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R v  o  OOrl   T
Botai   SurADEy of         outhern and  cenlral Louisiana,
lIATDE DURING  THIE YEAR 1870,
]By A. F'EATrHEJRMIAN,
Lecturer onz Botany and Projessor Lotuisiana State University.
LoUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, January 7, 1871.
Colonel D. F. Boyd, Superintendent Louisiana State University:
THE 5MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL INFLUENCE OF BOTANICAL
STUDIES.
The botanical survey of the State of Louisiana is not only impor-,
tant in a scientific point of view, but it can not fail to be productive
of beneficial practical results. Botany, as a branch of the natural
sciences, produces a more salutary influence to elevate and refine
society, and raise the moral standard of civilization, than all the
other sciences combined. Flowers are familiar friends and loved
companions in every household, where refinement and virtue give
tone and character to the social circle. I can do no better than
quote, in this connection, the eloquent words of an able English
writer, and apply them to the study of botany in particular:  "' It is
fearfully true that nine-tenths of the immorality which pervades the
better classes of society, originate from  the want of an interesting
occupation to fill up the vacant time; and as the study of botany is,
as attractive as it is beneficial, it must necessarily exert a moral and
even religious influence upon the young and inquiring mind.
"The youth, who is fond of scientific pursuits, will not enter into
revelry, for frivolous and vicious excitement will have no fascination
for him. The overflowing cup, the unmeaning or dishonest game
will not excite him. If any one doubts the beneficial influence of




4
these studies on the morals and character, I would ask him to point
out the immoral young man who is devotedly attached to any
branch of natural science. I never knew such a one. There may
be such individuals-for religion only can change the heart-but if
there be they are very rare exceptions, and the loud clamors which
are always raised against the man of science who errs proves how
rarely the study of the Creator fails to exert an ennobling effect upon
a well regulated mind. Fortunate, indeed, are the youths of either
sex who early imbibe a taste for natural knowledge, and whose predilections are not thwarted by injudicious friends."
It may indeed be said of the botanist what has been' said of the
astronomer, that a botanist who does not believe in the existence of
God is mad, for the sublime beauties of nature which are constantly
presented to his mind, must necessarily lead him  from nature to
nature's God, whom he recognizes as the author of all those splendid
marvels of creative wisdom, which are scattered all around him for
the use and enjoyment of man.
THE IMPORTANCE  OF BOTANY IN AGRICULTURE AND MEDICINE.
Botany has an intimate connection with agriculture, and its
practical bearing in this respect has not been sufficiently developed.
The agriculturalist who combines science with experience and practical observation, may derive some N aluable hints from his botanical
knowledge, which might lead to the most important results, not
only in the cultivation of the plants, which are the sources of his
wealth, but in banishing from his fields those troublesome weeds
and grasses which keep his plows and hoes busy during the whole
period of the crop season. It is indeed a very remarkable fact that
even physicians, otherwise well educated, know little or nothing
about botanical science, when more than one-half of all the remedial
agents employed, and some of them the most important of the
pharmacopoeia, are derived from the vegetable kingdom, while the
other half, comprising mineral substances altogether incompatible
with human organism, might be beneficially superseded by vegetable remedies of far greater efficacy and active powers, if physicians
studied the numerous plants possessing medicinal virtues, which are
diffused in the greatest abundance all over the surface of the. globe.
None of our medical schools has a chair of botany, which is certainly as great an anomaly in the educational progress of a nation




as if a law school had no professorship expounding the principles of'
the common and civil laws, which must be the foundation of the
lawyer's professional acquirements, or if a theological school failed
to require a knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages, which
alone can enable the candidate for orders to expound the scriptures
in spirit and in truth.
Besides your other valuable services in behalf of education the
State of Louisiana owes you a debt of gratitude for the exertions
made by you in providing the means to prosecute the botanical
survey of the State, which will acquire for the University-strictly
a State institution-one of the most valuable scientific collections,
that will last feor centuries if properly cared for, and which money
could not buy nor favor procure.  It is fit that Louisiana, the
Empire State of' the South-west, with its imm n —se agricultural
resources and its network of navigable streams, should be the first
of all the States to place botany side by side with geology in the
investigation of the physical and economic resources of the State.
The popular idea of a geological survey is that the geologist is
prospecting-using an expressive tern of the California miner-in,
order to discover the Ophir where gold is as abundant as common
dust; or to find the New Castle where coal constitutes the solid crustof the earth. But these popular notions about geology have no applicationl to Louisiana, for the nature of the geological formation of
the State, is sufficient for the scientific geologist to determine at
once, that these materials do not and can not; exist here in a form
to give them economic value. But while geology has undoubtedly
a scientific and a practical side, botany has no less so. It is a
curious fact in the history of education, that educated men should
be entirely ignorant of the vegetable kingdom, which furnishes us
with the bread we eat, the wine we dr'ink, the fruits we relish, the
clothing we wear, the most ornamental parts of the dwel;ings we
inhabit, the light which changes the night into day, the ships as well
as the materials of commerce which they transport, the fuel which
equalizes the seasons and supplies the mortive power of the steam
engine and the locomotive. The veget-,,ble kingdom, without which
no living creature that breathes can live, is the most rich in resources and the most important in a commercial, artistic, mechanical
and agricultural point of view. The study of botany is not only of
the greatest interest to the natural philosopher, but it deserves to be




6
taught in every school, on account of its attractive features and the
educational discipline it affords. It occupies, morally and mentally,:a far higher rank than chemistry or geology, which treat only of
inert matter and are acted upon by external forces, while botany
treats of. living organisms of complicated structure and wonderful
arrangement.
SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION OF THE PLANTER AND FARMER.
Considering that the agriculturalist derives his wealth exclusively
from the vegetable kingdom, and is, so to speak, the lord and
master, who monopolizes its most valuable products, forcing nature
by his constant attention and unremitting industry to yield up a
hundred-fold the treasures confided to the fertile soil, it is still more
strange that the educated planter and farmer should never have bestowed a moment's reflection upon the marvelous productiveness of
the seed he sows broadcast over his land, and should never have investigated the principle of its germination, growth and development, and examined the structure and the nutritive element of the
plants which are the life of his life, and the source of his prosperity.
He makes his daily rounds in his fields, watches the progressive
advancement of his crops, counts up in his mind what quantity of
sugar, cotton, corn, rice, wheat, oats, tobacco, or indigo each acre
may yield, considers its actual value in money, but it never occurs
to his mind that all these are living, self-supporting, and self-producing organisms, wh ch God has created not merely for utilitarian
purposes to supply the wants of the animal world, but as manifestations of His goodness and His wisdom, as living monitors to teach
man his duty to labor and render himself useful, and to inspire him
with an aim higher and nobler than merely to eat and drink and get
rich, but to disenthral his soul from the enslaving materialistic ideas
Fvhich cling to him aced make him a mean and groveling creature.
The planters and farmers constitute In every country the majority
of the population, and they are the most useful c ass of society. But
by a perversion of human reason they have obtained but little attention from grovernments, except as a tax-paying class. WVe have,
h(owever, reason to be proud of our country, for its government has
recognized the fact that the stability of free institutions must rest
upon an educated and refined yeomanry, and it has consequently
granted munificent donations to the States for the establishment of




agricultural schools, where the planter and farmer may not only receive a literary but a scientific and professional education. Medical
schools, law schools and theological schools have been in existence
for centuries, but a school for agriculture, the most useful and the
most wide-spread of all professions, would have been considered,
even fifty years ago, the most absurd of all institutions.
The agricultural college of Louisiana, which is soon to be established, should form one of the departments of the University, for it
offers all the advantages such a school requires without much additional labor and expense. It has the geological and mineralogical
cabinet. It will have one of the most extensive botanical museums
of the South. It has already professors of chemistry, geology,
mathematics, engineering, botany, modern languagoes, and it has also
a commercial department, which are the principal branches taught
in agricultural schools. It only needs in addition professors of applied chemistry, of practical agriculture and the mechanic arts. As
the funds derived from the sale of the land scrip can not be diverted
for the construction of college buildings, the University buildings,
wheresoever located, could be so constructed as to combine both
schools, and would thus save the State considerable expense.
AGRICULTUR.AL RESOURCES OF LOUISIANA.
The agricultural resources of Louisiana are very great. There is
no State in the Union, and no country on the globe of equal dimensions, which can be compared with her in the salubrity and mildness
of her climate; the extent of her alluvial and arable lands; the
variety of her agricultural industry; the numerous navigable streams,
by which she is intersected, and her facilities for ocean navigation. A
State for which nature has done so much, and man has done so little;
a State where the orange and banana ripen their fruit in the open
air, and give to it an intertropical character; a State where cotton,
the most valuable product that feeds the commerce of the world
and regulates international finances, flourishes in its highest perfection; where sugar, the indispensable luxury of every household, can
be produced in quantities sufficient to supply forty per cent. of all
that is consumed in the United States; where rice is cultivated for
exportation, where corn grows most luxuriantly, where tobacco of
superior quality can be produced, and wheat and oats, and all other
cereals and almost every other product of the field, the garden and




8
the orchard would thrive with a vigor unsurpassed by any other
climate; a, State that possesses such invaluable natural advantages,
should be foremost in science and literature, and in institutions,
created and designed for the diffusion of useful knowledge. It
should strive to become the modern Greece of America for learning
and refinement; and the Italy of the western continent for its inexhaustible fertility, and the neatness, beauty and high culture of
its farms and plantations.
I trust I may be pardoned for this ardor in the cause of civilization, but I feel a deep interest in the State of Louisiana. I know
her people to be a peculiar people; they, like the Virginians, still
retain some State pride, they never call themselves by the indefinite
and vague name of Americans, but, they are Louisianians in manners,
sentiments and feelings. They combine the' disinterestedness and
humane sympathies of the French and Spaniard with the chivalric
bearing and the practical sense of the Englishman. I know what
civilization ought to expect of them; and I equally know that they
canl and will accomplish the high destiny reserved for them, which
will fill a noble page in the world's history.
SOIL OF LOUISIANA, DIVIDED INTO CLASSES.
The alluvial lands of Louisiana, protected by an effectual levee
system, would present the most magnificent agricultural domain
that can be found anywhere within the limits of the same extent of
country.
The object which I had in view in traveling through the State
enabled me only to visit about eight or nine parishes. But I was
struck with astonishment at the inexhaustless fertility of the soil
extending over such a vast area, as I was passing in my excursions
through the alluvial and marsh prairie regions of the Red river, the
Mississippi, Bayou Barataria, the Atcha!'alaya and the Teche, comprising millions of acres of the most fertile and most productive
lands. The alluvial lands below Red river are estimated at 7,860,000
acres, which, if cultivated, would be capable of supporting a population of ten millions of people, in addition to the fertile lands in
the interior, not subject to overflows and requiring no protection.
The soil of Louisiana, scientifically considered, may be divided
into the following classes:




9
1. Alluvial soil. 2. Marsh prairie soil. 3. Port Hudson soil. 4.
Orange sand soil; and there may perhaps be added 5. Limestone
soil, comprising the Mlansfield and Jackson formations; but of the
last I can not speak from personal observation, as I have not yet
visited the northern portion of the State.
The alluvial soil may be sub-divided into Red river alluvion, confined to the Red river regions, and the Mississippi alluvion, which
extends along both banks of the Mississippi, being interrupted only
on the east bank by the P'irtE Hudson deposit, which terminates
below Baton ]Rouge. The Mississippi alluvion is also the characteristic soil of the upper Atchafalaya as far, at least, as the mouth of
Biyou Courtableau.
The Port Hudson soil is composed of a fine silt, deposited upon
a loamy sub-soil, and is supposed to be a fresh water formation,
when the Mississippi was still an estuary of the Gulf, and Port
Hudson its extreme northern limit. This soil is confined to a very
small belt, comprising a portion of East Feliciana and East Baton
Rouge, which is not more than ten or eleven miles wide, being
approximately, though not strictly, bounded by the Mississippi and
Comite rivers. It is fertile and of easy cultivation, and is especially
adapted to the production of cotton and corn.
The Marsh prairie soil predominates in the Attakapas parishes,
which border on the Gulf, or were formerly below the Gulf level and
whose soil was formed from the sea marshes, being gradually raised
above the reach of overflows. It extends within five hundred yards
of the south bank of the TWche, for the soil on the north bank of
the TUche is all Alissisippi alluvion, subject to overflows from that
river through the Atchafalaya and Grand Lake. It also comprises
some of the finest lands and the most valuable sugar plantations on
Bayou Barataria and the numerous other bayous and water courses
in which that portion of Louisiana abounds. The agricultural
capacities of those regions, have as yet not been sufficiently developed, because the shallowness of the bayous and lakes which are so
numerous, that some of them have not yet received specific names,
prevent easy communication by way of the Gulf' with New Orleans,
the centre of commerce, which can only be reached by sailing round
a long distance to the Belize and up the mouth of the river. Its
only direct communication with New Orleans is by Harvey's canal,




10
which is navigable only for very light draught steamboats, and at
the slow rate of traveling of three miles an hour.
The orange sand soil may also be divided into two kinds of soil. The
red sandy loam soil, and the fossiliferous gravel soil. The red sandy
loam soil forms a ridge along the banks of the Teche, which was
never overflowed, either by the waters of the Gulf, or the waters of
the Mississippi and its tributaries. This red sandy loam ridge crops
out near Port Barre, where the Teche divides off from the Courtableau,
and extends, in St. Landry, to the towns of Washington and Opelousas, beyond which it ceases to be visible on the surface, being covered by the prairie soil. It also forms the foundation of the
Atchafalaya river bed, and the lower strata of its banks upon which
the alluvion is deposited. Geologically considered this soil might
perhaps be classed with a lower series of the Port Hudson formation, but with reference to its properties as soil, it is essentially an
orange sand loam, mixed with limestone ingredients, and possesses
sufficient fertility to render its cultivation remunerative to the planter and farmer. I am the more inclined to class it with the upper
series of the orange sand period, judging from the botanical indications furnished by the prevalent summer weed, which is invariably
the bitter-weed (Helenium  tenuifolium) where the sandy loam, or
the fossiliferous gravel soil prevails.
Near Opelousas it almost traces the line where the red sandy loam
terminates and the prairie soil begins. In Rapides, on the banks of
the Teche, in St. Landry near Washington, and again beyond Ville
Platte and Chicotville, from whence it extends to the fossiliferous
gravel soil; in St. Tammany, in Tangipahoa, in East Feliciana, every
where the yellow flowers of the bitter-weed cover the surface of the
soil, and in some localities, are crowding out every other vegetation;
while the Port Hudson and the alluvial soils produce invariably the
four-toothed Heleniumn (Helenium quadridentatum,) another species
of the same genus, which grows there with the same rank luxuriance.
The same sandy loam, only of a deeper and almost crimsonred, crops
out near Clinton in East Feliciana, where the Port Hudson soil disappears, and pine and black jack form the characteristic growth.
There it covers the second subdivision of the orange sand soil, composed of a whitish or grayish clay and fossil gravel beds.
The fossiliferous gravel soil is almost devoid of those properties
which render the cultivation of the Southern staples profitable. It




11
has considerable extent in this State. The Amite river is its western
limit, and it is bounded on the east by Pearl river. It embraces the
parishes of Tangipahoa, St. Helena, Livingston, Washington, St.
Tammany and portions of other parishes.
I do not wish it to be understood that my geological references
have the least authority; I have only touched upon the geological
features of the country, in order to enable me to present the subject
in a more tangible formn, but I did not intend to express a decided
opinion on the nature of the geological formations of Louisiana, and
ally seeming contradictions, if there are any, between this report and
that of the geologist, must be decided in favor of the geological
-report, which alone can be considered as authority in this matter.
Before dismissing this subject, it is perhaps proper to say, that the
foregoing division of the soil of Louisiana refers only to the general
nature of the surface in any given region of country, without reference to the exact proportions of its chemical constituents; that the
surface soil is always more or less modified by local circumstances,
and varied by creeks, bayous, lakes and rivulets, which sometimes
impart fertility to the lowlands, when the higher lands are nearly
destitute of productive qualities, to render them valuable for tillage
Even the second series of the orange sand soils' might be improved
by the application of lime manure, which is ready at hand in the
shell banks of Lake Pontchartrain, Grand Lake and the shell islands
in the shallow waters of Barataria Bay; or they might be planted
in long leaved pine for the production of turpentine, which flourishes and grows to a great height in the fossiliferous gravel sand
soil, and which would render the land as valuable almost as that of
a cotton and sugar plantation. Timber plantations are very common in England, and companies might be formed, possessing suffi-'cient capi al, for the purpose of appreciating these lands, by planting
them in the turpentine pire, which furnishes a valuable article of
commerce, of which the Carolinas have almost the monopoly.
BOTANICAL ITINERARY.
EAST AND WEST BATON ROUGE.
The botanical survey of the State of Louisiana, in connection
with the geological and topographical survey, having been determined upon, I assumed its duties, in accordance with your directions,




12
early last spring, by devoting every Saturday and the few leisure
hours I could spare during the rest of the week from my other professorial duties, to botanical excursions within die limits of the
parishes of East and West Baton Eouge. I visited early in April
the extreme western portion of the parish of East Baton Rouge, on
the Amite river. The land lying between the banks of the MIississippi and the Comite rivers, where it is not Mississippi river alluvion,
is composed of the fine silt of the Port Hudson formation, and is
very desirable land for the cultivation of cotton.  The principal
trees, which constitute the predominant growth of the forest, are
the water oak, the swamp chestnut oak, the post oak, the willow
oak and beech, intermixed with magnolias, hickory, locust and a few
scattered' tulip trees. But, passing the Comite river, the soil gradually changes; it partakes of the nature of the red sandy loam of tile
upper series of the orange sand formation, and being largely inter-;mixed with lime nodules, which, in one pa-ticular place, literally
pave the edge of the road with their hard and bone like concretions,
the land is still good, and produces fair cotton and corn crops. On
approaching nearer the Amite river, the soil becomes more sandy;
the swamp chestnut oak ceases to form the characteristic growth:
water and willow oaks and hickory nearly disappear, and the beech
alone remains, with black jack and post oak, and an occasional magnolia. On the banks of the Amite, where the fossiliferous gravel
soil is reached, the pine makes its appearance, but sparsely intermixed with oak and a few other trees. This soil is poor, and, unless
heavily manured, does not yield good crops to render its cultivation
profitable.
I also made several flying excursions, during the spring season,
across the river, in West Baton Rouge; but while I collected many
interesting specimens in the vicinity of the M1ississippi river, want.
of time and the swampy nature of the roads prevented me from
extending my botanical excursions into the interi(or of the parish.
The soil in this parish is very rich, partaking of the nature of the
Mississippi alluvion, and the sugar plantatio ns present a far neater
appearance than those on the east side of the river. The land on
Grosse Tete bayou is considered the finest in the State, and is preferred to the river land, because it is less infested with the nut.
grass, which taxes so much the patience and industry of the planter.




13
R.PIDES PARISH.
After I had finished my course of instruction at the University, I
made a trip up Red river, on the fifteenth of June, and visited the
neighborhood of the old Seminary, which offers the richest field in
the State for the collection of such plants as are generally found in
sandy soils anld in pine wood regions.  Nature seems to be lavish in
her gifts of floral adornme-nt where she has withheld fertility from the
soil. This is indeed one of the wise provisions of Divine Providence,
by which the balance in the organic world is maintained, and its
existence and perpetuation secured. Were all lands equally productive of such plants which contribute to the nourishment and the
economic use of man, every other plant would gradually be exterminated, and would cease to hold its place in the organic world,
which is composed of animals and plants, each of which is necessary
to accomplish the designs for which each species has been called
into existence. The disappearance of a single species, struck from
the aggregate of living organizations, might extinguish, for want of
proper food, many insects or birds and other inferior animals, which
in their turn are indispensable links in the indissoluble chain of
association, by which all the parts of the universe are bound
together.
The soil of Rapides, except where the hills of the pine barrens
are covered with the fossiliferous gravel or red loam of the drift
period, is that of the Red river alluvion. Although different in
some respects in its constituent elements from the Mississippi alluvion, it is equally productive of cotton, sugar and corn, and is as
inexhaustible in its materials of fertility. It is even more highly
valued by some planters, because the banks of Red river do not
cave much, and the land can therefore be more effectually protected
by levees.
NEW ORLEANS.
I collected in Rapides durling my Four days' sojourn there a considerable number of plants which bloom  in early summer; but as
my presence on commnencement, day was desirable, I returned to
]Baton Rouge, witnessed the exercises of the last day of the scholastic
year, and a few days after the close of the session, I proceeded to
New Orleans, which I selected, on account of its facilities of com



14
munication by railroads and steamboats, as the centre of my operations for this year's survey. In making an extensive botanical tour
of long duration, it is indispensably necessary, in order to preserve
the plants collected, to select some convenient place as headquarters,
where the collector has a room, and where he is uninterrupted in
his tedious arrangements by idle spectators, to enable him to determine plants which require but little research, apply the requisite
pressure to dry them, and take them out from the press for several
consecutive days, change the drying paper, and when sufficiently dry
to place them in new sheets, where they permanently remain until
they are finally disposed of and classified. This operation is far'
more important than the collection of plants, and requires much
more time as well as patience, and more constant attention.  In
preparing an herbarium of botanical and scientific value, it is neces —
sary to collect, at the same time, a great number of specimens of the
same species, and to select from those the best developed, and those
that show best all the parts of the plant. A considerable number of
specimens of the same species must be dried, as the herbarium
should contain from four to six specimens of each species, and as
some of those, which are subjected to pressure, will prove worthless,,
it is apparent what amount of labor it requires even to dry fifty
specimens, which will fill from two to three hundred drying papers.
Fifty specimens might be collected in certain localities in a few
days, where no collection of the same kind has ever been made, but
it would require several weeks to make a final disposal of them. I:
make these explanatory remarks, because they refer to facts, which
no one but a professional botanist could know; otherwise there
might be some misapprehension with regard to my movements, as I
was only able to visit seven or eight parishes during two months
traveling, and only a small portion of these parishes.
On my arrival in New Orleans I immediately went to work to,
examine the botanical prospects of the surrounding country, and as
it was entirely a new field, I found many interesting specimens,
some few of which I met with no where else in my travels. I made
several excursions to City Park, Bayou St. John, Carrollton, Algiers
and Lake Pontchartrain.
In New Orleans and its vicinity I found the high-stemmed Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia maxima) and the Late-blooming Parthenium
(Parthenium hysterophorus), and near Lake Pontchartrain grows a




15
species of hibiscus (Kosteletzkya Virginica), with large pink flowers,
which would make a beautiful ornamental garden plant.
In the immediate vicinity of New Orleans, between the river and
Lake Pontchartrain, where the New Orleans and Jackson Railroad
passes, the soil is that of the Mississippi alluvion, and is well cultivated in cotton, sugar and corn. North, between Lake Pontchartrain and the city, there are extensive gum, cypress and oak swamps,
which are valuable only for their timber; and east and southeast
are the marshes extending to Lake Borgne.
RAILROAD TRIP TO PONTCHATOULA AND AMITE CITY.
After having visited the surrounding country about New Orleans and
ascertained its botanical resources, I proceeded on the New Orleans
and Jackson Railroad to Amite city, which is about ten miles from
the State line. Between Kenner and Frenier there is a large tract
of swamp prairie, where the Rose-mallow  and the Arrow-leaved
Ipomaea form, as far as the eye can reach, a carpet of flowers,
variegated with pink, white and crimson. A few miles from Pontchatoula, where the pine woods commence, the land on both sides
of the railroad are gum and cypress, or willow and cypress swamps,
which give to the country a very monotonous appearance, unless
interrupted by a few miles of swamp prairies. From  Bayou de
Saules to Deseret's station the railroad tract is but a short distance
from Lake Pontchartrain. Tangipahoa parish is, as I am told,
about sixty miles long, and from three to five miles wide, and is, in
point of soil, perhaps one of the poorest parishes in the State. The
soil is sandy, without much intermixture of clay or gravel, and the
farms are principally on the water courses, where the land is low
and enriched by the deposits produced by high water, and which
alone can impart some fertility to the low lands. The prevailing
growth of the forest is the long and short-leaved pine, post oak and
black jack, and near the Tangipahoa river water oaks and beech
are not uncommon. The prevailing weed is the bitter-weed, which
grows here in rank luxuriance. The gneral characteristics of the
plants which flourish here are similar to those of the pine woods
of Rapides. Amite city is the largest town of some note in this
parish. It has a fine hotel and a number of respectable dwelling
houses. I also stopped one day at Pontchatoula, and the numerous




16
new specimens I found there well compensated me for the long
walk I had to take in the heat of the mid-day's sun, for my attempt
of hiring a horse had failed from the fact that the few disposable
horses in town were all affected with the distemper.
BRASHEAR CITY AND FRANKLI N-ST. MIARY PARISH.
As soon as circumstances permitted, I set out for St. Mary parish,
for, being one of the richest of the gulf parishes, I supposed it
would offer a fine field for botanizing. To travel from New Orleans
to Brashear City it is necessary to cross the river in the Jackson
park ferryboat, and the railroad cars start at 8 o'clock in the morning from Algiers, and reach Brashear City at 12 o'clock, M. The
country through which lMorgan's Texas Railroad passes is rich in
alluvial soil, and the sugar, cotton and corn plantations I saw were
generally in good condition; and if the crops had, in a few places, a
sickly appearance, it was not the fault of the soil, but was owing to
the want of steady labor to keep the fields clean from grass and
weeds.,Brashear City is scattered over a considerable extent of ground,
but its appearance does not correspond with its high sounding title.
It is only a jumble of mean and insignificant looking one-story
houses, and has not a single regularly built up street. It is, however, of some importance in a commercial point'of view, for here all
the cattle are landed from the Texas steamers. It is the terminus of
M]~rgan's New Orleans and Texas Railroad, and is the point of departure of the Galveston and Rockport steamers by Berwick's Bay,
which, by the by, is not an arm of the sea, as might be supposed,
but a kind of inland fresh water bay interposed between the Atchafalaya river and its mouth. But notwithstanding that Brashear City
is an inland seaport, and the terminus of a railroad well patronized,
it is nevertheless a nondescript place, and it has not a sin&ge
regularly laid out wagon road leading from there to any part of the
world. I suppose that its water and railroad communication renders
all other roads a superfluity. It has the Atchafalaya river and
Berwick's bay on the west, and Lake Palourde lies eastof it, while
Bayou Boeuf empties below the town into Berwick's Bay, and thus
encloses a triangular strip of land which forms an island called
Tiger island.




17
In the outskirts of the town, along the banks of Bayou Bceuf,
miles of abandoned lands can be seen, as level as a prairie, which
were cultivated before the war, but are now permitted to lie idle for
want of capital, and which would be productive of fine crops of
sugar, cotton or corn, if properly managed. The prevailing timber
trees in this region are the live oak, the water oak, the sweet gum
and locust. But the trees are all thickly overhung with the funereal
long mioss, which, if it were not an air plant, might be supposed to
prey upon the vital sap of these trees, and eat out their substance,
for the greatest number of them  are of a stunted and scrubby
growth, and many old trees, being in a state of decay, are rapidly
dying out. This sickly appearance of the timber trees is probably
owing to former periodical overflows, to which these forests were
exposed from  the Mississippi waters. Elder bushes and Trumpet
*flowers, the Four-toothed Helenium and the Burdock-the two latter
familiar Baton Rouge acquaintances-constitute the rank vegetation
during summer, which covers the face of the land. My excursions
were principally confined to within two or three miles in the vicinity
of the town, on both sides of the bay. I found several specimens
here which I had never seen before, nor have as yet met with in any
other part of the State. The Grass-leafed Schollera grows abundantly on the edge of Berwick's Bay, and its long wiry stems, grasslike leaves and small yellow flowers cover large patches on the
shallow waters of the bay, which, in the distance, appear like floating
garden spots in the midst of the waters. On the banks of the
Atchafalaya I found the long-flowered tobacco(Nicotiana Longifiora,)
which is hardly indiginous in that part of the country, and must
have been introduced from other parts of the world.
I remained in Brashear City but one day, and availing myself of
the daily steamboat line up the TVche, I proceeded to Franklin, the
parish site of St. Mary, a distance of thirty miles, which I reached
in the evening, after six hours travel. The T6che empties into the
Atchafalaya river, about twelve miles above Brashear City, and the
country a short distance beyond its banks, may be considered the
garden spot of Louisiana.  The sugar plantations of the lower
Teche are perhaps, with the exception of Cuba, the finest in the
world. The country residences are for the most part neat cottage
houses, commodious and well constructed, but not as elegant as the
fine mansions of the coast plantations. The sugar houses are sub2




18
stantial and solid, but display no architectural taste. The GrandWood place has a fine drawbridge, or rather swinging bridge, which
connects the southern with the northern bank, and from this point
up to Franklin nearly every plantation has its drawbridge and
landing, and the river front of the south bank seems to be entirely
fenced in. The immediate banks of the TUche are composed of a
sandy, red loam ridge, which I have classed with the upper series of
the orange sand soil, and which is but moderately productive, and if
not manured becomes exhausted in four or five years. This ridge
is not more than four or five hundred yards wide on each bank of
the river. The sugar lands on the south bank have been redeemed
from the sea marshes, and this soil when wet is as black as coal.
The humus accumulated in it for ages renders it almost inexhaustible. The land beyond the immediate north bank is composed of
Mississippi alluvion, and although as fertile as the soil of the opposite side in the production of sugar and corn, the plantations are
more frequently interrupted by tracts of woodland, because the
backwaters of the Mississippi frequently inundate these regions
through the Atchafalaya and Grand Lake; while the high and receding waters of the Gulf never reach the narrow strip of land, not
more than three or four miles wide, extending from the south bank
of the Teche to the impassable marshes of the Gulf. The lowest
swamp lands, which are not susceptible of cultivation aVd are overgrown with the finest cypress this continent produces, are made
available by the proprietors of plantations on the south bank for
lumber, for they had the good sense of constructing fine sawmills
on their plantations. The alluvial land on the north bank is also
confined to a narrow strip from three to five miles wide, being
bounded on the one side by the Teche and on the other by Grand
Lake and other small lakes connected with it, which of itself forms
an inland sea, from thirty to forty miles long.
The characteristic timber trees of the Teche country, are the live
oak, the watder oak, locust and hickory. The Bitter-weed (Helenium
Tenuifolium) covers the red sandy loam ridge of the Teche, and
appears only on the sugar lands as a stray straggler, whom accident
has transplanted upon uncongenial soil. The edge of the sea marsh,
near Bayou Portage, which is timberless, is rank with sedges and a
new species of Hydrolea, which I have named Hydrolea Ludoviciana.




