'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'l 6?/ //Ad t;': //. /..^. ^' ^^^^ - CATALOGUE OF A SELECTION FROM COLONEL LEAKE'S GREEK COINS, EXHIBITED IN THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, BY CHURCHILL BABINGTON, B.D., F.L.S., &c. DISNEY PROFESSOR OF ARCHIEOLOGY. Camrnbrgte: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1867 Cambribge: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, I. A, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. INDEX. PAGE DiVISION I. COINS OF KINGS AND DYNASTS. 6, II.,, ASIATIC GREECE 16 III.,, CONTINENTAL EUROPE (EXCLUDING ITALY). 26,, IV.,, EUROPE CONTINUED; ITALY AND SICILY 35 V., ISLANDS OF THE EGEAN, &C. AFRICAN G REEdE 44 NOTE ON THE WEIGHTS OF GREEK COINS.4. 9 OF A SELECTION FROM COLONEL LEAKE'S GREEK COINS, EXHIBITED IN THE FITZWILLIAM M USEUM. Sizes of the Coins. Scale of Mionnet. N.B. The tickets in the glass-case, nearly "to the right" or "to the left," i. e. to the right the whole of which are written by Col. Leake, or left of the spectator. Thus on ticket n. 2. are placed above the coins to which they re- "Horseman R" means that the horseman is fer; and the following Catalogue is designed moving toward the spectator's right hand: on as much as possible to afford information in ticket n. 25, "Head Perseus L" signifies that addition to what they supply. Consequently the head is facing towards the left hand of the the types and legends are not ordinarily de- spectator. Ex. is an abbreviation for exergue) scribed at length. The denominations of value, or the lower part of the reverse, which is dias stater, tetradrachm, &c. are usually added vided from the rest by a straight line, or otherfor the gold and silver coins; but the values wise. See no. 60, &c. The open space of a of the copper coins are for the most part coin is called its field, designated f on the unknown. These last indeed, to speak gene- tickets, see no. 13, &c.; upon it are often found rally, appear to be rather tokens than coins adjuncts i. e. secondary types, or monograms, the proper, and so not to be adjusted with accuracy meaning of both which can only in comparato any scale; the coinages of Italy, Sicily, and tively few cases be discovered. When CoL Egypt offer some exceptions to this remark. Leake's ticket reads "another similar," it indi The whole question, however, of denominations cates that his cabinet contains another speciand scales is at present in a perplexed and men of the same coin; in such cases a fuller uncertain state. The brown tickets indicate description is added in this Catalogue. In that the coins below them are electrotypes, printing the Greek legends no attempt has been being impressions in most cases of very rare made to imitate the ancient forms of the letters. or finely preserved originals. The abbrevia- Col. Leake's divisions of coins into classes is tions Av, EL, AR, AE, which occur on the tickets here followed, though it would have been much stand for aurum, electrum, argentum, and es, better if he had simply followed Eckhel, who indicating the metal of which the coin is made, arranges the coins of Kings, not apart by themwhether gold, electrum, silver, or copper. The selves, but in connection with the regions over figures on the tickets refer to the sizes of which they reigned. Thus the coins of Macethe coins, and are taken from the scale of donia in genere, and the coins of the various Mionnet which is given above. The weight of cities of Macedonia, are in Eckhel's system, the gold and silver coins is also added in grains now almost universally adopted, viewed in Troy; the weight of the copper (or brass) coins juxtaposition with those of the Kings of Macebeing in general not given, because coins in donia. In Col. Leake's Nulmismata Hellenica, this metal (which varies somewhat in coins of which is the printed Catalogue of his collection, different places) have usually lost more in weight will sometimes be found information, which is than those in other metals. The abbreviation not contained either on the tickets or in this R on the tickets is used for the reverse or Catalogue. To this, a copy of which is kept in back view of the coin; R or L often stand for the Library, the reader is referred. 1 6 -Klings and Dynasts, Europe. FIRST DIVISION. It will be observed that the reverse presents a transition from the rough incuse of the earliest COINS OF KINGS AND DYNASTS. coins (see n. 84 below, and nos. 70, 71, 80, 81 A. EUROPE. in Asiatic Greece in this selection) to the later coins in which the reverse has a fully developed 1. Kings of Macedonia. type of its own. The termination of the genitive, 0 and not OT, seems to be universal I Alexander I. (Reigned about B.C. before the age of Philip II., in whose reign the 500-454). Obverse. Male figure, other form first appeared, as it seems, and bewearing the Macedonian hat came speedily almost universal, though lingering (causia) and light cloak (chlamys), traces of the older form are found as late as bearing two spears, walking be- LysiaAchus. hind a bridled horse. Reverse. 2 Archelaus(B.c.413-399). Perhaps Sunk square, usually called'quad- a light tetradracm; see previous rate incuse,' including another remarks. squre of four divisions, around This coin has no legend, but a similar one in the British Museum reads APXEAAO. The which is the legend AAEZA NAPO. goat, which gave the name to the Macedonian B. M., on Leake's ticket, indicates that the capital JEge, previously called Edessa, refers to original of this very rare piece is in the British the legend of Caranus (see Leake Num. Hell. Museum. If the Alexander of this coin is Kings, p. 1), and was the symbol of the MaceAlexander I. of Macedon, as is generally as- donian empire (Dan. viii. 5). The advance in sumed, it is the earliest regal coin known to us art on this coin as compared with the last dehaving a legend. Some of the Darics (see n. serves notice, the types of the obverses being 84 in this selection) may perhaps be as old, but nearly similar. they bear no inscriptions. With the types and Do., the coin reading APXEAAO weight of this coin compare one of the Oresci in Thrace (n. 96 of European Greece). It is Denomination doubtful; possibly difficult to speak with certainty about the scale a tridrachm, more probably a very of the old Macedonian coinage before Alexander heavy didrachm. the Great; many, as L. Muiller, consider it to The youthful head, having the diadem, is be Eginetan, and call n. 10 a didrachm or two- considered by some to be young Hercules, by dram piece of that scale. Col. Leake however others to be Apollo. It is not a portrait of seems to have reason to doubt the correctness Archelaus, for no regal portraits appear on coins of this view, and rather inclines to suspect it before the age of the successors of Alexander. to be of the Euboic standard, whose unit (or 4 Amyntas II. (B.C. 393-369). Same dram) appears to have been from 55 to 57 denomination. The original is in grains Troy. (The Eginetan drachma, as determined from coins of _Egina, is about 95 e riis useum. grains troy.) In this view n. 10 is a tetra- 5 Do. Same denomination, but drachm (four-dram piece) and the present coin lighter. Obv. Head of Hercules an octodrachm. The octodrachm or eight-dram in lion's scalp to right. Rev. piece is of very rare occurrence, and surpassed in weight only by certain pieces of Athens AMYNTA. Horsetoright. (Europ. Greece, n. 24) and Sicily (n. 75, 128- 6 Do. This is among the earliest 132 in this selection). In Queipo's view it is Greek copper coins. a hexadrachm of a system which he calls Olym- 7 Philip II. (B.c. 359-336). Gold pic; he recognises also another system, which dirh r ster he calls Bosporic, in the Macedonian moneyracm, or tater. (tt scale). before Alexander, whose drachmae weigh about 8 Do. Do. 75, and 57 grains Troy, respectively. (Essai These beautiful gold coins of Philip, which sur les systemes me'triques et mone'taires, Vol. I. had a wide circulation down to Roman times, p. 144. Paris, 1859.) His Olympic may per- are peculiarly interesting as being the protohaps be considered as reduced Eginetan, and type of the early British gold coinage. (See his Bosporic as Euboic weight. British and English coins in this selection, n. 1, Iings and Dynasts, Europe. 7 &c.) They were worth 20 Attic silver drachms, 16 Do. Silver tetradrachm. Obv. i.e. about 20 francs. Head of Hercules in lion's scalp Scarcely any European gold is earlier to right. Rev. A EA N APOY than Philip II. The head of the obverse is most probably Apollo; the biga, or two-horse BAtAoLQe, Jupiter sitting on a chariot of the reverse, commemorates Philip's throne. Olympian victories. See Num. Hell. (Kings), Below throne KA; in the field a monogram. p. 3. The adjuncts (the thunderbolt on n. 7 Struck according to Muller (n. 717) in Northern and the trident on n. 8) indicate the places of Greece. mintage on the coins of Philip and succeeding The silver as well as the gold money of kings: the thunderbolt is probably for Pella, Alexander the Great is adjusted to the Attic and the trident for Amphipolis. See L. Miiller's scale; the gold money only of Philip being so Monnaies de Philippe iI. nos. 1 and 59. adjusted. The Attic drachma properly weighs 9 Do. ealf-quarter stater The can- about 67 grains Troy; but the tetradrachms of Alexander vary in weight considerably, being tharus is more especially the cup sometimes heavier, more usually lighter than of Bacchus, and is often seen in this standard. In the following pages, by tetrahis hand. See a vase in case III. drachm, drachma, stater, &c., the Attic tetrain this Museum. drachm, &c. is intended, the contrary not 10 and 11 Do. Tetradrachm and di- Pearing drachm (Euboic scale?). Both 17 Do. o.,reading AAESAN\POY struck at Pella. only. The arms of the throne of the reverse of 12 Do. Copper coin. Obv. Head of this rare variety terminate in winged Victories, Apollo (or young Hercules) to which on some other coins, has no back but more right. Rev. Horseman, below a usually a back with plain arms. The figure in monogram. Place of mintage un- the field is believed by L. Muller to represent a certain. dancing Apollo holding the sacred fillet in both 13' Alexande (..hands, being probably a copy of a statue of an 13 Alexander III. (B.C. 336 —323). Apollo in some temple at Sicyon, where this Goldtetradrachm or double stater, coin is considered to have been struck. (Miller, with the thunderbolt for Pella. n. 866, p. 219.) (Muller, n. 4). 18 Philip III. (Aridmeus) (B.C. 32314 Do. Stater. The gold stater or 316). Gold stater, types those of didrachm of Alexander the Great Alexander (n. 14). The AY in the had an immense circulation, and field of the reverse indicates, in was struck in a great many cities L. Muller's opinion, that the coin both of Europe and Asia, and the was struck in Lycia. (Monnaies same may be said of his silver de Philippe III. n. 96.) tetradrachms (nos. 16, 17). 19 Demetrius Poliorcetes (B.c. 294L. Miller in his Numismatique d'Alexandre 287). Tetradrachm, on the obLe Grand (Copenhagen, 1855) enumerates be- verse of which is his portrait. The tween 1700 and 1800 varieties of the coins of Neptune, holding an acrostolium, Alexander, the greater part of which are gold of the reverse, alludes to the staters, and silver tetradrachms, and drachms; differing from each other only in the adjuncts; n l vitory gained by s father from which the place of mintage can sometimes Antigonus and himself over Ptobe determined. The present coin is n. 633 of lemy Soter in Cyprus, B.C. 306. Muller, and is considered to belong to Northern Very fine work. Greece, the precise place being uncertain. 20 Lysimachus (B.C. 286-280). Gold 15 Do. Quarter stater. The bow stater. Obv. Portrait of Alexand club relate to Hercules. ander the Great, as the young 1-2 8 Kcings and Dynasts, Europe. Ammon, with the ram's horn. Rev. Leake thinks that we have here the porBACIAEfIQ ATtIMAXOT. Pallastrait of Philip V. as Perseus; but this seems holding avictory, seated, hershield doubtful, if we compare this coin with his undoubted portrait on n. 24. behind. In the field, torch and monogram. 