I. 
N,AtVOO 
THE MOR ONS,
OR,
LATTER-DAY SAINTS,
IN THE VALLEY OF
t 6ttat af          t   -1 Qt.:
A HISTORY OF
TIIEIR RISE AND PROGRESS, PECULIAR DOCTRINES.
PRESENT CONDITION, AND PROSPECTS,
DERIVED FROM
PERSONAL OBSERVATION;
DIURING A RESIDENCE AMONG THEM.
BY LIEUT. J. W-. GUNNISON,
OF TE E TOP O G RAP AI CAL RN EGI'N-EE ER S
PH ILADELPHIA-.
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1860.
I -) 
Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
TO THE
COMMANDING OFFICER
OF THE
EXPLORING EXPEDITION TO THE GREAT SALT LAKE OF UTAH,
'APT. HOWARD STANSBURY, T. E.,
WHO HAS SO ABLY GIVEN THE OFFICIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THR
SURVEYS IN THE COUNTRY OF
"THE LATTER-DAY SAINTS,"
TO WHICH THIS BOOK APPENDS THEIR
HISTORY AND THEOLOGY,
AND IN PLEASANT RECOLLECTION OF OUR TOUR IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS,
IS THIS RESPECTFULLY
DEDICATED.  
PREFACE.
THIaS treatise on the faith and condition of the Mormons,
results from a careful observation of that strange and
interesting people, during more than a year's residence
among them, in an official capacity. It was conceived,
that what is influencing the conscientious character of a
half million souls, is worthy a serious investigation,
though not pertinent to official report under government
auspices.
No apology for error is here set forth, though the persecution of its advocates is deprecated.
The writer has undertaken neither the task of criticism
nor controversy.  His aim is not "to shoot folly as it
flies," but to let folly tire on its own pinions, and reason
regain its sway over erratic feeling, when the mists of
prejudice on one side, and of fanaticism on the other, are
dispelled by the light of knowledge.
For those who desire facts in the history of humanity,
on which to indulge in reflection, is this offered. It were
far easier to give a romantic sketch in lofty metaphors,
of the genesis and exodus of the empire-founding Saints
— the subject is its own epic of heroism, whose embellish.
(5) 
P PREFACE.
ment is left to imaginative genius, and its philosophy to
be deduced by the candid philanthropist.
Truth and justice, in few words, and as near as possible
to fallible human observation, is what this exposition
aims at. Facts of motive and history are collected,
which concern a portion of our own fellow-citizens. These
are the scholars of the workshop and the field- the
leaders are students of men and things. They have been
schooled in patience, perseverance, and self-denial-men
of action, tried in varied circumstances.
My thanks are due to my friend F. R. Grist, Esq., for
the view of the "theo-democratic" capital of Deseret.
That gentleman accompanied the expedition thither, and,
as an amateur, freely gave illustrations of the romantic
scenery, for the public report printed by the United
States Senate. What is there fully portrayed, is here
lightly touched, for the Mormons constitute the picture
attempted to be given, and other circumstances the frame
in which it is set.
JULY, 1852.
vi 
NARRATIVE
OF THE
DEATH OF CAPT. GUNl\ISON.
THiE subjoined letter from Judge Drummond to Mrs.
M. D.        Gunni son contains the most authentic account
o    f th   e  deat h  of the lamented author of this volume, and
his   part    y, in U tah, in 1853.  The stoutest heart will recoil with horror from this recital of the most brutal outrage ever committed on Western territory, and every
American              wvill   regret that a full measure of justice has
not been dealt out to the fiendish perpetrators of this
cold-bloode d        murder: - 
BETHILEHEM, PA., April 14, 1857.
JUDGE DRUMMOND:
You will please'recognise in me the widow of Capt.
Gunnison. I have just finished your letter of resignation to the Attorney General, and see confirmed by you
the impression I have always held myself, that the Mormons were the directors of my husband's murder, not                                            (vii) 
NARRATIVE OF THE
withstanding I have, both from Brigham Young and
Carrington, received the kindest letters of condolence,
&c.  Pardon me, then, my d(ear sir, for thus ilntruding
myself upon you; but if you can find the leisure, you
will confer a lasting favor upon us by giving us the
particulars of such information as you have gleaned.
You can better imagine, than I can by words express,
the feelings that thus influence me to impose this much
upon your time.
M. D. GUNNISON.
CIICAGO, ILL., Alpril 27, 1857.
MRS. M.D. GUNNISON, Bethlehem, Pa.
MY DEARP STRANGE FRIEND: -Your kind note of inquiry, under date of the 14th inst., was duly received at
this place on the 21st inst., but owing to personal mnatters, I have been whlolly unable to reply to your letter
until this day, for which delay I trust your generous
heart will find no fault. You ask me "to give the particulars of such information as I have gleaned " in connection with the murder of Capt. John W. Gunnison,
who was most foully and inhumanly murdered on the
Sevier river, in Utah Territory, in A. D. 1853. This
information I will cheerfully give you, not only as a
sense of duty to you as the wife of a good man, who fell
prematurely at his post doing duty, but as a matter of
viii 
DEATII OF CAPT. GUNNISON.
fact, which should go to the world as a portion of the
history of that barbarous transaction.
In the month of November, A. D. 1853, Captain Gunnison and eight others (one of whom was a Mormon),
were murdered on the Sevier river, in Utah Territory,
and the report was quite current that they were murdered by the Indians; subsequently, at a session of the
Grand Jury in Juab county, Utah Territory, lion. John
F. Kinney, presiding, twenty-six Indians of the Parvante tribe were indicted for the said murder, and, by
somle arrangement between Col. E. J. Steptoe, of the
United States Army, and Kanash, the Chief of the
Parvante tribe, eight Indians (some of whom  were
squaws, and one old blind Indian man,) were put  upon
their trial for murder, at Nephi City; and, strange to
say, a, Morm-on jury found the Indian warriors not
guilty, and as against the old, crippled, and measureably blind Indians, three in number, found a verdict of
manslaughlter, and they were sentenced to three years
imprisonment in the penitentiary of Utah, being the
full length of time prescribed by the statute for such
offences.  These verdicts, and the. finding of the juries
under the law and the evidence, so wounded and mortified Judge Kinney, that he at once adjourned the
court, unavoidably coming to the conclusion that there
was false dealing somrewhere; and in fact, not only he,
but Col. Steptoe, Gen. Hiolrnan, the Government Attorney, Hon. Garland Hiurt, the Indian Agent of the Ter
ix 
NARRATIVE OF TIHE
ritory, Capt. James B. Leach, the mail contractor between San Diego in California and Salt Lake City, and
Columbus L. Craig, all of whom were cognizant of the
influences brought to bear on the trial, arrived irresistibly at the conclusion that the Indians were found not
guilty by order of the church, and that Dimick B. Huntington, an Indian interpreter, and spiritual brother-inlaw of Gov. Brighani Young, was the man who bore
the decree and order of the church to the jury, who implicitly found the verdicts according to the mandates
of the church, as is now the universal rule and order
of jury trials "ill the peaceful valleys of the mountains."
At the November term of my court, held at Fillmore
City, in the year 1855, one Levi Abrams, a Jewish
Morlion, was put upon his trial for the wilful and Unprovoked murder of Toebe, a favorite warrior of the
Parvanrte band, and during that trial much was said by
both Indian and white witnesses relative to the murder of Captain Gunnison and his party, which raised
strong presumptions in my mind that certain white
men were particeps criminis to that cruel murder, but
not wholly conclusive. In this case the jury, true to
the law of the church, and basely false to the law of the
land, found Abrams not guilty.
At the same court, a favorite Indian warrior of Gov.
Young, by the name of Eneis, was put upon his trial
for the murder of Captain Gunnison and others, to
x
I 
DEATH OF CAPT. GUNNISON.
which I particularly allude in this letter and at this
time, and, upon his trial I became convinced beyond
the possibility of a doubt, that the whole affair was a
deep and maturely laid plan to murder the whole party
of engineers, or surveyors, and charge the murders
upon the Indians (who, by the way, have the credit for
killing a great many persons). In the trial of the warrior Eneis, the evidence disclosed the fact that he was
the property of Governor Young, and that he could
speak Einglish quite fluently, and that, when he left the
city of Salt Lakle, he went under the order of Governor
Young and the church. Again, it was repeatedly
proven that Eneis was in company with several white
men on the day before the murder, and that they were
all on their way toward the engineers' camp.
Again, it was proven on the same trial by a number
of Indian witnesses, that only four shots were fired by
the Indians, and that all the rest were fired by the Mormons, and that, by order and direction of the Morimons,
the Indians sprang out of the ambush, where they lay
disguised during the night before the firing, which
occurred about sunrise in the morning, and went across
the river to scalp and otherwise maltreat the men in
their agonies of death, but more particularly to save
the Mormnon who fell in the fight, provided he was not
fatally wounded, and told the Indians how they could
recognise the Mormon from the Americans, which was
by certain peculiar marks on the garment which he
xi 
NARRPATIVE OF THE
wore next his body; but the poor fellow, with the other
eight, had received a fatal shot, and died on the grcind
with his priestly robe worn next to his body.   The
white men were so accurately described, that any one
acquainted with the principal men  of the Mormion
church could quite readily select the men as described
by Old Pareshont and Hleap of Elk, as well as several
others equally as honest and intelligent, who were the
principal witnesses in behalf of the Government.  And
right here I have no hesitation in saying who some of
them are and were, and this I do for the benefit of those
men who may go to Utah as appointees under the present administration, viz.: Williami A. Hickman, Anson
Call, Alexander McRay, Ephraim Hanks, James W.
Cummings, Edwin D. Wolley, George Peacock, Levi
Abraiis, and       Bronson, all of wlhomi are in good
fellowship and standing to this clay in the church; and
although the evidence on behalf of the Government
against Eneis was clear and conclusive, and no rebutting evidence, the MIormon jury, true to the order of the
holy priesthood, found a verdict of not guilty.
And here, my dear friend; painful and revolting as
it is, the true history of that sad scene requires me to say
that the evidence disclosed the fact that several Indian
warriors crossed the Sevier river immediately after seeing that they had accomplished the work for whichl
they were set apart, and proceeded to cut off' the legs
and arms of the men while in the agonies of death;
xii 
DEATIt OF CAPT. GUNNISON.
also, to scalp them, and then rifle their pockets of their
contents; and take off their clothes and put them onr,
themselves; and that Eneis, the then prisoner at the bar,
cut Capt. Gunnison's body open and took out his heart
while he was yet alive, and the heart so full of blood
that it bounded on the ground after being taken out;
and not content with this, but cut out his tongue, and
otherwise cut and mangled his body.
True it is, my dear friend, I know that this dark and
bloody picture will prostrate every nerve of your tender
form; and painful and heart-sickening as it is for me
to think of, let alone pen anything in connection with
that  revolting murder, but duty to you, duty to the
country, duty to a broken and violated law, duty to
bleeding and down-trodden humanity, duty to a correct
history in connection with the dark and bloody code
of the order of the High Priesthood of the Utah Mormnons, and above all, duty to the fair reputation of a
brother officer engaged in the faithful discharge of his
duty, and one who fell in the noonday of life at the
hands of an organized band of systematic pirates, robbers, and murderers, and whose blood yet cries to heaven for a witness to attest in thunder-tones the oread
but sad and solemn truth connected with his tragic fate,
all   seem to require that when I answer his wife, the
companion of his youth, who so naturally applies to
the man, of all others, possessed of the legal truths con
2
xiii 
DEATH OF CAPT. GUNNISON.
netcted with this history, and I should tell them precisely as they are, and not suppress any part thereo.
I can well imagine, Madam, your long sufferings and
anxieties relative to the death of your husband, and I
most truly assure you that your conclusions relative to
his death were well founded. I leave you and all others
to conclude whether I am not fully justified in my conviction in the premises, and whether I could have rationally come to any other conclusion than the one to
which I here refer, as well as in-my letter of resignation
to Attorney-General Black.
WVith an ardent desire that you may live to a ripe old
age, enjoy all the blessings which this life can afford,
and, above all, in that list of blessings, good health,
live to see the day when the foul stain of Mormon oppression and tyranny shall be effectually checked in
this our happy country, your husband's untimely death
vindicated by the courts and laws of this land, and, after
death, in that Grand Lodge above be re-united to the
partner and companion of your youth.
W. W. DRUMMOND.
xiv 
CONTENTS 
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
Description of the country settled by the Mormons - Soil-Amount
of population - Great Salt Lake - Utah Valley, Mountains....P.  13
CHAPTER II.
Union of civil and religious law -" Theo-Democracy "- Priests
are civil officers -Origin of Mormonism - Persecutions - Colo nizing the mountains-Crickets and Gulls-" Flag of all nations"  23
CHAPTER III.
Spiritual claims and temporal expectations of the Mormons - Ro  man Catholic Church to absorb the Protestant-Sunday exercises. 85
CHAPTER IV.
"' Latter-Day Saints' faith"- Interpretation of theological terms -
The Bible - emendations - Deity, more perfected - Genealogy
of the Gods - Progression of man into Gods - Queens of hea ven -  Sacraments -  Baptism for the dead - Faith -  Gospel  Matter eternal and intelligent -  Birth of Spirits and their pro  bation - Soul-  Death......................................................  89
CHAPTER V.
Interpretation continued -  Original sin and Satan-Tongues-Re
surreztion -  Prophetic time -Priesthoods-Spies- Masonry
Summary comparison of sources -" Hieroglyphics" of Utah....  52
(xv) 
CONTENTS.
CHIAPTER VI.
Kind  dealings  with  strangers-Gold  emigrants- Casuistry "Many wife" system or "Spiritual wives "- Courtship - Power
of the President on marriages- Desertion of sealed wives -
Adoption of families -Profanity- Social life —Brothers' widow
— Rank of wives............................................................... 64,
CHAPTER VII.
Power of the Seer-Submission of disciples-Education and schools
-Justice and Laws of the Lord-Loyalty to the Union- Re  cord of the crimes of nations - Success of Mormonism - Deve  lopement - Lost tribes and four undying witnesses - Generous
policy of the United States Government................................. 78
PART II.
RISE AND EARLY PROGRESS OF MORMONISM.
CHAPTER I.
Rule for testing the truth of Mormonism- Character of the Smiths
- Seer-stone - Revivals - Angelic vision -  Joseph's four years
-_" Money-Digger " -" The Manuscript Found "-Its conversion
into a Golden Bible - Martin Harris ruined- Plan of converting
Jews and Indians, and harmonizing sects of Christians - Found ing the church -  Pratt and Rigdon - Extacies at Kirtland.........
CHAPTER II.
88
Selection of Zion in Jackson County, Missouri - Corner stone -
Tithes declared - First persecution - Kirtland speculations and
Endowments - Settlement in Clay County, Missouri.................. 104
CHAPTER III.
Mormons defy Missouri -  Danites - Missouri war - Expulsion of
the sect and horrors of the exodus - Effect in strengthening Mor
monism.......................................................................... 108
xvi 
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
Nauvoo City - Temple - Aqua - Manner of choosing Missionaries
-" Spiritual wife revelation "- Old Bachelorism in the moun  tains................................................................................ 115
CHAPTER V.
Joseph's views of government -Dissensions in Nauvoo - Martial
law - Imprisonment of leaders - Murder of Joseph and Hyrum
-Character of the Prophet-His genius and policy -Election of
Brigham Young.................................................................. 121
CHAPTER VI.
Mobs continue to annoy - Temple finished and consecrated - Ex  pulsion - Missouri bottom- Battalion of 520 men —March  to
Salt Lake - Journal - Right to their own laws - Anniversary
Pageant- Constitution of the United States........................... 130
CHAPTER VII.
Miracles - Dignity of Labor and Slavery - Proselyting - Land
titles -Indian wars -Utahs -Military post -James Bridger -
Pacific Rail-Road................................................................ 140
CHAPTER VIII.
Mormon treason - Laws - Five causes of breaking up of Mormon  ism- Right of self-government- Character of Mormonism  Chronology........................................................................ 154
xvii  
HISTORY
OF
THE MORMONS.
DOMESTIC POLICY OF THE MORMONS.
CHIIAPTER I.
THEIR COUNTRY.
AMONG the teeming events of the present era, one of the most
remarkable is the formation of a state by a peculiar people, in
the far interior of America, which has assumed the name of
De.s-er-ct, -a mystic word, taken from the Book of Mormon,*
signifying, the Land of the Honey-Bee.
Its present capital and principal settlement is in the valley of
the Great Salt Lake. In this and contiguous vales are the gardens of the mountains, in which the bee and its fostering companion, man, have lately been colonized,.and from which neither
will carry away the stores gathered into the domestic hive. Industrious alike, the sweet bounties of Providence are collected,
* The "Latter-Day Saint-  pretend to derive the word Mormon from
the Gaelic and a branch of Ae Teutonic dialects: compounding it from
Mor, more or great, and from Mon, signifying good, and therefore it
imports-more good, great good. Mormon, mormonos, Greek, signifies
a female spectre, a phantom, a hideous monster.
These two definitions may be deemed to convey the different opinions
of the supporters and opposers of Mormonism.
2                                             (13) 
THIE MORMON COUNTRY.
to be luxuriated upon at home, in all the freedom of their being
and constitution of their nature. This valley is situated midway
between the states of the great Mississippi and the golden empire
rising to life and influence on the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
It is isolated from habitable grounds; having inhospitable tracts
to the north and south, and the untimbered slope of the Rocky
Miountains, nearly a thousand miles wide, on the east, and nearly
a thousand miles of arid salt-deserts on the west, broken up by
frequent ridges of sterile mountains. This fertile tract, therefore, presents itself to us with varied associations, an object of
curious contemplation.
The 3Iormon settlements are in that remarkable depression
styled The Great Basin -a region embraced in the RIocky M3ountain land out of which no waters flow. That Alpine district
extends along the western side of the American continent, covering sixteen degrees of longitude in the Utah latitudes, and is a
succession of nearly parallel mountain ranges, having a north
and south direction. Between these ridges are the valleys, whose
average width may be twenty miles. In some places, the ranges
are abruptly terminated for a space, leaving a gap, termed a
kanyon, or pass, according to the width of the break in the
mountain. These are names given by the trappers, who were
the pioneer white men into those solitudes.
The absence of one or more short ranges, opposite each other,
will occasionally unite several valleys into one. It is through
the kanyons or narrow gorges, with perpendicular sides of rock,
and the still wider passes into the plains between, that remarkably
level routes for travel are found eacross the continent. The "South
Pass" in the great eastern chain, is more than a hundred miles
long, or wide, as it is usual to designate it, and then going west,
you enter the great coal basin through which Green river flows.
A narrower pass is near Bear river, and crossing over a gentle
swell, one enters the Weber river kanyon, and emerging upon the
beautiful Kamnas prairie, that extends to the Timpanogas, the road
lies down its bank into Utah valley.  Here the choice of northern
or southern routes is offered. The troe by the MIary's river is most
14 
TIlE MORMON C(OUNTRY.
followed in summer; but a high pass on the Sierra Nevada has to
be surmounted. The other is south-westerly in direction, across
the Great Basin, and doubles the mountain into the head of the
Tulare valleys, whence the way to San Francisco, or some Pacific
port, is to be selected on feasible and fertile ground.
The Great Basin is that high level, over four thousand feet
above the ocean, between the Nevada and Wahsatch ranges. It
is a desert in character, with some fertile strips flanking the bases
of the highest ridges.  This vast region  is mountainous;  the
ranges generally from two to three thousand feet high, and parallel
with the main ones on the sides, with some partial cross ridges
that form minor basins.  In the interior, therefore, fresh water
becomes scarce, for these hills do not collect sufficient snow in
winter, the only wet season, to furnish irrigating streams, and
fertilize the bench of alluvion at their base, or water the plains
between; and the consequence follows that these tracts are parched
and arid, and frequently so impregnated with alkali as to make
them unfit for vegetable life. Artemisias and Salicornias contend
for a miserable existence on portions of the plains; and bunch
grass furnishes -grazing on the hill-sides for antelope and deer.
There is not properly a "rim," or continuous mountain, particularly on the north; but a "divide" between the parallel ranges,
which is sometimes a swamp, out of which the waters flow in
contrary directions; and the position of this feature may be
observed, on the map of the Great Valley, to the west of Bear
river. This interior basin is about five hundred miles in diameter
either way, and in the eastern part have the Mormons settled.
Along the western foot of the Wahsatch range, for three
hundred miles, is a strip of alluvion, from one to two miles in
width,-and, in the valley of the Jordan, this is widened by what
can be reclaimed by irrigating from its waters; and the spots similarly situated, in other valleys, furnish the only land suited to
cultivation in the Utah Territory. This arises from the want of
rain during the growing season; and water for the crops is only to
be procured from the numerous streams that flow down the mountain gorges, fed during the spring, and into midsummer, by the
15 
THE MORiMON COUNTRY.
mel ting snows.   The  higher mountains  retain  the snow, and
irrigate the bases the longest time, and where the streams cannot
be taken at the kanyon mouths, and led off for the farmer's use,
the ground is lost to the plough. Most of these creeks are
absorbed in the porous alluvion before they have reached a mile
from the base, and frequently re-appear in very diminished
quantity in springs, at too low a level for use, in the arid plain
that borders the salt pools or lakes.  The land around Salt Lake
is flat, and rises imperceptibly on the south and west for several
miles, where it is not broken up by the abrupt hills, and is a
soft and sandy barren, irreclaimable  for agricultural purposes.
On the north the tract is narrow, and the springs bursting out
near the surface of the water, the grounds cannot be irrigated;
but the eastern side, above the line of overflow when the lake
rises with the spring freshets, is fertile and cultivated between the
mountain and shore.
On the south of the lake, and above the alkaline barrens, lie
the more fertile valleys of the Jordan and Tuilla, separated by the
Oquirrh Mountain; and these are divided from the plains which
lie to the south, between the same ranges, by the Traverse Mountain, which is a cross ridge, diminishing in height to the westward.
HIere is fine grazing during the entire year, and the east of Jordan
Valley is watered by bold streams that traverse a strip of alluvion
twenty miles long by eight in width, to the banks of the Jordan.
This great stream rushes with a foaming torrent through the
kanyon cut in the cross range, and descends about one hundred
feet in a distance of two miles, where the current becomes more
gentle and winding, to the great lake below. The banks are
steep and high, immediately below the kanyon, but gradually
retreat and slope away to the Oquirrh hills, and a canal can easily
be carried on the level of the kanyon, winding on a curve to
Spring Point, twenty miles from the city. The chalky waters of
the Jordan can be used for irrigating eighty additional square
miles in the valley, and furnish water-power very accessible, and
to any required extent, for milling, machinery, or manufactures.
Ascending the Traverse range, a beautiful panorama of lake,
16 
TIIE MORMION COUNTRY
plain, and river, embosomed with lofty and romantic mountains,
bursts upon the view.  Here is the lovely Utah  Lake  and its
winding outlet;  and the Timpanogas, with  four other rivers,
fringed with cottonwoods, a sight so seldom seen in these regions,
and, by contrast, enchanting.  All the valley on the east side of
the lake is fertile, and the waters throughout fresh and sparkling,
as they rapidly descend to the quiet reservoir.
The valleys afford perennial pasturage, but the hill-sides furnish
the bunch grass only during the warm months of the year. It
seeds in summier, and is germinated by the autumnal rains, and
grows under the snowy covering of winter.   In the spring, as the
snow-line retreats up the slope, under the melting influence of the
approaching sun, the cattle and wild grazing animals follow it to
the mountain peaks until midsummer, to be driven down again as
the accumulating snow, beginning on the summits about the
equinox, descends in a few weeks to the base. When it rains on
the valleys, the snow falls on the mountains, and, during winter,
an immense quantity is drifted into the kanyons and passes, to the
depth sometimes of hundreds of feet, blocking up the roads, and
making prisoners at home, those who sojourn in those solitudes.
The-difficulty in procuring fencing materials, has caused  the
fields to be left imperfectly enclosed, and slightly protected; and it
becomes necessary to set the youth to attend the cattle during the
day, and drive them to the corrals, or fenced yards, at night.
this position of these two descriptions of land, the cultivated and
the waste, renders the people there residing, equally a pastoral
and an agricultural community.   All the cultivated lands, that is,
those brought under irrigation, can be allotted to raising cereals
and vegetables.  The  flocks  and herds driven  to the hills in
summer, and fed upon the plains in winter, will furnish one half
the provisions required to sustain the population that can be
accommodated on the cultivated belt between the pastures.   The
soil, in its mineral composition, is of the most fertile description,
having been formed out of disintegrated feldspathic roeeks of the
summits, and mixed with the debris and decomposed limestones
from the lower altitudes.   As many as sixty bushels of wheat are
2*
II " 
TilE?,ORMON COU.NTRY.
usually grown to the acre, and when strict regard has been paid to
watering the crops, a greater yield has been given, and, in one
instance, a hundred and eighty fold was reaped from the drilling
of one bushel upon three acres; and the average of sustenance
from root crops is more abundant still.  The potato grows luxuriantly, and of a delightful quality, and the sugar-beet attains to
an enormous size, from which good molasses is manufactured; and
the attempt will soon be made to extract sugar from the same, to
supply the demands of the market.
In order to estimate the probable amount of population which
can well be sustained in the territory, we may safely rely on an
equivalent of two thousand pounds of flour to the acre of the
plowed lands, and, drawing the meat part of the ration, or one
half, from the herds fed elsewhere, there could be fed four thousand persons on the square mile.  Such a density of inhabitants
it can hardly be supposed will ever be attained there; but,
modified by the peculiar circumstances of the case, and social
character of the people, and giving a far less amount to the mile,
we may calculate that the territory of Utah will maintain, with
ease, a' million of inhabitants.  Stretching southward from the
point we have been noticing, and passing over the rim of the
Great Basin into a cotton-growing region, and where it is contemplated to try the sugar-cane; having abundant iron mines every
where in its whole extent, and inexhaustible beds of coal in the
Green River Basin-with hill pastures, the finest in the world for
sheep and wool raising- with water-power for manufactures on
every considerable stream- there are elements for a great and
powerful mountain nation; and the part such a force could play
toward those on either side is not an insignificant one for our
consideration.
There are three salt lakes in Central Utah; the greatest of
them surrounded with romantic scenery, and invested with interest
by many a legend among the early discoverers and mountain
trappers.   The water is perfectly saturated with salt, and so dense
that persons float, corklike, on its waves, or stand suspended with
ease, with the shoulders exposed above the surface.
18 
TIlE MORMI,ON COUNTRIY.
The shores of its bays in summer are lined with the skleletons
and larvae of insects, and the few fish that venture too far filom
the mouths of the rivers; and these form banks that fester and
ferment, emitting sulphurous gases, offensive to the smell, but not
supposed deleterious to health; and these, often dispersed by
storms, are at last thrown far up the beach to dry into hard cakes
of various dimensions, on which horses can travel without breaking themn through; the underside being moist, the masses are
slippery and insecure.  The salt-boilers affirm  that they obtain
two measures of salt from three of the brine, and they  have
christened this sheet of water, which is seventy miles long, with
the name of the "Great Briny Shallow."   There  are several
beautiful islands enclosed, two of them of considerable magnitude,
with a mountain ridge through the centre two thousand feet high,
and fresh springs of water, which have caused themn to be selected
by the shepherds and herdsmen for their occupation.   The silence
that surrounds one when standing on these islands, and having an
unobstructed view of every part of the vast expanse, is very
impressive; and as he floats on the surface of the waves, the eye
traces several terraces around the contour of the islands, and along
the adjacent mountains, on the whole circumference parallel with
the horizon; and they seem to indicate that these have once been
the borders of a mighty inland sea, whose waters retired suddenly
to certain distances, by regular upheavings of the land, or equal
outbreaks, to a lower level.  Three principal terraces, each retreating about fifty feet above the other, may be counted; and their
exact planes and magnitude show the comparison of the works of
nature with the feeble imitations of'man, in beauty, sublimity,
and permanence.
At the base of the hills, around the lake, issue numerous warm
springs, that collect in pools and smaller lakes; inviting aquatic
fowl, during the winter, to resort -to their agreeable temperature,
and where insect larva furnishes food at all times; and the soil is
so heated that snow cannot lie in their vicinity.   In some places
springs of different temperatures are in close proximity, some so
hot that the hand cannot be thrust into them without pain; and
19 
THE MIORMON COUNTRY.
near the Bear is a depression, in which issue three fountains
between the strata, within a space of thirty feet; of which one is
a hot sulphur, the next tepid and salt, and the uppermost, cool,
delicious drinking water-the three currents unite, and flow off
through the plain, a large and bold river. There are also warmn
"breathing" or gas-intermitting fountains, chalybeate and gypsum
springs, of high and low temperatures. Those in the vicinity of
the city have been arranged into delightful bathing reservoirs and
bath-houses, out of the tithing fund, to which all are counselled
to resort for cleanliness and health, at so small a charge, that it
becomes a public luxury, safe and beneficial. It is a refreshing
and delightful sport to bathe in the Salt Lake, but on emerging,
the person is completely frosted over in purest white, and a fresh
spring is a necessary appendage-it may be called the whitewashing ewer, applicable to the body if not the character.
Wild game abounds for the table, in the antelope, deer, and
feathered tribes-the bear, panther, and smaller animals of prey,
for the adventurous sportsman, range through hill, valley, and
desert; and the angler can choose his fish, either in the swift
torrents of the kanyons, where the trout delights to live, or in the
calmer currents on the plains, where he will find abundance of the
pike, the perch, the bass, and the chub. Along the brackish
streams, from the saline springs, grows a thick tangled grass, and
the marshy flats are covered with fine reeds or dense festucas. In
early summer the shepherd lads fill their baskets with the eggs
deposited in that cover by the goose, the duck, the curlew, and
plover; or, taking a skiff, they can row to the Salt Lake islands,
and freight to the water's edge with those layed for successive
broods by the gull, the pelican, the blue heron, the crane, and the
brandt.
Every day of the year has a different landscape for the eye, in
the variety of light and shade cast by the sun, as he approaches
toward, and recedes from, those frowning cliffls and snow-clad
peaks-and the different coloured garb of the seasons, nature's
change of fashions, so much imitated by the lovers of dress, on
whim  her lessons are not bestowed  in vain, comes  to aid in
,)o 
THE MORMON COUN'RY.
breaking up the monotony.   On the south-east rises the lofty head
of the Lone Pealk, with double buttressed pillars on the summit,
that look like an open portal to giant chambers in the clouds; and
not far off, on the north, stand the Twin Peaks, side by side, like
conjugal partners hesitating awhile on earth, before they pass
through this inviting door to mansions amid the stars. When
these barren masses of grey rock are viewed near at hand, the
mind labors under its load of sublimity, grandeur, and awe -but
when standing on some distant eminence, the eye seems to grasp
the infinite before it, and distance softens the harsh outlines into
wavy curves, with closing vistas between, lost in the horizon's
edge; the senses become enraptured for awhile with vastness and
beauty combined; but soon there comes welling up from tho
depths of the soul the feeling that something still is wanting, and
coldness, sterility, and vacuity broods over the landscape. The
full charm is not there-for the accessories of art spring not forth
to make an agreeable variety, nor the forest-trees pointing to the
skies, under whose shady retreats the weary of earth may contemplate their destiny.
Hidden away in the profound chasms and along the streams
whose beds are deeply worn in the mountain sides are the cedar,
pine dwarf-maple, and occasionally oak, where the inhabitants of
the vale seek their fuel and building-timber, making journeys to
obtain these necessaries from twenty to forty miles from their
abodes.
The more exposed parts of the country are annually run over
by the fires set by the Indians to kill and roast the crickets which
they gather in summer for winter food.  These fires ascend the
furzy hill-sides and penetrate the forest kanyons - anid it is a
beautiful but melancholy sight to see the withered vegetation swept
away by the curling flames as they leap up the cliffs, lighting up
at night the surrounding country with fitful splendours. One of the
strenuous efforts making to improve the country, is to arrest this
destructive process and convert the prairies into desirable woodlands
The atmosphere of the valley is light, and breathing is a real
luxury. The view being so unobstructed, an idea is prevalent that
21 
THE MORMON COUNTRY.
small objects can be seen at great distances distinctly, and so'le
have asserted that a man could be noticed at fifty or a hundred
miles.  This is erroneous.  In winter, if snow covers the ground,
and the cold air is free from moisture, a dark object shows very
far: -but in summer the atmosphere is filled with clouds of floating insects that give a bluish haze, and make it a labor for the
eye to use telescopes for geodetic purposes, and astronomical observations on the sun are very imperfect.   On the barren plains and
the arid valleys, after the dry season has a little advanced, the mirage will take up objects and distort them in the most fantastic
manner; trees, rocks like houses, artemisia patches, and the white
alkaline efflorescing flats, will seem to vibrate and pass before you
like a panorama of garden groves, with beautiful parterres and
pleasure-loving lakes and castellated  mansions:-a small stick
close at hand will start up an immense giant at a distance; and
far off things mock you with their retreatings as you endeavor to
reach them; thinking that a few minutes may britg you  to the
landmarks or a pool of fresh water; and when hours of weary
travel have elapsed, your disappointment is complete as they sink
out of sight beneath the horizon above which refraction has raised
them. Sometimes a man walking alone, will be multiplied into a
troop marching with beautiful military exactness, and a few horsemen riding in a disorderly manner converted into a troop performing
various evolutions; and where then is reason to apprehend that
enemies are near, there imagination lends a fearful aid to magnify
the picture, and you must be careful to take the description of a
mountain guide with its due share of exaggeration.
At the mouth of the kanyons the'breezes at night are ever fresh
and strong: they issue into the valley and are occasioned by descending currents of air, cooled on the higher peaks and summits
behind, and blow like the stream from a funnel; which makes the
residence near those openings in summer a safe retreat from the
attacks of the universal mosquito,  and the  "sand flies"  or
"b ruls " that in unprotected places annoy the denizens.
22 
CHAPTER II.
CIVIL AND THEOCRATICAL CHARACTER.
SUCII then is the general appearance of the country settled by thu
Mormons, and for a minute description, I beg leave to refer to the
able report of the Surveying Expedition by Capt. H.- Stansbury
laid before Congress. But the peculiar character of the founders
of Deseret, their energy, union and hopes, stimulated by their religious views, more especially demand our notice; and this subject
is equally interesting to the politician, the philosopher, and the
theologian. We found them, in 1849, organized into a state with
all the order of legislative, judicial, and executive offices regularly
filled, under a constitution eminently republican in sentiment, and
tolerant in religion; and though the authority of Congress has not
yet sanctioned this form of government, presented and petitioned
for, they proceed quietly with all the routine of an organized selfgoverning people, under the title of a Territory;- being satisfied
to abide their time, in accession of strength by numbers, when they
may be deemed fit to take a sovereign position; being contented
so long as allowed to enjoy the substance, under the shadow of a
name. They lay and collect taxes, raise and equip troops for protection, in full sovereignty, on the soil they helped to conquer first,
and subdue to use afterward.