19
The distance from Franklin to a point on Bayou Portage, as far
as it is accessible on horseback, is about three miles. It is seven
miles from Bayou Portage to Red Fish Point, immediately on the
Gulf of Mexico, which, on account of the impassable sea marshes,
is inapproachable by land, in all the Attakapas country, and can
only be reached in skiffs through the bayous which wind through
the marshy lowlands, overgrown with rank vegetation, and entirely
covered with water during the rainy season. I passed through
strips of timber land, principally live oak, water oak and locust,
and here the dwarf palmetto (Sabal Adansonii) attains a considerable height, and, if I am permitted to use the expression, forms the
undergrowth of these forest wilds, with the ever present long moss
hanging fromthe tree branches in long festoons, which gives to the
scenery a semi-tropical appearance; and were it not for the musquitoes and sand flies which reign supremely in these parts, the lover
of nature might enjoy for a short time the solemn stillness of the
solitude, where nothing is seen but the canopy of heaven, the bright
green foliage of the trees, brought into relief by the ashy gray of
the long moss, the lan-like leaves of the palmetl:o, and the calm,
still waters of the Portage.  The edge of the sea marsh which
forms a timberless marsh prairie, is grown up with marsh grasses
and rushes, and affords valuable pasture ground for stock;'and
stock farms would probably pay as well as the cultivation of sugar,
requiring less capital and less labor.
Franklin is a town of considerable size, containing from twelve to
fifteen hundred inhabitants, is regularly built, ands has many elegant private residences, which is a sure indication of the refinement
and intelligence of a community. The side walks of the town are
made solid by means of shells, which are brought from the lakes on
the opposite side of the river.
To give some variety to my narrative, I may be permitted to state,
not as a legitimate item of my report, but as a curious incident of
my travels, that on Sunday night, one of the two churches being
open for public worship, the whole congregation colnsisted of seven
persons, and I was one of their number. The idea naturally forced
itself upon my mind, that the people off' Franklin must either be
very good, having passed the praying point, or they must be retrograding in the opposite direction. Which of these alternatives is
the true one, it is not important to decide.




20
This part of Louisiana is considered the paradise of hunters,
deer abound here, and bears are very numerous in the marshes, and
have been killed within a mile of town.
MANDEVILLE AND COVINGTON-ST. TAMMANY.
The Teche country, while unsurpassed in agricultural resources,
did not present, botanically, as much interest as I anticipated, and
as I was informed that the characteristics of soil and vegetation of
New Iberia parish and higher up the Teche, were similar to those of
St. Mary, I concluded to return to New Orleans, in order to branch
out in another direction. I took the Pontchartrain railroad cars to
Lakeport, and from there a steamboat conveyed me to MIandeville,
a town in St. Tammany parish on the northern shore of the lake.
Lake Pontchartrain, on a bright and sunny summer day, presents
the most beautiful sheet of water in the Southern States. Near the
mouth of the Tchefuncta river, the azure blue of the cloudless sky,
the unstained whiteness of the distant lighthouse, and the dark
green foliage of the forest trees on shore, effectually contrast the
ashy gray of the rippled waters, and the scenery is altogther picturesque. Mandeville is reached in four hours' time. The soil around
the town belongs to the second series of the orange sand soil. The
banks of the lake are composed of pure sand, deposited upon a
grayish stiff clay, colored in streaks with red and yellow hydroxide of
iron. The back part of the town is located in a pine wood swamp,
and during rainy weather the streets, and even the sidewalks are
literally under water, and are almost impassable to foot passengers.
The swamp soil is covered by a thin crust of vegetable mold, which
renders the land productive for a few years of fair cotton, corn and
rice crops. But the highlands are composed of pure sand, with a
subsoil of clay, or the clay itself forms the surface soil. The water
oak and swamp chesnut oak, post oak and- sweet gum grow here to a,
great height, intermingled with short leafed pine, which forms, a
few miles from the lake shore, almost the exclusive growth of the
forest. The prevailing summer weed is the characteristic bitter
weed. Mandeville is a town of respectable dimensions. It is the
summer resort of New Orleans families, and is said to contain several thousand inhabitants during the bathing season. The principal
street extends along the lake shore; and each residence, being gen



21
erally rented for the sefason to the city people, has a bathing establishment, consisting of a small cabin built in the lake, at some distance from the shore, which is approached by a narrow plankwalk,
protected by bannisters, constructed upon posts, and raised from ten
to fifteen feet above the surface of the water. Duri-lg the winter
Mandeville is a deserted village, for the few proprietors and owners
of houses, who remain there, live exclusively on the income derived
from the rent of their houses during the summer months; and the
surrounding country is too poor to support a town of a any size.
There is a colony of Indians (Choctaws) near Bayou Lacombe,
about seven hundred in number, a dozen of whom-men, women
and children-were emigrating from their settlemenut, and passing
through Mandeville on their route. I was struck with the low and
degrading condition of those who were once the lords and masters
of this continent. Dressed in civilized rags, the once brave and
lordly red man is now the mean and abject beggar of American
civilization, appropriating to himself all its vices, without adopting
its counteracting virtues. The squaws were carrying, their papooses,
or a portion of their scanty household ware, in loung baskets strapped
to their forehead, like cattle yoked to the plow, and thus they were
wending along their weary way in true Indian file, while the men
leisurely measured their steps, with their gun or perhaps a venison
ham strapped to their shoulders. " O! how are the mighty fallen!"
From Mandeville I proceeded to Covington, which is about ten
miles distant, the road passing through the pine woods. Here I
found for the first time the Violet-flowered Stokesia (Stokesia Cyanea),
a beautiful composite flower, which is far more ortnamental than
some of the rare exotics cultivated in our gardens. I have thus far
not met with it in any other part of the State. Covington is on the
Bogue Felia, one of the branches of the Tchefuncta river, a navigable stream which empties into Lake Pontchartrain; but steamboats
come only within three miles of the place. It is the parish site of
St. Tammany. It has a few regular streets; but most of the private
residences are scattered over a large area of ground, with the pine
woods all around them. These are very respectable looking frame
houses, generally owned and occupied by people who have small
stated incomes, drawn from other sources than such the town affords.
The steamboat arrives three times a week, and thus establishes
regular communication between this place and New Orleans. The




22
landing is in the midst of the woods, with no house or shelter of
any kind within three miles of it. A number of carriages are punctually in attendance, at the arrival and departure of the boats, to
convey passengers to and from the town. The soil is composed of
sand or a stiff' yellowish clay, tinted with iron; and a short distance
from town the banks of the Bogne Felia are made up of layers of
this yellowish clay, and are from twenty to thirty feet high. This
kind of land is almost valueless, except for its timber, and for the
manufacture of bricks; and there are a considerable number of sawmilhs and brickyards on the Tchefuncta, the lumber and brick being
sent to New Orleans in sloops, which swarm in these waters and on
the lake. At one of the sawmills, we passed, the river bank was
composed of bogue iron ore in layers, which is one of the characteristics of the orange sand formation. The short leafed pine, intermixed with an occasional oak, forms the predominant growth of the
woods. The botanical specimens collected here were numerous, and
many of them interesting.
GRAND ISLE.
As it was impossible to reach the gulf coast in the Attakapas parishes, I availed myself of the steamboat communication which places
New Orleans in direct connection with Grand Isle. I started on
Saturday morning at eight o'clock, in the Col. D. S. Cage, a small
steamboat drawing about eighteen inches water, *from Harvey's
canal, which takes its beginning a short distance from the river in
the outskirts of the town of Algiers. It is six miles long, from thirty
to forty feet wide, and just deep enough for a light draught steamboat to travel from three to four miles an hour. The land on both
sidles of the canal is wholly composed of willow, gum and cypress
swamps, and is not susceptible of cultivation. There are a few
settlements on the banks of the canal, consisting of a number of
miserable huts surrounded by a few acres of cleared land cultivated
in corn; fishing being the principal occupation of these "natives."
Bayou Barataria, which is the outlet of the canal, is a beautiful
little stream whose waters are of the deepest green, and it has some
fine sugar plantations on its banks. On this bayou, as well as on
the bayous and lakes with which it connects, there are miles of marsh
prairies with not a single tree, except perhaps some stray willow




23
to shade them, and the dusky woodland in the distance bordering
the horizon.  After two hours' traveling the bayou gradually widens.
In some places there is a distance of a quarter of a mile which
separates the opposite banks. Here the land is principally composed
of marsh prairie soil, thickly overgrown with marsh grass (Spartina
juncpa). Barataria bayou connects with Bayou Rigolet and Little
Lake, which empty in St. Denis bayou. These bayous and lakes are
dotted with shell islands, some of them quite prominent for their
extent and height above the level of the water. These shells might
be made a valuable commercial commodity. They are the best material for making solid and substantial roads, and would serve as
valuable manure to improve the pine lands of Louisiana, and they
are partially used now for these purposes. But as the supply is
almost inexhaustible they ought to be worked systematically and the
shells transported on a grand scale. These islands are, in an agricultural point of view, as valuable as the guano islands, and to fertilize the orange sand soil shell lime is a far more useful manure
than guano. This species of shell (Gnathodon caneatus) is found
nowhere else in the world except in Lake Pontchartrain, Grand
Lake, the waters of the Gulf, and Mobile Bay; and some enterprising capatalists of Louisiana would confer great benefit upon the
State in bringing this article into market for the use of planters and
farmers, and for making some of the roads of Louisiana, which are
almost impassable during the winter, permanently solid, far superior
to any plankroads that can be constructed.
The banks of these multifarious water courses, all formed by the
receding waters of the Gulf, assume many zigzag shapes and fantastic indentations, and the water spreads and covers a vast area,
forming all around numerous narrow points of land.  Sometimes
the marsh grass obstructs the bed of the stream, and leaves only
a narrow channel, just wide enough to let the boat pass through.
St. Denis Bayou has its outlet in Grand Lake, which constitutes
the western border of Barataria Bay, and is about fourteen imiles
from Fort Livingston and seventeen miles from Grand Isle.  These
bayous and lakes form numerous branch bayous in every direction,
which gives to the whole country the appearance of an inland
archipelago, interspersed with small islands and peninsulas of every
imaginable shape. The land being perfectly level, the sight is not
obstructed, and the eye is struck with these ever-varied alternations




24
of land and water, which are constantly contending for mastery;
but in proportion as the bed of the Gulf is sinking, these lands
will rise and become habitable to man, now occupied bythe wild
duck, the crane, the gull and sometimes by a stray fisherman or
duck-hunter.  Grand Lake connects with Caminada Bay, which is
very shoal water, being in some places not more than three feet
deep. It borders Grand Isle on the north. At Fort Livingston,
which is situated on Bonne Terre Island, and which defends Barataria Grand Pass against marauders and smugglers, is a fort of very
little importance. The work is constructed of brick, with a lighthouse, to prevent its being surprised at night in its loneliness and
isolation. It has no garrison; a lieutenant and a sergeant compose
the whole military force; and this is considered sufficient to hold it
against any enemy, at least in time of peace. This and the adjoining islands were the headquarters of the pirate Lafitte and his
robber crew.
Grand Isle can only be approached at its northern border and
from Canrinada Bay when the tide is high; for on its southern Gulf
shore no boat can approach it on account of shoal water and three
sand banks near the beach, which form breakers and in stormy
weather would render navigation dangerous, even if the water were
deep enough near the shore to allow a passage. At low tide the
boat casts anchor within a mile and a half of Grand Isle wharf,
and passengers and baggage are transported in yawls to the island.
The beach of the Gulf shore is, as might be supposed, pure sand
intermixed with shells thrown out by the waves which are at all
times dashing against the shore. But about half a mile from the
beach the soil becomes a black muddy clay, similar to that of the sea
marshes, covered with a layer of sand swept there by the overflows,
which are very rare here, and are produced only by violent storms
and last but a few hours. In 1854 there were several fine sugar
plantations on the island, but the overflow of that year drenched,
the cane with sea water, and as salt is most injurious to the cultivation of sugar, most of the cane was killed, and no attempt has since
been made to revive its culture, which might be successfully accomplished by deep ploughing so as to bring the marsh soil to the surface. The sea island cotton is still produced here to a limited
extent. Garden vegetables of all kinds are cultivated here with
great success, and truck farms for the New Orleans market might
be made profitable.




25
The island is nine miles long and one mile wide. The principal
natural growth is the live oak and the yaupon in the form of low
thickets.  A few tree palmettoes are seen here and there near the
beach. The live oak is low and stunted and grows only on a few
ridges; the rest of the island is destitute of trees of any kind, and
the inhabitants get their fuel from the drift wood floated to the Gulf
shore. There is a piece of low ground near the beach, where a
considerable number of barkless live oak trunks, with their leafless
branches, are looming like spectres over the land and sea level, as if
attentively listening, with outstretched arms, to the roaring din of
the waves, incessantly advancing and receding and dashing the
foaming surf against the shore.
There are a great number of small islands in the vicinity inhabited
by fishermen, oystermen and duck hunters, for these waters supply
the New Orleans market with the best oysters, fish and crab the sea
affords, and also with wild ducks, which resort to the mnarsh prairies
by thousands, feeding on the grain of the marsh grasses.
This secluded spot is the summer resort of many families and
gentlemen of leisure from New Orleans, who avail themselves of the
gulf breeze, the sea bathing and the fine table of the host, who furnishes the best the sea and land affords. But when the winds are
lulled, the musquitoes, like a host of locusts, season with a drop of
poison the cup of pleasure.  I have collected here a few sea weeds
and sea shells which are, of some interest as they are the products
of Louisiana waters. The specimens of the plants collected are
those peculiar to the sea coast, and are found nowhere else. The
greatest number of them have fleshy leaves, which is one of the wise
provisions of Providence, that enables plants to grow in a dry sandy
soil which holds no water, by storing away the materials of nourishment in the leaves covered with a thick and impermeable epidermis.
The Goat-foot leafed Ipomcea, with thick, bright green, glossy
orbicular leaves, and showy crimson flowers, is trailing all over the
sand beach near the gulf shore, where no other vegetation flourishes.
Politically considered, the island forms a part of Jefferson parish,
and is, it is said, ninety miles from  the courthouse.  In some
respects this island may be looked upon as a primitive paradise of
the golden age of society, for no law officer, not even a justice of the
peace, resides on its hallowed ground, yet the tax gatherer and
publican finds his way to this lonely sea-encircled spot, and exact.s
the tribute due to Cmesar.




26
OPELOUSAS —ST. LANDRY.
On my return to New Orleans it took me about a week to arrange
my specimens, and dispose of them in such a way as to need no
longer my attention; and as they occupied considerable space by
their number, I left them, with my other collections, at Swarbrick &
Co.'s, to be sent up to Baton Rouge at the first convenient opportunity. After having made the necessary arrangement, I started on
Wednesday evening (fifteenth of August) on the regular Opelousas
packet, and proceeded up the M5ississippi river, down the Atchafalaya, and up the Cortablean bayou as far as the town of VWashington, in the parish of St. Landry. The Atchafalaya takes its rise
about eighteen miles beyond the mouth of Red river, and during
low water receives its waters exclusively from that river and its own
tributaries. It may therefore be considered as that branch of Red
river which empties into the Gulf. When the Mississippi is high,
it disgorges its overflowing tide into the Atchafalaya, which thus
becomes one of its principal outlets. The back waters of the Mississippi river ascend the mouth of Red river, whose bed is sloping
upward, but finding the opening of the Atchafalaya in their way
with its downward sloping channel, they rush into it with great
force, and swell its volume very rapidly, so that its lower banks
scarcely ever escape from  being inundated, unless protected by
effective levees.
The land on the Atchafalaya, the west bank of which forms the
boundary line of St. Landry, is composed of alluvial soil similar to
that of the Mississippi river, with a clay foundation, producing fine
corn and cotton, but being exposed to overflows, and being very
heavy timbered, it is mostly settled by small planters, and the
plantations are at some distance from the river. The Atchafalaya is
broader and deeper than the Red river, and during low water its
banks are in some places from forty to fifty feet high. It is navigable
by steamboats throughout its whole length to the gulf. But in order
to reach Washington, which might be called the inland seaport of
Opelousas, it is necessary to ascend Bayou Cortableau, a navigable
stream  of considerable depth. Here alligators are swarming in
great numbers. When they appear, swimming on the surface, the
passengers amuse themselves by firing at them with pistols and rifles.
But being effectually protected by their coat of mail, a few only are




27
hit at the tender point, and they generally escape the murderous
aim of' their assailants by diving into deep water, where no ball can
reach them. When the water is low, a sand bank, about two miles
beyond the mouth of the bayou, prevents the New Orleans packets
from ascending any higher, and passengers and freight are transported in flatboats over the bars to a small steamboat constructed
for that purpose, which travels along slowly a distance of forty-two
miles, until Washington is reached, which is at the head of navigation,
and whence passengers are conveyed in hacks to Opelousas, which
is six miles distant.
The land on the banks of the Cortableau is mostly low willow and
cypress swamp until within a few miles of Port Barre, where the
Teche takes its rise, dividing off from the bayou. Thiere the land
becomes hilly, and is composed of the same sandy red loam  which
constitutes the red clay ridge in which the Teche has its bed, rising
above high water mark, and not extending more than a quarter of a
mile on either side. This red sandy clay, which at the outskirts of
Opelousas is covered by the prairie soil, again crops out beyond Ville
Platte, and extends a few miles beyond Chicotville, where the pine
prairies and the pine woods begin. This kind of soil, where it does
not wash, is quite fertile for a few years, and the timber trees near
the water courses, composed of willow, oak, sycamore, locust, post
oak, red oak and hickory, are quite heavy. The bitter weed (Heleniuml tenuifolium) grows here in the greatest abundance. Sometimes
strips of this red loamy soil are covered by black prairie soil for a
short distance, and then the red clay makes again its appearance on
the surface. The pine prairie land is as productive as the other prairie
soil, but this being the boundary line which the waters of the Gulf
only reached at very high tide, the surface soil forms only a thin
crust, and wears out in a few years. The pine wo'ods, at the edge of
the prairies, are intermixed with oak, which really constitutes the
principal growth, but the lands are low, and during rainy weather
they are covered with water, and the country becomes for miles one
continuous swamp.  Beyond the edge of the prairie, about a mile
and a half to the right of the Alexandria road, the land is very poor,
and on both sides of the road, which runs on an elevated ridge, there
are seen a series of ravines, some of them from  fifty to sixty feet
deep.
During the summer months the prairies are destitute of flowers,




28
except in very low places, where the waters collect and are transformed into prairie lakes. The wire grass, which is in seed during
the summer months, covers with its half-withered stems the whole
surface of the prairie level. Cattle and other stock are scattered all.
over the open pasture grounds where the lands are not fenced in for
cultivation. During the winter these prairies do not afford sufficient,
subsistence for a large number of cattle, as the grass dies out, and
stock raisers are compelled to drive their stock during that season to
the neighboring cane brakes. But if these prairies were planted or
sown in the Texas musquit grass, which is evergreen, these lands
would become invaluable as stock farms. The land on Bayou Beouf
is altogether different from the prairie soil and the red sandy loam
soil.  It is alluvial in its composition, and contains a considerable
quantity of vegetable mold, but in some localities its loamy
ingredients, being nearly destitute of sand, are so stiff and unyielding that, during a long continued drought, they bake, become hard
and cloddy, so that the plow and harrow can only pulverize them
with the greatest difficulty.
About six miles from Chicotville there is a quarry of bluish limestone, which was formerly worked, but is now abandoned.  There!
are also mineral springs within ten miles of it. But as circumstances prevented me from visiting these localities, I can give no
account of them, or the soil and vegetation in the vicinity, from
personal observation.  The land between Washington and Opelousas,
as well as on the Courtableau, beyond its immediate banks, is of the
same character as that on the banks of the Teche.  It is a cotinuation of that ridge, and produces very heavy timber, such as oak,
hickory, tuliptree, sycamore, locust and catalpa, all of great size.
Cotton and corn grow here very luxuriantly, and the crops had as
fine an appearance as in any part of the State I had visited. On
the banks of the Courtableau, at the edge of the town of Washington, there is a chalybeate spring, which pours forth a large streamu
of water, and deposits the iron it contains in solution, which, on
exposure to the air, becomes the insoluble yellow hydroxide of iron..
I was also told that on digging wells here a deposit of iron is
reached within fifty feet of the surface. liHere I saw, for the first,
time, the fig tree which bears what is called the perpetual fig. This
fruit is as large as a pomegranate, and quite sweet and agreeable to,




29
the taste. It continues ripening up to frost. As the climate of
iLouisiana is almost everywhere favorable to the growth of this
valuable fruit tree, it ought to be extensively planted. It should be
set out where it is sheltered from the direct rays of the midday's
sun. On the upper Atchafalaya, where it approaches Red river, the
banks rise in many places to a considerable height, where the red,sandy loam of the Teche becomes exposed; but when the banks are
high on one side of the river, they are correspondirgly!2w and
iswampy on the other, and are under water even during the dry
season of summer.
Opelousas is perhaps the oldest town in the State. It was, origin-,ally a military post, and has grown up from a few straggling houses
to its pres;ent dimensions, which are quite respectable, considering,that it has no railroad communication, and no navigablel stream.nearer than six miles. The private residences are old, and time has
marked them with its smutty fingers. The courthouse, which ought
to be a building of some note, in a parish of the intelligence and
wealth of St. Landry, is a dilapidated concern, fit only to be torn
~down to construct a building of some taste and pretensions in its
place.
Washington is a place newly built up, and exhibits much life and
~energy. It is of considerable commercial importance, for this is the
econnecting point between New Orleans and every part of the parish
of St. Landry and a portion of the surrounding parishes.
PORT HUDSON AND CLINTON, EAST FELICIANA.
My botanical collections in St. Landry were extensive, not in the
prairies, but in the pine woods, and that part of the parish where
the red sandy loam prevails. Finding the prairies during summer
an unfavorable field for botanizing, I did not extend my excursions
to Calcasiea and other prairie regions, which must be visited in:spring or early summer, in order to obtain specimens of their characteristic vegetation.  I, therefore, determined to close up my
botanical tour by stopping, on my way to Baton Rouge, at Port
Hudson and Clinton, in East Feliciana.
Port Hudson, as a town, presents nothing that is attractive, ekcept
its fine view up the river, and its historical renown as one of the
strongholds in the late war. The fortifications, which are nearly




30
intact, form a prominent feature of its surroundings, and if sodded
would afford delightful walks around the place-which is susceptible
of considerable improvement-especially after heavy rains, when the
streets are muddy, and the sticky clay retards the progress of the
weary traveler who lands on these steep and hilly banks, and has to
climb up an almost perpendicular declivity. As the Mississippi was
very low, the composition of its banks was exposed to the view
almost to its very bed. The lowest formation, upon which the Mississippi waters rest, is a compact, adhesive, blackish clay, having a
tinge of blue; above this are layers of grayish and yellowish clay,
rising to a considerable height. The Port Hudson soil, composed of
a fine silt, is deposited above high water on these layers of yellowish
loam. It is of a brownish color, friable to the touch, and vields fine
corn and cotton, equal to the Mississippi alluvion. It extends about
eleven miles on the Port Hudson and Clinton Railroad, where the
pine first makes its appearance.  The country between the Comite
and Amite rivers presents, in East Feliciana, nearly the same agricultural and botanical features as it does between the same rivers in
East Baton Rouge. While on the Port Hudson soil the Four-toothed
Helenium is the prevailing weed, the Bitter-weed flourishes in great
abundance in both parishes, in that part which is bounded by the
two rivers, and which embraces an area of about twenty-two miles in
length. The long-leafed pine is but rarely seen here, but scrub and
pitch pine are everywhere intermingled with oak, beech, sweet gum
and magnolia. In the immediate vicinity of Clinton, the Youpon
(Ilex cassine) grows by the roadside, and is found here in clumps of
impenetrable thickets.
With the exception of the bottom  lands near Pretty Creek and
the Comite, the highlands belong to the Orange sand formation,
which is manifest from the characteristic encrinitic pebbles I picked
up. In many localities the soil is composed of pure sand, which
here has the real orange tint from which the formation derives its
name. This sand is not entirely destitute of lime, for some of the,
fossil pebbles are not perfectly silicified, and still retairl a portion of
their carbonate of lime, which is friable and easily intermixes with the
soil. The subsoil is composed of clay of the deepest ocherous red,
which in some of the railroad cuts make up layers from  ten to
fifteen feet high, and which are so compact, that during the war,
many a soldier cut his name in the clay to perpetuate his memory,




if not in columns of brass or marble, at least in banks of solid and
endurable clay. These pine lands are cultivated to a considerable
extent, and I was assured, that besides producing fair corn crops,
they yield half a bale of cotton to the acre.
Clinton is a town of some size, regularly laid out and well built
up. It has about fifteen hundred inhabitants. It contains a considerable number of neat private residences, besides the courthouse
and the Masonic building, which are edifices of some pretensions.
The people of Clinton have, evidently, much public spirit, and
they promise themselves a great deal, by way of improvement,
whenever the long expected railroad extension from Baton Rouge is
effected.
The flora of East Feliciana presents considerable interest. Many
specimens have been found there, which thus far, have not been
met with in any other part of the State. Here grows the Anise tree,
(Illicium Floridanum,l with its beautiful crimson flowers and evergreen leaves. This small tree would form one of the finest ornamental shrubs in our gardens.  On the Comite river, grows in a
wild state, in the midst of the woods, the Jerusalem cherry, (Solanum pseudo capsicum,) a shrubby plant, much cultivated. It is not
probable that it is indigenous, but must have escaped from the
gardens, which are, however, a considerable distance from  the
locality where it grows wild.
CONCLUSION OF ITINERARY.
After I had completed the botanical survey of East Feliciana, it
being only one week to the commencement of the session, I deemed
it most prudent to return to Baton Rouge, to enable me to take
proper care of the collections I had made, to arrange them, determine and classify them; a labor which requires much time, considerable patience and much research. On comparing the results of
my various excursions, I found that my collections, without exhausting the materials of summer vegetation, were varied, rich and
highly interesting. The sea coast, plants, which could not be obtained at any other locality, are, by themselves, worth all the trouble I
had taken, and the expense I h'ad incurred.