26 Perseus (B.c. 178 —167). Tetramonogram. drachm. Obv. His portrait (of Struck at Chrysaoris (i.e. Stratonicea) in ( Caria, according to Muller, Mlrunzen des Lysi- beautiful work) to right; below machus, p. 82 (Copenhagen, 1858); who refers small letters ZQfA[OT], standing,'to this identical coin of Leake. as is thought, for Zoilus, the artist 21 Do. Tetradrachm, same types, whocut the die. Rev. BAZIAEfl{ but a different monogram. Muiller, HEPLES. An eagle standing on n. 401, who thinks it was struck a thunderbolt, enclosed in wreath at Sigeum. Fine work. of oak; in the field a monogram. 22 Do. Drachma or dram. Types of It is not certain that Zoilus was the artist; the silver coins of Alexander the he may have been a magistrate. At the same the silver coins of Alexander the h th1 re1 of Te time the names of magistrates usually occur Great; the throne of Jupite has on the reverses of coins, though there are cerno back. tain exceptions to this remark, e.g. coins of The lion and crescent in the field perhaps Apollonia in Illyricum have the names of maindicate that this coin was struck at Cardia in gistrates on both sides. See remarks on n. 15 Thrace, over which country Lysimachus had of Asiatic Greek coins in this selection. previously reigned soon after Alexander's death; similar adjuncts occur on a coin of Alexander. 2. Kings of Epiruso (Miiller, Alex. n. 358, Lysim. n. 19.) 27 Alexander., son ofNeoptolemus 23 Antigonus Gonatas (B.c. 283-239). (B.c. 342-325). Gold stater of Tetradrachm. very fine work, thought to have The head of Pan, in the centre of the Mace- been struck at Tarentum, in Italy, donian shield of the obverse, alludes to the which was succoured by Alexdefeat of the Gauls at Delphi by Antigonus ander against the Lucanians and (B.C. 279); that God having been supposed to Bruttii, about 335 B.C. The oa have struck them with a panic. The Pallas of the reverse is probably a copy of the archaic o t h statue in the temple of Pallas Itonia between that he is the Jove of Dodona. Larissa and Pherce, for the forked drapery, &c. The thunderbolt of the reverse is foreign to the age of Antigonus, and (except may be compared with the coins in cases of affected archaism) peculiar to the of Agathocles. See Div. Iv. n. 137. early period of Hellenic art. The original is in the Hunterian 24 Philip V. (B.c. 220 —178). Di- Museum at Glasgow. drachm; the original is in the 28s (. 3. British Museum, as is indicated 1 2. by the B. M. of the ticket. racm This beautiful coin is presumed to have 25 Do. Tetradrachm. The head of been struck at Syracuse about 278 B.C., when the hero Perseus in the centre of Pyrrhus was fighting with the Carthaginians the Macedonian shield on the in Sicily. The type of the obverse resembles obverse (who has the arpe or a coin of Syracuse. See Div. iv. n. 111. hook behind his neck), alludes to 29 Do. Didrachm. Philip's assumed descent from The type of the reverse resembles the gold Perseus; after whom he named coins of the Bruttii, see Div. Iv. n. 1; and this his son and successor. coin is conjectured to have been struck in their Kings and Dynasts, Europe. 9 territory, perhaps at Consentia, when Pyrrhus 3. Dynasts of Paeonia. visited Italy (280-274 B.c.) to aid the Italian Greeks of Tarentum and other cities against 34 Patraus. (Contemporary with Rome. Fine work. Philip II. or nearly so.) Perhaps a tetradrachm of the Greco-Asiatic 30 Do. Tetradrachm, of very beau- scale. See hmo. f and 2. tiful work, thought to have been stiruclk awgt tyrao hcusee The Macedonian shield in the hand of the struck at Syracuse. fallen foe, shews that Patraus is earlier than A clever forgery of this magnificent coin Alexander, who reduced Paeonia to submission has been executed by Becker. B. c. 335. He seems to be unknown to literary 31 Do. Drachma, also thought to be history; Leake thinks he is "contemporary of Syracusan work. Compare the with or erlier than Philip II." Div^D v.' n., He cannot be much if at all earlier, as the coias of Syracuse. Di, IV. R. 136, genitive of his name ends in OT on his coins. 138. Probably of the Eginetan See remark at the end of n. 1. scale, but light; (Persian, accord- 3 Audoleon. (Began to reign proing to Qieipo.) bably about B.c. 350, was certainly 32 Alexander II. of Epirus, accord- reigning B.C. 310). Same denomiing to Leake. (Began to reign B.C. nation. 272). Tetradrachm, Ptolemaic The monogram of the reverse, AT, may be scale. for the commencement of his name. The attribution of these beautiful coins is uncertain. Leake's arguments in favor of KINGS OF AsIAe Alexander II. of Epirus may be seen at great length in Num. tfell. (Kings), p. 18. 1. King of Asia. Against them is the well ascertained fact that 36 Antigons (B.. 311-301) Tetrad they are principally found in Egypt; and other able numismatists, as Cousinery, Pinder, and drachm; ine work L. Miiller, think that they were struck in Egypt The type of Neptune on the obverse and of in honour of the deified Alexander the Great the galley on the reverse seem to allude to his by Ptolemy Soter. The ran's horn on smaller victory over Ptolemy Soter in 306. See n. 19. coins of this type (see n. 33) greatly confirims the view that we have on the obverse the head 2. Seleude, or Kigs of Syr. of Alexander the Great as the young Ammon On the obverses of this beautiful series of bound with the diadem (see n. 20), clothed regal coins we very generally have portraits also with the elephant's scalp, as the conqueror of the reigning sovereign. The reverses relate of India. The Reverse, reading AAE'ANAPOT, principally to the worship of Jupiter and Apollo, has Pallas Itonia apparently (compare n. 23), sometimes also to Pallas, the Dioscuri &c. From which it is difficult to connect with Ptolemy the reign of Antiochus III. downwards the or Alexander the Great, though easy, as Leake larger silver coins are usually dated; the era shews, to explain in reference to Alexander II. being that of the Seleucidse, which commenced of Epirus, whose father Pyrrhus dedicated the in the autumn of 312 B. C. when Seleucus and shields of the Gauls in the temple of Pallas Ptolemy Soter defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes Itonia. Notwithstanding upon the whole Miil- at Gaza. ler's opinion seems most probable; and it may 37 Seleucus I. (Nicator) (B.C. 312 be added that Pallas Itonia occurs on Bactrian 280). Gold stater. The original regal coins. (See n. 89.) Muller calls her sim- e i te D e e ply Athene Promachos formerly in the Duke of Devonshire's collection, is now in the 33 Do. Drachma. Types nearly as British Museum. before, but the corm Ammonis All the gold coins of the Seleucidse are appears on the head of Alex- excessively rare; strangely contrasting in that ander. Scale as before. respect with the plentiful gold coinage of Philip 10 Kings and Dynasts, Asia. and Alexander. The genuineness of all the fetched however, together with a tetradrachm gold octodrachms (see n. 46) in this series has of the same king, only ~7. 12s. See Pembroke been doubted, but without sufficient reason. Catalogue, p. 241. 38 Do. Tetradrachm of the same 47 Do. Gold stater. type as Alexander's, on both sides. Mr. M. Borrell has noted respecting this (See n. 16,) specimen, "Poor, but appears genuine." See Lysimachus also, in his earlier coinage, remarks on n. 37. copied the types of Alexander: see n. 22. 48 Do. Tetradrachm. 39 Do. Tetradrachm, but of different The monogram in the field which reads types. into T. T. P. shews that this coin, like many The anchor in the field of the reverse was thers of the eleucide, was struck at Tyre. Th aco > 1 T 1 p 1 The date AP i. e. 104 of the Seleucide = 208 the signet of Seleucus I. and occurs frequently B. C. when this coin was struck. * f 4L, *i'1 f> -. B. C. when this coin was struck. on coins of the Seleucidae, from whence it passed over to the coins of the Jews under 49 Seleucus IV. (Philopator) (B.C. the Maccabees. He adopted it in consequence 187-175). Tetradrachm. of a vision in which his mother appeared to 50 ntiochus IV. (Epiphanes) (B.C. 50 Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes) (B.C. him (Appian. Syr. 56). 40 Dopa. Copr c. O., Hea of 175-164). Tetradrachm of rare 40 Do. Copper coin. Obv. Head of type (hing the head of Jove) Pallas. Rev. BAIIAE1 f CEAET- and beautiful work. KOT. Victory crowning the name KorT. Victory cro wing thename Antiochus Epiphanes is the first of the of Seleucus; before her an anchor. Seleucidw, who styles himself God upon his 41 Antiochus I. (Soter) (B.C. 280- coins; some succeeding monarchs as Demetrius 261). Tetradrach. II., Cleopatra (mother of Antiochus VIII.), Demetrius III. and Tigranes followed his exOn some few coins with this type and ample. This act in itself would make him portrait Antiochus is styled Soter. The cortinaappear peculiarly odious to the Jews of whom (curtain) drawn over Apollo's tripod is seen he was the relentless persecutor. also on many other coins of this series. 51 Do. Tetradrachm of the ordinary 42 Antiochus II. (Theos.) (B.C. 261- types bearing his portrait, and a 246). Tetradrachm. representation of the Jove of There is great difficulty in assigning many Olympia by Phidias on the reverse. coinswhich onlyread BAEI AEQ2 ANTIOXOT or BwhIAEch o eEA AETKOT to their proper Antiochus IV. caused a copy of the Olymowners; the portraits being the principal guides pan be executed of the colossal size of p.the orinal. and to be placed at Daphne. and uncertain ones withal. This coin, remark- the original and to be placed at Daphne. able for its winged diadem, which is attributed 52 Do. Copper coin, of unusually by Leake to Antiochus II., is by other numisma- large size. tists considered to belong to Antiochus Hierax, The types, style, and size of this piece are his younger son. similar to many copper coins of the Ptolemies. 43 Seleucus II. (Callinicus) (B.C. 246 There can be no doubt that Antiochus struck -226). Gold stater. it in Egypt in one or other of his four cam44 Do. Tetradrachm. paigns in that country (171-168 B..). 44 Do. Tetradrachm. 45 u TTT/ \/ B 22653 Antiochus V. (Eupator) (B.C. 16445Seleucus III. (Cerauns) (B.c. 226 162). Tetradrachm, (Attic, but -223). Tetradrachm. light). light). 46 Antiochus III. (Magnus) (B.C. 223 This king was only nine years old at his -187). Gold octodrachm. accession, and was murdered by Demetrius two The original of this almost unique coin years afterwards; the artist who engraved this was in the Pembroke collection, and it was rare coin has made him appear like a grown considered to be genuine by Mr. Burgon. It man. Kings and Dynasts, Asia. 11 54 Demetrius I. (Soter) (B.c. 162- on the body of the helmet are 150). Tetradrachm. Obv. Por- ornamentations (eagle and winged trait of the king wearing his lion apparently, in circular comdiadem, within a wreath. Rev. partments); the cheek-piece has a Seated female to left holding in thunderbolt for ornament, in the her right hand a wand, a horn of field a monogram. Electrotype plenty in her right; on both sides from the original in the Hunterian of her in three lines BAZIAEMI Museum at Glasgow. AHMHTPIOT Jf2THPOJ (King De- The silver tetradrachms of Tryphon, the minmetrius the Saviour); in exergue ister and murderer of Antiochus VI. are among A=P (Year 161 Sel. ie. 151 B.c.). the rarest in this series, only about four or five his fine coin is from the Thomas colle- being known. The Pembroke specimen, now ion in General Fox's cabinet, fetched ~130.' Do *p coin*.i a60 Demetrius II. (Nicator) (B.c. 146 55 Do. Copper coin (with animal -125, with interruptions). Tetratypes). drachm, dated ISP, 167 Sel. i.e. These serrated coins appear to be of copper 145 B.C. only, and are tolerably frequent in the series Ai. of the Seleucidze, but scarcely, it is believed, 6 Antiochus VII (Euergetes, or occur in any other. The Romans however had Sidetes) (B.C. 137-128). Tetraserrated denarii, which, as Tacitus informs us, drachm. were known to the Germans and used by them.62 Do. Tetradrachm, with type of The attribution of the copper coins of the Tyr on reverse. (ee Div. n Seleucidae to their true owners is peculiarly reverse uncertain, unless they are accompanied by 109. Tyre). Date ZOP, year 177 portraits; three kings bearing the name of Sel. ie. 135 B.C. Scale Ptolemaic. Demetrius reigned at no long intervals from Not only is the eagle &c, the same as on each other. the Tyrian tetradrachms, but a monogram end56 Alexander I. (Bala) (B.C. 150 ing in the club of Hercules reads T, T. P. and 56 Alexander I. (Bala) (B.C. 150- another monogram reads A.. T. for ao-vXo 146). Fine tetradrachm. the inviolable. P.E.A. in two lines is for iepa 57 Antiochus VI. (Dionysus) (B.C. 146 the sacred. Coins of the Seleucidae struck at T1n3). V et radrachm. Tyre and Sidon are mostly of the Ptolemaic scale; 137). Ietradrachim. nearly all the rest are Attic, but often light. The TPT. in the field stands for Tryphon, 63 Demetrius II. Returned frol who was chief minister of his father Alexander Bala, and brought the son forward as a claimant captivity B.C. 129. Tetradrachm. of the crown against Demetrius Nicator. The )ate 184 Sel. i.e 128 B.C. OP is 170 Sel. i.e. 142 B.C. The head of the obverse, called on the ticket Jupiter, though with a mark of doubt, 58 DO. Drachma. Obv. Head of is more usually considered to be the portrait of Antiochus VI. radiated (in the Demetrius himself, bearded, after his return character of Apollo) to r. Rev. from captivity, and Col. Leake himself in the Apollo seated on his cortina to Nuom. Hell. (Kings), p. 32, adopts this view. r, holding bow and arrow. Same 64 Alexander II. (Zebina) (B.c. 128legend, with a monogram: in ex- 122). Tetradrachm. ergue o0.:TA. 65 Do. Serrated copper coin. 59 Tryphon (B.C. 142-139). Tetra- The attribution must be regarded as uncertain (see remarks on n. 55). The copper drachm. Obv. Kings portrait to coins ascribed to Alexander Bala have the r. Rev. Macedonian helmet, an same legend, and on one of them is a head of ibex horn projecting in front; Bacchus, as here. See Num. Hell. p. 28. 