While professing a complete divorce of church and state, their
political character and administration is made subservient to the
theocratical or religious element.   They delight to call their system of government, a "Theo-Democracy;" and that, in a civil
capacity, they stand as the Israelites of old under Moses. For the
rule of those not fully imbued with the spirit of obedience, and
sojourners not of the faith, as well as for things purely temporal, tribunals of justice, and law-making assemblies, are at present rendered necessary. But the rules and regulations vouchsafed from
(23) 
24   CIV1L AND THEOCRATICAL CHARACTER.
the throne of Heaven are fixed and unchangeable, which have
preceded all present necessities, and by them are they guided in
the manner of providing for, and executing temporal affairs: - so
that those holding the revelations of God's Will, are the ones
who make laws according to Truth, and the rulers or executors are
clothed in Righteousness, and the end is Peace.   In fact, their
President of the church is the temporal civil governor, because he
is the Seer of the Lord, and rules in virtue of that prophetic right
over the home and Catholic "Latter-Day Saints of the Church of
Jesus Christ," usually styled the Mormons. And should one be
assigned to them, not of their creed, or other than their chief, he
would find himself without occupation. He probably would be
received with all due courtesy as a distinguished personage, cordially received in social intercourse so long as his demeanor pleased
the influential members and people:-  but as Governor- to use
their own expressive phrase,-" he would be let severely alone."
Were he to convoke an assembly, and order an election, no attention would be paid to it, and he would be subjected to the mortification of seeing a legislature, chosen at a different time, enacting
statutes; or else the old ones continued, and those laws enforced
and the cases arising from their conflict adjudicated, by the present
tribunals of justice, under their own judges. This certainly has
been proclaimed as their determlned policy, though there might
arise circumstances that would cause them to dissemble for a time;
and the peaceful character of the people would be assigned as the
reason why no other burden was thrown upon foreign functionaries
than the labor of drawing their salaries from the distant treasury.
The dignity and the form of courts might easily obtain, to which
Gentile sojourners or emigrants could resort, but the members of
the Latter-Day Church would know nothing about them; their
causes are to be settled in the church and not go to law out of it.
The church is the court for doctrinal error -for other offences
they have the statutes of Deseret, and what they call "Common
Mountain Law."
For, among themselves, all disputes are to be settled under a
"church" organization, to which is attached the civil jurisdiction, 
CIVIL AND THEOCRATICAL CHIARACTER.
with officers, from the inferior justice of the peace  up to the
Governor. But the justice is a Bishop of a ward in the city or
precinct of the town or county; the Judges on the bench of the
superior courts are constituted from the High Priests, from the
quorums of seventies, or from the college of the Apostles; and
the Seer is the highest ruler and consulting Judge. A double
name is therefore required, by which the same persons execute the
functions in their different official capacities, according as they
relate to prescribed civil or spiritual matters, except on opinions,
or purity of faith. Even the legislature can make no law upon,
or regulating what is given in "Revelations" to the prophet, only
so far as is necessary to carry them into effect in social transactions.
The entire management is under the Presidency, which consists
of three persons, the Seer and two counsellors. It is this board
that governs their universal church; called universal because they
claim to have preached in almost every nation, and in the United
States in each congressional district; and have gathered societies
called "Stakes of Zion," arranged on the model of their home
assembly, on the islands of the ocean and either continent- and
all are to obey the Presidency; at home in all things, and abroad
in spiritual things, independent of every consideration- and the
converts are commanded "to gather, gather, gather to the mountains," as fast as convenient and compatible with their character
and situation. They have made an exception in favor of the
Pacific islanders, of whom they claim to have many thousands,
whose effeminacy and habits unfit them for the labors and rugged
climate of the rocky land; to whom several American families
have been sent, to reside among and superintend them.
The number of inhabitants in the mountains has been greatly
over-estimated, but there are probably in Utah and on the frontiers
of the states, ready to move up the coming year, about thirty
thousand; and the number is fast increasing by the influx from
England, Wales, and from the continent of Europe; every possible effort is made to bring up the emigrants, and swell the
numerical strength to a position that can demand the independent
3
25 
26        CIVIL AND THEOCRATICAL CHARACTER.
place of a state in the Union- great inducement is held out, by
guaranteeing wages for a fixed term of years to all superior and
practical workmen in textile fabrics, in cutlery and machinery,
no matter what shall be their religious belief.
ORIGIN OF THE MORMON CHURCH.
This people are there under assumed prophetic direction, and it
is not amiss to glance at their origin, and the means by which this
late desert and solitary wilderness is now blossoming under the
hand of this peaceful, industrious, and harmonious community.
The founder of the Mormon Sect was Joseph Smith, a native
of Vermont, who emigrated when quite young in his father's
family to Western New-York. According to his autobiography,
published in a series of letters, he was of a religious turn of mind,
and, when seventeen years of age, became greatly interested in the
"revivals of religion," often occurring among the "denominations"
in that section of country. In one of these times his feelings
were so powerfully wrought upon that he gave himself up to continued prayer for some days- and meditating still at night, he at
length arose while all the family were hushed in sleep, and poured
forth his soul, "agonizing" to have made known to him the truth,
among the conflicting opinions he heard by the various sects. His
apartment became suddenly illuminated, and an angel appeared
and conversed familiarly with him, and instructed him in the way
of righteousness; informing him also that there was no true
church upon the earth. The doctrine taught on this point is, that
the church which was once established, had fallen under the rule
given by the prophet, and had "changed the ordinances," " broken
the everlasting covenant," and "corrupted the faith;" for which
cause it was removed from earth-or, in their figurative expression,
"the man child was caught up into heaven," which means that
the priesthood was taken away fifteen hundred years ago.  And
Joseph was told that his prayers were heard and registered in
the books on high, and that, being dearly beloved of the Lord,
he should be commissioned a priest after the order of Melchisedek, 
CIVIL AND TIIEOCRATICAL CHARACTER.
and restore that line among men, organizing a church of faithful
persons, to receive the Lord in the Millennium, which time should
be hastened according to their degree of mighty faith, for he was
determined "to cut the work short in righteousness." In after
visits he was further instructed that "truth should spring out of
the earth"-(Ps.)-and that, accordingly, he should be conducted
to the hill Cumorra, in Palmyra, New York, and receive from out
the ground holy and prophetic records concerning a family of
Jews that emigrated from Jerusalem in the time of Zedekiah,
and were miraculously led to America, across the eastern ocean.
On being guided to the spot, he found a square stone box,
eight inches high, covered with a slab, cemented upon it; and
made repeated trials to open it.  He  was struck back  by an
invisible blow, and informed, in answer to his earnest prayer, that
the want of success was owing to his listening to the suggestions
of Satan, who had walked at his elbow on the way, and had made
him resolve to make use of the golden plates on which the records
were engraved, as well as the contents when published, to advance
his temporal fortunes. This was sin-to think he should become
famous was unholy ambition; that he should be rich and powerful
thereby, was avarice.
But, on sincere repentance and submission, four years after, the
contents of the box were shown to him, the angel opening it;
which consisted of the "Sword of Laban," brought from Jerusalem, a breastplate and two stones, "bright and shining," and
golden plates engraved with characters, and united at the backs
by rings. A portion of the records was received, constituting the
Book of Mormon, in which are depicted, much in the style of the
Bible Chronicles, the various fortunes of the four brothers of the
emigrating family, and of their descendants- how some tribes
were evil in their practices, despising reproof, and became cursed
with a dark skin and loathsome habits, and were made scourges to
others when falling away from the truth- the sayings, teachings,
and warnings of their prophets, who foretold by name the advent
of the Savior of the world-the organization among  the purer
people on this continent, of a church by Christ, who came down
27 
28         CIVIL AND THEOCRATICAL CHIIARACTER.
to them after his ascension at Jerusalem, and gave them his gospel
nearly in the words of the Sermon on the Mount, and how that
for apostasy these Christians were finally destroyed by the Gadianton robbers and the red men -the last prophet, Moroni by name,
sealing up the Records, and depositing them, with the sword,
TJrim and Thummimn, and breastplate, at Cumorah, there to remain
until "the fullness of time" should demand their exhumation;
and which should be brought forth, "by way of Gentile," for the
"convincing of both Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ,"
(See Preface, B. Mlormon.)
The restoring angel was the spirit of this same Moroni, the son
of Mormon the Seer, who had made a compendium of the holy
writings and delivered them to him; and Joseph, now constituted
the Seer, by means of the Urim and Thummim, placed in a bow
and looked through upon the plates, began their translation, and
preached the news of his important mission. A convert, named
Cowdery, baptized him, it being so commanded by the angel, in
order that a beginning should be made; and the prophet then
baptized his convert.  At this ceremony in the woods of Pennsylvania, in the clear Susquehannah, or one of its branches, there
were present, to approve of this necessity, and by their sanctions
remit irregularity, the angels or spirits of Moses and Elias of the
old dispensation; as also Peter, James, and John of the new.*
In 1830 the first organization was made in Manchester, New
York, and that is the Epoch of the New Church of the LatterDay Saints. Revelations were made to Joseph, and certain men
were designated by the revelator for missionary labor, and converts
increased; or, as one of the members of that day, and an apostle
now, said, "the word of the Lord greatly grew and magnified,
and many were obedient to the faith" -and soon we find that at
Kirtland, Ohio, a temple was in process of building.
But, for certain reasons, hereafter to be developed, this place
was abandoned, and a spot designated by revelation in Missouri,
was declared to be intended for them, as their inheritance-  for
* Book Doc. and Cov. 27. 
PERPSECUTIONS.
there was the New Jerusalem to be built by the saints, after a
pattern sent down from  heaven, and upon the  spot where the
garden of Eden bloomed, and Adam was formed."   The altar on
which Adam did sacrifice, was shown to Joseph, at least some of
the stones of which it was built; and, on the north side of the
river, a city was located in the place where Adam blessed his
children.
In that state, cruel persecutions followed -driven from Zion,
they took refuge in adjoining counties- and again crimes of a
dark dye were alleged against them; the leaders were imprisoned
for treason, and they aver that in one jail they were furnished
with human flesh for food: the flesh of their own slaughtered
comrades. They suffered greatly; and finally, expelled by force of
law and the mob, they took refuge in Illinois, and began the
building of a temple in the city of Nauvoo; a city which in a
few years had twenty thousand inhabitants. But, though caressed
for a time,  they fell under  suspicion, as  they allege, most
unjustly, on account of the flocking in of horse-thieves and
counterfeiters, who carried on secretly their nefarious plans, as in
other towns; and all the crimes committed in the country around
were maliciously attributed to them. It ended in the murder of
Joseph, the Seer, and Hyrum, the Patriarch, by the mob at
Carthage jail, in 1844, and the re-organization of the major part
of the society, under Brigham Young, as the Lord's Prophet and
Seer to the saints, to receive the revelations for them in a church
capacity, with the title of First President.
A temporary lull ensued in the tempest of persecution, but the
storm gathered force again.  Such threats were made, that it was
necessary to seek another home. A prophecy having been made
by the present venerable patriarch, and the uncle of the late seer,
that they must retire to the wilderness and endure perils and tribulations for a time, before their final triumph over their foes, a
delegation was dispatched to the mountains; and Salt Lake Vulley was selected, in the far-off California of Mexico, as a resting
place.
3*
og 
COLON1SI1(NG.
SETTLING SALT LAKE VALLEYS.
Under the conduct of "Brigham the Seer" a colony of 4000
persons was planted there in 1847; -the Presidency arrived on
the 24th of July, which day was one of joy and gladness, and its
anniversaries are to be held in great esteem, and celebrated with
rejoicings evermore. In five days a large tract was ploughed,
planted with potatoes, and the city-creek dammed, and irrigating
ditches filled; and the spot on which they first rested being the
most eligible site in the valley, a city was immediately laid out.
A fort enclosing about forty acres, was built, by facing log-houses
inward, and picketing four gateways on each side of the square,
making a line nearly a mile and a half in length- the timber being hauled several miles, and cut in the distant kanyons.
The land was consecrated by solemn ceremonies to the Lord and
his saints, and a permanent location made on territory, to which
none of the wandering tribes of Indians could show a title, which
they thought of such validity, that they ought to purchase it, or
make remuneration to them for its occupancy.
During the following year, every month was so mild that they
ploughed and sowed in each,-but though the winter was a-spicious and all things so favorable, they were so reduced in provisions
as to eat the hides of the slaughtered animals, and eagerly searched
them out of the ditches, and tore them from the roofs of the
houses, to boil them for the table, and they dug side by side with
the miserable Utes for the wild roots used by them for food. But
the most formidable enemy they had to contend with, as the crops
were nearing maturity, was the army of black, ungainly crickets
-"a frightful bug," as a Liverpool sojourner called it when first
he saw one: - which, descending from the mountain-sides, destroyed every green herb in their way. In vain did the sorrowful farmers surround their fields with trenches, and fill them with water;
the black host, leaping in, floated over, and with wonderful instinct,
kept on the course of march, and mounting up the wheat-stalk,
would cut it off at the curve which was bent by the weight of the
fruit more precious than golden seeds.  Whole families might be
30 
TIlE WHITE GULLS,
seen standing guard, with branches and boards in their hands, uttering icud shouts, and endeavoring to turn back and beat off the
invaders. In some instances, they succeeded in changing the direction of the march along the streams, and destroyed many in the
waters, but it was only a partial relief on a few points of attack.
But better defenders soon came to their aid.  These were the
most beautiful birds of the valley, the glossy white gulls, with
bright red beaks and feet; dovelike in form and motion, with plumage of downy texture and softness. After the first moulting of the
crickets, they came in flocks to feast on the banquet which was so
bountifully spread for their reception. In early dawn, they rise
from the nesting islands of the Great Lake and gliding through
the air, gracefully alight on the smooth and gentle slopes at the
last of the terraces at the mountains' base, and feast the livelong
day.
Luxurious like their Roman prototypes, when filled to satiety,
they disgorge the meal, and return with renewed appetites to the
plentiful repast; and just as the sun touches the highest mountainpeaks in the ranges of the Great Salt Desert to the West, they
expand their long wings, and soar away in countless multitudes to
their insular retreats, secure from molestation. A few vigilant sen tinels pass to and fro during the day, watchful of the callow
young; caring for their wants, and conveying intelligence seemingly
to the old and the young, at home and abroad, that " all's well."
Since that season, the crops of the MIormons have amply met their
wants; protection to their fields is more perfect, and the assiduous
gulls continue their annual visit, which at first was supposed mirac ulous; and for the three past years there has been a surplus of
food, which was sold to the gold emigrants at a less price than at
fort Laramie, four hundred miles nearer the States.
Their admirable system of combining labor, while each has his
own property, in land and tenements, and the proceeds of his in dustry, the skill in dividing off the lands, and conducting the irri gating canals to supply the want of water, which rarely falls be tween April and October,-the cheerful manner in which every
one applies himself industriously, but not laboriously: -the com.
31 
MORMION EXTENSION.
plete reign of good neighborhood and quiet in house and fields,
form themes for admiration to the stranger coming from the dark
and sterile recesses of the mountain gorges into this flourishing
valley: - and he is struck with wonder at the immense results,
produced in so short a time by a handful of individuals.
This is the result of the guidance of all those hands by one
master mind; and we see a comfortable people residing where,
it is not too much to say, the ordinary mode of subduing and
settling our wild lands could never have been applied.
To accomplish this, there was required religious fervor, with
the flame fanned by the breezes of enthusiasm-the encircling of
bands into the closest union, by the outward pressure of persecution-the high hopes of laying up a prospective reward, and
returning to their deserted homes in great prosperity- the belief
of re-enacting the journey of the Israelitish church under another
lIoses, through the Egypt already passed, to arrive at another
Jerusalem, more heavenly in its origin, and beautiful in its
proportions and decorations.
Single families on that line of travel would have starved or
fallen by the treachery of the Sioux, the cunning of the Crows
and Shoshones, or the hatred of the savage Utahs. Concert and
courage of the best kind were required and brought into the field,
and the result is before us- to their own minds as the direct
blessing and interposition of Providence, to others the natural
reward of associated industry and perseverance.
Four other colonies have branched off from this parent one,
and cities with thickly populated.and rapidly growing suburbs,
extend on a line of two hundred miles, from Box Elder creek on
the north, to the Little Salt Lake on the south, and thence towards
San Diego: at the turn of the Nevada Mountain, a rancho has
been purchased and a station made, soon to be followed by others;
whereby a chain of posts will be established for the convenience
of receiving their emigration by way of a seaport on the Pacific.
The Great Salt Lake City was laid out into squares in 1847;
the streets are one hundred and thirty-two feet wide, with twenty
feet side-walks, and the City creek divided to run along each walk
82 
NEW MORMON SETTLEMENTS.
and water a colonnade of trees, and also to be led into the gardens.
The lots contain each nearly an acre, and face on alternate streets
with eight lots in each block.
The site is on a scarcely perceptible slope, except the northern
part, which rises upon the first natural terrace, and lies in the
angle of the main Wahsatch range, running north and south, and
a giant spur that makes out directly to the west, and terminates one
half mile from the Jordan River. The city is four miles square,
and touches the river bank on the west side. It can be watered
by several creeks, and a canal twelve miles long, to cross three
other streams, is constructed; to bring the Big Cottonwood along
the eastern terrace to the present capital of this new empire.
Forty miles north is Ogden City, beautifully located near the
junction of Ogden and Weber rivers-and sixty miles south is
another plat, soon to be occupied, on the Timpanogos; and thence
one hundred and thirty miles in the same direction, is the city of
Manti, and settlement of the San Pete Valley. Paroan, or Iron
City, so named from the abundance of ore, and facilities for
procuring fuel for their furnaces, is in the valley of the Little
Salt Lake, where it is reported that a much larger body of
irrigable land is found than in that first settled.
In Tuilla Valley, thirty miles west of the temple, is a settle ment; and there are now in successful operation ten saw and five
grist mills, and others erecting in all the newer locations. A
large, commodious state-house was completed in 1850; and a
wooden railway laid to the Red Butte quarries, four miles distant,
for transporting the fine red sandstone to the Temple Block, where
a gorgeous pile is to be erected, which shall surpass in magnificence
any yet built by man, and which shall be second only to that
finally to be constructed by themselves, when the Presidency shall
be installed at the New Jerusalem, on the temple site of Zion.
To the north of Temple Block, and close by, towers up and
overlooks the Temple City, the "Ensign Mound."   It terminates
the great spur, and is conspicuous in approaching the city, from
every quarter.   On  this mountain  peak there  is soon  to  be
unfurled the most magnificent flag ever thrown  to the  breeze,
83 
MORMON PROSPERITY.
constructed out of the banner flags of all peoples. Joined in
symbolical unity, "the flag of all nations" shall wave above the
sacred temple; then shall they verify the decree given by the
Prophet  Isaiah -(ch.  ii. 18, 25.) -  "All ye inhabitants of
the world and dwellers upon earth, see ye, when he lifteth up an
ensign upon the mountains - and he will lift up an ensign to the
nations from far, and will hiss unto them from the end of the
earth - and it shall come to pass in the last days that the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established in the tops of the
mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills, and all nations
shall flow into it."
Their comparative comfort and degree of prosperity is significantly shown by the fact that they canvassed the country, to
ascertain how many inmates there would be for a poor-house, and
finding only two disposed to ask public bounty, they concluded
that it was not yet time to build a house of charity: and this
among the thousands who, three years before, were deprived of
their property, and could, with the utmost difficulty, transport
their families into the valley.
34 
CHAPTER III.
SPIRITUAL CLAIMS OF THE MORMONS.
Sucn then is the outward appearance of this separate people.
But it is not enough in this enquiring age to portray merely their
external condition, and the country they inhabit.
They claim to be "separate and peculiar" on higher and different grounds, than worldly prosperity and human laws;-and
those pretensions, with the consequent action, have called forth
much vain and erroneous speculation, from not fully comprehending the principles which give rise to their conduct, in their relations
to other communities and individuals. The pretension is, that they
constitute the only true Church of God and His Son, and their
hopes-rest upon the expectation of the intervention soon of the
King of Kings, by which, under the guidance of the Spirit, they
shall gather to themselves individually, all who are destined and
prepared to listen to the voice of Truth; and then all the sects of
Christendom will be absorbed into that one most concentrated and
most numerous.
When these two hosts are fairly marshalled, the one under the
banner of the Pope of Rome, and " the'saints" around the "Flag
of all nations," "led by their Seer," wearing the consecrated
breastplate, and flourishing the glittering golden sword of Laban,
delivered him by angelic hands, from their long resting-place; then
shall be fought the great battle, mystically called, of Gog and Magog:-the Lord contending for his people with fire, pestilence,
and famine; and in the end, the earth will become the property
of the Saints, and He will descend from His heavenly throne to
reign over them through a happy Millennium.
(35) 
SPIRITUAL EXPECTATIONS.
During the preparations for those battles, to be more fierce than
man ever yet has fought, the Jews will be erecting another tem ple at the Palestine Jerusalem, on which their long-expected Sa
vior will stand and exhibit Himself in the conquering brightness
that they supposed he would bear at the first appearance, and their
hearts will be bowed as one man to receive Him, with repentant
humility for the past, and glorious joy for the future, and the city
will rise in great magnificence;- and the New Israelites of America will have their head-quarters of the Presidency in Jackson
County, Missouri, where they will build up the New Jerusalem,
the joy of the whole earth; and, at the presence of the Lord of
Majesty, the land which "was divided" in the days of Noah into
continents and islands, shall be "Beulah, married" and become
one entirely as at the original creation,-and, from these two cities,
villas and habitations shall extend in one continuous neighborhood, among which shall prevail entire concord: no one will have
the disposition to rebel or be allowed. to act against the harmony
of the whole.
And there shall be "thrown up," between the two Jerusalems
"the highway on which the lion hath not trod, and which the
eagle's eye hath not seen "-then the temple described by Ezekiel
will be erected in all its particulars for the exercise of the functions
of the two priesthoods,-for the Aaronic, held by the tribe of
Levi, who will return to their duties and renew animal sacrifices;
and for the Melchisedek, the greater priesthood, held by those
commissioned through Joseph the Seer.
At the end of the Millennium, those who have not been sincere
in their obedience to the Lord's reign will be permitted to show their
rebellious spirit a short time under the direction of their captain
Satan; and at last be overwhelmed with destruction from the pre.
sence of the good: -and the Earth, which is believed to be a
creature of life, will be celestialized and gloriously beautified for
the meek and pure in heart.
Such is a summary outline of their claims and expectations, but
the preaching from the pulpit, and extempore teachings, are usually confined to the promulgation of doctrines like those commonly
36 
ROUTINE OF WORSIHIP.
taught by the Christian sects which hold to Faith, Riepentance,
Baptism, and the Resurrection of the Body.
Their mode of conducting worship is to.assemble at a particular
hour, and the senior priest then indicates order by asking a blessing on the congregation and exercises-when a hymn from their
own collection is sung, prayer made extempore, and another sacred song, followed by a sermon from some one previously appointed to preach; which is usually continued by exhortations and
remarks from those who "feel moved upon  to speak."  Then
notices of the arrangement of the tithe labor for the ensuing week,
and information on all secular matters, interesting to thein in a
church capacity, is read by the council clerk, and the congregation
dismissed by a benediction.
While the congregation is assembling and departing from the
house, it is usual for the large and excellent band of music to perform anthems, marches, and waltzes, which drives away all somnbre
feelings, and prepares the mind for the exciting and often eloquent
discourses. As there are a large number of Welsh in the meeings, and many of them not understanding the English language,
a version of the principal discourse is sometimes made to them by
an interpreter, and a Welsh choir will then exhilarate all present
by singing one of their hymns, to one of their charming, wild,
romantic airs.
We will now open up the view of their particular doctrines,
first premising that what is here stated is drawn from the perusal
of some of their accredited books, and heard in their pulpit
preaching-  or obtained  in free conversation with  their wellinstructed and principal men. Nor would I, in the least, wish to
,isrepresent the doctrines themselves, or abuse any confidence of
the friends, whom I feel justified to call such, among them, on
account of their kindness, oftentimes shown in circumstances to
be appreciated. Many points were elicited by direct interrogation,
and others obtained from the oral discourses on the preacher's
stand - and as it was a common thing for the speakers, when not
of the Presidency, to appeal to their superiors, who sat behind
them to correct any thing mistaken for the teaching of the Holy
4
37 
3ITORMON DOCTRINES.
Spirit, through their mouths; all such doctrines wt suppose to be
adopted as true which were suffered to go unrebuked. That most
of this exposition is the constant subject of teaching, we by no
means affirm -as in all Christian sects, it is seldom that abstruse
themes are discussed before a promiscuous audience-the principal
part of this theology is the "strong meat" reserved for those who
have been fed on the milk, as weaker members.
We first introduce an article taken from the paper called the
Frontier Guardian, edited by  Orson  HIyde, of the Apostolic
College, and I believe at the head of it, giving the faith of the
Latter-Day Saints.
38 
CHAPTER IV.
LATTER-DAY SAINTS' FAITH.
"WE believe in God the eternal Father, and his son Jesus
Christ, and in the Holy Ghost.
We believe that muen will be punished for their own sins, and
not for Adam's transgressions.
We believe that through the atonement of Christ all mankind
may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the
Gospel.
We believe that these ordinances are -1st. Faith in the Lord
Jesus Christ: 2d. Repentance: 3d. Baptism by immersion for the
remission of sins:  4th. Laying on of hands for the gift of the
IHoly Spirit: 5th. The Lord's Supper.
We believe that men must be called of God by inspiration, and
by laying on of hands from those who are duly commissioned to
preach the Gospel, and administer in the ordinances thereof.
We believe in'he same organization that existed in the primitive
church, viz: apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, &C.
We believe in the powers and gifts of the everlasting gospel,
viz: the gift of faith, discerning of spirits, prophecy, revelation,
visions, healing, tongues, and the interpretation of tongues, wisdom,
charity, brotherly love, &c.
We believe the word of God recorded in the Bible, we also
believe the word of God recorded in the Book of Mormon, and
in all other good books.
We believe all that God has revealed, all that he does now
reveal, and we believe that he will reveal many more great and
important things pertaining to the kingdom of God and Messiah's
second coming.
(p9) 
FAITH OF THE MIORMONS.
We believe in the literal gathering of Israel, and in the resto.
ration of the ten tribes, that Zion will be established upon the
western continent, that Christ will reign personally upon the earth
a thousand years, and that the earth will be renewed, and receive
its paradisaical glory.
We believe in the literal resurrection of the body, and that the
rest of the dead live not again until the thousand years are
expired.
We claim the privilege of worshipping Almighty God according
to the dictates of our conscience, unmolested, and allow all men
the same privilege, let them worship how or where they may.
We believe in being subject to kings, queens, presidents,
rulers, and magistrates; in obeying, honoring, and sustaining
the law.
We believe in being honest, true, chaste, temperate, benevolent,
virtuous, and upright, and in doing good to all men; indeed, we
may say that we follow the admonition of Paul, we "believe all
things," we  "hope  all things,"  we have endured  very  many
things, and hope to be able to "endure all things."  Every thing
lovely, virtuous, praiseworthy, and of good report, we seek after,
looking forward "to the recompense of reward." But an idle or
lazy person cannot be a Christian, neither have salvation.  He is
a drone, and destined to be stung to death and tumbled out of the
hive."
The books regarded as authoritative with them, and which give
a fuller illustration are- The Book of Mormon - Doctrines and
Covenants - Voice of Warning - The Gospel Reflector - The
Times and Seasons, edited under the eye of the Prophet -The
Millennial Star- and the writings of Joseph the Seer and Parley
P. Pratt, wherever found;  and the  "General  Epistles of the
Presidency in Deseret."
We will not take up this seriatim, but remark, that it is only
when we come to the definition of terms, that the peculiarities of
belief will appear in their theology. They believe in the sacred
character of the Bible, but what interpretations do they give to its
40 
FAITHI OF THIE MORMONS.
pages  -they believe in God, but what is the character assigned
to the Deity? - they adopt the Sacraments, but of what efficacy
and application to Salvation?
Of the Bible it is taught, that in the main we have a correct
translation of that given by Inspiration in the version called King
James';-  but that there have been many interpolations by design
of the corrupters of Christianity, and many misunderstandings of
several passages. These have all been corrected by Joseph the Seer,
to whom was given "the key of all languages,"-or as he says
in The Last Sermon, the one he preached at Nauvoo, and which
was reported by some one and printed after his death, "I know
more than all the world put together, and the Holy Ghost within
me comprehends more than all the world, and I will associate with
it,"- and thus having direct inspiration to do this work, the emendated book is prepared and is soon to be printed. As a specimen
of the alterations on this vital subject, we quote from the same
paper as above; "I will make a comment on the very first sentence of the history of the creation in the Bible.  It first read,
'The head one of the Gods brought forth the Gods.' If you do
not believe it, you do not believe the learned man of God. And
in further explanation it is observed that it means, The Head God
called together the Gods, and sat in grand council. The grand
counsellors sat in yonder heavens, and contemplated the worlds
that were created at that time.'  The Bible is therefore held to be
the foundation book, but instead of taking it in the usual sense,
there must be a certain change of meaning in the most important
point, which will be elaborated when we speak concerning the Deity.  But when it is read, it is to be taken in its most literal sense
and they most pointedly condemn those who spiritualize its contents,
saying that God is honest when he speaks with man, and uses
words in their literal acceptation and' never palters in a double
sense.'" But the Word of God is held to be not confined to this
one Book, and, of others in existence, they take of equal authority
the Book of Mormon, and "Doctrines and Covenants."   The latter is composed of a lecture on Faith in six sections, written by
Rigdon, though published in the name of the Prophet, and several
4*
41 
FAITII OF TIIE MORMONS.
Revelations to the Seer and Revelator; and these books are claimed to be a "three-fold cord" agreeing in sentiment and purpose,
and unfolding the dealings of God toward man and the church
Additional revelations are made from day to day according to thb
exigences of the people and church; and this is assigned as the
reason why they are so far in advance of the Christian world in
spiritual, heavenly knowledge, and causes them to sneer upon all
who adhere alone to the old revelations, and to pity them for their
blindness and ignorance. " A flood of light has poured into their
souls and raised them to a view of the glorious things above "and Development may be called the distinguishing feature of their
church. The Rock on which the church is founded is by them
declared to be Revelation.  And it was on what "had been revealed to Peter" that the church was to rest: -in other words
we may state their doctrine to be, that Revelation, which is now
with them, is the Rock of the Church of Christ.
"Thus saith the Lord * * * * * my son thou art blessed
henceforth, that bear the keys of the kingdom given unto you"" verily I say unto you, the keys of this kingdom shall never be
taken from you, while thou art in the world"-" And * * I give
uinto you a commandment, that you continue in the ministry and
Presidency, and when you have finished the translation of the
prophets you shall from henceforth preside over the affairs of the
church and the schools, and from time to time, as shall be manifest
from the Comforter, receive revelations to unfold the mysteries of
the kingdom, and set in order, and study and learn and become
acquainted with all good books, and with languages, tongues, and
people." This extract from the Revelation given in 1833 and
found in the Book of Covenants, page 329, is here inserted to
show the character of such heavenly communications and authority
for my statements.  They will allow that their Revelations are
contradictory to each other, but that is explained by the different
" circumstances" under which they are given; "heaven's governnment is conducted on the principle of adapting revelation to the
varied circumstances of the children of the kingdom."
42 
FAITII OF T'IiE MIORMONS,
DEITY.
Lct us now return to the consideration of the article first named
in the Latter-Day Saints' Faith concerning the Deity.  The Supreme Hierarchy that is worshipped and invoked is a Trinity or
rather a duality of Persons.
"God the Father," is held to be a man perfected: but so far
advanced in the attributes of his nature, his faith, intelligence and
power, that in comparison with us, Hle may be called The Infinite.
The "Son, Jesus Christ," is the offspring of the Father by the
Virgin Mary. The eternal Father came to the earth, and wooed
and won her to be the wife of his bosom. Hle sent his heraldangel Gabriel to announce espousals of marriage, and the Bridegroom and bride met on the plains of Palestine, and the Holy
Babe that was born was the " tabernacle" prepared for and assumed by the Spirit-Son, and that now constitutes a God.
"The Holy Ghost" is the concomitant will of both The Father
and The Son; the one mind possessed and acting in each, which
produces universal harmony of thought, wisdom, and being,
throughout their dominions. The Spirit differs from the Father
and Son, in being merely a Spiritual Soul or Existence, which has
never taken a tabernacle, that is, a material body as the Gods have,
and has not therefore died, after passing the period of probation,
and thence through the Resurrection to perfection.
In this statement I have endeavoured to give their true teaching, and do not intend to criticise or explain any apparent contradictions. The authority for the first two propositions is found in
the Last Sermon of their great prophet, which relieves me, in a
measure from the pain of stating them,- but facts and principles
are here involved on which the candor and judgment of the reader
must be exercised.  AThat is influencing the life.-philosophy of
hundreds of thousands is not a thing of slight importance, or to
be misstated with impunity.
"First, God himself, who sits enthroned in yonder heavens, is
a man like unto one of yourselves, that is the great secret.  If
the vail was rent to-day, and the great God who holds this world
in its orbit, and upholds all things by his power, if you were to
43 
FAITH OF THIE MORMIONS.
see him to-day, you would see him in all the person, image, and
very form as a man; for Adam was created in the very fashion
and image of God; Adam received instruction, walked, talked.
and conversed with him, as one man talks and communes with
another." *   *  "I am going to tell you how God came to be
God. God himself, the Father of us all, dwelt on an earth, the
same as Jesus Christ himself did, and I will show it from the
Bible. Jesus said, as the Father hath power in himself, even so
hath the Son power; to do what? why, what the Father did, that
answer is obvious: in a manner to lay down his body and take it
up again. Jesus, what are you going to do?- To lay down my
life as my Father did, and take it up again."
There is a quotation extant fromn the author of the "Voice of
Warning," to the effect that "we worship a God who hath both
body and parts; who has eyes, mouth, and ears, and who speaks
when, and to whom he pleases-who is just as good at mechanical
inventions as at any other business."
But we are referred by their teachers to the Apocalypse, where
it is written of the redeemer:  "And hath made us kings and
priests unto God and his Father;" and to the Apostle that said,
"there are gods many and lords many," to prove that the Father
had " his Father," and they talk boldly of the grandfather, great grandfather of God, thus tracing back almost ad infnitumn to the
"Head God, that called the grand council together when  the
worlds came rolling into existence." We, however, have only to
limit our worship, and obey our Heavenly Father and His Son,
who are revealed to us by the Spirit; and "when we know how
to come to him, he is ready to come to us and unfold the heavens
to our knowledge."   The  Son  (when  a spirit) took of the
unformed "chaotic matter; element which had an existence from
the time God had, and in which dwells all the glory," and formed
our earth and the planetary world, peopled, and has redeemed it.
