R E P 0 R T1 ON TIHE RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, PRESENTED TO THE INTER-NITIONAL S"tVATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERL1N5 BY THE HON. SAMUJEL B-. RUGGLES. RVE PORT IN RELATION TO THE INT ERNN.TIONA-ls, ii$'ICuULTi N It AL L EXHIBIT 1ON AT H AMBUt tIG, IN 1,3862. BY o0 N. JOSEPH A. WRIGHT. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1864. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, AJa6tntuary 26, 18564. Resolved, That fifteen hundred copies of the message of the President, communicating the report of Hon. Joseph H. TWright, Commissioner to the International Exhibition held at Hamburg, and of the report of the Secretaiy of State, communicating the report of Hon. Samuel B. Ruggles on the resources of the United States, presented to the International Statistical Congress at Berlin, be printed for the use of the Senate. ME S SA GE FR OII'THE P-RESI IDENT] 0F THE UNIETED SA TES, TRANCSMIT TINCG Repo-t of lion. Joseph A. WVright, in r'elation to the InZtenational Algricultural Ex-rhibitionr at Hnamburzg i 1862. Gentletmern of the Senate and iouse of Representatives: In accordance with a letter addressed by the Secretary of State, wibfil my approval, to the rilon. Joseph A. Wrigh,]t, of Indiana, that patriotic and distinguished gentleman repaired to Europe and attended the Intoeratioal Aricultural Exhibition held at Hamburg last year, and has, since his return, made a report to me, whici- it is believed cannot fail to be of general interest, and especially so to the agricultural community. I transmit, for your consideration, co ies of the letter anld r eport. NW'hile it appears by the letter that no reimburlse-mllent of expenses or comnpe-sation was promised him, I submit whether reslsotable allowance should not- be made him for them. irABiAHAM. LINCOLiT. JANUARY 20, 1864. D]EPARTMENT' OF STATE, W/TVashington, lMarch 28, 1863. SIr: You are aware that the President communicated to Congress, at its late session, an invitation from the governmelnt t Hamburg to the government anc citizens of the United States to participate in all exhibition of agricultural products, machinery, and the like, vhich is to be held in or near that city in the course of next summer. No appropriation, however, was made to defray the expenses of any such participation on our part, nor was any authority gr.: Ited upon the subject. The reasons for this need not be adverted to. They will easily occur to a gentleman of your experience in public life. The apparent indifference of Congress, however, ina iregard to the matter, cannot reasn:,'ab!yy be 4 INTERtNATIONAL AGR.ICIJULTURAL EXHIBITION AT H IAMBURG. imputed to any insensibility in regard to whatever may tend to thle advaintage of the agricriltural interests of the country, or to any coldness -towards Haimblurf~ itself, wfith whiChl we are closely connected by commercial and other ties, and which wAe ackinowledtge to be a communi-ty -with every title to respect. Notw"fitlhst'na dingl, however, this apparent neglect of Congress, the Pre.sidentl is unwilling tbhat the United States should be without any representative on the occasion referl red to. Sloved., therefore, by a regard for your charactetr and staLnding at oime, and particularly by the practical interest which, it is unCerstood, you take in agricunltral affairs, the President desires you to rtepair to the cxhlibii,ifon at Hai mburg, and there take charge of the interests of such citizens of the Unlited States as may become exhibitors on the occasionr. It is to be distinctly understood, however, that no expense to the United State s is to be occasioned by them, and that your own services will be gratuitous. I have the honor.to be, sir, yolr obedient servant, WILLIAhT H. S ai lAPRD. IHOI. JOSEPH A. WRIGHT. Sin: In the filfilment of the duties assigned me, as commissioner of the United States to the International Agricultural Exhibition, held at Hamburg, in July last, I beg leave to submit the following report: On -my arrival at Hamburg, two weeks prior to the opening of the exhibition, with a view to -the reception and proper management of Anerican articles, which had been sent forward in considerable numbers, I found that the most, ample arrangements had been made for holding the exhibition. The extensive grounds (covering more than eighty acres) were laid off with great t.aste and liberality. Substantial sheds, halls, and buildingos were erected for the accommodation of more than four thousand entries of stock. In addition to this, space admirably adapted for machinery of all kinds-locomotives, steam-engines, steam-ploughs, farm implements, mineral products, artificial manures, plants, trees, flowers, fruits, seeds, and all this, too, so beautifully arranged in the midst of the flags of more than forty nationalities, as to add to the comfort of' the thousands assemabled to witness this the first international exhibition in Northern Europe. Eight of the States, to wit: New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Illinois, Connecticut, Vermont, and Indianu, were represented by delegates from the States, or their agricultural societies, who were received with yolr commissioner with every token of respect and consideration which could have been desired for the representatives of our country.. Tlhirty-four nationalities were represented at the exhibition in their contributions, including, anong other things, four thousand and one hundred of the finest horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, (several of the reigning sovereigns of Europe being numbered among the contributors.) The show of' horses was over six hundred. Hanover received thel highest praise for the speed, size, elegance, and strength of her horses. She also divided the honor with Great Britain in showing the best and purest blooded cattle. AMore than one thousand persons were coat ributlor and competitors in thlis national contest for superiority. Tilree thousand machines and farm. implements were contrlibuted, annd seve-ntyfive steam-engines of every variety were used in operating the power a.1nlc machinerly. It was no show of more art, )ailtinitig, desiin, or fancy; but one of suzbstantials, consisting maiiily of stock and nialchlinery. The principal portion of the machinery c.ame from Gre,-;t Britain; none of which is more d-ies-erving of special att ention t i:.1m th:at, of plotghilig' by st.lam. INT ETRNA TIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT 1H-AMiBURG. 5) Liberal prizes were offierdd by the committee. Severa-l unsuccessful efforts having been made in our oLwiol country to plough by steam, these trials received the especial attention of all Americans present. Five ploughs were entered, cutting from three to four l'lriows at each eolrse, in,a highly satisfictory manoer. I was convinced fthat if some modification c,)uld. be made by which the expense attending tIhe manchinery for this operation, could be materially diminished, the introductionl of ploughing by steam could be easily effected, so as to be highly advantageous to tile agricultural interests iti mrany portions of the country. It is mnosu Stman ilest that steam is desigied to.,play an important i:llrt in many of the: branches of agriculture. In themu opi,m io of your commissioner. we have inot 1been suidiensetly mindful of the,' prog- ess made in Gieat Brl-tain and othller ptions of 01l]Unoe i'n the impr oveoenlt of ag ricultura'l implelml i s, brought aboutU by the sharp compe;tition of the Eng-lilsh ma-nifacturer for the European miarket. WVe are comitent with our iunpar lleled success, and we may well say we atre ahead o-' the nltions of t1he Old Wor' -t i- ma1c-lnerly in its adaptation to the wants of the peopie, ii chleaonm-ess andI -itility, in tile great labor-savinlg nchines of the day-thlreseT1tr, m, mowers,'rea pers, grain-cleaners, &c., &c. JYt a few day3s' witnessi-ng thie sten -ploughs and steam-muachlines ii opei'ation upnl the national 1-hir-roiundl at ii amnauimg would induce youn to say we are beliind many of theim ia tile application of s team to agricultnral work. ~Whatever tle wants of t]:e prieseint' day mayn be, the time is -not ir a, distant iwhen manly postions of ouri country will require tlhis wonde'ful element, if we shall fully develop the hiddeoen resources of our rici but diver;sified country. So imtportant did the exhibition of tble stetmi-ploulgh appe:ar, that a partia l promise wvas prcured fionm an einlent Ellg!lish firm to attend thle Lfi'it nnational ag'ricultural exhibition held in the United States, witl their ste inm-plouglnhing apparatus, if an invi-Latioi,hould be extendecl to competitors -11 thi:,- mode of plougihig. Some t-wo tiousand sheep were exhibited, comprising nearly all of the bes-st breeds of Enrope. It is believecl to hatve been the largest show of fine wooled shlleep of moctlrn timnes. The great -nusrseries of merli.oes, of PrIussia, Saxoniy, alnd Silesia, weree fully represented, and the exhibition was the hmore interestaing fi'om the fact that nearly all of the conitinental breeds were present, somle of' them exteisively, embracing also the best stockls from Engiland. It affirods me great pjleasure to state that George Campbell, of Westminster, Vermont, was most successful in competing with the premium on merinoes. He had three hundirt aad a fiRty comnpetitors, yet he had awarde'd to himr two first-class, amindl onle secondl-celass [premitm. His success was most gratifying, and the more so from itle fact that the comlmitee awarding- to Mr. Campbell this well-deserved triumph were unaniimous in their opinion, antd eacl member composing the comnmittee ropsleseilted cdiferelit nationalities. iir. Campibell sold his sheep oil the g'round to Count Shelr'Thoss, of Silesia, for five thlousand dollars. Governor Smith, of Vermont, makes thle following appropriate a.llusions to tlh-is subject, in his late message: "In February last, the State agricultural society appointed the honorable Daniel Needhaim, the efficient secretary of the society, commissioner to attend and represent the iiiterests of the State at the great international exhibition, then to be held at Hamburg, in Germany. Other States were represented at the exhibition by commissiomler's appointed utider State authority; New York, Rhode Island, AMassachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, and, I think, Pennlisylvania, were represented. Among other products taken by the commissioner for exhibition were twelve llerino sheep, and I am happy to coOgratulate theC State upon the success which attelded the eitelrprise. In the list oif comipetitor s for prizes at the exhibition were two thousand sheep, representing the best flocks from all the German States, from IFrance, Elngland, and nearly all the countries of Central Europe. Against this sttrong competition, and contendinmg against tile nlatural prej udices existing against American pro 6 INT-ERNAT'IONAL AGRICULTURAL IELXHIBITION AT HFLAMBURG. duct;,, Vermont Awon, at the hands of an able andc impartial board of judges, the, two lnirst, and one second prize, for her slheep. i'rhe result of this to the sheep-breeding interests of Vermont canl hardly be estimnated it was a great achievemelt, and is destined to give to America, and especially to Vermont, that which Europe has for so long a time almost exclnsively enjoyed, the rich and valuable traie in stock-breding sleep." Already has, the fiuit of Mrt:. Ctam:pbell's triumph and Governor Smith's prediction been realized; merino sheep haove been silippd from Vermont for Australia, and other distant countries. This trade bids fir to be one of geat ben —fit, not only to Vermont, but to every fsection of the Union, as it will necessa rity carry with it other articles and productios friom our diversified country. AI-er a most thorough examination, trial, and practical test, before a committee of distinguished and competent gentlemen, representing eleven nationalities, and amidst a host of' competitors, we maintained our complete ase-,'ndency in reapi lrg machines, the greatest of labor-saving machines, in cutting tle staff of man's liafe, bread. T'le golden medal was awarded to C. IH. 1M3cCormick, of Illinois, whose spleidid reaper took the like rewavrd at the London exhibit;ion. This macilne surprssed in elegance of worklanship any agricultural machine, onl the ground, while1 his workin-,g machine at the trial only more fully demonstrated and confirmed the superiority which he had so long maintained in Europe and in America. The second prize for a reaping machine was awarded to a citizen of New York. Tr'wenty-five medals and diplomas were awarded to American contributors, a list of which is herewith furnished; there was also a complimentary testimonial presented to each of the States represented, "a large and beautiful Hamburg flag." Although the contributions from the United States were few, in com1paiisoar with those of other countries, yet those present attracted great interest firom the thousands who thronged the grounds, to whom our implements, household articles, and agricultural inventions, were generally unknown. A crowd could be found at all times examining the American contributions, and orders were given for duplicates of hundreds of theml; those present were sold. T'he great majority of our articles, especially our farm implements, are well adapt.'.ed to the wants of Northern Europe, and the prices at which they are mur.anufaltured enables us to compete successively with foreign manufacturers. It is to be regretted that our people did not take more interest in this internationa l exhibition. Never was there such an opening for American skill and i-dustry. Here American manufacturers and mechanics had opened to them, in the house of their friends, the opportunity of presenting their inventions, skill and products, direct, and free from those embarrassments so frequently atternding former exhibitions in other portions of Europe, surrounded by those w1ho are bound to us by so many ties of friendship and consanguinity; those devoted, wherever they go, to agricultural pursuits; those who cultivate the irmameluse agricultural districts stretching fiom the Rhine to the Danube, from the Baltle to the M1editerranean. The exhibition of American machinery and implements received a great accession from a most liberal donation, from several of the leading German merchaltts, bankers and citizens, of the city of New York, including a complete assortmaent of agricultural implements. These, with the premium reaper, contributed by Mr. McCormick, in connexion with many other articles from other Americf-anl contributors, are to form the nucleus of an agricultural museum, to be established in Hamburg. This I regard as tile most gratifying result attending this international exhibition to American interests. Several thousand -dollars were subscribed before I left Hamburg for this, I'NTEP: NATIO N.AL AGRICULT' URAL EXHIBITION AT HAMBURG. 7 object, and doubtless it will be carried o ut by the -well known liberality of her citizens. The establishment of this museum, or depot, opens for all time to come a place of deposit for American skill and products. Hamburg is the third city of trLade and commerce in Europe. Hamburg is the key, not only to the great German mind, but the open door-way to more than one hundred and fifty millions of the people of northern Europe. With Hamburg we have rapid and almost daimy com-munication, and it is difficult to estimate the advantage which will accrue to our mechanical skill and industry, our manufactures, our commerce and trade, by the location of a museum for their deposit in a city situate like Hamburg, whose merchant princes hold in their hands the immense trade of Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, portions of Russia and the Zollverein. Stat-es. Trade and commerce inaair ably/ bring together nmen wh.ose interests are aJfected thereby; men,wiZlfol ow the. fruits of their labor to market. The case of Worthingtonl & Co., of Jackson, AMichigan, illustrates most forcibly the prospect held out to?American industry, at this great assembling of the men of labor. They sent Gor-ward one case of gardening and harvesting tools, of the value of twenty dollars; such was their beauty an1d utility, they were sold upon being opened, on the grounid, for more than twice their value. Th'ere can be no doubt, if the small appropriation asked for at the last Congress had passed, so well calculated to call the attention of our people in time to this exhibition, thereby arounsiig a spirit of emulation, hundreds if not thousands of samples of our diversified mechanica l inventions and manufacturing skill, would have been upn t-i:l glounnd, and tLe founliation laid for a trade of hundreds of thousands of dollars. N'o America-n could walk over the ground. and witness for himself the criw 1, and the articles on exhibition, without wishing for a larger number of our inventiolns and productions, to exhibit side'by side with those around him; all seemed to regret we had not our substantial f'arm -wTagons and carts, our carria-g6s and bu-ggies, our horses of speed and strength, our large work-oxen, and other productions, to show the thousands thus assembled the growth, skill and energy of the men of the New World. It is not to be understood that the show of articles was not large and diversified; I doubt if such an exlibition of stock, machinery, and thle productions of the earth, has bee-n held during this century. MAore than five handred ploughs alone were eitlen; al, seed, grains, grasses, and wines in great quantities, from every sectioni;;ad the same is true of minerals, the forests, and the products of the.soil. Everything was well calculated not only to induce men to study the comparative merits of the articles of various countries, but to give them enzlarged and liberal views, to elevate the men of toil, and to make labor attractive. We have mLuch to learn from abroad. All acknowledge the great benefits of our county, State, and national fairs; the holding of an international exhibition in our own country, at some early period, would be productive of great good. Interchange is progress; exclusiveness is ignorance. Five hundred copies of!the agricultural reports of the States and Patent Office were distributed, through the hands of gentlemen having, in charge the agricultural interests of their respective countries, with the view of receiving like reports in return therefor. An assortment of fine seed wheat, oats, rye, &c., were presented to the undersigned from northern Europe, which will be distributed to the States represented at the exhibition, and Patent Office. These reports were carefully distrib-uted, with the view of placing them in such portions orf the country as were seeking for information in relation to the resources and c.haracter of our country. In a commercial point of view, -may advantages are anticipated from our counexion with this great international exhibition. But the strong sympathy which has been awakened, and the long existing friendship which has been strengthened, towards the people of the United States, by the interest maui 8 INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXIHIBITION AT IAMBI3URG. fested by the chief executive officer of the States collectively, and the several States, ini their efforts to pronmote the agricult-ural inlerl;sy of the wxolde, will'ar outweigh, at a time like thlis, all other advantages. It was mlost manifest that the great, German empire, with whlich we fmormc'd an early treat)- of friendsliip and commerce, and wvithl which we e hlve maintraine d unbroken relations of peacei from the days of WTashnllton, regard Our troubles w;ith intense solicituile. Tihe presence of the Almerican delegates aid our inventions and producnts oni this occasion. was well calculated 1not only to promuote the mnaterial interests of both countries, bun to bind together more clostelvy the long existing peaceable relations. W5ee found everywhere an ardent sympathy foi tie restoration of law atnd order; for our triumph, for the unity of our countiry; +this feeling was iolost manifest among the friendcls and relatives of our adoptec citizens.in tlh fthe rland. lt -,asi not thoullht possi ble tibat we could succceedc in acuhievilg any triumipli at this exhibition iir thle plrsent 11 unhappy condition of' onr country. Hnlce there wi-as Ca orc orl po.'or attending our success, as it displayed most vis;ibly'the energy of our people, tule resou-ces- of our country, the confidence in, the future of our govrllnment, anda was well calculated to cement more closely the bands of existing friendsltip. The appointmeint of a commissioner, as weli as those of the delegates of the several States, would have been insufficient to have enabled our country to b replresented to any extent by contributions, which would be considered wo:rthy of our position and dignity among our European neighbors, had it not, been aided by a liberal subscription, amounting to near $5,000, to aid in defraying tlhe expense for the freight and shipment of articles from the United States to Haomburg, by the well known benevolent citizens of NewYork and Philadeliphia, a list` of whom is herewith furnished. I trust this advance will be refunded by Congress. The citizens of the State of New Yorlk were aided in forwarding thir-1 Contributions by a general appropriation from the State of one thousand dollars, and the principal express companies, as well as the Hamburg steamship comrnpainy, deducted twenty-five per cent. from their tariff of charges in favor of all articles for the exhibition. I desire to acknowledge the great assistance and valuable aid rendered by tIle delegations from the several States: Austin Baldwin, from the States of New York and Connecticut; Colonel Daniel Needham, of Vermont; Governor Dyer and Colonel Vial, of Rhode Island; Charles Flint, of 3Massachusetts; Generai Halsted and Stephen Condit, of New Jersey; ancd Consul Marsh, of Illiiois. The labors of Mr. Baldwin at home in presenting this subject to our people are well known; to him are we greatly indebted for the interest taken by our: people in this exhibition. I cannot close this report without mentioning the lindefatigable exertions of James R. McDonald, a member of the executiv-e commnittee at Hamburg. Mr. McDonald was for many years the acting consul of the United States at Hamburg', and a native of Vermont. From the commencement of this movemenlt he has labored assiduously for our -welfare; kiind and attentive to the wants of his countrymen, omitting no opportunity'to advance the interests of our citizens; and to him, more than to any other person, should the success attending the exhibition be attributed. Finally, in submitting this report, no effort has been made to enter into a minute detail, but to present a general view of this -great International Agricultural Exhibition, with a brihf reference to those questions in which we are the most deeply interested. I hafd the pleasiure of visiting, while in France, tlhe great model school aind farm at Greignore, also the celebrafled sleep farm at Rambouillet, andcl the farm at Vaujours, near Paris, at iwhich experiments are making from tile nigllt manurles of the city. All these arcl ulncler the control of INTER1NATIONAL AGRICUJLTURAL EXHIBITION AT -HAMBUIU G. 9 the Emperor. liThe great school at Rotlhersdam, in England, of Messrs. Law & Gilobet, is conducted by private enterprise, anil. ba e ur't tly placed among the mlost lpractical institutions in tile world. Govcrme-nts andi individuals seem to be m:ekilng most streinuous efforts, bohli by experimental and practical testsi, realizing the greatest beneft tl-berefrom. One fact alone willl demonstratoe tlhe truth of this assertion. At the celebratecl school already referred to in ERgl'and, on1e acre~ of grotnnl has -been mnade to yield sixty buTshels of wheat, whilIst a:corresponding ac e by its sidie could only be made to yield fifteen busahc-l; without the named cultLue and mln1nuring. =We trust that the intelest taoken by t-he head of our nation, and by- the sa veral States thlrough their delegates and coirlmissioners to the l:ate great exhMibiterio:, wvill prove an additional linik in the chain of progress, and shall not otily be 1fn incentive to otur country to make mlore rapid stiies;n developing its great resolurces, but shall place lier ere long side by side -with those countries who have proven, to the fuilest extent, all that thie ear;h by culcture'and la bor can c e. -I holve tile onor to be yours, most respeetfully, JOShEPH A.' WRIGHT. AB -1nn A M LINCOLN, President f/J the Uzited States. Preminum' s and 2rewards to the American Exhiibitors at the Iiramburg Fair, Juvly, 1863. George Campbell, of Westminster, Vermont, for 12 sheep-two first-class, and one second premitium, 150; C. 1L. 3McCormick, of Chicago, Illinois, (reaper,) one large gold medal and diploma; Seymour, Miorgan & Co., Brockport, New York, (reaper,) silver medal and diploma; Thompson & Avery, Tunckhannock, Pennsylvania, (threshing,) silver medal and diploma; Jolhn Kelsey, Yardleyville, Pennsylvania, (hlarrow,,) bronze medal and diploma; John Van Derbelt, New York, (assorted agricultu'al implements,) medal end diploma; L. P. Rose, Detroit, IMichigan, (hoes and forks,) bronze medal and diploma; J. VW. Free, Goshen, Indiana, (fanning mill,) bronze medal and diploma; Solomon Hubbell, Unadilla, New York, (seed sower,) bronze medal and diploma; James A. Saxton, Canton, Ohio, (reaper,) bronze medal and diploma; Whittmore, Belcher & Co., Chicopee, Massachusetts, (plouglls and straw cutters,) bronze medal and diploma; IR. H. Allen, New York, (agricultural implements,) -bronze medal and diploma; Hall & Spiel, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, (plough iron,) bronze medal and diplomla; E. A. Tampton, Worcester, Massachusetts, (wood machine,) bronze medal and diploma; J. Redstbne, Indianapolis, Indiana, (shingle machine,) bronze medal and diploma; William D1. Windle & Co., New York, (domestic utensils,) bronze mnedal and diploma; H. G. Hotchkiss, Lyons, New York, (essential oils,) bronze medal and diploma; Hall & Parshall, Lyons, New York, (essential oils,) bronze medal and diploma; B. P. Johnson, Secretary Newr York N. S. Agricultural Society, Albany, New York, (seeds,) medal and diploma; Sylvanus R. Ward, New York, (anthracite coal,) medal and diploma; George Campbell, Vermont, (turnip cutter, i medal and diploma; B. I. lhodes, Baltimore, Maryland, (turlnip cutter,) medal and diploma; Duryea ~, New'York, (mazeina,) medal and diploma; J. Jolllson & to., New York, (washing machine, ) medal and diploma. 10 INTERNATIONA L AGRICULTULRAL EXH1BI1TiO-N AT IAiiAiBUiC. Subscribers to the fJind of the Hamburg exhibition, Mz?/y, 1863. A. A. Low, New York -............................... $250 Henry G. Stebbins, iNlew York -...-....................... 250 Hoyt Brotihe's, INew York...............-..2......... 250 A. T. Stewat; NTew York............................. 250 AMoses Taylor, New York.. —.............-......-........ 250 Phelps, Dodge & Co., New York —.-....................- 250 Benedict, Hall & Co., New York - --.. -. —-..... 250 Abralham Bell & Son, New York -.......................... 2.50 Reeves & Hoyt, New York.-.........-..-..-........- O 250 James Brown, }New York....... 250 Winslow, Lanier 8 Co., New York........................ 250 Lockwood & Co., New York.2..................... 250 Thorne, Watson & Burtman, New York l- -..- -.....- -. 250 Miorris Ketchum, New York.............................. 250 Frederick AM. MJas, -New York ---- 150 E. H-. Miller, New York....................r............ 100 Israel Corse, New York................................. 100 Mf. Armstrong & Sons, New York........................ 100 LivermLore, Clews & Co., New York...................... o100 PAhiladelpThia subscriptions. Jay Cook & Co., Philadelphia...................-........ $250 J. Edgar Thompson, Philadelphia...-.. -............... 250 Boler & Co., Philadelphia.-.. 100 McKean, Vorce & Co, Philadelphia....................... 1.00 H. C. Carey, Philadelphia........................... 100 r01;', R TIiE SECR~tsT ( 4 F STATE COMM0 UN ICATING. In answer to a resolution of tile Senate of tile 14th instant, a copy of the report on the resourtces of the United States presented to the International Statistical Congress at Berlin, in September last, by the Hon. Samuel B. Ruggles2 DEPARTMEN'T. OF STATE, Washigton, January 18, 1864. 1 transmit to the Senate, in answer to their resolution of the 14th instant, a co(py' of the report on thfe resources of the JUnited States presented to the internation*al statistical congress at Berlin, in September last, by the Hon. Samuel B.'Puggles, together with a copy of his letter-to the Department of State, transnitting the report. WILLIAiM H. SEWARD. The SENATE of the United States. lir. Puggles to -Jr. Sevward. BER,LIN, September 14, 1863. Sin: In pursuance of your instructions accompanying the appointment of the undersigned as representative of the United States of Anmerica'at the international statistical congress at Berlin, in September instant, he embarked for Europe in the first German steamer after receiving his commission, and reached Berlin, after some detention on the Atlantic, on the afternoon of the 6th of September. No business of importance had been trainsacted in the congress up to that tinle, except the presentation of the credentials (f th:, delegates. On the 7th of September the credentials of the undersigned were presented and approved, at which time representatives from thle following countries, stated in alphabetical order, had been duly admitted, viz: The United States of America; Anhait-Dessau; Austria; Baden; Bavaria; Belgium; the Danubian Provinces; Denmark; France; Frankfort- Gireat Britain; Hamlburg; Hanover; Holland; Holstein; IHesse-Cassel; HesseDarmstadt; Italy; Lubeck; Mecklenburg-Schwerin; Norway; Oldenburg; Portuga!l; Pirussia; Russia; Saxe-Coburg; S;txe-XWeimnar; Saxony; Spain~ Sweden;i Swnitzerland; Turkey; and W-urtemberg. ~12 ~ STATISTICAL CON(IG;-tESS ATl BERLIN. Tfhe representatives of oilcet of -the otio.ns.above speciiied isadde rejiort to''4the congress on the statistics of Itheir respective countries, which will be duly punblisbhed in Gernman and in:-French, i t hie. official p r ceedin1gs or" Co.l;te Renrd/"' of the congres s. In oerale, Iet h'e''rocedilg:' an debates were in. the G...rman languagte, but to some extent bre-ne t. li. Through s Ionde a ccidental 5and unintentiona'nl iriss'on, Lone of the states o' South America, or of' Centroal America, sent delegates to tle congrTess, athougi'I Brazil, especially, had been represented in preceding session s of' the congress. The name of the undersigned lwas erroneou sly entered in the printed and published lists a.s delegate from "Aorot/, Amen cicca," but on lis applicicalon the, error will be conrected in the oficial report of the proceeding's. On Friday, the 11th of Septebe, bein g ithe sixth day of the session, a tartistical repoit was presented to he ci' by the undersigned, in behalf 0oi the United States of America, of' wbhi h a o is h i'iwithl transmitted. It is proper to state that tie composition ancd character of tle congrei~_, as siiown by its proceedings and published releorts at tihe preceding sessions, was merely'" statistical," and i0 no 0resipect economical o0 political, renderi g' iproper and necessary to iTefrain in the report from an.y speculations or deduetioo:s as to the practical use or eniployment,.. the resources to be statistcally ehibited, or any political iiscussion of the chrt'acte_:r:, conduct, or possible r.esu!t of the pending insurrection against the governmrent of the American Union; but rather to present the ci'dinal elements of its materiei,stireiigtl and resources. 1past anid present, in such aritchmetical and statistical form a.s should fu-rnish, of'tself; to the congress and to toe countries therein representred, suffcient elements:or any necessary conclusions Again, it was, desirable iandc necessary, for the pulrpose of securing tiie pub'ication and circuilatioj to any eonsiderabie exteniit, of such a statemelnt, to codense tl]e facts cs fr, as practicable, to select only the most prominent, and t,: scek, by aw wi n1-t! —dfed okutlin{, to present the -subject clearly and disti'ctiy. Keep;,ng these. on::ideratio,1:ms i view, t:ie report 001s ti I. 0011j", c i mainly Lo the four cardintal eleome11ts of our-,. aioal{ii strXo'ith, e(ii'actd uiidwr the hlenadi-YsTerinory; I,Popnlatien; Agiouletul 1' rolnctienn; -icultl;od Mleio Metals. It iv ot denied:;at otiher brhr tcies, though eomipa'attively les important, mighit'also have bee addei,; but i1nler1i' the circumslrtane es, tliose presented were thonghi t ufficient for the - resen lt iurlose. In view of thel inlsurreectioi still aftfecting the industry and products of a certain portion of the Union, and rendclering it diTcult to state or estimate their present vmnle wit4h any statistical accuracy, t'hey were not embraced in the report to the prlesenl.t co-.ngre:ss under the belef thba.t the full -restoration of' tran-.ufllity before the lnext sessCin, in 1865, wil Jhen enable the representative of the Unitetd States to fully supply the deficieicy. The Crei sent; ssio hlas been signalized by the adoption of important resolvim)ns ill resrect to a uniform s stenm of wei-'hts, measures, and coins, for thie.,e of thi c ivilized world, and materially affecting the' United States of America. A large commiission, embracing representatives of high attainments from fourteena different nations and countries, was instituted at thle'congress of 1560, held in London, to report a system for consideration at the present session. The undersigned, on taking his seat in. the bocty, was invited, in behalf of the Unllited States, to confer and unite with that commission iiin its proposed and forthcoming report. A draught of' that report hadc been printed, presenting, in review, the different nations which had adopted, or were disposed to adopt, the metr'ic system of weights and measures, but in which it was stated that " the Confederate States of America have expressed a desir to introduce the metric system of weights and measures." Thlle underigned, 1on perceiving the statement, proteisted at once against its propriety, or its admission into the report,' on the ground that "the Confederate States," so called, had no separate, national, STjTATISTICAL CONGRsESS AT BERLIN. 1], lawful existence, but still formed integral portions of the Uni.ted Sta-tes of' America. The objection was acquiesced in, andi the woitds in question were modified so as to read, " Some of the States of A-merica }lRave expressed ai desire"j' &., &c. That statement is known to be true in respect to some of the Sta;tes of Sonth America, and possibly a.s to some of the States of our Americaln Union. The propositioni presented by that commissionll to the conglress in respect to weighllts, measures, alnd coins, lookiiig to an eventual chanslo in thle weight of the British sovereign and of the American dollar, to reduce tieml t.o even:ultiples of the franc, with the modificatioonus wlieh these propo itions underwent in the congress, are of so muei. i portan Ce and gravity, tl: t the undersigned will require some little ilne foxr r,}eortilni them filly writl~ the necessary accomlpanying documents, to the goverinienit of the -nimled States. iHe will seek t) do so with all practicable despatch aftet hi return to America. The subject necessarily embraces the grave and difficult question as to the relative value of gold and of siiver, present and prospective, and- the proper adjustment of the coins of both metals, to keep pace with the fluctuations in their production and supply. For this purpose, the undersigned thought it necessary to propose, at the conclusion of the rteport on the mIetalliferous regions of the United States, that the subject of the production of gold and silver should be investigated by a commission to be instituted by the international statistical congress; but on fitl consideration by the section to whrtich the subject was referred, it was decided, and perhaps properly, that: the investigation could not be' properly nmade by the congress, which was statistical aind not, economical in. its aims, and tilat the necessary inquiry miglt better be left to the governmients of the three great gold-producileig countries, being the United States, Great Britain in respect to Australia, brew Zealaid, and British America, and RuLssia; and more elpecially as the inquiry, to be of any practical value, must be conducted under the iauthority and diretion of those respective governments. Meanwhile the decieci. opinion has been expressed by the delegates in the present congress from G-reat Britai- and from Russia, that it may be reasonablly expected that the necessary inquiries on a subject so important to the currency of the world will be