12 Kings and Dynasts, Asia. 66 Cleopatra, mother of Antiochus 72 Antiochus XI. (Philadelphus) (B.C. VIII. (Reigned alone, B.C. 125). 95). Tetradrachm of rough work. Tetradrachm, dated ZHP. 187 Sel. 3 Philip (Reigned abo-t B.C. 94-84). i.e. 125 B.C. Tetradrachn. Tetradrachm. The BEAN ETETHPIA: of the reverse The execution of this coin, though rather taken in connection with the veil of the por- is much better than Philip's usual cointrait shews that Cleopatra is represented in the age which is often quite brbarous. character of Ceres, as goddess of Abundance. The type of the reverse is Egyptian (see nos. 74 Tigranes (B.C. 83- 69). Tetra99, 100), as is not unnatural, Cleopatra being drachm, struck at Antioch in daughter of Ptolemy VI. (Philometor). The Syria. original of this most rare coin, now in the.ritish Museum, fetched at Lord Nrthwick's The king's portrait on the obverse has the British Museum, fetched at Lord lqorthwick's C Britisale ~ useum, fetched at Lord Nor240.thw tiara of Armenia, of which country he was also king. The figure of the reverse represents the 67 Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII. Fortune or City of Antioch, as a woman setting (Grypus) (B.c. 124 —121). Date her foot on the river Orontes (personated by189 Sel. i. e. 123 B.c. a boy swimming). For further remarks see From the BPembroke collection, vwrhere it the coins of Antioch (Div. II. nos. 5 and 6). fetched ~13. 3. 1Princes of Juda. 68 Antiochus VIII. (Reigned alone, B.C. 121-96). Tetradrachm of 75 Alexander Jannueus (B.c. 105-78). very fine work, and in perfect Obv. "Jonathan the High Priest preservation. and the Confederation of the The first letter of the date is "off the coin" Jews" in Samaritan characterwithin the exergue of the reverse, in consequence in a wreath. Rev. Two horns of of the flan of the coin not having been suf- plenty and a poppy-head. ciently spread out to contain it; q P (190) being The coins previously given to Jonathan the only letters whose tips are visible; con- Maccabeus are now generally assigned to Alexsequentlythe coin, though lying between122 and ander Jannaeus (Madden's Jewish Coiiage, p. 112 B.C., cannot be dated more precisely. 64). 69 Do. Tetradrachm, struck at Tar- 76 Herod the Tetrarch (Antipas) sus, bearing on the reverse the (B.C. 4-A.D.39). Date AZ. 37. The representation, as is generally sup- date is probably his regnal year, posed, of the tomb of Sardana- and is the same as that of the palus, who was buried there. Christian era, which begins four This type occurs on the coins of Tarsus years too late. (see Div. II. nos. 98 —100), but its meaning This coin, like most or all of the other coins is uncertain. It seems to be a sepulchral of Herod Antipas, was struck at Tiberias, a monument, but Leake tries to shew, Num. Hell. city founded by him near the lake of Gen(Asia), p. 128, that it is probably not the tomb nesareth, in honour of Tiberius (Madden's Jewof Sardanapalus. ish Coinage, p. 98). 70 AntiochusIX. (Philopatoror Cyzi- 77 Herod Agrippa I. (A.D. 37- 44). cenus) (B.c. 125-95). Tetradrachm Obv. BACIAEQC [ArPIHA] around with bearded portrait. an umbrella, a symbol of regal 71 Antiochus X. (Eusebes). (B.c. 95 dignity. Rev. Three wheat-ears 83, or thereabouts). Tetradrachm springing from one base: in field, of rather roughwork, as those of the the date -, or year 6, i.e. 41 A.D. Seleucidw now most usually are, (Madden's Jewish Coinage, pp. as well as of light (Attic) weight. 104-106.) Kings and Dynasts, Asia. 13 This coin, formerly given to Agrippa II., is Compare the coin of Side. Div. II. n. 84. now assigned to Agrippa I. (' Herod the King,' Acts xii.). 7 Kings of Pontus and Bosporus. 4. IKinogs of Bithynia. 82 Mithradates the Great (Eupator) *48. elin of- B tkyniBa. - (B.c. 120-63). Tetradrachm of the 78 Nicomedes II., son of Prusias II. finestwor. O Head ofit / -tax...; r~ ] J ^finest work. Obv. Head of Mithra(B.C. 149~91). Ohv. His portrait (B.c. 149-91). Ohv. His portrait dates VI. to right, the diadem (with diadem) to right. Rev. BA- IAEO E AN NIKOM visible above. Rev. BAZIAE&:X:3IAEIIIcDANOTY, NIKOMHAOT. Jupiter crowning the name MIOPAAATOT ETITATOPO2. Stag of Nicomedes; in his left hand a feeding; star and crescent before sceptre, with eagle before him: it. In field two monograms and near his feet a monogram, and the te, 222 = 5 B.C. The date ES, 205. IRemarkably fine; ^whole enclosed in a wreath of ivy formerly in the Devonshire cabi- a d berries. net. 83 Rhescuporis III. (contemporary of The era on the coins of the Kings of Bi- Caracalla). Stater of Electrum or thynia is the same as that of the Kings of pale gold, dated Air, year 511 Pontus, and commenced 297 B.c. The present = 214 A.D. coin was consequently struck 92 B.. The kings of the Bosporus and their dates 5. Kings of Pergamus. are known to us in great measure from their. Coins. Some are as late as the fourth century. 79 Uncertain king. Tetradrachm. " La taille de ces monnaies est fort remarquaObv. Head of Philetaerus. Rev. ble, puisqu'elle n'appartient a aucun des sys-'IAETAIPOT, Pallas seated, with trenes connus." Queipo table XLI., who further spear, shield, and bow. remarks on their affinity with the Cyzicene The kingdom of Pergamus was founded by staters, which seem to have been the gold curhle kingdom of Pergas was founded by rency of the Bosporus. This coin weighs nearly Philetmrus, keeper of the treasures of Lysima- half a Czicene stater. See Div. II. 21. chus, in 280 B.C., who held it till 203 B.C.; it lasted till 133 B.C., when Attalus III. left it to 8. Kings of Persia. the Romans by will. The legend of the kings U r. Ob. Kig as of Pergamus is always 4IAETAIPOT, and Uncertan kng. O. King as the portrait is nearly always the same; so that archer, to right. Rev. Oblong the coins have never been assigned satisfactorily punch-mark, with shapeless imto any of the kings; though some of them have pression.-The Daric. the monogram of Eumenes, of whom there are The Daric is commonly said to be so called two. after Darius son of Hystaspes (B.C. 521-485), 80 Uncertain king. Do. The same though it may be derived with at least equal types and legend, but the portrait probability from a Persian word, signifying differs. king. It seems to have been coined by the Persian monarchs for circulation over their own This is presumed by Leake to be the por- dominions and over Greece proper, while the trait of Attalus II., the legend notwithstanding. empire lasted. The heads differ somewhat on 2Num. Hell. (Suppl.) p. 7. different specimens, and some ingenious rather 6. Kings of Galatia. than successful attempts have lately been made 0. g9s ~Of alaa.in France to recognize in them portraits of the 81 Amyntas (contemporary of Cicero). different Persian kings. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of Pallas This coin is usually thought to be intended to right. Rev. BACIAtEC AMTPNTOT. by'dram' in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah; tl ~teeft., holding. 1if so, it is the only coined money named in the Victory moving to left, holding Old Testament, the shekels, &c. being only sceptre with ribbons. weights. For the scale see note at the end, ~ 4. 2 14 IKings and Dynasts, Asia. 85 Same types in silver.-The Ary- The Arianian legend of the reverse is, Maandic, or unit of the Persian scale. harajasa Tadarasa Minandasa. Aryandes, the Persian governor of Egypt, 90 Do. Square copper coin, having is said to have imitated the gold Daric of the same Greek and the same Darius, son of Hystaspes, in silver; a piece of Arianian legend as the preceding presumption, which cost him his life, according to Herodotus. It was notwithstanding adopted, The square coins, both in silver and copper, and like the Daric had a very wide circulation; are almost peculiar to the Bactrian series. being still commonly met with in Asia Minor. 91 Azes. (Reigned probably about 86 Uncertain king, probably Arta- 50 B. c.) Tetrobol, apparently. xerxes II. (Mnemon) (B.C. 405-359). The Arianian legend of the reverse is, MaObv. Portrait of the king, in a harajasa Mahatasa Ayasa. The coins of this cap with flaps. Rev. BA:1A. and king are extremely numerous both in silver Lyre. and copper. Lyre. 92 Kadphises. (Reigned probably This is considered by Col. Leake (umeigned probably Hell. Kings, p. 53) to offer a portrait of Arta- about 90 A.D.) Double stater or xerxes I. (Longimanus) (B.c. 465-425); but Mr gold tetradrachm. Newton prefers to regard it as a portrait of the The figure alongside the Indian bull on second king of that name. In either case, it is the reverse is Siva. The king's dress, as seen the earliest portrait which occurs on a coin, It on this and the following coin, shews that he is far from certain however that it is a portrait is of Tartar or Scythian race, who notwithat all; coins of Lampsacus have a very similar standing encouraged the native religion of head. See Div. II. n. 51, 52. (The latter is India. doubtless Bacchus.) 9. Kings of Bactriana. 93 Do. Copper coin This coin is curiously re-struck (recusus). This kingdom was made independent of The Greek legend of the obverse (around Kadthe kings of Syria about 255 B.C. by Diodotus, phises, standing) ought to be BACIAETC governor of Bactra (Balkh). We have in the BACIAEf2N [Cf2THP MEIAC OOH] MO series of Bactrian coins a number of kings KA&AqICHC, but the letters between brackets (Greek, Indo-Scythic, &c.) down to Mahom- are obliterated by nine Arianian letters, bemedan times, some of which are only known longing to the reverse of a similar coin. Simito us by their coins. Their chronology is to larly on the reverse the Greek letters AETC some extent conjectural only. Wilson's views BACIAEf2 appear among the Arianian letters. in his Ariana Antiqua are here mostly followed. See also Numism. Chron. for 1857. Vol. xIx. 94 Kanerkes. (Reigned probably in p. 13. the second or third century A.D.) 87 Euthydemus. (Began to reign Copper coin. about 220 B.C.). Tetradrachm. The name and figure of the Sun on the He may be considered the founder f the reverse, and the fire-altar on the obverse of greatness of the Bactrian kingdom. His son this and the preceding coin shew that these Demetrius married a daughter of Antiochus Indo-Scythian kings had adopted the Persian the Great. fire-worship, as well as the Indian superstitions. 88 Eucratides (B.c. 180-150, more or less). Tetradrachm AFIA. A Macedonian helmet, similar in form to Kings of Egypt. (Lagidc.) the one here worn by Eucratides, was found a 95 Ptolemy I. (Soter) (B.c. 323-285). few years ago in the bed of the river Zab. Gold pentedrachm, (five-dram 89 Menander. Reigned about 125 piece.) B. C. Tetrobol, apparently; (hemi- The serpents, by which his aegis (or decodrachm, according to Wilson). rated cloak) is confined round the neck are, Kings and Dynasts, Africa. 