population, the disproportion between the largest and the smallest States will probably be greater than that which now exists between New York and Delaware, and certainly greater than that which is between New York and the next smallest States; but there will then, also, be a greater number of States which will ap in the United States in Fifty Years. 125 proach equality than at present. Of the twenty-six States, while eight* of them have, together, an extent of but 54,000 square miles, the smallest of the other eighteen has an area of upwards of 31,000 miles, about that of Ireland, and the area of the largest does not much exceed that of England and Wales. Nor is it probable, that any State hereafter admitted into the Union will contain less, or much less, than 50,000 square miles. It must also be recollected that, even at this time, with those great divisions of the Union, composed of States which are similar in modes of industry and local interests, the disparity is far less than it is with the individual States, as may be seen by the following statement: New England States............. 31 Representatives =13.9 per cent-43 Electors=15.6 Middle States...................... 70 " =31.4 " 80 " =29.1 Southern States.................... 39 " =17.5 " 47 " =17.1 Southwestern States.............. 27 " =12.1 " 37 " =13.5 Northwestern States.............. 56 " =25.1 " 68 " =24.7 Total..................... 223 100. 275 100. The subjoined diagrams show to the eye the inequality of the States in population and political power; their different rates of increase, and the comparative areas of the five great local divisions. The lines opposite to each State represent its population at each successive census: * These are New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. 11* 126 Progress of Population and Wealth Scale of Population. O9aQO(, 0Q0Q JQt. 1.500. oo0 - AREA —31,000 sq. miles. AREA~66,000 sq.miles. F'E L r 5. 0. 0 j-=~c oPun ^ I nii. nii ~.l..~ll~l. 1.11.'AREA —310,000 sq. miles. n -'- 1' AREA. —245,000 sq. miles. I i -o. eo=o f. Ioo. ooa, IN —- S AREA-le7,00 sq. miPoles.o in the United States in Fifty Years. 127 CHAPTER XVI. CITIES AND TOWNS. THE proportion between the rural and town population of a country is an important fact in its interior economy and condition. It determines, in a great degree, its capacity for manufactures, the extent of its commerce, and the amount of its wealth. The growth of cities commonly marks the progress of intelligence and the arts, measures the sum of social enjoyment, and always implies increased mental activity, which is sometimes healthy and useful, sometimes distempered and pernicious. If these congregations of men diminish some of the comforts of life, they augment others: if they are less favourable to health than the country, they also provide better defences against disease, and better means of cure. From causes both physical and moral, they are less favourable to the multiplication of the species. In the eyes of the moralist, cities afford a wider field both for virtue and vice; and they are more prone to innovation, whether for good or evil. The love of civil liberty is, perhaps, both stronger and more constant in the country than the town; and if it is guarded in the cities by a keener vigilance and a more farsighted jealousy, yet law, order, and security, are also, in them, more exposed to danger, from the greater facility with which intrigue and ambition can there operate on ignorance and want. Whatever may be the good or evil tendencies of populous cities, they are the result to which all countries, that are at once fertile, free, and intelligent, inevitably tend. The following table shows the population of the towns in the United States, of 10,000 inhabitants and upwards, in 1820, 1830, and 1840; their decennial increase, and the present ratio of the town population, in each State, to its whole population: 128 Progress of Population and Wealth POPULATION OF TOWNS IN DECENNIAL Ratio of TOWNS. STATES. INCREASE. Town populat. 1820. 1833. 1840. 1830. 1840. percent. Portland,..... Maine,......... 8,581 12,601..... 15,218 63.9 20.8 3. Boston......Massachue 43,298 61,392 93,383 41.8 52.1......... Lowell,*................ 6,474 20,796.......221.2........ Salem,........ " 11,346 13,836 15,082 21.9 9.1. New Bedford, " 3,947 7,592 12,087 92.3 59.2. Charlestown,. " 6,591 8,783 11,484 33.3 30.7......... Springfield,.. 3,914 6,784 10,985 73.3 61.922.2 X~_- 163,817 Providence,.. Rhode Island,. 11,767 16,833........ 23,171 43.1 37.721.3 NewHaven,. Connecticut,.. 7,147 10,180.......... 12,960 42.4 27.3 4.18 New York,... New York,.... 123,706 202,589 312,710 63.8 44.7. Brooklyn,.... 7,175 15,396 36,233 114.6135.3. Albany,....... 12,633 24,238 33,721 91.9 39.1......... Rochester,. " / 1,767 9,207 20,191 421. 119. Troy.......... 5,264 11,405 19,334 116.6 69.6......... Buffalo....... "4 2,095 8,668 18,213 313.71110. Utica.......... 2,972 10,183 12,782 242.6 25.518.6 453,184 Newark,......New Jersey,.. 6,507 10,9531......... 17,290 68.3 57.8 4.6 Philadelphia,. Pennsylvania,. 119,325 161,427 205,580 36.1 25.6. APit rghany, & " 10,000 18,000 31,204 80. 73.313.7 _____- 237,054 Baltimore,....Maryland,.... 62,738 80,625......... 102,313 28.5 26.8 21.7 Richmond,... Virginia,...... 12,067 16,060 20,153 33.1 25.5......... Petersburg,... " 6,690 8,322 11,136 20.6 33.8. Norfolk....... 8,478 9,816 10,920 18.4 11.2 3.4 _ ~ — 42,209 Charleston,... S. Carolina,... 24,7801 t30,289........ 29,261 22.2....... 4.9 Savannah,.... Georgia,....... 7,523 t7,423.......... 11,214......51. 1.8 Mobile,...... Alabama,...... 1,500 3,914......... 12,672112.9296.7 2.1 New Orleans, Louisiana,... 27,178 46,082.......... 102,193 68.6 121.7 29. Louisville,.... Kentucky,... 4,012 10,196.......... 21,210154. 108. 2.7 St. Louis,.... Missouri,...... 4,123 6,694.......... 16,469 62.4 146. 4.3 Cincinnati,... Ohio,.......... 9,642 24,831.......... 46338157.5 86.6 3. Washington,. Dist. of Col.,. 1247 18227.......... 23,364 40.8 28.2... 31 Towns. 16 States. 570,010 878,300........ 1,329,937 54. 51.3 7.79 It appears, from the preceding table, that the population in all the towns of the United States, containing 10,000 inhabitants and upwards, is something more than one-thirteenth (V~9) of the whole number; that ten of the States, whose united population exceeds 4,000,000, have, as yet, no town of that rank; and that, in the other sixteen States, the ratio of their town population to their whole population, varies from something less than one-third, to less than a sixteenth part. It further appears, that the increase of those towns has been nearly the same, from 1830 to 1840, as from 1820 * Lowell had no existence before 1822. t The decline of population here indicated, was the effect of very destructive fire. in the United States in Fifty Years. 129 to 1830; and that, in both decennial periods, it exceeds that of the whole population, nearly as 50 to 32. By extending our estimate of this description of the population to towns of a lower rank, we may not only better compare the different States in this particular, but, perhaps, also better draw the line between the town and country population. Congregations of a much smaller number than 10,000, whether their dwelling-place be called a city, town, or village, have the chief characteristics which distinguish the main part of the inhabitants of cities, as to their habits, manners, and character. Though these characteristics are but partially found in towns and villages of not more than 2,000 inhabitants, yet, as the census has, in many of the States, numbered these among the " principal towns," we will extend our estimate to them, and endeavour to supply its omissions, in other States, by a reference to the best geographical authorities: Table of all Towns in the United States containing between 10,000 and 2,000 Inhabitants, according to the Census of 1840. Slates. Towns. Pop. Towns. Pop. Total. Maine,.........Bangor,............ 8,627 Bucksport,.............. 3,015 Thomaston,........ 6,227 Camden,................ 3,005 Augusta,............ 5,314 Gorham.............. 3,001 Bath................. 5,141 Waterville,............ 2,971 Gardenier,.......... 5,042 Vassalborough,.......... 2,952 Hallowell,.......... 4,654 Calais................... 2,934 Saco,............... 4,408 Eastport,................. 2,876 Brua- wick,......... 4,259 North Yarmouth,....... 2,824 Belfast,............. 4,186 Kennebunk,........... 2,768 Westbrook......... 4,116 Buxton,.............. 2,688 Frankfort.......... 3,603 Freeport,............ 2,662 Minot,............... 3,550 Piddeford,............... 2,574 Prospect,.......... 3,492 South Berwick......... 2,314 Poland.............. 3,360 Ellsworth,................ 2,263 York,............... 3,111 107,937 N. Hampshire,..Portsmouth,........ 7,887 Haverhill,................ 2,784 Dover,............... 6,458 Hanover,.............. 2,613 Nashua,........... 6,054 Keene,...................2,610 Concord,............ 4,897 Hopkinton,.............. 2,455 Somersworth,...... 3,283 Rochester,............ 2,431 Meredith........... 3,351 Goffstown,............... 2,376 Manchester,....... 3,235 Peterborough,.......... 2,163 Exeter,.............2,925 55,459 Vermont,.......Burlington......... 4,271 Windsor............... 2,744 Montpelier,........ 3,725 Rutland,................. 2,708 Bennington,....... 3,429 St. Albans,............ 2,702 Woodstock,....... 3,315 Brattleboro',............ 2,624 Middlebury........ 3,162 Rockingham,.......... 2,330 -- J _ 31,010 Massachusetts,. Lynn,.............. 9,367 Cambridge............ 8,409 Roxbury,........... 9,089 Taunton,................. 7,645 Nantucket,......... 9,012 Worcester............. 7,497 Newburyport,....., 7,161 Mendon,.............. 3,524 Fall River,.......... 6,738 Quincy,................ 3,486 Gloucester,......... 6,350 Newton,................ 3,351 Marblehead,....... 5,575 Dedham,............. 3,290 130 Progress of Population and Wealth Table of all the Towns in the United States, etc.-Continued. States. Towns. Pop. Towns. Pop. Total. Massachusetts,.Plymouth,.......... 5,281 Abingdon,............... 3,214 Andover,........... 5,207 Randolph,................ 3,213 Middleborough,... 5,085 Farmingham,........... 3,030 Danvers,........... 5,020 Ipswich,................ 3,000 Dorchester......... 4,875 Woburn,................. 2,993 Beverley,........... 4,689 Salisbury,............... 2,739 Haverhill;.......... 4,336 Falmouth,................ 2,589 Barnstable,......... 4,331 Yarmouth,............... 2,554 Dartmouth.......... 4,135 Amherst,................ 2,550 Fairhaven,.......... 3,951 Malden................... 2,514 Scituate,............ 3,886 Waltham,............... 2,504 Rochester......... 3,864 Medford,................. 2,478 Northampton...... 3,750 Amesbury,.............. 2,471 Weymouth......... 3,738 Chelsea.................. 2,390 Sandwich,.......... 3,719 Methuen,................ 2,251 Adams.............. 3,703 Bradford,................ 2,222 West Springfield,. 3,626 Braintree,................ 2,168 Attleborough,....... 3,585 Stoughton,............... 2,142 Hingham,.......... 3,564 Provincetown,.......... 2,122 Westfield,.......... 3,526 Easton,.................. 2,074 ~- 225,553 Rhode Island,..Smithfield,.......... 9,534 Scituate,................ 4,090 Newport,........... 8,333 Bristol,................. 3,490 Warwick........... 6,726 Tiverton,............... 3,183 North Providence, 4,207 Warren.................. 2,437 1~ - -. 42,000 Connecticut,....Hartford,.......... 9,468 Stamford................ 3,516 New London,...... 5,519 Saybrook,................ 3,417 Danbury,........... 4,504 Berlin................... 3,411 Norwich,........... 4,200 Windham,............... 3,382 Litchfield,.......... 4,038 Bridgeport,............. 3,294 New Milford,...... 3,974 Newton,............... 3,189 Greenwich,........ 3,921 Glastonbury,............. 3,077 Stonington,........ 3,898 Woodstock,............. 3,053 Norwalk,........... 3,863 Groton,.................. 2,963 Wethersfield,...... 3,824 Derby,............... 2,851 Killingly,.......... 3,685 Ridgefield,.............. 2,474 Waterbury,........ 3,668 Milford,................. 2,455 Fairfield,............ 3,654 Plainfield,................ 2,383 East Windsor,..... 3,600 Mansfield,.............. 2,276 Thompson.......... 3,535 Plymouth,.............. 2,205 Middleton,.......... 3,511 112,808 New York,......Poughkeepsie,..... 8,000 Waterloo,............... 2,600 Schenectady,........ 6,748 Ogdensburg,............ 2,600 Syracuse,........... 6,500 Salina,.................. 2,600 Lockport,.......... 6,500 Plattsburg,............... 2,600 Newburgh,......... 6,000 Little Falls............ 2,500 Hudson,........... 5,672 Saratoga Springs....... 2,500 Auburn,........... 5,626 Sing Sing............... 2,500 West Troy,........ 5,000 Rome,............... 2,500 Williamsburg,.... 5,000 Elmira................... 2,300 Oswego,........... 4,500 Kingston,............... 2,300 Ithaca,............ 4,000 Ulster,.................. 2,300 Watertown,........ 4,000 Batavia,................. 2,000 Geneva.............. 3,600 Flushing............... 2,000 Lansingburg,...... 3,000 Palmyra................. 2,000 Seneca Falls....... 3,000 Peekskill,............... 2,000 Binghampton,...... 2,800 Sackett's Harbour,.... 2,000 Catskill,........... 2,800 Keeseville,.............. 2,000 Canandaigua,..... 2,600 - 124,646 in the United States in Fifty Years. 131 Table of all the Towns in the United States, etc.-Continued. States. Towns.. Pop. Towns. Pop. Total. New Jersey,....Paterson,........... 7,596 Orange................... 3,264 Elizabeth Boro',... 4,184 Jersey City,............. 3,072 Trenton,............ 4,035 Princeton,................ 3,055 Burlington,......... 3,434 Belville.................. 2,466 Camden,........... 3,371 -- 34,477 Pennsylvania,..Lancaster,.......... 8,417 Erie,..................... 3,412 Reading,............ 8,410 Chambersburg,......... 3,229 Harrisburg,......... 5,980 Norristown,............. 2,939 Easton,............. 4,865 West Chester,......... 2,152 York,................ 4,779 Washington,......... 2,062 Carlisle,............. 4,351 Lewistown,............. 2,058 Pottsville,.......... 4,345 56,999 Delaware,.......Wilmington,....... 8,367 Newcastle............ 2,737 Dover,............. 3,790 - - 14,894 Maryland,.......Fredericktown,... 7,179 Annapolis,............... 2,792 Hagerstown,....... 5,132 Cumberland,............ 2,428 - 17,531 Dist. of Colum.,.Alexandria,......... 8,459 Georgetown............. 7,312 15,771 Virginia,........Wheeling,......... 7,885 Fredericksburg,......... 3,974 Portsmouth,........ 6,477 Winchester.......... 3,454 Lynchburg,........ 6,395 28,185 North Carolina,.Wilmington,....... 4,744 Newbern,................ 3,690 Fayetteville,....... 4,285 Raleigh,................. 2,444 15,163 South Carolina,.Columbia................................................... 4,340 ~- 44,340 Georgia,.........Augusta,............ 6,403 Columbus,.............. 3,114 Macon,............ 3,927 Milledgeville,........... 2,095 15,539 Alabama,........Montgomery,...... 2,179 Tuscaloosa,*............ 2,000 4,179 Mississippi,......Natchez,............ 4,800 Vicksburg,............ 3,104 7,904 Louisiana,......Lafayette,.......... 3,207 BatonRouge,............ 2,269 5,476 Tennessee,......Nashville,.......... 6,929 Knoxville,t.............. 3,500 - 10,429 Kentucky,.......Lexington,.......... 6,997 Covington,............... 2,026 Maysville,.......... 2,741 Frankfort,.............. 2,000 13,764 Ohio,............Cleveland,......... 6,071 Lancaster,'............... 3,272 Dayton.............. 6,067 Newark,................ 2,705 Columbus,.......... 6,048 Mount Vernon,......... 2,362 Zanesville,.......... 4,766 Circleville,.............. 2,329 Steubenville,..... 4,247 Springfield,............ 2,062 Chillicothe,........ 3,977 43,906 Indiana,........New Albany,...... 4,226 Indianapolis, 2,692 Madison,........... 3,798 Richmond............... 2,070 12,786 * This town, the seat of government in Alabama, had a population of but 1,949 when the census was taken. t The population of this town is not given in the census. t This town, the seat of government in Kentucky, had a population of but 1,917 when the census was taken. 132 Progress of Population and Wcalth Table of all the Towns in the United States, etc. —Continued. States. Towns. Pop. Towns. Pop. Total. Illinois,..........Chicago,........... 4,470 Alton,........... 2,340 Springfield,......... 2,579 Quincy,................. 2,319 ~~~~I ~ 11,708 Michigan,.......Detroit,....................................... 9,102 9,102 Florida,..........St. Augustine,......................................... 2,453 2,453 Total of towns of between 10,000 and 2,000 inhabitants each......... 991,590 Table of the aggregate Town Population in each State, and of its ratio to the whole Population of thl State. POPULATION OF TOWNS-o to Ratio to STATES, &C. TOTAL. whole PopOf 10,000 inhab- Between 10,000 ulation. itants and upw. and 2,000 inhab. Maine................... 15,218 107,937 123,155 24.5 New Hampshire,.......................... 55,459 55,459 19.4 Vermont,................................... 31,010 31,010 10.6 Massachusetts....................... 163,817 225,553 389,370 52.7 Rhode Island.................... 23,171 42,000 65,171 60.4 Connecticut,......................... 12,960 112,808 125,768 37.9 New England States,.......... 215,166 574,767 789,933 35.3 New York,.................... 453,184 92,217 545,401 22.4 New Jersey,........................ 17,290 34,477 51,767 13.8 Pennsylvania,....................... 237,054 56,999 294,053 17.3 Delaware,.......................................... 14,894 14,894 19. Maryland,.............................. 102,313 17,531 119,844 25. 5 102,313, 17,531 119,844 25.5 District of Columbia,......... 23,364 15,771 39,135........... Middle States................... 833,205 231,889 1,065,094 20.8 Virginia,.................. 42,209 28,185 70,394 5.6 North Carolina,................................ 15,163 15,163 2. South Carolina,................... 29,261 4,340 33,601 5.6 Georgia............................. 11,214 15,539 26,753 3.8 Florida,...................................... 2,453 2,453 4.5 Southern States,......... 82,684 65,680 148,364 4.4 Alabama,.......................... 12,672 4,179 16,851 2.8 Mississippi,...................................... 7,904 7,904 2.1 Louisiana,.......................... 102,193 5,476 107,669 30.5 Arkansas,.............................................................................. Tennessee,.................... 10,429. 10,429 1.2 Southwestern States,......... 114,865 27,988 142,853 6.6 Missouri......................... 16,469................. 16,469 4.3 Kentucky............ 21,210 13,764 34,974 4.5 Ohio............................ 46,338 43,906 90,244 5;9 Indiana,............................................... 12,786 12,786 1.8 Illinois................................. 11,708 11,708 2.4 Michigan....................................... 9,102 9,102 4.3 Northwestern States,........... 84,017 91,266 175,283 4.2 Total...................... 1,329,937 991,590 2,321,527 13.6 in the United States in Fifty Years. 133 By thus extending our estimate to all the " principal towns" mentioned in the census, we find that the number is increased from thirty-one towns to two hundred and fifty, and that the proportion of town population is augmented from about a thirteenth to near a seventh, with a yet greater disparity among the States than was shown as to the towns of more than 10,000 inhabitants. But this state of facts is, in part, fallacious. It involves an important error, resulting from the application of the term " towns," in New England, to those subdivisions of a country, which are generally called " townships" or " parishes;" and whose whole population in New England, though the greater part is essentially rural, has, by reason of this inconvenient provincialism, been returned by the census as town population. For the want of adequate means of separating the inhabitants of the town or village from those of the township, (which, moreover, would, from the irregular dispersion of the buildings, be not always easy even to those on the spot,) the census has been implicitly followed as to these " principal towns" in New England; though, from the proportion of their inhabitants who are agricultural, it seems probable that more than half their population should be deducted from the town population here estimated. In New York, where the same provincialism extensively prevails, the census has erred in an opposite way, by noticing in the northern part of the State none but incorporated cities; and thus busy and compactly built towns, here called " villages," of 5,000 inhabitants and upwards, have been omitted in one-half the State, while, in the other, much smaller towns. and even townships, have been occasionally noticed; though in neither district has it descended to towns of but 2,000 inhabitants. To supply these omissions, the estimate made of the town population of New York, in " Holley's State Register," for 1843, has been adopted. Similar omissions of small towns may also have occurred in other States, which we have not the same means of correcting. They, altogether, cannot equal the omissions in New York. But were these errors corrected, the three more southern New England States would still have the largest proportion of town population of any of the States. The circumstances which determine this proportion, in a State, are the density of its population, the extent of its commerce, and that of its manufactures. It is mainly owing to the first cause, that all the New England and the Middle States have a greater town population than the other divisions. It is from their extensive commerce, that Maryland and Louisiana exceed the 12 134 Progress of Population and Wealth neighbouring States in the same way, and that Massachusetts exceeds the rest of New England. It is to the want both of commerce and manufactures, that Indiana, Tennessee, and North Carolina, have so few and such small towns. It is, indeed, from their exclusive pursuit of agriculture, in the slaveholding States, as well as their difference in density, that the number of their town inhabitants, with the exception of Delaware, Maryland, and Louisiana, rarely exceeds a twentieth, and will not average more than a thirtieth of their whole population. If the proportion in the whole United States could be correctly ascertained, by the correction of the errors adverted to, it would probably be found that those who live in towns and villages containing at least 2,000 inhabitants, are not much more nor much less than one-eighth of the entire number. The effect of railroads, and of transportation by steam generally, is to stimulate the growth of towns, and especially of large towns. It is, therefore, likely that our principal cities will, at the next census, show as large a proportional increase as they have experienced in the last decennial period. in the United States in Fifty Years. 135 CHAPTER XVII. DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDUSTRIOUS CLASSES. IN 1890, for the first time, the census took an account of the number of persons who were severally employed in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. In the succeeding census, no notice was taken of the occupations of the people; but that of 1840 gave a fuller enumeration of the industrious classes, distinguishing them under the several heads of mining, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, navigating the ocean, internal navigation, and the learned professions. The result of each census may be seen in the following tables: TABLE I.-Showing the number of persons engaged in Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures in the several States, according to the census of 1820. STATES AND Agricul- Com- Manufac- STATES AND Agricul- Com- ManufacTERRITORIES ture. merce. tes TERITORIES. t merce. ures. Maine,............. 55,031 4,297 7,643 South Carolina,. 166,707 2,684 6,747 New Hampshire,. 52,384 1,068 8,699 Georgia,.......... 101,185 2,139 3,557 Vermont,.......... 50,951 776 8,484 Massachusetts,... 63,460 13,301 33,464 Southern States, 718,510 11,883 54,484 Rhode Island,.... 12,559 1,162 6,09 1 ----- Connecticut,....... 50,518 3,581 17,541 Alabama........ 30,642 452 1,412 -__ - --— _ Mississippi,...... 22,033 294 650 New England S.,l 284,903 24,185 81,922 Louisiana,........ 53,941 6,251 6,041 _-___ ___ _......_~ ~.... _Tennessee..... 101,919 882 7,860 New York,.......l 247,648 9,113 60,038 Arkansas....... 3,613 79 179 New Jersey....... 40,812 1,830 15,941 Pennsylvania,.... 140,801 7,083 60,215 Southwestern S. 212,148 7,958 16,142 Delaware,......... 13,259 533 2,821 _____ Maryland,......... 79,135 4,771 18,640 Kentucky,....... 132,161 1,617 11,779 Dist. of Columbia, 853 312 2,184 Ohio............. 110,991 1,459 18,956 -- Indiana,.......... 61,315 429 3,229 Middle States,.... 522,508 23,842 159,839 Illinois,.......... 12,395 233 1,007!~_..____-.~~~ _ _.Missouri,......... 14,247 495 1,952 Virginia........... 276,422 4,509 32,336 Michigan,....... 1,468 392 196 North Carolina,.. 174,196 2,551 11,844 ~_ -__ Northwestern S. 332,577 4,625 37,110 Total of United States................................. 70,646 72,4934,506 136 Progress of Population and Wealth TABLE II.-Showing the number of persons engaged in Mining, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Navigating the Ocean, Internal Navigation, and the Learned Professions, according to the census of 1840. STATES Agricul Corn- Manufac- Naviga- Internal Learned AND Mining. ture. merce. tures. ting the naviga- profes- TOTAL. TERRITORIES. Ocean. tion. sions. Maine,............. 36 101,630 2,921 21,879 10,091 539 1,889 New Hampshire,.. 13 77,949 1,379 17,826 452 198 1,640 Vermont,........... 77 73,150 1,333 13,174 41 146 1,563 Massachusetts,.... 499 87,837 8,063 85,176 27,153 372 3,804 Rhode Island,...... 35 16,617 1,348 21,271 1,717 228 457 Connecticut,........ 151 56,955 2,743 27,932 2,700 431 1,697 New England S.,. 811 414,138 17,757 187,258 42,154 1,914 11,050 675,082 NewYork,......... 1,898 455,954 28,468 173,193 5,511 10,167 14,111 New Jersey,....... 266 56,701 2,283 27,004 1,143 1,625 1,627 Pennsylvania,..... 4,603 207,533 15,338 105,883 1,815 3,951 6,706 Delaware,......... 5 16,015 467 4,060 401 235 199 Maryland,.......... 320 72,046 3,281 21,529 717 1,528 1,666 Dist. of Columbia,.......... 384 240 2,278 126 80 203 Middle States..... 7,092 808,633 50,077 333,947 9,713 17,586 24,512 1,251,580 Virginia,........... 1,995 318,771 6,361 54,147 582 2,952 3,866 North Carolina,.... 589 217,095 1,734 14,322 327 379 1,086 South Carolina,.... 51 198,363 1,958 10,325 381 348 1,481 Georgia........... 574 209,383 2,428 7,984 262 352 1,250 Florida,........... 1 12,117 481 1,177 435 118 204 Southern States,.. 3,210 955,729 12,962 87,955 1,987 4,149 7,887 1,073,879 Alabama,.......... 96 177,439 2,212 7,195 256 758 1,514 Mississippi,........ 14 139,724 1,303 4,151 33 100 1,506 Louisiana,......... 1 79,289 8,549 7,565 1,322 662 1,018 Arkansas........... 41 26,355 215 1,173 3 39 301 Tennessee,......... 103 227,739 2,217 17,815 55 302 2,042 Southwestern S.,. 255 650,546 14,496 37,899 1,669 1,861 6,381 713,107 Missouri,.......... 742 92,408 2,522 11,100 39 1,885 1,469 Kentucky,.......... 331 197,738 3,448 23,217 44 968 2,487 Ohio................. 704 272,579 9,201 66,265 212 3,323 5,663 Indiana,............ 233 148,806 3,076 20,590 89 627 2,257 Illinois,........... 782 105,337 2,506 13,185 63 310 2,021 Michigan.......... 40 56,521 728 6,890 24 166 904 Wisconsin......... 794 7,047 479 1,814 14 209 259 Iowa,............... 217 10,469 355 1,629 13 78 365 Northwestern S.,. 3,843 890,905 22,315 144,690 498 7,566 15,425 1,085,242 Total.......... 15,211 3,719,951 117,607 791,749 56,021 33,076 65.255 4,798,870 in the United States in Fifty Years. 137 TABLE III. —Comparative View of the number of persons employed in Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures, in the five great divisions of the United States, in 1820 and 1840, and the relative proportions of each class. Number of persons employed in Centesimal proportions. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS., TOTAL. Agricul- Com- Manufac- Agricul- Com- Manuture. merce. tures. ture. merce. factures. New England S,. 1820 283,903 24,184 81,922 391,010 72.8 6.2 21. ew ngan.,. 1840 414,138 17,757 187,258 619,153 66.7 2.9 30.2 Middle State 1820 522,508 23,842 159,839 706,189 74. 3.4 22.6 Ie aes. 1840 808,633 50,077 333,947 1,192,657 67.8 4.2 28. Southern States,.. 1820 718,510 11,883 54,484 784,877 91.6 1.5 6.9 1840 955,729 12,962 87,955 1,056,646 90.5 1.2 8.3 Southestern S.,. 1820 212,148 7,958 16,142 236,248 89.8 3.4 6.8 1840 650,546 14,496 37,899 702,941 92.5 2.1 5.4 Northwestern S. 1820 332,577 4,625 37,119 364,321 88.5 1.3 10.2 orwestern.,. 1840 890,905 22,315 144,690 1,057,910 84.2 2.2 13.6 Total U. States, 1820 2,070,646 72,493 349,506 2,483,645 83.4 2.9 13.7 al U. States, 1840 3,719,951 117,607 791,749 4,629,307 80.4 2.5 17.1 TABLE IV.-Showing the proportions in which the several industrious classes of the Union, according to the census of 1840, are distributed among its great geographical divisions. Per centage of persons employed inGEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. TOTAL. Agri- Corn- Manu- Naviga- Internal LearnMining. culture merce. facures. ting the naviga- ed proOcean. tion. fessions. New England States,.... 5.3 11.1 15.1 23.6 75.3 5.8 16.9 14.1 Middle States,............. 46.7 21.7 42.6 42.2 17.3 53.2 37.6 26.1 Southern States,.......... 21.1 24.8 11. 11.1 3.5 5.6 12.1 22.3 Southwestern States,.... 1.6 18.5 12.3 4.8 3. 12 5 9.8 14.9 Northwestern States,.... 25.3 23.9 19. 18 3.9 22.9 23.6 22.6 100. 100. 00. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. TABLE V.-Showing the ratio uhich the number of persons in the several industrious classes of each great geographical division of the States bears to the whole population of such division, according to the census of 1840. Number of persons employed inWhole ~~__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - Ila b o r n g GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. Agr- Co Man- Naviga- Internal Learn- class, Mining, culture, merce, factures, tingth, naviga- edpro- as I to as 1 to as I to as I to as 1 to Ocea, tion, fessions, as 1 to as I to as I to New England States,.... 2755 5.4 126 12. 53 1161 292 3 31 Middle States............. 723 6.3 102 15.3 528 291 209 4.08 Southern States,.......... 1038 3.5 257 37.9 1677 802 422 3.01 Southwestern States,.... 8806 3.4 155 56.6 1345 1206 351 3.14 Northwestern States,.... 1075 4.6 185 28.5 8336 546 267 3.8 __ 1122 4.58 145 21.5 334 516 261 3.55 12* 138 Progress of Population and Wealth It seems, by the preceding tables, that the whole number of persons employed in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, bears nearly the same proportion to the whole population in both enumerations. In 1820, these classes, amounting to 2,483,645 persons, in a population of 9,638,131, were 25.7 per cent of the whole number; and, in 1840, the same classes amounted to 4,629,307 persons in a population of 17,069,453, which is 27.1 per cent. If the four classes, then added, be taken into the estimate, the proportion will be 28 per cent. This proportion must be regarded as a very large one, when it is recollected that the three classes in question comprehend a very small number of females, and that one-half, or very nearly one-half of the males, are under seventeen years of age. The proportion of adult males, in the industrious classes of Great Britain, seems to be nearly the same as in the United States, so far as we can compare them by means of the very different plans adopted in the two countries of enumerating those classes by the census. There, only the males of twenty years of age and upwards are reckoned; whilst here, all persons employed in the several branches of industry are counted, without distinction of age, sex, or condition. In 1831, the whole number of males in Great Britain, twenty years of age and upwards, was 3,944,511, who were thus distributed, according to the census: Employed in agriculture, as occupiers or labourers,... 1,243,057-equal to 31.5 p. cent. manufactures................................ 404,317, 39" 7 " retail trade or handicraft,................... 1,159,867 Labourers, employed in labour not agricul:ural,....... 608,7121 Servants......................................................... 78,699 [ A d 8 ~~~~~~~~Servants.78,699 9," 28.8 " Capitalists, professional and other educated men....... 214,390 f Other males...................................................235,499 J Total.............................................. 3,944,511 100. From this enumeration, it appears that, exclusive of the two last mentioned classes, amounting to 449,889 persons, there were 3,494,622 males, above the age of twenty, who were engaged in profitable, and, for the most part, manual occupations; and, consequently, according to Mr. G. R. Porter, one of the most accurate statistical writers of that country, the residue, who were not thus engaged, constitute 114 out of every 1,000 males of twenty years of age; and if the males included in the army and navy, and as seamen in registered vessels, be added to the whole population, the number will be reduced to 106 of every 1,000, or 10.6 per cent. To ascertain the number of the industrious class in the United in the United States in Fifty Years. 139 States, correspondent to that in the British enumeration, we must deduct, from the whole number returned by the census of 1840, the slaves comprehended under that class, the free coloured persons, the white females, the white males under twenty years of age, and the professional men, for none of which deductions, except the last, have we any data at once precise and authentic. The following conjectural estimate, however, is probably not wide of the truth. 1. The slaves. As, in this part of the population, both women and children are employed in field labour, especially in the cottongrowing States, we are led to assign to the labouring class a far greater proportion of the whole number than is usual; but, on the other hand, that proportion must be greatly reduced when we recollect that nearly 34 per cent of the whole number are under ten years of age; and that much the larger part of the females, as well as a considerable number of the males, both adults and boys, are employed as household servants, who were not reckoned in this part of the census. When, to these deductions, we make a fair allowance for the infirm and superannuated, two-fifths of the whole number would seem to be a liberal estimate for the slave labour comprehended in the census; and this rough estimate receives confirmation from a careful inspection of the returns, and a comparison between the number of productive labourers in the slaveholding and other States. 2. The free coloured. The occupations of persons of this class being nearly the same as those of the slaves, we will also deduct two-fifths of their whole number. 3. The white females. These are not employed in great numbers in any branch of industry noted in the census, except in the manufactories of cotton, and other woven fabrics. The whole number thus employed, in doors and out of doors, was, according to the census of 1840, 109,612. If, in some of these establishments, the females are most numerous, in others, there are few or none. We will, therefore, suppose one-half of the whole number to be females. 4. The white males under twenty years of age. In the absence of all other data, let us suppose that the number of this description is equal to the whole number of white males between fifteen and twenty years of age, (756,022,) after deducting the scholars attending the colleges and grammar schools, (180,503.) This would make the boys, comprehended in the industrious classes, 575,519. If the several deductions be made, in conformity with the preceding views, the result will be as follows: 140 Progress of Population and Wealth In all the departments of industry,.............................persons............ 4,798,870 Deduct, for two-fifths of the coloured population,.................... 1,149,598 " the white females employed in manufactures,........... 54,806 " white males under 20 years of age,...................... 575,519 professional men............................................. 65,255 - 1,845,178 The whole number of white males above 20 years of age employed in trade and manual labour..................................................................... 2,953,692 Now, the whole number of free white males over twenty years of age was, by the census of 1840, 3,318,837; from which, if the above number of 2,953,692 be deducted, the difference, which is 365,145, and which comprehends the professional, the superannuated, and the idle classes, is equivalent to 110 adult males out of 1,000, or 11 per cent. If, however, two-fifths be too large a proportion for the working slaves reckoned in the census, as many will think, a reduction of their number will, to the same extent, increase the number of white male labourers, and diminish the number of the professional and unproductive class. But the proportion of this class is not likely to differ much in the two countries; for, in truth, nineteen-twentieths of the men in every country are compelled to work by their hands or their wits for the means of subsistence, suited to their habits and tastes, and the difference between different countries is not so much in the quantity of the labour performed, as in its quality and efficiency. Whilst all civilized countries are so much alike as to the amount of labour put in requisition to satisfy human wants, they differ very greatly as to the distribution of that labour among the three principal branches of industry; and the difference is very great in this respect, not only between the several States, but in the whole United States, in 1820 and 1840. It is seen by Table III. that the proportion of labour employed in agriculture and commerce had diminished; while that employed in manufactures had, in twenty years, increased from 13.7 per cent to 17.1 per cent of the whole. The positive increase in that time was from 349,506 persons employed in 1820, to 791,749 employed in 1840. This increase was greatest in the New England States, whose manufacturing population had enlarged from 21 per cent, in 1820, to 30.2 per cent in 1840; in which time the same class of population had nearly trebled in Massachusetts, and more than trebled in Rhode Island. In the Southwestern States, alone, the proportion of the agricultural class had increased; in all the others it had diminished. In the Middle and Northwestern States, the proportion employed in commerce experienced a small increase. In several of in the United States in Fifty Years. 141 the States, not only was the proportion less in 1840 than it had been in 1820, but the number of persons actually employed in commerce was less. This was the case in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and to a smaller extent, in Delaware, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Is this falling off to be attributed solely to the loss of our legitimate share of the West India trade since 1830, or, in part, also, to some difference in the mode of taking the census, by which a portion of the seamen, who, in 1840, were separately numbered, were, in 1820, reckoned among the persons employed in commerce? The first cause seems quite adequate to the effect produced. If we suppose that the whole labour of Great Britain is distributed among the several departments of industry in the same proportions as the labour of the males above twenty years of age, the difference of distribution in that country and this is very striking. In that country, agricultural labour is but 31.5 cent of the whole; here, it is 77.5 per cent. In that country, manufactures and trade employ 28.8 per cent of the whole labour; here, they employ but 18.9 per cent. Each country employs its industry in that way which is most profitable, and best suited to its circumstances. Table IV. shows how the different departments of productive industry are distributed among the five great divisions of the States, in centesimal proportions. Two-thirds of the mining labour is in the Middle and Southern States. The Southern States stand foremost in agricultural labour, though they hold but the third rank in population. The Middle States employ the least labour in agriculture, in proportion to their numbers. In commerce, however, they employ the most, and next to them, the New England States. The same two divisions take the lead in manufactures, they contributing nearly two-thirds of the labour employed in this branch of industry. Three-fourths of the seamen are furnished by New England, of which nine-tenths belong to Massachusetts and Maine. More than half the labour employed in inland navigation is in the Middle States, and, next to them, are the Northwestern States. Of that department of industry which comprehend the learned professions, and which is at once the best fruit of civilization, and the most powerful agent of its further advancement, the New England and Middle States have the largest proportion, though there is less diversity in this than in any other class of industry. Of the individual States, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia employ the greatest number in mining; in agriculture, New York, 142 Progress of Population and Wealth Virginia, and Ohio; in commerce, New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Massachusetts; in ocean navigation, next to Massachusetts and Maine, but far behind, is New York; in internal navigation, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia furnish 20,000 out of the 30,000 employed. In Table V. we see the various ratios which the persons employed in the several branches of industry bear to the whole population in the several divisions of the States. According to this table, without regarding local diversities, and taking the whole United States together, the great classes of occupation range themselves in the following order, viz: The number of persons employed in agriculture,.............................1 out of 41, " " manufactures........................... " 21j,c " " commerce,.............................. " 145... " the learned professions,.............. " 261 -' " " navigating the ocean,.................. " 304'" " " internal navigation,..................... " 516 "' " " mining,.......................... " 1122 Taking all the employments together, the number engaged is 355 out of every 1,000 of the whole population; which implies, on the grounds already stated, that there can be but a very small proportion of males who are not occupied in some mode of profitable industry. in the United States in Fifty Years. 143 CHAPTER XVIII. EDUCATION. IN addition to the new subjects already mentioned, the census of 1840, also, for the first time, embraced the statistics of education. For this purpose, all schools for the instruction of youth were divided into three classes, viz: 1. Universities or colleges. 2. Academies and grammar schools. 3. Primary schools; and the number of each description, together with the number of scholars attending each, in the several States, were given. It also enumerated the scholars educated at the public charge in each State, and the number of white persons over twenty years of age who could not read and write. Of the many substantial benefits of educating the people, it is scarcely necessary now to speak; since, wherever the experiment has been made, it has been found to favour industry, prudence, temperance, and honesty, and thus eminently conduce to the respectability and happiness of a people. But the motives for giving knowledge a wide diffusion are peculiarly strong in this country, where the people being the sole source of political power, all legislation and measures of public policy must, in a greater or less degree, reflect the opinions and feelings of the great mass of the community, and be wise and liberal, or weak and narrow-minded, according to the character of those by whose suffrages authority is given and is taken away. If the body of the people be not instructed and intelligent, how can they understand their true interests-how distinguish the honest purposes of the patriot from the smooth pretences of the hypocrite-how feel the paramount obligations of law, order, justice, and public faith? 144 Progress of Population and Wealth Table showing the number of Universities or Colleges, of Academies and Grammar Schools, of Primary and Common Schools, in the United States, with the number of Scholars of each description, the number of Scholars at public charge, and the number of TVhite Pcrsons over 20 years of age who cannot read and write, according to the census of 1840. Univer- Acade- Scholars STATES AND sities St mies Scholars. Pimary Scholars. at Illiterate. TERRITORIES. and ents. Gramar Schools. public colleges. Schools. charge. Maine............. 4 266 86 8,477 3,385 164,477 60,212 3,241 New Hampshire,. 2 433 68 5,799 2,127 83,632 7,715 942 Vermont,............ 3 233 46 4,113 2,402 82,817 14,701 2,276 Massachusetts,.... 4 769 251. 16,746 3,362 160,257 158,351 4,448 Rhode Island...... 2 324 52 3,664 434 17,355 10,749 1,614 Connecticut,... 4 832 127 4,865 1,619 65,739 10,912 526 N. England States, 19 2,857 630 43,664 13,329 574,277 262,640 13,041 New York,........ 12 1,285 505 34,715 10,593 502,367 27,075 44,452 New Jersey........ 3 443 66 3,027 1,207 52,583 7,128 6,385 Pennsylvania,...... 20 2,034 290 15,970 4,978 179,989 73,908 33,940 Delaware.......... 1 23 20 764 152 6,924 1,571 4,832 Maryland...... 12-%. 813 133 4,289 565 16,851 6,624 11,817 Middle States..... 50 4,822 1,040 60,154 17,514 741,565 116,788 102,459 Virginia............. 13 1,097 382 11,083 1,561 35,331 9,791 58,787 North Carolina,.... 2 158 141 4,398 632 14,937 124 56,609 South Carolina,.... 1 168 117 4,326 566 12,520 3,524 20,615 Georgia............. 11 622 176 7,878 601 15,561 1,333 30,717 Florida,............................... 18 732 51 925 14 1,303 Southern States,... 27 2,045 834 28,417 3,411 79,274 14,786 168,031 Alabama,.. 2 152 114 5,018 639 16,243 3,213 22,592 Mississippi,.. 7 454 71 2,553 382 8,236 107 8,360 Louisiana,..... 12 989 52 1,995 179 3,573 1,190 4,861 Arkansas,............... 8 300 113 2,614..... 6,567 Tennessee. 8 492 152 5,539 983 25,090 6,907 58,531 Southw'rn States,. 29 2,087 397 15,405 2,296 55,756 11,417 100,911 Missouri............ 6 495 47 1,926 642 16,788 526 19,457 Kentucky,...... 10 1,419 116 4,906 952 24,641 429 40,018 Ohio................ 18 1,717 73 4,310.5,186 218,609 51,812 35,394 Indiana,.......... 4 322 54 2,946 1,521 48,189 6,929 38,100 Illinois.............. 5 311 42 1,967 1,241 34,876 1,683 27,502 Michigan,......... 5 158 12 485 975 29,701 998 2,173 Wisconsin... 2 65 77 1,937 315 1,701 Iowa........................ 7 7. 1 25 63 1,500..... 1,118 Northw'rn States,. 48 4,222 347 16,630 10,657 376,241 62,692 165,463 Total.......... 173 16,233 3,248 164,270 47,207 1,845,113468,323 549,905 in the United States in Fifty Years. 145 Table s7owi:ng the Ratio which the number of College Students, of Students in the Gram;.,,; Schools and in the Primary Schools, and the number of the Illiterate in each State, bear to the white population of such State.'Rat. to white pop. ofsch. in Rat. to white pop. of sch. in STATES AND Ratio to STATES AND Ratio to TERRIT'RIES iter. TERRITRIES. llliter'e. Col- Gram. Primary Col- Gram. Primary leges. Schools. Schools. leges. Schools. Sehools. As 1 to As I to As to As Ito As Ito As Ito As to As I to Maine...... 1833 59. 3. 154. Florida,......... 38.1 30.2 21.4 N. Hamp.,. 656 48 8 3.4 300. Vermont,... 1250 70.8 3.5 128. SouthernS., 939 67.5 24.2 11.4 Massachus., 948 43.5 4.5 164. _ R. Island,... 326 28 8 6. 65.4 Alabama,... 2295 66.8 20.6 14.8 Connectic't, 362 62 6 4.6 574. Mississippi,. 394 70.1 21.7 21.4 l -~ ~ ~ - Louisiana,. 160 79.4 44.3 32.6 N.Engl'dS.I 774 50.6 3.8 169.6 Arkansas,... 258. 29.6 11.8 Tennessee,. 1302 115. 25.5 10.9 New York,. 1851 68.5 4.7 53.5 N.Jersey,.. 793 116. 6.7 55. S'west'rn S. 666 90.2 24.9 13.7 Pennsylvan. 825 105. 9.3 49.4 Delaware,.. 2546 76.6 8.4 12.1 Missouri,... 654 168. 19.3 16.6 Maryland,. 391 74.3 16.9 26 9 Kentucky,. 416 120. 23.9 14.7 Dist. ofCol., 136 2.2 36.6 29.6 Ohio....... 874 348. 6.8 42.4 ~ ~ ~ ~l. Indiana,.... 2107 233. 14. 17.8 MiddleS.,.. 998 80. 6.5 47. Illinois,.... 1518 240. 13.5 17.1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Michigan,. 1382 436. 7 1 97.3 Virginia,.... 678 60.9 20.9 12.6 Wisconsin,. 473. 15 9 18. N.Carolina, 3662 110. 32.4 8 5 Iowa,...............1717. 28.6 38.4 S. Carolina, 1542 59 9 20.7 12 5 eoigia,.... 655 51.7 26.2 13.2 N'west'nS., 912 231. 10.2 23.3 Total,.... 874 86.37 7.69 25 27 The preceding table shows, that the number of college students amounts to somewhat more than a nine-hundredth part of the whie population; that the scholars of the academies and grammar schools are ten times as numerous as the college students; that the scholars of the primary schools are near twelve times as numerous as the last; and that the scholars of every description are equal to just one-seventh of the white population. The relative numbers, distributed in centesimal proportions, would be as follows: College students,................................................. 0.8 per cent. Scholars in grammar schools...................................................... 8.1 " " primary schools,......................................................... 91.1 4 100. If the free coloured be added to the white population, in consideration of that class furnishing a proportion of the scholars in the primary schools, the proportion which each description of scho. lars bears to the free population would be thus reduced, viz: college students, as 1 to 8.90; scholars in grammar schools, as 1 to 13 146 Progress of Population and Wealth 88. -; scholars in primary schools, as 1 to 7.-9; and the scholars of every description, as 1 to 7 9. The diversity among the States, as to the proportion of scholars, is principally in those of the primary schools. In the number of college students, no division of the States has greatly above or below the average of 1 to 874 of the white population; and in the scholars of the grammar schools, the Northwestern States differ widely fiom the other divisions. But in the primary, or elementary schools, the proportion in New England is nearly double that of the Middle States, nearly three times that of the Northwestern States, and between six and seven times as great as those of the Southern, and Southwestern States. The difference, as to the number of illiterate, is yet greater. If the other divisions be compared with New England, the number who cannot read and write is, in the last, three and a half times as great in the Middle States; seven times as great in the Northwestern States; twelve times in the Southwestern States; and nearly fifteen times in the Southern States. These diversities are attributable to several causes, but principally to the difference in density of numbers, and in the proportion of town population. In a thiniy-peopled country, it is very difficult for a poor man to obtain schooling for his children, either by his own means, or by any means that the State is likely to provide but where the population is dense, and especially in towns, it is quite practicable to give to every child the rudiments of education, without onerously taxing the community. This is almost literally true in all the New England States and New York, and is said to be the case in the kingdom of Prussia. It is true that, in the Northwestern States, and particularly those which are exempt from slaves, the number of their elementary schools is much greater than that of the Southern or Southwestern States, although their population is not much more dense; but, besides that. the settlers of those States, who were mostly from New England or New York, brought with them a deep sense of the value and importance of the schools for the people, they were better able to provide such schools, in consequence of their making their settlements, as had been done in their parent States, in townships and villages. We thus see that Michigan, which has but a thin population even in the settled parts of the State, has schools for nearly one-seventh of its population. The wise policy pursued, first in New England, and since by the States settled principally by their emigrants, of laying off their territory into townships, and of selling all the lands of a in the United States in Fifty Years. 