prosecuted by those government-s with all proper e-liciency and despatcll. During the session of the present congress a resolution was passed, on motion of Professor Schubert, of ihe University of Konigsburg, that it was "advisable, and very useful to the geene ral interests of statistical sc~ience, that of all official -works and communications published by statistical bureaus, one copy shall be given to all the universities and high academies of the states of Europe, to be preserved in their libraries." A motion niade by the undersigned, at a subsequent day, and seconded by Professor Schubert, was unanimously passed by the congress, thati the resolution be modified anlI enlarged " so as to include the public li1iraries in six of the principal cities of the United States of America, to be designated by the State DepartIment at Washington." Th'le congress adjourned ol thle 11th of Septemlber, after having received thle ma::ked hospitality and consideration of the government of Prussia, and of the inhabitants of Berlin. Of the period of thirty days after the adjournment allowed to the undersigned for returning to the United States, he will employ the first two weeks in. visiting Russia to collect the statistics; of the product of gold in that country, and for which purpose the representa-tives of that government inl the congress, and also the I:.ussian minister at Berlin, have courteously afforded him important facilities. The undersigned has the honor to remain, with high respect, your obedient servan t, SAi\tUEJL B. RlG( GLES. His Excellency- WILL'IAjMa H. SEwARD, Secretary of State, -;c., 41c., 4-C. 14 STATISTICAL TT_ CONGRESS AT BERLIgN. INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT'BERLIN. Reportfjsom ttie Uzited States of America. Mr. Sainmel B. Ruggle's, delegate from the United States of America, presented the following report: Mr. President ancd gentlemen of the International Statistical Congress: The goveren- tent of' Prussia having specially requested, through its ministel at Washingto-, his excellency the Baron Gerolt, that the government of' the United States of America should send a representative to the internati-onl-al statistical congress to convene at Berlin on the 6th of Septembet, 1863. tlhe President of the Unitedl States, on the 14th' of August, appointed the unidesigned to tha-t office. The session of the congress being so near at hand, tlhe undersigned w as necessarily obliged to embark for Europe withoUt delay, a:nd was thus prevented fro-nm collecting, in due season, as large a ortion as colild have been desired of the nunerous documents and publications illustrating,hle statistics of the United States. u3lch iamportant information, though o:ten wanting in classification and arranlgement, is embraced inla var'ous official isape'rs issued under public aLthority, both national antd IState, and also by boards of trade acl other voluntary soeietines whose labors are more or lels statistical. Attemlpts have been inade to iumar; to'm:_i'an s. tistimc noore of an analy jical ail. scientific character, by means of official bureaus tO be specially organizecd fo -the purpose. The State of Ohio, some yeSrs since, under the tidriniistratmi ni of Governor Chase, the preselt Secretary of the Treaslsr of the United States, established a Bureau of Statistics as one of the organs of' llhe State government-, which was committed to the charge of liFr. M3fanL.field, iwhoe op ious ancd ins;truective anniuall rteports fully justi)fy rthe seletion; while far alray in tie remr;e - terior, beyondl -'he great chai-l of lakes, the iniinmt State of 3,innesota, witlh a t1g!ie e1 xcuptiol the' youngest in the American EUnion, containieg, by the cnsues ot 1860, buj 173,000 inhabitants clustered arounld the headwaters of t1he uppel ki~isis~sippi, nd muore thanl fifteen hundred miles from the Atlantic, establishled., almost; the momenit o its birth. a bureau of Statistics. Two of the anlual reportso of hts (ale Conlcissioiier o' Statistics, TMtr. Wheelock, are niow submitted to tle iLsttiaon of t1, internatilon all statistical cong ress, as affordlg reasonable g' otnd of hop that, in due timel Americia maty at least approach in scientilic act3' c-y and philosophica!l arrangelment the tmeore inature and perfecet pei'forroel'"nac:'s I,U th;atist ieia-ns of Eu nope. The 0 ogrees of' tlhe Untl'ed States has as lt yelt established a distinct B3ureau of Stal.'ii, ailthlonugh repeateldly recommended L aid trged to do so; but in takinI cte ensus of inhabitants as raeqlued by thlle nacional Constitution, at ii-te- tva niot exceceding ten years, the practice has been gradually int-oduced of siuperadming, bT special direction of Congres, icnquiri mloire or le s exte ixve fix regard to various branches of indut-r alld rodluction, arid recently emboacing' social statistics to a moderate extent,; so that the Coinpcn d of the ceno Stu o 1 860, herewith submitted to'he initerlltio'nal statistical congress, will be founid to contain considerable miasms of statistiCl inllln inati o, illutlratinlg the material, an'd, to some extenlt, the soeial and nuo-ald condcition of the nttion. Under the lilited powers conferred by Conglress, thle aetive- and inteiliglent officers wh1o 1hive successively filled te ofice of' S-perinteaent, and partiu.]arly Mr. K ennedy, wiho participated in one or milloi 0' t-he previous sessions,i:, 1i;le ijnternatitolnal statistical co'rss, h Iave earnestl' exerted their best efforts ic render the inquiries authorized by law useful not onlyv to the country, but to the cause of statistical science. It is confidently belie-vred that the enlightened labors of thle presei;:t body mnay do -much to. iinduce the legislative autlhorities of' the United States to recogfnize a celmpeteant B rea of Statistics' as a, natiia.l STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN.o ]1 5 necessity, and thereby place their country on an equality, in that respect, with the most intelligent nations of the world. Even then, some time must elapse before it will fully attain that power of acute, comprllelensive, and thorough analysis in the various branches of statistical inquiry?~Twhich has so distinguished the eminent European statisticians, in their valustable labors in the international statistical congress during the present and the preceding sessions. It is a cause for general congratulation that those who conduct the public affairs of nations have become generally convinced that a state cannot he bwisely or safely gove-rned without an accurate knowledge of quantities. Abstiract theories and historical traditions doubtless have their use and their proper place; but statistics are the very eyes of the states-man, emnabling him tol, survey and scan with clear but comprehe-nsive vision the whole structure and economy of the body politic-to adjust, in the finest harmony, all its varied functions-to regulate and invigorate the healthful circulation of every artery and vein, from the central, vital trunik, to the most r.emote and delicate articulation. Nol; only so. in this modern world, where steam has abolished space, the statesman, to deserve the name, must carefully survey the statistics of all the nations that commerce can approach, so that, with nice and skilful hand, he may adapt the administration of his particular government to the due measure of its comparative capacities and powers. It is under the conviction that this new-born, modern "scolidarity of inations" renders the statistics of each important to all, that the Lundersigned, in behalf of the United States of America, now ventures briefly to invite the attention of the international statistical congress to some of the most prominent features exhibited by the Compend of the census of 1860, now before this body, and especially to the evidence which it furnishes of the rate and extent of material progress of the human race in that portion of the New World committed by Providence to the care of the American Union. The exhibitioinrl will certainly furnish, to somne extent, the,means of statistical comparison with other portions of the world, and thereby enlable tfle international statistical congress in due time to discharge -iwhat may become a very important and world-wide duty, in classifying the results from -the reports of' individual countries, and thus to present in scientific formi the preomi-nent and drstinctive features of tie comparative anatomy of nations. Nor is it to be feared that such a classifica-tion or comparison could ever be deemed useless or invidious. Onl this point the present body, fortunately, is able to refer to the highest authority. The impressive words in the openirg address of the late Prince Albert, who deemed it no derogation from his eiminent rank, as the royal conIsort of the British sovereign, to preside personally over youre deliberations, and 7whose untimely death is mourned in both hemispheres as a loss to the human race, now come to us with solemn earnestness. In the noble language of that truly exalted prince, such comparisonls will only "prove to us afi esh in figures, what we know already flom feeling and experience- how dependent the different nations are upon each other for their progress —for their moral and maiterial prosperity-and that the essentlia coCidition of their mutual happinepss is the maintenlance of peace and good will among each other. Let them hbe rivals, but rivals in the noble race of sociial improvemeilnt, in which, although it nmay be the lot, of one to arrive first at the goal, yet all will equally share thle prize —all feling tTheir own powers and strength inlcrease in the healthy compretition." The Colpenad of thle census of 1S60, and other official documents now submitted to the intertnational statistical congress, will establish the following caIrdin al facts in respect to the territory, population, and progress in material -wealth of the United States of America: I. Thle territorial area of tile United States at the peace of 1783, then bounded 16 STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BEiRLIN. west by the Mississippi river, was 820,680 square miles, about four times th'at ofFrance, which is stated to be 207,145 exclusive of Algeri,. The purchase from France of Louisiana, in 1804, added. to this area 899,680 square miles. ]?urchases from Spain, and froparom MNlexico, and tihe Oregon treaty with Enogland, added the further quantity of 1,215,907 squnare miles; making the total present: territory 2,936,166 squcre miles, or 1,879,146,240 acres. Of this immense area, possessing a great variety of climate and culture, so, large a portion is fertile that it has been steadily absorbed by the rapidly ilncreased population. In May last there remained undisposed of, and belongiling to the government of the United States, 964,901,625 acres. To prevent any confusiorn of boundaries, the lands are careilly surlveyed and allotted by the government, and are then granted geiatuitously to actual settlers, or sold for prices not exceedirg', a dollar and a quarter per acre to purchasers other than settlers. It appears by the report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, a copy of which is herewith furnished, that the quantity surveyed and ready for sale'in September, 1S62, was 135,14.2,999 acres. The re — port also states, that the recenlt discoveries of rich and extensive gold fields in solme of the unsurveyed portions, are rapidly filling the interior with a population whose necessities require the speedy survey and disposition of large additional tracts. The immediate survey is not, however, of vital importance, as the first occupant practically gains the pre-emptive claim to the land a fter the su-rvey is completed. The cardinal, the great continental fact, so to speak, is this:: that the whole of this vast body of land is freely openl to gratuitous occupation, without delay or difficulty of any kind. II. The population of the United States, as shown by the census of 1860,. was 31,445,080; of which number 26,975,575 were white, and 4,441,766 black,. of various degrees of color —of the blacks, 3,953,760 being returned as slaves. Whthther any or what'proportion of the number are hereafter to be. statistically considered as " slaves," depends upon contingencies, which it would be premature at the present time to discuss. The increase of population since the establishm.ent of the government has been as follows: 1793 --........................ D3, 929, 827, 1800........................... 5,305, 937, increase 35.02 per cent. 1810......... -.............. 7, 239, 814, " 36.45 " 1820................. D 9, 638, 191, 6 33.13 1830. —..-..... —.. —------- 12, 866, 020, " 33.49 " 1840......................... 17, 069, 453, " 32.67 " 1850........................ 23, 191, 876, " 35.87 1860 - ---------- v — 31,445, 080, " 35.59 This rate of progress, especially since 1820, is owing in part to immnigratioi from foreign countries. There arrived in the 10 yearsFrom 1820 to 1830................I........ 244, 490 From 1830 to 1840.- -.-.-..- -... 0.-........- 552, 000 Fromn 1840 to 1850........1...........D.........-..... - 1, 558, 300 From 1850 to 1860............-..... 2, 707,624 Total............................................ 5, 062, 414 Being a yearly average of 126,560 for the forty years, and 270,762 for the last ten yemars. The disturbances in the United States caused by the existing insurrection STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN. 17 and commencing in April, 1861, have temporarily and partially checked this current of immigration, but during the present year it is again increasing. T'he records of the commissioners of emigration of New York show that the arrivals at that port alone have been, forTotal, including all From Ireland. From Germany. other countries. 1861...................... 127, 754....- 27,159..........65,529 1862....................... 32, 217..... 27, 740.......... 76,306 1863, up to Aug. 20, 72 monthsl 64, 465.....18, 724....! about..98, 000 The proportions of the whole numnber of 5,062,414 arriving from foreign countries ini the forty years from 1820 to 1860, were as follows: From Ireland.......-................. 967, 366 From England............ -........... 302, 665 Fromn Scotland................................ 47, 800 From Wales. —--.. —....-......... 7, 935 Fromn Great Britain and Ireland.-............ 1,425, 018 2, 750, 784 From Germany....-...................... 1,546,976 Fiom Sweden............................... 36, 129 Froin Denmark and Norway.................... 5, 540 1, 588,145 From Franc................ 208, 063 Fromn' Italy................................... 11,302 Fromn Switzerland..... - 37, 732 Ftrom Spain............................... 16,245 From British America............... 117, 142 From China (in California almost exclusively)...... 41,443 From all other countries, or unknown............. 291, 558 723, 485 5, 062, 414 It is not ascertainable how many have returned to foreign countries, but they probably do not exceed a million. If the present partial check to immigration should continue, though it is hardly probable, the number of immigrants for the decade ending in 1870 may possibly be reduced from 2,707,624 to 1,500,000. The ascertained average of increase of the whole population in the seven decades from 1790 to 1860, which is very nearly 33- per cent., or one-third for each decade, would carry the present numbers (31,445,080) by the year' 1870 to.....-..-........ -........... -- 41,926,750 JFrom which deduct for the possible diminution of immigrants, as above............... 1,207,624 There would remain.. -........... 40, 719, 126 Mr. Kennedy, the experienced Superintendent of the Census, in the Compend published in 1862, at page 7, estimates the population of 1870 at 42,318,432, and of 1880 at 56,450,241. 2 1S STATISTSTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN. The rate of progress of the population of the United States has much ex. ceeded that of any of the European nations. The experienced statisticians ithe piresent co&gress can readily furnish the figures precisely showing the coinparative rate. The population of France in 1801 was.................2................. 27, 349, 003 1821 was............................................. 30, 461, 3'75 1831 was...............3............ 32, 569, 72z. 1841 was -,-,,.................. —-—... —. _ 34, 230, 178 1851 was........................ 35, 283, 170 1861 wras. -............. —................. —----- 37, 472, 132 Being about 37 per cent. in the sixty years. It does not include Algeria, which has a European population of 192,746.'The population of Prussia has increased since 1816 as follows: 1816................ 10,319, 993 182 2......................... 11, 664, 133 1834................................................. 13,038,970 1840.......-.......-................ —--... 14, 928, 503 1849........................................<. 16,296,483 1858................................................ 17,672,609 1861Si......................... 18', 491, 2-20 Being at the rate of 79 per cent. in forty-five years. The population of England and Wales was, in 1801.......................................... 9, 156, 171 1811.................................. 0,454, 529 1821....................................... 12, 172, 664 1831................................................... 14, 0t1,986 841........................................... 16, 035, 198 1851...................... 18, 054, 170 1861.................................... 20,227,746 Showing an increase of 121 per cent. in the sixty years, against an increase in the United States in sixty years of 593 per cent. iII. The ilatural and inevitable result of this great increase of population, enjoying aIn ample suppl-y of fertile land, is seen in a corresponding advance in the material wealth of the people of the United States. For the purpose of rtale taxation, the values of their real and personal property are yearly assessed by officers appointed by the States. The assessment does inot include large amouLnts of property held by religious, educational, charitable, and other assokiations exempted by law from taxation, nor any public property of any description. In actual practice, the real property is rarely assessed for more than two-thirds of its cash value, while large amounts of personal property, being easily concealed, escape assessment altogether. The assessed value of that portion of property which is thus actually taxed increased as follows: In 1791 (estimated) $750,000,000; 1816 (estimated) $1,800,000,000; 1850 (official valuation) $7,135,780,228; 1860 (official valuation) $16,159,616,068, showing an increase in the last decade alone of $9,023,835,840. A question has been raised, in some quarters, as to the correctness of these valuations of 1850 and 1860, in embracing in the valuation of 1850 $961,000,000, and in the valuation of 1860 $1,936,000,000, as the assessed value of slaves, insisting that black men are persons and not property, and should be regarded, STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERSlIN. i[ like other men, only as producers and consumers. If this view of the subject should -be adnmitted, the valuation of 1850 would be reduced to $6,174,780,000, and that of 1860 to $14,223,618,068, leaving the increas,'e in the decade $8,048,825,84'0. The advance, even if reduced to $8,048,825,840, is sufficieictly large to require the most attentive examination. It is an increase of p-operty over the valuation of 1850 of 130 per cent., while the increase of population in the same decade was but 35.99 per cent. In seekingg for tlbe cause of tins discrepancy, we Ishe1ll reach a fund(amental and all-important fact which will furnishl the key to the past and to the future progress of the United States. It is the power they possess, by means of canals and r-ailways, to practically abolish the distanlce: between the seaboard andcthe widespread and fertile regions of the interior, thereby removing the clog on their agricultural industry, and virtually placinig them side by side with the communities on thei Atlantic. During the decatlde ending in 1860 the sum of $413,541,510 was expended within the iimits~ of the interior central group, known as the "food-exporting States," in constructing 11,212 miles of railway to connect them with the seaboard. The traffice receipts from those roads wereIn 1860..$... -........ -...... -....... - 31, 335, 031 In 1861...-................................... 35,305,509 In 1862............................................... 44, 908, 405 The saving to the communities themselves in the transportation, for which they thus paid $44,908,405, was at least five times that amount, while the increase in the exports from that portion of the Union greatly animated not only the commerce of the Atlantic States, carrying those exports over their railways to the seaboard, but the manufacturing industry of the eastern States tha1at exchange thie fabics of their workshops for the food of the interior. By carefully analyzing the $8,048,825,840 in question, we find that the six manufacturing States of New England received $735,754,244 of the amount; tE-hat the middle, Atlantic, or carrying and commercial States, from New York to 3M[aryland, inclusive, received $1,834,911,579; and that the food-producing interior itself, embracing the eight great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, WTisconsin, Minnesota, lowa, and WMissouri, received $2,810,000,000. This very large accession of wealth to this si ngle group of States is sufficiently important to be stated more in detaio. The group, taken as a wlhole, extends from the w es tern boundaries of New York and Pennsylvania to the 3Missouri river, through fourteen degrees of longitude, and from the Ohio river north to the British dominions, through twelve degrees of latitude. It embraces an area of 441,167 square miles, or 282,134,688 acres, nearly all of which is arable and exceedingly fertile, much of it in prairie and ready at once for the plough. There may be a small portion adjacent to Lake Superior unfit for cultivation, but it is abundantly compensated by its rich deposits of copper and of iron of the best quality. Into this immense natural garden, in a salubriious and desirable portion of the temperate zone, the swgelling stream ofI population, fiom the older Atlantic States and fiom ELuirope, has steadily flowed during the last decade, increasing its previous populatio0 fro-mi 5,403,595 to S,957,690, an accession of 3,554,095 inhabitants gained by the peaceful conquest of Nature, fully equal to the population of Silesia, which cost Frederick the Great the sevenr years' war, and exceeding that of Scotland, the subject of struggle for centuries. Thei rapid influx of population into this group of Statesincreased the quantity of the "nimproved" land, thereby meaning farms more or less ctltivated, within theirt limits, from 26,680,361 acres in 1850 to 51,826,395 acres in 1860, but leaving' a -residue yet to be improved of 230,308,293 acres. The area of 20 STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN. 25,146,054 acres thus taken in ten ears forom the prairie and the forest is equato seven-eighths of the arable area of' Enlglanl, stated by its political economists to be 28,000,000 of acres. The area embraced in the residue will permlit a similar operation to be repeatecd eight times successively, plainly demonstrating the capacity of this group of States to expand their present population of 8,957,690 to at least thirty, if not forty, millio as of inhabitants without inconvenience. The effects of this influx of population in increasing the pecuniary wealth as well as the agricultural products of the States in question are signally malnifest in the census. The assessed value of their real and personal property ascended fiom $1,116,000,000 in 1850 to $3,926,000,000 in 1860, showing a clear increase of' $2,810,000,000. We can best measure this rapid and enormous accession of' wealth by comparing it with an object which all nations value, the colimmercial marine. The commercial tonnage of the United States In 1840 was.......................................2,180,764 tonsIn 1850 was..................................-. 3,535,454' In 1860 was....................5,358,808 " At $50 per ton, which is a full estimate, the whole pecuniary value of the 5,358,808 tons, embracing all our commercial fleets on the oceans ahcd the lakes and the rivers, and numbering nearly thirty thousand vessels, would be but $267,940,000; whereas the increase in the pecuniary value of the States under consideration, in each year of the last decadle, was $281,000,000. Five years' increase -would purchase every commercial vessel in the Christian world. But the census discloses another very important feature, in respect to these interior States, of far higher interest to the statisticians anld especially to the statesmen of Europe, than any which has yet been noticed, in their vast and rapidly increasing capacity to supply food, both vegetable and animal, cheaply and abundantly, to the increasing millions of the Old World. in the last decade their cereal products increased frorn 309,950,295 bushels to 558,160,323 bushels, considerably exceeding the whole cereal product of England, and nearly if not quite equal to that of France. In the same period the swine, who play a very important part in consuming the large slurplus of Indiani corn, increased in number from 8,536,182 to 11,039,352. and the cattle from 4,373,712 to 7,204,810. ~T'hanks to steam and the railway, the herds of cattle who feed on the meadows of the upper Mississippi xare now carried in four days, through eighteen degrees of lotngitude, to the:laugliter-houises on the Atlantic. It is difficult to furnish any visible or adequate measure for a mass of cereals so enormous as 558,000,000 of bushels. About one-fifth of the whole descen ds the chain of lakes, on which 1,300 vessels are constantly employed in the sea-Lson of navigation. About one-sevtnth of the whole ficlds its way to the ocean through the Erie canal, which his already bee}n once (enlarged for the purpose of passing vessels of two hundred tonls, am-d is now undeir survey by the State ofe New York, for a second enlarger:mnt, to pass vessels of five hundred tons. The vessels called "1 canal boats," now navigating the canal, exceed five thousand in number, and if placed in a lile would be more than eighty miles in length. The barrels of wheat and flour alone, carried by the canal to the Hudson river, were In 1842.......................................1,146,292. In 1852...........3,9379,366 In 1862.................7,516,397. A similar enlargement is also proposed for the canal connecting Lake Michigair with the Mississippi river. 55When both the works are completed, a barrel of flour can be carried from St. Louis to New York, nearly lalf across the contcinent, for fifty cents, or a ton fi'om the Iron nmonutain of Missouri for five dollars. STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN. 21 The moderate portion of the cereals that descends the lakes, if placed in barrels of five bushels each, and side by side, would form a line five thousand miles long. The whole crop, if placed in barrels, would encircle the globe. Such is its present magnitude. We leave it to statistical science to discern and truly estimate the future. One result is, at all events, apparent A general famine is now impossible; for America, if necessary, can feed Europe for centuries to come. Let the statesman and philanthropist ponder well the magnitude of the fact, and all its far-reaching consequences, political, social, and moral, in the increased industry, the increased happiness, and the assured peace of the world. IV. The great metalliferous region of the American Union is found between the Missouri river and the Pacific ocean. This grand division of the republic embraces a little more than half of its whole continental breadth. Portland, in Maine, is the meridian 700 west friom Greenwich; Leavenworth, on the Missouri river, in 950; and San Francisco, on the Pacific, in 1230. By these continental landmarks the western or metalliferous section is fbund to embrace 2S~, and the eastern division between the Missouri and the Atlantic, at Portland, 250 of our total territorial breadth of 530 of longitude. It has been the principal work and office of the American people, since the foundation of their government, to carry the machinery of civilization westward fiom the Atlantic to the Missouri. the great confluent of the Mississippi. So far as the means of rapid intercommunication are concerned, the work may be said to be accomplished, for a locomotive engine can now run without interruption from Portland to the Missouri, striking it at St. Joseph, just below the fortieth parallel of latitude. In the twenty years preceding 1860, a network of railways 31,196 miles in length, was constructed, having the terminus of the most western link on the Missouri river. The total cost was 81,151,560,829, of which $850,900,681 was expended in the decade between 1850 and 1860. The American government and people had become aware of the great pecuniary, commercial, and political results of connecting the ocean with the foodproducing interior by adequate steam communications. But the higher and more difficult problem was then presented, of repeating the effort on a scale still more grand and continental; of winning victories still more arduous over Nature; of encountering and subduing the massive mountain ranges interposed by the prolongation of the Cordilleras of our sister continent through the centre of North America, rising, even at their lowest points of depression, far above the highest peaks of the Atlantic States. The government, feeling -the vital, national importance of closely connectihg the States of the Atlantic and of the Mississippi with the Pacific with all practicable despatch, has vigorously exerted its power. On the 1st of July, 1862, nearly fifteen months after the outbreak of the existing insurrection, and notwithstanding the necessity of calling into the field more than half a million of men to enforce the national authority, Congress passed an act for incorporating "The Union Pacific Railway Co1upauly," ancd appropriated $66,000,000 in the bonds of the United States, with large grants of land, to aid the work, directing it to be commenced at the 100th meridian of longitude, but with four branches extending eastward to the Missouri river. The necessary surveys across the mountain ranges are now in active progress, and the construction of the eastern division leadilig westward from the mouth of the Kansas river, on the M3issouri, has actually commenced. The whole of that division, including that part of the line west of the 100th meridian to the foot of the Rocky mountains, is on a nearly level plain, and is singularly easy of construction. Its western end will strike the most prominent point of the auriferous regions in the Territory of Colorado, where the annual product of gold, as stated in the official message of the territorial governior, is friom live to ten millions of dollars. The0! gold is there extracted by crushing machines from the quartz, in which it is found extensively distributed, neieding only the railrway from the Missouri to cheaply 22 STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN. carry the necessary miners with their machinery and supplies. The distance to that point will be about six hundred and fifty miles, which will be passed in twenty-eight hours. When completed, as it easily may-be, within the next three years, it will open the way for such an exodus of miners as the country has not seen since the first discoveries in California, to which the American people rushed with such avidity, many of them circumnavigating Cape Horn to reach the scene of attraction. Aleanwhile, a' corresponding movement has commenced on the Pacific, in vigorously prosecuting the construction of the railway eastward from the coast at or near San Francisco, which will cross the Sierra Nevada at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, on the eastern line of California, in the 120th parallel of longitude, and there descend into the Territory of Nevada at the rich silver mines of Washoe. It is not yet possible to estimate with any accuracy the extent of these deposits of gold and silver, but they are already known to exist at very numerous localities in and between the Rocky mountains and tile Sierra Nevada, not to mention the rich quartz mining regions in California itself, which continue to pour out their volumes of gold to affect, whether for good or ill, the financial condition of the civilized world. During the last six months gold has been obtained in such quantities, from the sands of the Snake river and other confluents of the Columbia river, as to attract more than twenty thousand persons to that remote portion of our metalliferous interior. The products of those streams alone for the present year are estimated at twenty millions of dollars. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, in his official report of the 29th December, 1862, states as follows: "1 The great auriferous region of the United States, in the western portion of the continent, stretches from the 49th degree of north latitude and Puget sound to the 30~ 30' parallel, and from the 102d degree of longitude west of Greenwich to the Pacific ocean, embracing portions of Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, all of New Mtexico, with Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon and Washington Territories. It may be designated as comprising 17 degrees of latitude, or a breadth of eleven hundred miles from north to south, and of nearly equal longitudinal extension, making an area of more than a million square miles. " This vast region is traversed from north to south, first, on the Pacific side, by the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains, the-n by the Blue and Humboldt; on the east, by the double ranges of the Rocky mountains, embracing the WVahsatch and Wind River chain, and the Sierra Madre, stretching longitudinally and in lateral spurs, crossed and linked togetlh-er by intervening ridges, connecting the whole system by five prlincipa:l ra-nges, dividing the country into an equal number of basins, each being nearly surrounded by mountains and watered by mountain streams and snows, thereby interspersing this immense territory with bodies of agricultural lands, equal to the support not only of rliers, but of a dense population." ", These mountains," ble continues, " are literally stocked with minerals; gold and silver being interspersed in profusion over this immense surface, and daily brought to light by new discoveries." " I addition to the deposits of gold and silver, various sections of the whole region are rich in precious stones, marble, gypsum, salt, tin, quicksilver, asphlaltum, coal, iron, copper, lead, mineral and medicinal, thermal, and cold springs and streams." T'Phe yield of the precious metals alone of this region will not fall below one hundred millions of dollars the present year, and it will augment with the increase of population for centuries to come." "Within ten years the annual product of these mines will reach two bundred millions of dollars in the precious metals, and in coal, iron, tin, lead, quicksilver and copper, ha1lf tha-t-sum." He proposes to subject these minerals to a government tax oaf S per cent. and STATISTICAL CONGRESS AT BERLIN. 23 counts upon a revenue from this source of 25 millions per annum, almost immediately, and upon a proportionate increase in the future. He adds, that "with an amount of labor relatively equal to that expended in Califbrnia applied to the gold fields already known to exist outside of that State, the production of this year, including that of California, would exceed four hundred millions." In a word," says he, "the value of these mines is absolutely incalculable." From the documents and other evidences -now before the International Statistical Congress, it must be apparent that the metalliferouis regions of the United States of America are destined, sooner or later, to add materially to the supply of the precious metals and thereby to affect the cnLrency of the word, especially if taken in connexion with the capacity of the auriferous regions of 1ussia, Australia, and British America, and the possibility of increased. activity iin the mines of Mexico. The undersigned would therefore respectfully beg leave to conclude -the present report with the suggestion, that a commission be instituted by the 1body now assembled, with authority to collect such' facts as may be gathered -from authentic sources, in respect to the probable future production of gold. and silver, and to present them for consideration to the 1international Statistical Clongress at the next or some future session. S. B. IBUGGLCS. BERLIN, Septemzber 11, 1863.