15 seen before and behind. The scale of the coins 101 Ptolemy III. (Euergetes.) (B. C. of the Ptolemies is termed Lagid by Queipo, 247-221.) Gold octodrachm. but it scarcely differs from the early Macedonian money adjusted to a scale, which he calls Bos- The obverse appears to indicate that Ptoporic, and which Leake suspects to be Euboic. lemy Euergetes assumed the attributes of See n. 1. Queipo makes the Lagid drachma three divinities, as he wears the aegis of Pallas, 3,54 grammes (= 54,6 grains Troy); and the (whence issues a serpent,) holds the trident of Bosporic drachma 3,71 grammes (= 57,2 grains Poseidon, (the central prong of which is ornaTroy). mented with the lotus,) and in fine wears on his head the radiated crown of Apollo or the 96 Do. Goldhemidrachm. Sun. 97 Do. Silver tetradrachm with the 102 Berenice II,, wife of Ptolemy III. according to Leake. Gold hemititle of Soter, and various letters according to Leake. Gold hemiin the field. drachm, Attic scale. in the field. This coin beiny of te ft It is not certain to what Berenice this rdre This coin being undoubtedly, of the first ^ Ptolemy helps to fix the attribution of other little coin should be assigned. Col. Leake coins, which read only ITOAEMAIOT BA- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ewhat small sum of coins, which read only UITOAEMAIOT BA- purchased it at the sale of the Pembroke collection for the somewhat small sum of CIIAElC, having a similar portrait. ~5. 2s. 6d. Mr Burgon (Pemb. Cat. p. 273) 8 Ptolemy II. (Philadelphtus) (B. c. thinks that the coin was struck in Syria "in l98 Ptodalemy IIm(h. elC. onsequence of the weight being adjusted to 285-247.) Gold octodrachm. the Attic and not the Ptolemaic talent." The This remarkable coin gives on the obverse coin now weighs nearly 33 grains, and is therethe portraits of Ptolemy Philadelphus and his fore half the Attic drachma, whose full weight wife Arsinoe, with the legend AAEAuI2N, is computed by Col. Leake to be 67, 5; wherebrother and sister, Arsinoe being also his sister: as the Ptolemaic drachma must have weighed the reverse gives portraits of their deceased about 54 or 55 grains. Well preserved tetraparents, Ptolemy Soter and Berenice, who are drachms of Ptolemy Soter weigh about 220 styled gods (~EIgN). The portrait of Ptolemy grains (see n. 97, and compare the weights of Soter on this coin may be compared with nos. the gold octodrachms which sometimes reach 95 and 97. The original of this electrotype is about 429 grains.) "The stars would point to in the British Museum. (Col. Leake has aci- Tripolis as the place of mintage, where the dentally written the description on an unco- Dioscuri were preeminently the tutelary diviloured ticket.) Some consider this coin to nities." (Burgon.) See Div. AI. n. 105 (Tripolis). have been struck by Ptolemy III. in honour of On some of the gold octodrachms of Arsinoe, his predecessors; but it seems more likely to which are certainly rot adapted to the Attic have been executed by order of Ptolemy II. talent, we have the club and monogram of Tyre. 99 Arsino6, sister and wife of the 9spreceding. Silver andecadrachm 1 103 Ptolemy V. (Epiphanes) (B. c. 205 preceding. Silver decadrachm -181.) Gold octodraclm. or ten-dram piece. or ten-dlram piece. — 181.) Gold octodrachm. The flower at; the top of her head is pro- For the two stars, see remarks on the preThe flower at the top of her head is probably the lotus. The reverse gives the double ceding coin. horn of plenty, or &l/cpas, a vessel invented 104 Ptolemy XII. (Dionysus) (B.C. 51 in her honour as goddess of plenty twice-told. ilver didrachm (Athenaeus p. 497). As respects the legend, lver rai m1 - -1 n ^near a bridge over the Euphrates. The temple deities of Tripolis. The date 31, of the Pom- a b o. The te on the reverse is on the summit of a mountain, peian era = B.C. 33, when Antony and Cleopatra and can be reached by two flights of steps, were exhibiting themselves at Alexandria, as Osiris, a nd i 1i (See *iv. 1. nos. 105-10.r), which are connected by a portico or passage Osiris. and Isis (See Div. I. nos. 105-107.)below. On the reverse is Astarte standing. The Pompeian era begins B.c. 64, when Pompey vanquished Tigranes and made all Syria free. DIVISION III. 106 Do. of Caracalla (A,D. 211-217). CONTINENTAL EUROPE, EXCLUDING ITALY, Miiddle brass. The temple of Jove 1 Abdera in Thrace. Tetradrachm is on the right; that of Astarte on of Bosporic scale.:the left. The gryphon is the type of Teos in Ionia, 107 Do. of Elagabalus (A. D, 218-222). ho peopled Abdera B.C. 544 (see Div. I. n. 102); -. Do;.'hence also the Ionic form ABAHPITEf2N. The temple on this coin, and one of the 2 Acanthus in Macedonia. Attic two temples on the preceding, have the symbol drachma apparently. of Astarte in the pediment (compare n. 87); statues of Apollo and Diana occur in both. 3 Do. Smaller silver coin, probably The architectural details on this and the pre- tetrokolus. ceding-are in an unusually fine state of preservation. The weights of the coins of Acanthus are perplexing. Leake obtained several of them 108 Do. of Diadumenian (A. D. 217). on the site of Acanthus. These have no legends, and are of an early period; the former is nearly The date OK(, a favourite deity at Tarentum, from which incuse type is altogether different from that a aorie deiy a aren, from whic in relief (as no. 14, 32). Heraclea was colonised B.C. 432. "Some of in relief (as no. 14, 32). inelif(sn1, 3' the coins of Heraclea may deservedly be reckon12 -Do. Later but early didrachm. ed among the choicest specimens of Greek art." (Bunbury, in Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rorn. Geogr. Caulonia was founded from Achaia towards. V.) the end of the eighth century B. c. and depopulated by the elder Dionysius B.C. 388. The 24-26 Velia or Hyele in Lucania. coin lies within these limits. Didrachms of beautiful work. 13 Crotona in Bruttium. Early di- | The letters KAETAfIPOT above the frontdrachm with. tp in relief and let of Minerva (n. 25) are quite microscopic, drachm with tripod in relief and (compare nos. 121, 132); Cleodorus was proincuse. bably the artist. 14 Do. Do. but the incuse type of 27 Hyrina (in Campania?) Didrachm the reverse is an eagle. of fine early work, with retrograde legend. 15 Do. Do. but both types are in le relief. The andromorphous bull of the reverse is said to be an exclusively Campanian type The Koppa (whence the Latin Q) for Kappa (occurring on coins of Neapolis and Nola, see shews these three coins to be early; it is the nos. 38, 40), and has led nurismatists to place only example, it is believed, of this letter occur- this Hyrina in that province. The coins of ring on coins not followed by the vowel 0. Hyrina and Nola are sometimes found in comWe have the letter on early coins of Syracuse pany, which leads to a suspicion that the cities (n. 115), Coresia (Div. iv. n. 21), and Corinth were not far apart. Hyrina in Campania is not (Div. IIl. nos. 50-53), where it is retained mentioned by any ancient author whatever, and by an affected archaism on its late coins. its existence is established by its coins alone. Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. 37 28 Italian league for promoting the 40 Nola in Campania. Didrachm. Social War (B.C. 90-88). Denarius (See remarks on n. 27.) of rather barbarous fabric with 41 uceria Alfaterna in Campania Oscan legend. Obv. Head of Didrachm. Type of the obverse Bacchus to right; in front MVTIL. (horned head) uncertain; Bacchus EMBPATVR.(i.e.Mutilusimperator). (Eckhel); the river Sarnus (Leake); Rev. Bull (symbolof Italianleague) Alexander the Great, according to goring wolf (symbol of Rome): in others (Eckhel). ee Div.. nos. exergue C. PAAPI (i.e.Caius Papius). 20, 21. The coins of this league are thought to have The retrograde legend (in Oscan characters) been struck at Corfinium in Samnium. They is in Greek letters NTFKPINftN AAAchose consuls in imitation of Rome, Q. Pom- IATEPNIN. Leake thinks the coins predius Silo, and C. Papius Mutilus, both of are of the third century B. c. whose names occur on coins. This coin, taking both its sides, reads (in Latin): C. Papius 42 Populonium (Pupluna on coins) Mutilus, Imperator (i.e. consul). in Etruria. Double denarius (as denoted by xx). 29 Locri Epizephyrii in Bruttium. denoted by xx). The flat smooth reverse (without type or Didrachm. See Div. III. nos. 78, indentation) is peculiar, or very nearly so, to 79; one or both of which belong Populonia. Some early British coins have also here. a blank reverse, but it is very convex. See Select. of Brit. Coins, n. 5. 30-32 Metapontuin inLucania. Early. 0c oins ith incuse type. 43 Posidonia, afterwards Paestum, in ins with inse tyes. Lucania. Very early didrachm The plant represented on all these coins with same types on both sides (in is bearded wheat (not barley} as Leake). The relief nd incuse) incuse type of nos. 30, 31 is a repetition of thee Siga in ts obverse; but the reverse of n. 32 has a bull's th ci (which reads 1TIO) resembles M; the ancient Mu may be seen on n. 30, where the left-hand 33-37 Do. Didrachms of beautiful stroke is longest. work. 44 Do. Didrachm of a more recent The head on 34 is that of Mars; on 35, 36, period, good work. Ceres (of the most exquisite execution); on 7 Do. Copper cin, reading AISVenus, apparently, but perhaps Ceres. C r TANO. 38 Neopolis in Campania (Naples). The name seems to have been corrupted Didrachm. into Paestam about three centuries B. c. (more or less). The head of the obverse is probably Par- thenope, the Siren, who gave her name to the 46 DO. Copper coin (a triens desigplace. nated by the four globules). Obv. Head of Bacchus, four globules 39 Do. Copper coin, beautifully pat- Head of Bacchus, furgloble inated. Obv. NEnOrOITQUN. Headl`Ibehind. Rev. IIAIS. Horn of pleninated. Obv. NEOIIOAITQlN. Head of Apollo to left; behind, T. Rev. ty and four globles: in field ea Victory crowning human-headed of branched corn(wheat). bull; two letters (Jn) belowi Leake's conjecture that the plant is Maize is out of the question; the Zea Mays being a The andromorphous bull according to some native of the West Indies, and consequently symbolises Bacchus; according to others the unknown in Europe before the discovery of river Glanis. America. 5 38 Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. 47 Rhegium in Bruttium. Tetra- first century B.C. In'imperial times it varied drachm (heavy). rather considerably. Anaxilas of Messenian origin, became ty- 54 Suessa in Campania. Didrachm. rant of Rhegium B.C. 494. Aristotle tells us Obv. Head of Apollo to right. that he introduced the hare into Sicily, and Rev. Naked man on a horse to left, also won a chariot-race of mules at Olympia; N o and that he accordingly placed the hare and a palm branch on his shoulder, mule-chariot on the coins of Rhegium, the by his side another bridled horse; types of the present coin, which is probably of in exergue SVESANO. the age of Anaxilas. See coins of Messana be- Leake considers that Suesano is for Suesanom low (Nos. 92-95), and the remarks. the old Latin genitive; on some Lucanian 48 Do. Do.; fine early work Obv. coins we have AOTKANOM. The present coin Lion's head seen in front. RevJ is probably of the second or third century B.C. Lions head seen in front. Rev. PHrINON. Head of Apollo. Two 55 Sybaris, afterwards Thurii, in leaves of olive behind. Lucania. Didrachm of the earliest The lion's head is a Samian type, and is no work (incuse types). doubt placed on the coins of Rhegium, because 56 Do. Drachma, same types. of the assistance which the Samians gave Ana- xilas in conquering Zancle. See below, n. 92. Sybars was founded abut B.. 720, and almost destroyed B.c. 510. "The extant coins, 49 Do. Drachma (same types). therefore, of Sybaris are of the sixth or seventh century B.C., and some of them are among the 50 Do. Hemidrachm. Obv. Same most ancient to be found either in Greece or type. Rev. PH, and sprig of olive. Italy."