147 portion before those of other townships are brought into market, has afforded their first settlers the benefits of social intercourse and of co-operation. In this way, they were at once provided with places of worship and with schools adapted to their circumstances. The census also shows a great difference among the States, as to the number of scholars at public charge; but this difference is owing principally to the different modes in which they have severally provided for popular instruction. In some, the primary schools are supported by a tax, as Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; in others, by a large public fund, as in Connecticut, Virginia, and some others; and others, again, partly by the public treasury and partly by private contribution, as in New York. In both the last cases, the children are.not considered as educated at the public expense, though the difference between them and the first class of cases is essentially the same, so far as regards the public bounty. Of the three descriptions of schools, the elementary, by their great number, seem to be far the most deserving of consideration, if we look merely to their direct influence on individuals; but if we regard the political and general effects of each, it is not easy to say which contributes most to the well-being of the community. The primary schools give instruction and improvement to the bulk of the voters, the great reservoir of political power. The grammar schools educate that class whose views and feelings mainly constitute public opinion on all questions of national policy, legislation, and morals, and who thus give political power its particular directions. It is from the least numerous class —the collegiate —that the most efficient legislators, statesmen, and other public' functionaries are drawn, as well as those professional men who take care of the health, the rights, and the consciences of men. There is another important class of instructors of which the census takes no separate notice, that is, the ministers of religion, who, once a week or oftener, besides performing the rites of worship, each according to the modes of his sect, indoctrinate large congregations in articles of faith, and inculcate man's religious and moral duties. The number of ministers of every denomination, at the taking of the last census, was computed to exceed 20,000, and the deeply interesting character of the topics on which they treat, gives to this class of teachers a most powerful influence over the minds of men; but, fortunately, it is so divided by the mutual counteractions of rival sects, that it can no longer upheave the 148 Progress of Population and Wealth foundations of civil society, or seriously affect the public peace. Yet the influence of the ministers over their respective followers is Tather enhanced than diminished by the rivalry of different sects, and the more, as they are all improving in information and oratorical talent. They occasionally bear away the palm of eloquence both from the bar and the deliberative assemblies. If this vast moral power spends its force yet oftener on speculative subtleties than on awakening emotion or influencing conduct; if it aims more to teach men what to think, than how to feel or to act, this circumstance affords, perhaps, as much matter of congratulation as regret, when we recollect how easy the pure, mild, and healthy influence which religion might exert, and which we sometimes see it exert, could be converted into bitter intolerance and the excesses of wild fanaticism. There is yet another source of popular instruction-the periodical press-which is noticed by the census as a branch of manufacturing industry, and which is exclusiuely occupied, not merely with worldly affairs, but with the events of the passing hour. It keeps every part of the country informed of all that has occurred in every other which is likely to touch men's interests or their sympathies. Nor, in attending to the vast, does it overlook the minute. Every discovery in science or art, every improvement in husbandry or household economy, in medicine or cosmetics, real or supposed, is immediately proclaimed. Scarcely can an overgrown ox or hog make its appearance on a farm, or even an extraordinary apple or turnip, but their fame is heralded through the land. Here we learn every legislative measure, from that which establishes a tariff to that which gives a pension; every election or appointment, from a president to a postmaster; the state of the market, the crops, and the weather. Not a snow is suffered to fall, or a very hot or very cold day to appear, without being recorded. We may here learn what every man in every city pays for his loaf or his beefsteak, and what he gives, in fact, for almost all he eats, drinks, and wears. Here deaths and marriages, crimes and benefactions, the pursuits of business and amusement, exhibit the varied, ever-changing drama of human life. Here, too, we meet with the speculations of wisdom and science, the effusions of sentiment, and the sallies of wit; and it is not too much to say, that the jest that has been uttered in Boston or Louisville is, in little more than a week, repeated in every town in the United States, or that the wisdom or the pleasantry, the ribaldry or the coarseness exhibited in one of the Halls of in the United States in Fifty Years. 149 Congress, is made as promptly, by the periodical press, to give pleasure or distaste to one hundred thousand readers. Nor is its agency limited to our own concerns. It has eyes to see and ears to hear all that is said and done in every part of the globe; and the most secluded hermit, if he only takes a newspaper, sees, as in a telescope, and often as in a mirror, everything that is transacted in the most distant regions; nor can anything memorable befall any considerable part of our species, that it is not forthwith communicated with the speed of steam to the whole civilized world. The newspaper press is thus a most potent engine, both for good and evil. It too often ministers to some of our worst passions, and lends new force to party intolerance and party injustice. " Incenditque animum dictis, atque aggerat iras." But its benefits are incalculably greater. By communicating all that is passing in the bustling world around us, whether it be little or great, useful or pernicious, pleasurable or painful, without those exaggerations and forced congruities which we meet with in other forms of literature, it imparts much of the same knowledge of men and things as experience and observation. Its novelties gives zest to life. It affords occupation to the idle, and recreation for the industrious. It saves one man from torpor, and relieves another from care. Even in its errors, it unconsciously renders a homage to virtue, by imputing guilt to those it attacks, and praising none to whom it does not impute merit and moral excellence. Let us hope that it will in time, without losing any of its usefilness, less often offend against good taste and good breeding, and show more fairness in political controversy. According to the census of 1840, there were then in the United States 130 daily newspapers, 1,142 issued weekly, and 125 twice or thrice a week, besides 237 other periodical publications. Such a diffusion of intelligence and information has never existed in any other country or age. 13* 150 Pr1ogress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER XIX. TIE PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY. HAVING traced the progress of the population of the United States friom 1790 to 1840; shown its distribution according to age, sex, race, condition, and pursuit; and deduced the laws of its increase, let us now turn our attention to that part of the census of 1840 which estimated the annual products of industry. These were arranged under the six heads of Mines, Agriculture, Commerce, Fisheries, the Forest, and Manufactures; each of which was subdivided into specific commodities and sources of profit, as follows: MINES. 1. Cast iron, 4. Gold. 7. Anthracite coal. 2. Bar iron, 5. Other metals. 8. Bituminous coal. 3. Lead. 6. Salt.* 9 Granite, marble &c. AGRICULTURE, 1. Horses and mules. 11. Indian corn, 21. Silk cocoons. 2. Neat cattle. 12. Wool. 22. Sugar. 3. Sheep. 13. Hps. 23. Firewood. 4. Swine. 14. Wax. 24. Products of the dairy. 5. Poultry. 15. Pota:oes. 25. 4" " orchard 6. Wheat. 16. Hay. 26. Wine. 7. Barley. 17. Hemp and flax. 27. Produce of market gar8. Oats. 18. Tobacco. dens. 9. Rye. 19. Rice. 28. Produce of nurseries, &c. 10. Buckwheat. 20. Cotton. 29. Domestic goods. COMMERCE. 1. Capital in foreign trade. 4. Capital in internal transportation, 2. " retail trade. 5. " the business of butchers, pack3. " lumber trade. ers, &c. FISHERIES, 1. Smoked and dried fish. 3. Spermaceti oil. 5. Whalebone, and other 2. Pickled fish. 4. Other fish oil. products of the fisheries. THE FOREST, 1. Lumber. 3. Pot and pearl ashes. 5. Ginseng, and other pro2. Tar, pitch, &c. 4. Skins and furs. ducts of the forest. MANUFACTURES. 1. Machinery. 7. Manuf. of granite, mar- 12. Manuf. of flax. 2. Hardware, cutlery, &c. ble, &c. 13. Mixed manufactures. 3. Cannon. 8. Bricks and lime. 14. Manuf. of tobacco. 4. Small arms. 9. Manuf. of wool. 15. Hats and caps. 5. Manuf. of prec. metals. 10. Manuf. of cotton. 16. Straw bonnets. 6. Manuf. of various metals. 11. " of silk. 17. Sole leather. * This comprehends salt manufactured fiom sea-water as well as mineral salt. in the United States in Fifty Years. 151 MANUFACTURES-Continued. 18. Upper leather, 27. Turpentine and varnish. 37. Musical instruments. 19. Manuf. of leather. 28. Glass. 38. Carriages. 20. Soap. 29. Pottery. 39. Flour mills. 21. Tallow candles. 31). Refined sugar. 40. Grist miils. 22. Spermaceti & wax can- 31. Chocolate. 41. Saw mills. dies. 32. Paper. 42. Oil mills. 23. Dis illed spirits. 33. Manuf. of paper. 43. Sl.ips. 24. Brewed liquors. 34. Bookbinding. 44. Furniture. 25. Gunpowder. 35. Printing. 45. H,uses. 26. Drugs, paints, dyes, &c. 36. Cordage. 46. Other manufactures. In about half of the preceding articles, the number or quantity is given by the census; in the rest, only the value annually produced. To all, except the products of agriculture, the number of men employed, and the amount of capital invested in each occupation, are severally annexed. Some further details are added to a few branches of business, as may be seen in the following compendium of this part of the census of 1840. MINES.-IRON. CAST IRON. BAR IRON. - STATES AND TERRI- k;'( Capital TORIE. Invested. ___ Maine.................. 16 6,122 1....285 48 $185,950 New Hampshire....... 15 1,320 2 125 2,104 121 98,200 Massachusetts......... 48 9,332 67 6,004 199,25 1,097 1,232,875 Rhode sland5 4,126..................... 227 29 22,250 Connecticut.28 6,495 44 3,623 16,933 895 577,300 Vermont..... 26 6,743 14 655 388,407 788 664,150 New York,...... 186 29,088 120 53,693 123,677 3,456 2,103,418 New Jersey,........... 26 11,114 80 7,171 27,425 2,056 1,721,820 Pennsylvania,.......... 213 98,395 169 87,244 355,903 11,522 7,781,471 Delaware,............... 2 17 5 449 971 28 36,200 Maryland,............... 12 8,876 17 7,900 24,422 1,782 795,650 Virginia,................ 42 18,810[ 52 5,886 36,588 1,742 1,246,650 North Carolina......... 8 968 43 963 11,598 468 94,961 South Carolina........ 4 1,250 9 1,165 6,334 248 113,300 Georgia................... 14 494 29............ 639 41 24,000 Alabama................30 5 75 157 30 9,500 Kentucky......... 17 29,206 13 3,637 35,501 1,108 449,000 Ohio. 72 35,236 19 7,466 104,312 2,268 1,161,900 Indiana................... 7 810 1 20 787 103 57,700 Illinois,, 15...... 24 744............................240 74 40,300 Missouri.................. 2 180 4 118 300 80 79,000 Arkansas.......................................................................................... Michigan,............... 451 99 60,800 Florida,............., 9.. Wiskonsin,...... 1...........,. 1 3 4, ~ 4,000 District of Columbia,............................. TOTAL,_.. 804 286,903 795 197,233 1,528,110 30,497 20,432,131,.,.~~~~~ I I._ 152 Progress of Population and Wealth MINES.-LEAD-GOLD-OTHER METALS. LEAD. GOLD. STATES AND TER-.g 1 s RITORIES..) Produc d Capital, q Capital Produced. I Invested. New Hampshire,. 1 1,000 2 500....................................... Massachusetts,.... Rhode Island................. Connecticut,.. New York,.........'670,000 333 221,000. New Jersey........................................ New Jersey,..... Pennsylvania...................................................................... Delaware.................................................................... Maryland,............... Virginia,'............ 5 878,648 73 21,500 11 $51,758 131. $103,650 North Carolina,... 2 10,000 30 50,000 10 255,618 389 9,832 South Carolina,.............................. 5 37,418 69 40,000 Georgia..................................................... 130 121,881 405 79,343 Alabama............................ 61,230 47 1,000 Mississippi,...,.............1........./.,.1...... J................. Mississippi,........ Tennessee,........ 2..4 350...... 1,500 4 400 Kent ucky, Ohio................. Indiana. Illinois.............. 20 8,755.000 73 114,506 1 200 1 100 Missouri,.......... 21 5,295,455 252 235,806.................................... Arkansas.......... Michigan,.................................................... F lorida,......................................................... Wiskonsin........ 49 15,129,350 220 664,600....... Iowa............... 11 500,000 30 38,500............ Dist. of Columbia......................... TOTAL....... 120 31,239,453 1,017 1,346,756 157 $529,6051,046 234,325 MINES, ETC. —Continued. OTHER METALS. OTHER METALS. STATES AND STATES ANDpital TERRIT'RIES. Val. Pro- M1en Em. Capital T Vol. Pro- Men Em. Capital duced. ployed. Invested. TERRIT duced. ployed. Invested. Maine,...... $1,600 4 $1,000 Mississippi,........................... N. Hampsh. 10,300 11 9,500 Louisiana,..................................... Massachu's, 2,500 14 1,200 Tennessee,........................ RhodeIsd,.................................... Kentucky,....... Connectic't,.................................... Ohio,......... 16,000 1 $500 Vermont,... 70,500 156 92,500 Indiana,...... New York,. 84,564 119 42,930 Illinois...... 2.............. New Jers'y, 39,550 33 15,000 Missouri,... 15,600 25 9,150 Pennsylv'a,. 100,200 285 62,200 Arkansas,.... Delaware,.............. M.......................][Michigan,... Maryland,... 28,800 73 5,000 Florida,............................ Virginia,............................. Wiskonsin,.... N. Carolina, 1,000 5... N. Carolina, 1,000 5.....~........Iowa,......I./......................... S. Carolina,.........Dist. of Col............ Georgia,.............. Alabama............................ TOTAL,...$3 70,614 728 $238,980 ANTHRACITE COAL. BITUMINOUS COAL. DOMESTIC SALT. GRANITE, MARBLE, ETC. STATES AND TERRI- ~,, TORIES. Tons (28 bush. Men Em- Capital Bushels Men Em- Capital Bushels Mlen Em- Capital Value M~/en Em- Capital S each) Raised. ployed. Invested. Raised. ployed. Invested. Produced. ployed. Invested. Produced. ployed. [Invested. z" Maine,.......................................................................................... 50,000 15 $25,000 $107,506 305 $160,360 New Hampshire,.................................... 29,920....................... 1,200 1 2,50 16,038 43 5,714 Massachusetts.................................................................................... 376,596 463 502,980 790,855 970 608,130 Rhode Island..... 1,000 27 $6,000.......................................................................... 17,800 29 7,500 Connecticut....... 6....................................... 38,000 6 1,500 2 3,000 313,469 692 332,275 0 Vermont................................................................... 33,855 104 18.2703,0 1 New York,..................................... 2,867,884 332 5,601,000 1,541,480 3,649 1,002,555 New Jersey,...................... 50 1 1,500 35,721 118 10,6007 1 Pennsylvania...... 859,686 2,977 4,334,10211,620,654 1,798 $30,416 549,478 255 191,435 238,831 540 172,272 Delaware,.................................................... 1,160 17 200 16,0.0 46 5,000 Maryland......................................... 222,000 23 4,470 1.200 3 100. 22,750 61 17,200 P Virginia........... 200 2 100 10,622,345 995 1,301,855 1,745 618 624 300,560 84,489 233 49,290.. North Carolina,... 50 4........... 75 1 4,493 8 7,090 3,350 14 930 0 South Carolina,.........2,250 7 1,500UO 3,000 4 500 8 Georgia,............................51,99............... 199 36,300 C Alabama o.................... 23,650............. 13,700 22 10,000 Mississippi..................................................................................... Louisiana,. 4, Tennessee...13,942 21..................................... 30,100 73 15,8607 P' Kentucky,......... 2,125 27 14,150 588,167 213 76,627 219,695 291 163,585 19,592 100 6,212. ^ Ohio................. 296 4 1,250 3,513,409 434 45,525 297,350 240 113,195 195,831 296 27,496 Z Indiana....................... 242,040 47 9,300 6,400 19 20,050 35,021 105 6,750' Illinois...........132 2............ 424,187 152 120,076 20,000 22 10,000 74,228 142 14,020 Q Missouri..........~....................................... 249,302 69 9,488 13,150 36 3,550 28,110 33 15,025 Arkansas............................................. 5,500 7 605 8,700 25 20,00 15,500 30. Michigan.......... 2,700 4 3,000 Florida........................................................ 12,000 4 30,000 2,650 30 14,500 Wiskonsin.......................................................968 17 400 0 Iowa,....... 10,000 2 500.................... 350... Dist. of Colum bia,.............................................. ~ TOTAL,......... 863,489 3.043 4,355,60227,603,191 3,768 1,868,862 6,179,174 2,365 6,998,045 3,695,884 7,859 2,540,159 ___ LIVE STOCK. CEREAL GRAINS. STATES AND TERRI- ~ H-~~ —-s - 2V e a t _Sh e e _' __ ToAES. Arules. C at tle. Estim. Val. Bushels of Bush. of Bushel of Bushels of Bush. of Bushels o TORIES. Neat Sheep. Swine. Etm fBseMu~les. Cattle.''of Poultry. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Rye. Buckw't. Ind'n Corn Maine........ 59,208 327,255 649,264 117,386 $123,171 848,166 355,161 1,076,409 137,941 51,543 950,528 New Hampshire....... 43,892 275,562 617,390 121,671 107,092 422,124 121,899 1,296,114 308148 105103 1162572 Massachusetts........... 61,484 282,574 378,226 143,221 178,157 157,923 165,319 1,319,680 536,014 87,000 1,809,192 Rhode Island, 8,024 36,891 90,146 30,659 61,702 3,098 66,49( 171,517 34,521 2,979 450,498 Connecticut, 34,650 238,650 403,462 131,961 176,629 87,009 33,759 1,453,262 737,424 303,043 1,500,441 Vermont.......... 62,402 384,341 1,681,819 203,800 131,578 495,800 54,781 2,222.584 230,993 228,416 1,119,678 n - New York.... 474,543 1,911,244 5,118,777 1,900,065 1,153,413 12,286,4182,520,06E 20,675,847 2979,3232287,885 10,972286 New Jersey,...... 70,502 220,202 219,285 261,443 336,953 774,203 12,501 3,083,524 1,665,820 856,117 4,361,975 ( Pennsylvania,........... 365,129 1,172,665 1,767,620 1,503,964 685,801 13,213,077 209,893 20,641,819 6,613,8732,113742 14,240,022 Delaware................ 14,421 53,883 39,247 74,228 47,265 315,165 5,260 927,405 33,546 11299 2,099,359 Maryland,............... 92,220 225,714 257,922 416,943 218,765 3,345,783 3,594 3,534,211 723,577 73,606 8,233,086 Virginia, 326,438 1,024,148 1,293,772 1,992,155 754,698 10,109,716 87,430 13,451,062 1,482,799 243,822 34,577,591 North Carolina.......... 166,608 617,371 538,279 1,649,716 544,125 1,960,855 3,574 3,193,941 213,971 15,391 23,893,763 t I South Carolina,......... 129,921 572,608 232,981 878,532 396,364 968,354 3,967 1,486,208 44,738 72 14,722,805 U) Georgia................... 157,540 884,414 267,107 1,457,755 449,623 1,801,830 12,979 1,610,030 60,693 141 20,905,122 ^' Alahama................. 143,147 668,018 163,243 1,423,873 404,994 828,052 7,692 1,406,353 51,008 58 20,947,004 ~; Mississippi............... 109,227 623,197 128,367 1,001,209 369,482 196,626 1,654 668,624' 11,444 61 13,161,237 Louisiana................ 99,888 381,248 98,072 323,220 283,559 60............ 107,353 1,812. 5,952912 Tennessee................ 341,409 822,851 741,593 2,926,607 606,969 4,569,692 4,809 7,035,678 394,320 17,118 44,986,188 M Kentucky................ 395,853 787,098 1,008,240 2,310,533 536,439 4,803,152 17,491 7,155,974 1,321,373 8,169 39,847,120 Ohio...................... 430,527 1,217,874 2,028,401 2,099,746 551,193 16,571,661 212,440 14,393,103 814,205 633,139 33,668,144 Indiana..... 241,036 619,980 675,982 1,623,608 357,594 4,049,375 28,015 5,981,605 129,621 49,019 28,155,887 Illinois.........199,235 626,274 395,672 1,495,254 399,204 3,335,393 82,251 4,988,008 88,197 57,884 22,634,211 0 MissouCri.1,.. 8196,032 433,8751,271,161 270,64781 1,4037,386 9,801 2,234,947 68,608 15,318 17,332,524 Arkansas......... 51,472 188,786 42,151 393058 109,468 105,878 760 189,553 6,219 88 4,846,632 Michigan................ 30,144 185,190 99,618 295,890 82,730 2,157,108 127,802 2,114,051 34,236 113,592 2,277.039 Florida................... 12,043 118,081 7,198 92,680 61,007 412 30 13,829 305.898,974 Wiskonsin,....... 5,735 30,269 3,462 51.3831 16,167 212,116 11,062 406,514 1,965 10,654 379,359 Iowa............... 10,794 38,049 15,354 104,899 1.6,529 154,693 728 216,385 3,792 6,212 1,406,241 District of Columbia,.. 2,145 3,274 706 4,673 3,092 12,147 294 15,751 5,081 272 39,485 TOTAL,...........4i,335,669 14,971,586 19,311,37426,301,293 9,344,410 84,823,2724,161,504123,071,341 18,645,5677,291,743377,531,875 in the United States in Fifty Years. 155 AGRICULTURE.-VARIOUS CROPS. WOOL-HOPS —WAX-POTATOES —HAY-HEMP AND FLAX. STATES AND TERRI- Wool. Hops. Wax. Potatoes. Hay. Hemp TORIES. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Bushels. Tons. +. Flax. Maine,................. 1,465,551 36,940 3,7231 10,392,280 691,358 ~ 38 New Hampshire,...... 1,263,517 243,425 1,345 6,206,606 496,107 E 26 Massachusetts......... 941,906 254,795 1,196 5,385,652 569,395 24 Rhode Island,.......... 183,830 113 165 911,973 63,449 i Connecticut,............ 889,870 4,573 3,897 3,414,238 426,704 414 Vermont,............... 3,699,235 48,137 4,660 8,869,751 836,739 294 New York,............. 9,815,295 447,250 52,795 30,123,614 3,127,047 1,1301 New Jersey,............ 397,207 4,531 10,061 2,072,069 334,861 2,1654 Pennsylvania,.......... 3,048,564 49,481 33,107 9,535,663 1,311,643 2,6494 Delaware,............... 64,404 746 1,088 200,712 22,483 521 Maryland............... 488,201 2,357 3,674 1,036,433 106,6874 488 Virginia,.............. 2,538,374 10,597 65,020 2,944,660 364,7084 25,5941 North Carolina,........ 625,044 1,031 118,923 2,609,239 101,369 9,8791 South Carolina,........ 299,170 93 15,857 2,698,313 24,618...... Georgia................. 371,333 773 19,799 1,291,366 16,9694 104 Alabama............... 220,353 825 25,226 1,708,356 12,718 5 Mississippi,............. 175,196 154 6,835 1,630,100 171 16 Louisiana,............... 49,283 115 1,012 834,341 24,651. Tennessee,............. 1,060,332 850 50,907 1,904,3X70 31,233 3,3444 Kentucky.......... 1,786,847 742 38,445 1,055,085 88,336 9,992t Ohio.................... 3,1i85,31.5 62,195 38,950 5,805,021 1,022,037 9,080: Indiana,................. 1,237,919 33,591 30,647 1,525,794 178,029 8,6054 Illinois................. 650,007 17,742 29,173 2,025,520 164,932 1,9761 Missouri............... 562,265 789 56,461 783,768 49,083 18,0104 Arkansas,.............. 64,943.......... 7,079 293,608 586 1,0394 Michigan............... 153,375 11,381 4,533 2,109,205 130,805 7554 Florida,............... 7,285............ 75 264,617 1,197 2 Wiskonsin,............ 6,777 133 1,474 419,608 30,938 2 Iowa................... 23,039 83 2,132 234,063 17,953 3134 District of Columbia,. 707 28 44 12,035 1,331.......... TOTAL,.... 35,802,114 1,238,502 623,303 108,298,060 10,248,1084.95,2514 AGRICULTURE.-VARIOUS CROPS, ETc.-Continued. TOBACCO-RICE-COTTON.. r Tobacco Cotton Tobacco. Cotton ~d Galthered. -ice. W'; Rice. U Gathered. Gathered. Gathered. Gathered. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. e.. 30........................... Miss... 83,471 777,195193,401,577 N. H. 115............................. La..... 119,824 3,604,534 152,555,368 Mass. 64,955............................ Tenn.. 29,550,432 7,977 27,701,277 R I... 317............................ Ky...... 53,436,9:)9 16,376 691,456 Conn. 471,657......................... Ohi.. 5,942,275.............. Verin. 585....................Ind..... 1,820,306.......... 180 N.Y. 744.............................Illin.... 564,326 460 200,947 N. J... 1,922............................ Mo.... 9,067,913 50 121,122 Penn. 325,018........................... Ark.... 148,439 5,454 6,028,642 Del272......... 334 M ich... 1,602........................... Md... 24,816,012.............. 5,673 Fa...... 75,274 481,420 12,110,533 Va.... 75,347,106 2,956 3,494,483 Wisk... 115...................... N. C.. 16,772,359 2,820,388 51,926,191) Iowa,.. 8.076.......................... S. C... 51,519(60,590,861 61,710,274 D.ofC. 55,550............................. Geo... 162,894 12,384,732 163,392,396 - - _ ~ Ala... 273,302) 149,019 117,138,823 TOTAL,1219,163,319 80,841,422 790,479,275 156 Progress of Population and Wealth AGRICULTURE.-SILK-SUGAR-WOOD-DAIRIES-ORCHARDS-WINEFAMILY GOODS, ETC. Silk Sugar WVood Dairy Pro- Orchard Wine Family STETESAND Cocoons. Made. Sold. ducts. Products. Made. Goods. TERRITORIES. Pounds. Pounds. Cords. Value. Value. Gallons. Value. Maine,....... 211 257,464 205,011 $1,496,902 $149,384 2,236 $804,397 N. Hampshi. 4197 1,162,368 116,266 1,638,543 239,979 94 538,303 Massachus's, 1,741 579,227 278,069 2,373,299 389,177 193 231,942 Rhode Isl'nd, 458 50 48,666 223,229 32,098 803 51,180 Connecticut,. 17,538 51,764 159,062 1,376,534 296,232 2,666 226,162 Vermont,..... 4,286 4,647,934 96,399 2,008,737 213,944 94 674,548 New York,... 1,7354 10,048,109 1,058,923 10,496,021 1,701,935 6,799 4,636,547 New Jersey,. 1,966 56 340,602 1,328,032 464,006 9,416 201,625 Pennsylv'nia, 7,262k 2,265,755 269,516 3,187,292 618,179 14,328 1,303,093 Delaware,.... 1,4584... 67,864 113,828 28,2 1 322 62,116 Maryland,.. 2,290k 36,266 178,181 457,466 105,740 7,585 176,050 Virginia,...... 3,191 1,541,833 403,590 1,480,488 705,765 13,911 2,441,672 Nr. Carolina, 3,014 7,163 40,034 674,349 386,006 28,752 1,413,242 Sh. Carolina, 2,080 30,000 171,451 577,810 52,275 643 930,703 Georgia...... 2,9924 329,744 57,459 605,1.72 156,122 8,647 1,467,630 Alabama,.... 1,5924 10,143 60,955 265,200 55,240 177 1,656,119 Mississippi,... 91 77 118,423 359,585 14,458 12 682,945 Louisiana,... 317 119,947,720 202,867 153,069 11,769 2,884 65,190 Tennessee,... 1,217 258,073 104,014 472,141 367,105 653 2,886,661 Kentucky,... 737 1,377,835 264,222 931,363 434,935 2,209 2,622,462 Ohio.......... 4,3171 6,363,386 272,527 1,848,869 475,271 11,524 1,853,937 Indiana....... 379 3,727,795 183,712 742,269 110,055 10,265 1,289,802 Illinois,....... 1,150 399,813 134,549 428,175 126,756 474 993,567 Missouri...... 70 274,853 81,981 100,432 90,878 22 1,149,544 Arkansas,.... 95 1,542 78,606 59,205 10,680....... 489,750 Michigan,.... 266 1,329,784 54,498 301,052 16,075.......... 113,955 Florida,....... 1241 275,317 9,943 23,094 1,035......... 20,205 Wiskonsin,... 135,288 22,910 35,677 37 12,567 Iowa,........... 41,450 7,304 23,609 50.25,966 D. of Colum. 651............ 1,287 5,566 3,507 25 1,500 TOTAL..... 61,5524 155,100,809 5,088,891 33,787,00817,256,904 124,734 29,023,380 HORTICULTURE.-GARDENS-NUR.SERIES. GARDENS. NURSERIES. GARDENS. NURSERIES. STATES. STATES I AND Mlarket Nursery. AND Mlarket Nursery C. TERRI- Produce. Prod'ce. In est TERR Produce. Prod ce. nested. TORIES. Value. Value. Invested. TORIES. Value. Value. Invested. Me..... $51,579 $460 689 $84,774 Miss... $42,896 $499 66 $43,060 N. H... 18,085 35 21 1,460 La...... 240,042 32,415 349 359,711 Mass... 283,904 111,814 292 43,170 Tenn.. 19,812 71,100 34 10,760 R. I.... 67,741 12,604 207 240,274 Ky..... 125,071 6,226 350 108,597 Conn... 61,936 18,114 202 126,346 Ohio,... 97,606 19,707 149 31,400 Ver.... 16,276 5,600 48 6,677 Ind..... 61,212 17,231 309 73,628 N.Y... 499,126 75,980 525 258,558 Illin.... 71,911 22.990 77 17,515 N. J... 249,613 26,1671,233 125,1161Mo..... 37,181 6,205 97 37,075 Penn... 232,912 50,127 1,156 857,475 Ark.... 2,736 415 8 6,036 Del..... 4,035 1,120 9 1,100 Mich... 4,051 6,307 37 24,273 Md..... 133,197 10,591 619 48,841 Fa...... 11,758 10 60 6,500 Va..... 92,359 38,799 173 19,900 Wisk.. 3,106 1,025 89 85,616 N. C.... 28,475 48,581 20 4,663 Iowa,.. 2,170 4,200 10 1,698 S.C..... 38,187 2,139 1,058 210.980 D. of C. 52,895 850 163 42,933 Geo... 19,346 1,8531 418 9,213 -l Ala..... 31,978 370 85 58,425 TOTAL, 2,601,196 593,534 8,553 2,945,774 STATES AND TERRI. Houses i' Commission Capital Grocery,g'and Capital Tra. C pital enmTranspn. Pack's, -c. Inpitale TORIES. S I Houses. lnvested. n.e I ltera ues, d. GrocIe.e ployed. I..t npInvest.. TORIES. Tr se. _ Invested. other stores. Irds. d p d en Em Employed. Maine,........... 70 14 $1,646,926 2,220 $3,973,593 68 $305,850 2,068 123 56 $95,150 New Hampshire,. 18 6 1,330,600 1,075 2,602,422 9 29,000 626 117 38 54,120 Z 0 Massachusetts,.... 241 123 13,881,517 3,625 12,705,038 137 1,022,360 3,432 799 480 407,830 tRhode Island,..... 44 57 2,043,750 930 2,810,125 41 254,900 262 58 83 71,050 Connecticut....... 10 13 565,G00 1,630 6,687,636 57 438,425 582 293 76 162,065 / Vermont....... 747 2,964,060 14 45,506 321 183 11 26,090 New York....... 469 1,044 49,583,001 12,207 42,135,795 414 2,694,170 9,592 7,593 804 2,833,916 New Jers~ey,." 2' 8'99,000 1,504 4,113,247 86 410,570 1,280 423 30 204,900[ Pennsylvania...... 194 178 3,662,811 6,534 35,741,770 284 2,241,040 5,064 2,146 466 727,850 H Delaware,.......... 327 967,750 22 83,280 140 23 6 13,800 H I Maryland,........ 70.117 4,414,000 2,562 9,246,170 48 307,300 1,330 103 211 28,880.. P Virginia,........... 31 64 4,299,500 2,736 16,684,413 41 113,210 1,454 931 103 100,680 O - North Carolina,... 4 46 151,300 1,068 5,082,835 20 46,000 432 213 24 9,000 Z South Carolina,... 41 41 3,668,050 1,253 6,648,736 14 100,000 1,057 125 46 112,900 I Georgia............ 4 82 1,543,500 1,716 7,361,838 26 75,730 442 194 17 12,885 Alabama........... 51 101 3,355,012 899 5,642,885 9 1,800 73 49 57 93,370 Mississippi,......... 7 67 673,900 755 5,004,420 11 132,175 228 40 15 4,250 [ Louisiana........ 24 381 16,770,000 2,465 1]4,301,024 121 260,045 597 3 291 144,523 Tennessee..... 13 52 1,495,100 1,032 7,357,300 9 6,700 1,126 31 5 98/811 Kentucky......... 5 50 620,700 1,685 9,411,826 95 105,925 571 101 183 183,850 Ohio,.............. 53 241 5,928,200 4,605 21,282,225 78 373,268 2,89 L 854 1,061 4,617,570 Indiana,............ 11 26 1,207,400 1,801 5,664,687- 37 90,374 767 2,705 237 582,165 t Illinois........... 2 51 333,800 1,348 4,904,125 39 93,350 405 117 268 642,425 l Missouri,........ 3 39 746,500 1,107 8,158,802 45 318,029 345 79 128 173,650 Arkansas,.......... 10 10 91,000 263 1,578,719 9 12,220 263............ 3 600 Michigan.......... 26 177,500 612 2,228,988 15 45,600 312 142 4 39,200 i Florida........... 23 21 542,000 239 1,240,380 16 64,050 92 87 32 12,200 4 Wiskonsin......... 1 7 63,000 178 661,550 14 21,180 133 62 3 14,100 H Iowa,................... 14 92,300 157 437,550 3 16,250 29........... Dist. of Columbia, 7 2 310,000 285 2,701,890 11 140,000 49 170 59,100 TOTAL......... 1,408 2,881 119,295,367 57,565 250,301,799 1,793 9,848,307 35,963 17,594 4,808 11,526,950 1 FISHERIES. PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. STATES AND Smok Pickled Spermaceti Whale, and Whalebone, Capital Lumber Pro- Tar, Pitch, Pot & Pearl Skins and Ginseng, & M..e pi TERRIT'RIES. Drid Fish. Fish. Oil. oth. Oil. oth.Prod.'en duced. Turp., c. shes. Furs. all oth.ProQuintals. Barrels. Gallons. Gallons. Value. Empl'd. Invested Value. Barrels. Tons. Value. ducts- Val.E MP ^ Maine,..... 279,156 54,071 1,044 117,807 $2,351 3,610 $526,967 1,808,683.260 $8,027 32,2712,892 N. Hampsh. 28,257 1,714............ 15,234............ 399 59,680 433,217............ 113k 2,230 1,929 553 d W Massachu's, 389,715 124,755 3,630,9723,364,725 442,974 16,00011,725,850 344,845 6 60 31,669 174 I S Rhode Isl'd, 4,034 2,908 487,268 633,860 45,523 1,160 1,077,157 44,455................................50 Connectic't, 1,384 6,598 183,2071,909,047 157,572 2,215 1,301,640 147,841........................ 19,760 13,974 120 Vermont,........346,939............ 718 1,750 2,500 392 New York,. 5 22,224 400,2511,269,541 344,665 1,228 949,250 3,891,302 402 7,613k 15,556 143,332 4,664 New Jers'y,............ 1,134 12,000 80,000 74,000 179 93,275 271,591 2,200 2 20,000 65,075 446 Pennsylv'a,........ 2,012........................ 15,240 58 16,460 1,150,220 1,595 263 9,571 14,2971,988 Delaware.... 28,000 49,704 142,575 7,987 165 170,000 5,562.................................... 7,557. Maryland,........ 71,292........................ 12,167 7,814 88,947 226,977....................... 2,527 11690 115 Virginia,.... 30,315 262............ 4,150 556 28,383 538,092 5,809............ 23,214 49,654 2,218 N. Carolina, 2,385 73,350............ 2,387 23,800 1,784 213,502 506,766 593,451............ 3,126 46,040 2,694 0 S. Carolina,...... 425.................................... 53 1,617 537,684 735............ 1,225 9,247 508 Georgia,.... 14................................... 6. 114,050 153............ 2,928 155 221 Alabama,... 2169,008 197............ 3,585 4,281 84 Mississippi,. 9. 192,794 2,248............ 3,382 6,873 123 Lou isiana,........ 66,106........................ [ Louisiana,. 66,106 2,233. 1,17954 Tennessee............. 97.................................... 7 242 217,606 3,336 1 2,602 1,635 282 Kentucky... 130,329 700. 17,860 34,510 508 g W Ohio...................... 14165 12,210 262,821 5,631 6,8091 37,218 15,206 326 1 Indiana..... 14........................ 1,150....................... 420,791 2 220,883 9,902 799 Illinois................ 1........... 28...203,666............ 39,412 6,763 368 2 Missouri.............................................. 70,355 356........... 373,121 4,015 1,134 Z Arkansas...................................... 176,617 34............ 37,047 3,805 343 Michigan,. 1 655......... 16,535 60............ 453 28,640 392,325............ 145 54,232 6,483 320 Florida....... 69,000 73........................ 6,000 67 10,000 20,346........................ 7,004............ 6 Wiskonsin,............ 9,021............ 1,500 155 138 61,300 202,239 1............ 124,776 3,562 593 0 Iowa,..................................................................................... 50,280 25............ 33,594......67 P Dist. of Col............24,300........................ 15,500 527 64,500.......................... " TOTAL,... 773,947 472,359,4,764,708,7,536,7781,153,234 36,584 16,429,620 12,943,507 619,106 15,935i 1,065,869 526,58022,042 ~ MACHINERY. HARDWARE, ETC. FIRE ARMS, ETC. PRECIS METALS. VARIES METALS. GRANITE, ETC. TOBTIES. Value. Men Em- Cutlery, c. Mien Em- Can- Small Men Valu Men al Men Men ~ ployed. Value. plAyed, non. Ams. Emp'd.. Emp'd. ue Emp'd. V Empd. Maine.. $69,752 339 $65,555 119.......... 152 4............ $56,512 51 1 $98,720 280 New Hampshire....... 106,814 191 124,460 197.. 425 7 $8,040 11 136,334 224 21,918 55 Massachusetts,......... 926,975 913 1,881,163 1,109 50 22,652 397 92,045 6111,773,758 1,042 217,180 274 ~ Rhode Island,........... 437,100 534 138,720 164........................... 283,500 179 147,550 138 36,202 43 [ Connecticut.................. 319,680 335 1,114,725 1,109......... 12,832 148 199,100 12611,733,044 1,095 50,866 55. Vermont................ 101,354 87 16,650 33.. 1,158 42 3,000 8 24900 44 62,515 116 I New York.. 2,895,517 3,631 1,566,974 962 112 8,308 203 1,106,203 70812,456,792 1,713 966,220 1,447 New Jersey,............ 755,050 932 83,575 123.........2,010 71 159,302 7 405,955 130 10,000 16 0 Pennsylvania..... 1,998,152 1,973 786,982 770 5 21,571 1682,679,075 2451,260,170 635 443,610 536 Delaware.. 314,500 299 22,000 10.... 3,500 7 10,700 18 12,000 10 ~ Maryland,............... 348,165 723 15,670 36 80 3 13,300 21 312,900 216 152,750 247 Virginia......... 429,858 445 50,504 150......... 9,330 262 41,000 52 1.28,256 219 16,652 40 t t North Carolina.......... 43,285 89 1,200 43......... 1,085 40 875 1 16,050 24 1,083 15 South Carolina,......... 65,561 127 13,465 26.. 167 7 3,000 4......... Georgia................... 131,238 184 7,866 19......... 95 5 250 1 5,350 6 10,640 10 ] Alabama................ 131,825 96 13,875 41 4 428 20 1,650 7 25,700 17 7,311 17 t Mississippi.............. 242,225 27490 7 6,425 3 36,900 20. Louisiana,............... 5,000............ 30,000 8............. Tennessee.............. 257,704 266 57,170 142......... 564 34 28,460 1I 100,870 100 5,400 10 0 Kentucky,............. 46,074 149 22,350 30.. 2,341 109 19,060 21 164,080 174 8,820 25 ~ Ohio...................... 875,731 858 393,300 289 3 2,450 70 53125 37 782,901 589 256,131 401 Indiana............... 123,808 120 34,263 83 885 47 3,500 2 14,580 26 6,720 28 g Illinois... 37,720 71 9,750 20 20 238 12 2,400 7 31,200 29 16,112 26 Missouri.... 190,412 191.................................. 959 48 5,450 12 60,300 72 32,050 73 Arkansas................ 14,065 516 1................................. 1,240 5 50. Michigan.......... 47,000 67 1,250 7......... 195 6 5,000 1 57,900 45 7,000 6 Florida.5,000 8.500. 4,000 3. 5,000 8............................................ 500......... 4,000 3..................... Wiskonsin.............. 716 6........................ 12 1..................... 3,500 5..................... Iowa,............................................ 40 2 District of Columbia,.. 60,300 42 500 2 80......... 30 17,206 24 28,000 37 3,000 4 4 TOTAL,...... 10,980,581 13,001 6,451,967 5,492 274 88,073 1,744 34,960 1,556 9,779,442 6,677 2442,950 3,734 co BRICKS & LIME. Capital In- WOOL. COTTON. STATES AND Y fvested in those STATES AND Men already men- F'lling Fac Goods. P'rs'ns Capital Fac-S Dye and Articles. PIrs'ns Capital I. 41 30 69 5,523,200 es TEmpIT'dES. Vale.1nd ills. tories. Value. Emp'd. Invested, tories. Wks. Value. E Invested. Maine,. $621,586 864 $300,822 151 24 $412,366 532 $316,105 6 29,736 3 $970,397 1,414 $1,398,000 ^ N. Hampsh. 63,166 2361 166,003 152 66 795,784 893 740,345 58 195,173 4 4,142,304 6,991 5,523,200 Massachu's, 310,796 758; 3,081,985 207 144 7082,898 5,076 4,179,850 278 665,095 22 16,553,423 20,928 17,414,099' Rhode Isl'd, 66,000 113 639,150 45 41 842,172 961 685,350 209 518,817 17 7,116,792 12,086 7,326,000 Connectic'i 151,446 3071 2,294,810 157 119 2,494,313 2,356 1,931,335 116 181,319 6 2,715,964 5,153 3,152,000 Vermont,... 402,218 224 141,385 239 95 1,331,953 1,450 1,406,950 7 7,254.. 113,000 262 118,100 New York,. 1,198,527 3,160 4,563,188 890 323 3,537,337 4,636 3,469,349 117 211,659 12 3,640,237 7,407 4,900.772 New Jers'y, 376,805 572 1,312,510 49 31 440,710 427 314,650 43 63,744 13 2,086,104 2,408 1,722,810 Pennsylv'a,. 1,733,590 3,888 2,557,540 346 235 2,319,061 2,930 1,510,546 106 146,494 40 5,013,007 5,522 3,325,400 Delaware, 56,536 116 92,500 3 2 104,700 83 107,000 11 24,492. 332,272 566 330,500 Maryland,... 409,456 1,042 426,984 39 29 235,900 388 117,630 21 41,182 3 1,150,580 2,284 1,304,400 Virginia,... 393,253 1,004 164,041 47 41 147,792 222 112,350 22 42,262 1 446,063 1,816 1,299,020 N. Carolina, 58,336 276 17,165 1 3 3,900 4 9,800 25 47,934............... 438,900 1,219 995300 S. Carolina, 193,408 1,281 72,445 3 1,000 6 4,300 15 16,355.............. 359,000 570 617,450 Georgia,. 148,655 555 200,700 1 3,000 19 42,589 2 304,342 779 573,835 Alabama,. 91,326 264 95,370............ 14 1,502............... 17,547 82 35,575 Mississippi,. 273,870 693 222,745...... 53 318.. 1,744 81 6,420 Louisiana,.. 861655 1,467 2,432,600... 2 706.18,900 23 22,000 Tennessee,. 119,371 417 166,728 4 26 14,290 45 25,600 38 16,813.325,719 1,542 463,240 Kentucky,.. 240,919 657 148,191 5 40 151,246 200 138,000 58 12,358 5 329,380 523 316,113 Ohio......... 712,697 1,469 677,056 206 130 685,757 935 537,985 8 13,754............... 139,378 246 113500 Indiana.....206,751 1,007 140,469 24 37 58,867 103 77,954 12 4,985 1 135,400 210 142,500 Illinois...... 263,398 995 104,648 4 16 9,540 34 26,205. Missouri,... 185,234 671 256,484......... 9 13,750 13 5,100. Arkansas,... 319,696 66 11,0201 129 1 12,600 2 90 7 2,125 o Michigan,... 68,913 298 77,075 16 4 9,734 37 34,120.. Florida......37,600 136 90,900..0 Wiskonsin,. 6,5271 43 4,355......... Iowa..... 13,710 39 8,200800......... Dist. of Col. 151,500 189 1.53,800., TOTAL,...9,736,94522,80720,620,869 2,5851 1,42020,696,99921,34215,765,1241,2402,284631 129 46,350,45372,119 51,102,359 SILK. FLAX. MIXED. TOBACCO. TERRITORIES. Reeled, - lue. Males Females - Capital Value. P'rs'ns Capital Val. Pro-.P'rs1 ns Capital Articles. IP'rs'ns Capital other sorts. e Emp'd. Chil'n Emp. Invested. IEmp'd. Invested. duced. Emp'd. Invested. Value. Emp'd. Invested. Maine... 9 $91....... 1 125 $4,000..................... $47,598 280 $7,640 $18,150 37 $6,050 - N. Hampshi. 1 827 924 5 26 865 50 1............ 46,800 34 40,750 10,500 17 2,100 i Massachus's, F 4,633^ 38,079 30 116 68,719 75,100 41 $30,05011,157,035 1,101 644,525 176,264 286 90,500: Rhode Isl'nd, 16 15........................448,044 500 167,690 71,560 123 34,900 Connecticut,. 6,90]6 55,485 23 100 85,430 90 4 40 530,520 1,484 343,900 122,684 233 67,875 " Vermont...... 39 99 5 2 1,150 55................... 155,276 282 101,740............. New York,... 3771 2,415 35 66 8,034 46,429 90 15,000 1,497,067 2,005 675,953 831,570 669 395,530 e New Jersey,. 158k 858 10 7 2,020 83,314 178 105,700 151,352 363 86,500 92,600 106 47,590 ^ Pennsylv'nia, 2,350k 14,644 64 88 88,917 75,672 486 56,511 1,098,810 3,9031,642,015 550,159 950 287,859 B Delaware,... 15 117......... 1........................................................ 17,000 34 5,800 Maryland,... 40.2 18 5,000. 541,300 1,162 230,958 232,000 278 125,100 I Virginia,...... 94 515 11 10 2,714 4,873 227861 343 101,462,406,671 3,3421,526,080 N. Carolina,.. 7 55......... 1 1,866 95....................................... 189,b68 482 91,065 F S. Carolina,.. 46 380 1 3 50................................. 2,450 9............ 3,500 7 5,000 I Georgia,..,.. 97 458 14 7 955...................... 225 3 120 9,563 33 6,313' Alabama, 13 99 75........................ 7..................... 705 2,260 2............ M ississippi,................. 1.................... Louisiana,... 70 420 3 150,000 414 95,000 Tennessee,... 19i 218 14 31 2,500 3,139 142........... 9,542 24 537 89,462 259 247,475 Kentucky,... 86 819 3 11 5,467 7,519 249 444 127,875 3,1 39,803 413,585 587 230,400 9 Ohio.......... 652 3,740 23 27 2,290 11,737 31 242 280,293 552 183,415 212,818 187 68,810 U Indiana,...... 9 94 4 1 3 6,851 261 100 46,329 596 13,145 65,659 88 24,706 Illinois,....... 17 235......... 1 10 1,480 50.11,711 49 8,233 10,139 24 3,093 3 Missouri........................................................................11,115 40 4,885 89,996 188 51,755 t Arkansas.585........................... 750 3 250 M ichigan,.... 8 34 2............... 50 30.................................................... 5,001 12 1,750 0 Florida....... 1 15........... 10,480 21 5,240 Wiskonsin,... 1 5......... 1 1,500 4 550........................................................................................................... 4 0 2. Iowa, a...........4 2 D. of Colu. 151,510 29 75,350 3728......... 16,950 TOTAL,...... 15,745i! 119,814; 246 521 274,374 322,2051 1,628 208,087 6,545,503 15,905 4,368,9915,819,56881 384 3 437,191 TOTAL, —, 15,745j, Iff- 8 141 HATS, CAPS, BONNETS, ETC. LEATHER, TANNERIES, SADDLERIES, ETC.' STATES AND TERRI- atsand Straw P'rs'ns Capital Tan- Sole. iUpper. M31en Capital Allother Articles. Capital TORIES. ICaps, 4.c. Bonnnets. ~Emp'd. Invested. aneries Tannedlue. es Tanned. E C~~~7S1 ~~~~-C. i Bon~~~~~~nveste. IFac'r~ti-es. Vled. I Investe.I' Maine,.................' 74,174 8,807 212 $28,050 395 ^123,747 85,856 754 $571,793 530 $443,846 $191,717 New Hampshire,....../ 190,526 9,379 2,048 48,852 251 42,396 122,514 776 386,402 2,131 712,151 230,649 n Massachusetts,......... 91t,438 ~821,646 6,656 602,292 355 212,844 391,608 2,446 1,024,699 1,532 10,553,826 3,318,544' Rhode Island,.......... 992,465 86,106 411 66,427 27 1,534 50,860 89 72,000 44 182,110 70,675 Connecticut............ 649,580 236,730 1,814 350,823 197 33,081 126,867 1,359 494,477 408 2,017,931 829,267 Vermont............... 62,432 2,819 126 32,875 261 102,763 102,937 509 403,093 399 361,468 168,090' New York,............. 2,914,117 160,248 3,88011,676,559 1,216 1,252,890 827,993 5,579 3,907,348 2,849 6,232,924 2,743,765 t New Jersey,............ 1,181,562 23,220 957 332,029 159 57,590 86,764 1,090 415,728 478 1,582,746 637,621 M / Pennsylvania,.......... 820,331 80,512 1,470 449,407 1,170 415,655 405,933 3,445 2,783,636 2,223 3,482,793 1,255,738 ~' Delaware............... 1.5,300 450 35 9,075 18 20,648 22,075 66 89,300 75 166,037 161,630 Maryland......... 153,456 13,200 205 76,620 161 190,065 191,867 1,035 713,655 408 1,050,275 434,127 ", Virginia................ 155,778 14,700 340 85,640 660 135,782 206,216 1,422 838,141 982 826,597 341,957 North Carolina........ 38,167 1,700 142 13,141 353 62,050 89,032 645 271,797 238 185,387 76,163 1 South Carolina........ 3,750............. 20 315 97 68,018 89,586 281 212,020 243 109,472 45,662 t" - Georgia................. 22,761.............. 55 7,950 132 55,066 71,280 437 127,739 102 123,701 60,932 Q Alabama................ 8,210!............. 31 4,045 142 36,705 42,777 300 147,463 137 180,152 58,332 ~ ~ Mississippi...........,..............514 13 8,100 128 15,332 15,093 149 70,870 42 118,167 41,945 Louisiana...............!.............'............................... 2 1,7 0 37 5 88 3,257 0,00 95 0? 25 12,760 13,705 88 132,025 7 108,500 89,550' ~' Tennessee............. 104,949............. 177 49,215 454 133,547 171,329 909 484,114 374 359,050 154,540 t m Kentucky.............. 201,310 4,483 194 118,850 387 107,676 155,465 978 567,954 548 732,646 369,835 S ~~~~.3,Ohio.... 3 96728,513 3,028 963 369,637 812 161,630 234,037 1,790 957,383 1,160 1,986,146 917,245 Indiana................. 122,844 2,048 183 69,018 428 122,780 157,581 978 399,627 579 730,001 247,549 Illinois.................. 28,395 1,570 68 12,918 155 28,383 34,654 305 155,679 626 247,217 98 503 Missouri,... 111,620 100 82 30,195 155 31,959 55,186 325 208,936 340 298,345 179,527 Arkansas 1,400.........., 400 37 9,263 9,811 70 43,510 545 17,400 8,830 Michigan,............... 30,463 659 42 20,007 38 7,017 9,832 99 70,240 101 192,190 69,20,2 42 6967 1 26,60,037170 97,8 386,9616 1, Florida................ 1,500 750 3 5,250 1,250 15 14,500 10 6,200 4,250 Wiskonsin,............ 61 1 10 1 150 150 3 2,000 13 11,800 7,002 Iowa..................... 19,900 5,100................... 3 340 410 4 4,400 5 4,875 1,645 District of Columbia,. 47,200.......... 48 22,100 9 16,690 9,200 72 80.400 7 1.10,450 66,750 TOTAL......... 8,704,342 1,476,505120,1764,485,300 8,229 3,463,611 3,781,868 26,01815,650,99 17136 33,134,40312,881,262 SOAP AND CANDLES. DISTILLED AND FERMENTED LIQUORS. STATES AND TERRITORIES. Soap. Tallow Spermaceti 4.lMenEm- Capital Distil- Gallons Brew- Gallons iM1en Capital ^ Pounds. Candles. Wax Candles. ployed. Invested. leries. Produced. eries. Produced. Emp'd. Invested. H Maine.................... 85,455 - 213,898 - 3,023 3 $19,500 3 190,0001.........7 $2..... 7/29,000 New Hampshire,....... 10,900 ~ 28,845 ~ 50,000 20 13,550 5 51,244 3,000 7 15,998 Massachusetts,........... 12,560,400 1,257,465; 2,162,710 403 873,956 37 5,177,910 429,800 154 963,100 Rhode Island,.... 1,237,050 157,250 264,500 57 252,628 4 855,000 3 89,600 42 139,000 M Connecticut,.......... 337,000 440,790 20,002 39 46,000 70 215,8921................. 42 50,380 Vermont.................. 50,300 28,687............. 2............ 2 3,500 1 12,800 5 8,850 I New York............ 11,939,834 4,029,783 353,000 489 618,875 212 11,973,815 83 6,059,122 1,486 3,107,066 o' New Jersey,............ 483,229 372,546.............. 27 38,400 219 334,017 6 206,375 394 230,870; Pennsylvania........... 5,097,690 2,316,843 5,002 353 294,442 1,010 6,240,193 87 12,765,974 1,607 1,589,471 Delaware................ 367,240 159,834................ 9 24,000..................... 3 39,500 9 8,000 Maryland,............... 1,865,240 731,446 35,000 93 98,600 73 366,213 11 828,140 199 185,790 t[ Virginia................... 1,200,308 463,525 837 126 28,881 1,454 865,725 5 32,960 1,631 187,212 0 Co North Carolina,......... 1,612,825 148,546 335 367 4,754 2,802 1,051,979........ 17,431 1,422 180,200 o South Carolina,......... 586,327 68,011.168 300 251 102,288.............. 219 14,3420 t0 Georgia,............ 764,528 111,066 75 2,633 27,126 393 126,746 22. 218 28,606 ~.. Alabama 219,024 23,047 621 2 3,500 188 127,230 7 200 220 34,212. Mississippi.............. 312,084 31,957 97........... 14 3,150 2 132 12 910I Louisiana. 2,202,200 3,500,030 40,000 75 115,500 5 285,520 1 2,400 27 110,000 Tennessee............... 594,289 65,388 2 6,000 1,426 1,109,107 6 1,835 1,341 218,182 N Kentucky,............... 2,282,426 563,635 315 516 28,765 889 1,763,685 50 214,589 1,092 315,308 Ohio, 3,603,036 2,318,456 151 105 186,780 390 6,329,467 59 1,422,584 798 893,119 Indiana................... 1,135,560 228,938 111 30 13,039 323 1,787,108 20 188,392 500 292,316 6 Illinois.................... 519,673 117,698 42 25 17,345 150 1,551,6S4 11 90,300 233 138,155 ] Missouri..... 138,000 243,000..........15 16,700 293 508,368 7 374,700 365 189,976 Arkansas. 142,775 16,541 632 32 200 53 26,415...................... 38 10,205 Michigan,............... 78,100 57,975..6 6,000 34 337,761 10 308,696 116 124,200 I Florida.. 10,887 2,812 168............ Wiskonsin, 64,317 12,909 48 5 3,432 3 8,300 3 14,200 11 14,400 Iowa,..................... 9,740 4,436 282 1......... 2 4,310... 3 1,500 District of Columbia,.. 310,060 189,150.............. 18 19,000 1 6,000 1 165,000 25 67,000 5Z TOTAL,...........I 49,820,497 17,904,507 2,936,951 5,641 2,757,273 10,30641,402,627 406 23,267,730 12,2239,147,368 STATES GLASS, EARTHENWARE, ETC. ____ _ SUGAR REFINERIES, CHOCOLATE, ETC. AT - Glass-. Men Articles, in- Capital Pot- Articles. Men Capital Refin- Value Choc'late. Confect'ry.l Men Capital a TORIES. houses. c Emp. cld'glMirrors. Invested. teries. Value. Emp'd. Invested. eries. Produced. Value. Value. Emnp'd. Invested. Me......................................................21 $20,850 31 $11,353....16,900 18 $6,000 NH.'1... 3...... 85 $47,000 $44,000 14 19,100 29 6,840.................................... 11,200 10 3,100 Mass... 4 1 3721 471,00 277,000 20 44,450 71 27,975 2 $1,025,000 $37,500 137,300 220 374,300 R.......................................................................................................... 14,500 15 4,500 Conn... 2...... 64 32,000 32,000 14 40,850 44 31,880.................................... 31,800 16 12,800.. Ver.... 2 70 55,000 35,000 8 23,000 30 o10,350............................. I N. Y... 13 11 498 411,371 204,700 47 159,292 197 88,450 7 385,000 5,000 386,142 416 474,656 / N.J... 23 4 1,075 904,700 589,800 22 256,807 122 135,850.................................... 1,000 2 500 O Penn... 28 15 835 772,400 714,100 182 157,902 322 75,562 20 891,200 14,000 227,050 197 272,450 Del.....[.......................{..................2........... 2 4,300 9 1,100.................................... 6,500 9 2,500 g - [Md... 1...... 37 40,000 30,000 23 60,240 90 25,120 6 176,000 11,400 73,450 102 104,370 Va..... 4 2 164 146,500 132,000 33 31,380 64 10,225 1........................... 43,850 15 16,200 g N.C............................................. 16 6,260 21 1,531.................................... 3,300 1 1,000 00 S.C.................. 8 19,300 49 12,950].........]........................... 29,333 112 87,200 H m Geo::.................... 6 2,050 12 790 1 500 5,000 3,100 12 5,500oo 1 Ala..... 7 8,300 13 11,250.................................... 13,800 15 6,120 Miss..................................................... 1 1,200 2 200.................................... 10,500 2............ ~ La......................................................... 1 1,000 18 3,000 5 770,000 7,000 20,000 101 351,000? - Tenn..................................................... 29 51,600 50 7,300................................ Illin...................t 11 2l 23 26,740 56 10,225.................................... 240 3 825 Io3a.4 1,050 7 3.50. Mo...............1......1.... 3 7.......................................1000 1 500 AD.ofC... 620....... 1 28......00 TOTAL, 81 34 3,236 2,890,293 2,084,100 659 1,104,8251,612 551,431 43 3,250,700 79,900 1,143,965.1,355 1,769,571 -!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........I.......300 PAPER. PRINTING AND BINDING. STATES AND TERRI- ~~ie ~at~ TORIES. Fac- Value All other fabrics of Men Capital Prin'g Bind- Daily We'klySemi and Peri- en Capital tories. Produced. Paper-Cards, j-c. Emp'd. Invested. Offices. eries. Papers Papers Tri.-w'kly odicals. Emp'd. Invested. Maine,.................84,000 89 20,600 34 14 3 30 3 5 196 $68,200 New Hampshire...... 13 150,600 7 $1,500 111I 104,300 36 22.. 27.......6 256 110,850 Massachusetts.......... 82 1,659,930 ~ 56,700 967 1,082,800 104 72 10 67 14 14 922 416,200 Rhode Island,.......... 2 25,000 8,500 15 45,000 16 8 2 10 4 2 1 35,700 Connecticut............ 36 596,500 64,000 454 653,800 36 1727 4 11 38 217,075 Vermont,............... 17 179,720 35,000 195 216,500 29 14 2 26 2 3 156 194,200 New York............. 77 673,121 89,637 749 703,550 321 107 34 198 13 57 3,2311,876,540 New Jersey,........... 41 562,200 7,000 400 460,100 40 20 4 31 1 4 198 104,900 Pennsylvania.......... 87 792,335 95,500 794 581,800 224 46 12 165 10 42 1,709 681,740 Delaware............... 1 20,800 1,500 15 16,200 6 2......... 3 3 2 33 11,450 Maryland................17 195,100 3,000 1717 95,400 48 15 7 28 7 7 376 159,100 / Virginia............... 12 216,245 1,260 181 287,750 50 12 5 310 168,850 North Carolina,....... 2 8,785....................... 6 5,000 26........ 26 1 2 103 55,400 South Carolina. 1 20,000.30 30,000 16 7 3 12 2 4 164 131,300 Georgia.........................24 57 5 24 5 6 157 134,400 Alabama................22 3 24 1 1........... 105 98,100 ~' Mississippi.............. 28 1 2 28 I......... 94 83,5101 Ohio..................... 14 270,202 80,000 305 208,200 159 41 9 107 7 20 1,175 446,720 Indiana. 3 86,457 54,000 100 68,739 69 6......... 69 4 3 211 58,505 Z Illinois................ 1 2,000................................... 45 5 3 38 2 9 175 71,300 Missouri,...........................24......... 143 79,350 Arkansas..................................... 9 1 6 3......... 37 13,100 Michigan.1 7,000........................ 6 20,000 28 2 6 26.. 1 119 62,900 ^ Floridane.......10 1....... 10.. 39 35,200'Wiskonsin,................................................. 6................. 6....24 10,300 Iowa,............... 4... 15 5,700 District of Columbia,. 1 1,500 4 5,0 12 10,3 5 6 3 276 150,700 3 TOTAL.........426 5,641,495 511,597 4,726 4,745,239 1,552 447 138 1,141 227 227 11,52315,873,815 Illinis............... 1, 2,00................................. 5I 5 3] 8t 2I 9 175 71,00[ Mism i............4I.....21I 5.... POWDER MILLS. DRUGS AND MEDICINES, PAINTS AND DYES. CORDAGE. TOAT IES. Po'der Powder. Men Capital M3edicinal Drugs, Turpentine M1en Capital Rope- Value M1en Capital ^ Mlfills. Pounds. Emp'd. Invested. Paints, Dyes, Q Maryland,.279,771 305,360 834 339,336 389 592 2,026 1,078,770 ( Virginia..................... 136,807 289,391 675 143,320 402 2,604 4,694 1,367,393 t t North Carolina,............... 62,800 35,002 223 57,980 38 1,822 1,707 410,264 South Carolina............... 60,000 28,155 241 133,600 111 1,594 2,398 1,527,576 Z' Georgia.......................................... 49,780 95 29,090 38 2,591 2,274 693,116 C - Alabama,.......................................... 41,671 53 18,430 67 472 882 739,871 ~~~Alahb~ama... 41,671 53 18,430 67 472 882 739,871 Mississippi..................... 13,925 34,450 41 28,610 144 2,247 2,487 1,175,513 M< 1 Louisiana,................. 80,500 2,300 129 576,050 248 619 1,484 2,736,944 * Tennessee.............. 229 79,580 203 30,650 193 1,098 1,467 427,402 Kentucky....................................... 273,350 453 139,295 485 1,757 2,883 1,039,172 Ohio........................... 522,855 761,146 1,928 534,317 970 2,764 6,060 3,776,823 r Indiana...............107,223 211,481 564 91,022 346 4,270 5,519 1,241,312 Illinois,...................... 39,200 84,410 244 62,223 334 4,133 5,737 2,065,255 0 Missouri,...............................................413 2,202 1,966 1,441,573 9 Arkansas...................... 