He is to be worshipped as Lord of all, and heir of the Father in
power, creation, and dominion.  "What did Jesus do?-why, I do
the things that I saw my Father do when worlds came rolling
intc existence-I saw my Father work out his kingdom  with
44 
FAITH OF THIE MORMONS.
fear and treinbling, and I must do the same." (Last Sermon,
p. 61.)
So of each man, whose spirit hath the same Father-by obe.
dience and faith he may be perfected, and attain to the power of
forming a planet, peopling and redeeming it, over which he may
reign forever. And all who do not obey the revelations now sent
to them, and properly fulfil their probation, will only succeed to
an inferior glory and be permitted to act as servants, "hewers of
wood and drawers of water," in some one of the King Saints'
Kingdoms; just fitted to the "glory" they have lived for, or
such as their vicious lives will allow. In reply to the question,
what will you do for us?-  they will say, we  may  make you
bootblack or kitchen scullion, or if you behave pretty well and
not molest the saints, you may be raised to butler or baker, and
carry the train, on state occasions, of our queens in paradise.
Things on earth, and customs and ceremonies, are patterned after
things in heaven, and will be continued in the spirit world and
future abodes of the gods. Their prophet thus instructs the
faithful-" You have got to learn to be gods yourselves; to bo
kings and priests to God; the same as all the gods have done, by
going from one small degree to another, from grace to grace, from
exaltation to exaltation, until you are able to sit in glory, as doth
those who sit enthroned in everlasting power." And in seeking
for a place in the eternal worlds, we are informed that there are
four different glories to strive for; the celestial, or highest, the
telestial, the terrestrial, and lake of fire-of the sun, of the stars,
of the earth, and the burning caldron.
SACRAMENTS.
The Book of Covenants teaches that baptism is duly admi
nistered by being fully immersed in the water, and that any other
manner of applying the element is a vain ceremony.  Baptism,
legally partaken of, is for remission of sins; sins only forgiven in
baptism. The further peculiarity of the subject consists in a
vi(arious immersion of living persons for their dead friends, who
45 
FAITH OF TIIE:MORMI,ONS.
have never had the opportunity, or neglected it when living. This
is called "Baptism  for the Dead."  There being, according to
their view, a probationary state in the spiritual world, while that
on earth exists, so that by proxy one can fulfil all "righteousness,"
by submitting to all prescribed rites, of which baptism is one -
it is presumed that those gone before have repented, and are now
desirous of baptistic benefits; and hence it is enjoined that the
"greatest responsibility that God has laid on us is to look after
our dead;" and ordered, that a man be baptised for deceased
relatives, tracing back the line to one that held the priesthood
among his progenitors, who, being a saint, will then take up the
place of sponsor, and relieve him of further responsibility. All
those who are thus admitted to salvation will be added to the
household of the baptized person at the resurrection, who will
then prefer his claim, or do as our Lord did at the grave of
Lazarus, and call them forth in the name of Jesus; over whom,
he, as the most distinguished of the line, will reign as patriarch
for ever; and his rank and power among kingly saints will be in
proportion to the number of his retinue.
The authority for this application of the rite is grounded on
the interrogatory of the Apostle: "Else what shall they do which
are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are
they then baptized for the dead?"- and Joseph observes in his
sermon, "Every man who has got a friend in the eternal world
can save him, unless he has committed the unpardonable sin, so
you can see how far you can be a Savior;" the Apostle says,
"they without us cannot be made perfect."
The child begins its accountability at eight years of age; up to
that time the parents are responsible, but then they must have it
baptized into the church; and infant baptism is held to be an
abomination and a sin. Regeneration is begun in baptism, and
perfected by the laying on of hands, by which the recipient is baptized by the Holy Ghost through the Melchisedek priesthood.
The Sacrament of the Communion is done, for a "remembrance
of the body and blood of The Son," that they may always remember him and keep his commandments, and that "they may
46 
FAITH OF THE MORMONS.
have his Spirit to be with them." This is according to the Book
of Mormon, and bread and wine are to be used as the symbols.
But by a revelation it is forbidden to use the wine made by the
Gentiles, and until they can procure the pure juice of the grape
from their own cultivation, they use water in place of it, for "it
mattereth not what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink, when ye
partake of the Sacrament, if it so be that ye do it with an eye single to my glory;-wherefore ye shall partake of none [wine] except it be made new among you; " and the bread and a pail with a
tin or glass vessel to dip the water is carried around among the
congregation on their seats, by the bishops, and offered to young
and old who generally partake; and this is to be done on every
Lord's Day.
After sufficient time has elapsed to build a temple at "Zion"
or any appointed stake, "and at Jerusalem, no other places are
allowed for the baptisms for the dead." A font will be constructed in the house of the Lord, for these baptisms which were instituted before the foundation of the world-" and elsewhere, saith the
Lord your God, they cannot be acceptable unto me, for therein are
the keys of the Holy Priesthood ordained, that you may receive
honor and glory." (Book of Cov. prophets'Rev.)
The sixth General Epistle instructs the Saints throughout the
world to gather home, and pay all tithing dues, that a Temple may
be soon completed for the Baptisms of living and dead. It says;
"To be prepared for a celestial heaven, they want tke blessings of
The Terrestrial Temple -and if any pass the temple ordinances
without having paid all tithe dues, Jesus will at last declare they
are thieves and robbers who have climbed up some other than the
appointed way; the ordinances of the temple are as necessary
for a full salvation as baptism is for a partial salvation; -the
voice of the Good Shepherd is, come home," all ye saints.
FAITH.
The teaching upon this article is rather abstruse -but we may
perhaps convey its import in a few words, mostly gleaned from
4',y 
FAITH OF THIE MORMONS.
the book of Covenants.   It seems to be considered  an exercise of
the will in intelligent beings on matters of belief, for acquiring
celestial glory, and accomplishing holy purposes and works. It
is "the assurance that men have in the existence of unseen things,
and the principle of action in all intelligent beings; without it,
both mind and body would be in a state of inactivity "- and, " by
faith we receive all temporal and spiritual blessings." But it is
not only the principle of action, but of power, in heaven or in
earth; for we find that by faith, God created the worlds - (Heb.
xi. 3.) and by this we understand it to be the principle of power
in the bosom of God by which he works: -" and, take this principle or attribute away from the Deity, he would cease to exist."
(See Book of Cov. first chapters.)
"God spake, chaos heard, and worlds came into order by reason
of the Faith that was in him"-he had "element and the principles of element, which can never be destroyed, to organize it out
of; -and as these aeon atoms are "intelligent on a self-existent
principle, which God himself could not create," we must class the
aggregate, or bodies of matter, with life and knowledge capable
of exercising faith; which view is sustained, in the language of
one of the Presidency, namely; -" for all creation is alive, even
the earth itself and the minerals and metals and every other thing
connected with it;"-and the first lecture on faith has these
words in the last paragraph: " Faith, then, is the great governing
principle, which has power, dominion, and authority over all
things."
THE EVERLASTING GOSPEL.
In the seventh article of Belief this phrase occurs. By it we
may understand, according to their interpretation, the same thing
as the Laws of Nature, or whatever name is used to express the
arrangement of the universal order of things sprung out of the
"two self-existent principles of Intelligence and Element, or matter;" and it is The Law under which the primordial Gods camie
into being. The prophet has not left on record, to my knowledge,
the mannei in which the Head God originated. But he says
48 
FAITII OF TIIE MORMONS.
"God himself could not create himself," and "intelligence exists
upon a self-existent principle: it is a spirit from age to age, and
there is no creation about it."  In conversation with  the more
philosophical ones, this question of origin came up frequently, and
the explanation elicited was one of opinion merely, and deduced
by the reason from the principles already taught  by authority.
It was, that in the far eternity, two of the elementary particles
of matter met in consultation and comnpared intelligences, and
then called in a third Atom to the council, and, united in one will,
they became the first power, to which no other could attain as
they had the priority; and by uniting more atoms or exercising
the power which the combination gave, would thenceforth progress
for ever. Under this union arose the plenitude of power, to make
and enforce a Law to govern itself and all things. Thus was the
Everlasting Gospel constituted the law of nature. And out of this
Intelligence, according to the Law, a God was begotten, not made,
and the other Gods sprung from him as children. By the law of
universal order, sex was made to exist, coeternally with all moral
existence and life, and not only the Kings, but the Queens of heaven derive their origin equally under its mandates. These are the
mothers-of our spirits and the gods, and of all spiritual existences
also; each of which is confined to its proper sphere and in its own
order: and these are called and sent as heralds or ministers from
one planetary system to another, or to the different orbs in the
same system of worlds. A portion of this order, or Law, is what
is called the everlasting gospel in the Revelation of St. John,
which was in the hand of the angel "flying in the midst of heaven" to proclaim again on earth concerning the Church of Christ;
that angel was Moroni, who brought the gospel in its fulness to
"Joseph the Seer," and is now preached to men, with the " signs
following" that were promised to the Apostles of the Lord.
To the spirits begotten by the Father, (for the mind of man is
not created, "God never did have power to create the spirit of
man at all-the very idea lessens man in my estimation-I know
better;" Last Sermon, p. 62.) a choice is given, either to remain
as they are, or to take a material body and "descend below all
5
49 
FAITH OF THIE MORMONS.
things," in order to rise above all things, whereby they can obtain
a greater glory than they now enjoy, even to the celestial. This
explains why we are here in this earthly tabernacle. Each spirit
chose to make " the probation," and thus ignoring all of its past
existence, is attempting to work out a salvation of immense worth,
and attaining to perfection in the attributes of power, dominion,
and happiness.
When the spirit takes possession of its tabernacle, which is
probably at the quickening of the  embryon,  the man  is, or
becomes a living soul.  Man is therefore a duality.  The elements
of his composition are gross matter, called the body, and spirit.
The latter is also matter, but more refined or elementary, and so
constituted as to permeate the former, control and vivify it. It
is not visible to mortal eyes without a miracle, nor is it ponderable; it passes through the body as the electric fluid through the
earth-A t is in reality more substantial than the body, for it cannot
be changed or destroyed, it "existed co-equal with God,"  and
could have no beginning, for then it would be possible to have an
end- it is as immortal as God himself." (Sermon, p. 62.) The
union or fusion of these makes " the living soul,' as related by
Moses in the creation of Adam-death separates them for a useful
purpose, but then the Spirit watches over every particle of its
beloved tabernacle, until the fiat of the resurrection is given, when
the body shall again " be clothed upon," and perfect man be the
result in an eternal soul.
Death was introduced into humanity by the fall or disobedience
of Adam, who is the great patriarch, and is he whom the
Scripture calls Michael, The Ancient of Days, with hair like
wool.  But, in their technical phrase, "Adam fell that men might
be," and ate the apple under full knowledge of the consequences,
and the "Fall" was a matter of previous arrangement in the
economy of probation. That is, he fell that man, or a mortal
body, might be born of woman, and tabernacles fitted up for the
spirits, as fast as they chose to undertake their probations.  And
when a spirit does not answer its true intent in one probation, but
forfeits its inheritance by sin and evil conduct, then it will have a
50' 
FAITII OF TIlE MIORMONS.
lower one assigned it at death, and if disobedient still, another,
and another, until it shall be brought to the proper subjection,
and, yielding to the gospel law, be allowed to retrace its course
back in the successive stages to splendor and angelhood.
Thus it is said of their chief Apostle, at present a president of
a stake, and a distinguished writer in both politics and their
theology, that he fell into doubt as to the truth of the system,
and contemplated apostacy. lie was saved by the ministry of
angels. A heavenly messenger appeared before him and warned
him of the danger, and then pronounced upon  him the doom of
being soon obliged to take a negro tabernacle, unless he should
repent and become zealous for the faith delivered to the LatterDay Saints. This was effectual in frightening him back to duty,
for they hold the "Negro is cursed as to the priesthood, and must
always be a servant wherever his lot is cast, and therefore shall
never attain to anything above a dim shining glory. This part
of the human race is the lowest grade. A first descending
probation would be that of the Indian - for the red men have
been cursed only as to color and indolent habits; and through
repentance and obedience, and acceptance of the newly proclaimed
gospel, they can be restored to pristine rights and beauty, and
become again "a fair and delightsome people," worthy of their
origin from the Jews of Palestine. When these grades have
not been effectual in subduing the rebellious spirit, a third one
would be assigned into the brute species, and a choice taken among
them; and when we are tormented by a refractory horse or
obstinate ass, it may not be amiss to reflect that they are actuated
by an apostate soul, and exemplifying a few of the "human
infirmities."   However,  it is not our  purpose  here to draw
inferences or reconcile any contradictions which may appear in
the Mormon teaching.
Man, in the usual acceptation, is a compound being, with a
physical, intellectual, and spiritual nature -but in the view taken
above, he is a duality of elements. The intellectual is absorbed
'nto either of the others, according to convenience, though usually
confounded with the spiritual; and the chain of reasoning terminates in exalting the physical nature above the other two.
51 
CHAPTER V.
SAME SUBJECT-MASONRY-HIEROGLYPHICS. 
OF the introduction of sin, and rise and progress of Satan, we
have heard this account given and "proved by their scriptures."
After Adam had fallen from his first estate, a council was held
in Heaven, and all the members were present. Among them was
He who is emphatically called The Son, and likewise Lucifer, the
elder brother, the Son of the Morning, the bright star in glory,
and leader of heavenly hosts. The proposition was laid before
the council "how man should be saved or redeemed from the state
of evil"- and each one called upon to give his method of salvation. When Lucifer was appealed to, he declared that "he would
save him in his sins"-but Christ answered, "I will save him
from his sins."
The  latter was  deemed  the true way  by  the Father,  and
accepted; whereupon the Son of the Morning took offence and
rebelled, with the legions he managed to corrupt, and was therefore cast out of the planetary abode of the Father, and became
the great leader of evil spirits, under the name of Satan -but he
brought with him many of the noble qualities he ever possessed;
is still Milton's " Archangel ruined and a perfect gentleman."
All the meaner temptations and evil arts are practised only by
the baser sort of imps, hence some people are very uncharitable in
charging all blame upon the "head devil," as they often call him.
The idea they entertain of the personal agency of this "fine
gentleman," may be gathered from the anecdotes rife among them
of his doings with Sidney Rigdon, who, from being the next in
rank to the prophet Joseph, apostatised, through the love of good
cheer, and ambition to be head. He had received a great many
visits from his angel, as he supposed, and many revelations - but
(52) 
FAITH OF THE MORuMONS.
one night while asleep, he was aroused by so mighty a shake, that
he was made aware that no ordinary hand was upon him. Indeed,
his satanic majesty was fully confessed, for he proceeded to tilt up
the bed and handle Sidney most roughly; and then, taking himn
by the legs, trundled him down the stairs as one would drag a
wheelbarrow behind him, without mercy upon the grey head as it
thumped every step; and, finally, landing the sufferer in the street,
disappeared "like smoke."  This treatment was repeated several
times, but'twere of no use to suggest that some human agency,
in the shape of a lusty Mormon, had a hand in the work-for
they took the precaution to inquire the color of the hair, the cast
of countenance, and other unmistakeable marks, by which Joseph
had taught them to detect the real Beelzebub, whenever he
appeared as an angel of light, or in propria persona.
TONGUES.
This is not the ancient gift, whereby one addressing a people
speaking a different language from himself, was enabled to talk in
their own words.   It is, that persons among themselves, in their
enthusiastic meetings, shall be "moved by the spirit" to utter any
set of sounds in imitation of words, and, it may be, words belonging to some Indian or other language.  The speaker is to know
nothing of the ideas expressed, but another, with the "gift of
interpretation of tongues," can explain to the astonished audience
all that has been said. Any sounds, of course then are a language
known to the Lord. If one feels a desire to speak, and has
difficulty to bring forth the thoughts of his heart, or what the
spirit is about to reveal through him, he must " rise on his feet,
lean in faith on Christ, and open his lips, utter a song in such
cadence as he chooses, and the spirit of the Lord will give an
interpreter, and smake it a language."
THE RESURRECTION.
Their peculiar notions of this cannot be appreciated without
knowing their views of the Restoration, or restitution of all things
5*
53 
FAITI-I OF TI-lE MORMONS.
spoken of by Isaiah.   When  God created the living earth, he
gave the command that the waters gather to one place, and the
dry land appear; and hence it is inferred that "there was one
vast ocean, rolling around one immense body of land, unbroken
as to continents and islands; it was one beautiful plain, interfpersed with gently rising hills and  sloping vales; its climate
delightfully varied with heat and cold, wet and dry, crowning the
year with productions grateful to men and animals; "while from
the flowery plain or spicy grove sweet odors were wafted on every
breeze, and all the vast creation of animated being breathed
naught but health, peace, and joy."*  Over this creation, residing
in a well-watered and delicious garden, "Man reigned, and talked
face to face with the Supreme, with only a dimming veil between."
But Adam fell, and the earth partook of the curse that
followed, and in pain and sorrow sympathised with the disobedient
pair, under its load of thorns and thistles- and sin accumulated
its guilty deeds in the actions of men, until the Lord comes out
in vengeance and cleanses all by water. After the Noachian
deluge, in the days of Peleg, "the earth was divided."  Not among
families was the surface distributed-but a mighty revolution that
brought the sea from its place in the north, to interpose between
portions of the land rent asunder; and earthquakes and commotions have since separated it into islands and fragments.
The American continent, as the Book of Mormon informs, was
shaken  to its foundation  at the time of the crucifixion; and
cities, towns, mountains, and lakes, buried and formed when "the
earth writhed in the convulsive throes of agonizing nature."
Men have degenerated since then as well as the earth;- the
ancients were worthy to converse with the Lord and angels, and
lessons given "to enlarge the heart and expand the soul to its utmost capacity "-far above the smattering of the present worldly
wisdom.
But the restoration of all things is at hand; for "he shall send
Jesus Christ, whom the heavens must receive, until the times of
* Voice of Warning.
54 
FAITHI OF TIlE MORMONS.
restitution of all things "-  and "the voice of one crying in the
wilderness- Every valley shall be exalted and every hill be made
low,- and mighty revolutions shall begin to restore the face of
the earth to ts former beauty." (See Voice of Warning.)
In Rev. vi. we find, "every island and mountain were moved
out of their places;" in Isaiah, that "the earth shall move out
of her place and be like a chased roe "-but after that, "thou
shalt no more be termed forsaken, neither shalt thy land any
more be termed desolate; but thou shalt be called Hepzibah,
and thy land Beulah; for the Lord delighteth in thee and thy land
shall be married." And from the whole and varied scriptures, we
learn that the continents and islands shall be united in one, as
they were in the morn of creation, and the sea shall retire and
assemble in its own place as before; and all these scenes shall take
place, about the time of the coming of the Lord." The earth
restored, and the inhabitants purified, both man and beast, so that
they hurt not, nor destroy -and the knowledge of the Lord covering the earth, as the waters the sea," then comes the first resurreoc
tion of the body, to reign on this delightful paradise with the
Savior a thousand years.
The peculiarity of this resurrection consists in this; the body
is the same as before, "except the blood."   That will be left out.
The Apostle Pratt (from whom we have been quoting,) says that
Jesus was  the exact pattern of our resurrection.  "And Jesus
Christ came forth triumphant from the mansions of the dead, possessing the same body which had been born of a woman, which
was crucified; but no blood flowed in his veins; for blood was the
natural life in which were the principles of mortality; and a man
restored to flesh and blood would be mortal, which was not the
case with our Savior:" and he was substantial, for he told his
disciples to handle him, and know that he had "flesh and bones;"
which will be the constitution of all resurrected bodies.
All the seed of Israel are  to be raised from  the dead, and
brought to the land of Judea; the saints of other peoples, gather.
ed to the fair American division; and the Zion by one, and New
55 
FAITII OF THE MORMONS.
Jerusalem by the other saints, will be built with fine stones, and
the beauty of all precious things.
One more change only, will be necessary to fit the earth for
man's eternal inheritance, which will take place at the end of the
thousand years, the great Sabbath of rest and enjoyment. The
earth will be celestialized through the baptism of fire- the two
cities will be caught up, literally, into heaven, to descend with the
Lord God for its light and its temple, and remain for ever on the
"new earth" under the bright canopy of the new heavens."
PROPHIECIES AND PROPHETIC TIMES.
There is something ingenious, as well as fanciful, in the method
of determining prophetic time. For want of the true key, the
commentators have hitherto failed in their interpretations of days
and years, and the time for the fulfilment of foretold events.
Now God, our Father, dwells on his planet (Kolob) and measures time by its revolutions; one of those revolutions begins and
terminates a day, which is equal to one thousand of our years;
the authority for which will readily occur to any Sabbath-school
scholar or scripture reader.
Being finite, he employs agents to bring and communicate information through his worlds; and all the material agents of light,
electricity, and sound, or attributes, are employed in this thing.
When an angel is commissioned a messenger to earth, he is taken
from the chief planet perhaps, or quite as likely, from some other
that circles around it. But an angel in speaking of the time of
events, would of course speak of the days and years, or weeks,
that are measured by the revolution of his own abode.
These angels are sent to the Seer to communicate what pertains
to the interest or the government of the church, or the orders for
individuals to act under the direction of the Seer, as missionaries
or otherwise. These communications are registered, to be promulgated at the proper moment, according as the members can
bear them, for many "would be offended and turn back" if the
whole truth was "dashed down in a mass before them."
56 
FA1TII OF TIlE MORMONS.
Individuals receive revelations regarding their own matters, on
proper subjects; these are to be obtained " by prayer in mighty
faith," but only when natural sagacity, improved by diligence and
study, would fail to suggest the desired information, or point out
the required course of action;-where God has appointed means,
he will not work by miracles.
At  baptism  the true believer may  ask  in faith for some
particular "spirit," as, for instance, the spirit whereby one can
perceive between true and false doctrines; and intuitively divine
it when propounded by those who have the authority to speak,
yet may have become darkened through unbelief or evil practice,
or brought to them by "the false and seducing spirits," which are
to abound in the last days, and such a spirit will be given them to
guide and direct.
These attendant angels, however, cannot prevent the approach
and insinuations of evil spirits, and thus the two kinds are on the
right hand and on the left-which accounts for the crooked paths
some pretty good men among them often mark out.
PRIESTHOOD.
It is stoutly maintained that the priesthood is necessary to the
being, as well as the perfection of a church; and so long as the
Aaronic branch is not exercised by the tribe of Levi through
unbelief, their Melchisedek order being the greater, have the right
to officiate in the lesser offices, and will do so when the proper
temple is built; that is, in the animal sacrifices for daily sins of
the people. The priestly order receives tithes of all one possesses
on entering the church; and the members pay a tenth of all
income, and devote a tenth part of their time to the temple and
other public works, ever after.
The bishops have charge of the tithe labor, and receive the
contributions (or a commutation for labor and produce,) and put
the proceeds of industry in the public store-houses; in fine, this
order of priests have charge of the temporal matters under the
direction of the Presidency.
57 
ORDERS OF PRIESTS.
The Hierarchy of the Mormon Church has many grades of
offices and gifts.  The first is the Presidency of three persons,
which, we were led to understand, answered or corresponded to
the Trinity in Heaven, but more particularly to Peter, James, and
John, the first presidents of the gospel church.
Next in order is the travelling High Apostolic College of twelve
apostles, after the primitive church model, who have the right to
preside over the stakes in any foreign country, according to
seniority; then the high-priests-priests, elders, bishops, teachers,
and deacons -together with evangelists or missionaries of the
"three seventies."  Each order constitutes a full quorum for the
discipline of its members, and transacting business belonging to
its action; but appeals lie to higher orders, and the whole church
is the final appellate court assembled in general council.
Their Prophets arise out of every grade, and a Patriarch
resides at head quarters to bless particular members, after the
manner of Jacob and his sons, and that of Israel towards Esau
and his brother.
A High Council is selected out of the high-priests, and consists
of twelve members, which is in perpetual session to advise the
Presidency; in which each is free to give and argue his opinion.
The President sums up the matter and gives the decision, perhaps
in opposition to a great majority, but to which all must yield
implicit obedience; and probably there has never been known,
under the present head, a dissent when the "awful nod" has been
given, for it is the "stamp of fate and sanction of a god."
This council is eye, ear, and hand to the President- the
members are the spies over all matters in the field or the temple,
in the social party or the domestic circle. Is any novel opinion
broached in conversation, it is brought before the council by any
member cognizant of, or who has heard of it, and measures are
taken to ferret it out, that the man who uttered it, if he is not
sound to the core, may be marked and pounced upon before he is
even aware that he is suspected. No wonder that many among
them, who are not well advised of the means of acquiring the
knowledge, wonder that Brigham is so well "posted up" in what
59 
PRIESTHOOD AND MASONRY.
relates to the private history of the numerous persons around
him.
In the early arrangement of the affairs of the Mormon church,
and when they were accused of raising up a society and people to
be governed independent of the state- there was inserted in the
Book of Covenants, the following item of belief: "We do not
believe it just to mingle religious influence with civil government,
whereby one religious society is fostered, and another proscribed
in its spiritual privileges, and the individual rights of its members,
as citizens, denied."
Yet it is taught that the priesthood is supreme in the statenot in the sense that all human law springs from the standard of
right and wrong contained in the revealed word of God, but that
this order has the control of the state, and ought to make the civil
regulations, because it receives revelations from day to day, and
can therefore keep both the temporal and spiritual from clashing,
and fulfil the scripture that "the officers shall be peace and
exactors righteousness." And in the selection of officers by
ballot, the elective franchise is made subservient to a vote for the
nominee of the Presidency.
It was related to us in conversation that a delegate was chosen
and commissioned for Congress, at a time when it was desirable
that he should start suddenly for the seat of government; and
that the people were summoned to vote when he was far on the
way to the states - his credentials either in his pocket, or sent to
him by mail afterward.
They gloried in this conga d'elire, and it was averred by prominent men that to vote against any one proposed by the highest
authority would be the height of folly. For the council knew
what was wanted to be done, and of course what persons were the
most suitable to accomplish the work.
But to return to the subject of the priesthood; we are informed
they-have working signs, and that Masonry was originally of the
church, and one of its favored institutions, to advance the members
in their spiritual functions.  It had become perverted from its
designs, and was restored to its true work by Joseph, who gave
59 
FAITH OF TIlE MORMONS.
again, by angelic assistance, the key-words of the several degrees
that had been lost; and when he entered the lodges of Illinois, he
could work right ahead of the most promoted; for which, through
envy, the Nauvoo lodge was excommunicated, or cut off by the
Grand Lodge, on account of its own ignorance of the greatest
truths and benefits of Masonry.
The priesthood having the different degrees, preferment in them
depends on the faithfulness of the aspirant, as judged by those
already promoted, and one of the merits is the paying up of all
tithe dues. Any one in arrears on this, will find himself blocked
materially when the proper buildings for "working" are con structed. Diligence and obedience are thus held out as things to
ensure a reward in knowledge and promotions.
Until the great temple is built, much  has to be left undone
that structure has to be arranged with regard to this and other
institutions of the priestly orders; and the wants of the church
at the time will determine the manner, which will be given by
direct revelation.
There will be bathing apartments distinct for the priests and
priestesses, for the women are to have a part of this office, and are
admitted to certain degrees in MIasonry as a consequence. Particular ablutions are to be attended to, before appearing to officiate
at the altars, and many observances in the mnanner of offering
worship and praise, and performing symbolical rites, will have the
conveniences fitted up for them and diligently kept in practice.
And we may close this notice of "peculiar doctrines" and
special teachings, by a reference to their assertions, that revelations
of God's will in His moral teachings, have been made at various
times to all nations; and, through tradition, the truth has been
transmitted down, so that there is no people, even the heathen,
who have not some correct doctrines and moral notions. Therefore
we are not to be surprised to find that they have points in common
with every belief under heaven, for being guided by the spirit into
all truth, they have sifted it out from the mass of error that
obscures it; and whatever has been vouchsafed to man, may be
considered in their possession.
60 
FAITII OF THE MORMONS.
On this account they claim an advantage over all proselytes of
other creeds, in being able to commence with what is agreeable to
both parties, and then extend gradually the teaching upon other
matters, from the least objectionable topics up to those fully
opposed to previous ideas and habits. Thus, with the Eastern
nations and South Sea Islanders, they are not called upon to
renounce all but one partner; the animal sacrificer will be told
he can retain that practice, and so on to the end of the chapter.
SOURCES OF DOCTRINES.
The ecclesiastical student will not fail to remark that Mormonism is an eclectic religious philosophy, drawn from Brahmin
mysticism in the dependence of God, the Platonic and Gnostic
notion of Eons, or a moving principle in element; Mahomedan
sensualism, and the fanaticism of the sects of the early church;
and there is the good and evil of Ahrimaism, with the convenient
idea of the transmigration of souls, from the Persian.
Nor has its founder altogether confined his attention to the
ancient Christian theories or pagan superstitions; and his followers
have fallen in with the spiritual philosophy of the day, and added
the doctrine of affinities of minds and the sympathy of souls-he
has told us that the spirits of the departed dead are angels that
return and converse with those who are congenial to them, or they
have the privilege, on account of their purity, to receive communications from ghostly realms -and, taking the antithesis of the
dicta, that God is perfect man, he makes every perfect man a god
-and by tracing the parallel at our leisure, we may discover that
the speculations of modern times have here been more or less
modified and adopted, those reveries of ingenious but morbid
imaginations, given to the speculative world in mellifluous language, and sensuous, captivating descriptions of enjoyments in the
existence that succeeds to this, of, too frequently, self-made misery.
Between the school of mental delight, and the school of the
Mormon, there is this difference; the latter acts now upon his
theories, and materializes them to present use, while the former
6
61 
FAITII OF THE MORMONS.
revels alone in intellectual sensuality, putting off to the future the
feast of the palate, the charms for the eye, or absorption in the
delights of affianced love-we leave both to reconcile the differences between themselves and the school of moral obedience and
true revelation. By sensuality used in this connection, we mean
that application of the senses in a lawful manner for procuring
desiderated enjoyment, which education and conscience allows to
those of any adopted creed.
In Mormonism we recognise an intuition of Transcendentalism
-intuitive, we say, for its founder was no scholar in the idealistic
philosophy.   He trampled under foot creeds and formulas, and
soared away for perpetual inspiration from the good; and by the
will, which he calls faith, he won the realms of truth, beauty,
and happiness.  Such things can only be safely confided to the
strong and pure-minded, and even they must isolate themselves in
self-idolatry, and be "alone with the alone," and seek converse
with the spirit of man's spirit.
But this prophet was educated by passion, and sought to be
social with the weak; he therefore baptized spirituality in the
waters of materialism. Instead of evolving the godlike nature
of the human spirit, he endeavored to prove that humanity was
already divinity, by investing Deity with what is manlike. Men
were to be like gods by making gods men.
Various coincidences have occurred, which strikingly keep alive
in the mountain brethren their idea of being the chosen of the,
Lord-and confirm them in the belief of the inspiration of the
Book  of Mormon.   Among  other  things are  the  marks  and
hieroglyphical characters found engraved on the precipitous cliffs
of southern Utah, which are faintly imitated by the present
Indians. Those who were associated with Joseph as amanuenses
pretend to have acquired sufficient knowledge of similar things
to be enabled to decipher their signification, and have translated
enough to confirm, in the most wonderful manner, the Nephite
records.
The following is a specimen taken from the cliff in Sam Pete
valley, at the city of Manti.
62 
HtIEROGLYPIIICS.
A~t'I
Translation by one of the Regents; "I Mahanti, the 2nd IKing
of the Lamianites, in five valleys in the mountains, make this record
in the 12 hundredth year since we came out of Jerusalem   And
I have three sons gone to the South country to live by hunting
antelope and deer."
Another specimen is taken from those in little Salt Lake Valley: they are reduced from three feet figures, preserving proportions.
63
E.;
i;'11 Di 
CIIAPTER VI.
SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE MORMONS.
IT may be reasonably expected that we should makle some
reference to the practical workings of this stupendous and conmplicated system on the present theatre of its application, in regard
to their dealings with strangers and the state of morals among
themselves.
During the sojourn of the party sent by the government to survey the region around the Great Lake, and ascertain its commercial
and agricultural capabilities, the greatest kindness was shown to
the members individually, and facilities given to prosecute the
work.  This was done, however, after it was ascertained that the
advantages of the exploration would accrue to themselves, and
that it was not for the purpose of seizing their lands, to bring
them into market - the "let severely alone" policy was to have
been adopted, if the character of the work had been to annoy
them, which would have effectually paralyzed the operations.
A report that military men were coming to superintend a survey of their lands for the market, and interfere with their occupancy, had preceded the party. This occasioned it to bc received
with coldness, and among the more ignorant the prejudice was
scarcely removed for the whole year.  So that any interference
with the triangulation stations, which was seldom, or any evasive
answers to questions, were to be set down to ignorance more than
to malice, and it is probable such a work could not have been conducted any where else with so little annoyance.
A large branch of the great emigration overland to California
passed through the Mormon settlements, which is the best route
across the country.
(64) 
MORMON DEALING WITHI EMIGRANTS.
Of the parties organized in the States to cross the plains, there
was hardly one that did not break into several fragments, and the
division of property caused a great deal of difficulty.   Many of
these litigants applied to the courts of Deseret for redress of griev.
anees, and there was every appearance of impartiality and strict
justice done to all parties.   Of course, there would  be dissatisfaction when the right was declared to belong to one side alone; and
the losers circulated letters far and near, of the oppression of
the Mormons. These would sometimes rebel against the equity
decisions, and then they were made to feel the full majesty of the
civil power. For contempt of court they were most severely fined,
and in the end found it a losing game to indulge in vituperation
of the court, or make remarks derogatory to the high functionaries
Again, the fields in the valley are imperfectly fenced, and the
emigrants' cattle often trespassed upon the crops. For this, a good
remuneration was demanded, and the value being so enormously
greater than in the States, it looked to the stranger as an imposition
and injustice to ask so large a price. A protest would usually be
made, the case then taken before the bishop, and the costs be
added to the original demand.   Such as these, were the instances
of terrible oppression that have been industriously circulated as
unjust acts of heartless JMormons, upon the gold emigration.
But provisions were sold at very reasonable prices, and their
many deeds of charity to the sick and broken-down gold-seekers,
all speak loudly in their favor, and must eventually redound to
their praise. Such kindness, and apparently brotherly good-will
among themselves, had its effect in converting more than one to
their faith, and the proselytes deserted the search for golden ore,
supposing they found there pearls of greater price.