-Leake, who considers the bull to symbolise the river Crathis. For the form of the 51 Do. Copper coin of beautiful Sigma in the legend (XT), see n. 43. work. *~work. s557 —59 Thurii. Tetradrachm (n. 57), 52 Uncertain of Campania. Gold di- and didrachms (nos. 58, 59), of drachm (or denarius). Obv. Head very fine work. of Janus. Rev. ROMA. Kneeling of Janus. Rev. RtOMA. Kneeling The figure on the helmet of Pallas is figure holding a pig; a military Scylla; see n. 74. The coins of Thurii are chief standing on either side of considered to be among the very finest ever him; touching the pig with a struck by the Greeks. sword. 60 —62 Tarentum in Calabria. Gold This is evidently an'alliance' coin, pro- didrachms of very beautiful work. bably between Rome and some city of Italy. Cf. Stabant, et cesajungebant fcedera porca. 63 Do. Gold obol, or rather litra. XEn. viiI. 641. Col. Leake considers coins readAristotle mentions that on the coins of ing ROMA or ROMANO to have been struck Tarentum, Taras the son of Neptune, was in Rome itself; others, as Mr Burgon, regard riding on a dolphin. Tarentum is 0 l represented riding on a dolphin. Tarentum is them as having been struck in various cities of e oy c i g the only city in Magna Grsecia which had a Campania under Roman influence. The Roampania unc er R oman nuence gold coinage of any considerable extent all the mans first struck silver money B.C. 269. inshowvere rare..y~..coins, however, being rare. 53 Do., reading Romano. Silver di- 64-6 Do.Didrachmsofgoodwork drachm (early denarius according ch (early enarius according The silver didrachms of Tarentum are imto Leake), mensely numerous; in Carelli's work on the The Romulus and Remus of the reverse money of ancient Italy more than 500 varieties may seem to favour the view that the coin was are figured. struck in Rome. The denarius, which at first. weighed about 112 grains Troy, gradually fell, 68 Temesa in Bruttium. Didrachm, according to Leake, to about 60 grains in the of early date. Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. 39 Temese, a port to which Homer mentions 77 Catana. Tetradrachm of early that Greek ships went to obtain copper in work. exchange for iron, is identified by Strabo, Ovid, and Statius with the Temese or Tempsa in 78 Do. Do., later; of fine but rather Magna Graecia. See Leake, p. 150. mannered execution. 69-72 Terina in Bruttium. Di69-72 Termia in Bruttium9 Di- | Gela. Small gold coin. One and N.7idrachms, a eal aper h a half litre, apparently. (Lagid No 71 is a very early coin, as appears both diobol, according to Queipo). by the style of art, and by the forms of the letters; NIEKA on the reverse, indicates the Sosipolis is an epithet of the Goddess (Profigure to be that of Victory. Nos. 69, 70 are serpine?) represented. Soteira occurs similarly also considerably ancient, as appears by the on copper coins of Agathocles as an epithet of legend TEPINAION, which in the more recent D coin n. 72, becomes TEPINAIfN. The ob-8 81 o. Tetradrachms of fine verse of n. 71 (marked TEPINA), and the 80, o i reverses of 70 and 72 (also marked TEPINA), early (n. 80) and later (n. 81) work. are figures of Terina, the nymph of the foun- 82 Himera. Drachma (Eginetan) tain, which gave name to the city. The obverses of 69, 70, 72 are considered by Leake to early worK. represent the Siren Ligeia, sister of Parthenope 83 Do. Tetradrachm (Attic), of fine (see n. 38), whose monument stood on the river Ares, near to which Terina stood. work. The female holding a phiale or patera, the boss (/)baX0o) of which is visible, is probably ~ 2. Sicily, nd adjacent Islands. the nymph of Himera (cf. n. 109, 110); and the companion faun (upon whom the hot water (Scale mostly Attic, or rather Corinthian; descends) symbolises the sufferers who derive (Scale mostly Attic, or rather Corinthian; see n." 111.) benefit from the baths, or Thermae, as Himera was afterwards called. 73 Acragas,or Agrigentum(Girgenti). 84 Leontini, Tetradrachm of fineold Tetradrachm: work The inscription is written boustrophedon, i.e. partly ascending, partly descending. The crab 85 Do. Do. is the freshwater crab of the Mediterranean, which shews that the coin symbolises the river 86 Do. Didrachm. (not harbour) of Girgenti. 187 Do. Obolus, or rather litra. 74 Do. Do., but much more spread. 88 Lipara, Copper coin, reading The original of this most beautiful piece AIIAPAION. fetched at Lord Northwick's sale, ~159. The genitive ending in -ON is very unusual 75 Do. Decadrachm. on copper coins; money in that metal being mThis denomination occurs also among coins In almost all cases later than 400 B. C., and nearThis denomination occurs also among coins of S~yracuse. The original of this coin (at ly all coins having the O for fi in the genitive Paris) is believed to be unique. being of the fifth century B. C. or only a little earlier or later; coins much earlier than 500 76 Camarina. Tetradrachm of early B. C. having either abbreviated legends or none. work. The present coin seems to be about 400 B.c.; The microscopical letters on the plinth at any rate not much earlier. (ESAKEITIAAVX) probably denote the artist. 8 Melita (Malta). Bilingualcopper The vases in the exergue are amphorae. Compare c R an pr. Athens (Div. III. nos. 25-27) and Chios CO ofthe Romanperio (Div. v. n. 12). The sella curulis or Roman chair of state is *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l M a 40 Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. represented on this and on various Roman coins. Later than the preceding, and reading C. Arruntanus Balbus was doubtless propraetor MEXSANIIN (not MEEBANION). of Sicily, to which Malta belonged. 96 I)o. Copper coin of very fine 90 Do. Copper coii with foreign work, bearing the name of the (Egyptian?) types, but Greek le- Mamertin gend. About 282 B.c. some Oscan rmercenaries The veiled head crowned with the lotus cena of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, after his may probably be Isis; the four-winged figure ath c. treacro se eia Osiris.^"~~~~~ ~death B.c. 289, treacherously seized Messina, and massacred the inhabitants. They ruled 91 Messana (Messina), formerly Zan- the city under the name of Mamertini, i. e. sons of Mamers or Mars (the head of Mars and the cle. Drachma (Eginetan scale). legend APEO occur on this coin), and struck Zancle, here written Dank[le], is a Sicilian coins bearing their name; which are of unword signifying a sickle; the sickle on this coin commonly fine work, but all of copper. They symbolising the noble harbour of Messina, the allied themselves with Rome and continued to projections being perhaps buildings. This very rule Messina till the reign of Augustus in their early coin may be safely ascribed to the sixth own name. The coins of Messina from first century B. c. See below. to last are amongst the most historical in the whole Greek series. 92 Do. Tetradrachm (Attic scale); or rather a double decalitron of 9 Naxos. Tetradrachm. Veryfine the Corinthian scale. old work. Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium, by the help The squatting faun on the reverse holds of some Samians and Messenians (from the e hds Peloponnese) seized Zancle 494 B. C., and a cantharus, the sacred drrinking-cup of Bacchus, whose head is on the obverse. changed its name to Messene. The types of w o t this coin (calf's and lion's head) are Samian, and occur also on some coins of Rhegium. 98-105 Formerly classed to PanorThe form of the legend and of the letters mus, but now considered to belong indicate that this early and very rare coin is to Carthage. They have either no contemporaneous with Anaxilas. legends or else Punic legends or letters. 93 Do. Do. The hare was introduced into Sicily by Stater of electrum, of the EgineAnaxilas, whence the type, as Aristotle tells us; t s ( r Nu. d the same types on both sides occur alsoon some (. l. rare coins of Rhegium; see n. 47. IlAfrique Anc. vol. II. p. 135. Copenh. 1860). 94 Do. Do., very fine work. 94 D. Do. very fine work. The symbol above the horse on the reverse The legend now becomes MES:ANION is thus explained by Miller: "Le symbole egyp(Doricform),having previouslybeenMEE ENI- tien, compose d'un disque radi4, flanque de ON. The Doric dialect came in with Dionysiu deux serpents portant chacun un disque sur la I. tyrant of Syracuse, who in 396 B. C. took tete, nous presente le soleil combine avec le Messene, and transported most of its population serpent aspis, qui par les egyptiens etait appele to Tyndaris. The genitive ending in -ON ouro, ureus, et considere corme symbole de la shews that this coin cannot be much later than divinite. Cet embleme est sans doute celui that event. The head accompanied by the d'Osiris, dieu du soleil." Id. p. 119. This coin syrinx is probably that of Pan, though without is his n. 64 of Carthage, p. 85, and as no Greek horns. coin is in this style of art, as regards the head of Ceres, "elle doit 6tre regardde comme pro95 DO. Do., also of fine work. prement carthaginoise." Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. 41 99 Gold stater of the Olympic scale. town). Rev. Palm; and Punic leId.p. 134. gend Machanat (i.e. camp) as beThis very elegant coin, "oi la beaute s'unit fore., la noblesse," is n. 45 of Carthage in Miller, Muller n. 3 (Carthage). pp. 84, 112. 106 Segesta. Didrachm of fine work. 100 Eighth part of the Olympic gold stater. Muller u. s. n. 79 (Car- 107 Do. Tetradrachm of very fine - thag ), p. 87. early work. The figure of a hunter in a Phrygian cap 101 Silver decadrachm of the Phe- is considered to be Acestes, a Trojan, and the mythical founder of Segesta. nician (i.e. Bosporic) scale, according to Muller, p. 136. 108 Selinus. Early didrachm (but This coin is his n. 127; the Phenician heavy). legend whose letters, rendered into Hebrew, are 109 Do. Tetradrachm of fine old nr'n1, is considered to express "ie nom de Byrsa, citadelle de Carthage." p. 125. work ight). 110 Do. Didracm (ligh t). 102 Tetradrachm, of the Attic scale, struck by Carthage in icily ac- The Selinuntians suffered from a plague, st ruc byCrth1a1 i 7 Scy ac-arising from the marshy character of their soil; cording to Mluller, p. 7 O.5. 0v. the philosopher Empedocles of Agrigentum Head of Ceres with blades of (who flourished 444 B. c.) recommended works wheat in her hair to left, sur- of drainage, and so the pestilence ceased. The rounded by four dolphins. Rev. types of the river-gods Hypsas and Selinus Bust of horse, Punic legend sacrificing at the altar of Asclepius (which (Am-machanat, i. e. people of the bears his Symbol a dock) have reference, as is.camp) below. Muller n. 13 (Car- | thugeerall thoo his happy event (nos. thage). The Apollo and Diana of n. 109, are the The interpretation of the legend is uncer- deities who can shoot or withhold their plaguetain: some understand Panormus to be intended bearing arrows. Selinus was destroyed or nearly by it, others Carthage itself. so about 409 B. C., and all its coins appear to be of the fifth and sixth centuries B. c. 103 Do., according to Muller. Obv. HeadofHercules. Rev. Bust of 111-148 Syracuse and Tyrants of horse and palm-tree. Legend as yracuse before. Muller n. 8 (Carthage). The coins of Syracuse are amongst the most beautiful of the whole Greek series, and are 104 Do. tojudge bythe weight. Obv. also exceedingly numerous, ranging from the He J ^o Cee ihdlhn. Revi T sixth century B. C. to the reign of Hieronymus Head of'C eres with dolphins. Rev. the last tyrant, who died 215 B.c., and perhaps Quadriga and Puniclegend below. later. The city was taken by Marcellus 212 This is apparently not included in Miller's B. C.; but its power of striking money may have work. The types on both sides are those of been retained, as it became a most favourite Syracuse. resort with its Roman masters. The monetary scale of Syracuse is the same as that of Corinth 105 Do., according to Muller. Obv. the mother city; the litra, weighing about 13 1..1 h l. ~jyin. grains, being the unit. As the Corinthian orse crowned b victory, stater of 10 litre was nearly equivalent to the field grain of barley: below Punic Attic didrachm, it is common to render the legend Kart-chadasat (i.e. new Syracusan money into Attic denominations. 42 Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. 