500 20,293 45 7,810 21 1,083 1,251 1,141,174 Michigan...... 10,500 22,494 65 28,050 39 1,280 1,978 571,005 m Florida......................... 14,100........ 36 18,300 9 306 689 327,913 t Wiskonsin..................... 7,159 6,945 29 5,740 7 509 644 212,085 t Iowa..................;............................... 4,600 12 1,350 14 483 324 135,987 " District of Columbia......... 20,257 125,872 190 85,000 60 33 142 168,910 P TOTAL,................. 7,016,094 7,555,405 18,003 6,989,971 8,429 45,684 85,501 41,917,401 Z in the United States in Fifty Years. 169 CHAPTER XX. VALUE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY. THE census of 1840 has thus given us a mass of materials for estimating the annual income of the United States, which has been rarely if ever, afforded to seventeen millions of people. Yet, with all this valuable aid, precise accuracy is still unattainable; for those diversities and fluctuations of price, from which no country is exempt, are particularly great in this country. Articles of raw produce, which vary in price, from year to year, far more than manufactures, constitute here the unusually large proportion of more than two-thirds of the whole annual product. In a country, moreover, of such large extent as the United States, differing so widely in soil, climate, density of numbers, and easy access to market, the price of the same commodity varies considerably among the different States in the same year. Nay, more-with the larger States, the same local diversities apply to different parts of the same State, and often make the price of the more bulky commodities, at one place of production, more than twice as high as the price they bear at another. To make, then, a fair average, it is necessary to take into account the quantities produced in the several parts, as well as the difference of price. There are also sources of revenue, in which the census has not given the annual product, but the whole value of the capital invested, as in the case of live stock, and of the capitals employed in commerce; in which items, there being room for further difference of opinion, there is a further source of uncertainty. Even in those manufactures of which the census has determined their gross values, we may expect, in deducting the value of the raw materials which have been estimated under other heads, somewhat of the same difference of opinion, and the same un. certainty. The. most careful estimate practicable must therefore rest, in part, on conjecture and probability. Yet, if the estimate be cautiously made, and be founded on the opinion of judicious persons, who look not beyond their own experience and ob15 170 Progress of Population and Wealth servation, the unavoidable errors will probably so balance and compensate each other, that the result will afford an approximation to the truth, which is all that the subject admits of, and, indeed, all that it is important for us to know. In making the subjoined estimate, the following course has been pursued:-Of those articles of which the census has given, only the quantities, the market price at the place produced, or where the producer transports it by his own labour, is considered the fair value. To ascertain this, local information, fiomn persons competent to give it, has been procured, as far as practicable. The prices affixed ought, in strictness, perhaps, to have been those which prevailed in 1840, when the census was taken; but, as the prices of most articles of commerce were not uninfluenced, even then, by the distention of the currency which succeeded the termination of the Bank of the United States, in 1836, it was thought that a medium between the prices of 1840 and those of the present year, 1843, when they are unusually depressed, would give a fair average. In estimating the product of live stock, one-fourth of its gross value has been assumed to be its annual value. This may be somewhat too much for horses and mules, but it is far too little for sheep and hogs, and may not be quite enough for neat cattle. The products of this branch of husbandry is compounded in a small degree of rent, but principally of the wages of' personal service and the profits of capital; and, considering the high price which both labour and capital bear in this country, 25 per cent seems to be not too high. In England, it is supposed that one-fourth of the cattle is slaughtered in the year. As those fatted for the shambles are worth about double the general average, this rule would give twice the amount of the present estimate; but then it would be necessary to deduct the value of the food consumed in the process of fattening, which would bring us to nearly the same result. From the gross value of domestic manufactures, included in the products of agriculture, one-half is deducted for the raw materials. In estimating the products of commerce, as they also are compounded of the wages of industry and the profits of capital, they have, in like manner, been set down at 25 per cent on the capital employed. Without doubt, this greatly exceeds the rate of profits in the wholesale and foreign trade, but it is also far short of the retail trade, in which, for the most part, the capital is turned over several times in the year. The census shows, that upwards of in the United States in Fifty Years. 171 100,000 families are engaged in the employments comprehended under the head of commerce; and a less profit than the one supposed would not be adequate to the support of that number, in a style of living which far exceeds the average rate of that of the whole community. From the gross value of manufactured products, one-third has been deducted for the value of the raw materials, leaving twothirds for the wages of labour and the profits of capital. These are the average proportions in the official statements of the manufactures of New York. From this valuation, however, the articles manufactured by mills have been excepted. Three-fourths of the gross value of these articles have been deducted. Even this would not be enough, if the products of sawmills and oilmills, in which human labour bears a much larger proportional part, were not comprehended. A separate estimate is made of the products of printing and bookbinding, by allowing 25 per cent on the capital invested, and $200 for each man employed. In estimating the annual products of the mines, the fisheries, and the forest, the whole value at the place of production, or of sale by the producer, has been the measure-that value being made up of the profits of land, of labour, and of capital. In all cases, the prices at which the principal products of each State have been estimated, may be seen by comparing the values with the quantities, so that every one may correct the estimate wherever he deems it erroneous. It is proper to remark, that the census omits several products of industry, whose aggregate value would make no insignificant addition to the total amount. Among these, are —1. The blades of Indian corn, an excellent fodder for horses and cattle; and which, estimating twenty pounds for every bushel of grain, amounts to 3,775,000 tons, worth $37,750,000. 2. Peas and beans. 3. Flaxseed. 4. Broom-corn. 5. Sumach. 6. Honey. 7. Feathers. In the subjoined table, the values of the principal products of agriculture and of manufactures, and occasionally of other branches of industry, are specifically stated, while the rest are included under the general heads. 172 Progress of Population and Wealth ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN MAINE. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 59,208 $2,960,400 Neat cattle.......................... 327,255 4,908,825 Sheep,................................. 649,264 973,896 Hogs....:............................. 117,386 352,158 25 percent of................................... $9,195,279 is.................................................. $2,298,819 Poultry,.......................................... 123,171 $2,421,980 Wheat,........................bush. 848,166 $1,061,207 Oats................................. 1,076,409 376,743 Maize,................................ 950,528 712,896 Other grain........................ 544,645 435,716 Potatoes,.............................. 10,392,280 2,078,556 4,665,118 Wool,..l..........................lbs. 1,465,551 $492,942 Products of dairy......................................,496,902 " orchards,................................. 149,381 Hay,.............................tons 691,358 5,539,864 Other products.......................................... 1,099,083 _- __ ~ 8,769,172 $15,856,270 II. I2anufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $194,099 Lime, &c.,........................... 621,583 Woollen.............................. 412,366 Cotton, &c.,......................... 1,023,086 Leather.............................. 443,846 Furniture........................... 204,875 Carriages.......................... 174.310 Ships................................... 1,184,902 Houses............................... 733,067 Other manufactures................. 1,503,538 ~- $7,102,983 Deduct for materials one-third....................... 2,334,328 $4,768,655 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 790,398 Printing, &c., estimated................................ 56,250 $5,615,303 ITI. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital................................... 1,505,380 IV. The Forest,.................................................................. 1,877,663 V. Fisheries,................................................................ 1,280,713 VI. ines....................................................................... 327,376 Total.......................................... $26,462,705 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 43,892 $2,194,600 Neat cattle........................ 275,562 4,133.430 Sheep............................. 649,264 973,896 Hogs,.................................. 121,671 365,013 25 percent of................................... $7,666,939 is.................................................. $1,916,735 Poultry,................................................. 107,092 ~- $2,023,827 in the United States in Fifty Years. 173 Wheat,........................bush. 422,124 $527,655 Oats........................... 454,699 163,134 Maize......................... 1,162,572 796,926 Other grain........................... 379,880 284,910 Potatoes......................... 6,206,606 1,241,321 --- $3,010,946 Sugar,.........l............ bs. 2,162,368 129,742 Products of dairy............................... 1,638,543 " orchards, 239,979 Wool,..l................... lbs. 1,260,517 441,181 Hay,..........................tons 406,107 3,248,856 Other products,..................................... 644,678 - -_~ ~6,342,979 $11,377,752 II. Manufactures. Metals, &c.,....................... $379,898 W oollen.............................. 795,784 Cotton, &c............... 4,29,078 Hats.................................. 190,526 Leather,................ 712,151 Paper,................................ 152,700 Carriages,........................... 232 240 Houses............................... 470,715 Ships,................................ 78,000 Other manufactures................ 1,235,860 ~- -~ $8,437,952 Deduct for materials one-third....................... 2,812,651 $5,625,301 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.... 790,398 Printing, &c.,.................................... 130,112 $6,545,811 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital,.........................-... 1,001,533 IV. The Forest,................................. 449,861 V. isheries,......................... 92,811 VI. 1iines,...................................................... 88,373 Total,........................................ $19,556,141 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN VERMONT. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,............. No. 62,402 $3,120,100 Neat cattle,.......................... 384,341 5,764,113 Sheep,............................ 1,681,819 2,522,728 Hogs,..................-.............. 203,800 611,400 25 percent of........................ 12,018,331 is................................... $3,006,110 Poultry,.................-.......................... 131,578 $3,137,688 Wheat,.........................bush. 495,800 $619,750 Oats,....................2,222,584 888,904 Maize,......................1,119,678 746,652 O0her grain,........................ 514,190 371,940 Potatoes.-............................ 8,869,751 1,773,950 ~ - 4,401,196 Sugar............................bs. 4,647,934 278,866 W ool,.................................. 3,669,035 1,284,232 Products of dairy................................ 2,008,737 " orchards........................... 213,934 Hay,..............................tons 836,739 5,857,173 15* 174 Progress of Population and Wealth Other products,........................................ $697,319 10,340,271 $17,879,155 II. Manutfactures. Metals and machinery,............. $161,374 Woollen,............................ 1,331,953 Cotton, &c.,......................... 268,439 Leather,.................. 361,468 Paper................................ 214,720 Carriages,............................ 102,097 Houses,.............................. 344,896 Ships,..................... 72,000 Other manufactures,................ 5,098,653 $7,955,591 Deduct for materials one-third,....................... 2,651,897 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 270,781 Printing, &c..................................... 110,950 $5,685,425 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital........................................ 758,899 IV. The Forest,................................................ 430,224 V. Mines,............................................ 389,488 Total........................................................$..... $25,143,191 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 61,484 $3,074,200 Neat cattle,.......................... 282,574 5,086,332 Sheep................................. 378,226 567,339 Hogs,................................. 146,221 572,884 25 percent of............................... $9,390,755 is.................................................... o2,325,189 Poultry................................................. 178,157 $2,503,346 Wheat,........................bush. 157,923 $197,404 Oats,................................ 1,319,680 527,872 Maize............................. 1,809,192 1,356,894 Other grain......................... 788,333 591,238 Potatoes............................. 5,385,652 1,346,413 4,019,821 Wool,.......................... 941,906 329,677 Products of dairy,.................................. 2,273,299 " orchards,.......................... 389,177 Hay.........................tons 569,395 5,124,555 Other products.......................................... 1,425,142 ~ ~~ — 9,542,450 $16,065,627 II. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital,............................... 7,004,691 II. Fisheres............................................................... 6,483,996 IV. Mlanufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $4,717,919 Woollen................................ 7,82,808 Cotton, &c................ 17,823,637 Hats, &c.,......................... 918,436 Straw bonnets........................ 821,646 Leather,....................... 10,553,826 Paper................................. 1,716,630 Cordage.............................. 852,200 in the United States in Fifty Years, 175 Carriages,.................. $803,999 Furniture,.......................... 1,090,008 Houses,............................. 2,767,134 Ships,.............................. 1,349,994 Other manufactures,................ 13,305,878 $63,903,617 Deduct for materials one-third,..................... 21,301,206 $42,602,411 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 442,796 Printing, &c.,................................. 472,850 $43,518,057 V. ines..................................................... 2,020,572 VI. The orest,............................................................... 377,354 Total............................................................... $75,470,297 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN RHODE ISLAND. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,............No. 8,024 $401,200 Neat cattle.......................... 36,891 664,038 Sheep................................. 93,146 180,292 Hogs................................. 33,659 122,636 25 per cent of.............................. $1,368,166 is................................................... $342,041 Poultry,.................................................... 61,702 $403,743 Wheat,.........................bush. 3,098 $3,875 Oats........................... 171,517 60,030 Maize................................ 459,498 281,561 Other grain,................... 103,990 77,003 Potatoes............................. 917,973 227,994 650,463 Wool,....l.............. bs. 183,830 $65,340 Products of dairy.................................. 223,229 Hay,.............................tons 63,449 571,011 Other products................................. 285,43 1,145,103 $2,199,309 II. llanufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $1,006,870 Woollen........................ 842,172 Cotton, &c.,....................... 7,564,851 Hats and bonnets.................... 178,571 Leather.............................. 182,110 HIouses,....... 379,010 Other manufactures,................ 2,689,385 ~- $12,842,969 Deduct for materials one-third,..................... 4,280,989 $8,561,980 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 20,921 Printing, &c......................................... 57,725 ~ - $8,640,626 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital............................... 1,294,956 IV. Fisheies,.............................................................. 659,312 V. Mines................ 162,410 VI. Te Forest,........................................................ 44,610 Total,.........................................13,001,223 176 Progress of Population and Wealth ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN CONNECTICUT. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 36,650 $1,732,500 Neat cattle........................ 238,650 4,145,800 Sheep,........................... 404,462 806,924 Hogs,......................... 131,961 527,844 25 per cent of.............. 7,211,968 is................................................... $1,802,992 Poultry,................................. 176,629 $1,979,621 Wheat..........................bush. 87,009 $108,761 Oats................................... 453,262 164,969 Rye,................................. 737,424 555,568 Maize............................... 1,500,441 900,264 Other grain,......... 336,802 252,598 Potatoes...................3,414,238 854,559 2,836,719 Woo,.............................lbs. 889,870 $311,434 Products of dairy,..................................... 1,376,534 orchards................ 296,232 Hay,.............................tons 426,704 3,840,336 Other products,........................................ 73,930 6,555,436 $11,371,776 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $3,559,029 W oollen............................... 2,494,313 Cotton, &c.,......................... 3,302,059 Hats and bonnets,.................. 886,310 Leather............................. 2,017,931 Paper................................ 541,3)0 Carriages........................... 929,3)1 Ships,............................... 428,900 Houses,.............................. 1,086,295 Other manufactures,................ 3,416,983 $18,662,425 Deduct for materials one-third,........................ 6,220,808 $12,441,617 Manufactures by mills, deducting three.fourths,... 135,877 Printing, &c.,.............................. 201,469 $12,778,963 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital............................. 1,963,281 IV. isheries,.............................................................. 907,723 V. Mines,........................................................................ 820,419 VI. The orest....................................................... 181,575 Total,.................................... $28,023,737 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN NEw YRlE. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,............No. 474,543 $23,736,150 Neat cattle,............... 1,911,244 21,823,928 Sheep,.............. 5,118,777 7,678,165 Hogs................................. 1,900,065 5,700,195 25 per cent of................................... $58,928,438 is............................................ $14,757,109 Poultry,.................................................. 1,153,413.- - $15,910,522 in the United States in Fifty Years. 177 Wheat,...............bush. 12,286,418 $12,286,418 Oats,............................ 2,675,847 7,753,192 Maize,.................. 10,972,286 6,857,699 Other grain................... 7,787,276 5,890,457 Potatoes........................ 30,123,614 7,530,903 $40,318,669 Wool,....................... bs. 9,845,295 3,445,853 Products of dairy.................................. 10,496,021 " orchards...................1,701,935 Hay,........................... tons 3,127,047 28,143,423 Other products,............................... 8,258,838 52,046,050 $108,275,241 II. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital........................................... 24 311,715 III. Mines,............................................... 7,408,070 IV. Mfanuifactures. Metals and machinery.............. $8,060,348 Woollen,.............................. 3,537,337 Cotton, &c.,....................... 5,185,98 Hats and caps,....................... 2,914,817 Leather,......................... 6,232,924 Raper,............................. 882,758 Cordage......................... 792,910 Musical instruments................ 472,910 Spirits,............................. 3,592,144 Carriages,......................... 2,364,461 Furniture,............................ 1,971,776 Houses,....................... 7,265,844 Ships............................... 797,317 Other manufactures,.............. 19,079,759 - ~~ $63,151,273 Deduct for materials one.third......................... 21,050,424 $42,100,849 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 4,238,320 Printing, &.,........... 1,115,345 ~ — ~ $47,454,514 V. The Forest,.................................................. 5,040,781 VI. Fisheies,...................................................................... 1,316,072 Total.............................................................. $193,806,433 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN NEW JERSEY. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 70,592 $3,595,100 Neat cattle.......................... 223,202 2,642,424 Sheep............................... 219,285 438,570 Hogs,.................................. 261,443 784,329 25 per cent of................................... $7,370,423 is...................................... $1,842,606 Poultry......................................... 336,953 $2,179,559 Wheat,..................bush. 774,703 $774,703 Oats.................................. 3,083,524 1,233,409 Maize..................... 4,361,975 2,617,175 Other grain.......................... 2,534,438 1,900,827 Potatoes,........................ 2,072,069 518,017 7,044,631 Wool.................... lbs. 397,207 139,022 Products of dairy..................... 1,328,032 " orchards............................. 464,066 178 Progress of Population and Wealth Hemp and flax,......... tons 2,1651 $281,547 Hay,.................................. 334,861 3,013,749 Other products.......................................... 1,759,247 $6,985,66t $16,209,853 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery.............. $1 406,997 Woollen........................... 440,710 Cotton, &c.,......................... 2,321,628 Hats and caps...................... 1,181,562 Leather............................. 1,582,746 Glass.............................. 904,700 Paper................................ 569,000 Carriages.......................... 1,397,149 Ships................................. 344,240 Houses.............................. 1,092,056 Other manufactures,................ 3,412,278 $14,653,062 Deduct for materials one-third........................ 4,884,354 $9,768,708 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 861,724 Printing, &c........................................... 65,825 $10,696,257 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,........................................ 1,206,929 IV. nes....................................................................... 1,073,921 V. The Forest,.................................... 361,326 VI. Fisheries,................................................................ 124,140 Total................................................................... $29,672,426 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 365,129 $18,256,450 Neat cattle......................... 1,172,665 14,071,980 Sheep................................. 1,767,620 2,651,430 Hogs.................................. 1,503,064 4,518,192 25 per cent of.................................. $39,498,052 i s.................................. $9,877,013 Poultry,.............................................. 685,801 $10,565,814 Wheat,........................bush. 13,213,077 $13,213,077 Oats............. 2,641,819 7,740,682 Maize,............................ 14,240,022 8,544,013 Other grain,.................... 8,928,508 6,626,480 Potatoes................ 9,535,663 2,383,416 38,607,668 Wool,...................... bs. 3,048,564 1,066,997 Products of dairy................................... 3,187,292 orchards............................... 618,179 Hemp and flax,...............tons 2,6494 344.467 Hay,.............................. 1,311,643 11,804,787 Other products,.................................. 1,985,720 _.____- 19,307,442 $68,480,924 II. Mlines,............................................... 17,666,146 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital.......................................... 10,593,368 IV. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $6,757,665 Woollen,............................. 2,319,061 in the United States in Fifty Years. 179 Cotton, &c.,....................... $6,202,133 Hats and caps................... 820,331 Leather,....................... 3,482,793 Drugs, &c.,...................... 2,100,074 Glass,.......................... 772,400 Paper,............................. 887,835 Carriages....................... 1,207,252 Furniture,........................ 1,155,692 Ships,............................. 668,015 Houses,............................ 5,354,480 Spirits................................ 1,560,046 Porter, &c........................ 2,553,194 Other manufactures,................. 8,387,737 $44,228,708 Deduct for materials one-third...................... 13,742,903 $30,485,805 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 2,356.239 Printing, & c.512,235 $33,354,279 V. The Forest,........................................................ 1,203,578 VI. Fisheries,...........................................................35,360 Total......................................................... $131,033,655 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN DELAWARE. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 14,421 $721,050 Neat cattle............. 53,883 646,596 Sheep,............................. 39,247 58,870 Hogs................................. 74,228 222,684 25 per cent of................................... $1,649,230 is...................................... $412,330 Poultry.................................................... 47,265 ~ ~- $459,565 Wheat,....................bush. 315,165 $315,165 Oats,............................ 927,405 370,962 Maize........... 2,099,359 1,259,615 Other grain,......................... 50,005 37,478 Potatoes............................. 200,712 50,178 2,033,398 Wool,........................... 64,404 22,541 Products of dairy......................... 113,828 " orchards............................. 28,211 Hay,..........................tons 22,483 224,830 Other products...................................... 316,067 705,477 $3,198,440 II. Mlanufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $350,700 Woollen,............................ 104,700 Cotton, &c.,......................... 332,389 Leather.......................... 166,037 Gunpowder................ 336,000 Houses,........................... 145,850 Other manufactures................ 581,710 $2,017,386 Deduct for materials one-third,..................... 672,462 $1,344,924 Manufactures by mills, one-quarter,.................. 184,493 Printing, &c.,........................................ 9,462 $1,538,879 180 Progress of Population and Wealth III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,......................................... $266,257 IV. Fisheries................................... 181,285 V. Mines......................................................................... 54,555 VI. The Forest,.................................................. 13,119 Total.................................................................... 5,252,535 ~~~~~~~~Total, ~~.....$5,252,535 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN MARYLAND. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 92,220 $4,611,000 Neat cattle,...................... 225,714 2,708,568 Sheep,................................ 257,921 381,881 Hogs,...........................'..... 416,943 1,250,829 25 per cent of.................................. $8,952,278 is................................................... 2,238,069 Poultry,....................... 218,765.$2,456,834 Wheat,.........................bush. 3,345,783 $3,345,783 Oats,...... 3,534,211 1,413,684 Maize,................ 8,233,086 4,058,271 Other grain.......................... 80,777 610,582 Potatoes.............................. 1,036,433 259,108 - ~____- 10,569,008 Wool,.............................lbs. 488,201 170,870 Products of dairy,..................................... 457,466 " orchardS,.............................. 105,740 Tobacco,.........................bs. 24,846,012 1,739,220 Hay,............................. tons 106,687 1,066,870 Other products..................................... 1,020,712 4,560,878 $17,586,720 II. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital..................................... 3,499,087 III. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $690,155 Woollen,............................ 235,900 Cotton, &c....................... 1,692.040 Hats and caps..................... 153,456 Leather,.............................. 150,275 Paper,............................ 198,100 Carriages,.......................... 357,622 Furniture,........................... 335,360 Ships................ 279,771 Houses.............................. 1,078,770 Other manufactures,................ 2,779,855 $7,921,334 Deduct for materials one-third,........................ 2,640,444 $5,280,890 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 816,812 Printing, &c.,...................... 114,975 $6,212,677 IV. Mines,.......................................................... 1,056,210 V. The Forest,................................................................... 241,194 VI. Fisheries........... 225,773 Total................................................................... $28,821,661 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 326,438 $16,321,900 Neat cattle,...................... 1,024,148 10,241,480 in the United States in Fifty Years. 181 Sheep.............................. 1,293,772 $1,940,658 Hogs,.................................. 1,992,155 3,994,310 25 per cent of............................ 32,498,348 is..................................... $8,124,587 Poultry................................................... 754,698 $8,879,285 Wheat,........................bush. 10,109,716 $10,109,716 Oats,................... 13,451,052 5,380,424 Maize, 34,577,591 17,288,795 Other grain,..................... 1,814,051 1,360,534 Potatoes,.......................... 2,944,660 761,165 34,900,364 Wool,....lbs. 2,538,374 761,512 Tobacco............................ 73,347,106 3,767,355 Cotton.............................. 3,494,483 319,558 Products of dairy,...................................... 1,480,488 " orchards.......................... 705,765 Hemp and flax,*...............tons 25,5944 3,071,310 Hay,................................... 364,708 2,917,664 Other products,.......................................... 2,282,250 15,305,902 $59,085,821 II. llanufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $789,573 Woollen,.............................. 147,792 Cotton, &c.,....................... 679,312 Tobacco,.............................. 2,406,671 Leather............................. 826,597 Carriages,........................... 647,815 Furniture,............................ 289,391 Ships................................. 136,807 Houses,.............................. 1,367,393 Other manufactures................ 2,130,483 $9,421,734 Deduct for materials one-third..................... 3,140,578 $6,281,186 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.. 1,963,850 Printing, &c.,........................................... 104,212 $8,349,218 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,.......................................... 5,299,451 IV. Mines. Iron......................................................... $1,129,247 Coal.............................................. 1,593,381 Salt,..................................... 436,404 Other products,...................................... 162,597 3,321,629 V. The Forest................................................................ 617,760 VI. Fisheries,.................................................................... 95,173 Total,........................................................... $76,769,032 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN NORTH CAROLINA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 166,608 $8,330,400 Neat cattle,......................... 617,371 5,556,339 * This item is certainly erroneous, if in nothing else, in the product of the county of Lee, which, with a population of 8,441, is stated to produce more hemp and flax-10,468 tons-than any state in the Union, except Virginia. The error probably exceeds $1,000,000. 16 182 Progress of Population and Wealth Sheep,................... 538,279 $682,848 Hogs,............................... 1,649,716 3,299,432 25 per cent of.................................. $17,869,019 is................................................. 4,467,505 Poultry.........................544,125 $5,011,630 Wheat,..................... bush. 1,960,855 $1,960,855 Oats....................... 3,193,941 1,277,626 Maize................................ 23,893,763 9,477,505 Other grain,.................... 233,936 176,343 Potatoes............................. 2,609,239 452,309 ~ —--- 13,344,638 Wool,...............bs. 625,044 156,261 Cotton.............................. 51,926,190 3,633,863 Tobacco....16,672,359 833,618 Products of dairy....................................... 674,349 " orchards,........... 386,006 Hemp and flax,............ tons 9,879k 1,284,367 Hay,............... 101,369 810,962 Other products.............................. 840,147 8,619,563 $26,975,831 II. l3anufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $63,039 Cotton, &c.,..................... 444,721 Leather,............................ 185,387 Carriages,.......................... 301,601 Ships,................................ 62,800 Houses....................... 410,264 Other manufactures,................ 979,022 $2,446,834 Deduct for materials one-third....................... 815,611 $1,631,223 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 388,024 Printing, &c.,.............................................. 34,450 $2,053,697 III. The Foret,.................................................. 1,446,108 IV. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,...................................... 1,322,284 V. Mines. Gold................................................... 255,618 Other minerals,.......................................... 116,868 372,486 VI. Fisheries,............................................................ 251,792 Total,................................................................... $32,422,198 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN SOUTH CAROLINA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 129,921 $7,795,260 Neat cattle,................ 572,608 4,582,864 Sheep,............................... 232,981 291,226. Hogs,...............................878,532 1,757,064 25 per cent of............................. 14,426,414 is........................................... $3,606,603 Poultry........................................ 396,364 $4,002,967 Wheat,.......................bush. 968,354 $968,354 Oats.............................. 1,483,208 593,283 in the United States in Fifty Years. 183 Maize,.............................. 14,722,805 $7,361,402 Other grain,...................... 48,777 37,579 Potatoes,............................ 2,608,313 452,079 $9,412,697 Wool,................ lbs. 299,070 89,721 Cotton,..................... 61,710,274 4,628,270 Rice................................. 60,590,861 1,514,771 Products of dairy,...................... 577,810 " orchards............................ 55,275 Hay,...........................tons 24,618 246,180 Other products,................ 1,028,742 8,138,027 $21,553,691 II. 3Ianufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $83,531 Cotton, &c.......................... 362,830 Leather,....................... 109,472 Carriages......................... 189,270 Ships,....................... 60,000 Houses,................... 1,527,576 Other manufactures,................ 492,642 $2,825,321 Deduct for materials one-third,........................ 941,440 $1,882,881 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 300,419 Printing, &c.,............................................ 65,615 $2,248,915 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,........................................ 2,632,421 IV. The orest,..................................................... 549,626 V. Mines 187,608 VI. Fiseries,.......................................................... 1,275 Total................................................................... $27,173,536 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN GEORGIA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules.............No. 157,540 $9,452,400 Neat cattle,................... 884,414 7,075,312 Sheep................... 267,107 407,660 Hogs,................................. 1,457,755 2,915,510 25 per cent of..........................19,850,882 is........................................... $4,962,720 Poultry,................................................... 449,623 - ~ ~ — $5,412,343 Wheat,.......................bush. 1,801,830. $1,801,830 Oats............................... 1,600,030 644,012 Maize....................... 20,905,122 10,462,561 Other grain,....................... 73,713 58,637 Potatoes,.............................. 1,291,366 322,841 13,289,881 Wool,..l....................lbs. 371,303 111,391 Cotton,......................... 163,392,396 11,437,467 Rice............................. 12,384,732 309,618 Products of dairy................................. 605,072 " orchards,................................. 156,122 Hay,........................tons 16,940 169,400 Other products...................................... 977,477 _____ ~ 13,766,527 $31,468,271 184 Progress of Population and Wealth II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery.............. $144,704 Cotton, &c........................ 308,025 Leather,............................... 123,701 Carriages,.......................... 249,065 Houses,........................... 693,116 Other manufactures,................ 839,046 -~. ~^~$2,357,657 peduct for materials one-third....................... 785,886 $1,571,771 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 317,179 Printing, &c.,................................... 65,000 $1,953,950 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital........................................ 2,248,488 IV. lines.................................................. 191,631 V. The orest,................................................................. 117,439 VI. isheries................. 584 Total......................................... $35,980,363 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN ALABAMA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules..............No. 143,147 $8,588,820 Neat cattle,......................... 668,018 5,344,140 Sheep.............................. 163,243 244,854 Hogs,.................................. 1,423,873 2,847,746 25 per cent of................................. 17,025,560 is.................................................. $4,256,390 Poultry,.b@........................................... 404,894 $4,661,284 Wheat.........................bush. 828,052 $828,052 Oats,.......................,..... 1,406,353 562,541 Maize............................... 20,947,004 8,378,801 Other grain........................ 58,758 44,091 Potatoes,....................... 1,708,356 427,189 10,240,674 Cotton...........................lbs. 117,138,823 8,209,717 Wool,................................ 220,353 66,106 Products of dairy,.................................... 265,200 " orchards................. 55,240 Hay,................ tons 12,718 127,180 Other products,.....1............................. 1,071,112 - -~~ ~ 9,794,555 $24,696,513 II.'Manufactures. Metals and machinery.............. $179,470 Leather,.............................. 180,152 Carriages,...................... 88,891 Houses,............................... 739,871 Other manufactures,................ 882,449 $2,071,333 Deduct for materials one-third,........................ 690,444 $1,380,889 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 306,356 Printing, &c.,.......................................... 45,525 -_ - ____- $1,732,770 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital...................................... 2,273,267 IV. The Forest,.................................. 177,465 V. Mines,................................ 81,310 Total,............................................................... $28,961,325 in the United States in Fifty Years. 185 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN MISSISSIPPI. L Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 109,227 $6,553,620 Neat cattle......................... 623,197 3,739,182 Sheep,................................. 128,367 192,550 Hogs....................... 1,001,209 2,002,418 25 per cent of......................... 12,487,770 is.................................................... 3,121,997 Poultry,....................................... 369,482 - 3,491,479 Wheat.........................bush. 196,024 $196,024 Oats,................................. 668,624 334,312 Maize,............................. 13,161,237 5,264,494 Other grain........................ 13,159 10,298 Potatoes,............................. 1,630,100 407,525 6,212,653 Cotton....................... lbs. 193,401,577 15,472,126 Rice................................. 777,193 23,315 Wool,.......................... 175,192 52,559 Products of dairy,................................ 359,585 " orchards,................................. 14,458 Other products............ 868,290 _t___-_ 16,990,456 $26,494,565 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,.............. $286,685 Leather,...1..................... 118,167 Houses............................ 1,175,513 Other manufactures................ 568,231 - $2,121,596 Deduct for materials one-third,.................. 707,199 $1,414,397 Manufactures by mills,, deducting three-fourths,... 121,716 Printing, &c.,.................,,,...... 49,677 $1,585,790 111. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,........................................ 1,453,686 IV. The Forest,................................................... 205,297 Total........................................................... $29,739,338 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN LOUISIANA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules.............No. 99,888 $5,973,280 Neal cattle,.......................... 381,248 3,049,984 Sheep.............................. 98,072 147,108 Hogs,................................. 323,229 646,440 25 per cent of.................................... $9,816,812 is........................................... $2,454,203 Poultry, 283,559 ____ — $2,737,762 Oats and other grain,........bush. 109,225 $54,548 Potatoes,............................ 844,341 217,085 M1aize............................... 5,952,912 2,976,451 3,248,084 Cotton,..........................bs. 152,555,368 10,678,875 Sugar,................................. 119,947,720 4,797,908 Rice,........................... 3,604,534 108,136 Hay,...........................tons 24,651 246,510 16* 186 Progress of Population and Wealth Products of dairy,................................... $153,069 " orchards.................................. 11,769 Other products......................................... 869,262 $16,865,529 $22,851,375 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $35,000 Bricks and lime...................861,655 Tobacco............................... 150,000 Leather,............................. 108,500 Refined sugar..................... 770,000 Tallow candles,.................... 425,000 Ships i........... p................. 80,500 Houses,.............................. 2,736,944 $5,676,944 Deduct for materials onethird,...................... 1,892,667 $3,784,134 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 176,696 Printing, &c............. 126,825 -- ~__- $4,087,655 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital......................................... 7,868,898 IV. Mines....................................................................... 165,280 V. The Forest.................................................................... 71,751 Total.................................................................. 35,044,959 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN ARKANSAS. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 51,472 $2,573,600 Neat cattle,...................... 188,786 1,509,188 Sheep,................................. 42,151 52,699 HIogs,................................. 393,058 786,116 25 per cent of............................... $4,921,603 i................................................... $1,230,401 Poultry,.................................................. 109,468 ~ ~ — $1,339,869 Wheat........................bush. 105,878 $105,878 Maize,........ O................. 4,846,632 2,423,316 Oats and other grain,............... 196,620 82,232 Potatoes,............................. 293,608 74,402 2,685,828 Cotton,.................... bs. 6,028,642 $361,718 Hemp,............................tons 1,039. 135,135 Other products,........................................ 564,207 _ 1,061,06 $5,086,757 II. 3Manufactures. Houses,.:............................. $1,141,174 Other manufactures,................ 406,578 $1,577,879 Deduct for materials one-third,...................... 525,957 $1,051,922 Manufactures by mills, deducting three.fourths,... 82,712 Printing, &c.,.......................................... 10,675 $1,145,309 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital...................................... 420,635 IV. The Forest,................................................................... 217,469 V. ines,........................................................................... 18,225 Total,....................................................... $6,888,395 in the United States in Fifty Years. 187 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN TENNESSEE. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules.............No. 341,309 $17,070,450 Neat cattle,................ 882,857 7,062,956 Sheep,.......................... 741,693 926,991 Hogs............................ 2,926,607 4,389,010 25 per cent of................................. 29,449,407 is.................................................... 7,612,352 Poultry,.............................. 606,969 $8,219,321 W heat,..........U...........bush. 4,569,692 $3,427,269 Oats,............................ 7,035,678 1,758,419 Maize................................ 44,986,188 11,246,547 Other grain...................... 326,307 164,322 Potatoes.............................. 1,904,370 476,092 17,072,649 Products of dairy..................................... $472,141 orchards......................... 367,105 Wool,...........................Ilbs. 1,060,332 265,583 Tobacco,.............................. 29,550,432 1,172,017 Cotton................................. 27,701,277 1,662,076 Hemp and flax,..................tons 3,344k 334,450 Hay................................... 31,233 218,631 Other products...1,876,207 -_~ ~ 6,368,210 $31,660,180 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,........$... 445,050 Cotton................................ 325,719 Wool, &c.,.......................... 27,198 Hats and caps....................... 104,940 Leather............................... 359,050 Cordage.............................. 139,630 Carriages............................ 219,897 Spirits,............................... 224,821 Houses............................... 427,402 Other manufactures,................ 1,191,666 - $3,233,552 Deduct for materials one-third,....................... 1,077,850 $2,155,702, Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.... 255,166 Printing, &c............................................... 6,325 ~ ~'- $2,477,193 I1I. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital........................................,239,478 IV. llines.................................................................. 1,371,331 V. The Foest,.........................................225,179 Total,............................................ $37,973,361 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 196,632 $7,865,280 Neat cattle,................... 433,875 3,471,000 Sheep,............................... 348,018 348,018 Hogs.................................. 1,271,161 1,271,161 25 per cent of................................... $12,955,459 is...........................$........... $3,238,865 Poultry,.................................................. 270,647 $3,509,512 188 Progress of Population and Wealth Wheat........................bush. 1,037,386 $518,693 Oats.................................. 2,234,947 335,241 Maize,................................ 17,332,524 3,482,505 Other rain.................... 93,727 36,863 Potatoes,............................. 783,768 117,565 $4,490,867 Products of dairy,........................................ 100,432 " orchards.............9..................... 90,878 Wool,................ bs. 562,265 140,564 Tobacco,............................... 9,067,913 362,716 Hemp and flax,................ tons 8,010 640,860 Hay.................................... 49,083 343,581 Other products,............................................ 804;853 2,483,884 $10,484,263 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............ $257,600 Woollen, &c.,,.................... 24,865 Hats and caps................... 111,620 Leather,..................298,345 Carriages.................... 97,112 Houses,............................... 1,441,573 Other manufactures,......................... $3,108,385 Deduct for materials onethird,........................ 1,036,128 $2,072,257 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 240,014 Printing, &.,................................. 48,437 ~- $2,360,708 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital................... 2,349,245 IV. The Forest................................................................... 448,559 V. llines,...................................................................... 187,669 Total................................................................ 15,830,444 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY. 1. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 395,853 $19,792,650 Neat cattle,.......................... 787,098 9,445,176 Sheep,.......................... 1,008,240 1,260,300 Hogs................................. 2,310,533 2,310,533 25 per cent of.................................... $32,808,659 is................................................. $8,202,165 Poultry,................................................... 536,439 $8,738,604 Wheat.........................bush. 4,803,152 $2,401,526 Oats................................ 7,155,974 1,788,993 Maize................................ 39,047,120 7,969,424 Other grain........................ 1,347,033 680,602 Potatoes,.............................. 1,088,085 158,262 12,998,807 Products of dairy................................. $931,363 " orchards,................................... 434,935 Wool,.........................lbs. 1,786,847 446,712 Tobacco,............................ 53,435,409 2,137,476 Hemp,..........tons 9,9924 799,380 Hay................................... 88,306 353,224 Other products.......................................... 2,386,044 ~- ~ ~~ 7,489,134 $29,226,545 in the United States in Fifty Years. 189 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $255,106 W oollen,....................... 151,246 Cotton, &c.,........................ 465,593 Tobacco,......................... 413,585 Hats and caps,...................... 201,310 Leather............................. 732,646 Cordage,............................. 1,292,276 Carriages............................ 168,724 Furniture,......................... 273,350 Spirits................................. 352,737 Houses............................... 1,039,172 Other manufactures,............................ $6,624,132 Deduct for materials one-third......................... 2,208,044 $4,416,088 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.. 609,484 Printing, &c........................................... 66,781 ~ ~- -- $5,092,353 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,....................... 2,580,575 IV. lines,......................................................................... 1,539,919 V. The Forest,................................................... 184,799 Total,................................................................... $38,624,191 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN OHIO. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 430,527 $17,221,080 Neat cattle.................. 1,217,874 9,728,992 Sheep,................................. 2,028,421 2,535,525 Hogs,................................ 2,099,746 2,099,736 25 per cent of........................... $31,585,333 is................................................ $7,896,333 Poultry,................................................... 551,193 ~- $8,447,526 Wheat,.................. bush. 16,571,661 $8,285,830 Oats.................................. 4,393,103 2,158,965 Maize,................................. 33,668,144 6,733,629 Other grain,................... 1,659,884 669,179 Potatoes.............................. 5,805,021 870,753 - 18,718,356 Wool,............... lbs. 3,685,315 $921,329 Tobacco,.............................. 5,942,275 297,113 Sugar,................................. 6,363,386 381,303 Products of dairy........................................ 1,848,869 " orchards............................... 476,271 Hemp and flax,..................tons 9,0804 726,420 Hay,.................................. 1,022,037 4,088,148 Other products,........................................... 1,896,666 10,636,119 $37,802,001 II. ~Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $2,141,807 Woollen,............................ 685,757 Cotton, &c.,........................ 435,148 Hats and caps,...................... 728,513 Leather................................ 1,986,146 Paper,................................ 350,202 Carriages............................ 701,228 Furniture,............................ 761,146 Spirits,.............................. 1,265,893 190 Progress of Population and Wealth Ships............................. $522,855 Houses,............................. 3,776,823 Other manufaictures,............................ $18,036,527 Deduct for materials one-third....................... 6,012,176 $12,024,351 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.. 2,217,052 Printing, &c.,.................................... 346,680 $14,588,091 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital................. 8,050,316 IV. Mines,........................................................... 2,442,682 V. The Forest,....................................................... 1,013,063 VI. Fisheries,.................................................................. 10,525 Total............................................................... $63,906,678 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN INDIANA. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 241,036 $9,641,440 Neat cattle,................. 619,980 4,959,840 Sheep,........................... 675,982 834,939 Hogs,............................... 1,623,008 1,623,008 2? per cent of................... $17,069,218 is.................................................... $4,267,317 Poultry,................................................. 357,594 $4,624,911 Wheat.................bush. 4,049,375 $2,028,687 Oats.............................5,981,605 498,467 Ma aize -, -......................... 28,155,887 5,631,177 Other grain,..................... 206,655 80,625 Potatoes............................ 1,525,794 228,868 8,467,824 Products of dairy,............................ 742,269 " orchards.................................. 110,055 Sugar,.........l.......... lbs. 3,727,795 223,667 Wool.................................. 1,237,919 309,473 Tobacco.......................... 1,820,306 9.1,015 Hemp and flax,...............tons 8,6051 668,440 Hay,.................... 178,029 712,116 Other products,................... 1,297,972 4,155,008 17,247,743 II. Manufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $177,479 Cotton,.............................135,400 Wool, &c.,................ 112,141 Hats and caps,....................... 122,844 Leather.............................. 730,001 Carriages,........................... 163,135 Furniture............................. 211,481 Spirits............................... 357,427 Ships................................ 107,223 Houses,......:....................... 1,241,312 Other manufactures,........................... $4,556,397 Deduct for materials one-third,....................... 1,518,799 $3,037,596 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.. 582,283 Printing, &c.................................. 56,826 $3,676,705 in the United States in Fifty Years. 191 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital......................................... $1,866,155 IV. The Forest,................................ 660,836 V. ines,........................................ 80,000 VI. Fisheries,.................................................... 1,192 Total.......................................................... $23,532,631 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN ILLINOIS. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 199,235 $7,969,400 Neat cattle.......................... 626,274 5,013,192 Sheep,................. 395,672 494,590 Hogs,.......................... 1,495,254 1,495,254 25 per cent of.........................$...... $14,972,436 is................................ $3,743,109 Poultry,......................................... 309,204 $4,052,313 Wheat,........................bush. 3,335,393 $1,667,696 Oats.................................... 4,988,088 415,667 Maize,............................ 22,634,211 4,526,842 Other grain................ 228,332 124,346 Potatoes,........................ 2,025,520 303,828 7,038,379 Products of dairy........................ 428,175 " orchards,............................... 126,756 Wool.......................... bs. 650,007 162,500 Hemp and flax...............tons 1,9764 158,100 Hay,................................. 164,932 659,728 Other products............................... 1,075,515 2,610,774 $13,701,466 II. llianufactures. Metals and machinery,............. $88,640 Leather................................ 247,217 Carriages,.......................... 163,135 Spirits............................... 310,336 Furniture,............................ 84,410 Ships............................. 39,200 Houses,....................... 2,065,255 Other manufactures................. 881,857 ~ ~~- -$3,880,050 Deduct for materials one-third............,293,350 $2,586,700 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 604,450 Printing, &c......................... 52,825 $3,243,981 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,................... 1,493,425 IV. Mines,........................................................ 293,272 V. The Forest.................................................................. 249,841 Total................................................................ $18,981,995 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN MICHIGAN. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 30,144 $1,205,760 Neat cattle................... 185,190 1,481,520 Sheep,............................... 99,618 124,022 Hogs,.................................. 205,890 205,890 25 per cent of................................... $3,017,192 is............................................. $754,298 Poultry.................................................. 82,730 $837,628 192 Progress of Population and Wealth Wheat,............ bush. 2,157,108 $1,078,554 Oats,............................... 2,114,051 175,337 Maize,................................ 2,277,039 455,408 Other grain.......................... 275,630 148,790 Potatoes,.............................. 2,109,205 316,380 $2,174,469 Sugar,............................lbs. 2,329,784 $79,877 Wool................................... 153,375 38,344 Hay,............................tons 130,805 523,220 Hemp and flax,.................... 7554 60,420 Products of dairy,........................................ 428,175 " orchards ld........................ 126,756 Other products........................................... 234,600 1,491,392 $4,502,889 II. Iianufactures. Metals and machinery............. $114,073 Leather............................. 192,190 Ships..................10,500 Houses....................... 571,005 Other manufactures,............... 430,181 $1,317,949 Deduct for materials one-third,........................ 439,316 $878,633 Manufactures by mills, deducting three.fourths,.. 458,091 Printing, &c..................................... 39,525 ~- - $1,376,249 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital.............................. 622,822 IV. The Foest,.................................................................. 467,540 V. 3Iines,........................................................................... 56,790 Total,................................................................... $7,026,290 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN WISCONSIN TERRITORY. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,.............No. 5,735 $229,400 Neat cattle........................... 30,269 242,152 Sheep,................................. 3,462 4,327 Hogs, 51,383 51,383 25 per cent of................................... $527,262 is........................................ $131,815 Poultry.................................................... 16,167 $______- $147,982 Wheat,........................bush. 212,116 $106,058 Oats,.................................. 406,514 33,876 Maize,................................ 379,359 75,872 Other grain......................... 23,681 13,223 Potatoes........................... 419,608 62,941 291,970 Other products,................................................................ 129,153 $568,105 II. 3lanufactures. Miscellaneous,....................... $102,269 Houses............................... 212,085 $314,354 Deduct for materials onethird,...................... 104,785 $209,569 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,.. 87,748 Printing, &c.,...................... 7,375 ~ —--- ~$304,692 in the United States in Fifty Years. 193 III. Commerce, 25 per cent on capital.....................................$189,957 IV. Mines. Lead,...bs. 15,129,350 $378,233 Other minerals....................................... 6,370 - 384,603 V. The Forest,................................................. 430,580 VI. isheries,..................................................................... 27,663 Total............................................................... $1,905,600 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN IOWA TERRITORY. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,............No. 10,791 $431,630 Neat cattle................... 38,049 304,352 Sheep,.............................. 15,354 19,192 Hogs........................... 104,809 104,809 25 percent of.............................. $859,993 is.......................................... 214,998 Poultry,................................................ 16,529 $231,527 Wheat,........................bush. 154,693 $77,336 Oats.................................. 216,385 32,450 Maize,........1,406,241 281,248 Other grain,.............. 10,732 5,912 Potatoes........234,063 35,109 432,073 Other products.............................................................. 105,695 $769,295 II. Manufactures. Miscellaneous...................... $90,224 Houses............................... 135,985 $226,209 Deduct for materials one-third...................... 75,403 $150,806 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 23,586 Printing, &c...................................... 4,425 -~- $179,087 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital,........................................ 136,525 IV. The Forest,........................................................... 83,949 V. Mines........................ 13,250 Total,................................................................ $1,182,106 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN FLORIDA TERRITORY. I. Agriculture. Horses and mules,............ No. 12,043 $722,580 Neat cattle.................... 118,081 944,648 Sheep............................ 7,198 10,797 Hogs,.................................. 92,680 185,360 25 per cent of............................ $1,863,385 is......................................... $465,846 Poultry.................................................. 61,007 $526,853 Maize,........................ush. 808,974 $404,243 Oats and other grain.............. 14,576 6,078 Potatoes.................... 264,617 66,154 - 476,475 Cotton,............. l.........lbs. 12,110,583 $726,632 17 194 Progress of Population and Wealth Sugar,.......................lbs. 275,317 $16,519 Other products...................................... 87,758 $830,909 $1,834,237 11. Manufactures. Miscellaneous,...................... $227,795 Houses............................ 327,913 $555,708 Deduct for materials one-third.................... 185,236 $370,532 Manufactures by mills, deducting three.fourths,... 47,412 Printing, &c...................... 16,600 -- $434,544 III. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital...................................... 464,637 IV. isheries..................................................................... 213,219 V. The Forest.................................................................. 27,350 VI. Mines....................................................................... 2,700 Total................................................................... $2,976,687 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. I. Agriculture. Live stock,.................. No 161,969........ 25 per cent.................................... $40,492 Grain,.................. bush. 63,029 46,367 Other products........................................... 90,083 ~ -~ $176,942 II. Commerce, 25 per cent of capital..................................... 802,725 III. 3Ianufactures,........................................... $1,153,714 Deduct for materials one-third,........................ 387,905 $765,808 Manufactures by mills, deducting three-fourths,... 45,842 Printing, &c,.................................... 92,875 904,526 IV. Fisheries,........................................................................ 87,400 Total,...................................................... $1,971,593 in the United States in Fifty Years. 195 Summary of the Annual Products of Industry in the several States, with the proportional amount to each individual of the whole of the free population in each State. STATES VALUE OF ANNUAL PRODUCTS FROM PROP. To EACH PERS N. AND _________ __________ TERRITO Agricul- Manufac- Cornm- Wh'le Free tIS e. tureo. m Mining. Forest. Fisheries. Total. ture. tures. merce. pop. pop. D ollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dolls. Dolls. Maine,.... 15,856,270 5,615,303 1,505,380 327,376 1,877,663 1,280,713 26,462,705 52 52 N. Hamp., 11,377,752 6,545,811 1,001,533 88,373 449,861 92,811 19,556,141 68 68 Vermont,. 17,879,155 5,685,425 758,899 389,488 430,2.24......... 25,143,191 85 85 Mass.,.... 16,065,627 43,518,057 7,004,691 2,020,572 377,354 6,483,996 75,470,297 103 102 R. Island,. 2,199,309 8,640,626 1,294,956 162,410 44,610 659,312 13,001,223 110 119 Connect't, 11,371,776 12,778,963 1,963,281 820,419 181,575 907,723 28,023,737 90 90 N. Eng. S. 74,749,889 82,784,185 1.3,528,740 3,808,638 3,361,287 9,424,555 187,657,294 84 84 N. York,.. 108,275,281 47,454,514 24,311,715 7,408,070 5,040,781 1,316,072 193,806,433 79 79 N. Jersey,. 16,209,853 10,696,257 1,206,929 1,073,921 361,326 124,140 29,672,426 79 79 Pennsylv., 68,180,924 33,354,279 10,593,368 17;666,146 1,203,578 35,360 131,033,655 76 76 Delaware, 3,198,440 1,538,879 266,257 54,555 13,119 181,285 5,252,535 67 70 Maryland, 17,586,720 6,212,677 3,499,087 1,056,210 241,194 225,773 28,821,661 61 76 D. of Col., 176,942 904,526 802,725.................. 87,400 1,971,593 45 50 Middle S., 213,628,160 100,161,132 10,680,081 27,258,902 6,859,998 1,970,030 390,558,303 76 77 Virginia,.. 59,085,821 8,349,218 5,299,451 3,321,629 617,760 95,173 76,769,053 62 97 N. Caroli., 26,975,831 2,053,697 1,322,284 372,486 1,446,108 251,792 32,422,198 44 63 S. Caroli.,. 21,553,691 2,248,915 2,632,421 187,608 549,626 1,275 27,173,536 45 101 Georgia,.. 31,468,271 1,953,950 2,248,488 191,631 117,439 584 35,980,363 52 87 Florida,.. 1,834,237 434,544 464,637 2,700 27,350 213,219 2,976,687 54 103 South'n S. 140,917,851 15,040,324 11,967,281 4,076,054 2,758,283 562,043 175,321,836 52 87 Alabama,. 24,696,513 1,732,770 2,273,267 81,310 177,465......... 28,961,325 49 103 Mississippi 26,494,565 1,585,790 1,453,686......... 295,297......... 29,739,338 79 164 Louisiana, 22,851,375 4,087,655 7,868,898 165,280 71,751......... 35,044,959 99 189 Arkansas, 5,086,757 1,145,309 420,635 18,225 217,469......... 6,888,395 70 88 Tennessee 31,660,180 2,477,193 2,239,478 1,371,331 225,179......... 37,973,360 45 58 S'west. S., 110,789,390 11,028,717 14,255,964 1,636,146 897,161......... 138,607,378 61 97 Missouri,. 10,484,263 2,360,708 2,349,245 187,669 448,559........ 15,830,444 41 48 Kentucky, 29,226,545 5,092,353 2,580,575 1,539,919 184,799........ 38,624,191 49 64 Ohio,.... 37,802,001 14,588,091 8,050,316 2,442,682 1,013,063 10,525 63,906,678 42 42 Indiana,.. 17,247,743 3,676,705 1,866,155 660,836 80,000 1,192 23,532,631 34 34 Illinois,... 13,701,466 3,243,981 1,493,425 293,272 249,841........ 18,981,985 39 39 Michigan,. 4,502,889 1,376,249 622,822 56,790 467,540......... 7,026,390 33 33 Wisconsin 568,105 304,692 189,957 384,603 430,580 27,663 1,905,600 47 47 Iowa,.... 769,295 179,087 136,525 13,250 83,949......... 1,132,106 27 27 N'west. S. 114,302,307 30,821,866 17,289,020 5,579,011 2,958,331 39,380 170,989,925 41 44 Total,. 654,387,597 239,836,224 79,721.086 42,358,761 161,063,134,736 62 73 The following table shows, in centesimal proportions, how the product of each branch of industry in the United States is distributed among the great divisions of the States: DIVISIONS. Agricult. Manufac. Comm'ce. Mining. Forest. Fisheries. Total. New England States,.... 11.4 34.3 13.8 9. 20. 78.6 17.6 Middle States,............. 32.7 42. 41 6 64.3 40.7 16.4 36.8 Southern States,.......... 21.5 6.2 12.3 9.6 16.4 4.7 16.5 Southwestern States,.... 16.9 4.6 14.6 3.9 5.3...... 13. Northwestern States,.... 17.5 12.9 17.7 13.2 17.6.3 16.1 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 196 Progress of Population and Wealth Table showing in what proportions the several products of industry are distributed, and the proportional value of each product to each person in the great divisions of the States. N. ENGLAND MIDDLE SOUTHERN SOUTIHWEST- NORTHWEST- TOTAL STATES. STATES. STATES. ERN STATES. ERN STATES. U. STATES. EMPLOY- ___________ ___________ ___________ _ __ MENTS. I Prop. Value Prop. Value Prop Ve rop. Value Prop. Value Prop. Value of to each of to each of to each of to each of to e of o each prod. person. prod. person, prod. person. prod. person. prod. person. prod. person. Agricult'e,. 40. $33.45 54.7 $41.57 80.4 $41.80 79.9 $48.76 66.8 $27.41 61.6 $38.16 Manufact.,. 43.9 37.05 25.6 19.49 8.5 4.46 8. 4.85 18. 7.40 22.5 13.99 Commerce, 7.2 6.05 10.4 7.92 6.8 3.55 10.3 6.28 10.1 4.14 9.2 5.70 Mining.... 2. 1.71 7. 5.31 2.4 1.21 1.2.72 3.2 1.33 4. 2.47 The Forest, 1.8 1.50 1.8 1.33 1.6.82.6.39 1.7.71 1.6.98 Fisheries,... 5.1 4.22.5.38.3.16...2.01 1.1.70 Total,.... 1-. $84. -100.. $76 2. 100. $5 1 $61. 100. $41. 100. $6. It appears from the preceding tables, that, notwithstanding the great inequality in the five geographical divisions of the Union, both as to population and extent, there is no considerable difference in the total proportionate value of their annual products, with the exception of those of the Middle States, which are more than onethird of the whole. Of the other four divisions, the New England States, though somewhat the smallest in population, and much the smallest in extent, exceed the other divisions in the value of their annual products. The agricultural products of the States may be compared in various ways. 1st. As to the proportion which they bear to the agricultural products of the whole Union. 2d. As to the proportion which this branch of their industry bears to the other branches. 3d. As to the average value to each inhabitant. 4th. As to the average value for each one of its territory. 5th. As to the quantities produced. The three first comparisons are exhibited in the first and third tables. They show that nearly one-third of the agricultural products of the Union are furnished by the Middle States, one-ninth by the New England States, and from about a fifth to a sixth by each of the other three divisions. Thus, four-fifths of the products of the Southern and Southwestern States are agricultural, two-thirds of those of the Northwestern States, more than half of those of the Middle States, and but two-fifths of those of the New England States; that the value of this class of products to each inhabitant is the greatest in the Southwestern States, and the lowest in the Northwestern. But the greatest diversity is in the average value per acre of their agricultural products, which is principally owing to the great in the United States in Fifty Years. 197 difference among the States in the proportion of their uncultivated lands. Thus: Agricultural products. Area in acres. Value per acre. New England States,.................. $74,749,889 42,336,000 $1 76 Middle States,......................... 213,628,160 75,168,000 1 84 Southern States,*...................... 139,083,614 133,996,800 1 03 Southwestern States,................. 110,789,390 156,851,200 70 Northwestern States,t................. 112,964,907 191,904,000 58 The last point of comparison is in the quantities annually produced; and we should make a very false estimate of the agricultural wealth of the different States, if we were to confine our attention to the money value of their several products, and not to regard the quantities prdduced. A large part of the products of every State are consumed where they are produced; and as to this portion, the greater the cheapness of the products of a State, the greater is its wealth. If the same labour and capital would produce twice as much grain in the Western States as in the Atlantic States, it is obvious that either one-half the labour and capital required in the latter may be saved in the Western States, and diverted to other sources of profit, or that those States may have twice as much as the Atlantic States for consumption. And as to the surplus sent abroad to be exchanged for other products, though the price be but half that in the Atlantic States, yet, if twice the quantity is produced at the same expense, the value produced in both places will be the same. The advantage of the superior fertility of the Western States is not as great as we have supposed, for the purpose of illustration, but it is probably sufficiently great to bring the profits of their agriculture upon a level with those of the Atlantic States. Of the wheat, Indian corn, and other grain used for bread, and potatoes, the quantities produced by the different great divisions of the States, and the proportion to each inhabitant. are as follows: GEOGRAPHICAL Popuatin Bushels of grain, Propor. to Bushels of Propor. to DIVISIONS. Popultion. exclusive of oats. each pers. potatoes. each pers. New England States,. 2,234,822 12,506,000 51 35, 81,000 15 Middle States,......... 5,118,076 89,952,000 171 42.969,000 81 Southern States,....... 3,279,006 111,080,000 331 9,710,000 3 Southwestern States,. 2,245,602 95,982,000 421 6,862,000 3 Northwestern States,. 4,057,313 179,620,000 43 12,615,000 3 It thus appears, that the proportion of grain to each inhabitant * The Territory of Florida not included. t The Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa not included. 17* 198 Progress of Population and Wealth in the Western States is eight times as great as it is in New England, and two and a half times as great as it is in the Middle States. If we add the proportion of potatoes to that of the grain, and suppose four bushels of the former equal to one of the latter, then the difference between the Western States and New England will be as 5 to 1, and between the former and the Middle States as 2{ to 1. It should further be remarked, that about fifteen-sixteenths of the grain and potatoes produced in the United States are consumed at home, either directly, or in the form of animal food, and only onesixteenth is sent abroad in either of these forms. From this large domestic consumption, we may see how greatly the Western States are benefited by this greater cheapness of production. It may well be supposed that the gain from this source compensates them for their greater distance from market. The quantity of food annually consumed in the United States by a family of five persons,* after deducting one-sixteenth of the grain for the amount exported, and one-tenth for seed, is as follows: Indian corn,...... 85 bushels. Oats,....... 28 Wheat, rye, &c.,..... 25 " Potatoes,...... 25 " The average of domestic animals to each family is: Horses and mules,...... 1 Cattle,........ 4 Sheep,........ 5 Hogs,........ 7 To the articles annually consumed by a family, are to be added poultry, to the value of $2 25; pickled fish, one-third of a barrel; rice, 12 lbs.; sugar, 42 lbs.; besides garden vegetables, products of the orchard, and game. The same, or nearly the same very liberal consumption which is here indicated, may be expected to continue in the United States so long as its population continues thin, compared with the capaci* It was not thought necessary to distinguish the families of slaves in this estimate from those of free persons, there being no essential difference between them as consumers of raw produce. If the families of slaves consume somewhat less of animal food, they contain also a greater proportion of children. in the United States in Fifty Years. 199 ties of the country, and no longer, unless, indeed, the high standard of comfort to the poorest class in this county should prevent that redundancy of numbers which finds its check in disease and destitution. This is a problem which the experience of other nations cannot assist us to solve, since the facility of subsistence which exists here, seems never to have existed in any part of the old continent in any stage of society. In manufacturing industry, the States differ far more than in agriculture. The New England and Middle States, containing less than two-fifths of the whole population, possess more than three-fourths (76.3 per cent) of the manufactures. The manufactured products of New England exceed those of its agriculture by nearly a tenth. Those of Massachusetts alone exceed in value those of all the Western States together, and are nearly thrice as great as those of the four Southern States united. This diversity is to be referred principally to the different densities of population in the States, and in some degree to the slave labour of one-half of them, which, untutored as it now is, seems suited only to the greater simplicity of agricultural operations. The cheapness and. abundance of provisions and raw materials (including coal) in the Northwestern States, must eventually make them the seats of flourishing manufactures, and this, too, before they have attained that very dense population their fertile soil is destined to support. Even with their present numbers, the census affords evidence of their particular adaptation to this branch of industry. The manufactures of Ohio alone already nearly equal in value those of the four Southern States. The profits of commerce amount to something more than an eleventh of the whole annual product, if they have not been estimated too high at 25 per cent on the capital employed. They constitute more than a tenth of the whole products in the Middle, the Southwestern, and the Northwestern States; about a fourteenth in New England; and a fifteenth in the Southern States. Mining contributes but 4 per cent of the whole national product. Nearly two-thirds of the whole (64.3 per cent) are in the Middle States. More than half the remainder is in the Northwestern States. The products of the forest constitute 1- per cent of the whole. They are furnished by each division of the States nearly in proportion to the population, except by the Southwestern States, 200 Progress of Population and Wealth where they are little more than the half of I per cent of the products of that division. The products of the fisheries, the lowest in the scale as to direct gain, barely exceed 1 per cent of the whole, and more than threefourths of them (78.6 per cent) are contributed by the New England States. From this branch of industry the Southwestern States derive nothing, and the Northwestern next to nothing. It is of far greater importance in a national view, as affording an excellent nursery for seamen, than as a source of gain, except to the New England States, where it yields 5 per cent of their whole annual product. On comparing the individual States, we find that in agriculture, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, are far before the rest in the value of their products. In manufactures, New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania take the lead. The profits of commerce are greatest iu New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Louisiana; but in proportion to population, Louisiana stands foremost. In mining industry, Pennsylvania equals all the other States except New York, which is second, though not the half of Pennsylvania. Virginia is the third, though not the half of New York. In the products of the forest, the order of precedence is New York, Maine, and North Carolina. In the fisheries, the product of Massachusetts is more than that of all the rest of the Union. New York and Maine are the next highest. If we distribute the whole annual product in 1840-1,063 millions of dollars-among the whole population, we find that the proportion to each inhabitant is greatest in the New England States, where it is $84; in the Middle States, it is $76; in the Southern, $52; in the Southwestern, $61; and in the Northwestern, $41. The causes of this diversity are to be found yet more in the different densities of population, different degrees of fertility, and different distances fiom market, than in the existence or absence of slavery, though that also has its influence. It is the difference of distance from market which makes the industry of an individual in the Southwestern States 50 per cent greater than in the Northwestern. It is the difference of fertility which makes the same industry worth $79 in Mississippi, and but $49 in Alabama. The same cause makes the industry of the Southwestern States more productive than that of the Southern States. It is the greater density of numbers in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and their consequent success in manufactures, which makes industry more in the United States in Fifty Years. 201 productive in those States than it is in New York and Pennsylvania. In the two former, the proportion to an individual is greater than in any other State. In Rhode Island, it is $110, and in Massachusetts, $103. The annual product from manufactures in Rhode Island is very nearly four times that derived from her agriculture. If we distribute the annual product among the free population exclusively, then the proportion to each individual will be greater in the slaveholding than in the free States, for in several of them the proportion will then be more than doubled. Thus, in South Carolina, it will be raised from $45 to $101; in Mississippi, from $79 to $164; and in Louisiana, from $99 to $189; then the highest proportion in the Union. The whole of the 1,063 millions annually produced, together with the omitted articles, amounting perhaps to between 40 and 50 millions more, are annually consumed, except a very small portion, which adds to the stock of the national wealth. The progressive increase of this wealth will be considered in the next chapter. 202 Progress of Population and Wealth CHAPTER XXI. THE INCREASE OF WEALTH. HAVING ascertained the amount of the national income, it would on many accounts be desirable to ascertain also its ratio of increase, and more especially whether it increases at the same rate as the population or at a different rate. There are obvious reasons why the wealth of an industrious and prosperous community should increase faster than its population. Every year adds to its stock of labour-saving tools and machinery, as well as improves their usefulness. Lands, too, are made more productive by draining, ditching, manuring, and better modes of culture. Both science and practical art are constantly enlarging the quantity of manufactured commodities, and yet more improving their quality. By means of cheaper and quicker modes of transportation, much of that labour which, in every country is expended, not in producing, but in transferring products from place to place, is saved and rendered directly productive: and lastly, the small excess of annual income over annual expense is constantly adding to the mass of capital, which is so efficient an agent of production. But we must bear in mind that so far as this improvement in the sources of wealth are shared by the whole civilized world, it is not manifested in pecuniary estimates of annual products, supposing the value of the precious metals to be unchanged, since the same portion of them will be constantly representing a greater and greater amount of what is useful and convenient to man. It is only where the increase of wealth of a country is faster or slower than the average that it will be shown in the money value of its annual products compared with its population. It is, then, the relative and not the positive increase of wealth in the United States which we propose to consider. Had each preceding census furnished the information afforded by the census of 1840, this question had been of easy solution. But in the United States in Fifty Years. 203 this not being the case, we are left to infer the progress of national wealth from such partial indications of it as we are able to derive from other statistical facts. One of these indications is the progressive increase in the value of the lands and buildings of the several States. In each of the years 1798, 1813, and 1815, the General Government laid a direct tax, apportioned among them, as the constitution requires, according to their representative numbers. But as the act of Congress authorized the States in 1813 and 1815 to assume the payment of their respective quotas, and thus relieve themselves from the tax, and several of the States availed themselves of this provision, a valuation of the lands in those States not being necessary, did not take place. The valuations which were made were as follows: 1798. 1818. New Hampshire,..................................23,175,046 $36,957,825 Massachusetts......................................... 83,992,464 149,253,514 Rhode Island...................................... 11,066,358 24,567,020 Connecticut,........................................... 48,313,434 86,546,841 Vermont,................................................ 16,723,873 32,747,290 New York,............................................. 100,380,707 265,224,983 Delaware,................................................ 6,234,414 14,218,950 Maryland,........................................... 32,372,291 106,490,638 North Carolina.................................. 30,842,372 58,114,952 Tennessee......................................... 6,134,108 28,748,986 $359,235,067 $802,870,999 This shows an increase in the value of the lands of 123 per cent in fifteen years, equivalent to a decennial increase of about 68 per cent. Let us now compare this increase with the increase of population of the same States, in the same period of fifteen years. In 1800 and 1810, their numbers were as follows: 1803. 1810. New Hampshire.............................. $183,762 $214,360 Massachusetts.................................... 574,964 700,745 Rhode Island,................................... 69,122 77,031 Connecticut,.........................................251,002 262,042 Vermont,.............................................. 154,465 217,713 New York.................................. 586,756 959,049 Delaware,................................................. 64,273 72,674 Maryland............................................... 341,548 380,346 North Carolina.................................... 478,103 555,500 Tennessee,................................................. 105,602 264,727 $2,828,597 $3,701,327 This shows an increase of population of 30.8 per cent., and supposing the increase from 1798 to 1800, and from 1810 to 1813 to be not materially different, we may regard 30.8 per cent as the 204 Progress of Population and Wealth decennial increase of their numbers. But the decennial increase in the value of their lands was 68 per cent that is, more than twice as great, or nearly as 221 to 100. It may be presumed that those Stales in which there was no valuation of the lands in 1813 would exhibit the same difference between these ratios. It is proper to remark that the lands of those States which were valued in 1813, were again valued in 1815, and that the subsequent valuation showed no increase in the total value, and in some of the States an actual falling off. The war, by interrupting foreign commerce, prevented any increase in the total value of landed property, and probably arrested the progress of the national wealth. Again: The valuation of the lands in Virginia in 1798, under the direct tax law, was $71,225,127, and the same were valued in 1839, under a law of the State, at $211,930,538, showing an increase of value in 41 years,of 197.5 per cent. equal to a decennial increase of 31 per cent. The population of the State had, from 1800 to 1840, increased 40.8 per cent., which gives a less average decennial increase than 7 per cent; by which it appears that the value of its lands had increased more than four times as fast as its population, supposing the two valuations made with equal accuracy. On the other hand, in the State of New York the valuation of its lands, under the direct tax law of 1815, was $266,067,094; and the average valuation of the same lands, for the years 1834, 1835, and 1836, under a law of the State, was $430,751,273. This shows an increase of value, in twenty years, of 61.8 per cent, which is equivalent to a decennial increase of 27.2 per cent. The increase of population of the same State from 1810 to 1830 was 100 per cent, and from 1820 to 1840 was 76.9 per cent. The average between them (88.4 per cent) may be presumed to give the rate of increase from 1815 to 1835, the period in question, which is equivalent to a decennial increase of 37 per cent; and thus, supposing the valuation to have been made on the same principles under the Federal and the State Governments, population would seem to have increased faster than capital in that State, or at least, than capital seeking investment in real estate. It would seem from the preceding instances that the increase in the value of land has been very different in the different States, even when compared with the increase of population. It has also probably varied at different periods. The great extension of the foreign commerce of the United States during the first decennial term, and the extraordinary demand for their agricultural products in the United States in Fifty Years. 205 caused a rapid rise in the value of their lands. The interruptions to that commerce in the second period, and part of the third, produced a correspondent depression. On the other hand, the depreciation of the currency in most of the States during the war, and in all of them about the year 1835 and 1836, had the effect of enhancing the price of land. Let us now advert to the progress of commerce, seeing that the growth of national wealth may be expected to manifest itself in an increase of exports and imports. But since they greatly vary from year to year, it will be necessary to take the average of several years. The average imports for the three years, from March 4th, 1789, to March 4th, 1792, were as follows: The imports from March 4th, 1789, to December 31st, 1791,............. $52,200,000 " from December 31st, 1791, to March 4th, 1792, equal to onesixth of the imports of that year.................. 5,250,000 One-third of........................ $57,450,000 is............................. $19,150,000 The average imports of 1839, 1840, and 1841 are $132,393,000, which shows an increase in fifty years of 692 per cent, equal to a decennial increase of 47 per cent, which is about two-fifths, or 40 per cent more than the average decennial increase of population. The average annual exports of domestic products from March 4th, 1789, to March 4th, 1792, were $13,500,000, and for the years 1839, 1840, and 1841, the average was $107,937,000, showing an increase of 799 per cent in 50 years, which is equal to a decennial increase of something more than 51 per cent. Again: The average imports for the years 1819, 1820, and 1821, were $74,720,000, and when compared with those of 1839, 1840, and 1841, an increase is shown of 77 per cent in 20 years, equal to a decennial increase of 33 per cent, which is rather less than the increase of the population in the same period. The consumption of those commodities which are in extensive, but not in universal use, may also be presumed to indicate the progress of wealth. Of this character are tea, coffee, and wine, all of which, moreover, being imported from abroad, their home consumption can be accurately ascertained. From 1808 From 1836 to 1812.' to 1840. The average quantity annually consumed of Coffee, was......lbs. 16,158,000 96,274,000 *, " " "'; Tea, 3,445,932 14,591,000...... Wines,..... gs. 1,737,002 5,422,000 The increased consump. in 30 years of Coffee, 495 p. cent; the decen. increase 81 p. cent,,', " Tea, 323 " " " 61,,... Wine, 212 " "* " 46 " 18 206 Progress of Population and Wealth It would seem, then, that from 1808 to 1838 the increased decennial consumption of coffee compared with that of the population, has been as 33 to 81; of tea, 33 to 61; and of wine, as 33 to 46. It must, however, be remembered, that for the last six years of the term, coffee, which had previously paid a duty of 5 cents per pound, and teas, which had paid an average duty of more than 20 cents per pound, have been free of duty; and that for the same period the duties on wine have been greatly reduced. It is not easy to say how far the increased consumption of these commodities is to be attributed to the changes in the tariff, but it does not probably exceed 20 per cent, and may be much less. One circumstance which has contributed to diminish the increase both of imports and exports, is the growth of manufactures, which has at once enlarged the home market for the raw materials, and lessened the demand of imports. Official estimates of the manufactures of the United States were taken both in 1810 and 1820, but there was so many inaccuracies in both, and especially the last, that any inferences drawn from them are to be regarded rather as probable conjectures than well founded estimates. According to a digest of the returns made by the marshals in 1810 of the manufactures of the United States, they amounted to $127,694,602. A further estimate was afterwards made by the acting Secretary of the Treasury of the omissions, by which the amount was extended to $172,762,676. But inasmuch as there might also be great omissions in the returns of 1840, it would seem safer to compare the returns that were actually made, more especially as Mr. Gallatin had, from those of 1810, estimated the annual amount of manufactures at only 120 millions of dollars. It seems, however, that each of these estimates contain items that are not comprehended in that of 1840. These, then, will be deducted before the two are compared. The following articles in the returns of 1810 were not, in 1840, comprehended in the estimate of manufactures, viz: in the United States in Fifty Years. 207 Amount, according to the marshal's returns............................. $127,694,602 Fabrics made in families............................... $16,491,200 Products of fulling.mills,............................. 4,117,308 " of cardingmills,........................... 1,837,508 Bar and pigiron,........................................ 6,081,314 Tanneries,................................................. 8,338,250 Salt,....................................................... 1,149,793 Fish oil,................................................... 240,520 Lead in pigs,........................................ 26,720 ~_ —- - 38,332,613 $89,361,909 Deduct for raw materials one-third,............................... 29,787,329 $59,574,660 The annual product of the manufactures of 1840, was............. 239,752,227 To be deducted, the following articles not comprehended in the digest of 1840, viz:Bricks and lime, two-thirds of.... $9,736,945 $6,491,390 Houses, two-thirds of.............. 41,917,401 28,044,934 Mill manufactures, one-fourth of. 76,545,246 19,136,311 $53,672,635 $186,079,592 Comparing the same articles of manufacture in 1810 and 1840, the increase, from $59,574,660 to $186,079,592, is 212 per cent in thirty years, or a decennial increase of 46 per cent. The returns ofmanufactures made by the marshals in 1820 were still more imperfect and inaccurate. In whole counties there were no returns whatever, and in almost all of them there were considerable omissions. In some cases, where capital to a large amount appears to be employed, no product is stated. In not a few large establishments the proprietors refused to answer the marshal's inquiries. In many, it should be added, the manufactures are represented to be in a languishing condition. The gross annual amount of the manufactures, so far as it can be gathered from such defective returns, appears to be only $36,115,000, and the capital employed in them to $41,507,000. As this branch of industry is known to have been steadily advancing from 1810 to 1815, so great a falling off in five years as is indicated by the returns of 1820, seems to be utterly inadmissible. Without doubt it must have greatly declined after the peace of 1815, which at once raised the price of raw materials and lowered that of manufactures; but after making large allowance for these circumstances and the omissions in the returns of 1820, they do not seem sufficient to account for the great apparent difference, and a part of it seems not improbably to be referred to an over valuation of the manufactures in 1810. Perhaps the best mode of comparing the manufactures of 1820 with those of 1840 is to compare the number of persons employed 208 Progress of Population and Wealth in those years; and the rather as this part of the returns is the most complete, and in the most manufacturing States makes some approach to accuracy. The number employed in 1820 was 36,705 men, 5,812 women, and 13,779 children —in all 56,296. The whole number of persons employed in 1840 was 455,668-that is, as 100 to 809; which supposes the extraordinary decennial increase of 284 per cent. After making the most liberal deduction from this estimate for the omissions in the returns of 1820, the remainder shows an advancement in this branch of industry that is without example. As a further evidence of the same fact, we find that while no other branch of our domestic exports has ever doubled since 1820, that of manufactures has increased six fold; that is, from $2,342,000 to $12,868,840 in 1840, and 13,523,072 in 1841. The increase of the precious metals, or rather of money, would be one of the surest indications of an increase of wealth; but we have no means of ascertaining its amount in the first two or three decennial terms with even an approach to accuracy. In 1791, the estimates of the currency, then almost wholly metallic, varied from nine to sixteen millions of dollars. But in 1821, upon better data, the amount was estimated by the Treasury department at from eighteen to twenty millions. From that time to 1841, the imports of specie and bullion, according to the custom-house returns, were........ $181,589,814 The exports in the same period, were. 138,085,922 $43,503,892 This, with the quantity then in the country, estimated at $19,000,000, gives a total of $62,502,892. To this we should add the product of domestic mines, but on the other hand, deduct the quantity wrought into plate and manufactures, or consumed by the wear of the coin. The quantity of gold and silver manufactured from coin during the twenty years in question, is supposed by those most conversant on the subject not to exceed an average of $500,000 a year. The quantity lost and consumed by the wear of the coin may be set down at one-fourth of 1 per cent a year. The product of the domestic mines, carried to the mint in the same period, has been $6,124,547, and making a moderate allowance for the quantity used by goldbeaters and other manufacturers, we may safely estimate it, in round numbers, at $7,000,000. On the preceding state of facts, the quantity of specie in the country in 1841 would be as follows: in the United States in Fifty Years. 209 Amount in circulation in 1821, and since imported......................... $62,503,892 Product of domestic mines...................................................... 7,000,000 $69,503,892 Deduct amount manufactured,.............................. $10,000,000 " " consumed by wear, &c.................. 2,000,000 - ~____ ~12,000,000 $57,503,892 This increase in twenty years, from $19,000,000 to $57,503,892, is equivalent to a decennial increase of 73 per cent, or nearly twothirds more than the increase of population. Without doubt the quantity of the precious metals in the United States was considerably augmented by the large loans contracted in Europe, but it must be recollected that a large part-it is believed the largest part-of those loans was contracted after 1837, in consequence of the reaction occasioned by the preternatural distension of the currency, and tended rather to check the efflux of specie (which it could not prevent) than to increase its import; and that, whatever was the effect of those loans, it would seem that the equilibrium was restored by the same reaction before 1841, by the fact of the great increase of specie within the last two years. In this comparative estimate, as well as in all those preceding it, we should take into account the rise which the precious metals have experienced since 1820, by reason of the lessened production of the American mines, and which cannot be much if any short of 10 per cent. If we allow for this additional value, it will convert the $57,503,892 in 1841 to more than $63,000,000, and raise the decennial increase of those metals to something more than 82 per cent. The result of the preceding comparisons may be seen in the following summary: Decennial increase of land in 10 States,.. 68 per cent.-Of population, 30.8 per cent. {'" ( " Virginia,.... 31 " 7. " " "'" New York,. 27 " " 37. " " imports in 50 years, 47 " " 33.50 " ~" " exports " 51 "' 33.33 " " " imports in 20 years, 33 " 33.33 " " " exports " 33 " " 33.33'' imports of tea, 61 " 33.33 I " "' " coffee, 81 " " 33 33..... " wine, 46 " " 33.33' " manufactures, 46 " " 33.33 " i" " specie, 82 " * 33.33 601 371.94 Which shows the decennial increase of capital and wealth to have been to that of population as 601 to 371.94, or nearly as 50 to 31; 18 210 Progress of Population and Wealth and supposing the decennial increase of population to have averaged 33] per cent, that of wealth has been 53 per cent. According to the view that has been taken of the resources of these States, their public debts, on the most liberal estimate made of them, bear an insignificant proportion to their means. Supposing the amount of those debts to be 200 millions of dollars, at an interest of 6 per cent, the annual charge is $12,000,000, which is little more than I per cent of their income in 1840, and may be presumed to be less than 1 per cent of their present income. But if they were all to provide for the punctual payment of this interest, and thus restore that confidence in the national faith which once existed, or even make an approach to it, the debt could be readily converted at par into a five, or even four per cent stock, and the excess would be sufficient for a sinking fund that would discharge the debt in thirty years or less. In this interval, too, as wealth would be steadily increasing, the burthen would become lighter and lighter, and in twenty-five years, it would bear but a third or a fourth of its present rate on the value of property. With such ample means of complying with their engagements, the States have not a shadow of excuse for not faithfully fulfilling them. It is true that these debts are distributed among them very unequally, because their affairs have been administered with very unequal degrees of wisdom and forbearance; but even those States which are most encumbered, may provide for the payment of interest by a moderate tax which shall be made to bear on all sources of revenue. Thus the debt of Pennsylvania, estimated at $40,000,000, bears, at 5 per cent, an annual interest of $2,000,000. The income of this State was, in 1840, $131,000,000, and is probably at this time not less than $150,000,000. A nett revenue of only 13 per cent of that income would produce the $2,000,000 required. But were the burthen yet greater, and the means of discharging them yet less, no State which does not set a higher value on property than integrity, can consent to a violation of the national faith; nor would any right.minded citizen deem the saving thus effected any compensation for the stain of national infamy it would leave behind it. But the public sentiment of the Union, to say nothing of our character abroad, to which we never have been and never ought to be indifferent, is so decided on this subject, that it is impossible the people of any State can permanently resist it. Even the excuses and pretences which were but too successfully urged by those who make a political traffic of their principles when the first in the United States in Fifty Years. 211 stunning effects of the revulsion in 1839 were felt in full force, will soon find no support from any considerable portion of the American people. All men who have at once common sense and common honesty, must see that " repudiation," if warranted by strict law, would not be just; and though it were just, would be neither liberal nor wise. We confidently trust, then, that the cloud which now fearfully overhangs a few States, and to the distant observer casts a shade over their uncontaminated associates, will soon disappear, and leave the path before us as bright and cheering as that it is our pride to have passed over. THE END. A PP E ND IX. PREFACE TO THE APPENDIX. Another census of the United States exhibits their progress in population and wealth from 1840 to 1850. In this period they have experienced some extraordinary changes in their condition, superadded to those which have hitherto marked their course. They have thus gained an accession of territory of more than 800,000 square miles, which has already added two States to the Union, and will, probably, in time, add twelve or fifteen more. By an unprecedented tide of immigration a million and a half of Europeans have found permanent homes in this free and fertile country. Our steam navigation, which had previously traversed all our lakes and great rivers, has been extended to the ocean; and lastly the gold of our California mines produced an influence on the monetary affairs of the world. The result is, that in ten years our population has increased from 17 to 23 millions, that our commerce, manufactures, shipping, and railroads; our religious and charitable institutions; our schools and collegeseverything, in short, which characterizes a civilized community -have increased in a correspondent or yet greater proportion. The seventh census, in addition to such details as its predecessors have given, has afforded much interesting information relative to our social condition and public economy, which has been made accessible to the popular mind by the valuable publications issued from the census office. tr PREFACE TO THE APPENDIX. The writer of the following pages has aimed to select and convey in an abridged form the most important facts communicated by this census; accompanying them as heretofore, with such comments as might aid those to whom statistical enumerations were.unintelligible or distasteful. He has, moreover, here found the means of confirming or qualifying some of the speculations on which he had previously ventured. In conclusion, he indulges the hope that these authentic exhibitions of our growth and improvement, so gratifying to the pride and love of country, will lead our citizens to greater party forbearance, and give them new incentives to cherish that union to which, under heaven, they owe the blessings they enjoy. PHILADELPHIA, January, 1855. CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. CHAPTER I. CENSUS OF 1850, Page Wherein it differs from the preceding.................................. 1 Increase of the different classes of the population........................ 2 Their several proportions compared with those of 1840.................... 2 Table of the Whites according to age and sex............................ 2 Table of the Free Colored............................................. 5 Table of the Slaves.................................................. 8 Aggregates of each of the three classes................................. 9 Estimate of the population acquired from Texas, &c...................... 11 Proportional Increase of Slaves explained............................. I1 Males and females of each class in centesimal proportions................. 12 Diminution of children explained...................................... 13 Distribution of the three classes in the Slaveholding States................ 13 CHAPTER II. PROGRESS OF THE POPULATION IN SIXTY YEARS. Decennial increase in the great local divisions.......................... 14 Decennial increase of the Whites, Free Colored, and Slaves............. 16 The same in centesimal proportions............................. 16 CHAPTER III. PROPORTION BETWEEN THE SEXES. Usual preponderance of Males in the White population................... 17 Exceptions as to those between 15 and 20............................. 17 Excess of Females in the Colored classes............................... 17 Difference between this census and the two preceding.................... 17 Excess of White Males increased by Immigration........................ 17 Excess of Free Colored Females increased by Emigration................. 17 vi CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. CHAPTER IV. IMMIGRATION. Page Number of Immigrants between 1840 and 1850.......................... 18 Countries from whence they came...................................... 18 Migration from State to State......................................... 19 Distribution of the Native Population among the States................... 19 CHAPTER V. PROBABILITIES OF LIFE. This part of the census ill-executed..................................... 20 Average Annual Mortality of the Free Population........................ 21 Average Annual Mortality of the Slaves................................ 23 CHAPTER VI. THE DEAF, DUMB, BLIND, ETC. Distribution of these among the States.................................. 24 Proportion of each to the whole population.............................. 24 Difference between the census of 1840 and 1850.......................... 25 Errors probably in both.............................................. 25 CHAPTER VII. FUTURE INCREASE OF POPULATION. Rate of increase by Natural Multiplication.............................. 26 This gradually diminishing.......................................... 26 Table of Ratio between Women and Children...2......................... 2 This modifies Malthus's law of population............................... 27 Progress of Slavery considered........................................ 28 The Mulattoes, their number, &c........................................ 28 The Indians, their number, &c......................................... 28 CHAPTER VIII. ATLANTIC AND WESTERN STATES, ETC., COMPARED. Their several Rates of Increase....................................... 29 When the Western States may have the Preponderance................... 30 CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. vii CHAPTER IX. RELIGION-JUVENILE AND POPULAR INSTRUCTION. Page Table of the principal Religious Sects................3................ 31 Their Distribution among the States................................... 31 Number of Churches in the five great divisions........................... 32 Table of the Colleges and other Schools................................. 32 The three classes of Schools in centesimal proportions.................... 34 Table of the Periodical Press in the several States....................... 35 Distribution under four heads......................................... 36 The Public Libraries in the several States.............................. 36 CHAPTER X. CITIES AND TOWNS. Their extraordinary increase explained.................................. 36 Cities containing 100,000 inhabitants................................... 37 Cities and Towns containing between 100,000 and 10,000 inhabitants........ 37 Cities and Towns containing between 10,000 and 3,000 inhabitants..... 38 Rate of Increase of the different classes................................. 43 CHAPTER XI. THE INDUSTRIOUS CLASSES. Small proportion of the Idle class...................................... 44 Occupations of the Male population over fifteen........................... 44 A fivefold Distribution of the Industrious Classes........................ 46 1. Those chiefly occupied in Mental Labor........................... 46 2. Those chiefly occupied as Producers............................. 46 3. Those in Manufactures or Handicrafts............................ 47 4. Those in Exchanges or Transportation............................ 47 5. Those in Miscellaneous employments............................. 48 Those classes distributed in centesimal proportions....................... 48 Table of the numbers employed in manufactures in 1840 and 1850......... 48 Value of Manufactures of Cotton, Wool, &c., in the several States............ 49 Increase of Railroads in 20 years...................................... 51 Canals and Railroads in the several States.............................. 51 Quinquennial statement of the tonnage of the United States................ 62 The whole Tonnage of 1850 distributed among the States.................. 52 CHAPTER XII. PAUPERISM AND CRIME. Paupers, native and foreign, distributed among the States................... 63 Criminals convicted in 1850 in the several States........................... 63 Table of Persons in Jails and Penitentiaries in the several States.............. 54 viii CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. CHAPTER XIII. PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURE. Page Paramount importance of Agriculture.................................. 55 Defences against Scarcity possessed by the United States................. 55 Table of the Agricultural Products in the several States.................. 65 Average consumption by one family.................................... 62 CHAPTER XIV. VALUE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY. Materials for this estimate incomplete................................ 63 Valuation of the Products of1. Agriculture............................................... 6 2. Of Mining................................................... 64 3. Of Manufactures............................................. 64 4. Of Commerce...............................6.........4... 5. Of the Fisheries.......................................... 66 6. Of the Products of the Forest................................... 66 Aggregate result.................................................... 66 Table of the Property, Revenues, etc., of the several States................ 6 PROGRESS OF POPULATION IN THE CHAPTER I, THE CENSUS OF 1850, BEING THE SEVENTH DECENNIAL ENUMERATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. THIS census differs from every other which preceded it in one important particular. Hitherto the population had been distributed into classes, according to age, sex, and race, by the officers who took the census, but by the act of Congress for taking the seventh census, the census-taker was required to return each individual by name, with his or her sex, age, color, occupation, &c., and left the classification to be made at the seat of government, in the office of the Secretary of the Interior. This mode was recommended by its promise of greater accuracy, and by its affording materials for additional classes of the individual citizens, according to other points of similarity. It has, however, been found to be attended with the disadvantages of adding largely to the expense, and of requiring a much longer time to complete a digest of the returns. These objections, which, if not obviated, must acquire additional force at each succeeding census, have given rise to a doubt whether the certain inconveniences of the new mode do not outweigh its presumed benefits. The act also greatly enlarged the field of inquiry. It appointed a Census Board which had the power of prescribing the objects of inquiry, not exceeding one hundred. In the exercise of its authority, this Board augmented the number of agricultural items from twenty-nine to forty-five. It required a valuation of each person's lands, improved and unimproved, and of their implements and machinery; the annual taxes levied in each district; the number of aliens, with the places of their nativity; of paupers; of convicted criminals; of church establishments, with the property of each; and of the public libraries; and, lastly, it aimed at copious details of medical statistics-as the number of deaths within the year preceding the census, the age and color of each person deceased, and the disease of which he died. Though this part of the census is not to be relied on, from the incompetency or carelessness of most of those from whom the census-takers received their information, the seventh census, on the whole, furnishes the materials for a greater stock of statistical information than 2 Progress of Population in the eUnited Siate. has probably ever been afforded in a country containing more than twenty millions of people. The decennial increase in 1850, by multiplication and the accession of Texas, New Mexico, and California, wasOf the whole population............ 23,191,876 35.87 per cent. Of the whites..................... 19,553,068 37.74 Of the free colored................. 434,495 12.47 " Of the slaves..................... 3,204,313 28.82 " The distribution of the different classes under this census, compared with that of 1840, was as follows: In 1840. In 180. The whites amounted to........ 83.16 per cent. 84.32 per cent. The free colored................ 2.26 " 1.87 The slaves.................... 14.58 " 13.81 " The result of the census of 1850, as to the population of each State and Territory, distributed according to age and sex, white or colored, bond or free, may be seen in the four following tables:WHITE POPULATION IN 1850, CLASSED ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX. States and Under 1. 1 and under 5. 5 and under 10. Territories. males. females. males. females. males. females. Maine............ 7,041 6,915 31,497 30,161 37,765 36,580 New Hampshire... 3,057 3,030 13,660 13,247 17,379 16,833 Vermont.......... 3,345 3,226 15,623 15,366 19,437 18,640 Massachusetts..... 11,527 11,463 45,460 44,544 54,148 50,697 Rhode Island...... 1,740 1,804 6,939 6,844 7,589 7,611 Connecticut....... 3,851 3,649 16,190 15,908 19,292 19,052 New York........ 88,090 37,125 162,659 59,831 187,834 184,305 New Jersey....... 6,401 6,436 26,444 25,687 30,614 39,081 Pennsylvania....... 31,929 31,017 131,268 135,990 157,099 154,424 Delaware......... 983 970 4,191 4,120 5,036 4,882 Maryland......... 6,059 5,962 24,309 24,037 27,558 27,016 District of Columbia 493 506 2,081 1,964 2,451 2,466 Virginia......... 12,026 11,715 57,266 55,190 66,363 63,809 North Carolina...... 8,171 7,680 35,721 34,080 40,793 39,407 South Carolina..... 3,313 3,139 17,973 17,084 20,589 19,988 Georgia........... 7,894 7,271 37,844 36,698 42,642 41,118 Florida............ 61 646 3,365 3,139 3,811 3,647 Alabama......... 6,289 5,927 30,241 28,983 34,205 33,485 Mississippi........ 4,464 4,209 22,045 20,689 24,404 23,495 Louisiana........ 3,467 3,421 15,380 14,907 16,931 16,274 Texas............. 2,437 2,326 11,133 10;638 12,277 11,317 Arkansas......... 2,817 2,655 12,441 11,944 13,476 12,912Tennessee....... 11,679 11,247 52,801 50,780 60,471 58,416 Kentucky.......... 12,035 11,528 52,441 50,140 59,604 57,315 Missouri.......... 10,044 9,529 41,124 39,466 46,356 44,606 Illinois........... 13,546 12,995 58,383 56,436 66,392 63,513 Indiana........... 16,344 15,636 68,294 65,613 79,563 76,369 Ohio............. 28,488 27,707 127,036 123,348 145,958 141,724 Michigan........... 5,462 5,362 25,016 23,775 30,384 28,847 Wisconsin......... 5,279 5,124 20,845 20,045 21,765 20,432 Iowa............. 3,141 2,952 14,302 13,850 15,864 15,095 California.......... 148 122 840 784 1,080 1,011 Minnesota........ 66 102 888 363 363 356 Oregon........... 161 149 902 835 907 934. Utah............... 220 212 871 863 696 668 New Mexico....... 639 594 3,773 3,792 4,402 4,325 273,307 264,364 1,198,746 1,160,051 1,372,488 1,331,69@ Progress of Population in the United States. 3 SRates and 10 and under 15. 15 and under 20. 20 and der 30. Territories. males. females. males. females. males. females. Maine............. 36,408 35,188 33,352 33,439 51,456 48,279 New Hampshire... 17,426 16,844 16,920 18,821 28,232 28,948 Vermont.......... 18,485 17,609 17,480 16,778 27,431 25,661 Massachusetts..... 49,129 48,634 48,868 55,044 101,306 107,856 Rhode Island...... 7,365 7,378 7,172 7,828 14.652 15,192 Connecticut....... 19,373 18,534 18,527 19,486 35,239 35,050 New York........ 170,053 167,472 157,151 171,592 308,816 308,392 New Jersey....... 28,213 26,913 24,294 25,706 42,193 43,152 Pennsylvania...... 138,633 133,258 116,773 124,483 209,438 206,801 Delaware........ 4,581 4,342 3,814 3,954 6,354 6,335 Maryland.......... 25,307 24,608 20,767 22,461 40,164 38,173 District of Columbia 2,156 2,235 1,829 2,220 3,523 3,950 Virginia......... 59,955 57,485 47,638 50,015 77,492 77,559 North Carolina.... 37,577 35,722 30,178 31,777 46,618 49,630 South Carolina..... 18,842 18,132 14,732 15,530 23,474 23,833 Georgia........... 37,075 35,674 28,497 30,085 44,873 43,527 Florida............ 3,077 2,812 2,338 2,412 4,778 3,727 Alabama........... 30,145 29,059 24,548 25,215 36,360 35,732 Mississippi......... 21,105 20,081 15,847 16,157 27,164 23,630 Louisiana.......... 14,103 13,857 10,620 12,498 30,729 24,569 Texas........... 10,346 9,456 7,836 8,073 16,454 12,311 Arkansas......... 11,930 11,178 9,059 8,990 15,193 13,238 Tennessee........ 54,444 51,825 43,870 45,094 64,089 64,537 Kentucky......... 51,610 49,454 42,115 42,801 69,673 64,506 Missouri......... 40,589 38,673 32,250 32,299 58,245 40,952 Illinois........... 58,559 54,301 46,959 45,739 79,465 70,579 Indiana......... 68,240 64,447 55,477 55,196 86,785 80,349 Ohio............. 128,101 123,632 107,689 111,126 178,777 168,373 Michigan.......... 25,491 24,040 21,216 21,238 36,186 32,491 Wisconsin......... 17,571 16,375 14,522 14,217 31,922 26,366 Iowa........... 13,172 12,137 9,961 10,134 16,702 15,646 California.......... 1,134 813 4,569 877 44,770 1,597 Minnesota......... 209 263 225 231 1,154 565 Oregon............ 717 692 677 525 9,375 802 Utah............. 683 685 659 666 1,264 891 New Mexico....... 3,678 3,187 3,187 3,833 6,326 6,270 1,225,575 1,176,554 1,041,116 1,087,600 1,869,092 1,758,469 States and 30 and under 40. 40 and under 50. 50 and under 60. Territories. males. females. males. females. males. females. Maine............. 35,935 33,606 27,436 25,802 17,644 17,460 New Hampshire... 19,558 20,222 15,837 16,445 11,299 12.372 Vermont.......... 19,766 19,262 15,860 15,212 10,679 10,397 Massachusetts..... 72,540 70,002 47,696 47,612 28,340 31,293 Rhode Island...... 10,335 10,191 6,636 7,005 4,047 4,665 Connecticut....... 25,078 24,251 17,902 18,190 11,845 13,436 New York........ 216,542 197,333 144,496 128,561 85,440 78,911 New Jersey........ 30,181 28,151 20,887 19,631 12,796 13,039 Pennsylvania...... 144,039 133,072 97,558 89,451 58,632 55,919 Delaware......... 4,605 4,481 3,106 2,948 1,713 1,805 Maryland......... 29,460 26,685 18,740 17,414 10,647 10,802 District of Columbia 2,679 2,599 1,647 1,633 995 1,056 Virginia......... 51,461 49,907 36,105 34,756 22,631 22,258 North Carolina..... 29,340 31,753 20,315 21,922 13,084 14,316 South Carolina..... 15,534 15,273 10,573 10,603 6,895 6,778 Georgia......... 28,062 25,534 18,830 17,403 10,891 10,125 Florida............ 3,558 2,347 2,076 1,410 1,269 810 Alabama.......... 21,862 21,057 15,976 13,721 9,842 7,842 Mississippi........ 19,061 14,216 11,378 8,776 6.667 4,742 Louisiana......... 27,451 15,054 13,829 7,529 5,639 3,637 Texas............ 12,117 7,353 6,939 4,366 3,452 2,117 Arkansas......... 10,043 7,420 6,056 4,501 3,041 2,186 4.Progress of Population in the United States. States and 30 and under 40. 40 and under 50. 50 and under 61. Territories. males. females. males, females. males. females. Tennessee......... 38,947 38,361 25,541 25,860 16,269 14,950 Kentucky........ 45,345 38,672 28,587 25,376 16,995 15,142 Missouri.......... 41,006 30.761 23,540 18,170 12,481 9,594 Illinois........... 57,178 45,248 84,389 27,683 19,119 14,709 Indiana.......... 57,445 49,853 35,213 32,010 23,538 18,501 Ohio............. 120,512 107,098 80,204 70,128 43,352 42,520 Michigan.......... 28,120 23,032 19,412 14,809 10,356 7,712 Wisconsin......... 26,086 18,638 14,345 10,428 7,634 5,567 Iowa.............. 13,613 10,451 7,784 5,968 4,115 3,026 California......... 21,460 986 7,536 453 2,029 182 Minnesota......... 720 251 290 131 129 53 Oregon............ 1,843 546 583 274 307 119 Utah.....7........ 761 598 513 404 221 204 New Mexico....... 3,949 3.293 2,407 1,981 1,627 1,243 1,288,682 1,128,257 840,222 748,566 498,660 459,511 States and 60 and under 70. 70 and under 80. 80 & under 90. 90 & u. 100. Territories, males. females. males. females. males. females. m. fe. Maine............. 10,493 10,230 5,224 5,247 1,683 1,760 149 180 New Hampshire... 7,113 8,169 3,905 4,556 1,320 1,731 151 251 Vermont.......... 6,639 6,720 3,521 3,554 1,226 1,165 116 139 Massachusetts..... 16,743 69,807 7,784 10,003 2,335 3,420 197 393 Rhode Island...... 2,443 2,967 1,050 1,510 319 489 38 48 Connecticut....... 7,408 8,978 3,698 4,754 1,174 1,661 109 202 New York........ 45,927 43,920 19,947 19,264 5,709 5,877 618 713 New Jersey....... 7,254 7,705 3,126 3,454 888 1,143 72 122 Pennsylvania....... 31,814 32,224 13,188 13,869 3,344 4,035 335 406 Delaware......... 881 1,005 373 440 76 109 9 15 Maryland.......... 5,429 6,008 2,161 2,631 508 749 63 114 District of Columbia 464 537 133 208 35 52 5 8 Virginia........... 12,724 12,711 5,548 5,914 1,659 1,819 228 289 North Carolina..... 7,169 8,407 3,383 3,858 1,054 1,136 135 216 South Carolina.... 3,659 3,809 1,547 1,825 494 623 78 133 Georgia............ 6,202 5,508 2,447 2,329 725 797 119 149 Florida............ 544 276 188 126 40 37 5 8 Alabama........... 4,544 3,795 1,822 1,580 479 490 103 84 Mississippi......... 2,847 2,246 968 860 228 226 35 32 Louisiana.......... -2,055 1,678 621 573 126 149 30 29 Texas............ 1,212 840 365 231 81 63 9 13 Arkansas......... 1,304 902 414 278 69 82 7 13 Tennessee......... 8,567 8,234 4,006 3,797 1,231 1,168 180 196 Kentucky.......... 8,904 8,616 3,994 3,620 1,188 1,156 177 180 Missouri.......... 5,206 4,212 1,631 1,340 373 316 50 37 Illinois........... 7,969 6,441 2,527 2,050 504 434 55 54 Indiana........... 10,395 8,846 3,672 3,091 871 796 144 129 Ohio............. 27,462 23,224 10,790 9,157 2,667 2,349 306 268 Michigan......... 4,804 3,775 1,593 1,200 317 239 42 25 Wisconsin......... 3,201 2,339 886 653 177 127 5 13 Iowa............... 1,631 1,261 463 369 97 68 15 9 California.......... 388 69 64 19 15 8 6 2 Minnesota......... 39 23 17 3 3 2 2 Oregon.......... 108 40 16 5 3 1 Utah............. 100 94 31 22 1 3 New Mexico....... 1,010 684 313 259 194 125 69 28 264,742 256,480 111,416 112,648 31,243 34,4033,6534,499 States and 100 & upw'ds. Age unknown. Total Total Grand Territories. males. females. m. fe. males. femties. total. Maine............. 9 4 613 207 296,745 285,068 581.813 New Hampshire... 5 6 28 24 155,960 161,496 317,456 Vermont.......... 4 4 26 11 159,658 158,744 313,402 Massachusetts..... 4 9 1,016 177 484,093 501,357 985,450 Progress of Population in the United States. 5 States and 100 & upw'ds. Age unknown. Total Total Grand Territories. males. females. m. fe. males. females, total. Rhode Island...... 3 15.. 70,340 10,535 143,815 Connecticut....... 4 2 194 62 119,884 183,215 863,099 lNew York........ 33 29 1,174 510 1,544,489 1,503,836 3,048,326 New Jersey........ 4 6 85 71 233,452 232,057 4(05,509 Pennsylvania...... 20 31 664 446 1,142,734 1,115,426 2,258,160 Delaware......... 2 24 14 35,746 35,423 11,169 Maryland......... 7 10 8 6 211,187 206,756 411,943 District of Columbia 0 0 3 14 18,494 19,447 37,941 Virginia........... 28 35 156 128 451,300 443,500 894,800 North Carolina..... 18 43 69 57 273,025 280,003 553,028 South Carolina..... 58 24 39 42 137,747 136,816 274,563 Georgia........... 28 27 104 94 266,233 255,339 521,572 Florida............ 1 1 4 1 25,705 21,498 47,203 Alabama........... 10 10 57 41 219,483 207,031 426,514 Mississippi........ 7 11 67 62 156,287 139,481 295,718 Louisiana........ 9 12 253 41 141,243 114,248 255,491 Texas............ 11 12 110 19 84,869 69,165 154,034 Arkansas......... 6 4 18 12 85,874 76,315 162,189 Tennessee......... 28 34 112 102 382,235 3174,601 756,836 Kentucky.......... 28 31 108 12 392,804 368,609 161,413 Missouri.......... 12 11 80 51 312,987 279,017 592,004 Illinois........... 10 5 489 303 445,544 400,490 846,034 Indiana............. 18 8 119 182 503,178 470,976 977,154 Ohio............. 23 22 349 257 1,004,117 950,933 1,955,050 Michigan.......... 5 2 61 59 208,465 186,606 395,071 Wisconsin......... 1 1 112 80 164,361 140,405 804,756 Iowa.............. 1 27 27 100,887 90,904 191,881 California.......... 669 4 84,708 6,927 91,635 Minnesota.......... 3,695 2,343 6,038 Oregon.......... 38 27 8,138 4,949 13,087 Utah........... 6,020 5,310 11,330 New Mexico....... 19 21 142 1 31,725 29,800 61,526 367 430 7,153 3,154 10,026,402 9,526,666 19,553,068 FREE COLORED POPULATION IN 1850. States and Under 1. 1 and under 5. 5 and under 10. 10 and-under 15. Territories, males. females. males. females. males. females. males. females. Maine........ 26 13 64 59 83 75 83 64 New Hampshire.. 7 7 22 23 30 22 24 23 Vermont......... 15 8 41 25 42 34 44 30 Massachusetts.... 85 114 409 440 459 493 428 433 Rhode Island..... 37 29 164 159 197 194 159 184 Connecticut...... 14 12 350 360 434 412 397 411 New York...... 682 539 2,213 2,390 2,666 2,800 2,507 2,619 New Jersey...... 361 358 1,302 1,395 1,484 1,519 1,498 1,421 Pennsylvania..... 637 748 2,897 2,911 8,286 3,417 2,900 3,121 Delaware........ 271 271 1,145 1,140 1,391 1,361 1,232 1,146 Maryland....... 1,017 998 4,422 4,502 4,950 5,131 4,516 4,582 District of Columbia 125 125 523 511 657 662 534 614 Virginia......... 695 717 3,403 3,288 3,924 3,911 3,633 3,609'North Carolina.... 412 385 1,812 1,837 2,138 2,067 1,907 1,816 South Carolina.... 17 78 571 541 695 712 6653 634 Georgia.......... 44 30 178 165 221 202 203 180 Florida........... 9 16 65 54 70 89 62 55 Alabama...... 20 29 143 143 160 144 147 164 Mississippi........ 8 6 58 61 57 53 56 60 Louisiana........ 191 213 910 931 1,188 1,182 1,059 1,034 Texas........... 2 27 24 38 27 25 19 Arkansas......... 6 5 42 39 35 31 37 86 Tennessee........ 81 83 418 423 483 601 440 407 Kentucky....... 101 141 545 530 673 648 501 539 6 Progress of Population in the Uizited States. States and Under 1. 1 and under 5. 5 and under 10. 10 and under 15. Territories. males. females. males. females. males. females. males. females. Missouri....... 31 28 110 143 136 143 110 122 Illinois.......... 5 65 331 329 376 371 312 343 Indiana.......... 161 155 772 737 867 915 823 765 Ohio......... 370 819 1,565 1,493 1,793 1,811 1,572 1,613 Michigan........ 39 35 177 175 176 169 133 122 Wisconsin........ 15 6 26 32 50 32 25 37 Iowa......... 3 3 18 21 29 28 17 20 California........ 1 2 3 1 4 5 11 20 Minnesota........... 2 3 3 Oregon............. 23 s18 13 19 9 11 Utah............ 4 1 1 1 1 1 New Mexico............ Total.......... 5,576 5,600 24,743 24,902 28,806 29,246 26,061 26,247 States and 15 and under 20. 20 and under 30. 30 and under 40. 40 & under 50 Territories. males. females. males. Ibmnales. males. females, males. females. Maine........... 69 65 123 127 105 85 69 48 New Hampshire. 22 18 41 44 32 35 26 26 Vermont......... 28 40 66 75 57 32 33 37?Massachusetts.... 381 448 944 891 704 685 472 485 Rhode Island..... 153 163 363 339 287 309 180 206 Connecticut...... 361 397 815 732 543 541 367 389 New York....... 2,045 2,541 4,556 5,280 3,719 3,911 2,619 2,635 New Jersey....... 1,174 1,183 2,018 2,101 1,525 1,538 1,049 1,000 Pennsylvania...... 2,397 2,975 4,607 5,787 3,480 3,792 2,471 2,589 Delaware......... 1,033 971 1,328 1,522 975 996 683 677 IMaryland......... 3,396 4,015 5,437 6,816 4,344 5,273 3,030 3,625 District of Columbia 394 637 672 1,156 531 763 367 606 Virginia......... 2,637 2,978 4,298 5,159 2,787 3,344 2,014 2,272 North Carolina... 1,520 1,520 2,195 2,581 1,250 1,574 793 1,003 South Carolina... 395 495 606 812 474 635 283 356 Georgia.......... 147 171 198 287 131 179 97 96 Florida.......... 36 44 58 64 44 71 29 47 Alabama........ 115 127 142 226 89 131 95 98 Mississippi....... 44 38 90 70 49 56 35 41 Louisiana......... 704 998 1,147 1,761 900 1,474 678 975 Texas........... 18 24 40 34 23 23 17 19 Arkansas........ 24 43 43 37 89 31 41 23 Tennessee........ 307 364 455 497 249 339 236 277 Kentucky........ 396 459 634 749 492 554 460 489 Missouri......... 114 79 298 228 205 198 151 136 Illinois.......... 285 292 551 533 353 277 216 198 Indiana............ 627 625 903 981 561 560 400 371 Ohio............ 1,332 1,513 2,324 2,457 1,556 1,431 980 961 Michigan........ 105 104 281 243 252 143 146 76 Wisconsin........ 27 27 81 56 86 46 26 17 Iowa............ 18 17 35 37 24 17 11 12 California......... 72 14 374 29 256 12 111 3 Minnesota........ 4 2 7 6 4 4 3 1 Oregon.......... 11 10 38 15 20 9 4 5 Utah.............. 3 2 2 2 1 2.. New Mexico...... 1.. 7 1 5 3 4 Total........... 20,395 23,399 35,782 41,765 26,153 29,052 1.8,199 19,741 States and 50 and under 60. 60 and under 70. 70 and under 80. 80 & under 90. Territories. males. females, males. females. males. females. males. females. Maine........... 43 47 29 30 11 13 8 4 New Hampshire.. 22 29 15 12 8 11 8 8 Vermont........ 26 27 9 15 8 10 4 5 Massachusetts.... 284 337 129 158 61 88 29 36 Rhode Island..... 83 128 58 106 40 51 15 26 Progress of Population in the United States. 7 States and 50 and under 60. 60 and under 70. 70 and under 80. 80 and under 90. Territories. males. females. males. females. males. iemales. males. females. Connecticut i.... 237 26.9 147 161 61 89 25 29 New York...... 1,432 1,476 702 820 208 355 100 171 New Jersey 1...... 715 682 407 439 166 18;8 63 79 Pennsylvania...... 1,467 1,513 744 790 297 367 120 152 Delaware......... 450 480 310 269 143 132 40 52 Maryland......... 2,104 2,252 1,242 1,334 503 605 175 239 District of Columbia 256 353 115 203 52 97 20 67 Virginia........ 1,259 1,461 794 869 349 432 137 182 North Carolina... 628 671 337 362 176 210 89 103 South Carolina... 188 281 105 151 47 73 25 41 Georgia.......... 62 99 44 67 35 44 8 18 Florida.......... 16 27 20 23 7 II 6 8 Alabama...... 63 61 43 36 18 31 13 13 Mississippi....... 31 33 25 25 17 9 4 6 Louisiana......... 370 683 172 420 87 156 35 87 Texas........... 14 9 2 2 3 1 1 2 Arkansas........ 20 2 2 12 15 12 9 3 1 Tennessee........ 205 173 123 144 72 56 29 28 Kentucky......... 458 440 335 334 178 156 62 68 Missouri......... 108 92 64 56 23 14 5 9 Illinois......... 171 124 64 74 27 34 9 11 Indiana............ 346 217 166 124 57 52 16 16 Ohio......... 568 524 413 294 187 138 53 47 MAichigan......... 78 40 30 22 10 13 1 3 Wisconsin....... 15 13 8 2 3 1 3 Iowa............ 6 5 1 5.. 2.. 1 California...... 32 4 6.. 2 Minnesota......... Oregon.......... 2.... "Utah.............. 2 New Mexico...... Total.......... 11,771 12,572 6,671 7,362 2,878 3,438 1,106 1,512 States and 90 & under 100. 100 & up'rds, Age unkn'n. Total. Grand Territories. m. f. m f. m. f. males. females. Total. Maine.....3.... 8........ 726 630 1,356 New Hampshire.. 2 2 1 260 260 520 Vermont......... 1 83 1 1 375 343 718 Massachusetts.... 7 16 3 3 29 12 4,424 4,640 9,064 Rhode Island..... 1 7.... 1 1 1,7838 1,932 3,670 Connecticut...... 5 7 1 3 3 1 3,820 3,873 7,693 New York....... 24 44 12 14 7 22 23,452 25,617 49,069 New Jersey....... 283 28 3 12 9 9 11,798 12,012 23,810 Pennsylvania... 22 60 9 15 85 30 25,369 28,257 53,626 Delaware......... 17 13 2 3 15 5 9,035 9,038 18,073 Maryland......... 45 110 11 48.. 1 35,192 39,531 74,723 District of Columbia 2 11 5. 1 4,248 5,811 10,059 Virginia......... 64 20 35 1 10 26,002 28,8331 54,338 North Carolina.... 22 20 7 17 2 13,298 14,165 27,463 South Carolina.... 8 13 3 7 1 4,131 4,829 8,960 Georgia......... 9 14 2 4 1 1,375 1,556 2,931 Florida........... 2 4 4 1.. 418 514 932 Alabama........ 5 10 3 5.. 1 1,056 1,209 2,265 Mississippi....... 1 2 1 474 456 930 Louisiana.. 11 45 11 21 16 3 7,479 9,983 17,462 Texas............... 211 186 397 Arkansas........ 3 2 314 294 608 Tennessee........ 11 5 1 1 4 3,117 3,305 6,422 Kentucky........ 18 25 6 11 4 5 4,863 5,148 10,011 Missouri......... 1 4 1 4 4 1 1,361 1,257 2,618 Illinois............ 5 4 1 2 1 2 2,777 2,650 5,436 Indiana............ 7 9.. 6 9 14 5,715 6,547 11,262 Progress of Population in the tj'nited States. States and 90 & under 100. 100 & up'rds. Age unkn'u, Totai. Grand Territories. inm. f. f. f. f. males. females, total. Ohio......... 14 18 5 8 9 11 12,691 12,588 25,279 Michigan........ 1 1 2 1 1,4 1 1,152 2,583 Wisconsin.............. 365 270 635 Iowa..... 165 168 333 California............ 872 90 962 Minnesota......... 21 39 Oregon............. 120 87 207 Utah.................... 14 10 24 New Mexico............. 7 5 22 Total.......... 319 540 114 229 150 136 208,724 225,771 434,495 SLAVE POPULATION OF 1850, CLASSED ACCOOLDING TO AGE AND SEX. Under 1. 1 under 5. 5 and under 10. 10 & under 15. males. femmales. females. New Jersey......... 1 2 2 2 Delaware......... 27 32 155 148 223,7s8 203 194 Maryland........ 1,243 1,203 5,961 5,931 6,902 6,712 6,963 6,400 District of Columbia 30 41 165 184 08 20 8 287 239 341 Virginia........ 5,341 5,814 32,419 32,687 35,356 34,897 33,883 32,331 North Carolina.... 4,022 4,064 21,891 22,043 23,400 23,536 20,711 19,830 South Carolina.... 4,450 4,744 27,019 28,229 27,069 28,131 24,890 24,825 Georgia.......... 4,730 4,889 27,984 28,070 28,941 28,711 26,834 26,749 Florida........ 463 451 2,840 2,918 2,889 2,874 2,507 2,442 Alabama......... 3,992 4,118 25,471 25,687 25,724 25,671 23,190 22,260 Mississippi....... 3,611 3,788 22,705 23,417 23,240 23,106 20,666 19,812 Louisiana........ 2,349 2,591 14,260 14,814 14,874 15,009 13,865 13,410 Texas........... 705 724 4,406 4,366 4,356 4,504 4,152 4,091 Arkansas........ 540 619 3,475 3,572 3.480 3,546 3,389 3,179 Tennessee....... 3,452 3,609 17,620 18,075 18,647 19,087 17,889 17,252 Kentucky...... 3,023 3,245 14,952 15,311 16,761 16,828 15,602 15,203 Missouri.......... 1,365 1,334 6,420 6,684 7,090 6,845 6,492 6,358 Utah.................. 2 3 2 1 1 3 Total.......... 39,343 41,266 227,745 232,140 239,163 239,925 221,480 214,712 15 and under 20. 20 and under 30. 30 and under 40. 40 & under 50. males. females. mtles. females. males. females. males, females. New Jersey...... 5 2 10 1.... 2 9 Delaware....... 219 151 212 213 67 84 31 43 Maryland......... 6,643 5,466 8,092 7,443 4,269 4,500 2,953 2,931 District of Columbia 207 319 239 325 127 245 91 182 Virginia......... 25,584 24,659 39,991 36,974 25,435 24,240 18,416 17,514 North Carolina.... 15,710 15,800 23,969 23,536 13,687 13,927 8,444 8,631 South Carolina.... 20,521 21,875 31,745 33,472 20,583 22,938 13,138 14,543 Georgia.......... 21,865 23.072 33,959 34,590 19,146 20,427 12,100 13,006 Florida........... 1.974 2,087 3,878 3,681 2,277 2,312 1,344 1,340 Alabama.......... 18,989 19,871 31,658 31,208 19,635 19,514 11,433 11,779 Mississippi........ 16,611 17,087 29,915 30,021 18,565 18,986 9,996 9,933 Louisiana......... 11,151 11,799 26,047 23,971 20,250 18,415 12,690 10,550 Texas........... 3,175 3,442 5,585 5,683 3,131 3,449 1,750 1,878 Arkansas........ 2,745 2,765 4,930 4,684 2,528 2,612 1,415 1,421 Tennessee........ 11,004 14,621 21,709 21,064 11,370 11,984 6,550 7,115 Kentucky......... 12,370 12,695 19,031 17,627 10,325 10,422 6,520 7,156 Missouri....... 5,295 5,400 8,623 7,988 3,902 4,300 2,278 2,779 Utah.............. 1 2 2 4 2.. I Total.......... 176,169 181,113 289,595 282,615 115,300 178,355 109,152 110,780 Progress of Po~pulation in the United States. 9 50 and under 60. 60 and under 70. 70 and under 80. 80 & under 90, males. females. males. females. males. females. males. females. New Jersey...... 21 38 27 42 17 31 9 7 Delaware......... 20 22 8 11 6 7.. 2 Maryland........ 1,926 1,850 1,187 1,175 549 610 190 196 District of Columbia 55 129 44 70 12 29 4 8 Virginia......... 12,138 10,850'7,614 6,981 3,028 3,264 958 1,196 North Carolina.... 6,814 6,327 3,637 3,606 1,520 1,665 570 658 South Carolina... 8,771 8,750 5,426 5,502 2,008 2,022 613 638 Georgia.......... 6,584 6,560 4,585 4,544 1,399 1,430 480 519 Florida........... 895 798 474 397 141 126 45 45 Alabama........ 6,368 6,030 3,774 3,451 1,068 959 8338 338 Mississippi........ 4,854 4,390 3,139 2,839 825 727 288 243 Louisiana....... 5,955 4,864 3,032 2,388 937 771 319 225 Texas........... 898 829 373 332 100 93 40 34 Arkansas........ 653 580 378 339 75 88 30 24 Tennessee........ 4,421 4,468 2,050 2,137 719 833 233 287 Kentucky........ 3,744 3,985 1,819 2,123 621 913 198 255 Missouri......... 1,136 1,291 535 632 141 220 63 65 Utah............... Total.......... 65,254 61,762 38,102 36,569 13,166 13,688 4,378 4,740 90 & under 100. 100 & over. Unknown. Total. Grand m. f. m. f. m. f. males. females. Total. New Jersey...... 2 5... 1 96 140 236 Delaware........'. 1 1,174 1,116 2,290 Maryland......... 41 4 24 31 1 2 45,944 44,424 90,368 District of Columbia 1 3 2 1,422 2,265 8,687 Virginia......... 263 334 87 184 49 41 240,562 231,966 472,528 North Carolina.... 132 202 66 98 8 14 144,581 143,967 288,548. South Carolina.... 154 200 81 86 1,288 1,303 187,756 197,228 384,984 Georgia.......... 142 162 81 79 27 17 188,857 192,825 381,682 Florida.......... 22 21 15 14 40.. 19,804 19,506 39,310 Alabama........ 97 93 65 61 1.. 171,804 171,040 342,844 Mississippi........ 85 85 47 73 127 119 154,674 154,626 309,878 Louisiana........ 81 59 57 66 7 3 125,874 118,935 244,809 Texas............ 12 12 6 10 11 14 28,700 29,461 58,161 Arkansas........ I1 6 9 5.. 1 23,658 23,442 47,100 Tennessee........ 82 98 31 47 3 2 118,780 120,679 239,459 Kentucky......... 61 94 28 53 8 8 105,063 105,018 210,981 Missouri......... 25 25 8 9 11 8 43,484 43,938 87,422 Utah........................ 12 14 26 Total.......... 1,211 1,473 606 819 1,581 1,533 1,602,245 1,601,490 3,204,813 TABLE SHOWING THE AGGREGATE NUMBER OF WHITES, FREE COLORED PERSONS, AND SLAVES IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES, ON THE IST JUNE, 1850:r'- ~ — WHITES. — —' —--- -— Fi REE COLORED. —-% States & Territories. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Maine............. 296,745 285,068 581,813 726 630 1,356 New Hampshire... 155,960 161,496 317,456 260 260 528 Vermont.......... 159,653 183,744 313,402 375 343 714 Massachusetts..... 484,093 501,357 985,450 4,424 4,640 9,060 Rhode Island...... 70,340 73,535 143,875 1,738 1,932 3,670 Connecticut....... 179,884 183,215 363,099 3,820 3,873 7,693 New York....... 1,544,489 1,503,836 3,048,325 23,452 25,617 49,069 New Jersey....... 233,452 232,057 465,509 11,798 12,012 23,810 Pennsylvania....... 1,142,734 1,115,426 2,258,160 25,369 28,257 53,626 Delaware......... 35,746 35,423 71,169 9,035 9,038 18,073 Maryland.......... 211,187 206,756 417,943 35,192 39,531 I/4,723 District of Columbia 18,494 19,447 37,941 4,248 5,811 10,059 2 10 Progress of Population in the United States. --- WHITES.- ---- -— FREE COLORED. —-- States & Territories. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Virginia........... 451,300 443,500 894,800 26,002 28,331 54,333 North Carolina..... 273,025 280,003 553,028 13,298 14,165 27,463 South Carolina..... 137,747 136,816 274,563 4,131 4,829 8,960 Georgia........... 266,233 255,339 521,572 1,375 1,556 2,931 Florida........... 25.705 21,498 47,203 418 514 932 Alabama........... 219,483 207,031 426,514 1,056 1,209 2,265 Mississippi......... 156,287 139,431 295,718 474 456 930 Louisiana.......... 141,243 114,248 255,491 7,479 9,983 17,462 Texas............ 84,869 69,165 154,034 211 186 397 Arkansas........ 85,874 76,315 162,189 314 294 608 Tennessee........ 382,235 374,601 756,836 3,117 3,305 6,422 Kentucky........ 392,804 368,609 761,413 4,863 5,148 10,011 Missouri.......... 312,987 279,017 592,004 1,361 1,257 2,618 Illinois........... 445,544 400,490 846,034 2,777 2,659 5,436 Indiana...... 503,178 470,976 977,154 5,715 5,547 11,262 Ohio............. 1,004,117 950,933 1,955,050 12,691 12,588 25,279 Michigan.......... 208,465 186,606 395,071 1,431 1,152 2,583 Wisconsin......... 164,351 140,405 304,756 365 270 635 Iowa.............. 100,887 90,904 191,881 165 168 383 California.......... 84,708 6,927 91,635 872 90 962 Minnesota......... 3,695 2,343 6,038 21 18 39 Oregon............ 8,138 4,949 13,087 120 87 207 Utah.............. 6,020 5,310 11,330 14 10 24 New Mexico....... 31,725 29,800 61,525 17 5 22 Total........... 10,026,402 9,523,666 19,553,068 208,724 225,771 434,495 States and,- - SLAVES. - - - Grand Territories. Males. Females. Total. total. Maine............................... 583,169 New Hampshire..................... 317,976 Vermont......................... 314,120 Massachusetts...................... 994,514 Rhode Island....................... 147,545 Connecticut......................... 370,792 New York........................... 3,097,394 New Jersey....... 96 140 236 489,555 Pennsylvania........... 2,311,786 Delaware... 1,174... 1,116 2,290 91,532 Maryland.......... 45,944 44,424 90,368 583,084 District of Columbia 1,422 2,265 3,687 51,687 Virginia........... 240,562 231,966 472,528 1,421,661 North Carolina... 144,581 143,967 288,548 869,039 South Carolina..... 187,756 197,228 384,984 668,507 Georgia........... 188,857 192,825 381,682 906,185 Florida............ 19,804 19,506 39,310 87,445 Alabama........ 171,804 171,040 342,844 771,623 Mississippi........ 154,674 154,626 *309,878 606,526 Louisiana......... 125,874 118,935 244,809 517,762 Texas............ 28,700 29,461 58,161 212,392 Arkansas......... 23,658 23,442 47,100 209.897 Tennessee......... 118,780 120,679 239,459 1,002,717 Kentucky......... 105,063 105,918 210,981 982,405 Missouri........... 43,484 43,938 87,422 682,044 Illinois............................. 851,470 Indiana................... 988,417 Ohio.............................. 1,980,329 See census of Mississippi. Progress of Population in the United States. 11 States and - -— SLAVES. — -, Grand Territories. Males.... Females. Total. total. Michigan............................ 397,654 Wisconsin........................... 305,391 Iowa................................ 192,214 California........................... 92,597 Minnesota.......................... 6,077 Oregon............................. 13,294 Utah.............................. 11,380 New Mexico........................ 61,547 Total........... 1,602,245 1,601,490 3,204,313 23,191,876 The States of Texas and California, and the Territories of New Mexico and Utah, have been acquired since the census of 1840. Though the accession thus acquired to the population is not precisely known, there are authentic data for a near approximation to it. Texas was annexed to the United States in 184; and two years. afterwards, by an official census, its population was 143,205. Supposing its increase to have been nearly as great in these two years when annexation was expected, as it was in the five years succeeding, then its population in 1845 must have been about 100,000. The increase in five years, exclusive of emigrants from the United States, estimating it at 15 per cent, would make the accession from this source 115,000. The population of New Mexico in 1850 that was exclusively born in the Territory or some other part of Spanish America, was 60,775; the whole of which may be regarded as a further accession to the population of the United States. Nothing can be added from Utah, it being exclusively in the possession of the Indians before it was occupied by the Mormons. The population in New or Upper California was, according to Humboldt, 15,600 in 1803; and from the previous rate of its increase, he estimated that it doubled in twelve years. Yet by a census in 1831, it was only 22,995-showing a reduction in the rate of increase to about 50 per cent in twenty-eight years, owing, doubtless, to the troubles consequent on the rupture with the mother country. At this rate, the population at the time of the cession in 1848, would have been about 30,000, but its amount seems to have been considerably less —st. Because of the 92,507 returned on the gross population in 1850, 62,576 were born in the United States, and 21,802 were born in foreign countries; the whole of the former and a considerable part of the latter had migrated thither between 1848 and June, 1850, attracted by the gold mines discovered in 1848. 2dly. The whole number of females in California in 1850, according to the census, was 7,799. There is no satisfactory reason for supposing that the number of the males much exceeded that of the females. But, supposing it to have been double, the whole population would. then be, exclusive of emigrants from the United States, 23,397. The result of the accessions from these sources in 1850 would be 115,090 + 60,778 + 23,397 = 199,192, which, for the sake of round numbers, we will call 200,000. The slave population, which from 1830 to 1840 had increased 33 per cent, had, from 1840 to 1850, increased 28.8 per cent-showing a greater ratio in the last ten years of five per cent. A part of this difference admits of a ready explanation. The whole number of slaves in 1850 was 12 Progress of Population in the United States. increased by the acquisition of Texas; while in 1840 the number had been diminished by the migrations of slaveholders of the United States to that country. The number in Texas at tile time of annexation (1845,) was about 21,000, which by natural multiplication ould have increased to somewhat more than 35,000. This double operation of Texas on the slave population is sufficient for nearly 2 per cent oi the ratio of inclease. The residue is to be referred to several circumstances; there have been few cases of mlanumlissionn l the last ten years, ovs ilg' partly to a change of public sentiment on this subject in tloe sla'veholklidig Stnates, and p-artly to an extension by State legislation of the policy of p,:ohibiting it. The same circumstances contribute to explain thle fil~JLi. O:l in lhe increase of the free colored class in the last ten years, romn'e0.88 per cent to 12.47 per cent. Another cause of the greater increase of sla'ves is a dliminished mortality between 1840 and 1850, both beca se the Asiatic cholera and yellow fever had been less prevalent in that periol, and because there was a greater proportion who had becomle accli mateu in the Soutl. That this class of our population have been better cared for, or have experienced more frequenlt or more efficient medical treatment, would also contribute to explain the difference; but I am aware of lno eats that would muchl support such an hypothesis. The males and females of each class were thus distributed according' to age: 1. WHITE POPULATION. Males. Females. Males. Females. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Those under 5.... 14.68 1495 50 and under 60.... 4.97 4.83 5 and under 10.... 13.69 13.98 60 " 70.... 2.64 2.69 10 " 15.... 12.23 12.35 70 8... 1.11 1.18 15' 2 20... 10.39 11.42 80 " 90.... 0.31 0.36 20 " 30.... 18.64 1846 90 " 100.... 0.04 0.05 30 " 40.... 12.85 11.84 160 and upwards..... 0.04 0.05 40 " 50.... 8.35 7.86 Age unknown........ 00 0.03 100.00 100.00 2. FREE COLORED. Males. Females. Males. Females. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Under 5.... 14.53 13.51 50 and under 60.... 5.64 5.57 5 and under 10.... 13.80 12.95 60 " 70... 3.20 3.26 10 " 15.... 12.49 11.63 70 " 80.... 1.38 1.52 15 " 20.... 9.77 10.387 80 " 90.... 0.53 0.67 20 " 30.... 17.14 18.05 90 " 100... 0.15 0.24 30 " 40.... 12.53 12.88 100 and upwards..... 00.5 0.10 40 " 50.... 8.72 8.74 Age unknown....... 00.7 00.6 100.00 100.00 3. SLAVES. Males. Females. Males. Females. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Under 5.... 16.67 17.07 50 and under 60.... 4.07 3.85 5 and under 10.... 14.92 14.98 60 " 70.... 2.38 2.28 10 " 15.... 13.82 13.40 70 " 80.... 0.82 0.85 15 " 20.... 10.99 11.31 80 " 90.... 0.27 0.30 20 " 30.... 18.07 17.64 90 " 100... 0.08 0.09 30 " 40.... 10.94 11.14 100 and upwards..... 0.04 0.05 40 " 50.... 6.81 6.92 Age unknown........ 0.12 0.11 100.00 100.00 Progress of Population in the United States. 13 As the proportion of children under ten was less in 1840 than it had been in 1830 in all the three classes, so was it less in 1850 than it had been in 1840. Their proportion under that age wasIn 1840. In 1850. Of the whites.................. 31.63 per cent. 28.00 per cent. Free colored................... 28.88 " 27.36 Slaves....................... 33.93 " 31.60 " This proportionate diminution of children in the class of whites, may be caused by the greater delay of marriage, an increase of celibacy from any cause, and it may in part proceed from an increased mortality among children, from a greater number having been transported to less healthy regions. It certainly is affected by the increased number of immigrants, who have a larger proportion of deaths. But in the class of slaves, only the second cause, of a greater number removing to a less healthy climate, seems likely to have any influence, unless some gradual and unseen change of manners and sentiments with them also produces postponement of marriage. The population in the slaveholding States is distributed among the three classes, as bfllows:States and Whole Free Per centage. Territories, population. Whites. colored. Slaves. Whites. F. col. Slaves. Delaware......... 91,532 71,169 18,073 2,290 77.7 19.07 02.05 Maryland.......... 583,083 417,943 74,723 90,368 71.7 12.08 15.05 District of Columbia 51,687 37,941 10,059 3,687 73.4 19.04 07.01 Virginia.......... 1,4 1,661 894,800 54,333 472,528 62.9 03.08 33.02 North Carolina..... 869,039 553,028 27,463 288.548 63.6 03.01 33.02 South Carolina..... 668,507 274,563 8,960 384,984 41.0 01.03 57.06 Georgia............ 906,185 521,572 2,931 381,682 57.5 00.03 42.01 Florida............ 87,445 47,203 932 39,310 54.0 01.00 45.00 Alabama........ 771,623 426,514 2,265 342,844 54.0 01.00 45.00 Mississippi......... 606,526 295,718 930 309.878 55.3 00.03 44.04 Louisiana.......... 517,762 255,491 17,462 244,809 49.3 03.04 4703 Texas............ 212,592 154,034 397 58,161 72.4 00.02 27.04 Arkansas......... 209,897 162,189 608 47,100 77.3 00.03 22.04 Tennessee......... 1,002,717 756,836 6,422 239,459 75.5 00.06 23.09 Kentucky......... 982,405 761,413 10,011 210,981 77.5 01.00 21.05 Missouri........... 682,044 592,004 2,618 87,422 86.8 00.04 12.08 Total........... 9,664,656 6,222,418 238,737 3,204,051 64.9 02.46 33.15 The distribution in this class of States in 1840, was........ 63.41 2.92 33.67 From which it appears that the whites in the slaveholding States have continued to gain on both the colored classes, though the gain of the one and the loss of the other is not quite one per cent. But in seven of the States-North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky-the slave population has gained somewhat on the whites. C HAPTER II. PlROGRESS OF TIHE POPULA'.TION IN EACH]I STATE, AND IN TIlE U-NIONZ, IN SIXTY YiEARTS. THE POPULATION OF E],ACII STATE AND TERRITORY, AS EXI-IIBITED BY SEVEN ENUMERATIONS IN SIXTY YEARS, TWITH THE DECENNIAL INCREASE OF:EACH. DECENNIAL INCi'EiASE. 1790. 1800. 1810. 152O. 1830. 18910. 1830. 1S00. 18IO. 181. 1810. 1840. 18:0. 1 Maine............ 96,540 151,719 228,705 298,3'5 399,455 501/793 588,109 57.16 50.74 20.45 3389 25.62 16.22 o New HIampshir e... 141,899 183,762 214,360 244,161 269,828 284,574 317,9 7 6 2950 16.65 13.90 10.03 5.66 11.73 Vernmont.......... 85,416 1.54,465 217,713 235.764 280,652 291,948 314,120 80 08 40.95 8.29 19.04 4.02 7.59 [Massachusetts..... 378,717 423,245 472,040 523,287 610.408 737,699 994,514 11.76 1153 10.88 1665 20.82 34.81 U Rhode Island....... 69,110 69,122 77,031 8Z,059 97,199 108,830 147,.515 0.01 11.44 7.83 17.02 11.97 35.57 o Connecticut....... 238,141 251,002 262,042 275,202 297,675 309,978 370,792 5.40 4.40 5.02 8.17 4.13 19.62 a 1,009,823 1,233,315 1,471,801 1,639,808 1,954,717 2,234,82 2 2,234,82 22.13 19.34 12.77 1'7.i7 14.33 22.07 New York........ 340,120 586,756 959,049 1,372,812 1,918,608 2.428,921 3,097,394 72.51 63.45 43.14 839.76 26.60 2'7.52 NewJersey....... 184,139 211,949 245,555 277,575 320,823 373,306 489.555 15.10 15.86 13.04 15.58 16.36 31.14 Pennsylvania...... 434,373 602,365 810,091 1,049,458 1,848.233 1,724,033 2,311,786 38.67 34.49 29.55 28.47 27.87 34.09 Delaware......... 59,096 64,273 72,674 72,'749 76,748 78,085 91,532 8.76 13.07 0.01 5.50 1.74 17.22'~ Mary]and......... 319,728 341,548 380,546 40 7,350 447,0(40 470,019 583,034 6.82 11.42 7.01 9.74 5.14 24.04 ( Dis. of Columbia........ 14,093 24,023 33,039 39,834 43,712 51,687.... 70.45 37.53 20.57 9.74 18.24 t 1,337,456 1,820,984 2,491,938 3,212,983 4,151.286 5,118,076 6,624,988 36.15 36.85 28.77 29.20 23.29 29.44, Virginia.......... 748,308 380,200 9'74,622 1,065,379 1,211,405 1,239,797 1,421,661 17.63 10.73 9.31 13.70 2.34 14.67 North Carolina.... 39 3,751 478,103. 555,500 638,829 737,987 753,419 869,039 21.42 16.19 15.09 15.52 2.09 15.35 South Carolina.... 249,073 345,591 415,115 502,741 581,185 594,398 668,507 38.75 20.12 21.11 15.60 2.28 12.47 Georgia........... 82,548 162,101 252,433 340,987 516,823 691,392 906,185 96.37 55.71 35.08 51.57 33.78 31.07 Florida.................................. 34,730 54,477 87,445................ 56.86 60.52 1,473,680 1,865,995 2,197,670 2,547,936 3,082,130 3,333,483 3,952,837 26.62 17.77 15.94 20.96 8.16 18.58 PROGRESS OF THE POPULATION IN EACH STATE, AND IN THE UNION, IN SIXTY YEARS.-(CONTINUED.) THE POPULATION OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY, AS EXHIBITED BY SEVEN ENUMERATIONS IN SIXTY YEARS, WITH THE DECENNIAL INCREASE OF EACH. DECENNIAL INCREASE. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1800. 1810. 1820, 1830. 1840. 1850, Alabama.......... 144,317...... 309,527 590,756 771,623........ 142.00 90.86 30.62 Mississippi...:::.8,850 40,352 75,448 136,621 375,651 606,526.... 355.95 86.97 81.08 174.96 61.46 Louisiana..................... 76,556 153,407 215,739 352,411 517,762........ 100.39 40.63 63.35 46.92 k Texas.............. 212,592............ Arkansas.........1. 14,273 30,388 97,574 209,897.... 112.95 221,09 11512 Tennessee....... 35,791 105,602 261,727 422,813 681,904 829,210 1,002,717 195.05 147.84 61.55 61.28 21.60 20.92 35,791 114,452 378,635 810,258 1,374,179 2,245,602 3,321,117 219.78 230.82 113.99 69.60 63.41 47.89 Missouri..................... 20,845 66,586 140,455 383,702 682,044........ 219.43 110.94 173.18 77.75 Kentucky..... 73,077 220,955 406,511 564,317 687,917 779,828 982,405 202.35 83.98 38.82 21.90 13.36 25.98 Ohio................... 45,365 230,760 581,434 937,903 1,519,467 1,980,329.... 403.67 151.92 61.30 62.00 30.33 Indiana...... 4,875 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,866 988,416.. 402.67 500.24 133.07 99.94 44.11. Illinois............ 12,282 55,211- 157,445 476,183 851,470..... 3. 349.30 185.17 202.44 7881 Michigan............. 4,762 8,896 31,639 212,267 397,654... 86.80 255.65 570.90 87.34 Wisconsin...................................... 30,945 305,391.................... 886.88 Iowa......................................... 43,112 192,214............. 345.85 73,077 271,195 699,680 1,423,622 2,298,390 4,131,370 6,379,923 271.11 158.00 103.47 61.45 79.75 54.43 California............................................. 92,597...................... Minnesota................................. 6,077................ New Mexico................................... 61,547........................ Oregon........................................ 13,294........................ Utah................................................ 11,380............................................................ 184,895................. Aggregate...... 3,929,827 5,305,925 7,239,814 9,654,596 12,866,020 17,069,453 23,191,876 35.01 36.45 33.35 33.26 32.67 35.87 * This number exceeds by 16,416 that recently published at the census office which has followed the first official statement of the census, whereas the number here given conforms to a later official statement. (See ante, page 32.) 16 Progress of Population in the United States. THE DECENNIAL INCREASE OF EACH OF THE GREAT LOCAL DIVISIONS IN SIXTY YEARS. INCREASE OF POPULATION FROM, AUGUST 1, 1790. Local Divisions. 10 Years. 20 Years. 30 Years. 40 Years. 50 Years. 60 Years 1. New England States.. 122.4 145.8 164.4 193.6 221.3 2702 2. Aiddle Slates with District of Columbia.... 1 36.2 186.3 240.2 310.4 382.7 495.4 3. Southern States...... 126.6 149.1 172.9 209.1 226.1 268.2 4. Southwestern States.. 31.9.8 1,058.0 2,264.0 3,839.0 6,174.0 9,279.0 5. Northwestern States.. 371.6 857.5 1,948.0 3.145.0 5,654.0 8,730.0 Total of the U. States.. 135.0 184.2 245.3 327.4 434.5 490.1 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION INTO THE TI-HREE CLASSES OF VWHITES, FREE PERSONS OF COLOR, AND SLAVES, WITH THIi DECEUNNIAL INCREASE OF EACH CLASS. 1700. IS. 18. 1S82 1S0. Whites.................. 3,12,46 4 4,304,489 5,862,004 7,861,937 Free colored.............. 59,466 108,395 186,446 233,524 Slaves.................. 697,897 803,041 1,191,364 i,538,038 Total free........... 3,231,930 4,412,884 6,048,450 8,195,461 Total coloed.......... 757,363 1,001,436 1,377,810 1,771,562 1830. 1810. 1850. Whites................... 10,537378 14,195,695 19,553,068 Free colored.............. 319.599 386,303 434,495 Slaves................... 2,009,043 2,487,455 3,204,313 Total free............. 0,856,977 14,581,998 19,987,563 Total colored........... 2,328,642 2,873,758 3,638,808 DECENNIAL INCREASE. 1800, 810. 0. 181 0. 1840. 18150. Whites.......... 35.68 36.18 34.12 34.03 34.72 37.74Free colored...... 82.28 72.00 25.25 36.86 20.87 12.47 Slaves.......... 28.1 33.04 29.10 80.62 23.81 28.82 Total free..... 97.72 37.06 35.05 32.47 34.31 37.07 Total colored.. 32.23 37.58 28.59 31.45 23.41 26.62 THE RELATIVE PROPORTION OF THE THREE CLASSES AT EACH CENSUS FROIM 1790 TO 1850. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. Whites........ 80.7 81.1 81.0 81.5 81.9 83.1 84.3 Free colored... 1.5 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 1.9 Slaves........ 17.8 16.8 164 16,0 15.6 14.6 13.8 Total....... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 By which the whites have gained andcl the colored population htave lost 3.6 per cent in sixty years, and the free population have gained and the slaves have lost 4 per cent. Progress of Population in the United States. 17 CHAPTER III. PROPORTION BETWEEN THE SEXES. The seventh census exhibits the same preponderance as its predecessors, of males until the age of 70, with the single exception of the class from 15 to 20, in which, as well as in the census of 1830 and 1840, there is an excess of females of about 5 per cent. In the census of 1850 the difference of the sexes between those two ages is only about 2' per cent. This concurrence in three different enumerations indicates some general cause for the exception. Can that cause be a greater mortality of males at that age, or is a portion of the females of more than 20 placed in this class? So far as this question is affected by immigration, it tends to increase the proportion of males, as the male immigrants exceed the female at every age. In this census as well as the preceding, after the age of 70 the females exceed the males until the age of 00 is passed, when the males again preponderate. But we could not safely deduce any general law from this last exception, unless we know the several places of birth in these rare cases of longevity. The number of females for every 100 males in the last censusOf the white population is.......................... 95.0 Of the free colored............................... 108.2 Of the slaves...................................... 99.9 This showing an excess of males in the whites, an excess of females in the free colored, and an equality of the two in the slaves. In both classes of the colored population the females exceed the males in those who are under one year of age, who are between one and five, and those who are between five and ten. Thus: — FREE COLORED.- ~ —-— SLAVES. —--- Males. Femles. Males. Females. Children under 1 year............ 5,576 5,600 39,343 41,266 Children between 1 and 5....... 24,743 24,902 227,745 232,140 Children between 5 and 10....... 28.816 29,246 239,163 239,925 Total under 10................. 59,125 59,148 496,251 513,331 Showing an excess of females under ten in both the colored classes of something more that 1 per cent. In this respect the last census differs from those of 1830 and 1840, in which the males under ] 0, both of the free colored class and the slaves, exceed the females. In the census of 1820, also, the males in both classes of the colored children under 14 exceed the females. If the census should, from its supposed greater accuracy, be deemed sufficient to overrule the preceding enumerations, a deviation fiom what appears to be a general law as to sex, seems to merit further inquiry. Supposing the fact established, is it referable to race, or must its cause remain among the unsolved problems of physiology respecting sex? The white males which, according to the census of 1840, exceed the females 209,424, by the last census exceed them by more than twice the amount-499,736. In like manner the females of the free colored class which in 1840 exceeded the males 7,271, by the last census exceed them 17,044. This increased excess of white males was caused by the great increase of white immigrants, and the increased excess of free colored females was caused by the greater emigration of that class, of which emigrants by far the larger part are males. 3 18 Progress of Population in the United Stales. CHAPTER IV. I MMI GRAT ION. REGULAR and accurate returns from the custom-house of the number of our foreign immigrants have given us more authentic information on this interesting branch of statistics than we ever before possessed. Their number within the last ten years has not only, as hitherto, been greater than in the preceding decennial term, but the ratio of increase has far exceeded that exhibited by the census of 1840. Between 1830 and 1840 the immigration was not estimated at half a million, and was 136 per cent more than that exhibited by the census of 1830, but between 1840 and 1850 it had reached to between three and four times that amount, as may be seen in the following table: [mmigrants Immigrants. To June 1st, 1841.......... 88,504 To June 1st, 1846......... 147,651 s" 1842......... 101,107 " 1847......... 225,182 "4 1843.......... 75,159 To Sept. 1st, 1848........ 296,387 1844.......... 74,607 " 1849........ 296,208 1845.......... 102,415 To June 1st, 1850........ 223,984 Total.................................................... 1,621,275 Taking the average of the immigrants for three years, they were distributed, according to sex and age, in centennial proportions, as follows:Males............. per cent 58 Number between 20 and.... 37 Females 4............ 42 " " - 30 and 40.... 16 " upwards of 40....... 10 100 " Ages unknown....... 1.5 Number under 10 years of age. 15 100 " between 10 and 20... 20.5 It further appears that although the number of female immigrants is less than that of the males, the proportion of the former within the productive ages, is 25 per cent of the whole number, which exceeds the proportion in the whole white population by 5 to 4. This fact, and the much smaller proportion under ten years of age, (less than one-half,) may compensate, or more than compensate, the supposed greater mortality of foreigners in the first years of their new residence. For the first time the late census has enumerated the persons in the United States who were not natives. They amounted on the 1st of June, 1850, to 2,240,535, about one-ninth of the white population. Of theseThe natives of Ireland were....................................... 961,719 (" England, Scotland, and Wales...................... 379,093 British America................................... 147,711 Germany, Prussia, Austria, and Switzerland......5... 598,078 France......................................... 54,069 Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Russia.............. 19,489 " Holland and Belgium........................... 4,161 Mexico................................ 13,317 Spain, Portugal, and Italy........................ 8,032 West Indies..................................... 5,772 Other countries, including those whose places of birth were unknown.................................. 62,411 Total.......................*..-... 2,240,535 Progress of Population in the United States. 19 From which it appears that of the foreigners in the United States more than two-thirds are natives of the British dominions, and that more than two-thirds of the remaining third are Germans. They are very unequally distributed among the States, the Southern and South-western States scarcely containing a fifteenth part, as may be seen by the following table:NUMBER OF ALIENS BY BIRTH IN THE DIFFERENT STATES AND TERRITORIES. In New York............. 651,801 In California................ 22,358 Pennsylvania........... 294,871 Iowa.................... 21,232 Ohio................... 218,512 Texas.................. 16,774 Massachusetts.......... 160,9(19 New Hampshire......... 13,571 Illinois................ 110,593 South Carolina........... 8,662 Wisconsin............... 106,695 Alabama................ 7,638 Missouri.............. 72,474 Georgia................ 5,907 Louisiana.............. 66,413 Tennessee............... 5,740 New Jersey............ 58,364 Delaware........,21: Maryland.............. 55,288 District of Columbia...... 4,967 Michigan............... 54,852 Mississippi.............. 4,958 Indiana................ 54,425 Florida................ 2,757 Connecticut............ 37,473 North Carolina........... 2,524 Vermont.............. 32,831 New Mexico............ 2,063 Maine................. 31,456 Minnesota............... 2,048 Kentucky............... 29,189 Utah................... 1,990 Rhode Island............ 23,111 Arkansas................ 1,628 Virginia............... 22,394 Oregon................... 1,159 But great as is the foreign immigration to the United States, yet with the roving and locomotive propensities of the American people, their emigration from their own respective States to other States is much greater. By the last census it is found that the number of immigrants who are natives of other States is more than four millions, and that, widely separated as are many of the States by distance, emigrants from each State contribute to the population of every other. Though every State has gained and lost inhabitants by this migratory habit, the oldest and first settled States have been the greatest losers, and the new States of course have proportionally gained, as may be seen by the following table:DISTRIBUTION OF THE NATIVE FREE POPULATION, WHITE AND COLORED. Residing Residing Immigrants in their native in other from other States and Territories. State. States, States. Maine....................... 17,117 67,193 34,012 New Hampshire.............. 261,591 109,878 42,636 Vermont.................... 232,086 145,655 48,880 Massachusetts........... 695,236 199,582 134,830 Rhode Island................ 102,641 43,300 21,658 Connecticut................. 292,653 154,891 39,872 New York................... 2,151,196 547,218 288,100 New Jersev................. 385,429 133,381 45,012 Pennsylvania................ 1,844,672 422,055 169,947 Delaware................... 72,351 31,965 11,617 Maryland................... 400,594 127,799 38,322 District of Columbia......... 24,967 7,269 17,989 Virginia.............. 872,923 888,059 53,231 North Carolina.............. 556,248 283,077 21,502 South Carolina............... 262,160 186,479 12,653 Georgia.................... 402,666 122,954 115,413 Florida.................... 20,563 4,734 24,757 Alabama................... 237,542 83,388 182,490 20 Progress of Population in the United States. Residing Residing Immigrants in their native in other from other States and Territories. Si;tle. States. Stat s. Mississippi................. 140,885...... 150,229 Louis aua................... 145,474 14,779 60,447 Texas...................... 4,1 60 2,481 87,893 Arkansas................... 63,206 10.916 97,1:9 Tennessee................. 585,084 241,606 170),577 Kentucky................... 6(11,764 257,613 139.l17 Missouri................... 277,604 37,824 243,222 Illinois...................... 43,618 45,889 39-3,. 13 Indiana................. 541,079 92,038 390,313 Ohio....................... 1,219,432 295,453 538,124 Michigan.................. 140.618 12,409 200,943 Wisconsin.................. 63,015 3,775 134,897 Iowa.................. 50,380 6,358 120l,240 California................... 6,602 96 63,008 Minnesota Territory........... 1,334 ) 2,673 New Mexico Territory........ 58,421 99 840 Oregon Territory............ 3,175 8,817 Utah Territory............... 1,381 J 7,974 Total.................. 13,624,897 4,112,681........ In the preceding numbers there is some variance between the different publications made at the Census-Office. I have followed Mr. De Bow's Compendium as the safest guide. The last column in the preceding table, which shows the number of free persons who have migrated fiom the respective States of their birth to other States, should be precisely equal in its total number to the preceding column, but there is a variance of about 1' per cent by reason of errors which, in such a multiplicity of enumerations, it is almost impossible to avoid. CHAPTER V. THE PROBABILITIES OF LIFE. In executing the act of Congress for taking the Seventh Census, it was intended to have direct evidence of the rate of annual mortality in the United States, as an enumeration was ordered of all persons who had died within the year preceding June, 1850; but that part of the census has been so imperfectly executed as to be valueless. So many deaths have been omitted by the carelessness of the census takers,' or rather of their informers, as to show a degree of salubrity such as has never been reached in any country; nor is there that regularity in the errors which would enable us to estimate the comparative mortality of the States-some of the least healthy showing by the returns the smallest number of annual deaths. The details of the census of 1850, compared with those of the census of 1840, fortunately afford us materials for making this interesting estimate with a near approximation to the truth, as we shall thus see. It is clear that the difference between the whole population of 1840, and the part of the population of 1850 over ten years of age, would show the number of deaths in ten years, if the country had neither emigration Progress of Population in the United States.:. nior immigration. The emigration, however, is insignificant, and the number of immigrants with their increase, we have now the means of ascertaining. But as our numbers in 1850 were augmented by the accession of Texas, New Mexico, and California, as well as by immigration, the population thus acquired must also be deducted. Having found the mortality of the whole population of 1840, that of those who have since come into existence, and are of course under ten in 1850, will be the subject of separate estimate, for which the census also furnishes materials. Let us now see the result:Of the whole population of 1850....................... 23,191,877 The whole number under ten is......................... 6,730,044 The number over ten is................................ 16,461,832 To ascertain the number of immigrants to be deducted from the 16,461,832, we must ascertain —1. The number of immigrants under ten on the 1st of June 1850. 2. The number over ten who had died between their arrival and June, 1850. These numbers are exhibited in the following table:-* Whole No. of children No of No. of chil- No of No. of under ten years dren under deaths. No. over immi- when they to ten to ten grants. arrived. June, 1850. June 1, 1850. June 1,'50. June 1, 50. 1840-1........ 83,04 12,825 9~ 642 10,110 72,752 1841-2....... 101,107 15,166 84 2,275 11,105 87,727 1842-3........ 75,19 11,274 74 2,817 7,299 64,043 1843-4........ 74,607 11,190 64 3,916 6,182 65,609 1844-5........ 102,415 15,362 54 6,912 7,068 88,435 1845-6........ 147,051 22,057 44 12,131 8,167 126,763 1846-7........ 220,882 33,027 34 20,867 9,384 190,631 1847-8........ 296,387 44,450 24 24,760 9,136 262,492 1848-9........ 296,938 44,540 14 37,783 5,215 253,940 1849-50....... 223,984 33,597 i 22,270 2,357 199,357 1,622,034 243,488.. 134,373 76,022 1,411,639 If, then, we deduct from the 16,461,832, the population of 1850 over ten years of age, the number of immigrants over that age equal to 1,411,639, and also the number over ten in the newly acquired territories of Texas, &c., which by computation is about 135,000, the difference will be 14,915,193, which is the number of the survivors of the population of June 1, 1840. As this population was 17,069,453, a deduction of the 14,915,193 survivors shows the number of deaths in ten years to have been 2,154,258, averaging 215,425.8 a year. As in computing the rate of mortality the deaths are compared with numbers beginning with 17,069,453, and gradually descending through the ten years to 14,915,193, we must take the medium between those numbers, which is 15,992,324. Now, if this number be divided by the annual deaths, 215,425.8, it will show the average annual mortality to be 1 in 74.2 in that part of the population which is over ten years of age. To ascertain the mortality of those under ten, our data are somewhat * In the computation of deaths contained in the above table, I have, with some hesitation, allowed a somewhat greater mortality than is warranted in the Carlile life tables, those of Quetelet, and others, since I have assumed one-tenth of the children of the immigrants to be under one year, which probably greatly overrates their number at an age when-the rate of mortality is far greater than at.any other age. 22 Progress of Population in the United States. less precise and satisfactory. Two modes of making the estimate present themselves, which lead to different results; and when we shall have more full and reliable data than at present, truth will probably be found to lie between them. First. If we assume that the mortality of the children under ten, is the same in the United States as in France, according to their respective numbers-and there is no obvious reason why it should be materially different -then, according to the tables which we owe to the patient labors of Heuschling, the number of deaths of the children under ten in the United States, in 1850, was 224,868, exclusive of the children of immigrants between 1840 and 1850. If to this number we add the deaths of the population over ten, 215,425, we have 440,293 for the whole number of deaths in 1850, which exhibits a mortality of 1 in 43.4 Secondly. If, however, we adopt the unsatisfactory data afforded by the seventh census, then we may thus estimate the average mortality. According to that census, the number of white and free colored children who died under one year of age, was 43,055, which, it must be recollected, included the children of immigrants, with the increase of the population generally, for the year 1850. Let us deduct 10 per cent for this portion; for, though the children of immigrants appear not to have exceeded an 11th or 12th of that class, yet, in consideration of the admitted greater mortality, both of immigrants and their children, 10 per cent does not seem too much for their proportion of deaths. If to the number, thus reduced to 38,749, we add the number of slaves who die at that early age, 10,481, we shall have 49,230 deaths of children in the first year after their birth. What is the number for the other nine years? It may be approximated in this way. The whole number of white persons from 5 to 10 years of age, and from 10 to 15, is 5,106,257, one-tenth of which may be presumed to give the number of those whose age is about ten. If one-tenth of this tenth be deducted (for the children of immigrants,) the remainder 459,563, will exhibit the number of children ten years old in 1850, of the population of 1840. Their annual number of deaths we will assume to be 1 in 120, which assumes a somewhat greater mortality than is estimated at this period of life by the most approved life tables of Europe. This would be 3,998.7 for the annual deaths of the whites of 10 years of age, and 853.2 for those of the colored race, in all, 4,852. But as there were 49,230 deaths, of both classes in the first year of the decade, and 4,852 in the last, the mean -27,041-gives us the annual average deaths of one-tenth of the children under 10, or 270,410 for the whole number. To this, if we add 215,425 for the deaths of persons over ten, we shall have 485,836 for the annual deaths of the population of 1840, and their increase, excluding all accessions from foreign sources. The population of 1850, with that exclusion, is as follows:Gross amount............................................... 23,191,876 From which deduct the immigrants, with their increase, at the rate of 3 per cent per annum from the time of their arrival.... 1,840,233 Accession from Texas, &c........................... 200,000 - 2,040,233 21,151,643 The mean between this number and the 17,069,453, the population of 1840, is 19,110,548, which, divided by 485,836, the total number of an Progress of Population in the United States. 23 nual deaths, we have an average mortality in the year of 39.3 for the whole population, white and colored, bond and free.* There are two facts by which the preceding estimate would be slightly affected, but which we have no means of ascertaining with precision. These are the immigrants who come into the country overland, and that portion of the colored population who emigrate to foreign countries. But as they tend to counteract each other, they probably little affect the result. A correct estimate of the probabilities of life in these States is of great importance in several of the practical concerns of life; but the knowledge is unattainable without a strict registry of deaths, or more precision and accuracy in this part of the census than has been hitherto exhibited. By a similar process, the annual deaths of the slaves, together with the number who have been manumitted or have been fugitives abroad, is found to be nearly 7 in 33' (33.48.) According to the returns of the census, the number of fugitives and manumitted slaves in the year preceding the census was about 3,000, which, if deducted, would not reduce the mortality of the slaves as low as one in 35. But this difference arises from the greater number of deaths in the children. Thus, the number who die in the first year after birth is 10,481, which is nearly one-fourth of the number of white and free colored; while the proportion between the gross amount of the free and the slaves is between a sixth and a seventh. Besides, the deaths of the slaves above 10 is very nearly 1 in 77, which is a less proportion than in the same description of whites, which would be farther reduced by a deduction of the manumitted and fugitives. The greater mortality in the children of slaves is probably not attributable to any difference of race, but solely to the difference between those who have, as most of the whites, and those who want, as must many of the slaves, good nursing and attendance at that tender age. A correspondent excess of deaths is likely to be everywhere found in the indigent classes, especially in the first year after birth. We have no means of ascertaining the mortality of the free colored class under 10, their deaths in the publications from the census office being blended with those of the whites; but by reason of the number of this class who emigrate, the diminution of the portion over 10, between 1840 and 1850, was as great as I in 50. In the cases of extreme longevity, we continue to perceive a great superiority in the colored classes over the whites, and in the free colored over the slaves, though in both cases less than was shown in the censuses of 1830 and 1840. We perceive, also, a similar advantage of females in advanced age, until it exceeds one hundred years, when the males preponderate. * It may be objected to the above estimate, that it greatly underrates the number of deaths of children under 1 in following the returns of the census, as that class of deaths is not more than onehalf the proportion estimated by the life tables of Europe. The error of this part of the census, so grossly inconsistent with other parts, is readily admitted; but it is probably compensated by the rule here adopted (for want of materials for a better) of taking the mean between the deaths of those under I and those who are between 9 and 10, since the number who die under 10 is so disproportionately large as greatly to overrate the average annual deaths in the ten years. Notwithstanding the acknowledged error, the number of deaths in persons under ten exceeds those of the European tables of mortality. The result is, therefore, probably not far from the truth. 24 Progress of Population in the United States. CHAPTER VI. THE DEAF AND DUMB, THE BLIND, THE INSANE, AND THE IDIOTIC. In all the preceding enumerations of those who were deprived of hearing, sight, or reason, the fiee colored part of the population was confounded with the slaves, and the insane with the idiotic, but in the seventh census they have been separated. The result may be seen in the following table:NUMBER OF THE DEAF AND DUMB, BLIND, INSANE, AND IDIOTIC PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES, JUNE Isr, 1850. Deaf and dumb. Illind. Insane. Idiotic. b're, eiiee i'ee Firee AggreWhites. col'd. Si. Whites. cul'd. S1. Whites. cl'ld. SI. Whites. codl. t. gate. Maine..... 255 1.. 108... 556 5.. 575 2.. 1.62 N. Hamps'e 180 I 132 2 38 30 1.. 1(125 Vermont... 147 1,, 139 1.. 5fi0... 297 2,. 1,147 Mlassachuis's 356 2.. 457 6.. 1,661 19.. 786 5.. 3, 922 R. Island... 62 3.. 61 6.. 210 7.. 110 4.. 463 Connecticut 398 6..174 12.. 464 6.. 283 4.. 1.347 N. York... 1,256 7.. 1,137 44.. 2,487 34.. 1.644 21.. 6,630 N. Jersey. 184 5.. 178 29.. 370 9.. 406 13.. 1,194 Pennsylv'a. 1,130 15.. 941 28.. 1,865 49.. 1,432 35.. 5,495 Delaware.. 48 1 25 14.. 48 20.. 74 14 4 253 Maryland. 197 28 25 215 63 45 477 44 25 275 48 68 1,521 D. of Col.. 17 2.. 15 8 1 13 9 1 10 3.. 79 Virginia... 540 13 89 497 85 299 864 47 59 890 90 201 3,675 N Carolina, 389 7 75 379 27 155 467 10 33 615 28 151 2,836 S. Carolina. 134 2 22 150 14 134 224 4 21 249 5 94 1,060 Georgia... 208 1 57 224 4 129 294 2 28 515 1 148 1,611 Florida.... 13..1 15 1 14 9. 2 28.. 8 101 Alabama.. 151 1 58 156 2 138 201 2 30 343.. 133 1,215 Mississippi. 79 1 27 112. 93 105. 24 136 2 84 663 Louisiana. 82 3 32 72 2 122 144 11 45 106 6 62 705 Texas..... 49.. 10 61 1 11 37.... 93.. I 273 Arkansas.. 80.. 4 78 1 13 60.. 3 103 2 10 354 Tentnessee. 334 2 43 383 9 82 380 5 22 756 5 85 2,104 Kentucky. 507 5 51 419 20 113 502 2 23 796 20 91 2,549 Missouri... 263. 19 191 3 38 249 2 11 325. 32 1,133 Illinois.... 354 2.. 259 5.. 236 2.. 361 2.. 1,221 Indiana.... 533 4.. 341 12.. 556 7.. 225 13.. 2,391 Ohio...... 905 10.. 630 12.. 1,303 14.. 1,344 17.. 4,235 Michigan... 124 1.. 125.... 132 1.. 186 3.. 572 Wisconsin. 69.... 63.... 54.... 92 2.. 280 Iowa... 59.... 50.... 44.... 94.... 245 California. 7.... 1.... 2.... 7.... 17 Minnesota................. 1.... 2 N. Mexico.. 34.. 98...... 44..,. 187 Oregon..... 2.... 5.... 4.... 11 Utah................. 5.... 1.... 6 Total.. 9,136 136 531 7,978 429 1,387 14,972 311 327 14,257 348 1,182 50,994 For the sake of better comparing this part of the census with the correspondent parts of the census of 1840, we shall again unite the free colored with the slaves, and the idiotic with the insane. By this comparison it appears thatOF TlHE DEAF AND DUMB. In the white population the proportion in 1840 was as 1 in............. 2,123 " " " 1850 " 1 in.............. 2,140 In the colored population the proportion in 1840 was as 1 in............. 2,933 " * " 1850 " I in,.....,.. 5,455 Progress of Population in the United States. 25 OF THE BLIND. In the white population the proportion in 1840 was as 1 in............. 2,821.'.. " 1850 " 1 in............. 2,450 In the colored population the proportion in 1840 was as 1 in............. 1,509 it " ".. 1850 " 1 in............. 1,929 OF THE INSANE AND IDIOTIC. In the white population the proportion in 1840 was as I in.............. 977... 4 1850 " 1 in.............. 668 In the colored population the proportion in 1840 was as 1 in............. 978 4" 4.. 1850 " 1 in............. 1,929 We here perceive great discrepancies between the last census and that of 1840. In the white population while the number of deaf and dumb is nearly the same, the proportion of the blind has increased about 13 per cent, and that of the insane and idiotic more than 30 per cent. But in the colored race, in all three of the privations, the proportionate number is greatly diminished. In the class of the blind the proportion is reduced more than one-fourth; in the class of the deaf and dumb it is reduced nearly one-half, and in that of the insane and idiotic the reduction is more than one-half. The suspicions entertained against the accuracy of that part of the census of 1840 which respected the insane of the colored population, have been justified by subsequent investigations, but on the other hand, in correcting the error, the correspondent part of the seventh census seems hardly entitled to our entire confidence. We know that much sensibility was excited by the greater frequency of insanity among the colored race which resulted from that census, and it is possible that the interest thus felt may, in more ways than one, have biased the judgment of the census takers in placing individuals under this class. Though the census of 1840 unquestionably overrated the nunber of the colored insane in the Northern States, yet when we saw the proportion gradually increase as we proceeded on the Atlantic coast from Georgia to Maine, and in the West from Louisiana to Michigan, it was not to be believed that the diversity was produced by a correspondent variety and gradation of errors; and reasoning on probabilities, we were compelled to admit that there was some solid foundation for the difference exhibited, though it might be greatly exaggerated. We may add that there is intrinsic evidence in favor of the census of 1840 on this point, which that of 1850 does not possess. Nor is this all. That census itself affords grounds for questioning its accuracy. It shows that while in the white population the proportion of the insane and idiotic is as much as 1 in 668, in the colored population it is only 1 in 1,929; and though we cannot admit that in New England, where the colored population shows a small increase, the number of insane and idiotic has fallen from 383 to 45, as the census shows; neither can we readily believe that, contrary to all previous enumerations, the proportion of the white race thus afflicted is three times as great as that of the colored. We must, then, look to future enumerations to decide whether the liability of the last-mentioned race to these mental maladies, which the census of 1840 has confessedly exaggerated in some States, has not been generally underrated by the census of 1850, and whether truth does not occupy a middle point between them. 4 26 Progress of Population in the United States CHAPTER VII. ON THE FUTURE INCREASE OF POPULATION. If we deduct from the population of 1850 the numbers gained by imrmgration, and by the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, and California, withl their increase to June 1st, 1850, we shall ascertain the present increase by natural multiplication. Thus:The whole population was.......................... 23,191,876 Deduct the number of immigrants and their increase between 1840 and 1850............ 1,840,227 Gain from Texas and their increase.......... 200,000 2,040,227 Population exclusive of immigrants................ 21,151,649 The difference between this number and 17,069,453, the population of.840, showing an increase of 23.9 per cent in ten years, or 2.10 per cent a year. This is far below the ordinary estimates. but it cannot be materially increased without a great reduction in the computed number of immigrants; and if we merely take their number as returned from the custom-house, and allow nothing for their increase, supposing it not more than sufficient to compensate their mortality, then the increase in ten years would be raised only to 25.58 per cent, or 2.32 per cent in one year. This implies a great diminution in the rate of natural increase, but the census exhibits abundant evidence of the same fact, in accordance with the census of 1840. Thus the number of children under ten of the white population-5,600,586- bears to the white females-9,523,5 11-the proportion of 58.81 per cent, whereas in 1840 it was 64.63 per cent. It we deduct the immigrants, who, fiom the greater proportion of adults, tend to lessen the proportion of children, we shall find the same evidence of decrease. Thus by deducting 750,000* for the immigrant females, on the 1st of June, 1850, computed from the custom-house returns and the probable mortality, and 350,000* for the immigrant children, the proportion of the residues of children to females, would be less than 60 per cent(59.93.) On examining the rate of increase of the children in the several states, in the last ten years, we do not find the same uniformity of result as was exhibited during forty years, (see ante, page 104;) but if some of the States exhibit an increase in the proportion of children, a large majority -20 States out of 29-show a diminution, as may be seen in the following tables. In six of the States, given below-Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennyslvania, Delaware, and Maryland, the proportion of children has increased in the last ten years. What has made these Statese xceptions to the general rule, either in increasing the proportion of their children or in lessening that of their females, is not obvious; but the united increase of the whole five States is but 1.3 per cent. * These numbers, being deduced from data Ihat are partly conjectural, bave no claim to accuracy, b ut no presumable amount of error can materially affect the result. Progress of Population in the United States. 27 TABLE SHOWVING TIE PROPORTION BETWEEN THE WHITE CHILDREN UNDER TEN YEARS OF AGE, AND THE WHITE FEMALES IN TWENTY STATES, IN THE YEARS 1800, 1840, AND 1850. Proportion 1800. 1840. 1850. per celt. Females. Children. Females. Children. Females. Ciildren. 1800.'40. 050, Maine........ 74,069 54,869 247,44'9 148,846 285,063 163,465 74.0 60.1 57.3 N. Hampshire 91.740 60,465 14;-,932 70,387 161,496 73,:93 65.9 48.5 45.4 Verimout..... 74,580 57,692: 144,840 80,111 153,744 82,808 77.3 55.:3 53.7 Massachusetts 211,299 124,566 368,351 173,037 501.357 240,835 58.9 46.9 48.0 Rhode I-land.. 33,579 19.466 54,225 25,384 73,535 36,071 57.9 46.8 49.1 Cormecticut.. 123,528 73,682 153,556 71,783 183,215 85,422 596 46.7 46.6 New York.. 258,587 195,8401,171,533 681,091 1,503,836 844,761 75.7 58.1 56.2 New Jersey... 95,600 67,402 174,533 103,302 232,057 138.500 705 59.1 59.7 Pennsylvauia. 284,6:27 270,283 831,345 524,1891,115,426 712,673 71.2 63.0 63.8 Delaware.... 24,819 15,878 29,302 17,406 35,423 22,135 63.9 59.4 62.4 Maryland.... 105,676 69,648 159,400 93,072 206,756 12)2,962 65.9 58.4 61.4 Virginia..... 252,151 179,761 369,745 240,343 443,500 290,010 71.3 65.0 56.5 North Carolina 166,116 122,191 244,833 162,282 280,003 188,708 73.5 66.2 65.5 South Carolina 95,339 72,075 128,588 86,566 136,816 88,538 75.6 67.3 64.8 Georgia...... 48,298 38,248 197,161 150,317 255,329 187,602 81.1 76.2 73.4 Mississippi... 2,262 1,962 81,818 65.269 1X39,431 104 688 86.7 79.7 75.1 Tennessee.... 41,529 37,677 315,193 234,700 374,601 268,317 84.6 74.4 71.6 Kentucky.... 83.915 7 2,234 250,664 204,978 360,609 259,451 839 71.) 70.4 Ohio........ 20,595 18,276 726,762 509,088 950,9S3 650,416 88.7 73.3 66.4 Indiana....... 2,00u3 1,645 325,925 248,127 470,976 353,699 82.1 76.1 75.1 If we extend the comparison to all the other States whose population was known in 1840, we shall find in the greater number a correspondent diminution of their natural increase in the last ten years, as may be seen in the following table:1840. 1850. Proportion per cent. Females. Children. Femles. Children. 1840. 1850. Florida............ 11,487 8,404 21,498....... 73.2 77.0 Alabama.......... 158,403 125,547 207,031 16,556 78.9 73.1 Louisiana............ 68,716 48,684 114.248 151,346 70.9 67.6 Arkansas. 34,363 28,899 76,315 77,268 83.9 80.9 Mississippi.......... 118,572 118,572 279,017 260,797 78.8 75.6 Illinois............ 217,019 165,329 400(,490 209,898 76.2 74.3 Michian............ 98,165 69,036 186,606 299,896 70.5 62.2 Wiscunsin........... 11992 8,690 140,405 129,890 72.5 73.8 owa................ 18,668 14,562 90,984 7i,297 77. 78,3 The steady diminution in the rate of natural increase thus exhibited by the whole United States, and by most of the individual States, for fifty years, as well as by those States that have afiorded the means of making the comparison for a shorter period, shows that the laws of population, as laid down by Malthus, must be considerably modified. It proves incontestably that while in every country the means of attainable subsistence is a necessary element in the increase of its numbers, it is not an all-sufficient cause of such increase, nor so powerful a cause as Malthus seems to suppose; since we find the rate of increase declining in a country and at a period when subsistence is as easily obtained as it ever was, and where the labor of a month-and often that of a fortnight-would be sufficient to procure as rmuch wholesome and palatable food as the laborer consumed in the year. It is clear, then, that moral causes-probably by producing a slight retardation of marriage-constitute the operative check in the United States, and that the extraordinary facility of subsistence which exists here, seems to exert no influence on that check. It follows from the preceding views that the period of duplication, in our progressive increase, must be steadily increasing, unless the deficiency 28 Progyres' of Population in the United States. should be compensated, as it hitherto has been, and sometimes more than compensated, by immigration. The population of the United States consists principally of two racesthe white and the African, and partly of a mixture of the two-the mulatto, which is first specially noticed in the seventh census. Though the natural increase of the colored race, or at least of the servile portion, is greater than that of the whites, yet, by the aid derived from immigration, the white population is always gaining on the colored, so that the proportion, which in 1790 was as 4.19 white to one colored, was, in 1850, 5.37 to one; and the proportion of whites to slaves had increased in the same period from 4.5 to 7.2 to 1. The opinions which were hazarded in the first part of this work, (page 116,) of the period when slavery would probably terminate of itself in the United States, must now be qualified by important changes in the condition of the United States since 1840. The termination of slavery was, in those speculations, made to depend on the density of population, which again depended on the extent of territory. Since that time the United States have acquired about 800,000 square miles of. almost vacant territory, 237,000 of which, being added to the slaveholding States by the annexation of Texas, is one of the contingencies which would tend to prolong the continuance of slavery. With this qualification as to time, the views presented by the author in 1843 remain unchanged, as he has met with neither fact nor argument to affect their soundness. What may be the increase of the mixed race of mulattoes cannot yet be known, as they have been now enumerated for the first time. Their whole number, in 1850, was 405,754, of whom 159,095 were free, and 246,656 were slaves. There is thus about one mulatto to every eight of the colored population, about one out of twelve of the slaves, and more than one out of two of the free colored. Some physiologists are disposed to regard mulattoes as hybrids, and as exhibiting in their greater shortness of life, the degeneracy of that class; but a comparative table of the blacks and mulattoes in two States-Connecticut and Louisiana, and two cities-New York and New Orleans, disproves this hypothesis. There is within the limits of the United States a third race-the Indians, who are not considered to be a part of the population. They have no share in the government, and contribute nothing, either by personal service or tax, to its support. They are not amenable to the laws except for crimes, and have no relation to the government, except as grantors of the lands they occupy, and as pensioners, in consequence of those grants. The number in this anomalous condition is estimated at something more than 400,000, a part of whom occupy the territory set apart for them, and seem to be advancing in civilization; but the greater portion continue in their aboriginal habits and pursuits, and though considered to be within the jurisdiction of the States or Territories, are admitted to have the sole property in the soil of their ungranted territory. With regard to the ultimate destiny of this race, those who are advancing in civilization may retain their independence and be finally incorporated with the States of the Union, while those who are still in their savage state may be encouraged by the success of the former to follow their example, or gradually dwindling in number as their lands diminish, the remnant may become paupers and pensioners of the government; or lastly the whole of those who survive their exterminating wars and their free use of ardent spirits, may become gradually amalgamiated with the other two races. Progress of Population tn the United States. 29 CHAPTER VIII. THE GROWTH OF THE ATLANTIC AND WESTERN STATES-THE SLAVEHOLDING AND NON-SLAVEHOLDING STATES COMPARED. By the last census it was found that the Western States continued to gain on the Atlantic States, and the States prohibiting slavery or those which permit it, though in a diminished ratio from that which was anticipated in 1840, as may be seen in the following tables of their respective populations, representatives in Congress, and presidential electors, in 18-50. As we now have more accurate estimates of the extent of the States and Territories than was before published, and have acquired a large accession of territory since 18-10, the areas, as corrected, are here given:ATLANTIC STATES. 1. Non-slaveholding Area in sq. Represen- ElectStates. miles. Population. talives. ors. 1. Maine........................... 31,755 5s.16 9 6 8 2. New Hampshire................. 9,280 317,976 3 5 3. Vermont....................... 10,212 314,120 3 5 4. Massachusetts.................. 7,800 994,514 11 13 5. ithode Island.................... 1,306 147,545 2 4 6. Connecticut..................... 4,674 370,792 4 6 7. New York..................... 47,000 3,097,394 33 35 8. New Jersey.................... 8,320 489,555 5 7 9. Pennsylvania.......................... 46,000 2,311,786 21 23 Total..................... 160,747 8,626,851 88 106 1. Slaveholding Area in sq. Represen- ElectSlates. niles. Population. tatives. ors. 1. Delaware...................... 2,120 91,5'2 1 3 2. Maryland........................ 11,124 588,(34 6 8 3. Virginia......................... 61,:52 1,4)21,6;61 13 15 4. North Carolina............... 50,704 86i9.,I9 8 10 5. South Carolina.................. 29,385 668,5)7 6 8 6. Georgia..................... 58,000 90s6,85 8 10 7. Florida....................... 59,268 87,445 1 3 District of Columbia.............. 60 51,687 Total....................... 272,t13 4,679,090 43 57 WESTERN STATES. I. Non-slavelholding Area in sq. IRepresen- ElecStates, iiles. Population. tativ e. tors. 10. Ohio,........................... 39.964 1,981.:29 21 23 11. Inc'iana....................... 38,800 988,4 i 6 11 13 12. Illinis......................... 55,405 851,479 9 1 13. Michigan....................... 5.;,243 39,654 4 6 14. Wisconsinl...................... 53.0 24 35,: 3 5 15. Iowa......................... 50,914 192.214 2 4 16. California....................... 155,980 9 2,57 2 4 Territories *..................... 1,472,661 92,21.8 Total........................ 1,417,991 4,900,369 52 66 * The areas of these Territories are thus given in De Bow's Compendium, on whose authority the areas of thle States are also givel:Indian Territory.................... 71,127 Oreqon.......................... 185.60 I ansas............................. 114.798 Utah............................ 2 17l) Miinnesoia.......................... 166( 2i Washington...................... 112:,(.i22 Nebraska.......................... 3:35. 8' New Meico....................... 207,7 Total......................... 1,47,661 30 Progress of Population in the United States. If. S1nveholding Ale illn q. RIepresen-,t: tes. iriles Population. tatives. Electors,. Lllii........................ 41,255 517,762 4 6 9.'I'exa;.......................... 2~:7,504 212,5',2 2 4 10(. AIl,;l) i....................... 0.7 22 771,623 7 9 11. M1Sisi, ippi........................ 47.156 60;,52 6 5 7 12>. A kaslla;s........................ 52,198 209,897 2 4 i:.'lllllei e...................... 45.600 1,002,7 17 10 12 1-I. Kettuciky....................... 37,6i80 982,405 10 12 15. Mii!t.OLiri....................... e7,: 80 68 2,04 7 9 Total........................ 599,445 4,985,566 47 63 INCREASE OF P01'ULATION OF TIlE PRECEDING DIVISIONS OF STATES 1N 30 YEARS. l)ecelnial increase. 1830, 1840. 1800. 1810. 1840. 18.0. Atlnltic States........... 9.188,133 10,686.381 13,';05,94-l 2.8 16.3 24.5 Westerin States........... 3,692,569 6,376,972 9.885,985 63.7 73.6 54.5 Noi sl;veho-lliri States.... 7,012.300 9.728 9922 13,527,220 35.8 38.7 36.2 Slaveholhlii, Slttes........ 5,848,303 7,34,431 9,664,656 29.9 25.4 31.8 If the same rate of increase should continue with the Atlantic and the Westelr1 States iespe(ctively, when will the latter attain the preponderance to which they are ultimately destined by reason of their far greater extent of territory? Their respective numbers, which had been in 1840 in the ratio of 0iO per cent for the Atlantic States and 40 per cent for the Western States, had cha nged, according to the census of 1830, to 57.4 per cent for the Atlantic States and 42.6 per cent for the Western; thus showing that as they applroached at the rate of only 5.2 per cent in 10 years, it would require three more decennial terms, or be 18s0, before the Western States would have a pireponderalnce, which would then be less than 1 per cent. By thlis time the progress of railroads, canals, and manuftactures, may have so increased their co:nmnercial intercourse as to overcome the influence of local jealousy and narrow loctal interests. Experience may teach the mass of both divisions, that on all great national questions-such, for example, as the policy of supporting a respectable navy —their interests are identical. It must, however, be recollected that the increasing immigration, both foreign and domestic, to the new States and Territories in the West, may accelerate the progress of the Western States beyond the rate here supposed; and that, on the other hand, the States on the Pacific, now reckoned in the Western division, may form a class by themselves, and be neutrals between the other two divisions, or, perchance, incline to throw their weight into the scale of the Atlantic States, under the influence of their co"nmlercial connections. In the other twofold division of the States, growing out of the institution of slavery, it happens that the division which already has the preponderance of numbers, also increases the tfstest. What effect this growing ascendancy nmay have on the agitating and perplexing topic of slavery, cannot now be toreseen. It may infuse a new heat and bitterness in the strife that has been thus engendered; or it may produce more moderation when the disparity is more seen and felt by both parties than at present; or, lastly, in the alternate ebbs and flows which the tides of popular feeling are ever undergoing', the subject that now fills the land with discord, and threatens it with consequences as serious as lasting, may come to be regarded as of no higher concern to the General Govelrnment or the American people, than the extent of parental or marital autlority in a State, or its penal code, on all of which both man's moral sympathy and his religious c:'eed may be brought to bear as directly as on domestic slavery. Progress of Population in the United States. 31 CHAPTER IX. RELIGION-JUVENILE AND POPULAR INSTRUCTION. In consequence of the entire freedom of religion in the United States, their different sects are more diversified in tenets and character, and are less unequal in numbers than in any other country. The lrincipal denoiinations, with the number of churches and value of the property be!onging to each, may be seen in the following table:No. of Value of No. of Viuiie of Denominations. churches. ioiql ly. Denominations. chulri-c s. I', t'y. 1. Method(ist........ 1.20 1 4.822,8(1 12. Fiee............ 8 $.::05 2. tist........ V,375 11,02.80,855 13. Germian Ref, rm. 3:I8 95,0S80 2. Presby telia n.... 4,824 14,453,789 14. Dutch kelOrined. 380 4,096880 4. Cngregational.. 1,76 7.97o,,195 15. Moravi;ll....... 828 4 17,667 5. Epi.-copal...... 1,450 11.285,3io 16. Unitarnan...... 242 3,173,822 6. Roman Catholic.. 1,221 9,250,758 17. Mnlites....... 113 9,-15 7. Lutheran..:.... 1,217 2,884,286 18.''lkers........ 51 7,625 8. Clristiais...... 86(3 847.0:316 19. Jews......... 30 3:0,6(00 9. Friends......... 26 1,713,7 i7 2o. wedetirgian. 16 108,600 10. Union......... 608 6-14.715 Minuor ects...... 418 985,1E0 11. Universali~-t..... 529 1,752,310 - Total............................................. 38,061,87,3828,861 The sects whose churches throughout the Union exceed 1,000, have the following' local distribution: Presby- Congre- Episco- R. Cath- Other Methodist. Baptist. Leria. gati, ial. pal. olic. Lutheran..-ecls. Tolal. Maine........ 199 26 7 180 9 12... 212 945 N. Hampshire. 1013 13 13 176 11 2... 128 626 Vermont...... 146 102 11 175 26 2... 17 599 Massachusetts 262 236 15 448 54 41 1 428 1,475 Rhode Island.. 23 106.. 21 26 7... 45 228 Connecticut... 185 114 17 25'2 104 13 44 14 New Y, k... 1,21 781 671 215 279 175 81 1C0 4,134 New Jersey.. 812 108 149 8 52 22 7 155 813 Pennsylvania. 889 220 7 75.. 1:8 119 498 807 3,566 Delaware.... 1(16 12 26.. 21 3... 12 180 Maryland..... 479 45 56.. 133 65 40 91 909 Dist. (of Colutm. 16 6 6.. 6 6 4 4 6 Virginia...... 1,025 649 240.. 173 17 50 229 2,83 Nor-th Carolina. 784 615 151.. 50 4 49 142 1. 95 South Carolina. 484 413 1;35 1 72 14 41 22 1,182 Georgia...... 795 879 97 1 20 8S 54 181;2 Florida...... 87 56 16.. 10 5.... 3 177 Alabama...... 587 579 162.. 17 5 1 32 1,373 Mississippi.... 451 385 143.. 13 9... 27 1,016 Lotliiana.... 125 77 18.. 14 55... 17 806 Texas........ 176 82 45.. 8 1]3... 51 341 Arkansas..... 168 114 52.. 2 7... 19 362 Tennessee.... 861 646 363.. 17 3 12 112?,014 Kentucky.... 530 883 224.. 19 48 5 216 1,845 Missouri..... 250 300 125.. 11 65 21 8 880 Ohio........ 1,529 551 663 100 70 1.0 260 633 8,936 Indiana...... 778 428 282 2 24 6' 63 392 2,1):2 Illinois..... 405 282 206 46 27 59 42 156 1,223 Michigan..... 119 66 72 29 25 44 12 32 399 Wisconsin.... 110 49 40 37 19 64 20 24 65 Iowa......... 71 20 38 14 5 18 4 23 193 California.... 5 1 3.. 1 18... 10 28 Territories.... 2 1 2 1.. 9..... 94 Total.... 13,280 9,375 4,824 1,706 1,459 1,221 1,217 4,979 38,061 It would seem, from the preceding tables, that there is, on an average, 32 Progress of Population in the United States. a church, or place of worship, for every 610 of the gross populationadults and children; that the average property of each is about $2,300, thoug'h some are ten times as rich as others; and that the churches of the Methodists and Baptists united outnumber all the other sects. These places of worship are distributed in every part of the Union very nearly in proportion to population, showing that the American people, in whose spontaneous action these accommodations for public worsh;p originated and are maintained, exhibit a remarkable uniformity in the spirit of devotion, however great may be the diversity in their manifestations of it, by particular tenets and modes of worship, as may be seen in the following:TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF CHURCHES IN EACH OF THE GREAT DIVISIONS OF THE STATES, AND OF THE QUOTAS OF POPULATION ASSIGNABLE TO EACH. No. of No. of persons Local divisions. churches, Population. to each. New England States................. 4,607 2,628,116 594 Middle States...................... 10,648 6,624,928 660 Soluhern States.................... 7,399 3,952.5:;8 580 South-western States............... 5,1065 3,321,117 620 North-lwe itern States................ 10,853 6,3789,923 590 The inequality, small as it is, is increased by the fact that in the Southern States, where the churches are relatively the most numneous, they are probably below the average in the number they can accommodate, and that in the Middle States, where the churches are proportionally the fewest, they are above the average in magnitude. Of the three classes of PUBLIC SCHOOLS enumerated by the census of 1850, there is no material difference in the number of Colleges fiom the census of 1840, but there is, in the former, a much larger proportion of inferior schools. The proportion of illiterate, however, is about double that in 1840. This seeming retrograde course, of which instances are so rare in the United States, and which is not in accordance with the great increase of primary schools, may probably be in part attributed to the recent large additions to the number of immig'rants-the States which received the greatest number showing also the greatest increase of illiterates-and a part may, perhaps, be ascribed to a smaller number of omissions in this class, now that the census takers are required to return each individval separately. Universities States. and Stul- End owcolleges. dents. Endowment. Academies. Scholars. ment. Maine..-.................... 282 $14,000 131 6,648 $51,187 New Hampshire............ 1 273 11,000 107 5,821 43,202 Vermont.................... 5 464 21,558 118 6,864 48,935 Massachusetts.............. 6 1,043 107,901 381 12,774 310,177 Rhode Island.............. 1 150 3,500 46 1,691 32,748 Connecticut................ 4 /738 53,630 202 6,966 145,967 New England States......... 19 2,950 $211,589 985 40,284 $632,216 New York................ 14 2,673 148,258 853 49,262 810,382 New Jersey................ 4 470 79,00 219 9,569 226,388 Pennsylvania.............. 21 3,286 282,205 524 23,751 467,843 Delaware................. 2 144 17,200 65 2,011 47,832 Maryland............... 11 992 101,714 225 10,677 242,229 Dietlict of Columbia........ 2 218 24,000 47 2,333 84,040 Middle States............ 54 7,783 O$63,077 1,952 9',603 $1,878,664 Progress of Population in the United States. 33 Universities States. and Stu- Endowcolleges. dents. Endowment. Academies. Scholars. ment. Virginia.................. 12 1,535 159,790 303 8,982 234,372 North Carolina............. 513 40,700 272 7,822 187,648 South Carolina............. 8 720 104,790 202 7,467 205,489 Georgia.................. 13 1,535 105,430 219 9,059 108,983 Florida..................... 34 1,251 12,089 Southern States............ 38 4,303 $410,710 1,030 34,531 $748,581 Alabama.................. 5 667 41,255 106 8,290 164,165 Mississippi................. 11 862 42,400 171 6,628 73,717 Louisiana................. 5 469 76,250 143 5,328 193,077 Texas.............. 2 165 1,000 97 3,389 39,384 Arkansas.................. 3 150 3,100 90 2,407 27,937 Tennessee.................. 17 1,605 63,507 260 9,517 156,842 South-western States........ 43 3,817 $227,512 867 35,559 $655,122 Missouri.................... 9 1,809 79,528 204 8,829 143,171 Kentucky................. 15 1,873 131,461 330 12,712 252,617 Ohio....................... 26 3,621 125,792 206 15,052 149,352 Indiana.................... 11 1,069 43,350 131 6,185 63,520 Illinois.................... 6 442 13,300 81 4,179 40,488 Michigan.................. 3 308 14,000 37 1,616 24,974 Wisconsin.................. 2 75 4,300 58 2,723 18,796 Iowa..................... 2 100 2,000 31 1,051 7,980 California............... 6 170 14,270 Territories............ 1...... 44 894 23,078 North-western States........ 75 8,497 $413,731 1,128 53,421 $247,246 Total................ 234 27,159 $1,916,698 6,032 261,362 $4,653,842 Primary IlliterStates. schools. Scholars. Endowment. ates. Maine,.................. 1,042 102,815 $315,436 6,282 New Hampshire.................... 2,381 75,642 166,944 3,009 Vermont.......................... 2,731 93,457 176,111 6,240 Massachusetts...................... 3,679 176,475 1,006,795 28,345 Rhode Island...................... 416 23,130 100,481 3,607 Connecticut....................... 1,656 71,269 231,226 5,306 New England States................ 11,905 542,788 $1,996,993 52,780 New York........................ 11,580 675,221 1,472,057 98,722 New Jersey................... 1,479 78,205 216,992 18,665 Pennsylvania....................... 9,061 413,706 1,414,530 76,272 Delaware......................... 194 8,970 43,861 10,181 Maryland.......................... 907 33,254 229,848 41,877 District of Columbia.......... 22 2,169 14,232 4,671 Middle States..................... 23,243 1,211,525 $3,391,520 250,388 Virginia.................... 2,937 67,438 314,025 88,520 North Carolina................... 2,657 101,095 158,564 80,428 South Carolina......... 724 17,838 200,600 16,504 Georgia. 1,251 32,705 182,231 41,667 Florida............................ 69 1,878 22,386 4,129 Southern States................. 7,638 223,954 $877,806 231,343 5 34 Progress of Poputation in the United States. Primnry JitterStates, schools. Scholars. Endowment. ates. Alabama......................... 1,152 28,380 315,002 83 992 Mississippi......................... 782 18,746 254,159 13,528 Louisiana........................ 664 25.046 349,679 24,610 Texas............................. 349 7,946 44,088 10,583 Arkansas......................... 353 8,493 43,763 16,935 Tennessee........................ 2,667 103,651 195,443 78,619 South-western States.............. 5,677 192,262 $1,202,134 118,261 Missouri.......................... 2,234 71,429 160.770 36,768 Kentucky.......................... 2,667 103,651 211,852 69,706 Ohio............................. 11,661 484,153 743,074 66,020 Indiana........................... 4,822 161,500 314,467 72,710 Illinois............................. 4,054 425,790 349,350 41,283 Michigan.......................... 2,714 110,455 169,806 8,281 Wisconsin................... 1,423 58,817 113,133 6,453 Iowa......................... 742 29,616 51,492 8,153 California......................... 2 49 3,600 5,235 Territories........................ 16 80 15,509 25,994 North-western States............... 3C,335 1,445,540 $2,131,053 370,603 Total.................. 80,991 9,354,173 $9,591,530 1,053,420 The scholars of the three classes are in the following centesimal proportions, by which it appears that the second class and the elementary gained to a small extent, while the college class remained as it was:College students.........................8 Academical.............................2 Elementary.............................. 92 Total.............................. 100 But the great source of popular instruction in these States is the periodical press, which has an extent and dispersion known in no other country. Its productions may be classed under the single sheets published as newspapers daily, or once, twice, or thrice a week, and pamphlets published monthly, semi-monthly, or quarterly. They are thus distributed among the States: -~-NEWSPAPERSS. -- — PAMPHLETS. —--- Twice or thrice a Quar- AggreStates. Daily. week. Weekly. Monthly. terly. gate. Maine................. 4 5 39 1... 49 New Hampshire.........5... 38 Vermont................ 2 1 30'... 34 Massachusetts............. 22 15 125 32 7 209 Rhode Island.............. 2 12..... 19 Connecticut................ 4 30 1 2 46 New York.............. 61 21 308 45 3 428 New Jersey......... 6.. 43 2... 51 Pennsylvania.............. 24 3 261 19 2 310 Delaware................ 3 7..... 10 Maryland................ 6 4 54 4... 68 District of Columbia........ 5 5 8..... 18 Virginia................. 15 12 55 4... 87 North Carolina............ 5 40 6... 51 South Carolina........... 7 5 27 5... 46 Progress of Population in the United Stctes. 35 --— NEWSPAPERS. ~ ----- -- PAMPHLETS. —-~\ Twice or thrice a Quar. AggreStates Daily, week. Weekly. Monthly. terly. gate. Georgia.................. 5 3 37 6... 51 Florida..................., 1 9 1 49 10 Alabama................. 6 5 48.. 38 60 Mississippi.............. 4 46 1 35 50 Louisiana................ 11 6 87.. 209 65 Texas................... 5 29.. 19 61 Arkansas.................. 9.. 46 9 Tennessee............... 8 2 36 4 428 50 Missouri................. 5 4 45 7 61 62 Kentucky................. 9 7 38 8 310 62 Ohio.................... 26 10 201 27 119 107 Indiana................... 9 2 95 1 68 107 Illinois................... 8 4 84 3 118 261 Michigan............... 3 2 47 6 87 58 Wisconsin.............. 6 4 35 1 51 46 Iowa.................... 2 25 2 46 20 California................ 4.. 3.. 51 7 Total............. 254 146 1,902 195 19 2,6526 These various periodicals have been arranged under the four heads of political, literary, religious, and scientific:2. a sa s 22. 015 States. States. I ~ Maine..... 29 15 4 1 49 Alabama 43 12 3 1 60 N. Hampsh. 22 10 5 1 38 Mississippi.. 40 10 50 Vermont... 27 5 3. 35 Louisiana... 34 19 1 I 55 Massachus. 82 89 24 14 209 Texas...... 14 18 2. 34. Island.. 12 7... 19 Arkansas.. 6 8.. 9 Connecticut. 8 12 4 1 46 Tennessee.. 86 7 7 650 New York.. 263 116 37 12 428 Missouri.... 42 17 2 61 New Jersey. 44 7.. 61 Kentucky.. 42 14 5 1 62 Pennsylvan. 198 83 28 1 310 Ohio....... 192 43 21 5 261 Delaware.. 8 2.. 10 Indiana.... 84 21 2. 107 Maryland... 39 21 6 2 68 Illinois.... 73 23 8 3 107 D. of Colum. 15 3 9 18 Michigan.. 39 14 3 2 58 Virginia... 62 15 6 1 87 Wisconsin.. 42 3.1 46 N. Carolina. 35 10 5 61 Iowa...... 25 3 1. 29 S. Carolina. 24 13 3 2 46 California.. 7.. 7 Georgia.... 20 24 3 4 561 Territories 1 3.. 4 Florida.... 7.. 2. 10 - Total..................................... 1,907 651 191 53 2,526 The public libraries of the United States seem to be sufficiently numerous, considering how dispersed is the greater part of the population-there being about 1 for each 1,500 of the population. But there is no instance yet of those large and complete libraries which we see in most European countries. No library here has yet reached 100,000 volumes, and but two or three have attained half that number. These libraries may be arranged under the three heads of Public Libraries, provided by the government or by joint-stock companies, CUollege and Theological Libraries-and libraries of Sunday and other schools. These, with the number of volumes in each, are thus distributed among the States: 38Q A Statistical View of the State of Ilinois. College and theo- Aggrelogical li- Public School gate of States. braries. Volumes. libraries. Volumes. libraries. Volumes. libraries. Volumes. Maine.... 17 40,317 77 51,439 142 29,211 236 121,969 N. Hamp. 9 22,425 47 42,017 73 21,317 129 85,759 Vermont.. 12 23,860 30 21,061 54 19,720 95 64,641 Massachus. 60 156,157 177 257,737 1,225 270,120 1,462 684,015 R. Island.. 8 32,756 25 42,007 62 27,579 96 104,342 Connectic't 11 83,225 42 38,609 111 42,084 164 165,318 N. York... 31 141,577 43 197,229 10,939 1,422,023 11,013 1,760,820 N. Jersey. 6 24,338 77 43,993 43 12,744 128 80,885 Pennsylva. 47 104,411 90 184,686 256 75,192 393 363,409 Delaware. 1 5,000 4 10,250 12 2,700 17 17,950 Maryland.. 15 34,642 17 54,750 92 34,650 124 125,042 D. of Col'a. 2 32,500 7 66,100...... 9 98,600 Virginia... 16 51,386 16 32,595 17 4,681 54 88,462 N. Carolina 14 25,240 4 2,500 20 3,852 38 29,592 S. Carolina 7 30,964 16 17,758 3 2,750 26 107,472 Georgia.. 9 21,500 3 6,500 26 3,788 38 31,788 Florida........ 1 1,000 6 1,660 7 2,660 Alabama.. 5 7,500 4 3,848 47 9,275 56 26,623 Mississippi 4 10,093 4 7,264 107 4,380 117 21,737 Louisiana.. 2 5,000 5 9,800 2 12,000 19 26,809 Texas.... 1 100 3 2,100 8 2,180 12 4,230 Arkansas.... 1 250 170 3 420 Tennessee. 5 9,925 9 5,373 23 7,598 34 22,896 Missouri... 4 20,300 13 23,106 70 31,650 97 75,056 Kentucky. 15 34,425 47 49,424 29 4,617 80 79,466 Ohio...... 26 59,525 65 65,703 261 63,575 352 186,826 Indiana... 5 9,100 33 35,982 88 13,065 151 68,403 Illinois... 4 7,800 13 23,105 115 18,'704 152 62,486 Michigan. 3 7,900 280 65,116 18 34,927 417 107,913 Wisconsin. 2 1,800 9 12,046 30 7,180 72 21,029 Iowa............ 4 2,650 4 3,140 32 5,799 Total..... 343 1,484,641 1,217 1,446,015 14,055 2,189,725 15,615 4,636,411 CHAPTER X. CITIES AND TOWNS. THE town population has been found, in the last decennial term, as in the preceding, to have increased much faster than that of the country at large, and the excess exhibited by the census of 1850 is much greater than that of 1840. This result admits of a ready explanation. We know that the population of towns receives new accessions from the progress of manufactures, by reason of the variety and subdivision of labor they require; and that the social instinct is ever drawing into the human hive drones as well as bees; but, in addition to these general causes, the extraordinary growth of the cities and towns of the United States since 1840, may be referred partly to the great increase of immigrants, who there find profitable and congenial occupation, and partly to the multiplication of railroads, which so greatly enlarge the intercourse and commerce between town and country. The combined effect of these general and special causes may be seen in the following tables; — Progress of Population in the United States. 7 CITIES CONTAINING 100,000 AND UPWARDS. Decennial increase. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 18(10. 1810. 1820. Boston.............. 18,038 24,937 33,250 43,298 38.2 33.3 30 0 New York.............. 33,131 60,489 96,373 123,706 82.6 59.3 28.4 Philadelphia............. 42,520 69,403 94,874 112,772 59.5 32.4 42.7 Baltimore.......... 13,503 26,114 35,583 62,738 93.4 36.7 76.3 New Orleans...................... 17,242 27,176....... 57.6 Cincinnati................... 2,540 9,642........ 275.3 Decennial increase. Total 1830, 1840. 1850. 1880. 1840. 1850. icrease. Boston.............. 61,302 93,383 136,881 41.9 52.3 46.6 659.7 New York........... 202,589 312,710 515,547 63.8 53.6 65.6 1,456.0 Philadelphia......... 161,410 220,423 340,045 43.1 36.6 54.6 699.2 Baltimore............ 80,625 102,313 169,054 28.5 26.9 65.2 1,152.0 New Orleans....... 46,310 102,163 116,375 70.7 122.1 13.9 574.4 Cincinnati.......... 24,831 46,338 115,436 75.9 86.4 149.1 4,445.0 1,393,338 It would thus seem that in sixty years the increase of New York had exceeded fifteenfold; Baltimore, twelvefold; Philadelphia and Boston, sevenfold; and in forty years that of New Orleans had increased more than sixfold, and Cincinnati more than fortyfold. CITIES AND TOWNS CONTAINING BETWEEN 10,000 AND 100,000 INHABITANTS. MAINE. Decennial increase. 1810. 1840. 1850.- 1840. 18o0. Portland.................... 12,601 15,218 20,815 20.8 86.8 Bangor.................... 2,868 8,627 14,132 200.8 67.3 34,947 MASSACHUSETTS. Lowell....................... 6,474 20,796 33,380 221.2 60.5 Salem...................... 13,836 15,082 20,264 9.1 34.4 Roxbury.......................... 9,689 18,364.... 89.5 Worcester................... 7,497 17,049.. 127.4 Charlestown................. 8,182 11,484 17,216 30.8 57. O New Bedford................ 7,592 12,087 16,443 59.2 36.0 Cambridge................... 8,409 15,215... 81.0 Lynn.......................... 9,367 14,253.... 52.2 Springfield................... 6,784 10,985 11,766 61.9 7.1 Fall River...................... 6,738 11,524.... 71.0 Taunton...................... 6,042 7,645 10,441 26.5 65.0 185,956 RHODE ISLAND. Providence.................. 16,833 23,171 41,513 37.7 79.2 Smithfield........................ 9,534 11,500.... 20.0 53,013 CONNECTICUT. New Haven.................. 10,180 12,960 20,345 27.3 57.0 Hartford.................... 7,076 9,468 13,355 33.8 41.0 34,700 NEW JERSEY. Newark...................... 10,953 17,290 38,894 57.8 125.0 Paterson...................... 7.,596 11,334.... 49.2 New Brunswick.................. 10,019....... 60,247 38 Progress of Population in the United States. NEW YORK. Decennial Increaseo 1830. 1840, 1850. 1840. 1850. Brooklyn..................... 15,36 36,233 96,838 135.3 173.1 Albany.................. 24,238 33,721 50,763 39.1 89.5 Buffalo......................,653 18,213 42,261 110.0 121.6 Rochester................... 9,207 20,191 36,403 119.0 80.3 Williamsburg.................... 5,000 30,780.... 515.6 Troy....................... 11,405 19, 34 28,785 69.6 48.9 Syracuse..................... 6,500 22.271.... 24 2.6 Utica........................ 10,183 12,782 17,585 25.5 36.0 Poughkeepsie................. 10,006 13,944.... 39.4 Lockport....................... 6,500 12,323... 89.6 Oswego City....................... 4,5C0 12,205.... 171.0 Newburg.....OO.................. 6,000 11,415.... 90.2 374,613 PENNSYLVANIA. Pittsburg.................... 12,568 21,115 46,601 91.9 93.2 Alleghany D.......................... 21,262...... Reading,...................... 8,410 15,743.... 87.2 Lancaster...................... 8,417 12,369.... 46.9 95,975 DELAWARE. Wilmington...................... 8,367 13,979.. 66.3 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington............... 18.827 23,364 40,001 24.1 71.2 VIRGINIA. Richmond................ 16,030 20,153 27,570 25.7 36.8 Norfolk..................... 9,816 10,920 14,306 11.2 31.0 Peterburg.................. 8,322 11,136 14,010 38.8 25.8 Wheeling...................... 7,885 11,435.... 45.0 67,321 SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston.................. 30,289 29,261 42,985.... 46.9 GEORGIA. Savannah................... 7,776 11,214 15,312 44.2 36.9 Augusta.................... 7,885 6,403 11,753.... 83.5 27,565 ALABAMA. Mobile.................... 3,194 12,672 20,515 296.8 77.7 TENNESSEE. Nashville....................,506 6,929 10,478 23.3 51.2 KENTUCKY. Louisville................... 10,41 21,210 43,194 105.1 103.6 MISSOURI. St. Louis................... 5,852 16,469 77,860 181.4 372.8 OHIO. Columbus.................. 6,048 17,882.... 195.7 Cleveland................... 6,071 17,034.... 180.6 Dayton................. 6,067 10,977.... 80.9 45,893 Progress of Population in the United States. 39 ILLINOIS. Decennial Increase. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1840. 1850. Chicago.......................... 4,470 29,960.... 570.3 MICHIGAN. Detroit........................... 9,100 20,019.... 120.0 WISCONSIN. Milwaukee................... 1,700 20,061.... 1,080.0 CALIFORNIA. San Francisco.......................... 34,776........ TOWNS CONTAINING BETWEEN 3,000 AND 10,000 INHABITANTS. MAINE. Augusta.................. 8,25 Waldoborough.......... 4,199 Bath..................... 8,026 Eastport................... 4,125 Gardiner................... 6,486 Ellsworth................... 4,009 Biddefordl................... 6,095 Waterville................. 3,164 Saco...................... 5,798 Lewistown............... 3,58 4 Rockland................... 5,052 Hampden.................. 3,195 Belfast..................... 5,051 Vassalborough.......... 3,099 Hallowell................... 4,769 Frankfort................... 4,232 Total............'9,028 NEW IIAMPSHIRE. Portsmouth.................. 9,738 Winchester.............. 3,296 Concord................... 8,576 Great Falls................. 3,000 Dover..................... 8,196 Rochester................... 3006 Nashua.................... 5,820 Nashville................... 3,122 Total................... 43,748 VERMONT. Burlingtoll.................. 6.110 Middlebury................. 3,517 Rutland..................... 3,715 1 Total......................................................... 13,342 MASSACHlUSETTS. Newburyport............... 9,572 Beverley.................... 5,376 Nantucket................... 8,452 Nortampton................ 5,268 Lawrence................... 8,282 Walthamn................... 4,464 Danvers..................... 8,179 Westfield.................. 4,180 Dorchlester.................. 7,969 Barnstable.................. 4,901 Gloucester...............,785 Haverhill.................. 3,500 Andover.................... 6,945 Ipswich..................... 3,349 Plymouth................... 6,024 Cliton..................... 3,113 Marblehead.................. 6,167 North Adams............... 3,000 Pittsfield................... 5,872 Total...................................................... 112,409 RIIODE ISLAND. Newport......................................................... 9,563 North Providence.................................................. 7,680 Total........................................................ 17,243 CONNECTICUT. New London................. 8,991 Waterbury............... 5,137 Bridgeport...................560 Middletown............... 4,230 Danbury................... 5,964 New Milford................ 4,058 Stonington.................5,431 Litchfield................. 3,953 Stamford.................... 5,000 Total................................................... 60,324 40 Progress of Population in the United States. NEW YORK. Auburn................... 9,548 Oswego City............... 4,769 Schenectady................ 8,921 Kingston................... 4,500 Elmira...................... 8,166 Catskill..................... 5,454 West Troy.................. 7,564 Whitehall............... 4,726 Watertown................. 6,810 Penn Yan.................. 3,000 Ithaca..................... 6,909 Cohoes..................... 4,229 Hudson................. 6,286 Rome..................... 4,000 Johnstown.................. 6,131 Canandaigua................ 3,5CO Waterloo.................... 3,000 Amherst................... 4,153 Geneva.............. 6,000 Amsterdam................ 4,128 Ogdensburg.................. 6,500 Seneca Falls................. 3,600 Bingamton................ 5,000 Sag Harbor................ 3,600 Lansingburg................ 5,752 Yonkers................... 4,160 Plattsbur................... 5,618 Sing Sing.................... 3,000 Little Falls................. 4,855 Total....................................................... 153,879 NEW JERSEY. Camden..................... 9,479 Elizabethtown.............. 4,000 Jersey City.................. 6,856 Morristown................. 3.300 Trenton.................... 6,461 Salem.................... 3,052 Rahway.................... 6,006 Princeton................... 3,021 Woodbridgee................ 5,141 Burlington................... 4,536 Total.................. 51,352 PENNSYLVANIA. Harrisburg................. 7,834 Carlisle.................... 4,581 Pottsville................... 7,515 Allentown.................. 3,778 Easton..................... 7,250 Birmingham............... 3,732 Yorktown.................. 6,863 Mauch Chunk............... 3,722 G(ermantown................. 6,209 Chambersburg............... 3,336 Norristown.................. 6,024 Danville.................... 3,302 Erie....................... 5,850 Hawley............ 3,000 West Philadelphia........... 5,571 Tamaqua.................... 3,060 Carbondale................ 4,945 Westchester................ 3,172 Frankfort................... 5,346 Total.................................................... 95,089 MARYLAND. Cumberland................ 6,073 Annapolis.................. 3,011 Frederickstown............. 6,028 Hagarstown................. 3,829 Total.................. 18,921 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Georgetown...................................................... 8,366 VIRGINIA. Alexandria................... 8,734 Winchester................ 3,857 Portsmouth.................. 8,121 Wellsburg................. 3,000 Lychburg............... 8,071 Fredericksburg......... 4,061 Total.................. 35,844 NORTH CAROLINA. Wilmington................. 7,264 Raleigh.................... 4,r 18 Newbern.................... 4,681 Fayettesville................ 4,646 Total........ 21,109 SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia........................................................ 6,060 GEORGIA. Columbus.................. 5,942 Rome................... 3,000 Macon..................... 5,720 Madison..................... 3,516 Total................... 18,178 Progress of Population in the United States. 41 ALABAMA. Montgomery.................................................... 8,728 Tuscaloosa............................................. 3,500 Total..................................................... 12,228 MISSISSIPPI. Natchez........ 4,434 Holley Springs.............. 3,500 Aberdeen................... 5,000 Vicksburg................. 3,678 Total.................. 16,612 LOUISIANA. Baton Rouge....................................................... 4,500 TEXAS. Brownsville................ 4,500 San Antonio............,488 Galveston.................. 4,177 - Total...................................................... 12,165 TENNESSEE. Memphis.................... 3,000 Chatanooga................. 3,500 Total..................................................... 15,341 KENTUCKY. Newport.................. 6,895 Hopkinsville................ 3,500 Covington........... 9,408 Frankfort.................. 3,308 Maysville...................,840 Total................... 25,951 MISSOURI. St. Joseph................... 5,000 Jefferson City............. 8,000 Weston.................... 3,775 Carondelet.................. 3,775 Total......... 15,550 ILLINOIS. Quincey City................ 6,902 Alton.................... 3,885 Galena...................... 6,004 Warsaw............ 3,009 Peoria..................... 5,095 Peoria.. 5,095 - Springfield................ 4,558 Total................... 29,853 INDIANA. Madison.................... 8,012 Indianapolis................ 3,197 New Albany............... 8,181 Terre Haute.. 4,051 La Fayette................. 6,129 Fort Wayne.............. 4282 Total................... 34,948 OHIO. Zanesville............... 7,929 Mansfield................... 3,557 Chilicothe.................. 7,100 Circleville................... 3,411 Steubenville................ 6,140 Newark................3....,654 Springfield.................. 5,108 Piqua...................... 3,277 Portsmouth.................. 4,011 Akron..................... 3,266 Massillon.................... 4,009 Fulton..................... 3,224 Toledo.................... 3,829 Marietta.................... 3,175 Mount Vernon............... 3,711 Xenia..................... 3,024 Lancaster City.............. 3,483 Total...................................................... 71,908 6 42 Progress of Population in the United States. WISCONSIN. Racine.................................................... 5,107 Kenosha.................................3,458 Total...............................8,565 MICHIGAN. Ann Arbor.................. 4,858 Ypsilanti.................. 3,051 Grand Rapids................ 3,147 ~ Adrian................... 3,006................. 11,062 IOWA. Council Bluffs................................................... 3,000 CALIFORNIA..Maryville................... 8,000 Stockton.................... 4000 Placerville................. 5,625 San Jose.. 3,500 Sonora...................... 4,000 - Total...................................................... 25,125 NEW MEXICO. Santa Fe...............................4,846 The preceding table partakes, in some degree, of the inaccuracy in the list of towns of 2,000 inhabitants in 1840, in consequence of the practice prevailing in some of the States of not distinguishing between their towns and townships, (see ante page 133.) But the rural population returned with that of the towns has been excluded, wherever the means could be obtained of making the discrimination; and it is believed that there is scarcely any town here named whose numbers in congregated dwellings do not amount to 3,000. AGGREGATE OF THE POPULATION OF THE TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES CONTAINING 3,000 PERSONS AND UPWNRDS ON THE IST OF JUNE, 1850. Towns Towns Proportion of 10,000 between of town States, persons and 10,000 and Total. population in upwards. 3,(00. each State. Maine................ 84,94'7 79,028 113,975 4.2 per cent. New Hampshire.......... 13,932 44,748 58,680 29.0 Vermont..... 13,342 13,342 4.2 " Massachusetts........... 322,796 112,409 435,205 44.1 Rhode Island.............. 53,013 17,243 70,256 48.9 Connecticut............... 34,700 50,324 85,024 22.7 New England States.. 459,388 327,094 786,482 28.8 New York.....,....... 890,160 153,879 1,044,039 33.7 New Jersey............... 60,247 51,352 111,599 22.8 Pennsylvania.............. 436,020 95,089 531,109 24.6 Delaware............... 13,979 13,979 17.9 Maryland................. 169,054 18,991 188,045 32.2 District of Columbia....... 40,001 8,366 48,367 Middle States........... 1,609,461 317,677 1,927,138 29.0 Virginia................. 67,321 35,844 102,165 7.2 North Carolina............ 21,109 21,109 2.4 South Carolina............ 42,985 6,060 49,045 5.2 " Georgia................. 27,565 18,178 45,743 5.0 Southern States...... 137,871 81,191 219,062 6.5 " Progress of Population in the United States. 43 Towns Towns Proportion of 10,000 between of town States. persons and 10,000 and Total. population in, upwards. 3,000. each State. Alabama................. 20,515 12,228 32,743 4.2 per cent. Mississippi..................... 16,612 16,612 2.7 " Louisiana................. 116,375 4,500 120,875 28.3 Texas............ 12,165 12,165 5.8 " Tennessee................ 10,478 15,341 15,819 2.4 " South-western States.... 147,368 60,846 208,214 6.2 " Kentucky................ 43,194 25,951 69,145 8.9 Missouri................. 77,860 15,550 93,410 13.7 Ohio..................... 161,329 71,908 233,237 18.6 Indiana................... 34,948 34,948 3.5 Illinois................... 29,963 29,853 59,816 7.0 Michigan.................. 20,019 11,062 31,081 7.8 Wisconsin...................... 8,565 8,565 2.8 Iowa......................... 3,000 3,000 1.5 North-western States..... 332,365 200,837 533,202 8.15 California................ 34,776 25,125 59,901 58.6 New Mexico................... 4,846 4,846 7.8 " 34,776 29,971 64,747.... Total............ 2,721,229 1,017,616 3,738,845 16.1 { It appears from the preceding tables that in the last ten years the towns containing 10,000 inhabitants and upwards had more than doubled, both in number and population; and that the population of the towns containing between 10,000 and 3,000 in 1850 somewhat exceeds that of the towns containing between 10,000 and 2,000 in 1840. If we add to the former the towns of from 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants, the number will be more than double that of the same description of.towns in 1840. The town population which in the enumerated towns is now 16.1 per cent of the whole, would then be augmented to more than 20 per cent. But to produce this average there is a great diversity among the States from Rhode Island and Massachusetts, whose cities and towns contain between 40 and 50 per cent of their whole population respectively, to the States of Mississippi and North Carolina, whose towns contain probably less than 5 per cent of their whole town population. 44 Progress of Population in the United States CHAPTER XI. THE INDUST'rrIOUS CLASSES. We are presented with an interesting subject of speculation when w -look at the various modes in which the members of a civilized community, in seeking to provide for themselves and their families, administer to the wants and gratifications of others. IL this way, nearly every individual in the human hive is impelled by the strongest instincts of his nature to be at once busy and useful. Of the free population in 1850, amounting to 19,98,563, the number of males above fifteen years of age who were employed in different branches of industry was 5,371,876. Supposing the number of females, who in their appropriate employments are at least as industrious as the males, to be equal, then the industrious class of both sexes above fifteen amount to 10,743,562. The difference between this number and that of the whole free population is 9,243,811. if from this residue we deduct the tenants of the poorhouses, hospitals, jails, and penitentiaries, the superannuated and the children under fifteen, all of whom are either too young to'work, are already employed or qualifying themselves for future employment, the remainder, constituting the voluntary idle and unproductive class would be an inconsiderable, portiDon f tlie community, as may be thus seen:Whole number, after deductiing the working elases................. 9,24-,811 Children under fifteen by the census................... 8,17.3,896 Persons over seventy by the same.................... 3,08,686 Paupers by the same................ 50,852 In hospitals for the insane, blind, &c., by the same....... 50,994 In State prisons and penitentiaries, by the same......... 5,646 In jails and houses of correctioa........................ 7,444 Whole number of idle class...........646493 It would thus seem that the whole number of the idle class of both sexes between the ages of fifteen and seventy is less th'an 3 per cent, or one person in thirty-three of the free population; and though the labor te which man is inevitably destined is occasionally excessive or irksome, yet in'the main his bread is sweetened as well a-s moistened by the sweat with which it is earned. Their whole 5,371,876 are distributed at the census office into 325 different occupations, which have been afterwards condensed into the following ten more general divisions, nearly correspondent to the classification made of the occupations in England, viz.: 1. Commerce, trade, manufacturing, and 6. Law, mediine, azid divinity. mechanic arts and mining. 7. Other pursuits requiring education. 2. Agriculture. 8. Government civil service. 3. Labor not agricultural. 9. Domestic servants. 4. Army. 10. Other occupations. 5. Sea and river navigation. The distribution among' the States and Territories may be seen i.n the following. Progress of Population in the United States. 45 TABLE OF THE EMPLOYMENTS OF THE FREE MALE POPULATION OVER FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE IN 1850. Commerce, Labor Law, manufactures, not Sea and medicine, minning, Agricul- agricul- river nay- and etc. 11 ture. tural. Army. igation. divinity. Maine............. 838,247 77,082 26,833 114 15,669 2,212 New Hampshire.... 27,905 47,440 14,253 38 778 1,642 Vermont........... 17,063 48,328 22,997.... 159 1,827 Massachusetts'...... 146,002 55,669 57,942 72 19,598 4,702 Rhode Island...... 21,004- 8,482 9,295.... 2,033 556 Connecticut........'38,653 31,881 16,813.... 4,801 1,614 New York......... 312,697 313,980 196,613 1,462 23,243 14,258 New Jersey........ 46,544 32,834 38,383.... 4,351 1,751 Pennsylvania....... 266,927 207,495 163,628 101 9,064 9,954 Delaware.......... 5,633 7,884 6,663.... 743 251 Maryland.......... 47,616 28,588 32,102 67 9,740 2,059 District of Columbia. 6,128 421 2,535 91 186 330 Virginia........... 52,675 108,364 48,338 274 3,263 4,791 North Carolina...... 20,613 8 1',982 28,560.... 1,659 2,263 South Carolina...... 18,~205 41,302 8,151.... 346 1,829 Georgia............ 20,715 83,362 11,505 18 282 2,815 Florida............ 1 2,380 5,977 2,666 423 708 357 Alabama.......... 16,630 68,638 7,683.... 807 2,616 Mississippi.......... 12,05,3 50,284 6,067..... 292 2,329 Louisiana.......... 32,879 18,639 15,264 45 4,263 1,827 Texas............. 7,327 25,299 6,194 584 321 1,368 Arkansas........... 4,296 28,942 5,684 33 106 911 Tennessee.........e. 23,432) 118,979 17,559.... 258 3,363 Missouri.....3...... 0,098 65,561 20,326 305 2,471 2,893 Kentucky....3....... 30)6,5 9 8 115,017 28,413 204 1,027 3,811 Ohio.............. 142,687 270,362 92,765.... 4,109 9,001 Indiana............ 45,318 163,229 29,854.... 1,725 4,229 Illinois............ 36,232 141,099 29,778.... 1,644 3,307 Michigan.. 22,375 65,815 15,602 143 1,220 2,007 Wisconsin.......... 20,526 40,980 13,196 77 561 1,477 Iowa............... 9,255 32,779 5,392 71 163 1,077 California.. 69,007 2,059 3,771 14t1 617 876 Minnesota.......... 656 563 751 163 4 68 New Mexico........ 1,054 7,956 6,209 655 2 45 Oregon............. 1,007 1,704 511 289 130 99 Utah.............. 828 1,581 622... 1 8 26 Total............ 1,596,265 2,400,583 993,620 5,370 116,341 94,515 Other Governoccapat'ns ment Other requiring civil Domestic Oceupaeducation. service. servants. tions. Total. Maine.................... 1,727 419 232 125 162,711 New Hampshire........... 1,425 305 47 31 94,564 Vermont................. 1,563 129 34 127 92,226 Massachusetts............. 5,371 1,566 1,375 2,972 295,300 Rhode Island............. 881 176 774 269 43,471 Connecticut............... 2,162 189 220 677 97,010 New York................ 11,104 4,985 6,324 3,628 888,294 New Jersey.............. 2,457 373 404 1,663 128,740 Pennsylvania............. 10,830 3,719 4,431 4,495 680,644 Delaware................. 581 124 69 113 22,061 Maryland................ 2,442 963 1,021 278 124,876 District of Columbia....... 436 559 507 16 11,209 Virginia.................. 5,622 1,491 79 1,978 226,875 North Carolina............ 3,447 570 46 247 139,387 South Carolina............ 3,161 372 149 34 68,549 Georgia.............-. 3,912 416 15 173 123,343 46 Progress of Population in the United States. Other Governoccupat'ns ment Other requiring civil Domestic occupaeducation. service. servants. tiuns. Total. Florida.................. 302 42 13,135 Alabama.................. 3,638 325 42 97 100,467 Mississippi................ 3,30 77 69 231 5,082 Louisiana................ 2,444 811 308 488 77,168 Texas.................... 90 42,856 Arkansas............. 676 110.... 27 46,786 Tennessee................. 3,589 705 10 5 168,240 Missouri................. 3,147 767 1,458 1,149 128,175 Kentucky................ 4,420 902 212 471 191,075 Ohio..................... 8,263 1,218 1,67 1,219 550,792 Indiana.................. 3,031 677 184 449 248,096 Illinois................... 2,071 701 376 151 215,350 Michigan.................. 1,092 337 220 167 108,78 Wisconsin................ 800 5 191 145 8,139 Iowa.................... 425 103 10 46 49,315 California...............130 10 123 7,631 Minnesota................ 3736 New Mexico.............. 58 206 1292 1 17,478 Oregon................... 48 40 40 6 3,874 Utah.................... 483,135 Total................... 95,814 24,966 22,243 22,159 5,371,876 The following fivefold division of the various occupations seems to separate those who are most essentially different: st, those whose industry is chiefly exerted in mental labor; 2d, those who are employed in producing useful raw materials; 3d, those who change the form of those materials by manufacture or handicraft; 4th, those who aid in transferring the raw or manufactured article from person to person or place to place; and, 5th, those who belong to neither of the preceding classes, or partly to one and partly to another. We will notice each of these general divisions separately, with the principal occupations belonging to each:~ FIVEFOLD DIVISION OF THE OCCUPATIONS OF THE FREE MALES ABOVE FTFEEEN IN THE UNITED STATES, ETC. 1.-MENTAL INDUSTRY. Number Number employed, employed. Students.................. 42,340 Editors.................... 1,372 Physicians and surgeons..... 49,755 Civil engineers............. 512 Professors and teachers...... 30,530 Architects................. 591. Clergymen................. 26,842 Other occupations........... 1,844 Lawyers................... 23,939 ~ Public officers............. 10,268 Total................... 179,023 11.-PRODUCE RS. Number i Number employed, employed. Farmers.................. 2,363,938 Fishermen................ 9,025 Miners................... 77,410 Ironfounders............... 9,271 Planters.................. 27,055 Oystermen.. 2,244 Iron furnaces............. 14,437 Quarrymen............... 1,902 Weavers.................. 31,872 Hunters and trappers....... 619 Coal miners and colliers 17,385 Nurserymen............... 335 Lumbermen............... 20,070 Other occupations.......... 2,911 Gardeners, &c.8,144 Total...................................................... 2,544,771 Progress of Population in the United States. 47 III.-MANUFACTURES. Number Number employed. employed. Carpenters................ 181,671 Watchmakers............. 2,901 Cordwainers.............. 1 3 70,4 3 Chandlers................. 2,388 Blacksmiths............... 99,708 Confectioners.............. 3,871 Masons and bricklayers..... 63,392 Nailmakers............... 2,046 Tailors.................... 52,069 Bookbinders............... 3,414 Coopers.................. 48,694 Boatbuilders.............. 2,086 Cabinet-makers............ 37,339 Dyers, &c................ 3,241 Weavers.................. 31,872 Engravers................ 2,208 Wheelwrights.3............ 80,693 Paper munufacturers....... 2,971 Painters and glaziers....... 28,166 Paper-hangers............. 2,572 Millers................... 27,i795 Rope and cord makers..... 2,200 Machinists................. 24,095 Sailmakers................ 2,182.Saddlers.................. 22,779 Sash and blind makers...... 2,025 Butchers.................. 17,733 Caulkers.................. 1,915 Bakersa................... 14,256 Basketmakers............. 1,841 Stonecutters............... 14,076 Tuners................... 1,823 Printers.................. 14,740 Piano-makers.......... 1,822 Ship carpenters............ 14,565 Comb-makers............... 1,782 Sawyers.................. 11,974 Carvers and gilders......... 1,742 Clockmakers............... 11,812 Boiler-makers.............. 1,581 Brickmakers.............. 11,514 Wagon-makers............ 1,550 AMillwrights............... 9,613 Pattern-makers........... ]1,374 Tinsmiths................. 11,747 Woodcutters.............. 1,322 Tobacconists.............. 10,823 Agricult'al implement mak'rs. 1,313 Joiners.................... 12,672 Plumbers.................. 1.304 Coachmakers.............. 14,049 Broom-makers............ 1,244 Molders.................. 7,237 Shingle-makers............. 1,285 Spinners.................. 5,692 Trimmers................ 1,238 Iron-workers............... 5,008 Brush-makers............. 1,227 Brewers................... 4,854 Morocco dressers.......... 1,223 Potters................... 4,155 Carpet-makers............ 1,218 Gunsmiths................ 3,843 Clock-makers.............. 1,181 Glass manufacturers....... 3,237 Riggers................... 1,115 Woolcombers.............. 3,206 Trunk-makers............. 1,161 Turners.................. 3,823 Salt-makers................ 1,026 Gold and silver smiths 3,082 Woolen manufacturers...... 1,037 Stovemakers.............. 3,747 Lime burners............. 1,013 Jewelers.................. 5,111 Block and pump makers..... 1,973 Tanners, &c............... 14,988 Other occupations......... 119,256 Total..................................................... 1,229,609 IV.-MERCHANTS AND TRANSPORTERS. Number Number employed, employed. Merchants................. 100,752 Barkeepers................ 5,479 Mariners.................. 70,603 Booksellers................ 1,720 Boatmen.................... 32,454 Drovers.................. 1,999 Grocers.................... 24,479 Milkmen................... 2,328 Teamsters................. 15,469 Storekeepers............... 3,747 Carters.................... 13,879 Clothiers.................. 3,780 Railroad men.............. 4,831 Auctioneers................. 1,890 Porters, &c................ 3,185 Pilots...................... 2,015 Brokers................... 2,555 Dealers.................... 4,684 Bankers, &c................ 1,927 Other occupations.......... 3,226 Apothecaries............... 6,139 Total.................................................. 316,053 48 Progress of Population in the United States. V.-MISCELLANEOUS. Number Number employed,. employed. Laborers.................. 909,786 Dentists................... 2,923 Clerks..................... 101,325 Artists.................... 2,023 Servants................... 22,243 Apprentices................ 1,847 Innkeepers................ 22,476 Woodcutters............... 1,222 Barbers................... 61,013 Actors................... 722 Soldiers................... 5,149 Boarding-house keepers...... 2,554 Agents..................... 6,264 Refectory keepers.......... 3,226 Ostlers..................... 4.029 Telegraph officers........... 544 Musicians.................. 2,606 Gate keepers............... 1,168 Livery stable keepers........ 2,741 Other occupations.......... 3,561 Total........................................................ 1,102,422 THE PRECEDING DIVISIONS, IN CENTESIMAL PROPORTIONS, ARE AS FOLLOWS:I. 179,023 persons constitute about........................ 3 per cent. II. 2,544,777 ".......................... 48' III. 1,22.9,607 "......................... 24 " IV. 316,053 ".......................... 6 " V. 1,102,422 ".......................... 19 " 5,731,876 100 But if the miscellaneous class be distributed among the three classes employed in production, manufacture, and Commerce, according to their respective numbers-which is probably not wide of the truth-then the two classes of producers and manufacturers will comprehend seven-eighths of the whole, while three-fourths of the other eighth are employed in Commerce and transportation, and the remaining fourth, or about one-thirtieth of the whole are sufficient to discharge the functions of civil government, of juvenile instruction, and the learned professions. We may see the progress of manufactures generally, from 1820 to 1850, in the following:TABLE OF THE PERSONS EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMISENTS IN EACH STATE IN 1820 AND 1840, AND ALSO IN 1850, IN THOSE PRODUCING OVER $500 EACH. 1820. 1840. 1850. Maine................................... 7,643 21,879 28,078 New Hampshire......................... 8,600 17,826 27,092 Vermont................................ 8,484 13,174 8,445 Massachusetts........................... 33,454 85,176 165,938 Rhode Island............................ 6,091 21,271 20,881 Connecticut............................. 17,541 27,932 47,77,0 New York.............................. 60,038 173,193 199,349 New Jersey............................. 15,941 27,004 37,311 Pennsylvania........................... 60,215 105,883 146,766 Delaware................................ 2,821 4,060 3,888 Maryland................................ 18,640 21,879 30,124 District of Columbia...................... 2,184 2,278 2,176 Virginia................................ 32,336 54,147 29,109 North Carolina.......................... 11,844 14,322 12,444 South Carolina........................... 6,091 10,325 7,000 Georgia................................ 3,557 7,984 8,378 Florida............................ 1,779 991 Alabama................................. 1,412 7,195 4,936 Mississippi........................ 650 4,157 3,179 Louisiana................................ 6,041 7,,565 6,437 Texas.................................. 1,066 Arkansas.............................. 179 1,172 903 Progress of Population in the United States. 49 1820. 1840. 1850. Tennessee..............................,860 17,815 12,032 Missouri................................ 1,952 11,100 16,850 Kentucky............................... 11,779 23,217 24,385 Ohio................................. 18,956 65,265 51,489 Indiana................................. 3,229 20,590 14,342 Illinois................................. 1,007 13,185 12,065 Michigan................................ 650 6,890 9,290 Wisconsin....................... 1,814 6,089 Iowa...................................... 1,629 1,707 California...................................... 8,964 Minnesota...................................... 63 New Mexico.......................... 81 Oregon................................... 317 Utah................................... 5.... 61 Total............................... 349,247 791,545 944,991 While manufacturing industry appears, by the preceding table, to have considerably increased in the New England and Middle States, in nearly all the others it was less in 1850 than in 1840, by reason, no doubt, of other branches of industry having become more profitable. The important manufactures of cotton, wool, and iron, are distributed among the States, according to the following tables:COTTON MANUFACTURES, 1850. Value of raw No. of hands Value material. employed. produced. Maine............................... $1,573,110 3,739 $2,596,356 New Hampshire...................... 4,839,429 12,122 8,830,619 Vermont............................. 114,415 241 196,160 Massachusetts........................ 11,289,309 28,730 19,712,461 Rhode Island........................ 3,484,579 10,8756,447,120 Connecticut........................... 2,500,062 6,186 4,257,522 New York........................... 1,985,973 6,320 8,591,989 New Jersey.................... 666,645 1,712 1,109,524 Pennsylvania........................ 3,152,530 7,663 5,322,262 Delaware............................. 212,068 838 538,439 Maryland........................... 1,165,679 3,022 2,120,504 Virginia............................ 828,375 2,963 1,486,384 North Carolina........................ 631,903 1,619 831,342 South Carolina....................... 295,971 1,019 748,338 Georgia.............................. 900,419 2,272 2,136,044 Florida.............................. 30,000 95 49,920 Alabama............................. 237,081'715 882,260 Mississippi........................... 21,500 36 30,500 Arkansas............................ 8,975 31 16,637 Tennessee............................ 297,500 891 510,624 Kentucky........................... 180,907 402 273,439 Missouri............................. 86,446 155 142,900 Ohio................................. 237,060 401 394,700 Indiana............................. 900,419 95 44,200 Total............................ 34,835,036 87,286 61,869,184 WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES, 1850. Connecticut......................... $3,325,709 5,488 $6,465,216 Maine.............................. 495,940 624 763,300 New Hampshire...................... 1,267,329 2,127 2,127,745 Vermont............................. 830,684 1,393 1,672,161 Massachusetts....................... 8,671,671 11,130 12,770,566 Rhode Island........................ 1,463,900 1,758 2,381,825 7 50 Progress of Population in the United States. WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES, 1850. Value of raw No. of hands Value material. employed. produced. New York........................... 3,838.292 6,674 7,030,604 New Jersey.......................... 548,367 898 1,164,446 Pennsylvania......................... 83,282,718 5,726 6,321,866 Delaware............................ 204,172 140 251,000 Maryland............................ 165,568 362 295,140 Virginia............................. 488,899 668 841,013 North Carolina....................... 13,950 30 23,750 Georgia.............................. 30,392 78 88,750 Texas............................... 10,000 8 15,000 Tennessee........................... 1,675 17 6,310 Missouri.............................. 16,000 25 56,000 Kentucky............................. 205,287 318 318,319 Ohio........................ 578,423 1,201 1,111,027 Indiana............................. 120,486 216 205.802 Illinois............................... 115,367 178 206,572 Michigan............................ 43,402 129 90,240 Iowa................................ 3,500 7 13,000 Wisconsin.......................... 32,630 25 87,992 Total........................... 25,755,678 39,262 48,207,545 IRON MANUFACTURES, 1850. ~- — IRON CASTINGS. -- Maine.............................. $112,570 244 $265,000 New Hampshire...................... 177,060 874 871,710 Vermont............................. 160,603 381 450,831 Massachusetts........................ 1,057,904 1,546 2,235,035 Rhode Island........................ 258,267 800 728,705 Conneeticut.......................... 351,369 949 981,400 New York........................... 2,393,768 5,925 5,921,980 New Jersey........................ 177,060 803 686,430 Pennsylvania........................ 2,422,467 4,782 5,354,481 Delaware........................... 153,852 250 267,462 Maryland........................... 259,190 761 685,000 Virginia............................. 297,014 816 674.416 North Carolina........8...............,341 15 12,867 South Carolina....................... 28.128 155 87,683 Georgia.............................. 172,530 39 46,200 Alabama........................... 102.085 212 271.126 Missisippi......................... 5,.570 112 717,400 Louiiaua........................... 75.200 847 342.500 Tennessee........................... 90,035 261 264,325 Missouvi............................ 133,114 297 336.495 Kentucky........................... 295,533 558 744,316 Ohio.............................. 2,372,467 2,758 3,069,350 Indiana.............................. 66,918 143 149.430 Illinois............................... 172,880 332 441,185 Michigan............................. 91,865 837 279,697 Wisconsin............................ 86,930 228 216,195 Iowa................................ 2,524 17 8,5(00 Texas............................... 8,4(00 35 515.00 California........................... 8,530 3 2)0,740 Total.......................... 10,346,265 23,589 25,108,155, ~ ~~ —WROUGHT-IRON. — -- New Hampshire...................... $11.576 9 $20.400 Vermont............................. 83,094 9 127 886 Massachusetts.......................... 2,430,533 2,524 2,908,952 Rhode Island........................ 112,123 222 223,650 Connecticut.......................... 517,554 394 847,195 Progress of Population in the United States. 51 r- - ~.WROUGHT-IRON. --' Value of raw No. of hands Value material, employed. produced. New York........................... 2,305,441 2,130 3,758,547 New Jersey.......................... 666,865 935 1,079,5676 Pennsylvania........................ 5,698,563 6,591 9,224,256 Delaware........................... 35,410 47 38,200 Maryland............................ 412,050 468 771,431 Virginia............................. 6531,325 1,131 1,098,252 North Carolina....................... 50,089 262 331,914 Georgia.............................. 4 136 27 12,384 Alabama.........................3,3 34 7,500 Tennessee............................ 5685,616 786 670,618 Missouri.............................. 24,509 101 68,700 Kentucky......................... 180,800 183 299,700 Ohio................................ 193,148 276 127,849 Indiana.............................. 4,425 22 11,760 Total..................... 13,524,77 16,248 22,629,271 Of all the facilities to internal Commerce and transportation, no one has increased like railroads in the United States. Miles. Miles. In 1830 the railroads extended... 41 In 1845 the railroads extended... 4,511 In 1835 " "... 918 In 1850 " "... 7,355 In 1840 " "... 2,167 THE NUMBER OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1854, IS THUS GIVEN IN DE BOW'S COMPENDIUM, PAGE 189:~ ~ —— RAILROADS,- ~ Miles Miles in Miles of opera- in Canal. tion. progress. Cost. Maine........................... 50 417 90 $13,660,645 New Hampshire................. 11 512 24 16,185,254 Vermont............................ 422 59 14,116,195 Massachusetts.................... 100 1,283 48 55,602,687 Rhode Island................... 50... 2,614,484 Connecticut..................... 61 221... 20,857,357 New York...................... 989 2,345 564 94,523,785 New Jersey.................... 147 408 29 11,536,505 Pennsylvania.................... 936 1,464 987 58,494,675 Delaware....................... 14 16 43 600,000 Maryland........................ 184 597 30 26,024,620 Virginia........................ 189 673 1,180 12,720,421 North Carolina................... 13 249 223 4,106,000 South Carolina.................... 50 575 374 11,287,093 Georgia.......................... 28 884 445 16,084,872 Florida........................... 43... 600,000 Alabama......................... 61 221 659,3,636,208 Mississippi......................... 155 436 3,070,000 Louisiana 101 117 119 1,131,000 Texas............................. 72 Tennessee........................... 388 695 7,800,000 Missouri......................... 50 963 1,000,000 Kentucky....................... 486 233 452 4,909,990 Ohio............................ 921 2,367 1,578 44,927,058 Indiana......................... 367 1,127 748 22,400,000 Illinois.......................... 100 1,262 1,945 25,420,000 Michigan............................ 601... 13,842,279 Wisconsin........................... 178 200 3,800,000 Iowa.............................. 480........ Total.................... 4,798 17,817 12,626 $489,603,128 52 Progress of Population in the United States. It seems, from the preceding table, that of the 4,798 miles of canals nearly one-half, or 2,270, is in the Middle States; and that of the 17,317 miles of railroad completed in 1854, about fivetwelfths, or 5,034 miles, are in the same States. The average cost of the roads is about $40,000 per mile, though in the Southern and Southwestern States they have averaged less than half that cost. We may here notice the shipping of the United States, by which the whole of their Commerce with foreign countries is carried on, (except an insignificant portion with the British possessions on the Northeast, and with Mexico on the Southwest,) and a large part of that of the States with each other. It is of three descriptions:1st. The Registered Tonnage, which is the exclusive vehicle of the foreign trade, and which is therefore subjected to stricter regulation. 2d. The Enrolled Tonnage, which is employed principally in the coasting trade and the fisheries. 3d. The Licensed Tonnage, comprehending vessels of 20 tons and less, which is employed partly in the coasting trade and partly in the fisheries. The progress of tonnage from 1800 to 1850, may be seen in the following: — TABLE OF THE TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES, BOTH REGISTERED AND ENROLLED AND LICENSED, IN QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS FROM 1800 TO 1850. Regis- Enrol'd and Regis- Enrol'd and tered licensed tered licensed tonnage. tonnage. Total. tonnage. tonnage. Total. 1800.. 669,921 245,929 972,492 1830..... 576,475 615,301 1,191,776 1805.. 749,341 301,366 1,140,368 1835..... 885,321 939,118 1,824,940 1810.. 984,269 371,114 1,424,683 1840..... 899,764 1,280,999 2,180,764 1815..... 854,294 435,066 1,368,127 1845..... 1,095,172 1,321,829 2,417,002 1820.. 619,047 661,118 1,280,166 1850...1,585,711 1,949,743 3,545,450 1825.... 700,787 722,323 1,423,110 Thus showing nearly a fourfold increase in half a century. THE WHOLE TONNAGE WAS THUS DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE STATES IN 1850:Tons. Tons. Maine..................... 501,422 Georgia................... 21,690 New Hampshire........... 23,096 Florida................... 11,273 Vermont.................. 4,530 Alabama.................. 24,158 Massachusetts.............. 685,442 Mississippi................. 1,828 Rhode Island............... 44,480 Louisiana.................. 250,090 Connecticut................. 113,087 Texas..................... 4;573 New York................ 944,349 Tennessee................ 3,776 New Jersey................ 80,300 Kentucky.................. 14,820 Pennsylvania............... 258,939 Missouri.................... 28,908 Delaware................... 16,720 Illinois..................... 21,242 Maryland.................. 193,087 Ohio....................... 62,462 District of Columbia......... 17,011 Michigan.................. 38,145 Virginia.................... 74,071 Oregon............. 1,063 North Carolina............. 45,219 California........... 17,592 South Carolina............. 36,072 Total....................................................... 3,545,450 Of which more than four-fifths are owned in the New England and Middle States, and one-third by Maine and Massachusetts. Progress of Population in the United States. 53 CHAPTER XII. PAUPERISM AND CRIME. In the most fortunate and best regulated community a portion will be found who are unable to earn a subsistence by their own efforts, and another portion who violate the rights of others; in other words, no country is exempt from poverty and crime. In considering these drawbacks from the benefits of civilization, our notice will at once show their amount and the means adopted by the laws for their correction. The relief afforded to the destitute by individual contribution is too minute and irregular to be estimated by statistics. Our attention will, therefore, be confined to those who are relieved by public charitable establishments. According to the returns of the seventh census, the number of paupers in the United States on the 1st of June, 1850, was 50,353, which is equal to about I for every 40,000 of the free population. Somewhat more than a fourth of them are foreigners, and they are thus distributed among the several States:States. Natives. Foreign. Total. States. Natives. Foreign. Total Maine........... 3,209 326 3,515 Florida.......... 58 4 62 JNew Hampshire.. 1,998 186 2,184 Alabama......... 306 9 315 Vermont......... 1,565 314 1,879 Mississippi....... 245 12 257 Massachusetts.... 4,059 1,490 5,549 Louisiana...... 76 30 106 Rhode Island.... 492 204 696 Texas........... 4... 4 Connecticut....... 1,463 281 1,744 Arkansas...... 67... 67 New York....... 5,755 7,078 12,833 Tennessee........ 577 14 591 New Jersey...... 1,339 239 1,578 Missouri........ 251 254 505 Pennsylvania.... 2,654 1,157 3,811 Kentucky........ 690 87 177 Delaware........ 240 33 273 Ohio............. 1,254 419 1,673 Maryland........ 1,681 320 2,001 Indiana......... 446 137 583 Virginia.......... 4,356 102 4,458 Illinois,_......... 279 155 434 North Carolina.. 1,567 13 1,580 Michigan........ 248 181 429 South Carolina... 1,113 180 1,293 Wisconsin....... 72 166 238 Georgia......... 825 29 854 Iowa............ 27 17 44 Total........................................... 36,916 13,437 50,353 The annual cost of supporting these paupers is $2,954,806, equivalent to $58 to each pauper. Besides these public charities, in all the cities many of the poor are relieved by permanent charitable societies. The information as yet derived from the seventh census respecting criminals is of a very limited character. The following table exhibits the number of convictions within the year preceding, the number imprisoned on June 1, 1850, distinguishing the foreigners from the natives: No. of convictions within No. in prison, June 1, the year. 1850. States. Natives. Foreign. Total. Natives. Foreign. Total. Maine..................... 284 460 744 66 34 100 New Hampshire............ 66 24 90 28 5 33 Vermont.................. 34 45 79 64 41 105 Massachusetts............... 3,366 3,884 7,250 653 583 1,236 Rhode Island............... 309 287 596 58 45 103 Connecticut................ 545 305 850 244 66 310 New York.................. 3,962 6,317 10,279 649 639 1,288 New Jersey................ 346 257 603 198 92 290 Pennsylvania............... 564 293 857 296 115 411 Delaware...................... 22 14... 14 54 Progress of Population in the United States. No. of convictions within No. in prison, June 1, the year. 1850. States. Natives. Foreign. Total. Native. Foreign. Toial. Maryland.................. 183 24 207 325 72 397 District of Columbia........... 132...... 46 Virginia................... 98 9 107 291 22 313 North Carolina.............. 634 13 647 647 43 690 South Carolina.............. 32 14 46 21 15 36 Georgia................... 72 8 80 36 7 43 Florida.................... 33 6 39 9 2 11 Alabama.................. 117 5 122 69 1 70 Mississippi................. 49 2 51 46 1 46 Louisiana.................. 197 100 297 240 183 423 Texas..................... 15 4 19 5 10 15 Arkansas................... 24 1 25 35 27 62 Tennessee................... 73 8 81 276 12 288 Missouri.................... 242 666 908 55 125 180 Kentucky.................. 126 34 160 41 11 52 Ohio....................... 689 154 843 102 31 133 Indiana.................... 150 25 175 41 18 59 Illinois..................... 127 189 316 164 88 252 Michigan.................. 273 386 659 139 102 241 Wisconsin................. 105 162 267 26 85 61 Iowa...................... 2 1 3 5... 6 California.................. 1... 1 35 27 62 Minnesota................... 1 1 2... 1 1 New Mexico................ 104 4 108 37 1 38 Oregon.................... 5... 5 5... 6 Utah...................... 6 3 9 6 3 9 Total................... 12,856 13,691 26,679 4,925 2,457 7,428 The following table of persons in jails and penitentiaries, was made up at the Census Office from the population returns; and though not agreeing with the preceding,* it is here inserted, partly because it is more likely to be accurate, and partly because it distinguishes the sexes, and the white from the colored population:- Whites. —-, -— Colored. —% C to a o 0 0 0 States. 5 Maine.......................... 9. 62 17 79.... 79 New Hampshire................. 89 2 77 14 91...... 91 Vermont........................ 69.. 39 30 69.... 69 Massachusetts...................389.. 264 125 389 42.. 42 431 Rhode Island.................... 35.. 21 14 35 3 3 38 Connecticut..................... 136 10 117 29 146 27 3 30 176 New York......................1,310 70 835 5451,380 230 21 251 1,631 New Jersey...................... 117 6 86 37 123 48 1 49 172 Pennsylvania................... 322 6 205 123 328 94 9 103 431 Delaware....................... 1.. 1... 1 4 1 5 6 Maryland...................... 110 5 81 34 115 99 21 120 235 District of Columbia............... 25 2 17 10 27 18 10 28 55 Virginia........................ 128 2 119 11 130 65 4 69 199 North Carolina.................... 1 12... 12 2.. 2 14 South Carolina.................... 31 1 19 13 32...... 32 Georgia....................... 88 1 85 4 89...... 89 Florida........................... 1 2... 12... 12 * Some of the discrepancy arises from the fact that the last table includes slaves, which were not comprehended in the first. Notwithstanding this, the proportion of crime is much less in the slaveholding States, even in the native population. According to Mr. Bow's statement (see compendium, page 16,) the number of criminals in those States is less than one-third of the whole, or 988 out of 3,259. Progress of Population in the United States. 55 --- -Whites. -_ - — Colored. — States. C. t D'. a *. *.:.. Alabama......................... 116 1 21 97 117 2.. 2 119 Mississippi...................... 85... 0 5 85 1 1 86 Louisiana........................ 191 4 89 106 195 54 12 71 266 Texas............................ 2 3 5 1.. 1 6 Arkansas....................... 37. 37... 37 1.. 1 38 Tennessee....................... 1 180 9 189 6 1 7 196 Missouri........................ 165.. 107 58 165 1.. 1 166 Kentucky........................ 147. 126 21 147 15.. 15 162 Ohio............................ 359 3 291 71 362 41 3 44 406 Indiana........................ 131.. 106 25 131 15.. 15 146 Illinois......................... 127.. 85 42 127 8 1 9 136 Michigan...................... 111.. 3 38 111 16.. 16 127 Wisconsin....................... 27.. 8 19 27 3 3 30 Iowa......................... 2.. 2... 2...... 2 Total...................... 4,643 115 3,259 1,499 4,758 801 87 888 5,646 CHAPTER XIII. THE PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURE. Of all the pursuits of human industry, that of agriculture, which so multiplies the fruits of the earth, is the most important in the eyes of the statesman and philosopher. It affords all the materials to manufactures; contributes largely to those of commerce, and, more than all, it furnishes food to man. It thus determines the numbers, wealth, and strength of all large communities, and constitutes the only solid and permanent basis for their prosperity. Under the most improved system of husbandry, its products are greatly affected by the seasons, and a diminution of the crop produces, in much greater proportion, an enhancement of price. This evil is greatly mitigated in modern times by the extension and improvement of the commerce between nations, but it is not remedied; and though it very rarely happens that an individual in a civilized community dies of actual starvation, yet in seasons of scarcity members slowly perish from an insufficiency of wholesome food. From this dire calamity the United States are now entirely exempt, and in future times, when their population becomes dense, they have a defense against it which few countries possess. They cultivate two kinds of grain -wheat and Indian corn-which are equally palatable and wholesome, and which, ripening at different times of the year, and requiring a difference of seasons, it rarely happens that they both fail in the same year; and thus the deficiency in some places is compensated by the abundance in others. These products having been distributed under nearly the same heads by the census of 18.50 as by that of 1840, they can be readily compared, and the progress of the country in most of the items can be seen. The number of live stock and the quantity of the principal agricultural products in 1850, may be seen in the following table: 56 Progress of Population in the United States. Asses and Working States. Horses. mules. Milch cows. oxen. Maine.................... 41,721....... New Hampshire........... 84,233 65 133,556 83,893 Vermont.................. 61,057 19 94,277 59,027 Massachusetts............. 42,216 218 146,128 48.577 Rhode Island............... 6,168 1 18,698 8,189 Connecticut........ 26,879 49 85,461 46,988 New York............... 447,014 963 931,324 173,909 New Jersey............... 63,955 4,089 118,736 12,070 Pennsylvania.............. 350,398 2,259 530,224 61,527 Delaware.............. 13,852 791 19,248 9,797 Maryland................. 75,684 5,644 86,856 34,135 District of Columbia....... 824 57 813 104 Virginia................. 272,403 21,483 317,619 89,513 North Carolina............ 148,693 25,259 221,799 37,309 South Carolina............ 97,171 37,483 193,244 20,507 Georgia................. 151,331 57,379 334,223 73,286 Florida................... 10,848 5,002 72,876 5,794 Alabama................. 128,001 59,895 227,791 66,961 Mississippi................ 115,460 54,547 214,231 83,485 Louisiana................. 89,514 44,849 105,576 54,968 Texas.................... 76,760 12,463 217,811 51,285 Arkansas................ 60,197 11,559 93,151 34,239 Tennessee................ 270,636 75,303 250,456 86,255 Missouri................. 225,319 41,667 230,169 112,168 Kentucky............ 315,682 65,609 247,475 62,274 Ohio..................... 463,397 3,423 544,499 65,381 Indiana................... 314,299 6,599 284,554 49,221 Illinois.................. 267,653 10,573 294,671 76,156 Michigan.................. 658,506 70 99,676 55,350 Wisconsin................. 30,179 156 64,339 42,801 Iowa.................. 38,536 754 45,704 21,892 California................ 21,719 1,666 4,280 4,790 Minnesota................ 860 14 607 655 New Mexico.............. 5,079 8,654 10,635 12,257 Oregon.................. 8,046 420 9,427 8,114 Utah.................... 2,429 325 4,861 5,266 Total.............. 4,336,719 559,331 6,385,094 1,700,744 States. Other cattle. Sheep. Swine. Maine.............................. New Hampshire.................... 125,890 451,577 54,598 Vermont............................ 114,606 384,756 63,487 Massachusetts...................... 154,143 1,014,122 66,296 Rhode Island....................... 9,375 44,296 19,509 Connecticut........................ 80.226 174,181 76,472 New York........................... 767,406 3,453,241 1,018,252 New Jersey........................ 80,455 160,488 250,370 Pennsylvania....................... 502,196 1,822,357 1,040,366 Delaware........................... 24,166 27,503 56,261 Maryland........................... 98,595 177,902 352,911 District of Columbia.................. 123 150 1,635 Virginia............................ 669,137 1,310,004 1,829,843 North Carolina...................... 434,402 595,249 1,812,813 South Carolina...................... 563,935 285,551 1,065,503 Georgia............................ 690,019 560,435 2,168,617 Florida............................ 182,415 23,311 209,453 Alabama............................. 423,263 371,880 1,904,540 Mississippi........................ 436,254 804,929 1,582,734 Louisiana............................ 414,798 110,333 597,301 Texas.............................. 61,018 100,530 692,022 Arkansas........................... 165,329 91,256 836,727 Tennessee.......................... 414,051 811,591 3,104,800 Progress of Population in the United States. 57 States. Other cattle. Sheep. Swine. Missouri............................. 449,173 762,511 1,702,625 Kentucky........................... 442,763 1,102,091 2,891,163 Ohio............................... 749,067 3,942,929 1,964,770 Indiana............................ 889,891 1,122,493 2,263,776 Illinois............................. 641,209 894,043 1,915,907 Michigan........................... 119,471 746,435 205,847 Wisconsin.......................... 76,293 124,896 159,276 Iowa................................ 69,025 149,966 323,247 California.......................... 253,599 17,574 2,776 Minnesota......................... 740 80 734 New Mexico........................ 10,085 377,271 7,314 Oregon............................. 24,188 15,382 30,235 Utah......................... 2,489 3,262 914 Total......................... 9,693,069 21,723,220 30,354,213 Value of Value of Bushels of Bushels o States. live stock. slaughtered animals. wheat. rye. Maine................. $9,705,726 $1,646,773 226,259 102,916 New Hampshire......... 8,871,901 1,522,873 185,658 183,117 Vermont.............. 12,643,228 1,861,336 635,955 176,233 Massachusetts....... 9,647,710 2,500,924 31,211 481,021 Rhode Island........... 1,532,637 667,486 49 26,409 Connecticut............. 7,467,490 2,202,266 41,762 600,893 New York............. 73,570,409 13,573,883 13,121,498 4,148,182 New Jersey........ 10,679,291 2,638,552 1,601,190 1,255,578 Pennsylvania........ 41,500,053 8,219,848 15,367,691 4,816,169 Delaware......... 1,849,281 373,665 482,511 8,066 Maryland.......... 7,997,634 1,954,809 4,494,689 226,014 District of Columbia.... 71,643 9,638 17,370 5,509 Virginia............... 33,656,659 7.502,986 11,212,616 458,930 North Carolina....... 17,717,647 5,767,866 2,130,102 239,563 South Carolina.......... 15,060,015 3,502,637 1,066,277 43,790 Georgia......... 25,728,416 6,339,762 1,088,534 L3,750 Florida................ 2,880,058 514,685 1,027 1,152 Alabama.......... 21,690,112 4,823,485 294,044 17,261 Mississippi......... 19,403,662 3,636,582 137,990 9,606 Louisiana............... 11,152,275 1,458,990 417 475 Texas. 10,412,927 1,116,137 41,729 3,108 Arkansas......... 6,647,960 1,163,313 169,639 8,047 Tennessee............... 29,978,016 6,401,765 1,619,386 89,137 Kentucky......... 29,661,436 6,462,598 2,142,822 415,073 Missouri................ 19,887,580 3,367,106 2,981,652 44,268 Illinois................. 24,209,258 4,972,286 9,414,575 83,364 Indiana............... 22,478,555 6,567,935 6,214,458 78,792 Ohio................. 44,121,741 7,439,243 14,487,351 425,918 Michigan............... 5,808,734 1,328,327 4,925,88-9 105,871 Wisconsin............. 4,897,385 920,178 4,286,8.31 81,253 Iowa.................. 3,689,275 821,164 1,530,581 19,916 California............... 3,351,058 107,173 17,328...... Minaesota............. 92,859 2,840 1,401 125 New Mexico........... 1,491,629 82,125 196,516...... Oregon................ 1,876,189 164,530 211,913 106 Utah................. 546,968 67,985 107,702 210 Total........... $544,180,516 $111,703,142 100,485,944 14,188,813 Bushels of Bushels of Lbs. of States. Indian corn. oats. rice. Maine............................ 1,750,056 2,181,637......... New Hampshire.................... 1,573,670 973,381......... Vermont........................... 2,032,396 2,307,734........: Massachusetts....................... 2,345,490 1,165,146......... Rhode Island........................ 539,20.1 215,232 * 03~~~~~~~~~, 58 Progress of Population in the United States. Bushels of Bushels of Lbs. of States. Indian corn. oats. rice. Connecticut........................ 1,935,043 1,258,738......... New York......................... 17,858,400 26,552,844......... New Jersey...................... 8,759,704 3,378,663......... Pennsylvania...................... 19,835,214 21,538,156......... Delaware......................... 3,145,542 664,518......... Maryland......................... 10,749,858 1,242,151......... District of Columbia................ 65,230 8,134..... Virginia............................ 35,254,3i9 10,179,144 17,154 North Carolina...................... 27,941,051 4,052,078 5,465,868 South Carolina..................... 16,271,454 2,322,155 159,930,613 Georgia........................... 30,080,099 3,820,044 38,950,691 Florida.......................... 1,996,809 66,586 1,075,090 Alabama.......................... 28,754,048 2,965,696 2,312,252 Mississippi........................ 22,446.552 1,503,288 2,719,856 Louisiana........................ 10,266,373 89,637 4,425,349 Texas............................. 6,028,876 199,017 88,203 Arkansas......................... 8,893,939 656,183 63,179 Tennessee......................... 52,276,223 1,77(3,086 258,854 Kentucky.......................... 58,672,591 8,201,311 5,688 Missouri........................ 36,214,537 5,278,079 700 Illinois...... 57,646,984 10,087,241........ Indiana............................ 52,964,363 5,65,,014......... Ohio.............................. 59,078,695 13,472,742......... Michigan.......................... 5,641,420 2,866,056........ Wisconsin.......................... 1,988.979 3,414,672......... Iowa.................... 8,606,799 1,524,345......... California......................... 12,236................. Minnesota........................ 16,725 30,582......... New Mexico...................... 365,411 5......... Oregon............................ 2,918 61,214......... Utah............................ 9,899 10,900......... Total....................... 592,071,104 146,584,179 215,313,497 Pounds Bales cotton Pounds Bushels tobacco. of 400 lbs. each. wool. peas & beans. Maine........ 1,364,034 205.541 New Hampshire........... 50...... 1,108,476 70,856 Vermont................. 3:400,717 104.649 Massachusetts............. 138,246...... 585,136 43,709 Rhode Island.................. 129.692 6.846 Connecticut............... 1,267,624...... 497,454 19.090 New York................ 83,189...... 10,071.301 741,546 New Jersey............... 310...... 375.396 14,174 Pennsylvania.............. 912,651...... 4,481,570 55,231 Delaware............................... 57,768 4,129 Maryland........... 21,407,497...... 477,438 12,816 District of Columbia........ 7,820. 525 7,754 Virginia..56.803,'27 3,947 2,860,765 521.579 North Carolina......... 11,984,786 73,845 970,7:38 1,584,252 South Carolina.. 74,285 30(,9(1 487,233 1,026,900 Georgia..423,924 499,091 990.019 1,142,011 Florida................... 998,614 45.181 23,247 135,359 Alabama.......... 164,990 564,429 657,118 892,701 Miisippi................ 49.960 484,292 559,619 1,072,757 Louiiana................. 26,878 178.737 109,897 161,732 Texas.................... 66,897 58,072 131.917 179.350 Arkansas................. 218,936 65,344 182.595 285,738 Tennessee.............. 20,148,9:32 194,532 1,364.378 369.321 Kentucky.................. 55,501,196 758 2,297.433 202,574 Missouri..17,113,784...... 1,627,164 46,017 Illinois................... 841,394...... 2,150,113 82,814 Indiana................... 1,044,620 14 2,610,287 35,773 Progress of Population in the United States. 59 Pounds Bales cotton Pounds Bushels tobacco. of 400 lbs. each. wool. peas & beans. Ohio..................... 10,454.449...... 10,196,371 60,168 Michigan................. 1,245...... 2,013,283 74,254 Wisconsin................. 1,268...... 253,963 20,657 Iowa...................... 6,041...... 373,898 4,776 California 1,000...... 5,320 2,292 Minnesota............................ 85 10,002 New Mexico............... 8,467...... 32,901 15,688 Oregon................... 325...... 29,686 6,566 Utah..................... 70...... 9,222 289 Total................. 199,752,655 2,409,093 52,516,959 9,219,901 Irish Sweet Bushels Bushels potatoes. potatoes. buckwheat. barley. Maine................. 3,436,040...... 104,523 151,731 New Hampshire.......... 4,304,919...... 65,265 70,256 Vermont................ 4,951,014...... 209,819 42,150 Massachusetts............. 3,585,384...... 105,895 112,b85 Rhode Island............ 651,629...... 1,245 18,875 Connecticut............. 2,689,725 80 229,297 19,090 New York............... 15,398,368 5,629 3,183,955 3,585,059 New Jersey.............. 2,207,236 508,015 878,934 6,492 Pennsylvania............. 5,980,732 52,172 2,193,692 165,584 Delaware.. 240,542 65,443 8.615 56 Maryland................. 764,939 208,993 103,671 745 District of Columbia....... 28,292 3,497 378 75 Virginia.................. 1,316,933 1,813,634 214,898 25,437 North Carolina............ 620,318 5,095,709 16,704 2,733 South Carolina............ 136,494 4,337,460 283 4,583 Georgia................. 227,379 6,986,428 250 11,501 Florida................... 7,828 757,226 55...... Alabama................. 246,001 5,475,204 348 3,958 Mississippi............... 261,482 4,741,795 1,121 228 Louisiana................. 95,632 1,428,453 3. Texas................... 94,645 1,332,158 59 4,776 Arkansas................ 193,832 788,149 175 177 Tennessee................ 1,067,844 2,777,716 19,427 2,787 Kentucky.................. 1,492,487 998,179 16,097 95,343 Missouri................. 939,006 335,505 23,041 9,631 Illinois................. 2,514,862 157,433 184,504 110,795 Indiana.................. 2,083,337 201,711 149,749 45,483 Ohio.................... 5,057,769 187,991 638,069 354,358 Michigan............... 2,359,897 1,177 472,917 75,249 Wisconsin................ 1,402,077 879 79,876 209,692 Iowa.................... 276,120 6,243 52,516 25,093 California................. 9,292 1,000...... 9,712 Minnesota................. 21,145 200 515 1,216 New Mexico.............. 3......... 100 5 Oregon.................. 91,326..................... Utah................... 43,968 60 332 1,799 Total.................... 65,747,896 38,268,148 8,956,912 5,167,015 Value orchard Gallons Value produce Pounds produce. wine. of garden. butter. Maine.................... $342,865 724 $122,387 9,243,811 New Hampshire........... 248,543 344 56,810 6,977,056 Vermont.................. 513,255 659 18,853 12,137,980 Massachusetts............. 463,995 4,688 600,020 8,071,370 Rhode Island.............. 63,994 1,013 98,298 995,870 Connecticut................. 175,148 4,269 196,874 6,498,119 New York................ 1,761,950 9,172 912,047 79,766,094 New Jersey.............. 607,268 1,811 475,242 9,487,218 60 Progress of Population in the United States. Value orchard Gallons Value produce Pounds produce. wine. of garden. butter. Pennsylvania.............. $723.389 25,580 $688,714 39,878,418 Delaware.................. 46,574 145 12,714 1,055,308 Maryland.................. 164,051 1,431 200,869 8,806,160 District of Columbia........ 14,843 863 67,222 14,872 Virginia................... 177,137 5,408 183,047 11,089,359 North Carolina............. 34,348 11,058 39,462 4,146,290 South Carolina............. 35,108 5,880 47,286 2,981,850 Georgia................... 92,776 796 76,500 4,640,559 Florida................... 1,280 10 8,721 371,498 Alabama............ 15,408 220 84,821 4,008,811 Mississippi................ 50,405 407 46,250 4,346,234 Louisiana................. 22,359 15 148,329 683,069 Texas................... 12,505 19 12,354 2,344,900 Arkansas................ 40,141 35 1] 7,150 1,854,239 Tennessee................ 52,894 92 97,183 8,139,585 Kentucky.................. 106,230 8,093 303,120 9,947,523 Missouri................... 514,711 10,563 99,454 7,834,359 Illinois................... 446,049 2,997 127,494 12,526,543 Indiana................... 324,940 14,055 72,864 12,881,535 Ohio.................... 695,921 48,247 214,004 34,449,379 Michigan............... 132,650 1,654 14,738 8,065,878 Wisconsin................. 4,823 113 32,142 3,633,750 Iowa........................ 8,434 420 8,848 2,171,148 California.... 17,709 58,055 75,275 705 Minnesota............................. 150 1,100 New Mexico...............8,231 2,363 6,679 111 Oregon................... 1,271...... 90,241 211,464 Utah.............................. 23,868 83,309 Total.................. $7,723,186 221,249 $5,280,030 813,345,306 Pounds Tons Bushels Bush. other cheese. hay. clover. grasses. Maine............. 2,434,454 755,889 9,647 9,214 New Hampshire........... 3,196,563 598,854 829 8,072 Vermont.................. 8,720,834 866,153 760 14,936 Massachusetts.......... 7,088,142 651,807 1,002 5,083 Rhode Island.............. 316,508 74,818 1,328 3,708 Connecticut.............. 5,363,277 516,131 13,841 16,628 New York.............. 49,741,413 3,728,797 88,223 96,493 New Jersey............... 365,756 435,970 28,280 63,051 Pennsylvania............... 2,505,034 1,842,970 125,050 53,913 Delaware................. 3,187 30,159 2,525 1,403 Maryland.................. 3,975, 157,956 15,217 2,561 District of Columbia........ 1,500 2,279 3..... Virginia.................. 436,292 869,098 29,727 23,428 North Carolina............. 95,921 145,653 576 1,275 South Carolina............. 4,976 20,925 376 30 Georgia................... 46,976 23,449 132 428 Florida................... 18,015 2,510...... 2 Alabama................. 31.412 82,685 138 547 Mississippi................ 21,191 12,504 84 523 Louisiana................. 1,957 25,572 2 97 Texas..................... 95,299 8,354 10..... Arkansas................. 30,088 3 976 90 436 Tennessee................. 177,681 74,091 6,096 9,118 Kentucky................. 2183,954 113,747 3,230 21,481 Missouri................... 203,572 116,925 619 4,346 Illinois.................. 1,278,225 601,952 3,427 14,380 Indiana.................. 634,564 403,230 18,320 11,951 Ohio..................... 20,819,542 1,443,142 103,197 37,310 Michigan............. 1,011,492 404,934 16,989 9,285 Wisconsin................. 409,283 276,662 483 5,093 Progress of Population in the United States. 01 Pounds Tons Bushels Bushels cheese, hay. clover, other grasses Iowa....................... 209j840 89,053 342 2,096 Califcraia................. 150 2,083....... Minnesota.................... 2,019........... New Mexico...............,848...... Oregon................... 86,980 373 4 22 Utah...................... 30,998 4,805 2..... Total................. 105,535,893 13,888,642 468,978 416,831 Pounds Pounds Tons Pounds Bushels silk hops. hemp. flax. flaxseed. cocoon. Maine..................... 40,120.... 17,081 580 252 New Hampshire............ 257,174.... 7,652 189 191 Vermont................. 288,023.... 20,852 939 258 Massachusetts............. 121,595.... 1,162 72 7 Rhode Island.............. 277.... 85... Connecticut................ 554.... 17,928 763 328 New York................ 2,536,269 4 940,577 57,963 1,774 New Jersey................ 2,153 182,965 16,525 23 Pennsylvania.............. 22,088 44 530,397 41,728 285 Delaware.................. 348... 11,174 904... Maryland................ 1,870 63 85,686 2,446 389 District of Columbia........ 15.......... Virginia.................. 11,506 139 1,000,450 52,318 517 North Carolina............. 9,216 39 593,796 88,196 229 South Carolina............. 26.... 333 55 123 Georgia................... 261.... 5,887 622 813 Florida.................... 14 50.... 6 Alabama................... 276 3...,921 69 167 Mississippi................. 473 7 665 26 2 Louisiana.................. 125...... 29 Texas...................... 7.... 1,048 26 22 Arkansas.................. 157 15 12,291 321 38 Tennessee................ 1,032 595 368,131 18,904 1,923 Kentucky.................. 4,309 17,787 2,100,116 75,801 1,281 Missouri.................. 4,180 16,028 527,160 13,696 185 Illinois.................... 3,551 150 160,063 10,787 47 Indiana................... 92,796.... 584,469 36,888 387 Ohio..................... 63,731.... 446,932 188,880 1,552 Michigan................... 10,653.... 7,152 519 108 Wisconsin................. 15,930.... 68,393 1,191 Iowa..................... 8,242.... 62,660 1,959 246 California............................... Minnesota............................... New Mexico....................... Oregon................... 8.... 640 Utah..................... 50.... 550 5 Total.................... 3,497,029 84,868 7,709,676 562,812 10,843 Pounds Hogsheads Pounds Value maple cane Gallons beeswax domestic sugar. sugar. molasses. & honey. manuf. Maine..................... 93,542.... 3,167 189,618 $513,599 New Hampshire.......... 1,298,863.... 9,811 117,140 393,455 Vermont.................. 6,349,357.... 5,997 249,422 267,710 Massachusetts............. 795,525.... 4,693 59,508 205,333 Rhode Island............. 28.... 4 6,347 26,495 Connecticut................ 50,796.... 665 93,304 192,252 New York................ 10,357,484.... 56,539 1,755,830 1,280,833 New Jersey.............. 2,197.... 954 156,694 112,781 Pennsylvania............. 2,326,525.... 50,652 839,509 749,132 62 Progress of Population in the United States. Pounds Hogsheads Pounds Value maple cane Gallons beeswax domestic sugar. sugar. molasses. & honey. manufac. Delaware................. 50 41,248 38,121 Maryland................. 1,430 74,802 111,828 District of Columbia...................... 550 2,075 Virginia.................. 1,227,665.... 40,322 880,767 2,15.6,312 North Carolina............ 27,932.... 704 512,289 2,086,522 South Carolina............ 200 671 15,904 216,281 909,525 Georgia................. 50 1,642 216,150 732,514 1,838,968 Florida..................... 2,750 352,893 18,971 75,582 Alabama.................. 643 8,242 83,428 897,021 1,934,120 Mississippi..................... 388 18,318 397,460 1,164,020 Louisiana................. 255 226,001 10,931,177 96,701 139,232 Texas..................... 7,351 441,918 380,825 266,984 Arkansas................. 9,330.... 18 192,338 638,217 Tennessee............. 158,557 248 7,223 1,036,572 3,137,790 Kentucky................ 437,405 284 30,079 1,158,019 2,459,128 Missouri................. 178,910.... 5,636 1,328,972 1,674,705 Illinois.................... 248,204.... 8,354 869,444 1,155,902 Indiana.................. 2,921,192.... 180,325 925,329 1,631,039 Ohio..................... 4,588,209.... 197,308 804,275 1,712,196 Michigan.................. 2,439,784.... 19,823 359,232 340,947 Wisconsin................. 610,976.... 9,874 131,005 43,624 Iowa.................... 78,407.... 3,162 321,711 221,292 California............................... 7,000 Minnesota................ 2,950.... 80...... New Mexico........................ 4,236 2 6,033 Oregon............................ 24............ Utah.............................. 58 10 1,392 Total.................. 34,252,436 247,577 12,700,896 11,853,644 27,493,644 The proportion of the principal articles of food mentioned in the preceding tables which is consumed by a family of five persons, is nearly the same as it was in 1840, (see ante, 198,) though the year preceding 1850 was an unfavorable one for wheat. THE QUANTITIES CONSUMED IN 1840 AND 1850 WERE AS FOLLOWS:1840. 18,0. Indian corn............................bushels 85 100 Oats....................................... 28 29 Wheat, rye, &c..................... 25 24 Potatoes.................................... 25 20 THE PROPORTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS TO EACH FAMILY WAS1840. 1850. Horses and mules......................... 1.16 1.05 Cattle............................... 4.00 3.09 Sheep................................ 5.25 4.07 Hogs...................................... 7.00 6.05 From which it would appear that the proportion of vegetable food was greater in 1840 than in 1850, and that of animal food less, but in a smaller proportion. Progress of Population in the United States. 63 CHAPTER XIV. VALUE OF THE ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. We have not, as yet, as ample materials for estimating the annual income of the nation as were afforded by the census of 1840; but by taking the estimate for 1840 as a guide, with such aid as the late census affords, we may arrive at a result not remote from the truth. We will estimate the products of industry for 1850 under the same six heads as those of 1840, in the following order:-1. Agriculture. 2. Mining. 3. Manufactures. 4. Commerce. 5. Fisheries. 6. The forest. 1. AGRICULTURE. Of this source of the national wealth, which exceeds all the rest united, we have full details of the quantities, and the only room for uncertainty is in the valuation. In that which is here made, we shall aim to give the value of each product at the place where it is produced. This is always below, and sometimes far below, the market price, which, in so extensive a country as the United States, is often greatly enhanced by the cost of transportation. The value of this class of products will be found to exceed that of 1840 far more than the increase of the population, not so much from the increase in quantity, which in several important items has actually decreased, but from a general enhancement on the prices of 1840. The products of 1850 are thus valued:Production. Price. Value. Indian corn.............. bushels 692,071,104 $0 50 $296085,552 Live stock, th of the value ($544,180,516)......... 136,045,128 Wheat..................... bushels 100,485,949 0 90 90,437,350 Cotton..........................bales 2,469,093 32 00 79,010,976 Hay............................ tous 13,838,642 10 00 138,386,420 Oats......................... bushels 146,584,179 0 35 51,304,462 Butter........................pounds 313,345,893 0 18 56,402,154 Irish potatoes..................bushels 65,797,896 0 40 26,319,158 Sweet potatoes..................... 38,268,148 0 50 19,134,074 Wool....pounds 52,516.959 0 30 15,755,087 Tobacco............................ 199,752,655 0 06 11,985,159 Cane sugar.................... 247,577,000 0 04 9,913,080 Rye....................... bushels 14,168,813 0 70 9,918,169 Cheese........................pounds 165,535,893 0 05 8,216,794 Orchard products-value of by the census returns......................................... 7,723,186 Market gardens-value of.............. 2..... 80,:60 Buckwheat....................buhels 8,956,912 0 60 5,741,804 Hemp...........................tons 34,871 120 00 4,184.520 Barley....................... bushels 5,167,015 0 75 3,875,250 Peas and beans...................... 91919,901 0 75 7,4.39.175 Rice.........................pounds 215,3 13,497 0 02 4.306,270 Molasses.......................gallons 12.700,991 0 20 2,540[,179 Maple sugar....................pounds 34,253.346 0 05 1,712.674 Clover and other grass seeds.....bushels 9-25,589 3 00 2,776,767 Beeswax and honey............ pounds 14,853,790 0 15 2,228,061 Hops, flax and flaxseed, wine, and silk cocoons, as estimated at the census office................ 3,293,314 Total................................................ $1,000.005,116 64 Progress of Population in the United States. To the preceding may be addedMilk and eggs, allowing two cents a day, or $7 30 a year for the average consumption of a family. $33,860,000 Fodder afforded by the blades of the Indian corn, at the moderate allowance of ten pounds of fodder to the bushel of corn, is 5,920,711,040 pounds, which at 50 cents per 100 pounds..............29,603,55 Wood sold, in proportion to that of 1840, 6,786,188 cords at $2.......................... 16,962,965 Annual addition to the live stock, 3 per cent.. 16,325,415 Home made goods, deducting one-half for raw material 13,746122 Poultry, in the proportion of that of 1840....12,458,876 Feathers, allowing a bed for every three persons of the annual addition to the population, 300,000, at 1.. 3,000,000 Total................................................ 1,125,962,043 The preceding valuation of the products of agriculture shows an increase of 70 per cent on that of the products o 1810 which is about double of that of the population, and no one is likely to think it too high. It had, indeed, been easy to have swelled this estimate, on plausible grounds, from 10 to 20 per cent higher, but, besides that the writer wished to guard against that natural bias which, in so generally and sometimes so egregiously overrates them, the latter part of this little work would not have been congruous with the former, nor have shown the real progress of the country, unless the estimate of 1850 had been made with the same caution and moderation as had characterized that of 1840. 2. MINING. The materials which the seventh census have as yet furnished to the public, for estimating the products of mining and manufactures are-1. The number of males employed in mining and manufacturing. 2. The joint product of mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts. 3. The number employed in manufacturing establishments in the years 1820, 1840, and 1850. In the statement of the industrious classes the number of miners is 77,416. In the account of the joint product of mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts, the whole number of hands employed is 948,991, and the whole annual product is $1,013,336,463. Supposing the product of mining to be in proportion to the number of hands employed, it would be about $80,000,000 annually. This is nearly double of that estimated for 1840, which was $42,358,000, and is probably very short of the truth, considering how the mining of coal, iron, and lead have increased since 1840. The mining of California will make a vast alteration to this item. 3. MANUFACTURES. These, which have fallen off in some of the States, as has been mentioned, have continued to increase in others, and the whole number employed in manufacturing establishments has risen from 791,247 in 1840 to 944,991-showing an advance of less than 20 per cent in ten years. But the value produced would seem to be in a far larger proportion, since the product of mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts are together more than $1,000,000,000; and if this amount be apportioned among the three, according to the number of operatives they severally employ, more than three-fourths seem to be occupied in manufactures; but the precise proportion cannot be ascertained, as, on this subject, one part of the census is not in accordance with another. There is, however, Progress of Population in the United States. 65 abundant evidence to show a great proportional increase, as may be seen in the following comparison between some of the principal manufactures of 1840 and those of 1850: I. MANUFACTURES OF COTTON. 1840. 1850. Capital invested................................. $51,102,8659 $74,500,931 Persons employed................................ 72,119 82,286 Value produced................................. $46.350,453 $61,869,184 II. MANUFACTURES OF WOOL. Capital invested................................. $15,765,124 $28,118,650 Persons employed............................. 21,342 389,252 Value produced................................ $20,696,999 $43,207,545 IIL. MANUFACTURES OF PIG-IRON, IRON CASTINGS, AND BAR-IRON. Capital invested................................. $20,432,131 $51,796,055 Persons employed............................... 0,497* 60,285 Tons of pig-iron produced.............. 286,903 563,756 There are no sufficient materials for comparing the separate products of iron castings and bar-iron. The whole sum produced from the three descriptions of iron manufacture in 1850 were as follows:Pig-iron......................................... $12,748,727 Iron castings.................................... 25,108,155 Wrought-iron................................... 22,629,271 ~_- $60,476,153 From which must be deducted for the cost of the raw materials as follows:Pig-iron........................................ $7,005,298 Iron castings.................................... 10,346,266 Wrought-iron.................................... 13,542,727 - 30,876,340 Total produce of iron manufactures......................... $29,600,813 For the want of details of other manufactures, we must be content to take the statement made at the census office of the united product of manufactures, mining, and the mechanic artsWhich was................................................ $1,013,336,453 From which we will deduct for raw materials one-thirdt as the cost 337,778,817 Product of mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts for 1850. $657,557,636 The product of mining and manufactures in 1840 was.......... 282,000,000 4. COMMERCE. The materials for ascertaining the profits, or even extent of the Commerce of the United States, afforded by the last census, are yet more imperfect than those branches of industry that have been * This includes men employed in mining. t In the details of principal manufactures, given in Mr. De Bow's Compendium-180-182-the value of the raw materials is stated to be more than half that of the finished product. As this is at variance with the rule generally adopted both in England and this country, which allows only onethird, I have considered the larger allowance to be a mistake, occasioned probably by the census takers having included the raw materials on hand with those worked up in the manufactured articles, and have accordingly adopted the usual course of allowing one-third for the raw materials. It is -true that in the progressive improvement of manufactures, the increased substitution of machinery, tends to lessen the proportion of human labor on manufactures, but their increased fineness and delicacy tends also to lessen the proportion of the raw material. 9 66 Progress of Population in the United States. considered-(see De Bow's Compendium, page 183.) But we have indirect evidence that the increase from 1840 to 1850 has been greater than that of 1840. In the first place, the whole domestic tonnage has increased in that time from 2,094,379 tons in 1840 to 3,535,454 tons in 1850-showing an increase of 75 per cent. The foreign tonnage entered in 1840 was 712,363 tons; in 1850 it was 1,775,623. The same tonnage cleared was 706,486 tons in 1840, and 1,758,214 tons in 1850. In the next place there has been a great increase of the steam tonnage, both in the foreign and coasting trade, in the same period; and generally speaking steam vessels make two voyages to one made by sail vessels. The great increase of railroads is a further evidence of the same increase of commerce; fourthly and lastly, the amount of imports retained for home consumption had risen from $88,951,297 in 1840, to $163,186,207 in 1850. From these facts, we seem warranted in putting down the profits of commerce to double the estimated amount in 1840, that is to $159,442,000. Even this sum may seem quite too little for the profits of more than 100,000 merchants, returned by the census, besides those of other occupations who belong to this class. It must, however, be recollected that merchants obey that well-known law in political philosophy, that wherever the profits of any branch of business are irregular and sometimes very great, the illusive influence of hope will tempt an over-proportion of persons to engage in it, by which its profits will be reduced below the average; and, in some cases, so far below that the whole loss from blanks will exceed the whole gain from prizes. The adventurers to California, both in mining and commerce, probably afford a striking illustration of the truth and force of this principle. The average profits of commerce are, therefore, inferior to those of less tempting occupations. 5. THE FISHERIES. These are stated in the returns of the seventh census at 810,000,000, which is nearly $2,000,000 less than the same source of wealth was estimated in 1840. 6. THE PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. The unwonted increase of the cities, railroads, and shipping, justify us in doubling this source of wealth since 1840. It would then be $33,670,000. The result of the preceding estimate would be as follows:Products of agriculture....................................... $1,125,162,000 manufactures, mining, and the mechanic arts......... 657,557,000 " Commerce..................................... 159,442,000 " the fisheries.................................... 10,000,000 " the forest....................................... 33,670,000 Total............................................... $1,985,831,000 This is 74 per cent on the whole annual product in 1840. It is equal to $87 to each individual of the whole population, and to $100 to each one of the free population. The following table is taken from Mr. De Bow's Compendium of the seventh census. The valuation of the real and personal estate is compiled from the returns of the census takers, to which he has added another valuation, exhibiting a juster estimate. The revenue, expenditures, and debts of the several States for 1852 are derived from other sources.-(See Coinpendium, page 190.) Progress of Population in the United States. 67 TABLE OF THE REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES IN 1860, AND OF THE REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND DEBTS OF THE STATES IN 1852. States and Territories. Real estate. Personal estate. Total. True valuation' Maine........... $. 64,336,119 $32,463,434 $96,799,553 $122,777,571.New Hampshire... 67,839,108 27,412,488 95,251,596 103,652,825 Vermont....5.7. 57,320,369 15,660,114 72,980,483 92,205,049 Massachusetts..... 349,129,932 201,976,892 551,106,824 573,342,286 Rhode Island...... 54,358,231 23,400,743 77,758,974 80,508,794 Connecticut....... 96,412,947 22,675,725 119,088,672 155,707,980 New York....... 564,649,649 150,719,379 715,369,028 1,080,302,216 New Jersey....... 153,151,619.......... 153,151,619 153,151,619 Pennsylvania...... 427,865,660 72,410,191 500,275,851 729,144,998 Delaware........ 14,486,595 1,410,275 15,896,870 18,855,803 Maryland........ 139,026,601 69,536,956 208,563,566 219,217,364 Dist. of Columbia. 14,409,413 1,774,342 16,183,765 16,723,619 Virginia......... 252,105,824 130,198,429 382,304,253 391,646,438 North Carolina.... 71,702,740 140,368,673 212,071,413 226,800,472 South Carolina... 105,737,492 178,130,217 283,867,709 288,257,694 Georgia........... 121,619,739 213,490,486 335,110,225 335,425,714 Florida.......... 7,924,588 15,274,146 23,198,734 23,198,734 Alabama........ 78,870,718 162,463,705 241,334,423 228,204,332 Mississippi....... 65,171,438 143,250,729' 208,422,167 228,951,130 Louisiana........ 176,623,654 49,832,464 226,456,118 233,998,764 Texas............. 28,149,671 25,414,000 53,563,671 55,362,340 Arkansas......... 17,372.524 19,056,151 36,428,675 39,841,025 Tennessee........ 107,981,793 87,299,565 195,281,358 207,454,704 Missouri......... 66,802,223 31,793,240 98,595,463 137,247,707 Kentucky........ 177,013,407 114,374,147 291,387,554 301,628,456 Ohio......3...... 37,521,075 96,351,557 433,872,632 504,726,120 Indiana.......... 112,947,740 39,922,659 152,870,399 202,650,264 Illinois.......... 81,524,835 83,257,810 114,782,645 156,265,006 Michigan......... 25,580,374 5,296,852 30,877,223 59,787,255 Wisconsin........ 22,458,442 4,257,083 26,715,525 42,056,595 Iowa............. 15,672,332 6,018,310 21,690,642 23,714,638 California........ 16,347,442 5,575,731 21,923,173 22,161,872 Minnesota......... 97,363 164,725 262,088 262,088 New Mexico....... 2,679,486 2,494,985 5,174,471 5,274,867 Oregon............ 3,997,332 1,066,142 5,063,474 5,063,474 Utah............ 337,866 648,217 986,083 986,083 Total.......... $3,899,226,347 $2,125,440,562 $6,024,666,909 $7,066,562,966 States and Territories. Revenue. Expenditures. Debts. Maine......................... $744,879 $624,101 $471,500 New Hampshire................. 141,686 149,890 74,399 Vermont........................ 185,830 183,058 48,436 Massachusetts................... 598,170 674,622 6,259,930 Rhode Island................... 124,944 115,835........ Connecticut..................... 150,189 137,327 8,000 New York...................... 2,698,310 2,520,932 22,623,838 New Jersey.................... 139,166 180,614 71,346 Pennsylvania................... 7,716,552 6,876,480 41,524,875 Delaware.......................30,000 Maryland........................ 1,279,953 1,360,458 15,260,667 District of Columbia..................................... Virginia......................... 1,265,744 1,272,382 13,573,355 North Carolina.................. 219,000 228,173 977,000 South Carolina.................. 532,152 463,021 3,144,931 Georgia........................ 1,142,405 597,882 2,801,972 Florida........................ 60,619 55,234 2,800 Alabama...................... 658,976 513,559 3,983,616 Mississippi..................... 221,200 223,637 7,271,707 Louisiana...................... 1,146,568 1,980,911 11,492,566 Texas........................ 140,688 156,622 5,725,671 68 Progress of Population in the United States. States and Territories. Revenue. Expenditures. Debts. Arkansas....................... $68,412 $74,076 $1,506,562 Tennessee....................... 6502,126 623,625 3,776,856 Missouri....................... 326,579 207,656 857,000 Kentucky...................... 779,293 674,697 5,726,307 Ohio........................... 3,016,403 2,736,060 15,520,768 Indiana........................ 1,283,064 1,061,605 6,712,880 Illinois......................... 736,030 192,940 17,500,000 Michigan....................... 6548,326 431,918 2,307,850 Wisconsin...................... 135,155 136,096 12,892 Iowa......................... 139,681 131,631 81,795 California...................... 366,825 925,625 2,169,403 Minnesota............................................. New Mexico............................................. Oregon................................................ Utah................................................... Total...................... $27,068,925 $24,628,666 $191,508,922 To the preceding table, which may be considered only an approximation to the truth, it may be added that the debt of the general government together with the debts of the several States were, in June, 1850, about $150,000,000, equal to something more than $10 to each individual of the whole population, or less than $12 to each one of the free population; and that the whole annual expenditure of the Federal and State treasuries, is less than $3 to each citizen of the Republic. To conclude: we have seen in the preceding brief and imperfect sketch of the United States, as exhibited by the census of 1850, that they have increased in ten years from 17,000,000 to 23,000,000, and that their advancement in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, in the means of education and religious instruction, and those of commercial and social intercourse, has been in a far greater ratio. The seventh census will enable us to see hereafter whether to the rapid development of our numbers, wealth, and power, we shall add the rarer praise of lessening our share of pauperism, crime, and the cost of civil government.