32
ECONOMICAL, ARTISTIC AND MEDICINAL USE OF PLANTS
COLLECTED.
A report which is intended to be disseminated among the people
of the State, should not only be a scientific contribution, pointing
out all the striking points of interest, which relate to the particular
science of which it treats, but it should contain information of
practical value, which might be useful, not only to the farmer and
mechanic, but to every person who does not live exclusively for himself, and endeavors to exert his faculties for the advancement of
civilization, and the promotion of the happiness and well being of
mankind.
I therefore consider it a matter of paramount importance to point
out the practical uses of the plants already collected, and thereby
show by irrefutable facts the practical bearing which botanical investigations have in all the pursuits of life, in the arts, mechanics,
agriculture, medicine, and even the domestic affairs of the household. It also shows that nearly all the accumulated wealth of every
country is derived from the vegetable kingdom, and that it is a subject well worthy of our study, and deserves our serious consideration.
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES.
The Large-flowered Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) is widely
diffused in Louisiana. Its glossy evergreen leaves and its large
odorous flowers render it unequalled as an ornamental tree. The
fine magnolia groves of some plantations present great natural
beauty, and these rural spots should never be desecrated by the axe
of the woodman. Every planter has a sufficient quantity of land
for cultivation without encroaching upon the clumps of magnolias,
which ought to be preserved as pleasure grounds or parks. This
tree grows in cool and shady places, where the soil is covered with
mold, and in pine barren swamps enriched by decayed vegetation.
Its bark was used by the Southern Indian in cases of intermittents.
Its wood, remarkable for its whiteness, is too soft to be employed in
architecture or in cabinet work.
The Tulip tree or the White poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) has
been met with in East Baton Rouge and St. Landry, and other
parishes. It delights in deep loamy fertile soils, in rich bottoms
along the rivers or borders of swamps. Its wood, though light, is




33
sufficiently compact to be used in cabinet work. It may be employed as a substitute for pine and cedar in the construction of the
interior work of houses. When boards made of this tree are perfectly dry, they take paint well, and admit of a brilliant polish, and
on this account it is stained in imitation of mahogany. It is also
useful for bridges, as it unites lightness with strength and durability. The bark of this tree is strongly tonic and antiseptic. The
aromatic principle seems to reside in the resinous part of the substance of the bark, and acts as an internal stimulant. The Indians
employed it in the cure of intermittents. ZBut its highest value is
its beauty in a living state. Its angled and lobed leaves, and its
large tulip-like orange flowers, its spreading and wide branched
proportions, render it one of the finest forest trees that grow on this
continent.
The Golden-fruited Orange tree (Citrus aurantium) grows on the
coast below New Orleans. It is believect to have been originally a
native of the warmer parts of Asia, but has long since been acclimated in the southern part of Louisiana. It is cultivated for profit,
and the orange plantations of the lower coast are the most valuable,cultivated lands in the State. I have no data to estimate the annual
value of the orange crop of Louisiana.  But if the sources of information were known, a compilation of statistics with regard to this
important branch of agriculture in our State would be extremely
interesting.  The wood of the orange tree is hard, compact and
flexible, slightly odoriferous, and susceptible of being polished. It
is used to make dressing cases and other articles of fancy work, and
the straight young shoots are manufactured into walking canes.
The Small Buckeye (Aesculus Pavia) is a low shrub about six or,eight feet high. It is found almost everywhere in Louisiana in fertile soil. In this State the shrub is too small in size, and no particular use is made of the wood. We are told by Elliot, and such is the
popular belief, that the bruised branches and powdered seeds have
the property of stupefying fish. When the water of small ponds is
impregnated with them, the fish rise to the surface almost lifeless and
may readily be taken with the hand. He also tells us that the root
is used as a substitute for soap in washing woolen clothes. Its fine
clusters of red flowers, which appear in early spring, and the graceful arrangement of its symmetric leaves, recommend it as an ornamental shrub of the gardens.
3




34
The Pride of China or China tree (Melia Azoederach) is said to be
a native of Persia, but is now naturalized in our climate. It grows
in great luxuriance, and its dark green and profuse foliage renders it
very valuable as a shade tree. It is, however, objected to by some
persons, on account of its berries which it throws off continually,
from the time they attain maturity to the period it begins to bloom
again in the spring. Its wood is considered strong and durable, and
has been employed in the manufacture of pulleys. The fleshy part
of the berry yields a fixed oil, which has anthelmintic, narcotic and
stimulant properties.  The leaves are universally used in India for
poultices, and both the flowers and seeds are stimulants. The berries have been pronounced as poisonous by Arabian physicians, but
in this country they are eaten by children without injurious effects.
The bark of the root, when geeen, has a bitter nauseous taste, yielding its active principle to boiling water, and may be employed as an
emetic, and is considered an efficient vermifuge. In Persia an ointment is made for the cure of some cutaneous eruptions by mixing
the leaves with lard. The nuts are often bored by monks and strung
into beads. HIence its name "bead tree."  "Pater nostri di San
Domenico."
The Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum Carolinianum) grows from twelve
to fifteen feet high, and is found on the banks of small water courses.
It branches out with a regular bushy head, at some distance from
the ground; and when in bloom is crowned with a cluster of yellowish green flowers. The tree, when young, is armed with powerful
prickles, which are angular and sharp at the point. The bark and
capsule are of a hot and acrid taste, and when taken internally, act
as a powerful stimulant. They are sometimes used to relieve the
toothache, hence its name " toothache tree."  They are also employed
for curing intermittent fevers and rheumatism.  The American
Indians were acquainted with the medicinal properties of this tree.
They extracted from the berries a salivating substance, and used the
decoction of the plant to produce perspiration.
The Three-leaved Ptelea (Ptelea trifolia) is found in most shady
places and on the borders of woods. 1 have met with it in this
State in East Baton Rouge. It is of no particular use, but is worth
cultivating as an ornamental shrub, both on account of its leaves,
which are arranged in whorls of threes; and on account of the beauty
of its fruit, which appears in clusters of greenish yellow fiat winged
seeds.




35
The American Holly (Ilex opaca) is a beautiful evergreen tree,
sometimes growing to the height of from thirty to forty feet. It is
widely diffused all over Louisiana, in shady places and on the edge
of swamps, where the soil is cool and fertile. The wood is compact,
heavy, of a fine texture, and susceptible of brilliant polish. It is
principally used for inlaying mahogany furniture, and it is subjected
to the turning lathe to make of it small druggists' boxes and small
screws. When perfectly seasoned it is extremely bard and inflexible,
on account of which it is well adapted for pullies of ships. The
bark may be employed in making bird lime. Medicinally it is an
emetic. The berries, if taken in sufficient quantities, excite vomiting.
The Yaupon (Ilex Cassine) is generally a low tangled shrub. It
flourishes best in sandy soil. It has small evergreen leaves, clusters
of greenish-white flowers in the spring, and bears red berries, resembling currants, which remain on the tree until new flowers
make their appearance. It grows up, if properly trimmed, to a tree
of small size, which is both elegant and ornamental, on account of
its red fruit, intermixed with its glossy bright green leaves. The
tangled, low and impenetrable thickets it forms in some localities,
suggested the idea to me, that it would make a live hedge far superior to any now  in use. It surpasses the Cherokee rose, which
grows too high and covers too-much ground with its spreading arnd
rooting branches. It, excels the Osage orange, because it branches
from the base of the stem, and its growth being naturally stunted,
it requires but little trimming. Besides, it is far more impenetrable
and produces less shade than the leafy top of the Osage orarge, and
it flourishes in poor soil, of which sand makes the principal ingredient.  If some enterprising planter would make some experiments
with the yaupon as a hedge plant, he might confer a great benefit
upon the planting cmlmmunitiecs of the prairie regions where wood
for fencing purposes is not easily obtained.  Its leaves are used as
a tea, being almost equal, if properly prepared by roasting, to the
Paraguay tea, which is derived from the leaves of a species of the
holly, Ilex Paraguariensis.
The Poison Vine (Rhus radic:ns) rises to a great height by adhering to trees with its strong rooting fibres, which it throws out from
its stem. The leaves are ternate entire, or lobed and toothed. It
has greenish yellow flowers, and bersi a fruit of greenish white




36
berries. The juice, when applied to the skin, frequently produces
inflamation and vesication, and it is the popular belief that a volatile
principle escapes from the plant which produces, in certain persons,
when coming near it, a troublesome erysipeloid affection, particularly of the face. The leaves, among other substances, yield tannic
acid, and a volatile alkaloid, on which, it is pretended, its poisonous
properties depend. The leaves are stimulant and narcotic; they act
as an acrid poison, and produce a stupefying effect upon the nervous system.
The Dwarf Sumac (Rhus copallina) is a low shrub from five to
eight feet high, and grows very abundantly in Louisiana. It bears
greenish flowers, and its fruit appears in clusters of red berries
which are slightly acid to the taste; the leaves contain an abundance
of tannic acid, and they are sometimes collected for tanning purposes.
The Flowering Locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) occupies the first
rank as an ornamental tree, on account of the beauty of its foliage,
and its clusters of white flowers. It is but rarely met with in
Louisiana in a wild state. Its leaves contain much nourishing matter, and have been used as a substitute for clover, as food for cattle;
but it must be cultivated for this purpose. The roots are very sweet
and afford an extract similar to liquorice. The flowers, when medicinally employed, have anti-spasmodic properties, and when distilled furnish an agreeable and refreshing syrup, which, if drank
with water, quenches thirst. The timber of the flowering locust is
esteemed by shipwrights for the upper and lower parts of the frame
of vessels. It is considered as durable as live oak and red cedar,
being lighter than the former, and stronger than the latter. On
account of the hardness of the wood when seasoned, and its luster
when polished, it is extensively employed in cabinet work. We are
told that the American Indians make a declaration of love by presenting a branch of this tree in blossom  to the object of their
attachment.
The Canadian Judas Tree (Cercis Canadensis) is a handsome
shrub or small tree. The flowers, which appear before the leaves,
are of a light purple, and are acid to the taste. The wood is very
hard, elegantly veined, or rather waved, with black, green and
yellow spots. When seasoned it is susceptible of a beautiful polish.
The bark and young branches are used to die wool of a nankin color.




3l
The French Canadians use the flowers in salads and pickles. The
flower buds and pods would undoubtedly be excellent as pickled
preserves.
The native country of the Peach tree (Amygdalis Persica) is not
known. It was introduced into this country by the first European
settlers at the close of the sixteenth century. I have seen peach
trees grow  spontaneously in Louisiana in the midst of the woods,
which had probably sprung up from  stray kernels dropped by some
huntsman.  The peach tree is principally valued for its delicious
fruit, and as Louisiana has a similar climate as that part of Asia,
where it flourishes best, the peach attains its highest perfection in
this State, both for size and flavor. Its wood is compact and of a
roseate hue, and is susceptible of fine polish. It is little used in the
arts. A color may be extracted from it called rose-pink. Its leaves
yield, by distillation, a volatile oil of a yellow  color, containing
hydrocyanic acid. Its bark, blossoms and kernels also contain the
same poisonous principle.
The Common Plum tree (Prunus Communis) was introduced from
Europe at the earliest period of the colonial government. Its fruit
is pleasantly acid to the taste, and is sought Rfter as one of the early
fruits of the season. The wood is hard, close, compact, beautifully
veined, and is susceptible of fine polish. The texture is silky, and
when washed with lime water its glossiness is heightened, which may
be preserved by the application of varnish. It is much in demand
for the manufacture of musical instruments.
The Wild Cherry tree (Prunus Virgintana) -grows here to the size
of a small tree. It is a fine ornamental tree when its spikes of white
flowers are fully expanded. Its wood is of a dull light red tint,
which deepens with age. It is compact, fine grained, and takes a
brilliant polish. When chosen near the ramification of the trunk itrivals mahogany in beauty. It is often employed for making felloes
of wheels. The taste of the bark, especially that of the roots, is
aromatic and bitter. It is a useful tonic, and possesses in some
degree narcotic and antispasmodic properties. Dr. Barton informs
us that the leaves are poisonous to cattle. The fruit is employed to
make a cordial by infusion in brandy, with the addition of sugar.
The Wild Orange tree (Prunus Carolinianes) is a beautiful ornamental tree, and I have only met wi: h it in this State in a cultivated
state, but it grows wild in North Carolina. Its wood is fine grained,




38
-and of a roseate hue, but its scarcity has prevented its employment
in the mechanic arts. 5Michaux tells us that a spirituous liquor may
be obtained from  the bark, and we are informed by Elliot that its
leaves are very poisonous, destroying cattle that feed freely upon
them.
The Pomegranate tree (Punica Granatum) is indigenous in Persia,
Japan, and various parts of Asia, but has long since been naturalized
in Louisiana.  A syrup is inade of its pulp, as well as the dried
flowers, which is used as an astringent.  The rind of the fruit has
been employed as a substitute for galls in the manufacture of black
ink. The natives of India make use of the bark of the root for the
expulsion of the tape-worm, a property well known t, Dioscorides,
The fruit is pleasantly acid and quite agreeable to the taste. Its
flowers are of a bright scarlet and of large size, and render tile tree,
when in bloom, quite ornamental.
Trlhe Flowery Dogwood (Cornns Florida) grows for the most part on
the. borders of swamps, and in rich soil, and is found in abundance
in East Baton Rouge. It is the white four-leaved involucre, which
contains a cluster of greenish blossoms, that constitutes the chief
beauty of the tree when in flower. The wood is hard, cumpact,
heavy and fine grained, is susceptible of brilliant polish, and may be
substituted for numerous purposes to which box-wood is applied. It
is used sometimes by farmers for harrow  teeth and for hames of
horse collars, but being liable to split, it should never be wrought
till it is perfectly seasoned. The cogs of wheels are made of the
young shoots, and the forked branches are converted into yokes,
which are put on the necks of hogs to prevent them from breaking
into inclosed fields. The bark may be substituted for galls in the
manufacture of ink. From  the bark of the more fibrous roots the
Indians obtained a scarlet dye. An infusion of the flowers was used
by them for the cure of intermittents. The bark of the stem, as
well as the root, is employed as a tonic and astringent. It has occasionally been substituted for Peruvian bark in intermittent fevers,
and has frequently been successful.
The Sorrel tree (Oxydendrum Arboreum) grows only to a small size,
where it has been met with in this State. Its numerous spikes of
urnlike white flowers, at the beginning of summer, render it somewhat an object of attraction. The wood is soft, of a pale rose color,
and is unfit for use in the arts and for fuel. The leaves have a




39
pleasant, acid taste, and are frequently made use of by hunters to
allay thirst; and they form in decoction a grateful and  refrigerant
drink in fevers.
The Bignonia like Catalpa (Catalpa Bigonoides) is found growing
wild in the parish of St. Landry and other parishes. It is considered
a fine shade tree, on account of its large leaves, and is planted for
that purpose. Its flower clusters, which appear in the spring, are
large and very showy. Its wood is remarkably light, of a very fine
texture, and takes a brilliant polish. Its color is of a grayish white,
and when properly seasoned is very durable. It is sometimes used
for posts and rural fences, and is employed in cabinet making. If a
portion of the bark of the catalpa be removed in the spring, a
venomous and offensive odor is exhaled. The bark is considered as
possessing tonic and antisepetic properties, and has been used as an
antidote for snakebite. The flower and seed are extolled as being a
sovereign remedy against asthma.
The Sassafras tree (Sassafras 0 fficinale) is indigenous to, and grows
almost everywhere in the United States. The wood of the young
tree is white and tender; but in trees which exceed fifteen to twenty
inches in diameter it is of a reddish cast, and of a more compact
grain. It is, however, of little value as a timber tree, where strength
is the object. But if the wood is stripped of its bark, it resists for a
considerable period the progress of decay, and on this account is
employed for posts and rails of rural fences. It is also sometimes
used for joists and rafters in the construction of houses, and it is
said to be secure from the attacks of insects, an advantage attributed
to its odor. The wood imparts to wool a very durable orange color.
Medicinally, the wood, bark and roots of the sassafras are held in
esteem as a stimulant and sodorific. It is used to improve the flavor
of more efficient medicines, and to render them more cordial to the
stomach. Sassafras pith abounds in mucilaginous matter, which
readily dissolves in water. This mucilage is much employed as a
soothing application in inflammation of the eyes, and forms a useful
and agreeable drink in catarrhal and other diseases. The bark of
the root yields a great quantity of essential oil. An agreeable beverage is formed with the aid of young shoots, and the root bark,
known by the name of "root beer," which forms a salutary and
cooling drink during the summer -months.




40
The Red-fruited Mulberry (Morus Rubra) grows in East Baton
Rouge and many other parts of the State. The perfect wood is fine
grained, compact, though light. It is of a yellowish hue, approaching to lemon color. It possesses strength and solidity, and when
properly seasoned is almost as durable as that of the flowering
locust. It is employed in dockyards, in the construction of both the
upper and lower frames of vessels, for knees and floor timbers. It
is also used for posts and rural fences. The fruit is dark red, and
has an agreeable flavor.  It forms a refreshing and grateful drink,
well adapted to febrile diseases. A syrup is made of their juice
and used as a pleasant addition to gargles in inflammation of the
throat. We are told by Du Pratz, in his history of Louisiana, that
many of the Indian women wore cloaks made of the lint of the:
mulberry tree. They stripped the bark from the young mulberry
shoots which rise from' the roots. After having been dried in the'
sun, they beat it to make all the woody parts fall off, and then gave
to the threads that remained a second beating, after which they
bleached them by exposing them  to the dew. When they were
whitened they spun them to the coarseness of pack thread, and then
wove them by stretching a cord on two stakes, fixed in the ground,
and fastening double threads of bark to this cord to form the warp,
they interwove the filling, and thus made themselves a species of
cloak upon this very primitive loom.
The Black-fruited Mulberry (Morus Nigra) is supposed to be a
native of Persia; but it is naturalized in the United States, as a
valuable shade tree. Its flowers are dicecious, male and female
flowers being on separate trees, very few trees bear any fruit. The
wood is of little use except as fuel. The roots are considered as an
active vermifuge.
The Osage Orange (Maclura Aurantiaca) is indigenous in Arkansas,
Texas and Missouri. It is employed for hedges and live fences.
The wood is of a bright yellow color, and is said to afford a yellow
dye. It is solid, heavy and durable, uncommonly fine grained and
elastic, and on account of this last property, it has been used for
bows by all the tribes of Indians of the regions where it abounds.
lHence its name of "Bow wood." It receives a beautiful polish of
the brilliancy and appearance of satin wood. The bark yields a fine
white fibre, which might be converted into thread and a beautiful
woven tissue.




41
The Commonil Fig tree (Ficus Carica) is indigenous to Western Asia
and the shores of the Mediterranean. In Louisiana the fig tree
grows miost luxuriantly, and produces fruit of the finest quality.
The sapwood is extremely light and tender and of a white color, and
is used for making whetting instruments, from  its facility of receiving and retaining the emery and the oil, that are employed in sharpening smiths' tools. The heartwood, which is yellow, loses a great
deal of its weight in drying, but by that process it acquires so much
strength and elasticity, that the screws of wine presses are made of
it. The charcoal has the valuable property of consuming very
slowly. The leaves and bark abound in a milky acrid juice, which
has been applied to the skin to raise blisters and destroy warts.
Medicinally the fruit is considered nutritive' and demulcent, and
when roasted or boiled, it is sometimes used as a cataplasm applied
to gum-boils. The fig tree is said to have the singular faculty of
rendering raw meat tender, when hung beneath its shade.
The Cork-winged El1m (Ulmus Alata) is frequently met with in East
Baton Rouge and elsewhere in this State. The wood is fine grained,
more compact and heavy than that of the American elm. The heart
wood is of a dull chocolate color, and always bears a great proportion to the sapwood. It is used for the naves of coach wheels, but
it is not particularly appropriated to any other use.
The White Oak (Quercus Alba) attains under favorable circumstances a magnificent size. It is highly valued for its timber; its
wood being extremely tough, durable, and elastic, is extensively employed in ship building.'It is also split into thin strips for making
cotton baskets and the bottoms of chairs. The bark has a rough,
bitterish, astringent taste. Its medicinal properties depend on the
tannin it contains.
The Black Oak (Quercus Tinctoria) is one of the finest trees of the
oak family. Its bark is more bitter than that of any other species
of this class, but it is less frequently used for tanning purposes on
account of the red color it imparts to the leather. It contains a
coloring principle called quercitrine, which is capable of being
extracted by boiling water, and is used to die wool and silk of a
brownish yellow color. Medicinally considered oak bark is astringent and tonic. Its decoction is used as a bath when the stomach is
so much disordered as to refuse to receive medicines. It is also employed as a poultice in gangrene and mortification.




42
The Live Oak (Quercus Virens) is a beautiful tree which grows most
abundantly in the lowlands of the southern and gulf regions of
Louisiana. On account of the dark green color of its evergreen
leaves it is perhaps the finest shade tree the vegetable kingdom can
boast of. This oak freed from the outer wood and thoroughly seasoned will endure an unknown period of time in buildings or mach nes. Its wood, being most elastic and durable, is superior to
every other forest tree, and is particularly sought after by shipbuilders.  Its timber forms a valuable commercial commodity,
equaled only by the teak of India.
The Long-leafed Pine (Pinus Australis) is a lofty and majestic tree
indigenous in this Stata-. It grows in. dry, sandy soils, and is found
in the pine lands in Rapides, Tangipahoa, and other parishes. Its
timber is valuable not only as fuel, but as lumber in domestic architecture and ship-building. It yields an abundance of turpentine,
and the Carolina pine supplies a sufficient quantity of that article,
not only for home consumption, but also for exportati n.
The Cypre s (Taxodium distichulm) is one of the most valuable
timber trees indigenous in the Southern States. It grows in great
abundance everywhere in the swamps of Louisiana. Its beautiful
foliage and its lofty and elegant form would recommend it as one of
the finest ornamental trees if it grew in any other but swampy soil.
Its wood is extremely porous and light, and when properly seasoned
is most durable. On this account it is employed in naval as well as
civil architecture.
The Sweet gum (Liquid amber styraciflua) is very abundant everywhere in the lowlands of Louisiana. When wounded, a balsamic
juice flows from its trunk, which is of the consistence of honey, is of
a yellowish white color, and has a balsarlic odor. It has been erroneously called liquid storax, which it resembles in its properties. It
is sometimes chewed by children, in order to sweeten their breath.
The bark is astringent, and has been employed in the form of a
syrup. The timber is valuable as fuel, and is also used for lumber
where pine and cypress are scarce.
The Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) is met with in Louisiana in rich
soil. Its wood, though neither strong nor compact, is extensively
used in cabinet work, on account of its durability and the high
polish it takes, and its exemption from the attacks of insects. - The
kernel of the fruit furnishes a grateful article of food. The bark is




43
used for dying wool a dark brown color. The decoction of the bark
and leaves has considerable medicinal properties.
The Hickory (Carya glabra) is one of the finest forest trees of the
Southern States, and grows only in rich soil. The wood of the hickory is well known for its compactness, its toughness and durability.
It is much employed for posts, and as heat-producing fuel it can not
be surpassed. The infusion and tincture of the bark have been
use i as astringents, and have been administered in intermittents
with success. Chewing the inner bark has been said to be a sovereign remedy for dyspepsia. The nut furnishes an agreeable article
of food.
The Black Willow (Salix nigra) grows everywhere in the State on
the banks of streams. Its wood, when exposed to constant atmospheric changes, speedily decays, but when thoroughly seasoned and
kept perfectly dry, will last for centuries. It has not been used in
the arts, except for making charcoal.  The young shoots were
employed by the Indians for the manufacture of baskets and other
wickerwork. The root has tonic properties, and is used by country
people for the prevention and cure of intermittents.
The Rose-bay tree (Nerium oleander) with its bunches of rose
flowers is one of the finest ornamental shrubs that grows in the
gardens of Louisiana. The powdered bark is said to be poisonous,
and the peasants of the south of France, where it grows wild, employ it as a poison for rats, and death is said to have occurred from
eating food roasted by the oleander wood. The leaves, boiled in
lard or oil, yield an ointment which is considered efficacious against
insects.
The American Beech (Fagus ferruginea) is a handsome tree, and
grows most abundantly in low wet soil, near the rivers and bayous.
Its nuts afford nutritious mast for hogs, but it has little value as a
timber tree, on account of the hardness and brittleness of the wood.
The Fragrant Olive (Olea fragrans) is cultivated in the gardens on
account of the delicious odor of its yellowish flowers. The odor of
tea leaves, cultivated in China, is improved by mixing with them
the flowers of this tree, which are afterwards separated by sifting
or otherwise.
The Misletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) is a parasitic shrub which:
grows on the oak, the elm, the sweet gum and other trees. The
berries are white and are said to be poisonous. They contain a




44
glutinous sticky material, which surrounds the seed, and which in
Europe is used in the preparation of bird-lime. The plant was considered' sacred by the Druids of Britain. They looked upon the oak
as the residence of the Almighty. The fruit of the misletoe, a
parasite of the oak, was thought to contain divine virtue, and to be
the peculiar gift of heaven. It was sought for on the sixth day of
the moon with the greatest earnestness and anxiety, and when found
it was hailed with rapture and joy. As soon as the discovery was
made, the arch druid, attended by a crowd of people, ascended the
tree, dressed in a white robe, and, with a consecrated knife, cropped
the misletoe from  its fixed support. Having secured the sacred
plant, he descended the tree; bulls were sacrificed, and the deity
was invoked to bless his own gift and render it efficacious in those
diseases in which it should be administered. They esteemed it a
kind of panaca, a universal remedy in all diseases.
The Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris), is a shrub cultivated in the
gardens. Its leaves and fruit have a bitter and acid taste, and have
been used as a tonic and febrifuge. In some parts of France they
are employed by country people in intermittent fevers.
The Canada Elder (Sambucus Canadensis) is a well known shrub'
and grows every where in the United States. The flowers are gently
excitant and sudorific, but are used only in the form of poultices,
fomentation and ointment. The berries have diaphoretic properties,
and have been employed in rheumatic and eruptive affections. The
inner bark is used in dropsical complaints.
The Virginia Creeper (Ampelosis quinquefolia) is a running vine
which attaches itself by its rootlets to trees and walls. In autumn
its leaves turn bright crimson, and they have been used as an alterative tonic and expectorant.  The bark and twigs have been recently
recommended as a remedy in dropsy.
The Arbor Vite (Thuya occidentalis) is a beautiful ornamental
tree, indigenous in North Carolina, and is cultivated in all the
gardens in the United States. The leaves or small twigs have an
agreeable balsamic odor, especially when rubbed, and a strong camphowious bitter taste. They have been used in the form of decoction
in intermittent fever, and also in scurvy and rheumatism. A volatile
oil, obtained by distillation from the leaves, has been successfully
employed as a vermifuge.




45
The Partridge Berry (Mitchella repens) is a small evergreen, trailing shrub, with whitish, fragrant flowers, and a scarlet edible fruit.
The whole plant has medical properties, and is said to be employed
by Indian squaws to facilitate parturition. It is tonic and astringent.
The Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is one of the most
beautiful climbing shrubs of the Southern States. It ascends lofty
trees, and forms leafy bowers, extending from one tree to the other;
and, in its flowering season, in February and March, it perfumes the
atmosphere with its delicious odor. The leaves are perennial, and
the flowers are large, tubular, and of a bright yellow color, and are
said to be poisonous. The root is medicinally used. Its medical
virtue has been accidentally discovered by a Mississippi planter, who,
being affected by a febrile disease, ordered his servant to dig up a
certain kind of root in his garden, and to prepare a tea from it,
The servant dug up, by mistake, the root of the yellow jessamine.
boiled it into a tea, and administered it to the patient, who was soon
afterwards affected with nausea and muscular debility, but these
effects gradually subsided, and with them the fever. Since that time
the root has been employed in intermittent, remittent, typhoid and
yellow fever, in inflammation of the lungs, and other diseases.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
MEDICINAL, ORNAMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL.
The Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa) does not, like the other
species of asclepias, emit a milky juice when wounded. Its root,
which is perennial, is irregularly tuberous, branching, and has an
acrid, nauseous taste. Medicinally it is diaphoretic and expectorant.
It has been administered in pleurisy and pneumonia, and may be
taken in powder, infusion, and decoction.
The Long moss, (Tillandsia usneoides), which is not a moss as its
name imports, but bears a regular, small, greenish flower, and belongs to the order of flower-bearing plants. It has been considered
for ages as useless, giving to the forest where it abounds a funereal
aspect. It has recently become an important article of commerce,
as a substitute for horsehair in the manufacture of matresses. After
the outer covering of the'flexible stem has been rotted off by exposure in the open air, there remains a black hairlike bundle of fibres,




46
which has all the strength and elasticity of horsehair without its
animal odor. It is afterwards hackled like flax, pressed in bales,
and sent to New York, the great emporium of the commercial commodities of this continent. It is exclusively a natural production of
the Southern States, and its growth ought to be fostered and its collection regulated by law. It is an air plant, draws its nourishment
from the atmosphere, and neither exhausts the soil nor injures the
trees to which it attaches itself.
The Indian fig prickly-pear (Opuntia ficus Indica) has been found
on the Teche near Franklin, St. Mary parish, but it grows in great
abundance in the sandy soil north of Lake Pontchartrain. Near
Mandeville and Covington it covers a considerable extent of ground,
and reaches the height of from four to five feet. It bears a large
yellow flower, and produces a pear-shaped reddish fruit, which contains a slightly acid but extremely pleasant juice, having the appearance of red wine, and stains the fingers with its carmine dye. Were
it not for its numerous impalpable stings with which it is armed, and
which render its fruit somewhat forbidden fruit, its scarlet red juice
might probably be converted into a delicious beverage, equal perhaps to some of those artificial wines manufactured in Cincinnati
and elsewhere, and sold in the South as genuine champagne. Nor
is it impossible that its coloring principle might be of some value,
if means can be found by which it can be fixed.
The Worm-seed or Jerusalem oak (Chenopodium anthelminticum),
grows every where in waste places in Louisiana. It has been introduced from tropical America. It has a strong peculiar, offen-ive
and yet somewhat aromatic odor, which it retains when dried. All
parts have medicinal properties, but the fruit is considered the most
efficacious.  It is a favorite vermifuge, and is most conveniently
administered in powder mixed with syrup.
The Golden-flowered Star-grass (Aletris aurea) grows in the pine
barrens. The bitter principle of the root of this'plant is extracted
by alcohol; and having strong tonic properties, it is advantageously
taken as bitters in febrile debility.
The Balsam apple (Momordica balsamina) an herbaceous vine
cultivated in the gardens, is a native of the E-tst Indies. Its' fruit,
which is of graceful form and of a beautiful orange yellow tint, was
formerly highly esteemed as an application to wounds, and is still
in use for that purpose among country people. Infusing the fruit,




47
deprived of its seed, in olive oil, it forms a liniment which is applied to chapped hands, burns, old sores, and the mashed fruit is
emnployed as a poultice.
The fruit of the Pumpkin vine (Cucurbita pepo) is well known to
farmers as excellent food for cattle. Its seed has of late acquired
considerable reputation for the expulsion of the tapeworm, f, r which
it is administered in the form of a paste in the quantity of an ounce
and a half of the seed, mixed with an equal weight of sugar.
The Flowering Spurge (Euphorbia corollata) is very common
in the sandy pine lands of Louisiana. The root alone possesses
some medicinal value. Its active principle is taken up by water and
alcohol, and remains in the extract obtained by the evaporation of
the decoction or tincture. In a full dose it is a certain emetic. In
smaller doses it is diaphoretic and expectorant.
The American Centaury (Sabbatia angularis) grows most abundantly in the pine woods and in sandy soil. Its numerous rose
colored flowers, which expand late in June, render it a beautiful
ornamental plant, and it deserves a place in the gardens.  All
parts of the plant have a strong bitter taste. Alcohol and water
extract its bitterness. It has tonic properties similar to gentian, and
has been popularly employed as a preventive remedy in our autumnal remittent and intermittent fevers.
The Sweet flag or Florentine orris (Iris Florentina) which is cultivated and constitutes quite an ornament in our gardens, is a native
of Italy. The root, which is known in commerce by the name of
orris root, has not only medicinal properties as an emetic, but is
valued on account of its agreeable odor. It is occasionally used to
conceal an offensive breath, and it enters into the composition of
tooth powders.
The Common White Lily (Lilium candiduzn) is a beautiful ornamental garden flower, and is indigenous in Syria and Asia Minor.
The bulb, which consists of imbricated fleshy scales, has a peculiar,
disagreeable, somewhat mucilaginous taste. In a recent state it is
said to have been successfully employed in dropsy. Boiled with
water or milk. it forms a good emollient cataplasm, much used in
popular practice. The flowers impart their odor to oil or lard, andc
an ointment or liniment prepared from them is used as a soothing:
application in external iuflammation.




48
The Wild Onion (Allium Canadense) has been found nowhere else
except in West Baton Rouge. The medicinal effect of the bulb of
the wild onion is stimulant.  It may be used in catarrhal affections
of children, and in nervous and spasmodic coughs, in the form of a
syrup. When bruised and applied to the feet, it is useful in febrile
complaints of children, by quieting restlessness and producing sleep.
The Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis) grows everywhere in
Louisiana, in low marshy lands. Its showy crimson flowers render
it well worthy of cultivation as a garden plant, far more attractive
than some of the worthless exotics that fill the greenhouses. Its
root is supposed to possess anthelmintic properties.
The Sheep Sorrel (Oxalis stricta), with its delicate yellow flowers,
is very widely diffused in the United States.  It has an agreeable,
sour taste, which is due to oxalic acid, combined with potash, which
it contains. It is a refrigerant, and an infusion or whey made by
boiling it in milk, is a pleasant drink in febrile and inflammatory
affections.
The Purselane (Portalacca oleracea) is a succulent plant, with
small yellow flowers, and grows in cultivated grounds. It has an
hetrbaceous, slightly saline taste, and is often used as greens, being
boiled with meat or other vegetables.
The Yellow Dock (Rumex crispa) is a naturalized plant, originally
derived from Europe. Its root is used medicinally. It is astringent,
gently tonic, and is supposed to possess alterative properties, which
render it useful in scorbutic disorders and cutaneous eruptions,
particularly the itch.  The powdered root is recommended as a
tooth powder, especially where the gums are spongy.
The leaves of the Water pepper (Polygonum hydropiperoides)
and of the Smart weed (Polygonum acre) have a sharp and biting
taste, and are used as applications to ulcers, and are applied to the
gums in mercurial salivation.
The Pokeweed (Phytolacca decandra) grows not only in waste
places around fences, and in cultivated ground, but in the depth
of Ihe woods in the marsh lands in St. Mary's parish, where it
reaches the height of from ten to fifteen feet. The young shoots
are often used in early spring, and boiled in the manner of spinage.
The berries contain a succulent pulp, and yield upon pressure a
large quantity of a fine purplish red juice. They have a sweetish,
nauseous, slightly acrid taste. The coloring principle is evanescent,




49
and cannot be applied to useful purposes in dying, from the difficulty of fixing it. The taste of the dried root is slightly sweetish
but is followed by a sense of acrimony. Its medicinal properties
are emetic and somewhat narcotic. In small doses it is an alterative,
and has been recommended in the treatment of chronic rheumatism.
An ointment, prepared by mixing the roots or leaves with lard, has
been used to advantage in some cutaneous diseases.
The Celery Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus) is a naturalized
plant, indigenous in Europe. It is pervaded by a volatile acid principle, which is dissipated by drying or by heat, and may be separated by distillation. The property for which it has attracted the
attention of physicians is that of inflaming and vescicating the
skin. It is a powerful rubefacient, far more efficacious than
mustard.
The Virgin's Bower (Clematis Virginiana), the Leather Flower
(Clematis Viorna), and the Crisp-flowered Clematis (Clematis crispa)
are all ornamental vines, and well deserve a place in our gardens.
The leaves and flowers have medicinal properties. They are useful
as applications in cancerous and other foul ulcers, and in severe
headaches.
The Dewberry (Rubus trivialis) and the high Blackberry (Rubus
villosus) bear both very agreeable acid fruit, and are so abundant
every where in Louisiana, that no one thinks of cultivating them.
Their berries are much used as food, and a jelly made from them
is in great esteem as an article of diet. Their root has tonic properties. Given in decoction, it is acceptable to the stomach, without
being offensive to the taste, -and it may be used advantageously in
all cases where a vegetable astringent is of service, especially in
children's complaints.
The Jersey tea (Ceanothus Americanus) is found every where in
the United States. The root of this plant is astringent, and imparts
a red color to water. The leaves were used during the revolutionary war as a substitute for tea, hence its name. A strong infusion of
the dried seed and leaves is recommended as a local application to
ulcers of the mouth and in sore throat of scarlet fever.
The Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa) is indigenous in Louisiana.
The leaves have a bitter, somewhat acrid taste. They are said to
be anodyne, and are sometimes employed in the form of ointment
4




50
or of fomentation to painful tumors and ulcers and cutaneous
eruptions.
The Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is rather an unsightly plant, and
is somewhat rare in Louisiana. I have only met with it near Ville
Platte, in St. Landry parish, and seems to be introduced. The
leaves and flowers have a narcotic smell, which, in the dried flowers,
becomes agreeable. Their taste is mucilaginous, herbaceous and
bitterish. They are emollient, and are said to possess anodyne
properties, which renders them useful in chronic diseases. They
impart their virtue to water by infusion.
The three-leafed Nightshade (Trillium sessile) is a pretty little
herbaceous plant, and grows in the swamp lands of the Amite river.
The roots are reputed to possess valuable remedial properties. They
are employed by the Indians, and have been used by the country
people. They are astringent and tonic.
The Common Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a well known plant, growing
by the roadside and at the edge of gardens. This species of nettle
produces, upon the slightest touch, a burning pain in the fingers,
which continues for some time. Its irritant effect is said to be owing
o the presence of free formic acid in the sharp and tubular hairs.
The young shoots are boiled and eaten by some people as a remedy
in scurvey, and the fresh plant is sometimes used to excite external
vesication in cases of torpid and local palsey.
The Vervain (Verbena officinalis) grows most abundantly in every
part of the State, near towns and cultivated fields. It has long
spikes of small blue flowers, and blossoms from the beginning of
summer till late in autumn. It was highly esteemed by the ancients
both as a medicine and as a sacred plant employed in certain religious
rites. In modern times superstitious notions in relation to its virtues
are still entertained, and the suspension of the root around the neck
by means of a white ribbon has been gravely recommended for the
cure of scrofula.  The leaves when bruised and made into a
cataplasm, are used by country people as a remedy in severe headache and other local pains. Its real medicinal virtues are somewhat
doubtful.
The Water Cress (Nasturtium  officinale) has a fleshy stem, and
grows in springs, rivulets and ponds. When fresh it has a quick,
penetrating odor, especially when rubbed, and a bitterish, pungent
taste. It is used in spring as a salad, and employed sometimes in
scurvey.




The wild Pepper-Grass (Lepidium Virginicum) is a little plant
which is widely diffused) all over the United States. Its leaves, when
chewed, have a pungent taste, and are much used by poor people as
a salad in spring when other vegetables are scarce.
The Shepherd's Purse (Capsellia bursa-pastoris) is a species of
the mustard family, and grows everywhere in this country. It yields
a volatile oil, which may be obtained by distillation. The plant is
bitter and pungent, and is supposed to possess astringent properties,
and on this account it is employed in hemorrhages. The fresh herb
when bruised is used as a topical remedy in rheumatism.
The Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) grows along fences
and walls. It has an herbaceous and acid taste, which is strongest
in the tops of the flower-spikes and resembles that of mustard, but
is much weaker. The seeds have considerable pungency. The herb
has been recommended in chronic coughs and hoarseness, and ulceration of the mouth and throat.
The American Senna (Cassia Marylandica) is common in all parts
of the United States. The leaves alone have medicinal properties,
They have a feeble odor and a nauseous taste, analogous to that of
senna. American senna is an efficient medicine, closely resembling
the imported senna in its action, and capable of being substituted
for it in all cases in which the latter is employed.
The Pepper mint (Mentha piperita) is a native of Great Britain,
from whence it has been introduced into this country. It grows
wild near Clinton, in East Feliciana. It has a pecu4ar, penetrating,
grateful odor. The taste is aromatic, warm, pungent, glowing, camphorous, bitterish, and is attended with a sensation of coolness when
the air is admitted into the mouth. These properties depend on the
volatile oil which abounds in the herb, and may be separated by
distillation with water. It is a grateful aromatic stimulant. It is
used to allay nausea and relieve spasmodic pains.
The Horse mint (Monarda punctata) grows in light sandy soil all
over Louisiana. The whole herb has medicinal properties; it has
an aromatic odor and a very pungent, bitterish taste, and abounds
in volatile oil, which may be separated by distillation. Its medical:
properties are stimulant.
The Common Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is an herbaceous,
mean looking plant, very widely diffused. The leaves alone are
employed as a medicine. They have been used in cancerous, scrofu



52
lous and scorbutic diseases, being given internally, and applied at
the same time to the parts affected in the form of poultice, ointment
and decoction. Neither the berries nor the leaves are believed to be
poisonous.
The Jerusalem Cherry (Solanum pseudo-capsicum) is a shrubby
plant, bearing a red cherry-like fruit. I found it growing wild in
East Feliciana. It is an ornamental plant, and is cultivated in the
gardens on account of its bright green leaves and its red berries,
which are said to be poisonous.
The Plantain (Plantago major) grows in fields, roadsides and
grass plots. The leaves are saline, bitterish and austere to the taste.
The root is saline and sweetish. The plant has been considered
refrigerant and astringent. The ancients esteemed it highly, and
used it in diseases where astringents are properly employed. The
root is said to have been useful in intermittents. Among country
people it is used as a dressing for blisters and sores.
The Thorn Apple (Datura stramonium) is supposed not to be
indigenous in this country, but to have originated in South America
or Asia. All over the United States the plant is generally known by
the name of Janestown Weed, a name derived, probably, from its
having been first observed in the neighborhood of that old settlement in Viriginia; and it is even a traditional story that the followers
of John Smith had actually cooked it as greens, and had experienced
its poisonous properties by eating of it. The leaves, as well as the
seed, are considered medicinal  It produces powerful narcotic
properties. It has been administered with good effect in mania and
epilepsy. It has also been found beneficial in neuralgia and rheumatic affections.  It has acquired well deserved reputation in
asthma. Smoking the leaves or seed during the paroxysm greatly
alieviates, and often subverts it.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), which, on account of its smell, its,clusters of yellow flowers, is somewhat an ornamental plant in the
gardens, has an aromatic odor and taste, dependent on a volalile oil
by which it is pervaded, and which may be separated by distillation.
Fennel seed was used by the ancients. It is one of the most
grateful aromatics, and is employed to disguise the taste of other
less pleasant medicines.
The Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) grows in wet grass lands




and on borders of streams, to the height of from four to five feet
Its roots are very poisonous, and it has been recommended as a,
specific in nervous and sick headaches.
Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) is a plant which is easily recognized by its small bushy white flowers, and by the long narrow
leaves, which may be considered as being perforated by the stem..
It abounds in moist and wet places. It flowers from the middle of
August to the last of October. All parts of it have active properties. It is a tonic and diaphoretic. In large doses it is emetic..
It is said to have been employed by the Indians in intermittent,
fevers, but its efficacy in that disease is doubtful.
The Yarrow (Achillea millefolia) is a perennial herb common to'
the old and the new continent. Both flowers and leaves have an
agreeable though feeble aromatic odor, and a bitter, astringent and
pungent taste. The aromatic property is strongest in the flowers,
and the bitter principle in the leaf. It owes its virtues to a volatile
oil, which may be obtained by distillation.  Its medical properties
are tonic, aromatic and astringent.
The May weed (Maruta cotula) grows abundantly in and around
the town of Baton Rouge. It is undoubtedly introduced. Its flowers
consist of a golden yellow disk and white radial florets. It is frequent y called wild chamomnile. The whole plant has a strong disagreeable smell and a warm  bitter taste, and imparts, its active
principle to water. It- may be substituted for chamomile, for its
medical properties are the same. It has been given in nervous diseases, especially hysteria.
Canada Fleabane (Erigeron Canadensis) is a common weed which
grows from  two to six feet high. The leaves and flowers are said
to possess peculiar virtue.  It has an agreeable odor, and a bitterish
acrid somewhat astringent taste. Both alcohol and water extract its
virtues. It appears to be tonic and astringent, and has proved
useful in dropsical and other complaints.
The Sweet scented Golden rod (Solidago odora) grows in the
woods and fields in Louisiana. The leaves have a fragrant odor,
and a warm, aromatic, agreeable taste. It is aromatic, and moderately stimulant and diaphorelic when given in warm infusion.
The Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is considered, on account of
the large size. of its flowers, as an ornamental plant of the gardens.




54
It is a native of South America. The pith contains nitre, and is
employed as a moxa in the cauterization of the skin by fire.
The Burdock (Lappa major) grows most luxuriantly in and around
Baton Rouge, and a stranger might think it is cultivated on account
of its medical properties.  But its actual virtues are too insignificant
to deserve much attention. The root has a weak mucilaginous and
sweetish taste, and a slight degree of bitterness and astringency.
It has been recommended in scorbutic, scrofula and rheumatic
affections.
The Pinkroot (Spigelia Marylandica) is found in rich soil and on
the borders of woods. The root, which is medicinally employed,
consists of slender branching fibres, attached to a knotty head. it
has a faint, peculiar smell, and a sweetish, slightly bitter, not very
disagreeable taste. Its virtues are extracted by boiling'water. It is
considered as one of the most powerful anthelmintics.  The Cherokee
Indians were well acquainted with the vermifuge property of Spigelia, and the use of it, for that purpose, has been adopted from them.
HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL PLANTS.
The native country of the Garden Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is unknown. It has been cultivated from time immemorial. It is used
as a salad, and when properly dressed, forms one of the most pleasant condiments.  It abounds in a milky juice, which, during the
flowering season, escapes readily by incision in the stem, and yields
the lactucariun of commerce.  It was well known to the ancients
that lettuce possessed soporific properties.  A tincture of lactucariun
produces the anodyne effects of opium, without being followed by
the same injurious effects. It is especially employed to allay cough
and quiet nervous irritation.
The Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is a well dnown vegetable served up at our table. It grows most luxuriantly in the gardens
of this State, and bears fruit until the frost kills the vine. It is of
a bright red color, and on this account has been called the love
apple.  The fruit has a peculiar acid taste, and is highly nutritive.
It is said to possess anti-bilious properties.
Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a native of the East Indies
and tropical America, and is extensively produced in this country,
both for culinary and medicinal purposes. It is a powerful stimu



55
lant, producing, when swallowed, a sense of heat in the stomach
and a general glow over the body without narcotic effects. It is
much employed as a condiment, and proves useful in aiding digestion. In India it has been used from time immemorial, and from a
passage in Pliny it appears that it has been known to the Romans.
As a medicine, it is useful in cases of enfeebled and languid stomach,
and is occasionally prescribed in dyspepsia. Applied externally, it
is an excellent rubefacient in local rheumatism. It acts speedily
without producing vesication.
The Ground Nut (Arachis hypogcea) is indigenous in Africa and
South America. It is cultivated on a large scale near Wilmington,
North Carolina. A remarkable property of the peanut is that its
pods penetrate the soil in the progress of their growth, and that the
fruit ripens under the surface of the ground. The seeds constitute
the well known ground nuts in our markets. These when roasted
form an agreeable article of food. A fixed oil is expressed from
them which is used for lubricating purposes, and which renders it a
valuable article of commerce.
The Bean (Phaseolus lunatus and P. nanus) is cultivated in the
garden as well as in the field for the use of its large nutritious seed.
The bean is mentioned in all the ancient classical works in which
reference to agriculture is made. It was esteemed more than any
other kind of leguminous vegetable, both by the ancient Greeks and
early Romans. The Athenians used sodden beans in their religious
festivals in honor of Apollo, and the Romans presented beans as a
sacrificial offering in honor of Carna the wife of Janus. In Egypt
it appears to have been regarded as typical of some of the mysteries
which the priests endeavored to conceal from the knowledge of the
uninitiated, and it was therefore shunned by them as too sacred for
ordinary observation. Pythagoras, who studied philosophy on the
banks of the Nile, and lived exclusively on vegetable food, forbade
the use of the bean. Beans were employed by the Romans in taking
the vote of the people and they used them in the election of magistrates. The meal or flour made of them was thought to possess the
property of removing wrinkles and giving a fair complexion to the
skin.
The bean is indigenous in Egypt, Barbary and Morocco. The
lima bean and the string bean are the principal varieties cultivated.
A rich, strong loam is best for their successful cultivation, and if




56
properly prepared, will produce a crop of fifty or even a hundred per
cent. The penetrating, ramifying, fibrous root of this vegetable
cleaves and subdivides the stiff soil, so as to draw down a free circulation of the air, and to dry, pulverize and mellow the loamy earth.
Its large leaves absorb a great quantity of nourishment, in the form
of atmospheric gases, and by their fall communicate the elements
collected to the soil. A crop of beans is the most proper means for
improving wet and heavy land; while eliminating nearly as much
nutritious matter for the use of animals as a crop of wheat, it produces a far less exhausting effect upon the soil, and upon heavy land
it excels every other crop in making a remunerating return for
manure. They are better suited for feeding horses and are more
nutritious than oats. When thus used, they ought to be split or
bruised in a mill and given in a mixture with cut hay or straw.
They are also much employed in Ellgland for the fattening of hogs,
but they have a tendency to render pork firm, and not sufficiently
delicate, and at the last stage of fattening they are superseded by
barley meal. Bean meal is well adapted to fatten oxen; and mixed
with the drink of cows it very materially increases the yield of milk.
Wheat flour is often adulterated by bean meal.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) has been generally and very early
cultivated by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Greeks held it
in great esteem, and are said to have expatriated their physicians;
and simply by the use of cabbage have preserved their health for
six hundred years. Both Greek and Romans ate the raw leaf as a
preventive of intoxication, and as alleviating its effects. Pliny,
speaking of the spring shoots, says: "I dwell long on this vegetable, because it is in so great repute in the kitchen and among
our riotous gluttons."
The most suitable soil for cabbage is a sound mellow loam, of the
peculiar quality and texture designated as fat or unctuous, containing sand in very large proportion in minute division, combined with
a considerable quantity of aluminous earth. When cabbage is fed
to milch cows, all the unsound leaves should be carefully stripped
off. This vegetable more than any other plant contains nitrogenous materials, suitable for the nourishment of man, and is on
this account a good substitute for meat.
The Turnip (Brassica rapa) is a biennial and has two seasons of
growth, one in which it develops its leaves directly from the root




57
crown, and another in which it sends up a long flower stem with
leaves entirely different from those of the first season, and then
goes through the process of flowering and seeding. The turnip has
been introduced from Europe by the early settlers.
The Sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) is indigenous in Europe,
and has been introduced into this country. The flower has a peculiar sweet odor, which by drying beccmes stronger and more agreeab'e. Its taste is slightly bitterish.  It is tender and succulent
when young, but becomes hard and woody in the stem, and is then
only fit to be eaten in the tops and leaves, when in full flower. It
is greedily eaten in its young and tender state by all kinds of live
stock, and when dried into hay has a fragrant odor. On account of
its flavor it is used in making the famous Gruyere cheese. In medicine it is employed in the form  of cataplasm  applied to slight
inflamn ation.
The Red clover (Trifolium pratense), besides the excellent grazing
it affords to cattle and horses, covers the ground with its broad
foliage so as to smother useless annual weeds. It enriches the soil
by the fixation of gases, and by the profuse ramifications of its
scoots it acts with the power of a fallow, and makes both a meehanical and chemical preparation for a beautiful and luxuriant cereal
crop. It flourishes best in limestone soil. There are biennial and
perennial varieties.
The White Clover (Trifolium repens) is an indigenous perennial.
It grows wild, and possesses such extraordinary vitality as to spring
up spontaneously in great profusion in places where it could not"
have previously vegetated for centuries. Its roots are fibrous, its
stems are stoloniferous and creep along the ground, striking root as
soon as they touch it.
The Procumbent Hop (Trifolium procumbens) has yellow flowers,
and grows wild in East Baton Rouge. It is probably introduced.
It is but little relished by any kind of live stock, and is exceedingly
liable to mildew.
Timoty (Phleum prateuse) has been introduced into this country
from Europe, where it is indigenous. It thrives best in moist soils
and rich alluvial clay land. It affords twice as much nourishment
when its seeds are ripe, which takes place in August, as when it is
cut while in flower. It is valuable as a permanent grass and for




58
making hay, as well as for alternate husbandry, to be plowed under
to prepare the ground for another crop.
Common Oats (Avena sativa) have been cultivated in Europe from
time immemorial. The oat grows but moderately in the colder parts
of the world, and flourishes best in the middle regions of the temperate zone. It becomes sickly and unproductive on approaching
the tropics. Oats are easily raised on almost any kind of soil, from
the heaviest loam to the lightest sand.
Indian Corn (Zea Mays) is indigenous in the West India Islands,
where it reaches the height of from twelve to fourteen feet, and completes its course of vegetation in forty days. It flourishes between
the fortieth degree of south latitude and the forty-fifth degree of
north latitude. It is extensively produced in some parts of Asia and
Africa. It is the common bread corn of the Levant, and of a large
part of Spain, Italy and southern France.
It has made its way even to many parts of Germany, Belgium,
and the southern and central parts of England. Its widest range
of production extends over the whole of the Middle, Western and
Southern States, as well as Mexico, where it constitutes one of the
principal cereals for making bread, and the chief material for feeding cattle and horses.
Sugar cane (Saccharinum officinarum), or the material derived
from it, is one of the principal staple products of Louisiana plantations. It is mostly cultivated in the coast and gulf parishes. It is
a perennial plant belonging to the family of grasses. It varies in
height from six to fifteen feet. The stalk is knotty, with a leaf and
inner point at each knot. It is propagated by slips or pieces of
stem with buds on them. There are three kinds of cane which are
cultivated for the production of sugar. The old creole cane, which
has dark green leaves, a slender stem, and is close jointed. It came
originally from India, and was introduced in the West India Islands.
The cane from Otaheite is the most valuable. It has light green
leaves with a thick stem, grows to a considerable height, is very
juicy, and presents a luxuriant appearance. The cane from Batavia
is indigenous in Java. Its purplish leaves are very long and broad,
and the juice which it produces is preferred for the manufacture of
rum. The sugar cane has been introduced into Louisianavfrom the
French Wrest India Islands.




59
Sugar was known to the ancients. Dioscorides refers to the canes
of India and Arabia Felix as producing honey; and Pliny speaks of
the saccharum of Dioscorides as being used in medicine.
Sugar lands, unless naturally rich, require an abundance of
manure; but saline matter should be avoided, since common salt
(chloride of sodium) and muriate of ammonia form non-crystalizable compounds with sugar. Within the crisp rind of the cane is
a whitish, porous pith, saturated with saccharine matter. The juice
is expressed by passing the cane through revolving cylinders. From
the mill it runs into large boilers, in which it is heated for purification. Lime is used in sugar boiling for the purpose of neutralizing
the free acetic acid which exists ready formed in the woody parts of
the cane, and to clear it from various foreign materials mingled with
it. By application of gradual heat, the impurities which sugar contains form a cake with the lime at the surface of the saccharine
liquid, which is drawn off and conveyed to the boilers. After having
passed through several boilers, it becomes a dark thick syrup, when
it is put into flat coolers to crystalize.
The crushed cane, known as begasse, is used as fuel in evaporating the juice, but it would be far more preferable to return it to the
land as manure.
Cane juice is a solution of sugar in water, with traces of albumen,
gum, and a peculiar substance resembling gluten, or vegetable gelatine; also a minute proportion of cerasin and of a green vegetable
wax. It has usually a yellowish color, but is sometimes colorless.
It has an agreeable, but rather insipid taste, and a peculiar balsamic
odor. It contains from seventeen to twenty per cent. of cane sugar,
but the planter only obtains from seven to ten per cent. There is a
loss of sugar in the mode of pressing the juice from the cane, and a
loss from chemical change due to the exposure. to the air, by which
the crystallizable sugar becomes degraded into non-crystallizable
mucilaginous sugar, called molasses.
Raw sugar is refined by mixing with it a small portion of lime
water, bullock's blood, and a quantity of animal charcoal.
Louisiana produced, in 1860, about five hundred millions of
pounds of sugar, at the value of twenty-five millions of dollars; and
thirty-five millions of gallons of molasses, at the approximate value
of seven millions of dollars. It has been estimated that before the
war Louisiana produced an average crop of four hundred and forty



60
nine thousand hogsheads, or two hundred and twenty-five tons of
sugar, which supplied forty per cent. of all the sugar consumed in
the United States, amounting, in 1865, to four hundred and three
thousand one hundred and nine tons. It is believed by men conversant with the subject that during this crop season there w ll be
one thousand one hundred and seventeen sugar houses in operation,
against one thousand two hundred and ninety one at the commencement of the war, and eight hundred and seventeen in 1869.
Good sugar lands will produce from a thousand to fifteen hundred
pounds of sugar and seventy gallons of molasses to the acre. Under
the present system of labor, one hand can cultivate, besides the other
crop, ten acres of cane, which, at ten cents for sugar and sixty
cents for molasses, produces the handsome sum of one thousand
three hundred and thirty-six dollars  Sugar growing is, therefore,
one of the most profitable agriculturat operations, and is alone sufficient to make Louisiana one of the richest States of the Union,
provided the money were not, -in great part, cerried away by
Northern merchants and speculators, who make fortunes by Southern commerce, and build palaces in New York, where they and their
families live in magnificence and splendor.
Cotton (Gossypitm herbaceum) is one of the principal agricultural
products of Louisiana, second in importance only to sugar. It is an
article of commerce of such great value that it places New Orleans
in the first rank of the exporting cities of the world. Herbaceous
cotton is chiefly cultivated in the Southern States and the East.
Indies. It grows from two to eight feet in height, is rich in foliage,
and its fibrous seeds are preceded by flowers of pale yellow and
crimson color, like that of the hibiscus, for it belongs to the mallow
family. As the flowers fall, a capsule is found containing the fibres
of cotton which constitute the covering that envelop the seeds.
Cotton was cultivated in the East Indies five centuries before tho
Christian era. The clothing of the Hindoos consisted chiefly of
garments made of this vegetable product. But the India cotton is
of shorter staple, and consequently much inferior to that of the
Southern States. In Borneo and many of the tropical regions, the
plant on which the cotton grows is flourishing in a wild state. In
the West Indies, in Brazil and in Egypt it is produced from a shrub.
There is also a variety of herbaceous cotton called Sea Is and cotton, which grows nowhere else except in Florida and the islands on




61
the Georgia and South Carolina coast. It is very valuable on account of its long fibre, and is only employed in the manufacture of
lace and other costly articles of luxury.
Cotton fibre, when examined by the microscope, is found to be
somewhat flat, and bluntly triangular. Its direction is not straight,
but contorted so that the locks can be extended and drawn out without doing violence to the fibres. The threads are finely toothed,
which is the reason for their adhering together.
The New Orleans and Mobile cotton is most valued in the
European markets. Befo)re the war four millions of bales, at four
hundred pounds a bale, were produced, the value of which was estimated at one hundred and fifty millions of dollars. Louisiana produced before the war five hundred and fifty thousand bales of cotton,
whose value was no less than twenty-two millions of dollars.
Cotton seed contains a fixedl oil which is expressed and sold for
lubricating purposes. It is valuable as food for cattle, and as manure for exhausted cotton lands.
Rice (Oryza sativa) was cultivated in the East from time iminemorial. It is the most wide spread of all the cereal grasses. In
Southern Asia it is almost the only food of the lower classes. The
Japanese and Chinese, and the people of the East Indies, of Madagascar, Persia and North Africa would be exposed to great suffering
without a sufficient supply of rice. It flourishes in the countries
north of the Mediterranean —Turkey, Greece, Italy and Spain. It
has been found in a wild state in the interior of South America. It
forms the principal staple product of the coast plantations of Georgia and the Carolinas, and it is cultivated to a limited extent on
some of the coast plantations below New Orleans. It is an annual
grass growing up with a stalk similar to that of wheat, having the
joints, however, much closer, and much more numerous. The grains
are enveloped in rough yellow husks, provided with an awn. The
seeds divested of the husks constitute the rice of commerce.
There are several varieties. The common rice grows only in
marshy soil, and requires irrigation at certain stages of its growth.
The mountain rice (Oryza mutica) is cultivated in Cochin China and
Java, and flourishes best on the slopes of hills.
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) is probably a native of tropical
America. It is now cultivated in most parts of the world, of which
the Cuba and the Virginia tobacco are the most celebrated. To



62
bacco acquires a strong penetrating odor after it has undergone the
necessary manipulation to prepare it for market. The fresh leaf is
without odor. It has a bitter, nauseous and acrid taste. These
properties are imparted to water and alcohol. Its active principle
which has been separated has received the name of nicotia. In its
action on the animal system it is the most virulent poison known.
A drop of it in the state of concentrated solution is sufficient to
destroy a dog; and small birds perish at the approach of a tube
containing it. In man, it is said to destroy life in poisonous doses in
from two to five minutes. Tannin might be employed as a counterpoison.
Tobacco unites the powers of a sedative and narcotic to that of
an emetic. It produces this effect to a greater or less degree to
whatever surface it may be applied. When chewed it irritates the
mucous membrane of the mouth and increases the flow of saliva.
Moderately used, it quiets restlessness, calms mental and corporeal
inquietude.
The use of tobacco was adopted by the Spaniards from  the
American Indians, some tribes considering smoking a religious
ceremony. Nuttall tells us that an Indian chief informed him that
the Osages smoked to the Great Spirit or to the sun, and accompanied it by the following apostrophe: "Great Spirit deign to
smoke with me as a friend; fire and earth smoke with me and assist
me to destroy my enemies; my dogs and horses smoke also with me."
Tobacco was introduced into France by the French ambassador
at the court of Portugal, whose name, which was Nicot, has been
immortalized ink the generic name of the plant. Sir Walter Raleigh
is said to have introduced the practice of smoking into England.
Smoking, when indulged in to excess, enfeebles digestion, produces emaciation and general debility, and lays the foundation of
serious nervous disorders. Four cases of insanity have been reported to have occurred in the Pennsylvania hospital of the insane,
the cause of which had been ascribed to the abuse of tobacco. Its
violent action as a remedial agent prevents its frequent employment
in medical practice, and it is chiefly used as a narcotic to produce
relaxation in spasmodic affections.
The spectroscope analysis has shown that tobacco ash contains
the rare mineral called lithia, which imparts such a beautiful red
color to the flame.




63
Tobacco is not much cultivated in Louisiana for general consumption. The perique is, perhaps, the only kind which has acquired
considerable celebrity, for its strength and the purity of its materials,
and is preferred by inveterate smokers to every other kind of the
manufactured article.  It is principally cultivated in St. James
parish, and perhaps, also, in Natchitoches.
MICROSCOPICAL BOTANY.
This new branch of botanical science, brought to light by Professor Ehrenberg, of Berlin, who was the first to dicover fossil
silicious shells, and extending his investigations, he found many
living types exactly identical with  those in  a fossil state. As
these little organisms move freely in water, it was at first supposed
that they belong to the animal kingdom; but it is now established
beyond all controversy that the desmidiae and diatomaceae are
unicellular plants belonging to the class of fresh water and marine
algae. Since that time an extensive microscopic flora has been discovered, and a great number of specimens have been described,
existing in every part of the world.
The diatomaceous algae present the most beautiful forms, the
most exquisite carvings, and the most brilliant coloring.  This
branch of botany possesses as much fascination, and excites an
interest as intense as that felt by the astronomical observer, who
watches with close attention, with the aid of his instrument, the
course of the stars and the revolutions of the planets, plunging into the
world of the infinite and the unknown; thus unveiling the secrets of
nature, and extending his ravished vision beyond the ken of ordinary
mortals.
The student of microscopic botany transfers himself into a new
world; not to that which is infinitely great in space; not to that
which, though of immense magnitude, can not be seen by unaided
vision, on account of the vast distance which intervenes between it
and the eye of the observer; but to that world which is near and
within reach of human sight, but is nevertheless invisible to the
human eye, on account of its almost inconceivable diminutiveness.
The most minute diatom, which in size measures only one-thousandth
part of an inch, is as much the work of the Creator as those immense
masses of worlds, in comparison to which our earth is a mere speck




64
in the immensity of space. Its general outline and beautiful symmetry of form, as well as its mode of life and manner of propagation, is as wonderful as the most astounding astronomical phenomena. It is a new world, which, so to say, has been called into
existence during this nineteeth century, the age of great discoveries,
a world diversified by hundred different forms, peopled by hundred
different, living, moving, self-producing organisms, existing in a
single drop of water. I cannot resist the temptation of adding here
the beautiful motto of Greville's Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, in the
original Latin, as it would loose much of its beauty by translating
it: " Cui bono haec omnia?  Ut cognoscamus sapiietium  Creatoris,
quae in minimis non minus educat quam in magnis plantis."
Prompted by the desire of studying this branch of science,
which ought to be cultivated in every school of a high grade,
I undertook, with the University microscope at my disposal, the
most attractive study the scientific explorer can be engaged in-the
examination of the Microscopic Algm of Louisiana. Unfortunately
the magnifying power of the various object glasses of our microscope is not exactly known. It may however be safely assumed that
its highest power ranges from between 200-250 diameters. I have
been enabled by means of this instrument to determine from eighty
to ninety species of Desmidime and Diatomacim, most of thetm with
complete certainty; a few only approximately, taking Pritchard's
Infusoria as my guide, and consulting R'abenhorst's "Flora Europoea
Algarum."
Most of the specimens, of which a list is annexed, have been
microscopically viewed while in a living state, and have been carefully studied after preparing and mounting them in Canada balsam.
They are thus permanently fixed, and their place on the slide, which
is precisely indicated by means of that admirable and simple little
contrivance, called Maltwood's Finder, is registered in a book kept
for that purpose, so that the specimens can be examined at pleasure
at any future time. I intended to accompany this report with the
figures of all the microscopic plants determined, but the appliances
required to accomplish the object have not yet been received, and
consequently that part of my report will not have as much interest,
as far as men of science are concerned, as it would otherwise possess, if it had been possible to give the illustrations.




65
As there is no microscopist in the United States, who, as far as I
know, has taken the place of the late Professor Bailey, of the West
Point Military Academy, it would be well that the Louisiana State
University should adopt this branch of natural science as a specialty,
and thus contribute by scientific research to the diffusion of scientific knowledge, in which the scientific world takes considerable
interest. It must -not be understood, however, that I have the least
pretension of being able to fill the place left vacant by Professor
Bailey. I can only promise, that I shall use my humble abilities to
the utmost, in order to give a more extensive range to microscopic
investigations as regards the AlgTe of Louisiana and the Southern
States.
But to accomplish this object successfully and give authority to
my determinations it would be necessary to supply all the means
which the modern improvements of the microscope afford. It is
some months, since you have ordered Ehrenberg's Infusoria anid
Ralf's British,,Desmidiae to be purchased for the use of the University, but they have not yet been received, and consequently, I could
not avail myself of the information these works would have furnished
me to render my report on microscopic plants more complete. It
would also be of great advantage, and in some cases it would be
indispensably necessary, to possess prepared slides, containing specimens of all the diatomacema thus far found in the United States, for
comparison, so as to determine new species with certainty. Additional object glasses ranging from three hundred to a thousand
diameters would also be~ necessary, for some of the markings of the
diatomacem are so delicate that they can only be seen with object
glasses of very high powers, and the determination frequently
depends on these markings.
A great number of these microscopic plants, many of which are
probably new species, are still undetermined, not only for the reasons
alreadv stated, but, also, because I have not been able to correspond
with scientific men in this country who are familiar with this subject,
and I must, therefore, defer to a more propitious time to furnish the
full catalogue of the specimens found and preserved for future
examination.
THE FLORA OF LOUISIANA.
In undertaking the botanical survey of the State and collecting
every species of plant that grows in Louisiana, my object has been
5




66
to make the collection valuable, not only for the purpose of obtaining a succinct view of the inexhaustless resources of wealth derived
from  the vegetable kingdom, scattered  over the State, but to
offer to the young student of botany a scientific collection of authentic specimens, which he may consult whenever any difficulty may
present itself in the determinination of plants, he may meet with in
his botanical excursions.
When the list of plants, constituting the Flora of Louisiana, shall
be completed, it will afford considerable interest to the scientific
botanist, not only because it includes some few new species, but
more especially, because it furnishes him with new data to determine the range and geograpical distribution of plants. This is a subject which has not yet received, on account of the insufficiency of
information, the attention its importance seems to merit.
To determine and classify nearly a thousand specimens of flowerbearing plants, of mosses, lichens, ferns, algae and fungi, is a task
of considerable magnitude. A botanist who wishes to study the
stages of growth and development, as well as the specific characteristics of the numerous individual plants embraced in the various
branches of botanical science, needs not only the assistance of an
extensive library, consisting of books written in different modern
languages, as well as Latin, but he must, in addition, have access to
collections of authentic specimens, placed at his disposal for consultation and comparison. With all these advantages he would nevertheless encounter many difficulties, and meet with anomalies which
he would be unable to explain, without adviring with scientific men
of long experience and established reputation. Although additional
books on botany have been supplied since my last report was written, yet want of time, and the insufficiency of standard works on
the cryptogamous plants of the Southern States, have compelled me
in many instances to apply to the scientific botanists of the United
States to lend me the aid of their experience in the determination of
many of the grasses and sedges, and a great number of the nonflower bearing plants. I have corresponded with scientific men in
various parts of the country, and have everywhere received the most
cordial recognition. I consider it, therefore, a pleasing duty to
acknowledge the kind assistance received from Dr. John Torrey,
L. L. D., of the city of New York, one of the most eminent botanists of this continent, in the determination of many of the grasses




and sedges. I am under great obligations to C. F. Austin, Esq., of
Closter, New Jersey, a bryologist of great experience, for his invaluable services in the determination of the mosses and lichens. I also
return my best thanks to Rev. M. A. Curtis, D. D., of Hillsborough,
North Carolina, one of the ablest mycologists in this country, who
has kindly determined for me many of the fungi thus far collected.
I am indebted to the Smithsonian Institution, through the agency
of Prof. Joseph Henry, L. I4. D., its able Secretary, for the determination of a portion of the shells collected at Grand Isle and elsewhere, of which a list is annexed.
The books consulted in the determination of plants, and with
reference to their medicinal and economical use, are: Gray's Manual
of Botany of the Northern United States, Dr. Chapman's Southern
Flora, Dabney's Botany of the Southern States, Brown's Trees of
North America, Wood & Bache's Dispensatory of the United States,
Bruch & Schimper's Bryologia Europaea, Pritchard's Infusoria,
Rabenhorst's Flora Europaea Algarum, and the Rural Cyclopaedia.
In the list of plants of the Flora of Louisiana, I deemed it of some
importance, in order to render the study of botany more popular, to,
annex to the botanical name the English name, if such has been in
common use; but in the cases of plants which have not yet received
an English designation, I anglicised the generic botanical name, and
translated the specific name, as far as this was practicable, so as to
correspond with some of the characteristics of the plant which it was
intended to designate. I have also given the locality where each
species of plant was collected, that the report might acquire additional interest by attaching to each specimen some local association.
To avoid misapprehension, it is perhaps proper to say that it musth
not be supposed, because a certain locality is indicated, that the
plant grows no where else in the State; on the contrary, most plants
have a very extensive range of growth, and there are only very few
which are found in some favored spots, and are met with no where
else, within certain circumscribed limits.
Some few specimens gathered in the parishes west of the Mississippi, are believed to possess sufficient diversity of characteristics to
consider them as new species. They are fully described, so as to
enable scientific botanists to recognize them by their specific difference, or refer them to a species previously described and named. by
other authors.




68
I have taken the liberty, without previous consultation, to name a
new species of Jussivea, "Jussieea Boydiana," as a well merited compliment to you, the superintendent of the University, for your
valuable services, and for the efforts made by you in behalf of the
botanical survey of the State.
CONCLUSION.
Although the list of plants collected within the last twelve months is
quite extensive, yet it must not be supposed that, within such a short
period of time, I could have collected the greatest number of plants
which grow in the State of Louisiana. With the exception of eleven
new specimens contributed by R. S. Jackson, Esq., for which he has
our thanks, the whole collection has been made by myself personally,
and the labor of manipulating the specimens, to prepare them for
preservation, has exclusively devolved upon me. Even if the collector could be at different places at the same time, which the
accomplishment of such a work, within a given period, would
require, it would be impossible to dry and prepare, determine and
classify all the plants of Louisiana in a single year. We have comparatively few of the spring and late fall flowers, and these are the
seasons when a great number of plants produce their blossoms, and
though the number collected will not be much less than one thousand specimens, which have been classified and determined, yet this
probably constitutes not more than one-third or one-fourth of the
aggregate vegetable productions that grow on Louisiana soil or in
Louisiana waters. It would require many years to visit the various
localities where the cryptogamous plants flourish best, and, in a
scientific point of view, they present a far higher interestthan the
flower-bearing plants. The trees of Louisiana are of the highest
importance, and a whole year might be profitably devoted to their
study. A description of the productions of the forest, with the
history which each species of tree has in the traditions of the
aborigines, who were botanists in their way, as well as the traditions
of the early settlers and country people in connection with particular
trees, a systematic investigation of the quality of the wood each
kind of tree is composed of, its mechanical, economic and artistic
uses, would furnish the most interesting as well as the most useful
compilation the botanist could engage in.  To accomplish this




69
object, assistance would be needed, information would be required
from the most intelligent class in each parish, especially physicians,
who travel about in the country, and whose profession leads them
to botanical research. The University might by this means obtain
a cabinet of sections of wood of all the forest trees and shrubs
which grow in Louisiana. These sections should be in duplicate,.
one in its natural state, and the other smoothed and highly polishe&
by the skill of the artist. The quality of each species of wood,
unless already known and described in other works, should be ascertained by experiment, aund the University would thus become the;
depository, not only of useful information, but of samples of the:
vast economical resources of the forests of Louisiana.
During this session, botany has been introduced as a branch of
study in the University, and a course of lectures on that subject has
been commenced, and a small class, composed of zealous and attentive students, has been organized.
More time is required to accomplish successfully the object of the
botanical survey. One month of the spring season, from the fifteenth
of April to the fifteenth of May, ought to be devoted to botanical
excursions, in order to collect as many spring plants as possible in
different parts of the State.
To enable the botanist to take a wider range and pass through a
greater extent of country, it will be indispensably necessary to be
provided with a Jersey wagon or a vehicle of that kind, to carry
presses and drying papers along with him so as not to be restricted
to a central locality as a point of easy communication. Excursions
of this kind can not be made on horseback except for a short distance, and in most country neighborhoods I was compelled, because
no horse could be procured either for love or money, to travel on
foot for miles in the hot summer sun in order to reach localities I
desired to visit.
The result of my labors are thus laid before you, and you are
able to judge how the duties devolved upon me have been performed.








FLORA LUDOVICIANE.L
DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SPECIES REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING LISTS.
1. Euphorbia Ludoviciana.-Stem  erect, very slender, smooth
throughout, alternately branched. Stipules broad lanceolate. Leaves
very thin, oblong abovate, slightly tapering towards the base, short
petioled, smooth entire. Flowers axillary.  Involucre short-pediceled, nearly sessile. Glands six, with six whitish persistent appendages, oblong, obtuse. Capsule orbicular, slightly convex,,somewhat
flat-topped. Seed broad, rounded on one side and sharply angular
on the other, so as to form a triangular solid, with the curved upper
side, thickly sprinkled with minute blackish dots. This Euphorbia
grows from one to two feet high, has an extremely slender, virgate
stem. The branches are all simple, are long below and continue
gradually to decrease in length to the top, where they give place to
almost sessile leaves, with flowers in their axils.
Habitat.-It is found in St. Landry parish, in red, loamy soil.
2. Euphorbia Megancesos.-Smooth throughout, stem very slender,
ascending, bearing the short flower-branches.  Leaves opposite,
short-petioled, linear oblong, narrow, obtuse, oblique at the base,
obscure dentate, transparently dotted, with a crimson streak along
the midrib, the whole plant turning red when in seed. Stipules
fringed. Flowers in lateral and terminal clusters. Appendages of
glands white or rose colored. Capsule obtuse-angled rugose. Seeds
reddish, in the form of a coffeebean, with a groove in the flat base
dividing the narrower apex, and the slit extending to one-half of the
convex surface.
Habitat-This plant grows in tufts, in great abundance, near the
sand beach of Grand Isle, where nothing else but a few grasses and
the Ipomrea pes capra flourishes. Its short stem and long branches
are from one-half to one foot long.
3. Sabbatia Nana.-Stem  simple, low, somewhat angled. Leaves
small, sessile, the lower spatulate lanceolate, the upper linear lanceolate. Lobes of the corolla five to six, one-third longer than the




72
narrow linear calyx lobes. Root perpendicular, slender. Flowers
rose-colored. Stem three to four inches high. Blooms in August.
Habitat-Marshy soil of Grand Isle.
4. Sabbatia Oligophylla.-Stem erect, somewhat four-angled, simple
and scape like.  Leaves opposite, long linear, lanceolate, acute,
clasping, remote, the stem bearing but two pairs of leaves. Radical
leaves nine, clustered, obovate, narrowed at the base, and spatulate
lanceolate sessile. Flower solitary, terminal. Corolla large, rosecolored, nine parted, three times as long as the partially reflexed
linear calyx lobes, four bracted, two of the bracts nearly as long as
the petals, and the other two twice as long.  Stem eight inches
high.
Habitat-Grows in the pine and oak woods beyond Chicotville, St.
Landry, in sandy soil, and blooms in August.
This species differs from Sabbatia-choroides, in having the stem
angled and the leaves clasping. It has but two pairs of cauline
leaves, and the others are all radical and clustered, and the flowers
are bracted.
It differs from  S. Boykinii in having four instead of two bracts,
and the calyx lobes are not lanceolate, but narrow, linear and reflexed.
The S. gentianoides, which it seems to resemble, has no bracts.
5, Hydrolea Leptocaulis.-Stemn   spiny, ascending, smooth, simple
or branched. Leaves varying from oblong lanceolate to lanceolate
from three to five inches long, acute, smooth, glossy and shining,
tapering into a petiole. Flowers large, axillary, mostly solitary,
sometimes two in a cluster, pale blue, short-peduncled, almost sessile.
Corolla five parted, divisions oblong obtuse with five triangular
white spots at the base.  Calyx lobes ovate lanceolate, smooth, twothirds as long as corolla lobes. Stamens and styles exerted.
Habitat-Is found in the bayou near Washington, St. Landry.
The outside appearance of this species is so much different from the
H. quadrivalvis, that I considered it advisable to make a new species
of it, though it may only be considered a variety of the latter. The
leaves are larger, more deep green and glossy, the flowers are much
larger and have a brighter color, besides being distinguished by the
white spots at the base of the petals. The calyx lobes are not,
linear, but ovate lanceolate.
6. Hydrolea Ludoviciana.-Stem  erect, simple or branched, fis



tulous, sufrutescent, slender, terrete, hoary-tomentose, spiny, spines
long and slender. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, acute or accuminate, entire, velvety-pubescent; with undulate
margin, short petioled. Flowers corymbose, terminal, large, crowded,
azure blue. Stamens and styles exerted. Styles two to three times
as long as stamens, curved in opposite directions.  Penduncles
crowded with bract-like leaflets. Capsule globular smooth.
Habitat-Marsh prairies near Bayou Portage, St. Mary and near
the prairie lakes, St. Landry. It flowers in August.
7. Jussiaea Boydiana.-Stem simDle, smooth below, slightly pubescent above, ascending from  a creeping base.  Leaves spatulate
lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, obtuse. Flowers large, calyxlobes five, one-third shorter than the petals, lanceolate acute. Capsule linear, cylindrical, half as long as the pedicel. Stem one foot
high. Flowers in August; flowers yellow.
Habitat-This species of jussiaea grows in the Mississippi swamp
Wear Port Hudson. It differs from J. leptocarpa, which it resembles,
by its simple and almost smooth stem, its spatulate leaves, its larger
flowers, and especially by its capsule being only half as long as the
pedicel, while in the J. leptocarpa the capsule is twice as long as the
pedicel.
It is named in honor of Colonel Boyd, Superintendent of the
Louisiana State University.
8. Tephrosia angustijolia.-Stem  slender, angled, pubescent, with
appressed hairs, decumbent. Leaves short, petioled; petiole rusty
villous. Leaflets eighteen to twenty -five, cuneate, lanceolate, narrow, rounded at the apex, strongly mucronate, smooth, with prominent veins on both sides, hairy on the margin and midrib. Racemes
slender, two or three times as long as the leaves; from fourteen to
fifteen flowered. Calyx teeth, terminating in a long hispid point.
Legume falcate, narrow, smooth. Flowers light purple.
Habitat-Pine barrens near Pontchatoula. Flowers in July.
9. Tephrosia multzifora.-Stem rusty pubescent, branched, decumbent; leaflets eighteen to twenty-six, nearly sessile, the short
petioles woolly pubescent, mostly linear oblong or cuneate oblong,
rounded or emarginate at the apex, strongly mucronate, smoothish
above, long hairy beneath and on the margin. Raceme stout, two
or three times as long as the leaves; eighteen to twenty-five flowered;




74
calyx hairy; calyx teeth, terminating in a villous point. Corolla
hairy. Flowers purple, mixed with yellow. Legume smooth, eight
to nine seeded.
Habitat-Pine barrens of Pontchatoula. Flowers in July.
10. Liltum Lockettii-Stem about one and a half feet high, naked,
leaves radical, clustered, about seven inches long, one inch broad,
linear lanceolate, remotely and obscurely dentate, many nerved with
transverse interstitial nerves, so as to give the leaf the appearance
of laticework. Leaves of the perianth laticed like the stem leaves,
narrow, lanceolate, accuminate, white, four inches long. Tube of
the perianth two inches long, narrow, attached to a two inch long
peduncle. Flowers from three.to five, clustered around the summit
of the stem.
I-Iabitat-This lily grows in the Calcasieu prairies on the banks of
Lake St. Charles, where Colonel Lockett, who conducts the topographical survey, and after whom it is named, first discovered it.
11. Oenothera paludosa — Stem slender, simple or branched, somewhat wing-angled, shrubby at the base, fistulous, covered with a
scurfy minute pubescence. Leaves entire, narrow lanceolate, acute
three nerved, tapering into a short petiole orsessile, one and a half
inches long. Pod four-angled, not winged longer than the pedicel.
Sepals lanceolate, terminating in a subulate point.
Habitat —This Oenothera grows in the swampy prairie in St.
Landry, between Ville Platte and Chicotville. Its stem is from one
to three feet high. It flowers in August. Flowers yellow.
12. Heleniurn Seminariense —Leaves oblong lanceolate, entire,
obtuse, decurrent.  Scales of involucre linear lanceolate. Ray
florets three lobed, broad, cuneate, longer than the disk. Disk
florets five-cleft.  Disk globose.  Scales of pappus ovate, long,
awn-pointed. Stem, leaves and peduncles sparingly glandular hairy.
Achenia smooth with two ciliate lines.
Habitat-Pine barrens, Rapides. Stem one and a half feet high.
Flowers yellow and flowers in June. The flowers of this species are
nearly twice as large as those of H. quadridentatum.
13. Lippia nodiflora Mich., var. microphylla.-Stem  creeping, peduncles naked, rising from the creeping stem, four to five times as
long as the leaves. Leaves fleshy, small, one-half to three-fourths
of an inch long, three lines wide; spatulate lanceolate, tapering into
a petiole, serrate above, entire below the middle.




75
Habitat-In marshy soil, near New Orleans and Brashear City.
The general appearance of this variety is strikingly different from
that of the L. nodiflora, in which it is probably included. The L.
nodiflora has broad lanceolate leaves, from one to two inches long;
the leaves of this variety are spatulate lanceolate and narrow.
In the L. nodifiora the peduncles are on erect leafy branches, which
might be taken for stems, and they are axillary on their branches;
in the new variety, they are also axillary, but rise directly from the
creeping stem, which has no branches. The L. nodifliora described
in Chapman's Southern Flora is in part of the first variety, and the
L. lanceolata of Gray's Manual is that of the new variety I named
L. microphylla, which seems to me far preferable, as the nodiflora
only has lanceolate leaves, but the microphylla has not.
J4. Atsplenium ebeneum —Ait. var. A.-Bacculum Rubrum. —Stipe
and rachis purplish brown, glossy, tall, one to two feet high. Fronds
linear, lanceolate, accuminate, pinnate. Pinnae numerous, sessile
auricled on both sides of the base, coarsely serate, the pinnm below
the middle gradually decreasing in length. Fruit-dots elongated,
from twenty to thirty on each pinna. Pinnma distant.
Habitat-Near Baton Rouge, on the margin of cultivated fields,
overgrown with trees and bushes. It is also found on the edge of
the cane brakes.








PHENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
RANUNCULACEAE- Crowfoot Family.
Ranunculus sceleratus, L., Celery Crowfoot, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Ranunculus muricatus, L., Prickly-fruited Crowfoot, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Ranunculus parviflora, L., Small-flowered Crowfoot, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Ranunculus pusillus, Poir, Puny Crowfoot, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Clematis crispa, L., Vine, Crisp flowered Clematis, Franklin, St.
Mary.
Clematis Virginiana, L., Vine, Virgins' Bower, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Clematis Viorna, L., Vine, Leather-flower, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Anemone thalictroides var uniflora, Meadow-rue Windflower.
Adonis autumnalis, L., Phaesant's Eye, near Mississippi river
West Baton Rollge.
Delphinium azureum, Mich, Azure Larkspur, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Delphinium Ajacis, Ajax Larkspur, Cultivated.
MAGNOLIA cEE —Magnolia Family.
Magnolia grandiflora, L., tree, Great Laurel Magnolia, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Magnolia fuscatus, tree, Sweet scented Magnolia, native of
China, Cultivated.
Liriodendron tulipifera, L., tree, Tulip tree White Poplar, Baton
Rouge, East Raton Rouge.




78
Illicium Floridanum Ellis, tree, Florida Anise tree, Port Hudson
Railroad, East Feliciana.
NELUMBIAME  -Nelunbo TFamily.
Nelumbo luteuin Willd, Water Chinquapine (No flower), Prairie
Lake, St. Landry.
NYMPH7IFACER —Water Lily Family.
Nuphar advena Ait, Bonnets, Spatter-Dock, Covington, St. Tammany.
SARRACENIAcEm —Pitcher Plant Family.
Sarracenia rubra Walt, Red Flowered, Trumpet-Leaf, Covington,,
St. Tammany.
PAPAVARACEx:-Poppy Family.
Agremone Mexicana L, Mexican Poppy, near Mississippi River'
West Baton Rouge.
CRuCIFER- Mustard Family.
Nasturtium sylvestre R Br., Yellow Cress, New Orleans, Orleans.
Nasturtium  officinale R. Br., Water Cress, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Nasturtium tanacetifolium, Hook. and Arn. Tansey-Leaved Cress,,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Nasturtium sessiliflorum, Nutt, Stalkless-flowered Cress, Baton,
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Nasturtium palustre, D. C., Swamp Cress, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Louisiana Bitter-Cress, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cardamine hirsuta, L., Common Bitter-Cress, Baton Rouge, East,
Baton Rouge.
Lepidium Virginicum, L., Wild pepper grass, Baton  Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Senebiera pinnatifida, D. C., Wart Cress, Swine Cress, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Capsella bursa-pastoris MIoench. Shepherd's Purse, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.




79
Sisymbrium officinale, L., Hedge Mustard, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Brassica rapa var. depressa, Turnip, cultivated.
Brassica oleracea, Cabbage, cultivated.
Raphanus sativus, Radish, cultivated.
Cheiranthus cheiri, Wallflower, Southern Europe, cultivated.
CAPPARIDACE — Caper Family.
Cleome pungens Willd., Strong-scented Cleome, New Orleans, Orleans.
VIoLACEa-F Violet Family.
Viola cucullata Ait., Hood-leafed Violet, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Viola primulefolia, L., Primrose-leafed Violet, Amite River, East
Baton Rouge.
Viola tricolor, Pansey, Heart's ease, cultivated.
HYPERICACE -St. John's Wort Family.
Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl., Corymbose St. John's wort, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Hypericum cystifolium, Lam., Rock rose-leafed St. John's wort,.
Ville Platte, St. Landry.
Hypericum  prolificum, L., shrubs, St. John's wort, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Hypericum prolificum, L., var. densiflorum Pursh, Dense-flowered.
Hypericum, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Hypericum gladioides, Lam., Sword-leafed ITypericum, Ville Platte,,
St. Landry.
Hypericum  mutilum, L. H. parviflorum,  fIuhl., small-flowered
Hypericum, Old Seminary, Rapides.
HIypericum Canadense, L., Canadian Hypericum, Opelousas, StLandrvy.
Hypericum Sarothra, Michx., Orange grass, Pine weed, Old Semiinary, Rapides.
Ascyrum  stans, Micbx., shrubs, St. Peter's wort, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Ascyrum  Crux Andrea, L., shrubs, St. Andrew's Cross, Old
Seminary, Rapides.




so80
PORTULACCACEAM- Purselane Family.
Portulacca oleracea, L., Purselane, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
CARYOPHYLLACEM —Pink Family.
Cerastium valgatum, L., Common-Mouse Ear, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Stellaria media, Smith, Common Star wort, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Arenaria serpyllifolia, L, Thyme-leafed Sandwort, introduced.
Sagina Elliottii, Fenzl, Elliott's Pearlwort, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Siphonychia Americana, Tor. and Gray, American Siphonychia,
Old Seminary, Rapides.
Silene quinquevulnera, L, Five-wounded Silene (introduced),
Amite river, East Baton Rouge.
Silene armeria, L, Sweet William Catchfly (introduced), Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Mollugo verticillata, L, Carpet weed, Mandeville, St. Tammany.
Dianthus Chinensis, China Pink, Native of China, cultivated.
MALVACE -Mallow Family.
Hibiscus incanus, Wendl, Hoary Rose Mallow, New Orleans,
Orleans.
Hibiscus Moscheutos, L, Swamp Mallow, Brashear City, St. Mary.
Hibiscus militaris, Cay, Halbert-leafed Hibiscus, Brashear City,
St. Mary.
Hibiscus coccineus, Walt, Scarlet-flowered Hibisctis, Bayou Portage, St. Mary.
Hibiscus Syriacus, L, Shrubby Althea, Native of Spain, cultivated.
Kosteletzkya Virginica Presl. Hibiscus Virginicus, L, Virginia
Hibiscus, Lake Pontchartrain, Orleans.
Callirrhoe papaver, Gray, Poppy-flowered Callirrhoe, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Modiola multifida Moench. Malva Caroliniana, Many cleft-leafed
Modiola, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Sida spinosa, L, Thorny Sida, Franklin, St. Mary.
Gossypium herbaceum, Cotton, cultivated.




81
TILIIACEA-Linden Family.
Corchorus siliquosus, L, Pod-bearing Corchorus, cultivated.
CAMELLIACEE — Camelia Family.
Camellia Japonica, Japan Rose, Native of Japan, cultivated.
AURANTIACEE- Orange Family.
Citrus aurantium, tree, Orange, Native of Asia, cultivated.
LINACEJE-Flax Fl amily.
Linum Virginianumn, Wild Flax, Old Seminary, Rapides.
OXALIDACEAE- Wood Sorrel Family.
Oxalis stricta, L, Yellow Wood Sorrel, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
GERANIACEE —Geranium  Family.
Geranium Carolinianum, L, Carolina Cranesbill, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Pelargonium inquinans, Scarlet Pelargonium, cultivated.
BALSAMINACE — Balsam Family.
Impatiens balsamina, Garden Balsamine, Native of East Indies,
cultivated.
RUTACE E —Rue Family.
Zanthoxylum Carolinianum, Lam, tree, Toothache Tree, Port
Hudson and Clinton Railroad, East Feliciana.
Ptelea trifoliata, L, Three-leafed Ptelea, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
ANACARDIACE- Cashew  Family.
Rhus copallina, L, shrub, Sumach, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Rhus toxicodendron, L, var. radicaus Tor, vine, Poison Ivy, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
VITACEE:- Vine Family.
Vitis oestivalis, Michx, Summer Grape, Grosse Tete Railroad, West
Baton Rouge.
6




82
Vitis vulpina, L, Muscadine, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. vine, Virginia Creeper, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
RHAMNACEXA-Buckcthorn Family.
Rhamnus lanceolata, Pursh, tree, Lance-leafed Buckthorn, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ceanothus Americanus, L., Jersey tea, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Berchemia volubilis, D. C., vine, Supple Jack, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
CELASTRACE: —Staff Tree Family.
Euonymus Americanus, L., shrub, Strawberry bush, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
SAPINDACEX-Soap-berry Family.
Cardiospermum Ilalicacabum, L., Balloon vine Heart-seed, Port
Hudson, East Feliciana.
Aesculus Pavia, L., shrub, Small Buckeye, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
ACERACEA-.]1Iaple Family.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh., tree, Silver Maple, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
POLYGALACE-3-l ilkleworl Family.
Polygala fastigiata, Nutt, Tower-branched Polygala, Chicotville,
St. Landry.
Polygala ramosa, Ell., Branching Polygala, Covington, St. Tammany.
Polygala cruciata, L., Cross-leafed Polygala, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Polygala Nutallis, Tor. & Gr., Nutall's Polygala, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Polygala nana, D. C., Dwarf Polygala, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Polygala cymosa, WValt., Bushy Polygala, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Polygala incarnata, L., Flesh-colored Polygala, Old Seminary,
Rapides.




83
LEGUcfINOSs —Beanz Family.
Crotalaria sagittalis, L., Arrow-leafed Rattle Box, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Crotalaria Purshii, D. C., Pursh's Eattle Box, Ponchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Crotalaria ovalis Pursh, Oval-leafed Rattle Box, Covington, St.
Tammany.
Melilotus officinalis, L., Sweet Clover, near Mississippi river, West
Baton Rouge.
Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz, Tall Pencil-flower, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Yicia sativa, L., Vetch, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Trifolium repens, L., White Clover, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Trifolium pratense, L., Red Clover, Baton Rouge, East Baton,
iRouge.
Trifolium Carolinianum, Michx, Carolina Trefoil, Brashear City,
St. Mary.
Trifolium procumbens, L., Yellow or Hop Clover, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Trifolium agrarium, L., Field Clover.
Desmodium viridiflorum, Bech, Green-flowered Tick-Trefoil, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Desmodium strictum, D. C., Stiff Tick-Trefoil, Chicotville, St.
Landry.
Destoodium nudiflorum, D. C., Sparse-flowered Tick-Trefoil, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Desmodium  glabellum, D. C., Smooth Tick-Trefoil, Chicotvillel
St. Landry.
Desmodium molle, D. C., Soft-leafed Tick-Trefoil, Chicotville, St
Landry.
Desmodium tenuifolium, Tor. and Gray, Slender-leafed Tick-Trefoil, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Destmodium canescens, D. C., Hoary Tick-Trefoil, Opelousas, St.
Landry.
Desmodium  paniculatum, D. C., Cluster-flowered Tick-Trefoil,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Lespedeza capitata, Mich., Bush Clover, Old Seminary, Rapides,




84
Lespedeza hirta, Ell., Rough-stemmed Bush Clover, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Cercis Canadensis, L., tree, Red Bud, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Amorpha fruticosa, L., shrub, False Indigo, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Phaseolus helvolus, L., Pale-red-flowered Bean, Chicotville, St.
Landry.
Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers., Various-leafed Bean, Port Hudson,
East Feliciana.
Phaseolus vulgaris, String Bean, Cultivated.
Phaseolus lunatus, Lima Bean, Cultivated.
Vigna glabra, Savi., Smooth Vigna, New Orleans, Orleans.
Baptisia lanceolata, Ell., Lance-leafed Baptisia, Ville Platte, St.
Landry.
Centrosema Virginiana, Pursh., Spurred Butterfly Pea, Port Hudson, East Feliciana.
Clitoria Mariana, L., Butterfly Pea, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers., Goat's Rue, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Tephrosia spicata, Tor. and Gray, Spike-flowered Tephrosia, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Tephrosia paucifolia, N. sp., Sparse-leafed Tephrosia, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Tephrosia angustifolia, N. sp., Narrow-leafed Tephrosia, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Tephrosia multiflora, N. sp., Many-flowered Tephrosia, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Galactia pilosa, Ell., Hairy Milk pea, Bayou Portage, St. Mary.
Galactia brachypoda, Tor. and Gray, Short-podded Galactia,
Covington, St. Tammany.
Galactia mollis, Michx., Soft-leafed Galactia, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Galactia spiciformis, Tor. and  Gray, Spike-flowered Galactia,
Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Rhynchosia minima, D. C., Small-flowered Rhynchosia, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Rhynchosia tomentosa, Tor. and Gr., var. volubilis, Changeable
Woolly Rhynchosia, Old Seminary, Rapides.




Rhynchosia tomentosa, Tor. and Gr., var. erecta, Erect Woolly
Rhynchosia, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Sesbania macrocarpa, Muhl., Large-fruited Sesbania, Opelousas,
St. Landry.
Robinia pseudacacia, L., tree, [Flowering Locust, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Gleditchia triacanthos, L., tree, Honey locust, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Arachi~ hypogaea, Peanut, Native of Africa, Cultivated.
Cassia nictitans, L., WVild, Sensitive plant, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Cassia obtusifolia, L., Obtuse-leafed Cassia, Port Hudson, East
Felisiana.
Cassia Marylandica, L., Wild Senna, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Cassia chamaecrista, L., Patridge Pea, Ville Platte, St. Landry.
Cassia occidentalis, L., WTestern Cassia, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Schrankia angustata var. brachyearpa, Tor. and Gr., Short-fruited
Sensitive Briar, Washington, St. Landry.
Schrankia uncinata, Willd, Prickle-hooked Briar, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Desmanthus brachylobus, D. C., Short-lobed Desmanthus, Port
Hudson, East Feliciana.
Albizzia Julibrissin, tree, Tree Mimosa, cultivated.
Acacia Farnesiana, tree, Black Thorn, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Acacia dealbata, tree, Phyllode-leafed Acacia, native of Australia,
cultivated.
Dolichos lablab, Egyptian Bean, native of Egypt, cultivated.
Wistaria Chinensis, Cl1. buish, Chinese Wistaria, native of ChinaP
cultivated.
RosAc3m —Rose Family.
Agrirmonia Eupatoria, L., Common Agrimony, Chicotville, St.
Landry.
Cratsegus spathulata, Michx, tree, Broad-leafed Thorn, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cratagus arborescens, Ell, tree, Tree-like Thorn, Old Seminary,
Rapides.




86
Crat.ngus aestivalis, Tor. and Gray, tree, Summer Hawthorn, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Crataegus apiifolia, Tor. and Gray, tree, Celery-leafed Hawthorn,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cratmegus Crus galli, L., Cockspur Thorn, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Potentilla Norwegica, L., Norwegian Cinqfoil, Baton Rouge, introduced.
Rosa laevigata, 5Michx, bush, Cherokee Rose, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Rubus trivialis, Michx, Blackberry, Dewberry, Baton Rouoge, East
Baton Rouge.
Rubus villosus, Ait., High Blackberry, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Prunus Virginianus, L., tree, Wild\Cherry tree, Amite River, East
Baton Rouge.
Prunus Carolinianus, Ait., tree, Cherry-leafed Wild Orange, Baton
Rouge, cultivated.
Prunus domestica, tree, Common Plum, cultivated.
Cydonia Japonica, shrub, Japan Quince, cultivated.
Amygdalus Persica, Mull, tree, Peach tree, cultivated.
Amygdalus nana, shrub, Flowering Almond, native of Russia,
cultivated.
Spiraea hypericifolia, shrub, Italian May, St. Peter's Wreath, cultivated.
CALYCANTHUCE —Carolina Allspice Family.
Calycanthus floridus, L., shrub, Flowering S'weet-scented Shrub,
native of North Carolina, cultivated.
MELAsToMAcEre-Melastoma Family.
Rhexia Mariana, L., Deer grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Rhexia glabella, Michx. Smooth-stemmed Rhexia, Pontchatoula,
Tangipahoa.
Rhexia Virginica, L., Virginia Rhexia, Ville Platte, St. Landry.
Rhexia stricta, Pursh, Stiff-stemmed Rhexia, Ville Platte, St.
Landry.




87
MYRTACC~E-MSJrtle Family.
Punica granatum, tree, Pomegranate, native of South Europe,
naturalized.
LYTHRACEi: —Loose-strfie Family.
Ammannia ramasior, Michx, Many-branched Ammania, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ammannia humilis, Michx, Low-stemmed Ammania, Clinton, East
Feliciana.
Ammannia latifolia, L., Wide-leafed Ammania, Washington, St.
Landry.
Lythrumn alatum, Pursh, Loose-strife, Franklin, St. iMary.
Cuphea vicossissima, Jacq., Clammy Cuphea.
Lagerstrmmia Indica, L., Grape Myrtle, Ville Platte, naturalized.
ONAGRACEE -Evening Primrose Flamily.
(Enothera biennis, L. 0. grandiflora Ait., Common Evening Primrose, Washington, St. Landry.
CEnothera fruticosa, L., Sun-drops Primrose, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
UEnothera sinuata, L., Sinuate-leafed C(Enothera, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
(Enothera sinuata, var. humifusum, Tor. & G., Lowly CEnothera,
Grand Isle, Jefferson.:Enothera paludosa, N. Sp., Swamp  CEnothera, Pine praiie
swamp, St. Landry.
Ludwigia alternifolia, L., Seed Box, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Ludwigia hirtella, Raf, Rough-haired Ludwigia, Pontchatoula,
Tangipahoa.
Ludwigia palustris, Ell., Water Purselane, New Orleans, Orleans.
Jussiea decurrens, D. C., Stem-winged Jussiea, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Jussiaea leptocarpa, Nutt, Slender-fruited Jussioea, Port Hudson
East Feliciana.
Jussitea grandiflora, Michx, Large-flowered Jussimea, Grosse Tete
Railroad, West Baton Rouge.
Jussimea Boydiana, N. Sp., Boyd's Jussikea, Port Hudson, East
Feliciana,




88
Gaura angustifolia, Michx, Narrow-leafed G0aura, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Gaura biennis, L., Biennial Gaura, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Gaura filipes, Spach., Slender-stalked Gaura, Covington, St. Tammany.
CACTACE — Cactus Family.
Opuntia Ficus Indica, Haw., Indian Fig Prickly Pear, Franklin,,
St. Mary.
Opuntia vulgaris, MIill., Common Prickly Pear, Amite river, East
Baton Rouge.
PASSIFLORuACE-Passion Flower Family.
Passiflora lutea, L., Yellow Passion Flower, Port Hudson, East
Feliciana.
Passiflora incarnata, L., Passion Flower, Maypop, near Mississippi
river, West Baton Rouge.
CUCURBITACE-r Cucumber Family.
Melothria pendula, L., Hanging Melothria, Opelousas, St. LandryP
Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser., Gourd, native of Tropics, cultivated.
Momordica balsamina, Common Balsam  Apple, native of East,
Indies, cultivated.
Cucurbita pepo, Pumpkin, native of the Levant, cultivated.
Cucurbita verucosa, Warted Squash, cultivated.
Cucumis citrulus, Ser., Water Melon, native of Africa and India,
cultivated.
CRASSULACE,: - Orpine _Family.
Penthorum sedoides, L., Ditch Stone Crop, Grosse Tets, Baton
Rouge, West Baton Rouge.
SAXIFRAGACEA —Saxifrage Family.
Itea Virginica, L., tree, Virginia Itea, Baton Rouge, cultivated.
Hydrangea quercifolia Bartram, Oak-leafed Hydrangea, Baton.
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Hydrangea hortensia, Garden Hydrangea, cultivated.
Deutzia crenata, shrub, Notch-leafed Deutzia, cultivated.
Philadelphus coronarius, shrub, MIock Orange, False Syringa,
native of South Europe, cultivated.




89
HAMAMELACERE- Witch Hazel Favmily.
Liquidamber Styraciflua, L., tree, Sweet Gum, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
UMBELLIFEnR-Parsley Famzily.
Leptocaulis divaricatus, D. C., Spread-leafed Leptocaulis, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Daucus pusillus, Mich., Slender Carrot, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Archemora rigida, D. C., Stiff-leafed Cowbane, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Sanicula Canadensis, L., Canada Black Snakeroot, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Discopleura capillacea, D. C., Fine-leafed Mock-bishop weed, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Eryngium Baldwinii Spreng, Baldwin's Eryngium, Pontchatoula,
Tangipahoa.
Cherophyllum Teinturieri, look and Arn, Teinturier's Chervil,
Atchafalaya river, St. Mary.
Chmerophyllum procumbens, Lam, Reclining Chervil, Grosse Tete,
West Baton Rouge.
Hydrocotyle interrupta Muhl. Common Pennywort, Washington,
St. Landry.
Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Umbellate Pennywort, Clinton, East
Feliciana.
Apium graveolens, Celery, Native of Britain, cultivated.
Foeniculum vulgare, Common Fennel, Native of England.
Conselinum Canadense, Tor. and Gr., Canada Hemlock Parsley,
Brashear City, St. Mary.
Cicuta maculata, L, Water Hemlock, Old Seminary, Rapides.
CoRNAcr — Dogwood Family.
Cornus florida, L, tree, Flowering Dogwood, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Cornus stricta, Lam, tree, Stiff Cornel, Grosse Tete Railroad, West
Baton Rouge.
CAPRrFoLIACEEm-Honeysuckle Family.
Sambucus Canadensis, L, shrub, Canadian Elder, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.




90
Lonicera sempervirens, Ait, vine, Evergreen Woodbine, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Viburnum prunifolium, L, shrub, Black Haw, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
RuBIACEE —Madder Family.
Mitchella repens, L, Creeping Partridge berry, Amite river, East
Baton Rouge.
Miitreola sissilifolia, Tor. and Gr., Stalkless-leafed Miterwort, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Mitreola petiolata, Tor. and Gr., Stalk-leafed Miterwort, Ville
Platte, St. Landry.
Polypremum procumbens, L, Reclining Polypremum, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Spermacoce glabra, Michx, Smooth Buttonweed, Washinton, St.
Landry.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, L, Button Bush, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Diodia teres Walt Spermacoce diodina, Michx, Round-stemmed
Buttonweed, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Diodia Virginiana, L, Virginia Diodia, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Galium circaesans, Michx, Wild Liquorice, Washington, St. Landry.
Galium aparine, L, Goose-grass, Cleavers, near Mississippi river,'West Baton Rouge.
Oldenlandia cocrulea, Gray, Houstonia ccerulea, Bluets, Amite
river, East Baton Rlouge.
Oldenlandia angustifolia, Gray, Narrow-leafed Oldenlandia, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Oldenlandia angustifolia var. filifolia, Gr., Thread-leafed Oldenlandia, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait, Yellow Jessamine, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Spigelia Marylandica, L, Pinkroot, Cheneyville, Rapides.
COMPOSITiE-Composite Family.
Vernonia fasciculata, Michx, Bushy-branched Ironweed, Opelousas,
St. Landry.
Vernonia angustifolia, Michx, Narrow-leafed; Ironweed, Chicotville,
St. Landry.




91
Elephanthopus Carolinianus, Willd, Carolina Elephant's Foot, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Carphephorus bellidifolia, Tor. and Gr., Daisy-leafed Carphephorus, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Liatris gracilis, Pursh, Slender-stemmed Liatris, Amite City,
Tangipahoa.
Liatris squarrosus, Willd, Blazing Star, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Liatris elegans, Willd, Elegant-flowered Liatris, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Pluchea bifrons, D. C., Double-leafed Marsh Fleabane, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Pluchea fcetida, D. D., Strong-scented Fleabane, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Baccharis  hamilifolia, L, shrub, Sea Groundsel Tree, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ambrosia trifida, L, Great Ragweed, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Ambrosia artemissimefolia, L, Roman Wormwood, Hogweed, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Lappa major, Gaert, Burdock, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Iva frutescens, L, shrub, Shrubby Aarsh Elder, Bayou Portage,
St. Mary.
Pterocaulon pychnostachyum, Ell., Close-flowered Pterocaulon.
Parthenium  hysterophorus, L., Late-blooming Parthenium, New
Orleans, Orleans.
Gnaphalium purpureum, L., Purplish Cudweed, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Gnaphalium  polycephalum, Michx., Common Everlasting, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Cirsium altissimum, Spreng., High-stemmed Plumed Thistle, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cirsium muticum, Michx., Swamp Thistle, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Cirsium Virginianum, Michx., Virginia Thistle, Baton ltouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Conoclinium coelestinum, D. C., Blue Mistflower, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Eupatorium teucrifolium, Willd., Germander-lea.fed Eupatorium,
Chicotville, St. Landry.




92
Eupatorium album, L., White-flowered Eupatorium, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Eupatorium perfoliatum, L., Boneset Thoroughwort, Old Seminary, Rapides. _
Eupatorium serotinum, Michx., Late-blooming Eupatorium, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Eupatorium ivaefolia, L., Ivy-leafed Eupatorium, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Eupatorium incarnatum, Walt., Rose-flowered Eupatorium, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Eupatorium coronopifolium, Willd., Buckshorn-leafed Eupatorium, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Eupatorium fceniculaceum, Willd. (Introduced since the war),
Fennel-leafed Eupatorium, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
EEupatorium rotundifolium, L., Round-leaved Eupatorium, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Eupatorium parviflorum, Ell., Small-flowered Eupatorium, Ville
Platts, St. Landry.
Eupatorium ageratoides, L., Nettle-leafed Eupatorium, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium, L., Narrow-leafed Eupatorium.
Mikania scandens, Willd., Climbing Hempweed, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Kuhnia eupatoroides, L., Eupatorium-flowered Kuhnia, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Stokesia cyanea, L'Her., Violet-flowered Stokesia, Covington, Sto
Tammany.
Achillea millefolia, L., Common Yarrow, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Seriocarpus conyzoides, Nees., White-topped Aster.
Seriocarpus tortifolius, Nees., Wave-leafed Seriocarpus.
Diplopappus umbellatus, Tor. and Gr., Double-bristled Aster, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Diplopappus amygdalinus, Tor. and Gr., Almond-leafed Bristled
Aster.
Eclipta longifolia, Schrad., Long-leafed Eclipta, New Orleans,
Orleans.
Eclipta erecta, L., Erect Eclipta, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Maruta Cotula, D. C., Mayweed, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




93
Erigeron Canadense, L., Canada Fleabane Butterweed, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Erigeron Philadelphicum, L., Fleabane, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Erigeron strigosum, Muhl., White-weed, Daisy, Ville Platte, St.
Landry.
Erigeron bellidifolium, Muhl., Robin's Plantain, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Chrysanthemum parthenium, Feverfew, cultivated.
Chrysanthemum coronarium, Garden Chrysanthemum, cultivated.
Aster dumosus, L., Bushy Aster, Baton Rouge, East Baton R:Eouge.
Aster longifolius, Lam, Long-leafed Aster, Covington, St. Tammany.
Aster miser, L., Starved Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aster Baldwinii, Tor. and Gray, Baldwin's Aster, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Aster multiflorus, Ait, Many-flowered Aster, Old  Seminary,
lRapides.
Aster ericoides, L., var. villosus, 7Woolly-stemmed Aster, Old
Serninary, Rapides.
Aster sericeus, Vent, Silk-leafed Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aster concolor, L., One-colored Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aster patenis, L., Spreading Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aster adnatus, Nutt, Adherent-leafed Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aster squarrosus, Walt, Ragged Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aster lkevis, L., Smooth Aster.
Aster simplex, Willd., Willow-leafed Aster.
Aster Tradescanti, L., Tradescant's Aster.
Aster diversifolius, Michx, Varied-leafed Aster.
Aster surculosus, Michx, Sucker Aster.
Aster ericoides, L., Heath Aster.
Solidago arguta, Ait, Sharp-notched Golden Rod, Baton Rouge,
iast Baton Rouge.
Solidago flavovir ens, Chapm., Yellow and Green-flowered Solidago,
Old Seminary, Rapides.
Solidago virgata, Ell., Straight-stemmed Solidago, Old Seminary,
Ra. pides.
Soidago odora, Ait, Sweet-scented Golden Rod, Old Seminary,
Rapides.




94
Solidago altissima, L., Tall Golden Rod, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Solidago rugosa, Willd, Rough-leafed Golden Rod, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Solidago gigantea, Ait, Gigantic Golden Rod, Port Hudson, East
Feliciana.
Gaillardia lanceolata, Michx., Lance-leafed Gaillardia, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Borrichia frutescens, D. C., Sea Ox-Eye, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Helenium quadridentatum, Lab., Four-toothed Helenium, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Helenium Seminariense, N. Sp., Seminary Helenium, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Helenium  tenuifolium, Nutt., Slender-leaved Bitter-weed, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Chrysopsis trichophylla, Nutt., Hairy-leaved Golden Aster, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Chrysopsis argentea, Nutt., Silver-leafed Golden Aster, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Chrysopsis graminifolia, Nutt., Grass-leafed Golden Aster, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Spilanthes Nuttallii, Tor. & Gray, Nuttall's Spilanthes, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Spilanthes repens, Mich., Creeping Spilanthes, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Baldwinia uniflora, Ell., One-flowered Baldwinia, Ville Platte, St.
Landry.
Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt., Sunflower-like Actinomeris, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Bidens frondosa, L., Leafy Beggar's Tick, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Bidens chrysanthemoides, Mich., Chrysanthemum, Old Beggar's
Tick, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Coreopsis lanceolata, L., Lance-leafed, Coreopsis, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Coreopsis trichosperma, Mich., Tickseed Sunflower, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Coreopsis tripteris, L., Tall Coreposis, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Coreopsis tinctoria, L., Dyer's Coreopsis, cultivated.
Coreopsis auriculata, L., Ear-lobed Coreopsis, Chicotville, St.
Landry.




95
Rudbeckia triloba, L., Three-lobed Coneflower, Covington, St.
Tammany.
Rudbeckia hirta, L., Rough-leafed Coneflower, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Rudbeckia maxima, Nutt., Tall Coneflower, New Orleans, Orleans.
Helianthus devaricatus, L.. Spreading Sunflower, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Helianthus hirsutus, Raf., Hairy-leafed Helianthus, Pontchatoula,
Tangipahoa.
Helianthus rigidus, Desf., Stiff-leafed Helianthus, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Helianthus angustifolis, L., Narrow-leafed Helianthus, Old Seminary, Rapides.
iHelianthus annuus, L., Common Sunflower, native of South
America; cultivated.
IIelianthus tuberosus, L., Jerusalem Artichoke, native of Brazil 
cultivated.
Zinnia elegans var. violacea, Elegant Zinnia, native of Mexico,
Cultivated.
Zinnia pauciflorm, Few-flowered Zinnia, cultivated.
Silphium asteriscus, L., Starry Silphium, Old Seminary, Rapides,
Polymnia udedalia, L., Yellow Leaf-Cup, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Verbesina Virginica, L., Virginia Crown Beard, Baton Rouge, East,
Baton Rouge.
Senecio lobatus, Pers., Lobe-leafed Senecio, Baton Rouge, East:
Baton Rouge.
Soliva nasturtiifolia, D. C., Cress-leafed Soliva, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Hieracium   venosum, L.,  Rattlesnake-weed, Clinton, East
Filiciana.
Hieracium Gronovii, L., Hairy Hawkweed, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Krigia Virginica Wild, Virginia Dwarf Dandelion, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus, D. C., Carolina False D)andelion.
]Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
lMulgedium  Floridanum, D. C., Florida Blue Lettuce, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




96
Mulgedium accuminatum, D. C., Point-leafed Blue Lettuce, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Erechthites hieracifolia, Raf., Fireweed, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Sonchus asper, Willd, Spiny-leafed Sow Thistle, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Lactuca elongata, Muhl, Wild Lettuce, Port Hudson, East
Feliciana.
Lactuca sativa, L., Garden Lettuce, Cultivated.
Dahlia variabilis, Desf., Dahlia, native of Mexico, Cultivated.
Centaurea Cyanus, Blue bottle, native of Europe, Cultivated.
LoBELIACE. —Lobelia Family.
Lobelia cardinalis, L., Cardinal Flower, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Lobelia glandulosa, Walt., Glandular Lobelia, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Lobelia paludosa, Nutt., Swamp Lobelia, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Lobelia Nuttallii, R. & S., Nuttall's Lobelia, Old Seminary,
tRapides.
Lobelia spicata, Lam., Spike-flowered Lobelia, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Lobelia Claytonia, Michx., Clayton's Lobelia, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Lobelia amaena, Michx., Fair-flowered Lobelia, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
CAMPANULACE — Campanula Family.
Specularia perfoliata, D. C., Campanula perfoliata, L., Venus
Looking Glass, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
ERIcAcEr —Heath.Family.
Rhododendron multiflorum, Tor., Azalea nudiflora, shrub, Purple
Azalea, Amite River, East Baton Rouge.
Vaccinium  tenellum, Ait., shrub, Tender-branched Blueberry,
Covington, St. Tammany.
Oxydendron arboreumn, D. C., Andromeda arborea, L., tree, Tree
Sorrel, Old Seminary, Rapides.
AQuIFOLIAMEEG-Holly Family.
Ilex opaca, Ait., tree, American Holly, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.




97
Ilex Cassine, L., shrub, Yaupon, Amite River, East Baton Rouge.
STYRACEE-Storax Family.
Halesia tetraptera, L., shrub, Snowdrop tree, Amite River, East
iBaton Rouge.
PLANTAGINACEm-Plantain Family.
Plantago major, L., Common Plantain, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Plantago Virginica, L., Virginia Plantain, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
PLUMBAGINACEE —Leadwort _Family.
Statice lemonium, L., Marsh Rosemary, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
PRIMULACEm-Primrose Family.
Samolus floribundus, Kunth, Many-flowered Samolus, Baton Rouge,'East Baton Rouge.
Lysimachia ciliata, L., Fringed Loose-strife, Old Seminary, Rapides.
LENTIBULAcrEE-Bladderwort Family.
UIrticularia fibrosa, Walt., Fibre-leafed Bladderwort, Amite City,'Tangipahoa.
BIGNONIACE — Bignonia Family.
Bignonia capreolata, L., vine, Cross Vine, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Tecoma radicans Jus. Bignonia radicans, vine, Trumpet Flower,
near Mississippi river, West Baton Rouge.
Martynia proboscidea, Glox., Unicorn Plant, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Catalpa bignonoides, tree, Catalpa, Opelousas, St. Landry.
SCROPHULARIAcEr.-Figwort Family.
Scrophularia nodosa, L., Common Figwort, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Gratiola Virginiana, L., Virginia Hedge Hyssop, Clinton, East
Feliciana.
7




98
Gratiola Floridana, Nutt, Florida Gratiola, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Herpestis Monnieria, Kunth, Monierias' Herpestis, New Orleans,
Orleans.
Herpestis amplexicaulis, Pursh, Clasped-leaved Herpestis, Covington, St. Tammany.
Micranthemum orbiculatum, Michx., Round-leafed Micranthemum,,
New Orleans, Orleans.
Buchnera Americana, L., Blue Hearts, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Buchnera elongata, Swartz, Long-leafed Buchnera, Pontchatoula,.
Tangipahoa.
Verbascum Thapsus, L., Mullein, Ville Platte, St. Landry.
Dasystoma quercifolia Benth Gerardia quercifolia, L., Smooth
False Foxglove, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Mimulus alatus, Ait., Stem-winged Monkey flower, Ville Platte,
St. Landry.
Penstemon digitalis, var. multiflorus, Benth., Many-flowered Penstemon, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Gerardia filifolia, Nutt., Narrow-leafed Gerardia, Old Seminary,.
Rapides.
Gerardia maritima, Raf., Sea-side Gerardia, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Gerardia purpurea, L., Purple Gerardia, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Linaria Canadense, Spreng, Wild Toad-Flax, Baton Rouge, East,
Baton Rouge.
Veronica peregrina, L., Neckweed, Baton Rouge, East Baton,
Rouge.
Veronica agrestis, Field Speedwell, Baton Rouge, East Batoni
Rouge.
ACANTHACE —A4CanthUS Family.
Diptheracanthus noctiflorus, Nees., Nightflowering Ruellia, Ville
Platte, St. Landry.
Diptheracanthus strepens, Nees., Ruellia strepens, Rough-leafed
Ruellia, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Dianthera ovata, Walt., Ovate-leafed Water willow, Washington,,
St. Landry.
Dianthera ovata var. lanceolata, Walt., Lance-leafed Water willow,.
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




99
VERBENACEL: — Vervaimn Family.
Lippia nodiflora, Michs., Fog Fruit, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Lippia nodifiora, var. microphylla, N. Var. Small-leafed Fog fruit
Brashear City, St. Mary.
Calycarpa Americana, L., shrub, French Mulberry, Brashear City,
St. Mary.
Verbena Aubletia, L., Aubletia's Verbena, Franklin, St. Mary.
Verbena stricta, Nutt., Mullein-leafed Verbena, near Mississippi
river, West Baton Rouge.
Verbena urticifolia, L., Nettle-leafed Verbena, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Verbena officinalis, L., Vervain, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge,.
Verbena chammedrifolia, Scarlet Verbena, Cultivated.
Verbena phlogiflora, Crimson Verbena, Cultivated.
Verbena incisa, Cut-leafed Verbena, Cultivated.
Lantana odorata, Sweet scented Lantana, Cultivated.
Lantana camara, Vaulted-flowered  Lantana, Native of South
America, Cultivated.
LA]BIAT — Mint Family.
Hyptis radiata, Willd, Ray-flowered Hyptis, Opelousas, St. Landry.
Mentha piperita, L., Peppermint, Clinton, East Feliciana.
Brunella vulgaris, L., Common Self-Heal, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Nepeta glechoma, Benth, Ground Ivy, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Monarda punctata, L., Spotted Horse mint, Old Seminary, lRapides.
Monarda didyma, L., Oswego Tea, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Pyncnanthemnum muticum, Pers., Beardless Mountain Mint, OldSeminary, Rapides.
Pycnanthemum  linifolium, Pursh, Flax-leafed Mountain lV.int;
Old Seminary, Rapides.
Salvia azurea, L., Azure-flowered Sage, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Salvia lyrata, L., Lyre-leafed Sage, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Salvia fulgens, Bright-colored Sage, native of Mexico, cultivated.
Salvia splendens, Crimson-flowered Sage, native of Mexico, cultivated.




100
Calamiutha nepeta, Link, Basil Thyme, near the Mississippi river,'West Baton Rouge.
Leonotis nepetsefolia, R. Br., Catnip-leafed Leonotis, Opelousas,
St. Landry.
Scutellarea integrifolia, L., Entire-leafed Scullcap, Clinton, East
Feliciana.
Physostegia Virginiana, Benth, False Dragon Head, Amite City,
Tangipahoa.
Stachys aspera, Michx, Rough Hedge Nettle, New Orleans, Orleans.
Teucrium Canadense, L., American Germander, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Rosemarinus officinalis, Rosemary, cultivated.
Lycopus Virginicus, L., Water Hoarhound, Cheneyville, Rapides.
BoRRAGINACEIr-Borrage Family.
Heliotropum Curassavicum, L., Sea-coast Heliotrope, Lake Pontchartrain, Orleans.
Heliophytum Indicum, D. C., India Heliotrope, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Myositis verna. Nutt var. macrospermum, Large-seeded Mouse
Edr., Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
HYDROPHYLLACE — Water-leaf Family.
Nemophila microcalyx, Tesh & Meyer, Small-calyxed  Nemophila, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
HiYDRoIEAcX — Hydrolea Family.
Hydrolea quadrivalvus, Walt, Four-valved Hydrolea, Amite City,
Tangipahoa.
Hydrolea leptocaulis, N. Sp., Smooth-stemmed Hydrolea, Washington, St. Landry.
Hydrolea Ludoviciana, N. Sp., Louisiana Hydrolea, Bayou Portage, St. Mary.
Nama Jamaicensis, L., Jamaica Nama, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
PoLEMoNIAcEi -Polemonium Family.
Phlox Drummondii, Drummond's Phlox —Cultivated.




101
Phlox glaberrima, Ohio Phlox-Cultivated.
Pyxidanthera barbulata, Michx, Bearded Pyxidanthera.
CoNwoLvuLAcEm — Convul vulus Family.
Phrabitis nil, Chois., Morning Glory, Baton Rouge, East Baton.
Rouge.
Phrabitis hispida, Chois., Hairy Morning Glory, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Ipomcea tamnifolia, L., Cut-leafed Ipomcea, Ville Platte, St.
Landry.
Ipomcoea lacunosa, L., Ditch Ipomcea, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Ipomcea commutata, Roem. and Shr., Altered Ipomcea, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ipomcea pes-capra, Sweet, Goat-foot-leafed Ipomcea, Grand Isle,
Jefferson.
Ipomcea sagittifolia, Bot. Reg., Arrow-leafed Ipomcea, Mandeville,
St. Tammany.
Ipomcea pandurata, Meyer, Wild Potato Vine, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Batatas littoralis, Chois., Seacoast Wild Potato, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Cuscuta Gronovii, Willd., American Dodder, Washington, St.
Landry.
Dichondra repens, Forst., var. Caroliniensis, Chois., Carolina
Dichondra, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
SoLANAcEE-Nightshade Family.
Solanum nigrum, L., Common Nightshade, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Solanum Caroliniense, L., Horse nettle, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Solanum  aculeatissimum. Jaq., Prickly leafed Nightshade, Carrollton, Orleans.
Solanum Pseudo capsicum, Jerusalem Cherry, Comite river, East
Feliciana.
Physalis viscosa, L., Clammy-leafed Ground Cherry, Port Hudson,
E ast Feliciana.




102
Physalis pubescens, L., Hairy-leafed Ground Cherry, New Orleans, Orleans.
Physalis lanceolata, Mlichx., Lance-leafed Ground Cherry, Clinton, East Feliciana.
Datura Strammonium, L., Thornapple, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Nicotiana tabacum, L., Tobacco, Cultivated.
Nicotiana longiflora (?), Long-leafed Nicotiana, Brashear City,
Introduced.
Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill., Tomato, Cultivated.
Petunia violacea, Violet Petunia, Native of Brazil, Cultivated.
Capsicum annuum, L., Red Pepper, Native of India, Cultivated.
GENTIANACEE —Gentian Family.
Gentiana ochroleuca, Frcel, Straw-colored Gentian, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Sabbatia stellaris, Pursh., Star-flowered Sabbatia, Grand Isle,
Jefforson.
Sabbatia gracilis, Pursh., Slender Sabbatia, Powitchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, American Centaury, Chicotville, St.
Landry.
Sabbatia calycosa, Pursh., Cup-flowered Sabbatia, Grand Isle,
Jefferson.
Sabbatia nana, N., species, Dwarf Sabbatia, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Sabbatia oligophylla, N., species, Sparse-leafed Sabbatia, Chicotville, St. Landry.
Eustoma exaltatum, Grisebe, High-stemmed Eustoma, Grand Isle,
Jefferson.
APOCYNACE: -Dogbane Family.
Fosteronia difformis, D. C., vine, Unsightly Fosteronia, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Vinca major, Great Periwinkle, Native of Europe, Cultivated.
Nerium Oleander, shrub, Rose Bay Tree, Native of Palestine,
Cultivated.
ASCLEPIADACE: —MAilkweed Family.
Asclepias tuberosa, L., Butterfly-weed, Old Seminary, Rapides.




103
Asclepias verticilata, L., Whorl-leafed Asclepias, Pontchatoula,
Tangipahoa.
Asclepias perennis, Willd., Perennial Asclepias, Franklin, St. Mary.
Asclepias paupercula, Michx., Poor Asclepias, Covington, St. Tammany.
Asclepias obtusifolia, Michs., Obtuse-leafed Asclepias, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Seutera maritima Decais. Lyonis maritima, Ell., Seaside Seutera,
Grand Isle, Jefferson.
OLEACEY,-Olive Family.
Olea fragrans, tree, Fragrant Olive tree, native of China, cultivated.
Syringa vulgaris, tree, Common Lilac, native of Hungary, cultivated.
Forsythia viridissima, Green-leafed Forsythia, native of China,
rcultivated.
ARISTOLOCHACEE -Birthwort Family.
Aristolochia serpentaria, L. A. hastata Nutt., Snake Birthwort,
Amite river, East Baton Rouge.
NYCTMAGINACEi-Four O' Clock Family.
Mirabilis Jalapa, Common Mirabilis,native of West Indies; cultivated.
PHYTOLACCACEI —Polceweed Family.
Phytolacca decandra, L., Pokeweed, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
CHENOPODIACE: — Goosefoot Family.
Chenopodium album, L., Pigweed, Franklin, St.-Mary.
Chenopodium anthelminticum, L., Worm seed, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Sueda maritima, Moq., Seaside Chenopodium, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Salicornia ambigua, Michx., Samphire, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
AMARANTAcrE- Amaranth Family.
Amarantus spinosus, L., Thorny Amaranth, Old Seminary, Rapides.




104
Amarantus hybridus, L., Hybrid Amaranth, Baton Rouge, East,
Baton Rouge.
Amarantus chlorostachys, Willd., Green-flowered Amaranth, Grand
Isle, Jefferson.
Alternanthera achyrantha, R. Br., Chaff-flowered Alternanthera,
New Orleans, Orleans.
Iresine celosoides, Ell. I. diffusa H. and B., Cockscomb Iresine,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Gomphrena globosa, L., Globe Amaranth, native of India cultivated.
Celosia, cristata, Cockscomb, native of Japan, cultivated.
Amarantus paniculatus, Panicled Amaranth, native of South
America, cultivated.
POLYGONACEirE-Buckwheat Family.
Brunnichia cirrhosa, Banks, vine, Tendril-branched Brunnichia,.
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Rumex pulcher, L., Fair-leafed Dock, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Rumex crispus, L., Crip-leafed Dock, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Polygonum aviculare, L., Goose grass, Knot grass, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Polygonum incarnatum, Ell., Rose-flowered Polygonum, Brashear
City, St. Mary.
Polygonum hydropiperoides, Michx., Wild Water Pepper, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Polygonum amphibium, L., var. aqudticum, Water Persicaria,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Polygonum densiflorum, Meis., Close-flowered Polygonum, Wash —
ington, St. Landry.
Polygonum setaceum, Baldw., Bristle-sheathed Polygonum, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Polygonum Virginianum, L., Virginia Polygonum, Washington,
St. Landry.
Polygonum acre, Kunth, Wild Smartweed, Old Seminary, Rapides..
Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum, L., Pennsylvania Knotgrass,. Old
Seminary, Rapides.




105
Polygonum dumotorum, L., Climbing Polygonuum, Cheneyville,
Rapides.
LAxunAcrE -Laurel Family.
Sassafras officinale, Nees, Laurus Sassafras, L. tree, Sassafras,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
LORANTHACE -:-Mistletoe _Family.
Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt. Viscum flavescens, shrub, Mistletoe, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
SAURURACEr -Lizard's Tail Family.
Saururus cernuus, L., Lizard's Tail, near Mississippi river, West
Baton Rouge.
CALLITRICHACE — Water Starwort Family.
Callitriche pedunculosa, Nutt, Water Starwort, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
EuPioRBIACE- -SSpurge Family.
Euphorbia corollata, L., Large flowering Spurge, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Euphorbia hypericifolia, L., Large spotted Spurge, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Euphorbia hypericifolia, var. communis, Common spotted Spurge,
Port Hudson, East Feliciana.
Euphorbia  herniarioides,  Nutt,  Small-leafed Spurge, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Euphorbia Ludoviciana, N. Sp., Louisiana Spurge, Washington,
St. Landry.
Euphorbia Meganpesos, N. Sp., Grand Isle Spurge, Grand Isle,
Jefferson.
Acalypha gracilens, Gray, Slender three-seeded Mercury, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Acalypha Caroliniana, Walt., Carolina, Three-seeded Mercury,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Tragia urens, L., Stinging Tragia, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Stillingia ligustrina, Michx., Privet-leafed  Stillingia, Clinton,
East Feliciana.




106
Stillingia Sylvatica, L., Queen's Delight, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Croton Elliottii, Chapm, Elliott's Croton, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Ricinus communis, L., Castor Oil Plant, Ville Platte, St. Landry.
BATIDAOEE —Batis Family.
Batis maritime, L., Seaside Batis, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
URTICAcE,-Nettle Family.
Urtica gracilis, Ait., Slender-stemmed Nettle, Chicotville, St.
Landry.
Urtica dioica, L., Common Nettle, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Urtica purpurascens, Nutt, Purple Nettle, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Parietaria debilis, Forst., Feeble-stemmed Pellitory, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
MORACEx-3Ifulberry Family.
Morus rubra, L., tree, Red Mulberry, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Morus nigra, Vent., tree, Black Mulberry, native of China, introduced.
Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt, tree, Osage Orange, native of Arkansas,
introduced.
Ficus carica, tree, Fig Tree, native of Asia, introduced.
ULMACEZ — Elm Family.
Ulmus alata, Michx., tree, Whahoo, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
PLATANAc-, Plane Tree Family.
Platanus occidentalis, L., tree, Plane Tree, Sycamore, Washington,
St. Landry.
JUGLANDACEE — Walnut Family.
Juglans nigra, L., tree, Black Walnut, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Carya amara, Nutt, tree, Bitter Nut, Grosse Tete Railroad, West
Baton Rouge.
Carya glabra, Tor., tree, Pignut, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




107
Carya alba, Nutt, tree, Shell-bark Hickory, Baton Rouge, East
]Baton Rouge.
CUPULIFERXE-OaJk Family,
Quercus phellos, L., tree, Willow Oak, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Quercus aquatica, Catesby, tree, Water Oak, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Quercus aquatica, Catesty, var. hybrida, tree, Hybrid Water Oak,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Quercus tinctoria, Bart., tree, Black Oak, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Quercus faleata, Michx., tree, Spanish Oak, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Quercus obtusifolia, Michx., tree, Post Oak, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Quercus alba, L., tree, White Oak, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Quercus prinus, L., tree, Swamp Chestnut Oak, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Quercus nigra, L., tree, Black Jack, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Quercus virens, Ait., tree, Live Oak, Brashear City, St. Mary.
Castanea pumila, Michx., tree, Chinquapin, Opelousas, St. Landry.
Fagus ferruginea, Ait., tree, American Beech, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
SALICACEL —  Willow Family.
Populus angulata, Ait., tree, Cottonwood, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Populus dilatata, tree, Lombardyv Poplar, Native of Italy, Introduced.
Salix nigra, Marsh.. tree, Black Willow, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Salix Babylonica, tree, Weeping Willow, Native of the East,
Introduced.
CoNIrEdi-Pine Family.
Pinus Australis, Michx., tree, Long-leafed Pine, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Pinus taeda, L., tree, Old-field Pine, Old Seminary, Rapides.




108
Pinus glabra, Walt., tree, Smooth Pine, Amite River, East Baton
Rouge.
Pinus inops, Ait., tree, Scrub Pine, Clinton, East Feliciana.
Taxodium distichum, Rich., tree, Cypress, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Juniperus Virginianus, L., tree, Red Cedar, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Cupressus thyoides, L., tree, White Cedar, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Thuya occidentalis, L., tree, Arbor Vitae, Native of North Caralina,
Introduced.
Thuya orientalis, shrub, Oriental Arbor Vitae, Native of China,
Cultivated.
Taxus Hibernica, shrub, Irish Yew, Native of Ireland, Cultivated.
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
PALME  -Palms.
Sabal Adansonii, Guerns., Dwarf Palmetto, New Orleans, Orleans.
Sabal Palmetto, R. & S., Tree Palmetto, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
ARAcE —Arum Family.
Peltandra Virginica, Raf., Virginia Arrow Arum, Amite river, East
Baton Rouge.
LEMNACSE —Duckweed Faimily.
Lemna minor, L., Small Duckweed, New Orleans, Orleans.
Lemna polyrhiza, L., Many-rooted Duckweed, New Orleans,
Orleans.
Lemna Torreyi Austin, Torrey's Lemna, Washington, St. Landry.
TYPHACEE —Cat Tail Family.
Typha latifolia, L., Cat-tail, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
ALISMACEE —Water Plantain Family.
Sagittaria falcata, Pursh., Scythe-leafed Arrow-head, Lake Pontchartrain, Orleans.
Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh., Unequal-leafed Arrow-head, Brashear City, St. Mary.




109
Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm., Varied-leafed Arrow-head, Franklin, St. Mary.
Sagittaria simplex, Pursh., Simple-leaved Arrow-head, Prairie
lakes, St. Landry.
ORCHIDACEri —Orchis Family.
Platanthera ciliaris Lind. Orchis ciliaris, L., Fringe-flowered False
Orchlis, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
iabenaria Michauxii, Nutt., Michaux' Orchis, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Spiranthes gracilis, Slender-twisted Orchis, Old Seminary, Rapides.
CANNACES- Canna Family
Canna Indica, L., Indian Shot Plant, L., cultivated.
AMARYLLIDACEE —Amaryllis Family.
Ilypoxis erecta, L., Erect Star Grass, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
HIypoxis Juncea, Smith, Rushy Star Grass, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Narcissus, Tazetta, Narcissus, native of Spain, cultivated.
HIEMoDonAcEE-Bloodwort Family.
Aletris aurea, Walt., Golden-flowered Aletris, Old Seminary,
iRapides.
BROMELIACEE-Pine Appe ppe Family.
Tillandsia usneoides, L., Long Moss, near Mississippi river, West
Baton Rouge.
IRIDACE — Iris Family.
Iris tripetala, Walt., Three-petaled Iris, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Iris cuprea, L., Copper-flowered Iris, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Iris Florentina, Sweet Flag, native of Italy, cultivated.
SMImcEs —Smilax Family.
Smilax tamnoides, L., vine, Green Briar, Baton Rouge, East
IBaton Rouge.
Smilax pseudo-China, L., vine, False Chinese Smilax, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




110
Trillium  sessile, L., Stalkless Three-leafed Nightshade, Amite
river, East Baton Rouge.
LILACE, —Lily Family.
Lilium Lockettii, N. Sp., Lockett's Lily, Lake St. Charles, Calcasieu.
Lilium candidum, White Lily, native of Levant, cultivated.
Lilium tigrinum, Tiger-spotted Lily, native of China, cultivated.
Lilium Carolinianum, Orange-flowered Lily, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Yucca filamentosa, L., Bear Grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Allium Canadense, Kalm, Wild Onion, near the Mississippi river,
West Baton Rouge.
Gladiolus Byzantinus, Turkish Gladiolus, native of the Levant, cultivated.
Gladiolus Psittacinus, Corn Flag, native of South of Europe, cultivated.
MELANTHACE — Colchicum TFamnily.
Melanthium Yirginicum, L., Bunch Flower, Amite City, Tangipahoa.
Chammlirium luteum, Gray Helonias dioica, Blazing Star.
JUNcACEM  Rush VFamily.
Juncus scirpoides, Lam., Scirpoid Rush, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Juncus maritimus, Lam., Sea-side Bullrush, Batqn Rouge, East.
Baton Rouge.
Juncus effusus, L., Soft Rush.
Juncus tenuis, Willd, Slender Rush, Baton Rouge, East Baton.
Rouge.
Juncus marginatus, Willd, Broad-brimmed Rush, Marsh Prairie,
St. Mary.
Juncus setaceus, Rosth, Bristly Rush, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Juncus buffonius, L., Toad Rush, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




111
PONTEDERIACEZX —Pickerel Weed Family.
Pontederia cordata, L., Wampee, Pickerel Weed, New Orleans,
Orleans.
Schollera graminea, Willd, Grass-leafed Schollera, Brashear City,
St. Mary.
COMMELYNACE:9 —Spiderwort 1Family.
Commelyna communis, L., Common Dayflower, Opelousas, St.
Landry.
Commelyna Virginica, Virginia Dayflower, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Commelyna Virginica, var. angustifolia, Ell., Narrow-leafed Dayflower, New Orleans, Orleans.
Commelyna erecta, L, Erect Dayflower, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Tradescantia Virginiana, L., Virginia Spiderwort, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
XYRIDACE — Yellow-eyed Grass Family.
Xyris difformis, Chapm., Unsightly Yellow-eyed Grass, Covington,
St. Tammany.
Xyris Elliotii, Chapm., Elliott's Yellow-eyed Grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Xyris elata, Chapm., High-stemmed Yellow-eyed Grass, Amite
city, Tangipahoa.
ERIOCAULONACEAE.
Eriocaulon decangulare, L., Pipewort, Covington, St. Tammany.
CYPRAcEM —Sedge Family.
Cyperus vegetus, Willd, Stout-stemmed Cyperus.
Cyperus strigosus, L., Bristle-spiked Galingale, Yille Platte, St.
Landry.
Cyperus articulatus, L., Jointed Cyperus, Franklin, St. Mary.
Cyperus rotundus, L. C., hydra, Michx, Nut Grass, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Cyperus compressus, L., Flat-stemmed Cyperus, Franklin, St.
Mary.




112
Cyperus flavescens, L., Yellow Cyperus, Clinton, East Feliciana.
Cyperus ovularis, Tor., Egg-spiked Cyperus, Opelousas, St. Landry.
Cyperus tetragonus, Ell, Four-angled Cyperus, Opelousas, St.
Landry.
Cyperus Gatesii, Tor., Gates' Cyperus, Opelousas, St. Landry.
Cyperus virens, Michx, Evergreen Cyperus, Opelousas, St. Landry.
Cyperus speciosus, Vahl., Showy Cyperus, Bayou Portage, St.
Mary.
Cyperus Haspan, L., Haspan's Cyperus, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Cyperus erythrorhizos, Muhl., Red-rooted Cyperus, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Rhynchospera corniculata, Tor., Horned Beak Rush, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Rhynchospera glomerata, Vahl, Bushy Rush, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Rhynchospera cymosa, Nutt, Cyme-flowered Rush, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Rhynchospera inexpansa, Vahl, Unexpanded Rush, Baton Rouge.
East Baton Rouge.
Rhynchospera paniculata, Tor., Panicled Rush, Old Seminary,
IRapides.
Eleocharis simplex, Tor., Simple Spike Rush, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Eleocharis tuberculosa, R. Br., Tuberculated Rush, Bayou Portage,
St. Mary.
Eleocharis microcarpa, Tor., Small-fruited Rush, Bayou Portage,
St. Mary.
Eleocharis pygmnea, Tor., Pigmy Rush, Bayou Portage, St. Mary.
Eleocharis albida, Tor., Whitish Rush, Bayou Portage, St. Mary.
Eleocharis obtusa, R. Br., Obtuse Rush, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Eleocharis palustris, R. Br., Swamp Rush, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Dichromena leucocephala, Michx., White-flowered Dichromena,
Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Kyllingia palustris, Michx., Swamp Kyllingia, Clinton, East Feli,
ciana.
Mariscus retrofractus, Vahl, Inversely-tapering Mariscus, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




113
Fimbristylis spadicea, Vahl, Chestnut-brown Fimbristylis, Bayou
Portage, St. 1Mary.
Fimbristylis autumnalis, F. & Sch., Autumnal Fimbristylis, Port
Iudson, East Feliciana.
Scirpus eriophorum, Michx., Wooly Bullrush.
Scirpus palustris, L., Swamp Bullrush, Berwick's Bay, St. Mary.'Trichelostylis autumnalis, Roem. & Shultz, Autumnal Trichelostylis, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Fuirena squarrosa, Michx., Coarse Fuirena, Baton Rouge, East
JBaton Rouge.
Carex lupulina, Muhl., Lupine Sedge, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Carex glaucescens, Ell., Pale-green Sedge, Marsh Prairie, St. Mary.
Carex staminea, Willd., Staminate Sedge, Marsh Prairie, St. Mary.
Carex staminea, var. festucacea, Shrb., Fescue-grass Sedge.
Carex retroflexa, Muhl., Inverse-reflexed Sedge, Baton Rouge,
-East Baton Rouge.
Carex stenolepis, Tot'., Narrow-scaled Sedge, Baton Rouge, East'Baton Rouge.
Carex crus-corvi, Shuttleworth, Crow-legged Sedge, Cheneyville,
tRapides.
GRAMINEAz-Grass Family.
Leersia Virginica, Willd., Virginia Rice-grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Leersia Centicularis, Michx., False Rice-grass, Old Seminary,
IRapides.
Agrostis perennans, Gray, Thin-Grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Agrostis scabra, Willd., Hair-Grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers., Bermuda-Grass, Baton Rouge, East
-Baton Rouge.
Phleum pratense, L., Timothy, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Poa pratensis, L., Orchard-grass, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Poa annua, L., Low Spear-grass, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Poa flexuosa, Muhl., Slender-stemmed Poa, Amite river, East
]Baton Rouge.
Aristida purpurascens, Poir., Triple-awned Aristida, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Aristida gracilis, Ell., Slender Aristida, Old Seminary, Rapides.
8




114
Aristida virgata, Trin., Strait-stemmed Aristida, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
IMuhlenbergia diffusa, Schreb., Drop-seed, Nimble-Will, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Eatonia Pennsylvanica, Gray, Pennsylvania Eatonia, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Eatonia obtusata, Gray, Obtuse-spiked' Eatonia~, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Vilfa vaginseflora, Tor., Sheath-flowered  Vilfa,  Cheneyville,
Rapides.
Melica mutica, Walt., Beardless Melic-grass, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Eragrostis ciliaris, Link., Fringed Eragrostis, Port Hudson, East
Feliciana.
Eragrostis oxylepis, Tor., Huskpointed Eragrostis, Grand Isle,
Jefferson.
Eragrostis reptans, Nees., Creeping Eragrostis, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray, Comb-spiked Eragrostis, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Eragrostis capillaris, Nees, Fine-branched Eragrostis, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Eragrostis megastachya Link var. pecoides, Beauv, Large-spiked
Eragrostis, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Eragrostis Purshii, Schrad, Pursh's Eragrostis, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Eleusine Indica, Gaert, Crab grass, Yard grass, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Paspalum  digitaria, Poir, Finger-spiked Paspalum, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Paspalum lkeve, Michx., Smooth Paspalum, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Paspalum ciliatifolia, Michx., Fringe-leafed Paspalum, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Paspalum racemulosum, Nutt., Racemed Paspalum, Old Seminary,.
Rapides.
Paspalum praecox, Walt., Early Paspalun,, near Mississippi river,,
West Baton Rouge.




115
Paspalum  fluitans, Kunth, Floating  Paspalum, Cheneyville,
Rapides.
Sporobulus junceus,~ Kunth, Rush-leafed Drop-seed grass, Old
Seminary, Rapides.
Sporobulus Indicus, Brown, Indian Drop-seed grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Setaria glauca, Beauv, Pale Green Setaria, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Digitaria glabra, P., glabrum, Gaud., Smooth IDigitaria, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Panicumn sanguinale, L., Finger grass, Crab grass, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Panicumn sanguinale, L, var. villosum, Ell, Hairy Finger grass,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Panicum filiforme, L., Fine-stemmed Finger grass, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Panicumn dichotomum, L., var. villosum, Ell., Woolly two-branched
Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum  dichotomum, L., var. lanuginosum, Ell., Downy twobranched Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum dichotomum, L., var. barbulatum, Michx., Bearded twobranched Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicurn dichotomum, L., var. ramulosum, Michx., Branching twobranched Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum. dichotomum, L., var. nitidum, Ell., Glossy two-branched
Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum  dichotomum, L., var. pubescens, Ell., H-airy twobranched Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum virgatus, Ell., Straight-stemmed Panic grass, Bayou
Portage, St. Mary.
Panicum hians, Ell., Disjointed Panic grass, Amite River, East
Baton Rouge.
Panicum gymnocarpum, Ell., Nude-fruited Panic grass, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Panicum capillare, L., Hair-branched Panic grass, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Panicumr Walteri, Ell., Walter's Panic grass, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Panicum agrostoides, Spreng, Bentgrass Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.




116
Panicumn hirtellum, L., Rough-stemmed Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum microcarpon, Muhl, Small-fruited Panic grass, Old Seminary, iRapides.
Panicurn verucosum, Muhl, Wart-fruited Panic grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum  viscidum, Ell., Clammy Panic grass, Old Seminary,'Rapides.
Panicum rufum, Kunth, Brown-haired Panic grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Panicumrn capillare, L., var. geniculatum, Muhl, Knee-jointed Panic
grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Panicum crusgalli, L., Barnyard grass, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Panicum crusgalli, L., var. longisetum, Long-bristled Barnyard
grass, Pontchartrain, Orleans.
Uniola gracilis, Michx, Slender Uniola, Ville Platte,, St. Landry.
Uniola latifolia, Michx., Broad-leafed Uniola, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Spartina juncea, Willd., Rush-leafed Marsh grass, Lake Pontchartrain, Orleans.
Chloris petrzei, Stony Chloris, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Stenotaphrum  Americanumn  Schrank, American Stenotaphrum,
Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook., var. macrostachyon, Large-spiked
Brizopyrum, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Coix lachryma, Lachrymal Coix, Bayou Portage, St. Mary.
Sorghum nutans, Gray, Indian grass, Wood grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Sorghum Halapense, Pers., Cuba grass, Lake Pontchartrain, Orleans.
Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth, Leaf-pointed Leptochloa, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Andropogon Virginicus, L., Virginia Beard-grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Andropogon scoparius, Michx., Broom-grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Andropogon Elliottii, Chapm, Elliotti's Beard-grass, Old Seminary,
3Rapides.




117
Andropogon argenteus, Ell., Silver-spiked Beard-grass, Old Semi-,
nary, Rapides.
Glyceria aquatica, Smith, Reed Meadow grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Glyceria obtusa, Trin., Obtuse-spiked Meadow-grass, Old Seminary, IRapides.
Erianthus alopecuroides, Ell., Woolly Beard-grass, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Cinna arundinacea, L., Wood Reed-grass, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Festuca pratensis, Huds., Meadow Fescue grass, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Festuca myurus, L., Knotty Fescue grass, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Alopecurus geniculatus, L., Foxtail, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
iordeum pratense, L., Meadow Barlow, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Ctenium Americanum Spreng, American Toothache grass, Pontchatoula, Tangipahoa.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L., Burr-grass, Grand Isle, Jefferson.
Cenchrus echinatus, L., Hedgehog grass, Cheneyville, Rapides.
Arundinaria gigantea, Chapm, Cane, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
Avena elatior, L., High-stemmed Oats, Baton Rouge, East Baton.
Rouge.
Avena sativa, L., Common Oats, Baton Rouge, cultivated.
Zea Mays, Indian Corn, Baton Rouge, cultivated.
Sorghum saccharatum, Broom Corn, Baton Rouge, cultivated.
Oryza sativa, Rice, Baton Rouge, cultivated.
Saccharum officinarum, Sugar Cane, Baton Rouge, cultivated.
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
FILICES -Ferns.
Onoclea sensibilis, L., Sensitive Fern, Baton Rouge, East Batonr
Rouge.
Aspidium Noveboracense, Willd, Shield Fern, Old Seminary, Rapides.




118
Aspidium patens, Swartz, Spreading Shield Fern, Opelousas, St.
ILandry.
Aspidium thelypteris, Swartz, Edge-winged Fern, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Aspidium achrostichoides, Swartz, Uncolored Fern, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith, Narrow-leafed Woodwardia, Olc
Seminary, Rapides.
Osmunda cinamomea, L., Cinnamon Fern, Old Seminary, RapidesOsmunda regalis, Flowering Fern, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Pteris aquilina, L., Common Brake, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Pteris caudata, L., Tail-leafed Brake, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Polypodium incanum, Swartz, Hoary Pclypody, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Asplenium ebeneum, Ait., Black-stemmed Spleenwort, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Asplenium ebeneum, Ait., var. Bacculum Rubrum, Baton Rouge
Spleenwort, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Asplenium filix foemina, R. B., Female Fern Spleenwort, Old Seminary, Rapides.
LYCOPODIcOE —Club Moss Family.
Selaginella apus, Spring, Martinet Selaginella, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
HYDROPTrERIDE- Water Fern Family.
Azolla Caroliniana, Willd, Carolina Azolla, Port Hudson, East Feliciana.
Musci —l losses.
Thuidium gracile, Br. and Sch., Slender Thuidium, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Thuidium tamariscinum, Hedw. HIypnum, Tamarik-leafed Thuidium, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Amblystegium radicale, Brid. Hypnum, Root-leafed Amblystegium,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cylindrothecium seductrix, Hedw., Fair-leafed Cylindrothecium,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cylindrothecium cladoerhizans, Hedw., Branch-rooting Cylindrothecium, Baton Rouge, East Baton IRouge.




119
Atrichum angustatum, Hook, Narrow-leafed Shield Moss, Baton
Rouge,;East Baton Rouge.
Atrichum crispum, James, Crisp-leafed Shield Moss, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Weissia viridula, Brid., Green Pearl Moss, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Trichostomum  pallidum, Hedw., Pale Trichostomum, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Physcomitrium pyriforme, L., Pear-fruited Physcomitrium, Baton
Ronge, East Baton Rouge.
Funaria flaviscus, Michx, Yellow Funaria, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw., Common Funaria, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Desmatodon plinthobius, Sul. & Lesq., Plinth-fruited Desmatodon, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Bartramia radicalis, Beauv., Root-leafed Bartramia, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Eurhynchia hians, lHedw., Disjointed Eurhynchia, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Leucobryum  glaucum, Pale-green White IMoss, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Leucobryum minus, Hampe, Small-leafed White Moss, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Rhynchostegium microcarpum, T. lMull., Small-fruited Rhynchostegium, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Leptodon trichomittium, Mohr. var. immorsus, Sul., Hair-capped
Leptodon, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Hypnum curvifolium, Hedw., Curve-leafed Branch Moss, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Hypnum micans, Schwartz, Shining Branch Moss, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Hypnum micans var. albulum, Aust, WVhitish Branch Moss, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Hypnum recurvans, Br., Bent Branch Moss, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Sphagn-m cymbifolium, Dill, Boat-leafed Sphagnum, Old Seminary,
Rapides.




120
Leskea polycarpa, Hedw., Many-fruited Leskea, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Leucodon julaceus, Hedw., Close-matted Leucodon, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw., Maiden-hair Fissidens, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Fissidens minutulus Sul var terrestris, Diminutive Fisssidens,,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Barbula muralis, Hedw., Wall Screw moss, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Barbula sabeiliata, Aust., n. sp., Sparse-Fringed Beard moss, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Brachythecium rutabulum, Br., Rake-leafed Brachytheciunm, Baton.
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Brachythecium  plumosum, Br., Feather-leafed Brachythecum,,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Meteorium pendulum, Sull., Festoon-branched Meteorium, Baton.
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cryphea nervosa, Hook and Wils., Nerve-leafed Cryphea, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Cryphea glomerata, Sch., Tufted Cryphea, Baton Rouge, East.
Baton Rouge.
2Mnium affine, Bland, Close-marked Star moss, Baton Rouge, East,
Baton Rouge.
Trematodon longicollis, Michx, Long-necked Trematodon, Baton.
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
HEPATIC — Liverwort _Family.
Lejeunia clypeata, Sull, Shield-leafed -Lejeunia, Baton Rouge,,
East Baton Rouge.
Lejeunia Sullivantii, Aust., Sullivant's Lejeunia, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Lophocolea heterophylla, Nees, Mixed-leafed Lophocolea, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Plagiochyla Ludoviciana, Sul., Louisiana Plagiochyla, Baton Rouge,.
East Baton Rouge.
Jungermannia Schraderi, Mort, Schrader's Jungermannia, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




121
Anthoceros lsevis, L., Smooth Anthoceros, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Dumortiera hirsuta, Nees, Rough-leafed Dumortiera, Amite river,
East Baton Rouge.
Steezia Lyellii, Lehm., Lyell's Steezia, Old Seminary, Rapides.
Fimbriana tenelle, Nees, Slender Fimbriana, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Marchantia polymorpha, L., Multiform Marchantia, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Madotheca Porella, Dicks., Porella's Madotheca, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Madotheca involuta, Hampe, Covered Madotheca, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Radula Lescurii, Aust., Lescure's Radula, Covington, St. Tammany.
Sphagnoecetis communis, lees., Common Sphagnoecetis, Covington, St. Tammany.
Riccia natans, L., Floating Riccia, Baton Rouge, East Batoln
Rouge.
Riccia glauca, (?) L., Pale Green Riccia, Baton Rouge, East Baton
Rouge.
LICHEN E-Lichens.
Cladonia Floerkeana, Fries., Floerke's Cladonia, Amite River, East
Baton Rouge.
Cladonia cristella, Tuckerm., Tufted Cladonia, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Cladonia mitrula, Tuckerm., Mitreform Cladonia, Amite River, East
Baton Rouge.
Cladonia fimbriata, Fr., var. aspersa, Tuck., Wide-spread Cladonia,
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Biatoria decolorans, Fries., Discolored Biatoria, Old Seminary,
Rapides.
Biatoria russula, Tuckerm., Flesh-colored Biatoria, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Physcia stellaris, WVollr., var. tribacia, Mean Starry Physcia, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Physcia stellaris, Wollr., var. Dorningensis, Domingo Starry Physcia, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




122
Physcia picta, Nyl., Pictured Physcia, Baton Rouge, East Baton'Rouge.
Physcia speciosa, var. galactopyhlla, Tuck., White-leafed Showy
Physcia, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Pyxine cocoes, var. sorediata, Nyl., Sorediate Pyxine, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Theloschistes chrysophthalmus, var. flavicans, Yellow Theloschistes,
"Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ramalina gracilenta, Ach,, Slender-branched Ramalina, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Ramalina Montagnei, De Not., Montagne's Ramalina, Baton
Roulge, East Baton Rouge.
Ramalina calicaris, var. fraxinea, Ach., Ash Ramalina, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Usnea barbata, Fr., var. florida, Fr., Flowering Bearded Usnea,
Red River Falls, Rapides.
Usnea trichodea, Ach., Hair-branched Usnea, Red River Falls,
Rapides.
Graphis scripta, Ach., Written-marked Graphis, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Graphis  sculpturata, Carved-marked  Graphis, Baton Rouge,:East Baton Rouge.
Lecanora pallescens, Fr., Pale Lecanora, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Lecanora subfusca, Ach., Brownish Lecanora, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Trypethelicum  cruentum, Mont., Red Trypethelicum, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Buellia parasema, Koerb, False Buellia, Baton Rouge, East Baton
-Rouge.
Heterothecium  Domingense, Tuck., Domingo Heterothecium,
"Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Pyrenula nitida, Ach., Glossy Pyrenula, Baton Rouge, East
IBaton Rouge.
Pertussaria velata, Nyl, Covered Pertussaria, Baton Rouge, East
2Baton Rouge.
Pertussaria leioplaca, Ach., Many scaled Pertussaria, Baton
~Rouge, East Baton Rouge.




123
Parmelia perforata, Ach., Perforated Parmelia, - Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
FUNGI.
Agaricus campestris, L., Field Mushroom, Baton Rouge.
Agaricus amygdalinus, Curt., Almond Mushroom, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Agaricus cespitosum, Curt., Tufted Mushroom, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Polyporus laceratus, Berk., Ragged Polyporus, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Polyporus sanguineus, Fr., Blood-red Polyporus, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
Polyporus lucidus, Fr., Shining Polyporus, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Schizophyllum  commune, Fr., Common Schizophyllum, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Lentinus Lecontei, Fr., Leconte's Lentinus, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Lentinus Ravenellii, Berk. & Curt., Ravenel's Lentinus, Baton
Rouge, East Raton Rouge.
Lentinus lepideus, Fr., Smooth Lentinus, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Atractium coccigena, Berk. & Curt., Scarlet Atractium, Baton:Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Stilbum cinnabarinum, Mont., Cinnabar-colored Stilbum, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Melogramma gyrosum, Schw., Winding Melogramma, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Merulius brassicmfolius, Schw., Cabbage-leafed Merulius, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Aethalium septicum, Fr., Putrid Aethalium, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Diatrype platystoma, Schw., Wide-mouthed Diatrype, Baton
Rouge, East Baton Rouge.
Uredo Potentillarum, D. C., Cinqfoil Uredo, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Uredo luminata, Schw., Blabkberry Uredo, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.




124
Erineum- fagineum, Pers., Beech Erineum, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Hydnum ochraceum, Pers., Yellow Hydnum, Baton Rouge, East
Baton Rouge.
Irpex bicolor, Berk. & Curt., Two-colored Irpex, Baton Rouge,
East Baton Rouge.
A number of the Fungi have not vet been determined.
ALG2E.
OSCILLARI-ACEN.
Vibrio Bacillus, Miill., West Baton Rouge.
Oscillaria-several species undetermined —Baton Rouge.
NOSTOCACEA.
Anabaena circinalis (?), Rab., West Baton Rouge.
S CYTONOMACE2E.
Calothrix cmespitora (?), K., Baton Rouge.
Tolypothrix distorta (?), New Orleans.
DESMIDIEE.
Closterium acerosum (?), E., West Baton Rouge.
Closterium moniliforme (?), E., West Baton Rouge.
Closteriumr lanceolatum (?), K., Baton Rouge.
Closterium Leibleinii, K., Baton Rouge.
Closterium striolatum, Ehr., Baton Rouge.
Docidium Bacculum, Breb., Rapides.
Euastrum didelta, Ralfs., Rapides.
ZYGNEMACEM.
Spirogyra quinina, Ag.
Spirogyra nitida, Dillw.
Spirogyra decimina (?), Muiller.
Zygnema cruciata, Ag.
NEMATOPHYCEM.
Bulbochaete setigera, Ag., Lale Pontchartrain,
Schizomeris Leibleinii (?), K., Grand Isle.




125
Drapnaldia glomerata, Vauch., Baton Rouge.
There are a great number of specimens of the Confervoid Alge.
and of the Ulvacee and the genus Closterium undetermined, and
many given in the list are probably only approximations.
DIATOMACEZ.
EUNOTI2E.
Epitheimia musculus, K., Lake Pontchartrain.
lEpithemia turgida (?), K., Lake Pontchartrain.
Epithemia gibba, K., Baton Rouge.
Epithemia Westermannii, K., Baton Rouge.
Eunotia tetraodon Ehr., Rapides.
Himantidium pectinale, K., in long filaments and separate valves,
Amite river.
Himantidium bidens, E., Rapides.
Himantidium, Arcus, E., Rapides.
Himantidium undulatum, S., Rapides. This species has a gibbous
center, three slight dorsal undulations, and obtuse recurved apices,
and corresponds with the description of it in Pritchard. The habitat indicated in that work is Europe.
Himantidium parallelum, E.
FRA GILLARIACE2E.
Fragillaria capucina, Desm., in elongated tapering filaments, Baton
Rouge.
Nitzschia parvula, S., Grand Isle.
Nitzschia Dianee, E., Pontchartrain.
Nitzschia amphioxys, E., Baton Rouge.
Ceratoneis Closterium, E., Rapides.
SURIRELLEAE.
Synedra vitrea, K, Baton Rouge. The valve of this species is
beautifully striated, with a quadrangular vacant space in the center.
It is linear lanceolate, contracted to slightly dilated, obtuse, rounded
ends. The front view is also perfectly transparent; very Iong; has
distinct marginal strie, and more or less dilated truncate ends. I




126
have named it S. vitrae, with the charateristics of which I am only
acquainted from the short description in Pritchard, because Professor
Bailey gives the S. vitrse as the only species found in Southern waters.
Otherwise I might have designated it by S. lanecolata.
Synedra amphirhynchus (?) E., Amite river. Only distinguished
from the preceding in having the front view perfectly linear, with
truncate but not dilated ends. The form of the valves is nearly the
same as that of the preceding species, but it has no quadrangular
median space.  It is probable that neither of the above designations
of Synedra are the proper ones. My object was to include them in
the list by some specific name,' the character of which they approsximate.
Synedra lunaris, E., Amite river. A great number of Synedras are
still undetermined.
Cymatopleura elliptica (?), Breb., Grand Isle.  We have but a
single specimen in side view.
Surirella splendida, Ehr., (we have specimens of the large and
stunted variety) Rapides and Baton Rouge.
Surirella Craticula, Ehr., Lake Pontchartrain.
Surirella striatula, Turp., Lake Pontchartrain.
Surirella ovata (?) Ehr., Baton Rouge.
Surirella biseriata, Breb., Rapides.
STRIATELLIE:E.
Tabellaria fenestrata, K., Rapides.
MELOSIRE2E.
Melosira nummuloides, Ag., Grand Isle.
Melosira Jurgensii (?), Ag., Grand Isle.
Melosira varians (?), Ag., (In filaments of great length) Baton
Rouge.
Pixidicula compressa, Bail, Grand Isle. This is one of the most!
beautiful diatoms of the collection. Its dotted lines reflect the light
in a variety of colors.
COSCINODISCEE.
Coscinodiscus radiatus? Ehr., (many specimens,) Grand Isle.
The specimens are comparatively small, the punctse are cellulose,
smaller in the margin, and the radiated lines are obscure; but the
punctso are all distinct and very large.




127
Coscinodiscus subtilis? Ehr. Punctiform  in radiating triangularlinear rays. Grand Isle.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Ehr., (one single specimen,) Grand Isle.
BIDULPEIIEL.
Bidulphia obtusa, Rich, (only one specimen,) Grand Isle.  [Corresponds precisely with the description and figure of Pritchard.]
Odentella polymorpha, Rab., (A great number of specimens,),
Grand Isle.
TERPSINTOEME.
Terpsinoe musica, Ehr., (A great number of specimens,) Grand
Isle.
COCCONEIDE-E.
Cocconeis Pediculus? E., (Found collected in great numbers,)!
Lake Pontchartrain.
This species resembles C. placentula, but it is smaller, and has
no transverse strise. The longitudinal strie are undulating, from
three to four on each side of the median line. In most of the specimens the strise are obscure.  They are congregated in large
numbers, on Enteromorpha.
Cjocconeis Finnica, E., (This is a very beautiful species of Cocconeis,) Lake Pontchartrain.
This Cocconeis corresponds with Ehrenberg's figure;. it has.
transverse strise, and a lanceolate longitudinal fascia bisected by
median line and nodule.
We have many other specimens of Cocconeis, but they are undetermined.
ACHNANTHEME.
Achnanthes subsessilis (?), K.-(numerous specimens) —Grand
Isle. Some of these specimens are very beautiful,
CYMBELEEL.
Cymbella Ehrenbergii, K. (-numerous specimens)-Baton Roug&.
There are two varieties of this species, one broad lanceolate in
navicular form, and the other small and rounded, with slightly produced rostrate apices. Both varieties are distinctly striated.
Cymbella maculata, K., Baton Rouge. There are several other
species of cymbellke not determined.




128
Amphora lybica, E., Lake Pontchartrain and Amite river.
Amphora lineolata, E., Lake Pontchartrain.
GOMPHIONEMIEE.
Gomphonema coronatum, E. —(numerous  specimens) - Amite
river. This is a very graceful and beautiful species.
Gomphonema Turris, E., Amite river.
Gomphonema dichotomum, K., Baton Rouge.
Gomphonema glans, E., Baton Rouge.
Gomphonema constrictum (?), E. Amite river.
ITAVICULE3E.
Navicula leptogongyla (?), E., Amite river.
Navicula viridis, Nitzsch., Amite river.
Navicula major (?), K., Amite river. This specimen is one of the
finest in the collection. Corresponds with Pritchard's figure P1. vii.,
but has no tumid centre.
Navicula mesogongyla (?), R., Rapides.
Navicula affinis, E., Rapides.
Navicula amphigomphus, E., Rapides and Amite River.
Navicula amphisphenia, (?) E., (specimens in great number,) West
Baton Rouge. This species resembles N. cuspidata, but is somewhat
ventricose, or rather rhombic lanceolate in outline.  It has the
nodule elongated. It is generally perfectly smooth, but sometimes
a specimen is found which is closely and most finely striated. Striae
are perfectly perpendicular and parallel and reach the median line.
There are numerous specimens in front, side and oblique view.
When alive they are yellow and seem to be covered by a membrane,
having a linear, broad, transverse band in the center. Some of the
specimens are very large, measuring over an inch in size, others are
comparatively small. The valve is subacute, but any modification
of its lateral position renders the apices broader in proportion as it
approaches the front view, which is nearly linear.
Navicula Fusidium, E., Rapides.
Navicula Silicula, E., Baton Rouge.
Navicula hemiptera, (?) E., Pontchartrain. This specimen is finely
striated.
Navicula crabro, E., Pontchartrain.




129
N avicula didyma, E., Pontchartrain.
Navicula dicephala, E., Rapides.
Navicula tabellaria, E., Rapides.
Navicula cuspidata, K., Rapides.
Navicula amphirhynchus, Baton Roouge.
Navicula rhyncocephala (?) Fr.  Differs from the figure in Prrit hardc by tapering more gradually to the rostrate apices, and st ri
only partially visible.
There are a great number of Naviculam undetermined.
Stauroneis Phcedicentron, E., Rapides.
Stauroneis platystoma (?), E., Amite river.
Stauroneis semen, E., Lake Pontchartrain.
There are many fine specimens of Stauroneis undletermined.
Pleurosigma obtusatum, Sulliv, Baton Rouge.
Pleurosigma attenuatum, K., Lake Pontchartrain.
Pleurosigma curvulum, E., Baton Rouge.
ALGE MARINmE-Fucacce.
Sargassum vulgare, Aq., Beach of Grand Isle.
The Algre proper, called "Seaweeds," are rare on the Louisianis
Gulf coast, for there are no rocks to which they can attach themselves. We have several specimens of the class of Confervar  and
Ulvacere, but they are not determined.
9




130
LIST  OF INFUSORIA.
Want of time has prevented me from paying munch attention to
the Infusorise.  The following specimens, among many  others
observed, have been marked:
Gonium tranquillum, Pritch.
Rotifer vulgare, Pritch.
Euglena viridis, Pritch.
Euglena sanguinea, Pritch.
Kerona polyporum (?) Pritch.
Euglypha tuberculata, Pritch.
Lepadella emarginata, Pritchard.




131
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED
Whiclh have been Determined.
Spirula Peronii, Grand Isle.
Donax variabilis, -Grand Isle.
Tellina Iris, Grand Isle.
Tellina Cayennensis, Grand Isle.
Littorinta innovata, Grand Isle.
Purpura Floridana, Grand Isle.
Natica duplicata, Grand Isle.
Busycon pyrum, Grand Isle.
Modiola plicatula, Grand Isle.
Solecurtus Caribmus, Lam., Grand Isle.
Area Campeachensis, Grand Isle.
Area incongrua, Grand Isle.
Cardium muricatum, ballast heap, New Orleans.
Plicatula ranmosa, ballast heap, New Orleans.
Chama macerophylla, Chemn., ballast heap, New Orleans,
Venus cancellata, ballast heap, New Orleans.
Helix aspersa, Miiller, Baton Rouge.
Suceinea ovalis, Gould, Baton REouge.
Limmea umbilicata, Bin., Baton Rouge.
Gnathodon cuneatus, Gray, Lake Pontchartrain.
Glandina bullata, Baton Rouge.
Melantho decisa, Say, Washington, St. Landry.
Helix auriforma, Say, Baton Rouge.
Helix thyroides Say, Baton Rouge.
The Unios collected on the banks of the Teche, and a number of
shells belonging to the genus Ostrea, and some other small marine
shells, I have not yet been able to have authentically identified.
All of which is respectfully submitted,
AMERICUS FEATHERMAN,
Lecturer on Botany and Professor of Modern Languages.
Respectfully forwarded to the Honorable Board of Supervisors.
D. F. BOYD,
Superintendent.




UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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