111 Gold piece of eight litrae, ap- but it is certain that in some places the short parently. Extremely fine work. vowels survived a few years later. See n. 94. 112 Gold litra. 120 Silver litra, early work. Obv. The same unit of measure, having nearly Female head (Proserpine)to right; the same types, occurs also in silver. n. 120. in front ZTPA. Rev. Sepia. The litra was a little heavier than the Attic 113 Gold drachma (i.e. five litrse). obol; the former is estimated by Leake to The head on this and the following coin is weigh 13,5 Troy grains, the latter 11,25 grains. that of Apollo, and is so described by Leake himself in the Numismata Hellenica. The 121 Later tetradrachm of magnificent triscelium, or triquetra, which is found on various work by Cimon; of the middle o coins of Asia, as well as of Sicily, is probably he fourth century B. c a religious emblem. It is now the arms of the rtcenuryB. Isle of Man. The head represents the fountain ofArethusa, and the word APE~OMA in small letters may 114 Gold drachma, of fine work. Obv. still be read; this orthography indicates the Head of Apollo to the left; be- coin to be early; in the Macedonian series OT hind, star. Rev. %TPAKOI nN. first takes the place of O in the genitive in the reign of Philip II. 359 —336 B. c. On the Trip ~~od.' frontlet the word KIMDN occurs in microscopic None of the gold coins of Syracuse seem to letters, Cimon being doubtless the artist (see be earlier than the Dionysii; the earliest ap- n. 132); the occurrence of the fn indicating pear to be those of Evenetus and Cimon. that the coin could not be earlier than about (Trans. Royal Soc. Lit. for 1850, p. 361.) 400 B. c. Taking all circumstances into account we may place its date about 350 B. c. more or 115 Very early silver tetradrachm, less, or in the reign of Dionysius II. (367-343 probably about 600 B. c. or a little B. c.). later. The style indicates a very remote antiquity. 122 Later tetradrachm, shewing the horses of the quadriga in extreme 116 Very early silver didrachm, but action. later than the preceding; pro- The full legend is not visible on this bably about 500 B. C. specimen; the penultimate letter was 1. See This coin, alone of all here exhibited, has Combe Hunt. Mus. tab. 52. f. 15. the Koppa (p) in place of the Kappa (K) in the legend; and may safely on that account be 123 Another in a different style. regarded as earlier than any of them. See n. 128. 1^~~~28. | 124 Rather early silver tetradrachm 117, 118 Early silver tetradrachms, of most elaborate execution, by probably of the earlier part of the Euclid, whose name (ETKAEIA.) fifth century B. c. may be traced in microscopical letters on the helmet of Pallas. 119 Early silver tetradrachm, pro- Probably about 400 B. C. bably of the latter part of the fifth On another tetradrachm this artist's name century B. 0. occurs where the legend is not as here XTThe penultimate letter of the last four coins PAKOSIO (understand NOTMMOZ), but being O not 52 shews that none of them can %TPAKOJION, so that the coin cannot be be placed later than about 400 B. c. The much later than 400 B. c.; and the exceedingarchonship of Euclid, when the long vowels ly elaborate and delicate treatment indicates were first used in public documents, is 403 B. c.; that it cannot be much earlier. Europe continued, Italy and Sicily. 43 125 Silver hemidrachm. These very much admired coins have not quite escaped criticism; the treatment of the 126 Silver didrachm, with Corinthian hair is a little mannered, and Mr Poole notes types on both sides, in a later style other imperfections. of art. Probably struck during the tyranny of the elder Dionysius 405~367 B. C. Syracuse was colonised from Corinth about 734 B. c., and like many other Corinthian colo- 31132. thers, with the name nies sometimes adopted the types of the mother- Cimo) in city. of the artist Cimon (KIMIN) inscribed on the lowest dolphin. 127 Apparently a silver piece of The hair of Proserpine is now confined in twelve litre; in a later style of a net behind. Nothing can surpass the techart. nical skill of all the details of these magnificent pieces. They may be referred to the age of the The Diana Venatrix is probably a copy of younger Dionysius (367-343 B. c.). an ancient statue. K. 0. Miller calls the Syracusan medallions 128 Silver decadrachm, or pente- "the costly master-pieces of Sicilian engravers." (Ancient art and its remains.) contalitron; Queen Demarete's piece. 133 Do. Copper coin. Obv. ZTPAThe date of this magnificent coin is known KOIIN. Head of Proserpine. within a year, having been struck by Gelon I. Rev. Biga, above it a star. In the after concluding a peace with Carthage 480 B.. exergue uncertain traces of letters As he died 478 B. c., we may place this coin (probably e0. X, as in a similar (probably no. X., as in a similar 479 B. c. The proceeds of a present made by the Carthaginians to his wife Demarete furnish- coin described by Mionnet). ed the metal for these coins; voaolutcsa EK co e ToK \X7OEv awr deKv 7' \La[LapeTebov'o' Toro e 134 Do. Copper Uncia or Ounce.'ATTLKUc Spaa\I 8eKca' 6cKX07 86 rrapa TOL Obv.'TPA. Head of Pallas to left, ELoeXt'l7Tat a7ro TOV oraOovJ 7revrvTqKovTa\XLpov in Corinthian helmet, around it an (Diod. Sic. xI. 26). olive-wreath. Rev. Star between It will be observed that although the fn opposite dolphins. does not occur in the legend, the ordinary K The full weight of these Sicilian ounces is does; so that all coins of Syracuse which have a Koppa in the legend (see n. 116) may safely thought by Leke to havebe about 500roy be pronounced earlier than 480 B. c. The style grains; and their age to be about that of Dionysius I. They are heavier than the ancient of this coin enables to date approximately others ionsius Theare heavierthanthe ancient which approach it; e. g. nos. 117, 118. Roman ounces in the proportion of 25 to 21. which approach it; e. g. nos. 117, 118. 129 Ditto. Decadrachm, often called 135 D. Coppercoin,on thereverse the Syracusan medallion. of which is an hippocamp or seahorse, with a cord hanging from Below the lowest dolphin of the obverse are irs mouth traces of ETAINETO, the artist's name, it mout (Evenetus) in the old genitive. In the ex-136 Do. Coppercoi. Obv. STPAergue of the reverse are seen a shield, a cuirass,. CT f O greaves, and a helmet; below these in some KOinN. Head of Hercues in specimens (as in 130) may be read AOAA (the lion's scalp to left. Rev. Pallas in prize) in very small letters. They were the forked drapery, in field owl. reward of the victor in the chariot-race. This is interesting as being a re-struck coin (nummus recusus); the new types were im130 Do. Another without the name pressed on a common coin ofAgathocles (n. 139), of Evenetus, varied. and the types and legends of his coin are still 44 Islands of the Egean, c&c. African Greece. in part visible. Hence we infer that the Obv. Portrait of Gelon II. to left. present coin is at least as late as Agathocles; Rev. XTPAKOZIOI FEAM2NO_. Vicprobably it is later. tory in a biga to right. Tyrants nfiac iS^e. The construction is difficult. Probably yEAMfNOM is merely the ordinary regal No genuine coins of any tyrants of Syracuse genitive, not depending on STPAKOIO1; before Agathocles, which bear their name, are in these (the citizens) seem to be symbolized by existence; even under the Dionysii the re- the victorious type of the reverse. publican forms were observed, and the coins read XTPAKOItMN; and it is probable that a 146, 147 Philistis, supposed to be great part of the copper money which has the queen of Hiero II. Seems from same legend is later than Agathocles; in some the weight to be a piece of 15 instances we know for certain that it cannot be litrae (Tetradrachm of the Lagid earlier; see n. 136. earlier; see n. 136. scale, according to Queipo). 137 Agathocles (317-289 B.C.). Gold Except on her coins, her name only occurs coin, apparently of six litrre. in an inscription on the great theatre of Syracuse, This would seem by the weight to be a here it is associated with Nereis, queen of piece of six litrMe. elon 138 Do. Silvertetradrachm. 148 Hieronymus (216-215 B.C.). SilThe obverse (inscribed KOPAZ) is the head ver didrachm, or decalitron. of Proserpine as usual. The trophy of the re- The portrait is probably Hieronymus himverse consists of an upright stake against which self. Leake prefers to regard the portraits on are nailed a breast-plate and various pieces of coins of Hiero II., Gelon II., and Hieronymus as armour. meant for Gelon I. It is more likely that there 139 Do Copper coin. |was a great family likeness between Hiero II. 139 o. opper in. and his two sons Gelon II. nd Hieronymus; The Doric form of the genitive in 137, 139 similarly the portraits of Vespasian, Titus, and may be noted; ArAOKAEIOX in 138 agrees Domitian are very similar. with vov3oo9 or some such word; cf. n. 124. 149 Tauromenium (Taormina). Gold 140 Hicetas (289-279 B.C.). Gold litra, apparently: but heavy. drachma. 150 Do, Silver-piece of four litroe. 141 Hiiero II. (270 —216 B.C.). Gold drachma. 151 Do. Copper coin, on which Apollo. bears the title APXAFETAI. 142 Do. Silver piece of 33 litre, = 6- Attic drachms (Lagid octo- Tauromenium in 358 B. c. received the redrachm, according to ueipo). maningi inhabitants of Naxos (in Sicily); and the Naxians, on the foundation of their city The portrait on this and the two following from Chalcis in Euboea, brought with them a coins is probably that of Hiero II. himself. statue of Apollo Archegetes, as the founder of the colony. 143 Do. Copper coin. DIVISION V. 144 Do. Copper ounce. See n. 134. D S N. ISLANDS OF THE EGEAN, &C. AFRICAN 145 Gelo II., son of the preceding, GREECE. and associated with him in the go- E n s vernment. Died before his father. vernment. Diedbeforehisfather. ^~ 1 Islands of the Egean sea with Silver piece of eight litre (or, in Cyprus. Queipo's view, a Lagid drachma). 1-8 N gina. Islands of the Egean, &c. African Greece. 45 At this place, according to Ephorus and weighed a pound, which seems not to have most Greek authorities, silver money was first differed very much from the pound Troy (the coined by Pheidon, king of Argos, about 740 B. c. former is variously estimated, by Bockh at Hence emanated the Eginetan scale, which 5053 grains; the latter weighs 5760 grains;) to judge by the coins, had for its principal now however three asses weigh about as much division a drachma weighing about 95 grains as a heavy English penny. Troy, which was subdivided into 6 obols. Nos. 1 and 2 are probably among the earliest coins 14 Creta n genere, of Caligula. 8lin existence, and scarcely differ from ingots; ver didrachm, of debased Attic they may be referred to the 7th or perhaps scale, apparently. even 8th century B. C. A rude sea-tortoise is the type of one side; and a rude punch mark 15 Cbossus i Crete, with a square disfigures the other side. These coins are labyrinth. Drachma of the Egididrachms, as is also n. 3, which has the same netan scale, which prevailed in types, but is of a later though very early date, Crete generally, for the earlier being probably of the 6th century B.C. The coins. workmanship of both sides is much less rude. No. 4 is an hemidrachm. Nos. 5 and 6 are 16 Do. with circular labyrinth. Tetrarespectively a didrachm and obol of the later drachm ofBosporic scale. type, a land-tortoise; nos. 7 and 8 are an obol d f mo s h The different modes of representing the and half-obol of the older form. The Eginetan a ernt mes rereeting e same labyrinth, shews that a certain convendrachma soon declined to about 86 grains... drachma soon declined to about 86 grains tionality must be looked for in architectural 9 Carthwea of Ceos. Silver didrachm and other representations on coins. A cavern, of the later debased Attic stand- partly natural, partly artificial, still exists near ard (of about 60 grains to the Gortyna; the reputed work of Daedalus. This drach\~ ma)\,. \is probably the labyrinth of the present coin. drachma). Aristaeus (who long dwelt in Ceos) implored 17 Corcyra (Corfu). Probably a light Jupiter and Sirius (the dog-star) to cause a Eginetan didrachm. Obv. Cow to plague in Greece to cease; hence probably the left and calf to right, sucking her. type of the dog-star. Leake considers this coin Rev. A type which has been comto be of about the first century B.C. monly supposed to represent the 10 Chalcis of Euboea. Drachma of gardens of Alcinous, on one side Queipo's Bosporic scale, which ap- K. pears to be the Euboic scale of Similar types occur on coins of Dyrrhachium antiquity. See note at the end. and Apollonia, colonies of Corinth. See Div. The Euboic scale is still uncertain, and Mr II. nos 13 and 59. Poole thinks that the coins of Eubcea have 18 Do, Reduced Attichemidrachm, been the main hindrance to its discovery. See a rn Smith's Diet. of the Bible, vol. 3, under Weights.ppeny. The Pegasus is a reminiscence of Corinth, 11 Chios. Very early drachma. Bos- the mother city of Corcyra, poric scale. 