THE
LIFE OF JESUS,
ACCORDING TO HIS ORIGINAL BIOGRAPHERS.
WITH NOTES.
BY
EDMUND KIRIKE,
AUTHOR OF "AMONG THE PINES," " PATRIOT BOYS AND
PRISON PICTURES," ETC.
BOSTON:
LEE & SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS.
MDCCCLXVII.




Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 18i66;, by
JAMES R. GILMORE,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Mass.
J. E. IFARWELL & CO.
Stereotypers antu  Plilntoere
Congreas Street.




TO
THE REVEREND GEORGE T. FLANDERS.








LIFE OF JESUS.








PREFACE.
THIS little volume has grown up in the following manner.
Some years since, to acquire a more connected view of the
life of Christ than can be gained by a separate reading of the
four Evangelists, the writer made, for his private perusal,
a monotessaron of the four Gospels, - arranging them so
as to relate the same event only once, but to include all the
teachings, and all the historical circumstances in one narrative.
Subsequent investigation showed him that be had made
some omissions, and many errors in the true order of events;
but still, this imperfect compilation, rudely put together in an
ordinary Scrap-book, was his only Gospel reading for many
years, and from it he obtained so vivid an idea of the daily
life of Him who not only " spoke as never man spoke," but
who lived as never man lived, that he could almost see him
walking the roads, and sitting by the lake-shore of Galilee -
and until one does this, he cannot know the wonderful beauty
of his most wonderful life.
Not long ago this rude compilation was accidentally seen
by a clergyman, whom the writer has the honor to count
among his friends, and he recommended that-the text being stripped of the antiquated phraseology of the authorized
version, and such brief notes being added as are needed to
explain its local and historical allusions - it should be given
I9




20                    PREFACE.
to the public. This, after much hesitation, —for he is not
a teacher, but a learner, - the writer has concluded to do in
this volume.
The order of events which has been followed in the text is,
in the main, that adopted by Dr. Robinson in his most excellent " Harmony of the four Gospels." The notes are mostly
the result of a very wide, but very desultory reading of Biblical authorities; and the source whence particular parts have
been drawn, cannot now, in all cases, be readily ascertained.
The most that they contain, however, will be found in the
Commentaries of Clarke, Whitby, Olshausen, Norton, Tholuck, Campbell, and Rosenmiiller; in Horne's Introduction,
Jahn's Archaeology, Critici Sacra, Calmet's and Smith's Bible
Dictionaries, Dr. Thomson's "Land and the Book," Lynch's
"Expedition to the Dead Sea," Stanley's " Sinai and Palestine," Neander's "Life of Christ," and Prime's " Tent Life
in the Holy Land;" all which works should be read by everyone who would acquire a full knowledge of this most interesting and most important subject.
In the notes no " practical observations," or doctrinal
teachings are included. The one who rightly reads the simple
record of the life and sayings of Jesus needs no exhortation to
a right practice; and, both by his inclination, and by his habits
of thought, the writer is unfitted for the exposition - and
perhaps also for the understanding - of any system of theology. The grandest truths were uttered by Jesus in the simplest words,- words which the way-faring man, though a fool,
can understand, - and he himself said that if any one will
do His will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be
of God, or whether he spoke from himself.




INTRODUCTION.
IN the beginning was the Word, and the Word was
with God, and the Word was God. He was in the
beginning with God. All things were made by him,
and without him nothing was made that was made.
In him was life; and the life was the light of men.
And the light shone in the darkness; and the darkness received it not.
There was a man sent from God, whose name was
John. The same came for a witness, to bear testimony
of the Light, that all through him might believe. He
was not the Light, but was sent to bear testimony of
the Light. The true Light, which shines on every
man, came into the world. He was in the world,
and the world was made by him, and the world knew
him not. He came to his own, and his own received
him not. But as many as received him, to them gave
he the right to become children of God, even to those
that believe on his name: Who are born, not of superior blood, nor by natural generation, nor by the will
of man, but of God. And the Word became flesh,
and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, —
glory as of the only begotten from the Father,) full of
grace and truth.
(21)




22              INTRODUCTION.
John bore testimony of him, and cried, saying,
" This is he of whom I said, He that comes after me,
takes rank before me; because he was before me."
And out of his fulness have all we received, and
grace upon grace. For the law was given by Moses,
but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.
No man has seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has
made him known.
*John i. I-i8.




PART FIRST.
THE  BIRTH  AND  CHILDHOOD  OF JESUS.
TIME - ABOUT THIRTEEN AND A HALF YEARS.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART FIRST.
IN the reign of Herod, King of Judea, there was a
certain priest named Zechariah, of the family of
Abijah;* and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron,
and her name was Elizabeth. They were both
righteous in the sight of God, walking blamelessly in
all the commandments and ordinances of the Jewish
law. And they had no child, because Elizabeth was
barren, and both were well stricken in years. But as
Zechariah executed the priest's office, in the order of
his course, it fell to him, by lot, to offer incense in the
temple at Jerusalem, according to the custom of the
priesthood; and a multitude of people were praying
in the courts without, at the time of incense. And, as
Zechariah entered the holy place, an angel of the Lord
appeared to him, standing on the right of the altar of incense, and Zechariah was troubled at the sight, and fear
fell upon him. But the angel said, "' Fear not, Zechariah, for thy prayer is heard. Thy wife, Elizabeth,
* I Chronicles xxiv. Io.
3             (25)




2.6                LIFE OF JESUS.
shall bear thee a son; and thou shalt call his name
John.  He shall give thee joy and gladness, and many
will rejoice because of his birth.  He will be great in
the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine
nor strong drink, but be filled with the holy spirit from
his mother's womb; and many of the children of
Israel will he turn to the Lord their God. He shall
go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah, turning the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the
disobedient to the wisdom of the just, making ready a
people fit for the Lord."*
In te order of his course. -The priesthood was divided by
David into twenty-four courses. The several courses began
on the Sabbath, and each served for one week. The course
of Abijah was the eighth in order, and its service began in
the fourth month of the Jewish year, answering to our July.
John, therefore, would seem to have been born about the
month of May, and Jesus some six months later; probably in
September or October.
It fell to him by lot to ofer incense. -The various duties of
the priests were divided among them by lot. By the first lot
was designated who should cleanse the outside of the altar; by
the second, who should sacrifice the lamb, sprinkle the blood,
and burn and scatter the incense; and by the third, who
should ascend the high altar, and lay upon it the members of
the victim. Only the High Priest, who belonged to no particular order, was allowed to enter the Holy of Holies, and
Zechariah, therefore, must have been in the Holy Place, or
the Sanctuary, in which incense was burned, and the people
in the court without, probably in " the court of the women."
Nor strong drinh. - The common wine of Palestine is not
intoxicating, and is drunk freely by all classes of people. The
strong drink here referred to, was probably a distillation of
* Malachi iv. 5, 6.




AN ANGEL APPEARS TO ZECHARIAH.            27
And Zechariah said to the angel, "How  shall I
know this?  I am  an old man, and my wife is well
stricken in years."   The angel answered, "I am
Gabriel, who stand in the presence of God, and I am
sent to declare to thee these glad tidings; and because
thou hast not trusted my words, which will be fulfilled
in their season, thou shalt be silent, and not able to
speak, till these things are accomplished."
And the people without waited for Zechariah, and
wondered that he tarried so long in the temple. And
when he came out he could not speak; but they knew
that he had seen a vision; for he made signs to them,
though he remained speechless. And when the time
of his ministration at the temple was ended, he returned to his own house, in the hill-country of Judea.
After this his wife Elizabeth conceived, and kept her
condition secret for five months, saying, " Thus the
Lord has dealt with me, taking away my reproach
among men, at the time of his appointment."
corn, apples, honey, or dates, all of which drinks were in use
among the Jews at this time. The East Indians have a liquor
they call sikkir, which is made by steeping fresh dates in
water till it is sweetened; and this is highly intoxicating.
From this comes our name cider, and this is supposed to be
the strong drink referred to in the text. All fermented liquors
were prohibited to the Nazarites and to the Priests during the
week they officiated in the temple.
Z am  Gabriel. - This name denotes, in Hebrew, "The
might of the strong God." He was the angel who, five
hundred years before, appeared to Daniel, with tidings of the
coming Messiah.
My re2lroach amonzg men. -The Jewish women regarded it
as a peculiar happiness to be the lawful mother of children,
See Isa. iv. i; xliv. 3, 4; Lev. xxvi. 9.




28               LIFE OF JESUS.
And in Elizabeth's sixth month, the angel Gabriel
was sent by God to a town of Galilee, called
Nazareth, to a virgin betrothed to a man named
Joseph, who was of the house of David; and the
virgin's name was Mary. And the angel entering in,
said to Mary, "Hail, thou who art highly favored!
The Lord is with thee. Most blessed art thou among
women!" _And Mary was troubled at the sight of the
angel and at his words, and cast in her mind what the
salutation could mean. But the angel said to her,
"1 Fear not, Mary, for thou hast found favor with God.
And, lo! thou shalt conceive and bear a son, and call
his name Jesus. He shall be great, and the Son of
the Highest; and the Lord God will give to him the
throne of his father David; and he shall reign over
the house of Jacob forever; and of his kingdom there
shall be no end."*  Then Mary said to the angel,
" How can this be, since I know not a man?" And
the angel answered, " The Holy Spirit will come upon
thee, and the power of the Highest will overshadow
thee, so that the holy thing which shall be born of
thee will be the Son of God. And, lo I Elizabeth,
thy kinswoman, she also has conceived a son in her
old age, and this is the sixth month with her who
was called barren. For with God nothing is impossible." And Mary said, "Behold the handmaid of
the Lord. Let it be to me as thou hast said," And
the angel left her.
Then Mary departed in haste, and went into the
hill-country, to a town of Juda, and entering the house
Hill-country.- The mountain region near Jerusalem. Rob* Micah iv. 7.




MARY VISITS ELIZABETH.            29
of Zechariah, saluted Elizabeth. And when Elizabeth
heard her salutation, the babe leaped in her womb;
and being filled with the Holy Spirit she cried out,
with a loud voice, "Most blessed art thou among
women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb! And
whence is this that the mother of my Lord should
come to me?  For, lo! as the voice of thy salutation
sounded in my ears, the babe in my womb leaped for
joy. And blessed is she who believes that what has
been told her by the Lord will be accomplished."
Then Mary said,*
" My soul magnifies the Lord,
And my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour.
For he has regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: and lo! from henceforth all generations shall
call me blessed.
For he that is mighty has done to me great things;
and holy is his name.
And His mercy is on them that fear him, from
generation to generation.
He has made strong his arm; he has scattered the
proud in the imagination of their hearts.
He has cast down the mighty from their thrones, and
exalted those of low degree.
He has filled the hungry with good things, and the
rich he has sent empty away.
inson supposes A7cda to be a softened form of Juta, or Juttah,
a city of the priests in the neighborhood of Carmel. It is
about sixty miles from Nazareth, and still exists under the
same name.
* See Psalm xxxlv, 3. i Sam. ii. 2 - io 2. Sam. vii, 26.
3*




30                LIFE OF JESUS.
He has helped Israel his servant that his mercy may
be remembered.
As he said to our fathers, to Abram, and to his seed,
for ever."
And Mary  abode with  Elizabeth  about three
months, and then returned to her own home.
When Elizabeth's full time came she brought forth
a son; and her neighbors and kindred, having heard
of the great mercy that the Lord had shown her, rejoiced with her; and coming on the eighth day to
circumcise the child, they called him Zechariah, after
the name of his father. But his mother said —
" Not so, he shall be called John."
And they said to her, There is none of thy kindred
called by this name."
And they made signs to his father, how he would
have him called.
And asking for a writing-table, he wrote, "His
name is John." And they all wondered.
And his mouth was opened immediately, and his
tongue loosed, and he spoke, praising God.
And fear came on all that dwelt round about: and
all this was noised abroad through all the hill-country
of Judea.
After tze name. — The first born son was commonly called after his father.
A wzvriing fable.- Before the invention of paper, a small
table, covered with wax, was used for ordinary writing. The
pen was an iron stile with which characters were traced in the
wax. At the present time, children in Barbary are learned to
write on a smooth thin board, smeared over with whiting,
which may be rubbed off, or renewed at pleasure.




THE SONG OF ZECHARIAH.              31
And all that heard laid these things up in their
minds, saying, " What manner of child will this be  "
And the favor of the Lord was on him.
And his father Zechariah being filled with the Holy
Spirit prophesied, saying,
"' Blessed be the Lord the God of Israel; for he has
visited and redeemed his people,
And has raised up a horn of salvation for us, in
the house of his servant David:
As he promised by the mouth of his holy prophets,
who have been since the world began:
That we should be saved from  our enemies, and
from the hand of all that hate us;
To perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and
to remember his holy covenant;
The oath which he swore to our father Abraham,
That he would grant to us, that we, being delivered
from our enemies, might serve him without fear,
In holiness and righteousness before him, all the
days of our life.
And thou, child, shalt be called the Prophet of the
Highest, for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord
to prepare his ways.
To give his people knowledge of salvation by the
remission of their sins.
Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby
the dayspring from on high has visited us,
Horn of salvation. - The horn is the emblem of power;
for in that, lies the strength of an animal. It is probable
that allusion is here made to the horns of the altar. The
altar was a place of refuge and safety, and whoever laid hold
on its horns was regarded as under Divine protection.
The day siriing fronz on higkh, might, perhaps be more
literally rendered, " the dawning of the day from heaven."




32                LIFE OF JESUS.
To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the
shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of
peace."
And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit,
and was in the deserts till the time of his showing to
Israel.*
The birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: After
his mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, before they
came together, she was found to be with child by the
Holy Spirit. Then Joseph to whom she was betrothed
being a good man, and not willing to make her a public
example, purposed to put her away privately. But
while he had this in mind, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, and said, "Joseph, thou son
of David, fear not to take Mary as thy wife: for that
which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.  And
she will bear a son, and thou shalt call his name JEsus:
for he will save his people from their sins."
All this was done, to fulfil what had been spoken
of the Lord by the prophet, saying, " Lo, a virgin will
conceive and bring forth a son, and they will call his
name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God
with us." Then Joseph awaking from sleep, did as the
angel of the Lord had bidden, and took home his wife:
By, was in t{he deserts, nothing more is probably meant
than that John lived a secluded life among his kindred, in the
mountain region near Jerusalem, until the beginning of his
public ministry.
A pzcblic exanmjle. -The punishment to which Mary was
liable was death by stoning. See Lev. xx. io; Eze. xvi. 38.
40; John viii. 5.
* Luke i. I-8o.




THE BIRTH OF JESUS.                 33
and knew  her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JEsus.*
Now in those days there went forth a decree from
Cesar Augustus, that a census should be taken of all
the world.  (And this census, was first made when
Cyrenius was governor of Syria.)  And all went to be
enrolled, every one to his own town. And Joseph
also went up from  Galilee, from  the town of Nazareth, to Judea, to the city of David, called Bethlehem, —because he was of the house and lineage of
David, - to be enrolled with Mary, his betrothed wife,
she being great with child. And while they were there,
her full time came to be delivered; and she brought
forth her first-born son, and wrapping him in swathing-bands, laid him in a stable; because there was
no room for them in the inn.
A decree from  Cesar Azcgusz/zs. -In the year B. C. 63.,
Pompey made Judea tributary to the Roman Empire, and
though Herod was styled King, he was altogether dependent on the Emperor.
Betkilehem - Is one of the oldest towns of Palestine, and
has still a population of about 3o00. The town is about six
miles south of Jerusalem, and is built on a long ridge of pure
limestone, with a deep valley at the North, and another at the
South. Its houses have a substantial appearance, and over
the cave where tradition locates the birth of Jesus, is a church
and convent, in whose vaults lamps are kept continually
burning. Here Jerome is said to have lived thirty years, and
to have made the Vulgate translation of the Bible. The adjacent country is of great fertility, and celebrated for the
variety and richness of its productions.
lt a stable. - The word in the original means the place
* Matt. I. I8-25.




34                   LIFE OF JESUS.
And in the same country certain shepherds were
watching their flocks in the fields by night. And lo,
an angel of the Lord appeared to them, and a bright
light shone round them; and they were greatly afraid.
But the angel said to them, " Fear not: for behold, I
bring you tidings of great joy, which shall be to
all people; for to-day a Saviour is born, in the city
of David, who is Christ the Lord. And this will be a
sign to you; you shall find the babe wrapped in swathing-bands, lying in a stable." And suddenly there
was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host
praising God, and saying, " Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men."
And when the angels had gone away from them
to heaven, the shepherds said one to another, " Let
us go now to Bethlehem, and see this that has come to
pass, which the Lord has made known to us." And
they went with haste, and found Mary and Joseph,
and the babe lying in the stable. And when they had
where cattle or camels were lodged. Justin Martyr, in the
second century, spoke of Christ's birth as having taken place
"' in a certain cave very close to the village;" and though there
is nothing to sustain the supposition that the cave now covered
by the Church of the Nativity is the true locality, there is no
improbability in the idea that this stable was in a cave, for at
the present day, caves in the East are sometimes used as
stables.
In tSefields by nigt. - It was customary with the Jews to
send their flocks into the mountains during the summer, and
to take them up when the cold weather began, - late in October or early in November. They were guarded by shepherds,
and the fact that these men were then "' abiding in the fields,"
shows that the birth of Jesus was prior to the month of December.




THE BIRTH AND YOUTH OF JESUS.          35
seen it, they made known abroad what had been told
them  concerning the child.  And  all who  heard
wondered at what was told them by. the shepherds.
But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in
her heart. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and
praising God for all they had heard and seen, as had
been told them.
And when eight days had come for the circumcising
of the child, he was called JEsUS, the name given him
by the angel, before he was conceived in the womb.
And when the time for their purification according to
the law of Moses, had come, they brought him to Je
rusalem, to present him to the Lord: (as it is written
in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the
womb shall be called holy to the Lord;) and to offer
a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law
of the Lord, a pair of turtle-doves, or two young
pigeons.
And lo! there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name
was Simeon; he was just and devout, waiting for
the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Spirit was
upon him. And it had been revealed to him by the Holy
Spirit, that he should not see death, before he had seen
the Lord's Christ. And led by the Spirit he came
into the temple; and when the parents of the child
Jesus brought him in to do for him after the custom of
Their pbirzifcatiozn.  For forty days after the birth of a
male child, the Jewish mother was considered impure, and not
allowed to enter the temple, or to engage in public religious
exercises.
A jpair of turtle-doves. — This was the offering of the poor;
from those who were able, a lamrb was required for a burntoffering, and a dove for a sin-offering.




36                 LIFE OF JESUS.
the law, he took him  in his arms, and blessed God,~
saying, " Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart
in peace, according to thy word: for mine eyes have
seen thy salvation, which thou hast prepared to set
before all nations,- a light to enlighten the Gentiles,
and to be the glory of thy people Israel."  And Joseph
and his mother were filled with wonder at these things
being spoken of him.
And Simeon blessed them, and said to Mary his
mother, "6 Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising
again of many in Israel; and for a sign which shall
be spoken against; (yea, a sword shall pierce thine
own soul also;) that the thoughts of many hearts may
be revealed."
And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter
of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher: of a great age,
who had lived with a husband seven years from her
virginity. And she was a widow of about fourscore
and four years; who never left the temple, but served
God with fastings and prayers night and day. She
also coming in that instant, gave thanks to the Lord,
and spoke of him to all that looked for redemption
in Jerusalem.*
Ancd after this 7osepSh and Mary returned with the
childto Bet hlehzem, andlo! wise men from the east came
to Jerusalem, saying,' Where is he that is born king
Wise men from the East. - The Septuagent translation of
the Scriptures, which was made at Alexandria, ]B. C., about
280, had spread among the eastern nations a general expectation that a remarkable personage was to appear about this
time, in Judea. This expectation is spoken of, by Suetonius
* Luke ii. 1-38.




THE BIRTH AND YOUTH OF JESUS.             37
of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and
have come to worship him."  When Herod the king
heard of this, he was greatly moved, and all
Jerusalem with him. And gathering all the chief
priests and doctors of the law together, he inquired
of them  where Christ was to be born.  And they
answered him, " In Bethlehem  of Judea: for thus it
is written by the prophet.'And thou Bethlehem, in
the land of Judah art not the least among the princes
of Judah, for out of thee shall come a Governor, who
shall rule my people Israel.' "
Then Herod having privately called the wise men,
inquired of them  what time the star appeared, and
and Tacitus, Roman historians, and also by the Jews, Philo
and Josephus. These wise men were Eastern priests, devoted
to the study of religion, philosophy, and astronomy; and it is
natural to suppose that they were acquainted with the Jewish
prediction. It is not necessary to believe that the celestial appearance which they saw, was a star; for it is said that " it
went before them, and stood over where the young child was."
It was probably a "great light," such as that which shone
about the shepherds, and is called in the common version
the " glory of the Lord."
Tien Herod. - This Herod was of Idumean descent, and the
second son of Antipater- made procurator of Judea, B. C.,
47. When but fifteen years old he received the government
of Galilee, and when Antony came to Syria, six years later,
was, with his older brother, appointed tetrarch of Judea.
Forced to abandon Judea the next year by the invasion of the
Parthians, he fled to Rome, where he was well received by
Antony and Octavian, and was made by the Roman Senate,
King of the Jews. In the year B. C., 37, with the aid of the
Romans, he took Jerusalem, and established his authority
throughout his dominions. His reign was not disturbed by
external troubles; but his domestic life, and internal admin4




38                  LIFE OF JESUS.
sent them  to Bethlehem, saying, " Go, search diligently for the young child, and when you have found
him, bring me word, that I also may come and do him
homage."   Having heard the King, they departed,
and, lo, the star which they had seen in the east, went
before them  till it stood over where the young child
was. When they saw the star, they rejoiced with great
joy; and coming into the house, found the young
child with Mary his mother, and falling down before
him they paid him homage; and opening their treasures,
presented  him  gifts, — gold, and frankincense, and
myrrh.  And being divinely warned in a dream  not
to return to Herod, they went back totheir own country
another way.
And when they had gone, lo! the angel of the Lord
appeared to Joseph in a dream, and said, "Arise,
take the young child and his mother, and flee to
Egypt, and remain there until I bring thee word: for
istration, were stained with the foulest crimes. He put to death,
with many others, his wife, Mariamne, her grandfather, her
mother, and two of his own sons, one of whom he caused to be
executed only five days before he died. He practised unheard-of
barbarities on his subjects, and the monstrous acts of cruelty
which are recorded of him show that he was fully capable of
the slaughter of the children at Bethlehem. While on his
death-bed, he ordered all the nobles of Judea to be assembled
at Jericho, and confining them in the circus, gave direction
for their execution, saying that every Jewish family, though
unwillingly, should mourn at his death. He died of a most
painful and loathsome disease at Jericho, between two and
four years, as is supposed, after the birth of Christ. Then
the sceptre "departed from Judah," and it was ruled by
tetrarchs, without the power, or royal magnificence of Herod.




THE BIRTH AND YOUTH OF JESUS.        39
Herod will seek the young child to destroy him." And
he arose, took the young child and his mother, and
went by night to Egypt; and was there until the
death of Herod: to fulfil what was spoken by the Lord
through the prophet, " Out of Egypt have I called
my son."
Then Herod, seeing that he was mocked of the
wise men, was greatly enraged, and sent and destroyed
all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all its
borders,who were two years old and under, according
to the time which he had ascertained from the wise
men. Thus was fulfilled what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet, "In Ramah a voice was heard,
lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning.
Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be
comforted because they were not." But after the
death of Herod, lo! an angel of the Lord appeared
in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, and said, "Arise,
and take the child and his mother, and go to
the land of Israel; for they are dead who sought the
young child's life."  And he arose, and took the
child and his mother; and came to the land of Israel.
But having heard that Archelaus was ruling in
Judea in the place of his father Herod, he was afraid
to go there: and being divinely warned in a dream, he
turned aside and went to Galilee; and dwelt in a town
called Nazareth; to fulfil what was spoken by the
prophets. "He will be called a Nazarene."' And
the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, being
full of wisdom; and the grace of God was upon
him.
Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the
* Matt a2.  -23.




40                 LIFE OF JESUS.
feast of the passover.  And when Jesus was twelve
years old, they went up according to the custom of the
feast, and remained till it was over. And as they returned, the childJesus stayed behind in Jerusalem. And
Joseph and his mother knew it not; but supposing that
he was in the company, they went on, a day's journey,
and sought him among their relatives and acquaintance.
But not finding him, they turned back to Jerusalem,
seeking him.  And on the third day they found him in
the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, and asking them questions. And all who
Feast of the Passover. -This was the first of the three
great annual feasts of the Jews. It continued eight days, and
took place at the full of the moon which occurred at the vernal
equinox. It was instituted to commemorate the passing over
of the houses of the Israelites, when the first-born of the
Egyptians were destroyed: and at it the first-fruits of the
barley harvest were offered. The Pentecost, occurred seven
weeks, or fifty days later, and commemorated the giving of
the Law. At this feast, thefirst-fruits of the wheat harvest
were offered. The Tabernacles, occurred near the end of September, or beginning of October, when the produce of the
fields and vineyards had been gathered. It commemorated
the sojourn of the Israelites, in tents or tabernacles, in the
desert, and was observed as a thanksgiving for the blessings
of the year. Every adult Jew, dwelling in Judea, was obliged
to attend at each of these feasts, and the numbers at such
times assembled at Jerusalem, often exceeded two millions.
The people on their way to and from the festivals, travelled
in caravans, whole families often going together, and it was
no doubt, among one of these caravans, that Mary and her
husband sought the boy Jesus, sorrowing.
The Doctors, - elsewhere called Scribes, were the authorized expounders of the sacred books of the Jews. Though
the Law made it the duty of parents to teach their children its




THE BIRTH AND YOUTH OF JESUS.              41
heard him  were astonished at his understanding and
his answers.  And when his parents saw  him, they
were amazed; and his  mother said:  " Son, why
hast thou thus dealt with us? thy father and I have
sought thee sorrowing."  And he said to them, " How
is it that you have sought me? know you not that I must
be about my father's business?"  But they understood
not what he said to them.  And he went down
precepts and principles, the education of the common people
consisted of little more than the learning of texts written on
phylacteries, the committing to memory of endless genealogies,
and such scanty teaching as was given in the synagogues.
Of the Scribes, however, a certain sort of erudition was required. At five years of age the child destined for this office
was learned to read, at ten, he began the study of the Mishna,
and at thirteen was expected to enter the school of some
Rabbi at Jerusalem. If poor, he was supported at this school
by the synagogue of his town or village. The education was
chiefly catechetical, the pupil asking questions and the teacher
examining the scholar; and the class-room was a chamber
in the Temple, or the Private school of the Rabbi. In teaching, the Rabbi occupied a high chair, and the pupils sat about
him, on lower benches, - the younger on the ground, and
literally " at his feet." Physical science formed a part of the
course of instruction; but much more attention was given to
the Scriptures, and to the written " traditions of the elders."
At the age of thirty, the pupil was solemnly inducted into
the "chair of the Scribes," by the imposition of hands,
and then was given tablets on which to note down the
sayings, of the wise, and, the "key of knowledge," (Luke
xi. 52.) with which he was to open and shut the treasures of
Divine wisdom. The Scribe might rise to the high places,
become an arbitrator of family disputes (Luke xii. i4), the
head of a school, a member of the Sanhedrim; or he might
sink into an humble transcriber of the Scriptures, or into a
4*




42,IFE OF JFSUS.
with them  to Nazareth, and was subject to their
direction; but his mother kept all these things in her
still humbler notary, writing out contracts of sale, or espousals,
and bills of repudiation. The more distinguished of the
order occupied the highest social position, and in the time of
Christ, their passion for distinction was insatiable.  Combining within themselves nearly all the energy and thought
of Judaism, the close hereditary caste of the priesthood was
powerless to compete with them; and, unless a priest became
also a Scribe, he remained in obscurity. Under these influences the character of the order was marked by a deep and
incurable hypocrisy, which merited the scathinginvectives of
Jesfis. See Smith. Bible Dictionary, and Adam Clark, zn loco.
Iz the z'idst of khe Doctors. - When teaching in public the
Scribes sat on benches of a semi-circular form, raised above
their auditors and disciples, so thatJesus was no doubt literally
seated I" in their midst."
Nazareth - " was a little town, situated in a fold of land
broadly open at the summit of the group of mountains which
closes on the north the plain of Esdraelon. The population
is now from three to four thousand, and it cannot have varied
very much. It is quite cold in winter, and the climate is very
healthy. Like all the Jewish villages of the time, the town
was a mass of dwellings built without pretension to style, and
must have presented that poor and uninteresting appearance
which is offered by villages in Semitic countries. The houses
from all that appears, did not differ much from  those cubes
of btone, without exterior or interior elegance, which now
cover the richest portion of the Lebanon, and which in the
midst of vines and fig-trees, are nevertheless very pleasant.
The envirous, moreover, are charming, and no place in the
world was so well adapted to dreams of absolute happiness.
Antoninus Martyr, at the end of the sixth century, draws an
enchanting picture of the fertility of the environs, which he
compares to paradise. Some valleys on the western side fully
justify his description. The fountain about which the life and
gayety of the little town formerly centered, has been destroyed; its broken channels now give but a turbid water.




THE BIRTHI AND YOUTH OF JESUS.            4'3
heart.  And Jesus increased in wisdom  and stature,
and in favor with God and man.
With the exception of something sordid and repulsive which
Ismalism carries with it everywhere, it did not, in the time of
Jesus, differ much from what it is to-day. We see the streets
in which he played when a child, in the stony paths, or
the little squares which separate the dwellings. The house
of Joseph, without doubt, closely resembled those poor shops,
lighted by the door, serving at once for the work-bench, as
kitchen and as bedroom, having for furniture a mat, some cushions on the ground, one or two earthern vessels and a painted
chest.
The horizon of the town is limited, but if we ascend a little
to the plateau swept by a perpetual breeze, which commands
the highest houses, the prospect is splendid. To the west are
unfolded the beautiful lines of Carmel, terminating in an
abrupt point which seems to plunge into the sea. Then
stretch away the double summit which looks down upon
Megiddo, the mountains of Gilboa, the picturesque little group
with which are associated the graceful and terrible memories
of Solam and of Endor, and Thabor with its finely-rounded
form, which antiquity compared to a breast.  Through a
depression between the mountains of Solam and Thabor, are
seen the valley of the Jordan and the high plains of Percea
which form a continuous line in the east. To the north, the
mountains of Safed, sloping towards the sea, hide St Jean d'
Acre, but disclose the gulph of Khaifa. Such was the horizon
of Jesus. This enchanted circle, the cradle of the kingdom
of God, represented the world to him for years. His life, even,
went little beyond the limits familiar to his childhood; for,
beyond, to the north, you almost see upon the slope of Hermon, Cesarea Philippi, his most advanced point into the
Gentile world; and to the south, you feel behind these already
less cheerful mountains of Samaria, sad Judea, withered as by
a burning blast of destruction and of death." - RENAN.
Subject to their direction. - The early years of Jesus are
* Luke 2. 40-52.




44                  LIFE OF JESUS.
veiled in obscurity. It is known that his parents were poor,
(Luke ii. 24) that his reputed father was an artisan, that he,
himself, wrought at his father's trade, (Mark vi. 3.) and that
he was not trained in any of the schools of the Jewish nation;
(John vii. I5., Matt xiii. 54,) but beyond this, all is conjecture.
He probably understood no other language than the Syro-Chaldaic and the ancient Hebrew; and had no other learning than
the Old Testament, and the Pharisaic traditions. To attempt
to trace the secret of his power to the influence of his time,
or the culture of the schools of his nation, as has been done,
is worse than useless, for he rises above all times and all
schools, and in his world-creative and world-transforming
power stands alone in history. Like the New Jerusalem
which he founded, " he descended fi-om God out of heaven.




PART SECOND.
INTRODUCTION TO CHRIST'S PUBLIC
MINISTRY.
TIME —-ABOUT ONE YEAR.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART SECOND.
IN the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Cesar,
Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod
Antipas tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip
tetrarch of Iturea and the country of Trachonitis, and
Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, while Annas and
Caiaphas were high priests, the word of God came
to John, the son of Zechariah in the Desert; and he
went through all the country about the Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of
sins; and saying,' Repent, for the kingdom of heaven
Desert. —This was a rough, mountainous, and sparsely
settled region, lying along the western margin of the Dead
Sea and the river Jordan. It contained some villages, and
also many scattered inhabitants; but a considerable portion of
it would properly be called a wilderness. (I Sam. xxv. I. 2.)
Josephus relates that about this time many devout men
among the Jews, disgusted with the wickedness of the age,
retired to desert places, and there, becoming teachers of a
purer morality, gathered disciples about them: he, however,
mentions none by name but the Baptist.
The Pthrase, kingdomnz of heaven, -might be as literally
rendered, "The reign of God."
(47)




48                 LIFE OF JESUS.
is at hand:" This was in fulfilment of what had been
written by Isaiah the prophet, " The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord,
make his paths straight. Every valley must be filled,
and every mountain and hill be levelled down; the
crooked ways be made straight, and the rough places
smooth; that all men may see the salvation from
God."
And John wore raiment of camel's hair, and had a
leathern girdle about his loins;  and his food was
locusts and wild honey.  And vast multitudes from
Prepare ye the way of tke Lord. - It was the custom of
Eastern monarchs, when setting out on an expedition, or undertaking a journey through a desert country, to send messengers before them, to open the passes, level the ways, and
prepare all things for their passage. The roads in Palestine
are -wretched at their best estate; but the custom of the
farmers to gather up the stones from the fields and cast them
into the highways, renders them dangerous, and, at times,
almost impassable. Dr. Thomson relates that when Ibrahim
Pasha some years ago, proposed to visit the Lebanon, the
emeers and sheikhs sent forth a general proclamation, somewhat in the style of this passage, directing all the inhabitants
to assemble along the proposed route, and prepare the way
before him. The same was done in I845, on a grander scale,
when the Sultan visited Brusa.  The stones were gathered
out of the roads, " the crooked ways were made straight, and
the rough places smooth."
Camzel's hair. -A coarse, cheap cloth is still made in the
East, from the long, shaggy hair of the camel, and is extensively worn by the poorer classes. It was the common dress
of the Jewish prophets.
Locustis and wild honey. - Burckhardt says, " All the Bedawins of Arabia are accustomed to eat locusts. At Medina and
Tayf are locust shops where these animals are sold by meas



TItHE MTINISTRY OF JOHN.             4 9
Jerusalem, andJudea, and from all the region round
about,went out to him and were baptized in the Jordan,
confessing their sins.
But when he saw that many of the Pharisees
and Sadducees had come to his baptism, he said to
ure. In Egypt and Nubia they are eaten by only the poorest
beggars." "The Arabs in preparing them as food, throw
them alive into boiling water with which a good deal of salt
is mixed. After a few minutes they are taken out, and dried
in the sun; the head, feet and wings are torn off, and the
bodies are cleansed from salt, and perfectly dried." Locusts
are not now eaten in Syria, except by the lowest of the Bedawins, and are generally regarded with disgust and loathing.
When eaten, they are sometimes fried in butter, and mixed
with wild honey, and this honey is still plentifully gathered
from the trees and rocks of the desert in which the Baptist
sojourned.
BaOptized. - Baptism was in use among the Jews before the
time of John, as the rite of initiation to Gentile proselytes.
It was regarded as a typical washing away of the defilements
of heathenism.
Pharisees and Sadducees. - The Pharisees were the most
numerous and influential sect among the Jews. They are
supposed to have originated about three centuries before
Christ, when the national institutions of Judea were threatened with destruction from the influx of Greek manners and
opinions; and their object was to keep the Jews a separate
people. Hence their name, which denotes separaled. Their
intense patriotism made them at once popular, and they soon
acquired a controlling influence in the nation. They formed a
sort of society, whose members were held to a strict observance
of certain rules; and they looked with contempt on the
middle and lower classes who did not belong to their order.
These rules were mainly drawn from the numberless "traditions of the elders," which had accumulated about the law of
Moses, and some of them were of the most trivial and ridicu5




50                  LIFE OF JESUS.
them, "0  brood of vipers, who has warned you to
flee from the wrath to come?  Bring forth fruits worthy of repentance; and say not to yourselves,'ITe
have Abraham for our father,' for I tell you that God
is able of these stones to raise up children to Abraham.
Now the axe is laid to the root of the trees: and every
lous character; but they were regarded as of vital importance,
and their violation was attended with the most severe religious penalties. An egg, laid on a festival day, they held, could
not be eaten, and an animal slaughtered by a heathen, was as
unfit for food as one which had died of disease. They were
proud, formal, and self-righteous; but not generally wealthy
or given to luxury. Their besetting sin appears to have been
hypocrisy, and their affectation of extreme sanctity, no doubt,
gave them their great influence among the Jewish people,
whose religion had educated them in formalism. According
to Josephus, they believed in the immortality of the soul, and
the resurrection of the body at the last day. They held, too,
that the soul of a good man, might pass (transmigrate) into
another body; but that the soul of the bad underwent eternal
torment; and that some, but not all, things are the work of
fate: that angels, good and bad, interfere in human affairs,
and that they were justified by their own observance of the
law, and by the merits of Abraham, who, by his obedience
had secured the peculiar favor of God to his descendants.
The Sadducees, are supposed to have originated with Zadok,
a Jewish doctor, who lived about two hundred and fifty years
before Christ, and their leading tenet seems to have been the
denial of all that the Pharisees affirmed; they, however, accepted the five books of Moses. They were few in number;
but powerful from their wealth and social position.
The axe is laid to lhe root of the trees. - The fellaheen of
Palestine at the present day, in felling trees, clears away the
earth, and lays the axe at the very roots; and he values only
such trees as bear fruit. All others he cuts down as cumberers
of the- ground.




THE MINISTRY OI' JOHN.               51
tree which brings not forth good fruit will be cut down,
and cast into the fire."  And they said to him, "' What
then must we do?"  1-e answered, " Let him  that
has two tunics, give to him that has none; and let him
that has food, do likewise.  Even tax-gatherers came
to him  to  be baptized, and they said, "Master,
Tax-gatherers. - As early as the second Punic War, the
Roman senate found it convenient to farm the direct taxes
and customs of the empire to capitalists, who undertook to
pay a given sum into the treasury, and so received the name
of _pzblicani. These capitalists generally resided in Rome,
and had subordinates living in the provinces, who had under
them customs officers employed in the actual collection
of the taxes from the people. These latter were generally,
natives of the districts in which they lived. The capitalists
were an influential class, and demanded severe laws for the
enforcement of levies, and put every such law in execution.
Their agents were encouraged in the most fraudulent and
vexatious exactions, and a remedy was next to impossible.
The underlings of these agents also overcharged systematically (Luke iii. I3), brought false charges of smuggling in
hopes of obtaining hush-money (Luke xix. 8), and resorted
to every possible mode of extortion. All this brought them
into universal disfavor, and in Judea and Galilee, there were
peculiar circumstances of exaggeration. The Jews bore the
Roman yoke with great impatience, and were told by many
of the Scribes, that the paying of tribute was unlawful, (Matt.
xxii. I7.) The native tax-gatherer was therefore held in great
detestation. He was not only an extortioner, but a traitor
and apostate, defiled by intercourse with the heathen, and the
willing tool of the Roman oppressor, and so was cast out of
society, and classed with sinners,-thieves, adulterers, and other
abandoned characters. He is said by some, to have been forbidden to enter the temple, or any synagogue, and not to have
been allowed to engage in public prayer, to hold judicial
office, or to give evidence in courts of Justice. In Persia, at




52                 LIFE OF JESUS.
what must we do?"  And he said to them, "Exact
no more than is appointed you." And the soldiers
also demanded, "~ What must we  do?"  He said
to them, "Do violence to no one, nor accuse any
falsely; and be content with  your wages."  And
while the people were in expectation, and all were
questioning whether John were the Christ, or not; he
said to them, "; I indeed am baptizing with water; but
One comes after me who is mightier than I, his sandals
I am not worthy to bear: he will baptize you with
the Holy Spirit and with fire; for his fan is in his
hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his floor, and
the present day, the same system of farming taxes is practised,
and under it the same abuses exist.
Soldiers. — Herod Antipas was at this time at war with
Aretas, King of Arabia Petraea, and these may have been
Jewish soldiers; but as Judea was garrisoned by the Roman
legions, they were more likely Romans. The wages of this
class were about three cents a day, with a meagre ration, in
addition.
His sandals I amn not worthy to bear. - Allusion is here
made to the custom for servants to remove their master's
sandals, on his entering his dwelling. The same custom still
exists among the Mohammedans.
His Fan. — Threshing, among the Jews, was done in an
open space, without walls or covering, trodden down as hard
as a floor, and usually on elevated ground to take advantage
of the wind in winnowing. The grain was trodden out, by
oxen, or beaten with flails; and was then separated from the
chaff by a fan -- a fork with several prongs, - which was held
in the hand, and used to throw up the mingled heap against
the wind, when the chaff, being lighter than the wheat was
blown away. The chaff, owing to the scarcity of wood, was
afterwards gathered, and burned in ovens as fuel.




THE BAPTISM OF JESUS.             53
gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will
burn up with unquenchable fire."*
Thus, with many other exhortations, he published
the glad-tidings to the people.
Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan to be
baptized by John. But John refused him, saying, " I
have need to be baptized by you, and come you to
me?"  But Jesus answered, "Peimnit it to be so now:
for thus must we do to- fulfil all righteousness."
Then John baptized him. And as Jesus came up out
of the water, lo! while he was praying, the heavens
were opened, and John saw the Spirit of God descending in a bodily shape, like a dove, and lighting
on him: and lo! a voice fiom heaven said: " This is
my beloved Son in whom I am well pleased."  And
Jesus at this time was about this time was about thirty years of age.t
Then Jesus being full of the Holy Spirit, was led
into the Desert to be tempted by the devil. And being
there forty days and forty nights with the wild beasts,
and eating nothing, he afterwards hungered.  Then
the tempter came to him and said,' If thou art the
Son of God, command these stones to become bread."
But Jesus answered, it is written, "Man shall not
live by bread alone, but by every word that comes
from the mouth of God."  Then the devil took him to
The heavens -were ojpened. - Stephen speaks of a similar
appearance in Acts vii. 56. Livy, in speaking of a supposed
like phenomenon, says (Lib. xxii. c. I.) "the heaven appeared
to be rent with a wide chasm, and where it was opened, a
great light appeared."
* Matt 3: I-I2. Mark I: 2-8. Luke 3: I-I8,
t Matt. iii. I3-I7. Mark i. 9-II. Luke iii. 20-23.
5*




54                 LIFE OF JESUS.
the holy city, and set him on a pinnacle of the temple,
and said to him, "If thou art the Son of God, cast
thyself down: for it is written,' He will give his
angels charge over thee, and in their hands they will
bear thee up, lest thou dash thy foot against a stone."
Jesus said to him, " It is also written,' Thou shalt not
make trial of the Lord thy God."'" Again the devil
took him  up to a very high mountain, and showing
him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory, in
a moment of time; said to him, "All this will I give
thee - for it is committed to me, and to whom I will
I give it, - if thou wilt fall down and worship me."
Then Jesus answered him, " Get thee hence, Satan:
for it is written,' Thou shalt worship the Lord thy
God, and him only shalt thou serve."' Then the devil
The Tem taz/ion. - Commentators have vexed themselves
to determine the precise part of the temple referred to as the
f5iznacle, and to locate the " exceeding high mountain," from
which Jesus was shown " all the kingdoms of the world, and
the glory of them;" but all such inquiries would seem to be
unnecessary. It cannot be supposed that Jesus was transferred by the Evil One to Jerusalem, and from no mountain
in Judea could he have seen a tenth part of the then Roman
Empire. The account therefore, cannot be taken literally;
but must be understood as a symbolic representation of
Christ's mental experience in the Desert. Viewed in this
light, it is not only divested of all improbability; but presents internal evidence of being historically true.  What
more suitable than this silent, solitary preparation for the
great work before him - a work no less than the re-creation of
a world? and what more natural than his trial by the powers of
Evil - powers which every man, even if he deny a personal
devil, knows must exert an active and powerful influence in all
human affairs.




THE TEMPTATION.                   55
having ended every temptation, left him  for a time,
and lo! angels came and ministered to him.*
Now this is the testilony of John.  When the Jews
sent priests and Levites fiom Jerusalem, to ask himn;
" Who are you?" he spoke openly, not refusing to
answer, saying, "I am  not the Christ."  And they
asked him;  Are you, Elijah?" And he said; " I am
not."  " Are you that prophet? "  And he answered;
" PNo."  Then said they to him;  \V Who  then  are
you? that we  may  give an answer to those who
The Yews - here referred to, were probably the Sanhe&
drim, or great council of the nation, a body composed of
seventy-two judges, drawn from the chief priests, the scribes,
and elders of the people, and presided over by the ruling
high priest. The tribunal was instituted about two hundred
years before Christ, and till the time when Judea was subjected
to the Romans, held -the power of life and death. It still had
cognizance of all important affairs, and retained the power of
trial and sentence in capital cases, but not the right of execution.
That was reserved to the Roman governor. John had become
widely known. This is evident from the multitudes that
flocked to his baptism, and from the presence at Bethany of
obscure fishermen from the distant province of Galilee. His
wide-spread reputation, is  also spoken of by Josephus.
Hence, in view of the excitement he was creating, it was natural that the Sanhedrim should desire to know his true character.
I amn not the Christ. -DanieI, five hundred years before,
had so definitely fixed the date of Christ's advent, that the
learned men among the Jews were then in daily expectation of
his appearance. It was supposed that Elijah, risen from the
dead, would precede him, and, by many, that the prophet
spoken of by Moses, in Deut. xviii. 15. would also attend his
coming.
* Matt. iv. I-II. Mark I. 12, I3. Luke iv. I-13.




56                 LIFE OF JESUS.
sent us. What say you of yourself?"  He said; " I
am  a voice crying in the desert, prepare ye the way
of the Lord," as said the prophet Isaiah. And those
who were sent, were Pharisees; and they asked him;
"  Why then, do you baptize? if you are not the Christ,
nor Elijah, nor that prophet?"  John answered them,
" I baptize with water; but there is one among you,
whom  you know  not, he who is coming after me,whose sandals I am not worthy to unloose."
This took place at Bethany beyond the Jordan, where
John was baptizing.
The next d(lay John saw Jesus coming to him, and
said, " Behold the Lamb of God, who will take away
the sins of the world.  This is he, of whom I said;
After me comes a man who takes rank before me;
for he was before me. And I kInew  him  not; but I
come baptizing with water that he might be made
manifest to Israel."
And John bore this testimony: "' I have seen the Spirit
descending from  heaven like a dove, and resting on
him. And I knew him not; but he who sent me to
Why doyozt baptize?-Baptism was then practised only upon
heathen proselytes; John baptized both Jews and Gentiles:
hence the question.
Behfaty - is the name given to this place in all the oldest
MSS. It was located on the Jordan, about twelve miles north
of Jericho, and was probably, as the etymology of the word
denotes, a small hamlet near a ferry.
I knew him nzot. -John had lived a secluded life in the
desert; therefore, while he cannot be supposed to have been
ignorant of the circumstances attending his own, and Christ's
birth, it is evident that he would not naturally be personally
acquainted with Jesus, who had been pursuing an humble
calling in an obscure town of Galilee.




THE TESTIMONY OF JOHN.                57
baptize with water, said to me,' He, on whom  thou
shalt see the Spirit descending and resting, is he who
will baptize with the Holy  Spirit.  And  I have
seen, and bear testimony that this is the Son of God."@
The next day, John standing with two of his disciples, saw Jesus as he walked, and said, "  Behold i the
Lamb of God."  And the two disciples hearing what
he said, followed Jesus. Then Jesus turning about, and
seeing them following, said to them " What seek you?"
They answered: " Teacher, where do you dwell? " He
said to them, "' Come and see."  They went and saw
where he dwelt; and remained with him  that day.
It was about the tenth hour.  One of the two who
heard John and followed Jesus, was Andrew, Simon
Peter's brother. He first found his brother Simon,
and said to him; "CWte have found the Messiah;"
(that is, the Christ,) and he brought him to Jesus, and
he looking on him, said, "' You are Simon, the son of
Jonah; you shall be called Peter," (which  signifies
a rock.)
The len/h hour. - The Jews reckoned the day from sunrise,
the Romans, as we do, from midnight. The tenth hour,
therefore, might have been either ten A. M?, or four P. M.
rou shall be called Peter. - In Matt. xvi. I8, Jesus explains
why he gave this name to Simon, by saying, " upon this rock
I will build my church." Peter, though during the life-time
of Jesus, weak, hasty, and unstable, showed, after his death,
all the strength, firmness, and endurance of a rock. But the
application of this name to him shows not only that Jesus
possessed that knowledge of men which is the birthright of all
royal natures; it also shows that then - at the very beginning
of his public career- he had formed the plan, and foreseen
the progress of a kingdom which should endure forever.
* John i. 19-32.




58                 LIFE OF JESITS.
The day following, Jesus determined to go into Galilee; and finding Philip, he said to him; " Follow me."
Philip was of Bethsaida, the town of Andrew  and
Peter. Philip met Nathaniel, and said to him;' tWe
have found him  of whom Moses in the law, and the
prophets wrote, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph."
And Nathaniel said to him; "Can any thing good
come out of Nazareth?"  Philip answered; " Come
and see."  Jesus saw  Nathaniel coming to him, and
said of him; " Behold a true Israelite in whom there
is no guile."  Nathaniel said to him; " How know
you me?" Jesus answered, " Before Philip called you,
when you were under the fig-tree, I saw you."  Nathaniel answered, " Teacher: you are the Son of
Peter founded the church at Rome, and that church, whatever its corruptions, kept Christianity alive during the dark
ages. It is therefore the foundation on which Christ has
built; but it is only the foundation. The superstructure is
the New Jerusalem he is now erecting, and which is
destined to cover the earth, as the waters cover the sea.
Nathaniel -was of Cana in Galilee, a.town only nine
miles from Nazareth, and that he did not knowJesus, shows
that the latter had till now lived a very obscure life.
Can anythzing good come oat of XNazareth?- The Nazarenes, and indeed all the Galileans, were a mixed race,
partly of Gentile origin, and were contaminated with many
vices. They were proverbially boorish and stupid, and had
produced no teachers or prophets. (John. vii. 52.) They were
held in great contempt by the Jews of Jerusalem.
Fizg-tree. - In the warm Eastern countries, this tree grows
much larger than in our Southern States, and its broad leaves
and thick-spreading branches afford a pleasant shade from
the heat of the day. Numerous passages in the rabbinical
writers indicate that its shade was a favorite resort for reading, conversation, and prayer.




THE MARRIAGE AT CANA.                 59
God, you are the King of Israel."  Jesus said to him;
" Because I said to you, I saw you under the fig-tree,
do you believe? You will see greater things than this.
Truly, truly, I say to you; henceforth you will see
heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and
descending to the Son of Man."*
And on the third day following, there was a marriage at Cana in Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was
there.  And Jesus and his disciples were asked to
the feast. And the wine having failed, the mother of
King of Israel. - The Jews, understanding the prophecies
literally, expected a temporal Messiah, who should free them
from the Roman yoke, and give them dominion of the
world.
The angels ascending and descending. - This is an evident
allusion to the ladder which Jacob saw in his dream. The
meaning is, no doubt, that Nathaniel would see such supernatural manifestations as would fully prove that God was
with Jesus.
Cana in Galilee - was a small town, about nine miles
northeast of Nazareth. It is now called Ka'n, and travellers
describe it as situated on an isolated hill, facing to the southeast, and rising boldly from the margin of a wide plain,
called Bfittauf. Deep ravines are on two of its sides, and
almost shut it off from the surrounding country. The houses
are built of limestone, cut and laid up in a rude fashion, and
fragments of water-jars and the ruins of ancient cisterns are
scattered about its streets, but the place is deserted, and has
not had a human inhabitant within fifty years. It is now the
home of the leopard and the wild boar, and its immediate neighborhood is covered with a thick jungle, and is so wild, that it is
the favorite hunting-ground of the Bedawins. Galilee, at this
time included all the country south of Phenicia, and north of
* John i. 35-5I.




60o                 LIFE OF JESUS.
Jesus said to him, " They have no wine." Jesus said
to her, " Woman, what have you and I in common?
My  hour has not yet come."   His mother said
to the servants, "Whatever he may tell you, do."
And six stone water-pots, each holding two or three
firkins, were set there to be used for purifications, after
the custom  of the Jews.  Jesus said to the servants,
" Fill the pots with water."  And they filled them  to
the brim.  Then he said to them, " Draw out now,
and bear to the governor of the feast." And they did so.
Samaria, which lay between the Jordan and the Mediterranean.
The swedding feast - among the Jews, often lasted seven or
eight days (Gen. xxviii. 27. Judg. xiv. I4). The marriage took
place at the house of the bride, the feast which followed, at
the house of the bridegroom. The guests were of two kinds,
those invited, and those who came without invitation. The
latter were expected to bring presents. The governor was a
person appointed to provide for the feast, and to superintend
the servants, and was required to taste the wine previous to
setting it before the guests.
Womzan -was a form. of address used in the East, as the
word "madam" is with us. It was applied to ladies ofrank, even
by their servants; and Jesus when on the cross, used it in addressing his mother. In this answer to her, as rendered in the
common version, there is an apparent harshness which is not
warranted by the context.  Her direction to the servants
shows that in his apparent denial, she understood a real
granting of her request, and it seems also to imply that though
this was his first public miracle, she was already acquainted
with his extraordinary powers.
Pirkins.-The Hebrew bath, a measure of about seven and a
half gallons, is supposed to be intended. If this be so, the
quantity of wine was fully a hundred gallons.
Prirzfcations. - The Jews were unclean if they did not wash
both before and after eating. This was done in a formal man



THE MARRIAGE AT CANA.                 6i
But when the ruler of the feast tasted the water, now
become wine, not knowing whence it was, (but the
servants who had drawn the water knew,) he called
to the bridegroom, saying, " Every one sets on the
good wine first: and when men have drunk freely, that
which is poorer, but you have kept the good wine till
now."
Thus Jesus did his first miracle at Cana in Galilee,
ner, and was, with the washing of cups, pots and brazen
vessels, a ritual observance on which the Pharisees laid great
stress.
Water now becamne wine. - The master of the feast detects
a difference between this and ordinary wine, and it is not
necessary to suppose that the water was actually made into
wine; but into a substance closely resembling wine.
A Miracle, -as the etymology of the word denotes, is
simply a wonder, or a wonderful work, but, as commonly
used, the term is made to mean " an event or effect contrary
to the established constitution and course of things." This is
doubtless an incorrect definition, and as so defined, the miracle meets a natural incredulity, because Nature observes
certain uniform laws, from which, to our eyes, she never appears
to deviate: and as she acts uniformly, so far as we see, we
have a right to infer that she acts so universally. But might
not a miracle be better defined as the action of a higher law,
on a lower one, by which the lower is for the time neutralized
and suspended? Thus, whenever we lift a hand, we overcome
the law of gravity - that is, our will suspends for the time
the natural action of matter. We know that Spirit always controls matter. The extent of its control must depend solely on
the strength of the will, and may we not suppose that the will
of the man who, by a single word, prostrated a band of
Roman soldiers, and by a few chance thoughts, scattered
here and there among an ignorant people, revolutionized
a world, was strong enough to give him unlimited control
6




62                 LIFE OF JESUS.
and manifested his glory; and his disciples believed
in hin.
After this he and his mother, and his kinsmen, and
disciples, went down to Capernaum; but continued
there not many days.*
over dead matter. But similar miracles to Christ's have been
done by other men, and this shows that he acted, not in
opposition to, but in accordance with real, but as yet hidden,
laws of nature. Wherein his miracles differed from those of
others, was in their being freer, greater, and done by the
natural action of his own will. Peter says, "In the name of
Jesus of Nazareth, rise up and walk." Christ says, " Lazarus,
come forth." And " Young man, I say to thee, arise!"
*John ii. I-I2.




PART THIRD.
THE FIRST PASSOVER, AND SUBSEQUENT
EVENTS.
TIME - ONE YEAR.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART THIRD.
THE passover of the Jews being at hand, Jesus
went up  to Jerusalem, and  he  found  there
those that sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the
money-changers sitting in the temple. And making a
scourge of small cords, he drove them all out with
the sheep and oxen; and poured out the money
of the exchangers, overturning their tables; and
said to those who  sold doves, " Take these things
hence; make not my Father's house a house of trafChanzgers of money. - For the convenience of those from a
distance, booths were erected in the outer court of the temple,
at which everything necessary for the offerings was kept, and
where the money-changers had stands to exchange the Roman
coin for the Jewish money required for the temple tribute.
The leading Pharisees are supposed to have been interested
in this traffic. Josephus says that no less than two hundred
and forty-six thousand victims were offered at one passover;
and as great extortion was practised, large profits must have
arisen to the traffickers.
Small cords. - The original implies that this scourge was
made of twisted reeds, which, probably, was the ancient material for ropes.
6* S(65)




66                LIFE OF JESUS.
fic." And his disciples called to mind that it had
been written, " iMy zeal for thy house is consuming me."
Then the Jews said to him, " What sign do you
show, that you have authority to do this?" Jesus answered, " Destroy this temple, and in three days I will
raise it up." Then the Jews said, "Forty and six
years has this temple been in building, and will you
raise it in three days?" But he spoke of the temple of his body.  When, therefore, he had risen
from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had
said this, and they believed the scripture, and the
words which Jesus had spoken.
While Jesus was in Jerusalem at this festival of the
passover, many believed in him from seeing his miracles. But he did not trust himself to them, because
he knew them all, and needed not that any should tell
him, for he knew what is in man.*
And one of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a
ruler of the Jews, came to him  by night, and said
to him, "6 Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come
from God; for no man could do these miracles that you
do, unless God were with him." Jesus answered him,
" Truly, truly, I say to you; unless a man be born
Zeal for lhy house. - Psalms lxix.9g.
Forty and six years. - Herod began the rebuilding of the
temple sixteen years before the birth of Christ. The work
on the main building was completed in nine years and a half,
but the outbuildings were unfinished at this date, and were
not completed till the time of Agrippa. Jesus at this time
was thirty years old.
* John ii. 13-25.




INTERVIEW WITH NICODEMUS.             67
anew, he cannot see the kingdom  of God."  Nicodemus said to him. "' How can a man be born when he
is old? can he enter again into his mother's womb,
and be born?" Jesus answered, "Truly, truly, I tell
you, unless one be born of water, and of the Spirit,
he cannot enter the kingdom of God. What is born
of the flesh, is flesh; and what is born of the Spirit,
is spirit. Marvel not that I say to you, you must be
born anew. The wind blows where it will, and you
hear its sound, but cannot tell whence it comes, nor
whither it goes: so is every one born, who is born of
the Spirit."
Nicodemus asked,;" How can this be?" Jesus answered him, "Are you the teacher of Israel, and
understand not this?   Truly, truly, I say to you;
we speak what we know, and testify of what we have
seen; and you receive not our testimony. If I tell
you earthly things, and you believe not, how will you
believe should I tell you heavenly things? No one has
ascended to heaven, but he that descended from heaven,
-the Son of Man, who is in heaven. And as Moses
lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son
of MIan be lifted up; that whoever believes in him,
may have eternal life.
"For God so loved the world, as to give his only begotThe teacher of Israel.- Nicodemus was one of the Sanhedrim, and reference to him as the teacher implies that he
was a prominent doctor. He came to Jesus by night to avoid
observation; but Jesus told him at once that he must " be born
of water" - must make an open profession of his belief in
the new religion - if he would enter the kingdom of God.
Thus early he announced his intention to organize a
society, and the necessity of "' confessing him before men."




63               LIFE OF JESUS.
ten Son, that whoever believes in him may not perish,
but have eternal life. For God sent not his Son into
the world to judge the world: but that through him the
world may be saved. He who believes in him is not
judged; but he who believes not is already judged,
because he has not believed in the only begotten
Son of God. And the ground of the judgment is, that
light has come into the world, and men love darkness
rather than the light, because their deeds are evil.
For whoever does evil hates the light, and comes not
to the light, lest his deeds should be exposed; but whoever does truth comes to the light, and it is made
manifest, that his deeds are wrought in God."*
After this, Jesus and his disciples went into the country ofJudea; and there remained and baptized, - though
Jesus baptized not, but his disciples. And John also
was baptizing in Ainon, near Salim, because there
was an abundance of water there: and many came
to him, and were baptized. For John was not yet cast
into prison.  Then there arose a question between
some of John's disciples and a Jew about purification.
And they went to John and said, " Rabbi, he who was
with you beyond the Jordan, to whom you bore testimony, lo i he is baptizing, and all men resort to him."
John answered, 1" A man can have nothing, but what is
given him from heaven. You yourselves know that
I said, I am not the Christ, but one sent before him.
4inon.-This place was west of the Jordan, and about twenty
miles north of Bethany, where Jesus was baptized. The river
near this point is stated by Captain Lynch, to be about ten
feet in depth.
* John iii. I-2I.




JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM.                 69
He who has the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend
of the bridegroom, who stands by and hears him,
rejoices greatly at the bridegroom's voice; this, then,
my joy is fully attained."
" He must increase, but I must decrease.  He who
comes from  above, is above all: he who is from the
earth is earthly, and speaks earthly things.  He who
comes firom  heaven is above all.  And what he has
seen and heard, that he testifies and no man receives
his testimony. But whoever receives his testimony attests his belief that God is true.  He whom  God has
sent speaks the words of God; for God gives not
the Spirit to him by measure. The Father loves the
Son, and- has committed all things into his hands. He
who believes in the Son has eternal life: and he who
believes not the Son, will not see life; but the wrath
of God will abide on him."*
Now  Herod the tetrarch, being reproved byJohn,
Herod She Tetrarck. - This was Antipas, a son of Herod
the Great, who had died soon after the birth of Christ, leaving
his kingdom  to three sons.  He was a weak, dissolute
prince, and inherited all the vices of his father. Josephus
relates that on a journey to Rome, he stopped at his brother
Philip's house, and there, falling in love with Herodias, his
brother's wife, determined to repudiate the daughter of Aretas,
King of Petrea, whom he had married, and to marry Herodias. Herodias was a grand-daughter of Herod the Great,
and had married his son Philip, whom his father had
disinherited; and by him, had had one daughter — the Salome who danced before Antipas.  She was a violent,
ambitious woman, and dissatisfied with the obscure position
of Philip, no doubt, entrapped Antipas into this alliance.
* John iii. 22-36.




70                LIFE OF JESUS.
for taking Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, and
for all the evil he had done, laid hold on him, put
him in chains, and cast him into prison; for John had
said to Herod, " It is not lawful that you should have
your brother's wife." Therefore Herodias was enraged against him, and would have killed him; but
she could not: for Herod stood in awe of John, knowing that he was a just and holy man. He heard him
gladly, doing many things at his suggestion; yet, for
Herodias's sake, he would have put him to death, had he
not feared the people, who regarded John as a prophet.?
Then, Jesus, hearing that John was cast into prison,
left Judea and went again to Galilee; and his way
lay  through  Samaria. And he came to  a city  of
Samaria, called Sychar, near the field that Jacob gave
The wife of Antipas, discovering the project, fled to Machero,
a strong fortress on the east of the Jordan, and in her father's
dominions. A war between Aretas and Antipas followed,
and Machero fell into the hands of the latter. There John
was imprisoned, and subsequently beheaded. This incestuous marriage greatly scandalized the Jews, and in denouncing it, John only echoed the public opinion.
His -vway lay through, Samzaria. - The way through Samaria
was the direct and usual route; but many travellers followed
the more circuitous one to the east of the Jordan.
Samaria. -This country lay between Jerusalem and Galilee, and included the region bounded on the north by the
range of hills which begins on the west at Mount Carmel,
and runs east to the valley of the Jordan, and on the south,
by the northern possessions of the tribe of Benjamin; and
thus comprised the territory formerly occupied by the tribe
* Matt. iv. 12. xiv. 3-5. Mark vi. 17-20.  Luke iii. 19-20.
iv. 14.




THE WOMAN OF SAMARIA.                771
to his son Joseph; and Jacob's well was there, and
of Ephraim, and the half-tribe of Manasseh.- When the ten
tribes were carried away captive to Babylon, the Assyrian
King sent other nations to inhabit their country, and so Gentiles were placed " in the cities of Samaria, instead of the
children of Israel." (2 Kings, xvii. 6, 23.) These people at
first, worshipped idols; but being troubled with lions - because, as they supposed, they had not honored the God of
the country - they asked the King of Assyria to send them
one of the captive priests to teach them "how they should
fear the Lord." The priest was sent, and henceforth they
4" feared the Lord, and served their graven images," - their
religion becoming a mixture of idolatry and Judaism. When
the Jews returned from Babylon, and began the rebuilding
of the temple, the Samaritans offered their assistance; but the
Jews rejected it on the ground of their idolatry and Assyrian
descent. Then a bitter feeling arose between the two peoples,
which was increased by certain renegade Jews who, from time
to time, took refuge with the Samaritans. One of these renegades - Manasseh, a man of priestly lineage, who had been
expelled from Jerusalem by Nehemiah for an unlawful marriage - about 409 B. C. obtained leave from the Persian King
to build a temple on Mount Gerizim. The building of this
temple increased the feud between the Jews and Samaritans,
and many Jewish criminals and refugees from Justice being
afterwards received and protected by the Samaritans, an irreconcilable hatred sprang up between the two nations. This
continued till the time of Christ, when the Jews regarded the
Samaritans as the worst of. the human race, and had no
dealings with them. Notwithstanding their Assyrian origin,
the Samaritans claimed to be descended from Jacob (John 4.
I2), and to have possession of the only authentic copy of the
Pentateuch. They rejected the other Old Testament writings,
and held that Gerizi~m had been designated by Mloses as the
place where "men should worship." The present people of
Samaria are rude, insolent, and dangerous to strangers; and
the former inhabitants, according to the prophets, were of
quite as bad a character.




72                 LIFE OF JESUS.
Being weary with his journey, Jesus sat down by the
well: and it was about the hour of noon.
Syclar. -The true name of this place was Shechem, but
Sychar - a Syriac word signifying a drunkard and a liar -
was an opprobrious term applied to it by the Jews. It was
forty miles north of Jerusalem, and fifty-two northwest from
Jericho, and one of the oldest and most populous cities
of Palestine. It received the name of Neapolis fi-om Vespasian, and on coins still extant is called Flavia Neapolis. Its
present name, Naplous, is an Arabic corruption of Neapolis.
It is situated in a narrow valley between Mount Gerizim on
the south, and Ebal on the north, and its environs are described as being surpassingly beautiful. Gerizim rises eight
hundred feet above the town, and a lofty range of mountains
bounds its horizon on all sides. Streams, issuing from numerous springs, flow down the mountain slopes, spreading
verdure and fertility in every direction. Dr. Robinson says,
" the whole valley is filled with gardens of vegetables, and
orchards of all kinds of fruits, watered by fountains. It burst
upon us like a scene of fairy enchantment. WVe saw nothing
to compare with it in all Palestine." The streets of the city
are narrow, and vaulted over, and mulberry, orange, and pomegranate-trees grow in among the houses, and load the air
with perfume. The gardens are the homes of numerous
nightingales, and other birds, and from them, the valley takes
the name of " the musical vale of Palestine." The city has
now a population of about two thousand, only two hundred
of whom are Samaritans.
facob's well -is located about a mile and a half east from
Naplous, at the foot of Mount Gerizim, and near a wretched
hamlet, called Balata. It is excavated in the solid limestone
rock, is perfectly round, with sides hewn smooth and regular,
and is nine feet in diameter by about eighty in depth.
Formerly the opening was vaulted over in a small chamber
under the surface of the ground, and surrounded by a terrace
of rude masonry -on which, probably, Jesus sat - but this
is now fallen in, and nothing can be seen below, but a




THE WOMAN OF SAMARIA.                 73
Then a woman of Samaria coming to the well to draw
water, Jesus said to her, "I Give me to drink; "
for his disciples had gone away to the city to buy
food. The woman said to him, " How is it that you
who are a Jew, ask drink of me, who am a woman
of Samaria? (for the Jews have no dealing with the
Samaritans.")  Jesus answered her, "' Had you known
the gift of God, and who it is that says to you,' Give me
to drink;' you would have asked of him, and he would
have given you living water." The woman said to
him, "Sir, you have no bucket to draw with, and the
shallow pit nearly filled with stones and rubbish. There
is no mention of this well in the Old Testament, and
it may have received its name only from  the fact of
being near the field which Jacob gave to his son Joseph.
In this field, a quarter of a mile to the north of the well,
is "the tomb of Joseph." This is a small square enclosure,
with whitewashed walls, surmounted by a dome. A rough
pillar, black with fire, is at its head, and another at
its foot, and on the walls are two slabs with Hebrew inscriptions. There is no doubt that this is the resting-place of the
bones of the Patriarch.
Bezing -weary. - How far Jesus had journeyed that day, we
do not know, but the fact that he was too weary to go on, while
his disciples could walk three miles, - a mile and a half and
back, -before taking rest or food, shows that he must have
had a more than ordinarily delicate physical constitution.
This is also shown by his inability to bear his cross, and by
his surviving the torture of crucifixion only a few hours
when ordinary natures often endured it for two or three days.
A woyman. - It was the custom of the country for women
to work in the fields, and this woman was probably thus employed in the neighborhood of the well.
No bucket. - The original word seems to require this rendering. Wells in the east are not furnished with drawing
7




74               LIFE OF JESUS.
well is deep: whence then have you the living water?
Are you greater than our father Jacob, who gave us
this well, and drank of it himself, and his children,
and his cattle?" Jesus answered her, "'Whoever
drinks of this water will thirst again: but whoever
drinks of the water I will give him, will never
thirst; but the water that I will give him will be
in him  a well of water springing up  into  eternal
life."  The woman said to him, " Sir, give me this
water, that I may not thirst nor come here to draw."
Jesus said to her, " Go, call your husband, and come
hither." The woman answered, " I have no husband."
Jesus said, "You say well, I have no husband; for
though you have had five husbands, he whom you now
have is not your husband: in that you speak truly."
The woman said to him, " Sir, I perceive you are a
prophet. Our fathers worshipped on this mountain;
but you Jews say, that the place where men ought to
worship is in Jerusalem." Jesus said to her, " Woman,
believe me, the hour is coming when neither on this
mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, will men worship the
Father. You worship, you know not what: we know
what we worship; for salvation is of the Jews.
But the hour is coming, and now is, when the true
worshippers will worship the Father in spirit and in
truth; for the Father seeks such worship. God is a
Spirit: and those that worship him must worship in
apparatus, and travellers provide themselves with small
leathern buckets, which they carry on their journeys.
On t{his mountain. - Mount Gerizim on which was the temple. The original edifice was destroyed by John Hyrcanus,
I3I, B. C. but it had probably been rebuilt, though with less
magnificence.




THE WOMAN OF SAMARIA.               75
spirit and in truth."  The woman said to him, "I
know that the Messiah is coming, — when he comes,
he will tell us all things." Jesus said to her, " I who
speak to you am he."
And upon this his disciples came and wondered that
he was talking with a woman; yet no one said, "' What
seek you? or, why talk you with her?"  The woman
then left her waterpot, and going away to the city,
said to the men, " Come, see a man who has told me
all things that ever I did. Is not he the Christ??" Then
they came from the city to meet him. In the mean
time his disciples prayed him, saying, "Master eat."
But he said to them, " I have food to eat that you
know not of."  Then they said one to another, " I-as
any one brought him aught to eat?" Jesus said to
them,'" My food is to do the will of him that sent me,
and to finish his work. Say you not,'After four
months comes the harvest?' Lo! I say to you, lift up
your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are already
white for the harvest.  And he who reaps receives
wages, and gathers fruit to life eternal: that both the
sower and  the  reaper may rejoice together.  In
this is fulfilled that true saying;'One sows, and
another reaps.' I send you to reap where you have
not labored: others have labored, and you have
come into their labors."
Talking wih a w oman. — It was considered by the Jews
highly indecorous to converse with women in public, and the
Rabbis held that to discourse with them on any important or
serious subject, was unsuited to the dignity of a doctor of
the law. It is Christianity alone, which has elevated woman
to her true position as the equal of man.
Fouzr mnonths. - No doubt a Jewish proverb, that time being
the usual interval between seed-time and harvest.




76               LIFE OF JESUS.
And many of the Samaritans of the city believed
in him on the testimony of the woman, that he had
told her all that she ever did. So when they came
to him, they besought him to abide with them: and
he remained there two days. And many more believed because of his own teaching; and said to the
woman, " No longer do we believe because of your
words; for we ourselves have heard him and know
that this is truly the Saviour of the world."*
After two days he departed thence, and went to
Galilee, though he himself testified that a prophet
has no honor in his own country.
But when he came to Galilee, the Galileans welcomed him, having seen all that he did atJerusalem
during the festival; for they also went to the passover.
So he came again to Cana in Galilee, where he made
the water wine. And there was a certain officer of the
court whose son was sick at Capernaum. He, hearing that Jesus had come from Judea into Galilee, came
to him, and besought him to go down and heal his son,
who lay at the point of death. Then said Jesus, " Can
you not believe, without seeing signs and wonders?"
OffJcer of the court. -The court of Herod Antipas. He
seems to have had his usual residence at Capernaum, and it is
not an improbable supposition, that he was Chusa, Herod's
steward, whose wife afterwards attended on Jesus.
Caqpernaun -was at the northwest extremity of the sea of
Gennesaret, and distant about a day's journey from Cana. It
was dowen from Cana, the latter place being located in the hilly
region at the southwest of Capernaum.
Can your not believe. - The youz in the original is in the
plural, which indicates that this remark was addressed not so
*John 4: 3-42.




HEALS THE NOBLEMAN'S SON.              77
And the king's officer said to him," Master, come
down before my child die." Jesus said to him, "Go your
way; your son lives."  And the man believed what
Jesus told him, and went his way. And while he was
going down, his servants met him, and told him that
his son was well. Then he inquired of them the hour
when he began to amend; and they said, " Yesterday, at the seventh hour, the fever left him."  Then the
father knew that it was the same hour when
Jesus said to him, " Your son lives," and he believed,
and all his household. This was the second miracle thatJesus wrought in Galilee, after coming from
Judea,* and his fame spread abroad through all that
region.
From that time Jesus began to preach, and to teach
in the Synagogues, saying, " The time is fulfilled. The
much to the officer, who showed a becoming faith, as to others
who were standing about Jesus.
The Synag'og'ue. - The word means congregation, or house
of gathering: and was used to denote the local places of worship, of which there were one or more in nearly every town of
Judea and Galilee. In Jerusalem, according to Josephus, there
were four hundred and eighty. They were of very remote antiquity, and were the principal means of keeping the religion of
their fathers alive among the Jews. The building was erected
on the model of the temple, with a central structure, surrounded by a court, and supported by pillars, and it varied
in size with the population of the locality. It always stood.
on the highest ground, in or near the town to which it belonged, and was so constructed that the people on entering,
and when. standing up for prayers, had their faces toward
Jerusalem. It was commonly built at the cost of the district;
but sometimes was erected by a rich Jew, or a friendly prose* John 4: 43-547*




78                  LIFE OF JESUS.
kingdom of God is at hand. Repent and believe the
gospel."  And he was glorified of all.*
And going to Nazareth, where he was brought up,
he went, as was his custom, into the Synagogue on the
lyte, (Luke xii. 5). Its internal arrangement was copied
after the tabernacle. At the upper, or Jerusalem end, was the
ark, a chest containing the sacred book, and here were the
" uppermost seats " (Matt. xxiii. 6.) so much desired by the
Pharisees. The people sat around, facing the pulpit, which
was farther towards the centre of the building, on a raised
platform, upon which several persons could stand at once.
At this pulpit the Reader stood to read the Scriptures, or sat
down to teach. The congregation were divided, the men on
one side, the women on the other, a low partition, four or five
feet high, running between them. In small towns there was
often only one Rabbi, or teacher; but in larger places there
was a college of Elders, (Luke vii. 3,) presided over by " the
Chief of the Synagogue." (Luke viii.'4I. 49. Acts xviii. 8.
-17.) The prominent officer in the larger Synagogues was
known as the officiating minister, and.he read the prayers in
the name of the people; but the minister referred to in the
text, was a subordinate officer, employed to open the doors
and prepare the building for service. Forms of prayer were
used in the worship, (Luke xi. I,) and the books of Moses,
and the Prophets were read every Sabbath, portions being
read consecutively, and the whole being gone through every
third year. These were followed by the sermon, or exposition from the Rabbi. The officers of the Synagogue exercised
in certain cases, judicial power. (Matt. x. 17. Mark xiii. 9.)
They did not, however, descend to the trivial disputes of
daily life, but attended to the graver offences against religion
and morals.  See, for a fuller account of the Synagogue,
Smith's Bible Dictionary.
As his custom was. - In the beginning of his ministry Jesus
spoke in the Synagogues, but when his fame had spread
* Matt. ix. 17. Mark i. I4, Is. Luke iv. 1x4. 15.




PREACHES AT NAZARETH.              79
Sabbath, and stood up to read. And the book of the
prophet Isaiah being given to him, he unrolled it, and
found the place where it is written:  " The Spirit of
the Lord is upon me. He has anointed me to preach
glad tidings to the poor; he has sent me to heal the
broken hearted, to proclaim deliverance to the captives, the recovery of sight to the blind, to set at
liberty the oppressed, to proclaim the joyful year
of the Lord." And rolling up the volume he gave
it to the minister, and sat down; and the eyes of
all in the Synagogue were fastened on him. Then
he said to them, " To-day this scripture is fulfilled in
your ears."  And all wondered, and bore testimony to
the gracious words which came from his mouth. But
they said, "Is not this the son of Joseph?"  And
he said to them, "6You will surely say to me this
proverb,' Physician, heal thyself: what we have heard
of your doing in Capernaum, do also here in your own
country.'  But I say to you, No prophet is accepted
in his own country; and I tell you in truth, that many
widows were in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the
heaven was shut up three years and six months, when
great famine was in all the land; but to none of them
was Elijah sent, but to a widow of Zarephath, a city
of Sidon. And many lepers were in Israel in the
time of Elisha the prophet; yet none of them was
abroad, and multitudes flocked to him, he taught in the open
air, by the sea-side, on the mountains, arld even in desert
places.
The book of Isaiah. -Books among the ancients were
written on strips of vellum, or parchment, rolled together on
two rollers, beginning at each end. Jesus read firom Isaiah lxi.
I. 2.




80                 LIFE OF JESUS.
cleansed but Naaman the Syrian."  And all in the
Synagogue, on hearing this, were filled with anger,
and rising up, they thrust him out of the town, and led
him to the brow of the hill whereon the town is built,
to cast him down headlong. But he, passing through
the midst of them, went his way down to Capernaum, and taught there on the Sabbath days.  And
7Te brow of the hill. —The place at which tradition
locates this scene is a rocky precipice about two miles from
Nazareth.  There is, however, another declivity within the
town, not far from the supposed site of the Synagogue, down
which Jesus might have been " cast headlong."
Ca7er2nazm. — This town afterwards became the residence
of Jesus, and is one of the few places whose destruction he
predicted (Matt. xi. 23. Luke x. I5). The prediction has
been so perfectly fulfilled, that now even its site is with difficulty determined. The probability is that it was at the northwestern extremity of the lake, at the locality now occupied
by Tell Hum- -which is nothing more than a shapeless
mass of ruins, usually deserted, but tenanted, now and then,
by a few wandering Bedaiwins. There are at this place evident remains of a large town, and its surroundings accord
with a description given by Josephus. The ruins are piled up
in wild confusion for half a mile along the shore of the
lake, and extend back a quarter of a mile to a neighboring
hill. The houses were built of basalt, quite black, rudely cut,
and so compact that the stones may yet remain for thousands
of years. Among them are the ruins of what is supposed to
have been a Synagogue, of beautiful marble, with columns,
entablatures, and cornices cut in the highest style of art.
Everything about the ruins grows luxuriantly, and the town
must once have been the centre of a most fertile region.
From Josephus it is certain that Capernaum was in a rich, busy
district, and on the western shore of the lake -which in the
time of Christ, was one of the most prosperous and populous
districts of Palestine. While Jesus was brought up at Naza



PREACHES AT CAPERNAUM. 8i
they were astonished at his teaching; for he spoke
with power.  Now Capernaum is on the sea coast, in
the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim; and thus
were fulfilled the words of Isaiah the prophet, "6 The
land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by
the way of the sea, Galilee of the Gentiles.  The
people who sat in darkness have seen a great light,
and to those in the region and shadow of death, light
is sprung up.*
And as the people pressed upon him to hear the
word of God, he stood by the lake  of Gennesaret,
reth, this was his " own city." Here he frequently taught in
the Synagogue built by the Centurion, and here, he called
Matthew, and performed many of his most wonderful works.
Zebaloz and NVeptlhalin. - Two of the ten tribes.
Galilee of tze Gentiles, - was Upper Galilee - the region
about Tyre and Sidon, and was so called because principally
occupied by Gentiles.
Lake of Gennesaret. - Most of the public life of Jesus was
passed on the borders of this lake, then in the most densely
populated region of Palestine; no less than nine cities standing on its very shores. It is of oval form, about thirteen
miles long, and six broad. The river Jordan enters at its
northern end, and passes out at the southern. In fact the bed
of the lake is only a lower section of the great Jordan valley.
It is seven hundred feet below the level of the ocean, and its
great depression makes the climate of its shores almost tropical. In summer the heat is intense, and even in early spring
the air has the balminess of Egypt. The water of the lake
is sweet, cool and transparent, and as the beach is everywhere
pebbly, it has a beautiful sparkling look. It abounds in fish
now, as in ancient times. The scenery around is bleak and
picturesque; and the environs are rich in natural beauty.
Josephus describes the region as in his time a perfect
* Luke iv: I6-32. Matt. iv: I3-I6.




82                 LIFE OF JESUS.
and saw two boats moored by the shore; but the fishermen had gone out of them, and were washing their
nets. Entering one of the boats, which was Simon's,
he prayed him to push out a little from the land, and
then sitting down, he taught the multitude from the boat.
When he had finished speaking, he said to Simon,
" Launch out now  into deep water, and let down
your net for a draught;" and Simon answered:
"1 Master, we have toiled all the night, and taken
nothing; but at your word I will let down the net."
And doing so they enclosed a vast number of fishes,
so that their nets were nigh bursting, and they made
signs to their partners, in the other boat to come and
help them. They came, and filled both the boats, so
as almost to sink them. And Simon Peter seeing this,
fell down at the knees of Jesus, saying, " Depart from
me; for I am a sinful man, 0 Lord;" for he, and all
paradise, where vines and all manner of fruits grew most
luxuriantly, and at all seasons of the year.
Two boats. - These were, no doubt, such small boats as are
now used in fishing on smooth, flat beaches. In fishing one
end of the net is attached to the shore; the fishermen then
row out and return, dropping the net as they go, and making
a sort of semicircle from the shore, and as the net is sunk
with weights to the bottom, and floated with corks at the top;
all the fish in that compass are included, and drawn to the
shore. Josephus says there were two hundred and thirty of
these boats on the lake, each manned by four or five men.
TaIugzhtfrom the boat. - In the vicinity of Tell Hum - the
supposed site of Capernaum - are numerous inlets, where a
boat could ride in safety within a few feet of the shore, while
a multitude, seated on both sides, around, and in front of the
boat, could hear readily.
Dephart from me. - It was a superstition among the Jews




CASTS OUT AN UNCLEAN SPIRIT.         83
that were with him were amazed at the draught of
fishes they had taken. And so too, were James and
John the sons of Zebedee, who were partners with
Simon. But Jesus said to them, "Fear not: follow
me, and I will make you ~shers of men."  And
having brought the boat to land, they left all, and
followed him, and James the son of Zebedee, and
John his brother, leaving their father in his boat with
the hired servants, also went after him.*
And going again into Capernaum, he entered the
Synagogue on the Sabbath and taught. And all were
astonished at his teaching: for he spoke as one having authority, and not as the Scribes. And in the
Synagogue was a man possessed by a foul spirit; who
cried out with a loud voice: " Let us alone; why
dost thou trouble us, thou Jesus of Nazareth? Hast
thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art,the Holy One of God."  And Jesus rebuked the foul
spirit, saying, " Hold thy peace, and come out of the
man."  And when the spirit had torn the man, and
thrown him in the midst, he cried with a loud voice,
and came out of him. And all were amazed, so
much so, that they said to one another, "What is
this? what new teaching is this? for with authority he
commands even the foul spirits, and they obey him."
And immediately his fame spread abroad through all
the region round about Galilee.t
that he who had seen a remarkable manifestation of God,
would surely die. The word rendered amazed denotes that
Peter was not merely astonished, but struck with terror.
* Matt. iv: 18-22. Mark I: i6-20. Luke v: I-Io.
Ir Mark i. 21-28. Luke iv. 31-37.




84               LIFE OF JESUS.
As soon as they came out of the Synagogue, he
entered the house of Simon and Andrew, with James
and John. Now Simon's wife's mother lay sick of
a fever, and immediately they told him of her; and
going to her, he took her by the hand, and lifting her
up, rebuked the fever, and it left her at once, so that
she arose and ministered to them. And at even when
the sun was setting, all the city gathered together at
the door, and they brought to him all who were diseased, and those who were possessed with demons.
and he cast out the spirits with a word, forbidding
them to speak, because they knew him. But they
cried out, saying, " Thou art the Christ, the Son of
God."  He also laid his hands on those who were sick
with divers diseases, and healed them. And in the
morning, rising a long time before day, he went out to
a solitary place, and there prayed. And Simon and
others followed, and when they found him, said to
him, "All men seek for you," and they prayed him
not to depart from them. But he said to them, " I
must go to the neighboring towns, and preach the
kingdom of God there also: for therefore came I
forth."*
And he went about all Galilee, teaching in the Synagogues, and preaching the glad tidings of the kingdom, and casting out demons, and healing all kinds
of diseases among the people. And his fame spread
throughout all Syria; and great multitudes followed
Sick of a fevrer. -Tell Hum is environed with marshes
which now breed fevers of a very violent and fatal character.
*Matt. viii. I4-I7. Mark i. 29-39. Luke iv. 38-44.




CLEANSES A LEPER.                  85
him from Galilee, and Decapolis, and fi-om Jerusalem,
and Judea, and from beyond the Jordan.*
And when he was in a certain city, a man full of
leprosy, seeing him, came, and kneeling down before him, said, " Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make
me clean."  And Jesus, moved with pity, stretched
forth his hand and touched him, saying, " I will: be
thou clean;" and as soon as he had spoken, the
leprosy left the man, and he was cleansed. Sending
him away immediately, Jesus charged him strictly to
tell no one, but to go, show  himself to a priest, and
make the offering which Moses had directed, for a
Le,5 rosy. - This is a troublesome, and, in its advanced
stages, an incurable disease. It is of three kinds, the white,
black, and red leprosy. Its first appearance is in spots on
the skin, but it is deeply seated in the joints and bones,
and, when considerably advanced, produces acute suffering.
An observer describes it as follows:-" Its commencement
is imperceptible. There appear only some few spots on the
skin. At first they are attended with no pain or inconvenience; but no means whatever will remove them. The
disease imperceptibly increases for many years. The spots
become large, and spread over the whole body. When the
disease advances the upper part of the nose swells, the
nostrils become enlarged, and the nose itself soft. Tumors
appear on the jaws; the eyebrows swell; the ears become
thick; the points of the fingers, as also the feet and the toes
swell; the nails become scaly; the joints and the hands separate and drop off. In the last stage of the disease, the patient
becomes a hideous spectacle, andfalls Stopieces."  Leprosy is
highly contagious, and by the Jewish law the leper was forbidden to eat. with others, and obliged to dwell outside the
towns, apart by himself.
The oqfring- here referred to, was two doves, one of
which was sacrificed, the other allowed to go free.
* Matt. iv. 23-25.




86                 LIFE OF JESUS.
proof to the people; but the man went out, and began
to blaze the matter abroad, so much so, that great
multitudes came to Jesus, to hear and be healed, and
he could no longer enter openly into the towns, but
remained without in solitary places. There people
came to him from every quarter; but he withdrew
from them, and going into the desert, prayed.*
And after some days, he again entered his own town,
— Capernaum; and as soon as it was noised abroad that
he was in the house, many people gathered together, so
many that there was no room to receive them, not even
about the door: and h'e preached the word to them.
And as he was teaching, Pharisees and teachers of
the law were sitting by, who had come from  every
town of Galilee, and from Judea, and Jerusalem: and
the power of the Lord was present to heal the people.
And they came bringing one sick of the palsy, borne of
four; and sought means to take him in, and lay him
before Jesus. But as they could not come near him,
on account of the throng, they broke up the roof
where he was: and going upon the house-top, let
Palsy. - A paralytic disease of different degrees of intensity.
In its worst forms, which are common in the east, the patient
loses all control of his limbs, suffers excruciating torture, and
soon dies.
Uncovered the roof. - Houses at the east are built about a
court, and with flat roofs, which are usually approached by a
stairway leading up from the street. The roof of these courts
is supported on joists, about three feet apart; and over them
is spread a covering of short sticks, placed closely together,
and cemented with mortar. Owing to the crowd, Jesus, no
doubt, stood in the court of the house, and it, therefore, was
* Matt. viii. 2-4. Mark i. 40-45. Luke v. i2-I6.




HEALS THE PARALYTIC.              87
down the bed whereon the sick man lay, through the
tiling, into the midst before Jesus. He, seeing their
faith, said to the sick of the palsy, " Son, be of good
cheer; your sins are forgiven you."  And certain of
the doctors said to themselves, II This man blasphemes!
Who can forgive sins but God only? " Jesus knowing
their thoughts, said to them, 1" Why think you evil in
your hearts?  Which is easier to say,'Your sins are
forgiven,' or to say,'Arise, and walk.' But that you
may know the Son of Man has power on earth to forgive sins, (then he said to the sick of the palsy,) Arise,
take up yourbed, and go to your own house."  And
the sick man rose at once, took up his bed, and went
forth before them all; and they were all amazed, saying, " We have seen strange things to-day," and they
glorified God, who had given such power to men.*
And he went forth again by the sea-side, and great
multitudes resorted to him, and he taught them. And
as he passed along, he saw Matthew, the son of Alpheus sitting at the receipt of custom, and he said to
him, " Follow me."  And he rose up, left all, and followed him.t
easy to uncover the roof, and let down the paralytic " into the
midst before him."
*Mark ii. I-I2. Luke v. 17-26.
t Matt. ix. 9. Mark ii. I3-I4. Luke v. 27-28.








PART FOURTH.
THE SECOND PASSOVER, AND SUBSEQUENT
EVENTS.
TIME - ONE YEAR.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART FOURTH.
FTER this, there was a festival of the Jews; and
-L   Jesus went up to Jerusalem.  Now at Jerusalem
near the sheep gate, is a pool, called in Hebrew
Bethesda, having five porches; and in these lay a great
This Festival is supposed to have been the Passover.
ShieeP Gate. — The word cmarket is not in the original.
This was no doubt the sheep gate mentioned by Nehemiah,
(iii. I-32, and xii. 39), and was probably near the Temple, for
greater convenience in conveying the sacrifices into the sacred
building. The place which tradition locates as the pool of
Bethesda, is a little to the northeast of the ancient site of the
Temple, and Maundrell (I697) describes it as "about one
hundred and twenty paces long, forty broad, and at least
eight deep; with at one end, the remains of three or four
arches which are regarded as the ruins of the five porches, in
which lay the blind, halt, and withered." In the time of
Sandys (i6si,) the spring which fed the pool was running;
but Maundrell says it was dry when he saw it; and more
recent travellers describe the pool as now destitute of water.
It is supposed that the spring, which formerly filtered through
the rocks, has become dammed up by the ruins and rubbish.
Eusebius describes the pool existing in his time as being in
two compartments; one supplied by rains, the other, by a
spring, and the water of the latter as of a reddish hue, owing,
(91)




92                 LIFE OF JESUS.
number of sick people, — blind, halt, and withered.
And a certain man was there who had been infirm
thirty and eight years.  Seeing himn lying there, and
knowing that he had been a long time in that condition, Jesus said to him, "' Would you be made well?"
The infirm man answered," Sir, I have no one to put
me into the pool when the water is troubled; but, while
I am going, another gets down before me." Jesus
said to him, " Rise, take up your bed, and walk."
And immediately the man was made well, and took up
his bed, and walked: and the day was the Sabbath.
The Jews, therefore, said to the man who was cured,
" It is the Sabbath: it is not lawful for you to carry
your bed."  He answered them, H IHe who made me
well, said to me, " Take up your bed and walk."
Then they asked, 1 Who is the man who said to you,'Take up your bed and walk?'"  But he that was
cured knew not who it was; for a throng was in the
place, andJesuls had withdrawn himself. Afterward
as tradition then affirmed, to the fact that the flesh of sacrifices
was once washed in it before offering. The Bourdeaux Pilgrim (A. D., 333), confirms this statement of Eusebius. The
name Bethesda, -which denotes " house of mercy," -gives
color to the supposition that the pool had medicinal virtues;
but whether they were owing to the mineral qualities of the
water, or, as some suppose, to its impregnation with the blood
of the sacrificed animals, it is impossible to determine. The
clause in the common version referring to an angel " troubling the water," is not in the oldest MSS. It was probably a
Jewish superstition which, from being originally inserted as
a note in the margin, finally crept into the text of some of
the more recent copies.
It is nzot lawfl to carry your bed. -The Jews were forbidden to carry burdens on the Sabbath. See Jer. xxii, 2i, and
Neh. xiii. i5.




THE CURE OF THE INFIRM MAN.         93
Jesus found him in the temple, and said to him, " Lo!
you are well: sin no more, lest something worse
befall you." The man went away and told the Jews
that it was Jesus who had made him well.  And
upon this the Jews went in pursuit of Jesus, because
he had done thus on the Sabbath. But Jesus said to
them, " My Father is always working, and so also I
work." For this reason the Jews were the more bent
on killing him, because he not only had broken the
Sabbath, but also had said that God was his Father,
thus making himself equal with God. Then Jesus said
to them " Truly, truly, I tell you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father do; but
whatever he does, the Son also does in like manner.
For the Father loves the Son, and shows him all that
he does: and greater works than these will he show
him, that you may wonder. For as the Father raises
the dead, and gives them life, so also the Son gives life
to whom he will. And the Father condemns no man,
but has committed all condemnation to the Son: that
all should honor the Son, even as they honor the
Father. He who honors not the Son, honors not the
Father who sent him.
" Truly, truly, I tell you, He who hears my words,
and believes him who sent me, has eternal life, and
comes not into judgment; but has passed from death
to life. Truly, truly, I tell you, the hour is coming,
and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the
Son of God; and those that hear it shall live. For as
the Father has life in himself, so has he given to the
Son to have life in himself; and he has given him authority to pass judgment also, because he is a son of




94                LIFE OF JESUS.
man. Wonder not at this; for the hour is coming,
when all who are in the graves shall hear his voice,
and come forth; those who have done good, to the
resurrection of life; and those who have done evil, to
the resurrection of judgment. Of myself I can do
nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just;
because I seek not my own will, but the will of him
who sent me.'" You say,' If I testify of myself, my testimony is not
true.' There is another who bears testimony of me;
and I know that his testimony of me is true. You
have sent to John, and he has testified to the truth.
I receive not testimony from  man; but I say this
that you may be saved. He was a lamp burning
and shining; and for a time you were willing to
rejoice in his light. But I have greater testimony
than John's; for the works which the Father has
given me to do, - these works that I am doing, they
testify that the Father has sent me; and thus the
Father who sent me, has himself borne testimony
of me. You have never heard his voice nor seen
his form; and his word is not abiding in you; for
you believe not him whom he has sent. You search
the Scriptures, because you think that in them you
BEecause he is a son of man. - The definite article is wanting in the original. Paul expresses the same idea. "For
we have not a high priest who cannot be touched with a feeling of our infirmities; but one who was tried in all points as
we are, yet without sin."
roze say, zf  testify of mzyself. - The words "you say" are
supplied. The context requires us to suppose that Jesus is
repeating a remark of the Pharisees.




HIS DISCIPLES PLUCK THE EARS OF GRAIN. 95
have eternal life,-they are my witnesses, and yet you
will not come to me to have life.
I desire not glory from men. But I know you, that
you have not the love of God in you. I have come in
my Father's name, and you receive me not; should
another come in his own name, him you will receive.
How can you believe, who desire honor of one another,
and seek not the honor that comes from Him, the only
God. Think not that I shall accuse you to the Father:
there is one who accuses you,-Moses, in whom you
trust.  But if you had faith in Moses, you would have
faith in me; for he wrote of me. But if you believe
not his writings, how should you believe my words?*
On the second Sabbath after the first, Jesus was
passing through a field of grain, and his disciples
being hungry, plucked the ears of grain as they went
along, and ate them, rubbing them  in their hands.
But some of the Pharisees observing this, said to
him, "' Lo! your disciples are doing what the
On the second Sabbath after the first. — This clause has
given great perplexity to commentators. It probably should
read " The second Sabbath after the first day of unleavened
bread." This was near the barley harvest, when the ears
would be ripe. The Jews were not allowed to eat on the Sabbath before they had attended the services of the Synakgogue.
This may explain the hunger of the disciples. From Deut.
xxiii. 25, it will be seen that the Jew was permitted to pluck
and eat the standing grain of his neighbor. Dr. Thomson
says in regard to this custom, " I have often seen my muleteers, as we passed along the wheat fields, pluck off ears,
rub them in their hands, and eat them unroasted, just as the
disciples are said to have done."
*John v. I-47.




96                 LIFE OF JESUS.
Law forbids on the Sabbath." Jesus answered, "6 Have
you not read what David did, when he and those
with him were hungry.  How he entered the house
of God, in the time of Abiathar, the chief priest,
and ate the shew-bread, which was not lawful for
him  to do nor for those with him, but only for the
priests?  Or have you not read in the Law  how
on the Sabbath days the priests in the temple break
the Sabbath  and are blameless?  Now  I tell you,
that one greater than the temple is here. But had
you known what this means,' I desire mercy, and not
sacrifices,' you would not have condemned the guiltless. The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the
Sabbath: so that the Son of Man is Lord even of the
Sabbath."-@
WIhat ghe law forbi'ds on the Sabbath. - The Jews were so
scrupulous in gegard to the observance of the Sabbath, that
in their wars with Antiochus and the Romans, they did not
defend themselves on that day. This Pompey discovered,
and thus he took Jerusalem. The Mosaic law says, (Ex.
xxxi. 14: xxXV. 2.) "Whoever does any work on the Sabbath
shall surely be put to death."  " Ye shall kindle no fire
throughout your buildings on the Sabbath" (Ex. xxxv. 3.)
In Numbers xv. 32-36, a man is found gathering sticks on the
Sabbath, "and the Lord said to Moses,' This man shall
surely be put to death: the whole congregation shall stone
him with stones without the camp."'" Therefore, in every one
of the numerous instances in which Jesus disregarded this
law, he hazarded his life.
Abiathar was chief, not hSigh priest. - When David ate the
shew-bread, Ahimelech, his father, was high priest, but he
was soon after slain and then Abiathar succeeded to the office.
I desire mercy and not sacrifices.- See Hosea vi, 6.
*Matt. xii. i-8. Mark ii. 23-28. Luke vi. I-5.




CURES TIIE WVITHERED HAND.            97
Departing thence, he went on another Sabbath
into the Synagogue, and taught; and a man was there
whose right hand was withered. Now the Scribes
and Pharisees were watching to see if he would cure
the man on the Sabbath; that they might find an accusation against him. And they asked him, " Is it
lawful to heal on the  Sabbath?"  But he knew
their thoughts, and said to the man, " Rise, and stand
up in the midst."  And he arose and stood up.  Then
Jesus said to them, "; I will ask you a question.  Is it
lawful on the Sabbath to do good, or to do evil? to
save life, or to destroy it?  What man among you,
who owns a sheep, will not, if it fall into a pit on the
Sabbath, lay hold of it and lift it out? Is not a man
of more worth than a sheep?  It is lawful, then, to do
good on the Sabbath." They could say nothing, and
looking round upon them  with indignation, being
grieved for their hardness of heart, he said to the man,
" Stretch forth your hand." And he stretched it forth;
and it was restored, sound as the other. Then the
Pharisees were filled with madness, and going out,
concerted with one another, and with the Herodians,
The Synagoglae.- From the definite manner in which this
Synagogue is spoken of, it is supposed that the one at Capernaum is referred to. In the same definite way the house -
probably Peter's, - which Jesus occupied at Capernaum is
often alluded to.
Withered Hand. - Such a rigidity of the nerves and
muscles as unfitted the limb for use, was what the Jews understood as "withered."
To save life or to destroy it. - As the Pharisees were then
plotting to entrap Jesus into a breach of the Sabbath, so as to
take his life, there was peculiar force in this question.
9




98                LIFE OF JESUS.
how to destroy him.*  But Jesus knowing it, withdrew with his disciples to the sea; and great numbers from  Galilee  and Judea, and Jerusalem, and
Idumea, and beyond the Jordan, and  from  about
Tyre and Sidon, hearing what great works he had
done, followed him, and he healed them all. And he
directed his disciples to have a small boat in waiting,
lest the people should throng him; for he had healed
many; so that all who were diseased crowded round
to touch him: and foul spirits, also fell down before
him, crying out: "' Thou art the Son of God."  But
be strictly charged them  not to make him  known.
And thus was fulfilled what had been written by
Isaiah the prophet, " Behold niy servant whom I have
chosen, my beloved with whom I am well pleased;
I will put my Spirit upon him, and he will declare
my law  to the Gentiles. He will not strive, nor cry
aloud; neither will his voice be heard in the streets.
A bruised reed he will not break, and smoking flax
he will not quench, till he sends forth truth to victory.
And in him will the nations trust."t
And going up into a mountain, he continued all
night in prayer to God. And when it was day,
he called to him  his disciples, and of their numFrohm ziudea, etc.-The previous multitudes who had
followed Jesus, had been Galileans, therefore the people from
the other provinces are now separately mentioned.
Smokizg Flax. - The wicks of lamps were of flax, and
when the oil was well nigh exhausted, the flax would naturally smoke.
* Matt. xii. 9-I4. Mark iii. i-6. Luke vi. 6-II.
t Matt. xii. 15, 2I. Mark iii. 7-I2.




THE TWELVE APOSTLES CALLED.              99
ber chose twelve, whom  he also named Apostles,
to be with him, and to go forth to preach, and
to have power to heal sicknesses, and to cast out
demons.
The names of the twelve Apostles were these: First,
Simon, whom  he called Peter; then  Andrew  his
brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his
brother, whom  he surnamed Boanerges, (that is, The
sons of thunder:) Philip and Bartholomew, Thomas
and Matthew, the tax gatherer: James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, also called Thaddeus; Simon the
Zealot, and Judas Iscariot, —he who betrayed him.
And coming down with them, he stood in the plain,
where were many of his disciples, and a great number
of people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and from the
sea-coast of Tyre and Sidon, who had come to hear
him, and to be healed of their diseases and of foul
spirits; and the whole multitude sought to touch him,
for power went out of him, and cured them all.*
Seeing the multitude, he went up on the mountain
The Zealots, were a class of fanatics who took upon themselves to enforce a rigid observance of the ceremonial law.
The Mounztain. -The definite article is again used in the
original in referring to this mountain, which must have been
an eminence near Capernaum. Maundrell says that " a few
points to the north (of Mount Tabor) appears what is called
the Mount of the Beatitudes, - a small rising, from which our
blessed Lord delivered his sermon in v. vi. vii. chapters of
Matthew. Not far from this little hill, is the city Saphat,
supposed to be the ancient Bethulia. It stands upon a very
eminent and commanding rhountain, glistening with a noble
*Matt. x. 2-4. Mark iii. I3-19. Luke vi. I2-I9.




I00                LIFE OF JESUS.
and sat down; and his disciples coming to him, he
taught them, saying:
Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are those that mourn, for theoi will be comforted.
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land.
Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled.
Blessed are the merciful, for they will receive mercy.
Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.
Blessed are the peace-makers, for they will be
the children of God.
Blessed are they who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are you when men revile you, and persecute you, and say all manner of evil against you,
falsely, for my sake. Rejoice, and leap for joy, for
great is your reward in heaven: So their fathers persecuted the prophets who were before you.
But alas for you who are rich! for you have your
consolation.
Alas for you who are full! for you will hunger.
Alas for you who laugh now! for you will mourn
and weep.
Alas for you, when all men speak well of you! for
so their fathers did of the false prophets.
You are the salt of the earth; but if the salt lose its
castle, and is seen far and near, - seeming to command the
whole country round to a great distance." To this city Jesus
is supposed to have pointed, when he referred to the city set
on a hilM
The o$f, ot;P~aletLilie is obtained from marshes along the




THE SERMON ON THIE IMOUNT.              I01
savor, with what shall it be salted? It is then good for
nothing;but is cast out, and trodden under foot of
men.
You are the light of the world.  A city set on a hill
cannot be hid. Nor do men light a lamp to. put it
under a bushel, but on a stand; that it may give light
to all in the house. So let your light shine before
men; that they may see your good deeds, and glorify
your Father in heaven.
Think not that I have come to annul the Law, or the
sea shore, or from salt lakes in the interior, which dry up in
summer. By the evaporation of the water the marshes are
left covered with a thick crust of saline material, which is
afterwards gathered into heaps, like hay-cocks in a meadow.
Dr. Thomson relates that he found the large winter lake,
southeast of Aleppo, dried up in the end of August, and the
entire basin, as far as the eye could reach, as white as snow,
from an incrustation of course salt. Maundrell says, that he
found at Jebbul, salt which had entirely "lost its savor," and
Dr. Thomson found the same in localities at the south end of
the Dead Sea. He says, " it is a well known fact that the salt
of this country, (Palestine), when in contact with the ground,
or exposed to rain and sun, does become insipid and useless.
From the manner in which it is gathered, much earth and
other impurities are necessarily collected with it. Not a little
of it is so impure that it cannot be used at all, and such salt
soon effloresces, and turns to dust, - not to fruitful soil, however. It is not only good for nothing itself, but it actually
destroys all fertility wherever it is thrown; and this is the
reason why it is cast into the street. There is no place
about the house, yard or garden, where it can be tolerated.
No man will allow it in his field, and the only place for it is
the street; and there it is cast to be trodden under foot of
men.",Laam. - Candles were not at this time used in Judea. The
word in the common version is an incorrect rendering.
9*




102                LIFE OF JESUS.
Prophets: I have not come to annul, but to complete.
For truly I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away,
not one jot or one tittle will pass away from the Law;
not till all things are accomplished.  Whoever, therefore, shall break one of the least of these commandments, and teach men so, will be the least in the
kingdom of heaven; but whoever shall do and teach
them, will be great in the kingdom of heaven.  For I
tell you, Unless your righteousness exceed that of
the Scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter
the kingdom of heaven.
You have heard that it was said to them  of old,
"Thou shalt do no murder, and whosoever commits
murder shall be in danger of the Judges." But I say
to you, whoever is angry with his brother, without
cause, shall be in danger of the Judges; and whoever
shall say to his brother, C Raca," shall be in danger of
the Sanhedrim; but whoever shall say to his brother,
" Thou fool," shall be in danger of the Gehenna of fire.
Therefore, if you bring your gift to the altar, and
The Yudges. —Every city had its elders, who formed a
court with power to determine minor matters. There were
three of these elders, called judges, in the smaller cities, and
twenty-three in the larger. The next higher body was the
Sanhedrim, which acted on capital offences.
The Gehenna of Fire. - This refers to the Valley of
Hinnom, a narrow ravine with steep and rocky sides, - near
Jerusalem, on the south.  In this valley the idolatrous
Jews formerly conducted the worship to Moloch. Here infants were sacrificed, by being put into the arms of the idol -
a brass image, heated by a great fire built within. No death
could be more horrible, and no figure could more terribly express the torture enkindled in his own breast by the persistent
and hardened violator of the laws of his being.




TIHE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.              I03
there remember that your brother has aught against
you, leave your gift there before the altar, and go
away; first be reconciled to your brother, and then
come and offer your gift.  Agree with your accuser
quickly, while you are on the way with him, lest he
bring you before the judge, and the judge deliver
you to the officer, and you be cast into prison.  Truly
I tell you, you will not come out thence, till you have
paid the last farthing.
You have heard that it was said: " Thou shalt not
commit adultery." But I say to you, whoever looks
on a woman to lust after her, has already committed
adultery with her in his heart. And if your right eye
lead you into sin, pluck it out and cast it from you;
for it is better for you that one of your members should
perish, than that your whole body should be cast into
hell. And if your right hand lead you into sin, cut it
off and cast it from  you; for it is better for you that
one of your members should perish, than that your
whole body should be cast into hell.
It has been said: " Let him who would put away his
wife give her a writing of divorcement."  But I say to
A zvrz'izng of Divorcenzent. - The Jews inferred from the
Levitical law that a man might divorce his wife for any cause
whatever. Their Rabbis said: "If a man sees a woman he
loves better than his wife, let him divorce his wife, and marry
her." The school of Hillel taught, that " If the wife cook her
husband's food ill, by over salting or over roasting it, she is
to be put away," also "If the wife by any stroke of God, become dumb, or foolish." Josephus relates of himself, that
I" about that time, I divorced my wife, who had borne me
three children, not being pleased with her manners." Christianity alone has created domestic life, and made the union




104                LIFE OF JESUS.
you, whoever puts away his wife except for adultery,
causes her to commit adultery; and whoever marries
her who is put away, commits adultery.
Again, you have heard that it was said to them of
old, " Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform thine oaths to the Lord." But I say to you,
Swear not at all; not by heaven, for it is God's
throne; nor by the earth, for it is his footstool; neither
by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King';
neither swear by your head, for you cannot make
one hair white or black. But let your manner of
speech be Yea, yea; Nay, nay; for what is more than
these, comes of evil.
You have heard that it was said, "An eye for an
eye, and a tooth for a tooth."  But I say to you, Resist not the evil-doer; but whoever shall smite you on
the right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if
any man would sue you at law  to take away your
coat, let him have your cloak also; and should one
of the sexes a sacred bond dissolvable only by death or
crime.
Swear no0 at all. -All eastern nations are fearfully profane. Dr. Thomson says, speaking of the present people of
Palestine, " everybody curses and swears when in a passion.
No people that I have ever known can compare with the
Orientals for profanity. The evil habit seems inveterate and
universal. When Peter, therefore, began to curse and to
swear on that dismal night of temptation, we are not to suppose that it was something foreign to his former habits."
Coat. — This was the tunic, a garment usually of linen,
made to fit closely to the body, with short sleeves, and extending below the knees. Over it was worn the cloak, a
square garment, wrapped loosely about the person, and laid
aside when labor was performed. Of the former kind was




THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.             I05
compel you to go one mile, go with him two. Give
to him who asks of you, and from him who would borrow of you, turn not away.
You have heard that it was said, " Thou shalt love
thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy:" But I say to
you, Love your enemies, bless those who curse you,
do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who
despitefully use you and persecute you: that you
may be children of your Father in heaven; for he
makes his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and
sends his rain on the just and on the unjust.
For if you love those who love you, what praise do
you deserve?  Do not even the Gentiles the same?
And if you salute your brethren only, what do you
more than others? do not even the tax-gatherers so?
And if you do good to those who do good to you, what
praise do you deserve? sinners do even the same.
And if you lend to those of whom  you hope to receive, what praise do you deserve? sinners also lend
to sinners, to receive as much in return. But do good,
and lend, hoping for nothing in return; and your reward will be great, and you will be children of the
Highest: for he is kind to the unthankful and to the
evil. Be you, then, perfect, even as your Father in
heaven is perfect.
the vesture without seam, woven throughout, for which lots
were cast. (John xix. 23)..Should one cozmpel you to go one nzile. - It was a custom,
introduced by the Persians and adopted by the Romans, to
transmit intelligence by couriers, placed at regular distances.
These couriers were authorized to impress horses or men
for the public service, while on their jourieys. The practice
is still followed by the Turks, and resistance is punishable
with death.




o6               LIFE OF JESUS.
Take heed that you do not your good deeds to be
seen by men; otherwise you have no reward of your
Father in heaven.  Therefore, when you give alms,
do not sound a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites
do, in the Synagogues, and in the streets, that men
may give them honor.  Truly, I say to you, they have
their reward.  But when you give alms, let not your
left hand know what your right hand is doing; and
your alms being in secret, your Father who sees in
secret will reward you openly. And when you pray
be not like the hypocrites, who are wont to pray standing in the Synagogues, and in the corners of the
streets, to be seen by men.  Truly, I say to you, they
have their reward.  But do you, when you pray, enter
your closet, and having shut your door, pray to your
Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees in
secret, will reward you openly.
And when you pray, use not idle repetitions, as the
heathen do; for they think they shall be heard for
their many words. Be not you, then, like them; for
Who pray standing' on thke corners of the streets. -The
Mahommedans of Palestine, when overtaken by the hour
of prayer, suspend their employments and pray, even in the
most public places. Spreading their outer garments on the
ground, and turning their faces towards Mecca, they go
through certain gestures, and forms of prayer, and then resume their previous employments, as if nothing had happened.
Idle repetitions. - The Jewish Rabbis taught that, " Whoever multiplies prayer is heard," " Whoever prolongs prayer,
his prayer does not return to him empty, and he that is long
in prayer, his days shall be prolonged." The Moslems are
required to repeat some expressions thirty times, and others,
as often as a hundred.




THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.             I 07
your Father knows what you need before you ask
him. Do you, then, pray in this manner, Our Father
who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.  Thy
kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, as it is in
heaven. Give us this day our needful bread. Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And
bring us not into trial, but deliver us from evil.
For if you forgive men their offences, your heavenly
Father will also forgive you: But if you forgive not
men their offences, your Father will not forgive your
offences.
Moreover, when you fast, be not like the hypocrites,
of a sad countenance; for they disfigure their faces,
that they may appear to men to fast. Truly, I say to
you, They have their reward. But when you fast,
anoint your head, and wash your face; that you may
not appear to men to fast, but to your Father who is
in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will
reward you openly.
Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth, where
moths and worms consume, and where thieves break
through and steal. But lay up for yourselves treasures
in heaven, where neither moths nor worms consume,
and where thieves do not break through nor steal. For
where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
The light of the body is the eye; therefore if your
eye be clear your whole body will be full of light;
Anoint your head. —The richer class of Jews anointed
their bodies daily with sweet or olive oil. The custom still
exists among eastern nations. It preserves the skin soft, and
in hot climates conduces greatly to health.
Worms. - An insect is here referred to which destroys
wheat and other grains.




Io8                LIFE OF JESUS.
but if your eye be evil your whole body will be full
of darkness.  If, then, the light within you be dark,
how great is your darkness!
No man can serve two masters; for he will hate
one and love the other; or he will adhere to one,
and neglect the other. You cannot serve Godl and
Mammon.
For this reason I say to you; Be not anxious
about your life, what you shall eat, or what you shall
drink; nor yet for your body, what you shall put on.
Is not life a greater gift than food, and the body than
raiment? Behold the birds of the air, they neither
sow nor reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly
Father feeds them. Are you not of more value than
they?  And who of you bybeing anxious can add one
cubit to his stature?
And why are you anxious about raiment?  Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They
toil not, neither do they spin; and yet I tell you,
that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed
like one of these. And if God so clothes the grass
of the field, which to-day is, and to-morrow  is cast
into the oven, will he not much more clothe you,
O ye of little faith?  Be not anxious, therefore, sayLilies. - A flower called the Htileh lily grows luxuriantly
among the hills of Nazareth, and on the borders of the Lake
of Galilee. Dr. Thomson describes it as being very large, its
three inner petals meeting above and forming a gorgeous
canopy, such as art never approached, or King sat under. It
is of a downy softness, the corolla white, but every petal
marked with a single streak of bright purple down the middle.
The gazelles feed upon it, and owing to the scarcity of fuel, it
is, with the myrtle, rosemary, and cinnamon grasses, gathered
and used in heating ovens.




THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.          I09
ing, WVhat shall we eat, or what shall we drink,
or with what shall we be clothed? -all which
things the Gentiles seek; — for your heavenly Father
knows that you have need of them all; but seek you
first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness, and
all these things will be given you in addition. Therefore, be not anxious about the morrow; let the morrow care for itself. Enough for each day is its own
evil.
Judge not, and you will not be judged; condemn
not, and you will not be condemned; forgive, and you
will be forgiven. Give, and it will be given to you;
good measure, pressed down, shaken together, and
running over, will men give into your bosom; for
the same measure that you deal will be dealt to you
again.
WVhy behold you the mote which is in your brother's
eye, and perceive not the beam that is in your own
eye? Or how can you say to your brother, Brother,
let me pull out the mote that is in your eye, when you
perceive not the beam that is in your own eye?
Hypocrite! first cast the beam out of your own eye,
and then you will see clearly to pull the mote out of
your brother's eye.
Give not what is holy to dogs, nor cast your
pearls before swine, lest the swine trample them under
foot, and the dogs turn and rend you.
Ask, and it will be given you; seek, and you will
find; knock, and the door will be opened to you. For
every one that asks receives; and he that seeks, finds;
and to him that knocks, the door will be opened.
Who among. you, if his son ask for bread, will
Io0




II0                LIFE OF JESUS.
give him a stone?  Or if he ask for a fish, will give
him  a serpent?  If you, then, though evil, give good
gifts to your children, how  much more will your
Father in heaven give good gifts to those that ask him?
Do, then, to others whatever you would that they
should do to you;  for this is the Law  and the
Prophets.
Enter you in at the strait gate; for wide is the
gate, and broad is the way, that leads to destruction,
and many go in thereat; because strait is the gate,
and narrow  the way, that leads to life, —and few
there are that find it.
Beware of false teachers, who come to you in sheep's
clothing, but inwardly are ravening wolves. You may
know them by their fruits.  Do men gather grapes of
thorns, or figs of thistles?  Every good tree brings
forth good fruit; and every evil tree brings forth
evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit,
nor can an evil tree bring forth good fruit.  So, then,
by their fruits you may know them. Every tree that
brings not forth good fruit will be cut down, and cast
into the fire.
Not every one who says to me, Lord, Lord, will
The Wide and Strait Gates. - Nearly every town in
Syria and Palestine is surrounded with walls, and entered by
gates. The principal ones are wide, two-leaved, plated with
iron, closed with locks, and fastened with metal bars. The
gateway is vaulted, shady, and cool, and so, is a favorite resort in the heat of the day. Dr. Thomson says, "I have
seen the strait and narrow ways,'with here and there a
traveller.' They are in retired corners, and must be sought
for. They are opened only to those who knock, and when
the sun goes down, and the night comes on, are shut and
locked."




THE CENTURION'S SERVANT CURED.    I I I
enter the kingdom of heaven; but he who does the
will of my Father who is in heaven. Many will say
to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not taught
to thy name? and in thy name cast out demons? and
in thy name done many wonderful works?  Yet shall
I then declare to them, I never knew you; depart from
me, ye who do iniquity.
Whoever, then, hears these words of mine and
does them, I will liken to a wise man, who built
a house, and dug deep, and set the foundation on a
rock; and the rain descended, and the flood arose, and
the winds blew, and beat vehemently on that house;
and it fell not; for it was founded on a rock. And
whoever hears these words of mine, and does them
not, will be like a foolish man, wvho built his house
upon the sand. And the rain descended, and the
flood arose, and the winds blew, and beat upon that
house; and it fell; and great was its fall.
And when Jesus had ended this discourse, the
people wvere astonished at his teaching; for he taught
as one having authority, and not as the teachers of the
Law.'*
And when he came down from the mountain, great
multitudes followed him, and he entered Capernaum.
And a certain centurion's servant, whom he held dear,
was sick of the palsy, near to death. And hearing
Cenzcurion. -The captain of a hundred men in the Roman
army. He was generally from the better class of citizens,
and often a man of fortune. Matthew describes the Centurion as coming to Jesus in person, and this he may have done
after the elders had preferred their request.
* Matt. vi. viii. I. Luke vi. 20-49.




I2               LIFE OF JESUS.
of Jesus, he sent to him the elders of the Jews, to beg
that he would come and cure his servant. And coming to Jesus, they besought him  earnestly, saying,
"H Ie in worthy that you should do this for him; for he
loves our nation, and it was he who built our synagogue." Jesus answered: " I will come and cure
him," and he went with them. But when he was not
far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him,
to say, "'Lord, trouble not yourself; for I am not
worthy that you should come under my roof; nor do I
myself think worthy to come to you; but only speak a
word, and my servant will be cured. For even I, who
am a man under command, have soldiers under me,
and I say to one, Go, and he goes; and to another,
Come, and he comes; and to my servant, Do this, and
he does it."  When Jesus heard this, he wondered at
him, and turning round, he said to the people that
followed, " Truly, I have not found such faith in Israel;
and I tell you, that many will come from the east and
the west, and will recline at table with Abraham,
and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven; but
the children of the kingdom will be cast forth into the
outer darkness, wvhere will be weeping and gnashing
of teeth."  And Jesus said to those who were sent;
" Go your way, as he has believed, so be it done to
him."  And returning they found the servant had been
cured in the same hour.*
Many will com      the e ast and the West. - This declaration was addressed to Jews who considered it contamination to eat with Gentiles.
* Matt. viii. 5-I3. Luke vii. i-Io.




THE RAISING OF THIE  VIDOWV'S SON.    113
And the day after, he went to a town called Nain;
and numbers of his disciples and many people weilt
with him.  And when he was near the gate of the
town, a dead man was borne out, the only son of his
mother, and she was a widow; and many people of
the town were with her.  And when the Lord saw
her he took pity on her, and said to her, "6 Weep not."
And he went up and touched the bier; and the bearers
stood still; and he said, "' Young man, I say to thee,
Rise." And the dead man sat up, and began to speak;
and he gave him to his mother.  Then all were struck
with awe, and gave glory to God, saying,'~ A  great
prophet has risen up  among us;"  and, "God has
visited his people."
And the report of this spread through all Judea,
and all the region round about.*  And the disciples
Vaiz - This town was about sixteen miles southwest from
Capernaum, and near Mount Tabor, the brook Kishon, running between it and the foot of the mountain. It was once a
place of considerable extent, but is now scarcely more than
a cluster of ruins, tenanted only by a few Mohammedans.
Its only antiquities are tombs, and a rock to the west of the
village is full of them. The town is approached by a narrow
road which rises abruptly from the plain of Esdraelon, and it
was while coming up this way that Jesus met the widow iand
her son.
Borne Oun. - All Jews, but those of the family of David,
were buried outside the walls of towns. The bodies of
persons above three years of age, were borne out on beds or
biers, and long processions followed; the women leading
the way and chanting a mournful dirge, and the rest lamenting and beating their breasts. So great respect was shown
to the dead, that when one of even tihe cozmmon people was
buried, all work was suspended.
Luke vii: Ii-I7.




II4              LIFE OF JESUS.
of John told him, while he was in prison, of all
these things, and he sent two of them to Jesus to ask,
" Art thou he who was to come? or must we
look for another? "  And the men came to Jesus and
said, "John, the Baptist, has sent us to you, to ask, Art
thou he who was to come? or must we look for another? " Jesus immediately cured many of diseases and
plagues, and of evil spirits; and gave sight to many
who were blind, and then he answered, " Go, and tell
John what you have seen and heard; how the blind
see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf
hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor hear the
glad tidings of the kingdom of lheaven, -and that
happy is he, who shall not be offended with me."
And when the messengers of John had departed,
he said to the people concerning John, "~ What went
you out to the desert to see? A reed shaken by the
wind? Nay, then what went you out to see? A man
clothed in fine raiment?  Lo! those who wear fine
raiment, and live in luxury are in kings' houses. But
what went you out to see? A prophet?  Yea, I say
to you, and more than a prophet; for this is he, of
whom it is written,' Lo! I send my messenger before
thy face, to prepare the way before thee.' Among
those that are born of women a greater has not risen
than John the Baptist; and yet the humblest in the
kingdom of heaven is greater than he. And from the
days of John the Baptist, until now, the kingdom of
heaven suffers violence, and the violent take it by
force. For all the prophets and the Law prophesied
until the time of John; and, if you will receive it, he
is the Elijah who was to come. He that has ears to
hear, let him hear.




TESTIMONY TO JOHN.                115
But to what shall I liken this generation?  It is like
children playing in the market-places, and calling to
one another,' Ve have piped to you, and you have
not danced; we have wailed to you, and you have not
lamented.' For John came neither eating bread nor
drinking wine, and they say,' He has a demon.' The
Son of man has come eating and drinking, and they
say,' Lo! a gluttonous man and a wine-bibber, a friend
of tax-gatherers and sinners.' Yet Wisdom is honored
by her children." *  And all the people that heard
him, and the publicans, honored God and were baptized with the baptism of John.  But the Pharisees and
lawyers rejected the teachings of God, not being baptized of him.
Then he began to reprove the towns in which most
of his mighty worlks had been done, because they had
not repented. " Alas for thee, Chorazin! Alas for thee,
Bethsaida! for if the mighty works had been done in
Tyre and Sidon which have been done in you, they
Market Places, were areas, generally near the gates of the
cities, one side of which was occupied by the market, the
others by the courts of justice and other public buildings., In
these open places the doctors met, and conversed, and people
gathered for business or amusement, and here children also
collected and practised their games, in which, of course, they
imitated the graver customs of their elders. Instrumental
music, - or piping- and dancing, was practised at marriages,
and wailing at funerals.
Chorazin and Beltsaida. - These towns were not far from
Capernaum, but their precise location iL not known. They
were destroyed in the wars between the Jews and Romans.
Tyre and Sidon, were rich trading cities noted for their
*Matt. xi. 2-I9. Luke vii. I8-35.




I 6               LIFE OF JESUS.
would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.
And I say to you, It will be more tolerable for Tyre
and Sidon in the day of Judgment, than for you. And
thou Capernaum! that hast been exalted to heaven,
thou wilt be brought down to hell; for if the mighty
works had been done in Sodom, which have been
done in thee, it would have remained until this day.
And I say to you, it will be more tolerable for Sodom,
in the day of Judgment, than for you."
At that time Jesus said, " I thank thee, O Father,
Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these
things from the wise and discerning, and hast revealed
them  to babes. Yea, Father, for so it has seemed
good in thy sight. All things are given to me by my
Father; and no one knows the Son, but the Father;
neither knows any one the Father, but the Son, and
he to whom the Son will reveal him."
" Come unto me all ye that labor, and are heavy
laden, and I will give' you rest. Take my yoke upon
you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in
heart; and you will find rest for your souls. For my
yoke is easy, and my burden is light." *
And one of the Pharisees asked him to eat with
pride, luxury, and contempt of religion. Judges xviii. 7.
Isaiah xxiii. 9. Amos i. 9, Io.
A:?d one of tie Pkarisees asked zi'm to eat vz'tlk kim. - The
Jews had only two meals, a light one - the breakfast —at
about eleven or twelve o'clock in the day, and a more bountiful one - the dinner - at sunset. The table was but slightly
elevated from the ground, and the guests reclined about it on
low couches, which were placed around three of its sides, an
opening being left at the fourth for the entrance of the ser*Matt. xi. 20-30.




ANOINTED BY A SINNER.                I17
him, and going into the Pharisees house, he reclined
at his table.  And a woman of the city, who was a
sinner, hearing that Jesus was at table in the Pharisees house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, and
standing behind him  at his feet, weeping, began to
wet his feet with tears, and to wipe them  with the
hair of her head; and she kissed his feet, and anointed
them with the ointment.  But when the Pharisee who
vants who served at the meal. Ordinarily only three persons,
but sometimes four or five, reclined on each couch. The
couches were provided with cushions, on which the guest
rested upon his left elbow, his right arm being free, and his
feet extended outward from the table, so that one standing at
them would be behind him. When several guests reclined on
one couch their bodies overlapped, and the one next below
another, rested his head on or near the breast of the one behind him. Next to the host was the place of honor, and the
guest occupying it was said to "lie in his bosom," (John i.
i8, xiii. 23, xxi. 20). Knives and forks were not used, and
each person took his food with his hand from a common
dish. A piece of bread was held between the thumb and two
fore fingers, and was dipped either into a bowl of melted
grease, (this was the " sop " John xiii. 26,) or into a dish of
meat, whence a piece was conveyed to the mouth between two
layers of bread. When guests were invited more than ordinary ceremony was used, and it was to the neglect of this
ceremony on the part of Simon, that Jesus alluded. On such
occasions the visitor was received with a kiss, water was produced to wash his feet, and his head, and often his beard
and feet. were perfumed with oil.
A-issed hzis feet. - Among ancient nations kissing the feet
was a token of deep reverence, and earnest supplication.
Seneca relates that " C. Cxesar gave wine to Pompey Pennus,
whom he had pardoned, and then, on his returning thanks,
presented his left foot for him to kiss." Xenophon speaks of
similar instances. From this arose the custom of kissing the
Pope's foot.




IIS                LIFE OF JESUS.
had invited him, saw this, he said to himself, "1 This
man, if he were a prophet, would know who and
what this woman is who is touching him, for she is a
sinner." And Jesus said to him, " Simon, I have
something to say to you;" and he said, " Teacher,
say on."  And Jesus said, " A  certain creditor had
two debtors: the one owed him five hundred denarii,
the other fifty, and both having nothing to pay, he
freely forgave them  both.  Tell me, therefore, which
of them will love him  most? "  Simon answeredl, " I
suppose he to whom  he forgave most."  And Jesus
said to him, " You have judged rightly."  Then, turn
ing to the woman, he said to Simon, " See you this
woman? I entered your house, you gave me no
water for my feet; but she has wet them  with tears,
and wiped them  with the hairs of her head. You
gave me no kiss; but since I came in, she has not
ceased to kiss my feet. My head with oil you did not
anoint; but she has anointed my feet with ointment.
Therefore, I say to you, her sins, which are many, are
forgiven; for she has loved much, but he to whom little
Dcenrzi. - Roman silver coin then in circulation in Palestine. One denarius, it would seem from Matt. xx. I-I3, was
then the ordinary pay for a day's labor. Fifty were equal to
about seven dollars, five hundred to seventy.
No teaier for any feet. - As sandals were worn which covered only the sole of the foot, frequent washings were necessary. It was customary to remove the sandals and bathe the
feet whenever one entered a house, and in omitting to provide
water for this purpose, Simon had neglected one of the commonest acts of hospitality. In Hindoostan, at the present
time, when a superior enters the house of an inferior, the
latter brings water, and washes his feet.




PREACHES TIIOUGHOUT GALILEE.           I 19
is forgiven, he loves little." Then he said to the
woman, "Your sins are forgiven."  And those that
were at table with him said to themselves, "c Who is
this that even forgives sins."  But he said to the
woman, "Your faith has saved you; go in peace." *
And afterward he went through all the towns and
villages preaching the glad tidings of the kingdom of
God; and the twelve went with him, also certain
women, whom he had cured of evil spirits and infirmities, - Mary, called Mary of Magadala, out of whom
had gone seven demons, and Joanna, the wife of Chuza,
Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, who
provided for him from their property.t
And as they went into a certain house, the multitude
came together so that they could not so much as eat
bread. And when his kinsmen heard of this they
went out to lay hold of him, for they said 1" He is
beside himself."
Then a blind  and  dumb man  possessed by a
demon, was brought to him; and he healed him, so
that the blind, and  dumb both  spake  and saw.
Mary of ~agdazla. - Magdala was on the sea of Galilee,
south of Capernaum. Mary is commonly supposed to have
been an abandoned character, but of this there is no evidence.
From this notice it is to be inferred that she was a person
of some property.
Seven Dem)ons.- The Jews supposed the demons who
possessed men were the spirits of mortals who, after death,
haunted the earth, and under the direction of Satan, worked
evil to mankind~ In aggravated cases seven were thought to
tenant the body of one person.
*Luke vii. 30-49.
fLuke viii. I-3.




I20              LIFE OF JESUS.
When the demon had gone out, all the people wondered, and said, "1 Is not this the Son of David? "  But
when the Pharisees, who had come down from Jerusalem, heard of it, they said, " He casts out demons,
but only by Beelzebub, the prince of demons."  And
Jesus, knowing their thoughts, called them to him, and
said, " Every kingdom  at war within itself is laid
waste; and every city or family at discord within
itself is brought to ruin. If Satan cast out Satan he is
at war with himself; how then can his kingdom stand?
And if I by B1elzebub  cast out demons, by wbhm do
your disciples cast them out?  Therefore they shall De
your judges; but if I, by the spirit of God, cast out
demons then has the kingdom of God come among you.
How can one enter a strong man's house and seize
upon his goods, without first binding the strong man?
Then may he plunder his house. PIe that is not with
me is against me, and he that gathers not with me,
scatters abroad; and truly, I say to you, all manner of sin and calumny may be forgiven to men;
but the calumny against the spirit of God may
not be forgiven. Whoever speaks against the Son
of Man may be forgiven; but whoever speaks against
the spirit of God will not be forgiven, neither in this
world, nor in the world to come."  (This, he said,
because they accused him of having an evil spirit).
" Admit that the tree is good, and its fruit good, or
else that the tree is bad, and its fruit bad; for a tree is
known by its fruit. O brood of vipers! how can you
By whom do yomr DisciZles ecast them ot.2 - For proof that
the Jews practised exorcism see Acts xix. I3. Mark ix. 38.
Luke ix. 49. Josephus, Antiq, lib. viii.




THE PHARISEES ASK A SIGN.             12I
who are evil, speak what is good, for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks. A good man
out of the good treasure of his heart brings forth
what is good, and an evil man, out of the evil treasure,
brings forth what is evil. And I say to you, that for
every vile word that men speak they will give account in a day of Judgment; for according to your
words you will be justified, and according to your
words you will be condemned." *
And while the people were thronging thickly about
him, certain of the Scribes and Pharisees, to make
trial of him, said, " Teacher, show  us a sign from
heaven."  But he answered them, "This is an evil
generation.  It seeks a sign; but no sign shall be
given it, but the sign of the prophet Jonah; for as
Jonah was three days and three nights in the heart
of the fish, and a sign to the Ninevites; so shall the
Son of Man be three days and three nights in the
heart of the earth, and a sign to this generation.  The
men of Nineveh will rise before the Judgment seat
with this generation, and will condemn it; for they
repented, at the preaching of Jonah, and lo! a greater
than Jonah is here.  The queen of the south will rise
before the Judgment seat with this generation, and
A szgn from heaven. - Some supernatural appearance in
the air. They ascribed what he had done to the power of
Satan; but this, they implied, would convince them. Some
such sign they appear to have expected from the coming
Messiah.
Rise before thze 7tdgnzent sealt. - An allusion to the custom
among the Jews and Romans for witnesses to rise from their
seats, when accusing, or giving evidence against, criminals.
*Mark iii. 19-30. Matt. xii. 22-37. Luke xi. I4, 15, 17, 23.
II




122                LIFE OF JESUS.
will condemn it; for she came from  the ends of the
earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and lo! a
greater than Solomon is here.  When a foul spirit has
gone out of a man he walks through desert places, seeking rest and finding none.  Then he says, I will return
to my house whence I came; and returning, he finds
it empty, swept, and set in order. Then he goes and
takes with him  seven other spirits more wicked than
himself, and they enter in, and dwell there; and the
last state of the man, is worse than the first. So will
it be with this wicked generation..*
While he was speaking, a certain woman called out
from the throng, " Blessed is the womb that bore thee,
and the breasts that thou hast nursed."  But he said,
" Rather, blessed are those who hear the word of God,
and keep it."  While he thus talked to the people his
mother and his kinsmen came and stood without, desiring to speak with him.  But not being able to get to
T/urongh desert'5 aces. - The common notion was that evil
spirits haunted dry and desert places.
That man. -Reference is here made to the whole nation
of Jews. Jesus compares them to a demoniac, who, after an
interval of quiet, relapses into greater violence. Since their
return from Babylon, the Jews had not fallen into idolatry,
and, therefore, did not consider themselves liable to the anger
of God; but Jesus says that seven demons are about to enter
them, and their last state will be worse than the first. According to Josephus, "the character of the Jews, just before
their final destruction by the Romans, was the vilest that can
be conceived. They pressed on to their own ruin as if they
were possessed by legions of devils, and wrought up to the
last degree of madness."
*lIatt. xii. 38-45. Luke xi. 24-36.




DINES WITH A PHARISEE.            123
him on account of the multitude, they sent to him,
calling him, and those who sat about him said, " Lo!
Your mother and your kinsmen are without, asking
for you."  And he answered, "WVho is my mother,
or my kinsmen?" and looking round on those about
him, he stretched forth his hand towards his disciples,
and said, " Behold my mother and nay kinsmen; for
whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my
brother, and my sister, and my mother." *
And when he had finished speaking, a certain Pharisee asked him to dine with him, and he went into his
house and reclined at his table. But the Pharisee
wondered when he saw that he did not wash before
dinner. And the Lord said to him, ".Now, you Pharisees make clean the outside of your cups and dishes,
but your inward part is full of rapacity and wickedness. Fools! did not -Ie who made the outside, make
the inside also? But give alms of what you have, and
all things will be clean to you. Alas, for you Pharisees! for you give tithes of mint and rue, and all
manner of herbs, and pass by justice, and the love of
God. These ought you to have done, and not to have
left the other undone. Alas, for you Pharisees! for
you love the highest seats in the synagogues, and
greetings in  the market-places.  Alas, for  you,
Scribes and Pharisees! Hypocrites! you are like
Rue. - A small shrub grown in gardens. It has a strong
smell, and a bitter taste, and is used in medicine. Paying
tithes on these insignificant herbs shows how scrupulous the
Pharisees were in observing all the minor requirements of
their religion.
*Matt. xii. 38-45. Mark iii. 3I-35.




124                LIFE OF JESUS.
hidden graves which men walk over, and are not
aware of."
Then one of the teachers of the Law said to him,
" Teacher, in saying this, you reproach us also." And
he answered, " Alas for you, lawyers, also! for you
load men with burdens grievous to be borne, and you,
yourselves, touch them  not with one of your fingers.
Alas for you, for you build the sepulchres of the
prophets, and your fathers killed them.  Truly you
show that you approve of the deeds of your fathers;
for they slew them, and you build their sepulchres.
Alas for you, lawyers! for you have taken away the
key of knowledge; you enter not yourselves, and you
keep out those who are entering."
ziddein Graves.- The graves of the common people were
mere excavations in the earth, sodded, and level with the
ground.
Build their Selzlchres. - The Jews greatly reverenced the
tombs of dead men. Dr. Thomson says that in Palestine at
the present time, " every village has its saints' tombs - every
hill-top is covered with the white dome of some prophet.
Thither all resort to garnish the sepulchres, burn incense
and consecrated candles, fulfil vows, make offerings and
pray. So fanatical are they in their zeal that they would
tear any one to pieces, who should put dishonor on one of
the sacred shrines. Enter that at Hebron, for example, and
they would instantly sacrifice you to their fury. It was for
rebuking this, and other kinds of idolatry, that' their fathers
killed the prophets,' and those who built their tombs would,
in like manner, kill any one who denounced their idolatrous
reverence for these very sepulchres." Thus the Pharisees
were actuated by the same spirit as their fathers.
The Key of Kinowledge. -When the Scribe was admitted
to his office, the presiding Rabbi solemnly delivered to him
the " key of knowledge," with which he was to open and shut




DENOUNCES THE TEACHERS OF THE LAW. I25
WVhen he had said these things to them, the Scribes
and Pharisees began to press him vehemently with
questions about many things, hoping to ensnare him
into some words that might serve for an accusation
against him.
In the mean time thousands of the people had gathered together, so that they trod one upon another, and
he began to say to his disciples. "First of all, beware
you of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy;
for nothing is covered that will not be revealed, nor
hidden  that will not be  made  known.  Therefore, whatever you have spoken in darkness, will be
heard in the light, and what you have whispered in
closets, will be proclaimed from the house-tops; and I
say to you, my friiends, fear not those who kill the
body, and after that can do no more, but I will warn
you whom  to fear; Fear Him, who after he has
killed, has power to cast into hell.  Yea I say to you,
fear Him.  Are not five sparrows sold for twvo farththe treasures of Divine wisdom; and he is said to have worn
the figure of a key on his garment, as a symbol-of his office.
Proclaimned from  Ite house toJs. - The roofs of Jewish
houses were flat, and were greatly resorted to by all classes
of people. Dr. Thomson states that " at the present day
the governors in country districts [of Palestine], cause their
commands to be published from the house-tops. Their proclamations are generally made in the evening, after the people
have returned from their labors in the field. The public crier
ascends the highest roof at hand, and lifts up his voice in a
long-drawn call upon all faithful subjects to give ear and
obey.
Fear not those zvlho kill Mke body. -Jesus had just endangered his own life by his severe denunciation of the Pharisees.
Sp5arrows. - The sparrows of Judea are described as tame,




X 26              LIFE OF JESUS.
ings, and yet not one of them is forgotten before God.
Nay, even tile very hairs of your head are all nums
bered. Fear not, therefore, you are of more value
than many sparrows. Also, I say to you, whoever
shall acknowledge me before men, him will the Son
of Man also acknowledge before the angels of God."
And one among the multitude said to him, " Teacher, speak to my brother that he divide the inheritance
with me;" but Jesus said to him, " Man, who made
me a judge, or a divider over you?"  And he said to
his disciples, " Take heed, and beware of covetousness;. for a man's life consists not in the abundance
of his possessions."  And he spoke a parable to them,
saying, "The ground of a certain rich man yielded
abundantly, and he thought to himself, What shall I
do, for I have no room to store my grain. Then he
said, This will I do. I will pull down my barns, and
build greater, and in them, I will store all my fruits and
produce. And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast
many good things laid up for many years, take thine
ease, eat, drink, and be merry. But God said to him,
Thou fool! this night thy soul will be required of
thee. Then whose will all this be that thou hast provided?  So is he who lays up treasure for himself, and
is not rich toward God.
troublesome and impertinent birds infesting the towns, in
countless numbers. They are not much valued for food, and
are snared and destroyed as a public nuisance.
Divide tIe inzheritance. -Among the Jews the older brother
had two shares, the rest was divided equally among the remaining children. The word Judge here means arbitrator,
and the doctors of the law acted in that capacity in family
disputes.




TEACHES HIS DISCIPLES.            I 27
" Fear not, little flock, for it has pleased your Father
to give you the kingdom.  Sell what you have, and
give to the poor, provide yourselves purses that wax not
old, a treasure in the heavens, that will not fail, where
no thief will come, and no moth destroy, for where
your treasure is, there will your heart be also. Let
your loins be girt about, and your lamps burning, and
be you like men who wait their lord's return from the
wedding, that when he comes and knocks, they may
open to him immediately. Happy will be those servants, whom  the Lord when he comes shall find
watching. Truly, I say to you, he will gird himself, and
place them at table, and come forth and serve them.
And whether he come in the second watch, or come in
the third, happy will be those servants who are thus
found watching. And this you know, that if the
master of a house knows at what hour the thief is
coming, he is awake, and suffers not his house to be
broken into. Be you then always ready; for in an
hour when you think not the Son of Man will come."
Then Peter said to him, " Lord, speak you this
parable to us, or even to all?"  And the Lord said,
Let your loins be girt about. - The outer garment, when
one walked or labored, was girded up about the waist with a
sash or girdle.
Return from t/ze Wedding. - Marriages were performed at
night at the house of the bride's father, and the husband took
his wife directly to his own house, where the wedding feast
was given.
The second watch. -The night was divided by the Jews
and Rornans into four watches. The first was from six o'clock
till nine P. M., the second from nine till twelve, the third from
twelve till three A. M., and the fourth from three till six.




128                LIFE OF JESUS.
6 IlWVho then is the faithful, and wise steward whom
his lord will make ruler over his household, to give
them their food in due season?' He is that servant
whom  his lord when he comes shall find so doing.
Happy is he! for of a truth I say to you, his lord will
make him  ruler over all that he has.  But should the
servant say in his heart, My lord delays his coming,
and should begin to beat the men-servants, and the
maidens, and to eat and drink and be drunken, the
lord of that servant will come in a day when he looks
not for him, and in an hour when he is not aware, and
will cut him asunder, and assign him his portion with
the unfaithfull. And that servant who knows his lord's
will, and prepares not himself, nor does according to
his will, will  be beaten with many stripes; but he who
knows it not, though he does things worthy of stripes,
will be beaten with few; for to whom  much is given,
of him  much will be required; and to whom  even
men commit much, of him they ask the more.
" I came to send fire on the earth, and what would I
if it were already kindled.  But I have a baptism, to
Cult iim  aszcder. - Cutting asunder was a mode of capital
punishment practised by the Persians and Chaldeans. The
left hand and right foot, or the right hand and left foot, or
both hands and both feet, were taken off at the joints, and
the criminal was allowed to bleed to death. It was practised
also among the Jews, as is seen from 2 Samuel xii. 31. I
Samuel xv. 33. I Kings iii. 25. Hebrews xi. 37, and the
Hebrew tradition is that Isaiah was "sawn asunder in the
midst " whilst alive. It is still practised among the Moors of
Barbary.
Fewz Slrzipes. -The Jews inflicted not more than forty
stripes for any one offence. Deut. xxv. 3: and servants were
not generally treated with severity.




TEACHES HIIS DISCIPLES.            129
be baptized with, and how am I straightened till it be
accomplished!  Suppose you that I have come to
bring peace on the earth?  I tall you nay, but only
division.  Henceforth, five in  one  house  will be
divided, three against two, and two against three, the
father against the son, and the son against the father,
the mother against the daughter, the daughter against
the mother, the mother-in-law  against the daughter —
in-law, and the daughter-in-law against the mother-inlaw, and a man's foes will be those of his own household."  And he said also to the multitude, " WVhen
you see a cloud rising in the west, you say, There
comes a shower; and so it is: and when the southwind blows, you say, There will be heat;. and so
it is. You hypocrites I you can judge of the face of
the sky, and of the earth, but how is it that you do not
discern this time?  Yea, and why even of yourselves
judge you not what is right.* "
At that time, there were present, some who told him
of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate hacd mingled with
A cloud inz te West.- Rain-storms in Palestine come from
the west —the Mediterranean; and the hot winds from the
sultry deserts at the South.
Tne Gaziceans. -This incident is not mentioned by Josephus; but he says that the Galileans were distinguished above
the other Jews for their seditions and turbulent disposition.
-le mentions several tumults which occurred at festivals, one
-about thirty years before this -when Alcelaus massacred
a large number of Jews, principally Galileans, in the temple
at the feast of the Passover. A similar massacre occurred
under Sabinus, the Roman Procurator, at the Feast of Pentecost.
* Luke xii. I-59.




I30               LIFE OF JESUS.
their sacrifices, and Jesus said to them, " Suppose you
that those Galileans, because they suffered thus, were
sinners above all the Galileans?  I tell you, nay, but
unless you repent, you will all in like manner perish.
Or those eighteen on whom the tower in Siloam fell,
and slew them; think you that they were greater
sinners than all the dwellers in Jerusalem? I tell you,
nay, but unless you repent, you will all in like manner
perish." He spake also this parable. "' A certain man
had a fig-tree planted in his vineyard, and he came,
seeking fruit on it, and found none.  Then said he to
the vine dresser,' Lo! these three years have I come,
seeking fruit from  this fig-tree, and have found none.
Cut it down! Why cumbers it the ground?' But the
vine dresser answered,' Lord, leave it for this year
longer, that I may dig about it, and cast in manure;
perhaps it may bear fruit; if not, then cut it down.' "
The same day Jesus went out from the house, and
taught by the seaside, and a great multitude came
to him, so that he entered a boat and sat in the sea,
while all the people stood by the sea on the land.
And he taught them  many things in parables, and
in his teaching, said, " Hearken!  A  sower went
forth to sow; and as he sowed, some seed fell by the
The Fzg-tree, - is exhaustive of the soil, and very difficult
of cultivation. To make it produce well it is necessary to
plow and dig about it frequently, and to manure the roots
thoroughly.
A sower went for/t to sow.-"There is a nice and close
adherence to actual life in this form of expression. It implies that the sower in the days of our Saviour lived in a
hamlet or village as all these [Palestine] farmers now do;
* Luke xiii. I-q.




TIHE PARABLES OF THIE KINGDOM.           I31
way side, and was trodden  down, and the birds
came and devoured it. And some fell on stony
ground, where was not much earth, and it sprang up
quickly, because it had no depth of earth; but when
the sun came up it was scorched, and, because it had
no root, it withered away. And some fell among
thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked it, so that
it yielded no fruit.  But other fell on good ground, and
sprang up, yielding fruit, some thirty, some sixty, and
some a hundred fold.  He that has ears to hear, let
him hear."
And when he was alone his disciples said to him,
"WVhy speak you to the people in parables?"  "Bethat he did not sow near his own house, or in a garden
fenced or walled, for such a field does not furnish all the basis
of the parable. There are neither roads, nor thorns, nor
stony places in such lots. He must go forth into the open
country as those have done, where there are no fences, where
the path passes through the cultivated land; where thorns
grow in clumps all around; where the rocks peep out in
places through the scanty soil; and where, also, hard by, are
patches extremely fertile. Now, here we have the farm within a dozen rods of us. Our horses are actually trampling
down some seeds which have fallen by the wayside, and larks
and sparrows are busy picking them up. That man, with his
mattock, is digging about places where the rock is too near
the surface for the plough, and much that is sown there
will wither away, because it has no deepness of earth. And
not a few seeds have fallen among this billan, and will be
effectually choked by this most tangled of thorn-bushes. But
a large portion, after all, falls into really good ground, and
four months hence will exhibit every variety of crop, up to
the richest and hardiest that ever rejoices the heart of even an
American farmer." - DR. W. M. THOMSON, in the Land and
the Book.




I32               LIFE OF JESUS.
cause," he answered, " it is given to you to know the
new truths of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it
is not given. For whoever has, to him more is given,
and he has abundance; but whoever has not, from
him is taken even what he seems to have. Hence,
I speak to them in parables, because seeing they do
not see, and hearing they do not hear, nor do they
understand. And in them is fulfilled the prophecy
of Isaiah which says,' They will hear indeed, but will
not understand, and see indeed, but not perceive; for
this people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are
dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed, lest
they should see with their eyes, and hear with their
ears, and understand with their hearts, and turn fiom
their ways, and I should heal them.' But blessed are
your eyes, for they see, and your ears, for they hear;
for I say to you that many prophets and righteous
men have desired to see what you see, and have not
seen; and to hear what you hear, and have not heard.
Hear, then, the parable of the sower: The seed is the
word of God. When any one hears and understands it
not, the Evil One comes and catches away what was
sown in his heart. He is the seed sown by the way
side. And the seed sown on stony ground is he who
hears the word, and at once with joy receives it. But
having no root in himself, he endures for but a time,
and when tribulation or persecution comes on account
of the word, he falls away. The seed among the
thorns, is he who hears the word, and the cares of this
Waxed Gross. -The ancients had the idea that the fat of
the body is destitute of sensation. Hence a "'fat heart"
denoted stupidity and lack of feeling.




THE PARABLES OF THE KINGDOM,             I33
world, and the deceitfulness of riches choke it, so that
he becomes unfruitful.  But the seed that fell on good
ground, are they who hear the word and understand it,
and also bear fruit, some thirty, some sixty, and some
a hundred fold. If any man has ears to hear, let him
hear." *
Another parable put he forth to the people, saying,
"The kingdom  of heaven is like a man who sowed
good seed in his field, but the enemny came while his
men slept, and sowed tares among the wheat, and
went away.  Now, when the blade came up and bore
fruit, the tares appeared also.  So the servants of
tle householder came and said to him,' Sir, did you
not sow good seed in your field?  Whence, then, has
it tares?' He said to them,'An  enemy has done
this.' Then his servants said to him,' Shall we go
While men sle.t. - Owing to the extreme heat, laborers in
the East do no work in the middle of the day. Then they
sleep.
Tares grow in great profusion all over the East, and are a
great nuisance to the farmer. They closely resemble wheat,
and until the stalk begins to head out, cannot be distinguished
from the good grain. Though the farmers weed their fields,
they do not attempt to separate the tares from the wheat; the
two are so much alike, and their roots are so intertwined, that
there is danger of pulling up both. They are therefore
allowed to grow together until the harvest, when the stalks
are mostly separated by hand, but if any remain among the
wheat, the grain being lighter and smaller than that of the
wheat, is easily separated by the winnowing fan. The grain
of tares has a bitter taste, and, eaten separately or diffused
among the wheat, produces dizziness and vomiting. The
Arabic name is Zovan.
*Matt. xiii. I-23. Mark iv. I-25. Luke xiii. 4-I8.
I2




134                L,IFE OF JESUS.
and weed them out?' But he said,' No; lest while
you weed out the tares, you root up the wheat along
with them.  Let both grow together until the harvest,
and when the harvest comes I will say to the reapers,
Collect together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them; but gather the wheat into my
barn."'
Another parable put he forth to them, saying, " The
kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard seed,
that a man sowed in his field; which, though one of
the least of all seeds, is, when grown, the greatest
among herbs, and becomes a tree, so that the birds
of the air rest on its branches."
And still another parable spake he to them.  " The
kingdom  of heaven is like leaven, which a woman
mixed in three measures of meal, till the whole was
leavened."
All these things Jesus spake in parables, and without a parable he did not speak to them.  But when
they were alone he explained them all to his disciples.
And thus were fulfilled the words of the prophet,
"I will open my mouth in parables. I will utter
A grain of mnstard seed. - The mustard plant grows wild,
and in great luxuriance, near the Sea of Galilee. It bears a
yellow flower, and grows to an enormous size, shooting forth
great branches, so that the birds of the air come and lodge
in its branches. It is sometimes seen as high as a horse and
his rider. It is said to have been cultivated in earlier times,
and to have then grown to such a size that a man could climb
into it.
Three measures of meal. -Perhaps the ephah (Ex. xvi.
36. Ruth ii. I7), a measure of about a peck and a half, and
probably the quantity usually taken in making bread. Genesis xvii. 6. I Samuel i. 24.




THE PARABLES OF THE KINGDOM.            I35
things which have been hidden from  the foundation
of the world."
Then Jesus, sending the multitude away, went into
the house, and his disciples came to hilm, saying,
"' Explain to us the parable of the tares in the field."
He answered them, " He who sows the good seed is
the Son of Man.  The seed is the word.  The good
seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are
the children of the Evil One. The enemy who sowed
them is the Devil, the harvest is the end of the age,
and the reapers are angels. As, then, the tares are
gathered and burned in the fire, so will it be at the end
of the age.  The Son of Man will send forth his
angels, and they will gather from his kingdom  all that
lead to sin, and do iniquity, and will cast them into
a furnace of fire, where will be wailing and gnashing
of teeth.  Then will the righteous shine as the sun in
the kingdom of their Father.  Who has ears to hear,
let him hear."'_Again the kingdom  of heaven is like treasure
hidden in a field, which a man having found, keeps
secret, and rejoicing, goes and sells all that he has, and
buys that field."
The end of the age. -The word -here rendered " age " was
used by the Jews to denote the end of the state of things
which was to precede the coming of the Messiah, and not the
end of the world. Every reader will put his own interpretation on the meaning which Jesus intended to convey.
Furnace of Fire. - This figure is evidently drawn from the
custom of burning alive, mentioned in Daniel iii. io.
Treasure hidden in' a Field. —Judea had been subject to
invasions and calamities, and hence a feeling of insecurity
had arisen among the people, and it had become a custom to
hide treasures in fields and gardens. The practice is alluded




136               LIFE OF JESUS.
" Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant
seeking pearls, who, having found one of great price,
goes and sells all that he has, and buys it."
" Again, the kingdom  of heaven is like a net cast
into the sea, which gathers of every kind; and being
full, they draw to shore, and sitting down, gather the
good into baskets, but cast the bad away. So will it be
when the angels come forth and separate the wicked
from the good, and cast them into the furnace of fire,
where will be wailing and gnashing of teeth."  And
he also said, "i The kingdom of heaven is as if a man
should cast seed into the ground, and while he sleeps,
and rises night and day, the seed should spring up and
grow, he knows not how; for the earth brings forth
of itself, first the blade, then the ear, after that the
ripe grain in the ear.  But when the grain is ripe, immediately he puts in the sickle, because the time of
harvest has come." *
Jesus said to them, " Have you understood all these
things?"  They said to him, " Yes, Teacher."  Then
to by Solomon (Prov. ii. 4). It still continues in Palestine,
and the country is said to abound in hidden treasure. The
right of treasure-trove was adjudged by Jewish law to the
buyer, and not to the seller of the field.
A net cast into th/e Sea. -The great drag net is here referred to. In working it " some must row the boat, some cast
out the net, some, on the shore, pull the rope with all their
strength, others throw stones and beat the water round the
ends, to frighten the fish from escaping, and, as it approaches
the shore, all must be active in holding up the edges, drawing
it to the land, and seizing the fish. Then the fishermen sit
down, gather the good into baskets, and cast the bad away."
* Mark iv. 26-34.




STILLS TI-E STORM.              137
he said to them, " Every one instructed in the kingdom
of heaven, is like the master of a household who brings
out of his storehouse things new and old.":
And when Jesus had finished these parables he departed thence.
And the same day in the evening, seeing great multitudes about him, he said to his disciples,;" Let us go
over to the other side of the lake."  And as they were
in the way, a certain Scribe came. and said to him,' Lord, I will follow  you wherever you go."  And
Jesus said to him, " Foxes have holes, and birds of the
air have nests, but the Son of Man has not where to
lay his head."  And he said to another, "Follow
me;" but the man answered, " Let me first go and
bury my father." Jesus said to him, " Let the dead
bury their dead, but go you and preach the kingdom
of God."  And another also said, " Lord I will follow
you, but let me first go and bid farewell to my family."
Jesus answered, "No man having put his hand to the
plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of
God."
And when they had sent away the multitude, the
disciples took him with them, as he was in the boat,
to cross over to the other side.  And there  came
down a great storm on the lake, and the waves dashed
A great storm came dowtv orz the Lake. -' To understand,"
says Dr. Thomson, " the causes of these violent tempests, we
must remember that the lake lies low, - six hundred feet
lower than the ocean, - that the vast and naked plateaus of
Jaulan rise to a great height, spreading backward to the
wilds of Hauran, and upward to snowy HIermon; that the
water-courses have cut out profound ravines and wild gorges,
* Matt. xiii. 24-52.




138                LIFE OF JESUS.
over the boat, so that they were in jeopardy. Jesus
was in the after part of the boat, asleep on a cushion,
and  they awoke him, saying, " Lord  save us, we
perish."  Then he arose, and rebuked the wind, and
said to the sea, " Peace, be still."  And the wind
ceased, and there was a great calm.  He said to them,
" Vhlly are you so fearful?  How is it that you have
no faith?"  And they feared exceedingly, and said to
one another, "  What manner of man is this, that even
tlhi wind and the sea obey him."
And when they had arrived at the other side of the
lake, in the country of the Gerasenes, which is over
converging to the head of this lake, and that these act like
gigantic funnels to draw down the winds from  the mountains." Mr. N. C. Prime, who was cast away in a small boat
in a sudden storm on this lake, describes the scene as follows:
1" We ran three or four miles up the west coast in good style,
and then there came down on the sea such a storm as it knew
in times of old. It was sudden, swift, and violent. A moment before, we were sailing along pleasantly over the
rippling water, and now it was lashed into foam by a fierce
blast that literally camle downz into the basin, and ploughed
up the waters into deep and difficult furrows. I did not believe it possible that the little lake could get up such a sea as
now rolled and tossed us." It will be noticed that Luke also
says that " the storm came down on the lake." This is one
of those instances of truthful local coloring in which the
gospel narratives abound.
The Country of tie Gecszizes. -In speaking of the locality of this miracle, Dr. Thomson remarks: " In this Gersa, or
Chersa, we have a position which fulfils every requirement of
the narratives, and with a name so near that in Matthew as to
be, in itself, a strong corroboration of the truth of this identification. It is within a few rods of the shore, and an
immense mountain rises directly above it, in which are ancient




CURES TWO DEMONAJCS.                I39
against Galilee, there met him, as he landed from the
boat, two men possessed with demons, coming out of
tombs, out of some of which the two men, possessed of the
devils, may have issued to meet Jesus. The lake is so near
the base of the mountain that the swine, rushing madly down
it, could not stop, but would be hurried on into the water and
drowned. The place is one which our Lord would be likely
to visit, having Capernaum in full view to the north, and
Galilee " over against it," as Luke says it was (Luke viii.
26). The itame, moreover, pronounced by Bed'awin Arabs is
so similar to Gergasa, that to all my inquiries for this place
they invaribly said it was at Chersa, and they insisted that
they were identical, and I agree with them in their opinion.
Everywhere [else], along the north-eastern and eastern shores,
a smooth beach declines gently down to the water. But take
your stand a little south of this Chersa. A great herd of
swine, we will suppose, is feeding on this mountain that
towers above it. They are seized with a sudden panic, rush
madly down the almost perpendicular declivity, those behind
tumbling over and thrusting forward those before, and, as
there is neither time nor space to recover on the narrow shelf
between the base and the lake, they are crowded headlong
into the water, and perish. All is perfectly natural just at
this point, and here, I suppose it did occur. Farther south
the plain becomes so broad that the herd might have recovered and recoiled from the lake, whose domains they would
not willingly invade." Gersa was a small place and unknown,
while Gadara, - located some sixteen miles distant, - was a
large Greek city celebrated for its temples, theatres, and warm
baths. Therefore Mark and Luke, writing for Greeks, spoke
of the country of the Gadarenes, while Matthew, writing for
the Jews, spoke of that of the Gergasenes. One district included the other, and hence there is no contradiction in the
accounts, but a natural adaptation to those for whom they
were written.
T-wo mnen ptossessed wvitl Demnons. - Matthew mentions two,
while Mark and Luke speak of only one. It was a maxin




140                 LIFE OF JESUS.
the tombs where they had their dwelling.  They were
of LeClerc that, "He who speaks of two, includes also the
one; he who mentions only one, does not deny the two."
Matthew is general in his description;. Mark and Luke more
detailed and graphic; and these peculiarities run through
their entire narratives.  The Jews attributed  nearly all
nervous disorders to demonical possession, and the Mohammredans of the present day hold the same opinion.  Dr.
Thomson, in his very valuable work, "THE LAND AND THE
BooK," referring to this subject, says: "' In Sidon there are
cases of epileptic fits which, in external manifestations, closely
resemble that mentioned in Mark ix. I8, Matthew xvii. i5,
and Luke ixs. 38. These fits have seized a young man in my
house, repeatedly; And lo! the spirit taketh him, and he
suddenly crieth out, and foameth at the mouth, and gnasheth
with his teeth, and is cast down wherever he may be seized,
and pineth away until you would think he was actually dead.
Matthew calls him a lunatic, but according to Mark it was a
dumb spirit. And there are cases in which the disease accompanies, if it does not occasion, dumbness. The instance
mentioned in Mark v. 2-I6, and Luke viii. 26-36, was most
remarkable, but there are some very similar at the present
day, - furious and dangerous maniacs, who wander about the
mountains and sleep in dens and caves. In their worst paroxysms they  are quite unmanageable, and prodigiously
strong. It is one of the most common traits of this madness
that the victims refuse to wear clothes. I have often seen
them  absolutely naked in the streets of Berifit and Sidon.
There are also cases in which they run wildly about the
country, and frighten the whole neighborhood. It would certainly be rash to decide that this calamity is the work of evil
spirits; and yet the manifestations are so inhuman and
satanic, and the real causes so mysterious, that I am not
much disposed to dispute the point with the natives of the
country, who ascribe the mischief to supernatural agency."
Ozct of the Tombs. - Burckhardt speaks of finding in the
immediate neighborhood where this miracle is supposed to




CURES TWO  DEMONIACS.                I4I
exceedingly fierce, so that no one could pass that way;
and one of them had been possessed a long time, and
wore no clothes, and could not be bound, not even
with chains; for chains and fetters had often been put
upon him, but he had snapped the chains asunder, and
broken the fetters in pieces. And no man could master
him; and always night and day, he was out in the
mountains and in the tombs, crying out, and cutting
himself with stones.  But when he saw Jesus afar off,
he ran to him, and, falling at his feet, cried with a loud
voice, "Jesus, Son of the Most High God! 1  adjure
thee by God, torment me not!"  Jesus asked him,
"What is your name?" for he was about to say to the
foul spirit, "6 Come out of the man! "  He answered,'" Legion; for we are many." Now there was near, on
the mountains, a great herd of swine feeding, and all
have occurred, the ruins of many large tombs. Some of
themr were natural caves, and others recesses hewn out of the
solid rock, with cells on their sides for the reception of the
dead, and often so large as to be supported with columns.
They would thus afford ample shelter, and their tenants
would not be molested, for the Jews regarded all such places
as unclean. At the present day, the ruins of ancient tombs,
are often resorted to for shelter by the Bed"lwins.
A herd of Swzrie. - By the Law  of Moses swine were
unclean, and the touch of them, when dead, defiled a man;
but the owner of this herd bred them, probably, for sale to
the Gentiles. The eating of their flesh is generally supposed
to cause cutaneous diseases in hot countries, and hence,
among a people so liable to leprosy as the Jews, there was
reason for its prohibition as food. It has been said that
Jesus, by this miracle, caused a wanton destruction of property; but to this it may be answered that the owner of the
swine, if a Jew, - and Josephus says there were multitudes




142               LIFE OF JESUS.
the  demons earnestly entreated Jesus not to send
them  out of the country nor into the abyss, but into
the herd of swine.  He gave them leave immediately,
and the foul spirits left the men, and went into the
swine; and the whole herd-' about two thousand —
rushed violently down a steep place into the sea, and
were drowned in the lake. And those that kept the
swine fled, and told what had befallen them  in the
city and in the country. The inhabitants then went
out to see what had been done; and coming to Jesus,
they saw the possessed man -- he that had the
legion —sitting at his feet, clothed, and in his right
mind. And those who had seen told them by what
means the possessed man had been healed, and also
how it was about the swine.  Then all the people of
the neighborhood besought Jesus to leave them; for
they were seized with terror. And when he was
going into the boat, the man out of whom the demons
had gone, begged to go with him; but Jesus sent him
away, saying, " Go home to your friends, and tell them
what God, in his compassion, has done for you." And
of hellenistic Jews in that region, - deserved punishment for
violating the Levitical Law. If he were not a Jew, what
worse was the drowning of two thousand swine, than the
sweeping off, by murain and the rhinderpest, of multitudes
of cleaner brutes? and this Providence does at its pleasure.
Oul of t/e CozLnzry. - It was the opinion of the Jews, as
appears from Daniel x. I3, 20, that different evil spirits preside over distinct regions; and it is a superstition as old as
man, that " ghosts " haunt the places of their earthly abode.
The Abyss. -It is a noticable fact that the demons whom
Jesus expelled, expressed a dread of being sent into the
"abyss," or of being " tormented before the time."




MTVATTHEW-;wS FEASTr.            I43
the man went, and published throughout Decapolis
the great work that Jesus had done, and all wondered.
And when Jesus had passed over again to the other
side, many people gathered together, and received
him gladly; for all were waiting for him.
And Matthew made Jesus a feast in his house, and
a great company of tax-gatherers and others were
there at table with him  and his disciples.  And the
Scribes and Pharisees, seeing him  eating with these
tax-g,atherers and sinners, said to his disciples, " How
is it that he eats and drinks with tax-gatherers and
sinners?"  Jesus, hearirg this, said to them, "The
whole need not a physician, but those that are sick.
Go you and learn what this means.'I would have
mercy, and not sacrifices.'  I came not to call the
righteous, but sinners to repentance."
Then came to hiln the disciples of John, saying,' Why, when we and the Pharisees fast often, do
not your disciples fast?"  Jesus said to them, "' Can
the friends of the bridegroom  mourn, so long  as
the bridegroom  is with them?  But the days are
coming when the bridegroom  will be taken from
them, and then they will fast. No one puts a piece
of new cloth upon an old garment, for it will tear away
The P2arisees fast offtez. -They, and the more religious
among the Jews, fasted twice a week; on Mondays and
Thursdays. It appears that this discourse took place on
Monday, and therefore Jesus gave especial offence to the
Pharisees by feasting with tax-gatherers on a day when they
held that a good man should fast.
NVew Clot/. - Undressed cloth fresh from the loom shrinks
when it becomes wet, and then draws up and tears away
from the old.




1 44;              LIFE OF JESUS.
from the garment, and the rent will be made worse;
nor do men put new wine into old skins; for the skins
will burst, the wine run out, and the skins perish; but
they put new wine into new skins, and both are preserved. Also, no one having drunk of old wine at
once desires new, for he says' the old is better.' *
While he was speaking these things, and many
people were collected about him, there came one
of the rulers of the Synagogue, named Jairus, who
had an only daughter, about twelve years old, who
lay dying.  As soon as he saw Jesus he fell at his
feet, and earnestly besought him, saying, " My little
daughter lies at the point of death. Come, lay your
hand upon her, and she will live."
Jesus went with the ruler, and so did his disciples,
and a great multitude followed. And a certain woman who had a flowing of blood for twelve years,
and had suffered much from many physicians,spending all that she had without being bettered, but
rather growing worse, - having heard of Jesus, came
behind in the throng, and touched the fringe of his
garment; for she said to herself, " If I but touch his
garment, I shall be made well." And at once the
New Skzins. - Goat skins are still used in eastern countries
for holding and transporting liquids. They were common
among both Jews and Romans. Those for wine had the hair
on the inside, and the outside was coated with pitch; those
for water had the hair on the outside. From long usage, the
skins become tender, and swell and burst if filled with new
wine, which soon ferments; so would it be, Jesus says, if his
new truths were inclosed in the old system of the Pharisees.
Frinzge of his Gatrnment. - This was, no doubt, the square
*Matt. ix. Io-I7. Mark ii. 15-22. Luke v. 29-39.




THE RAISING OF JAIRUS'S DAUGHTER.   I45
fountain of her blood was dried up, and she felt in her
body that she was cured of her malady. Jesus, knowing immediately in himself that power had gone out
of him, turned to the multitude and said, " Who
touched my garment?"  All denied having done so,
and Peter and those with him, said, "Master, the
people are thronging upon you, and do you ask' WVho
touched me?'" Jesus said,'" Somebody has touched
me; for I perceive that power has gone out of me;"
and he looked around to see who had done it. Then
the woman, seeing that she was discovered, came to
him trembling, and falling at his feet told, before all
the people, why she had touched him, and how she
had been healed immediately. And Jesus said to her,
"' Daughter, be of good comfort; your faith has made
you whole; go in peace."
WVhile he was thus speaking one came from the
house of the ruler of the Synagogue, and said to him,
"Your daughter is dead; trouble not the master."
But when Jesus heard this, he said, " Fear not; only
have faith, and all will be well."  And when he came
to the house he allowed no one to go in, but Peter
and James and John, and the father and mother of
the maiden. And the minstrels and the people were
garment worn over the shoulders, and called elsewhere a
" cloak." It was surrounded by a fringe, and at its four
corners were tassels of threads or strings. (See Numbers xv.
38, 39. Deut. xx. ii, 12.) This garment was peculiar to the
Jews, and was worn to distinguish them from other nations.
The Minstrels. - The use of instruments at funerals was
of heathen origin, and was not introduced until comparatively late among the Jews. These were professional minstrels, who were employed to mourn for the dead in a fiantic
13




Iz4i6            LIFE OF JESUS.
weeping and bewailing her, but he said, " Weep not;
she is not dead, but sleeping."  And they laughed in
derision, knowing that she was dead. But, putting
them all out, he took her by the hand, and said, " Maid,
arise;" and her spirit came again, and she arose
at once, and walked, and all were greatly astonishell.
But he charged them strictly that no one should know
it, and directed that something should be given her to
eat.*
/When Jesus departed thence two blind men followed him, crying,'" Son of David, have mercy on
us."  And when he had entered the house, the blind
men came to him, and Jesus said to them, " Believe
you that I am able to do this?"  They said to himl'Yea, Lord."  Then he touched their eyes, saying,
"According to your faith be it done to you." And
their eyes were opened. Jesus strictly charged them
to tell no one; but they, departing, spread it abroad in
all that country. As they went out, a dumb man,
possessed with a devil, was brought to him. And
when the devil was cast out the dumb man spoke, and
the multitude marvelled, saying it was never so seen
in Israel. But the Pharisees said, 1" He casts out devils
through the prince of devils."
And going out from thence with his disciples, he
came into his own town, and on the Sabbath taught
in the Synagogue, and many who heard him  were
astonished, and said,';Whence has this man these
gifts? And what wisdom is this that is given him,
manner. As soon as one died the mourning began, and it
vwas kept up until after the burial.
*Matthew ix. I8-26. Mark v. 22-43. Luke viii. 41-56.




PREACIIES AGAIN AT NAZARETH.          I47
that even such  mighty works are wrought by his
hand? Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary,
the kinsman of James, and Joses, and Judah, and
Simon? And are not his kinswomen here with us?
And they took offence at him; but Jesus said to them,
"A prophet is not without honor, except in his OWfn
town, and among his own kindred, and in his own
family."  But he could do no mighty work there,
except laying his hands on a few sick people, and
healing them; and he wondered at their unbelief.
And Jesus went through all the cities and villages,
teaching in the synagogues, and preaching the glad
tidings of the kingdom, and healing all kinds of sickness and diseases armong the people.  But when he
saw the multitude, he said to his disciples, 1" The
harvest truly is plenteous, but the laborers are few.
Pray ye, therefore, the Lord of the harvest, to send
forth laborers into his harvest."  Then calling the
twelve together he gave them  power over all foul
spirits, and all diseases, and sent them forth two by
two, saying, " Go not away to the Gentiles, nor enter
any city of the Samaritans. But go rather to the lost
sheep of the house of Israel. And as ye go, proclaim
that the kingdom of heaven is at hand.  Heal the
sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out demons; freely ye have received, freely give. Provide
neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your girdles, nor
scrip for your journey, nor two coats, nor shoes, - but
Girdles. - Money was carried in a sack in the girdle which
confined the outer garment or cloak.
Vor Scrior Scri~5 for your yourney. - The scrip was a leather
bag hung about the neck, and used to carry food.




X148               LIFE OF JESUS.
be shod with sandals,-nor staves, for the workman is
worthy of his food. And in whatever city or town
you may enter, inquire who in it is worthy, and with
him abide till you go thence.  And when you enter a
house, salute it.  And if the house be worthy, your
peace will come upon it; but if it be not worthy it
will return to you. And if any do not receive you,
nor hear your words, when you depart out of that
house, shake off the very dust of your feet for a testimony against them.  Truly, I tell you, it will be more
tolerable  for Sodom   and  Gormorrah in the day
of judgment than for that city.  Lo! I send you as
sheep into the midst of wolves; be therefore wise as
serpents, and harmless as doves.  Beware of men, for
they will deliver you to the councils, and will scourge
you in their synagogues.  And you will be brought
before governors and kings for my sake, that you may
bear testimony to them  and the Gentiles.  But when
they deliver you up, be not anxious how or what you
Nor Shoes. —The original word here in Matthew might
be rendered sandals. if Mark did not say, " but be shod with
sandals." The lower class of people commonly wore nothing
oil the feet; but in travelling sandals were necessary, and on
long journeys, and in winter, a kind of short boot or shoe
was worn. The meaning of the whole passage is that they
were not to take forethought or make provision, as ordinary
travellers would do.
Staves, are now always used by foot travellers over the
rocky roads of Palestine, to support them in slippery places,
and for defence against robbers; and it is usual, on long
journeys, to take two lest one should fail.
2Your Peace. - The Jewish form of salutation was " Peace
be to this house." It is still retained among the Turks, and
other eastern nations.




THE MISSION OF THE TWELVE.         149
shall speak, for it will be given you in that hour what
you shall speak; for it is not you who will speak, but
the spirit of your Father who will speak in you.
The brother will deliver up his brother, and the father
his child, and children will rise against their parents,
and cause them to be put to death; and you will be
hated by all men for my sake; but he who endures to
the end will be saved. When they persecute you in
one city, flee to another, for truly I say to you, you
will not have gone through the cities of Israel before
the Son of Man will come. A disciple is not above his
teacher, nor a servant above his lord. It is enough ior
the disciple to be as his teacher, and the servant as his
lord. If they have called the master of the house
Beelzebub, how much more will they so call those of
his household. Fear them not, then, for nothing is
covered which will not be revealed, nor hidden that
will not be made known. Wfhat I tell you in darkness,
preach in the light, and what is whispered in your ear,
proclaim upon the housetops; and fear not those who
kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul; rather
fear Him who can destroy both soul and body in hell.
Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and yet not
one of them falls to the ground without your Father.
The very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear
not, then, you are of more value than many sparrows.
Whoever shall acknowledge mne before men, him will
I acknowledge before my Father in heaven. But
whoever shall deny me before men, him will I also
deny before my Father in heaven. Think not that I
come to bring peace on the earth; I come not to bring
peace, but a sword,- to set a son against his father, and
I3*




1150               LIFE OF JESUS.
a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law
against her mother-in-law, and to make a man's foes
those of his own household.  Hle who takes not his
cross and follows me, is not worthy of me. He who
loves his life, will lose it, and he who loses his life for
my sake, will save it.  He who receives you receives
me, and he who receives me receives him who sent me.
He that receives a prophet, because he is a prophet,
will receive a prophet's reward; and he who receives
a righteous man, because he is a righteous man, will
receive a righteous man's reward.  And whoever gives
only a cup of cold water to one of my little ones, because he is my disciple, truly I say to you, he shall
not fail of his reward."
And when Jesus had finished these teachings to his
twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to
preach in their cities.  And the disciples went forth
and preached that men should repent. And they cast
out many demons, and anointed with oil many that
were sick, and healed them.*
Now Herod, on his birthday, gave a great entertainHe wvho lakes not his Cross. —The condemned man was
obliged to bear his cross to the place of execution. Jesus tells
his disciples that they must be prepared to submit to a death
of torture and ignominy. An impostor would not have
promised such rewards to his followers.
HIerod, Tetrarch of Galilee, and son of Herod the Great.
Shortly after this event he was defeated by Aretas, with
whom he was then at war, and this the Jews regarded as a
just punishment for his execution of John. Shortly after the
death of Jesus he was deprived of his government by the
* Matt. ix. 35-38; x. I, 5, 42; xii. Mark vi. 6-I3. Luke ix. I-6.




DEATtH OF JOHN THIE BAPTIST.          151
ment to his lords and chief captains, and the principal
men of Galilee.  And the daughter of Hlerodias came
in and danced before them, and pleased Herod and
his guests so much, that Herod said to the damsel,
"Ask of me whatever you will, and I will give it
you;" and he affirmed with an oath, " Whatever you
ask of me I wvill give, to the half of my kingdom."
And going out, she said to her mother, " What shall
I ask?"  And her mother answered, " The head
of John  the Baptist."  And coming directly with
haste to Herod, she said, "1 I will that you give me in
a charger, the head of John the Baptist."  And the
king was greatly troubled, yet on account of his oath,
anad the guests who xwere with him, he would not
refuse her, but sent immediately one of his guards
Romans, and with Herodias was sent into perpetual banishment. The daughter of Herodias - Salome - is said to have
met with a violent and untimely death.
The Chief Cactazis - were the commanders of a thousand
men.
The Head of oohn. -Josephus attributes John's execution to Herod's fear of his fomenting sedition among the
people. Probably John's announcement that the kingdom of
heaven was at hand, -which by the Jews was understood to
be a temporal kingdom, -had created much excitement, and
a disposition to rise against the Roman power; therefore
Herod would naturally regard him as a dangerous man, and
one likely to bring him into difficulty with the Romans. He
no doubt looked upon Jesus in the same light, and his remark, " It is John," etc., probably means that he thought him
only another exciter of sedition -John the Baptist come back
again. From these considerations it is likely that Herod
really desired the death of John, and that the occurrence
narrated in the text was a mere pretext for putting him out
of the way.




I52                LIIFE OF JESUS.
with orders to bring the head of John.  So the guard
went and beheaded John in prison, and brought his
head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel, and she
gave it to her mother.  And John's disciples when
they heard of it came, and taking the body, laid it in a
tomb, and then went and told Jesus.*
Now  the fame of Jesus had spread abroad, and
Herod, hearing of the works that were done by him,
was much perplexed, and said to his attendants, "John
I have beheaded; but who is this of whom  I hear
such things?"  And some answered, " It is John
risen from  the dead;" and others said," It is Elijah,
who has reappeared;" others, 1" One of the old prophets has risen again."  But Herod himself said, " It is
John?  He is risen from  the dead!" and he desired
to see Jesus.t
And  the Apostles returned, and collecting about
Jesus, told him  of all they had seen and heard, and
what they had taught.  And he said to them, " Come
apart by yourselves into some desert place, and rest
awhile;" for many were coming and going, and they
had no leisure, not even to eat. And they went privately in a boat over the sea of Galilee, to a desert
place belonging to the city called Bethsaida. But
Desert p lace belonging to Beltsaida. —There was, it is
supposed, a Bethsaida on the west of the lake, near to Capernaum and Chorazin, and probably, as the name denotes,
close to the water's edge, and this place it is thought, was the
native town of Andrew, Peter, and Philip. But there was also
another town of the same name, - called Bethsaida Julius, -
* Matt. xiv. 6-I3. Mark vi. 2I-29.
t Matt. xiv. I, 2. Mark vi. 14-I6. Luke I4.




THE FEEDING OF THE FIVE THOUSAND.   I53
many saw and knew them  as they were going, and
ran together there on foot, from all the cities, and
came before them, because they had seen the miracles
he had done on those that were diseased. And Jesus,
when he came out of the boat, saw the multitude, and
was moved with compassion toward them, because
they were as sheep without a shepherd; and going
up into a mountain, he sat down with his disciples,
and taught the people many things about the kingdom
of God, and healed such as had need of healing.
And when the day began to wear away, his disciples
said to him,  This is a desert place, and now the day
is far gone; send the people away that they may go
into the country round about, and into the villages, and
buy themselves bread; for they have nothing to eat."
Jesus answered, " They need not depart.  Give them
to eat; " but they said, " Shall we go and buy two hundred denaries worth of bread? " And he said to them,
" How many loaves have you?  Go and see."  When
at the north-eastern extremity of the lake, and this was no
doubt the scene of the miracle, for Luke says they crossed,
after the event, " to Bethsaida, in the land of Gennesareth."
The supposed scene of the miracle is a desert place, now
called Buthiha, and is not far from the site of the town. At
its south-east corner a bleak, barren mountain shuts down
upon the lake, and the place is not capable of cultivation.
A little cove is in its front, where boats could be moored, and
a beautiful sward, on which five thousand could be gathered,
crosses the foot of the rocks. The description of the locality
agrees perfectly with the requirements of the Gospel narratives.
Two hundred Denaries. - About twenty-seven dollars; in
those days a large sum, and probably more than the disciples
had in their possession.




154               LIFE OF JESUS.
they were gone, he said to Philip, " WVhence shall we
buy bread, that these may eat?"  This he said to try
him, for he had determined what to do. Philip answered, " Two hundred denaries worth of bread would
not be enough for every one of them to have a little."
One of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter's brother,
said to him, " There is a lad here who has five barley
loaves, and two small fishes; but what are those among
so many." Then Jesus said, " Make them all recline in
companies of fifties, on the grass, and bring the loaves
and fishes here to me."  Now there was much grass in
the place; so the men arranged themselves in ranks,
by hundreds and fifties. And Jesus took the loaves,
and looking up to heaven, he gave thanks, and distributed them to the disciples, and the disciples to those
who were on the ground, and likewise of the fishes, as
much as they desired.  When all had eaten, and
were satisfied, he said to his disciples, " Gather up the
fragments that nothing be lost."  Then they gathered
them together, and filled twelve baskets with the fragments of the five barley loaves, and two small fishes
which remained over and above after the people had
eaten. And the number that had eaten was five thousand men, beside women and children. The multitude,
Barley Loaves. - Barley was only of about one third the
value of wheat. The loaves were made thin and brittle, and
were, therefore, broken and not cut.
Baskels. - It was customary for the Jews on a journey, to
carry small flag baskets, slung over the shoulder, to hold
their provisions, as there were then few inns, and they could
not eat with Gentiles without pollution. Tacitus says that a
flag-basket and a bundle of straw was the entire household
furniture of a Jew.




WALKS ON THE LAKE.             I55
when they saw this miracle said, " This is of a truth
the prophet who was to come into the world." *
Then Jesus, perceiving that they were about to take
him by force to proclaim him king, constrained his
disciples to go before him  to Bethsaida, while he
withdrew to the mountains alone. And when it was
evening, his' disciples went down to the lake, and
going on board the boat, set sail toward Capernaum;
and the boat was in the midst of the lake, and Jesus
alone upon the land. And he saw them toiling at
the oars, for the wind was contrary, and the waves
had risen by reason of a great wind that blew. And
about the fourth watch of the night, when they had
rowed five and twenty or thirty furlongs, Jesus went
to them, walking on the sea; and when he drew
near, they thought it was an apparition and cried
out; for all saw him, and were terrified; but immediately he said, " Be of good cheer. It is I. Be not
afraid."
Then Peter said to him, " Lord, if it be thou, bid
me come to thee on the water."  And Jesus said,
" Come; " and Peter went down out of the boat, and
walked on the water to go to Jesus; but when he saw
the violence of the wind he was afraid, and beginning
to sink, cried out, "Lord, save me!"  And immediately Jesus stretched out his hand, and caught him,
saying: " O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou
doubt." And he got into the boat with them, and the
Aborzt the Foarrk Watck. — About three o'clock in the
morning.
* Matt. xiv. I3-2I. Luke ix. 1o-I7. John vi. I-I4.




I56                LIFE OF JESUS.
wind ceased; and they were beyond measure astonished, and falling down at his feet said,'" Truly, thou
art the Son of God."  They wondered, notwithstanding the miracle of the loaves; for they were slow of
understanding.
Then they passed over and drew to the shore in
the land of Gennesaret; and when they had left the
boat the people heard of it, and ran at once through
that whole region, and brought the sick in beds to
the place where he was; and whenever he entered a
village, or town, or hamlet, they laid the sick in the
streets, and besought him to let them touch even the
fringe of his garment, and all who touched it were
made well.*
The day following the people who remained on the
other side of the sea, knew that there had been only
one boat there, and that Jesus had not gone on board
of it with his disciples; but that they departed alone.
But other boats from  Tibereas, came near the place
where they had eaten the bread, after the Lord had
The Land of Gennessareth - extended for about four miles
along the west shore of the lake, and had an average breadth
of about one and a half miles. It was a very fertile, thicklysettled plain, and in it were the towns Capernaum and Tiberias. Jesus appears to have landed not far from Capernaum; for he soon afterwards entered that town, (John vi.
24, 59).
Laid the sick in tke Streets. - It was a very ancient custom
to place the sick on the sides of thoroughfares, that the passers-by might communicate to them the remedies which had
been useful to themselves in like cases. From this custom, it
is said, arose the medical art.
Matt. xiv. I3-2I. Mark vi. 45-56. John vi. i5-2I.




DISCOURSE AT CAPERNAUM.             157
given thanks. When, therefore, the people found that
neither Jesus nor his disciples were there, they went
on board these boats, and came to Capernaum, seeking Jesus.
And having found him on that side of the sea, they
said to him,'" Rabbi, when came you here?" Jesus
answered them, " Truly, truly, I say to you. You
seek me, not because you saw the miracles; but
because you ate of the loaves and were filled. Labor
not for the food which perishes, but for that which
endures to everlasting life, which the Son of Man will
give you; for on him the Father, even God, has set
his seal."
Then they said to him, "; What shall we do to work
the works of God?"  Jesus answered, "This is the
work of God, that you have faith in him whom he has
sent." Then they said to him, " What sign do you
show that we may believe?  What do you do, -our
fathers ate manna in the desert, as it is written:' He
gave them bread from heaven to eat."' Then said
Jesus to them, "; Moses gave you not the bread from
heaven; but my Father is giving you the true bread
from heaven; for the bread of God is that which is
coming down from  heaven; and giving life to the
W1haI sign do you show.- On other occasions the Jews had
asked for a sign from the visible heaven -which they supposed the dwelling of God,  thus showing that they expected some extraordinary physical phenomena would attend
the coming of the Messiah. They now say to Jesus, in effect,
"We have eaten of the loaves,- they were earthly food;
but Moses gave us manna (bread) from heaven to eat. What
like this do you do?" Tn view of this expectation his answer
has peculiar force.




I58              LIFE OF JESUS.
world."  Then said they to him, "Lord, evermore
give us this bread." Jesus said to them,' I am
the bread of life; he who comes to me will never
hunger, and he who believes in me will never thirst;
but, as I have said to you, although you have seen me,
you have not believed. All whom the Father gives
to me will come to me, and he that comes to me, I
will in no wise cast out; —for I came down from
heaven not to do my own will, but the will of him who
sent me. And this is the will of him who sent me,
that of all he has given me I should lose none, but
should raise every one in the last day. This I say
is the will of him who sent me, that every one who
sees the Son, and believes on him, should have eternal
life. And I will raise him up at the last day."  The
Jews then murmured at him, because he said, " I am
he who came down from heaven." And they said,
"Is not this man Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose
father and mother we know? How is it then that
he says,  I came down from heaven?"' Jesus therefore said to them, "Murmur not among yourselves.
No man can come to me unless the Father who sent
me, draw him, and him will I raise up at the last day.
It is written in the prophets,'" And they all shall be
taught of God," every one, therefore, who hears, and
learns of the Father, comes to me.  Not that any
one has seen the Father except he who is of God, he
has seen the Father. Truly, truly, I say to you, he
that believes on me has everlasting life.
"' I am the bread of life. Your fathers ate the manna
in the desert, and are dead; but if any man eats of the
bread which comes down from  heaven, he shall




MANY DISCIPLES FALL AWAY.        I59
not die. I am  the bread which came down from
heaven; — if any man eat of this bread he shall live
forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh,
which I will give for the life of the world." Then
the Jews disputed among themselves, saying, " How
can this man give us his flesh to eat?"  And Jesus
said to them, " Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you
eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink his blood,
you have no life in you. WVhoever eats my flesh, and
drinks my blood, has eternal life; and I will raise
him up in the last day. For my flesh is meat indeed,
and my blood is drink indeed. He who eats my flesh,
and drinks my blood, abides in me and I in him. As
the living Father has sent me, and I live by the Father;
so he who eats me, will live by me. This is that
bread which came down from heaven;- not as your
fathers ate manna, and are dead; — he who eats of this
bread will live forever."
These things Jesus said as he taught in the Synagogue at Capernaum. And many of his disciples,
when they heard him, said, "' This is a hard saying,
who can listen to it?" But Jesus, knowing in himself
that his disciples were murmuring at his words, said
to them, "Does this give you offence? What then,
if you should see the Son of Man ascend up where he
was before?  What is spiritual gives life, the flesh
profits nothing, the words that I speak to you are spiritual, and they give life; but there are soime of you who
believe not," — for Jesus knew from the beginning
who they were that believed not, and who would betray him. And he said, " I told you that no man could
come to me, unless it were given him from my Father."




i6o               LIFE OF JESUS.
From that time many of his disciples fell away, and
went with him no longer.  Then said Jesus to the
twelve, "W Vould you also go away?"  Simon Peter
answered him, " Lord, to whom  shall we go; you
have the words of eternal life; we believe and are
sure that you are the Holy One of God."  Jesus answered, " Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you
is a slanderer?" He spake of Judas Iscariot, the son of
Simon, for he it was who should betray him. After
these things Jesus continued in Galilee, for he would
not go into Judea, because the Jews sought to kill
him.*
Is a Slanderer. — This is the common signification of the
word in the original. It was used by the Jews, with the
article prefixed, for Satan: but here the word lacks the article.
And it is not probable that Jesus, though he knew Judas,
would so early in his ministry have applied so harsh an
epithet as " he hath a devil," to one whom he intended should
continue with him to the end.
*John vi. 22-7I; vii. I.




PART FIFTH.
FROM THE THIRD PASSOVER, UNTIL THE
FINAL DEPARTURE OF JESUS
FRO M GALILEE.
TIME — SIx MONTHS.








LIFE  OF JESUS.
PART FIFTH.
THEN  certain of the Scribes and Pharisel-, who
had come firom Jerusalem, came to Jesus, and
seeing his disciples eat with defiled, that is with unwashed hands, they found fault;-for the Pharisees and
the Jews in general, holding the tradition of the elders,
never eat without washing their hands. And on coming from market they do not eat without washing
their bodies, and many other such observances they
have, such as the washing of cups, and pots, and
brazen vessels, and the couches for their tables. So
the Scribes and Pharisees asked him, " Why do your
disciples disregard the tradition of the elders; for they
eat with unwashed hands?"  He answered them,
" And why do you, by your traditions, set aside the
Unwashed Hands. -On this subject the Pharisees were
particularly scrupulous. The Talmud tells of a certain Rabbi,
who, being confined in prison with only a small allowance
of water, and having spilled a part, chose rather to die of
thirst than to omit washing his hands with the remainder.
It also says that "Whoever despises the washing of hands
shall be rooted out of the world."
(163)




I64             LIFE OF JESU.
commands of God?  Hypocrites! well do the words
of Isaiah apply to you.'This people honor me
with their lips, but their hearts are far from me. But
in vain do they worship me, teaching for truths the
commandments of men.' For you neglect the commandments of God, and hold the traditions of men,
the washing of pots, and cups, and many such things.
Ye do well! putting aside the commands of God, to
keep your own traditions! Moses said,' Honor thy
father and thy mother, and whoever reviles father or
mother let him die the death.' But you teach that a
man may say to his father or mother,'Whatever I
have that might benefit you is Corban, (that is, a gift
to God,) and you permit him to do nothing for his
father or mother; thus making the command of God
of no effect, through your traditions."
Then calling all the people to him, he said, " Hearken to me, all of you, and understand. Nothing which
goes into a man from without, can pollute him'; but
what comes from him, that it is which pollutes the man.
If any one has ears to hear let him hear."
Then his disciples came to him and said, "Know
you, that the Pharisees were offended when they heard
that speech?" But he answered, " Every plant which
my heavenly Father has not planted, will be rooted
up. Let them alone; they are blind leaders of the
blind; and when the blind lead: the blind, both fall
into the ditch."
When he had left the people and entered the house,
Peter and the other disciples, asked him  concerning
that dark saying. And he said to them, "' Are you too.
so dull of understanding? Do you not perceive that




THE SYROPHENICIAN WOMAN.           I65
nothing from  without, entering a man, can pollute
him? For it enters not his mind, but his body, and
its impurity is cast forth; but what comes from a man,
that pollutes a man, for from within, -from the heart,
come evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders,
thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness,
an evil eye, calumny, pride, madness. All these evil
things come from within, and they pollute the man;
but to eat with unwashed hands, pollutes not a
man." X*
Then Jesus departed thence, and went to the country about Tyre and Sidon. And entering a house,
he would have remained unknown, but could not; for
a certain woman, —a Gentile, a Syrophenician by
nation, —whose daughter was possessed by a foul
spirit, hearing of him, came forth to meet him, crying out, " Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou Son of
David. My daughter is grievously troubled with a
demon." But he answered her not a word, and his
disciples came and entreated him to send her away, for
she kept crying after them. He answered: "I am
sent to only the lost sheep of the house of Israel."
Then the woman fell at his feet, saying, "' Lord help
me."  And he answered her, "' It is not right to take
the children's bread, and cast it to the dogs."  But
she said, " Truth, Lord, yet the dogs eat of the crumbs
Tyre ancd Sidon, - were on the shore of the Mediterranean,
and not within the jurisdiction of Herod.
Syrojphenicia, -was the name of the region about Tyre
and Sidon.
Dogs,- was an epithet applied by the Jews to all Gentiles.
*Matt. xv. I-20. Mark vii. I-23.




I66             LIFE OF JESUS.
which fall from their master's table."  Then Jesus
said to her, " O woman, great is your faith! Be it
to you as you would. The demon has gone out of
your daughter." And returning to her house, she
found the demon gone out, and her daughter laid
upon the bed.
Again, departing from the borders of Tyre and
Sidon, Jesus returned to the sea of Galilee, through
the midst of the Decapolis; and going up the mountain he seated himself, and great multitudes came to
him, having with them those that were lame, blind,
dumb, maimed, and many others; and they laid them
down at the feet of Jesus, and he healed them. And
all wondered when they saw the dumb speak, the
lame walk, the blind see, and the maimed restored;
and they gave glory to the God of Israel.
And one was brought to him who was deaf and had
an impediment in his speech; and they besought Jesus
to put his hand upon him. And taking him aside
from the multitude he put his fingers into his ears, and
spat and touched his tongue; and looking up to
heaven and sighing deeply, he said to him " Ephphatha," that is, 6 be thou opened." And at once his ears
were opened, and his tongue loosed, and he spoke
plainly. And Jesus charged them to tell no one; but
the more he charged them, the more a great deal they
proclaimed it. And they were beyond measure astonished, and said, "He does all things well, -he
makes both the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak."
At this time, the multitude being very great, and
The evident intention of Jesus is to test the faith of the
womnan.




FEEDING OF THE FOUR THOUSAND.    I67
having nothing to eat, Jesus said to his disciples, " I
have pity on the people, for they have now been with
me three days, and have nothing to eat. If I send
them home fasting, they will faint by the way; for
some of them have come from far."  His disciples
answered " How in this desert place can we find
food for so many?"  And he asked, "How many
loaves have you?"  They said, " Seven."  Then he
directed the people to recline on the ground, and
taking the seven loaves, he gave thanks, and broke,
and distributed them to his disciples, to set before
them. And they did so. And they had a few small
fishes; and giving thanks, he directed that these also
should be set before them. And the people ate till
they were satisfied; and the disciples took up of the
broken food that remained seven basketsful. And the
number that had eaten was about four thousand,
besides women and children. Then he sent them
away, and taking a boat, went to the country about
Mlagdala and Dalmanutha.*
Then the Pharisees, and also the Sadducees, came
to him, and to try him, desired that he would show
them a sign from heaven. He answered them, " In
the evening, you say it will be fair weather, for the
sky is red; and in the-morning, you say it will be foul
weather, for the sky is red and lowering. Hypocrites!
You can read the face of the sky; but can you not
Dalmanulza and Magdala. -Dr. Lightfoot infers from
Jewish writers that these were towns on the south-east side
of the lake of Galilee.
* Matt. xx. 21-39. Mark vii. 24-37; viii. 1-9.




i68             LIFE OF JESUS.
read the signs of the times?"  And sighing deeply, he
said, "W ihy does this race seek a sign? Truly I say
to you no sign will be given to it, but the sign of
Jonah the prophet." And he left them, and entering
the boat again, departed to the other side.
Now the disciples, when they came to the other
side, found they had forgotten tQ take bread, and had
in the boat only one loaf. And he had charged them,
saying, " Take heed of the leaven of the Pharisees
and Sadducees." And they questioned among themselves, saying, "Is it because we have no bread?"
Jesus, knowing this, said to them, " Why question
you about the bread? Do you not yet perceive, nor
understand? Are your minds still blinded?  Having
eyes, do you not see? and having ears, do you not
hear? And do you not remember? When I broke
the five loaves among the five thousand, how many
baskets of fragments took you up?" They said to
him, " Twelve." And when I broke the seven among
the four thousand, how many baskets of fragments
took you up? And they said " Seven." And he said
to them, " How is it, then, that you do not understand
that I spoke not of bread, when I bade you beware
of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Then
they understood that he told them not to beware of
the leaven of bread; but of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees.*
And he went to Bethsaida, and they brought a
blind man to him, and besought him to touch him.
And taking the blind man by the hand, he led him
out of the town, and wetting his eyes with spittle, he
* Matt xvi. I-I2. Mark viii. IO-2i.




RESTORES SIGHT TO A BLIND MAN.          I69
put his hands on him, and asked him if he saw anything. And he looked up and said, " I see men, as
if they were trees, walking." Then he put his hands
again on his eyes, and made him look up, and his
sight was restored; and he saw them all clearly.
Then Jesus sent him away to his house, saying, " Go
not into the town, nor tell it to any one from the
town'." *
And Jesus, and his disciples went to the towns of
Cesarea Philippi, and on the way, —when he was
alone praying, - his disciples coming to him, he asked
them, " Who do men say that I, the Son of Man,
am?" And they answered, " Some say John the
Baptist, others Elijah, and others Jeremiah, or one of
the old prophets, risen from the dead."  Then he said
to them,'i But who do you say that I am?"  And
Simon Peter answered: " Thou art the Christ, the Son
of the living God." Jesus said to him, 1" Happy are
you Simon, son of Jonah, for flesh and blood have not
revealed this to you; but my Father in heaven; and I
say to you, that you are Peter, and on this rock I will
build my church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it. And I will give to you the keys of the
Cesarea PhilijZpi, -was situated at the foot of Mount
Hermon and near the source of the Jordan. It is now called
Banias, and is a wretched hamlet of about a hundred miserable huts, inhabited by Turks.
The gates of Hades. - The abode of the dead was thought,
by both Jews and Gentiles, to be a subterranean receptacle,
guarded by gates, from which there was no escape. Death
was the entrance within these gates. The gates of ancient
cities were the principal places where courts were held, and
public matters deliberated on. By the gates of Hades are'5           Mark viii. 22-26o




170             LIFE OF JESUS.
kingdom of heaven, and what you shall forbid on
earth, will be forbidden in heaven; and what you shall
permit on earth, will be permitted in heaven."
Then he charged them to tell no one that he was the
Christ; and he told them  also, how he must go
to Jerusalem, and suffer many things from the elders,
and chief priests, and Scribes, and be put to death,
and raised again the third day. And he said this
openly; but Peter took him to task, saying, "Be
this far from you, Lord. This shall not come upon
you." But he, turning about and looking at his disciples, rebuked Peter, saying, " Get ye behind me,
Satan. You care not for the things of God, but for
those of men." And calling together the people, with
his disciples also, he said to them, " Whoever will
come after me, mu'st renounce himself, and take up
his cross daily, and follow me; for whoever would
save his life, will lose it; but whoever shall lose his
life for my sake, and the Gospel's, he will save it.
And what will it profit a man to gain the whole
world, and lose his own soul? or what would a man
give in exchange for his soul? Whoever shall be
ashamed of me, and my words, among this apostate
and sinful race, of him will the Son of Man be
ashamed when he comes in the glory of his Father
with his holy angels. Then he will reward every man
according to his works. And truly I say to you, there
are some standing here who will not taste of death
till they have seen the Son of Man, coming in his
kingdom." *
therefore meant the powers which were supposed to rule the
rebellious invisible world.
Matt. xvi. I3-28. Mark viii. 27-37; ix. i. Luke ix. i8-27.




THE TRANSFIGURATION.          171
And six days after these teachings, taking Peter and
John and James, he went up into a high mountain
to pray. And as he prayed, his countenance was
transfigured and it shone like the sun, and his
raiment became white as the light, and glistening.
And two men talked with him, - Moses and Elijah, -
who appeared in glory, and spoke of his departure,
which was about to take place at Jerusalem. But
Peter and those with him were overcome with sleep,
and it was on waking that they saw his glory, and
the two men with him. And as they were parting
from him, Peter said to Jesus,  "Master, it is good
for us to be here, and, if thou wilt, let us make three
tents, one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for
Elijah;" for he knew not what to say. But while
he was thus speaking, a bright cloud overspread them,
and they were afraid when they saw the men enter
the cloud. And there came a voice out of the cloud,
saying; " This is my beloved Son in whom I am well
pleased. Hear ye him." And when the disciples
heard the voice, they fell on their faces, and were
greatly afraid. But Jesus came and touched them,
saying: " Arise, and be not afraid." And they lifted
up their eyes, and looking round, saw no one but Jesus
only.
As they were coming down from the mountain,
Jesus charged them, saying, "Tell the vision to no
one, till the Son of Man has risen from the dead."
And they kept these words to themselves, questioning
what the rising from the dead could mean. And they
asked him, " Why do the Scribes say that Elijah must
first come?" Jesus answered, C"Elijah truly comes




I 72            LIFE OF JESUS.
first, and reforms all things. But I say to you, Elijah
has come already, and the people knew him not; but
did to him whatever they would, as it was written of
him; and. so also, the Son of Man will suffer by them."
Then: the disciples understood that he spoke of John
the Baptist, and they kept these things close, telling no,one till Jesus had risen from the dead.*
On the next day when they came down from
the mountain, he found a great number of people
gathered about -his disciples, and the Scribes disputing
with them. And as soon as they saw him the whole
multitude was struck with awe, and running to him,
saluted him. And-he asked, " What are you disputing about together?":And one of the multitude
answered, "Master, I brought -to you my son who has
a dumb spirit, and when it seizes him, he foams at the
mouth, and gnashes his:teeth, and falls down insensible, and the demon bruises him, departing from him
hardly, and leaving him utterly exhausted; and I besought thy disciples to cast him out,'and they could
not." Jesus answering said, " O faithless, and perverse generation! How long shall I be with you?
Bring him to me." As he was coming,-as: soon as
he saw Jesus, the demon threw him down and tore
him, and he rolled on the ground, foaming at the
mouth. And Jesus asked his father," IIow long has
this been upon him? " And he said, " From a child;
and often it casts him into the fire, and into the water
to destroy him; and if you can do anything, have
compassion on us, and help us." And Jesus said,
"What means this,'If you can?' All things are
*Matt. xvii. I-I3. Mark ix. 2-I3. Luke ix. 28-36.




FORETELLS HIS DEATH.            173
possible to him that believes."  And at once the father
of the child cried out with tears, " Lord, I believe;
help thou mine unbelief." Then Jesus seeing the
people murmuring together, rebuked the foul spirit,
saying to it, " Thou dumb and deaf spirit, come
out of him, and enter him no more." And crying out
and rending him sorely, the spirit came out of the
child; and he lay as one dead, so that many said II He
is dead." But Jesus taking him by the hand, lifted him
up, and he arose, cured from that very hour. And
they were all amazed at the mighty power of God.*
When Jesus had entered a house, his disciples
asked him privately, "  Why could not we cast him
out?" And he said to them, "6 Because of your unbelief; for truly I say to you, if you had faith as a
grain of mustard seed, you might say to this mountain,'remove hence to yonder place,' and it should remove,
and nothing would be impossible for you. However,
this race goes not out except by prayer and fasting."
And departing thence, they journeyed through Galilee, and he would that no man should know where
he was; but while all were wondering at these
works which he did, he said to his disciples, " Let
these words sink into your ears; for the Son of Man is
about to be betrayed into the hands of men. And
they will kill him, and after he is killed, he will be
raised again on the third day."  But they understood
not his words, and were afraid to question him.t
And when they had returned to Capernaum, the
receivers of the tribute money came to Peter and said,
* Matt. xvii. I4. Mark ix. I4-29. Luke ix. 37-43.
t Matt, xvii. 22, 23. Mark ix. 30-32. Luke ix. 43-45.;5*




174              LIFE OF JESUS.
" Does not your master pay tribute?"  He said.
"Yes."  And on his return to the house, before he
had spoken of it, Jesus said to him, " What think
you Simon?  Of whom  do the kings of the earth
take taxes or tribute money, of their own children, or
of strangers?"  Peter said to him, " Of strangers."
Jesus said, " Then are the children free; but that we
may not offend them, go to the sea and cast in a hook.
Take the fish that first comes up, and on opening its
mouth you will find a stater, that give to them  for
me and you." *
About this time there arose a dispute among the
disciples, as to which of them should be greatest in
the kingdom  of heaven. And being in the house,
Jesus asked them, " What was it you disputed about
on the road?"  They held their peace, but Jesus
knowing their thoughts, took a little child and set him
in the midst of them; and when he had taken him in
his arms, he said to them, " Truly I say to you, unless
you are converted, and become as little children, you
will not enter the kingdom  of heaven.  Whoever
humbles himself as this little child, is greatest in the
kingdom of heaven; and who receives one such
little child for my sake, receives me. And whoever
receives me, receives him that sent me. And he that
is least among you all, the same shall be the greatest.
Staler. -A Roman silver coin of the value of a shekel.
The tribute was a half shekel, and the stater therefore was of
sufficient value to pay for two persons. This tax was not
paid to the Roman government; but to the Jews for the
temple service.
*Matt. xvii. 24-27. Mark ix. 33.




TEACHES I-IUMILITY.             1 75
If any one desires to be first, he will be last of all, and
the servant of all. Whoever shall cause one of these
little ones, who believes in me, to fall away from me,
it were better for him that a millstone were hanged
about his neck, and he were drowned in the depths of
the sea. Take heed that you despise not one of the
humblest of my disciples, for I say to you, that in
heaven their angels always behold the face of my
Father.  The Son of Man has come to save what
was lost. What think you? if a man has a hundred
sheep, and one of them has gone astray, will he not
leave the ninety and nine, and go upon the mountains to seek that which has gone astray?  And
if he find it, truly I say to you, he rejoices more over
it than over the ninety and nine which went not
astray. Even so it is not the will of your Father that
one of the humblest of these should be lost."
John said to him, " Master, we saw one casting out
demons in thy name, and we forbade him, because he
followed not with us."  But Jesus said, " Forbid him
not. No one can do a miracle in my name, and speak
evil of me; for he that is not against us, is for us.
And whoever gives you a cup of cold water in my
name, because you belong to Christ, truly, I say to you,
he will not lose his reward."
A mill stone hafnged about his neck. - This was a mode of
capital punishment practised among the Greeks, and ancient
Hilndoos, and it is probable that it was in use in Syria. It is
still one of the " institutions" of Turkey.
Their Angels. - It was a general belief among the Jews,
that every person was attended by an angel, who was considered as his representative, and to whom he was supposed to
have a personal resemblance. See Acts xii. 15. Hebrew i.
I4.




1 76             LIFE OF JESUS.
Then Peter came to him, and said, "Lord, if my
brother sin against me, how often shall I forgive himn?
Till seven times?" Jesus answered him, " I say not
until seven times, but until seventy times seven. If
your brother sin against you, go alone to him, and tell
him his fault; if he hear you, you have gained your
brother. But, if he will not hear you, go to him again,
with one or two more, that by the testimony of two
or three witnesses, every word may be confirmed.
If he neglect to hear them, tell the matter to your
whole body assembled; and if he disregard them, let
him be to you as a heathen and a tax-gatherer.
"1 Therefore the kingdom of heaven has been compared to a certain king, who would settle accounts
with his servants, and when he began the reckoning,
one was brought to him  who owed him ten thousand
talents; but as he had not money to pay, his lord
ordered him to be sold with his wife and children, and
all that he had, for the payment of the debt. Then
the servant fell down at his feet, saying,' Lord, have
patience with me, and I will pay you all.' Then
the master had compassion on him, and forgave him
the debt. But the same servant went out, and found
one of his fellow servants who owed him a hundred
denarii, and he seized him by the throat, saying,' Pay
me what you owe me.' Then his fellow servant fell
Ten th/ousand  Talents. - The silver talent was worth
$I,519.23. The sum, therefore, would be about fifteen millions of dollars.
To be sold. - It was the custom to sell debtors into slavery
among many of the Eastern nations. For notices of its existence among the Jews, see 2 Kings iv. 1. Lev. xxv. 39-46.
Amos viii. 6.




TEACHES FORGIVENESS.                I77
down, and entreated him, saying,' Have patience with
me, and I will pay you all.' He would  not, but
cast him into prison till he could pay the debt. Their
fellow servants seeing what was done, were very sorry,
and told their master all that was done.  Then his
master summoned him, and said,' Thou wicked servant, I forgave thee all thy  debt at thy entreaty.
Shouldest not thou, too, have had pity on thy fellow
servant, as I had compassion  on thee?'  And his
master was angry, and delivered him to the tormentors,
till he should pay all that was due to him.  Even so
will my heavenly Father do to- you, if you from  your
hearts forgive not every one his brother." *
After this the Lord. selected seventy other disciples
also, and sent them, two by two, before him to every
town and place where he was about to go; and he
said to them, " The harvest truly is great, but the
laborers are few.  Pray then the Lord of the harvest,
to send laborers into his harvest. Go your way. Lo,
I- send you as lambs among wolves. Carry neither
purse, nor scrip, nor shoes, and salute no man by the
Saiude no man by th/e way.- The customary salutations
among Eastern nations are formal and tedious, and consume
much time. If an Oriental meets an acquaintance, he stops,
however urgent his business, to make and answer an endless
number of inquiries; and to this delay the seventy were exposed, as they were doubtless going where they were known.
To avoid a like waste of time they were forbidden to go
"from house to house." It is still the custom in Palestine,
when a stranger arrives in a village, for the neighbors to
invite him to eat with them. The custom involves much
ostentation and hypocrisy; but a failure to observe it is.
* Matt. xvii. I-35. Mark ix. 33-50. Luke ix. 46-50.




I78              LIFE OF JESUS.
way. And whatever house you enter, on entering say,' Peace be to this house.' And if one worthy of peace
be there, your peace will rest upon it, if not, it will
return to you again. Go not from house to house, but
remain in the same house eating and drinking what
they give, for the laborer is worthy of his hire. And
in whatever town you are welcomed, eat what is set
before you, and heal the sick who are there, and say
to the people,' The kingdom of heaven is at hand.'
But in whatever town you are not welcomed, go out
into the streets, and say,'Even the dust which cleaves
to our feet do we shake off against you; but be sure
of this, the kingdom of heaven is at hand.' I say to
you it will be more tolerable in that day for Sodom,
than for that town; for he that receives you, receives
to me, and he that rejects you, rejects me, and he that
rejects me, rejects him that sent me." *
When the time was near, that he was to be received up, he steadfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem. And the Jews' festival of tabernacles being at
hand, his kinsmen said to him, I Depart hence and go
to Judea, that your disciples there may see the works
that you are doing. No one who would be known,
does his works where they cannot be seen." For not
even his kinsmen had faith in him.
Then Jesus said to them, "My time has not yet
come; but all times are suitable for you. The world
cannot hate you, but me it hates, because I testify of
it, that its deeds are evil. Go you up to this festival,
strongly resented, and often leads to alienation and feuds
among neighbors.
*Luke x. I-II.




HEALS TEN LEPERS.               179
I am not yet going up, for my time is not yet fully come.'
Having said this he stayed behind in Galilee; but
when his kinsmen had gone up, he also went to the festival, not openly, but as it were in a private manner,
sending messengers before, to make ready for him.
And they entered a village of the Samaritans, *but
the Samaritans would not receive him because they
knew he was going to Jerusalem. And his disciples,
James and John, when they knew this, said, "Lord,
shall we call down fire from heaven, to consume them,
even as Elijah did?" But he turned and rebuked
them, saying, "You know not what manner of spirit
you are of; the Son of Man is not come to destroy
men's lives, but to save them."  And they went to
another village.
And on the way to Jerusalem, he passed through
the confines of Samaria and Galilee, and was about
to enter a certain village, when there met him  ten
lepers, who, standing afar off, cried out, " Jesus,
Master, have pity on us."  Seeing them, he said,
" Go, show yourselves to the priests." And while
they were going, they were cleansed. And one of
them, seeing that he was healed, turned back, giving
glory to God with a loud voice; and he fell on his
face at the feet of Jesus, giving him  thanks; and
he was a Samaritan. Jesus said, "Were there not
There met him tezn Lejers. - Lepers were excluded from
towns, and these, therefore, met Jesus outside the gates of the
village. From instances in Seneca it appears to have been a
custom for sick people to cast themselves, on their recovery,
at the feet of the physician, and embrace his knees.
*John vii. 2-Io. Luke ix. 52-56; xxii. II-I9.




I80              LIFE OF JESUS.
ten cleansed?  Where are the other nine?  Were
there none to return, and give glory to God but this
stranger?"  And he said to him, "Arise, go your
way; your faith has made you whole."




PART SIXTH.
FROM THE FESTIVAL OF TABERNACLES TO
THE ARRIVAL AT BETHANY,
TIME - SIX MONTHS, LESS SIX DAYS. -








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART SIXTH.
HE Jews sought Jesus at the festival, saying,
" Where is he?" And there was much discussion among the multitude concerning him; some
saying, " HIe is a good man," others, " Nay; he deceives the common people." However, no one spoke
openly of him for fear of the rulers. Now, about the
middle of the festival, he went up to the temple and
taught; and the Jews wondered, saying, " How
knows this man letters, having never learned?" Then
Jesus said to them,' My teaching is not mine,.but His
who sent me. If any man will do his will, he will
know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether
I speak from myself. He who speaks from himself,
seeks his own glory; but he who seeks the glory of
Him that sent him, he is true, and no iniquity is in him.
Has not Moses given you the Law; yet none of you
keep the Law. Why do you go about to kill me?"
The people answered, " You are mad. Who goes
about to kill you?" Jesus answered, "I have done
one work at which you all marvelled. Moses gave
you circumcision,- not that it is of Moses; but of the
fathers, -and you circumcise a child on the Sabbath;
(183)




184              LIFE OF JESUS.
if a child be circumcised on the Sabbath, that the law
of Moses may not be broken, are you angry with me
for making a man every whit whole on the Sabbath?
Judge not according to appearance, but judge righteously."
Then some of the people of Jerusalem said, " Is not
this the man whom  they seek to kill? but see, he
speaks boldly, and they say nothing to him. Do the
rulers indeed believe that he is the Christ?  However
we know this man whence he is; but when Christ
comes, no one knows whence he is." Then Jesus cried
aloud, as he was teaching in the temple, " Ye know me,
and ye know whence I am; and I have not come of
myself; but He who sent me is true; Him you know
not, but I know him, for I am from him, and he sent me."
Then they sought to seize him; but no one laid hands
on him, for his hour had not yet come. But many of
the people believed in him, and said, "When Christ
comes, will he do more miracles than this man does?"
When the Pharisees heard that the common people
murmured such things concerning him, they and the
chief priests sent officers to seize him. Then Jesus
said to them,'" But a little while shall I be with you;
for I go to Him that sent me. You will seek me and
will not find me, and where I am, there you cannot
come."  Then the Jews said one to another, " Wthere
will this man go, that we shall not find him? \Will he
go to the dispersed among the Greeks, and teach the
The dispersed among the Greeks. - The dispersed Jews
who were scattered about in various places out of the limits
of Palestine. These foreign Jews were held in contempt by
those of Palestine, who arrogated to themselves great superiority from their residence in the Holy Land.




DISCOURSE IN THE TEMPLE.          185
Greeks?  What means this saying,'You will seek
me, and will not find me; and where I am, there you
cannot come.'"
On the great day of the festival, Jesus stood and
cried aloud, saying, " If any man thirst, let him come
to me and drink. As the Scripture says,'From him
who believes in me, will flow rivers of living water."'
But this he spoke of the Spirit which those who believe on him should receive; for the Holy Spirit was
not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified.
Many of the people, hearing these words, said, L' Of a
truth, this is the prophet." Others, "6 This is Christ,"
and others, " Is Christ to come out of Galilee? Does
not the Scripture say that Christ comes of the seed of
David, and from Bethlehem, the town of David?"  So
there was division among the people concerning him.
And some of them desired to seize him, but no one
laid hands on him.
Then the officers returned to the chief priests and
Pharisees, and they asked them, "' Why have you not
brought him?"  The officers answered, "Never man
spoke like this man."  Then the Pharisees said to
them, "'Are you also deceived?  Have any of the
rulers, or the Pharisees believed in him. But this
multitude that knows not the law are accursed." Nicodemus —he who came to Jesus by night, being one
of them - then said to them, "Does our law condemn a man, before it hear him, and know what he
has done?"  They answered, " Are you, too, a Galilean? Search and see, for no prophet arises from
Galilee."  Then every one went to his own house, and
Jesuis passed out to the Mount of Olives.*
I6*      "John vii. 11-53; viii. I.




I86             LIFE  OF JESUS.
Early  in the morning he came again to  the
temple, and all the people gathering about him, he sat
down and taught them. And the Scribes and Pharisees brought to him a woman taken in adultery, and
placing her in the midst, they said, "Master, this
woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now
Moses, in the Law, commands that such should be
stoned; but what say you?"  This they said to try
him, that they might have something of which to
accuse him.  3But Jesus, stooping down, wrote with
his finger on the ground; and when they continued
asking him, he raised himself, and said, " Let him
that is without sin among you, cast the first stone at
her." And again stooping down, he wrote on the
ground. Hearing this, and being convicted by their
own consciences, they went out one by one, beginning
at the oldest, even to the last, and Jesus was left alone,
with the woman standing in the midst. Jesus then
rising, and seeing none but the woman, said, "W oman
where are your accusers?  Has no one condemned
you?"  She answered, "No one, Lord." Hie said to
her, "Neither do I condemn you. Go, and sin no
more."
Again Jesus spoke to them, saying, " I am the light
of the world. He who follows me will not walk in
darkness, but will have the light of life." Then the
Pharisees said to him, "You bear' testimony to yourself,-your testimony is not true." Jesus answered,
"' Though I bear testimony to myself, yet is my testimony true; for I know whence I came, and whither I
go; but you cannot tell whence I came, and whither
I go. You judge according to the flesh, I judge no




DISCOURSE IN THE TEMPLE.         187
man; but if I should judge, my judgment would be
true; for it would not be mine alone, but mine and the
Father's who sent me. It is written in your law that
the testimony of two witnesses is true. I am one that
testifies of myself, and the father who sent me also
testifies of me." Then they said to him, " WVhere is
your Father?" Jesus answered, "You neither know
me, nor my Father. If you knew me, you would
know my Father also."  These words he said while
speaking in the treasury of the temple, but no one laid
hands on him, for his hour had not yet come.
Then he said to them again, "I go my way, and
you will seek me, and will die in your sins. Where I
go, you cannot come."  Then the Jews said, " Will
he kill himself, that he says,'tVhere I go, you cannot
come."' He said to them, "You are from below, I
am- from above; you are of this world, I am not of this
world. Therefore I said to you, that you would die in
your sins; for unless you believe that I am he, you will
die in your sins." And they said to him, "' Who are
you?" Jesus answered, " Even the same that I said
from the beginning. I have much to say and to judge
of you; but he who sent me is true, and I speak to
the world what I have heard from him."  They understood not that he spoke to them of the Father. Then
Jesus said to them, " When you have lifted up the Son
of Man, then will you know that I am he, and that I
do nothing of myself, but speak as my Father has
taught me. And He who sent me is with me; he has
not left me alone, for I do always those things that
please him." As he was then speaking many believed
in him.




x88              IFJ  OF JESUS.
Then Jesus said to those that believed in him: " If
you continue in my word, then are you my disciples
indeed. And you will know the truth; and the truth
will make you free? " Some answered him, " We are
Abraham's children, and were never in bondage to any
one; how say you then, you will be free?" Jesus
answered them, "' Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever
commits sin is the slave of sin. And the slave abides
not in the house forever; but the Son abides forever.
Therefore, if the Son make you free, you will be free
indeed. I know that you are Abraham's children;
but you seek to kill me, because my word has no place
in you. I speak what I have seen with my Father,
and you do what you have learned of your Father."
They answered, "I We are Abraham's children." Jesus
said to them, " If you were Abraham's children, you
wl ould do the works of Abrahamn. But now you seek
to kill me, a man who has told you the truth which
he has heard of God; this did not Abraham. You
do the deeds of your father." Then they said to him,
"We were not born of fornication; we have one
father, even God." Jesus answered, "If God were
your Father, you would love me; for I came forth and
am here, from God. And I have not come of myself,
but He has sent me. WThy do you not understand my
speech?  Because you cannot hear my word. You
are of your father the devil; and the lusts of your
father you will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth; for the truth is not
in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks from his
own; for he is a liar, and the father of lies. Because
I tell you the truth; you do not believe me. Who




REPROVES TI-IE UNBELIEVING JEWVS.    IS9
of you convicts me of sin?  If I speak the truth, why
do you not believe me?  He that is of God, hears
God's words. You hear them not, because you are
not of God."
Then answered the Jews, "' Say we not well, that
you are a Samaritan, and have a demon?" Jesus
answered, " I have not a demon; but I honor my
Father, and you do me dishonor. But I seek not my
own glory; there is one who seeks it, and will judge.
Trily, truly, I tell you, if a man keep my words he
will never see death." Then the Jews said to him,
" Now we know that you have a-demon. Abraham
died, and the prophets died; and yet you say, if a man
keep my words he will never taste of death. Are you
greater than our father Abraham, who died? and the
prophets, who died? Whom do you make yourself? "
Jesus answered, "'If I honor myself, my honor.is
nothing. It is my Father who honors me, and he,
you say, is your God. Yet you know him not, but I
know him; and if I should say I knew him not, I
should be a liar like you; but I know him, and keep
his word. Abraham, your father, rejoiced to see my
day. And he saw it and was glad."  Then said the
Jews to him, " You are not fifty years old, and have
you seen Abraham?" Jesus said to them "Truly,
truly, I say to you, before Abraham  was, I am."
Then they took up stones to cast at him, but he hid
himself, and went out of the temple.*
And going to the village called lBethany, a certain woman nalned Martha received him into her
house; and she had a sister called Mary, who seating
*John viii. i2-59.




190                LIFE OF JESUS.
herself at Jesus' feet, listened to his words.  But
2Martha was busily occupied with serving, and coming
to him she said, " Lord, care you not that my sister
leaves me to serve alone? bid her help me." Jesus
answered her, " Martha, Martha, you are careful and
troubled about many things, but one thing is needful;
and Mary has chosen that better part, which will not
be taken from her." *
And a certain teacher of the law came to him, and
to try him, said,  "Master, what shall I do to inherit
eternal life?"  Jesus said to him, " What is written
in the law; what read you there?" He answered,
" Thou shalt love the Lord thy God, with all thy
heart, with all thy soul, with all thy mind, and
with all thy strength; and thy neighbor as thyself."
Jesus said to him, "' You have answered rightly.  Do
this, and you will live."  But he, wishing to justify
himself, said, "' Who is my neighbor?" Jesus answered,
"A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho,
and fell among thieves; who, stripping him of his raiment, and wounding him, went away, leaving him
half dead. And by chance a certain priest, going that
way, saw him, and passed by on the other side; and
Down from ferusalemz to?/ericho. -Jericho is in the valley of the Jordan, about fifteen miles from Jerusalem, and
on considerably lower ground. The road between the two
places passes through what is called the "Wilderness of
Jericho," - a rocky, mountainous region, sparsely inhabited,
and still infested with robbers. Josephus says that at this time
Judea was overrun with highwaymen, who committed the
greatest excesses, and that this road was particularly dangerOuS.
* Luke x. 38-42.




TEACHES HIS DISCIPLES TO PRAY.        191
also a Levite coming to the place, looked at him, and
passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan on a journey, coming where he was, saw him, and
taking pity on him, went to him, and bound up his
wounds, pouring on oil and wine. And setting him
on his own beast he carried himn to an inn, and took
care of him; and on the morrow he took out two
denarii, and giving them to the inn-keeper, said,' Take
care of this man, and any further charge I will pay
you when I come again.' Now which of these three,
think you, was neighbor to him who fell among the
thieves?"  And he said, " He that took pity on him."
Then said Jesus to him, 6' Go, and do thou likewise."'i
He was praying in a certain place, and when he
ceased, his disciples said to him, " Lord, teach us to
pray, as John taught his disciples." Jesus said to
tilem, "  When you pray, say: Our Father who art
in heaven, Hallowed be thy name, Thy kingdom
come, Give us day by day our needful food, And
forgive us our sins, for we forgive every one who sins
against us, And bring us not into trial."
Then he said to themn, " Suppose one of you should
have a friend, and should go to him at midnight, and
say,' Friend, lend me three loaves, for a friend of mine
has come to me in his journey, and I have nothing to
Go to fhimz at Midnzight. - It is customary in Eastern counties to travel at night, when it can be done safely, owing to
the extreme heat of the days.
Lend mze three Loavtes. - It was usual among the Jews for
neighbors to borrow bread of one another, and certain rules
were laid down, when and on what conditions, it should be
loaned.
* Luke x. 25-37.




192              LIFE OF JESUS.
set before him.' And he should answer from within:'Trouble me not, the house is now shut; and I and my
children are in bed. I cannot rise and give them to
you.' I tell you, though he may not rise and give them
because he is a friend, yet if the other importune him,
he will rise and give him as many loaves as he needs.
So, I say to you, Ask, and it will be given you; seek,
and you will find; knock, and the door will be opened
to you." 
The seventy returned with joy, saying: " Lord,
even the demons are subject to us through your name."
And he said to them, " I saw Satan fall as lightning
from heaven. Lo! I give you power to tread on serpents, and scorpions, and over all the might of the
enemy; and nothing shall at all injure you. But in
this rejoice not- that the spirits are subject to you,
rather rejoice that your names are written in heaven." t
Jesus was at Jerusalem, at the festival of the dedication; and as he was passing along, he saw a
man who had been blind from his birth; and his disciples asked him: " Who sinned, this man, or his
parents, that he was born blind?" Jesus answered:
" Neither did this man sin nor his parents; but that
the works of God might be made manifest in him. I
must work the works of Him who sent me while it is
day; the night is coming when one cannot work.
While I am in the world, I am the light of the world."
Saying this, he spat on the ground, and making clay of
the spittle, anointed with it the eyes of the blind man,
saying to him, " Go, wash in the pool of Siloam,"
The Pool of Siloamn, was at the foot of Mount Zion, and
~ Luke xi. I-7.    f Luke x. I7-2o.




CURES A BLIND MAN.            193
which word means sent. And he went and washed,
and came back seeing.
Then the neighbors, and those who before had seen
the man as a beggar, said, " Is not this he who used to
sit and beg?"  Some said' It is he;" others " He is
like him;" but he said, "6 I am he."  Then they said
to him, "How were your eyes opened?"  He answered, "A man called Jesus made clay and anointed
my eyes, saying to me,' Go to the pool of Siloam, and
wash;' and I went and washed, and received my
sight."  Then they said to hlim, " Where is that man?"
And he said, " I know not."
They brought to the Pharisees the man who had
been blind. And it was on the Sabbath, that Jesus
made the clay, and opened his eyes. Then again the
Pharisees asked him how he received his sight; and
he answered, " He put clay on my eyes, and I washed,
and do see." Then said some of the Pharisees, " This
man is not from God, for he does not keep the Sabbath."  Others said, " How can a man who is a sinner
do such things?" And there was a division among
them. They spoke to the blind man again, and asked,
"WThat say you of him who opened your eyes?"  He
said, "' He is a prophet."  But the Jews would not
believe that he had been blind and received his sight,
until they called his parents, and questioned them, saying: " If this be your son, and he was born blind, how
then does he now  see?"  His parents answered,
"1 We know that this is our son, and that he was born
blind; but how he now sees we know not; nor do we
just outside the wall of the city. It is still shown to travellers.
I7




I94              LIFE OF JESUS.
know who opened his eyes. He is of age, ask him; he
can speak for himself."  This his parents said through
fear of the Jews, for they had now agreed that if any
one acknowledged Jesus to be the Christ, he should
be put out of the Synagogue.  Hence his parents
said, 1" He is of age, ask him."
Then a second time the Pharisees called the man
who had been blind, and said, " Speak in the fear of
God. We know that this man is a sinner."  The man
answered, 1" I know not whether he be a sinner; but
one thing I do know, that having been blind, now I
see."  Then said they to him again, " What did he to
you? How did he open your eyes?" He answered
them, " I have told you already, and you would not
hear. Would you hear it again? Would even you be
his disciples?"  Then they reviled him, saying, " You
are his disciple; but we are Moses' disciples. WVe
know that God spoke to Moses; as for this man, we
know not whence he is." The man answered, " Why,
here is a strange thing,- you know not whence he is,
and yet he has opened my eyes. Now, we know that
God does not hear sinners; but if one worships him,
and does His will, him he hears. Since the world
began was it ever heard that a man opened the eyes of
one born blind. If this man were not fiom God he
could do nothing."  They answered him,'You were
wholly born in sin, and do you teach us?"  And they
thrust him out.
Jesus heard that they had cast him out; and finding
Pitt out of the Synagoguze. -The person excluded from
the Synagogue was not only prohibited fronm joining in public
religious services, but was forbidden every kind of intercourse
with others.




CURES A BLIND MAN.             195
him, he said to him, "' Do you believe on the Son of
God?"  He answered, " Who is he, Lord, that
I should believe on him? " Jesus said to him, " You
have seen him, and it is he who speaks to you." And
she said: " Lord, I believe;" and worshipped him.
And Jesus said, " For judgment I came into this
world, that they who see not, may see, and that they
who see may become blind."
Some of the Pharisees who were with him, on hearing these words, said, "' Are even we blind?" Jesus
said to them, "' If you were blind you would not sin;
but now, while you say,'We see,' your sin remains.
Truly, truly, I say to you, he who enters not by the
door, but climbs into the sheep-fold some other way,
he is a thief and a robber; but he who enters by the
door is the shepherd of the sheep; to him the porter
opens, and the sheep hear his voice, and he calls his
sheep by name, and leads them out. And when he
puts forth his own, he goes before them; and the sheep
follow, for they know his voice; and a stranger they
will not follow, but will flee from him, because they
know not the voice of strangers." This parable spoke
Jesus to them; but they understood not its meaning.
Again Jesus said to them,' Truly, truly, I am the
door of the sheep. All who have come before me are
thieves and robbers; but the sheep did not hear their
voice. I am the door; whoever enters by me will be
safe; and will go in and out, and find pasture. The
thief comes only to steal, to kill, and to destroy; I have
come that they may have life, and have it more abundantly. I am the good shepherd; the good shepherd
lays down his life for the sheep. But the hireling,




I96             LIFE OF JESUS.
who is not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are
not, sees the wolf coming, and leaves the sheep, and
the wolf seizes them, and scatters the sheep. The
hireling flees because he is a hireling, and cares not
for the sheep. I am the good shepherd, and know my
sheep, and am known by them. As the Father knows
me, even so know I the Father; and I lay down
my life for the sheep. Other sheep I have which are
not of this fold; those also I must bring in, and they
will hear my voice, and there will be one fold and one
shepherd. For this my Father loves me, -because I
lay down my life that I may take it again. No man
takes it from me. I lay it down of myself. I have
power to lay it down, and power to take it again.
This charge have I received of my Father."
There was a division among the Jews, on account
of these sayings; many of them saying, "He has
a demon, and is mad; why hear you him?" others,
" These are not the words of one who has a demon.
Can a demon open the eyes of the blind? "
As Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch,
the Jews. came about him, and said, " How  long
will you keep us in doubt? If you are the Christ tell
us plainly." Jesus answered, " I have told you, and
you do not believe. The works that I do in my
Father's name bear testimony to me; but you believe
not, because you are not of my sheep. As I told you,
my sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they
follow me. I give them eternal life, and they shall
never perish; nor shall any man pluck them out of my
hand. My Father, who gave them to me, is greater
than all; and no one is able to pluck them out of




THE RAISIS;IG OF LAZARUS.       I 97
my Father's hand. I and my Father are one."  Then
again the Jews took up stones to stone him; but Jesus
said to them, "M iMany good works have I shown you
from my Father; for which of these do you stone
me?"  They answered, " For no good work do we
stone you, but for blasphemy; because you, being a
man, make yourself God." Jesus answered them, " Is
it not written in your law,' I said, Ye are gods?' If
those are called gods to whom the words of God
came, - and this Scripture cannot be set aside, - say
you of him whom the Father has sanctified, and sent
into the world, 6 you blaspheme,' because he has said,'I am the Son of God?' If I do not the works of my
Father, believe me not. But if I do, though you believe
not me, believe the works, and through them know
that the Father is in me, and I in him."  Then they
sought again to take him; but he escaped out of their
hands, and went away beyond the Jordan, to the
place where John at first baptized, and there he remained. And many came to him  there, who said,
"John, indeed, did no miracle; but all that John said
of this man is true."  And many there believed in him.
Now a certain man was sick, — Lazarus of Bethany, the town of Mary and Martha. This Mary whose
brother Lazarus was sick, was the same who afterwards anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped
his feet with the hair of her head. Then the sisters
sent to Jesus to say, " Lord, lo! he whom you love is
sick." Now  he loved Martha, and her sister, and
Lazarus; and on hearing this, he said:' This sickness
is not to death, but for the glory of God, - that the
Son of God may be glorified by it."




198              LIFE OF' JESUS.
He remained two days in the place where he was;
then he said to his disciples, " Let us go into Judea
again."  They answered, "Master, the Jews of late
sought to stone you; and would you go there again?"
Jesus answered, " Are there not twelve hours in the
day? He who walks in the day stumbles not, because
he sees the light of this world; if a man walk in the
night he stumbles, because there is no light in him."
This he spoke, and afterwards said, " Our friend Lazarus is sleeping; but I go to awake him out of sleep."
Then said his disciples, " Lord, if he sleep, he will do
well." Jesus spoke of his death; but they thought he
had spoken only of taking rest in sleep. Then Jesus
said to them plainly, " Lazarus is dead; and I am glad
for your sakes that I was not there, that your faith may
be confirmed.  Let us go to him?"  Then Thomas,
who is called Didymus, said to his fellow disciples,
" Let us also go, and die with him."
When Jesus came there, he found that Lazarus had
already been in the grave four days. Now Bethany
was near Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off; and
many of the Jews had come to Mary and Martha, to
comfort them for their brother. Then Martha, as soon
as she heard that Jesus was coming, ran to meet him;
but Mary sat still in the house. And Martha said to
Jesus, " Lord, if you had been here, my brother would
not have died. But I know that even now, whatever
you ask of God, God will give you." Jesus said to
her, "Your brother will rise again."  Martha said. to
him,' I know that he w-ill rise again, in the resurrection at the last day." Jesus said to her, "I am the
I know he will rise at the last cday. - The Pharisees believed
in the resurrection of the body at a general judgment.




THE RAISING OF LAZARUS.           199
resurrection and the life; he who believes in me though
he should die, will yet live; and whoever lives and believes in me, will never die. Believe you this?"  She
said to him, "Yea, Lord, I believe that you are the
Christ, the Son of God. He who was to come into the
world."  And when she had said this she called Mary,
her sister, saying: "' The Master is here, and calls for
you."  As soon as Mary heard this, she rose hastily,
and went to him.
Now Jesus had not entered the town, but was in the
place where Martha met him. The Jews then, who
were with Mary in the house, comforting her, seeing
her rise and go out, followed, saying: " She goes to
the tomb to weep there."  Then Mary, coming to
where Jesus was, and seeing him, fell down at his feet,
saying, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother
would not have died."  When Jesus saw her weeping,
and the Jews who came with her, also weeping, he
groaned in spirAt, and was troubled. And he said,
"WThere have you laid him?"  They said "Come
and see." Jesus wept. Then said the Jews, "See
how he loved him? "  But some of them said, " Could
not he who opened the eyes of the blind have saved
this man from death?"
Jesus, still groaning in himself, came to the grave.
It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it. Jesas said,
" Take away the stone."  Martha, the sister of the
man who was dead, said to him, " Lord, by this time
the body is offensive, for he has been dead four days.". Cave is still shown as being the tomb occupied by the
body of Lazarus. It is of only doubtful authenticity. It
is, however, a most striking fact, that Bethany now bears his
name, being called, el-Azariyeh or Lazariek.




200             LIFE OF JESUS.
Jesus said to her, " Did I not tell you that if you would
believe, you should see the glory of God?" Then they
took away the stone, and Jesus, raising his eyes to
heaven, said: " Father, I thank thee that thou hast
heard me, and I know that thou hearest me always;
but I speak thus because of the people who are standing round; that they may believe that thou hast
sent me." Having said this, he cried with a loud
voice, " Lazarus, come forth!"  And the dead man
came forth, bound hand and foot with grave clothes;
and his face bound about with a napkin. Jesus said
to them, " Loose him, and let him go." Then many
cf the Jews who came with Mary, and saw what Jesus
had done, believed on him; but some of them went to
the Pharisees, and told what Jesus had done.*
Then the chief priests and Pharisees held a council,
saying: "What are we to do? This man is doing
many wonderful works; and if we let him alone, all
the people will believe in him, and the Romans will
come and take away both our place and nation." But
one of them named Caiaphas, who was High Priest
that year, said to them, " You know nothing at all;
nor do you consider that it is better for us that one
man should die for the people, than that the whole
nation should be destroyed."  This he said not from
himself, but, being High Priest that year, he prophesied
that Jesus was about to die for the nation; and not for
the nation only, but to bring together, in one body, the
children of God wherever scattered. Then from that
day they took counsel together, how to put him to
death. Jesus, therefore, no longer appeared openly
* John xi. 1-46.




CURES AN INFIRM WOM:tAN.        201
among the Jews, but went to the country near the
desert, to a town called Ephraim, and there continued
with his disciples. And great multitudes resorted to
him there, and he healed them; and, as he was wont,
taught them also.*
And in one of the Synagogues, in which he was
teaching on the Sabbath, there was a woman who had
been afflicted with a spirit of infirmity for eighteen
years, and was bowed together, and unable to raise
herself. When Jesus saw her he called her to him,
and said, " Woman, you are freed from your infirmity."  And he laid his hands on her, and immediately she stood up, and gave glory to God; but the
ruler of the Synagogue, being angry because Jesus
had done this on the Sabbath, said to the people:
"1 There are six days in which people can work; therefore, in them come and be healed, and not on the
Sabbath." The Lord then answered him, " Hypocrite! Does one of you on the Sabbath not loose his
ox, or his ass from the stall, and lead him away to
watering? And should not this woman —a daughter
of Abraham, -whom Satan has bound, lo! these
eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the Sabbath day?" When he said this his opposers were
ashamed. And all the people rejoiced for all the
glorious things he was doing.t
As Jesus was going through the cities and villages teaching, on his way to Jerusalem, one said
to him: " Lord, will only a few be saved?"  And he
said to them, " Strive to enter at the strait gate; for
*John xi. 47-54. Mark x. I.
tLuke xiii. IO-I7.




202             LIFE OF JESUS.
many, I say to you, will seek to enter and will not be
able. When once the master of the house has risen,
and shut to the door, you will stand without and knock,
saying,' Lord, Lord, open to us,' and he will answer
you,'I know not whence you are.' Then will you
say, " WVe have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and
thou has taught in our streets.' But he will answer,
I tell you, I know not whence you are. Depart from
me, all you workers of iniquity.' There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth when you see Abraham,
and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the
kingdom of God, and are yourselves shut out. And
men will come from the east, and the west, and the
north, and the south, and take places at table in the
kingdom of heaven; and those who are first will be
last, and those who are last will be first."
The same day certain Pharisees came to him, saying, 1" Go away from here, for Herod designs to kill
you."  He said to them, " Go, and tell that fox,
Lo! I cast out demons and do cures, to-day and tomorrow, and on the third day my work will be finished.
But I must work to-day, and to-morrow, and the day
following; for it cannot be that a prophet should
perish out of Jerusalem." *
He went into the house of one of the chief Pharisees to eat on the Sabbath, and those present were
watching him.  And lo! a certain man who had
a dropsy came to him, and Jesus said to the teachers
of the law and the Pharisees, "'Is it lawful to cure
on the Sabbath?"  But they held their peace; and
taking the man, he healed him, and letting him go,
*Luke xiii. 22-35.




CURES A MAN OF DROPSY.          203
said to them, "Is there any one of you, who, if
his ass or his ox should fall into a pit on the Sabbath,
would not at once draw him out? " And they could
make him no answer to these words.
Observing how those who were bidden chose out
the highest places at the table, he spoke a parable
to them, saying: "When you are asked by any one
to a wedding do not take the highest place; lest one
more deserving of honor than you be bidden, and he
that bade you should come, and say,' Give this man
place,' and you with shame have to take a lower seat.
But when you are bidden take the lowest place; that
when he who bade you come, he may say to you,
" Friend, go up higher.' Then you will be honored
in the presence of the other guests.  For, whoever
exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles
himself will be exalted." Then he said also to him
who had invited him, "When you make a dinner or a
supper, ask not your friends, nor your brethren, nor
your kinsmen, nor your rich neighbors; lest they ask
you in return, and you be repaid. But when you
make a feast, invite the poor, the maimed, the lame,
and the blind, and you will be blessed; for they cannot
repay you; but you will be repaid in the resurrection
of the just."
On hearing this, one of the guests said, " Blessed is
he who shall eat bread in the kingdom of God." Jesus
said to him, "' A certain man made a great feast, and at
supper time he sent his servant to say to those who
were bidden,' Come, for all things are now ready.'
But with one accord they all began to make excuses.
The first said to him,' I have bought a piece of ground,




204              LIFE OF JESUS.
and must go and see it. I pray you, have me
excused.' Another said,'I have bought five yoke
of oxen, and go to try them. I pray you, have me
excused.' And another said,'I have married a wife;
and therefore I cannot come.' So, the servant returned
and told his lord what they said. The master, being
angry, said to his servant, " Go out quickly into the
streets and lanes of the city, and bring here the poor,
the maimed, the lame, and the blind."  Afterward, the
servant said to him,'Lord, it is done as you commanded; and yet there is room.' His lord said to him,'Go out now into the highways and hedges, and constrain all you find to come in, that my house may be
full; for, I say to you, that none of those who have
been bidden shall taste of my supper."
And great multitudes were following him, and he
turned and said to them, "' If any man come to me and
hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children,
and brothers and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he
cannot be my disciple. And whoever does not follow
me, bearing his cross daily, cannot be my disciple.
Which of you, building a tower, sits not down first
and counts the cost, whether he have enough to finish
it? lest having laid the foundation, and not being able
to finish, all who look on should mock him, saying:' This man began to build, and was not able to finish.'
Or what king going to war with another king, sits not
down first and consults whether he with ten thousand,
will be able to meet the one who comes against him
with twenty thousand? If not, while the other is still
at a great distance, will he not send an embassy, and
sue for peace? No one of you who does not renounce




PARABLE OF THE PRODIGAL SON.           205
all that he has, can be my disciple. He that has ears
to hear let him hear." *
Then all the tax-gatherers and sinners drew near to
hear him; and the Pharisees and Scribes murmured,
saying: 1" This man receives sinners and eats with
them."  And he spoke to them in a parable, saying:
" W-ho of you having a hundred sheep, should he lose
one of them, does not leave the ninety and nine in the
wilderness, and go after the lost one until he find it:
and having found it, does he not lay it on his shoulders
rejoicing?  And when he comes home, does he not call
together his friends and neighbors, saying,'Rejoice
with me, for I have found my sheep which was lost.'
I tell you, that thus there is joy in heaven over one
sinner that repents, more than over ninety and nine
just persons, who need no repentance. Either what
woman having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one
piece, does not light a lamp, and sweep the house,
and seek carefully till she find it? and having found
it, does she not call her friends and neighbors together,
saying:'Rejoice with me; for I have found the piece
I had lost.' Thus I tell you, There is joy among
the angels of God over one sinner that repents."
He said also, "A certain man had two sons; and
the younger of them said to his father,' Father, give me
Light a Lamp. - Houses in the East were so badly lighted
that to find a small object it would be necessary to use a lamp
even in the day time. This is shown from the relics of Herculanean and Pompeii, where the smaller houses have no
windows at all, and in such larger ones as have them they are
only loopholes.
~ Luke xiv. 25-33.
I8




206              LIFE OF JESUS.
the portion of the estate that falls to me.' And he
divided between them his living. And not many days
after, the younger son, gathering all together, took a
journey to a far country, and there wasted his property
in dissolute living. But when he had spent all, there
was a great famine in that country, and he began to be
in want. And for support he attached himself to a
citizen of that country, who sent him into his fields to
feed swine. And he longed to fill himself with the
pods that the swine ate: but no one gave him any.
When he came to himself, he said,'How  many
hired servants of my father have food enough, and to
spare, while I am perishing here with hunger. I will
arise and go to my father, and say to him: " Father, I
have sinned against heaven and against you; I am no
longer worthy to be your son: make me one of your
hired servants."' And he set out to go to his father;
but, while he was yet a great way off, his father saw
him, and had pity on him, and ran, and fell on his
neck, and kissed him. But the son said to him:' Father, I have sinned against heaven, and against
you, and am no longer worthy to be your son.' But
the father said to his servants,' Bring out the best
robe and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand,
and sandals on his feet; and bring the fatted calf, and
kill it, and let us eat and be merry; for this my son
was dead, and is alive again; was lost, and is found.'
And they began to make merry. His elder son was in
To feed Swine. - This was looked upon as a most degrading and contemptible employment.
The best robe. -A long garment never worn by servants.
Rings and shoes were also articles worn only by the better
classes.




TILE WISE STEWARD.            207
the field; and as he drew near to the house, he heard
the music and dancing, and calling one of the servants,
he asked what it meant. The servant told him,'Your
brother has come, and your father has killed the fatted
calf; because he has received him safe and sound.'
And he was angry, and would not go in. Then his
father went out to entreat him; but he said to his father,' Lo! these many years have I served you, and never
transgressed your commands, and yet you never gave
me a kid that I might feast with my friends; but
as soon as this your son came, who has wasted
your substance with harlots, you have killed for him
the fatted calf.' Then his father said to him,'Son,
you are always with me, and all that I have is yours;
but it was right to make merry, and be glad; for this
your brother was dead, and is alive again, was lost,
and is found."' *
Jesus said also to his disciples, " A certain rich
man had a steward who was accused of wasting his
goods; and he sent for him, and said to him:' What
is this I hear of you?  Give an account of your stewar-dship; for you can be no longer steward.' Then the
steward said to himself,' What shall I do, now that
my lord takes away my stewardship? I cannot dig,
to beg I am ashamed. I am resolved what to do, that
when I am put out of the stewardship others may
receive me into their houses.' So he called to him
every one of his lord's debtors, and said to the first,' How much do you owe my lord?' And he said,' A
hundred measures of oil.' Then he said to him,' Take
your contract, and sit down at once, and write fifty.'
*Luke xv. 1-32.




208              LIFE OF JESUS.
Then he said to another,'And Ilhow much do you owe?'
He said,' A hundred measures of wheat.' And he said
to him,' Take your contract and write fourscore.' The
lord commended the unjust steward for acting with
forethought; and the children of this world, show more
wisdom in their dealings than the children of light.
And I say to you, make to yourselves friends with the
riches of this world, so that when you fail they may
welcome you to everlasting habitations.
"' He who is faithful in what is least, will be faithful
also in much. And he who is unjust in the least, will
be unjust also in much. If, then, you are not faithful in the riches of this world; who will commit
to your trust the true riches? And if you are not
faithful in that which is another man's; who will give
you that which is your own." *
And the Pharisees, who were covetous, heard all
this, and they derided him. He said to them, "I You
malke yourselves appear righteous before men; but
God knows your hearts; and what is highly esteemed
among men, is an abomination in the sight of God.
"' There was a certain rich man who was clothed in
purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every
day. And there was a beggar named Lazarus, who
was laid at his gate, covered with sores, and desiring
to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich
man's table; and even the dogs came and licked his
sores. And the beggar died, and was carried by
angels to Abraham's bosom. The rich man also died
and was buried, and in Hades he lifted up his eyes,
* Luke xiv. I-I3.




THE RICH MAN AND LAZARUS.         209
being in torment, and saw Abraham afar off, and
Lazarus in his bosom. And he called out to him, saying:'Father Abraham, have pity on me, and send
Lazarus to dip the end of his finger in water, to cool
my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.' But
Abraham said,'Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime didst receive good things as Lazarus received evil
things; but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented. And besides all this, there is between us and
you, a great gulf, so that those who would pass from
us to you cannot, neither can those pass to us who
would come from you.' Then the rich man said,'I
pray thee, Father, that thou would'st send him to my
father's house, for I have five brothers, to bear testimony to them; that they also may not come to this
place of torment.' Abraham  said to him,' They
have Moses and the Prophets, let them hear them.'
But he said,'Nay, father Abraham; but if one should
go to them from the dead they would repent.' Abraham said to him,'If they hear not Moses and the
Prophets, they would not be persuaded even though
one rose from the dead."' *
Then the apostles said to the Lord,' Increase our
faith." And the Lord said, "' If you had faith as a grain
of mustard seed, you might say to this Sycamine
tree,'Be thou plucked up by the root, and planted
in the sea,' and it would obey you; but which of you
having a servant ploughing or feeding cattle would
say to him, when he came from the field,'Come,
place yourself at table.' Would he not rather say to
him,'Make ready my supper, gird yourself, and serve
*Luke xvi. 19-3I.
8*




210              LIFE OF JESUS.
me till I have eaten and drunken, and then you shall
eat and drink?' Would he thank that servant for
doing as he had been commanded? I think not.
Thus, when you have done all you are commanded,
you should say,'We are unprofitable servants, we
have done only what was our duty to do."' *
On being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God should come, Jesus answered,' The
kingdom of God comes not in outward appearance;
nor will men say Lo! it is here! or Lo! it is there! for
the kingdom of God is within you." And he said to his
disciples, " The time will come when you will desire
to see one of the days of the Son of Man, and will
not see it. And men will say, Lo! he is here! and
Lo! he is there! hbut go not forth, nor follow them.
For the day of the Son of Man will be like the lightning which flashes over the whole heaven; but he
must first suffer much, and be rejected by this generation. As it was in the days of Noah, so will it be in
the days of the Son of Man. Men were eating and
drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the
day when Noah entered the ark, and the flood came,
and destroyed them all. So, also, as it was in the
days of Lot; they were eating and drinking, buying
and selling, planting and building; but the same day
that Lot left Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from
heaven, and destroyed them all. Even so will it be
at the coming of the Son of Man. Then let him who
is on the housetop not come down to take anything
out of his house; and let him who is in the field not
turn ba ck. Remember Lot's wife. Whoever shall
* Luke xvii. 5-10.




TIlE UNJUST JUDGE.           2I I
seek to save his life, will lose it, and whoever shall lose
his life, will save it. I tell you, in that night there will
be two in one bed; one will be taken, the other
will be left. Two women will be grinding together;
the one will be taken, and the other left. Two men
will be in the field; the one will be taken, the other
left." And they said to him l"Where Lord?"  And
he answered them, "' Wherever the body is, there the
eagles will gather together." *
And he taught his disciples by a parable that men
ought to pray always, and not to faint, saying: 16 There
was in a certain city a judge, who feared not God, nor
regarded man; and there was a widow in the same
city, who came to him, saying, I'Avenge me on him
who has wronged me.' He would not for a time;
but afterwards he said to himself,' Though I neither
fear God, nor regard man; yet, as this widow troubles
me, I will avenge her; that by her continual coming
she may not weary me.' And the Lord said,' Hear
what the unjust judge determined.' And will not God
avenge his own chosen who cry to him day and night,
though he delay long in their cause? I tell you he will
avenge them speedily. But when the Son of Man
comes will he find this faith in the land?"
To some who trusted in themselves, thinking that
they were righteous, and despised others, he spoke
this parable: " Two men went up to the temple to
pray; the one a Pharisee, the other a tax-gatherer.
The Pharisee stood, and prayed thus within himself,' 0, God, I thank thee that I am not like other men;
extortioners, unjust, adulterers; or even like this tax* Luke xvii. 20-37.




212              LIFE OF JESUS.
gatherer. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all
I possess.' But the tax-gatherer, standing afar off;
would not so much as lift his eyes to heaven, but
smote on his breast, saying,'God, be merciful to
me a sinner.' I tell you, that this man went down to
his house approved rather than the other. For he
who exalts himself, will be humbled; and he who
humbles himself, will be exalted.*
The Pharisees came to him, and to ensnare him,
asked, " Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife,
for whatever cause he will?"  He answered them,
" Have you not read, that the Creator in the beginning
made a male and a female? And, it is said, For this
cause a man shall leave father and mother, and cleave
to his wife, and the two shall be one. So, they are
no longer two, but one. What, then, God has joined
together, let not man put asunder."  They said to him,' Why, then, did Moses allow a writing of divorcement
to put the wife away? "  He said to them, " Moses,
because of your hardness of heart, allowed you to put
away your wives; but in the beginning it was not so.
And, I say to you, whoever puts away his wife, except
for adultery, and marries another, commits adultery.
And whoever marries her who is put away, commits
adultery."
And when they were in the house, his disciples said
to him, " If the case of a man be such with his wife,
it is better not to marry."  He said to them, " All men
are not capable of this, only those to whom it is given.
There are eunuchs who are so from their birth, and
there are eunuchs who are made so by men; and
* Luke xviii. I-I4.




ANSWERS A CERTAIN RULER.           213
there are those who have made themselves eunuchs
for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Let him who
is able to receive this, receive it." *
Then young children were brought to him, that he
might put his hands on them, and pray. And his disciples rebuked those who brought them. But when
Jesus knew it he was much displeased, and said,
" Let little children come to me, and forbid them not;
for of such is the kingdom of heaven. Truly, I say
to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom of heaven as a little child will not enter therein." And he
took them in his arms, put his hands upon them, and
blessed them.t
And when he had gone forth, a certain ruler came,
running and kneeling to him in the road, who said,
" Good Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?"
And Jesus said to him, "Why call you me good?
There is none good, but one, that is God. But if you
would enter into life, keep the commandments."  He
said to him, "Which?" Jesus said, " These; thou
shalt do no murder; Thou shalt not commit adultery;
Thou shalt not steal; Thou shalt not bear false witness;
Honor thy father and thy mother; and Thou shalt
love thy neighbor as thyself." The young man said
to him, " All these have I kept from my youth. WVhat
lack I yet?"  Then Jesus, looking on him, loved him,
and said, " If you would be perfect, go, sell what you
have and give to the poor, and you shall have treasure
in heaven; and then come,, take up the cross, and be
my disciple." The young man was sad at these words,
* Matt. xix. 3-I2. Mark x. 2-12.
tMatt. xix. 13-I5. Mark x. I3-I6. Luke xviii. I5-17.




2I4               LIFE OF JESUS.
and went away sorrowful, for he had great possessions.
Then Jesus, looking round about, said to his disciples: " How hard it is for a rich man to enter the
kingdom of God." And the disciples were astonished
at these words; but Jesus said again, " Children, how
hard it is for those who have riches to enter the kingdom of God. It is easier for a camel to go through
the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter the
kingdom of God." His disciples were astonished
out of measure, and said among themselves, 1" Who
then can be saved?"  But Jesus, fixing his eye on
them, said, " To men this would be impossible; but to
God all things are possible."
Then Peter said to himn, " Lo! We have forsaken
all to follow you. What, then, will be our reward?"
Jesus said to them, " Truly, I tell you, that you, who
have followed me in the regeneration, when the Son
of Man shall sit on the throne of his glory, shall
also sit on twelve thrones, ruling the twelve tribes
of Israel. And every one who has given up houses,
or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or
children, or lands for my sake, shall receive a hundred
fold, and inherit eternal life." *
"But many who are first will be last, and last
will be first. For the kingdom of heaven is like a
householder who went out early in the morning to
hire laborers for his vineyard. And having agreed
with them for a denarius a day, he sent them into the
vineyard. And going out about the third hour, he
saw others standing idle in the market-place, and he
said to them, " Go you also into my vineyard, and
*Matt. xix. I6-30. Mark x. I7-3I. Luke xviii. I8-30o.




THE PARABLE OF THE LABORERS.       215
whatever is right, I will give you." And they went;
and he went out again about the sixth and the ninth
hour, and did the same. And about the eleventh hour,
going out again, he found others standing idle, and
said to them, " Why stand you here all the day idle?"
They answered, " Because no one has hired us." He
said to them, " Go you also into my vineyard, and
whatever is right you shall receive." Then, in the
evening, the lord of the vineyard said to his steward,
"( Call the laborers and give them their wages, beginning with the last and going to the first." And when
they came, those who were hired about the eleventh
hour received every one a denarius. So, when the
first came they supposed they should receive more;
but they also received every one a denarius. And
when they had received it, they murmured against the
good man of the house, saying, " These last have
worked only one hour, and you have made them equal
to us, who have borne the burden and heat of the day."
But he answered one of them, " Friend, I do thee no
wrong. Did you not agree with me for a denarius?
Take what is yours, and go; I will give to the last,
the same as to you. May I not do what I will with
my own? Is your eye evil because I am good?"
Thus the last will be first, and the first last; and many
are called, but few are chosen." *
And they were on the road going up to Jesusalem,
and Jesus was leading the way, and they were astonished, and followed him  in fear. And, taking the
twelve apart in the road, he told them what was about
to befall him, saying,  Lo! we are going up to Jerusa* Matt. xx. I-I6.




2 6             LIFE OF JESUS.
lem, and all that has been written by the prophets
concerning the Son of Man, will be fulfilled. For he
will be delivered to the chief priests, and the teachers
of the law; and they will condemn him to death, and
deliver him to the Gentiles; who will mock him, and
scourge him, and spit upon him, and crucify him, and
the third day he will rise again." And the meaning
of this was hidden from them; so they understood
nothing of what he said.*
After this the mother of Zebedee's children came
to him with her sons, and, falling down before him,
they asked of him a favor. And he said, "What
would you that I should do for you?" She said to
him, " Grant that these my two sons may sit, the one
on your right hand, the other on your left, in your
kingdom." But Jesus answered her, "You know not
what you ask. Can you drink of the cup that I drink
of, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?"  They said to him, " We can." Then
he said to them, "You shall indeed drink of my
cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with; but to sit on my right hand, and on my
left, is not mine to give; but it shall be given to them
for whom it is prepared by my Father."
And when the ten heard of this they were angry
with the two brothers. Jesus called them to him, and
said, " You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord
it over them, and their great men have them under
authority. It must not be so with you. But whoever
would be great among you, let him be your servant;
*Matt. xx. I7-I9. Mark x. 32-34. Luke xviii. 31-34.




CURES TWO BLIND MEN.               217
even as the Son of Man came not to be served, but to
serve, and to give his life a ransom for many." *
And he came to Jericho with his disciples, a great
number of people following him; and two blind
men were sitting by the wayside begging. And one
of them, - Bartimeus, the son of Timeus, - hearing
that it was Jesus of Nazareth who was passing by,
began to cry out, and to say, "Jesus, thou Son of David,
have' mercy on me." And the multitude rebuked him,
charging him to hold his peace. But he cried out the
more, "Jesus, thou Son of David, have mercy on me."
Then Jesus stood still, and directed them to be brought
to him; and they called the blind men, saying, " Be
of good comfort, rise, he calls for you." And Bartimeus
casting away his garment rose, and with/ t/e other
blind man, ran to Jesus; and Jesus said to them,
" WVhat would you, that I should do for you?"  The
blind men said to him,'" Lord, open our eyes." Then
Jesus touched their eyes, and said, " Go your way;
your faith has made you whole." And immediately
they received their sight, and followed Jesus in the
Two Blind Men. - Matthew and Mark speak of this miracle as taking place when Jesus was departing from Jericho,
Luke of it when he had " come nigh " to it. Commentators
have attempted to explain the discrepancy in various ways;
but it seems incapable of explanation. The most natural
supposition is that Luke, who was not an eye-witness, made
an error of fact. The discrepancy proves conclusively that
neither of the first three evangelists saw the accounts that
were written by the others, and their narratives should, therefore,. have all the more weight.
Matt. xx. 20-28. Mark x. 35-45.
I9




2 18             LIFE OF JESUS.
way, glorifying God. And when they saw it, all the
people gave praise to God.*
Jesus entered and passed through Jericho; and
there was a man there, named Zaccheus, who was the
chief tax-gatherer, and a rich man. He was desirous
of seeing what sort of a person Jesus was, but
he could not on account of the crowd; for he was
of low stature. And running on before, he climbed
up a Sycamore tree to see him; for Jesus was to pass
that way. When Jesus came to the place, he looked
up, and seeing him, said to him, " Zaccheus, make
haste, and come down, for to-day I must abide in
your house."  He made haste, and came down, and
and received him joyfully. And all who saw it murmured, saying, "He is going to be the guest of a
sinner." But Zaccheus stood up, and said to the Lord,
" Lo! Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor,
and if I have taken anything from any man by false
accusation, I restore him four-fold." And Jesus said
to him, " This day has salvation come to this house,
for he too, is a son of Abraham; and the Son of Man
came to seek and to save the lost."
Wihile they were listening to this he went on to
speak a parable, because he was near Jerusalem, and
they thought the kingdom of God would at once appear. 1" A certain nobleman," he said, "6 went to a far
country to receive a kingdom, and then to return. And
calling his ten servants, he gave them each an equal
sum of money, and said to them,'Employ this till I
return.' But his countrymen hated him, and sent an
embassy after him, to say,'We would not have this
Matt. xx. 29-34. Mark x. 46-52. Luke xxiii. 35-43; xix. I.




THE PARABLE OF TILE TALENTS.      2I9
man to reign over us.' And on his return, after having
received the kingdom, he directed those servants to
whom he had given the money to be called to him; to
know how much each man had gained by trading.
Then the first came, and said,' Lord, your pound has
gained ten pounds.' And said he to him,' Well done,
good servant; because you have been faithful in a very
small matter, be governor over ten cities.' And the
second came to him, saying,' Lord, your pound has
gained five pounds.' And he said to him,' Be you
governor also over five cities.' And another came, and
said, Lord, " Here is your pound; I have kept it laid
up in a napkin, for I feared you; because you are a
hard man, taking up what you did not lay down, and
reaping where you did not sow.' His master said
to him,' Out of your own mouth will I condemn you,
you wicked servant. You knew that I was a hard
man, taking up what I did not lay down, and reaping
what I did not sow. WhVly, then, gave you not my
money to the exchangers, so, at my coming, I might
have received it with interest.' And he said to his
attendants,' Take from him the pound, and give it to
him that has ten pounds.' They said to him,' Lord,
he has ten times as much already.' But, I say to you,'That to every one who has, more will be given; but
from him who has not, even what he has will be taken
away. But as for those mine enemies, who would not
that I should reign over them, bring them here, and
slay them before me." *
When he had thus spoken, he went on toward Jerusalem. And the Passover of the Jews was at hand,
* Luke xix. 2-27.




220          ARRIVES AT BETHANY.
and many had gone up to Jerusalem from the country, to purify themselves before the Passover. And
the Jews were looking for Jesus, and said one to
another, as they were standing in the temple, "1 Think
you he will not come to the festival?"  Now, both the
chief priests and the Pharisees, had given orders that
if any man knew where he was, he should give information, that they might apprehend him.  Then
Jesus, six days before the passover, came to Bethany,
where Lazarus was, whom he had raised from the
dead. And a great many of the Jews, knowing that
he was there, came, not merely on account of Jesus,
but to see Lazarus, whom he had raised from the dead.
But the chief priests proposed to put Lazarus to death
also, because many of the Jews on his account drew
off from them, and believed in Jesus.*
* Luke xix. 2-28. John x. 55-57; xii. I, 9, II.




PART SEVENTH.
THE PUBLIC ENTRY OF JESUS INTO JERUSATEM, AND SUBSEQUENT TRANSACTIONS.
TIME - FOUR DAYS.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART SEVENTH.
OW, the Jews who were with Jesus when he
called Lazarus from the grave, had borne testimony that he raised him from the dead; and, for this
reason, the great multitude who had come to the festival, when they heard, the next day, that Jesus was
coming to Jerusalemn, took branches of Palm trees,
and went out to meet him.
And when Jesus was near Jerusalem, at Bethphage
and Bethany on the Mount of Olives, he sent two of
his disciples, saying: " Go to the village over against
Belhsage and BelFzany. -Bethany was a small village on
the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives; and Bethphage —
which signifies the "place of figs," —is supposed to have
been a plantation on the mountain devoted to the cultivation
of figs. Bethany was located about a mile from the summit
of the mountain, and not far from where the road to Jericho
makes an abrupt descent towards the valley of the Jordan.
It is now a ruinous hamlet of about twenty houses, and in it
are shown the traditional sites of the house of Simon the
leper, and of the house and tomb of Lazarus.
The Moant of Olives, is separated from Jerusalem by the
valley of the Kidron, which is dry in the hot season, but the
bed of a small stream in winter. It is about a mile from the
(223)




224               LIFE OF JESUS.
you, and on entering, you will find an ass tied, and
a colt with her, on which man never sat; loose them,
and bring them  to me. And if any one should say
to you,'Why are you doing this?' tell him that the
Master has need of them, and he will send them
directly." They went and found the ass and colt, tied
at a door in the open street, at a place where two
ways met, and they loosed them. And as they were
loosing the colt, the owner, and others standing by,
said: "~Why are you loosing them?"  They answered
as Jesus had directed, "The Master has need of
them;" and they let them go. Then they brought the
ass and colt to Jesus, and putting their cloaks upon
the colt, sat Jesus thereon.
All this was done to fulfil what had been written
by the prophet, " Tell ye the daughter of Zion, Lo!
thy king cometh to thee, meek and sitting upon an ass,
and a colt the foal of an ass."
As he went a very great multitude spread their
garments in the way; others cut down branches from
the trees, and strewed them  in the way; and when
they came near the city, - at the foot of the Mount
of Olives, - all of his disciples, and the multitude, rejoicing, began to praise God with loud voices, for all
city, and its summit affords a full view of Jerusalem and its
environs. There are two roads from Bethany to Jerusalem,
one around the southern slope of the mountain; the other -
shorter but more difficult —over its summit. This latter
is supposed to have been the one now taken by Jesus.
SIbread their garments in the way. - The custom of spreading garments and flowers in the way of the great has always
existed in the East. With this honor Agrippa was received
when he came to Jerusalem.




ENTERS JERUSALEM.             225
the miracles that they had seen; and those that went
before, and those that followed, cried, " Hosannah
to the Son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the
name of the Lord: Blessed be the King that cometh
in the name of the Lord: Peace in heaven and glory
in the highest."
These things his disciples did not understand at
the time, but after Jesus was glorified they remembered that they had been written concerning him, and
had been done in regard to him.
Then the Pharisees said to one another, " You see
that we effect nothing.  Lo! the whole world is
going after him."  And some of them from among the
multitude said to him, "' Teacher, rebuke your disciples." He answered them: " I tell you, if they
were to hold their peace, the very stones would cry
out."
As he came near, he looked on the city, and wept
over it, saying: " If thou hadst known, even at this
thy time, what belongs to thy peace! but now it is
hidden from thine eyes! For the day will come when
thine enemies will cast a trench about thee, and shut
thee in on every side, and lay thee even with the
ground, and thy children within thee, not leaving in
thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest
not the time of thy visitation."
And on his entry into Jerusalem the whole city was
Hosannak is a Syriac word meaning " save I beseech thee."
It here seems equivalent to,' Redress our grievances, and
save us from our oppressors;" and its use by the multitude
shows they believed that Jesus had then come to take possession of the (temporal) Messianic kingdom.




226              I,IFE OF JESUS.
moved, asking: " TVho is he?"  The multitudes
answered: " It is Jesus, the prophet of Nazareth in
Galilee." And he went into the temple; and the
blind, and the lame came to him there, and he healed
them. But when the chief priests, and the teachers
of the Law, saw the wonders which he did, and heard
the children shouting in the temple, "Hosannah to the
Son of David," they were angry and troubled, and
said to him: " Hear you what these children are saying? " Jesus said to them:'" Have you never read
that from the mouth of babes and sucklings there is
uttered praise?"  When the evening had come he
went out of the city to Bethany, and lodged there with
the twelve.*
And on the morning of the morrow, as he returned
to the city from Bethany, he was hungry. And, seeing a fig-tree at a distance in the road, he went to see
if he could find fruit upon it; but when he came to it
he found nothing but leaves, for the season of figs
had not come. Then he said, " Let no one eat fruit
from thee hereafter, forever." And his disciples heard
this.
And Jesus went into the temple, and drove out those
who sold and bought, and overturned the tables of the
money-changers, and the seats of those who sold doves,
and suffered no one to carry anything through the
temple. And he said to them, " It is written,'My
house shall be a house of prayer for all nations;' but
you have made it a den of thieves."  The chief priests
and the teachers of the Law heard what he said, and
*John xii. I2-I9. Matt. xxi. I-II, 14-I7. Mark xi. I-II.
Luke xix. 29-44.




ANSWTERS THE PHARISEES.          227
sought to destroy him; for they feared him, because all
the people were carried away by his teachings. But
in the day time he taught in the temple, and in the
evening he went out of the city, and abode in the
Mount of Olives.*
In the morning, as they were passing by, they saw
the fig-tree dried up from  the roots.  And Peter
remembered, and said to Jesus, " Rabbi, see! the tree
which you cursed has withered away." Jesus answered, " Have faith in God; for I tell you in truth
that if you have faith and doubt not, you shall not
only do what has been done to this fig-tree, but you
shall say to this mountain,' Be thou taken up, and
cast into the sea,' and it shall be done. All things
whatever that you may ask in prayer, believing, shall
be given you."
They entered Jerusalem again, and as he was walking in the temple, the chief priests, and elders of the
people came to himl, and said, "By what authority
are you acting thus? And who gave you the authority?" Jesus answered them, "I will also ask you
a question; and if you answer me, I will tell you by
what authority I azt thus. Whence had John authority to baptize?  From Heaven, or from men?"  And
they reasoned thus with themselves, " If we say,
from Heaven, he will say,' Why then did you not
believe him;' but if we say,'From men, there is
danger from the multitude, for they all regard John as
a prophet.' So, they. answered Jesus, "We do not
know."  And he said to them, " Neither do I tell you
by what authority I act thus."
*Matt. xi. I2,..13, I8. Mark xi. I2-I9: Luke xix. 45-48;
xxi. 37.




228              LIFE OF JESUS.
"But what think you? A certain man had two
sons, and coming to the first, he said:' Son, go, work
to-day in my vineyard.' And he answered,'I will
not.'  Afterward, however, he repented and went.
And the man came to the other, and said to him the
same; and he answered,'I will, sir;' and went not.
WVhich of the two did the will of his father?"
They said: " The first." Jesus said to them, " I tell
you in truth that the tax-gathrerers and harlots are entering the kingdom of God before you; for John came
to you preaching righteousness, and you did not hear
him; but the tax-gatherers and harlots did; and yet
when you saw that, you did not repent and listen to
him." *
"; Hear another parable: A certain householder
planted a vineyard, put a hedge about it, dug a winevat in it, and built a watch-tower; and then, letting it
out to husbandmen, went for a long time to a distant
country. And when the season for fruit drew near,
he sent to the husbandmen a servant to receive of the
fruit of the vineyard. But they seized him, beat him,
and sent him away empty. Then he sent to them
another servant; and they cast stones at him, wounded
him, and sent him away shamefully handled. Then
he sent again another, and him they killed; and then
others, many in number, and they treated them in the
same manner, - beating some and killing others.
Then the master of the vineyard said, "What shall
I do?  I have one son, my well-beloved, I will
Receive of lhe fruit. — It was the ancient custom to pay
rent in the produce of a farm or vineyard.
* Matt. xxi. 23-32. Mark xi. 23-32. Luke xx. i-8.




PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST.    229
send him. It may be they will respect my son.' But
the husbandmen said among themselves,'This is the
heir. Come, let us kill him, and seize upon the inheritance.' And they laid hold of him, thrust him
out of the vineyard, and killed him.
"' What, then, will the owner of the vineyard do to
those husbandmen?  He will come and destroy them,
and give the vineyard to others who will render to
him its produce in the proper season."  And some
that heard this said, " God forbid."  But, looking on
them, Jesus said, "1 What, then, is this that is written:'The stone which the builders rejected has become the
head of the corner. This is the Lord's doing, and it
is wonderful in our eyes.' Therefore, I say to you, the
kingdom will be taken from you, and given to a nation
bringing forth its fruits; and whoever stumbles against
this stone, will be sorely bruised; but on whom it falls,
it will grind him to powder."
The chief priests and Pharisees, when they heard
these parables, perceived that he was speaking against
them, and they wished to lay hands on him, - but did
not, for fear of the multitude, who regarded him as
a prophet.*
Jesus spoke to them again in parables, saying:
" The kingdom of heaven is like a certain king, who
made a marriage feast for his son; and sent his serOn whom it falls it will grind him to jpowder. - When a
criminal was stoned among the Jews, he was thrown from a
scaffolding some fifteen feet high, upon a heap of stones. If
he was not killed by the fall, a heavy stone was thrown upon
him, and it "ground him to powder."
Matt. xxi. 33-46. Mark xii. I-I2. Luke xx. 9-g9.




230              LIFE OF JESUS.
vants to call those that were bidden to the wedding; and
they would not come. Then he sent other servants,
saying: Tell them which are bidden,' Behold, I have
prepared my dinner, my oxen and my fatlings are
killed, and all things are ready; come to the marriage.'
But some of them made light of it, and went off, one
to his farm, another to his merchandise; and the
remnant took his servants, and treated them spitefully,
and slew them. But when the king heard of it, he
was enraged, and sent his armies, and destroyed those
murderers, and burned their city. Then he said to
his servants,'The feast is ready, but those bidden
were not worthy. Go, therefore, into the highways,
and whoever you find, ask to the marriage.' So the
servants went out into the highways, and collected all,
as many as they found, bad- and good; and the wedding was furnished with guests. But when the king
came in to see the guests, he saw a man there who
had not on a wedding garment. He said to him,'Friend, how came you in here, not having on a
wedding garment?' And he was struck dumb. Then
said the king to the servants,'Bind him hand and
foot, and cast him into the outer darkness; where will
be weeping and gnashing of teeth.' For many are
called, but few are chosen."'
Then the Pharisees went away and plotted how they
might entangle him with questions. And they sent to
him certain of their disciples, and of the Herodians to
Th'e Herodians. —A political party formed, no doubt, by
Herod the Great. They held that it was lawful to render
tribute to Cassar, and also right to adopt the religious rites
Matt. xxii. I-I4.




QUESTIONED BY THE SADDUCEES.         231
watch him, and, feigning themselves righteous men, to
take hold of his words, so that they might deliver him
to the power of the governor. And when they had
come to him, they said: "s Master, we know that you
are a just man, and teach the way of God in truth,
not fearing any; for you regard not the rank of a man.
Tell us then, what think you?  Is it lawful to pay
tribute to Cesar, or not?  Shall we pay it, or shall we
not pay it?"  But Jesus perceiving their wickedness,
said: " Why do you thus question me, hypocrites?
Show me the tribute money?"  They brought him
a denarius; and he said to them, " Whose is this
image and inscription?"  They answered, " Cesar's."
He said to them,' Render, then, to Cesar what is
Cesar's, and to God what is God's."  And hearing
this they were confounded, and went away, seeing
that they could not take hold of his words before the
people.*
The same day certain of the Sadducees (who deny
that there is any resurrection) came to him, and questioned him, saying: "Master, Moses wrote that if a
man die, having no children, his brother shall marry
his wife, and raise up heirs to his brother. Now there
were seven brothers, and the first took a wife, and
dying, left no child. And the second took her, and
left no child, and the third likewise; and in like manner
the seven also, and they all died, leaving no children;
last of all the woman died also. In the resurrection,
and customs of their conquerors. The Pharisees held opposite opinions, therefore Jesus was in danger of being entangled
if his answer favored the one or the other party.
*Matt. xxii. I5-22. Mark xii. 13-I7. Luke xx. 20-26.




232             LIFE OF JESUS.
whose wife will she be of the seven? for they all had
her." Jesus answered them, "' You err, not knowing
the Scriptures, nor the power of God. The children
of this world marry, and are given in marriage; but
those who are accounted worthy to obtain that world,
and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor
are given in marriage. Neither do they die any more;
for they are equal to the angels, and are the children
of God, being the children of the resurrection. And
touching the resurrection of the dead; have you not
read what was spoken by God in the book of Moses?
IHow in the bush he said,'I am the God of Abraham,
and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob?' He is
not the God of the dead, but the God of the living; for
all live to him. You, therefore, greatly err." And the
multitude who heard this, were greatly moved by his
teaching, and certain of the Scribes said, "Master,
thou hast well said." *
The Pharisees, hearing that he had put the Sadducees to silence, gathered about him, and one of them
- a teacher of the Law, — perceiving that he had
answered them well, asked, to try him, " Which is the
greatest commandment of all?"  Jesus answered,
"The first of all the commandments is,'Hear, 0
Israel; the Lord our God is the only Lord; and thou
shalt love the Lord thy God, with all thy heart, and
with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all
thy strength.' This is the first commandment. And
the second is like it,' Thou shalt love thy neighbor as
thyself.' There are no commandments greater than
these; and on these two hang all the law and the
prophets. "
*Matt. xxii. 23-33. Mark xii. I8-27. Luke xx. 27-40.




DENOUNCES THE PHARISEES.           233
And the teacher of the Law said to him, "' Well,
Master, thou hast said the truth; for there is one God;
and there is no other besides him; and to love him
with all the heart, and all the understanding, and all
the soul, and all the strength; and to love one's neighbor as one's self, is more than all burnt offerings and
sacrifices." Then Jesus, seeing that he had answered
wisely, said to him, "' You are not far firom the kingdom of God." *
While the Pharisees were gathered about him in
the temple, Jesus asked them, " What think you of
Christ?  Whose son is he?"  They said to him, " The
son of David."  He said to them, " IHow, then, does
David, by the Holy Spirit in the Psalms, call him
Lord, saying,' The Lord said to my Lord, Sit thou
on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool?' If David call him Lord, how then is he David's
son? "  No one was able to answer him  a word,
neither durst any one, from that day forth, ask him
any more questions.T
But the common people heard himn gladly, and he
said to them and to his disciples, 6 The teachers of the
Law and the Pharisees, sit in the seat of Moses. All,
therefore, that they bid you, observe and do; but do
not according to their works; for they say, and do not.
They bind up heavy burdens, and hard to be borne,
and lay them on men's shoulders; but will not themselves move them with a finger. And all their works
they do to be seen by men. They wear broad phylacteries, and wide fringes on their garments; and
* Matt. xxii. 34-40. Mark xii. 28-34.
t Matt. xxii. 41-46. Mark xii. 35-37. Luke xx. 4I-44.
20*t




234               LIFE OF JESUS.
love first places at feasts, and the highest seats in the
synagogues, and greetings in the market-places, and
to go in long robes, and to be called of men,'Rabbi,
Rabbi.' But, be not you called Rabbi; for you have
only one Master, even Christ; and you are all brothers.
And call no man your father on the earth; for one is
your Father, who is in heaven. Nor be you called
leaders, for you have only one leader, even Christ. But
let the greatest among you be your servant; for whoever shall exalt himself will be humbled; and he that
shall humble himself will be exalted.*
"But woe for you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you shut the kingdom  of heaven against
men, not going in yourselves, nor suffering those that
are entering to go in. Woe for you, Scribes and
Pharisees, hypocrites! for you devour widows' houses,
and for a pretence, make long prayers; therefore you
will receive the greater damnation. Woe for you,
Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you compass
sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he is
made, you make him twofold more a child of hell than
yourselves.  WVoe for you, blind guides, who say,' If
any one swear by the temple, it is nothing; but if he
swear by the gold of the temple, he is bound by his
oath.' Fools and blind! Which is greater, the gold,
or the temple that sanctifies the gold? And, 6 If any
one swear by the altar, it is nothing; but if he swear
by the gift that is upon it, be is bound.' Fools and
blind! Which is greater, the gift, or the altar that
sanctifies the gift? HIe who swears by the altar,
swears by it, and by all that is upon it. And he who
* Mark xii. 38-39. Lukle xx. 45, 46. Matt. xxiii. -It2.




DENOUNCES THE PHARISEES.            235
swears by the temple, swears by it, and by Him who
dwells within it. And he who swears by heaven,
swears by the throne of God, and by Him who sits
upon it. Woe for you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you pay tithes of mint, and anise, and
cummin, and neglect the weightier matters of the Law,
judgment, mercy, and truth. These ought you to have
done, and not to have left the other undone. You
blind guides! you strain out a gnat, and swallow a
camel. Woe for you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you make clean your cups and dishes, but
are full of extortion and excess.  Thou blind Pharisee!
cleanse first that which is within the cup and platter,
that the outside may be clean also. Woe for you,
Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you are like
whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outwardly, but are within full of dead men's bones, and
all uncleanness.  So, you  also  outwardly appear
righteous to men, but are within full of hypocrisy and
iniquity. Woe for you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you build the tombs of the prophets, and
garnish the sepulchres of the righteous, and say,'If we had lived in the days of our fathers, we would
not have been partakers with them in the blood of the
prophets;' whereby you bear testimony against yourselves, that you are the children of those who killed
Strain out a gnat. —In Eastern countries gnats swarm
about the wine vats, and fill the wine vessels. Therefore the
wine is strained before drinking.
Whiled Sep zchres. - The tombs were whitened every year
to render them conspicious, so that strangers who came to the
festivals, might not become unclean by inadvertently coming in contact with them.




236              LIFE OF JESUS.
the prophets. Fill you up, then, the measure of your
fathers. Serpents! Brood of vipers! how can you
escape the damnation of hell? Lo! I  shall send to
you prophets, and wise men, and teachers; and some,
of them you will kill and crucify, and some you will
scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city
to city; so that upon you shall come all the righteous
blood shed in the land, from the blood of righteous
Abel to the blood of Zechariah, son of Barachias,
whom you slew between the temple and the altar.
Truly, I say to you, all this will come upon this generation. 0 Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Thou that killest the
prophets, and stonest those that are sent to thee;
how often would I have gathered thy children together,
even as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings,
and you would not! Lo! your house is left to you
desolate. For I say to you, you shall not see me
henceforth, till you shall say,'Blessed is he that
cometh in the name of the Lord." *
And looking up, Jesus saw some rich men casting
their gifts into the treasury; and with them he saw a
poor widow casting in two mites, which make a farthing. And calling to him his disciples, he said to
them, " Of a truth I tell you, this poor widow has
cast in more than they all. For they all have given
from their abundance; but she, from her penury, has
cast in all that she had, even all her living." *
Among those that came up to worship at the festival, were certain Greeks, and they came to Philip, who
was of Bethsaida of Galilee, and made request of him,
* Matt. xxiii. I3-39. Mark xii. 40. Luke xxs. 47.
t Mark xii. 41-44. Luke xxi. I-4.




CERTAIN GREEKS COME TO IIIM.        237
saying, " Sir, we wish to see Jesus."  Philip went and
told Andrew; and then Andrew and Philip told Jesus.
Jesus answered them, " The hour has come for
the Son of Man to be glorified. Truly, truly, I tell
you, unless a grain of wheat fall into the ground and
die, it remains alone; but if it die, it brings forth
many grains. He who loves his life will lose it; and
he who hates his life in this world, will keep it to life
eternal. If any one would serve me, let him follow
me; and where I am, there also will my servant be;
If any one serve me, him will my Father honor.
"I Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say?
Father! save me from this hour? Nay; it was for this
I came, - for this hour. Father! glorify thy name."
Then there came a voice from heaven, saying, " I
have glorified it, and will glorify it again." The
people who stood by and heard, said that it thundered;
others said,'" An angel has spoken to him." Jesus
said, "' This voice came not for my sake, but for yours.
" Now is the judgment of this world: now will the
ruler of this world be cast out, and I, when I shall be
lifted up from the earth, shall draw all men to me."
This he said, signifying what kind of death he was to
die. The people answered him, I"We have heard out
of the Law that the Christ is to remain forever; how
then say you that the Son of Man shall be lifted up?
Who is this Son of Man? "  Then Jesus said to them,
"Yet a little while is the light with you. WValk while
you have the light, lest the darkness overtake you;
for he that walks in darkness knows not where he
To remain forever. - The common notion among the Jews
was that the Messianic kingdom was to last a thousand years.




238             LIFE' OF JTESUS.
goes. While you have the light, believe in the light,
that you may be the children of light."  Thus spoke
Jesus, and departed, hiding himself from them.*
But though he had done so many miracles before
them, they did not believe in him. And thus was fulfilled what was said by the prophet Isaiah.' Lord,
who hath believed our report; and to wchom hath the
arm of the Lord been revealed?"  Hence they could
not believe; for Isaiah says again: "' He has blinded
their eyes, and hardened their hearts, so that they do
not see with their eyes, nor understand with their
hearts, nor turn from their ways that I may heal
them."  Thus said Isaiah when he saw his glory, and
spoke of him. Yet, indeed, many even of the rulers
believed in him; but on account of the Pharisees they
did not profess their belief, for fear of being put out
of the synagogue. For they loved the praise of men
more than the praise of God.
But Jesus had proclaimed, " He who believes in
me, believes not in me, but in Him who sent me; and
he who sees me sees him who sent me. I have come
a light into the world, that no man who believes in
me may remain in darkness. If any- one hears my
words and regards them not, I do not judge him; for
I came not to judge, but to save the world. There is
a judge for him who rejects me, and receives not my
words; the truths I have taught, they will pass judgment on him at the last day. For I have not spoken
from myself; but He who sent me, the Father himself, has commanded me what to say and what to
teach; and I know  that his word is life eternal.
*John xii. 20-36.




FORETELLS THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE. 239
Whatever I teach, therefore, I teach as the Father has
given me direction." *
As he went out of the temple one of his disciples
said to him, " Master, see you what goodly stones
and gifts, and buildings are her? " Jesus answered,
" As for these things, the day will conie when not one
stone will be left on another, that will not be thrown
down."
And as he was sitting on the Mount of Olives, over
against the temple, Peter and James, and John, and
Andrew, came to him privately, and said: " Tell us
when this will be; and what will be the sign when all
these things are coming to an end?"  Jesus answered
them, " See that no one deceive you; for many will
come in my name, saying,'I am Christ,' and will
deceive many; and you will hear of wars and rumors
of wars; but be not disturbed, for all this must be; but
the end is not yet. For nation will rise against nation,
and kingdom  against kingdom; and there will be
famines, and pestilences, and commotions in many
places. These will be the beginning of sorrows.
But look to yourselves; for they will deliver you over
to the courts of law, and you will be scourged in the
synagogues, and brought before governors and kings
Not onze stonze -will be left on another. - This prediction was
literally fulfilled. The temple was dug up from its foundations, and the ploughshare passed over its site.
SayingI "I am  Christ." - So many of these impostors appeared in the time of Nero, when Felix was procurator of
Judea, that numbers are said to have been seized and executed
every year.
*John xii. 37-50.




240               LIFE OF JESUS.
for my sake; for a testimony to them. And the glad
tidings must first be proclaimed to all nations. But
when they deliver you over as criminals, be not anxious
what you shall say, nor prepare yourselves beforehand; but whatever may be given you at the time,
speak, for it will not be you who will speak, but the
Holy Spirit. Settle it therefore in your hearts not to
deliberate what to say; for I will give you a speech
and wisdom which none of your adversaries will be
able to gainsay or resist. Brother will deliver up
brother to death, and the father his child, and children
will rise against their parents, and cause them to be
put to death. And you will be hated by all men for
my sake; but he who endures to the end will be saved.
And this glad news of the kingdom will be preached
in all the world for a testimony to all nations, and
then will the end come. By your patience preserve
your souls. When, therefore, you shall see Jerusalem
encompassed with armies, and the desolating abomination spoken of by Daniel the prophet standing upon
holy ground, - let whoever reads understand, - then
let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains; and
let not those that are in the country enter therein;
let not him who is on the housetop go down to take
anything out of his house; nor let him that is in the
field turn back to take up his garment. For these are
the days of vengeance, when all things that are written
will be fulfilled. But woe for such as are with child,
and for such as are marrying, in those days! and pray
that your flight may not be in winter, nor on a SabThe desolating abomination. — The Roman armies with
their idolatrous standards, encamped on holy ground.




FORETELLS THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM. 24I
bath day; for there will be great distress in the land,
andt affliction on this people —such as has not been
since the beginning of the world, no, nor ever will be.
They will fall by the edge of the sword, and be led
away captive to all nations; and Jerusalem will be
trodden down by the Gentiles, till the times of the
Gentiles are ended; and were not those days to be
shortened, all would perish; but for the sake of the
chosen, those days will be shortened. Then, should
any one say to you,' Lo i here is Christ,' or'He is
there,' believe him not; for false Christs and false
teachers will rise up, showing great signs and wonders
so as to deceive, if it were possible, the very chosen.
Lo! I have told you beforehand: should they say to
you,'Lo! he is in the desert;' go not forth.'Lo!
he is in some private chamber;' believe it not. For
the coming of the Son of Man will be like the lightning which flashes from the east to the west. But
where the carcass is, there the eagles will gather together.
"' Then, immediately after the affliction of those days,
the sun will be darkened; and the moon will not
give her light; and the stars will fall from  heaven,
and the host of heaven will be shaken! And upon the
earth will be distress of nations. and perplexity; men's
hearts failing them for fear, and for looking for those
things that are coming on the land. And then the
sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven; and
all the tribes of the land will mourn when they
Nor on thle Sabbath. - A Jew was allowed to journey only
two thousand cubits - about three-fourths of a mile - on the
-Sabbath.
21




242              LIFE OF JESUS.
shall see the Son of Man coming in the clouds with
power and great glory. When these things begin to
take place, look up, and lift up your heads, for your
deliverance is at hand; for then shall the Son of Man
send forth his angels with a loud sound of trumpets,
to gather together his chosen from the four winds, from
one end of heaven to the other.
"Now learn a lesson from the fig-tree: when its
branches are tender, and it puts forth leaves, you know
that summer is near. So, when you see these things
coming to pass, know that the end is nigh, even at the
door. Truly, I say to you, this generation will not
pass away, till all these things be done. Heaven and
earth may pass away, but my words cannot pass away.
But of the day and the hour knows no man; no, not
the angels of heaven, not the Son, but my Father only.
Look to yourselves, therefore, lest at any time your
hearts should be overcharged with surfeiting and
drunkenness, and the cares of this life, and so that day
should come upon you unawares; for as a snare will
it come on all that dwell on the face of the whole
land. As when a traveller leaves his house, and gives
charge of it to his servants, and appoints to each his
work, and charges the housekeeper to watch, so do
you watch; for you know not when the master of the
house will come, whether at evening, or at midnight,
or at the cock-crowing, or in the morning. Let him
not come suddenly, and find you sleeping. And what
I say to you, I say to all; Watch! Watch and pray,
that you may be thought worthy to escape all these
things, and to stand before the Son of Man.
" Then the kingdom of heaven will be like ten




THEI WISE AND FOOLISH VIRGINS.   2,43
virgins, who took their lamps, and went forth to meet
the bridegroom. And five of them were wise, and five
were foolish. The foolish took lamps, but took no oil
with them; but the wise took oil in their vessels with
their lamps. And as the bridegroom was long in
coming, they all grew drowsy and fell asleep. But at
midnight there was a cry,'Lo! the bridegroom is
coming, go forth to meet him.' Then all those virgins
arose, and trimmed their lamps. And the foolish said
to the wise,' Give us of your oil; for our lamps are
going out.' But the wise answered,  Not so; lest
there be not enough for us and you; go you rather to
those that sell and buy for yourselves.' But while
they were gone to buy, the bridegroom came, and
those who were ready, went in with him to the feast,
and the door was shut. Afterward came the other
virgins, and said:' Lord, Lord, open to us.' But he
answered,'Truly, I say to you, I know you not.'
Watch, therefore, for you know neither the day nor the
hour when the Son of Man comes. It will be as
when a man going to a distant country called his servants, and delivered to them his property; giving to
one five talents, to another two, and to another one;
to each according to his ability; and setting out at
once on his journey. Then he who had received the
five talents, went and traded with them, and made
other five talents. And also he who had received two,
he gained other two. But he who had received the
one talent, went and dug in the earth, and hid his
lord's money. After a long time the lord of those servants came, and had a reckoning with them. And he
who had received the five talents, came and brought




244             LIFE OF JESUS.
other five talents, saying,' Lord, you gave me five
talents,.see I have gained beside them five talents
more.' His lord said to him,'Well done, good and
faithful servant; you have been faithful over a few
things, I will give you charge over many things; enter
into the joy of thy lord.' He also who had received
the two talents came, and said, I Lord, you gave me
two talents; see, I have gained besides them two other
talents.' His lord said to him,' Well done, good and
faithful servant; you have been faithful over a few
things, I will give you charge over many things; enter
into the joy of thy lord.' Then he who had received
the one talent came, and said,' Lord, I knew you were
a hard man, reaping where you had not sown, and
gathering where you had not strewed; and I was
afraid, and went and hid your talent in the ground;
see, you have your own again.' But his lord answered,'Bad and slothful servant, you knew that I
reap where I have not sowed, and gather where I have
not strewed: you ought then to have put my money
with the exchangers, that at my coming I might
receive my own with interest. Take, therefore, the
talent from this man, and give it to him who has the
ten talents. For to every one who has will be given,
and he shall have abundance; but from him who has
not, will be taken away even what he has. And cast
the unprofitable servant into outer darkness; where
will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.'
" When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all
the holy angels with him, he will sit on the throne of
his glory; and before him will be gathered all nations;
and he will separate them one from another, as a shep



THE GENERAL JUDGMENT.            245
herd separates his sheep firom the goats; and he will
set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the
left. Then will the King say to those on his right
hand,'Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the
kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
world: For I was hungry, and you gave me food: I
was thirsty, and you gave me drink: I was a stranger,
and you took me in: naked, and you clothed me: I
was sick, and you visited me: I was in prison, and you
came to me."  Then will the righteous answer him,'Lord, when saw we you hungry, and gave you food,
or thirsty, and gave you drink?  When saw we you a
stranger, and took you in? or naked, and clothed
you? Or when saw we you sick, or in prison, and
came to you?' And the King will say,' Truly, I say
to you, in that you have done it to one of the least of
these my brethren you have done it to me.' Then
will he say to them on the left hand, IDepart from
me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
devil and his angels: for I was hungry, and you gave
me no food; thirsty, and you gave me no drink; I wyas
a stranger, and you took me not in; naked, and you
clothed me not; sick, and in prison, and you visited
me not.' Then will they also answer,' Lord, when
saw we you hungry, or athirst, or a stranger, or naked,
or sick, or in prison, and did not minister to you?"
Then will he answer them, " Truly, I say to you, in
that you did it not to one of the least of these, you did
it not to me.' And these will go away into everlasting punishment; but the righteous into life eternal."'
V*Matt. xxiv. I-5i; xxv. I-46. Mark xiii. 1-37. Luke xxi.
5-36.
2I*




246              LIFE OF JESUS.
When Jesus had finished all these sayings, he said
to his disciples, "You know that after two days is
the festival of the passover, and that the Son of Man
will be betrayed to be crucified."
Then the chief priests the Scribes, and the elders
of the people, assembled in the palace of the high
priest, whose name was Caiaphas, and consulted how
they might take Jesus by subtlety, and kill him. But,
they said, " Not on the feast-days, lest there be an uproar among the people."
And Jesus being in Bethany, in the house of Simon
the leper, they made him a supper, and Martha served;
but Lazarus was one of those who were at table with
him. Then Mary took an alabaster box -very costly
- and broke the box, and poured the ointment on his
head as he reclined at table; and she also anointed the
feet of Jesus, and wiped them with her hair; and the
house was filled with the odor of the ointment. But
when his disciples saw this they were indignant, and
murmured against Mary; and one of them — Judas,
son of Simon Iscariot, who was to betray him -
said: "To what purpose was this waste?  Why
was not this ointment sold for three hundred denarii,
and given to the poor?" This he said not that he
cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and
bore the purse of the disciples. When Jesus understood:it, he said to them: " Why trouble you the
woman? Let her alone. The poor you have always
with you, but me you have not always. She has
done a good work on me. She has come beforehand
to anoint my body for my burial. Truly, I tell you,




JUDAS BETRAYS HIM.             247
wherever my Gospel shall be preached throughout
the whole world, this that she has done, will be told
as a memorial of her."
Then Satan entered into Judas, called Iscariot, and
he went away to the chief priests and captains, and
said to them, "What will you give me, if I deliver
him to you?"  And, when they heard this, they were
glad, and agreed to give him thirty pieces of silver.
And he promised and sought opportunity to betray
him to them in the absence of the multitude.
Now on the first day of the feast of unleavened
bread, when the passover is killed, the disciples came
to Jesus, saying, "Where wilt thou that we prepare
to eat the passover?" And he sent Peter and John,
saying to them: "Go you into the city, and there
will meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water;
follow him, and wherever he shall go in, say you to
the good man of the house,'The Master says my
time is at hand; where is the guest-chamber? for I
will eat the passover at thy house with my disciples.'
He will show you a large upper room furnished and
prepared; there make ready for us."  His disciples
went into the city, and found as he had said to them;
and they made ready the passover.








PART  EIGHTH.
THE LAST SUPPER, AND THE CRUCIFIXION.
TIME - TWO DAYS.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART EIGHTH.
HEN  the evening had come he placed himself at table with the twelve apostles, and said
to them: "I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for, I tell you, I shall
not eat of it again until it be accomplished in the
kingdom of God."  And taking a cup he gave thanks,
and said, " Take this, and divide it among you; for I
tell you, I shall not again drink of the fruit of the vine,
until the kingdom of God has come."
There existed a rivalry among them  as to which
was the greatest. But he said to them, " The kings
of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them, and those
having authority over them, they call Benefactors; but
it must not be so with you. Let the greatest among
you be as the youngest, and the chief, as he who
serves. For which is greater, he who reclines at
tables, or he who serves?  Is not he who is at table?
There existed a rivalry among them. -This rivalry was
often manifested previously. It seems now to have shown
itself in a contention for the first places at table. Notwithstanding their Master's frequent predictions of his death, the
disciples were still i l expectation of his founding a temporal
kingdom.
(251)




252              LIFE OF JESUS.
But I am among you as as one who serves. You
have continued with me in my trials, and I appoint to
you a kingdom, as my Father has appointed one to
me; that you may eat and drink at my table in my
kingdom, and may sit on thrones, ruling the twelve
tribes of Israel." *
Then Jesus, knowing that the Father had committed all things into his hands, and that he had come
from  God, and was going to God, rose from supper,
and, laying aside his cloak, took a towel, and girded
himself. After this he poured water into a basin, and
began to wash the feet of the disciples, and to wipe
them with the towel with which he was girded. But
when he came to Simon Peter, Peter said to him:
"Lord, do you wash my feet?" Jesus answered:
"' What I am doing you do not understand now; but
you will know shortly."  Peter said to him, "You
shall never wash my feet." Jesus answered:   If I
wash you not, you have nothing in common with me."
Then Simon Peter said to him:'" Lord, not my feet
only, but my hands and my head." Jesus answered:
" He who is washed needs to wash only his feet to be
altogether clean; and you are clean, but not all."  He
knew who was about to betray him, therefore, he said,
" You are not all clean."  After he had washed their
Girded himself. - Servants, when waiting at table, laid
aside their outer garments, and were girded with a towel.
Needs to wash only his feet. -As the Jews wore sandals,
the feet required frequent washing; and if one had bathed
wholly during the day, he was, with the washing of his feet,
"' altogether clean."
*Matt. xxvi. 20. Mark xiv. i7. Luke xxii. I4-IS, 24-30.




WASHES THE DISCIPLES FEET.         253
feet, and taken his cloak, he placed himself again at
table, and said to them: "Know  now what I have
done to you. You call me Master and Lord, and you
say well, for so I am. If I, then, your Master and
Lord, have washed your feet, you ought also to wash
one another's feet. I have given you an example that
you also may do as I have done for you. Truly, truly,
I tell you, the servant is not greater than the Master,
nor he that is sent greater than he that sends him.
Knowing these things, happy will you be if you do
them. I speak not of you all: I know whom I have
chosen; but he I chose that the Scriptures may be fulfilled.' He who eats of the loaf with me has lifted up
his heel against me.' I tell you now before it comes to
pass, that when it comes, you may believe that I am
He. Truly, truly, I tell you, he who receives one that
I send, receives me, and he who receives me, receives
Him who sent me." *
While he was thus speaking, and they were eating,
Jesus was troubled in spirit, and said to them: "Truly,
truly, I say to you, One of you whose hand is with
mine on the table, will betray me."  Then the disciples looked one at another, doubting of whom  he
spoke; and they began to be sorrowful, and to say to
him, one by one: " Lord, is it I?  Is it I?"  Jesus
answered: " He who dips his hand with me in the
dish, he it is who betrays me. The Son of Man indeed goes as it is written of him, but alas for that man
by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It had been
better for him had he never been born."
Now one of the disciples whom Jesus loved, was
leaning on his bosom, and Simon Peter made signs to
22     *John xiii. 3-20.




254               LIFE OF JESUS.
him to ask who it was of whom he spoke. He, leaning back on the breast of Jesus, said to him, " Lord,
who is it?"  Jesus answered, 1" He to whom I shall
give the morsel, when I have dipped it." And, having
dipped the morsel, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the
son of Simon. Judas said to him, *" Master, is it I?"
Jesus answered: " You have said." Then Satan
entered into Judas, and Jesus said to him, "'What
you do, do quickly."  (But no one at the table knew
why he said this. Some thought that as Judas carried
the purse, Jesus meant he should buy what was needed
against the festival, or that he should give something
to the poor.)  Then, having received the morsel, Judas
went out immediately, - and it was night.
When he had gone out, Jesus said, "a Now is the Son
of Man glorified, and God is glorified in him. And
as God is glorified in him, so God will glorify him
in himself, and will immediately glorify him. My
children, but a little while shall I be with you. You
will seek me, and, as I said to the Jews so now I- say
to you, where I go you cannot come. A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, -
that you love one another as I have loved you. By
this will all men know that you are my disciples, if
you have love one for another."'
Dzjiped iz. —The sauce in which herbs and bread were
dipped when eaten, was called cizaroselh. It was composed
of dates, figs, almonds, apples, and other fruits, beaten together, and mixed with wine and aromatics, and strewed over
with broken cinnamon, to represent the straw and clay used
by the Israelites in making bricks in Egypt. BUXTORF.
* Matt. xxvi. 21-25. Mark xiv. I8-2I. Luke xxii. 2I-23.
John xiii. 2I-35,




THE LAST SUPPER.               255
Simon Peter said to him, " Lord, where do you go?"
Jesus answered:' I go where you cannot follow now;
but you will follow hereafter."  Peter said to him:'Lord, why cannot I follow you now?  I will lay
down my life for you." Jesus answered, " Will you
lay down your life for me? Truly, truly, I tell you,
all of you will be offended with me this night; for it
is written:' I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep
will be scattered.' But after I have risen, I will go
before you to Galilee."  Peter answered: "Though
all should be offended with you, I will not be offended."
Then the Master said: " Simon, Simon, Satan has
desired you, to sift you like wheat; but I have prayed
for you, that your strength may not fail; and when
you return to me, strengthen your brethren." Peter
said, " Lord, I am ready to lay down my life for you;
to go with you to prison, or to death." Jesus answered: " Are you ready to lay down your life for me?
Truly, truly, I say to you, the cock will not crow this
night till you have thrice denied that you know me."
But Peter said the more vehemently, " Though I
should die with you, yet I will not deny you." And
so said all the disciples.
Jesus said to them, I" When I sent you without purse,
or bag, or sandals, were you in want of anything?"
They said to him: "Of nothing." Then he said to
them, " But now, let him who has a purse take it, and
a bag also; and let him who has no sword, sell his
cloak and buy one; for that is yet to be fulfilled which
Let hism sell his cloak and buy a sword. - "The language
of this passage is highly figurative. Jesus reminds his disciples that formerly they might rely on the hospitality of their




256               LIFE OF JESUS.
is written,' And he was reckoned among the malefactors.' And, indeed, my course is near an end."
Then they said: "Lord lo! here are two swords."
He answered, " Enough has been said." *
And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and
giving thanks, broke it, and gave it to them, saying:
"' Take, eat, this is my body which is broken for you:
this do in remembrance of me."  And in the same
manner, after supper, he took the cup, and when he
had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying: " Drink
you all of this; for this is my blood of the new covenant which is shed for you, and for many, for the remission of sins; this do, as often as you drink it, in
remembrance of me. But, I say to you, I will no
more drink of the fruit of the vine, until the day when
I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom." t
"Let not your hearts be troubled; Have faith in
God, and have faith also in me. In my Father's house
are many mansions; if it were not so, I would have
countrymen; but now he had been rejected by the nation, and
was about to be crucified with robbers; and they, his followers, must look for no favor. When the disciples produced the
two swords, it is not to be supposed that they understood
their Master literally. It was natural to do so, without any
definite purpose. It is probable that they did not fully comprehend his meaning, and supposed that by showing the
swords they might induce him to make a further explanation;
but he was not disposed to do so." NORTON.
Manzy nmanzsions. - The palaces of Eastern kings were very
* John xiii. 36-38. Matt. xxvi. 3I-35. Mark xiv. 27-31,
Luke xxii. 3I-38.
t Matt. xxvi. 26-29. Mark xiv. 22-25. Luke xxii. I9, 20.
I Cor. xi. 23-25.




DISCOURSE AT TABLE.           257
told you. I go to prepare a place for you. And as
I go to prepare a place for you, I will come again and
receive you to myself, that where I am, you may be
also. And where I go, you know, and the way you
know."
Thomas said to him, " Lord, we know not where
you go; and how can we know the way?"
Jesus said to him, " I am the way, and the truth,
and the life; no man comes to the Father, but by me.
Had you known me, you would have known my
Father also; and now you know him, and have seen
him."
Philip said to him, " Lord, show us the Father, and
we shall be satisfied."
Jesus said to him, " Have I been so long with you,
and have you not known me, Philip?  He who has
seen me, has seen the Father; and how say you,
I Show us the Father?' Believe you not that I am in
the Father, and the Father in me? The words that I
speak to you, I speak not of myself; and the Father,
who dwells in me, he does the works. Believe me
that I am in the Father, and the Father in me; if not,
believe me for the very works' sake.
" Truly, truly, I say to you, he that believes in me,
shall do the works that I do; and greater works than
these shall he do; for I am going to my Father. And
whatever you shall ask in my name, I will do, that
the Father may be glorified in the Son. If you shall
ask anything in my name, I will do it.' If you love me keep my commandments; and I
extensive, and it was the custom of the monarchs to allow
large numbers of their courtiers to dwell in them.
22*




258             LIFE OF JESUS.
will ask the Father, and he will give you another
Comforter, who will abide with you forever, — the
Spirit of Truth, which the world cannot receive, because it sees him not, neither knows him; but you
know him, for he dwells with you, and shall be in
you.
"I will not leave you comfortless; I will come to
you. A little while only, and the world will see me
no more; but you will see me; and because I live,
you shall live also.
"' Then you will know that I am in my Father,
and you in me, and I in you. He who keeps in mind
my commandments, and does them, he it is that loves
me; and he that loves me, will be loved of my Father,
and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him."
Judas (not Iscariot) said to him,'" Lord, how is it
that you will manifest yourself to us, and not to the
world?"
Jesus answered,'  Whoever loves me, will keep my
words; and my Father will love him, and we will
come to him, and make our abode with him. He
who loves me not, keeps not my words; and the
words which you hear are not mine, but the Father's
who sent me."
" These things have I spoken to you, while yet with
you. But the Comforter, the Holy Spirit, whom the
Father will send for my sake, he will teach you all
things, and bring to your remembrance all that I'have
said to you.' Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you;
not as the world gives peace give I to you. Let not
your hearts be troubled, neither be afraid. You have




DISCOURSE TO HIIS DISCIPLES.        259
heard how I said to you, I go away, and come again to
you. If you loved me, you would rejoice, because I
go to the Father; for the Father is greater than I.
And now I tell you before it comes to pass, that,
when it comes to pass, you may believe.
" I will no longer talk much with you; for the prince
of this world comes, and with me he has nothing in
common. But this must be that the world may know
that I love the Father, and that as the Father has
commanded me, so I do. Arise, let us go hence." *
"' I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman. Every branch of mine that bears not fruit he
cuts away; and every branch that bears firuit, he
prunes, that it may bring forth more fiuit. Now you
are pruned through the words I have spoken to you.
Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot
bear fruit unless it abides in the vine; so you cannot
unless you abide in me. I am the vine, you are the
branches. He that abides in me, and I in him, will
bring forth much fruit; but severed from me you can
do nothing. Whoever abides not in me, will be cast
forth as a withered branch; and such, men gather and
cast into the fire to be burned. If you abide in me,
and my words abide in you, you shall ask whatever
yott will, and it will be granted you. Herein is my
Father glorified, in your bearing much fruit; so shall
youl be my disciples.
" As the Father has loved me, so have I loved you;
Alrise, let is go hkence. - It is probable that Jesus rose and
prayed, and then, before leaving the room, continued his
discourse, and uttered the sublime prayer that follows.
*John xiv. I-31.




260             LIFIE OF JESUS.
continue in my love. If you keep my conmmandments,
you will continue in my love; as I have kept my
Father's commandments, and continue in his love.
These things have I spoken to you, that my joy may
be felt by you, and that your joy mnay be full. This is
my commandment. That you love one another, as I
have loved you. Greater love has no man than this,
that ]:e lays down his life for his friends, You are my
friends, if you do what I command you. I call you
no more servants, for the servant knows not what his
master is doing; but I have called you friends, for all
that I have heard of my Father I have made known
to you. You have not chosen me, but I have chosen
you, and ordained you to go and bring forth fruit, such
fruit as may be lasting, so that whatever you may ask
of the Father in my name, he may give you.
" This I command you, that you love one another.
If the world hates you, you know that it hated me
before it hated you. If you were of the world, the
world would love its own; but, because you are not
of the world, the world hates you. Remember what
I said to you. The servant is not greater than his
master. If they have persecuted me, they will persecute you also. If they have kept my words, they will
keep yours also. But all this they will do to you for
my sake, because they know not him who sent me.
If I had not come and taught them, they would not be
thus guilty; but now they have no excuse for their sin.
He who hates me hates my Father also. If I had not
done among them such works as no other man ever
did, they would not be thus guilty; but now, though
they have seen my works, they have hated both me and




DISCOURSE TO HIS DISCIPLES.       26I
my Father. But thus is fulfilled what is written in
their Law, " They hated me without a cause."  But
when the Comforter has come, whom I will send to
you from the Father, the Spirit of Truth, which goes
forth from the Father, he will testify of me. And you
also will bear testimony, because you have been with
me firom the beginning.*
" These things have I spoken to you that you may
not fall away. They will put you out of their synagogues; yea, the time is coming that whoever kills
you will think that he is doing God service. Thus
they will do because they have known neither the
Father, nor me.
" But this I tell you, that when the time has come
you may remember that I said it to you. I have not
said it to you before, because I have been with you.
But now I am going to him that sent me; and no one
of you asks me where I am going. But because I have
said these things sorrow has filled your hearts. But I
tell yoiu in truth, it is better for you that I go; for if I
go not the Comforter will not come to you; but if
I go, I will send him to you. And when he is come,
he will convict the world of sin, of righteousness, and
of judgment. Of sin, because they believe not on me.
Of righteousness, because I am going to my Father,
and you will see me no more. Of judgment, because
the ruler of this world has been judged.
" I have yet much to say to you, but you cannot bear
it now. However, when he, the Spirit of Truth, has
come, he will guide you into all the truth; for he will
not speak from himself, but will speak what he hears;
* John xv. I-27.




262              LIFE OF JESUS.
and he will explain to you things that are coming.
He will glorify me; for he will receive of mine, and
give it to you. Whatever the Father has is mine;
therefore I said, he will take what is mine, and give it
to you. After a little while, and you will not see me;
and again after a little while, you will see me, because
I am going to the Father."
Then some of his disciples said to themselves,
"What is the meaning of this that he says:' A little
while, and you will not see me, and again after a little
while, you will see me; and I am  going to the
Father?'"  They said, "' What is this little while of
which he speaks? WVe cannot tell."
Now Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him,
and he said to theIn, "Do you inquire among yourselves of that I said,' After a little while, and you will
not see me; and again after a little while, and you will
see me? Truly, truly, I say to you, you will weep
and lament, but the world will rejoice; and you will
be sorrowful, but your sorrow will be turned into joy.
A woman in travail has sorrow, because her hour has
come; but when she is delivered, she forgets the
anguish for joy that a man is born into the world.
And so now you will sorrow, but I shall see you again,
and your hearts will rejoice, and your joy no man will
take from you. And then you will have no need to
question me.
"' Truly, truly, I say to you, whatever you shall ask
the Father in my name, he will give you. Hitherto
you have asked nothing in my name; ask and you shall
receive, that your joy may be complete. I have spoken
to you in dark sayings; but the time comes when I




DISCOURSE TO IIlS DISCIPLES.    263
shall no more speak to you in clark sayings, but shall
show you plainly concerning the Father. Then you
will ask in my name; and I say not that I will pray
the Father for you. For the Father himself loves
you, because you have loved me, and have believed
that I came forth from God. I came forth from the
Father, and came into the world; now I am leaving
the world, and going to my Father."
His disciples said to him, "Lo! now you speak
plainly, and not in dark sayings. Now are we sure
that you know all things, and need not that any man
should question you; by this we believe that you came
forth from God."
Jesus answered them, "Do you now believe? Lo!
the hour is coming, yea, has now come, when you all
will be scattered, every one his own way, and will
leave me alone; and yet I am not alone, for the Father
is with me. These things I have spoken to you, that
through me you might have peace. In the world you
will have tribulation; but be of good courage, I have
overcome the world." *
WVhen Jesus had thus spoken he raised his eyes to
heaven, and said, " Father, the hour has come:
glorify thy Son, that thy Son also may glorify thee
through the power that thou hast given him over all
men, to give to as many as thou hast given him eternal
life. And this is life eternal, to know thee the only
true God, and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent. I
have glorified thee on the earth; I have finished the
work which thou gavest me to do. And now, O
Father, glorify thou me with thine own self, with the
John xvi. I-33.




264             LIFE OF JESUS.
glory which I had with thee before the world was. I
have made thee known to the men whom thou hast
given me out of the world; thine they were, and thou
gavest them to me; and they have kept thy words.
Now they know that all things whatever thou hast
given me are of thee. For I have given to them the
truths which thou gavest to me; and they have received them, and know surely that I came forth from
thee, and believe that thou didst send me. I pray for
them; I pray not for the world, but for those whom
thou hast given me; for they are thine. So all that
are mine are thine, and thine are mine; and they are
my glory. And now I remain no more in the world;
but these will remain in the world, while I come to
thee. Holy Father, keep through thine own name
those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one,
as we are. While I was with them in the world, I kept
them as thine; those that thou gavest me I have kept,
and none of them is lost, but the Son of perdition;
that the Scripture might be fulfilled. And now I am
coming to thee, and these things I speak in the world,
that the joy which is my portion may be felt by them.
I have given them thy word; and the world has hated
them, because they are not of the world, as I am not
of the world. I pray thee not to take them out of the
world, but to keep them from the evil. They are not
of the world, as I am not of the world. Consecrate
them to thyself through thy truth; thy word is truth.
As thou hast sent me to the world, so I also send them
to the world. And for their sakes I devote myself,
that they also may be devoted to thee through the
truth. Nor do I pray for these only, but also for all




PRAYER FOR HIS DISCIPLES.          265
who may believe in me through their word; that
they all may be one, as thou, Father, art in me, and
I in thee, so they also may be one in us; that the
world may believe that thou hast sent me. And the
glorious work which thou gavest me I have given to
them; that they may be one, even as we are one; I
in them and thou in me, that they may be made completely one; so that the world may know that thou
hast sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved
me. Father, I also would that they, whom thou hast
given me might be with me where I am, that they may
behold my glory which thou hast given me; for thou
didst love me before the foundation of the world. O
righteolts Father, though the world has not known
thee, I have known thee, and these have known that
thou hast sent me. And I have made thee known to
them, and will make thee known, so that the love with
which thou hast loved me, may be in them, and I in
them." *
When Jesus had spoken these words, and they had
sung a hymn, he went forth with his disciples over the
Kidron, to the Mount of Olives, and entered a garden
Kidron. -A deep valley close to Jerusalem, and between
it and the Mount of Olives.
Ge/Asemane. - The word means a " garden;" and this was
probably an enclosure of fig, olive, and pomegranate trees at
the foot of the Mount of Olives, and from a half to threefourths of a mile from the walls of the city. From Luke xxii.
39, and John xviii. 2; it appears that Jesus often resorted
there with his disciples. A garden is now shown, in which
are eight gigantic olives, as the identical place in which the
scene that follows occurred.
*John xvii. I-26.
23




266                LIFE OF JESUS.
called Gethsemane.  And when he had come to the
place he said to his disciples: " Sit ye here, while I go
and pray yonder."
Then, taking with him Peter and James and John,
he began to be sorely distressed, and in great agony.
And he said to them, " My soul is exceedingly sorrowful, even to death.  Tarry ye here, and watch with
me." And going forward about a stone's cast, he fell
on his face, and prayed, saying: " O, my Father, if it
be possible,- and all things are possible with thee, -
let this cup pass fiom  me; nevertheless, not my will,
but thine be done."  And there appeared an angel to
him from heaven, strengthening him. And being in
agony, he prayed more earnestly, and his sweat was,
as it were, great drops of blood falling down to the
ground.
When he rose up from prayer he came to the disciples, and found them sleeping for sorrow. And he
said to Simon: "What!  Could you not watch with
me one hour?  Watch and pray that you enter not
into trial; the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh
is weak."
Great drops of blood. -Dr. Doddridge in a note on this
passage, remarks that: "Aristotle and Diodorus Siculus, both
mention bloody sweats as attending  some extraordinary
agony of mind; and I find Loti, in his life of Pope Sextus V,
and Sir John Chardin, in his history of Persia, mention a
like phenomenon, to which Dr. Jackson adds another from
Thuanus." Voltaire, speaking of Charles IX of France, in
his Universal History, says: "l He died in his thirty-fifth year.
His disorder was of a very remarkable kind; the blood oozed
out of all his pores. This malady, of which there have been
no other instances, was owing to either excessive fear, or
violent agitation, or to a feverish and melancholy temperament."




JESUS IS APPREHENDED.           267
Then going away a second time, he prayed again,
saying:' 0, my Father, if this cup may not pass
from me, but I must drink it, thy will be done."  And
returning he found them again asleep; for their eyes
were heavy, and they knew not what to say to him.
Leaving them, he went away and prayed a third.
time, saying the same words. Then he returned to
the disciples, and said to them: " Sleep on now and
take your rest. Lo! the hour has come, —the Son of
Man is delivered into the hands of sinners. Rise, let
us go forward. He who betrays me is at hand." *
Now Judas, who betrayed him, knew the place, for
Jesus often resorted there with his disciples; and having received a band of soldiers and officers frown the
chief priests and elders of the people, he came there
while Jesus was yet speaking, with a great multitude,
carrying lanterns, and torches, and weapons.  And
having agreed upon a sign with them that the one he
should kiss was he whom they should take and lead
away safely, he went before the rest, directly up to
Jesus, saying: 1" Hail, Master!" and kissed him.
Jesus said to him: "Judas, betray you the Son of Man
with a kiss?"  Then, knowing all that was to befall
him, he went forward, and said to them:'"Whom
seek you?" They answered, "Jesus of Nazareth."
Jesus said to them, "I am he," and as he said to
them, " I am he," they went backward, and fell to the
ground. Then Jesus asked them again, " WThom seek
you? " And they said': "Jesus of Nazareth." Jesus
answered: " I told you, I am he. If, then, you seek
* Matt. xxvi. 36-.46. Mark xiv. 32-42. Luke xxii. 39-46.
John xviii. i.




268               LIFE OF JESUS.
me, let these go away."  (To fulfil what he had said:
"' Of those whom  thou hast given me, I have lost
none.").
Then those who were about him, seeing what would
follow, said to him: "I Lord, shall we smite with the
sword?"  And Simon Peter, having a sword, drew
it, and smote the servant of the high priest, cutting
off his ear. The servant's name was Malchus. Jesus
said to Peter, " Put up your sword into its sheath, for
all who take the sword, will perish by the sword.
Shall I not drink the cup which my Father has given
me?  Think you I could not now call on him, and he
would send me more than twelve legions of angels?
But how then would the Scriptures be fulfilled? For
thus it must be."
The captain of the band, and the officers of the Jews
then took Jesus, and bound him; but saying to them,'" Suffer me thus far," he touched the servant's ear,
and healed him. Then he said to the chief priests
and officers of the temple, who had come to take him,
"' Have you come out as against a thief, with swords
and clubs? I was daily with you, teaching in the
temple, and you took me not. But, this is your hour,
and the power of darkness." Then all the disciples
forsook him  and fled.
They led him away, first to Annas, who was the
Annas had been high-priest, having been appointed by
Quirinus, imperial governor of Judea, A. D., 7. He was removed, after holding office seven years, for assuming the
power to execute the death penalty; but was soon afterwards
succeeded by his son, Eleazer. Five of his sons, and one
son-in-law, - Caiaphas, - were successively high priests; but
Annas appears to have exercised the real prerogatives of the
office. He lived to a great age.




PETER'S DENIAL.               269
father-in-law of Caiaphas, the high priest that year.
(It was Caiaphas who had given counsel to the Jews,
that it was better that one man should die for the people). And a certain young man, having only a linen
cloth wrapped about his body, followed, and the soldiers laid hold of him; but he, leaving the linen cloth
in their hands, fled from them naked. Simon Peter
also followed at a distance, and so did another disciple.
That other disciple was acquainted with the high-priest,
and went in with Jesus to the court of the high-priest's
house; but Peter stood without, at the door. Then
the other disciple, (who was known to the high-priest,)
came out, and speaking to the girl who kept the door,
brought in Peter.
The servants, and the officers who had taken Jesus,
having kindled a fire of coals in the midst of the hall,
(for it was cold,) seated themselves together by the
fire; and Peter stood with them, warming himself.
The maid of the high-priest, who kept the door,
seeing Peter as he stood in the light, looked earnestly
at him, and said: " Surely this man was with Jesus
of Galilee."  But he denied it before them all, saying,
" Woman, I know him not."  And he went out into
the porch, and another maid saw him, and said to
those that were there, "This is one of them," but
he again affirmed with an oath, " I do not know the
man." About an hour after, one of the servants -a
A certain yozung man is supposed by many to have been
Mark, the author of the Gospel. The " other disciple " was,
undoubtedly, John.
Fire of coals. -Jewish houses were without fire-places, and
were warmed by braziers set in the centre of the courts or
inner apartments.
23*




270              LIFE OF JESUS.
kinsman to him whose ear Peter had cut off, - said to
him, " Surely you are a Galilean, — your speech betrays you. Did I not see you in the garden with
him?"  Then Peter began to curse and to swear, saying, " I know  not the man."  And immediately,
while he was speaking, the cock crew. Then the
Lord turned, and looked upon him; and Peter remembered the words he had said, how before the cock
crew, be would deny him thrice; and going out he
wept bitterly.*
The high-priest then asked Jesus concerning his disciples, and his teaching; and Jesus answered, " I
have spoken openly to the world; I have ever taught
in synagogues, and in the temple, where all the Jews
resort, and have said nothing in secret; why, then, do
you question me? Ask those who have heard what I
have taught. Lo! they know what I have said."
On his saying this, one of the officers who stood by
struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying: " Do
you answer the high-priest thus? " Jesus said to him,'" If I have spoken evil, testify to what is evil; but if
well, why do you smite me? "
Then Annas sent him bound to Caiaphas, the highpriest; and as soon as it was day, the elders of the
people -the chief priests and teachers of the Law, -
met, and brought Jesus before their council. And the
whole Sanhedrim sought false testimony against him,
so as to put him to death; but they found none; for
though many bore false witness against him, their testimony was not sufficient. At last two came who
*Matt. xxvi. 57, 58, 69-75. Mark xiv. 53, 66-72. Luke xxii.
John xviii. 13-I8: 25-27.




JESUS IS SENT TO PILATE.          27I
testified: "We have heard him say,'I will destroy
this temple made with hands, and within three days,
will build another made without hands." But their
testimony, too, did not agree together.  Then the
high-priest, rising up in the midst, questioned Jesus,
saying, " Do you make no reply?  What is this that
these men testify against you?"  But he held his
peace, answering nothing. The high-priest then questioned him again, saying: "I adjure thee by the living
God to tell us if thou art the Christ, the Son of God?"
Jesus said to him, "If I tell you, you will not believe;
and if I also question you, you will not answer, nor
let me go. Nevertheless, I say to you, I am; and
hereafter you will see the Son of Man seated at the
right hand of God, and coming in the clouds of
heaven." Then they all said, " You are, then, the
Son of God?"  He said to them, " You speak truly.
I am."  The high-priest then rent his clothes, saying:
"6 He has spoken blasphemy! What need is there for
further testimony? for we have heard his blasphemy.
What is your judgment?"  They all answered: " He
is worthy of death."  Then the men who held Jesus
mocked him, and smote him, and spat upon him; and
the servants struck him with the palms of their hands,
and, covering his face, buffeted him, saying: " Prophesy to us, thou Christ, who it is that smites thee."
And they reviled him with many other blasphemies.*
Then the whole Sanhedrim rose, and when they
had again bound Jesus, led him away to the hall of
judgment, and delivered him to Pontius Pilate, the
Pontzzius Pilate was appointed procurator of Judea by Tibe~ John xviii. I9-24. Luke xxii. 63-7I. Matt. xxvi. 59-68.
Mark xvi. 55-65.




272              LIFE OF JESUS.
governor; and it was early in the morning. They did
not enter the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled,
and prevented from eating the Passover; but Pilate
came out to theln, and asked: "' What accusation do
you bring against this man?"  They answered, " If
he were not a malefactor, we would not have brought
him to you."  Then Pilate said to them, " Take him
yourselves, and judge him  according to your law."
The Jews answered, "We have no authority to put
any man to death."  (That the words of Jesus, showing what kind of death he was to die, might be fulfilled.)  Then they began to accuse him, saying: " He
is raising sedition among the people, forbidding them
to pay tribute to Cesar, and saying that he himself, is
Christ - a King."
Then Pilate, going into the judgment hall, called
Jesus to him, and asked, "Are you the King of the
Jews?" Jesus said to him, "Ask you this of yourself, or have others spoken to you of me?" Pilate
answered: "Am I a Jew?  Your own nation, and
the chief priests have brought you before me. What
have you done?" Jesus answered: " My kingdom is
not of this world; if my kingdom were of this world,
my servants would have fought to prevent my being
delivered to the Jews; but now is my kingdom not
from hence."  Then Pilate said to him, " You are a
King, then??" Jesus answered, " You say truly, I am
rius, A. D., 25-6. He was very unpopular with the Jews, and
on several occasions practised upon them great cruelties. He
was finally, about the year 36, accused by them to the Emperor, and sent by Viterlius, President of Syria, to Rome to
answer their accusations. There, finding Tiberius dead, and
wearied out by his misfortunes, he, soon afterwards, destroyed
himself.




JESUS IS SENT TO HEROD.          273
a king. To this end was I born, and for this I came
into the world, -to bear testimony to the truth. Every
lover of the truth, hears my voice." Pilate said to
him, " What is truth?"
On saying this he went out again to the Jews, and
said to them, " I find him guilty of no crime."  Then
the chief priests accused him  of many things; but
Jesus answered nothing. Pilate said to him, " Hear
you not how much they testify against you?" But
Jesus answered not a word, so that Pilate was greatly
astonished. Then he again said to the chief priests
and the multitude:' I do not find him guilty of any
crime." But they were the more violent, saying: " He
is stirring up sedition among the people by his teaching,
from Galilee, and through all Judea, even to this city."
Then Pilate, when he heard the word Galilee, asked
if he were a Galilean; and being told that he was of
Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who was
at this time in Jerusalem.
Herod rejoiced greatly at seeing Jesus, for he had
desired to see him for a long time, having heard
of him, and being in hopes that he would do some
miracle. He put many questions to him; but Jesus
gave him no answer, though the chief priests and
teachers of the Law were present, vehemently accusing him. Then Herod and his followers reviled him,
and, in mockery, arrayed him in a gorgeous robe, and
sent him back to Pilate. And Pilate and Herod became friends together that very day; for before they
had been at enmity.*
*Matt. xxvii. I, 2, II-I4. Mark xv. I-5. Luke xxiii. I-I2.
John xviii. 28-38.




2$74             LIFE OF JESUS.
Then Pilate, calling together the chief priests, the
rulers, and the people, said to them: "You have
brought this man to me as one stirring up sedition
among the people, and lo! having examined him before you, I do not find him guilty of the crimes of
which you accuse him. Nor does Herod; for he has
sent him back to us, and lo! he has done nothing
worthy of death. I will, therefore, scourge him, and
let him go."
Now, at that festival it was customary for the governor to release to the people a prisoner, — whoever
they would. And at that time there was a notorious
prisoner, named Barabbas, who lay bound with others
for making a riot in the city, and for committing murder in the riot. Then Pilate said to the multitude,
" You have a custom that I release to you a prisoner
at the Passover. Whom will you that I release,
Barabbas, or Jesus, who is called Christ?" For he
knew that the chief priests had brought Jesus before
him through malice. But the chief priests and elders
moved the multitude to ask him to release Barabbas,
and destroy Jesus; and they cried out all at once,
"Away with this man, and release to us Barabbas."
Pilate's wife, while he was seated on the judgmentseat, sent to him, saying: "' Have nothing to do with
that righteous man; for I have suffered much this day
in a dream on his account." Pilate, therefore, willing
to release Jesus, said again to the people, " Which of
the two will you that I release to you?" And they
cried out, " Not this man, but Barabbas."  Now,
Barabbas was a robber. Pilate then said to them:
"What, then, shall I do with Jesus, whom you call the




JESUS IS MOCKED AND SCOURGED.        275
King of the Jews?"  And they cried out, " Crucify
him! Crucify him! "  But he said to them, " Why?
What crime has he done? I find him guilty of nothing worthy of death. I will, therefore, scourge him,
and let him go."  But, with vehement out-cries, they
demanded that he should be crucified. Their voices,
and those of the chief priests prevailed, and Pilate,
seeing that what he had said availed nothing, but that,
on the contrary, the multitude were growing tumultuous, took water, and washed his hands before them,
saying,'" I am guiltless of the blood of this innocent
man. Look you to it."  And all the people answered:
" His blood be on us, and on our children."  Then
he released Barabbas to them, and ordering Jesus to
be scourged, delivered him to be crucified.*
The soldiers of the governor then carried Jesus into
the Pretorium, and calling together the whole band,
they scourged him. Then, stripping him, they clothed
him in a purple robe, and platting a crown of thorns,
placed it on his head, and put a reed in his right hand,
and bowing their knees before him, mocked him,
saying: " Hail, King of the Jews." And they spat
upon him, and struck him with their hands, and taking
the reed, beat him on the head, and kneeling down
again, paid him homage.t
Then Pilate came out again, and said to the multitude: " Lo! I am bringing him out to you, to let you
know that I find him guilty of no crime."  Then Jesus
came out, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple
robe; and Pilate said to them, " Behold the man! "
*Luke xxii. I3-25. Matt. xvii. I5-26. John xviii. 39-40.
Mark xv. 6-I5.
tMatt. xxvii. 26-30, Mark xv. I5-I9. John xix. I-3.




276             LIFE OF JESUS.
Then, when the chief priests and their officers saw
him, they cried out again, " Crucify him! Crucify
him! "  Pilate said to them, "Do you take him and
crucify him; for I find him guilty of no crime." The
Jews answered, "We have a law; and by our law
he ought to die, because he has claimed to be the Son
of God."
When Pilate heard this he was the more afraid, and
going into the Pretorium again, he said to Jesus,
" Whence are you?" Jesus gave him  no answer.
Then Pilate said to him, "' Speak you not to me? Do
you not know that I have power to crucify you, and
power to let you go." Jesus answered: "You would
have no power over me, were it not given you from
above. Therefore, those who have delivered me to
you have so much the greater sin."
Upon this Pilate became earnest to release him; but
the Jews cried out, " If you let this man go, you are
not Cesar's friend. Whoever sets himself up for a
king opposes Cesar."
When Pilate heard this, he brought Jesus out, and
sat down on the judgment-seat in a place called the
Pavement (in Hebrew, Gabbatha,) and it was the
preparation of the Passover, and about the hour of
noon. And he said to the Jews, " Behold your King."
But they cried out, "Away with him! Away with
him! Crucify him!"  Pilate said to them, " Shall I
crucify your King?"  The chief priests answered:
"' We have no king but Cesar."  Then Pilate yielded
him up to them to be crucified.*
Then Judas, who had betrayed him, seeing that he
* John xix. 4-I6.




JESUS IS LED TO CRUCIFIXION.       277
was condemned, repented, and carried back the thirty
pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, saying:
"I have sinned in betraying innocent blood."  But
they said to him: " What is that to us? Look you to
that." He cast down the pieces of silver in the
temple, and went away and hanged himself. But the
chief priests took the silver pieces, saying: " It is not
lawful to put them into the sacred treasury, because
they are the price of blood." And after consulting
together, they bought with them the Potter's Field, to
bury strangers in. I-Ience that field has been called,
" The field of Blood," to this day. Then was fulfilled
what was said by Jeremiah, the prophet: " And they
took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him who
was valued, whom the children of Israel did value;
and they gave them to the Potter's Field, as the Lord
had appointed for them." *
WThen the soldiers had mocked Jesus, they took
off the purple robe, and putting on him  his own
clothes, led him away to be crucified. And he, bearing his cross, went forth to a place called Calvary, (in
Hebrew, Golgotha,) which means the place of a skull.
But, as they were going out of the city, they found
one Simon, a Cyrenean, (the.father of Alexander and
Rufus,) coming from the country; and on him they
laid the cross, and compelled him to bear it after Jesus.
And a great multitude of the people followed him,
and of women, who lamented and bewailed him; but
Jesus turning to them, said,'" Daughters of Jerusalem!
Weep not for me! but weep for yourselves, and your
children! For the days are coming when it will be
Matt. xxvii 3-Io.
24




278                LIFE OF JESUS.
said,' Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never
bore, and the breasts that never gave suck.' Then
they will say to the mountains,'Fall on us,' and to
the hills,' Cover us.' For if they do this to the green
tree, what will they do to the dry?"
Two others, who were malefactors, were led away
with him to be put to death.  And when they came
to the place called Calvary, they gave him  wine mingled with gall; but when he had tasted it, he would
not drink.  There they crucified him; and the maleThey craczifed him. - " Crucifixion was inflicted by the
Romans on servants, robbers, assassins, and rebels. The
person subjected to this punishment was stripped of all clothing, except a band about the loins. In this state he was
beaten, and was then obliged to carry his cross to the place
of execution. The cross was an upright beam, with a horizontal cross-piece. A piece of wood projected from the upright beam, and on this the sufferer sat, since the weight of
the body might, otherwise, have torn away the hands from the
nails driven through them. The cross seldom exceeded ten
feet in height. When it has been firmly fixed in the ground,
the criminal was raised to the seat, and his hands were nailed
to the cross-piece, and nailed through the palms. He usually
remained suspended until he died, and the corpse became
putrid; but in Judea, to comply with the law in Deut. xxi.
22, 23, the crucified were Buried on the day of execution.
When it was likely they would not die on that day, death was
hastened by kindling a fire underneath the victim, by breaking his bones, or by piercing him with a spear. The Romans were accuustomed to give the criminal a medicated
drink of wine and myrrh to produce intoxication, and lessen
his pains. This was the drink which Jesus refused. The
vinegar afterwards given him on a reed was, probably a mixture of sour wine and water, - the common beverage of the
Roman soldiers."




JESUS IS CRUCIFIED.             279
factors, one on his right hand the other on his left; and
thus the Scripture was fiulfilled which says, " He was
numbered with the transgressors."
Then Jesus said: "Father, forgive them; for they
know not what they do."
When the soldiers had nailed him to the cross, they
took his cloak, and divided it into four parts, one for
each soldier, and also his tunic. Now his tunic was
without seam, being woven in one piece from the top;
so they said to one another: "Let us not rend it,
but cast lots to see whose it shall be;" that the words
of the prophet might be fulfilled: *' They parted my
raiment among them, and did cast lots for my vesture."
These things the soldiers did, and sitting down they
watched him. Pilate also wrote an inscription, and
had it put on the cross, over his head. And the inscription was, - in Greek, Latin  and  Hebrew,
"JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS."
This inscription was read by many of the Jews; for
the place where Jesus was crucified was near the city.
Then the chief priests said to Pilate, I" Let not the inscription be, Ithe King of the Jews,' but that he said,
I am the King of the Jews." Pilate answered:
" What I have written, I have written." *
And the passers-by reviled Jesus, nodding their
heads, and saying: 11 Ah! thou that canst destroy the
temple, and build it in three days, save thyself. If
thou art the Son of God, come down from the cross."
So also the chief priests, jesting with the Scribes and
elders, said: " He saved others, cannot he save him* Matt. xxvii. 31-38. Mark xv. 29-28. Luke xxiii. 26, 34-38.
John xix. i6-24.




28o              LIFE OF JESUS.
self?  If he is the King of Israel, let him now come
down from the cross, and we will believe him.  -le
trusted in God; let Him deliver him now if he desires
him; for he said: I am the Son of God.'"  The
soldiers, too, mocked him, coming and offering himl
vinegar, saying, " If thou art the King of the Jews,
save thyself."  And one of the malefactors who were
crucified with him reviled him, saying: " If you are
the Christ, save yourself and us."  But the other
rebuked him, saying, " Do you not fear God, seeing
you are in the same condemnation. And we indeed,
justly, for we are receiving the due reward of our
deeds; but this man has done nothing amiss."  And
he said to Jesus: "Remember me when you come
into your kingdom." Jesus said to him,; Truly, I
tell you, to-day you shall be with me in Paradise."
And by the cross of Jesus stood his mother, and his
mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary
of Magda la. Then Jesus, when he saw his mother,
and the disciple whom he loved standing near, said to
his mother, "Woman, behold! Thy Son!"  Then
he said to the disciple, " Behold! Thy mother."  And
from that hour the disciple took her to his own home.*
And it was about the sixth hour, and there was
darkness over all the land till the ninth hour. And
at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying:
" Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" that is to say: " My
God? My God! Why hast thou forsaken me?"  And
some of those who stood near, when they heard it,
said,' Lo! he calls for Elias."  After this, Jesus,
* Matt. xxvii. 39-44. Mark xv. 29-32. Luke xxiii. 35-37;
39-43. John xix. 25-27.




"IT IS FINISHED."            281
knowing that all things had been accomplished, that
the Scripture might be fulfilled, said: "I thirst!"
And one of them ran, and filling a sponge with vinegar from a vessel standing near, put it on a stick of
hyssop, and raised it to his mouth; but the others
said, " Let alone; let us see if Elijah will come to
save him."
Then, when Jesus had received the vinegar, he said,
" It is finished," and crying out with a loud voice,
" Father, into thy hands I commit my spirit," he
bowed his head, and gave up the Ghost.*
And lo! the vail of the Sanctuary was torn asunder
firom the top to the bottom, and the earth quaked, and
the rocks were rent, and the graves were opened, and
many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep, arose,
and coming out of the tombs, after his resurrection,
went into the holy city, and appeared to many. And
when the centurion and those with him keeping watch
over Jesus, saw the earth quake, and heard Jesus so cry
out, they were struck with terror, and said: " Truly,
this was the Son of God." And all the people who
had flocked together to the sight, beholding what had
happened returned, beating their breasts.
And standing at a distance, looking on, were all
who had been connected with him, and the women
who, when he was in Galilee, followed and ministered
to him. Among them were Mary of Magdala, and
Mary, the mother of James the less, and Joses, and
Salome, and the mother of Zebedee's children, and
The vail of the Sancluary. See Exodus xxvi. 31-33.
*Matt. xxvii. 45-5o. Mark xv. 33-37. Luke xxiii. 44-46.
John xix. 28-30.
24*




28a             ILIFE OF JESUS.
many others, who had accompanied him  to Jerusalem.*
Then the Jews, as it was the preparation day, that
the bodies might not remain on the cross during the
Sabbath, (for that Sabbath, was a great day,) besought
Pilate that their legs might be broken, and they be
taken away. Then the soldiers came and broke the
legs of the first, and of the other who was crucified
with Jesus. But when they came to Jesus, they saw
that he was dead already, and broke not his legs.
But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side,
and at once there came out blood and water. These
things were done that the Scripture might be fulfilled,
" _A bone of him  shall not be broken."  And again
another Scripture which says, " They will look on him
whom they have pierced."
And it being now evening, and the day of preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath, Joseph of
Arimathea, an honorable man, a member of the Sanhedrim, and a disciple of Jesus, (but secretly, for fear
of the Jews,) who had not consented to the council or
deed of the others, went, and going in boldly to Pilate,
craved the body of Jesus. Pilate wondered if he were
already dead, and sending for the centurion, inquired
if he had been dead long. And being informed by the
centurion, Pilate gave the body to Joseph. And Nicodemus, (who at the first came to Jesus by night,)
brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, — about a hun" Blood and wrater. - The thin membrane which surrounds
the heart, called the pericardcitm, was the part pierced, and
from this would flow lymph and blood." -JAHN.
* Matt. xxvii. 37-56. Mark xv. 38-41. Luke xxiii. 45, 47-49.




THE TOMB IS GUARDED.            283
dred pounds, - and together, they took down the
body of Jesus and swathed it in fine linen, with the
aromatics, according to the Jews' mode of interment.
And near the place where he was crucified, there was
a garden, and in the garden there was, belonging to
Joseph, a new tomb, hewn out of a rock, in which no
one had ever been laid. There, then, it being the
preparation day, they laid Jesus, because the tomb
was near at hand; and rolling a great stone against the
door of the tomb, they departed.
And the women who came from Galilee - Mary of
Magdala, and Mary the mother of Joses, - followed,
and sitting over against the tomb, saw how the body
was laid.*
On the next day, (that following the day of the
preparation,) the chief priests and the Pharisees went
in a body to Pilate, saying: "; Sir, we remember that
this deceiver while living, said,'In three days I shall
rise again.'  Give command, therefore, that the sepulchre be made secure until the third day, lest his disciples should come by night, and steal him away, and
say to the people,' He has been raised from the dead,'
so the last error should be worse than the first." Pilate
said to them, 11 You have a guard; go and make it as
sure as you can."  So they went and made the sepulchre secure, sealing the stone, and setting a watch.t
* Matt. xxvii. 57-6I. Mark xv. 42-47. Luke xxiii. 50-56.
John xix. 31-42.
t Matt. xxvii. 62-66.








PART  NINTH.
FROM THE RESURRECTION TO THE
ASCENSION.








LIFE OF JESUS.
PART NINTH.
ND Mary of Magdala, and the other Mary, returning to the city, prepared spices and ointments, and- rested on the Sabbath, according to the
commandment. Then, while it was yet dark, on the
morning of the first day of the week they went with
certain otlhers to the tomb, carrying the perfumes they
had prepared. And they said to one another, " Who
will roll away the stone for us from the door of the
tomb?" for it was very large. But, on looking, they
saw that the stone had been rolled away; and entering
the tomb they found not the body of the Lord Jesus.
For lo! there had been a great earthquake, and an
angel of the Lord, descending from heaven, had rolled
back the stone firom the door, and sat upon it. His
countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white
as snow, and at the sight of him the guard were struck
with terror, and became as dead men.*
Then Mary of Magdala, seeing the stone rolled
away from the tomb, ran to Simon Peter, and to
the other disciple whom Jesus loved, and said to them
"They have taken the Lord out of the tomb, and
*Mark xvi. T. Matt. xxviii. 2-4.
(287)




28S             LIFE OF JESUS.
we know not where they have laid him."  But while
thze other womenez were in great perplexity, concerning this, lo! two men stood by them in glittering
garments; and they were terrified, and bowed their
faces to the earth; but the men said to them, " Fear
not; ye seek Jesus of Nazareth who was crucified.
He is not here; but has risen. Remember what he
said to you while he was yet in Galilee; that the Son
of Man would be betrayed into the hands of sinful
men, and be crucified, and the third day would rise
again. Come, see the place where the Lord lay; and
go quickly, and tell his disciples and Peter, that he has
risen from the dead, and goes before you into Galilee.
There shall you see him. Lo! we have told you."
And the women remembered the words of the Lord,
and departing quickly from the tomb, with fear and
great joy, ran to give his disciples word.@
MeanwtiZe Peter set out with the other disciple, to
go to the tomb, and both ran together, but the disciple
outran Peter, and coming first to the tomb, stooped
down and saw the grave-clothes lying there, but did
not go in. Then came Simon Peter following him,
and entered the tomb and saw the grave-clothes lying,
and the napkin that was about his head, not lying with
the grave-clothes, but wrapped up in a place by itself.
Then the other disciple who came first to the tomb,
went in also, and saw and believed. For as yet they
understood not the Scripture, that he must rise from
the dead.t
Then the disciples returned to their homes wonder*Matt. xxviii. I, 5-7. Mark xvi. I, 2-7. Luke xxiv. i-8.
John xx. I, 2.
tJohn xx. 3-10. Luke xxiv. I2.




JESUS IS SEEN BY MARY.          289
ing at what had taken place; but Mary remained
standing without by the tomb, weeping. As she was
weeping, she stooped down to look into the tomb,
and saw two angels, arrayed in white, sitting, the one
at the head, and the other at the foot, where the body
of Jesus had lain. And they said to her, " Woman,
why weep you?" She said to them:' Because they
have taken away my Lord, and I know not where they
have laid him." Saying this she turned back, and
saw Jesus standing by but knew not that it was Jesus.
Jesus said to her: " Woman, why weep you? Wholn
are you seeking?"  She, supposing him to be the
gardener, said to him, " Sir, if you have carried him
hence, tell me where you have laid him, and I will
take him away." Jesus said to her, "Mary."  She
turned and said to him-: "' Rabboni," - which means
Teacher. Jesus said to her, "Touch me not; for
I have not yet ascended to my Father; but go to
my brothers, and tell them that I am about to ascend
to my Father and your Father, to my God and your
God."
Then Mary of Magdala went and told the disciples
that she had seen the Lord, and he had said these
things to her; but when they heard that he was alive,
and she had seen him, they believed not.*
And as the other women went to tell the disciples,
Lo! Jesus met them and said, " All hail."  And they
went near, and laid hold of his feet, falling on the
ground before him. Then Jesus said to them, " Be
not afraid; go and tell my brothers to depart into Galilee, and there they shall see me." And they returned
*John xv. II-i8. Mark xvi. 9-II.
25




90o             LIFE OF JESUS.
and told all to the eleven, and to the rest; but their
words seemed to them as idle tales, and they believed
them not.*
As the women were going, some of the guard1
entered the city, and told the chief priests all that had
taken place. And they, having assembled with the
elders, and consulted together, gave a large sumn of
money to the soldiers, saying, " Tell the people his
disciples came by night, and stole him away while you
were asleep; and, should the governor hear of this, we
will satisfy him, and keep you from trouble." So they
took the money, and did as they were told; and that
story has been current among the Jews to this day.t
Then he was seen of Cephas; and after that, the
same day, he appeared in another form, to two of
them as they went into the country, to a village called
Emmaus, distant from Jerusalem about threescore
furlongs. And as they talked together of all that
had happened, Jesus himself drew near, and went
with them; but their eyes were held so that they
did not know him. And he said to them, " What is
this that you discourse about with one another, as you
walk and are sad?" One of them, whose name
was Cleopas, answered him, " Are you such a stranger
in Jerusalem as not to know the things which have
happened in these few days?"  He said to them,
"What things?"  They said to him, " Those concerning Jesus of Nazareth, who was a prophet mighty
in deed and word before God, and all the people; how
our chief priests and rulers caused him to be con*Matt. xxviii. 8-ic. Mark xiv. 8. Luke xxiv. 9-II.
t Matt. xxviii. II-Is.




JESUS APPEARS TO TI-IE ELEVEN.    291
demned to death, and crucified him. But we trusted
that it was he who was to have redeemed Israel; and
besides all this, to-day is the third day since these things
took place. But certain women of our company have
astonished us; for going early in the morning to the
tomb they found not his body, but came saying they
had seen a vision of angels, who said that he was living. And one of those with us, who went to the tomb,
found it even as the women had said; but him they
savwr not."
Then Jesus said to them, 1" How slow of heart ye
are to believe all that the prophets have spoken! Was
it not necessary for Christ through these sufferings to
enter into his glory?"  And beginning, with Moses,
and all the prophets, he expounded to them in all the
Scriptures the things concerning himself.
And when they came near to the village to which
they were going, he made as though be would go
further. But they pressed him, saying: i; Remain
with us, for it is toward evening, -the day is far
spent." And he went in to tarry with them.
And while he was at table with them, he took the
bread, and blessed it, and broke it and gave it to them.
Then their eyes were opened, and they knew him;
and he vanished out of their sight.
And they said to one another, " Did not our hearts
burn within us while he talked with us on the road,
and explained to us the Scriptures?"  And immediately they returned to Jerusalem, and found the
eleven, and those that were with them, assembled together at table, who told them that the Lord had
indeed risen, and appeared to Simon. And they told




292             LIFE OF JESUS.
what happened on the road, and how he had become
known to them while breaking bread.*
While they were thus talking, the doors where
they were assembled being shut for fear of the Jews,
Jesus came and stood in their midst, and said to them,' Peace be with you."  But they were startled and
terrified, and thought that they saw a spirit. And he
said to them, " Why are you troubled? and why do
doubts arise in your minds?  Behold my hands and
my feet, that it is I, myself; touch me and see, for a
spirit has not flesh and bones as you see me have."
Saying this, he showed them his hands, his feet,
and his side. While they were still in doubt through
joy and wonder, he said to them: " Have you anything to eat?"  And they gave him a piece of broiled
fish and of a honey comb, and taking it, he ate
before them. Then the disciples rejoiced when they
saw the- Lord.
And he said to them: " This is what I told you
while I was yet with you, that it was necessary that all
that is written in the Law of Moses, in the Prophets,
and in the Psalms concerning me, should be accomplished."  Then he opened their minds to understand
the Scriptures, and said to them, " Thus it is written,
and thus it was necessary that Christ should suffer, and
rise from the dead on the third day; and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his
name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. And
you are the witnesses of these things."
Then he said to them again, " Peace be with you.
As my Father has sent me, so send I you. Go ye into
* I Cor. xv. 5. Luke xxiv. I6-35. Mark xvi. 12, I3.




APPEARS TO THOMAS.            293
all the world, and proclaim the glad tidings to every
creature. He who believes and is baptized, will be
saved; he who believes not will be condemned. And
these signs shall accompany those who believe; in my
name they will cast out demons; they will speak with
new tongues; they will take up serpents; if they
drink any deadly thing it will not hurt them, and they
will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover."
And after saying this, he breathed on them, and said,
" Receive ye the Holy Spirit. Whosesoever sins you
may remit, are remitted, and whosesoever sins you
may retain, are retained." *
But Thomas, called Didymus, one of the twelve,
was not with them when Jesus came. Then the other
disciples said to him, "; We have seen the Lord." But
he said to them, " Unless I see in his hands the print
of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the
nails, and put my hand to his side, I shall not believe."
And eight days after, his disciples being again in the
house, and Thomas with them, Jesus came, the doors
being closed, and standing in the -midst of them, said,
" Peace be with you." Then he said to Thomas,
"Reach hither your finger, and see my hands; and
reach hither your hand, and put it to my side; and
be not faithless, but believing." Thomas answered
him, " My Lord and my God." Jesus said to him,
" Thomas, because you have seen me, you have believed; blessed are they who, without seeing me, have
believed."t
*Mark xvi. I4-I8. I Cor. xv. 5. Luke xxiv. 36-49. John
xx. I9-23.
t John xx. 24-29.
25*




294              LIFE OF JESUS.
After this the eleven disciples went away to Galilee,
and Jesus showed himself again to them, by the lake
of Tiberias; and in this manner he showed himself.
There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas, called
Didymus, and Nathaniel of Cana, in Galilee, and the
two sons of Zebedee, and two others of his disciples.
Simon Peter said to them: "I am going a fishing."
They said to him': " We too will go with you."  They
went and entered a boat; but that night they caught
nothing. And when it was morning, Jesus stood on
the shore; but the disciples knew not that it was Jesus.
Then Jesus said to them, "; Children, have you any
fish? "  They answered him, " No." He said to them,
" Cast the net on the right side of the boat, and you
will find them."  Then they cast it, and were not able
to draw it because of the great number of fishes.
Then that disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter,
"' It is the Lord!"  When Simon Peter heard that it
was the Lord, he girt round him his fisher's coat, (for
he was without his cloak,) and cast himself into the
lake. But the other disciples came in the boat - for
they were only about two hundred cubits from the
shore, - dragging the net with the fishes. As soon as
they were at the land, they saw a fire of coals, and a
fish lying upon it, and a loaf of bread. Jesus said to
them, " Bring some of the fish which you have just
caught." Simon Peter went on board the boat, and
drew the net to land, full of great fishes, a hundred
and fifty and three; and though there' were so many,
the net was not broken. Jesus said to them,'~ Come
and breakfast?"  And none of the disciples durst ask
him who he was, knowing that it was the Lord. Then




TH-IE GREAT DRAUGHT OF FISHES.      295
Jesus came and took the bread, and distributed it to
them, and the fish also.
This was the third time that Jesus showed himself
to his disciples, after he had risen from the dead.
When they had breakfasted, Jesus said to Simon
Peter,'" Simon, son of Jonah, do you love me more
than these love me?"  He answered, " In truth Lord,
you know that I love you." Jesus said to him: "I Feed
my lambs." Again he said to him a second time:
"' Simon, son of Jonah, do you love me? " He answered him, " In truth, Lord, you know that I love
you." Jesus said to him, " Feed my sheep."  He
said to him a third time, " Simon, son of Jonah, do
you love me? "  Peter was grieved because he asked
him a third time, " Do you love me;" and he answered, " Lord, you know all things; you know that I
love you." Jesus said to him, " Feed my sheep.
Truly, truly, I tell you, when you were young, you
girt yourself and walked where you would; but when
you shall be old, you will stretch forth your hands, and
others will gird you, and carry you when you would
not."  This he spoke, signifying by what death Peter
would glorify God. And when he had spoken thus, he
said to him, " Follow me." Then Peter, turning about,
saw the disciple whom Jesus loved following; (the
one who at the supper leaned on the breast of Jesus,
and said,' Lord, who is it that betrays thee?') Peter
seeing him, said to Jesus, " Lord, and what shall this
man do?" Jesus said to him, " If I will that he remain till I come, what is that to you? Follow me."
From this the report went abroad among the brothers, that this disciple was not to die; but Jesus said




29z5             LIFE OF JESUS.
not, " He shall not die; but, if I will that he remain
till I come, what is that to you?" *
After this he was seen on a mountain where Jesus
had appointed, by more than five hundred brethren at
once, of whom the greater remain to this time, but
some have fallen asleep. And when they saw him
they prostrated themselves before him; but some were
in doubt. Then Jesus, coming near them, said: "All
power is given to me in heaven and on earth. Go ye,
therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the
name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Spirit; teaching them to observe all things that I have
commanded you; and Lo! I am with you always, to
the end of the world."t
After this he was seen of James, then of all the
apostles, to whom he showed himself alive by many
infallible proofs, being seen by them forty days, and
speaking of the things pertaining to the,kingdom of
God. And being assembled with them he directed
them not to depart from Jerusalem, but to wait for the
promise of the Father, which he said, "Ye have heard
of me. For John truly baptized with water; but you
shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days
hence." When they were then together, they asked
him, " Lord, wilt thou at this time restore the kingdom
to Israel?" He said to them, "It is not for you
to know the times or the seasons which the Father has
in his own power. But you shall receive power after
the Holy Ghost has come upon you; and you shall be
* Matt. xxviii. i6. John xxi. 1-24.
tMatt. xxviii. I6-2o. I Cor. xv. 6.




THE ASCENSION.              297
my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea, and in
Samaria, and to the utmost ends of the earth." *
And leading them out as far as Bethlany, he lifted up
his hands and blessed them. And while he blessed
them he was taken up, and a cloud received him out
of their sight; and being carried up into heaven, he
sat down on the right hand of God.
And as they looked intently towards heaven, while
he was going up, Lo! two men stood by them in
white apparel, who said: " ~Ye men of Galilee, why
stand ye gazing up into heaven?  This Jesus who is
taken up from you into heaven shall so come, in like
manner as ye have seen him go into heaven."
Then they returned with great joy to Jerusalem,
from the Mount called Olivet, - which is distant from
Jerusalem a Sabbath-day's journey, - and were continually in the temple praising and blessing God.
And they went forth, and preached everywhere, the
Lord working with them, and confirming their teaching by accompanying miracles.t
* i Cor. xv. 7. Acts i. 3-8.
t Luke xxiv. 50-53. Mark xvi. I9, 20. Acts I. 9-I2.