Could the history of the overland emigrants, for the first two
seasons after it commenced, be obtained and written, it would
give us a volume of surpassing interest. Men thrown together
and dependent on each other, would feel that very necessity of
harmony an intolerable burthen, and selfishness, heartless and
cruel, was developed to a frightful extent. There were instances
6*
65 
CIiARACTER OF THE MORMONS.
of nobleness and good feeling, but the great mass of testimony
goes to show much of the contrary.
There were many curious exercises of the feelings, and novel
ways of proceeding. One sturdy German had well-nigh immiortalized himself under the name of the "wheelbarrow man." His
all was thus packed, and he trundled his wheelbarrow along as
rapidly as the teams advanced, and had the prospect of reaching
the end of his two thousand miles in safety. But alas! for the
chances of human ambition-  the Weber River in the mountains
was swollen by the melting snows, and he was forced to cross on
the raft with teams -  the raft foundered in the swift current, and
the wheelbarrow, with "his all," was swept down into the boiling
kanyon below, and lost beyond redemption.
Resuming our theme, we may say that there were acts of
individual churlishness, shown in the mountains, that call for
reprobation, but they should not be charged upon the community;
and, still more, it-should not be thought that such actions were
sanctioned by the chiefs of the people.
The homogeneousness of this sect consists in their obedience to
counsel; but as the great majority is of course made up, like
other communities, of all sorts of dispositions, they vary in habits
and thinking according to individual character.
Thus they allow that mistakes have been made by individuals
in carrying out their doctrines; for instance, many have supposed
that the time was come when they should take possession of the
property of the Gentiles, and that it would be no theft to secure
cattle and grain from neighboring Pastures and fields, thus
"spoiling the Egyptians," and we  are told by themselves that
such conduct had to be forbidden from the public desk. This
instance of wrong application of the dogma that they are "the
stewards of the Lord, and the inheritance of the earth belongs to
the saints," shows that some foundation exists for the charges
against them, on the score of insecurity of property in Illinois and
Missouri -and that abuses can easily arise from their principles,
when residing near people of other religious views.
There is a casuistic view taken of the right to make a distinc
66 
POLYGAMY AMONG TIlE MOR.MONS.
tion between what is publicly proclaimed by the Seer, or under his
approbation  from  the desk, and what  may  be  called  floating
opinion, and practice also, arising firom his private promulgations
to certain members.   On this they say that it is proper to deny
certain things to exist as doctrine, which may be quite universally
held and acted upon among them, because it has not been publicly
proclaimed-and also to deny any thing offensive to the Christian
world at large, especially when the affirmative would do others no
good, and themselves harm; from which has arisen the opinion that
they preach one thing abroad, and practise quite differently at home.
For to the initiated only is it given to know the "mysteries of
the kingdom," and they hesitate not to rebuke the impertinent
curiosity of the Mormonish at home, and the tares among the
wheat- and meet the outsiders with a flat denial of what, to a
true believer, would be readily admitted as correct.   It is to them
the pleading of guilty or not guilty of a court of justice.
Xheir casuistry makes this perfectly proper to their own  minds,
and it often turns on the meaning  of certain words which convey
a peculiar sense to each party. This can be made more plain by
reference to the subject of " plurality of wives."
POLYGAMY.
It has been constantly denied that it is a doctrine of theirs to
have "spiritual wives."
An intelligent lady informed me that she had considered it
right, when asked by her friends, while on an eastern visit, to say
that "it is no doctrine of ours to have spiritual wives;" and this,
although the interrogators may have had in their minds nothing
more than plurality and its supposed abuses.
That many have a large number of wives in Deseret, is perfectly
manifest to any one residing long among them, and, indeed, the
subject begins to be more openly discussed than formerly, and it
is announced that a treatise is in preparation, to prove by the
scriptures the right of plurality by all Christians, if not to declare
their cwn practice of the same.
67
I 
POLYv-A'IY AMIONG TIHE MORMONS.
The revelation of Joseph on the subject of polygamy has
probably never been printed, or publicly circulated. When he
declared to the council the revelation, it was made known that he,
like the saints of old, David, Solomon, and Jacob, and those He
thought faithful, should be privileged to have as many wives as
they could manage to take care of, to raise up a holy household
for the service of the Lord. Immediately rumors were spread that
the wives of many of the people were re-married to the leaders
and high-priests, and subject to them, which they declared to be a
slander; and maintain that the relation existing among them is
a pure and holy one, and that their doctrine is, that every man shall
haze one wife, and every woman only one husband, as is laid down
in the Book of Covenants by revelation.
Yet they affirm that this allows to the man a plurality, as the
phrase is peculiarly worded; - the only applying to the female
alone.  They go so far as to say that our Savior had three wives,
Mary and Martha and the other Mary whom Jesus loved, all married at the wedding in Cana of Galilee.*
Again, they teach that the use and foundation of matrimony is to
raise up a peculiar, holy people for the Kingdom of God the Son,
that at the Millennium  they may be resurrected to reign with
him, and the glory of the man will be in proportion to the size
of his household of children, wives, and servants,-but that those
a Since writing the above, their teaching on this point is given by Orson Hyde, chief of the Apostles, in the Guardian of Dec. 26th, 1851.
"If in Christ himself were fulfilled the words of Isaiah,' He shall see
his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall
prosper in his hand,' the Christian world are not mistaken in their opinion. But how were they fulfilled? If, at the marriage of Cana of Galilee, Jesus was the bridegroom and took unto him Mary, Martha, and
the other Mary whom Jesus loved, it shocks not our nerves.
"If there were not an attachment and familiarity between our Savior
and these womeh highly improper, only in the relation of husband and
wife, then we have no sense of propriety, or of the characteristics of
good and refined society.  WVisely then was it concealed;  but when
the Savior poured out his soul unto death, when nailed to the cross, he
saw his seed of children, but who shall declare his generation?  No one,
63 
POLYGAMY AMONG THIE MORMONS.
eligible to the priesthood have only a right to marry at all.* It is
to be a pure and holy state; and religious motives or a sense of
duty, should alone guide; and that for sensual gratifications it is
an abomination.
Infidelity and licentiousness are held up for abhorrence; and
when the "plurality" law shall be promulgated, they will be punished by the decapitation of the offender and the severest chastity
inculcated upon one sex, and rigid continence on the other during
the-gestation and nursing of children. Thus the time of weaning will again become a feast of joy, next to the celebration of the
nuptial rite, and patriarchal times return.
Quoting the Scripture that "the man is not without the woman,
nor the woman without the man," they affirm that it is the duty
of every man to marry at least once, and that a woman cannot
enter into the heavenly kingdoms without a husband to introduce
her as belonging to himself.
And it has been said that some women, distrusting the title of
their spouses to enter at all, have been desirous to take hold of
the skirt of an apostle or high-priest with superior credentials; how
far correct we6 are not sufficiently informed to state positively, and
can only speak of such rumors as existing, and beg pardon for
mentioning the scandal.
The addition of wives, after the first, to a man's family, is called
a "sealing to him."
This constitutes a relation with all the rights and sanctions of
if he had none to be declared. Notwithstanding this, which to many is
a new and strange feature in christianity, are we not disposed to mock
at it, neither to regret salvation through the Virgin's son."
* On the 24th July last, the orator said: "Here let the sacred rights
of matrimony, like the pure love of God'spread undivided and operate
unspent,' until the children of Abraham become as numerous as the
stars above, or the sands below, that from the resurrection, the joint
heirs of Jesus Christ may do the works that their Father did, till each
in the centre of his own glory may reign in his own Eternity a God."
"Let it be a sacred motto,- The woman that marries out of the priesthood, marries for hell."
69 - 
POLYGAMY AMONG THE MORMONS.
matrimony; -and as they claim to have the only true priesthood,
which alone can bind the parties in the holy state and make them
"one flesh," it follows that they have the only true marriages now
existing upon earth.
Thus guarded in the motive, and denounced as sin for other
consideration than divine, the practical working of the system, so
far as now extended, has every appearance of decorum. The
romantic notion of a single love is derided, and met by calling
attention to the case of parental affection; where the father's good
will is bestowed alike on each of his many children; and they
pretend to see a more rational application of a generous soul in
loving more than one wife, than in the bigotry of a partial adhesion. The Seer alone has the power, which he can use by delegation, of granting the privilege of increasing the number of wives:
the rule of primitive ages is applied in the case, and the suitor
must first have the consent of the parents, then consult the lady,
and the Seer.
Every unmarried woman has a right to demand a man in marriage, if she is neglected, on the ground of the privilege of salvation; and the President who receives the petition must provide
for her; and he has the authority to command any man he deems
competent to support her, "to seal her" to himself in marriage;
and the man so ordered must show just cause and impediment why
it should not be done, if he dislikes the union; or else be considered contumacious and " in danger of the council."
The Seer sometimes has to exercise his judgment in preventing
incongruous scalings from unworthy motives, and to tell such that
what they now esteem a privilege, will turn out soon to be a burden.
This interference with the kingdom of Cupid calls for most judicious measures on his part, for in that court his decisions, guided
by Reason, are apt to be demurred to by Passion. But, as he
can join, so too can he annul the contract, and dissolve the relationship of the parties, when, after he has counselled them and
given them a proper probation, they still find an incompatibility
to Lxist. Out of this matter grows an immense power, based upon
70 
POLYGAMY AMIONG THE MORMNIONS.
his knowledge of all the domestic relations in the colony; -such
delicate confidence begets a reverence and fear, and while things
proceed harmoniously, a love to him as their adviser and friend.
And as the peace of the society depends materially on that of families, he watches over this part of the prerogative with great solicitude, and keeps the parties, so far as practicable, up to their en
gagements.
In some instances several wives occupy the same house and the
same room, as their dwellings have generally only one apartment,
but it is usual to board out the extra ones, who most frequently
"c pay their own way," by sewing, and other female employments.
It is but fairness to add that they hold the time near at hand pre
dieted by Isaiah, " when seven women shall take hold of the skirt
of one man and say, We will eat our own bread, but let us be
called by thy name: "-which gives the assurance that plurality
is foretold and correctly practised by them.
It is only a little in anticipation of the time when " the battles
of the Lord" are to begin, and then, as the women are far more
pure than the men, the females will greatly outnumber the males,
for the latter will be swept off by sword and pestilence, and the
other reserved to increase the retinue of the saints; and many
women will thus be compelled to choose the same man, in order
to secure a temporal home and temporal salvation, as also to obtain
eternal right to a terrestrial or celestial queenship.
It is further maintained that there is great disparity of numbers
between the sexes, and that the predominance of the female is
more than can be accounted for fromnt war, the dangers of the sea
and other perils, and therefore nature indicates the propriety of
plurality, as "marriage is honorable to all;" but the decision of
this question can safely be intrusted to the relative numbers of the
sexes, as exhibited in our census returns.
They also assure us that this system is the preventive and cure
for the awful licentiousness- the moral and physical degradation
in the world: and they make it both a religious and a social customn, a point of personal honour for a man whose wife, daughter,
or sister has been led astray, to kill the seducer; and considering
Ii1 
POLYGAMY AMONG THE MORMONS.
this as "common mountain law," based on the Mosaic code, a
jury will acquit the murderer at all hazards.*
That the wives find the relation often a lonesome and burdensome one, is certain; though usually the surface of society wears
a smiling countenance, and to all who consent from a sense of duty
or enthusiasm the yoke is easy.
The wife of the prophet Joseph rebelled against it, and declared
if he persisted she would desert for another, but the only satisfaction she received was "that a prophet must obey the  Lord."
When such wives rebel, the proceedings are very summary, and
public opinion sustains the cause against the woman. A veiy
exemplary lady in the valley is looked upon as having broken her
vows for deserting the "Sealed one" and marrying another, and
therefore is not invited into social parties.
An instance of summary proceeding came directly before us at
Bear River.  A Socialist emigrant from Monsieur Cabet'scommunity at Nauvoo, passed the winter at Salt Lake City, and in the
spring started on his journey to California.  HIe had in his train
a woman with a child about two years old, who had applied to him
for transportation to the land of gold, and represented that the dignitary to whom she had been "sealed " had not visited or provided
for her for three years; and that a young man was betrothed
to her who was in California, and if she could join him they
should marry according to the laws of the land. The socialist's
heart was touched, and he kindly offered her the means of proceeding, and they had come about one hundred miles when a posse
overtook them, and demanded that the young woman should return
to her legal or sealed husband. Hile consulted us whether to give
up his charge -but the power precluded remonstrance, and the
lady reluctantly retraced her steps.
* In the trial of Egan at Great Salt Lake City for killing, in cool blood
the seducer of the wife, during the husband's absence, it was declared that
civil damages marked the rottenness of other governments, and that
"The principle, the only one that beats and throbs through the heart of
the entire inhabitants of this territory, is simply this: The man who seduces his neighbour's wife, must die, and her nearest relative must kill him."
72 
ADOPTION AMNIONG TIlE MORMONS.
Some other instances came under our notice, of like character,
from which we must conclude that the regulation of the new " plurality" has not yet become perfect, and that the virtues claimed
as pertaining to it are not in complete vigor; but we may add that
the community had every appearance of good morals, so that any
equal number of persons in the States can scarcely exhibit greater
decorum.
Another method of increasing the household and adding to the
glory of the chiefs is by "adoption."   This consists in taking
whole families and adopting them as part and parcel of the family
of the chief, and arises out of the humility of the person so proposing to attach himself to the sacred character of some great dignitary of the church. There were pointed out to me, several who
lheld this relationship to the Seers.  The man is called, for instance, "Son of Brigham  by adoption," and lives with him, or
near by, and acts for him as a child does for his parent, and receives his subsistence, clothing, and living conjointly with the
famlily.
This patriarchal stewardship method increases the authority of
the presidency, and is intended to extend into the other world after
the resurrection.  It certainly speaks well for the kindness on the
side of the patriarch, and for the belief in his holiness, and of
truth in his teachings, in the estimation of those who attach themselves to the destinies of a fellow-man; while, at the same time,
it shows how fanaticism can overcome the strongest feeling of independence.
Much has been said of the Mormon profanity, in the pulpit and
out of it. But what is considered profanity by the world, is not
thus considered with them-for they take their vain oaths without
taking the name of the Supreme in connection with the words.
They curse or condemn with man's curses whenever they please,
and such rough language sounds gratingly in refined ears, when it
becomes usual in ordinary conversation -how they have learned
to consider it innocent, we cannot imagine.
The using of the name of God is allowed only on judicial
occasions, when a curse is laid upon some individual, as that of
7
113
1 
COAR'PSENESS OF LANGUAGE.
Joseph upon Governor Boggs, who had one fulminated against
him, accompanied by the prophecy that he should become a
vagabond afflicted with a scab, and be loathsome to himself and
all his former friends, wishing for death, without dying, for a long
time.
When, therefore, we hear that their apostles and prophets have
outraged decency in their temple language, let us bear in mind
their education and instruction is to make a distinction between
the most denunciatory words applied as expressions of dissent or
emphasis, and taking the name of Jehovah in connection with the
epithets, whereby they become blasphemy, and subject to severe
civil penalty.
Like other new sects, they have their peculiar phraseology and
terms of technical signification, which is "considered wisdom" in'
them; and, without knowing their import, a grievous misconception might be made.
Sometimes a ludicrous scene occurs in their meetings, arising
from overwrought enthusiasm. One is related of a woman who
sprang up and spoke "in tongues" as follows-  "Jelai, Meli,
Ielee," which was immediately translated into the vernacular by
a waggish young man, who first observed that he felt "the gift of
interpretation of tongues" sorely pressing upon him, and that she
said in unknown words to herself,'my leg, my thigh, my knee."
For this he was called before the council; but he stoutly persisted
in his "interpretation" being by "the spirit," and they let him
off with admonition.
In social parties and lively meetings the Mormons are preeminent, and their hospitality would be more readily extended to
strangers, had they suitable dwellings to invite them into.
The adobe or sun-dried brick is now furnishing material, and
the one-room log buildings are being replaced by spacious and
commodious houses.
In their social gatherings and evening parties, patronized by the
presence of the prophets and apostles, it is not unusual to open
the ball by prayer, asking the blessing of God upon their amusenients, as well as upon any other engagement- and then will
74 
MVOPMION  PIHRASEOLOGY.
follow the most sprightly dancing, in which all join with hearty
good-will, from  the highest dignitary to the humblest individual;
and this exercise is to become part of the temple worship, to
"praise God in songs and dances."
These private balls and soirees are frequently extended beyond
the time of cock-crowing by the younger members, and the
remains of the evening repast furnishes the breakfast for the
jovial guests.
The cheerful, happy faces-the self-satisfied countenances-the
cordial salutation of brother or sister on all occasions of address
- the lively strains of music pouring forth from mierry hearts in
every doinicil, as women and children sing their "songs of Zion,"
while plying the domestic tasks, give an impression of a happy
society in the vales of Deseret.
The influence of their nomenclature of "brethren and sisters"
is apparent in their actions, and creates the bond of affection
among those who  are more  frequently thrown together.  It is
impressed  on  infantile minds by  the constant repetition, and
induces the feeling of family relationship.   A little boy was asked
the usual question, "whose son are you?" and he very naively
replied; "I am brother Pack's son;" a small circumstance truly,
but one that stamps the true mark of the MIormon society.  The
welfare of the order becomes therefore paramount to individual
interest; and the union of hearts causes the hands to unite in all
that pertains to the glory of the State; and hence we see growing
up and prospering, the most enterprising people of the agecombining the advantages of communism, placed on the basis of
religious duty and obedience to what they call the law of the
gospel-transcending the notion of socialistic philosophers, that
human regulations can improve and perfect society, irrespective of
the revealed word and will of God.
Right or wrong, in the development of the principle and in its
application, they have seized upon the most permanent element of
the human mind in its social relations- not yielding fully to the
doctrines of earnestness and universal intention, making man his
own regenerator, as the fountain-head of truth, and massing thence
75 
WiDOWS AND WIDOWERS.
into mysticism, pantheism, and atheism; neither endeavoring to
cure the ills of society by political notions of trade and commerce,
or by educating in the sentiment of honor, and by poetical incul.
cation of high thoughts and noble images, independent of being
"born of the water and the spirit." We may use the words of
one of their learned and most sincere men, to exhibit their view
of obtaining the aggregate result of single efforts, which are these:
" Our polity, I think, may be summed up in these few words
each person to operate at what and where he can do the best, and
with all his might; being subject to the counsel of those above
him."
To take that counsel is sometimes a bitter pill, and hundreds
disobeyed it, and left sober earnings at home for the prospect of
fortunes in the gold mines of California. The President and
Council opposed emigration, though receiving abundance from the
tithes by their superintendent there; and often declared that it
would be a great calamity to discover mines in their own regions;
for people would desert their farms and preparations for comfortable dwellings, for unsatisfying dross.  Counsel on matrimonial
matters is better obeyed.  Bishop J        was adding an apartment
to a commodious house, and, having a small family, it caused a
remark or question, why he thus extended his domicil.   "Ah!"
was the ready reply, "did you not know that he is obliged to take
his brother's widow to wife, and the proper time is nearly arrived?"
We remembered the case of the wife of seven  brothers;  and
moreover, being only an humble layman, presumed not further to
interrogate the acts of a bishop of that Melchisedek priesthood.
The subject of widows and widowers introduces some nice
questions of rank and precedence in the future patriarchal courts.
A lady of superior abilities and great enthusiasm, sealed later than
the first wife, whose modest talents are thereby cast into the shade,
may  aspire to the place of first queen,  TO BE:  and thus an
affectionate rivalry can be raised, of which the expectant king
reaps the sole benefit. The widow of several husbands must have
doubts to which she shall owe her elevation, unless she fortunately
loved one supremely-  and the wife finds a rival in the brother's
76 
CURIOSITY OF A LADY.
widow, from the tie of consanguinity. The troubles of the high
Chieftain are said to arise from still another cause.
Hle had a wife dearly beloved before becoming a Mormon, who
died out of his church; but she can be saved by substituted
baptism, and his next partner has become exceedingly anxious to
know whether her predecessor will be resurrected to be the chief
of the queens, or if that important station is reserved for herself,
who has partaken of so'"much tribulation." Why the question
is not categorically answered we cannot opine-but, if women ever
do teaze, we may suppose such a subject likely to call out all
their resources to gratify curiosity.
i 4
7 * 
CHAPTER VII.
THE PRIESTHOOD, SCHOOLS, ETC.
THE powers of the priesthood are thus stated in the Guardian;
the "gift of faith, discerning of spirits, prophecy, revelation,
visions, healing, tongues, and the interpretation of tongues,
wisdom, charity, brotherly love." Pre-emiinent in all these is the
head man of the priestly order; supposed to be, and looked up to
as, the Lord's peculiar prophet, with ability to read the hearts of
men, his spiritual authority is complete; and having so large a
share of the wealth of the people at his command, and their entire
will submissive to his behests, the President of the Latter-Day
Saints is the most autocratic ruler in the world.       t his great
authority has thus far been made subservient to the public
interests, and his attention never diverted from alleviating inrdividual distress-  therefore it is no wonder that his sanctity is
believed above reproach, and his least wish abjectly complied
with by almost all over whom he presides with unlimited sway.
Yet it is more the office than the man that carries such a prestige
of command with those intimately connected with the source of
power, or with the mass at a distance-there is not the usual manworship found in the admirers of splendid abilities and achievements of the founders of religious sects.  The people are mostly
composed of those converted in foreign lands, whose necks have
been bent to force, instead of yielding obedience by choice; and
their present condition is one of greater freedom and elevation of
character than while groaning under civil despotism. Taught to
regard themselves as the chosen of the Lord, soon to act, on a
theatre of renown and glory, with angels and saints to look on,
and cheer them with  celestial applause for noble deeds, they
Cheerfully await the signal of heaven to march under its banner;
(78) 
ADIItERENCE TO FIRST PRINCIPLES.
and they lend their means to bring up to their rendezvous all who
will fraternize with them, and listen to the voice of their shepherd,
wherever wandering in the wastes of the moral world, and so soon
as its tones are heard, gladly turn to the green pastures of truth
in the mountains, and come out to strengthen the cords of the
"Stake of Zion."
A cardinal point being an unshaken belief in the inspiration of
Joseph the Seer, and that the prophetic mantle has fallen on his
successor Brigham, the new church Elijah and Elisha; any
reflections derogatory to the character of either, based on suspicion,
innuendo, or hearsay, is an insult of the darkest dye to them.
But this adoration is not universal; nor must we look upon all as
ignorant and blindfolded, guided along the ditch of enthusiasm by
self-deluded leaders. Indeed, almost every man is a priest, or
eligible to the office, and ready armed for the controversial warfare;
his creed is his idol; and while among the best proselyters wee class
many that are least versed in literary attainments, still, among
them we find liberally educated men, and those who have been
ministers in other denominations-in fact there seems to be as
fair a sample of intelligence, moral probity, and good citizenship,
as can be found in any nominal Christian community.
Sincerity and simplicity of purpose mark the masses, which
virtues have been amply proved by the sacrifices and sufferings
endured.   And among that people, so submissive to counsel, are
those who watch with eagle eye that first principles are adhered to,
and stand ready to proclaim apostacy in chief or in layman; and
scrutinizing all revelations to discover whether they are from the
Lord, or given through his permission by Satan, to test the fidelity
and watchfulness of the disciples of truth.
It was in conformity with this watchful and scrutinizing spirit
on the part of those determined to adhere strictly to first principles, that the volumes presented by Gladden Bishop, the revelations
of Rigdon and others, were pronounced to have a demon character;
and the pretensions of William Smith and J. J. Strang, the
Beaver Island " King," declared to be spurious, and they, with
their followers, were solemnly excommunicated.
75 
ARRANGEMENTS FOR EDUCATION.
EDUCATION.
In Utah or Deseret, the arrangements for the cause of education
are upon an extensive scale.
Hitherto all exertion has necessarily been bestowed on obtaining
the means of living; to fence fields, build houses, and tend their
crops and herds. But as soon as this pressure slackened, we find
them  appropriating liberally for a university, which  shall be
eminently practical in its character, and designed to teach the
useful branches thoroughly, first, to all, and allow those who have
the leisure and the mneans, to acquire the ornamental afterwards.
The selected grounds for the university buildings are beautifully
located on the first broad terrace, in the north part of the temple
city, and overlook the dwellings of the town. City Creek has
excavated a deep channel through this table-land, as it bursts out
from the mountains, and its waters are to be taken at the requisite
elevation in the hills, and conducted to the college plat, and made
to beautify the scenery in jets, and water the groves, walks, and
botanical gardens; and a part used for health, in extensive bath
and swimnming houses.
A large square is to be allotted and fitted to athletic and equestrian exercises; an observatory for practical astronomy, and the
instruments already collected are to be freely used to instruct on
the ground, in the several departments of engineering, mechanics,
and surveying-the agricultural department liberally patronised;
and the living, spoken languages of all peoples thoroughly taught
to the proper students.
A peculiar feature in their instruction is the introduction of
a " Parent's school" for the heads of families; and, at the time of
the organization, the President is said to have avowed his intenion of attending it as a scholar, which is gladly mentioned as a
thing redounding  to his praise, and showing  his strength of
character; as also calculated to show others of his people that the
time for acquiring knowledge is during the whole life of man. It
is too often that the school-room is deserted in early life, or the
idea acted upon, that, if our youthful days have not acquired the
so 
EXALTED ANTICIPATIONS.
elementary branches, it is of no use afterwards to try to remedy
the deficiency.
Tne Parents' school, patronized by the Presidency and Regents
of the University, with the members of the High Council, must
have an immense influence in refining, elevating, and ennobling
the mind of the public generally. Primary schools, opened under
the direction of the chancellor, and inspected by the Regents, are
well attended by the children; but the whole system is now like
chaos being reduced to order. Their philosophers already aspire
to something more than has yet been accomplished; and they
assert that they shall soon revolutionize the kingdom of science,
and surpass the most learned in mathematics, philosophy, and the
sciences of observation.
The geologist and chemist must directly come to them to learn
the wonders developed from below, and in the mineral kingdoms;
and the botanist and naturalist to study the arcana of the principle
of life, elaborated in the vegetable and animal.  For, having "sought
first the kingdom of Heaven," they look now for the promise of
having all other things and knowledge added; but they sensibly add,
that the Lord helps those who help themselves, and that their minds
will only be quickened to perceive by the most intense industry.*
* From one of the Regents, speaking of the University. -Phelps'
24th July Oration, 1851.-" Beseeching the whole church to pray the
Lord, our Heavenly Father, to send down some of the Regents from the
great University of Perfection, as he did to Noah, Moses, and others,
to unfold unto his servants the principles of wisdom, philosophy, and
science, which are truth."-" But what with all the precious things of
time, the inventions of man, the records from Japhet in the ark to
Jonathan in Congress, embracing the wit and the gist, the fashions and
the folly, which so methodically, grammatically, and transcendantally
grace the libraries of the elite of nations, really be worth to a saint,
when our Father sends down his regents, the angels, from the grand
library of Zion above, with a copy of the History of Eternal Lives; the
records of worlds; the Genealogy of the Gods; the philosophy of truth
the names of our spirits from the Lamb's Book of Life; and the songs
of the sanctified? "-It must be recollected that things on earth are but
patterns of those in the celestial planet, according to Mormonism.
81 
MORMON EDUCATION.
The greatest change will be made in astronomy-the system of
the world will be modified in the number, arrangement, and
relations of the planets; and any curious to anticipate what is to
burst upon us, may discover an inkling in the Book of Abraham,
which was brought to Nauvoo with some Egyptian mummies; of
which Joseph translated a portion written by the faithful patriarch,
when he sojourned on the banks of the Nile, which relates to the
planetary world;  diving  to  the  centre of  the universe,  and
exhibiting the great orb Kolob, which revolves on its axis once in
a thousand of our years, and around which all else that relates to
man is supposed to wheel in endless lines.
Their most profound mathematician, while in England, put forth
a feeler essay, by which the Newtonian theories of gravitation,
attraction, and repulsion, are overthrown; and all thb  effects usually attributed to them put upon the intelligence of element; and
the motions of the universal atoms, either single or combined in
mass, referred to the circumscribing and infusing power and presence of the Holy Spirit, acting directly upon, and through all
things.  We have not time and perhaps patience would fail to follow the data and the argument used to prove this,-and we may
safely trust all developments of this kind to their practical hands,
and rely upon experiment to furnish them with facts that shall
bring them into physical truth; and hope that their researches will
contribute something to the cause of science, and that their admirable theory of education, when fully carried out, will aid and enrich our literary treasures.
It is understood that the Saxon and Celtic classics, from which
four-fifths of our spoken words are derived, will have a prominent
place and comparative attention, and stand side by side in barbaric
native strength with the more polished Greek and Latin. The
sciences of observation, just taking a perfect form, and which
meet more nearly the demand of the age in the educational market; which are spread before the eye of every one that walks the
field, tills the ground, or observes nature's curious ways in the
house, the shop, the study, or under open skies, are those that
will be pursued with the greatest ardor.
82 
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
By the liberality of the last Congress, the delegate from Utah
was furnished the means to select a fine library, and this munificence will greatly aid the cause of education at their Zion University.  "To search for wisdom in all good books" was the behest
of their great prophet, and the sentiment is fully inculcated on all.
This people are jealous of their rights, and feel themselves
entitled to enforce order by their own laws, and severely punish
contempt of them.
The administration of justice is of the most simple kind, and
based on equity and the merits of the question, without reference
to the precedents and technicalities, referring to the rules of the
Mosaic code, and its manner of punishment, when applicable.
Witnesses are seldom put on oath in the lower courts, and there
is nothing known of the "law's delay," and the quibbles whereby
the ends of truth and justice may be defeated. But they have a
criminal code called "The Laws of The Lord;" which has been
given by revelation, and not yet promulgated; the people not
being able quite to bear it, or the organization still too imperfect.
It is to be put in force, however, before long, and when in vogue,
all grave crimes will be punished and atoned for, by cutting off
the head of the offender. This regulation arises from the fact,
that " without shedding of blood there is no remission "-and is
intended as an act of mercy to the criminal, who, when he has
unwisely or through Satanic wiles, jeoparded his salvation by evil
acts, can, by willingly offering his neck to the block, atone for all
his sins, and enter on the "untried state of being" absolved from
guilt, through the sacrifice of his own blood, and-obedience to this
"law of the Lord."
LOYALTY.
Though this people fled to a foreign country to enjoy the liberty
that persecution denied them in the states, as soon as they found
their adopted land had come under the jurisdiction of the stripes
and stars- which their own valor had helped to win in the army
of the Pacific against Mexico,- they embraced the earliest opportunity of declaring their adherence to the great charter of liberty
83 
DESTINY OF MORMONISM.
and national glory, and announced to the world that it was given
to our patriot fathers by divine inspiration, and that they will up
hold and defend it, though all the original parties shall secede and
trample it under foot.
"They will make no law forbidden by the sacred constitution
of the United States," and predict that the day is not far distant
when they shall be solicited by patriotic American citizens, to
descend from their rocky fastnesses, to enforce its sanctions upon
those led astray by frantic political delusion and anarchy.
The great "eagle of America is now perched on her mountain
eyrie, watching the unsafe wanderings of her brood; and, ready
to stretch her pinions for the flight, will soon collect them together
again, and bear them on her wings to a place of safety." Firmly
cherishing the belief of their divine mission to revolutionize the
world, and that events are even now shaped to expedite their re turn to the promised land Zion, they note the crimes, the follies
and turmoils in every place, and a record of them is kept and filed
away with the archives of their church and state.   These are held
up as portents to demonstrate that the wrath of heaven is already
being poured out, and the madness of political factions, the bitter
strifes of different religions,-the wars of nations, and of peoples
against their governments, together with the ravages of the cholera
plague, all are declared to show the beginning of the end, and to
herald the ultimate triumph of Mormonism.
The books they keep are to be some of those at the great judgment, when "the books are opened"-their prophet has told them
to keep a faithful record; and their scribes are busy in forwarding
the awful accounts that shall condemn this generation.
They enter into the dark alleys of crowded cities, and ferret out
the practices of secret associations in the dens of pollution; and
the details equal all the imagination can picture of the sins of
Sodom and Gomorrha. They note down the aberrations from
rectitude of the men entrusted with making and executing our
laws, or who minister at the altars of divine worship in this and
other countries, until their criminal calendar of nations smells
tank to heaven, and causes their members to regard themselves,
84 
MORMON ARGUMENTS.
in point of purity, in comparison, as clothed with the resplendent
white robe of righteousness.
And the listener to the eulogiums of MIormonism is pointed to
the success that has attended their efforts- and they proudly
challenge him to parallel the fact, that, without "scrip or purse,"
an obscure individual, in the open light of the age which should
be styled the most intelligent, from having the accumulated
knowledge of those gone before to add to its own wisdom, should
set on foot a scheme by which the deep mystery of a continent,
peopled by two different races, is solved; the one swept off ere
history began their record, save on the broken column and fallen
arches of crumbling granite; the other without tradition of its
origin, fast following its predecessor to oblivion, but now taught
how to redeem its remnant, and knowing whence it came, regain
pristine favor with heaven, in the path of duty well marked outand which, in twenty years, has multiplied its devotees from six
individuals to three hundred thousand-founded a state in the far
off wilderness, and compelled a mighty nation to recognise them a
separate people, with the right of self-government-proclaimed its
mission on all the grand divisions of the earth, and taken converts
from the patriarchal states of Rome, and the pagan isles of the
ocean; all this, too, while the fiercest persecution was chasing
them from one refuge to another, and, under the ban of obloquy,
impeaching their motives and the purity of their lives, as well as
the scope of their doctrines.
But what we predicate of their teachings and of their doetrinecs
to-day, may not be the truth of either to-morrow. For by the
doctrine of development, and having revelations according with
the exigencies of the church, they may be bidden to change their
policy, and suspend those commands found to bec inapplicable to
their condition, and the faithl of the saints.
Such suspension and withdrawal of privileges have  already
become precedents -and it should not strike us with surprise to
hear that matrimony is confined again to a single pair, on the plea
that it has fulfilled the intention of its founder, and the word is
8
85 
THIE SAINTS.
prevailing fast enough to built up the faith on the earth, ready
for the Lord's coming.
The present Seer has cautioned his people to be faithful, and
they may hope any hour to receive a deputation from the "lost ten
tribes of Israel," which shall confirm them, and signal the conversion of their red brethren, when  "a nation shall be born in a
day."   These lost tribes are supposed to be on a fragmentary part
of the earth, which is either in space revolving with its parent
planet, and called, as it is placed there " The North Country," or
on some insular land, to which no vessel has ever been permitted
to sail and return to publish the place of abode. And there are
four witnesses to the truth of the Gospel who have never tasted
death; these are, St. John the Evangelist, who was to tarry till
the Lord came, if he so willed it; and three others of the church
founded in America by Christ, who begged the like privilege and
had it granted to them, as may be seen by consulting the Book of
Mormon.
These saints continue in perpetual manhood, and travel over the
earth, assuming the language and costume of the country they
happen- to be in, and have visited some of the brethren of the
Latter-Day Church, according to their own belief in receiving
some remarkable strangers: they look anxiously for their appearance, to proclaim boldly their character and instruct the people
from the temple pulpit; but this too will depend upon their faithful obedience to spiritual counsel.
The Lord will not come till the Temple of Reception is built;
the temple will rise only by the efforts of a people specially organized in the faith; and this generation may fail and be rejected,
but another may be raised up to do the work appointed, who will
obey the revelation; so is it taught and written.
Thus have we endeavored to draw a true picture of the mountain Mormons; - the view was taken before ever seeing any
history of their doctrines or polity by others; -it is the result
of observation and listening to their teachings, and reading a few
of their own accredited books; and, as far as possible, we have
endeavored to make them sketch their own portrait.
86 
POLICY TOWARDS THE MORMONS.
The policy of our own government in giving them rulers selected from themselves, is so just to them in their present condition,
and so well calculated to allay their irritated feelings, aroused by
the injustice and oppression of the mobs, which were left unrebuked if not sanctioned by state authorities, that it cannot be too
much commended.
It has caused a revulsion of feeling, and taught them to make
a distinction between the lawless acts of congregated individuals,
and the governors of the state, and the sense of gratitude and
kindness is shown by their lately selecting a site for a city in the
beautiful Parvan valley, in the county of Millard, to be called
Fillmore, which shall be the civil Capital of the territory, as the
Temple City is the head quarters and Capital for the higher
spiritual power. The magnanimity of a people, far separated
from all others, is thus appealed to, instead of wounding their
pride,-it is the field on which the freedom of conscience is to be
tried;-  it is the cause of political liberty, successfully contended
for by the revolutionary fathers, in the estimation of that portion
of American citizens; and under the permanent law of Congress,
they ask for self-government to test their fealty as a matter of right
and justice.
Therefore, we may be permitted to say, that this course of judicious action may secure a law-abiding people; and soon we may
expect to see a thriving, peaceful state added to the extending
Union under the  name of Deseret -  The Land of the Honey
Bee.
87 
PARPT SECOND. - HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY PERIOD OF MORMONISM.
IN what has preceded, we have aimed more to give a view of the
people of Utah, the Mormons, as they delineate themselves, than
to criticise their creed, or controvert their pretensions.   During a
year's residence among them, there was an opportunity of observing
them impartially, and having no knowledge of their doctrines in
advance, their whole system became one of study, unfettered by
prejudice. Since leaving them, curiosity has led me to investigate
the motives of the opposition which they have encountered, both
in regard to their religious opinions and political actions.
We find that they are regarded by many as dangerous to the
state, and subverters of our holy religion.  The system is held up
as the result of impudent imposture, and interested knavery.
Their miracles, which had so much to do in its early success, are
accounted for in the same manner as those of the Mesmeric philosopher, or those of a monkish priesthood:-the performers of
them perhaps deceived themselves and the lookers-on, duped by a
deceiving imagination, and led astray by a deluding superstition.
They call up historical facts, and exhibit before us similar fanaticism in all ages of the church, in which whole countries and communities halie been overwhelmed for a time, and which passing
away, are the wonder of after ages; and we come to the melancholy conclusion that nothing is too absurd when it assumes the
name of religion, to have its thousands of votaries.
By this rule of historical evidence,-by the facts contemporanecus withlr the development of Mormonism, are we called upon to
(88) 
THiE BOOK OF MORMON.
test the truth of its origin in heavenly revelation or successful
human derivation.
The addition to the Sacred Record, The Book of Mormon, is
at the foundation of the scheme, and we will first see how it is
proved to be the work of one of sufficient genius to produce it;
and then show how it has been made  to lay so firmi  a hold on
many minds.  Its style and literary merits are not parts of the
question at all-we have only to observe that it is the most successful attempt ever made to imitate the Scriptures, not in its composition, but in its pretension to be an inspired text.
There have been several versions of the story, but, after the
most mature investigation we have been enabled to give to the subject, the following seems most consistent with the facts yet published. All is established on the most positive testimony of
individuals under oath, which is essential to the point at issue.
As this will controvert the statements of the " Prophet," Joseph
Smith, and his father's family, we ask the opinion of their neighbors whether their assertions are entitled to unquestioned credit.
Fifty-one gentlemen of Palmyra, New York, and eleven of Manchester, and several persons who lived near the family residence,
and often labored for days in company with them, all testify to
the same effect -"-that they consider them destitute of that moral
character, which ought to entitle them to the confidence of any
community - -and particularly that the senior and junior Josephs,
were entirely unworthy of belief in such matters; and addicted to
vicious habits." They were visionary men, and believed that hid den treasures were in the vicinity, and often employed themselves
in digging for them and money. They'used what in Scotland are
denominated "Seer-stones," through which persons, born under
peculiar circumstances, can see things at a distance, or future
events passing before their eyes, or things buried in the earth.*
Such a stone was dug from a well by one Willard Chase, which
was loaned to the prophet Joseph, and retained by him, and with
which some of the family declared he read in the Golden Bible.
* Like the Mediaeval Crysta,llomancy.
8*
89 
JOSEPHi SMITH AND Ills FAMILY.
In after times, he said that he used two stones, set in the two rims
of a bow, the Urim and Thumm-im of the ancients; and probably
this seer-stone gave rise to the idea that it would be a sure way of
gaining belief. These stones are those spoken of in the Book of
Mormon, as the ones touched by the finger of God for the use of
Jared in his barges, when he crossed the Pacific to settle America.
They became shining lights in his dark vessel.  The family also
used peach and witch-hazel rods, to detect and drive off evil spirits,
when digging for money; and such branches are supposed by many
to point out streams of running water beneath the surface; and
are used by miners frequently to find the lodes of mineral, for the
currents of water are presumed to run parallel with the veins.
They take a forked stick, and hold a prong in each hand, the stem
pointing upward, and walk about the field;- if there are any
underground springs, the stick will turn downward toward it in
spite of the holder. Tales of such discoveries are told among
this people, and firmly believed at present, not alone by them, but
by persons in every part of the country.
It has already bees mentioned that in 1823, under the preaching of -a Methodist elder, the "prophet," as we shall continue to
call Joseph, and his father's family, were converted or excited, in
a "revival of religion." This resulted in giving a portion to the
Presbyterians, but leaving the prophet greatly perplexed among
the rival sects, who were striving to enlist the converts under some
particular banner.   In viewing "'this struggle for the spoils  of
victory," his original mind took the idea that there was but little
to choose between them, and that all matters wrangled upon were
mere opinions.  Yet he  could see that there was  a religious
element in the human character, which was apt to be swayed by
the circumstances  surrounding  the individual.   On  that little
theatre were sI wp the scenes attending the preaching of Peter
the HIermit,  the enthusiasm of the disciples of  l[atthias of
MIunster, on a diminished scale;  but enough  to exhibit  the
tendency of fanaticism and mystic feeling in a multitude.   And
he did not fail to observe that a permanent influence remained
when the exciting causes were over-that some would continuo
li 0 
VISION OF JOSEPH SMITH.
their course, and search out reasons to substantiate their notions,
instead of testing them in cool judgment, their pride or their
vanity being enlisted-others, feeling a depression of spirits, would
unite in social gatherings and rouse what they called "a happy
feeling," by haraangues and vociferous prayers - and not a few
would join in the popular current to be with their friends, and
enjoy variety and novelty.
During this rivalry 6f the sects, also, their peculiar views were
freely discussed, of course, and to one so observant, their
theological notions, supported each by Bible Commentaries, were
well digested by Joseph. Could a compounded,system be deduced
from them that would suit a majority of minds, and their attention
joined to it, the task of founding a "new church," would not
seem a very great work to one who looked upon each of those
bodies bearing the name, as equally a true one, or only organizations for carrying out human purposes.   Judging from what he
says in his autobiography, ideas of this kind now took possession
of his mind, on which he systematically acted during the remainder
of his career.  He informs us that he engaged in earnest prayer
for enlighteniment.  Ile rose at night and continued his supplications. In September of that year, when all else was hushed in
sleep, his prayers were answered by a heavenly vision.   An angel
in all the splendor of light, radiating from his head, with eyes of
lambent flame, and hair like fleecy wool, stood before him.   His
message was that Joseph should gird himself for the work of the
Lord, and go forth among men and restore Hfis church.  No doubt
he had a remarkable dream that night, waking or sleeping - for
though the vision was repeated in the'most resplendent manner,
and important revelations given concerning the manner of found ing a "new church," and information upon the subject of hidden
records on plates of gold in the vicinity- yet he informs us that
he'went about his work as usual on the following mlorning."
The conception of the plan might well be called his "brilliant
glory: " in figurative language original thoughts are visiting angels,
and mature reflections heavenly counsellors.  There was a floating
story abroad that a golden Bible had been found in Canada, and(
91 
SMITIH MARRIES MISS HALE.
many little circumstances conspired soon, to give consistency to
what was then planned for a future development.
About this period Joseph leaves his father's residence, and for
four years was passing to and fro between Wayne, New York,
and Susquehanna counties, Pennsylvania. Tho first two years are
much involved in mystery; the autobiography helps us to little
knowledge of the manner in which they were passed on the line
of travels and sojourns in the counties of Onondaga and Chenango,
though it is asserted that his name can be found on the criminal
records, having been arrested as a vagabond.   He acquired great
reputation for money-digging. A man by the name of Stowell, in
Bainbridge, New York, employed him to dig for hidden treasure
in the neighborhood. Some legends of the wandering Spaniards
from De Soto's band, and the wealth of the aboriginal inhabitants
buried on the banks of the Susquehanna, had fired the imaginations of the old Dutchman, and a company was in search of the
untold wealth. The seer-stone and the mineral rod were already
familiar to Joseph, and his pretensions and frequent search caused
him to be called the "money-digger."
While laboring in his profession at Harmony, Pennsylvania,
he became acquainted with Miss Hale, and persuaded her to elope
with him, and they were clandestinely married. Previous to this,
however, he had made a journey home, and there reported that
silver ore was to be had on the Susquehanna, and induced one
Laurence to carry him back, promising to share with him in an
enterprise to fill a boat with ore, and carry it to Philadelphia. On
searching for the mine, it could not be found, and the man went
back disappointed. In 1826, Joseph again duped his friend
Stowell, by telling him that he had discovered, near his father's
residence, a bar of gold in a cave, and offered to go and cut it off
with a chisel, and give him one half of it, if Stowell would move
him and wife to Wayne County. Though all former trials had
failed, the honest old fellow consented, and with his stout team
carried him back; but then Joseph refused to leave his bride
among strangers, and the Dutchman returned to his home to
cultivate his cabbages, and to regret once more  the  "golden
92 
AUTHORSIIIP OF THE BOOK OF MORMON.
opportunity" lost.  This is the substance of the history of the
time between the first angelic apparition and the announcement
that the plates had been delivered him by the angel, and the
translation begun.
The whole explication of the Book of Miormon hangs on the
satisfactory solution of a few obscure points in the following circumistances.  A Romance to show the manner of peopling Amer.
ica by some Jews and the "lost ten tribes of Israel;" the wars,
and economy of living among their descendants, and the division
into tribes as they were found in our Indians at the discovery by
Columbus, is known to have been written by the late Rev. MIr.
Spalding at Conneaut, Ohio. This was just previous to 1812, and
his brother testifies that their "arts, sciences and civilization were
brought into view, in order to account for all the curious antiquities
found in various parts of North and South America." A clear
idea of the work can be had from the affidavit of Mr. Henry Lake,
given at Conneaut, in 1833, which is corroborated by abundant
other testimony.
He affirms: "I left the state of New York in the year of 1810,
and arrived in this place about the first of January following.
Soon after my arrival I formed a copartnership with Solomon
Spalding * * *. He frequently read to me from a manuscript
which he was writing, and which he entitled the " MIanuseript
Found," which he represented as being found in this town. I
spent many hours in hearing him read said writings; and became
acquainted with their contents.  Ile wished me to assist him in
getting it printed, alleging that a book of that kind would meet
with a rapid sale.  This book represented the American Indians
as thle lost tribes, gave an account of their leaving Jerusalemn, their
contentions and wars, which were many and great.   One timte,
when he was reading to me the tragic account of Labatn, I pointed
out to him what I considered an inconsistenvcy, which he promised
to correct; but by referring to the Book of Mormon, I find to my
surprise it stands there, just as he read it to me  then.   Sonie
months ago I borrowed a golden Bible, * * * had not read twenty
minutes before I was astonished to find the same passages in it
93 
WANDERINGS OF TIUE MANUSCRIPT.
that Spalding had read to me, more than twenty years before, from
his "Manuscript Found."   Since then, I have more fully examined the said golden bible, and have no hesitation in saying that
the historical part of it is principally, if not wholly, taken from
the "Manuscript Found."   I well recollect telling Mr. Spalding
that the too frequent use of the words, "Now it came to pass,"
"And it came to pass," rendered it ridiculous.  Spalding left here
in 1812, and I furnished him with the means to carry him to
Pittsburg, where he said he would get the book printed and pay
me. But I never heard any thing more from him, or of his writings, till I saw them in the Book of Mormon."
The same in effect is the evidence of the brother of Spalding,
that he heard much of the "Manuscript" read, and that, according to his best recollection, "The Book of Mormon is the same
as my brother Solomon wrote, with the exception of the religious
matter."  All this is confirmed by more than half a dozen other
gentlemen, and by the widow and daughter of the author of " Manuscript Found." It was also made known that a change in his
original design was made. At first the Romance began, by fitting
out the emigrant Jews at Rome, and a quire of paper was written
-but not liking that origin, he started from Jerusalem, with
Lehi and his four sons, as the leaders of the enterprise, under
divine instruction.
We have followed the Manuscript Found to Pittsburg; its further traces are not so palpable.  It has been supposed it was left
with the printer Lambdin, and that Sidney Rigdon was employed
to edit it for the press; and that, by collusion with Smith, whose
money-digging reputation was notorious, the miraculous plan of
translation was concerted.   Subsequent events discredit this supposition The author of the Manuscript left Pittsburg in 1814,
and two years afterwards died in the southern part of Pennsylva.
nia. His widow, shortly after this event, removed to Onondaga
county, New York, near to her early residence, and carried a trunk
thither, containing the writings of her deceased husband. She
spent much of her time for three years in visiting her friends in
adjoining counties, and resided awhile at Hartwick, not far from
94 
THE DESTINY OF THE MANUSCRIPT.
the home of the Stowell above mentioned. During a part of the
time from 1817 to 1820, when she again married and moved to
Massachusetts, the trunk, supposed to contain the writings, was at
her brother's in Onondaga  Hollow, near the residence of the
Smith family; -Wayne and Onondaga counties being separated
by a narrow township of land.
When the Book of Mormon appeared, and its almost identity
with the Manuscript was discovered by those familiar with the latter, enquiry was made for the whereabouts of that paper. It had
mysteriously disappeared, and the "Manuscript Found" has ever
since been the Manuscript lost. The trunk was hunted up and
searched, but only the quire of paper with the Roman exodus
was in it; out of all that it formerly contained, this alone was left.
How the Manuscript could have been taken out, and when, remains a mystery, and probably ever will remain unknown. Like
the history of the first Mormon Seer, the transits of that trunk can
hardly now be traced in those same counties of Chenango, Otsego,
and Onondaga,-and what process was going on in the interiors
of each, is left to conjecture.  But a curious coincidence of dates
and habitations exists between them, which subsequent developments connect together.
From these circumstances, just hinted at in the above account,
it seems fair to conclude, that the Manuscript Found escaped from
its prison and perched upon some farmer's shelf; or fell direct, by
accident or design, into the hands of Joseph Smith, and opportune.
ly met the mind that could mould it into a religious fiction. Much
has been said of his stupidity and illiterate character; but no doubt
these qualities, if a negation may be so denominated, are greatly exaggerated. Like the cobbler at his Pilgrim's Progress, people took the profession and scholastic lore of the man as the measure of his genius. But what is genius? and who will venture
to define it?  Its effects we see, and turn aside from the hunmdrum of life to observe how it rivets the attention of many to its
artistic creations, and whirls them out of the eddies of their own
thoughts and opinions into the onward current,-to think and be.
lieve in those of the author.
95 
JOSEPH SMITIH'S VIEWS.
Here is a book that takes fast hold of the minds of hundreds
of thousands, and so skilfully arranged on the model of the true
Bible, and so garnished with versions and extracts of its text,
that it becomes to them a verisimilitude of the Holy Book itself.
Such wonderful influence is not due to those extracts alone, which
constitute one eighteenth part of the whole; but rather to the inge nious arrangement of its plot, and the decided non-committalism
to any sect of Christians or prominent doctrine; if we except the
mode of administering the rite of baptism in the Nephite churches.
Nor was that a stupid man who could wield the powers of life
and death over a multitude in an enlightened age and comnmunity,
and cause his memory to be revered by the sincere, and gain in
their estimation the proud position of being "the most perfect
man and powerful mind we ever saw;" for such an eulogium have
we often heard.
He had a religious turn of mind, and at the "great revival" an
impression was  surely made,  the stamp  of which was  never
effaced from his character. He emerged from the conflicting waves
of various religious opinions and visionary speculations raging
around -him; and sought to arrange a system that would suit all
minds, and draw them into one communion.   His associations
were vulgar, but such as made him acquainted with the weak side
of humanity.   He early saw that numbers were of more consequence than intellectual attainments in the sects, in point of
influence. It is a prime point to enlist the less cultivated many,
which at last invariably carries the unstable part of the cultivated
few; who, if they do not yield a full acquiescence, are willing to
be reckoned of the host, and think' to lead by non-resistance.
The first idea must have  been to make a book that should 
account for the peopling of America, and the ruins that are
spread over much of its surface, showing evidences of a former
civilization. Various theories were afloat on this mysterious
subject. That of Jewish origin is an old one. The traditions
collected from the Indians and compared with the Asiatic- the
disappearance of the ten tribes, and Hebrew notions among the
aborigines - the discovery of ruined cities and temples in Central
96 
PREPARATIONS FOR PUBLISIIING.
America -the relics of pottery, bricks, and stumps of axe-cut
trees, buried far beneath the surface of the Mississippi valley-all
had conspired to arouse curiosity. The book that should gain the
credit of elucidating these subjects would be highly remunerative.
But some slight incidents occurring while such thoughts were
revolving in his mind, gave a further and wider grasp to the plan.
The biblical language of the rmanuscript, and the report then
abroad that a gold Bible had been dug up in Canada, suggested
the idea of calling it a Bible. In crossing a swampy grove, he
found some pure white sand one day, left by a retiring freshet;
and he wrapped up a specimen in his frock, and carried it home.
The family were at dinner. HIe announced to them that he had
found a gold Bible. They seemed to believe him, and asked to
see it. He gravely said that the angel forbade, for the person who
should look upon it without authority should  die.  He  was
credited, and a few days after told a neighbor that he "had fixed
the fools, and would have some fun." By this he saw the family
were ready for any imposture.
The plan being laid, and the manuscript in his possession in
some way that he did not fear detection, he must then have
determined to alter it to suit his own conceptions, from which a
golden harvest was anticipated.  It must have been with him, and
secreted at the first visit to his father's house in 1826; for, at that
time, all of them set various rumors afloat, and very contradictory
ones indeed, about a book found in the ground-and the complete
history of its supernatural origin was not given until after its
publication. The lucky accidents might well be considered by
him as his providences, and the kindness of a good angel.
The next attempt was on the credulity of Martin Harris, a
miserly, visionary man, who had been a member successively of
several denominations.   Meeting him, he abruptly told him that
the Lord had commanded him to advance fifty dollars to begin the
work of translation, and represented the great rewards to follow.
Harris's cupidity gave credit, if his judgment of the divine
mission was  staggered.   With  this money  the  last visit  to
Harmony was made, and-on his return the work commenced, and
9
97 
SMITH PREPARES THE MANUSCRIPT.
Harris became the scribe for a few weeks; and like Baruch for
Jeremiah, "he wrote the words as he pronounced them with his
mouth." Harris became fully committed, furnished the means
of publication, by which he was pecuniarily ruined, preached the
doctrine three years, and finally deserted what to him was a
foundered ark.   Harris  was shortly substituted  by  a better
scholar, Oliver Cowdery, a schoolmaster, who wrote out the five
hundred octavo pages, and became one of the witnesses to its
divine origin, though he too failed and dissented in after times.
The manner of writing was as follows: Smith would place his
pseudo gold plates in a hat, and take the stones, Urim and Thummim, which he affirmed had been delivered to him at the hill
Cumora, in Palmyra, by an angel-and, raising a screen of cloth
between himself and the scribe, proceed to look through the stones,
and the words, in reformed Egyptian characters, would change to
his vernacular, and "pass before his eyes by the power and gift
of God." He either concealed portions of the manuscript, or
commnitted them to memory before beginning the day's work, and
thus dictated to his amanuensis.
He gives us a graphic account of the first persecution by his neighbors, who tried to capture the "gold plates "-and to escape from
this, he concealed them in a barrel of beans and started for Penn.
sylvania again. A writ for debt was served on him under a pretence, and he was overtaken and searched by the sheriff, but the
functionary of the law was not bright enough to penetrate among
the beans, or we should probably have to record a successful discovery of the Spalding manuscript.   In Harmony, the translation
was pursued vigorously- and in'three years the work was sent
to the press.  This time includes the ten months' suspension, on
account of the abstraction of several sheets of the work by Mrs.
Harris, who could not be induced by threat or cajolement to give
them up.  In order to evade this, the work is not what was first
intended by the Lord: - and he received commandment to translate from an abridgment of the Plates of Nephi, instead of those
of Lehi. %It was revealed to him, that if he retranslated from the
same plates, Satan would alter the first and publish them, and,
98 
VIEWS ON THiE JEWS AND INDIANS.
being different, it would discredit the performance; but he was
severely reprimanded for negligence in a revelation, and Cowdery
sharply rebuked for impertinent curiosity, in wishing to see the
golden plates, which was the prophets' privilege only.
But let us return to the consideration of the plan in view by
this great work. There was a higher object than the making of
money by it; -and another purpose, beyond harmonizing the
Christian world.
The grand scheme was to convince the Jews in all the world
that "Jesus is the Christ," their long-expected Messiah, as foretold by their ancient prophets. Accordingly, we find the prophecies here made perfectly plain. As Cyrus is spoken of in Isaiah
by name long before his advent, so the name and office of the
Savior is declared by the Nephite seers.
Nor was this all. The Indians throughout the length and
breadth of the land were to be informed of their origin,- the
cause of the divine wrath explained which had sunk them in degradation; -  and that " in the last days" they could recover pristine
favor, and again become a "fair and delightsome people," enjoying temporal salvation and eternal happiness.   Could he succeed
in making these two peoples believe in his book as a divine record,
their conversion to Christianity was certain to follow. Nor was
this thing beneath a soaring ambition, and its success would now
place its author on the pinnaele of fame,- and the object to have
been obtained was therefore a good one, whatever we may think
of the deception attempted to be practised.
Even now do the Mormon missionaries apply to Jewish Rabbis,
and ask them to listen to the voice of thle gentile prophet, whose
blood they aver has sealed the truth of his mission.   We have
lately seen the account of such ameetingat Amsterdam, but the
Jew stands yet unconvinced and holds to his traditions; the Indian listens to "the talk" about the Great Spirit, and returns to
the chase unconverted; -all these seem to view the matter as
the fiction of an enthusiast.
The idea of founding a church with the new Seer as chief, does
not, however, appear to have been entertained, until just before
'.'' *
99 
)160     ORGANIZATION OF THIE MORMON CHURCH.
the printing the Book of MIormon. This was issued in 1830, and
purports to give additional revelations of the dealings of God with
his people, in the records that had been "hid up some fourteen
hundred years before for preservation, but written for the Lama     nites [Indians] a remnant of the house of Israel, and for Jew and
Gentile, by the spirit of prophecy and revelation; to come forth,
in due time, by eway of Gentile * * * to the convincing of Jew
and Gentile, that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God." This ex     tract from the preface shows fully its character and purpose.
On the 6th of April of this year, the church, out of the Gen     tiles, was organized. There were but six members thus formed
into the society, of which were, his father, and two brothers, and
Cowdery, his scribe. From that time forth the Smith family rose
from poverty to opulence. But nothing has fallen under our
notice to show that the present hierarchy was then contemplated.
Joseph was the first Elder, and Cowdery the second. In progress
of time this expanded into two priesthoods; namely, the Melchisedek
the Eternal one, which had two orders, the high priests and priests
out of which was taken the Apostles  and Council; -and  the
Aaronic, arranged into the various orders of elders, bishops, dea
cons, teachers, and so on. This is now the asserted imitation of
the Primitive Apostolic.Church,'but if there is any resemblance
of the office attached to the like names, we have seen no proof yet
given.
It is related that Cowdery first baptised the prophet, and then
the church had one commissioned to act;- and in the Book of
Covenants the sponsors given are no less than the angels or spirits
of Moses and Elias, and the Presidency of the first Christian
church, Peter, James, and St. John in his own body, as he has
never died.  The  "commissioned"  prophet, now  baptised and
"commissioned" Elders, who began their enthusiastic preaching,
and converted several visionary characters, persons without settled
notions of theology, and likely to be carried away by the last fer    vid, popular harangue that should be addressed to them.   Whole
families were thus captivated, and the "New Revelation" and
revival of the Old Church made much noise in the neighboring
!~..... ~ * 
ACCESSIONS TO TIIE FAITTI.
counties; and in a few months branches were organized in Fayette
and Colesville, bodies which were mere associations however.
In the following August a Campbellite preacher, and one of some
notoriety in Ohio, who was preaching notions and holding views of
prophecy, restoration of the children of Israel and the Millennium,
similar to those still taught in the Mormon society, made a visit to
the State of New York and accidentally met with the Book of
Mormon, and became convinced of its authenticity.   This was
the eloquent speaker, the pious song-poet, the enthusiastic Apostle, Parly P. Pratt.   He is the author of many books of doctrine
and history of persecutions among his people; and among those
books is the "Voice of Warning to all Nations," which has done
more in giving texts and establishing Mormonism than all the
other publications of that people.   This man is at present the
chief of the " Stakes" in the Pacific islands.   On  his return to
Ohio he presented the new bible to the still more enthusiastic and
famned " Reformed Disciple," the ingenious and versatile Sidney
Rigdon.   He too adopted the new system; visited the Prophet
and returned to call his society together, and then in a two hours'
discourse of fervid eloquence, eloquent to those hearers, he expostulated, instructed, explained, and converted  them; -he  wept
tears of sorrow and of joy over them, fell into swoons several
times, and related visions of heaven to them. They became real
fanatics.
It must be noted here that Rigdon had for three years already
taught the literal interpretation of scripture prophecies, the
gathering of the Israelites to receive the second coming, the
literal reign of the Saints on earth, and the use of miraculous
gifts in the church.   From that visit of his to Joseph, do we date
the Mormon organization of a church. In the conversations with
.Rigdon, the dawn of the morning gave place to the full light of
the Sun, in the mind of its founder.   Nothing  yet had been
written which forbade any method of discipline deemed expedient
for the society; nor concerning doctrines which might not be
interpreted to suit any circumstances.   Accordingly we find "the
Revelations" assuming a definite form.   Rigdon  is  appointed
9*
1-01 
EXCITED MEETINGS.
expounder, and assigned an important post in the church; and
soon is made the second person and great counsellor. But, in
fact, he was the first in matters of theology, and wrote the Lectures
on Faith, which preface the Book of Covenants and Doctrines,
which were adopted by Smith, who purports to be the author, on
the title-page.  Since the apostasy of Rigdon, the faithful declare
that he was once mighty in the faith, and a bright star in Zion,
but, like Lucifer, has awfully fallen.
The conference of those two peculiar minds, spoken of above,
was held in the autumn.   In January following, a revelation is
given, commanding those in the east to remove to the place which
Rigdon had long since declared was on the borders of the "inheritance of the Saints, which extended thence to the Pacific."
The prophet and his people removed to Kirtland, Ohio, where
Pratt and Rigdon had already a society of over a thousand to receive them. New ardor and energy were infused, and such wonderful tales of visions, voices, and miracles were spread abroad, that
people flocked from all parts of the lake region to witness and
judge of this new thing. There were extacies-men and women
falling to the floor in the public assemblies, wallowing, rolling, and
tossing of hands-  pointing into the heavens at the "cloud of
witnesses" -uttering Indian dialects, and declaring that they
would immediately convert them - there was swooning - rushing
out of doors and running to the fields, some would mount stones
and stumps, and speak in loud "tongues;" some would pick up
the stones and read from characters of writing, which were
miraculously made, and then suddenly disappeared-others found
pieces of parchment falling upon'them, which they declared were
sealed with the seal of Christ, and which they no sooner copied
than they vanished. The utmost excitement prevailed in their
meetings, and it was all attributed to "the outpouring of the
Spirit." The prophet himself seems to have become alarmed lest
the "vision" should pass from him, and the vocation of Seer and
Revelator become equally that of all. Accordingly he began to
preach moderation, and finally informed them that it was the work
of the devil, who was counterfeiting the gifts of the Spirit; and
102 
REVELATION TO SMITII.
the faithful were cautioned to beware. Another revelation soon
followed.  This made  the spiritual duties of the  "Seer" so
onerous, that he was told that strength to work would not be given
him.   He was to live "by the church," and through him alone
was to come all the counsel of wisdom, and ghostly strength for
the enlightenment of the same. He was privileged to converse
with angels. All must obey him as the voice of the Most High,
when the message was with the prefix " Thus saith the Lord,"
under the penalty of the Divine wrath.
103 
CHAPTER II.
VARIOUS SETTLEMENTS, AND PROGRESS.
IF the impulsiveness of the swooning Rigdon drove him occasionally to excess, in cooler moments he was the advocate of order
and system.   His was  a restless character, between extremes.
But the genius of Smith was a match for his ardor. In order to
divert his attention and keep him in the traces, new and other
work was carved out. A revelation is given in June, by which
the principal elders, in parties of two, are directed west, to preach
by the way and in the cities along their routes; and by a fixed
time to meet on the borders of the Missouri.   This mission was
for selecting a site for a temple in the "land of Zion," and to
found a city to be called Zion, the New Jerusalem of the Saints.
This part of the country was chosen with great attention to its
beauty of location, richness of soil, and all the requisites of a
great empire. The point selected was near Independence, and
where they were informed "from heaven'," Adam's altar was built,
and in the very centre of the Garden of Eden. Here it was
supposed they could expand unmolested, and convert the sparse
population over to their views, or buy out any unconvinced of the
propriety of joining them. They sadly mistook the character of
the pioneers of civilization, as the sequel proved.
The site for a city was selected, the land consecrated, and they
proceeled to lay the corner-stone of the temple amid the beautiful
groves which witnessed the Druidical pageantry.   Here was to be
the grand centre of gathering, and all other places of similar
organization were to be called "Stakes of Zion"-  here was tho
place where the kings'of the earth were to bring their wealth, and
the streets were to be paved with gold and precious stones.   But
as yet the "stakes" only flourish, while the consecrated " Zion"
(104) 
THE MORMONS PERSECUTED.
lies silent in the umbrageous forest groves on the banks of the
great Missouri.   "The everlasting residence" is yet uninhabited,
and "the abodes of plenty and peace," the "joy of the whole
earth," lie, as yet, in the peaceful silence of the wilderness.
The three hundred missionaries forwarded their converts hither,
and there was soon collected over 1200 in Jackson County
and the vicinity, buying lands and cultivating them peaceably.
The heads of the church returned, shortly after the ceremony of
laying the corner-stone, to Shinehar, as they now named the
Kirtland "stake," and engaged in building a temple there, laying
off a city, and offering town lots for sale. All property was
consecrated to the Lord, and the doctrine laid down, that the
Saints were only stewards of what they had in charge, and that a
tenth part of all, labor, earnings, and time, should be dedicated
forthwith, and for ever, to the use of the priesthood, under direction of the Presidency. Public store-houses were erected to
receive the tithes and donations, and the bishops put in charge of
the collection.
Two years thus passed quietly away in the temporal matters,
though strifes and apostacies became alarmingly frequent in
spiritual concerns. Opportunely for the waning power of the
prophet, a turmoil appeared in Zion, and persecution came to his
aid, and cemented the union among those not anathematised. The
people in Jackson County collected and drove out the Mormons,
their neighbors, who were obliged to take refuge across the river;
but they refused to sell their lands, which belonged to the " Saints
of the Lord," and they could not alienate them. When Joseph
heard of these troubles, he sent forth a revelation, which informed
his people that Heaven was visiting for their lack of faith, strifes
and disagreements, but that he would chastise and return them
again to their inheritance. To make this good, a party called the
"Army of Zion" left Ohio to aid their brethren, being armed and
drilled for the service; but before they arrived on the ground, the
mob, or a party of militia, met them and demanded a parley. As
the heavens opened not in vengeance on the enemy, the prophet
disbanded his party instead of fighting, and his demonstration not
105 
VARIOUS REMOVALS.
hlaving the effect of awing the country into submission, the holy
soldiery dispersed.   Some of these remained in Missouri, joining
their brethren; others returned to Ohio, but many fell with the
cholera. This last was declared to be the fulfilling of prophecy, for
"judgment must begin at the house of God," but it was to pass
thence and utterly destroy their enemies.
The attack upon those in Jackson County appears to have been
without provocation, other than fears of their clanship.  There
had been no complaint of misdemeanors, and this expulsion,
without color of law, was  most unjust and  oppressive.   The
following year, 1834, a guard was furnished by the Governor, and
an attempt to secure redress was made in the courts, but tho
mobocratic  spirit was  so prevalent  that  the  attorney-general
advised the abandonment of the suit, and the civil proceedings
were given up accordingly.
More peaceable times now seemed to hover over the Mormon
fortunes. They gathered rapidly together in Clay and adjoining
counties, and pressed forward their farming operations vigorously;
and plenty again appeared on their tables, and comfort in their
dwellings.  At Kirtland, in the autumn of 1835, a Hebrew and
theological school was formed, and several hundred elders attended
the instructions given by a celebrated Hebraist and scholar. In
the following spring, several of these now learned doctors repaired
to Missouri, and large accessions flocked in from abroad, which so
alarmed the old inhabitants of Clay County, that they determined
to drive them away. The evident clanship and unity of action in
all matters, caused these new comers to be distrusted.   Various
conferences were held, and consulting committees appointed, during
the year, and finally an arrangement was made, by which it was
stipulated that the Mormons  should withdraw  to Caldwell, if
lands were procured in exchange for those they should leave; and
the affair was amicably arranged, and the removal effected. Here,
in the hope of a permanent residence, they set to work again with
more than usual ardor.
Meanwhile swimming operations in lots, buildings, banks, and
ianufaetures, were in full tide at Kirtland. A large mercantile
106 
FAILURE AT KIRTI,AND.
house was started on a tithe basis, and obtained credit to a
considerable amount; and in 1837 a bank was set in motion, and
property assumed fictitious values. The temple, with its various
compartments for giving and receiving endowments, or for
imparting and obtaining the gifts of the Spirit, was so far
advanced that the rites were actually held. For some days wine
flowed freely -wine that had been consecrated, and declared by
the prophet to be harmless and not intoxicating. This, with
previous fastings, and expectations wrought up to the highest pitch,
and other means used to create mental excitement, produced
unheard of effects, if we may credit the witnesses of these
proceedings. Visions, tongues, trances, wallowings on the ground,
shoutings, weeping, and laughing, the outpouring of prophecies,
and terrible cursings of the Missourians, exhortations from house
to house, and preaching to unseen nations; these, and other
fantastic things, were among "the signs following" at Kirtland.
Not long after followed the crash of the speculations. The
improvident habits of sudden wealth, the unwise investments in
lots, houses, and mills, and the loose management of the mercantile
firm, brought on embarrassments in 1838. The bank failed, and
the managers were prosecuted for swindling. Smith and Rigdon
secretly departed for far-west, the new Zion, and thus escaped to
"the city of refuge," from the sheriff and his writs, and perhaps
from the penitentiary.  Here they imparted  to the Saints the
developing nature of their own spirits. New cities were located,
and settlements begun in Davies, Caldwell, and Carroll counties.
The spot where Adam blessed his children was revealed, and a
city was founded in the valley, to be called Adam-mon-diamoy.,
significant of the patriarchal blessing.
107 
CHAPTER III.
CONTENTIONS IN MISSOURI.
THIE leaders began to feel confident of sustaining any desirable
measures and ruling the counties. Their followers had greatly
increased, and were obedient to their will. They now injudiciously
boasted of their power, and proclaimed that hereafter they should
not submit to vexatious lawsuits, nor yield to the violence of mobs.
The favor of the Almighty was on their side, and " one could
chase a thousand." On the other hand, the older inhabitants complained of the loss of property, and alleged that no confidence could
be placed in contracts made with the Mormons. When credit was
given, they could not find the persons to collect dues: fictitious
names were used to obtain goods and chattels, and when enquiries
were made for certain persons, nobody could be found who ever
heard of them. Also they began to fear that the doctrine of the
Saints' right to property, would render their possessions insecure.
Crimination and recrimination became frequent and mutual. But
we may readily believe that the fears of the Missourians were more
aroused on the prospect of losing political ascendency.   In their
meetings to consult on the alarming state of affairs, they resolved
that "the rule of the counties should never be submitted to the
control of Joseph Smith."
Peace and prosperity had given leisure for more sober reflection to
the thoughtful and sincere among the Mormons. They began to
consider the tendency of their doctrines, the uncharitableness of
their principles, and the consequences to result from exclusive clanship; but more than this, the truthfulness of the leaders and claims
of their prophet. The result was, that many dissented and joined in
the sentiments (of their neighbors. These were hated and feared far
more than those styled Gentiles; and to expel the " traitors,  as
(108)
I 
VIOLENCE OF RIGDON.
well as to guarantee and protect against open enemies, the chief
persons organized a secret society, with signs and "Key-words,"
called the Big Fan, and afterwards known as the Danites. These
were sworn to obey the Presidency in all things, right or wrong;
and drive off, or put out of sight in a mysterious manner, all who
were obnoxious or irretrievably lost, to them; and suspicious
strangers in Far West were to be removed. That persons suddenly
disappeared or "slipped their breath" is often affirmed by them
selves, but they say they were horse-thieves and vile wretches, who
left society for its good.
The sanguine preaching of enthusiastic priests had inftsed
boasting valor into the mass, and a warlike tone pervaded all
classes against any who should attack them or dispute their pretensions,- the same as now prevails in the mountains against the
ideas of  oppression.   Rigdon became  excessively violent, and
taught the Saints that they must expect to fight, -that traitors
must be dealt with according to the law of the Lord, instancing
the fate of Judas, whose bowels, he said, were trampled out by the
Apostles; and Ananias and Sapphira, who were killed by Peter.
In a fourth of July oration, commended by the prophet in his
Journal published among them, he threw down the gauntlet to the
State and all opposers, and pronounced, " woe to them, in the
name of Jesus Christ." They declared themselves able to march
through the Capital, and if the mob obliged them to fight, they
would not stop until St. Louis was in their possession. It would
seem that the disgrace of failing to build Zion, as predicted, and
the insults and injuries already received, had wrought up this
leader, and those kindred in spirit, to desperation; and perceiving
the mobocratic feeling rising a third time, they desired to overawe
it, if possible, by a threatening demonstration, or stake their fortunes on the hazards of a war to the knife, by which they might
clear the neighborhood of the disaffected; and on the plea of selfdefence, afterward make peaceable terms with the State authorities
When such dispositions existed on both sides, causes "light as
air" could bring them into collision; and mutual acts of plunder
and retaliation became frequent. At an election of county officers
10
109 
HIIOSTILITIES AND BLOODSIIED.
an open fracas began. The Mormons drove off their opponents,
and confiscated property, and burnt some houses, after driving
women and children into the woods, where considerable suffering
prevailed;-in one or two instances children were born of houseless and  terror-stricken  mothers.    A  company  of militia was
called together and were encamped on a small river, and were
there attacked by a party of Mormons, and some killed; they sup.
posing the troops to be a mob marching to destroy their property.
Complaints of these seditions were made to Governor Boggs,
and he ordered out the State troops to enforce order upon all the
citizens; -even, if it was found necessary, to exterminate the
obnoxious Mormons, who were presumed to be the fomenters of
the discord. The principal leaders were secured, and a trial was
had before Judge King; and Smith, Rigdon, and P. P. Pratt incarcerated.   For the evidence and proceedings of this trial, the
testimony of citizens, dissenters, and Mormons, reference must be
made to the official publication of the State and that of the United
States Senate.   We are here dealing with events, and leave every
person curious to know the truth or falsity of the causes of this
war, to form his own opinion.
But in the account given by the Apostle Pratt (which  is not
there to be found) we have a picture of horrors and inhumanity
toward his people which would surpass our belief, if we did not
know that a lawless mob were the actors in the scenes, or an uncontrolled, exasperated soldiery. There were too many authenti
cated facts that make the blood curdle as we contemplate them, to
deny that foul injustice was often practised; -and the deeds of
savage brutality, whose disgusting details we pass in silence, make
us sigh that they could be enacted by American citizens. Pratt
avers that the flesh of their martyred comrades was cooked and'
offered to the prisoners in jail for food.  At How's mnills, twenty
of his brethren were lulled into fancied security by professions of
friendship, and when defenceless in a log building at night, they
were coolly shot, through the crevices; -and after the mnassacre,
they found a lad of nine years of age, concealed under a forge,
and, dragging him out, deliberately blew off the top of his head,
110 
EXPULSION OF TiE MORMONS.
-the miscreant boasting of his manly prowess, and all dancing
with the exultation of fiends incarnate.
The prisoners were carried from one jail to another, and their
trial for treason delayed; their sufferings greatly enhanced from
the uncertainty which hung over the fate of their wives and
children. At last these leaders escaped; while on one of the
journeys, the guard sank into a deep sleep after a drunken frolic,
and thence they found their way to Illinois, to join those who had
preceded them.
The Mormons had been driven from the state. The sufferings
of that defenceless multitude, whose arms and property had been
surrendered, as they crossed the State to Commerce, on the
MIississippi, over the bleak prairies, and amid the storms of wind
and snow, in November, were most intense. The aged and the
young, the sick and the delicate women, the infants, and even
those born on the road, houseless and unsheltered, were to be seen
in that crowd of forlorn, persecuted, and unresisting exiles. The
rivers were without bridges, the waters flowed with chilling anchor
ice, the currents, swollen by recent rains, had to be forded or
swum, as the delay of bridging would kill by starvation or cold.
Thirty or more persons had been murdered, others were sinking
under exposure, grief, and hardship; and as one was relieved by
death, a bark coffin would enclose him, and a wave of the prairie
sea pass over the mortal remains, and the sad cortege move on.
Families were scattered, widows with helpless children clinging to
them, and piteously clanmoring for food; hunger, want, and
disease through all ranks-this was the exodus of a people under
an inclement sky, from their homes of plenty and comfort. That
fearful journey was made where fuel could scarcely be found to
cook the scanty stores, and where cattle died of starvation, for
they could not be trusted to range far for grass, and must be
tethered at night, nor permitted leisure to graze by day, but convey
along the starving pilgrims  to a place of refuge.  All that
brotherly kindness can do, was exhibited then- the crust was
shared with the first neighbor whose store was exhausted, tle(
robust cheered the weak, and the hearts of all united in sympathy
ill 
THE MORMONS REACH THE MISSISSIPPI.
But what have not those persecutors to answer for?  There is
One who hath said, "vengeance is mine, I will repay," and if he
that steals must restore fourfold, surely he that causes a pang of
human suffering, cannot expect less than a like retribution in the
future of Providence.
Twelve thousand persons arrived on the banks of the Mississippi
in destitute plight; their tale of distress touched the hearts of the
Illinoisians, and they hospitably received them.  Provisions and
clothing were hastily gathered and freely bestowed-this generous
conduct is a bright ray, piercing through the murky clouds of that
dark tragedy.
Let us reflect a moment on what has been presented before us.
Can we blame a sad, revengeful remembrance of those times by
the Mormons?  We  may ask them to forgive-to forget, never.
And has a remuneration been made them for the wholesale
spoliations of those. whose crime was laid in their mistaken view
of the rights of conscience? We have heard of none. But we
have heard that one appeared in Jackson County to sue out a writ
of possession of his land, and the citizens collected and stamped
him under their feet, until his bowels gushed out, and then buried
him; this was all the homestead he secured.  Such exhibitions of
justice do not satisfy the mountain brethren that purity and right
prevail in Missouri-yet, afar off, they are preparing memorials,
praying permission to return, and fondly hope yet to possess the
heart-beloved Zion.
Those who misled the credulous multitude in the war should
have been punished. After the first conflict, they declared the
war must derive its support from their opponents, and consecrated
their cattle, hogs, and honey to their own use, under the names of
"buffalo, and bear-meat, and olive oil."  These contributions from
the Gentiles were gathered by an armed band called the Fur
Company, as indemnifications for losses sustained by the mobs.
They forcibly drove out people, and inflicted some of the misery
which they afterwards endured in their own exodus.   We  may
admit that the rulers were corrupt, and ambitious of ruling that
part of the country-these could have been secured and punished,
112 
EFFECT OF PERSECUTION.
and the innocent, deluded ones, saved from the awful misery which
awaited them.  To those surviving those times, a semblance of
compensation can be made by giving them the cultivated lands
of their mountain homes   it could only be a show of gift, for
there they have well earned their comforts in toil and battle against
Indian marauders.
This expulsion of the Mormons from one State to another in
the closing months of 1838, is here stated as an historical fact;
and it may show that this century is not so much advanced in
philanthropy, that it will tolerate error of opinion without
question, or that it seeks to correct it only by argument, and the
enlightenment of general education. There is great need of
progress in charity, and the knowledge of treating what is ridicu.
lous by letting it fall into contempt without notice.  Crime may
be punished and restrained by what raises folly into wisdom in the
estimation of thousands.
This violence in Missouri gave a new impetus to Mormonism.
The people were concentrated thereby, and unanimity of views and
opinions again prevailed. The dissenters were driven away- the
weak in faith were made strong, under the harangues of teachers who
loudly proclaimed that so "Christ and his Apostles were made to
suffer." They were to pass through like tribulation. But something more confirmed them. They had assumed the name and
were included under the ban of extermination. After the storm
arose, it was too late to evade the consequences; - they could not
recant and receive favor with the mob. No credit would be, or
was given to defections made under such circumnstances,-it was
looked upon as a ruse in order to save their property, and they
were not trusted. Root and branch must be cleared away.
Thus, every thing conspired to make them twofold more the
children of Mormonism than before. And this, we observe, has
been the case with several dissenters. They have gone back to
the first love:-  they feel a stigma rests on them for having once
joined that belief, and their vanity is more powerful than their
judgment.  These "brands from the burning" are received with
open arms, for they show that other religions are unsatisfactory,
10*
113 
SOME DEFECTIONS.
and they are the proud trophies of victory of the new religion;no wonder that the unstable seek for peace, in a delusion that
treats them so kindly. Even the most notorious, such as Rigdon
and Cowdery, former members of the first dynasty, have been invited to return, we are informed.
It is remarkable that the wife of the Prophet, "Emma, the
Elect Lady," according to his Revelation, and the first three wit
nesses to the Book of Mormon, who affirm that "an angel came
down from heaven" and laid the golden plates "before their eyes "
and that "the voice of God" declared the truth of them in their
hearing; also the chief of the Eight witnesses who declare with
"words of truth and soberness" they handled them with their
hands; together with Martin Harris and the Editor of the Gospel
Messenger, and some of the ablest advocates of the doctrines in
earlier times,- have left the society, without apparently affecting
the faith or enthusiasm of the later converts. It was when these
men were leaving that the Danite band was formed tofan them,
and keep their mouths closed, and others from deserting,- they
were the fruits of peace and prosperity.
114
I 
CHAPTER IV.
SETTLEMENT AT NAUVOO.
WHEN the homeless starving multitudes had crossed the MIississippi, and found solace in Illinois, the question of a new residence
arose, and the site of the town of Commerce, in the elbow-bend
of the river, was selected for a city, and lands purchased on the
half-breed tract, in Iowa, opposite. The name given to the place
was Nauvoo, The City of Beauty. The situation was offered to
the Prophet by Dr. Galland, the owner, who is the reputed author
of a letter to Smith, setting forth the peculiar advantages of this
point as a nucleus for his increasing colony. The plan for a city
and temple is most ably set forth as a capital for a religious empire;
and that a commercial town would be well supported by the surrounding country, which is rich in agricultural resources. It is
situated at the head of the Des Moines rapids, and beautiful prairies
extend, like the undulating ocean, as far as the eye can reach,
from the highest ridges, on all sides On the rich delta of the
Des Moines and Father of Waters, and in Hancock county, another
"everlasting residence" for the saints, was consecrated.  Soon the
colonists changed the desert to an abode of plenty and richness.
Gardens sprang up, as by magic, decorated with the most beautiful flowers of the old and new world, whose seeds were brought as
mementoes from former homes, by the converts that flocked to the
new stake of Zion. Broad streets were soon fenced, houses erected,
and the busy hum of industry heard in the marts of commerce:
-the steamboat unladed its stores and passengers, and departed
for a fresh supply of merchandize,- fields waved with the golden
harvests, and cattle dotted the rolling hills.  A temple site was
chosen on the brow of the bluff bverlooking the lower town, which
(115) 
THIE TEMIPLE BEGUN.
part of the city was on the sloping meadow in the bend below.
The pattern was given to the prophet by his angel, and all the
details explained orally.  A  gentile architect was  employed  to
draft it by dictation.  He soon found that it was complicated and
broke the rules of his art; but notwithstanding his difficulties,
Joseph insisted that the tout ensemble must be right; and, true
enough, the "Lord's design" was  at last pronounced  correct.
Revelations were freely vouchsafed, and they were informed that
their situation was much better than what it was in Pandemoni  um; and they must bear the late chastisement like obedient chil  dren. All saints were loudly called to pay in their tithes of time
and money- and one revelation, especially, told the kings and
queens to become nursing parents to the church, and bring in their
gold, their silver, and all precious stones, to build and adorn the
temple.  Minute transactions were governed by these revelations;
-  some of them have been printed, but many more remain in the
manuscript, and are of no further use than historical records for
preserving memorials of that time, and actions of that people.
Flourishing centres of dense settlements sprung up in the vicin ity of Nauvoo, and the accessions and exertions of emigrants
enlarged their borders. Not alone to these was the increase con fined. Horse-thieves and house-breakers,- robbers and villains
gathered there to cloak their deeds in mystery, who, caring nothing
for religion, could take the appearance of baptism, and be among,
but not of them. Speculators came in, and bought lots, with the
hope of great remuneration, as the colony increased. The latter
class, unwilling to pay tithes, soon fell into disrepute, and when
proper time had elapsed for conversion without effect, measures
were taken to oust them. A proper sum would be offered for
their improvements and land, and if not accepted, then petty annoyances were resorted to.  One of these was called "whittling
off." Three men would be deputed and paid for their time to take
their jack-knives and sticks,- down-east Yankees of course,-and
sitting down before the obnoxious man's door, begin their whittling.
When the man came out they would stare at him, but say nothing.
If he went to the market, they followed and whittled. Whatever
116 
PROGRESS OF NAUVOO.
taunts, curses, or other provoking epithets were applied to them,
no notice would be taken, no word spoken in return, no laugh on
their faces. The jeers and shouts of street urchins made the welkin ring, but deep silence pervaded the whittlers. Their leerish
look followed him every where, from "morning dawn  to dusky
eve."  When he was in-doors, they sat patiently down, and assiduously performed their jack-knife duty. Three days are said to
have been the utmost that human nature could endure of this
silent annoyance; the man came to terms, sold his possessions for
what he could get, or emigrated to parts unknown.
Though the banks of the river at Nauvoo are dry, and the city
site rises in an abrupt slope to a commanding eminence on the
prairie level, the marshes below exhaled a miasm that brought on
its breath the "ague fiend," and much distressed those who had
been exposed on the wintry march, and the new comers, whilst
acclimating. During the process of draining the marshes, and in
four years, one third of their number perished. This is another
charge laid to their persecutors by the later converts, who say
they forced them to take up their residence where no one was
expected to be able to live, and allowed them to remain, only to
see them perish. But numbers survived the agues, and the place
was assuming a healthy, pleasant aspect. The State favored the
exiles; charters were obtained for the city, with peculiarly favorable privileges - the Nauvoo Legion was incorporated, and the
arms of the State loaned, in which they were well drilled, and
became a standing army, with the prophet as Lieutenant General
-the chiefs were incorporated a company for building the temple,
and other companies for a grand boarding-house, the result of a
revelation, in which the prophet and family were provided with an
elegant suite of apartments, free of expense "for ever"-for a
university, and for manufactures.
General conferences were emi-annually held for awhile, and
missionaries appointed to Palestine, Africa, and Europe, and
to each congressional district of the home country. The policy
was, and always has been, to select the ambitious, the uneasy, or
the too enquiring and knowing ones, and, under Divine command,
*   *  *  * fi o a-...!v
III, 
MORMON MISSIONARIES.
send themn to carry the revived gospel to the ends of the earth, in
order to give them a chance to let off the steam of discontent.
Especially it is the policy to put on this duty inquisitive minds
who are diving too deeply into the mysteries of theirfaith, and
are "becoming weak in the same." Such usually receive the
command "from on high," to buckle on the armor, as a particular
compliment of Heaven - and, flattered by the notice of the great
President above, accept the commission, and go forth to battle
manfully.   They become oftentimes the most zealous advocates,
for, being thrown on the defensive, they seek for arguments to
sustain what just before they were disposed to overthrow; and
disputation and controversy confirm them wonderfully in the truth
of the doctrine, and their power to "confound  the wise and the
unwise."   It is the surest way to make full Mormons of the
wavering, by enlisting their pride, and engaging their attention on
the defensive side of the question.  They soon look into their
own souls for the proof that they are on the side of truth, as their
convictions go with their desire of proselyting. "We know it, for
the evidence is revealed within us," they will say- the interior
proof is all in all, when the historical or theological opposition is
found too strong to be met with argument.
Missionaries are sent with all the promptness of military orders,
a three days' notice for a three years' absence from family and
business not unfrequently being all that is given.   Families are
cared for by the Presidency and bishops. Three hundred were
chosen  at one  conference.   Previous  to  starting, they were
assembled to receive the orders of Joseph. He preached a fervid
sermon, that stimulated their pride of conquering difficulties
without scrip or purse.  One of that band, still well-affected to
the society, though differing on one point from its teaching, related
to the writer some parts of the discourse. One main point
insisted on was, that "spiritual wifery" was to be most pointedly
denied; and that they taught that one man should live in chaste
fidelity with one woman in conjugal relationship. In the dark
concerning the revelation allowing polygamy, he sincerely declared
that but one wife was ever known to any of his brethren. While
...... ~
118 
SPIRITUAL WIFERY.
zealously preaching in the city of New York, he was thought
worthy, by the Apostle Lyman, to be let into the secret of the
"blessings of Jacob," the privileges of the Saints.  Called aside
one day by the President of the Stake, he was told that God had
always rewarded his distinguished saints with special privileges,
such as would be wrong for sinners, but by revelation made harmless to the good. As an instance he would cite Jacob, David, and
Solomon, who had many wives allowed them. In these last days,
also, the like had been accorded to Joseph Smith and others; and
having now full confidence in his holiness, the priest could have the
same privilege of adding to the household of the faith many children, by choosing additions to the present wife. The priest says he
was utterly astounded, but, on reflection, chose to dissemble, and say
he would consider the matter. In the evening he was invited to
witness "a sealing" of several couples, at a large boarding-house.
In the front parlor the ceremony, like a marriage, was performed;
and, as each  pair was  "finished" by the priest, they retired
through the folding doors, and thus to their own apartments. The
guest was so shocked, that he retired to his home, and though he
never took any open part against the "church of new privileges,"
he was- denounced as a deserter in their papers, and the public
cautioned against him as a defamer. Strange to say, he was, at
the time of our interview, contemplating rejoining his people in
the mountains.
POLYGAMY.
It was during this peaceful time, about 1841-2, that the
revelation allowing to the High  Priests  and chiefs of their
hierarchy as many wives as they could support, and declaring it a
duty for those eligible to the priesthood, to take one wife at least,
was  said to be given.   In vain, it is reported, proved  the
opposition of Emma, The Elect Lady- in vain, also, her threat
of another husband in retaliation; the only consolation received
was, that a prophet must obey the Lord, "he would be obedient
to the heavenly vision."  The story of "spiritual wives," or
rather that the wives were held in common, and those whose
119 
POLYGAMY CERTAIN.
husbands were not in full fellowship with the church, like themselves, were sealed to the elders, probably arose from the published
doctrine that a woman cannot be saved without a man to take her
into the heavenly kingdom. It is even yet asserted, we believe,
by the Mdormonish, and opposers of this part of "Relevation,"
(for there are many of both sexes denouncing it, without being
cut off, because it is not yet a publicly proclaimed doctrine,) that
certain women are sealed to high dignitaries; but, for ourselves,
we know nothing of the truth or falsity of the charge: we can
only say that all marriage relations that came under our notice
were most purely correct in appearance; and that all wives in
Utah showed a devotion and alacrity in domestic affairs and family
duties, that would promote the harmony of the world, and make
many a heavy heart beat for joy, if universal.
That polygamy existed at Nauvoo, and is now a matter scarcely
attempted to be concealed among the Mormons, is certain. Elsewhere are given their reasons for its justification.  It is a thing
of usual and general conversation in the mountains, and we often
heard one of the Presidency spoken of with his twenty-eight
wives;  another with "forty-two, more  or less;"  and the third
called an old bachelor, because he has only a baker's dozen. It
is neither reproach nor scandal; no one is present to see the
ceremony of sealing but the priestly clerk and parties; therefore,
if a Gentile asks one if all the women in his neighbor's house,
with prattling babes, are the landlord's wives, the answer is, "I
know nothing about it, and attend to no man's family relations."
120 
CHAPTER V.
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS-MURDER OF JOSEPH.
THE Mormons now boasted of having a hundred thousand
persons in the faith throughout the States; and this accounts for
the silence of the press concerning them, as their vote was a
balancing power. They would go in a body on political questions.
Smith visited Washington, and reports his interview with the
President to have concluded with this emphatic assertion of Mr.
Van Buren; "Sir, your cause is just, but I can do nothing for
you." In view of the approaching election of'44, letters were
written to the prominent candidates, and answers elicited, which
Joseph pronounced unsatisfactory, for no one pledged to coerce
Missouri to restore Zion and their lands to them, as Latter-Day
Saints. Then the prophet sent forth his "Views on Government,"
advocated a National Bank, denounced all punishment for desertions in the army or navy, throwing the soldier on his honor
alone; would pardon out every convict from the penitentiaries;
curtail government offices and pay; reduce the number of representatives; and, in short, make every thing harmonious and
prosperous, by declaring that all were free to try " honesty" and
"love" in their dealings, and become a brotherhood.   Joseph was
put in nomination for the Presidency;'and the Mormons assert,
that had he lived for the next trial after, he would have been
elected.   The  opportunity  was  not given.  A  dark  day  was
approaching. Their neighbors became dissatisfied and jealous.
Their property disappeared, and causes tried in the Nauvoo courts
went always against them. No Mormon could be brought to
justice, they said. Political aspirations were alleged also; that
they aspired to rule the State, and, under a spiritual leader, set
the laws at defiance.  It was industriously circulated that thieves,
11                                              (121) 
TROUBLES IN NAUVOO.
"bogus makers,"  and robbers, were  harbored,  protected, and
assisted by the leaders. Cattle and utensils disappeared from the
neighboring farms. Traces of stolen property were obtained at
Nauvoo.
But, more than all, intestine quarrels brought on the crisis of
affairs. Many influential and talented persons, finding themselves
deceived both in the sanctity of the prophet, and in advancing
*    their temporal fortunes, deserted his standard, and denounced him
for licentiousness, drunkenness, and tyranny.  Women impeached
him of attempted seduction; which his apology that it was merely
to see if they were virtuous, could not satisfy.   Criminations
brought back recriminations against certain men. The Wasp,
Joseph's paper, lashed the dissenters with bitter hatred. The
dissenters established a counter battery in the Expositor, and
published one number, detailing the most offensive debaucheries
on the part of the prophet and his principal friends.
The city council was convened, and eleven members of the
twelve voted the Expositor a nuisance. A party immediately
destroyed the press, scattering the type in the streets, and
burning all of the edition it could find. Those engaged in the
workl repaired to head-quarters, and were complimented by Joseph
and Hyrum for doing their duty to the Lord, being further assured
that they should be rewarded.
Writs were issued against the mob leaders and abettors, but
they were immediately set at liberty by Habeas Corpus, a process
often resorted to, whereby the outsiders could never bring such to
justice. The officer then procured a writ in the county, and
summluoned a posse to enforce the law-but the people and troops
in Nauvoo prevented it, and when the militia were called out,
Joseph, as mayor and commanding general of the Nauvoo Legion,
declared the city under martial law. The Governor of the State
was appealed to, who repaired to Carthage, the county seat, and
ordered out three companies of the State militia, and for a time a
collision seemed inevitable. The Governor sent an agent to the
Smriths, assuring their personal safety, and called upon them to meet
him in conference. Joseph sent two men, Bernhisel and Taylor,
122 
THIE MIORNIMON LEADERS IMPRISONED.
to confer with Governor Ford-but the latter despatched an officer
with the militia to arrest the prophet  and patriarch.   These
crossed over the Mississippi into Iowa, to watch events, keeping
up by boat a correspondence with the council.   Finding that
their own people were being incensed at their desertion, by advice
of council it was concluded best to obey the summons of the
Governor, their friends feeling sure of acquittal on trial. Accordingly they came back and started for Carthage, but, on the way,
met a party with an order to disband the Legion, and deliver up
the State arms. They returned with the troops, and the order
was duly executed.
They now repaired to Carthage, and were indicted for treason,
and lodged in jail, with two others, Dr. Richards and John Taylor, of the Apostles. The dissenters and those who had suffered
loss of property were greatly exasperated against them; and those
whose families were  dishonored, or attempts  upon them made,
swore dire vengeance.  But the Governor, seeing things apparently
quiet, a%.d the leaders safely secured, discharged the troops, and
went to Nauvoo and addressed the people, advising submission to
the course of the laws, and to demean themselves as good citizens,
and justice should be done to all parties.
On the 27th of June, 1844, he started back, and on the way
met an express, informing him that a horrible massacre of the
Smiths had been committed by the mob, in whom the spirit of
revenge had been roused, and satiated in blood. The Governor,
fearing that the Mormons would at once destroy the inhabitants,
advised them to evacuate the place, and putting General Deming
in command of the few troops that could be raised, retired forthwith to Quincy, to await the sequel of events.
It appears that when the troops were disbanded, many individuals conspired with other citizens to attack the jail and take justice into their own hands. Early in the day they assaulted the
door of the room in which the prisoners were incarcerated.
Richards and Taylor, lying on the floor, made a stretch across the
room, the feet of one against the shoulders of the other, and kept
the door from fully opening. Guns were thrust in and discharged,
123 
JOSEPII S MITH MURDERED.
and Joseph, with a revolver, returned two shots, hitting one man
in the elbow. A ball struck Hyrum the patriarch, and he fell ex
claiming, "I am killed! "-to which Joseph replied, "0 brother
Hyrum!"   The prophet then threw up the window, and, in the
act of leaping through was killed by balls fired from the outside,
saying as he fell, "0 Lord, my God."   The people in the hall
forced into the room and wounded Taylor; the other escaped
"without a hole in his robe."
Thus ended the mortal career of one whose true biography has
yet to be written. He founded a dynasty which his death rendered more secure, and sent forth principles that take fast hold
on thousands in all lands; and the name of Great Martyr of the
Ninteenth century, is a tower of strength to his followers.  He
lived fourteen years and three months after founding a society with
six members, and could boast of having one hundred and fifty
thousand ready to do his bidding when he died; all of whom regarded his word as the voice from Heaven. Among his disciples
he bears a character for talent, uprightness, and purity, far surpassing all other men with whom they ever were acquainted, or whose
biography they have read. But few of these admirers were cognizant of other than his prophetic career, and treat with scornful
disdain all that is said in disparagement of his earlier life. With
those who knew him in his youth, and have given us solemn testimony, he is declared an indolent vagabond, an infamous liar of
consummate impudence.   He is regarded by the "Gentiles" who
saw him in the last few years of successful power, to have been a
man of unbridled lust, and engaged with the counterfeiting and
robbing bands of the Great Valley, but these charges have never
been substantiated -and dissenters charge him with breaking the
whole decalogue.
Hiis mind was an active one, and he possessed elements of an
engaging kind; without them he could not have held men so long
and so forcibly. In this, he has compeers among those who
have played a similar part on the credulity of mankind, and
claimed divine mission. Like them, he was bold in assertion of
his "truths" and hurled anathemas upon all who did not acknow.
124 
CIIARACT'R OF SMIITII.
ledge his pretensions.  HIe found many to listen, who would then
consider and examine awhile, and ask themselves the question,
"what, after all, if this should be true? "-and in that doubt lay
their danger, for " he that doubteth is damned" when the true
light is shining around himl. The wonder that strikes us is, the time
and the manner in which this new doctrine is sought to be established, and its rapid success. No one can doubt that there was
genius, sagacity, and intuitive insight into the characters of men,
which was operated with from the time of inducing Harris to assist in publishing his bible.   From the moment that person was
duped, and became bound by his cupidity to the issue 6f the book
from the press, was the struggle of mental power. Next, when
it was found that the work would not be a lucrative object, what
but transcendent ability could have controlled the mind of the versatile, eloquent, and methodical Rigdon, and used his talents to
organize a church system and put it into complete operation, which
no follower has dared to amend? And the most bitter trials did
not daunt him; he looked calmly on the misery of thousands
about him; in the fires of persecution, and still moved on, unflinching, till at last he dared a ruthless mob to his death, which showed a determination to ride "the whirlwind and direct the storm,"
regardless of the human suffering that might be endured.
The anecdotes of his eccentricities and manners are household
themes in the mountains, and time and distance are embellishing
them with all the virtues of the true hero. They love to relate
to listening friends and children how the prophet Joseph would
strip off the mask of hypocrisy - how he would meet a new
convert, bringing his long-faced piety from the other denominations, and challenge a wrestling match in the streets, nor let off
the sanctimonious and surprised fellow until he had shown him
that lhis athletic reputation was not a sham, by leaving him flat in
the dust -and to all he taught that his was a la.ughter-loving,
cheerful religion. And how another, coming with charitable
zeal to the prophet, would be requested to lend for the temple all
his money, and then be noticed no more than other strangers; the
poor destitute being obliged to shoulder spade and axe  and lab(-r
11*
125 
EFFECT OF SMITH'S DEATH.
in poverty, until he would decamp or be proved faithful. If he
stood the test for a few months, he would suddenly be called to
head-quarters, and eligible lots assigned him, and some position
given in which he could earn his bread in comfort.
That he had become politically as well as religiously ambitious,
is apparent from his letters on governmental policy. By establishing "stakes" in various places, he could hope to hold the balance
of power between the two great parties, and ultimately force one
to help his own people to place him in the highest office in the
nation.  It is evident, that had he been permitted to colonize in
Missouri, in a few years the control of the State must have
passed into his hands.  After the expulsion, all his mnovements
and sentiments were tending toward regaining that lost section,
and his credit with the people depended on fulfilling the prophecy
concerning Zion. It is a cardinal point in the preaching of his
successor, and in view of having to fight for it, that there is still
kept up the drilling of the Legion, and exercises in military
tactics, until there is in that community the material for the best
partisan troops in the world. The mantle of the modern assumed
Elijah has fallen on his kindred Elisha, whose ambition, though
not as wide, has the same determined purpose of dominion as that
of Joseph the Seer.
His death by violence, and by his enemies, was opportune for
the support of the system he sought to establish. He had arrived
at that point in the revolution which he led, when the least delay
would have caused its waves to flow over and engulf him. New
things and new light were constantly expected by those whose
credulity was the measure of their faith -they were taught to
look for principles according as they admitted and acted by them.
Hence the immense strides in the last year toward pantheism and
materialism of the Deities. And aspiring men were also bringing
forward revelations which they were not content should be attributed to the inspiration of Beelzebub. Rigdon had again established his chain of communication with the angels of the unseen
world -  Bishop had  accumulated  large folios of  enlightenei
"table-talk" with the spirits unseen, and Strang had found hinii
126 
SMITH'S SUCCESSOR.
self commissioned a King of Saints, and felt the divine inflatus
within; and the numerous contradictions in the revelations of the
prophet, though explained on the principle that God gave accord.
ing to altered circumstances, threw doubt on the prophet's own.
The endeavor to apply this to the relation of the sexes, and make
that innocent which all the enlightened world considered wrong,
by merely his assertion that "thus saith the Lord," staggered the
faith of the virtuous who were not too blinded to reflect or think for
themselves.  This it was that commenced the quarrel which ended
in his arrest and death.
He lived long enough for his fame, and died when he could
just be called a martyr.   He had become too violent and impatient, to control, for a long time, the multitude-  he could begin,
but not conduct, successfully, a revolution.   In this respect, he
contrasts remarkably with his successor in the Seership of the
Saints.  The latter could never be a martyr.   His prudence and
foresight have been shown under the most trying circumstances,
and in cool calculation of the future he is pre-eminent, and plans
with cautious policy to meet all the exigencies before him. Policy
is a word little known in the vocabulary of the first prophet, and
is the most frequent in that of the present one.   It galls the more
simple-hearted ones however, and they sigh for the bold attitude
of the first Presidency, and feel derelict to the duties of their divine mission by yielding at all to the political interference of the
general government- waiting impatiently for the signal to march
back to Zion -yet, on their principles of obeying "counsel,"
restraining themselves to yield a temporary submission.
BRIGIIAM YOUNG ELECTED.
The murder of their prophet exasperated the people of Nauvoo.
They were ready, and a vast maj,ority determined, on imnmediate
war to the knife, with all engaged in that horrid tragedy, cr whoever might come to abet them.  A few more sagacious minds perceived the danger of such a course, and began skilfully to prevent
the utter ruin of their hopes, likely to result from  open  hos.
1,?, 7 
TIIE CI,AIM1S OF RIPGDON.
tility to the state.  They harangued them on the stand, and talked
with the clubs collected at the corners of the streets.   The great
drum was beating to arms.  It was a fearful struggle, that going
on in the breasts of the prudent.  Revenge  was deep in every
heart, and the bursting movement there was interpreted into the
voice of the Holy Spirit; and it was made audible in the terrible
curses poured forth on the Gentile murderers. The "time to
fight," was, by most, supposed to have come. But skilful delays
were interposed by the influential: their arms had been just sur rendered and a new organization made, and leaders were to be
chosen.  The day passed off and no companies had started, and
wrath was bosomed for the morrow. In the morning after, the
congregation was early collected at the temple-square or gathering
place. The chief Apostles promised them the vengeance of hea venr upon their enemies, but that they were not quite ripe enough
for the vials of wrath to empty their torments upon them. Short ly the pestilence, the fire, and the sword, would do their work.
The funeral pageant next absorbed all their attention. The
mourning was sore, sad, and deep over the beloved patriarch Hyrum and the adored prophet Joseph.' In "their deaths they were
not divided," and, among the songs of Zion heard in the Mormon
worshipping assemblies, are the elegy and the poeans of Joseph
and Hyrum, the martyrs for their faith, but triumphant in glory.
The struggle for the leadership, the Seer succession, followed.
Rigdon, as second in rank claimed promotion; also by former revelations declared himself  assigned  to be their prophet.   He
called a meeting and proclaimed his position as head.   He  gave a
revelation, by which he was commanded to visit queen Victoria,
and if she rejected his gospel to hurl her from the throne. James
J. Strand contended for the place of Seer, and showed  letters
over the deceased prophet's signature, assuring him that he should
be the successor in the event of Joseph's death.   But the college
af the Twelve had other views, and a vote on the subject.  They
declared that definite instructions, and the last will and testament
of Joseph, had been delivered to them in secret council.  It revoked all former designations and devolved the choice upon them.
12'8 
BRIGHAM YOUNG.
Under the management of their sagacious chief, they elected the
Peter of the Apostles, Brigham Young, to the responsible station.
This man, with a mien of the most retiring modesty and diffidence in ordinary intercourse in society, holds a spirit of ardent
feeling and great shrewdness; and when roused in debate, or upon
the preacher's stand, exhibits a boldness of speech and grasp of
thought that awes and enchains with intense interest-controlling,
soothing, or exasperating, at pleasure, the multitudes that listen to
his eloquence.  Hlis title among the Saints is, "The lion of the
Lord."
This enthronement drove Rigdon with a party to Pennsylvania,
where in a short time his influence vanished and the band dispersed. Strang founded a city on the prairies of Wisconsin and
had a numerous colony- he ultimately removed to Beaver
island, in Michigan lake, and assumed the title of King of the
Saints, where the small kingdom still exists. These bodies and
their leaders were excommunicated by the great majority under
the proper Seer - as was also William Smith, another competitor
for the throne, and a party in Texas headed by Lyman White.
1 2 q 
CHIIAPTER VI.
TIHE EXPULSION FROM NAUVOO.
WE have one more sad and fearful tale to tell about the Mormons ere their fortunes brightened. The mobocratic spirit did not
expire when it destroyed the great leader. Threats and demonstrations clearly proved, that their present abode, which had been
made lovely by unheard-of exertions, must be abandoned. The
monster conflagrations on Green Plains cast a funereal glare on the
spires of Nauvoo. The present venerable patriarch, uncle of the
prophet Joseph, in prophetic vision announced that the whole people must retire to tihe wilderness, to grow into a multitude aloof
from the haunts of civilization.
This matter was taken into consideration by Brigham and high
council. The result was, that they would move as fast as possible
across Iowa to the Missouri, and into the Indian country in the
vicinity of Council Bluffs. Speculators flocked in, and offered
nominal prices for what they significantly hinted would very soon
be taken for nothing, if the offers were rejected. HIouses, lots,
and such goods as could not be moved, were sold by many in the
fall of'44 and winter of'45; and several parties set out on
the dreary journey early the following spring. Ox-carts and
mule teams, loaded with' all sorts of furniture, intermingled with
women and children, wended their way slowly along on miry
tracks, and crossed the swollen streams- fuel and grass scantybut the spirits of all unbroken, save the sick and helpless. Closely bound together by common dangers and a common faith, they
performed  with  alacrity their duties, and sympathy made the
dreary journey one of social life. Their mirthfulness would be
excited by little incidents, and even misfortunes were turned into
(130) 
PREPARATIONS FOIlt DEPARTURE.
jokes, as helping hands lent their aid to right a broken wheel or
upset wagon.   At the halting places, the spinning-wheel would be
taken down and yarn spun to keep the knitting-needles going when
riding during the day -and cloth made from wool sheared after
the journey begun. At some places land was broken up and
planted with seed, and a family or two left to rear a crop for those
who were to follow in autumn. The lowing herd accompanied,
and the milch kine yielded the nourishing beverage, and butter
was made by the jolting of the wagons as they travelled along.
Still, the work continued unabated on the temple, for they
were commanded to dedicate it before leaving the city of Beauty.
It was the work of their hearts; each person owned a share of
the noble pile, for his hands had labored on it, his tithes were
expended there, and the ladies had contributed their ornaments to
forward the sacred edifice. The mob became impatient of delay,
and would not believe the Mormons sincere in the stipulated
move. As the corn-fields began to ripen, the rabble collected, it
is said, to the number of two thousand, and there were only three
hundred of the old legion to defend the place against them. For
three days an irregular fight went on, the assailants taking
advantage of the high waving corn to conceal their approaches.
The defenders nobly stood their ground, and drove them back at
all points, and obtained a truce until spring; and then set
diligently to work to complete the architectural ornaments, the
holy emblems, and the angel on the lofty spire with his gospel
trump, to prepare the sacred temple for the last act assigned them
by "revelation."*
When completed in all its minutiae, the consecrators were
called. From the surrounding country, and from parties far
advanced on their prophetic journey, priests, elders, and bishops
stole into the city as dusty travellers, and were suddenly metamorphosed to dignity by their robes of office; and one day, from
* I am informed by Captain S. Eastman, the accomplished scholar
and artist, that the angel and trump are in Barnum's Museum, New
York city.
131 
NAUVOO TEMI'LE DEDICATED.
high noon to the shade of night, was there a scene of rejoicing
and solemn consecration of the beautiful edifice, on which so much
anxiety and thought had lately been expended. There stood the
Mormon temple in simnple beauty, the pride of the valley. The
great altar hung with festoons of flowers and green wreaths; the
baptistic laver resting on twelve elaborately carved oxen, decorated
with the symbolic glories, celestial, telestial, and terrestrial; the
chaunt was sung, the prayers offered up, and the noble building,
resplendent with lights of lamp and torches, solemnly dedicated to
their own God. This done, and the walls were dismantled of
ornaments and the symbols of their faith, the key-words of the
mysteries, and lettered insignia were  all removed with haste,
except the sun, moon, and stars, carved in stones of the walls, and
the temple forsaken, to be'profaned and trodden down  by the
Gentiles."   A  few  brief hours  were  given to this brilliant
pageant, and during this festive, joyous scene, a spectator would
have supposed the actors expected that house to be their own for
ever.  There is something truly affecting in the contemplation of
that devotional offering of so fine a temple, and then leaving it
unscathed to the hand of their enemies.
From this time all defence ceased, and their enemies rested satisfied that the Mormons had decided to sell their possessions.
Arrangements for surrender and departure were quickly made.
Company after company followed the pioneers to the white Missouri; and many, crossing over in early summer, turned up the rich,
but pestilential prairie sod, to prepare a harvest for autumn, and
await the last of the trains.  During that summer the plague and
fever raged violently, and its ravages in the great bottom, on Ind(lian
and white men, were fearful. Winter approached - the tent and
wagon body, with its hooped canvas, was exchanged for caves dug
in the sides of the hills, and covered with logs, reeds, or cloth. The
scanty fuel gave but little warmth to ward off the cold, made more
searching from the piercing winds that howled over the delta
prairies of the Missouri and Nebraska. Then came the ague, the
rheumatism, and the scurvy, the terrible concomitants of fatigue,
exposure, and scanty fare. Numbers died, and were buried in
1 9.2 
THE MOPRMIONS RAISE A BATTALION.
the rich alluvion. Awful as was that winter and spring, a cheerful
heart and countenance was on all sides-a revelation gave permission to dance, to sing, and enjoy the swelling music from the
excellent band that accompanied all their journeys.
Let us revert to the summer. A city was laid out, and soon
the streets were dusty with the tread of busy industry. A
printing-press issued the Frontier Guardian, the able exponent of
their doctrines still.  The name assumed was ICane, in honor of
their guest and eloquent defender, whose historical oration on these
dark periods of their fortunes, does equal honor to his charitable
heart and intelligence-a sketch, however, of the epic kind, replete
with poetical ornament and fervor.
It was at this time, in July, that a battalion of 520 men was
recruited among them for the Mexican war. The government,
knowing their intention to settle in California, would thus do them
a favor by bearing a part of the expense of removal, test and
demonstrate their fidelity, and show the reports of their enemies,
concerning leagues with the Indians, to be false. The people,
however, thought this only another persecution, yet submitted, to
prove their patriotism. Enfeebled by disease, and scattered, it
was an enormous effort. The elders called the congregation, and
asked for recruits.  The unmarried were ordered to volunteerthen fathers and husbands were called to leave their families, and
the elders declared, if necessary, they would shoulder the musket.
In three days the battalion was organized, and a merry ball, from
"noon to dewy eve," was given, in holiday attire, by young men
and maidens, joined in by reverend priests and matrons.  The
warriors were blessed in holy convocation, a prophecy made that
they should conquer the country without a drop of blood shed in
battle; and the battalion departed "in the name of the Lord."
Men were sent to the mountains, to the heads of the Missouri
branches, and to California, to spy out the land, and the Calebs
and Joshuas brought such a report of the Great Salt Lake Valley,
that it was chosen for another "everlasting abode."
In the spring of 1847, a pioneer party of 143 men proceeded
so open the way; and the host, in parties of tens, fifties, and
12
133 
134     THiE GREAT SALT LAKE VALLEY REACHED.
hundreds, followed. This was an admirable system, and baffled
the thievish desire of the Sioux, Crows, and Shoshones. A captain
was over each division, but the captains of hundreds had the
supervision of the smaller bands. A strict discipline of guard
and march was observed. But the drain of the battalion threw
the burden of toil much upon the women.   Females drove teams
of several yoke of oxen a thousand miles. A man could take
three teamns by the help of a woman and lad- he driving the
middle one, and stepping forward to assist over the creeks with
the foremost, and then bring up the rear ones-and at the camps
unyoke and "hitch up" for his feebler coadjutors. Thus they
wound along their weary way, at ten and fifteen miles a dayforded, or bridged, and ferried over, the Loup, the Itorn, and
Platte rivers on the plains, and the swollen streams of the Bear,
and rushing Weber, in the mountains.
The first glimpse of the great valley on the road was from the
summit of the second mountain, sixteen miles distant. As each
team rose upon the narrow table, the delighted pilgrims saw the
white salt beach of the Great Lake glistening in the never-clouded
sunbeam of summer -and the view down the open gorge of the
mountains, divided by a single conical peak, into the long-toiledfor vale of repose, was most ravishing to the beholders. Few
such ecstatic moments are vouchsafed to mortals in the pilgrimage
of life, when the dreary past is all forgotten, and the soul revels
in unalloyed enjoyment, anticipating the fruition of hope.   A few
moments are allotted to each little party to gaze, to admire and to
praise-  and they begin to descend a steep declivity, amid  the
shades of a dense poplar grove, and for twenty-four hours are desiring to renew their pleasurable sensations on emerging from the
frowning kanyon into the paradisaical valley, and long-sought-for
hlome.
The journey was ended, but this gave no repose - industry continued. In five days a field was consecrated, fenced, ploughed, and
planted, and seeds were germinating in the moisture of irrigating
streams and the genial warmth of the internal heat of the earth, 
FACE OF THE COUNTRY.
here brought to their notice by the thermal waters gushing from
a thousand springs.
Though cramped in their means, and feeble as they were,
nothing of interest on that long journey was left unobserved or
unrecorded. Parties were directed to scour the vicinity of the
road, and report on springs, timber, grass, and other objects of interest. An ingenious and accurate road-measurer was attached to
a wagon, and a person designated to note the distances from point
to point, and every feasible camping-ground was marked down
and a Directory for every rod of the road, admirably arranged and
filled with useful information, was published for the use of those
who should follow. The self-taught mathematician and learned
apostle Orson Pratt, noted for latitude and longitude. The valley
of the Platte is found to be almost an unbroken plane, whose
slope is so gentle that the eye detects neither asceirt nor descent,
and from the Black Hills to its mouth is almost a straight line,
and is perhaps the most remarkable trace, and finest natural road,
in the world.  The flat, or bottom, begins to spread at the hills,
gradually from a point to ten or fifteen miles in width; and lies
between bluffs, whose height is the origand plane or surface, out
of which the river has excavated its valley. Few clumps of trees
are along the banks; but the islands, secure from the prairie fires,
are covered with groves of cottonwood. Irrigation would make
valuable the level meadows, and to the north and south, pastures
can be found covered with nutritious grasses, whose limits would
be the range of the shepherds from the watering river.
Portions of the Platte have the appearance of shallow lakes,
two or three miles wide; and in summer'the stream is divided into
thousands of currents by the sand islands. Its volume increases as
you ascend toward its sources; the absorption by the soil and rapid
evaporation on so wide a surface diminish the flow, while but few
tributaries enter below the Sweetwater.  What is here said of this
river applies to the mountain streams generally; they attain their
full size where the rivulets are collected into one at the mountain
base, and, in many instances, disappear in the sands of the plains
far distant from the ocean.
135 
136       PRESENT POSITION OF THE MORMONS.
Near the Sweetwater, they discovered a lake with a deposition
of borax, and another with an abundance of soda, which they
named "Saleratus Lake," and where they loaded up a few years'
supply of the alkali, to use in its native state in preparing biscuit
and bread. They noted the beds of bituminous coal on the
Platte, and in the Green river basin -the petroleum issuing with
the springs near Bear river, and tested the poisonous quality of
other fountains, leaving a warning to the traveller not to suffer
his cattle to drink at them.   The beds of gypsum, the character
of the soil, the minerals and geology of the route, were  not neglected in that journal; and the elevations of the summits on tho
road were barometrically taken.   Thus observant and industrious,
they press on, and emerge cheerfully into the valley of the Great
Salt Lake.
The pioneers arrived on the 21st of July, and the Church Presidency on the 24th, which latter day is their grand epoch, which,
in the language of the third one in rank, of that corps, on the
third anniversary,-" is the day whose events are of the most
importance to mankind of any that ever transpired, the creation
of Adam and birth of Jesus Christ alone excepted."
And there they are, bidding defiance to their persecutors and
ready to fight for the land that has been fertilized by their labors,
and made valuable by their perseverance and almost superhuman
exertions.   It has been made sacred to them by the blood of their
sons, which has flowed in its defence against hostile Indians. It is
holy ground, set apart to their use by the rites of their conscienceloved religion. Nor could they be easily molested. It were more
than a march to the ancient Aztec city, to carry an army to their
mountain  home.   In  those distant fastnesses  they feel secure
against any force the United States would send against them. But
they invite no such attention as this, and seek to evade it; they
will do all that conscience and a sense of right will allow, to avoid
collision. They feel well entitled to the land, as already well paid
for -  and can but expect a grant for Improvemenerts and Educational purposes like other new States which will cover all the lands
that would be bought in the market. They also feel it due to 
FEELINGS TOWARDS TIE UNION.
them, to grant them the privilege of self-control; to exercise just
laws over their own people, and of their faith, by persons of their
own choice or recommendation, and that Gentile governors and
judges are unjust impositions upon them.
They were driven to a land worthless and savage -left three
years without protection or control -  have  formed their habits,
agricultural, mechanical, and religious or moral; and know better
than all the world what is suited to their condition.   Non-;nterference with the vote of its citizens is the wish of Utah.   True,
they could be annoyed by cutting off supplies of luxuries, and
blockading the routes by which they receive their poor emigrants,
but that would at once make a foreign nation in the centre of
American territory.
But to enjoy their own laws of a republican character, permitted
and sanctioned by the Constitution, they are determined upon
doing, and have the administration of them in their own way.
Soon they may be numerous enough to demand the position of a
sovereign State, and knock loudly for admission into the Union.
Their feeling toward the Union was significantly shown at the
third celebratfion of their memorable epoch of arrival.  A small
part of its history may serve to illustrate.
At ten o'clock in the morning, the roaring cannon gave notice
that the time of gathering to the Bowery on the temple block was
at hand.   The dignitaries of "The Church," and officers of the
United States' exploring party were, by invitation, at the new
edifice of the President, Brigham Young, where they were
received with all the gentlemanly kindness and urbanity which
distinguishes the governor of Utah.   At eleven a large military
escort, handsomely equipped, and commanded by General Wells,
a hero in the three days' defence of Nauvoo, with a fine band of
music, followed by twenty-four bishops in official robes, each
holding a flag, filed in front of the mansion, and halted. The
guests, dignitaries, and Presidency, were then arranged in procession, and all proceeded under conduct of the general, his aides,
and Marshal of the Day - music playing, the banners waving,
and the cannou at the Bowery resounding, to the forum, where
12*
137 
ANNIVERSARY OF TIIEIR ARRIVAL.
the exercises were to be held.  Here were  assembled, in most
perfect order and quiet, about six thousand persons - all in neat
holiday attire, and pleasure beaming on every countenance. When
the Orator, Presidency, Fathers, or "aged  men," and principal
guests were seated on the numerous benches of the pulpit stand
an invocation of Heaven's blessing was made by one of the
twelve.
Then followed the reading of the order of exercises by the
Marshal, and the Orator proceeded to deliver his eloquent appeal
to the pride, the patriotism, and sense of justice of the attentive
listeners. He recounted their many trials and the glorious result;
and called on them to uphold their honor and their rights against
all invasion, and in their name declared an attack upon them for
this, would be resisted. Speeches were made afterward by the
President and others, all tending to rouse attention to the character
of the celebration, and designate more pointedly why and for what
cause they were there to commemorate the day.
Next came the pageant of the day, to which we call attention.
It was the presentation to the governor of Deseret of the Constitution of the United  States, and  their own,  for his and  his
successors' guardian care.  The presentation of the Constitution
was made by twenty-four "aged fathers," silver-headed men, sons
and descendants of'76.  In a neat, brief speech, their foreman
admonished the governor that those fathers before him were soon
to leave the scene enacting on life's busy stage; and before they
went, no more to return, while the present civil governments
were in being, they desired to place in charge the legacy they had
received from the past generation, to be transmitted on intact to
the future, till the consummation of time. This was the glorious
and divine Constitution, that had been given by inspiration of God
to the statesmen of an earlier day-and this they asked should be
placed among the archives of their growing state as a holy
treasure, and to be regarded "as the palladium of our liberty,"
and the supreme ruler under God, that sits over the destinies of
the United States; an unembodied power, existing solely in the
love and faith of its subject freemen. And it must be held
13  
MIORMON DETELI:MIINATION.
sacred, and every person in the mountains was  called to enrol
himself its sworn defender; for portentous clouds are rolling up
the eastern sky, and the original supporters are soon to break
allegiance to the silent but eloquent constitution, and, insensate
by the will of HIeaven, will rush to imbrue their hands in fraternal
blood - while aloof, the chosen depositaries shall cherish the
holy casket, and descend at last like the eagle from its eyrie, to
carry back to the repentant remnant that peace by which this
highly favored land alone can prosper - and, along with the civil
instrument, that truth which alone can make them free.
The festivities were continued by a sumptuous banquet at the
Presidential mansion, given to those escorted to the Bowery, and
after an informal return, toasts, music, songs, and jovial speeches
were showered forth until evening, when the delighted multitude,
without an incident to mar the harmony of the occasion, dispersed;
apparently believing that they were the greatest people on earth,
and their rulers the wisest men in existence. They had been
told by their Seer that they need not fear any earthly power; and
that it was determined to maintain their identity as a State,
whatever Congress or President at Washington should say or do,
and the people one and all responded a hearty Amnen, it shall be
so, it is the fiat of justice and of.Heaven.   Subsequent events
have proved that practically it is just as they have determined;
a State they are, making their own local laws and enforcing them,
whether under the name of Territory of Utah, or State of
Deseret -they have made (and is it not just?) that territory into
tLe " Land of the HIoney Bee," and would fain call it their own
1 if, s 
CHAPTER VII.
PROGRESS AT THE GREAT SALT LAKE.
THERE are a few items of Mormon belief and practice, and the
subject of titles to land, to which it may not be amiss to refer.
The first thing we notice is the "working of miracles" and curing
instantly diseases.  Claiming all the gifts vouchsafed to the early
church, this performance of miracles becomes a necessary thing,
and to their own minds is conclusively done. It is for confirming
themselves in the truth, not to demonstrate to "those without,"
who seek after a sgn, that the power is given. Evading poisons,
and healing the sick, are the most usual. An eye-witness related
to me the following. A mad dog rushed through the streets of
the city; snapping at every animal it met, and bit a lad severely.
The cattle all died. The Elders were immediately called to the
bedside of the doomed boy. Parents, brothers, and relations stood
dissolved in grief, awaiting anxiously the spasms and dissolution
of the family pet. The chief priest commands silence- the
voice of "mighty prayer" ascends in supplication - the  conse.
crated oil is produced- the child is anointed - and the prayer
of faith restores the son to his overjoyed parents.
Diseases are held to be demoniac possessions, and by casting out
the devil, you can cure the afflicted.  Professors in the healing
art are of small account in the philosophy of the healthy, and
medicines are forbidden by the Prophet, except to the weak in
faith, who are permitted a "meagre diet and mild herbs."   With
inconsistent practice, many make use of the doctor and his drugs,
however, and in reply to this, allege that they have not yet attain.
ed to a full measure of faith, but hope to improve till they can
take up deadly things without injury; and assert that when by
(140) 
LABOR HELD IN ESTIMATION.
accident any Saint takes poison, he escapes harmless.   Voluntary
trials are "temptings of the Lords" and receive  the proper penalty.   The Seer teaches the duty of asking for the Elders' hands,
-yet he is said to employ Gentile doctors to cure the "Ague
Fiend," the hardest yet to deal with. This puzzles the faithful,
but they get over it pretty well by saying, he has infirmities no
doubt, and the devil is allowed to torment for any dereliction of
duty- but as Seer, that does not affect him or his revelations.
The equally well-attested miracles of Mesmerism and Mona
chism are admitted to be real -only that they are done by Beelzebub, who does it to deceive and make those recipients and disbursers of favor believe they have divine power. At the presentation of relics or manipulations, the evil spirit in the person is
driven out by a stronger one; and after the wonder is over,
returns with a sevenfold violence. Further, the Devil, mistrusting
that this power was about to be given again, and angels sent to
minister to the Saints, tried to forestall the effect and instructed
his imps in the arts of miracle-working. He also gave visions to
Swedenborg in order to throw discredit on the Spirit teachings of
Moroni, and is now destroying the Mormon testimony in many
places by what is called spiritual manifestations.
LABOR.
The dignity of labor is held sacred by the Mormons, and exemplified in their organization and requirements. A lazy person
is either accursed or likely to be; usefulness is their motto; and
those who will not keep themselves, or try their best, are left to
starve into industry. This is inculcated in their creed, though
the prophet Joseph was excused from physical labor at Kirtland,
his attention being sufficiently occupied with the  government.
Every one is expected to work and bring in his tithes, and the
president sets the example in the valley, by working at his trade
of carpenter, on his own mills in the kanyon. It is a well-devised
scheme, and the more flourishing the laborers, the greater is the
income of the priests. This income is expended on public works,
141 
CLERICAL INDUSTRY.
the temple, the bridges, and public charity, and support of the
families of those on missionary duty.
The labor for support of oneself and family is taught to be of
as divine a character, as public worship and prayer. In practice,
their views unite them so as to procure all the benefits of social
christianity without running into communism. The priest and the
bishop make it their boast that, like Paul the tentmaker, they
earn their bread by the sweat of the brow; and teach by example
on the week-day, what they preach on the Sabbath, concerning the
virtue of industry.   On the pulpit stand they dispense the word
of the gospel, and work harder than when they plant, sow, or
reap in the field, or team for wood in the kanyon, or ply the spade,
the trowel, or the hammer. This brings all orders together, and
makes them acquainted where no art or concealment of feeling is
practised, and destroys that distinction of pastor and layman by
the difference of dress and demeanor, which keeps them strangers
to each other's real sentiments. And it gives the priest the advantage of knowing the turns of thought, the doubts on doctrines,
and degree of enlightenment of those who are to be his auditors,
and he'can adapt his discourse accordingly, and make an impression.
Priests are made without regard to their learning or acquaintance with books-  and the object is gained of suiting every capacity; if a man finds his intellectual strength insufficient in one
place, he must seek elsewhere for his sphere of action. They understand that apparent candor and simplicity in the propagandist,
are more likely to attract the attention of the uncultivated mass
than the finest parade of ability and scholarship. Many are ready
to enter upon an argument with, or express their opinions before,
one of their own calibre, but distrust the professional polemic, and
attribute his success in a disputation to ingenious sophistry, and
remain unconvinced when unable to reply. Hence the frequent
disclaimer of Mormons, of learning and rhetoric, and reliance on
the " moving of the spirit"- interior teachings, the commands
of God, and sense of duty, are the alleged springs of their mission.
Thus Forsden, last year in Sweden, began his preaching by laying
142 
IMORMAION PROSELYTING.
hands on his brother who was ill, and thus curing him, attracted
attention from the neighbors. To these he related in his simple
manner, the story of the Prophet in the West, and restoration of
miraculous gifts to saints. Curiosity was excited among a few peasants, and the news spread over the city; then he harangued at
the street-corners, which caused his arrest by the magistrate and a
reprimand. He repeated his preaching, and was again taken up and
fined and ordered to cease his heretical work; but meekly replied that
he simply preached Christ crucified, and being commanded of God to
do it, must obey him rather than man. Spectators were moved by
his simple submission to such views of higher law at the risk of
imprisonment or of life. Punished, he glorified his Lord aloud in
praise and song, for being worthy to suffer, and was finally taken
forcibly across the channel to Denmark, but left several disciples
to spread his doctrines.
Involuntary labor by negroes is recognised by custom; those
holding slaves, keep them as part of their family, as they would
wives, without any law on the subject.  Negro caste springs naturally from their doctrine of blacks being ineligible to the priesthood.
PROSELYTING.
The Mormon missionaries address the cupidity, as well as the
religious hopes and fears of those they address. Travelling from
city to city, calling at the houses, and talking to those on the
wayside familiarly, and working occasionally at some trade for
support, they stealthily introduce the subject at heart, and take
many unawares. It is usual to use the Socratic method, and ask
if the former church had not gifts, if there were not promised
"signs following," and if any church now shows them-then they
follow up by exposition of their doctrines, and claim at the Zion
of America to have all the promises. If the listener is not a man
of wealth, he will be told that the command is to gather to the
mountains, where the finest land is offered for a few shillings, just
enough to pay for surveying and recording a title to a farm. To
the peasantry of  Europe  this  is a powerful,  an  irresistible
143 
EUROPEAN MORMNONS.
argument. Accustomed to see the aristocracy owners of the soil,
they yearn to call a parcel of ground their own, for it conveys a
feeling of translation from serfdom to princedom;  and perhaps
such make the firmest patriots in this new empire. And the
doctrine of every woman a husband, every Magdalen'pure when
baptised, will secure many of the softer sex; so that we may not
be surprised at the sudden conversion of whole families, and tens
of thousands, as the popular eloquence falls on the ears of those
who emerge from factories, workshops, and collieries. Glad news
to such is the command to go to the mountains, where they
become lords of the soil; and, by a simple declaration, can be
aided thither from the "perpetual charity fund," which is liberally
supplied by the happy ones already at the land of promise. The
assertion of the president of the stake in England may well be
credited, who says that thirty-five thousand are enrolled in the
Liverpool "stake," and ready to come over, but not one tenth
have the means to reach the mountains. Three hundred thousand
are the estimated Mormons  in England  and Wales.   Zealous
beyond measure to proselyte, trusting to further instruction when
they return with their converts, to the teachers, whose official
dignity carries a prestige of authority, the street preachers "cry
aloud and spare not," baptize by scores all who express a willingness to be called by "that name" in which they glory. Many
come back with lungs exhausted and health impaired by such
exertions, and often will they point out to you the passer-by, and
say "that is the holy man who exhausted his strength by preach
ing in the open air in London, this word of the Latter Days"-or
the hero of a missionary army in some part of the world.
THEIR LAND TITLES.
They issue a right of occupancy from the State Register's
office. This is contingent on the grant of the general government,
of course, and forms one of the subjects on which they may come
into collision with the supreme authority. They will not, without
protest, buy the land, and hope that grants will be made to actual
144 
DIVISION OF THE LAND.
settlers or the State, sufficient to cover their improvements.   If
not, the State will be obliged to buy, and then confirm the titles
already given.
In the extensive territory of Utah, probably not one acre in ten
thousand is fit for profitable cultivation, and only the fertile strips
will recompense the surveying. The immense pasturage around
cultivable spots will be fed in common, and of course never
purchased by individuals.
When the Mormons arrived in the valley, they did not quarrel
about the fertile, eligible plats, but put a portion under cultivation
jointly, and made equitable distribution of the proceeds of the
crop, according to wants, labor, and seed bestowed. The city was
laid off into lots and numbered; and by mutual consent they were
assigned by the Presidency, who selected according to their judgment, placing those in the vicinity that they wished for good neighborhood, and allotting off the balance. Each individual paid a small
sum to meet the expense of surveying and recording.  A section
on the south of the city, six miles square, called the "Big Field,"
was fenced at public cost, and divided up into five acre lots, with
convenient lanes between, and those who would actually work
them, were allowed to choose, or receive by lot, from one to eight
of these.  A Poor Farm of forty acres is in the centre, controlled
by the bishops. All lines of division and boundary are run with
the cardinal points.  The present limits of farms will doubtless be
recognised, though the United States' surveys should make different
boundaries: by purchase in a tract by the State, or from a common
fund, individuals will be secured in their vested rights. When
the lands are offered in the market, public sentiment will allow no
bidders against the Presidency.
After the assignments were made, persons commenced the usual
speculations of selling according to eligibility of situation.  This
called out anathemas from the spiritual power, and no one was
permitted to traffic for fancy profit: if any sales were to be made,
the first cost and actual value of improvements were all that was to
be allowed. All speculative sales are made sub rosa. Exchanges
are made, and the records kept by the Register.   The  land
13
145 
WAR WITII TiEL UTAIIS.
belongs to the Lord, and his Saints are to use so much as each
can work profitably.
We must not forget that these occupants hold themselves the
Lord's stewards, who are bound to look after his interest, by
making any unfruitful portion of the heritage produce food for his
saints -and, having found a waste tract unoccupied as it should
be, (for the miserable Utahs are of no account on this supposition)
and imparted to it by the actual labor of their sinews all its
present value, it is doubly theirs, by right divine and subjugation.
And truly they have a claim by coaquest from the roving Indians.
They first settled on the war-grounds of Snake-Diggers and Utahs,
interposing between belligerents. Wars are waged continually
between  the bands  or sub-tribes, which, with disease, is fast
destroying them. But when the Mormons extended north and
south, they encroached on hunting and fishing grounds, and the
usual winter camping places, and scared off the game. The
Shoshones have consulted discretion, and, though threatening
attack, have "kept the peace."   Not so  the Utahs.  In  the
winter of 1849 they became insolent in Utah Valley, killed
cattle-and boasted of it, entered houses and frightened women
and children, took provisions forcibly, and compelled those on
the farms to retire within the fort.  Complaints of these things
were sent to head-quarters, and after all peaceable overtures were
disregarded, the Utah war was resolved upon.
Two companies from the City of Salt Lake joined the forces
in Utah valley, and proceeded to attack the quarters of the Indians.
The latter were well posted in the dry channels of the Timpanogos, and screened by a cottonwood forest and thick willow clumps,
but were finally driven out by the cannon and rifles at long shots,
after three days' skirmishing.   The soldiers retired every night to
the fort, a mile distant from the battle-field.  One young man of
the assailants was killed.  The Indians decamped the third night
for the mnountain kanyons, now filled with snow; and the measles
being among them, the exposure killed many.   "Old Elk," the
terror of the mountains, was found dead on the trail.  He  had
long boasted that no single person or trapper could live with him
146 
SUBJUGATION  OF INDIANS.
in the valleys, and numbers are supposed to have fallen under his
rifle.  A party was driven up Table MIountain, but were induced
to come down and surrender. They were guarded in camp until
the morning, and then ordered to give up their weapons. They
refused to do this, and acting in a sullen and hostile manner, were
fired upon and nearly all killed immediately. A few broko
through the line of sentinels and endeavored to escape by crossing the lake on the ice, but were chased down by horsemen and
"ceased to breathe."   3Iy informant was an actor in the terrible
scene, and seemed disposed to paint it in as soft colors as possible.
A like chastisement was given the year previous to a small band
of Shoshones, and a second has since been inflicted on the Utahs,
and the chief, Patsowits, caught and killed by the bowstring; and
this thorough work makes such an impression on them that they
will fear to offend, which is the humane policy. Had public sentiment sanctioned a similar policy  with  the  Seminoles, what
sacrifices of blood and treasure would have been avoided!
About forty were killed by powder and measles; and the band
of old "Stick-in-the-head," a chief of note, was so thinned that
they immediately begged for peace. A large number of prisoners
were taken, mostly women and children, carried into Fort
Utah, and lodged under the cannon platform in tents until they
could be distributed among the families in the valley. They
were fed bounteously on beef, and it was a sight for a painter to
see this motley group feast on the generosity of the capturers.
Squaws and children were generously taken into the houses, and
the trial made to teach them domestic service.  But it was a failure: they soon deserted the comforts of the white man's house
for the snowy home of the kanyons.
It is a curious matter of reflection, that those whose mission it
is to convert these aborigines by the sword of the spirit, should
thus be obliged to destroy them - but they stoutly affirm that
these people will yet, under their instruction, fulfil the prophecy
that "' a nation shall be born in a day; " and when they have completed the destined time, will listen to the truth and become 1' a
fair and delightsome people."
1 4'#'  
INDIAN SUPERSTITIONS.
THE UTAHS.
This tribe consists of several bands under different chieftains,
united by a common language and affinities as well as by numerous
intermarriages. They range over a large region of country, ex tending from California to New Mexico. They are a superstitious
race, and have many cruel customs. Some tribes are reputed good
warriors.
In the vicinity of the Salt Mountain in Youab Valley is a remarkable well or circular pit, at the bottom of which is a spring
of water which rises a few feet and finds an outlet in the loose
strata. It is called by the Utahs, Pun-gun. They fancy in this
resides a child, that comes to the surface at the setting of the sun;
and when one approaches, it cries and screams for help, making
most frightful contortions; but should any attempt  to aid the
child to escape, they would be carried to the lower regions. It is
the ghost cave of the Indians, and in it is the Blue Beard of the
squaws which frightens into obedience unruly pappooses. Near
this spot occurred a tragedy which may exemplify their religious
notions.  The witness of the scene thus relates it.  He  was travelling the trail, and seeing a village of the Utah, he turned toward
it for curiosity and trade. Passing among the lodges, he heard a
low wail within one of the wigwams. He stopped before it, and
presently a lad of fourteen years apparently, came out sobbing
bitterly, and sat down, placing his face in his hands and resting
them upon his knees. Several Indians collected about the place,
and in silence appeared to be waiting for some event of importance. He heard a sound like that of loading a rifle within
the lodge. An exclamation of satisfaction escaped from a robust
brave, as he emerged from the narrow entrance, as though he was
now sure of accomplishing some desirable object of long contemplation.
The boy sprang up with a piteous shriek at the sound, then as
if resigned to his fate, he cast one lingering look at the snow-capt
bills -then dropping his head, closed his eyes to the light of
day, and was shot through the heart by the unrelenting savage.
148 
UTAGES OF TIIE UTAHI S.
On inquiry, the trader was told that this boy was a prisoner,
taken long since from a neighboring tribe, and that he was sent
off to take care of his master, who had that morning died.   Such
prisoners they keep to accompany the deceased to the happy
aunting-grounds in the spirit world.
When they have no captives, if a person of note dies, and a
stranger is with them, the rights of hospitality are disregarded,
and the visitor must be sacrificed to the manes of the departed.
This requires the trading bands to be vigilant and in force; for
should a runner come in with the news of any killed in battle
with their enemies, the most friendly feelings would be instantly
converted into those of destruction, to satisfy their religious
custom. When a chief dies, his lodge is burned, the horses and
dogs are killed, and all his arms and cooking utensils are buried
with him. Burial-places are sought high up the kanyons, usually
in clefts of rock; and boulders are heaped around, leaving a small
opening, into which food is thrust for several weeks after the
sepulture.
Chieftainship descends from father to son. A late chief, acting
on the plurality law, left above thirty sons, most of whom have
,mall clans under them. His true successor is a fine brave Indian,
pith the largest band immediately around him; and he exercises
4ontrol over all when he chooses. He is a friend of the Mormons.
A half-brother of his, named Walker, has become rich and
celebrated for his success in stealing horses from the Mexicans.
lie has a large drove of cattle, with many followers.  Hle lately
located near the San Pete settlement, and professed a strong
desire to learn agriculture from his civilized neighbors, and
promised conformity on the part of his band. This is the man
who, regarded in the mountains as a petty adventurer, has often
been so romantically eulogised in the States, and furnishes a theme
of praise among the Mormons, being esteemed a trophy to the
power of their religion, a kind of first-fruits of their policy.   But
ere this he may have resumed his robber habits, and frustrated
';he intention of his Mormon  friends of making him the head
chief of the tribe.
13*
149 
POST TO CONTROL INDIANS.
The different tribes of the Utahs are frequently at war with each
other, and they have an eternal national war with the Shoshones
The Mormon settlements partially interpose between the two
great tribes, exerting an influence upon both, and ensuring
them a controlling power ultimately.   But the most  eligible
position for a commanding influence over the mountain tribes, is
to be chosen in the Green River Basin, either on Black's Fork,
where Fort Bridger is built, for a defensive trading post, or on
the Colorado or branches.   It could control and aid the emigrant
travel to Oregon and California, as the routes must fork in that
section. The Snakes or Shoshones, estimated at several thousands,
are on the north.   The Crows are to the north-east.  This band
numbers eight hundred lodges, and is under the most military
and severe training. A principal chief governs despotically. He
has a council of ten, which is convened every night to relate the
occurrences of the day, and give plans for the morrow. On the
march no one is permitted to leave the ranks without the signal
of the chief. When camp is to be made, the chief, who is
always two hundred yards in advance, halts and throws down his
horse-trappings, and no one is to come nearer "his medicine"
than a prescribed distance, without call.   His lodge is set up by
the squaws, and others then encircle it. Death is the penalty of
disobedience.   Sub-parties are sent off for plunder, under similar
discipline. The Sioux tribe is on the east of the basin; the
Oglallahs, or Cheyennes, to the south-east, and the universal
Utahs to the south, all of which need no further description.
A fort and Indian agency, on this neutral or war-ground of all
these tribes, would communicate with each.   All their  plans
could easily be discovered. They could be played off against
each other, and advantage  taken  of their animosities.  If  a
humane policy is the proper one, then here is the place for a
pacificator, and the interposition of good offices to prevent their
internecine contests. And no more influential person could be
found in an agency there, than the enterprising man already
connected with them by marriage and habit, and who now resides
as a trader at Fort Bridger.
150 
SKETCIIES BY AN OLD TRAPPER.
The builder of Fort Bridger is one of the hardy race of
mountain trappers who are now disappearing from  the continent,
being enclosed in the wave of civilization. These trappers have
made a thousand fortunes for eastern men, and by their improvidence have nothing for themselves.  Major Bridger, or "old Jim,"
has been more wise of late, and laid aside a competence; but the
mountain tastes, fostered by twenty-eight years of exciting scenes,
will probably keep him there for life.  He has been very active,
and traversed the region from the head-waters of the Missouri to
the Del  Norte-and  along the Gila to the Gulf, and thence
throughout Oregon and the interior of California.   Ilis graphic
sketches are delightful romances.   With a buffalo-skin and piece
of charcoal, he will map out any portion of this immense region,
and delineate mountains, streams, and the circular valleys called
"holes," with wonderful accuracy; at least we may so speak of
that portion we traversed after his descriptions were given.   He
gives a picture, most romantic and enticing, of the head-waters of
the Yellow Stone.   A  lake sixty miles long, cold and pellucid,
lies ernbosomed amid high precipitous  mountains.   On the west
side is a sloping plain several miles wide, with clumps of trees and
groves of pine. The ground resounds to the tread of horses.
Geysers spout up seventy feet high, with a terrific hissing noise, at
regular intervals.   Waterfalls are sparkling, leaping, and thundering down the precipices, and collect in the pool below.   The river
issues from this lake, and for fifteen miles roars through the
perpendicular  kanyon  at the  outlet.  In this section  are the
Great Springs, so hot that meat is readily cooked in them, and as
they descend on the successive terraces, afford at length delightful
oaths. On the other side is an acid spring, which gushes out in a
river torrent; and below is a cave which supplies "vermilion"
for the savages in abundance. Bear, elk, deer, wolf, and fox, are
among the sporting game, and the feathered tribe yields its share
for variety, on the sportsman's table of rock or turf.
Another region he visited and trapped in, lies to the west of the
Del Norte, and north of the Gila. This he represents as once the
abode of man. where there are gigantic ruins of masonry, which
151 
ROUTE OF A RAIL-ROAD
he describes with the clearness of a Stephens.  Trees have grown
over these destroyed towns, and fruits and nuts load their branches;
and among the animals are the wild boar and grizzly bear.  IIis
own words are: "this fertile place is large enough for three States,
and is the most delightful spot that ever God made for man."
As a guide for explorers the services of that man would be in valuable.
The public attention has been called in Missouri to the feasible
line of road from Western Missouri to the Great Valley-and
where the proper track for the Pacific Railway may be found if
built from the Missouri river near Independence. This route
would take the line of the Kanzas, up the Republican fork and
across to the South Platte, and thence along the Lodge Pole Creek
to the south terminus of the Black Hills, where they would be
turned; and then across the rich Laramie plains, leaving the
Medicine-Bow Mountains on the south, and crossing the North
Platte into the South Pass, over the Coal Basin, skirting the Bear
River Mountains at the northern base, near Bridger's Fort; and
through the Bear and Weber Kanyons, which are represented
by the mountain men as level and practicable, and confirmed by
distant views as probably correct, issue upon the Kamas prairie
to the Timpanogos, and course down its banks to the Valley of
Lake Utah.
It is not always reliable informationwhich we gain from the
mountain travellers; but, from the descriptions given me by them,
the best route from Utah lies through the passes to Seveir Lake,
and south-west to the depression in the Sierra Nevada north of
Los Angeles, where the Tulare valleys are entered, and from which
a port is to be selected on the Pacific. The Mormon settlements
nearer the rim of the basin, may incline the road more south, and
would not much increase the distance. This wonderfully level
track across the country strikes the mind with surprise.   One
scarcely is conscious of a hill on the road, while the immense
imountains are ever before and around him.
The difficulty this work will encounter lies in the accumulation
of snow in the Weber and Timpanagos kanyons, during winter;
152 
GRANDEUR OF TIIE GREAT RAIL-ROAD.
exploration and observation are required to settle its presumed
practicability, and the amount of this impediment. Such a road,
within our limits, would be the crowning work of the century
and indeed of all antecedent time, so gigantic is it in its conceptions; and it would be so wonderful in its results on trade and
the destinies of the race, that all other human efforts sink in insignificance before it. It would strike the centre of the great valley
of the Mississippi, and the commerce and the travel that should
come from Asia would there divide, to take its appropriate desti.
nation for the Gulf of Mexico or the St. Lawrence; or on the
many lines of internal communication to the Atlantic seaboard.
153 
CHAPTER VIIL
SELF-GOVERNMENT.
IN concluding our notice of this new territory, and of its peculiar people, we may be allowed once more to advert especially
to the subject of controlling the government of Deser(et.  We
hear that officers sent to them have had their feelings so outraged
by treasonable expressions toward the supreme government, that
they have felt it obligatory to return and place the subject before
the national legislature and the chief magistrate. This may have
resulted from too hasty conclusions, and from not marking the qualifications usually due to such denunciations. Among portions of
the citizens in every State, we may hear very opprobrious terms
used. The government is -frequently proclaimed corrupt, and dangerous to liberty, in party declamation; the writers and speakers
being ready to defend it, however, with their life-blood.
We know that a prejudice existed against the appointment of
one, at least, who went to Utah in an official capacity; and the
MIormnons were prepared to receive him with distrust, politically
and morally; and however unjust the prejudice, it undoubtedly
had its bad influence- and in attacking one with harsh language,
the cause may have become common to all.
Now, the Mormons regard themselves as placed in the position
of our colonial fathers; with this difference, that the latter felt the
burden of taxation without representation; the Mornmons, an injustice in enforcing law upon them by foreigners. They have formed
every thing on the model of a republican State; adopted a constitution, liberal, free, and tolerant of conscience in religion; and
have a criminal code which applies to their peculiar situation and
feelings.  It is not to be presumed that lawyers, though eminent
(154) 
EQUITABLE RIGHT S OF UTAH.
at home, fresh from crowded cities, and long drilled in municipal
laws suited to old societies, can have a just appreciation of the
statutes of this wild country, which have a peculiar religious sanction from the dependence of the civil code on revelation. Nor
will the community place the same confidence in such judges, as
in those whose acquaintance with their views and opinions is a
matter of experience; and whose interests and sympathies are
bound up together. And, too, we must remember that it is a
matter of conscience to bring all subjects of contention before the
heads of their own family, the household of the church.
So long, therefore, as they demean themselves as good industrious citizens of the United States, being geographically separate
from other society, with no admiralty causes to adjudicate, and
pay their portion of the indirect taxation for the support of the
government, they feel a right to demand confidence enough to be
allowed to have persons resident among themselves appointed to
administer the laws over them, and fill official stations.  And they
can well laugh at all attempts to control them otherwise, though
they may submit in appearance, to prevent collision.
And then- comes up the question, is not this after all a matter
of political etiquette? and is it wise to make a case of treason on
such a point? They acknowledge the binding force of the
Constitution, claim to be American citizens, and also to have a
right that this courtesy be allowed them, after so many privations
and sufferings endured, to make the wilderness and desert a
habitable abode. To enforce rulers over them from abroad, by the
power of the bayonet, will entail perpetual war, or necessitate the
raising a force, and making an expenditure of funds such as has
never been called for at one time since our national existence.
The theatre of war would be at a great distance, and all supplies
must be transported a thousand miles on land carriage.  And what
would be gained in the end? Nothing but the same as persecution has heretofore given, increase of Mortnon power.   Indeed
we are not sure but the leaders would like a display of force, in
order to raise the cry of persecution, and turn the attention of
the people upon foreign objects.
155 
IMPOLICY OF ATTEMPTING COERCION.
But we must remember that this is no insurrection of a part of
a State: the population is a unit, engaged to a man in the sacred
cause of their freedom  to govern themselves.  They  must  ba
convinced of error, before they can abandon their position without
disgrace. And it will be a difficult thing to bring one portion of
American citizens to fight against another on such an issue.  The
Herald at once proclaims that liberty of conscience is infringed.
They will be considered as contending for the right to worship
God in their own way, and to govern themselves as other States
do.  Separated by a three months' journey from other organized
communities, they are harmless to them, and individuals must
seek molestation, if they have aught to complain about.   Why
then, they will ask, peril life and treasure, when the issue can be
evaded so easily, and the benefits of their position as a State
secured to the country, by means which it is generous to adopt,
and in our power to grant?
The principle involved is the right of sovereignty; this is
already conceded, so far as it can be, to the general government,
and soon a half million of persons will demand the true position
of a State, or declare themselves independent of all.  Surely this
looks like the case in contemplation of the wise man, when he
advised so prudently, "leave off contention before it is meddled
with," which can be applied to governments, as well as to
individuals.
Smarting under a bitter recollection of violence, that people
could easily be goaded into rebellion, or rather into a warfare. A
small force would be a vain insult among them. Protection they
ask not, nor do they need it. They are a mighty moral force
among the threatening cloud of savages on our frontiers. They
compel the Indian to respect them. But they would dread far
more than this the contaminating influence of an idle soldiery
among them, upon industry,-yet more than all, the gallantry of
the epaulettes upon their peculiar institution of polygamy. A
jealousy would be provoked that would be "cruel as the grave."
The whole United States army would probably be insufficient to
garrison and control a hostile population on a line of five hundred
156 
DISTUtRBING ELEMENTS IN UTAII.,
tniles, anid enforce civil law by foreign judges.  It could  only
compel ma-tial law to be acquiesced in, if once such a force were
well quartered upon them.
INTERNAL DISCORD.
The causes which are at work to break up the clanship and
oneness of the Mormon State, and reduce that people to the
situation of others, with various beliefs and interests, are among
themselves.   The bursting power is internal, and loosening the
outward  bands will discover it.  In short, the true policy is
apparent, and may be given in their own peculiar phrase, "let
them severely alone;" which they apply to Gentile rulers sent to
control their movements.
The first disturbing element we notice is the introduction of
polygamy; and yet they give, or profess to allow, all the freedom
to the females that is found  in any Christian  nation.   Their
education is quite as free and liberal as to the other sex, thus far.
But with all this do we find them advocating the inferiority of
woman in dignity of station.  "Gentile gallantry and fashion" is
declared to have reversed the natural relationship and social
position of the sexes; and that to give the post of honor or of
comfort to the lady, is absurd.   If there is but one seat, they say
it of right belongs to the gentleman, and it is the duty and place
of a man to lead the way, and let the fair partner enter the house
or room behind him. The glory of a woman is constantly held
forth to be a "mother  in Israel," or, literally, a  child-tender.
The delicate sentiment of companionable qualities and mental
attachment4 finds no place in the philosophy of plurality of wives,
separate from grosser sensuous enjoyments.  While introducing
this great cause of disruption and jealousies into families, they
cultivate in schools the arts of peace that tend to soften and elevate
a community; and the antagonistic principles, one of rolling back
to Asiatic stationary civilization, the other of progressive enlighb
enment, must come into collision.   What  then is the effect of
their law of plurality?  The sacred bond between two persons, by
14
157 
A&DVANTAGES OF' REGULAR MARRIAGE.
which the twain are one, as declared in Holy Writ, is desecrated
In that union of the wills, the affectiorns, and interests, lies the
hope of improvement of the condition of society;  and by  the
laws of nature and of grace, there the peace of the world and
realization of the Christian's hopes are centred.   The law establishing  the fimily  circle  was  the first pronug,.,ated in social
relations.   And again the sacred historian takes up the theme,
and relates the full-souled offering of his heart by  Adam, and
acknowledgmient of equality and sameness; and then he declares
that for this cause a man shall forsake all other ties, to obey the
sacred promptings of a guileless nature, in conjugal fidelity to one
wife -which became the law of grace, and four thousand years
after was once more affirmed as the holy rule of the sexes, by the
Lord of all.
Nor is this a subject ever to be lightly touched, for he is a
traitor to his country, to humanity, and to himself, who can point
the finger of scorn, or lessen in the minds of any, the sacredness
of the dual marriage; and, as all are scholars, from the cradle to
the grave, as well as teachers in the social world, let every rightly
balanced mind exert itself to learn, and to picture the delights and
the sorrows of home, on the truthful basis of their heaven-born
origin.   When the lofty genius of the poet rises highest in scenes
that enrapture and gladden less gifted mninds, what inspires but
this spirit of love-when the statesman is tossing restlessly on the
waves of ambition, or the warrior rides fearless on the heights of
a thousand dangers, their souls are nerved to their tasks by the
rewards of love's admiration;  and the peace of the Christian
nestles in the heart, and bids each pure soul cherish, in calm
sublimity, the love of its nearest and dearest neighbor; and all
turn for beauty of expression and truthful illustration of the social
good, to the appropriate comparison of "the love of woman."
Let nothing then come between the object of regard and the whole
affections - but rather call in aid every thing that can strengthen
the union of souls, and bring it to perfection.
To offer the person for a companion, and withhold the affections,
would be like the Siamese twins in the death of Chang, while
158 
FEELINGS OF THIE YOUNG MORMIONSl,'
Eng should live, a body attached to, but not of him-it would be
the embrace of a corpse, galvanized into some of the motions of
life; but the warmth, the virtue of the vital principle, departed
for ever. And this must soon become the social fate of our
mountain brethren, unless a change comes over the spirit of their
revelations, and they return to the primitive law of the marriage
relation.
EFFECT OF PLURALITY ON THE YOUNG.
A second consideration, arising from the same cause, is in the
relation of parents and children.   Separated now from those who
can persecute them, it is hard to keep up the enthusiasm of the
mass, by reference to the persecutions heretofore endured.   But
to the young, the children of the mountains, these are "oft-4old
tales," jejune and tiresome.  The youth there  are no fanatics,
and seem to care but little for the detail of doctrines.
And the contemplation of plurality is highly distasteful to the
young ladies of any independence of feeling, however acquiesced
in by the more advanced in age.  The subject was placed before
one in its practical light, and the reply was most decided and
prompt against such an arrangement.   Asked if she could consent
to become Mrs. Blank, No. 20, or No. 40 - or if now in youthful life she was espoused to one of her choice, and who was all the
world to her; and then, though ranking No. 1, when the first
blush of beauty had departed, she could be contented to have the
husband call at her domicil after several weeks' absence and say,
{6 I am really glad to see you dearest, and how delighted it would
make me to spend an hour here, but-and, by the way, have you
seen my last bride No. 17; how sweet a girl she is -really I'm
scrry to leave you so soon,"- the subject was cut short by the
reply, stern and true, " No Sir, I'd die first." We are informed
that many on the frontiers have deserted the " sealed relation"
and married  half-breeds and  Potawatamies, preferring such a
life as that.in the cabins of Nebraska to the ennui of the other.
Young men, too, feel insecure in proposing to embarA in the
matrimonial vessel. They must naturally feel envious, when tbq
159 
THE FAMILY RELATION.
young women treat them with disdain by yielding to the advice of
ambitious mothers, and attach their fortunes to the hem of a pres.
ident or apostle, in order to obtain a celestial queenship among the
dignitaries of the world to come.
Of all the children that have come under our observation, we
must, in candor, say, that those of the 3Iormons are the most lawless and profane. Circumstances connected with travel, with occupations in a new home, and desultory life, may in part account for
this: but when a people make pretensions to raising up a " holy
generation" and are commanded to take wives for the purpose,
we naturally look at the quality of the fruit produced by the doetrines;-and surely they would not complain of the Scripture rule,
"by their fruits ye shall know them."
Additions from abroad, and conversion of adults, can never sustain such a society, if the youth and children do not imbibe the
principles that form the community and give it life and vigor -it
is the young who are to transmit and inculcate them, or else, being
at variance with their feelings and enlightened reason, the character of that society must soon change. For what constitutes society?
It has been said, men make the state- this is true when the idea
comprehends the humanity of man, wife, and children. No enduring blessing was ever promised to a people, without their chil.
dren being expressly mentioned as.participants; and heavenly
pictures of a flourishing commonwealth are united with the merry
gambolings and cheerful sounds of the young playing in the
streets of busy cities. Break up the harmony of thought and
purpose between the parent and child; make a mnan's enemies of
his own household every where,'and what becomes of society?
It is at the home, at the fireside, at the family altar, that the principles and dispositions are obtained that govern individuals; and
as the prevailing tone of the families, so will be the neighborhood, the towns, the legislatures; so too will be the union princit)le that constitutes a peaceful, prosperous state.
The first form of government, arising out of man's necessities
and wants, is seen in the family, and is the Patriarchal; its inception is intuitive.
160 
TItE MORMION SYSTEM.
N'ow, we find the Mormons start in theory, right on  the principle of Government, as on that of Labor.   In true theory, government rests on the Divine Will, and human  minds  must interpret
that will) either by direct revelation, or by Reason, enlightened by
experience. Expediency, or what promotes human hap)piness, is
the rule, but never to infringe on Revelation.   In other words,
Justice between individuals and nations is the object of law -
leaving each person all possible freedom to choose his occupation.
Security of Rig,hts is the true political enonomy; the natural desire of good stimulates man to work out wealth and prosperity.
Try, then, this people by their own rule.  We find them claiming to act by Divine Will and in the Patriarchal  form.   Look  at
its developmernt! The divine will is changed at once into a
scheme of Human Will-  and the latter is made the Lawgiverthe Judge -the Executor.   If the Seer is the Voice of God, all
is well - right. The world denies this however. And then it
falls into an autocracy, despotism.
So long as the governed people choose to obey one  man in all
things, they are not slaves - they may be secure in " life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness," in their own estimation.   Practically thus far the Mormons are so; and as education is spreading
right thoughts and will continue to do so, if let alone, among  the
masses of Yankees and Chartists, they will learn how and when
to throw off the usurpations of a pretended Theocracy.
In the family, the fostering restraint of authority is necessary
till a certain age, and then the young bird, full fledged, flies off in
joyous freedom, to assume its natural responsibility.   So of Colonies - and this one, in the Rocky' Mountains, now asks the
privileges of manhood from the parent States-that granted, and
the vagaries of its youth on the science of government will be discarded in the schooling of experience.
THE BIBLE.
But the proselyting from other Christian sects will,e sadly
interfered with, and checked, when the'Bible shall be published
14*
161 
ADDITIONS FROM WITIIOUT.
as altered by Joseph the Seer.  To be sure, each sect that gives
an interpretation of the scriptures different from the apostolic
sense, has a new Bible; but they all keep the same words, and
individual judgment is the standard that causes diversity,. which is
ever changing; and thus there is left open the opportunity for a
catholic, that is, universal opinion.   But the Bible, printed with
the emendations which we before referred to, will no more be the
Christian's book of the present churches, than the Alcoran of
Mahomet,  or the Zendivesta.  Then  there will be  something
tangible, showing the tendency of the doctrines, and a direct blow
be aimed at the "faith once delivered to the Saints;" it will no
longer be, in the minds of any, a transition and progression from
one view to another, but necessitate an apostacy from one religion
to a different creed, and to the worship of a different God.
These adult additions for bettering temporal condition, do not
add to the strength of the theo-democratic principle of their
government.   This will merely give power to the selfish element,
to what they already complain is so common, and numerously
represented  by the  " Mormonish;"  while,  to  carry out  the
proposed plan, there is required the most complete disinterestedness; all that sinking of self in the prosperity of the order, so
conspicuous in the devoted, holy brotherhood of the Jesuits.
Whole families emigrate from abroad on account of the desire of a
son, a daughter, or one parent, who are converts - the faith of
one or two, perhaps, making the occasion, not the motive, for the
other members joining the society.
A fourth disturbing cause lies in the system of tithes. By
this engine, immense sums are accumulated, and put at the disposal
of the Presidency, and its corrupting influences of irresponsible
expenditure will sooner or later be developed. It cannot be long
before those restless, ambitious, and talented persons, who are
denied the great privileges which untold treasures secure, will
become dissatisfied at the sight of ease and luxury in the managers
of what they may consider a religious speculation; and some miay
envy the harems of the shepherds of the flock, supported
indirectly by the labors of the hirelings. The toiling laborer in
1 C)2 
RIGHT OF SELF-GOIERNNMENT.
the dusty field may raise the question of unequal burdens, as
the princely c"rriage rolls past with the imusic-band in the trailn,
which even now makes melody ill the visiting processions and
pleasure-rides in the mountains.   The  means for amusing  the
mind of the multitude, and distracting attention from its own
increasing power, are daily becoming less; while on the other
hand, the burdens grow more and more onerous, and are less
voluntarily borne.  The pressure for tithes from all parts is again
vehemently made, and reminds of the times of Joseph, when
engaged on the Nauvoo temple.
Nor is the harmony and union of the Presidency so strong that
it could not be broken.   What could happen to the first three,
with the prophet at the head, can easily occur again.   It requires
no great shrewdness to perceive the growing affection manifested
for different persons in that board of directors, and parties will
carry the object of admiration with them. No open organizations
are yet made in favor of the second in rank, who is reported to be
the best business man in the valley, but it would require but little
tyranny, and novelty of doctrine, preached by the Seer, to cause
the cry of'apostacy and ambition. Like Lucifer and Rigdon, he
would be declared, by a numerous host, to have forfeited the high
estate, and a vote of the chiefs of stakes, or expressed wilt of the
majority of the people, would depose him.   At present he is wary
of giving revelations, rather hinting that something is soon to
appear, of wonderful importance.   He assures that Joseph  the
Seer has left more work carved out, than five years of faithful
diligence will accomplish -and when they have fulfilled all the
duties entailed, then they may ask for more light from the angels.
All these seeds of distrust, ambition, and discontent, are sown
in a fruitful soil; and if they are left quietly to germinate by the
powers at a distance, cannot fail to destroy that unity which
renders the Mormon community so formidable to any that might
seek to control it.  That people may well be compared to the
Puritans of New England, in its early settlement -  they are as
exclusive, as energetic, as enduring; have sustained persecutions
more fiery -  have toiled for rocks and snowy lands -  contendedl
1 C-)3 
DUTY OF THE GOVERNMIENT.
with the red men, and subdued a desert for a residence.  May no
General Gage be directed to dragoon them into rebellion.   Oi
one area the theo-democratic government has yielded peaceful
fiuits, and been forgotten-  on the other, like results, we hope,
are to follow.
There appears to be a crisis in the relations of the Mormons to
the government of the Union, and sober counsels are demanded,
to prepare the way for a peaceable, honorable future. No reference
to State pride, no thought of religious aberrations, can be safely
consulted in the case: nothing counselled but generosity on the
side of power, towards those who have achieved so much in
fertilizing a barren region, and made "two spires of grass to grow
where only one grew before"-  nothing but indulgent charity
should be exhibited to men who declare themselves ready to ehter
upon an honest warfare of reason, enlightened by revelation, to
maintain, if found good, or abandon, if demonstrated erroneous,
long cherished opinions- and forbearance may honorably be
exercised, while they continue to carry out practically the principles of republican liberty and human freedom, in accordance with
American genius, though the method be theoretically absurd;
having good assurance that there are improving elements within,
that will "leaven the whole lump." Such conservative views
will produce harmonious action, and the  STATE  OF DESER.ET
become a sound connecting link in the great empire chain, whose
termini areriveted in the everlasting foundations of the turbulent
Atlantic and calm Pacific; those station points, at which the
ascending sun salutes, and, descending, bids a short farewell each
day, lightly kissing the snow-capt' brow of the lofty mountain
peak, that looks so serenely down upon the vales, filled with the
happy homes of peaceful industry.
CONCLUSION.
Let us not then be the advocates of Mormonism, and opposers
of our own form of Christianity, by counselling persecution and
foreign control. This system is not what it was in its first decade.
164 
THE TEST OF MORMONISM.
Once it was aggressive, now it is on the defensive -then it was
violent, now it is politic.  The thousand mile wall of space uninbabited, hems it in and renders it harmless. The industry of its
supporters makes it useful to the country.  They are more than
an army against the Indians on the West. The weary traveller
o the land of Ophir shares in their hospitality.
Mormonism could not exist as a concrete system among other
sects. It must rule or it must die. A fair field to test its virtues
and its faults is before us.  Its votaries are now to ascertain its
claims to truth by prophecy. If, in a few short years, they see the
great city of New York, its people, its temples, and its wealth, go
down into the opening earth, and the sea sing a requiem over the
grave-if they see the Protestant world become only known in the
records of the past-if a guard of angels in glittering armor descend
and guide them back in military array across the desert plains-if
they hear the groans of the Asiatic nations, dying in frantic battle, in myriads, on the plains of Palestine; then may they know
that the testimony of Joseph was of "the spirit of prophecy."
This new creed arose out of the strife of conflicting human
opinions, and is one of the great exponents of the age, in which
individual mind is struggling to throw off the fetters of superstition - and in the rebound to unbridled private judgment here is
added one more instance of exalted genius enlisted on the side of
priestly tyranny, and sacrificed on the altar of ambition - carrying
hecatomnbs to an " auto da fe.", Its founder will survive in history.
He is embalmed in the affectionate memory of thousands; and
as time lends a halo of enchantment to encircle his name, hymns
of praise and legends of his holy deeds' will be sung, and cherished
by those who believe that the prophet saint of earth is to reign a
God over a brilliant world of his own creation, surrounded by
happy queens and carolling children, through his own blessed eter.
nity.  When the " knowledge of the Lord covers the earth as the
waters cover the sea," then will this new church, the handy-work
of man, fade away and be forgotten.  For its virtuous industry we
praise, for its brotherly unity we admire -and for its induction
into the one Catholic Church we offer our sincere prayers.
165  
ADDENDA.
MORMON CHRONOLOGY.
1823.
Joseph Smith announces a visit from the angel Moroni, at Palmyra,
New York.
1827.
Golden plates, eight inches by four, connected by rings and engraved
with Egyptian letters, given to Joseph by the angel for translation.
1830.
Book of Mormon published- Church organized and settled at Kirtland, Ohio.
1831-2.
New Jerusalem selected in Jackson County, Missouri -and named
Zion - Corner stone of a Temple laid.
1833-5.
A mob at Zion drive the Mormons to Clay County- Kirtland named
Shinahar, and, store-houses, temple, and tithes arranged- Mercantile
house formed.
1836-7.
Mormons driven from Clay to Caldwell, Missouri-Found Fai WestBank of Kirtland established.
1838-9.
Bank fails - Danite Society organized - Third persecution in Misouri, and the Mormons driven to Illinois.
1840-1.
Nauvoo City laid off on the Mississippi-State of Illinois grant extra,
ordinary privileges — Hostile feelings from citizens and dissenters ap
pear.
1842-3.
Temple begun at Nauvoo- Charge of "Spiritual wives" denied -
Polygamy granted - Troubles with civil courts.
(167) 
ADDENDA.
1844-5.
Joseph the prophet and his brother Hyrum, repair to Carthage on
charge of treason - Are shot in jail by an infuriated mob -  Brigham
Young chosen Seer -  Violence offered to Nauvoo people -  Burnings at
Green Plains.
1846.
Property sacrificed at Nauvoo - Mormons emigrate to the Missouri
Bottom -  Cultivate land twenty miles abovePlattejunction -  Battalion
of 520 men recruited for the Mexican War - Women do field-work -
Great sickness in camp - Caves dug for winter shelter.
1847.                  r
Great mortality and suffering   Indians molest the Mormons-  8th
April: Seer and advance guard of 143 men depart for the mountainsSeeds and implements transported-  21st July: Advance at Salt Lake
Valley, and 24th Presidency arrive -Ground consecrated for a city -
Invalid company of the Mexican battalion arrive, and 4000 persons
come in October.
1848.
January: Fort completed, of 7788 feet contour - Thirteen miles of
fence, enclosing 6000 acres, made-June:. Crickets cut down the plants,
which are renewed four times in some cases - People starving, dig
roots and eat old hides - Five mills put in operation - Seer returns
with emigrants - Settlements extended - Temple at Nauvoo burnt.
1849.
Utah Valley occupied- Large crops raised - Constitution for a territorial government made- Withdrawn, and one for a State sent to
Congress- Survey of the valley by Captain Stansbury and Mr. Gunnison, made by order of United States - Tuilla and San Pete valleys
col,nized -  Missionaries sent to France, Denmark, Sweden, and Eurcpe
g,o,j erally.
OIL in Ogden, San Pete, and Timpanagos districts; and little Salt Lake
rI1ey colonized - Iron mines worked - State-house finished - Gover        nor dissolves the State provisional government, and the Territory of
Utah recognised - Brigham Young appointed governor by the Presi       dent -  Tithing store-houses built, and adobes made for private dwell
1851.
-Census taken - United States judges arrive - Become dissatisfied,
and withdiaw -  Legislature protests-  Sixteen mills in operation -
Polygamy openly discussed - Latter-Day Saints ordered to remove
from the frontier to Utah the coming year.
168