19 Do. having a crater on the obverse. The pointed form of the amphora may be Probably a tetrobol of reduced noted, which came down even to Roman times. Attic A cale 12 Do. Tetradrachm, same scale. 20 Cos. Tetradrachm (Attic) of fine 13 Do. A copper coin declaring it- old work. self to be a three-as piece! The dancing figure is probably Apollo. These pieces are probably of the third century after Christ, and have been referred to the 21 Coresia in Ceos. Eginetan direign of Gallienus. The Roman as originally drachm of very early work. 6 46 Islands of the Egean, 8c. African Greece. For the form of the incuse, compare the This rather late coin certainly indicates an coins of IEgina, nos. 2 and 8. alliance with Athens, when it was struck. Pre22 Cydonia in Crete. Eginetan di viously in the Peloponnesian war the cities had been allied; but the age of the present coin is drachm, fine work. probably that of Philip V. See Num. Chron. The Cydonians were renowned for the use for 1861, p. 174. of the bow. 27 Do. Eginetan didrachm. Tela Cydonio direxit arcu. Hor. Od. IV. 9. Pliny's observation explains the type (xii. 23 Commune Cypri, under Caracalla. ~5): "Est Gortynue platanus...statimque ei Copper coin. Groecise fabulositas superfuit, Jovem sub ea For an account of the temple of Venus at cum Europa concubuisse." The bull of the rePaphos, whose image is a conical stone, seen verse is of course the bull of Europa. in the centre of the reverse, see Donaldson's 2 Histia in Eubea. Probably a Architectura Numismatica, n. 31. Archtectura u maca, n. tetrobol of the Euboic scale. See 24 Cyprus of Claudius. Copper coin, Leake's Notes on the weights of struck "under Cominius Proclus, Greek coins in the Numinsmata proconsul." Hellenica. This is the most important of all coins for The head of the obverse rather seems to be establishing the accuracy of the New Testa- a Bacchante, than "Bacchi fcemineum caput" ment, where there seemed grave reason to sus- (Eckhel); the female on the reverse is probably pect an error. St Luke had termed Sergius Histisea, the foundress of the city. Paulus, the avOvwraToS or proconsul of Cyprus; and it was thought by Grotius and others that 29 Referred by Leake to Ialysus in he ought to have called him avr-Trpa7rTio? or Rhodes, but doubtless belonging proprietor. The present coin shews that, in the to the Cyrenaica, probably to Cytime of Claudius, Cyprus was governed bya reneitse Attic tradrac proconsul (av'0Tvraros), whose name was Cominius Proclus, and therefore that the term This is n. 22 of Muller's Cyrenaique (monused by the Evangelist is correct. It had naies sans nom de ville), and it has given rise previously been governed by a proprietor, but to some discussion. The eagle devouring a serin the time of Augustus an exchange of pro- pent is regarded as symbolical of victory, sent vinces took place between the emperor and the by Jove; and the lion's head has been conSenate, and consequently the title of the pre- jectured to be a Samian type, placed on the siding governor was then changed; the avOv6- coin by Arcesilas III. (B.c. 530 514), who TraToS, being the title of the governor of the recovered his kingdom by aid of the Samians. Senatorial provinces, as adTWaTparT7oy s was of L. Muller considers that the style of the coin that of the Imperial. See Akerman's Numis- points to this date. Numism. de l'anc. Afrique, matic Illustrations of the New Testament; vol. I. p. 18. Compare Div. iv. n. 92, which Paley's Evidences, part ii. c. VI. ~ 8. probably suggested this view. 25 Gortyna in Crete. Eginetan di- 30 Itanus in Crete. Eginetan (redrachm, of very early work. duced) drachma of fine work. The very archaic characters stand for FOPTTNOY TO YAIMA (SHMA). The P31 Ios. Copper coin, bearing the lion's scalp was the 7rapcaavtov, coat of arms, head of Homer (inscribed). so to say, of Gortyna; and it is here termed Other places, as Chios, Smyrna, and Amaso-q/a. "The style and letters indicate a pro- tris have placed Homer on their coins. Homer duction of the sixth century B.C." (Leake.) was reputed to be buried in los, one of the 26 Do. Tetradrachm of (somewhat Cycldes. reduced) Attic scale with Athenian 32 Copper coin of Ithaca, bearing the types. See Div. I. nos. 25 —2 7. head, as is thought, of Ulysses. Islands of the Egean, 8c5. African Greece. 47 33 Lesbos. Small early coin of base 42 Do. Do. silver or potin. Apparently half- The fine vase in the field is the crmbo? hecta of the Cyzicene or Pho- or peculiar cup of Hercules. Cf. Div. Iv. n. 22. cuean stater. 43 Do. Do. 34 Lyttus in Crete. Early drachma 4. of the Eginetan scale, reduced. These coins exhibiting Hercules as the slayer of the serpent of the Hesperides, as the The forms of the letters T and O are re- assailant of the Hydra, and as reposing after markable. This is but little heavier than a his labours, well illustrate Mr Poole's remark drachma of the so-called Olympic scale; which that the Cretan artists make their coins more seems to be the Eginetan scale reduced. pictorial and more full in details than we find 35 Do. Eginetan didrachm; later, elsewhere. but early (probably of the fifth Poete. Eginet century B.C.).44 Polyrhenium in Crete. Eginetan century B.c.). didrachm (rather light). 36 Mytilene. Ilecta of C&yziceme or This is an early coin to bear a magistrate's Phocaean stater. The M of the name in full. The O (not fl) in the legend reverse above the calf's head, the shews that it is not much later than B. C. 400, type of Mytilene, leaves little doubt while the occurrence of H equally shews that of the attribution. Leake thinks it is not much earlier. the female head is Diana.. the ale head is Di45 Priansus in Crete. Eginetan di37 Do. Coin of potin, with remark- drachm. able quadrate incuse. b38 De D d bate inhtce. 46 Rhodes. Tetradrachm of Bos38 Do. Do., but lighter. poric (or Euboic) scale; see beLeake thinks that the exact resemblance low, no 69 in form, style, and material, and in the size and form of their reverse leaves little doubt The flower on the reverse is certainly the that they were struck in the same city. The rose (not the pomegranate, as Leake and many weights however are different, and it is hazard- others); this is put out of all doubt by the ous to pronounce on their denominations: no. divided sepals. For the various scales of the 38 may perhaps be a light Eginetan didrachm, money of Rhodes see Queipo, tab. xxxix. while no. 37 appears to be a Bosporic or Lagid tetradrachm. 47 Do. Didachmof the same scale. 39 Naxus (in the Egean Sea). Heavy 48 Do. Do. Eginetan didrachm of very early Do. T, work, of the age of Darius ys- 49 etrobol apparently. taspes, as Leake thinks. 50 Do. Copper medallion. A very ancient representation of the cantharus, which retains the present form (or nearly so) The fine execution of the head of Bacchus, in the Greek-Italian Vases of the Decadence. as well as of his ivy crown, deserves attention, in a copper coin more especially. 40 Olus in Crete. Eginetan didrachm. The head is probably from the statue of 51 Nicocles, king of Salamis in CyDiana Britomartis at Olus, mentioned by Pau- prus. Succeeded his father Evasanias. The more coins are studied, the more goras I. B.C. 374; time of his death it appears that they preserve many copies from unknown. Eginetan drachma. ancient statues. The wreath of bay on Diana's head is unusuaL The BA of the obverse and the NIK of the reverse (in monogram) are an abbreviation 41 Phaestus in Crete. Eginetan di- for BASIAEOE NIKOKAEOZ, or (as Leake drachm. prefers) BAXIAEf2` NIKOKAEOTY. 6-2 48 Islands of the Egean, 8c. African Greece. This coin might better have been placed it uncertain. Copper coins of AEgina bear a under Div. I., and the same remark may be made dolphin, and the reverse of this coin resembles of nos. 137-148 in the Div. IV., and of some those of IEgina; nevertheless Leake's attriothers; but it has been thought advisable to bution is as plausible as any other. follow the order of the Numismata Hellenica for the convenience of reference in all cases. 59 Ditto. Tetradrachm, apparently of the Bosporic (or Euboic) scale, 52 Samos, island of Ionia. Attic te- but heavy. See Div. i. no. 1. tradrachm. The ivy wreath on the head of Bacchus, on These ordinary Samian types (lion's scalp this and the following coin, is remarkably graceand fore-part of bull) occur also upon coins of ful; and Mr Ruskin observes that it rather Rhegium and Messana, Div. IV. n. 92, q. v. resembles a growth than a composition. 60 Do. Drachma of the same scale, 53 Do. Apparently a light tetra- also heavy. drachm of the Greco-Asiatic (or Queipo would probably regard this and the Rhodian) scale. preceding as belonging to "le systeme attique, Similar types occur on coins of Rhodes and affaibli de poids," tab. xxxiii. The great antiEphesus, and indicate an alliance between the quity however of the coins makes this view three cities. less probable. 54 Do. of Domitian. Small copper 61 Do. Later tetradrachm, Attic coin. scale. 62 Do. Barbarous imitation of the 55 Do. of Philip, junior. Large do. above. The Samian Juno, which appears on these coins, may be compared with the Ephesian 63 Do. Apparently an obolusof the Diana. Div. II. no. 32, &c. Eginetan scale. A bronze statuette of the Samian Juno, As Thasos was not always under the same found near her temple, agrees (substantially) masters, it is not wonderful that its coins are with the representations on the coins; a plaster l of one scale. cast may be seen in the Leake collection in the sculpture room. ~ 2. African Greece. 56 Soli, on the coast of Cilicia. 64 Barca in the Cyrenaica. TetraDouble siclos of the Persian scale, drachm of the Greco-Asiatic (or but light. Rhodian) scale. T-T^-@~~~ r-. 1 iBotanists are not all agreed about the In Div. II. no. 81 we have an example of the Botanists are not all agreed about the losn iv. If. no 81 e hae an exal of t he cn Silphium plant, so generally represented on the Sico X, the uni ofhisscale, in a coinmoney of the Cyrenaica. That it is an umof Sardes in Lydia: it weighs about 85 grains. bfero plant seems certain, buitwhether a belliferous plant seems certain, but whether a N.B. This coin has by inadvertence been Thapsia, a Laserpitium, or a Ferula is doubtful. placed here, and not under Division II., Soli L. Muller concludes thus: "I1 est probable que not being on an island. le silphium a appartenu au genre Ferula; c'est ce qu'on pent conclure du fruit figure sur les 57 Tenedos, island of the Egean. monnaies." Numz. d'anc. Afrique, vol. I. p. 108. Tetradrachm of the Attic scale. With regard to the monetary scale, he 58 Thasos, island of the Egean, near writes: "Le systeme monetaire est le meme qui Thrace. Eginetan didrachim. tait adopte & Cyrene a cette epoque (B. c. 450 r66). La presque totalite des monnaies de The attribution of this coin is uncertain. Barce appartient au systeme que nous avons Sestini (Descriz. degli stateri antichi, p. 26, appele Asiatique." p. 87. For the various Fir. 1817), assigns it to Phocaea; Mionnet leaves opinions about this scale, see p. 119. Islands of the Egean, Tc. African Greece. 49 65 Do. Do., with the head of Jupiter The female head (not "young male head") Ammon seen full face. of the reverse is probably the nymph Cyrene. See Miller, p. 52. The Jupiter Ammon is probably an Egyptian deity the Lord of Heaven (Amun-Ra)'; one 68 Do. Tetradrachm of the Grecoof whose forms is Amun-nef or Amun-Chnufis. Asiatic (Rhodian Scale.) His image at Thebes and elsewhere is represented with ram's horns, as the protector of 69 Do. Didrachm of Bosporic (or flocks. His temple and oracle (Ammonium) Euboic) scale, termed by L. Muller in the Oasis was equally resorted to by Egyp- Phenician (p. 119). tians, Ethiopians, and Greeks; and was visited by Alexander, who figures on various coins as For the different views about the scale, see the young Ammon. See Div. I. nos. 20, 33, Miller as above. It is heavier than the Greco&c. See Muller as above, pp. 94-104. Asiatic, lighter than the Attic; Miller includes therein the two scales termed by Queipo Bos66 Cyrene. Gold stater of the At- poric and Lagid; it has been already suggested tic scale (Miiller); this specimen Div. I no. 1 and no. 97, and Div. v. no. 10 weighs above 132 grains. and no. 28, that these may be Euboic. With regard to the young horned head (or Leake takes Poliantheus on the reverse of young Ammon), Muller writes, p. 101: "Cette this coin to be an epithet of the Jove who holds tete represente sans doute un dieu libyco-grec, a phiale over a candelabrum; L. Miiller con- le fils d'Ammon assimile au fils de Jupiter, siders it to be the name of a magistrate (p. 71). auquel on pent, avec le plus de raison, donner These coins he considers to be of the fourth le nom deBacchus libyen." century B. C. 70 Silver denarius of Trajan, pre67 Do. Probably half-quarter of the sumed to belong to the Cyrenaica. Attic gold stater, but possibly a The coin was struck A.D. 100. L. Miller hecta of a different scale (see L. does not consider the attribution of this and Muller, p. 71). similar coins certain (p. 173). CHURCHILL BABINGTON. ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, July 6, 1867, Note on the Weights of Greek Coins. QUEIPO'S system of monetary weights is divided Besides these he counts the Rhodian scale, into seven scales; assuming the French gramme which he considers to be the double of the = 15,434 grains Troy, the unit or drachma of Greco-Asiatic; and the Septuagintal scale, which each scale in Troy grains is, in his view, as fol- is the double of the Lagid. Notwithstanding lows, beginning with the lightest, and ascending all that has been done for Greek metrology beup to the heaviest: fore and since the appearance of his Essai in Greco-Asiatic... 50,14 1859, little is fully and satisfactorily made out, Lagid.. 54,62 beyond the determination of the Attic scale Bosporic... 57,24 of Solon, and its subsequent degradation. Col. Attic.. 65,67 Leake makes the normal Attic drachma a little Olympic.. 75,29 heavier (67,5 Troy grains); but observes that Persian... 83,93 in the 1st century B.C. it had fallen down to Commercial Attic. 90,49 about 60 grains. This declension explains the 50 Note on the Weights of Greek Coins. remark of the later Latin writers (Pliny, &c.), 2 and 3. Lagid (which might better be who make the Attic drachma equivalent to the termed Ptolemaic) and Bosporic scales. These Roman denarius of their own time. In the are so nearly the same, that they had better be same way there seems to be a tendency in all regarded as variations of one scale, lying bethe other scales to decline; just as in the En- tween 55 and 58 grains for the drachma. This glish scale the pennyweight of the tables is 24 is by some, as by L. Muller, termed Phenician. grains Troy-and there are pennies of Alfred of Col. Leake is inclined to think that it is the this weight-whereas the shilling of Victoria scale known to antiquity as the Euboic, as the (excluding the alloy of 18 pennyweights per lb.) coins of Chalcis in Euboea give a drachma of weighs 80,72 grains, thus giving something less about 56 grains. It obtains in Macedonia and than 7 grains to the pennyweight. This cir- elsewhere, and was thence derived to the Ptolecumstance, added to the carelessness or fraud mies, under whom it was slightly reduced (55 of those who were employed to strike coins in grains). See Div. I. no. 1, and Div. v. no. 69. ancient times, makes a subject, which in itself. Attic, as settled at the reform of Solon; is far from simple, in a much higher degree co- the principal Attic coins, and their weights in plicated. It may be sufficient to mention here rn n that the tetradrachms of Alexander the Great, y ( all of which were struck according to the Attic subjoined. scale of Solon, and therefore normally weigh- f h h rnca m ar ^(\' J- r ^ ~L.J. ^ A, UOf this the principal multiples areing 270 grains, do in fact vary between 274 and Didrachm 135. 254 grains, or less, in well-preserved specimens Tetradrachm, 270. (Num. Chron. for 1864, pp. 2, 3). The loss of weight by friction and chemical action is an The obol is one-sixth of the drachma, and additional element of difficulty in determining weighs 11,25 grains. The double, triple, quadthe scales of ancient coins. Consequently the ruple, of this are called the diobol (22,5), triscale of the smaller coins is usually more doubt- obol (33,75), and tetrobol (45). The half-obol ful t than that of the larger. It must be borne is the principal fraction of the obol, and weighs in mind that all the coins of the same king or 5,62 grains. The Attic scale, in a more or less of the same city are not necessarily adjusted reduced form, became at length almost universal to the same scale, even when the metal is the At Corinth the standard coin or stater was same. The gold and the silver money of the equal to the Attic didrachm; and it was divided same king or city frequently belong to different into 10 litrae, each weighing 13,5 grains. This scales. A few remarks are subjoined, not with- variety of the Attic scale may be well studied out great hesitation, on the above scales of in the coins of Syracuse Queipo. The larger gold coins of Sardis, the gold Darics, the Attic gold and silver didrachms, and 1. Greco-Asiatic scale, widely prevalent in the Corinthian silver staters are all of about the Asia. (See Brandis' recent work mentioned same weight (125 —132 grains Troy); the Egypbelow.) Certain Rhodian coins also are ad- tian monad or unit of weight being also said justed to this scale, but the Rhodian denomi- by Horapollo to be equivalent to the Attic nations are considered by Queipo to be double didrachm; a unit which may be derived from the value of the Greco-Asiatic, so that a Greco- Babylon, the mother-country, according to some, Asiatic drachma of about 50 grains would be a of weights and measures. Rhodian hemidrachm. This opinion, however, The double of this Egyptian or Babylonian seems doubtful. Pinder with greater reason unit occurs in the double Daric; also in the considers the Rhodian scale synonymous with gold and electrum staters of Cyzicus and Phothat of the Cistophori, i.e. with the Greco- caea, which were commonly divided into sixths Asiatic (Ueber die Cistophoren, p. 551). Bran- or hectae. Some, as Brandis, make these a disdis in fine estimates the Rhodian didrachm at tinct scale (Phokaischer Fuss). 15,60 grammes, which gives 120,39 grains for the Rhodian drachm, instead of Queipo's 100,28. 5. Olympic scale. This scale of 75 grains This system obtains not only in many of the to the drachma is by some writers, as by L. Greco-Asiatic towns, but also in Northern Eu- Miller and Poole, considered as the Eginetan rope and Africa. See Div. I. no. 34, and Div. scale of antiquity; and it may not without reav. no. 64. son be looked upon as a reduced though very Note on the Weights of Greek Coins. 51 ancient form of that scale, connected by various globules indicating the number of unciae or links with the Commercial Attic of authors, twelfths of the Roman as, for which they were which is for Col. Leake and for the writer of current, but the as was then very much reduced this note the true Eginetan scale; giving about from its original weight, and in process of time 95 grains to the drachma. It obtains in vari- a three-as piece became no heavier than an ous parts of northern Greece, Crete, Asia Minor, English penny of George III. Coins of the &c. Queipo regards it as derived from the Roman empire are usually divided into First or Bosporic scale. Large brass, Second or Middle brass, Third or 6. Persian. or siclos, of about Small brass; the First brass being regarded as 6. Persian. The unit, or selos, of about 84 r grains, as well as the double of the ae a sesterce (or two asses and a half), the Second 84 grains, as well as the double of the same weight, is seen in the Persian Aryandics, and brass as a Dupondius, the Third brass as an as. weight, is sn in te P a Those which are larger than the average of the in many coins of Cilicia, Pamphylia and Pisidia Tose whi are larger th an the average of he (Div. II. no. 9, and Div. v. no. 56); likewise in First brass are vaguely termed Medallion. The * n. 1-o *T J ~ 4 *1i same expression is also applied to silver coins the coins of Sardis in Lydia, so far as the silver e epre, wic ed the usul ierial coinage is concerned, of the empire, which exceed the usual imperial coinage is concerned. size (i.e. that of the denarius, which weighed 7. Commercial Attic. The drachma of this about 60 grains, for the early emperors, but scale (which in the earliest coins of Egina weighs fell at length to about 50 grains), of which about 95 grains, but in the later coins of the there are examples in Div. ii. nos. 30, 55, 98; same island descends to about 86 grains), is and it is similarly applied to Greek silver coins estimated by Queipo at 90 grains. Leake and which exceed in weight the ordinary large size Brandis seem to be right in regarding this scale or tetradrachm. Thus the decadrachms of Syas Eginetan; which prevails both in lEgina and racuse are often called Syracusan medallions; the Peloponnese, and also in Crete and parts of see Div. IV. nos. 128-132. The word medal is Asia, as Teos. This likewise seems to have now employed by English numismatic writers been the original scale at Athens before Solon's at least to denote a commemorative piece in reform (though no ancient Athenian coins, it is whatever metal, which was never destined to believed, of this standard are known, having circulate as money; of which there are abundbeen probably all or nearly all melted), and his ance from the fifteenth century to our own establishment of the Attic didrachm at 135 time, but in ancient times such pieces scarcely grains was with the view of assimilating the existed at all. (Some, however, have regarded Attic weights of coins to those of other coun- the Syracusan medallions as prize-medals.) The tries. only piece exhibited in this selection which This scale continued in use at Athens, after can be regarded as a medal is a gold piece of the Solonian reformation, for commercial though Macedonia, Div. III. n. 80, the genuineness of not for monetary use; much as among our- which is doubtful. selves Troy weight is in use for the precious In addition to the works on Greek metrometals, but avoirdupois weight for most other logy mentioned by Mr Poole, in his valuable commodities. article on Weights and Measures, in Smith's The preceding remarks apply to coins of Diet. of the Bible, vol. III. pp. 1727-1735, it gold (or electrum) and silver exclusively; the may be worth while to add, Note on the Weights copper coins of Greece do not seem to have of Greek coins in an appendix to Col. Leake's been struck according to any fixed scales, but VNumismata Hellenica, and the same writer's rather to have been tokens, so to say, issued by paper on Syracuse in the Transactions of the the state. In Italy the case was different, Royal Society of Literature for 1850; also L. where the heavy as, of one pound weight, was Miiller's Numism. de l'anc. Afrique, vol. I. pp. the unit; in Sicily also we have the ounce (see 116-125. Copenhagen, 1860; and a book which Div. IV. n. 134), which must have been a coin has just appeared at Berlin (1866) by J. Brandis, of sterling value. In Egypt, likewise, are some entitled Das Miunz-lMass-und Gewichtswesen in very heavy copper coins issued by the Ptolemies, vorderasien bis auf Alexander den Grossen, of as well as by Antiochus IV. (see Div. I. n. 52), which less use has been made in compiling this to which we must assign a real value. Many catalogue than perhaps might have been, had it of the coins of Magna Graecia and Sicily bear come to the knowledge of the compiler earlier. Xambrie^. PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M. A AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESES