Your attention is called to. the new and revised edition of
ELDERHORST'S MANUAL
OF
BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS
AND
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY,
JUST ISSUED.
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL;, 1866.
The present edition will be found to contain a great deal of additional valuable
matter, the result of several years' experience, (since the first edition,) both in the
Laboratory and the Lecture Room, which enables us to give a useful Manual for both
Teachers and Students.
We will briefly recite some of the additions of special interest to those who may use
the blow-pipe as an aid to the study of Mineralogy.
In the Fourth Chapter the Author has given the characteristic physical properties,
blow-pipe reactions, and behavior to solvents of all the important Ores of the useful
metals, so that a reference to this chapter will at once enable the student or the
practical mineralogist and geologist to determine the nature and mineral species of
the Ore under examination. But not only the mineral species can thus be easily
ascertained; by referring to the methods laid down in the Third Chapter for the detection of metallic oxides, &c., in presence of other compounds, incidental constituents,
such as silver in galena, nickel in cobaltine, can be discovered without difficulty.
The Sixth Chapter contains Prof. von Kobell's method for the discrimination of minerals by means of the blow-pipe, aided by humid analysis. It is unnecessary to dwell
on its merits, as it is almost universally acknowledged to be the best guide for the
discrimination of minerals that has ever been published.
The appended tables, containing the behavior of the alkaline earths, the earths
proper, and the oxides of the heavy metals before the blow-pipe and to the most important reagents, have been taken from Plattner's work on the blow-pipe, the most
thorough treatise on the subject.
We are happy to be able to give below, the opinions of some of our scientific men:
From GEaORGE J. BRUsHr, Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy in Yale College. (Scientific
Department.)
"The second edition of Prof. Elderhorst's Manual of Blow-pipe Analysis will be warmly welcomed by all students of Chemistry and Mineralogy. It fills a want very much felt by both
teachers and students, and as the present edition contains not only a thorough treatise on Quatitative Blou-pipe Analysis, but also an extended chapter on Determinative Mineralogy, this last
extracted from Von Kobell's excellent Ta feln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien. it forms a most
invaluable manual for the Laboratory and Cabinet. I have for several years used the first edition
as a text-book for my students, and have found it a most useful and accurate work. I shall most
willingly adopt this new and enlarged edition, and I take pleasure in cordially recommending it to
all teachers and students of Chemistry and Mineralogy."
Fromnl CHARLES A. JoY, PH. D.. Professor of Chemistry in Columbia College, New York.
"I am greatly pleased with the improved appearance of this edition. It is now the most con-,enient work on the blow-pipe we have, and I shall recommend it to all of my friends. All of my
pupils who have used it, have made remarkable progress in the detection of'metals, and in the
jetermination of minerals."
(i)




From Professor JAMES C. BOOTH, (Chemist,) Melter and Refiner, United States Mint.
"After a careful examination of Elderhorst's Blow-pipe Analysis, which you have recently published, I am of opinion that it is the best treatise on the subject for the use of beginners and
students, and that the experienced chemists will find in it an invaluable vademocum in testing
minerals and inorganic bodies generally. I shall therefore recommend it to others and use it
myself."
From Dr. WOLCOTT GIBRS, Professor of Chemistry in the Free Academy, New York.
"I most cordially approve of the plan and execution of the treatise, and sincerely hol e that its
sale may be commensurate with its merits. It is a most welcome and useful addition to our
scientific literature."
From Prof. B. HOWARD RAND, M. D., Professor of Chemistry in the Jefferson Medical College,
Philadelphia.
Late Professor of Chemistry in the Medical Department, Pennsylvania College;
64"'         "            Franklin Institute;
it 6"  "         i      and Physics in the Philadelphia Central High School.
"I can nmost cordially commend Dr. Elderhorst's Manual of Blow-pipe Analysis. It is clear,
concise and accurate. and I shall take pleasure in recommending it to my classes as the best
elementary work on the subject."
From Dr. F. A. GENTH.
"CHEMICAiL LABORATORY, PHILADELPHIA.
" Dr. Elderhorst's Manual of Blow-pipe Analysis and Deterrminative Mineralogqy, just issued by
you, is the most convenient work of this kind in the English language, and I shall use it as a textbook for my students, and with great pleasure recommend it most cordially to all my friends who
are engaged in chemical and mineralogical pursuits."
From CHARLES P. WILLIAMS, Analytical and Consulting Chemist.
PHILADELPHI.A, March 24, 1866.
"I regard Elderhorst's Mlanual of Blow-pipe Analysis as the most convenient elementary textbook in the English langrage for the student of determinative mineralogy, and as stuch, for several
years have recommended it to students in my laboratory. Though, concise and condensed, no
necessary ellaboration of detail has been omitted, and it is as useful to the preceptor as to the
student. I recommend it with great pleasure."
SCHOOL OF MINES, COLUMBIA COLLEGE, N. Y., March 14, 1866.
THOMAS EGLESTON, Jr., A.M., E.M., Professor of Mineralogy and Metallurgy, says: —" We have
always used Elderlhorst's Manual for the Blow-pipe in preference to any other."
From CHARLES F. CHANDLER, PH. D., Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, and Dean of
Faculty, Columbia College, N. Y.
"NEW YORK, March 24,1866.
" I am very glad to learn that you intend publishing a new edition of Eldcerhorst's Blow-pipe
Analysis. As a text-book for students in blow-pipe analysis, and the discrimination of minerals
by their chemical reactions, it is far superior to any other book in our language."
From SILAS H. DOUGLASS, Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy.
" UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT OF CIvrMISThtY, March 28, 1866.'I am glad to hear that you are about to issue a new edition of Elderhorst on the Blow-pipe.
"Having used it for several years as a text-book with my classes, I do not hesitate to say that
I know of no work capable of taking its place in the Laboratory of Determinative Mineralogy."
From A. B. PRESCOIT, M.D., Asst. Prof. of Chemistry, and Lecturer on Metallurgy.
" Ci:EMICAL LABORATORY of the UNIVERSITY OF MIICIGsIAN, March 26, 1866.
"I esteem Elderhorst's Blowpipe Analysis as the best Matnual extant for the sturdenlt in Deter
minative Mineralogy.  The systematic tabular methods of Analysis. in the fifth and sixtL
chapters of the 2d edition, are efficient aids in complete chemical exasmination. IHaving been at
some inconvenience froml its having been recently out of print, I shall gladly welcome a. new
edition."
From Professor WILLIAM B. RISING, Michigan University.
" FEBsUARY 22, 1866.
"Our school of mines is just starting. We shall use Elder/horst's JManual. I have yet to find
the mall who will say that it is not the standard work for a beginner in blowpiping."
Price of the Mlanual, sent per mail, prepaid, $2.50.
Respectfully;
T. ELLWOOD ZELL, Publisher,
17 & 19 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia,




A MANUAL
A MANUAL
OF
BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
AND
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY.
BY
WILLIAM ELDERHORST, M.D.,
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY IN THE RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.
PHILADELPHIA:
T. ELIWOOD ZELL.
Nos. 17 AND 19 SOUTH SIXTH STREET.
NEW YORK:
D. VAN NOSTRAND.




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by
T. ELLWOOD ZELL,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastrnm District
of Pennsylvania.
(iv)




PREFACE.
THE present edition of this "1 Manual" is, like the preceding,
designed to serve as a text-book in the instruction in BlowpipeAnalysis and Determinative Mineralogy, in the Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute.
In the first three chapters, but few alterations and additions
have been made, fearful of injuring the practical usefulness of
the book by an accumulation of too much material. The fourth
chapter, containing the characteristics of the most important
ores, has been considerably enlarged by increasing the number
of species, and by adding an appendix containing the description and blowpipe-reactions of the various kinds of fossil fuel;
additions which, I trust, will be especially acceptable to the
Mining-Engineer and Geologist. In the selection of the newly
added species I have paid particular regard to those occurring
in the American Continent; for this reason, many less important ores have found a place in the list to the exclusion of others,
which, though more valuable, have not hitherto been found in
America.
The fifth chapter, containing a systematic method for the
discrimination of inorganic compounds, is a translation, but
slightly altered, of the "Division dichotomique pour reconnaitre les
mnineraux," as given in Laurent's "Analyze au Chalumeau." It is
of no great value to the experienced analyst, but very useful
for beginners, and it is on their account that I have given it a
place in the Manual.
The sixth chapter is not contained in the first edition. It ishardly necessary to allege any reason for its introduction into
1*                                            (v)




Vi                      PREFACE.
this edition. The admirable method of Professor von Kobell
for the discrimination of minerals is, almost beyond dispute, the
most practical and most reliable that has ever been published.
The sixth chapter is nothing but an extract from Prof. v. Kobell's treatise on this subject. It contains all the well-known
mineral species, and leads to their determination with almost
unerring certainty.
The appended tables, taken from Plattner's work on the
Blowpipe, have remained unchanged.
For the material of this compilation, the author is principally
indebted to the following works:
C. F. Plattner: The Use of the Blowpipe in the Examination
of Minerals, Ores, &c. Translated by J. S. Musprath.
3d ed. London.
J. J. Berzelius: The Use of the Blowpipe in Chemistry and
Mineralogy. Translated by J. D. Whitney. Boston.
F. von Kobell: Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien. 5th
ed. Miinchen, 1853.
J. D. Dana: A System of Mineralogy. 4th ed. New York,
1854.
John Mitchell: Manual of Practical Assaying. 2d ed. London, 1854.
The author, finally, begs to tender his thanks to his friend,
Professor Chandler, of Union College, for the valuable suggestions he has received at his hands, and which he has acted upon
to the best of his ability, being fully convinced that by adding
the improvements recommended by his friend, the practical
utility of this little Manual will be greatly increased.
WILLIAM  ELDERHORST.
TROY, N.Y.,




INTRODUCTION.
IN preparing this little Manual, it has been my principal care
to adapt it to the use of the beginner. The use of the blow-pipe,
though elaborately studied and extensively written on by some
of the first chemists and mineralogists of the preceding and the
present century, has not yet been duly appreciated. This
neglect is, perhaps, owing to the rapid advancement of chemical analysis in the humid way, which furnishes, on the whole,
more reliable results, and allows of an easy quantitative determination of the various constituents of a body. But it was overlooked that this mode of analysis absorbs much more time, and
requires the use of an extensive set of apparatus, whereas an
examination before the blow-pipe is sooner performed; requiring
scarcely as many hours as an examination in the humid way
requires days, and that with the aid only of a few reagents and
instruments of small size. It is for this reason that a knowledge of blow-pipe operations is less valuable for the Chemist by
profession than for the Mlining-Engineer, the Mineralogist, and
the Geologist. A small portable box will hold all the necessary
reagents and instruments, so that he may carry them with him
on his expeditions and travels, and examine on the spot the
minerals which he meets with on his explorations; an advantage which ought, truly, not to be overlooked.
For teachers who have not hitherto devoted much time to
instruction in this department, a short exposition of the course
which I have followed for a number of years may, perhaps, be
desirable. For elementary instruction, the students are only
( vii )




Viii                  INTRODUCTION.
furnished with the principal reagents, viz.: carbonate of soda,
salt of phosphorus, borax, and solution of cobalt; of apparatus
they want a fluid-lamp, blow-pipe with platinum point, platinum.
pointed forceps, platinum wire, charcoal, and closed and open
glass tubes. After having explained to them the action of the
two cones of the flame, and instructed them in making beads,
and conducting the processes of oxidation and reduction, I
make them perform the most important operations, and study
the behavior of the most commonly occurring substances, with
and without fluxes. I give the substances in somewhat the
following order:
Sesquioxide of iron, all the reactions given in Table II, 10.
Peroxide of manganese, Table II, 13.
Sesquioxide of chromium, Table II, 6.
Oxide of cobalt, and nickel, Table II, 7, 16.
Protoxide of copper, Table II, 8, and ~ 37.
Oxide of zinc, Table II, 27, and metallic zinc ~~ 25, 45.
Oxide of tin, Table II, 22, and metallic tin ~ 26.
Oxide of lead, Table II, 12, and metallic lead ~ 23.
Oxide of bismuth, Table II, 3, and metallic bismuth ~~ 17, 22.
Antimonious acid, Table II, 1, and metallic antimony ~~ 16, 21.
Arsenous acid, Table II, 2, ~~ 9, 15.
Oxide of mercury, Table II, 14.
Alumina, Table I, 5, and ~ 44.
Magnesia, Table I, 4, and ~ 44.
Silica, ~ 39.
A sulphide, ~~ 10, 14, 107.
A borate, ~ 60.
A chloride, ~~ 65, 66.
Having performed all these operations, the student will be
qualified to enter upon the analysis of substances of not too
compound a character. If he meets on his way with bodies,
the behavior of which before the blow-pipe he has not previously studied, he will not have any difficulty in determining
their character if he follows the directions given in the second
chapter. The modus operandi will be best understood by a few
examples.




INTRODUCTION.                    ix
1. The substance under examination is sulphide of antimony.
Examination in a matrass: At a very high temperature, a
black sublimate is obtained, becoming reddish-brown when
cold. In reading over the list in ~ 10, we find this character
belonging to sulphide of antimony.
Examination in an open glass tube: gives sulphurous acid
detected by the odor and action on blue litmus-paper, and
white fumes which partly condense in the tube. On examining
the sublimate with a magnifying-glass, it is found to be amorphous, hence must be antimonious acid (~ 16).,
Examination on charcoal alone: is completely volatilized
with emission of sulphurous acid, and deposits a white volatile coating, possessing the properties of the coating of antimony (~ 21).
These few operations are quite sufficient to establish the
nature of the substance under trial, since the absence of the
more fixed metals is proved by the volatility of the substance
on charcoal and in the open tube, and the absence of metals
giving coatings by the purity of the antimony-coating. The
presence of arsenic would have been betrayed by an alliaceous
odor when heated on charcoal. The only substance which
would have escaped detection by these operations is sulphide
of mercury. In order to ascertain its presence or absence, we
perform the operation given under "Mercury" in Chapter III.
The result giving an answer in the negative, the body was
"sulphide of antimony."
2. The substance under examination is chromate of I'ead'.
Examination in a matrass:    fuses and changes color, but
Examination in an open tube: l  gives nothing volatile.
Examination on charcoal alone: fuses, gives small metallic
globules, and deposits a coating which is lemon-yellow while
hot, and sulphur-yellow when cold, indicative of lead (~ 23).
It is always desirable to collect the metal to a large globule,
and to study its physical properties. This end is best attained
by mixing the substance with carbonate of soda and a little
borax, and exposing the mixture to the reduction-flame on




X                     INTRODUCTION.
charcoal. In this particular case, a metallic button is obtained
which is soft, may be flattened by the hammer and cut by the
knife, properties belonging to metallic lead.
Examination with borax and salt of phosphorus: Before proceeding with this examination it is necessary to test the substance for the presence of sulphur after the method given ~ 107
(unless the presence of this element was detected by the examination in the open glass tube or on charcoal alone); no sulphur
being present, borax and salt of phosphorus beads are made on
charcoal, and small portions of the substance added. With
both fluxes nearly the same reactions are obtained; in oxydation-flame dark-red while hot, and fine yellowish-green when
cold; in reduction-flame green, hot and cold. In order to find,out what body produces such reactions, we use Table III, which
leads us to sesquioxide of chromium. To corroborate the result,
the substance may be fused with carbonate of soda and nitre,
as described, ~ 68.
The- physical properties of the body under trial lead to the:final conclusion that it must be chromate of lead.
3. The,substance is an alloy of silver, copper, and lead.
Examination in a matrass:     no  ange.
Examination in an open tube:
Examination on charcoal alone: fuses and deposits a copious
coating, which is lemon-yellow while hot and sulphur-yellow
when cold, indicative of lead (~ 23); the coating cannot contain
any oxide of bismuth, because the color would be darker in
this case, but might contain oxide of zinc or oxide of antimony.
The test is for the presence of the former, the coating is played
upon with the oxydation-flame: it is completely volatile, hence
no zinc present (might also be tested with solution of cobalt
~ 45); to test the coating for the presence of oxide of antimony,
it is scraped off from the charcoal and dissolved in a bead of
salt of phosphorus, v. ~ 87, or the alloy is treated with boracic
acid as described under the head of "Antimony" in Chapter III.
If the blast is continued for a long time, a faint dark-red coating is formed near the assay-piece, indicative of silver, ~ 27, and
a dark metallic globule!remains.




INTRODUCTION.                    Xi
Examination with borax and salt of phosphorus: the globule
remaining on the charcoal after volatilization of the lead, is
treated with borax on charcoal in oxidation-flame; the borax
becomes colored. Owing to the reducing effect of the charcoal,
the influence of the oxidation-flame cannot be well observed on
charcoal, hence the borax is removed from the metallic globule,
fastened into the hook of a platina wire, and here exposed to
the action of the oxidation-flame: the bead is green while hot,
and blue when cold. On consulting Table III we find that this
reaction is produced by oxide of copper, and by a mixture of
oxide of cobalt and sesquioxide of iron: to decide between the
two, we now expose the bead to the action of the reductionflame; it becomes red and opaque, thus proving the presence
of oxide of copper.
By the examination on charcoal, per se, we were led to suspect the presence of silver; in order to establish this beyond a
doubt, we refer to Chapter III, " Silver;" here we find a method
(~ 105) by which the presence of silver may be ascertained in
compounds of all descriptions. In our case, having to deal only
with lead, copper, and silver, the treatment with vitrified
boracic acid and metallic lead is, of course, superfluous. We
place our alloy at once on the cupel and direct the oxidationflame upon it; if, after cessation Qf the rotatory motion, the
globule should not possess the bright lustre of silver, some
pure metallic lead has to be added, in order to remove the last
traces of copper. We finally obtain a bright globule exhibiting
all the characteristic properties of silver.
Thus we have established the presence of lead, copper, and
silver.
4. The substance under examination is copper nickel, containing arsenic, sulphur, nickel, cobalt, and iron.
Examination in a matrass: gives a slight sublimate, consisting of octahedral crystals, pointing to the presence of arsenic
(~ 11).
Examination in a glass tube open at both ends: gives a copious crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid, and a faint odor
of sulphurous acid; to establish the presence of sulphur beyond




Xii                  INTRODUCTION.
doubt, we refer to Chapter Ili, " Sulphur," where we find the
method (~ 107) for discovering sulphur when in combination
with other substances. In performing the test there described,
we obtain the sulphur-reaction.
Examination on charcoal alone: gives abundant arsenical
fumes, leaving a metallic globule which, even with continued
blowing, does not give rise to the formation of a coating on the
charcoal (absence of volatile metals).
Having removed all volatile substances, we now proceed to
examine the remaining globule. On applying a magnet, we
find it powerfully attracted, showing the presence of either
iron, nickel, or cobalt, perhaps all of them, either alone or combined with other non-volatile metals. We add some borax to
the globule and expose it to the action of the oxidation-flame,
then remove the borax from the globule, fasten it into the hook
of a platina wire, and here observe the color: green while hot,
blue when cold as in the preceding case (example 3), but on
exposing the bead to the action of the reduction-flame (which
is best done by placing it on charcoal and touching it with tin)
it does not become brown and opaque, showing therefore the
presence of a small quantity of iron with cobalt. We now add
a fresh portion of borax to the metallic globule, in order to see
whether it consists entirely of cobalt (that it cannot contain
any considerable amount of iron, is proved by the appearance
of the cobalt reaction in the first trial, iron being much more
readily dissolved by borax than cobalt): the bead is violet
while hot, and assumes a brownish color on cooling; by referring to Table III, we see that this effect is produced by nickel
containing cobalt. Referring to Chapter III, " Nickel," we find
the method to detect the presence of this metal when in combination with iron and cobalt, and also the presence of copper,
if the assay should contain a small quantity of it.
By the above examples the use of the methods given in the
third chapter will be sufficiently illustrated. If the substance
under examination is of a simple composition, its nature is
readily ascertained by following the general method laid down
in the second chapter; but if the reactions obtained clearly




INTRODUCTION.                    X111
point to the complex nature of the body, we refer to the respective sections of Chapter III; if, for example, we suspect the
presence of cobalt in a mineral consisting of arsenides, we test
the substance according to ~ 69; if a small quantity of copper
is to be discovered in a mineral, we proceed as directed in
~ 71, &c.
The student who is willing to devote more time to the subject than is usually allotted to it in our colleges, will do well to
go carefully through all the reactions given in the second chapter, and thus familiarize himself with the colors and other
properties of the various coatings, sublimates, &c., and also to
perform the principal tests by which substances are discovered
when in combination with others, which are at length exposed
in the third chapter. In order to obtain characteristic reactions, it is important to experiment upon a suitable substance.
For the benefit of the beginner, who would naturally be embarrassed in the choice of a body suitable for the experiment, I
add a list of substances which, with few exceptions, are readily
obtained, and which are sufficient to illustrate all the important
reactions. After having mentioned a reaction, or described a
process (in Chapter II and III), I have added a number in [ ]
brackets. The number points to the substance of the list,
below given, best adapted to illustrate the reaction. As each
experiment requires only a very small quantity of the substance, they are most conveniently kept in small glass tubes of
about an inch and a half in length and one-eighth of' an inch
in diameter. For the first fourteen substances no glass tubes
are required, since they are the regular blow-pipe reagents. A
small box containing seventy-five of the little tubes will hold
the whole collection.
2




COLLECTION OF SUBSTANCES,
Well adapted to illustrate the important Reactions of Bodies before
the Blowpipe.
1. Carbonate of soda.         26. Oxide of bismuth.
2. Borax.                     27. Oxide of cadmium.
3. Salt of phosphorus.        28. Sesquioxide of chromium.
4. Bisulphate of potassa.     29. Oxide of cobalt.
5. Boracic acid.              30. Protoxide of mercury.
6. Fluor spar.                31. Molybdic acid.
7. Nitrate of cobalt.         32. Oxide of silver.
S. Oxalate of nickel.         33. Binoxide of tin.
9. Oxide of copper.           34. Tungstic acid.
10. Chloride of silver.        35. Sesquioxide of uranium.
11. Lead.                      36. Oxide of zinc.
12. Iron.                      37. Chloride of copper.
13. Tin.                      38. Arsenite of copper.
14. Bone-ash.                  39. Subchloride of mercury.
15. Chloride of potassium.    40. Protochloride of mercury.
16. Bromide of potassium.      41. Antimony.
17. Iodide of potassium.       42. Arsenic.
18. Chloride of sodium.        43. Bismuth.
19. Chloride of ammonium.     44. Cadmium.
20. Chlorate of potassa.       45. Silver.
21. Alumina.                   46. Zinc.
22. Sulphate of copper.        47. Alloy of mercury and tin.
23. Nitrate of lead.           48. Alloy of lead and antimony.
24. Oxide of antimony.        49. Alloy of lead and bismuth.
25. Arsenous acid.             50. Alloy of lead and zinc.
(xiv)




COLLECTION OF SUBSTANCES.                  XV
51. Alloy of lead, copper, and silver. 72. Cerusite.
52. Alloy of tin and copper.   73. Malachite.
53. Alloy of zinc and cadmium.  74. Gray antimony.
54. Rock crystal.              75. Iron pyrites.
55. Gypsum.                    76. Copper pyrites.
56. Calc-spar.                 77. Mispickel.
57. Strontianite.              78. Smaltine.
58. Whitherite.                79. Cobaltine.
59. Magnesite.                 80. Realgar.
60. Mica.                      81. Cinnabar.
61. Felspar.                   82. Copper nickel.
62. Albite.                    83. Molybdenite.
63. Petalite.                  84. Berthierite.
64. Hematite.                  85. Bournonite.
65. Rutile.                    86. Tetrahedrite.
66. Pyrolusite.                87. Onofrite, or Clausthalite.
67. Lepidolite.                88. Sulphides of arsenic and anti68. Apatite.                          mony (artificial).
69. Franklinite.               89. Sulphides of arsenic, antimony,
70. Pitchblende.                      lead, and copper (artificial).
71. Chromic iron.








TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preface,....      v
Introduction,.....              vii
List of substances serving to illustrate the reactions,..  xiv
FIRST CHAPTER.
AUXILIARY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS,.. 21-24
SECOND CHAPTER.
GENERAL ROUTINE OF BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS,..   25-38
Examination in a closed glass tube,              26
Examination in a glass tube open at both ends,.   28
Examination on charcoal, per se,.         29
Examination in the platinum-pointed pincers,.   32
Examination with borax and salt of phosphorus,.  34
Examination with carbonate of soda,              35
Examination with solution of cobalt,.           37
2 *         B                               (xvii)




Xviil                                     CONTENTS.
THIRD CHAPTER.
PAGE
SPECIAL REACTIONS FOR THE DETECTION OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES WHEN IN COMBINATION WITH OTHERS,. 39-61
Ammonia,.......       40
Antimony,........   40
Arsenic,........       41
Bismuth,.........   43
Boracic acid,.......       43
Bromine,.........   44
Cadmium,.......       44
Chlorine,.......           44
Chromium,........       45
Cobalt,.........   45
Copper,.......       46
Fluorine,........   48
Gold,.........              49
Iodine,.........   50
Iron,.........       50
Lead,........   51
Lithia,.........       52
Manganese,....                           53
Mercury,........       53
Nickel,.........   54
Nitric acid,........       54
Phosphoric acid,......   54
Potassa,........       55
Selenium,........   56
Silica,.........       56
Silver,.........   57




CONTENTS.                         Xix
PAGE
Sulphur,.                                        58
Tellurium,                                           59
Tin,..                                        59
Titanium,..... 60
Uranium,........    60
Zinc,.                                          61
FOURTH CHAPTER.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ORES; THEIR BEHAVIOR BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE, AND TO SOLVENTS,  62-96
Ores of antimony,......          63
"   arsenic,..... 64
"   bismuth,.......           65
"   chromium,... 67
"   cobalt,.....          67
copper,...... 69
gold, platinum, and iridium,....    74
iron,.........    76
"   lead,......     79
manganese,.                                    84
mercury,.....                    86
nickel,....                         87
"   silver,........    89
"   tin,....                           92
zinc,.......    93
APPENDIX —Fossil fuel,                                   95
FIFTH CHAPTER.
SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS,...... 97-108




XX                      CONTENTS.
SIXTH CHAPTER.
PAGE
ON THE DISCRIMINATION OF MINERALS BY MEANS OF THE
BLOW-PIPE, AIDED BY HUMID ANALYSIS,.. 109-144
TABLES.
TABLE I.-BEHAVIOR OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS AND
THE EARTHS PROPER BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE,.   146-149
TABLE II.-BEHAVIOR OF THE METALLIC OXIDES BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE,.....   150-163
TABLE III.-THE METALLIC OXIDES ARRANGED WITH
REFERENCE TO THE COLORS WHICH THEY IMPART TO
THE FLUXES,.......   164-169
ABBREVIATIONS.
OF1 for Oxydation-flame; RF1 for Reduction-flame; SPh for Sak
of Phosphorus; Bx for Borax; Sd for Carbonate of Soda; SoCo or
SCo for Solution of Nitrate of Cobalt; Ch for Charcoal; Ct for
Coating; Blp for Blow-pipe; H for Hardness; G for Specific Gravity




A MANUAL
OF
BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
FIRST CHAPTER.
AUXILIARY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS.
~ 1. THE common blow-pipe of gas-fitters, jewellers, &c., is not
very well adapted for analytical researches, as the narrow outlet
becomes frequently obstructed by the moisture which is exhaled
from the lungs and condenses in the tube. To avoid this inconvenience, the long cylindrical tube of the blow-pipe should be
furnished at the extremity with a globular or cylindrical chamber
for the reception of the condensed water. In this chamber the jet
is inserted at a right angle to the tube. Silver is, in many respects,
the best material for the construction of a blow-pipe, but has the
disadvantage of becoming very hot when used for a long while, sc
that it becomes almost impossible to hold it with the naked fingers;
next to silver stands German silver and brass. For jets, platinum
is preferable to all other metals. A mouth-piece of box-wood or
ivory is convenient, though not necessary.
~ 2. Any kind of flame may be used for the blow-pipe, provided
it be not too small. Some of the older chemists used common
candles in preference, and it must be confessed that, in the majority
of cases, the heat produced by the flame of a good sperm candle
is quite sufficient. Berzelius recommended an oil lamp with a flat
wick, which is now in general use as "Berzelius's Blow-pipe
Lamp."  I find that a common fluid lamp, with a rather large
burner, answers every purpose; it gives a very good heat, and,
besides being much cleaner than an oil lamp, admits of a very
(21)




22               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
quick and accurate adjustment of the size of the flame, by means
of a little brass cylinder, which is movable, and slides up and
down the burner. The heating of substances in glass tubes and
matrasses is best performed over a common spirit lamp.
~ 3. As supports, charcoal, platinum, and glass are principally
used. Wood charcoal is in most cases the best support. It must
be well burnt, and not scintillate or smoke; it must leave but
little ash; charcoal of light wood, as alder, &c., has been found
the best.
Platinum is used whenever the reducing action of the charcoal
acts injuriously. It is advantageously employed on all occasions
where no reduction to the metallic state takes place, since the color
of the flux is much better seen on the platinum than on charcoal.
It is mostly used in the shape of wire, the end of which is bent
so as to form a hook, which serves as support to the flux. As foil,
its use is very limited. A little platinum spoon, of from about 12
to 15 m. m. in diameter, is very convenient for fusing substances
with bisulphate of potassa or nitre.
Glass tubes, open at both ends, are used for calcination, and for
testing the presence of substances which are volatile at a high
temperature. The tubes should be from 5 to 8 inches long. Of
glass tubes, sealed at one end, or little matrasses, an assortment
should always be kept on hand, since they are of very frequent use.
~ 4. Of other apparatus, the most necessary are:
A mortar of agate or chalcedony, from 1~ to 2 inches in width,
with pestle of the same material.
A forceps of brass or German silver, with platinum points.
A forceps of steel.
A little hammer and anvil, both of steel and well polished.
A three-cornered file for cutting glass tubes, trying the hardness
of minerals, &c.
A little magnet.
A pocket magnifying glass.
A set of watch glasses, which are very convenient for the reception of the assay-piece, the metallic globules, &c.
~ 5. Of reagents, Carbonate of Soda, Borax, and Salt of Phosphorus, are the most important ones; but there are others, which,




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    23
though not so extensively used, still are indispensable for the
detection of certain substances; those only shall here be mentioned; others, the use of which is very limited, are omitted in
this list.
Carbonate of Soda: The monocarbonate or the bicarbonate may
be indifferently employed; it must be perfectly free from sulphuric
acid, for the presence of which it may be tested as shown ~ 107.
The neutral oxalate of potassa and the commercial [fused] cyanide
of potassium deserve in many cases the preference, their reducing
powers being superior to that of carbonate of soda.
Borax: The commercial article is purified by crystallization, the
crystals dried and reduced to a coarse powder.
Salt of Phosphorus: [double phosphate of soda and ammonia]
100 parts of crystallized common phosphate of soda and 16 parts
of sal ammoniac are dissolved in 32 parts of water; the solution is
aided by heat, the liquid filtered while hot, and the crystals, which
form on cooling, dried between blotting paper. When pure it gives
a glass which, on cooling, remains transparent; if this is not the
case it must be purified by recrystallization. It is kept as a coarse
powder.
Bisulphate of Potassa: It is employed in the fused [anhydrous]
state as a coarse powder; it must be kept in a bottle provided with
a ground glass stopper.
Vitrified Boracic Acid: Is employed in the state of a coarse
powder.
Fluor-spar: Must be deprived of water by ignition; must be perfectly free from boracic acid, which may be tested as described ~ 61.
It is convenient, to keep in a separate bottle a mixture of 1 part of
finely powdered fluor-spar with 41 parts of bisulphate of potassa.
Nitrate of Cobalt, in solution: It must be pure, free from alkali,
and [for many purposes] free from nickel; it is kept in a bottle with
a ground glass stopper, which, very conveniently, is so much elongated as to dip into the liquid. Instead of the nitrate, the oxalate
of cobalt may be used, which, being in the shape of powder, is
advantageously substituted for the former in travelling.
Nitrate or Oxalate of Nickel: It must be perfectly free from
cobalt; it is tested with borax, with which it ought to produce a
pure brown glass.




24               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Oxide of Copper: It is best prepared by heating the nitrate to
ignition.
Chloride of Silver: It is prepared by precipitating a solution of
nitrate of silver with hydrochloric acid, washing the precipitate,
and making it into a thick paste with water, which is kept in a small
glass-stoppered bottle. This reagent should not be used with platina wire, since the silver fuses with the platina to an alloy; thin
iron wire is in this case substituted for the platina. For each
experiment a fresh hook should be made.
Pure Metallic Lead: It is easily obtained pure by decomposing
a solution of the acetate by metallic zinc; the precipitate is repeatedly washed with water and then dried between blotting paper.
Metallic Iron: In the shape of thin wire [harpsichord wire].
Metallic Tin: Usually in the shape of foil, which is cut into strips
and rolled up tightly.
Bone-ash: In the state of very fine powder.
Test Paper: Blue and red Litmus Paper, and Brazil Wood
Paper.
~ 6. If the analytical research is strictly confined to blow-pipe
operations, the above enumerated reagents are sufficient; but if, as
is sometimes advantageously done, some simple operations of the
humid method of chemical analysis are called to aid, the list must
be-somewhat extended. The most important of these reagents, all
of which must be kept in bottles with ground glass stoppers, are:
Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid, Oxalic Acid, Hydrate of Potassa, Ammonia, Carbonate of Ammonia, Chloride of
Ammonium, Molybdate of Ammonia, Ferrocyanide of Potassium,
Ferridcyanide of Potassium, Bichloride of Platinum, Acetate of
Lead, Sulphurejed Hydrogen Water, Sulphydrate of Ammonia,
Alcohol, Distille Water.
The principal auxiliary apparatus are: Test-tubes and Test-tube
Rack, small Porcelain Dishes, small Beaker Glasses, some Glass
Funnels and Filtering Stand, Filtering Paper, Platinum Crucible,
some Glass Rods and round Glass Plates, for covering beaker
glasses, a common Spirit Lamp, and a Spirit Lamp with Argand
Burner.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  25
SECOND CHAPTER.
GENERAL ROUTINE OF BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.
~ 7. On examining a substance before the blow-pipe, with a view
to determine its nature or to ascertain the presence or absence of
certain matter, it is advisable to follow a systematic way, composed
of a series of operations, and to attentively observe the changes
which the body undergoes under the influence of the various agents
which are brought to act upon it. The various operations which
the assay is submitted to are so many questions, to which the
phenomena which we observe constitute so many answers; and
from their appearance or non-appearance, we are able to draw
definite conclusions as to the nature of the substance under examination.
The following order, and the rules to be observed in the execution
of the various operations are, essentially, the same as first pointed
out and laid down by Berzelius.
1. Examination in a glass tube, sealed at one end, or a matrass.
2. Examination in a glass tube open at both ends.
3. Examination on charcoal per se.
4. Examination in the platinum-pointed pincers, or on platinum
wire per se.
5. Examination with borax, and salt of phosphorus.
6. Examination with carbonate of soda.
7. Examination with solution of cobalt.
Regarding the size of the assay, a piece the size of a mustard
seed will generally be found sufficient; larger pieces, without showing the reaction more distinctly, requiring so much more labor. In
some cases, however, it is advantageous to employ a greater quantity, ex. gr. in reductions, or in heating in a glass tube; for the
larger the metallic globule, and the greater the amount of the sublimate produced, the more readily can its nature be ascertained.
8




26               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Examination in a closed Glass Tube, or a Matrass.
~ 8. The assay-piece is introduced into a glass tube, sealed at
one end, or into a small matrass, and heat applied by means of a
common spirit lamp. The heat must at first be very low, but may
be gradually raised to redness, if necessary. By this treatment we
learn:
~ 9. 1. Whether the substance is entirely or partly volatile or not.
Among the phenomena to be observed, the following are deserving
of particular attention:
The substance gives out water, which partly escapes and partly
condenses in the colder portion of the tube. This points to the
presence of a salt containing water of crystallization [No. 22], or
to the presence of a hydrate, or to such salts which contain water
mechanically inclosed between the laminme of the crystals [No. 18];
in this case the body usually decrepitates. The drops of condensed
water are to be examined with test-paper: an alkaline reaction denotes the presence of ammonia, an acid reaction the presence of
some volatile acid, as sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric
acid, &c.
~ 10. The substance gives out a gas or vapor. Those of most
usual occurrence are:
a. Oxygen, easily recognized by rekindling into flame a match
which has been extinguished, so. as to leave only a spark at the
extremity; points to the presence of a peroxide, nitrate, chlorate,
bromate or iodate [No. 20].
b. Sulphurous acid, easily recognized by its peculiar odor and
action on blue litmus paper; indicates the presence of a sulphate or
sulphite [No. 22].
c. Sulphuretted hydrogen, recognized by its peculiar odor; indicates the presence of sulphides containing water.
d. Nitrous acid or peroxide of nitrogen, recognized by its deep
orange red color and acid reaction; indicates the presence of a
nitrite or nitrate [No. 23].
e. Carbonic acid, recognized by causing a turbidity in a drop of
lime-water suspended from a watch-crystal and exposed to the
escaping gas; points to the presence of a carbonate.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    27
f. Cyanogen, recognized by its peculiar odor and by burning with
a crimson flame; indicates the presence of a cyanogen-compound.
g. Ammonia, recognized by its odor and alkaline reaction; indicates the presence of an ammoniacal salt or of an organic nitrogenous substance; in the latter case, the mass usually blackens,
and evolves at the same time either cyanogen or empyreumatic oils
of offensive odor [No. 3].
~ 11. The substance yields a sublimate. The sublimate is either
white or possessed of a peculiar color.  White sublimates are
formed by
a. Many salts of ammonia; on removing the sublimate from the
tube, placing it on a watch-crystal, adding a drop of hydrate of
potassa, and applying heat, ammonia is evolved [No. 19].
b. The chlorides of mercury; the subchloride sublimes without
previous fusion; the protochloride fuses first, then sublimes; the
sublimate is yellow while hot, but becomes white on cooling [Nos.
39 and 40].
c. Oxide of antimony; it fuses first to a yellow liquid, then sublimes; the sublimate consists of lustrous needle-shaped crystals
[No. 24].
d. Arsenous acid; the sublimate consists of octahedral crystals
[No. 25].
e. Tellurous acid; shows a reaction similar to that of oxide of
antimony, but requires a much higher temperature; the sublimate
is amorphous.
Sublimates possessed of metallic lustre, so-called metallic mirrors, are formed by:
a. Metallic arsenic and arsenides containing more than one
equivalent of arsenic to two of metal, also, some sulph-arsenides
[No. 77]; cutting the tube below the sublimate, and exposing the
mirror to gentle heat in the flame of a spirit lamp, the peculiar odor
of arsen'c is perceived.
b   ercury, amalgams, and some salts of mercury; the sublimate
consists of minute globules of metallic mercury, which, by friction
with a piece of copper wire, readily unite to larger globules [No. 47].
c. Some alloys of cadmium.
d. Tellurium; only at a very high temperature; the sublimate
consists of small globules, which solidify on cooling.




28               ELDERIORST'S MANUAL OF
Sublimates possessed of distinct color are formed by:
a. Sulphur and sulphides containing a large amount of sulphur;
the sublimate is from deep-yellow to brownish-red while hot, but
pure sulphur-yellow when cold [No. 75].
b. The sulphides of antimony, alone or in combination with other
sulphides; the sublimate forms only at a very high temperature,
and is deposited at a short distance from the assay-piece; it is
black while hot, reddish-brown when cold [No. 74].
c. The sulphides of arsenic and some compounds of metallic sulphides with arsenides; the sublimate is dark brownish-red while
hot, but from reddish-yellow to red when cold [No. 80].
d. Cinnabar; the sublimate is black, without lustre, and yields
a red powder on being scratched with a knife [No. 81].
e. Selenium and some selenides; the sublimate appears only at
a high temperature, is of a reddish or black color, and yields a darkred powder; at the open end of the tube the peculiar odor of
selenium (resembling rotten horse-radish) is perceived [No. 87].
~ 12. 2. Whether the substance undergoes any change, or remains unaltered.
Many substances, under this treatment, suffer physical changes
without being affected in their chemical constitution.  A great
many minerals, when heated, decrepitate; others phosphoresce, as
fluor-spar and apatite.  The most important of these physical
changes, is that of color: from white to yellow, and white again
on cooling, points to oxide of zinc [No. 36]; from white to yellowishbrown, dirty pale-yellow on cooling, points to oxide of tin [No. 33];
from white to brownish-red, yellow when cold, and fusible at a red
heat, points to oxide of lead [No. 72]; from white to orange-yellow
or reddish-brown, pale yellow when cold, and fusible at a bright
red heat, points to teroxide of bismuth; from red to black, and red
again on cooling, points to sesquioxide of iron [No. 64].
Examination in a Glass Tube open at both ends.
~ 13. The assay-piece is introduced into the tube to a depth of
about half an inch, the end to which it lies nearest slightly inclined,
and heat applied. The air contained in the tube becomes heated;




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    29
it rises, escapes from the upper end, and fresh air enters from below. In this manner a calcination is effected, and many substances
which remained unchanged when heated in a matrass, yield sublimates or gaseous products when subjected to this treatment, owing
to the formation of volatile oxides.
By this means we can easily detect the presence of the following
substances:
~ 14. Sulphur; sulphurous acid is formed, which is characterized
by its peculiar odor and action on moistened litmus paper [No. 75].
~ 15. Arsenic; if present in sufficient quantity it yields a white
and very volatile sublimate of arsenous acid, consisting of minute
octahedral crystals; by application of gentle heat it may be driven
from one place to another [No. 77].
~ 16. Antimony; white fumes of antimonious acid are given out
which partly escape, and partly condense in the upper part of the
tube. The sublimate is a white powder, and may, if consisting of
pure antimonious acid, be volatilized by heat. In most cases, however,
the oxidation proceeds farther, and the antimonate of the oxide of
antimony, a non-volatile white powder, is formed [No. 41].
~ 17. Metallic Bismuth; it is converted into oxide, which condenses at a short distance from the assay, and which, by heat, may
be fused to brownish globules [No. 43].
Mercury and amalgams; yield sublimates of metallic mercury
[No. 41].
~ 18. Tellurium and tellurides; tellirous acid is produced, which
condenses in the upper part of the tube to a white non-volatile powder; on application of heat it fuses to colorless globules.
Selenium and selenides; evolve a gaseous oxide of a peculiar
odor, resembling that of rotten horse-radish [No. 87].
Examination on Charcoal per se.
~ 19. In examinations of this kind, particular attention must be
paid to the odor of the escaping gases, and to the color and other
properties of the rings, or coatings, which form on the charcoal
around the assay-piece. The interior [reduction flame, R F1] and
exterior [oxidation flame, O F1] cones of the flame acting in an op
posite sense, the phenomena produced will be very different; hence,
3*




30               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
two assays should always be made, exposing the substance first to
tho action of the O Fl and then to the action of the R Fl. The following bodies undergo, when submitted to this treatment, characteristic changes.
~ 20. Arsenic: It is volatilized without previous fusion, the Ch
is covered with a white Ct, which is far distant from the assaypiece, and which is produced by both the O Fl and R Fl; the Ct
is very volatile, and is easily driven away by the Blp flame, emitting the peculiar alliaceous odor characteristic of arsenic [No. 42].
~ 21. Antimony: It enters readily into fusion and covers the Ch
with white oxide; the ring is not so far distant from the assaypiece as in the case of arsenic; it may be driven away by the Blp
flame, but is not so volatile as that of arsenic, and does not emit
an alliaceous odor. Metallic antimony, when fused on Ch and
heated to redness, remains a considerable time in a state of ignition
without the aid of the Blp, disengaging, at the same time, a thick
white smoke, which is partly deposited on the Ch around the metallic globule in white crystals of a pearly lustre [No. 41].
~ 22. Bismuth: It fuses readily in both flames and covers the Ch
with oxide, which is dark orange-yellow while hot and lemonyellow when cold. The yellow Ct is usually surrounded by a white
ring, consisting of carbonate of bismuth. The Ct is somewhat
nearer the assay than that of antimony; it may be driven away by
both flames; but the oxide of antimony, when played upon with the
R Fl, imparts to the flame a greenish-blue tinge, which the oxide
of bismuth does not [No. 43].
~ 23. Lead: It fuses easily and coats the Ch in both flames
with oxide, which is dark lemon-yellow while hot and sulphuryellow when cold; in thin layers it is bluish-white and consists of
carbonate. The Ct is found at the same distance from the assay
as that of bismuth; it may be driven away by both flames; when
played upon with the R Fl it imparts to the flame an azure-blue
color [No. 11].
~ 24. Cadmium: It fuses readily; exposed to the 0 Fl it burns
with a dark-yellow flame, emitting brown fumes of oxide which
cover the Ch around the assay. This Ct is very characteristic; it
is, when cold, of a reddish-brown color, in thin layers orange-yellow;




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  31
it is easily volatilized by both flames, without imparting a color to
them [No. 44].
~ 25. Zinc: It fuses readily; exposed to the O F1 it burns with
an intensely luminous greenish-white flame, emitting at the same
time a thick white smoke which, partly condensing on the Ch,
covers it with oxide, yellow while hot and white when cold. The
Ct when played upon with the O Fl becomes luminous, but does
not disappear [No. 46].
~ 26. Tin: It fuses readily; exposed to the O F1 it is converted
into oxide, which may be blown away and thus be made to appear
as a Ct; it is always found closely surrounding the assay-piece, is
slightly yellow and luminous while hot, whitc when cold, and nonvolatile in both flames. Exposed to the R F1 the molten metal
retains its bright metallic aspect [No. 13].
~ 27. Silver: When exposed for a long time to the action of the
R Fl it yields a slight dark-red Ct of oxide [No. 45].
~ 28. Selenium: It fuses very readily in both flames with disengagement of brown fumes; at a short distance from the assay a steelgray Ct of a feeble metallic lustre is deposited; played upon with
the R Fl it disappears with emission of a strong odor of rotten
horse-radish, at the same time imparting to the flame a fine blue
color [No. 87].
~ 29. Tellurium: It fuses very readily and coats the Ch in both
flames with tellurous acid; the Ct is not very far distant from the
assay; it is of a white color with a red or dark-yellow edge; played
upon with the R Fl it disappears, imparting to the flame a green
tinge.
~ 30. Besides the above named metals there are some other substances which, when treated before the Blp upon Ch cover it with
coatings, which may be driven away when played upon with the
O F1, and which show in many cases a great resemblance to the
Ct produced by antimony. Among the bodies possessing this
property the following are the most frequently occurring ones:
The sulphurides of potassium, sodium, and lithium.
The chlorides of ammonium, potassium, sodium, and lithium.
The chlorides of mercury, antimony, zinc, cadmium, lead, bismuth, tin, and copper.




3.2              ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
The bromides and iodides of potassium and sodium.
Examination in the Platinum-pointed Pincers.
~ 31. This experiment serves a double purpose. It acquaints us
with the degree of fusibility of the assay, and shows the presence
or absence of such substances which possess the property of imparting to the flame a peculiar color. Many metals, the sulphurides,
and some other compounds act upon metallic platinum at a high
temperature; the fusibility, &c., of such substances ought to be
tested on Ch. Others, again, fuse so easily that they cannot be
held a sufficiently long time between the pincers to observe the
color which they impart to the flame; they are most conveniently
attached to the hook of the platinum wire, which is best done by
heating the wire to redness and then touching the powder of the
assay with it; a sufficient quantity generally remains adhering to
the wire.
Some minerals decrepitate violently as soon as they are touched
with the flame; in such cases, Berzelius advises to powder the substance very finely in an agate-mortar with addition of a little water,
to place one or two drops of the mixture on a piece of Ch, and to
gently heat it by means of the Blp flame until the mass lies loosely
upon the Ch; it may then be taken up and held by the pincers.
The same process is advantageously employed with substances which
fuse only at a very high temperature. In all other cases the substance is roughly powdered and a thin piece which shows prominent edges selected for the experiment.
The assay is exposed to the action of the inner cone of the flame,
when the outer cone may exhibit the following changes of color:
~ 32. I. Yellow.
Soda and its salts cause an enlargement of the outer flame, and
inlpart, at the same time, an intense reddish-yellow color [No. 18].
The presence of other substances which also possess the property
of coloring the flame, but not in so high a degree, does not prevent
the reaction. Silicates containing soda, exhibit the same phenomenon to a smaller or greater extent, according to their degree of
fusibility and the amount of soda which they contain [No. 62].
With many salts of soda, which do not exhibit the reaction very




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                     33
distinctly, it can be produced by mixing the salt with some chloride
of silver to a paste (v. ~ 5), fastening it to the hook of a thin ironwire, and then exposing it to the action of the inner flame.
~ 33 2. Violet.
Potassa and many of its salts impart to the outer flame a distinct
violet color [No. 15]. The presence of a small quantity of a salt
of soda or lithia prevents the reaction. An addition of chloride
of silver favors the reaction with the carbonate, nitrate, and some
other salts of potassa.
~ 34. 3. RIed.
Lithia and its salts impart to the outer flame a fine carmine-red
color [No. 63]; the chloride of lithium shows the reaction better
than any other salt. The presence of a salt of potassa does not
prevent the reaction; the presence of even a small quantity of a
salt of soda changes the color to yellowish-red. An addition of
chloride of silver favors the reaction with many salts of lithia.
Chloride of strontium and some other salts of strontia, ex. gr.
the carbonate and the sulphate, color the outer flame, immediately
or after a while, carlnine-red [No. 57].  The presence of baryta
prevents the reaction.  The carbonate and sulphate of strontia
show the reaction remarkably well when mixed with chloride of
silver and heated on iron-wire (v. ~ 5).
Chloride of calcium, calcareous spar, many compact limestones,
and fluor-spar, color the outer flame, immediately or after a while,
red; the color is not so intense as that produced by strontia.
Gypsum  and anhydrite impart at first a pale yellow, afterwards a
red color of little intensity [No. 56]. An addition of chloride of
silver usually increases the intensity of the color.
~ 35. 4. Green.
Chloride of barium, carbonate and sulphate of baryta, color the
outer flame yellowish-green. The presence of lime does not prevent the reaction [No. 58]. An addition of chloride of silver
makes the color much more intense.
Oxide of copper and some of its salts, ex. gr. the carbonate,
sulphate, and nitrate, impart to the outer flame a fine emerald.
green color. Iodide of copper and some silicates containing copper,
cx. gr. dioptase and chrysocolla, act in the same manner [No. 731
C




34               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
An addition of chloride of silver produces increased intensity
of color.
Phosphoric acid, phosphates, and minerals containing phosphoric
acid, impart to the outer flame a bluish-green color [No. 3].
Boracic acid colors the outer flame yellowish-green (greenfinch
color) [No. 5]; if a small quantity of soda is present the color is
mixed with yellow.
Molybdic acid, oxide of molybdenum, and the native sulphide
of molybdenum, color the outer flame yellowish-green, like baryta
[No. 83].
Tellurous acid enters into fusion, emits white fumes, and colors
the outer flame green.
~ 36. 5. Blue.
Ars:enic and some arsenides, ex. gr. smaltine and copper-nickel
[No. 82] when heated on Ch impart a light-blue color to the outer
flame. Some arsenates, ex. gr. scorodite and cobalt bloom, exhibit
the same phenomenon in the pincers.
Antimony, fused on Ch in R Fl is surrounded by a very feeble
bluish light [No. 41].
Metallic lead, fused on Ch in R Fl is surrounded by an azureblue light. Many salts of lead, heated in the pincers or on platinum
wire, impart an intense azure-blue color to the outer flame [No. 11].
Chloride of copper colors the outer flame intensely azure-blue;
after a while the color becomes green, owing to the formation of
oxide of copper [No. 37].
Bromide of copper colors the outer flame greenish-blue; after a
while the color changes to green.
Selenium, fused on Ch in R Fl vaporizes with an azure-blue light.
Examination with Borax and Salt of Phosphorus.
~ 37. The examination of the assay with borax and salt of phosphorus is eminently adapted to detect the presence of metallic
oxides, a great number of them possessing the property of being
at a high temperature dissolved by these fluxes with a peculiar
color. Unoxidized metals and metallic sulphides, arsenides, &c.,
differ in this respect very materially from the pure oxides; hence




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   35
it is necessary, before performing the experiment, to convert all
such substances into oxides. This is effected by calcination, on
Ch or in an open glass tube. The finely powdered assay is placed
on Ch and alternately treated with the O Fl and R F1, and this
process is repeated until the substance no longer emits, while in
the incandescent state, the odor of sulphur or arsenic. The heat
must never be raised so high as to cause fusion, and between every
two succeeding calcinations the assay should be taken from the Ch
and freshly powdered.
The experiment is generally made on platinum wire, where the
color of the bead is more readily observed; Ch is used only in such
cases where the substance under examination contains metallic
oxides which are easily reduced. It is not sufficient to observe
the color of the bead after cooling; but all changes of color which
take place during the action of the flame, and through all the
various stages of cooling, should be carefully noticed.
Some substances possess the property of forming a limpid glass
with borax, which preserves its transparency on cooling, but which,
if slightly heated in the 0 F1, becomes opaque, when the flame
strikes it in an unequal or intermittent manner. This operation
has received the name of "flaming," and any substance thus acted
upon is said to become "opaque by flaming."
The third and fourth columns of Tables I and II exhibit the
behavior of the most important oxides to borax and salt of phosphorus.
In Table III the oxides are arranged with reference to the color
which they impart to the beads in 0 Fl and R Fl.
Examination with Carbonate of Soda.
~ 38. In subjecting a body to the treatment of Sd we have to
direct our attention to two points.
Some substances unite with Sd to fusible compounds, others form
infusible compounds, and others again are not acted upon at all;
in the last case the Sd is absorbed by the Ch and the assay is left
unchanged. With Sd unite to fusible compounds with effervescence:
~ 39. Silicic acid; it fuses to a transparent glassy bead which,




86               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
after cooling, remains transparent if the Sd has not been added
in excess [No. 541.
Titanic acid; it fuses to a transparent glassy bead which, when
cold, is opaque and of crystalline structure [No. 65].
Tungstic and molybdic acids; the mass, after the union has been
effected, is absorbed by the Ch [No. 31 and No. 34].
The salts of baryta and strontia form with Sd fusible compounds
which are absorbed by the Ch [No. 57 and No. 58].
~ 40. The second point to be observed is the elimination of
-metallic matter. Of the metallic oxides, when treated with Sd on
Ch in R Fl, are reduced: the oxides of the noble metals and the
oxides of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, iron,
lead, mercury, nickel, tin, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, and tellurium.
Of these, arsenic and mercury vaporize so rapidly that frequently
not even a coating is left on the Ch. Antimony, bismuth, cadmium,
lead, zinc, and tellurium are partly volatilized and form distinct
coatings on the Ch. The non-volatile reduced metals are found
mixed up with the Sd. To separate them from the adhering Sd
and Ch powder, we may proceed in the following manner:
The fused mass of Sd and metal, and the portion of the Ch immediately below and around the assay, is placed in the little agate
mortar, rubbed to powder, the powder mixed with a little water,
and stirred up. The heavy metallic particles settle to the bottom,
part of the'Sd dissolves, and the Ch powder remains suspended in
the water. The liquid is carefully poured off, and the residue
treated repeatedly in the same manner until all foreign matter is
removed. The metal remains behind as a dark heavy powder or,
When the metal is ductile and easily fusible, in the shape of small
flattened scales of metallic lustre. If the substance under examination contains several metallic oxides, the metallic mass obtained
is usually an alloy, in which the several metals may be recognized
by processes to be described hereafter. It is only in some exceptional cases that separate metallic globules are obtained, ex. gr. in
substances containing iron and copper.
For a more detailed account of the behavior of the various
metallic oxides under this treatment, see the second column of
Tables I and II.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   37
~ 41. The examination with Sd is usually performed on Ch in
the R F1, and, as a general rule, the flux is added successively in
small portions. This is particularly necessary when the assay is
to be tested for its fusibility with Sd, since a great many minerals,
&c., behave very differently with different quantities of the flux.
~ 42. Instead of carbonate of soda, the neutral oxalate of potassa
or cyanide of potassium may be advantageously used for all experiments of reduction, since these reagents exercise a more powerful
reducing action than common Sd. They are, for this reason, frequently employed when the presence of such metallic oxides is suspected, whose conversion into metals require high temperatures
and the aid of a very efficient deoxidizing agent.
Examination with Solution of Cobalt.
~ 43. A few substances, when moistened with a solution of nitrate
of cobalt and exposed to the action of the O Fl, assume a peculiar
color. The use of this test is, however, very limited, since the
reaction can only clearly be seen in such bodies which, after
having been acted upon by the O F1, present a white appearance,
or nearly so.
~ 44. Substances which are sufficiently porous to imbue a liquid,
are merely moistened with a drop of S Co, placed into the platinumpointed pincers, and treated with the O Fl. Other substances must
be powdered, the powder placed on Ch, wetted with a drop of S
Co, and treated as above. The color can only be distinguished
after cooling. A bluish color, of more or less purity, indicates the
presence of alumina [No. 21]; and a pale-reddish color [flesh-color]
that of magnesia [No. 59]. It must, however, be borne in mind,
that the alkaline and some other silicates, when heated with S Co
to a temperature above their fusing point, also assume a blue color,
owing to the formation of silicate of cobalt. In testing for alumina,
therefore, the heat must not be raised so high as to cause fusion of
the assay. In testing for magnesia this precaution is not necessary;
on the contrary, the color will appear the brighter and the more
distinct, the higher the temperature to which the assay was
exposed.
4




38               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
~ 45. Among the oxides of the heavy metals, those of zinc and
tin assume characteristic colors with S Co. The reaction is best
seen when the assay, alone or mixed with Sd, is exposed to the R
F1 on Ch. The ring of oxide which is deposited around the assay
is then moistened with S Co and treated with the 0 Fl. Oxide of
zinc takes a fine yellowish-green, and oxide of tin a bluish-green
color [No. 36 & No. 33].
~ 46. Besides the compounds above mentioned there are some
others which, when exposed to the action of S Co and O Fl, experience a change of color. These bodies are either of very rare
occurrence, or the change produced in them is not sufficiently distinct. It will, therefore, be sufficient merely to mention the names
of the compounds and the color which S Co imparts to them:
Baryta [brownish-red], tantalic acid [flesh-color], zirconia and
phosphate of magnesia [violet], titanic acid, niobic acid, and antimotic acid [green], strontia, lime, glucina, and pelopic acid [gray].




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  39
THIRD CHAPTER.
SPECIAL REACTIONS FOR THE DETECTION OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
WHEN IN COMBINATION WITH OTHERS.
~ 47. THE preceding chapter and accompanying table show the
changes which many of the simple chemical compounds undergo
when heated, or when treated with the usual blow-pipe reagents.
The reactions are sufficiently characteristic to distinguish the
various compounds from each other, so that, when any of the
above named substances in a pure state is under examination,
there is no difficulty to determine its nature. This, however, is
not of frequent occurrence, and in the majority of cases the body to
be tested will be of a more complex nature. The results of the
experiments will vary accordingly. For instance, an ore of cobalt,
containing iron, will not impart to the bead of Bx or S Ph in the
O Fl a blue color, but a green one, resulting from the mixture of
the blue of cobalt and the yellow of iron; lead, when accompanied
by antimony, deposits a dark-yellow coating on Ch resembling that
of bismuth, &c. In such cases we may often, by attentively observing all the phenomena which present themselves, and by carefully comparing the results obtained by the various experiments,
detect many, if not all, of the components of the substance under
examination. Sometimes we attain this end quicker by varying
the order, or by introducing auxiliary agents into the series of
experiments; and in other cases, again, it is only to be arrived at
by subjecting the assay to treatments different from those mentioned in the preceding pages.
This chapter contains the principal reactions for the detection of
substances which require the application of peculiar agents, and the
methods for ascertaining the presence of certain bodies when in
combination with others. The alphabetical arrangement will be
found of practical use.
(31)




40.ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Ammonia.
~ 48. Small quantities of ammonia are best detected by mixing
the powdered assay [No. 19] with some carbonate of soda or
caustic potassa, introducing the mixture into a glass tube, sealed
at one end, and applying heat. The escaping gas is characterized
by its odor, and by its action on reddened litmus paper. From
the appearance of this reaction we are, however, not authorized to
infer the preexistence of ammonia in the assay, since from organic
matter containing nitrogen, when subjected to this treatment,
ammonia is evolved as a product of decomposition.
Antimony.
The reactions of antimony and its compounds, see ~ 11, ~ 16, ~ 21,
~ 36, and Table II, 1.
~ 49. In presence of lead or bismuth, antimony can not be detected
by its Ct on Ch. In this case the metallic compound [No. 48, or
No. 85] is treated with vitrified boracic acid on Ch, the flame being
so directed that the glass is always kept covered with the blue
cone, the metallic globule being on the side; by this means the
metals become oxidized, the oxides of lead and bismuth are absorbed by the boracic acid, and the antimonious acid will form a
ring on the Ch, provided the temperature was not raised too high.
~ 50. When combined with metals from which it is not easily
separated, ex. gr. copper, the evaporation of the antimony takes
place so slowly that no distinct Ct is produced. In this case the
assay [No. 86] is treated with S Ph on Ch in the O F1, until the
antimony, or at least part of it, has become oxidized and entered
into the flux. The glass is now removed from the metallic globule
and treated on another place of the Ch with metallic tin in the
R Fl; the presence of antimony will cause the glass to turn gray
or black on cooling [Table II, 1]. Bismuth behaving under these
circumstances in the same manner, the presence of this mnetal
makes the reaction not decisive for antimony. The humid way
has then to be resorted to.
~ 51. When the oxides of antimony are accompanied by such
metallic oxides which, when reduced on Ch, fuse with the metallic
antimony to an alloy, as is ex. gr. the case with the oxides of tin




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   41
and copper, the latter cannot be recognized by a simple reduction.
The oxides have to be treated with a mixture of Sd and Bx on Ch
in the R Fl. The little metallic globules are separated from the
flux, and fused with from three to five times tLeir own volume of
pure lead and some vitrified boracic acid in the R Fl, care being
taken to play with the flame only on the glass. Antimonious acid
is volatilized, depositing the characteristic ring, while the oxides
of the other metals are absorbed by the boracic acid.
~ 52. The sulphides of antimony, when heated in the open glass
tube, show the reaction mentioned ~ 16. When accompanied by
sulphide of lead [No. 89], only a small part of the antimony is
converted into antimonious acid, which sublimes; the remainder is
changed into a white powder consisting of a mixture of antimonate
of oxide of antimony, sulphate of lead, and antimonate of lead.
When a compound containing sulphide of lead or bismuth, besides
sulphide of antimony, is heated on Ch in the R F1, a Ct is deposited
consisting of antimonious acid mixed with sulphate of lead or bismuth, and, nearer to the assay, a yellow one of the oxides of lead
or bismuth; how in such a case the presence of antimony may be
ascertained v. ~ 87.
~ 53. To detect a small amount of sulphide of a ltim nn  is sulphide of arsenic, Plattner strongly recommends the following
method, by which he obtained very decisive and satisfactory results: The assay [No. 88] is introduced into a glass tube, sealed
at one end, and gently heated; the sulphide of arsenic is volatilized,
and the greater part of the sulphide of antimony remains as a
black powder in the lower end of the tube; this end is cut off,
the black substance taken out and transferred to a tube open at
both ends. By applying heat the characteristic antimony-reaction
will appear.
Arsenic.
The reactions of arsenic and its compounds, see ~ 11, ~ 15, ~ 20,
~ 34, and Table II, 2.
~ 54. All metallic arsenides yield, when heated in the open glass
tube, a sublimate of arsenous acid (v. ~ 15), and most of them
evolve a garlic odor (v. ~ 20) when heated on Ch in R Fl [No. 77].
4*




42               ELDERHORST' S MANUAL OF
Some metals, ex. gr. nickel and cobalt, have a great affinity for
arsenic, so that, when only a small quantity of the latter is present,
the characteristic odor is not observable; in such cases it is sometimes produced when the metallic compound is fused on Ch with
sonme pure lead in the O Fl.
~ 55. The sulphides of arsenic, heated in the open glass tube,
evolve sulphurous acid and yield a sublimate of arsenous acid. To
show in a very decisive manner the presence of arsenic in any of
its combinations with sulphur, the powdered assay [No. 80] is
mixed with six parts of a mixture of equal parts of cyanide of
potassium and carbonate of soda, the mass introduced into a tube
sealed at one end, and heat applied, at first very gently but gradually raised to redness. A ring of metallic arsenic will be deposited
in the colder part of the tube
~ 56. When sulph-arsenides are heated on Ch, the whole of the
arsenic, especially when only small quantities are present, may pass
off in combination with sulphur; but when such compounds [No. 88]
are mixed with from three to four parts of cyanide of potassium and
exposed to the R Fl, sulphide of potassium is formed and the
arsenic escapes with its peculiar odor.
~ 57. To detect a very small quantity of arsenous acid, the following way may be pursued: a glass tube provided with a small
bulb at one end is close above it narrowly drawn out; the assay
[No. 38] is introduced into the bulb, and a charcoal splinter placed
into the tube; the narrow aperture through which the tube communicates with the bulb prevents the Ch from coning in contact
with the substance. The tube is then heated to redness at the
place where the charcoal splinter lies, and as soon as this is incandescent, heat is also applied to the bulb. The arsenous acid is
volatilized, and its vapors, while passing over the red-hot charcoal,
become reduced and deposit a black metallic ring of arsenic in the
colder part of the tube. By cutting the tube below the r ng and
heating this part by the flame of a spirit-lamp, the arsenic is volatilized, thereby emitting its characteristic odor.
~ 58. To show the presence of arsenic in arsenites and arsenates,
it will in most cases be sufficient to mix the substance [No. 38]
with carbonate of soda and heat it on Ch in R Fl. Sometimes it




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   43
is necessary to treat the assay with a mixture of carbonate of soda
and cyanide of potassium in the manner mentioned, ~ 55; and in
other cases again, where but small quantities of arsenous or arsenic
acid are combined with metallic oxides which are readily reduced,
recourse must be had to the humid way.
Bismuth.
The reactions of bismuth and its compounds, see ~ 12, ~ 17, ~ 22,
and Table II, 3.
~ 59. Bismuth when alloyed with other metals, or when as sulphide in combination with other sulphides, is in many cases, and
most especially so when accompanied by lead or antimony, not to
be detected by the ring which it deposits on Ch. In such a case
the assay [No. 49] is treated on Ch until a copious yellow Ct is
formed. The Ct is carefully scraped off from the Ch and dissolved
in S Ph on platinum wire with the O Fl. The colorless bead is
removed from the wire, placed on Ch, a little metallic tin added,
and the whole exposed to the R Fl. If bismuth was present, the
glass assumes, on cooling, a dark-gray or black color. The oxides
of antimony showing the same behavior, the assay, if not quite
free from antimony, has to be treated on Ch in the O Fl until the
whole of it has been volatilized, and the remaining mass treated on
another piece of Ch as above mentioned.
Boracic Acid.
~ 60. With many borates, which do not impart to the outer flame
the peculiar yellowish-green color [v. ~ 35], this reaction may be
produced by reducing the substance [No. 2] to powder, adding a
drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, fastening the mixture into the
hook of the platinum wire, and playing on it with the blue cone of
the flame.
~ 61. Another way, and by which even a very small quantity of
boracic acid in salts and minerals may be detected, is: to reduce the
substance to a very fine powder, to mix it with from 3 to 4 parts
of a mixture of 41 parts of bisulphate of potassa and 1 part of fluorspar, and to knead the whole with a little water into a thick paste.
This mass is then fastened to a platinum wire, and exposed to the
blue cone of the flame. While the mass enters into fusion fluoboric




44                ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
acid is formed which, on escaping, colors the flame intensely yellowish-green. The reaction appearing sometimes only for a few
seconds, the flame should be very attentively watched during the
whole time of the experiment.
Bromine.
~ 62. Bromides treated with S Ph and oxide of copper on pla.
tinum wire, or treated with sulphate of copper on silver foil, show
the same reaction as chlorides (v. ~ 66), with this difference, that
the blue color of the outer flame is rather greenish, especially on
the edges [No. 16].
~ 63. To discriminate bromides from chlorides more distinctly,
the bromide is fused with bisulphate of potassa, both in the anhy.
drous state, in a small matrass with long neck. Sulphurous acid
is evolved, and the matrass is filled with yellow vapors of bromine,
characterized by their peculiar odor. The color of the gas is only
clearly seen at daylight.
Cjadmiun.
The reactions of cadmium and its compounds, see ~~ 11, 24, and
Table II, 4.
~ 64. To detect a very small quantity of cadmium, one per cent.
or less, in zinc or its ores, the pulverized assay is mixed with Sd
and exposed for a short time to the R Fl on Ch. A distinct Ct of
oxide of cadmium is deposited.  The zinc being less volatile, evapo.
rates only with continued blowing [No. 53].
Chlorine.
~ 65. Some oxide of copper is dissolved by means of the O Fl in
a bead of S Ph on platinum wire, until it has assumed a deep-green
color. Some grains of the pulverized assay [No. 18] are then made
to adhere to the bead, and both heated with the blue cone of the
flame. If chlorine is present the flame now assumes an intense
azure-blue color, owing to the formation of chloride of copper (v. ~ 36).
This test is very delicate, and will show the presence of a very minute quantity of chlorine.
~ 66. Another method is to place on silver-foil some protosulphate
of iron, or some sulphate of copper, to moisten it with a drop of
water, and then to add the assay [No. 18]. After a while the




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    45
silver will be found blackened. Substances which are insoluble in
water have previously to be fused with a little Sd on platinum wire,
to form a soluble chloride [No. 101.
Chlorides, when moistened with sulphuric acid and exposed to
the Blp flame, impart to it a faint green coloration which, however,
is generally confined to the inner cone, and is quantitatively of
much less intensity than that produced with borates. A small
amount of boracic acid, when occurring together with a chloride,
can, therefore, not be detected by the method mentioned ~ 60.
Chromium.
~ 67. Oxide of chromium gives very characteristic reactions with
the fluxes on platinum wire (v. Table II, 6), but when accompanied
by a large quantity of iron, copper, or other substances which also
intensely color the Bx and S Ph beads; the chromium color frequently becomes very indistinct.
~ 68. In such a case, and when the chromium is not in combination with silicic acid, its presence may be detected in the following
manner: The assay-piece [No. 71] is reduced to a fine powder and
mixed with about four times its own volume of a mixture of equal
parts of Sd and nitre. The mass is fastened into the hook of a
thick platinum wire, or placed into a small platinum spoon, and
treated with a powerful O Fl. An alkaline chromate is formed
which is dissolved in water, the solution supersaturated with acetic
acid, and a crystal of acetate of lead added. If chromium was present, a yellow precipitate of chromate of lead will appear.  The
precipitate may be collected on a filter and tested in the Bx and S
Ph beads, when the characteristic chromium-reactions will be produced.
Cobalt.
The reactions of cobalt, see Table II, 7.
~ 69. To detect cobalt when in combination with other metals,
v. ~ 83.
To show its presence in arsenides, the assay [No. 78] is placed
on Ch and heated until no longer fumes of arsenous acid are emitted. (Lead and bismuth, if present, form the characteristic coatings.) Bx is now added and the heat continued until the glass




46               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
appears colored. If the color is not pure blue, the presence of iron
is indicated. The glass is in this case removed from the globule,
and the latter treated repeatedly with fresh quantities of Bx until
the pure cobalt-color is obtained. Nickel and copper, if present, do
not enter into the flux before the whole of the oobalt is oxidized.
If we wish to ascertain the presence of these metals, the glass which
is colored by cobalt is removed from the globule, and the latter
treated with fresh portions of Bx in the O Fl until the color of the
bead becomes brown, indicative of nickel. The glass is again
removed and the globule treated with S Ph in the O Fl; when copper is present the bead assumes a green color, which remains unaltered on cooling. Treated with tin on Ch the glass turns opaque
and red.
~ 70. To detect cobalt in sulphides, the assay [No. 79] is heated
on Ch in the R Fl until all volatile substances are driven off, the
remaining mass reduced to powder, well calcined, and the calcined
mass treated with Bx on Ch in the O Fl. If cobalt is the only
coloring metal present, the bead will exhibit a pure blue color; a
small addition of iron will make the glass appear green while hot,
but blue when cold. Copper and nickel, when present to some extent, will prevent the cobalt-color to be distinctly seen. The bead
is in this case exposed to the R Fl until it appears transparent and
flows quietly; the oxides of copper and nickel are by this means
reduced, and the pure color of cobalt, or that of cobalt mixed with
iron, becomes apparent.
Copper.
The reactions of copper and its compounds, see ~~ 35, 36, and
Table II, 8.
~ 71. The red color which copper imparts to the Bx or S Ph
bead, when heated on Ch in the R Fl in contact with tin (v. Table
II, 8), is very characteristic and will in most cases clearly show the
presence of this metal. But if only a small quantity of copper is
associated with other metals, the reaction is not easily obtained;
in this case we may proceed as follows:
The assay [No. 89, orNo. 86, orNo. 85] is placed on Ch and played
upon with the O Fl until antimony and other volatile metals are driven




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   47
off. Some vitrified boracic acid is fused on Ch to a glassy globule,
the assay placed close to it, and the whole covered with a large R
Fl. When the metallic globule begins to assume a bright metallic
surface, the flame is gradually converted into a sharply-pointed blue
cone, which is made to act only on the glass, leaving the metallic
globule untouched, and so situated that it touches the glass on one
side, and on the other side is in close contact with the Ch. During
this process lead, iron, cobalt, part of the nickel, and such of the
more volatile metals, that were not entirely removed by the previons calcination, as bismuth, antimony, zinc, &c., become oxidized,
and their oxides partly volatilized and partly absorbed by the
boracic acid. The remaining metallic globule is then removed from
the flux and treated on Ch with S Ph in the 0 Fl, when the copper
is oxidized and dissolved. The limpid bead is then re-fused in the
R Fl with addition of tin. A trace of copper may thus be made to
produce distinctly the characteristic reaction.
~ 72. To show the presence of copper in compounds which contain much nickel, cobalt, iron, and arsenic, the assay [No. 82] is
first treated with Bx on Ch in the R Fl, when the greater part of
iron and cobalt are dissolved. The remaining globule is then mixed
with some pure lead, and treated as shown ~ 71. Arsenic is for the
most part driven off, and the rest of the iron and cobalt, with some
nickel, absorbed by the boracic acid. The globule is removed from
the glass and treated with S Ph in the O Fl; dark-green while hot,
and somewhat lighter green when cold (produced by the mixture
of the yellow of nickel and the blue of copper), indicates the presence
of copper.
To detect copper when in combination with tin v. ~ 110.
~ 73. To detect copper in sulphides, the pulverized assay [No.
76] is calcined, and the calcined mass treated as above, or, when
the amount of copper is not very small, simply treated with Bx or
S Ph on Ch in the O F1, and subsequently with addition of tin in
theR Fl. The presence of copper is then shown bythe red color and
the opaqueness of the glass on cooling. This reaction is only prevented or, at least, made indistinct by antimony or bismuth, which
cause the glass to turn gray or black. In this case the assay is,
after calcination, mixed with Sd, Bx, and some pure lead, and the




48                ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
mixture fused on Ch in the R Fl. The metallic globule is then
heated on Ch to drive off the antimony, and afterwards treated with
boracic acid as above.
~ 74.. When a mineral which contains copper is heated in the
blue cone, the outer cone of the flame frequently assumes a green
or, if the metal is in combination with chlorine, an azure-blue color.
This reaction, if not produced by heating the substance alone, may
sometimes be elicited by adding a drop of concentrated hydrochloric
acid to the pulverized assay [No. 73], evaporating to dryness,
mixing the dry powder with a little water to a stiff paste, fastening
this into the hook of a platinum wire, and then exposing it to the
blue cone of the flame.
Fluorine.
~ 75. To detect fluorine in such minerals where it occurs only as
an accessory element in combination with weak bases, and which
at the same time contain water, a small piece of the substance [No.
60] is placed into a glass tube sealed at one end, a wet Brazil-wood
paper introduced into the open end, and heat applied. Fluoride of
silicon and hydrofluoric are evolved; the former is decomposed by
the watery vapor and deposits a ring of silica not far distant from
the assay, and the latter turns the red color of the test-paper into
straw-yellow.  Mica, containing not more than 3 per cent. of fluorine shows the reaction very distinctly.
~ 76. To show the presence of fluorine in minerals where it is
united with strong bases, the finely powdered assay [No. 61] is
mixed with about four parts of bisulphate of potassa and introduced into a glass tube, sealed at one end. Heat is applied until
sulphuric acid begins to escape. The sides of the tubes become
covered with silicic acid, resulting from the decomposition of the
gaseous fluoride of silicon. The tube is cut off close above the
fused mass, cleaned with water, and carefully dried with blotting
paper. The dulled appearance of the glass indicates the presence
of fluorine.
~ 77. Another process, and by which the presence of fluorine in
all kind of compounds may be shown, is to mix the pulverized
assay with some S Ph which has previously been fused on Ch and




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    49
then reduced do powder; to place the mixture on platinum foil,
which is connected with an open glass tube in such a manner as to
constitute a kind of tubular continuation to the former, and to heat
with the blow-pipe flame until the mass enters into fusion. If the
flame is so directed that the products of decomposition are made
to pass through the glass tube and a moistened Brazil-wood paper
is introduced into the other end, the presence of hydrofluoric acid
is indicated by the change of color which the latter experiences;
in some cases the glass will also be dulled, or a deposit of silicio
acid be formed. This test is very delicate.,Gold.
~ 78. When gold is in combination with metals which are volatile
at a high temperature, ex.. gr. tellurium, mercury, antimony, it is
only necessary to heat the' alloy on Ch with the O Fl, when the
gold remains behind in a pure state and may be recognized by its
physical properties. Lead is removed by the process of cupellation,
as explained in ~ 102.
~ 79. When associated with copper, the presence of which is
easily detected by S Ph on Ch, the alloy, for example gold-coin, is
dissolved in pure melted lead and the new compound subjected to
the process of cupellation on bone-ash.  Copper is by this means
entirely removed. To test the remaining globule for silver, it is
treated with S Ph on Ch in the O F1; the silver is gradually oxib
dized and dissolved by the glass, which when cold assumes an
opal-like appearance.  To determine approximately the relative
proportions of the two metals, the metallic globule is taken from
the cupel, placed in a small porcelain dish, containing some nitric
acid, and heat applied. If the alloy contains 25 per cent. of gold
or less, it turns black, the silver is gradually dissolved and the gold
remains behind as a brown or black spungy or pulverulent mass.
If the alloy contains more than 25 per cent. of gold, the gIobule
turns also black, but the silver is not dissolved. If both metals are
present in about equal proportions, the globule remains unaltered.
If the amount of gold is considerable it is indicated by the color of
the alloy.
~ 80. When associated with metals, which per se are infusible
5                     D




50               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
before the blow-pipe, as ex. gr. platinum, iridium, palladium, the
metallic globule obtained by cupellation shows much less fusibility
than pure gold. The exact nature of the foreign metals cannot be
ascertained before the Blp; the humid way must be resorted to.
Iodine.
~ 81. Iodides, tested with a S Ph bead which is saturated with
oxide of copper as shown ~ 65, impart to the outer flame a fine
green color [No. 17].
Fused with bisulphate of potassa in a glass tube, closed at one
end, violet vapors are evolved, iodine sublimes, and sulphurous
acid escapes.
~ 82. Another method, which is said to surpass in delicacy even
the reaction with starch, is to mix the substance with a mixture
of carbonate of lime and quicklime, to dry the mass thoroughly,
to add some protochloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate), to rub
the whole well together, and to place it in a glass tube closed at
one end. The tube is then narrowly drawn out a little above the
assay, and the mass heated to redness. Protiodide of mercury is
formed, which sublimes in yellow or red needles into the narrow
tube. This reaction is founded on the property of lime to decompose the protochloride of mercury, but not the protiodide.
Iron.
The reactions of the oxides of iron, see Table II, 10.
~ 83. The colors which iron imparts to the various fluxes are
sufficiently characteristic to ascertain its presence in such metallic
compounds which contain no easily fusible substances, by simply
treating the assay with Bx on Ch in the O Fl. When lead, tin,
bismuth, antimony, or zinc are present, the R F1 is employed, and
directed in such a manner that it principally touches the glass.
Thus, the oxidation and consequent saturation of the bead with
the oxides of these metals, is to a great extent prevented. - In
either case the glass, while still soft, is removed from the globule
and exposed on another place of the Ch to the R Fl. Those metals
whose oxides are easily reduced, are now precipitated, and the
characteristic bottle-green color of iron is clearly observable, unless
cobalt be present. In this case the glass is again softened with




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  51
the R Fl, separated from the precipitated metals, fastened into the
hook of a platinum wire and treated with the O F1 until the whole
of the iron may be supposed to be converted into sesquioxide. The
glass, while hot, will appear green, and blue when cold, if only a
trace of iron is present. But when the amount of iron is more
considerable, it will be dark-green while hot and bright-green when
cold, the latter color resulting from the mixture of the blue of
cobalt and the yellow of iron. The metals remaining behind on
Ch after the treatment with Bx, and which frequently are only
copper and nickel (lead, antimony, and bismuth being volatilized),
may be treated as shown ~ 71.
To detect iron in arsenides and sulphides, the assay is well calcined, and the calcined mass treated as above [No. 86 and No. 79].
~ 84. The oxides of iron when associated with a large quantity
of manganese [No. 84 and No. 69], color the Bx bead on platinum
wire in the O F1, red. To show the presence of iron the bead is
removed from the wire, placed on Ch, and treated with tin in the
R Fl. The vitriol-green color of iron will appear in its purity.
When associated with the oxides~0f manganese and cobalt, a minute
quantity of iron cannot very well be detected by means of the blowpipe alone. When accompanied by the pxides of copper and nickel
[No. 78 or No. 85], the assay is dissolved in B-x on Ch in the 0 Fl
and the glass treated as shown ~ 83.
~ 85. The presence of chromium prevents any conclusive deduction as to the presence of iron from the color of the beads. In such
a case the substance [No. 71] may be mixed with three parts of
nitre and one of Sd, and the mixture fused in small portions
into the hook of a thick platinum wire. The alkaline chromate is
dissolved in water and the residue treated with the fluxes. The
presence of the oxides of iron when associated with the oxides of
uranium cannot be ascertained by means of the blow-pipe alone.
Lead.
The reactions of lead and its compounds, see ~~ 12, 23, 36, and
Table II, 12.
~ 86. An alloy of lead and zinc [No. 50] deposits a Ct of oxide
of lead mixed with oxide of zinc; the presence of lead is shown




52               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
by the color of the Ct and by the azure-blue tinge which it imparts
to the R F1 (v. ~ 23).
An alloy of lead and bismuth [No 49] deposits a Ct somewhat
darker than that of pure lead, in which the presence of bismuth
may be detected as shown ~ 59, and the presence of lead by the
azure-blue color of the R Fl.
~ 87. To detect lead in sulphides, the substance is placed on Ch
and treated with the R Fl; the lead is detected by its Ct. An
admixture of antimony cannot by this means be ascertained, since
the ring of sulphate of lead, surrounding that of the oxide, bears
a striking resemblance to the Ct formed by antimonious acid. In
this case the pulverized assay [No. 85] is mixed with a sufficient
quantity of Sd, and treated for a short time with the R Fl. If no
antimony is present a pure yellow Ct with bluish-white edges is
formed; but in presence of antimony this Ct is surrounded by
another, white one, of antimonious acid. The oxide of lead Ct
appears, moreover, darker than usual, resembling that of bismuth,
owing probably to the formation of antimonate of lead. If this
Ct is scraped off from the Ch and treated with S Ph as mentioned
~ 59, in the case of bismuth, the bead, on cooling, assumes a black
color, whereby, in absence of bismuth, the presence of antimony
is proved. A very small quantity of antimony can by this method
not be found out with certainty, since, by keeping up the blast for
some time, the sulphide of sodium begins to vaporize and to coat
the Ch with a ring of sulphate of soda (v. ~ 30).
~ 88. When sulphide of lead is associated with a considerable
quantity of sulphide of copper [No. 89], the metallic globule,
obtained by the process of reduction, does not betray, by its physical properties, the presence of lead. But if the alloy is removed
from the flux and played upon with a powerful O F1, the greater
part of the lead will be volatilized and deposit a Ct.
Lithia.
~ 89. To detect lithia in silicates which contain only little of it,
proceed as follows: The substance [No. 67] is reduced to a fine
powder and mixed with about 2 parts of a mixture of 1 part of
fluor-spar with 1I parts of bisulphate of potassa; a few drops of




BLOW-PIPB ANALYSIS.                   53
water are added and the whole kneaded into a paste. The mass is
fused with the blue cone of the flame into the hook of a platinum
wire. If lithia is present the outer flame will appear red. The
color is not very intense, and verging into violet. The presence
of potassa does not prevent the reaction, but makes the flame
appear still more violet; soda makes the reaction uncertain.
Manganese.
The reactions of manganese, see Table II, 13.
~ 90. The presence of manganese in any compound substance is
readily detected by mixing the pulverized assay [No. 66 or No. 84]
with about 2. or 3 parts of Sd, and fusing it by means of the 0 Fl
on platinum foil. Manganate of soda is formed, which, while hot,
is green and transparent, and, on cooling, turns bluish-green and
opaque. The reaction is very distinct when as much as one-tenth
per cent. of manganese is present. But even the slightest trace
may be detected when, instead of Sd, a mixture of 1 part of nitre
with 2 parts of Sd is used. Chromium  does not prevent the
reaction, merely changing the color to yellowish-green. It is only
in presence of silica and cobalt that this test is not available, since
at a high temperature the silica unites with the soda to silicate of
soda, which, in dissolving the oxide of cobalt, produces a blue glass,
and thus interferes with the manganese color.
Mercury.
The reactions of mercury and its compounds, see ~~ 11, 17, and
Table II, 14.
~ 91. Mercury is detected in amalgams [No. 47] by the sublimate
of metallic mercury which they yield, when heated in a glass tube
closed at one end.
When in combination with sulphur [No. 81], chlorine [No. 39],
iodine or ox-acids, the substance is previously mixed with some
anhydrous Sd or some neutral oxalate of potassa. The acids, &c.,
are retained by the soda, and mercury sublimes.
If the quantity of mercury is so small, that the nature of the
sublimate cannot with certainty be ascertained, the experiment has
to be repeated, a piece of iron wire around which a gold-leaf has
been wrapped being at the same time introduced into the tube and
5*




54               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
held close above the assay. The gold-leaf will turn white if ever
so little mercury be present.
Nickel.
The reactions of nickel, see Table II, 16.
~ 92. To detect nickel in metallic compounds which are fusible
before the Blp, the assay is treated with Bx on Ch in the R Fl;
iron, cobalt, &c., enter into the flux and may be detected as shown
~ 69, while the metals whose oxides are easily reduced remain
behind. This operation is repeated until the glass appears no
longer colored. The remaining globule is treated with S Ph in the
O Fl. We now obtain either the pure color of nickel, or that of
nickel mixed with copper (v. ~ 72); in this case it is treated on Ch
with tin, whereby the presence of copper may be ascertained.
Bismuth or antimony prevents the reaction for copper, the bead
turning black, instead of red. Such compounds must, previous to
their treatment with fluxes, be heated on Ch in R Fl1 until all
volatile substances are driven oft [No. 82].
In arsenides and sulphides nickel is detected by the methods
given for cobalt under the same circumstances (v. ~ O0).
Nitric acid.
~ 93. The perfectly dry substance [No. 23] is heated in a matrass
with some bisulphate of potassa; orange-yellow vapors of nitrous
acid are emitted, even if but a small quantity of a nitrate is present.
Phosphoric acid.
~ 94. A very minute quantity of phosphoric acid may be detected
by pulverizing the substance [No. 14], adding a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, fastening the paste into the hook of a platinum wire, and playing upon it with the blue cone of the flame;
the outer flame will assume a bluish-green color (v. ~ 35).
Certain azotized compounds, as nitric acid, nitrate of ammonia,
chloride of ammonium, &c., when fastened into the hook of a platinum wire and touched with the cone of the blue flame, impart to
the outer flame a bluish-green color, resembling that caused by
phosphoric acid.
~ 95. In a substance, containing not less than about 5 per cent.
of phosphoric acid, the presence of the latter may be shown by digs




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    55
solving the assay [No. 68] on Ch in boracic acid and forcing into
the glass, when a good fusion is effected, a piece of fine steel wire;
a good R F1 is then given. The iron is oxidized at the expense of
the phosphoric acid, causing the formation of a borate of the oxide
of iron and phosphide of iron, which fuses at a sufficiently high
temperature. The bead is then taken from the Ch, enveloped in a
piece of paper, and struck lightly with a hammer, by which means
the phosphide of iron is separated from the surrounding flux. It
exists as a metallic-looking button, attractable by the magnet, frangible on the anvil, the fracture having the color of iron. If the substance under assay contained no phosphoric acid, the iron wire will
keep its form and metallic lustre, excepting at the ends, where it
will be oxidated and burnt. The substance to be assayed ought not
to contain sulphuric acid, arsenic acid, or any metallic oxides reducible by iron.
Phosphate of lead exhibits the peculiarity of crystallizing on
cooling after having been fused on Ch; the crystals have frequently
large facets of a pearly lustre.
Potassa.
~ 97. The violet color of the flame ismsufficiently characteristic for
potassa (v. ~ 33). But being altogether prevented or, at least, made
very indistinct by the addition of a few per cent. of soda or lithia,
it can only in a very few cases be made use of. For the detection
of potassa in silicates it is almost entirely unavailable, because thesb
compounds almost always contain some soda.
~ 98. If the base of a compound consists essentially of potassa,
the following method may be advantageously employed for its detection: Some Bx, to which a little boracic acid has been added, is
melted into the hook of a platinum wire and so much protoxide of
nickel added that the glass on cooling shows a distinct brownish
color. A small piece of the substance under examination [No. 15]
is made to adhere to the glass and the whole fused together with
the O Fl. If the assay-piece contained no potassa, the color of the
glass, after perfect cooling, will have remained unchanged; but if
potassa was present in sufficient quantity, the glass will appear
bluish.




66               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Selenium.
~ 99. The reactions of selenium are very characteristic. In non.
volatile compounds, which do not give the red sublimate mentioned
~ 11, the selenium is detected by heating a small piece of the substance [No. 87] on Ch in O Fl, when the peculiar odor is evolved;
if much selenium is present, a Ct is deposited, v. ~ 28. Selenites
and selenates are treated on Ch with Sd in IR Fl, when a reduction
takes place and the selenium vaporizes with the characteristic odor.
Silica.
~ 100. Pure silica [No. 54], when treated with Bx on platinum
wire, dissolves slowly to a transparent glass which fuses with difficulty. Treated with S Ph in the same manner, only a small quantity is dissolved, the rest floating in the liquid bead as a semitransparent mass.  The behavior to Sd see ~ 39.  With a little
So Co it assumes a pale bluish color which, on addition of a large
quantity of the reagent, turns dark-gray or black; very thin splinters
may be fused by a great heat to a reddish-blue glass.
~ 101. Silicates [No. 61], when treated with S Ph on platinum
wire, are decomposed; the bases unite with the free phosphoric acid
to a transparent glass in which the silica may be seen floating as a
gelatinous cloudy mass. The bead ought to be carefully observed
while hot, since many silicates form a glass which on cooling
qpalizes or becomes opaque, when, of course, the phenomenon can
no longer be seen. The experiment is best performed with a small
splinter of the substance under examination, and only when this
does not appear to be affected by the flux, the finely pulverized substance should be used. If but a very small quantity of silica is
present, the glass will appear perfectly transparent. Its presence in
this case cannot be detected by means of the Blp.
~102. Silicates containing at least so much silica that the quantity of oxygen in the acid is twice that of the oxygen in the base,
dissolve, when treated with Sd on Ch, with effervescence to a
transparent glass which remains so when cold. When less silica
is present decomposition also takes place, but the glass turns opaque
on cooling, the amount of silicate of soda which is formed not being
sufficient to dissolve the eliminated bases.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   57
Silver.
The reactions of silver, see ~ 27, and Table II, 20.
~ 103. When in combination with metals which are volatile at a
high temperature, ex. gr. bismuth, lead, zinc, antimony, the substance
is heated alone on Ch, when, after evaporation of the foreign metals,
a button of pure silver remains behind and a feeble reddish Ct is
deposited on the Ch. If associated with much lead or bismuth,
these metals are best removed by cupellation, a process which is
executed in the following manner: Finely pulverized bone-ash is
mixed with a minute quantity of soda and made with a little water
into a stiff paste; a hole is now bored into the Ch, filled with the
paste, and its surface smoothed and made slightly concave by
pressing on it with the pestle of the little agate mortar. The mass
is then dried by the flame of a common spirit lamp.  On this little
cupel the assay [No. 51] is placed and so long heated with the O
Fl until the whole of the lead or bismuth is oxidized and absorbed
by the cupel. The silver or, if gold is present, the alloy of silver
and gold remains as a bright metallic button on the cupel.
~ 104. When combined with metals which are not volatile, but
which are easier oxidized than silver, the presence of this metal
may in some cases be detected by simply treating the alloy with
Bx or S Ph on Ch.  Copper, nickel, cobalt, &c., become oxidized
and their oxides dissolved by the flux, while silver remains behind
with a bright metallic surface. But when these metals are present
to a considerable extent, another course has to be pursued, a course
which may always be taken when a substance is to be assayed for
silver, or silver and gold.
~ 105. The assay-piece [No. 86] is reduced to a fine powder,
mixed with vitrified Bx and metallic lead (the quantities of which
altogether depend upon the nature of the substance, and for which,
therefore, no general rule can be given), and the mass placed in a
cylindrical hole of the Ch. A powerful R Fl is given until the
metals have united to a button, and the slag appears free from
metailic globules. The flame is now converted into a O Fl and
directed principally upon the. button. Sulphur, arsenic, antimony,
and other very volatile substances, are volatilized; iron, tin, cobalt,




58               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
and a little copper and nickel become oxidized and are absorbed by
the flux; silver and gold and the greater part of copper and nickel
remain with the lead (and bismuth, if present). When all volatile
substances are driven off, the lead begins to become oxidized, and
the button assumes a rotary motion; at this period the blast is discontinued, the assay is allowed to cool, and when perfectly cold the
lead button is separated from the glass by some slight strokes with
a hammer. It is now placed on a cupel of bone-ash and treated
with the 0 Fl until it again assumes a rotatory motion. If much
copper or nickel is present, the globule becomes covered with a
thick infusible crust, which prevents the aimed-at oxidation; in this
case another small piece of pure lead has to be added. The blast
is kept up until the whole of the lead and other foreign metals,
viz., copper and nickel, are oxidized; this is indicated by the cessation of the rotatory movement, if only little silver is present, or
by the appearance of all the tints of the rainbow over the whole
surface of the button, if the ore was very rich in silver; after a few
moments it takes the look of pure silver. The oxides of lead,
copper, &c., are absorbed by the bone-ash, and pure silver, or an
alloy of silver with other noble metals, remairrs behind; the button
may be tested for gold, &c., after the method given in ~ 79.
Sllphur.
~ 106. The presence of sulphur in sulphides may in many cases
be detected by heating in a glass tube (v. ~~ 11, 14), or on Ch with
the O Fl.
~ 107. A very delicate test for the presence of sulphur, in whatever combination it may be contained in the substance, and which
possesses moreover the advantage over all other methods of being
very easily performed, is to mix the pulverized assay [No. 4] with
some pure Sd or, better still, with a mixture of two parts of Sd
and 1 of Bx, and to treat it on Ch with the R Fl. The fused mass is
removed from the Ch, powdered, the powder placed on a silver foil
or a bright silver coin, and a drop of water added. If the substance
under examination contained any sulphur, a black spot will be
formed on the silver foil, owing to the formation of sulphide of
silver from the decomposition of the sulphide of sodium, which, in




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   59
its turn, resulted from the decomposition of the sulphide or sulphate, or other sulphur-compound of the assay-piece, under the
influence of Sd, Ch, and a high temperature. Selenium shows the
same reaction; it is readily recognized by the peculiar odor which
it emits when heated on Ch alone.
~ 108. To decide whether the reaction obtained in the experiment
was owing to the presence of a sulphide or to that of a sulphate,
the finely-pulverized substance [No. 76] is fused in a small platinum
spoon with some hydrate of potassa. The spoon with the contents
is then placed into a vessel containing some water, and a piece of
silver foil inserted into the liquid. If the silver remains perfectly
bright, a sulphate was present, if it turns black, a sulphide. The
absence of substances which might exercise a reducing influence is
required.
Tellurium.
~ 109. The presence of tellurium in mineral substances is detected
by the tests given ~~ 11, 18, 29. In presence of lead or bismuth
the reactions in the open tubes and on Ch are not quite pure. In
this case we may subject the assay to the following treatment: The
substance is mixed with some Sd and charcoal-powder, the mixture
introduced into a glass tube closed at one end, and heated to fusion;
after cooling, a few drops of hot water are poured into the tube; if
tellurium was present, telluride of sodium has been formed, which
dissolves in hot water with a purplish-red color. This test is applicable to show the presence of tellurium in a great many compounds, even in such where it occurs in the oxidized state.
Tin.
The reactions of tin and its compounds, see ~~ 12, 26, 45, and
Table II, 22.
~ 110. The presence of tin is indicated by its Ct when the substance [No. 13], alone or mixed with Sd, is exposed to the R Fl
on Ch.
When the substance under examination is an alloy, a little Bx
is conveniently added, which absorbs the oxide of tin in the measure
as it is formed, and allows the presence of those metals which are
more volatile, ex. gr. antimony, lead, bismuth, to be recognized by




60               ELDERHORST' S MANUAL OF
their coatings. Arsenic is detected by its odor, and iron by the
color which the Bx bead assumes when re-fused on platinum wire in
the O Fl.
To detect copper in tin or its alloy, the assay [No. 52] is fused
with a flux consisting of 100 parts of Sd, 50 of vitrified Bx, and 30
of silica. The flame is so directed that the metallic globule assumes
a rotatory motion. When in this state the glass is kept covered,
as much as possible, with the O Fl, care being taken that the globule is at one side in contact with the glass, and at the other with
the Ch.  The tin becomes oxidized and the oxide, in the measure
as it is formed, absorbed by the flux; the remaining button is copper,
pure or with a small quantity of tin, and may be readily tested with
the usual fluxes.
Titanium.
~ 111. Titanic acid, when forming the principal constituent of
any mineral substance, is easily detected by its behavior with the
fluxes, v. Table II, 23; but when in combination with bases these
reactions are not always clearly perceptible, being frequently suppressed by the predominating reaction of the base. In such cases
we may subject the assay to the following treatment, by which
even very small quantities of titanic acid will become apparent: the
substance [No. 65] is reduced to a very fine powder, mixed with
from 6 to 8 parts of bisulphate of potassa, and fused in a platinum
spoon at a low red-heat; the fused mass is dissolved in a porcelain
vessel in the smallest possible quantity of water, aided by heat.
There remains an insoluble residue which is allowed to settle; the
clear liquid is poured off into a larger vessel, mixed with a few
drops of nitric acid and at least six volumes of water, and heated
to ebullition. If the substance under examination contained any
titanium, a white precipitate of titanic acid forms on boiling. The
precipitate is collected on a filter, washed with water, acidulated
with nitric acid, and tested with S Ph.
Uranium.
~ 112. The presence of this metal is easily recognized, in substances which contain no other coloring constituents, by the reactions given Table II, 25; the most characteristic test is that with




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   61
S Ph. In presence of much iron this reaction becomes indistinct;
we may then operate in the following manner: the finely-pulverized
substance [No. 70] is fused with bisulphate of potassa, the fused
mass dissolved in water, mixed with carbonate of ammonia in excess,
the liquid separated from the precipitate by filtration, and the filtrate
heated to ebullition. If any uranium was present, a yellow proecipitate is thrown down, which gives with the fluxes the pure reactions of uranium.
Zinc.
The reactions for zinc and its compounds, soe ~~ 12, 25, 45, and
Table II, 27.
~ 113. A small amount of zinc, when associated with considerable quantities of lead, or bismuth, or antimony, or tin, cannot with
certainty be ascertained by means of the Blp.
If the substance under examination contains the zinc as oxide
[No. 36], or but a small quantity of sulphide, it is mixed with Sd
and treated on Ch in R Fl. Substances consisting essentially of
sulphide of zinc may be thus treated without the addition of Sd,
and such as contain, beside oxide of zinc, other metallic oxides, are
conveniently mixed with some Sd to which about one-half of its
weight of Bx has been added. A ring of oxide of zinc is deposited
on the Ch. When lead is present [No. 51] the Ct is frequently
not pure, being mixed up with the Ct of lead. In this case it is
moistened with some So Co and heated again with the O Fl. The
oxide of lead is reduced by the red-hot Ch and volatilized, while
the oxide of zinc remains behind with a green color (v. ~ 45).




62               ELDERHORS-T S MANUAL OF
FOURTH CHAPTER.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ORES; THEIR BEHAVIOR BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE, AND TO SOLVENTS.
~ 114. OF the physical properties of the minerals which are treated
of in this chapter, only those are enumerated which serve best to
discriminate the different ores from each other. For a more detailed
description I must refer to Dana's and other works on mineralogy.
Among the distinguishing characters of minerals, their hardness
and specific gravity stand foremost. The latter cannot be ascertained without a good balance, and will, for this reason, be of much
less use to the practical man than the determination of hardness, an
operation which may be performed in a few moments. A set of
minerals, representing the scale of hardness, being not always at
hand, it will be useful to give a series of substitutes for them, as
arranged by Mr. Chapman:
1. Yields easily to the nail.
2. Yields with difficulty to the nail, or merely receives an impression from it. Does not scratch a copper coin.
3. Scratches a copper coin; but is also scratched by it, being of
about the same degree of hardness.
4. Not scratched by a copper coin; does not scratch glass.
5. Scratches glass, though rather with difficulty, leaving its powder on it. Yields readily to the knife.
6. Scratches glass easily. Yields with difficulty to the knife.
7. Does not yield to the knife. Yields to the edge of a file,
though with difficulty.
8. 9. 10. Harder than flint.
The scale of hardness, as introduced by Mohs, and enlarged by
Breithaupt, is as follows:
1. Talc; common laminated light-green variety.
2. Gypsum; a crystalline variety.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                     63
2.5. Foliated Mica.
3. Calcareous Spar; transparent variety.
4. Fluor Spar; crystalline variety.
5. Apatite; transparent variety.
5.5. Scapolite; crystalline variety.
6. Orthoclase; white cleavable variety.
7. Quartz; transparent.
8. Topaz; transparent.
9. Sapphire; cleavable varieties.
10. Diamond.
To test the hardness of a mineral we may proceed in two different manners: firstly, by attempting to scratch it with the minerals
enumerated in the scale, successively, or, secondly, by abrasion with
a file. If the file abrades the mineral under trial with the same
ease as No. 4, and produces an equal depth of abrasion with the
same force, its hardness is said to be 4. If with more facility than
4, but less than 5, the hardness may be 4~ or 4-. Several successive trials should be made to obtain certain results; and, when
practicable, both methods should be employed.
ORES OF ANTIMONY.
Gray Antimony [Stibnite].
~ 115. Sb S3. H' 2. G=4.5. Of lead-gray color and metallic
lustre. Usually of columnar structure, consisting of a vast number
of needle-shaped crystals, sometimes side by side, sometimes divergent. Very brittle.
It fuses readily in the flame of a candle. In a matrass, sometimes yields a slight sublimate of sulphur; on increasing the heat
by application of the Blp flame, a sublimate is produced which
after cooling is brownish-red, and which consists of a mixture of
tersulphide of antimony with antimonious acid. In an open glass
tube, emits sulphurous acid and antimonial fumes. On Ch it is
volatilized, covering the Ch with oxide of antimony, which, when
touched with the R F1, disappears with a pale greenish-blue tinge.
When pure, wholly soluble in heated hydrochloric acid with
evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen; usually a residue of chloride




64               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
of lead is left. Partly decomposed by caustic potassa; the solution, when mixed with an acid, affords a yellowish-red precipitate.
Berthierite.
~ 116. Composition variable, sometimes FeS+SbSs3. H=2-3.
G=-4-4.3. Metallic lustre, less splendent than gray antimony;
color dark steel-gray.
Heated in a matrass, fuses and yields a slight sublimate of sulphur; on application of a strong heat, a black sublimate of sulphide of antimony is formed, which, on cooling, becomes brownishred. In an open glass tube it behaves like the preceding ore. In
Ch, fuses easily and coats the charcoal with oxide of antimony;
there remains, finally, a black slag, which is attracted by the magnet
and gives with fluxes the iron reaction.
Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Red Antimony [Kermesite].
~ 117. 2 SbS3+SbO3.  H=1-1.5.  G=4.5-4.6. Usually in
tufts of capillary crystals of cherry-red color.
In a matrass, fuses readily and yields a slight yellowish-red sublimate; with strong heat, boils and gives a black sublimate which,
when cold, is brownish-red. In an open tube and on Ch, behaves
like gray antimony.
It dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of sulphuretted
hydrogen. The powdered mineral, when treated with caustic
potassa, assumes an ochre-yellow color and dissolves completely.
ORES OF ARSENIC.
Native Arsenic.
~ 118. As, with traces of Sb, Ag, Fe, Co, and Ni. 11=3.5.
G=5.9. Of metallic lustre and tin-white color, tarnishing on
exposure to air to dark-gray.
Heated in a matrass, sublimes; on Ch, behaves like pure arsenic.
In both cases, sometimes, a residue is left, which, when treated
with fluxes, exhibits the reactions of iron, cobalt, and nickel.
(See ~ 83.)
Realgar.
~ 119. As 52. H=1.5 —2. G=-3.4-3.6. Usually of bright-red,
sometimes of orange-yellow color, and resinous lustre. Sectile.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                     65
In a matrass, fuses, boils, and finally sublimes; the sublimate,
after cooling, is red and transparent. In an open glass tube, when
carefully heated, yields a sublimate of arsenous acid, sulphurous
acid escaping.  On Ch, fuses readily and burns with a yellowishwhite flame, emitting grayish-white fumes which possess the
peculiar alliaceous odor. Subjected to the treatment described
~ 55, a sublimate of metallic arsenic is obtained.
Not easily affected by acids; but aqua regia dissolves it with
continued digestion, part of the sulphur being precipitated. A
heated solution of caustic potassa decomposes it, leaving a brownish-black powder (As6S) undissolved.
Orpiment.
~ 120. AsS3.  H= 1.5-2.  G=3.4.  A  foliaceous mineral of
lemon-yellow color, and resinous or pearly lustre. Sectile.
Before the Blp, behaves like the preceding, with this difference,
that the sublimate, after cooling, is dark yellow and transparent.
Soluble in aqua regia, caustic potassa, and amfhonia.
W/hite Arsenic [Arsenolite].
~ 121. As03. H=1.5. G=3.6.  Occurs usuallyin minute capillary crystals of a white color, and vitreous or silky lustre.
Before the Blp it behaves like pure arsenous acid (v. ~~ 9, 15,
Table II, 2).
Slightly soluble in hot water; more so in water acidulated with
hydrochloric acid.
ORES OF BISMUTH.
Native Bismuth.
~ 122. Bi; H=2 —2.5. G=9.7.  Color silver-white, tinged with
red. Lustre metallic. Brittle when cold; but, when hot, may be
laminated. Occurs foliated, granular, and arborescent; occasionallycrystallized.
Before the Blp it behaves like pure bismuth (v. ~~ 17, 22).
Readily dissolved by nitric acid; the solution is precipitated by
water.
Telluric Bismuth [Tetradymite].
~ 123. Bi and Te in variable proportions.   1.5,-2  G=7.2
6i                       E




66                ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
-8.4.  Of pale steel-gray color, and high metallic lustre.  Occurs
usually in tabular crystals, or foliated masses; the laminae are
elastic. It soils paper.
In an open glass tube it fuses readily, emitting a white smoke
which partly condenses, coating the tube near the assay-piece with
a white powder, intermixed with red spots; on directing the flame
on this Ct, it fuses to colorless drops (TeO2), while the red sublimate (Se) disappears. On Ch, fuses instantly to a metallic globule
which, when touched with the inner flame, imparts a bluish-green
color to the outer one, sometimes gives out selenium vapors, and
deposits, close to the assay-piece, a dark orange Ct, surrounded at
a greater distance by a white Ct.
Soluble in nitric acid.
Bismutite.
~ 124. 3 (BiO3.C02-O-HO)+BiO3.HO. H=4-4.5. G=6.9. Usually of a white or light greenish color, and vitreous lustre; in acicular crystallizations.
In a matrass, decrepitates, yields a little water, and turns gray.
On Ch, fuses very readily and is reduced, with effervescence, to a
metallic globule, covering the Ch with a Ct of oxide of bismuth.
If the blast is kept up for some time the whole of the bismuth is
volatilized and there remains a scoriaceous mass which, in the R
Fl, may be fused to a globule, and which with fluxes gives the
indications of copper and iron. With Sd it usually gives the sulphur reaction (~ 107).
Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with effervescence; the solution
has a yellow color.
Bismuthine.
~ 125. BiS3. 11=2-2.5. G-=6.4-6.55.  In acicular crystals or
massive; of metallic lustre, and lead-gray color, with a yellowish
or iridescent tarnish.
In a matrass, fuses and yields a slight sublimate of sulphur.'Carefully heated in an open tube, it fuses and yields sulphurous,acid and a coat of sulphate of bismuth; the latter may be fused, by
application of the Blp flame, to brown drops which, when cold,
appear yellow and opaque. On Ch, fuses and boils, throwing olut




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   67
small drops in a state of incandescence, and deposits a Ct of oxide
of bismuth.
Soluble in nitric acid with deposition of sulphur. The solution
gives a white precipitate with water.
Bismuth Ochre.
~ 126. BiO3, containing minute quantities of Fe203, CuO, and
AsO5. G —4,36. Occurs usually pulverulent or earthy.
Before the Blp it behaves like pure oxide of bismuth. Soluble in
nitric acid.
ORES OF CHROMIUM.
Chromic Iron.
~ 127. (FeO, CrO, MgO)+(Cr203, A1203). H-5.5. G=4.3 —46
Occurs usually massive; of iron-black or brownish-black color, with
a shining and somewhat metallic lustre.  Some varieties are
magnetic.
Heated in a matrass, remains unchanged. Infusible in the forceps. After having been exposed to the R F1 it follows the magnet,
In Bx and S Ph slowly, but completely, soluble to a transparent
glass, which is beautiful green after cooling. Mixed with Sd and
nitre and heated on platinum-foil, the mass fuses and: becomes yellow. With Sd on Ch in R Fl it affords metallic iron.
Concentrated acids affect it but little, even when finely pulverized;
they dissolve only a little iron. Fused with caustic potassa, chromate of potassa is formed.
ORES OF COBALT.
Smaltine.
~ 128. (Co, Fe, Ni) As.11=3.5-6. G=6.4-7.2. Of tin-white or
steel-gray color, and metallic lustre.
In a matrass, usually yields, when heated to redness, a sublimate
of metallic arsenic. In an open glass tube, affords a copious sublimate of crystallized arsenous acid, and sometimes emits sulphurous
acid. On Ch it fuses readily, with emission of copious arsenical
fumes, to a grayish-black magnetic globule which; with the fluxes,
gives the indications of iron, cobalt, and nickel.
With nitric acid it gives a pink solution, arsenous acid being deposited.




68               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Cobaltine.
~129. CoS2+CoAs.  H=5.5.  G=6-6.3. Of silver-white and
sometimes reddish color, and metallic lustre.
Unchanged in the matrass. In an open glass tube, yields a sublimate of arsenous acid and vapors of sulphurous acid. On Ch,
emits copious arsenical and sulphur fumes and fuses to a dull black
metallic globule, which is attracted by the magnet, and which, when
treated with fluxes, gives the indications of cobalt and iron, and
sometimes also those of hickel.
Dissolves in heated nitric acid, arsenous acid being deposited.
Cobalt Pyrites [Linnaeite].
~ 130. CoS+Co2S3. H=5.5.  G=4.8-5. Of a more or less
bright steel-gray color, and metallic lustre. Crystallizes in the
regular octahedron.
In an open glass tube, sulphurous acid is abundantly evolved and
sometimes a slight sublimate of arsenous acid formed. On Ch,
small pieces of the mineral readily fuse to a globule which, when
cold, is covered with a black rough crust, and which is attracted by
the magnet. The pulverized mineral, after having been well calcined, dissolves in Bx in 0 F1 to a blue transparent glass. In a
highly saturated bead of this kind, when treated on Ch with RF1,
particles of metallic nickel may be seen floating about.
Soluble in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur.
Cobalt Bloom [Erythrine].
~131. 3CoO. AsO+ 811HO. -1=1.5-2.5.  G-2.9.  Usually of
crimson or peach-red color; when crystallized, of pearly lustre; frequently dull and earthy, forming incrustations.
Heated in a matrass, loses water, and the color changes to blue
or green. A small crystal, exposed to -the inner flame, fuses and
colors the outer flame pale-blue. On Ch in RF1, emits arsenical
fumes and melts to a dark-gray globule of arsenide of cobalt which,
with flux7fs, gives the pure cobalt-reactions.
Acids dissolve it readily to a rose-colored liquid; the solution in
concentrated hydrochloric acid appears blue, while hot. The pulverized mineral is partly decomposed by caustic potassa; the powder assumes a bluish-gray color and the solution is sapphire-blue.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    69
Lavendulan.
~ 132. As05, CoO, NiO, CuO, and HO. H=2.5-3.  G-=3.
Amorphous, with a greasy lustre; color lavender-blue.
Heated in a matrass, gives out water. In the forceps, fuses easily
and colors the outer flame pale-blue; the fused mass becomes crystalline on cooling. On Ch in R F1 it fuses with emission of arsenical
fumes. With fluxes, gives the reactions of Co, Ni, and Cu (see ~ 92).
Earthy Cobalt.
~ 133. It is a variety of mrad (see ~ 184), containing sometimes
a considerable quantity of oxide of cobalt, in combination with silicie
or arsenic acid.
With Bx in 0 F1, gives a dark-violet glass, which in the RF1
becomes blue. The S Ph bead when treated on Ch with metallic
tin frequently exhibits the copper-reaction. With Sd on platinumfoil it shows the presence of manganese.
Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine; the solution is usually blue, and on addition of water becomes red.
ORES OF COPPER.
Native Copper.
~ 134. Pure Copper. H=2.5-3. G=8.9.  Of metallic lustre,
and copper-red color.  Occurs usually massive or arborescent.
It fuses on Ch to a globule which, if the heat is sufficiently high,
assumes a bright bluish-green surface; on cooling it becomes covered
with a crust of black oxide. With the fluxes it gives the usual indications of copper.
It dissolves readily in nitric acid.
Copper Pyrites [Chalcopyrite].
~ 135. Cu2S+Fe2S3. 1H=3.5-4. G=4.1-4.3.  Of a brass-yellow color and metallic lustre; on exposure to moist air it becomes
iridescent on its surface. It occurs crystallized, but usually massive. It is easily scratched with a knife, giving a greenish-black
powder.
Heated in a matrass, decrepitates and yields sometimes a faint
sublimate of sulphur, assuming at the same time a darker color or
becoming iridescent. Heated in an open glass tube, sulphurous
acid is given out abundantly. On Ch, when heated, it blackens,




'7-0             ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
but becomes red on cooling; with continued heat it fuses to a black
globule, which is attracted by the magnet; this globule is brittle
and reddish-gray in the fracture. The pulverized mineral, after
roasting, gives with fluxes the indications of iron and copper.
With Sd on Ch it ~is reduced; the metals are obtained in separate
masses.  Moistened with hydrochloric acid it colors the flame blue,
even previous to fusion.
It dissolves in nitric acid and, more readily, in aqua regia, leaving
a residue of sulphur.
Purple Copper [Erubescite].
~ 136. 3 Cu2S+Fe2S3. H —3. G=4.4 —5. When crystalline, it
usually affects the cubical form, and is of a pale yellowish color;
when massive, its color is copper-red to reddish-brown; it speedily
tarnishes, assuming various hues, mostly purple, blue, and reddish.
When scratched with a knife it gives a grayish powder.
Before the Blp it shows pretty much the same behavior as copper
pyrites.
Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves it, leaving the greater
part of the sulphur behind.
(Copper Glance.
~ 137. Cu2S. H=2.5 — 3. G=5.5-5.8.  Of a blackish lead-gray
color, often with a bluish or greenish tint on its surface. Occurs
usually in compact masses, very often shining.
Heated in a matrass, nothing volatile is given out. In an open
tube, sulphurous acid is evolved. On Ch, readily fuses to a globule,
which boils, and emits glowing drops, sulphurous acid escaping
abundantly; the outer flame is at the same time colored blue.
With Sd on Ch it yields a globule of metallic copper.
In heated nitric acid it dissolves, leaving a residue of sulphur.
Gray Copper [Tetrahedrite].
~ 138. 4 (Cu2S. FeS. ZnS) (SbS3. AsS3) frequently containing
silver and mercury. H13 —4.5. G-=4.5-5.  Color between steelgray and iron-black.. Heated in a matrass, fuses and finally yields a dark-red sublimate
of tersulphide of antimony with antimonious acid.: In an open glass
tube, fuses and gives thick fumes of antimony (and arsenous acid),




BLOW-PPIPE: ANALYSIS.                  71
and sulphurous acid; mercury, when present, condenses in the upper
part of the tube, forming a metallic mirror. On Ch it fuses readily
to a globule, emitting thick white fumes and snlphur vapor; coatings
of antimonious acid and of oxide of zinc are deposited; the latter is
nearer to the assay-piecp and may be tested with SoCo [v. ~ 45].
To detect arsenic, v. ~ 56. To detect mercury, add to the finely
pulverized assay three times its weight of dry Sd and treat the
mixture as directed ~ 91. The pulverized mineral, after having
been well roasted, gives with the fluxes the indications of iron and
copper; with Sd, affords metallic copper and a little iron. To
detect silver, treat the mineral with pure lead and Bx as directed
~ 105.
When pulverized it is decomposed by nitric acid, the solution
has a brownish-green color; antimonious acid (and arsenous acid)
and sulphur remain undissolved. Caustic potassa effects partial
decomposition; the sulphide of antimony (and arsenic) enters into
solution, and is, on addition of an acid, re-precipitated.
Tennantite.
~ 139. 4(Cu2S, FeS), AsS3. H=3.5-4. G=4.37-4.5.  Always
crystallized; metallic lustre; color blackish lead-gray to iron-black.
In a matrass, gives a sublimate of tersulphide of arsenic. In an
open tube, sulphurous acid and a sublimate of arsenous acid.  On
Ch, fuses easily with emission of sulphur and arsenic vapors to a
dark-gray globule, which is attracted by the magnet. The pulverized mineral gives, after calcination, with fluxes, the reaction of
iron and copper.
Arsenical Copper [Domeykite].
~ 140. Cu6As. H-=3-3.5. Reniform, massive, or disseminated;
lustre metallic; color tin-white; black and soft when impure.
Heated in a matrass, yields a little water and a sublimate of
arsenous acid; the assay-piece assumes a silver-white color. In
an open tube, affords a crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid. On
Ch, fuses easily with emission of a strong alliaceous odor to a
yellowish metallic mass, which gives the copper reactions.
Readily soluble in nitric acid; decomposed by hydrochloric acid,
metallic arsenic remaining undissolved.




72               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Atacamite.
~ 141. CuCl+3CuO+3HO. H =3-3.5.  G=4-4.3.  Occurs
crystalline, or massive lamellar; color various shades of bright
green, sometimes blackish-green.
Heated in a matrass, gives out water and a gray sublimate,
which, on cooling, becomes grayish-white; the water shows acid
reaction. On Ch, fuses readily, colors the outer flame azure-blue,
and is finally reduced to a globule of metallic copper; two coatings
are deposited on the Ch, the one grayish-white, and the other
brownish, which, on being played upon with the R F1, change their
place with an azure-blue tinge.
Easily soluble in acids.
Red Copper.
~ 142. Cu20. H=-3.5-4. G=5.8-6. Usually of a very intense,
deep red color, occasionally crimson-red; exceedingly friable.
Heated in the pincers, fuses and colors the outer flame emeraldgreen; moistened with hydrochloric acid and treated in the same
manner, the color is azure-blue. On Ch it blackens, then fuses
quietly, and finally yields a globule of metallic copper which, on
cooling, becomes covered with a coating of black oxide.
Dissolves readily in nitric acid. With hydrochloric acid it gives
a brownish solution, which on addition of water is decomposed, a
white precipitate of subchloride of copper being formed. It is also
soluble in ammonia: the solution is colorless when the access of
air is prevented; on exposure to air it turns blue.
Malachite.
~143. 2CuO.C02+1IO.  -1=3.5-5. G=3.7-4. Occursusually
in the shape of mammillated concretions; the interior is very compact, and lustre shining, in the fracture sometimes earthy, sometimes silky; of a bright green color.
Heated in a matrass, gives out water and turns black. On Ch
fuses to a globule, and affords metallic copper when the heat is sufciently high; heated in the forceps, the outer flame is colored
green. With fluxes and Sd it behaves like oxide of copper (v.
Table II, 8).
It dissolves in acids with effervescence; also soluble in ammonia.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    73
Azurite [Blue Malachite].
~ 144. 2(CuO.CO2)+CuO.HO. H-=3.5-4. G=3.5-3.8. Occurs
usually crystallized, or in globular masses of columnar structure.
It is easily distinguished by its fine blue color; either earthy or
vitreous in lustre.
Before the Blp, and to solvents, it behaves like malachite.
Copper Vitriol [Cyanosite].
~ 145. CuO SO3+5HO.  H=2.5. G=2.21.  Lustre vitreous;
color various shades of blue; taste metallic and nauseous.
Heated in a matrass, swells up, gives out water, and becomes
white. On Ch, colors the outer flame green, fuses, and affords a
button of metallic copper, crusted with a coat of sulphide. After
calcination, gives with fluxes the reactions of copper, sometimes
also those of iron.
Soluble in water; a polished plate of iron introduced into the
solution becomes coated with copper.
Plosphoclhalcite.
~ 146. 3CuO.POS+3(CuO.1O), sometimes 2(3CuO.PO5)+HO
+4(CuO.HO).  H=4.5-5. G=4-4.4. Occurs both crystallized
and massive.  Of adamantine lustre, and dark emerald-green or
blackish-green color.
In a matrass, gives out water and blackens. A piece, previously
heated in a matrass, fuses in the forceps to a black globule, which
becomes crystalline on cooling. With Bx and S Ph, behaves like
oxide of copper. Strongly heated on Ch with a sufficient quantity
of Sd, nearly all the copper is obtained as a metallic globule.
Mixed with an equal volume of metallic lead and fused on Ch, a
globule of metallic copper is obtained, surrounded by a fused mass
of phosphate of lead, which on cooling crystallizes.
Soluble in nitric acid, and in caustic ammonia.
Olivenite.
~ 147. 3CuO. (AsO0.P05)+CuO.HO.  H=-3.  G= 4.1-4.4.
Crystallized, or in globular and reniform masses, of indistinctly
fibrous structure. Color usually olive-green.
In a matrass, yields a little water. In the forceps, fuses to a
globule and colors the outer flame bluish-green; the fused mass
7




74               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
crystallizes on cooling. On Ch, fuses with detonation and emission
of arsenical vapors to a metallic globule; the globule is white and
somewhat brittle, and covered with a brown scoria. Fused with
metallic lead, it is decomposed in the same manner as the preceding ore.
Dissolves in nitric acid, also in ammonia.
Tyrolite.
~ 148. [(3CuO.As05+ 8HO)+ 2(CuO.HO)]+ CaO. CO2. H= l2. G=3. Usually reniform, massive; structure radiate foliaceous.
Color pale-green. Very sectile.
Heated in a matrass, decrepitates, yields much water, and blackens. On Ch, fuses with emission of arsenical vapors to a gray
scoriaceous mass, in which minute globules of metallic copper
occasionally appear.  When the mineral is fused on Ch, with
addition of Sd and Bx, until the oxide of copper is completely
reduced and the slag dissolved in hydrochloric acid, a solution
is obtained in which the presence of lime may be shown by the
proper reagents.
Dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence, also in ammonia.
Chrysocolla.
~ 149. 3CuO. 2SiO3+6HO. H=2-3. G=2. Occurs usually
as an incrustation. It very much resembles malachite; its color is
bluish-green, and it is remarkable for its great compactness; its
surface is very smooth, giving it the appearance of an enamel or a
well-fused slag.
In a matrass, yields water and blackens. In the forceps infusible,
coloring the outer flame intensely green. On Ch in O F1 blackens,
in R F1 turns red. S Ph and Bx dissolve it with the usual indica.
tions of copper; the S Ph bead shows a cloud of undissolved silica.
With Sd on Ch, affords globules of metallic copper.
It is decomposed by acids, silica remaining undissolved.
ORES OF GOLD, PLATINUM, AND IRI)IUM.
Native Goldl.
~ 150. Combination of Au and Ag in variable proportions, sometimes with traces of Fe and Cu.  H-2.5  3.  G=15.6-19.5.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   75
Easily distinguished by its malleability, its cutting like lead, its
high specific gravity, and its resistance to acids. Color and streak
various shades of gold-yellow. It usually occurs in variously contorted and branched filaments, in scales, in plates, or in small
irregular masses.
On Ch, fuses to a globule which, after cooling, has a bright
metallic surface. With SPh in OFl, a bead is formed which
opalizes on cooling, or becomes opaque and yellow, according to
the amount of silver which it contains.
Resists the action of heated concentrated nitric acid; soluble
only in aqua regia.
Graphic Tellurium  [Sylvanite].
~ 151. AgTe+2AuTe3. H-=1.5-2. G=5.7. Of metallic lustre
and steel-gray color. Very sextile.
In an open glass tube, yields a white sublimate which, when
played upon with the flame, fuses to transparent drops. On Ch,
fuses to a dark-gray globule, depositing at the same time a white
Ct which, when touched with the RFl, disappears, tinging the flame
bluish-green (see ~~ 29, 35). It finally affords a light-yellow malleable globule of metallic lustre.
Soluble in aqua regia, leaving a residue of chloride of silver. The
solution gives a white precipitate with water.
Native Platinum.
~ 152. Pt, usually combined with a little Fe, Ir, Os, Pd, Rh, and
sometimes Cu and Pb.
11=4-4.5. G=16-19. Usually occurs in grains of silverwhitish or gray color, malleable and ductile.
Infusible before the Blp and not acted upon by fluxes. Soluble
only in heated aqua regia. The solution gives a yellow granular
precipitate with chloride of potassium.
Osmium-Iridium  [Iridosmine].
~ 153. The light variety IrOs3 and IrOs4. 11-6 —7. G —19.321.1. Occurs usually in irregular flattened grains, of metallic lustre
and tin-white color; but little malleable.
Infusible before the Blp; when fused with nitre in a matrass, the
characteristic osmium odor is produced. The fused mass is soluble




'76              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
in water; the solution gives, on addition of nitric acid, a green precipitate. The dark varieties lose before the Blp the metallic lustre,
and, when held in the alcohol flame, impart to it a yellowish-red
color and great ruminating power.
Not visibly affected by any acid.
ORES OF IRON.
Meteoric Iron.
~ 154. Fe with variable quantities of Ni (from 1 to 20 per cent.)
and traces of Co, Mg, Mn, Sn, Cu, Cr, Si, C, C1, S, and P.H==4.5.
G=T7.3-7.8, rarely as low as 6. Lustre metallic; color iron-gray;
ductile; strongly attracted by the magnet.
Infusible. On Ch with Bx or S Ph gives only the reactions of
iron. To detect the presence of the other heavy metals, the assaypiece must be dissolved in aqua regia, the liquid mixed with ammonia
in excess, filtered, and the ammoniacal filtrates precipitated with
sulphydrate of ammonia. The precipitate consists of the sulphides
of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and copper, which may be collected on
a filter and treated with Bx on Ch as described ~ 70.
Brown Hematite [Limnonite].
~ 155. 2 Fe203. 3HO.  H11= 5-5.5.  G= 3.6-4.  Of a dull
brownish-yellow color, earthy or semi-metallic in appearance, and
often in mammillary or stalactitic forms.
In a matrass, yields water, and red sesquioxide remains; in platinum forceps, fusible on the edges; gives with Bx and S Ph an
iron reaction; the clayey varieties treated with S Ph give a cloud
of undissolved silica; treated with Sd and nitre on platinum-foil,
the manganese reaction is almost always obtained.
Specular Iron [Hematitel].
~ 156. Fe203. 11-5.5-6.5. G-=4.5-5.3. Of a dark steel-gray
or iron-black color, and usually of metallic lustre; its powder is red.
Infusible alone; becomes magnetic after roasting, and gives the
usual indi Ltions of iron with the fluxes; its powder dissolves readily in heated hydrochloric acid. Contains sometimes chromium and
titanium, which may be detected by the processes given in ~~ 68
and 111.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS,                    7
iagtgnetic Iron Ore [Magnetite].
~ 157. FeO. Fe203. H=5.5-6.5. G=4.9-5.2. Its color is ironblack, with a shining metallic or glimmering lustre; its powder is
black; it is strongly attracted by the magnet.
It fuses with difficulty, and gives the usual reactions of iron with
the fluxes; the pulverized mineral dissolves completely in hydrochloric acid.
Iron Pyrites.
~ 158. FeS2. -H=6 —6.5. G-=4.8-5. Occurs commonly in cubes.
Usually of a brass-yellow color and metallic lustre.  By its superior hardness, not yielding to the knife, and emitting sparks when
struck with steel, it may be distinguished from copper pyrites.
hIeated in a glass tube closed at one end, usually emits some
sulphuretted hydrogen, and yields a sublimate of sulphur; the
residue is attracted by the magnet. Heated on Ch with the O F1,
the sulphur burns off with a blue flame, and leaves red oxide behind, which, when treated with the fluxes, gives pure iron reactions.
But slightly affected by hydrochloric acid; nitric acid dissolves it,
leaving a residue of sulphur.
White Iron Pyrites [Marcasite].
~ 159. FeS2. H=6-6.5. G-=4.6-4.8. Crystals are prismatic.
Color usually light bronze-yellow, sometimes inclined to green or
gray; occurs frequently in radiated masses or crest-like aggregations. Very liable to decomposition.
Before the Blp it behaves like the preceding.
1Jlignetic Pyrites [Pyrrhotine].
~ 160. 5FeS+Fe2S3.. H=3.5-4.5.  G=4.4-4.7.  Very much
resembles common iron pyrites, from which it is distinguished by
its inferior hardness, and by being slightly attracted by the magnet.
Heated in a matrass, remains unchanged; in the open glass tube,
emits sulphurous acid but yields no sublimate. On Ch in RF1,
fuses to a globule, which is covered with an uneven black coating,
which follows the magnet, and which, on a surface of fracture, exhibits a yellowish crystalline structure and metallic lustre. In
OF1 it is converted into red oxide.
7*




78               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Soluble in hydrochloric acid, excepting the sulphur, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Arsenical Pyrites [Mispickel].
~ 161. FeS2+FeAs. H=5.5-6. G=5 —6.4. Of metallic lustre
and a silver-white color. Streak dark grayish-black. Brittle.
Heated in a matrass, yields first a red sublimate of sulphide of
arsenic, and afterwards a black crystalline one of metallic arsenic;
in an open glass tube, yields arsenous acid and sulphurous acid.
On Ch, emits copious arsenical fumes, and a Ct of arsenous acid is
deposited; then fuses to a globule which shows the properties of
fused magnetic pyrites. Frequently contains cobalt, the presence
of which may be detected by the method described in ~ 69.
Soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia, leaving a residue of sulphur
and arsenous acid; the latter dissolves with continued digestion.
Titaniferous Iron [Ilmenite].
~ 162. Ti203 and Fe203 in various proportions.  H= 5- 6.
G=5.5 —5. Of iron-black color, usually in tabular crystals, bears
a great resemblance to specular iron, but gives no red powder.
Alone in the OFI infusible; in RF1 it may be rounded at the
edges. With Bx and SPh in OF1, gives the reactions of pure oxide
of iron; but the SPh bead when treated with the RFI assumes a
brownish-red color, the intensity of which depends upon the amount
of titanic acid present; this glass, when treated with tin on Ch,
turns violet (v. Table II, 23). To show conclusively the presence
of Ti, follow the method given in ~ 111.
Dissolved by hydrochloric acid and aqua regia with separation
of titanic acid; some varieties dissolve with great difficulty, even
when reduced to a very fine powder.
Spathic Iron [Chalybite].
~ 163. FeO.C02. H=3.5-4.5. G=3.7 —3.9. Color from grayishyellow to reddish-brown; crystallizes in rhombohedrons, which are
often curved, and are very distinctly cleavable; often massive.
Heated in a matrass, frequently decrepitates, carbonic acid and
carbonic oxide are given out, and a black oxide of iron remains,
which is attracted by the magnet. Alone, infusible. With Bx and
SPh it gives the pure iron reactions, and with Sd sometimes those




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    79
of manganese. It dissolves in strong acids with effervescence, but
with difficulty, and only when pulverized.
Green Vitriol [Copperas].
~ 164. FeO. So3+7HO. H-11=2. G=1.83. Occurs usually massive
and pulverulent, of various shades of green, becoming yellowish on
exposure to air; taste astringent and metallic.
In a matrass, gives out sulphurous acid and water, which shows
acid reaction. Strongly heated, only sesquioxide of iron remains.
Soluble in water.
Vivianite.
~ 165. 6(3FeO,Po5+ 8HO)+ (3Fe203,2P05+ 8HO).  11=1.5-2.
G=2.66.  Occurs crystallized, or in reniform and globular masses,
sometimes as incrustation. Color blue to green, usually dirty blue.
In a matrass, swells and gives pure water. In the forceps, fuses
to a steel-gray metallic globule, coloring the outer flame bluishgreen. With fluxes gives the reactions of iron.
Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. With a solution of caustic potassa, it blackens.
&corodite.
~ 166. Fe203, AsO5+4HO.  11=3.5-4.  G=3.1-3.3. Crystallized. Color pale leek-green or liver-brown.
In a matrass, yields pure water. In the forceps, fuses to a gray
scoriaceous slag of metallic lustre, coloring the outer flame pale-blue.
On Ch, emits arsenical vapors and fuses to a gray magnetic slag,
of metallic lustre, which gives with fluxes the reactions of iron.
Not affected by nitric acid; forms a brown solution with hydrochloric acid; partially dissolved by ammonia, leaving a brown
residue.
ORES OF LEAD.
Plumnbic Ochre.
~ 167. PbO, containing frequently PbO.CO2, CaO, Fe203, and
SiO3. G=8. Massive. Lustre dull; color between sulphur and
orpiment-yellow.
Before the B]p, behaves like oxide of lead.
Miniurn.
~ 168. PbO,Pb203. G=4.6. Pulverulent. Color vivid red, mixed
with yellow.




80               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Before the Blp, behaves like oxide of lead.
With hydrochloric acid, evolves chlorine and is converted into
chloride of lead. With nitric acid, becomes brown.
Galena.
~ 169. PbS. H=2.5-2.75.  G=7.25 —7.7. Color, lead-gray; of
metallic lustre. Crystals usually affect the cubical form, and possess very perfect cubic cleavage.
Heated in a matrass, sometimes decrepitates and frequently
yields a slight white sublimate. Heated in an open glass tube,
emits sulphurous acid, and, on the heat being raised, gives a
white sublimate of sulphate of lead. Heated on Ch, affords a globule of pure lead, the Ch becoming at the same time covered with
sulphate of lead and oxide of lead. The globule of metallic lead
yields generally a little silver on cupellation. The presence of
antimony is ascertained as shown ~ 49. Zinc, ~ 113. Iron, ~ 83.
It dissolves with some difficulty in boiling hydrochloric acid,
with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Very dilute nitric acid
has no effect on it, but by a stronger acid it is readily dissolved
with evolution of nitrous acid vapors. By fuming nitric acid and
aqua regia it is very violently acted upon, being converted into
sulphate, or a mixture of the sulphate with the chloride.
Bournonite.
~ 170. 3Cu2S,SbS3+ 2(3PbS,SbS3).  H=2.5 —3. G-=5.7-5.9.
Occurs crystallized, and massive, granular, compact; lustre metallic;
color and streak steel-gray.
In a matrass, decrepitates and yields with a strong heat a darkred sublimate. In an open tube, sulphurous acid is evolved and
abundant antimonial fumes, which condense partly on the upper
and partly on the lower side of the tube; the former consist of antimonious acid, which is volatile; the latter is not volatile, and consists of a mixture of antimonate of oxide of antimony with antimonate of lead. On Ch, fuses readily to a black globule and deposits a
Ct of antimonious acid; with strong heat a Ct of oxide of lead is
obtained; the remaining globule, when treated with Bx in OF1,
gives the reactions of copper, and the globule assumes the appearance of metallic copper.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   81
Dissolves readily in nitric acid to a blue liquid, leaving a residue
of antimonious acid and sulphur. Aqua regia leaves a residue of
sulphur, chloride of lead, and antimonite of lead; the solution gives
a precipitate with water. Ammonia dissolves a portion of the
slllphide of antimony.
The following ores behave before the Blp in a very similar manner.
Geocronite. PbS, (SbS3, AsS3)+4PbS.
)Dufrenoysite. PbS, AsS3+ Pbs.
Boulangerite.  PbS, SbS3+2PbS.
Heteromorphite.  PbS, SbS3+ PbS.
Jamesonite.  2(PbS, SbS3) +PbS.
Plagionite.  3(PbS, SbS3) PbS.
Zinkenite. PbS, SbS3.
Those minerals in which a part of the SbS3 is substituted by
AsS3, give on Ch arsenical vapors, and in an open tube a crystalline
sublimate.
Cerasine [Corneous Lead].
~ 171. PbCI+PbO.CO2.  H=2.75-3.  G= 6-6.3.  Forms
crystals of adamantine lustre, of white, gray, or yellow color.
In a matrass, decrepitates slightly and becomes a little darker
yellow. On Ch, fuses readily, emits acid vapors, becomes reduced
to metallic lead, and gives a white Ct of chloride of lead and a
yellow Ct of oxide.
Dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence.
Whlite Lead Ore [Cerusite].
~ 172. PbO. CO2. 11=3-3.5. G=6.4.  Occurs granularly
massive, or in prismatic needles, or compressed plates.  Color
mostly white, yellow, or gray.
When heated in a matrass, decrepitates and turns yellow; car.
bonic acid is given out. Heated on Ch alone, is reduced to metarlic
lead. Treated with fluxes, dissolves with effervescence and gives
the reactions of pure oxide of lead (v. Table II, 12); dissolves
readily and with effervescence in dilute nitric acid; with hydrochloric acid, leaves a residue of chloride of lead; dissolves in a
solution of caustic potassa.
F




82               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Leadhillite.
~ 173. PbO. SO3+3(PbO.CO02). 1=2.5. G=6.2-6.5.  Occurs
in transparent crystals of pearly or resinous lustre.  Color white,
passing into yellow, green, or gray.
On Ch, intumesces slightly, becomes yellow, but white again on
cooling; with greater heat easily reduced to metallic lead.
Dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence, leaving a residue of
sulphate of lead.
Lead Vitriol [Anglesite].
~ 174. PbO. SOs.  H —2.T5-3.  G=6.2.  It often occurs in
small octahedral crystals with many facets, but more frequently in
laminar masses; of high lustre.
Heated in a matrass, decrepitates and usually yields a little
water. Treated on Ch in OF1, fuses to a clear bead, which on
cooling turns milk-white; with Sd on Ch, affords a globule of
metallic lead; the Sd is absorbed by the Ch and shows, when placed
on silver-foil, a strong sulphur reaction. With the fluxes, gives the
reactions of oxide of lead. Traces of iron or manganese may be
detected by Bx or Sd as shown ~~ 83 and 90.
It dissolves in acids only with great difficulty; by hydrochloric
acid it is partly decomposed; the pulverized mineral is soluble in a
solution of caustic potassa.
Phosphate of Lead [Pyromorphite].
~ 175. Essentially PbCl+3(3PbO.[PO5.As05]). H=3.5-4. G=
6.5 —7. It occurs often in globular masses with a columnar structure, also fibrous and granular. Color green, yellow, and brown.
Heated in a matrass, sometimes decrepitates and yields, with
continued heat, a faint white and volatile sublimate of chloride of
lead. Heated in the platinum-pointed pincers, fuses readily and
colors the outer flame blue; if the amount of phosphoric acid is
not too small, the edges of the flame will appear green. With SPh
and oxide of copper, gives the reaction for chlorine, ~ 65. On Ch
in the O F1, fuses to a globule, which on cooling assumes a poly.
hedral form and a dark color; in the R Fl, yields a Ct of oxide of
lead, and the globule, on cooling, assumes dodecahedral facets of
pearly lustre. With boracic acid and iron wire, gives the reaction
for phosphoric acid (~ 95)> With Sd on Ch, affords metallic lead.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   83
Some varieties contain arsenic acid, which is readily detected by
the odor when treated with Sd on Ch (~ 54).
Soluble in nitric acid, and solution of caustic potassa.
Plumbo-Resinite.
~ 176. 3PbO. P05+6(Al203,3HO). H=4-4.5. G=6.3-6.4.
In reniform or globular masses, with a columnar structure; also
compact massive. Of resinous lustre; color usually yellowish-brown;
resembling gum-arabic in appearance.
In a matrass, decrepitates and gives out water. In the forceps,
intumesces and colors the outer flame azure-blue. On Ch, intumesces, becomes white and opaque, and fuses but imperfectly, depositing a faint white Ct of chloride of lead. In small quantities,
soluble in Bx and SPh to clear beads. With Sd on Ch, minute
globules of metallic lead are obtained. Treated with SoCo, assumes
a fine blue color.
Soluble in nitric acid.
Red Lead Ore [Crocoisite].
~ 177. PbO. CrO3. 11=2.5-3. G=5.9-6.1. Occurs usually in
bright hyacinth-red crystals of adamantine lustre.
In a matrass, decrepitates; the crystals are broken up into minute
pieces and assume a darker color. On Ch, fuses and becomes reduced with detonation; a Ct of oxide of lead is formed, and grayishgreen sesquioxide of chromium remains with the metallic globule.
With Sd on Ch, affords a globule of metallic lead.  With Sd on
platinum foil, fuses to a dark-yellow mass, which becomes green in
RFI.  With Bx or SPh in OF1, dissolved; the bead appears
yellow while hot, but becomes green on cooling.  Fused in a
platinum spoon with from 3 to 4 parts of bisulphate of potassa,
gives a dark-violet mass, which is greenish-white when cold.
Dissolves in heated hydrochloric acid to a green liquid, leaving
a residue of chloride of lead. Dissolves with difficulty in nitric
acid to a yellowish-red liquid. A solution of caustic potassa colors
it brown, and finally dissolves it to a yellow liquid.
Vauquelinite.
~ 178. 3CuO,2CrO3+2(3PbO,2CrO'). 11=-2.5-3. G=5.5-5.7.
Occurs usually in minute crystals, or in reniform or granular masses
Color dark-green to brown, sometimes nearly black.




84               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
On Ch, fuses with effervescence to a gray submetallic globule;
where the mass is in contact with the coal, small globules of lead
make their appearance; in RF1 a Ct of oxide of lead is formed.
With Bx or SPh in O F1, clear green beads are obtained, which
remain green on cooling, but which on application of the RFI become red and opaque; this reaction appears most distinctly on Ch
with Sn. With Sd on platinum wire in OF1, dissolves to a transparent green bead, which on cooling becomes yellow and opaque;
on treating the bead with a few drops of water, a yellow solution
is obtained, in which the presence of chromic acid may be proved
as described ~ 68. With Sd on Ch, is completely decomposed; on
treating the reduced metals with boracic acid on Ch (v. ~ 71) a
globule of metallic copper is obtained.
Partly soluble in nitric acid to a dark green liquid; the residue
is yellow.
Wulfenite [Yellow Lead Ore].
~ 179. PbO, MoO3, sometimes with a little CrO3. Ht2.75 —3.
G= 6.3 —6.9. Crystallized or granularly massive, firmly coherent.
Color usually wax-yellow, passing into orange-yellow.
In a matrass, decrepitates and becomes darker while hot. On
Ch, fuses and is partly absorbed by the coal, while metallic lead and
a Ct of oxide of lead are deposited. With Bx or SPh on platinum
wire gives the reactions of molybdic acid (v. Table II, 15). With
Sd on Ch, affords a globule of metallic lead. Fused with bisulphate
of potassa in a platinum spoon, a yellowish mass is obtained, which
becomes white on cooling; treated with distilled water and a piece
of metallic zinc placed into the solution, the liquid assumes a blue
color.
Dissolves in concentrate hydrochloric acid to a green liquid,
leaving a residue of chloride of lead.  The pulverized mineral is
decomposed on being digested with nitric acid; a yellowish-white
residue is left, which becomes blue when exposed to air in thin
layers.
ORES OF MANGANESE.
Pyrolu'ite [Gray Ore of Manganese].
~ 180. MnO2. 11 —2-2.5. G=4.8. Of black or dark-gray color
and little lustre; powder black; sometimes of columnar structure.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   85
In a matrass, usually yields a little water; when heated to redness, oxygen is evolved. Alone infusible, but turning reddishbrown when the temperature is sufficiently high. Soluble in Bx
and SPh with the usual manganese-reactions; gives frequently the
indications of iron.
Soluble in hydrochloric acid with disengagement of chlorine.
JHausmannite [Black Manganese].
~ 181. MnO, Mn'OS.  11=5-5.5.  G=4.7.  Crystallized, or
granular, particles strongly coherent. Color brownish-black; streak
chestnut-brown.
Before the Blp, and to hydrochloric acid behaves like the preceding ore.
Braunite.
~ 182. Mn203. H= 6-6.5. G= 4.7 —4.8. Occurs crystallized
or massive. Color and streak dark brownish-black.
In a matrass, does not give any water; behaves otherwise like
pyrolusite. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with disengagement of
chlorine, leaving sometimes a residue of silica.
Psilomelane.
~ 183. Composition very various, essentially Mn203 with BaO or
KO, and HO10. H-=5-6. G=3.7 —4.3. Massive. Color ironblack; streak brownish-black, shining.
Before the Blp and to solvents it behaves like pyrolusite.
Wad [Bog Manganese].
~ 184. Essentially MnO2, MnO, and HO; contains often Fe20S,
A1203, BaO, SiO3, &c.  H= 0.5-6.  G=3-4.2.  Amorphous,
earthy or compact, of a dull black color.
In a matrass, yields water abundantly, and otherwise behaves
like pyrolusite. Some varieties, known under the name of " Cupreous Manganese," when treated with Sd and Bx on Ch, afford a
globule of metallic copper.
Diallogite.
~ 185. MnO,CO2 when pure, sometimes (MnO, FeO, CuO, MgO),
CO2. 11=3.5-4.5. G=3.4-3.6. Occurs crystallized, or in globular
masses of columnar structure; also massive. Color shades of rosered, brownish; streak white.
8




86               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
In a matrass, some varieties give a little water and decrepitate
violently. Infusible. Some varieties, when heated in R F1, become
magnetic. Dissolves in fluxes with effervescence and gives usually
the reaction of manganese and iron.
The pulverized mineral is little affected by hydrochloric acid in
the cold; on heating dissolves with effervescence.
Franklinite.
~ 186. ZnO, Mn2O'+4 Fe203.  H= 5.5 —.5.  G=5.  Occurs
crystallized, and massive. Lustre metallic; color iron-black; streak
dark reddish-brown; acts slightly on the magnet.
Infusible. Dissolves in Bx and S Ph with manganese-reaction;
the Bx bead, when treated on Ch in R F1, becomes bottle-green.
With Sd on platinum foil, gives manganese-reaction. With Sd on
Ch, gives a faint Ct of oxide of zinc, which becomes more distinct
on addition of Bx.
Dissolves completely in heated hydrochloric acid to a greenishyellow liquid, chlorine being evolved.
ORES OF MERCURY.
Native Mercury.
~ 187. Hg, sometimes containing a little Ag. G=13.5. Metallic
globules of a tin-white color.
Heated in a matrass, is converted into vapor, which condenses
in the neck of the matrass to small metallic globules.
Dissolves readily in nitric acid.
Amalgam.
~ 188. AgI g2 and AgHg3. H=3-3.5. G=10.5-14. Occurs
crystallized and massive. Color and streak silver-white; opaque.
In a matrass, boils, gives a sublimate of metallic mercury, and
leaves a spongy residue of silver, which on Ch fuses readily to a
globule.
Dissolves readily in nitric acid.
Calomel [Horn Quicksilver].
~ 189. Hg2Cl. H=1 —2. G=6.48. Occurs usually in distinct
crystals or crystalline coats, of adamantine lustre and yellowishgray color.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    87
In a matrass, yields a white sublimate of subehloride of mercury.
Mixed with Sd and heated in a matrass, affords globules of metallic
mercury. On Ch, completely volatilized, giving a white Ct. Shows
the chlorine-reaction when treated as described ~ 65.
Treated with boiling hydrochloric acid, is partly dissolved and
becomes gray. Not affected by nitric acid, dissolved by aqua regia.
With a solution of caustic potassa, becomes black.
Cinnabar.
~ 190. HgS. H=2-2.5.  G=8.9.  Color various shades of red,
from cochineal-red to dark brownish-red. Powder always brightred. It occurs in very small flattened crystals, or granularly massive.
Heated in a matrass, is volatilized and condenses to a black sublimate, which by friction assumes a red color.  Mixed with Sd,
yields on heating globules of metallic mercury. In an open glass
tube, is partially decomposed into metallic mercury and sulphurous
acid. On Ch it is, when pure, wholly volatilized.
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid have no visible effect on it.
Aqua regia dissolves it, part of the sulphur being precipitated.
Insoluble in caustic potassa.
ORES OF NICKEL.
Copper Nickel.
~ 191. Ni2 As or Ni2 (As. Sb).   H= 5-5.5.  G=7.3-7.6.
Usually massive; of copper-red color, with a gray tarnish, and
metallic lustre; very brittle.
In a matrass, affords a very slight sublimate of arsenous acid
In an open glass tube, yields a copious sublimate of arsenous acid,
and usually a little sulphurous acid; the assay-piece assumes at the
same time a yellowish-green color and crumbles to powder. On
Ch, emits arsenical fumes and fuses to a white and brittle globule
which, when treated with Bx in RF1, imparts usually to the flux
the colors of iron and cobalt. Sometimes a faint Ct of oxide of
lead is deposited on the Ch.
Dissolves almost completely in concentrated nitric acid; the
solution has a green color; on cooling arsenous acid separates.
Readily dissolved by aqua regia.




88               ELDERHIORST'S MANUAL OF
Nickel Glance [Gersdorffite].
~ 192. (Ni,Fe)+(S',As).  H=5.5.  G=5.6-6.9.  Of silver.
white or steel-gray color, and metallic lustre.
In a matrass, decrepitates violently and yields a yellowish-brown
sublimate of sulphide of arsenic. In an open glass tube, emits
arsenous acid and sulphurous acid. On Ch, fuses with emission of
sulphur and arsenical fumes to a globule which, when treated with
Bx in RF1, gives the reactions of iron and cobalt. After having
removed these two metals, the remaining globule exhibits with the
fluxes the reactions of pure oxide of nickel.
Partly dissolved by nitric acid, sulphur and arsenous acid being
precipitated.
Nickeliferous Gray Antimony [Ullmannite].
~ 193. NiS2+Ni(Sb,As).  11=5-5.5. G=6.2-6.5. It closely
resembles the preceding ore in its physical properties.
In a matrass, yields a slight white sublimate. In an open glass
tube, emits copious antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. On Ch
in RF1, fuses to a globule, and coats the Ch with antimonious acid;
sometimes the odor of arsenic is observable. The melting globule,
when treated with Bx, frequently exhibits the reactions of iron and
cobalt besides those of nickel.
It is violently acted upon by concentrated nitric acid, sulphur,
antimonious and arsenous acids being precipitated. Aqua regia
dissolves it, excepting the sulphur, to a green liquid.
Capillary Pyrites [Millerite].
~ 194. NiS. H113-3.5. G=5.2-5.6. Occurs usually in delicate
capillary crystals of brass-yellow color and metallic lustre.
In an open glass tube, evolves sulphurous acid.. On Ch, fuses
with emission of sparks to a metallic globule which is attracted by
the magnet. The calcined mineral gives with fluxes the indications
of oxide of nickel, and sometimes also those of oxide of cobalt.
By heated concentrated nitric acid it is but little affected, but its
color is changed to gray. By aqua regia it is wholly dissolved.
Emerald Nickel.
~195. (NiO.CO2+ 4HO)+ 2(NiO.HO). H1=3-3.2. G= 2.5 —2.7.
Usually forms incrustations of emerald-green color, and vitreous
lustre.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    89
In a matrass, loses already at 2120 a considerable amount of
water, and blackens. In Bx and SPh, dissolves with effervescence,
exhibiting the characteristic nickel-reactions.
Dissolves easily in heated dilute hydrochloric acid with effervescence.
Annabergite [Nickel Green].
~ 196. 3NiO.AsO5+8HO. Soft. In capillary crystals, also massive and disseminated. Color fine apple-green.
In a matrass, yields water and darkens in color. In the forceps,
fuses and colors the outer flame light-blue. On Ch in RFI, fuses
with emission of arsenical vapor to a blackish-gray globule; when
treated with Bx the globule gives the reactions of nickel, sometimes also those of iron and cobalt.
Soluble in acids.
ORES OF SILVER.
Native Silver.
~ 197. Pure silver, associated with gold, copper, arsenic, iron,
and other metals.  H=2.5 —3.  G-10 —11.  Color silver-white;
lustre metallic; ductile and malleable. Occurs usually in twisted
filaments, or arborescent; sometimes in plates or massive.
On Ch, fuses easily to a globule, which assumes a bright surface,
and shows after cooling a silver-white color. Foreign metals are
detected by the methods given ~~ 103-105.
It dissolves nitric acid.
Antimonial Silver [Discrasite].
~ 198. Ag6Sb and Ag4Sb. 1H=3.5-4.  G=9.4-9.8.  Occurs
crystallized or massive, granular. Lustre metallic; color and streak
silver-white.
On Ch, fuses readily to a gray non-ductile globule and coats the
Ch with oxide of antimony; with continued heat the globule assumes the appearance of pure silver, and the Ct becomes reddish.
Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue of oxide of antimony.
hiorn Silver [Kerargyrite].
~ 199. Ag C1. H=1 —1.5.  G=5.5. Remarkable for its pearlgray or greenish color, its semi-transparency, resinous lustre, and
8*




90               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
more especially for its softness, which is so great as to allow it to
be marked by the nail. It turns brown on exposure to air. When
rubbed with a moistened plate of zinc or iron the latter becomes
covered with a coating of silver.
It fuses in a candle-flame. On Ch, is easily reduced, especially
when mixed with Sd. Mixed with oxide of copper and heated on
Ch in RF1, chloride of copper is formed, which colors the flame
azure-blue (v. ~ 65).
Insoluble in water and nitric acid. Slowly soluble in caustic
ammonia. Partially decomposed by a boiling solution of caustic
potassa.
Einbolite [Chloro-bromide of Silver.]
~ 200. 2AgBr+3AgCl. 1=1-1.5. G=5.3-5.4. Crystallized
or massive. Lustre resinous; color various shades of green.
On Ch, fuses readily, evolves pungent vapors of bromine, and
affords a globule of metallic silver. With Sd on Ch, reduced; on
dissolving in water the alkaline mass which has passed into the
coal, evaporating the solution to dryness, and treating the residue
with bisulphate of potassa as described ~ 63, bromine-vapors are
given out. Fused with oxide of copper on Ch in RF1, colors the
outer flame greenish, then blue (v. ~ 65).
Bromyrite [Bromic Silver].
~ 201. Ag Br. H=1-2.  G-=5.8-6.  Occurs usually in small
concretions. Lustre splendent; color yellowish-green or green.
Sectile.
Its action before the Blp not known; behaves probably like the
preceding.
Only slightly affected by acids. Dissolves in heated concentrated
ammonia.
Iodyrite [Iodic Silver].
~ 202. AgI. Soft. G=5.5. Occurs crystallized or in thin plates
with a lamellar structure. Color citron-yellow to yellowish-green.
On Ch, fuses readily, colors the flame purple-red, and affords a
globule of silver.
Silver Glance.
~ 203. AgS. 11 2-2.5. G= 7. Color blackish lead-gray; lustre




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    91.netallic. It is easily distinguished from other minerals of the same
color by being cut by a knife like lead.
On Ch in OF1, intumesces, gives out sulphurous acid, and finally
yields a globule of metallic silver.
Soluble in dilute nitric acid, leaving a residue of sulphur.
Ruby Silver [Pyrargyrite. Dark-red Silver Ore].
~ 204. 3AgS, SbS3. EI=2-2.5. G=5.7 —5.9.  Color dark-red
to black, giving a cochineal-red powder. Crystallizes in hexagonal
prisms.
In a matrass, fuses very readily and yields with continued heat
a sublimate of tersulphide of antimony. In an open glass tube
gives antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. On Ch, fuses readily
and deposits a Ct of antimonious acid, being converted into sulphide of silver; if for a long time exposed to the OF1 or, when
mixed with Sd, to the RF1, affords a globule of metallic silver.
Part of the SbS3 is sometimes substituted by AsS3; it then gives
out arsenical fumes when mixed with Sd and heated in the R F1
on Ch.
The pulverized mineral, when heated with nitric acid, turns black
and is ultimately dissolved, leaving a residue of sulphur and antimonious acid. Caustic potassa also blackens it and effects partial
solution, from which acids precipitates tersulphide of antimony.
Proustite [Light-red Silver Ore].
~ 205. 3AgS, AsS3. H=2-2.5. G=5.4-5.5.  Very much resembles the dark-red silver ore, but is of a somewhat lighter color.
Before the Blp and to solvents, behaves like the preceding,
excepting it gives off arsenical fumes instead of antimonious acid.
The solution in caustic potassa deposits a yellow precipitate when
neutralized with acids.
Brittle Silver Ore [Stephanite].
~ 206. 6 AgS, SbS3. H= 2-2.5. G=6.2.  Of metallic lustre and
iron-black color; it is very brittle and fragile, and its powder black.
In a matrass, decrepitates, then fuses and ultimately yields a faint
sublimate of tersulphide of antimony. On Ch, fuses very readily
and coats the Ch with antimonious acid. If the blast with the 0
F1 is kept up for a sufficient time, the Ct assumes a red color and a




92               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
globule of metallic silver is obtained. Contains frequently copper
and iron, which may be detected by the process described ~ 71. If
arsenic is present it gives in the open tube a crystalline sublimate
of arsenous acid.
In dilute heated nitric acid it dissolves, excepting the sulphur
and antimonious acid; the solution becomes milky on addition of
water. Partially dissolved by a boiling solution of caustic potassa.
Polybasite.
~ 201. 9 (Cu2S, AgS) (SbS3, AsS3). H1 2 —3. G=6.2.  Occurs
usually in short tabular prisms, or massive. Lustre metallic; color
and streak iron-black.
In a matrass, fuses very readily, but gives nothing volatile. In
an open tube3 gives sulphurous acid and antimonial fumes; the sublimate contains sometimes crystals of arsenous acid.  On Ch, gives
a Ct of oxide of antimony; with continued heat, gives a bright
metallic globule, which, on cooling, becomes black on its surface;
sometimes a faint Ct of oxide of zinc is deposited; the metallic globule affords with fluxes the reaction of silver and copper.
With acids behaves like bournonite.
Stromeyerite [Argentiferous Sulphide of Copper].
~ 208. Cu2S. + AgS. H=- 2.5-3. G — 6.2-6.3.  Occurs usually
in small compact masses. Lustre metallic; color dark steel-gray.
In a matrass, fuses easily and gives sometimes a little sulphur.
In an open tube, fuses to a globule and gives sulphurous acid. On
Ch, fuses to a gray metallic globule which is a little malleable;
with fluxes the globule gives the reactions of copper, sometimes
also those of iron; on a cupel with lead affords a globule of silver.
Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue of sulphur.
ORES OF TIN.
Tin Ore [Cassiterite].
~ 209. SnO2. H=6-T. G=6.3- 7.1. It occurs crystallized in
square prisms terminated by more or less complicated pyramids;
re6ntrant angles are so frequent that they are to a certain extent
characteristic; also massive, and in small mammillated masses of
fibrous texture, hence called " wood tin." Color very various, but




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   93
usually brown or black. The crystals commonly possess a  ery
brilliant lustre.
Infusible in the forceps; the behavior before the Blp is that of
pure oxide of tin (v. Table II, 22), excepting of its sometimes
imparting to the Bx bead a slight yellowish tinge, owing to the
presence of iron, and exhibiting the reaction for manganese when
fused with soda and nitre on platinum-foil.
Insoluble in acids. Fused with caustic potassa, yields a mass
which is mostly soluble in water.
Tin Pyrites.
~ 210. 2 Cu2S, SnS2 + 2 (FeS, ZnS), SnS2. I1=4. G=4.3-4.5.
Of steel-gray or iron-black color, and metallic lustre. Occurs
usually massive, granular, and disseminated.
In an open glass tube, yields sulphurous acid and oxide of tin,
which collects close to the assay-piece and which cannot be volatilized by heat. On Ch in R Fl, fuses to a black scoriaceous globule; in O Fl, gives out sulphurous acid and becomes covered with
oxide of tin. When well calcined by the alternate application of
O Fl and R Fl, gives with Bx the indications of Fe and Cu. With
Sd and Bx, yields a globule of impure copper.
-Decomposed by nitric acid; a blue solution is obtained, and a
mixture of sulphur and oxide of tin remains undissolved.
ORES OF ZINC.
Red Zinc Ore [Zincite].
~ 211. ZnO, containing some Mn203. H=4-4.5. G=5.4-5.5.
Of a deep-red color and high lustre; of distinctly foliated structure.
Infusible alone. Dissolved by Bx in O Fl with manganese
reaction. With Sd on Ch, deposits a copious Ct of oxide of zinc.
Soluble in nitric acid without effervescence; in hydrochloric acid
with evolution of chlorine.
Blende.
~ 212. ZnS.  -=3.5-4. G=3.9-4.2.  Of very variable color,
from yellow to black; of resinous lustre and lamellar aspect, distinctly cleavable. It occurs often crystallized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons.  The powder is always light-colored, white or grayish,
and dull.




94                ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
In a matrass, sometimes decrepitates violently, but gives nothing
volatile; its color also remains unchanged, excepting the green
varieties, which become yellow. Strongly heated in an open glass
tube, sulphurous acid is evolved, and the color of the calcined assay
is white, yellowish, or brownish, according to the amount of FeS
which it contains. Alone, infusible or only rounded at the thinnest
edges. On Ch in R F1 a feeble dark Ct of oxide of cadmium is
usually obtained, which is soon followed by a pure zinc-Ct. With
Sd on Ch, is easily reduced, and the characteristic zinc-flame may
frequently be observed. Iron is readily detected by calcining the
mineral in the O Fl and treating the residue with Bx.
The pulverized mineral dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue
of sulphur.
Smithsonite [Calamine].
~ 213. ZnO.CO2. H=5.  G=4-4.5. It is found crystallized
in forms derived from the rhomboid. Of vitreous lustre, and white,
grayish, or brownish color; semi-transparent or opaque. Often
stalactitic or mammillary.
Heated in a matrass, loses carbonic acid and, if pure, appears
after cooling enamel-white. The ZnO is often to a large extent
substituted by FeO, MnO, CdO, PbO, MgO, CaO; it then, after
cooling, frequently assumes a dark color and gives with fluxes the
indications of iron and manganese. Mixed with Sd and exposed
to the R F1, it is decomposed and oxide of zinc deposited on the
Ch. If the temperature was raised sufficiently high, a zinc-flame
is sometimes observable. The Ct is at first dark yellow, or reddish
v hen cadmium is present.
It readily dissolves in acids with effervescence; also in caustic
potassa.
Calamine.
~ 214. 3ZnO+SiO3+ 2HO or 2(3ZnO.SiO3)+-3HO.  H=-4.5-5.
G=3.1-3.9. It closely resembles in its physical characters the
preceding ore. It is electric by heat; the smallest fragment heated
attracts light substances.
Infusible in the forceps. In a matrass yields water and turns
milk-white. Bx dissolves it to a transparent glass, which cannot




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    95
be made opaque by flaming. It dissolves in S Ph to a transparent
glass which becomes opaque on cooling, and in which, when highly
saturated, clouds of silica are observable while hot. With Sd on
Ch, swells and affords with difficulty a Ct of oxide of zinc. With
SoCo, assumes a green color, which, when the heat is raised, passes
into a fine light-blue on the fused edges.
It is readily decomposed by acids, with separation of gelatinous
silicic acid. Partly dissolved by caustic potassa.
APPENDI X.
FOSSIL FUEL.
Anthracite.
~ 215. C, with a small percentage of SiO3, A1203, and Fe203
= 2- 2.5. G-1.3-1.8. Lustre bright, often sub-metallic; color
iron-black, frequently iridescent. Fracture conchoidal.
In a matrass, gives usually a little water, but no empyreumdntic
oil. Heated on platinum foil in 0 Fl, is slowly consumed without
flame, leaving a small quantity of ash, which consists of SiO3,
A1203, and more or less Fe203. Does not color a boiling solution
of caustic potassa.
Bitluminous Coal [Common Coal].
~ 216. C, H, 0, in variable proportions; the bituminous matter
contains from 76 to 90 per cent. of carbon; the earthy impurities
consist principally of SiOS, A1203, and Ca.0; contains frequently a
small amount of N and FeS2. Softer than anthracite, G-=1.2-1.5.
Less highly lustrous than the preceding, and of a more purely
black or brownish-black color.
In a matrass, some varieties soften and cake (caking coal), while
others are entirely infusible; all varieties are decomposed, evolve
combustible gases and empyreumatic oils, and leave a residue of
more or less metallic lustre (coke), which behaves like anthracite,
On platinum foil, burns with a luminous flame and emission of
smoke, leaving an earthy residue.




96               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Boiled with a solution of caustic potassa, or with ether, imparts
to these solvents no, or only a pale-yellow, color.
Brown Coal.
~ 217. Composition the same as that of bituminous coal, but
the organic constituents contain only from 60 to 75 per cent. of
carbon. In physical proportion bears sometimes a close resemblance
to the preceding; some varieties show distinctly the texture of
wood (lignite).
In a matrass, infusible, but some varieties soften; evolves combustible gases, empyreumatic oils, water of acid reaction, and a
peculiar disagreeable odor, leaving a residue which consists of
carbon and a considerable amount of ash. On platinum foil, burns
with a smoky flame and emission of a peculiar odor.
Boiled with a solution of caustic potassa, colors the liquid brown.
Asphaltum.
~ 218. C, H, O, in variable proportions, with about 75 per cent.
of carbon. G=1-1.2. Of black or brownish-black color, and
bituminous odor.
Fuses at about 1000 C, and burns with a bright flame and emission
of a thick smoke, leaving little ash, which consists essentially of
SiO3, A1203, and Fe203. In a matrass, gives empyreumatic oil,
some ammoniacal water, combustible gases, and leaves a carbonaceous residue.
Treated with boiling ether, colors the solvent wine-red to brownish-red (distinction from bituminous coal); trelated with a boiling
solution of caustic potassa, does not color the liquid, or imparts at
the most a pale-yellow color (distinction from brown-coal).




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  97
FIFTH CHAPTER
SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS.
THE careful observer, having become well acquainted with the
reactions which are exhibited by the metallic oxides and other
simple compounds, when subjected to the various treatments
detailed in the second chapter, will find no difficulty in ascertaining
the nature of any mineral substance presented to him for analysis.
If the reactions are not quite distinct, owing to an intermixture
with other substances, he may call to his aid the processes laid
down in the third chapter, which will enable him, in most cases, to
detect also the nature of the impurities. But in order to attain
satisfactory results in this way, a certain familiarity with all the
principal tests is a necessary condition; this once acquired, any
further directions are quite superfluous.
Those, however, who have not devoted much time to blow-pipe
operations, will sometimes experience some difficulties in drawing
the correct conclusions from the observed phenomena, a difficulty
which is to a great extent obviated by pursuing the course given
below. This methodical course has the advantage of giving the
operator the answer to every phenomenon which he observes, and
thus leading him, though sometimes by a very tortuous path, to the
right solution. An example will show this more clearly, and teach
at the same time the use of the table.
Suppose a substance be given for analysis. The operator commences with No. 1. The substance is heated in R F1 on Ch: a
garlic odor is disengaged; proceed to No. 2. Treated with Sd on
Ch does not give a mass which exhibits the reaction of sulphur;
proceed to No. 3. The substance shows no metallic aspect; proceed to No. 131, thence to No. 135. It is not wholly volatilized,
nor does it exhibit the reaction of sulphur; proceed to No. 137.
9                       G




98                   ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Here we find that the substance must either be an arsenite ot an
arsenate (which of the two, cannot be decided by the Blp alone),
and to find the metal, we proceed to No. 102. It affords, after calcination, with Sd on Ch a fusible metallic button; proceed to No. 103.
The button is oxidable (because on being heated in OF1, becomes
covered with a black coating of oxide); proceed to No. 105.  The
button is red and malleable; the metal is copper. The substance,
therefore, was arsenite, or arsenate, of copper.
The chief constituents of the body having thus been ascertained,
the analyst should never omit to test the correctness of the result
by the processes laid down in the third chapter. In the example
given above, he should verify the result by the test given in ~ 57
for arsenous acid, and by those given in ~~ 71 and 74 for copper.
If we wish to examine the assay also for the presence or absence
of some accessory constituents, we must always have recourse to.
the methods detailed in Chapter III. For example, having found
the body under trial to consist essentially of sulphur and lead, and
it appears desirable to know, whether or not it contains any silver,
we must subject it to the treatment described ~ 103.
( On Ch (RF1) with or without Sd disengages a garlic
1     odor................................................................. 2
Not.......................................4.............................
With Sd (RFl) on Ch yields a scoriaceous mass which
2     exhibits the sulphur-reaction (~ 107)... Sulpharsenide.  131
Not................3....................................................  3
{ Metallic aspect.Arsenide.  131
3   Metallic aspect........................ A....................  131
Not..........................Arsenite and Arsenate.  131
(On Ch (OFI) disengages sulphurous acid, and exhibits
4      the sulphur-reaction (~ 107)........Sulphur Compound.  125
Not..........................................................  5
(On Ch disengages the odor of rotten horse-radish.........
5.........................................,Selenium  Compound.  136
(Not............................................................    6
The substance, after having been well dried, fuses on
6     red-hot Ch.......................................................  7
Not..............................................  11




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                          99
( Treated as indicated ~ 65 imparts to the flame an azureblue or green color................................8.....
Not........................................................... Nitrate.  102
8   The color is azure-blue......................  9
The color is green....................................    10
( Treated as indicated ~ 63 disengages deep yellow vapors.
9........................Bromate.  102
Not....................................................C. hlorate.  102
Treated as indicated ~ 63 disengages deep yellow vapors.
10..............   Bromate.  102
Violet vapors...........................................Iodate.  102
( Treated as indicated ~ 65 imparts to the flame an azure11 <   blue or green color............................................ 12
Not.............................................................   17
Heated in a matrass with bisulphate of potassa and a
little peroxide of manganese disengages violet vapors.
12-......................................... Iodide and Iodate.  102
L Deep yellow vapors,.............. Bromide and Bromate.: 102
Not....................................................................   13
Treated as indicated ~ 77 exhibits the fluorine-reaction.
13 ~........    FFluoride. 102
Not................................................    14
Treated as indicated ~ 65 imparts to the flame an azure14    blue color.............................................. 15
A green color..........................................   16
Heated with Sd on Ch gives a mass which, when mixed
with bisulphate of potassa and black oxide of manga15     nese and heated in a closed tube, evolves a deep yellow
gas...................................~................. Bromide.:  162
Not......................................Chloride and Chlorate.  102
F Heated with Sd on Ch gives a mass which, when mixed
with bisulphate of potassa and peroxide of manganese
16~   and heated in a closed tube, evolves violet vapors, Iodide.  102
Deep yellow vapors.............................. Bromide.  102
17   Effervesces with hydrochloric acid.......Carbonate. 102
Not..............................................
R Not...  18
When finely powdered and heated with hydrochloric acid,
1-8 {   effervesces............................... Carbonate.  102
Not..........................................z.......e.    19




100                      ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
(When finely powdered and heated with concentrated hy19       drochloric acid, gelatinizes...................................    30
(No    t.................................... 20
(Fused with Sd  on  Ch yields neither a metallic globule
20       nor a Ct.........................                                     21
Yields a metallic globule or a Ct                                         22
Treated  as indicated  ~ 61  colors the  flame  yellowish21   green....... Borate. 102
Not..................................................................     23
The scoriaceous mass is heated in a platinum  spoon with
a drop  of concentrated  sulphuric  acid, then  alcohol
22 {    poured on it, and lighted. The flame appears yellowish| green,................................................Borate.  102
Not,..........................................    23
Treated as indicated  ~ 77 exhibits the fluorine-reaction,
23 g......................                                  Fluoride.   102
Not.................................................................    24
24  Heated with  Sd on  Ch yields a button  of fused  metal,    25
Not...........   27
( Heated on Ch alone  behaves as indicated  ~ 96; yields
25       with Sd on Ch a soft globule......   Phosphate of Lead.
Not..................................................................    26
The scoriaceous mass treated with boracic acid, as indicated
26i    ~ 95, exhibits the reaction of phosphoric acid, Phosphate.   102
Not.2.....................................   28
Treated as indicated  ~ 95 exhibits the reaction  of phos27 phoric acid................................Phosphate. 102
Not..................................................................    28
28   i With Sd on Ch yields a metallic button or a copious Ct    31
Not...................................................................    29
C Pulverized and fused with 5 or 6 times its weight of Sd
2   in a platinum  spoon, yields a mass which, when heated
29   with hydrochloric acid, gives a gelatinous precipitate    30
Not..................................................................    31
The gelatinous precipitate placed, while still moist, on a
30.    blade of iron or zinc, becomes blue.........   Tungstate.   139
Not................................................................... 140
Metallic aspect..............................               32
1 Not............................................                         57




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                                         101
Yields on Ch a malleable and fusible metallic button,
32.      which  is not oxidable.........................................      33
N ot..................................................................         36
33i Yellow  button...................................3...                34
White button...............................                         35
With  Bx on platinum  wire gives a bluish  glass............
34............................................Gold with  Copper.
Not........................................................... Gold.
(With Bx on platinum wire gives a bluish glass............
35...........................................Silver with   Copper.
Not.................................. Silver.
(With Bx on platinum wire gives a glass which is blue in
36        both  flames............................................. Cobalt.
Not....................................                                              37
7    Gives with  Bx the reactions of oxide of copper............                           38
3   lNot..........................................................                         42
38  Red and malleable metallic button......                                Copper.
Not..                                                                            39
39  Deposits on Ch a Ct, yellow while hot, white when cold   41
Not.   A  yellowish, brittle  alloy........   Copper and  Tin.
41    Malleable, yellow  or reddish  alloy...... Copper and Zinc.
White, malleable alloy............   Copper, Zinc, Nickel.
42 ~ Very  fusible metallic  button....................................                     43
Deposits on Ch a Ct.............................................  44
43   No Ct deposited on Ch; exhibits the reactions of tin....
(1.....e.....................................................  Tin.
44  White Ct, very volatile..................... 45
Not............................................. 46
( Yields on Ch a brittle globule, which exhibits the anti45.      mony reactions.............................. Antimony.
Not................................................. Tellurium.
Metallic aspect, or powder assuming metallic lustre under
46        the polishing steel......................................                         47
Not............................................................    50
47    Infusible and inoxidable...................... Platinum.
Oxidable..........................................................                  48
48  With Bx in OF1 an amethyst-colored glass, Manganese.
N ot...................................................................               49
9 *




~102                 ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
f After having been oxidized, exhibits with fluxes the iron~49 iJ ~reactions.........................;Iron.
After having  been oxidized, exhibits with  fluxes the
L   nickel-reactions....................... Nickel.
50  Yields with Sd on Ch in RFl a tin globule, Oxide of Tin.
Not.....'.............................................................51
(With Bx on platinum  wire a green glass in both flames,
51.......................i............................ Chromic Iron.
Not..................................................................... 52
52   Yields with Sd on platinum foil in OF1 a bluish-green mass   53.Not....................*........*..  54
( Gives with Bx or SPh on platinum  wire an amethyst53 i colored bead........................ Oxide of Manganese.
Not. Brown powder, Tungstate of Iron and Manganese.
(With S Ph on platinum wire in RF1 gives a glass which,
on cooling, becomes brownish-red and, when touched
54: ~  with tin, violet red...............Titafrous Iron.
Not; exhibits the iron-reactions...............................   55
(Heated  in a closed glass tube, yields water; powder
55<  yellow............  ydrate of Sesquioxide of Iron.
(Yields no water................................   56
56  Magnetic; powder black.................... Magnetic Iron.. Not; powder red........................ Peroxide of Iron.
57 i Affords with Sd on Ch in RF1 a fusible metallic button,   58
Not........................................                    66
58   The button is malleable and inoxidable....................59
58   Oxidable button...................................................    60
59   Yellow button................................. Oxide of Gold.
White button............................... Oxide of Silver.
60 Button with Ct..61
60 Malleable button without Ct.........75
6    The Ct is white and very volatile, Oxide of Antimony.
N ot....................................................................  62
6t  Not..                                            62
62 The Ct is yellow, and the button soft..                         63
62   The button is brittle.......................65
(A  very small quantity affords with Bx or SPh in OF1 a
63      green glass................... Chromate of Lead.
(Not..................................................... 64




BLOW-PIPE  ANALYSIS.                            103
The substance is yellow  or reddish, Protoxide of Lead.
64   The substance is red.....             Minium.
The substance is brown.......Deutoxide of Lead.
Affords with Bx or SPh in OF1 a green bead..............
65.............  Chromate of Bismuth.
Not.................................       Oxide of Bismuth.
(Treated on Ch in OF1 deposits a Ct, or vaporizes com66  ~   pletely............................................................   6
N ot.............................................................   70
67   The Ct is white, and very volatile... Oxide of Antimony.
Not.........................................      68
68   The Ct is brown.............. Oxide of Cadmium.
Not.................................  69
[ The substance is red or yellow and affords, when heated
in a closed glass tube, metallic mercury.................
69..                                           Oxide of Mercury.
The substance is white, becomes yellow on heating, and
L   on cooling white again..................... Oxide of Zinc.
(Affords with Bx a bead which is blue in both flames......
70................Oxide of Cobalt.
Not....................................................................    71
71   The Bx bead is green in both flames..........................    72
t  N ot...............................................                 77
72   Soluble in water...............................................   73
72 Insoluble in water...........  7
73   The substance is orange-red...... Bichromate of Potassa.
The substance is yellow... Chromate of Potassa or Soda.
The substance is of semi-metallic aspect or grayish-black
74....................................................... Chromic Iron.
74   The substance is a green powder.....................................................   Sesquioxide of Chromium.
75   The button is white............................ Oxide of Tin.
The button is red............................................    76
76  The substance is red or brown..   Suboxide of Copper.
The substance is black............. Protoxide of Copper.
The bead is green in OF1, and  becomes reddish-brown
77( inRF............................................... 76
Not...................................................................    78




104                      ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
78    The bead is amethyst-colored  in OF1........................                   75
Not..........................................................    80
Gives off water when heated in a glass tube...............
79........................... ydrated  Oxide of Manganese.
Not........................................ Oxide of Manganese.
80    Heated alone on Ch in OF1 becomes magnetic............                         55
Not...................................................................    81
Exhibits with SPh on platinum wire the uranium reac81       tions...................Ox..................Oxide of  Ursanium.
Not.................................................................    82
82 { Soluble in water, exhibiting alkaline reaction............... 83
Not............................................  91
83    Very  soluble........................................................    84
But little soluble...................................................    88
84 { Heated on platinum  wire, fuses readily and vaporizes...    85
Not........................       87
85 { Heated on platinum  foil, stains it dark-yellow.....Lithia.
Not......................................................................    86
F Heated on platinum wire, colors the flame pale violet.....
86.1."                   "   """                     Hydrate of Potassa.
Reddish-yellow; the outer flame becomes enlarged....................................................ydrate of Soda.
Moistened with a drop of hydrochloric acid, and heated on
87       platinum  wire, colors the flame pale-green.......  Baryta.
Purple............................... Strontia.
Moistened with a drop of hydrochloric acid, and heated
88   1  on platinum  wire, colors the flame purple....    Strontia.
Not......ot.............................................    89
89    Heated with SoCo, assumes a flesh-color.........Magnesia.
Not...........................................              90
90    t Heated alone, becomes very luminous............. Lime.
90 Not; colors the flame pale-green...... Baryta.
91    Heated with SoCo, assumes a fine blue color.....Alumina.
N ot..................................................................   92
921    eated with SoCo, assumes a flesh-color........ Magnesia.
N ot.............................................  93
i Heated with SoCo, assumes a green color.. Oxide of Zinc.
Not...................................................................    94




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                                  105
( Affords with SPh in OF1 a colorless glass, which in RF1
94       becomes blue....................................................    95
Not..................................................................    97
4 Heated in a closed  glass tube, evolves -ammonia and be95       comes blue or green............ Tungstate of Ammonia.
Not.............................................                           96
96 { On Ch alone, infusible..................... Tungstic Acid.
9  Fusible...................... Tungstate of Potassa or Soda.
97   Exhibits with SPh the  reactions of....... Molybdic Acid.
l N ot................................................................... 98
98  Exhibits with SPh the reactions of pure... Titanic Acid.
Not..  99
Affords with SPh in RF1 a reddish-yellow glass; the
99       intensity of the color increases on cooling................   100
Not....................................................................   101
100 i The glass, when heated on Ch with tin, becomes violet................Titanic Acid, containing Iron.
F With Sd on Ch in RFI, affords a metallic powder attractable by the magnet..................... Oxide of Nickel.
Not: affords with SPh in OF1 a glass which, while hot,
is red, and colorless when  cold..... Oxide of Cerium.
NITRATES, CHLORATES, BROMATES, IODATES, CARBONATES, PHOSPHATES, BORATES, CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES, OXIDES,
HYDRATES.
02   Affords with Sd on Ch in RF1 a fusible metallic button.   103
Not..................................................................  109
103 i The button is malleable and inoxidable.....................  104
103 The button is oxidable...105
The button is oxidable.........................................   105
104   The button is yellow.................... Salt of Gold.
The button is white...........................Salt of Silver.
105 { The button is red and malleable......... Salt of Copper.
Not...............................1.................................   106
( The button is white and  malleable and forms no Ct....
106 J....... Salt of Tin.
Not.............................................................        10
107 5Forms a white and very volatile Ct...Salt of Antimony,
The Ct is orange-yellow....................................   108




106                  ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
108   The button is malleable....................Salt of Lead.
The button is brittle........Salt of Bismuth.
109 i Treated with Sd on Ch in RF1, deposits a Ct.............  110
9 Not................................................ 112
110 i The Ct is white and very volatile....Salt of Antimony.
t0 Not.................................. 111
The Ct is reddish-brown............... Salt of Cadmium.
111   The Ct is yellow while hot, and white when cold................ Salt of Zinc.
{ On Ch alone, affords a gray and infusible powder which,
under the polishing steel, assumes metallic lustre....
I........... Salt of Platinum.
L  N ot.....................................................  113
( Heated with Sd in a closed glass tube affords a subli113      mate of mercury.........................Salt of Mercury.
N ot.....................................  114
Heated with Sd in a closed glass tube disengages am114      monia............................  Salt of Ammonia.
Not......................1......................   115
Gives with Bx or SPh beads which are blue in both
115 flames........ Salt of Cobalt.
Not..................................................................
16t gThe beads are green in both flames....Salt of Chromium.
Not.................................11
The bead exhibits the reactions produced by oxide of
117      copper......................................Salt of Copper.
Not...........................................  118
Affords with Sd on Ch a metallic powder, which assumes
118      lustre by friction, and is attracted by the magnet.....  119
N ot.....................................................................  120
119 5 Gives with Bx in RFl a bottle-green glass. Salt of Iron.
Gives with Bx in RF1 a grayish glass.... Salt of Nickel.
Gives with Bx in OF1 an amethyst-colored bead.......
120..........................................Salt of Manganese.
Not............................................. 121
F Infusible mass, which assumes, with SoCo, previous to
121   A fusion, a fine blue color...........  Salt of Alumina.
A, flesh-color.......................... Salt of Magnesia.
l Not r~.~c,~,~;~ ~.~~,~~ ~ @ *  ~;,~~ * -~. ~ t ** -~~~~~~'     122......................




BLOW-PIPE  ANALYSIS.                           107
The watery solution gives a precipitate on addition of
122      some Sd........................................   123
N ot............................................................................  124
F Heated on:platinum wire, colors the flame pale-green...
123~~~~~~    ~~~~~~~~~~~~..~~~~~~~ Salt  of Baryta.
123J X............................... Salt of  Bary.a.
Colors the flame purple..........Salt of Strontia.
LNot; but becomes very luminous...........Salt of Lime.
Heated on platinum, wire, colors the flame violet.......
124............................................... Salt of Potassa.
Colors the flame reddish-yellow...............Salt of Soda.
SULPHUR COMPOUNDS.
125 5  Metallic aspect; sulphides...............................  126
{ Not.....................................................  127
126 i The substance is calcined, and the metal detected by proceeding as indicated above, beginning with No......  102
Sulphates, hyposulphates, sulphites, hyposulphites, sul127      phides prepared artificially by precipitation, and a few
native sulpbides...........................  a 128
F Heated with hydrochloric acid disengages:
28   Sulphuretted hydrogen............................. Sulphide.  130
128   Sulphurous acid...........................................  129
L Nothing........................Sulphate or Hyposulphate.  130
Hydrochloric acid produces a white precipitate of sul129      phur........................................... Hyposulphite.  130
Not............................. Sulphite.  130
130 ~ The metal is detected, beginning with No.................... 102
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS.
Metallic aspect...........................................   132,,, ~~~~~~~i N ot ~C.~.~~~                       135
i Readily and completely volatilized on Ch............   133
INOt.....~.  1..':.... Not.... ~~134
{ Gives a white and very volatile Ct..........................
133......................................Arsenide of Antimony.
Not....Arsenic.




108                ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
The substance, which is an arsenide or sulpharsenide,
134  ~ is thoroughly calcined, and then the metal detected
as indicated above, beginning with No................  102
4 Wholly volatilized on Ch, and exhibiting the reactions
135     of sulphur......................................................  136
Not wholly volatilized, or exhibiting no sulphur-reaction,  137
36  The substance is yellow..................... Orpiment.
The substance is red................................Realgar.
The substance is very volatile.............Arsenous Acid.
Not: arsenite or arsenate.  The substance is well cal137     cined with alternating OF1 and RF1, and the metal
found, beginning with No...................................  102
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS.
4 Metallic aspect...........Selenide.
138  Not: selenite or selenate; the substance is well calcined, and the metal detected, beginning with No....  102
TUNGSTATES.
(With Sd on platinum wire in OFI affords a greenish139. blue mass..............Wolfram.
Not.............................140
4 Heated with Sd in a closed glass tube, evolves am140     monia..........           Tungstate of Ammonia.
mN ot...........................................        141
Not                                                      141
141) Soluble.................. Tungstate of Potassa or Soda.
1  Insoluble......... Tungstate of Lime, Baryta, &c.
SILICATES.
FThe analogy in chemical composition and properties,
and the number of native silicates, make it impossible
142     to discriminate them  by a few simple tests.*  The
base or bases may, however, in many cases be detected by proceeding as indicated above, beginning
with No.......................................................... 102
* For the discrimination of the native silicates, v. Chapter VI.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  109
SIXTH CHAPTER.
ON TIlE DISCRIMINATION OF MINERALS BY MEANS OF THE BLOWPIPE, AIDED BY HUMID ANALYSIS.
BY the methods given in the preceding chapters, we can readily
detect the constituents of most inorganic compounds, whether prepared artificially or occurring in nature; especially if heavy metals
form the principal constituents. But these methods do not enable
us to discriminate the different native silicates, and other mineral
bodies, which consist essentially of such substances that do not
show any very characteristic reactions before the blow-pipe, as ex.
gr. the alkaline earths. In some cases we may succeed in ascertaining the principal ingredients of the substance under examination, but fail in establishing the mineral species. To attain this
end more securely, we must pursue a course, composed of an examination of the physical properties of the body and of blow-pipe
operations, aided by humid analysis. The course adopted in this
" Manual " is that given by Franz von Kobell, as laid down in his
"Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien.."  The following is only
an extract, slightly modified, from this treatise:
The minerals, according to Von Kobell's system, are arranged in
two large groups, the first embracing those possessing metallic
lustre, the second those devoid of metallic lustre. To avoid mistakes,
originating in the fact that some minerals occur sometimes with,
and sometimes without, metallic lustre, these minerals will be found
enumerated in both groups.
The same precaution has been taken in regard to those species
in which degree of fusibility, whether below or above 5, might appear doubtful. The degree of fusibility is to be judged of from the
following scale:
1. Gray Antimony.-Fusible in coarse splinters in the flame of a
candle.
2. Natrolite.-Fusible in fine splinters in the flame of a candle.
10




110              ELDERHORST' S MANUAL OF
3. Almandine or Iron-Garnet.-Easily fusible before the blow.
pipe.
4. Actinolite (a variety of hornblende).-Fusible before the Blp
in coarse splinters.
5. Orthoclase.-Fusible before the Blp in fine splinters.
6. Broncite. —Fusible on the edges in very fine splinters.
The fusibility, when equal to that of actinolite, is designated by
4; when between that of natrolite and almandine, by 2, 5, and so on.
The two large groups are divided into classes according to the
fusibility; these again in divisions, &c., by which means we obtain
the following general classification:
GROUP I. MINERALS POSSESSING A METALLIC LUSTRE.
CLASS I. Native malleable metals, and mercury.
CLASS II. Fusibility 1-5, or readily volatile.
Division 1. Give a strong arsenical odor on Ch.
Division 2. Give on Ch, or in an open tube, the horse-radish
odor of selenium.
Division 3. Give in an open tube a white or grayish sublimate,
which is fusible into colorless drops, indicative of
tellurium.
Division 4. Give antimonial fumes on Ch.
Division 5. Give with Sd on Ch a sulphur-reaction, but do not
give indications as above.
Division 6. Do not exhibit the properties of the preceding divisions.
CLASS III. Infusible, or fusibility above 5, and not volatile.
Division 1. Give with Bx, in small quantities, the manganesereaction.
Division 2. Treated on Ch in RF1, become magnetic.
Division 3. Resembling those of division 2.
GROUP II. MINERALS NOT POSSESSING METALLIC LUSTRE.
CLASS I. Easily volatile, or combustible.
CLASS II. Fusibility 1-5, not, or only partially, volatile.
Part I. Give with Sd on Ch a metallic globule or magnetic
metallic mass.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   111
Division 1. Give with Sd a globule of silver.
Division 2. Give with Sd a globule of lead.
Division 3. When moistened with hydrochloric acid, color the
flame blue, and give with nitric acid a solution
which, on addition of an excess of ammonia, assumes an azure-blue color.
Section 1. Give on Ch a strong arsenical odor.
Section 2. Give no arsenical odor.
Division 4. Impart to the Bx bead a blue color.
Division 5. When fused on Ch in RF1, give a black or gray
metallic- magnetic mass.
Section 1. Give on fusion a strong arsenical odor.
Section 2. Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a perceptible residue, and without gelatinizing.
Section 3. With hydrochloric acid, form a jelly, or are decomposed with separation of silica.
Section 4. But. little affected by acids.
Division 6. Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions.
Part II. With Sd on Ch, give no metallic globule, or magnetic
metallic mass.
Division 1. After fusion and continued heating on Ch or in the
forceps, have an alkaline reaction, and change to
blue the color of a moistened red litmus-paper.
Section 1. Easily and completely soluble in water.
Section 2. Insoluble in water, or soluble with difficulty.
Division 2. Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a perceptible residue, some also soluble in water; not
gelatinizing.
Division 3. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, forming a perfect jelly.
Section 1. Giving water in a matrass.
Section 2. Giving traces, or no water in a matrass.
Division 4. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of silica,
without forming a perfect jelly.
Section 1. Giving water in a matrass.
Section 2. Giving traces, or no water in a matrass.
Division 5. Little affected by hydrochloric acid; imparting to the
Bx bead the color of manganese.




112               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Division 6. Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions.
CLASS III. Infusible, or fusibility above 5.
Division 1. After ignition moistened with SoCo and again
ignited, assume a bright-blue color.
Section 1. Giving much water in a matrass.
Section 2. Giving little or no water in a matrass.
Division 2. Moistened with SoCo and ignited, assume a green
color.
Division 3, After ignition have an alkaline reaction, and turn
into blue the color of a moistened red litmus-paper.
Division 4. Completely soluble, or nearly so, in hydrochloric or
nitric acid, without gelatinizing or leaving a perceptible residue of silica.
Division 5. With hydrochloric acid, form a jelly or are decomposed with separation of silica.
Section 1. Giving water in a matrass.
Section 2. Giving traces, or no water in a matrass.
Division 6. Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions.
Section 1. Hardness below 7.
Section 2. Hardness=7, or above.
GROUP I.  MINERALS POSSESSING A METALLIC LUSTRE.
CLASS I. NATIVE MALLEABLE METALS, AND MERCURY.
Native silver, see ~ 197.
Native Gold and Electrum (alloy of silver and
gold), see ~ 150.
Native copper, see ~ 134.
Native Lead, characterized by coating on charcoal
(see ~ 23) and softness; H=1.5.
Native Platinum, see ~ 152.
Native Palladium, distinguished from the preceding
by being soluble in nitric acid.
Native Iron, see ~ 154.
Native Mercury, see ~ 187.
CLASS II. FUSIBILITY 1 TO 5, OR READILY VOLATILE.
Division I. Give a strong arsenical odor on charcoal.
Native Arsenic, see ~ 118.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   113
Dufrenoysite, see ~ 170; Tennantite, see ~ 139; Polybasite, see ~ 207; Domeykite, see ~ 140.
Smnaltine, see ~ 128; Cobaltine, see ~ 129.
Copper Nickel, see ~ 191; Gersdorffite, see ~ 192;
Chloanthite=NiAs, resembles the preceding
two; distinguished from copper nickel by its
tin-white color, and from gersdorffite by not
giving the reactions for sulphur.
Arsenical Pyrites, see ~ 161.
Division 2. Give on charcoal, or in an open tube, the horseradish odor of selenium.
Selenide of mercury= HgSe2, Onofrite= Hg (S.Se)
and selenide of mercury and lead (Selenquecksilberblei)= 3PbSe+ HgSe, yield metallic mercury on being heated with Sd in a closed glass
tube (~ 91); the la:tter yields a globule of metallic lead on being heated on charcoal with Sd.
Clausthalite=PbSe.' Color lead-gray;  volatile
without previous fusion, depositing first a slight
gray, then a white, and finally a greenish-yellow
coating; with Sd yields with difficulty globules
of lead.
N aumannite-= AgSe.  Color  iron-black;  melts
readily and yields with Bx a globule of pure
silver.
Berzelianite= —Cu2Se and Eucairite Cu2Se+AgSe.
Color of the former silver-white, of the latter
lead-gray. Distinguished from the other minerals of this division by giving copper-reactions.
Division 3. Give in an open tube a white or grayish sublimate,
which is fusible into colorless drops, indicative
of tellurium, see ~ 11.
The assay-piece used for this experiment ought not
to be very small. It must also be borne in mind
that the minerals of this division frequently
evolve an odor of selenium, owing to a small
10*                      H




114              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
percentage of selenium which they contain as
adventitious constituent.
The minerals of this division may be subdivided
according to their color.
a. Ores of tellurium of tin-white or silver-white
color.
Native Tellurium, fuses readily and is volatile without leaving a residue.
lessite=AgTe, and Altaite=PbTe; both soluble
in nitric acid; the former yields with Sd on Ch
a globule of metallic silver.
Some varieties of sylvanite, see ~ 151.
b. Ores of tellurium of lead-gray or steel-gray color.
Tetradymite, see ~ 123.
Sylvanite, see ~ 151.
Nagyagite= Pb, Au, Te, S. Color blackish lead-gray.
Distinguished from the preceding by its solution
in nitric acid giving a copious precipitate with
sulphuric acid.
Division 4. Give copious antimonial fumes on charcoal (see ~ 16).
The fumes possess sometimes the odor of sulphurous acid or arsenic.
Native Antimony, distinguished by its tin-white
color; Stibnite, see ~ 115; Zinkenite, see ~ 170;
Jamesonite, see ~ 170; Bournonite, see ~ 170.
The powdered stibnite, on being heated with
hydrate of potassa, assumes a yellow color,
while the latter three minerals, which are steelgray, do not change color. Bournonite, on being
treated with nitric acid, imparts to the solution
a sky-blue color, and gives copper-reactions on
being treated as described in ~ 71. Zinkenite
and jamesonite are converted into white powders
by treatment with nitric acid without imparting
a color to the acid; they are distinguished by
their hardness, that of zinkenite being= 3.5, that
of jamesonite= 2.5.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   115
Closely resembling the above in their chemical
behavior are the following rare minerals: Plumosite, see ~ 170; Boulangerite, see ~ 120; Geokronite, see ~ 170; Plagionite, see ~ 170; Kilbrikenite; Steinmannite.
Discrasite, see ~ 198; Stephanite, see ~ 206; Polytelite —S, Sb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Cu; some varieties of
Tetrahedrite, see ~ 138; Miargyrite=AgS, SbS3.
Discrasite does not give a sulphur-reaction, all
the others do. Polytelite gives a copper-reaction on being treated as described in ~ 73.
Miargyrite, streak dark cherry-red; stephanite,
streak black. Miargyrite and stephanite, hardness —2.5; Polytelite, hardness=3.5. All the
minerals of this subdivision give a globule of silver on being treated as described ~ 104 or ~ 105.
Wolfsbergite (antimonial copper)= Cu2S, SbS3; does
not give a globule of silver, but yields a globule
of metallic copper on being treated with Sd on
charcoal.
Ullmannite, see ~ 193; Berthierite, see ~ 116;
Breithauptite=Ni Sb. All yield a magnetic
globule with continued heat. Breithauptite is
distinguished from the other two by not giving
a sulphur-reaction.
Division 3. Give with Sd on Ch a sulphur-reaction, but do not
give the general reactions of the preceding
divisions.
Silver Glance, ~ 203.
Galena, see ~ 169.
Cinnabar, see ~ 90.
Manganblende =MnS. Color  iron-black, streak
green. The pulverized mineral evolves sulphu.
retted hydrogen with hydrochloric acid.
Hauerite = MnS2.  Color brownish-black, streak
brownish-red. Yields sulphur on being heated
in a matrass.




116               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Copper Glance, see ~ 137; Stromeyerite, see ~ 208;
Tin Pyrites, see ~ 210; Copper Pyrites, see
~ 135; Purple Copper, see ~ 136; Cuban=Cu2S,
Fe2S3; Wittichite- 3Cu2S, BiS3; Aikinite (acicular bismuth)=3Cu2S, BiS3+ 2(3PbS,BiS3); Grunauite=BiS3+ 10Ni2S3; Cuproplumbite= Cu2S,
2PbS. All these minerals are partially soluble
in nitric acid, the solution possessing asky-blue
or green color; on addition of water to the concentrated solution a white precipitate is produced,
if the mineral under examination was wittichite,
grunauite, or aikinite.  [To distinguish these
three, add to the acid solution sulphuric acid:
a precipitate indicates aikinite; wittichite gives
the copper-reaction on being treated as described
in ~ 73, grunauite not.] Copper pyrites and
cuban are distinguished from the others by their
brass-yellow color; purple copper is also characterized by its color.  To distinguish the remaining four minerals, make a solution in nitric
acid; add sulphuric acid: a precipitate indicates
cuproplumbite; if no precipitate is produced,
add hydrochloric acid: a precipitate indicates
stromeyerite; to distinguish between copperglance and tin pyrites, see ~ 137 and ~ 210.
Millerite, see ~ 194; Linnaeite, see ~ 130; Iron
Pyrites, see ~ 158; Marcasite, see ~ 159; Sternbergite= S, Ag, Fe. The members of this subdivision fuse to globules which are attracted by
the magnet. They are readily distinguished by
the characteristics given in Chapter III. Sternbergite, by the treatment described in ~ 104,
yields a globule of silver. Marcasite and iron
pyrites can only be distinguished by their crystalline form.
Bismuthine, see ~ 125.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   11l
Division 6. Do not exhibit the properties of the preceding divisions.
Amalgam, see ~ 188.
Native Bismuth, see ~ 122.
Hematite, see ~ 156.
Magnetite, see ~ 157.
Wolfram=MnO,FeO,Wo3.  Color dark grayish or
brownish-black. Fusibility=3. The pulverized
mineral on being boiled with aqua regia assumes
gradually a yellowish color.
Samarskite-NbO3, FeO, U203, YO.  Color velvetblack. Fusibility= 4. By fusing the pulverized
mineral with hydrate of potassa, boiling the
fused mass with hydrochloric acid, filtering, and
concentrating the solution by boiling with addition of tin foil: the liquid assumes a fine blue
color which does not pass into red on addition of
water (as is the case with compounds containing
titanium), but becomes paler and gradually disappears.
Rhodonite,  dark  varieties=3MnO.SiO3, 3HO.
Yields water on being heated in a matrass.
Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of
silica.
Some varieties of psilomelane, see ~ 183.
Lievrite and Allanite, some varieties, see p. 123
Plattnerite= PbO2.  Color iron-black; easily reduced to metallic lead.
Red Copper, some varieties, see ~ 142.
CLASS III. INFUSIBLE, OR FUSIBILITY ABOVE 5.
Division 1. Give with borax, in small quantities, the manganese
reactions.
The members of this division are distinguished from
each other principally by their physical properties.
Braunite, see ~ 182; ilausmannite, see ~ 181; Psilomelane, see ~ 183; Pyrolusite, see ~ 180; Franklinite, some varieties, see ~ 186; Manganite=
Mn203, HO. Color steel-gray to iron-black; streak




118              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
dark reddish-brown; hardness 3-4; yields water
in a matrass.
Division 2. Heated on charcoal in reduction-flame, become magnetic.
Hematite, see ~ 156.
Franklinite, see ~ 186; Magnetite, see ~ 157.
Titaniferous iron, see ~ 162; some varieties of Rutil
and Arkansite (see below); some varieties of
Limonite (~ 155), and Blende (~ 212).
Division 3. Minerals resembling those of Division 2.
Chromic Iron, see ~ 121.
Molybdenite=MoS2; Graphite= C. Both very soft,
hardness —1.5. Molybdenite, when heated in the
forceps, colors the flame greenish; and gives a
sulphur-reaction when treated as described in
~ 107.
Arkansite=TiO2; Perofskite= — CaO.TiO2.  Both
give the reaction for titanium as described ~ 111.
Distinguished by crystalline form.
Iridosmine, see ~ 153.
Tantalite and Columbite=MnO, FeO, TaO3, NbO3,
W03, SnO2; Yttro-tantalite=3(CaO.YO.FeO),
(TaO3, W03). The color of these minerals is
iron-black; yttro-tantalite loses its color before
the Blp and becomes yellowish or white, that of
the others remains unchanged.  Acids affect
them but little. Tantalite and columbite give
the same reaction as samarskite when treated
with hydrate of potassa, &c. (See p. 117.)
Pitchblende.  Color usually velvet-black, lustre
greasy; partially soluble in nitric acid to a yellow liquid; the solution gives a sulphur-yellow
precipitate with ammonia.
GROUP II. MINERALS NOT POSSESSING METALLIC LUSTRE.
CLASS I. EASILY VOLATILE OR COMBUSTIBLE.
Native Sulphur. Completely volatile, burns with
a blue flame and emission of sulphurous acid.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   119
Realgar, see ~ 119; Orpiment, see ~ 120.
Arsenolite, see ~ 121.
Red Antimony, see ~ 117; Valentinite=SbO3. Color
white; does not change color with hydrate of
potassa; does not evolve sulphuretted hydrogen
with hydrochloric acid.
Sal-ammoniac= -NH4Cl; Mascagnine=-NII3,S03+
2HO. Color white; both evolve ammonia with
hydrate of potassa; the former is volatile without previous fusion, the latter intumesces.
Cinnabar, see ~ 190; Calomel, see ~ 189.
CLASS II. FUSIBILITY 1-5; NOT, OR ONLY PARTIALLY, VOLATILE.
Part I. Give with carbonate of soda on charcoal a metallic
globule or a magnetic metallic mass.
Di-vision 1. Give with carbonate of soda a globule of silver.
Proustite, see ~ 205; Ruby Silver, see ~ 204; Xanthocone= 3AgS, AsS5+ 2(3AgS, AsS3), behaves
like proustite, from which it is distinguished by
its yellow streak.
Horn Silver, see ~ 199; Iodyrite, see ~ 202.
Selbite=AgO, C02, dissolves in nitric acid with
effervescence.
Division 2. Give with carbonate of soda a globule of lead.
The minerals of this division are all soluble in
nitric acid; the solution gives a copious precipitate with sulphuric acid.
Mimetine = PbCl + 3 (3PbO, AsO5); HedyphanePbCl + 3(3[PbO.CaO], [As05.P05]). The former completely, the latter partially reduced to
metallic lead with evolution of arsenical fumes.
Pyromorphite, see ~ 175.
Minium, see ~ 168; Crocoisite, see ~ 177; Melanochroite =3PbO,2Cr03. Araeoxene=VO3, AsO5,
PbO, ZnO. Crocoisite and melanochroite give
the chromium-reaction (~ 67). The latter three,
on being boiled with hydrochloric acid, give an
emerald-green solution; on adding alcohol to the




120               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
liquid, concentrating by heat, pouring off from
the residue, and then adding water: the liquid
assumes a sky-blue color if the mineral was
araeoxene.
Linarite= PbO.S03+ CuO.HO is characterized by
its deep azure-blue color.
Cerusite, see ~ 172; Cerasine, see ~ 171; Leadhillite, see ~ 173; Lanarkite = PbO.C02 + PbO.
SO3. All soluble in nitric acid with effervescence; leadhillite and lanarkite leave an insoluble residue of sulphate of lead, The solution of
cerasine gives with nitrate of silver a precipitate
of chloride of silver.
Mendipite= PbCl+2PbO; Matlockite= PbCl+ Pb
0. Dissolve in nitric acid without effervescence;
the solution gives a precipitate with nitrate of
silver.
Anglesite, see ~ 174.
Wulfenite, see ~ 129.
Scheeletine=PbO,W03.  Color yellow, yellowishbrown, lustre resinous.  Soluble in abundant
quantity of hydrochloric acid, leaving a yellowishgreen residue (W03). With sulphuric acid the
pulverized mineral assumes a bright lemonyellow color.
Vauquelinite, see ~ 178; Vanadinite=2 PbO, V03
with PbCl+ 2PbO. Color of the former blackishgreen, olive-green; of the latter brown, yellowish.
Both impart to the borax-bead an emerald-green
color. Both are soluble in nitric acid; the solution of vanadinite is yellow and gives a precipitate with nitrate of silver. That of vauquelinite
not.
Diviston 3. When moistened with hydrochloric acid, color the
flame blue; and give with nitric acid a solution
which, on addition of an excess of ammonia, assumes an azure-blue color.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    121
Section 1. Give on charcoal a strong arsenical odor.
Olivenite, see ~ 147.
Tyrolite, see ~ 148; Chalcophyllite=8CuO.As05+
23HIO. Color green. Both decrepitate violently
and yield much water; chalcophyllite dissolves
in ammonia without leaving a residue.
Liroconite-=AsO,PO05,CuO,A103, HO.  Color skyblue. Does not decrepitate; loses 22 per cent.
of water on ignition.
Euchroite = 4CuO.As05 + 7IO; Erinite = 5CuO.
As05+ 21IO. Color of both emerald-green. The
former loses by ignition 181 per cent. of water,
the latter only 5 per cent.
Section 2. Do not give an arsenical odor on charcoal.
Atakamite, see ~ 141.
Cyanosite, see ~ 145; Brochantite-= 3CuO.SO3 +
31HO; Covelline=CuS. These three minerals
give a sulphur-reaction (~ 107); cyanosite is soluble in water, the other two not. Color of covelline dark indigo-blue, of brochantite emeraldgreen.
Red Copper, see ~ 142; Melaconite=CuO; Tenorite=CuO. The color of the latter two is dark
steel-gray to blatk. All three dissolve readily
in acids without effervescence (except impure
varieties of melaconite).
Malachite, see ~ 143; Azurite, see ~ 144; Mysorin
— CuO.C02. Color blackish-brown; does not
yield water in a matrass. All three dissolve
readily in acids with effervescence.
Phosphocalcite, see ~ 146; Libethenite= 4CuO.P05
~HO; Ehlite=5CuO.P05+ 3HO; Tagilite=4
CuO.PO5+33HO.  Are all readily soluble in
nitric acid without effervescence; the (slightly
acid) solution gives a precipitate with acetate
of lead. Phosphocalcite loses 14 per cent. of
water on ignition, the others less (from 7-101).




122              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Libethenite is dark olive-green; ehlite and tagilite emerald-green.
Chalcolite=3CuO, PO5 + 2(U20S, P05) + 24 HO.
Color emerald-green. Dissolves in nitric acid to
a yellowish-green liquid; on addition of ammonia
in excess, a bluish-green precipitate is formed,
the supernatant liquid being blue.
Division 4. Impart to the borax-bead a blue color.
Erythrine, see ~ 131; Annabergite, see ~ 196.
Division 5. When. fused on charcoal in reduction-flame, give a
black metallic magnetic mass.
To observe well the magnetic character of the fused
mineral, it is advisable to expose a pretty large
assay-piece to the action of the reduction-flame.
Section 1. Evolve a strong arsenical odor on being fused.
Scorodite, see ~ 166; Pitticite=Fe203, AsO5+ 11HO;
Beudantite=3 FeO.AsO5+3 Fe203, 2 AsO5+18
HO. The pulverized minerals assume with hydrate of potassa a reddish-brown color. Scorodite and beudantite occur crystallized; pitticite
massive, reniform.
Arseniosiderite = 5CaO,AsO3 + 3(2FeO,AsO5) + 11
HO. Color yellowish-brown; fibrous; lustre silky.
Pyromeline=NiO, S03, I1O, As05. Partly soluble
in water; the solution assumes a blue color on
addition of ammonia.
Section 2. Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a perceptible residue, and without gelatinizing.
Green Vitriol, see ~ 164; Botryogen=3FeO, 2SOs
+ 3(Fe203,2SO3)+36HO. Are soluble in water;
botryogen leaves an ochreous residue. A similar
behavior show Copiapite= 2Fc203, 5S03+ 18HO
(color yellow), and Coquimbite=Fe20S, 3SO3+
9110, color white.
Spathic Iron, see ~ 163.
Hureaulite= 3(5MnO,2P05)+ 5FeO,2PO5+ 30110;
Triplite=4MnO.PO5+4FeO.P05. Fuse readily;




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                 123
moistened with sulphuric acid give the phosphoric acid reaction (~ 35); with borax strong
manganese-reaction; hureaulite yields much
water, triplite none or very little.
Triphiline=3 LiO, P05 + 6(3EFeO, MnO], P05)
shows a similar behavior; the manganese-reaction is less decided. On dissolving the mineral
in hydrochloric acid, evaporating the solution to
dryness, adding alcohol, heating the alcohol to
ebullition and burning the vapor, the flame assumes a purple color.
Vivianite, see ~ 165; Anglarite-=4 FeO.P06+ 4HO;
Dufrenite —2 Fel03. P05+ 22 HO; Cacoxene= 2
FeO.P05+ 12HO.  Fuse readily and behave
with sulphuric acid like the preceding; give no
manganese-reaction.  Yield much water in a
matrass: cacoxene 33 per cent.; vivianite 28 per
cent.; anglarite 16 per cent.; dufrenite 84 per
cent. Color of anglarite bluish-gray; of dufrenite
leek-green; of cacoxene ochre-yellow.
Hematite, see ~ 156.
Section 3. With hydrochloric acid form a jelly, or are readily
decomposed with separation of silica.
Cronstedtite = 3 (FeO. MnO. MgO), SiO3 + Fe203,
3HO.  Color black; streak dark leek-green;
yields water; gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Lievrite= 3(3 [FeO, CaO], SiO3) + 2(A1203, Fe203),
SiO3; Allanite=3(CeO, CaO), SiO3+ 2([Fe203,
A1203], Si03). Yield no water, or only a trace;
gelatinize with hydrochloric acid; allanite fuses
with intumescence to a voluminous brownish or
blackish glass; lievrite intumesces but slightly,
decrepitates and fuses to an iron-black bead.
Hardness of allanite=6, of lievrite5 —6.
Pyrosmalite= Fe2Cl3+ Fe203,6HO+ 4([3FeO,2SiO3]
+[3 MnO, 2 SiO3]).  Does not gelatinize; fusibility=2; gives the chlorine-reaction (~ 65).




124              ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Allochroite [lime-iron-garnet] = 3CaO,Si 03+ Fe203,
SiO3. Gelatinizes imperfectly; fuses readily; distinguished from the preceding by absence of
cleavage.
-Hisingerite=(3FeO,Fe203), Si03+xHO; Xylotile
[a variety of serpentine]. Fuse with difficulty;
do not gelatinize. The former is black, amorphous; the latter brown, fibrous, woody. Both
yield water in a matrass.
Some impure varieties of Limonite, see ~ 155.
Section 4. But little affected by acids.
Crocidolite= 3(NaO, MgO), 4Si03 + 3(3FeO, 2Si 03)
t xlHO; Arfvedsonite=NaO,SiO3+ 3FeO,2SiO3.
Fusibility=1.7 -2. Color of crocidolite lavenderblue or leek-green, fibrous, yields water in a matrass; arfvedsonite is black and yields no water.
[See also Hornblende and Tourmaline, below, some
varieties of which become slightly magnetic after
fusion.]
Green Earth [a variety of pyroxene]. Fusibility
=3; color celandine-green; hardness=l; earthy.
Acmite= NaO.SiO3+ Fe203,2Si03; Hedenbergite [a
black pyroxene]=3CaO.2SiO3+ 3FeO.2SiO3. Fusibility of the former= 2, of the latter= 2.6; form
a black lustrous slag. Both are cleavable.
Almandine [iron-garnet]= 3FeO.SiO3+ A1203. Si3.
Fusibility=3; hardness=7-T7.5. Colorred,reddish-brown. Not cleavable.
Rhodonite, some varieties; see below.
Lepidolite, some varieties; see below.
Divziion 6. Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions.
Molybdine=MoO3. Color sulphur-yellow; earthy.
Gives with the fluxes the reactions of molybdic
acid. Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid;
the solution is colorless, but turns blue on being
stirred with an iron spatula.
Eulytine= 2 BiO3, 3 SiO2 with some phosphate and




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  125
fluoride of iron. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric
acid. On charcoal yields a globule of metallic
bismuth.
Bismutite, see ~ 124.
Part II. With carbonate of soda on charcoal, give no metallic
globule or magnetic metallic mass.
Division 1. After fusion and continued heating on charcoal or
in the forceps, have an alkaline reaction, and
change to blue the color of a moistened red litmus-paper.
Section 1. Readily and completely soluble in water.
Nitre= KO.NO5; Nitratine=NaO.N05. Deflagrate
vividly on burning coals. Fused on platina wire,
the former colors the flames bluish with a red
tint; the latter bright-yellow.
Natron=NaO.C02+ 101HO; Trona — 2NaO.3CO2+
4H0. The watery solution has an alkaline reaction, and effervesces on addition of hydrochloric
acid.
Glauber Salt=NaO. S03+10HO; ThenarditeNaO.SO3; Glaserite=KO.S03; Epsomite=MgO.
S03+ 7HO; Potash Alum — KO.S03+ A1202.3S03
+24HO. The watery solutions of these minerals give a copious precipitate with chloride of
barium; the solution of potash alum and epsomite
are precipitated by carbonate of potassa [distinguished by reaction with solution of cobalt, ~ 44];
the concentrated solution of glaserite gives a
precipitate with bichloride of platina; glauber
salt yields much water, thenardite none.
Common Salt-NaCl. The watery solution gives
a copious precipitate with nitrate of silver.
Gives also the reactions for chlorine described
~~ 65, 66.
Borax=NaO.2B03+ 1011O.  Gives the reaction
for boracic acid, ~ 60.
Section 2. Insoluble in water, or soluble with difficulty.
11*




126              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Gay-Lussite= CaO.C02 + NaO.C02+ 6H O; Whith
erite=BaO.CO2. Dissolve in dilute hydrochloric
acid with effervescence; the former yields water,
the latter not.
Anhydrite= CaO.SO3; Gypsum= CaO.SO3+ 2HO;
Polyhalite = KO.S03 + MgO.SO3 + 2(CaO.SO3)
+ 2HO1;  Glauberite = NaO.SO3 + CaO.SO3.
Soluble in much hydrochloric acid; in the solution
chloride of barium gives a precipitate. Gypsum
yields much water, polyhalite little, the rest
none; anhydrite is distinguished by superior
hardness=3.5; polyhalite is distinguished from
glauberite by its solution giving a yellow precipitate with bichloride of platina.
Barytes=BaO.SO'3; Celestine= SrO.SO3. Insoluble
in hydrochloric acid; give a sulphur reaction
when treated as described ~ 107.  Celestine
colors the flame red, ~ 34; barytes yellowishgreen, ~ 35.
Fluor= CaF; Cryolite=3NaF+Al2F3; Pharmacolite-2CaO.AsO5+6HO.  Do not effervesce
with acids, and give no sulphur reaction.
Pharmacolite evolves arsenical odor on charcoal;
the other two give fluorine reaction, ~ 76. Fusibility of fluor=3, of cryolite 1.
Chiolite= 3NaF + 2A12F3, behaves like cryolite;
occurs only massive granular; white cryolite is
distinctly crystalline and cleavable in 3 directions.
Division 2. Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a perceptible residue; some also soluble in water;
not gelatinizing.
Ammonia Alum = N140. S03 + A1203. 3SO3 +
24H0; Goslarite=ZnO. S03+ 7HO. Both soluble
in water; give sulphur reaction, ~ 107. Heated
on charcoal and treated with solution of cobalt,
the former assumes a blue, the latter a green,
color, ~~ 44, 45.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   127
Sassolin= —B03,3HO; Boracite=3MgO,4B03; fHydroboracite= 3(CaO.MgO),4BO3+ 18HO. Give
the boracic acid reaction, ~ 60.  Sassolin is
soluble in alcohol, the others not; boracite yields
no water, while the others do.
Manganblende and Hauerite give strong manganese reaction; see p. 115.
Wagnerite=MgF+ 3MgO.PO5; Apatite-  3(3CaO.
P05)+ Ca(C1,F). AMoistened with sulphuric acid,
impart a pale bluish-green color to the flame.
Fusibility of wagnerite=-3-3.5 (with intumescence); of apatite=5 (without intumescence);
wagnerite is soluble in dilute sulphuric acid;
apatite not.
Amblygonite = LiO, NaO, A1203, PO5, F.  Fusibility=2; hardness-=6.  With difficulty soluble
in concentrated sulphuric or hydrochloric acid.
Uranite = 3CaO.P05 + 2(3U203.PO5) + 241HO.
Fuses readily, yields water, and gives with
fluxes the reactions of sesquioxide of uranium.
See Table II.
Division 3. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, forming a perfect
jelly.
Section 1. Give water in a matrass.
Datholite = 3(CaO.BO3) + 3CaO.4SiO3 + 3 1O.
Yields but little water, and gives the boracic
acid reaction, ~ 60.
Natrolite=NaO.SiO3 +A1203.Si03+ 2H0.   Fusibility-2, does not intumesce; hardness = 5-5.5.
Scolecite= CaO.SiO3+ Al03. SiO3+31HO; Laumontite - 3CaO. 2SiO3 + 3(A1203. 2Si03) + 12HO.
Scolecite, on being heated, curls up like a worm
and finally melts to a bulky, shining slag, which
in the inner flame becomes a vesicular slightly
translucent bead; hardness=5.5.  Laumontite
intumesces and fuses to a white translucent
enamel; hardness=3.




128              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Nearly related to scolecite and showing a similar
behavior, are Mesolite and Thomsonite.
Phillipsite = (CaO,KO).SiO3 + A1203.SiO3 + 5HO.
Fusibility=3, with slight intumescence; occurs
usually in twin crystals.
Section 2. Giving only traces or no water in a matrass.
Helvin= MnO, MnS + 2 (MnO. BeO. FeO), SiO3;
Tephroite= 3MnO.SiO3. Distinguished from the
other minerals of this section by giving manganese-reactions.  Color of helvin wax-yellow,
hardness=6 —6.5; of tephroite ash-gray, hardness- 5.5-6.
Hauyne and Lapis Lasuli=SiO3,A1203, CaO, KO,
S03,S, are of azure-blue color; give sulphur-reaction, ~ 107.  Fusibility of the former=4.5, of
the latter —- 3.
Nosean and Skolopsite=SiO3, A1203, CaO, NaO,
SO3, of gray or brownish color; give sulphurreaction, ~ 107. Fusibility of nosean=4.5; of
skolopsite=3 (with intumescence like idocrase).
Sodalite =- NaC1 + 3 NaO. SiO3+3 (A1203, SiO3);
Eudialyte=SiO3, ZrO3, CaO, NaO, FeO, C], give
the chlorine-reaction, ~ 65.  The former fuses
to a transparent colorless glass, the latter to a
grayish-green scoria or opaque glass.
Wollastonite — 3CaO, SiO3. The hydrochloric acid
solution gives no, or only a very slight, precipitate with ammonia.
Eukolite=SiO3, NbO3, Zr203, CaO, NaO.  By
boiling the hydrochloric acid solution with tin,
it assumes a fine blue color on reaching a certain
degree of concentration.  See also Wohlerite.
Nepheline=-2 (NaO.KO), SiO3 + 2 (AI203, SiO3);
Meionite —3CaO. Si03+2 (A1203, SiO3); Mellilite = 2(3[CaO. MgO.NaO], SiO3) +  (AI203.
Fe203), SiO3. The hydrochloric acid solution is




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   129
precipitated by ammonia. Meionite fuses with
intumescence, the others quietly.
Division 4. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of
silica, without forming a perfect jelly. (It is
sometimes necessary to treat the finely pulverized
mineral with concentrated acid.)
Section 1. Giving water in a matrass.
Apophyllite = KO.2 SiO3 + 8 (CaQ.Si03) + 16HO;
Pectolite= 3(ENaO. KO]. SiO3) + 4(3CaO. 2SiO3)
+ 3 1HO10; Okenite=  3 CaO,4 SiO3 + 6HO. The
silica separates in the shape of gelatinous lumps.
The hydrochloric acid solution gives no, or only
a slight, precipitate with ammonia. Pectolite
yields but little water, the others much. Fusibility of apophyllite=-1.5, forming a white vesicular glass; of okenite=-2.5-3, forming a
porcelain-like mass.
Analcime= 3 NaO.2SiO3. + 3 (A1203,2SiO3)+ 6HO.
Gelatinizes like the preceding; in the acid solution ammonia produces a copious precipitate.
Pyrosclerite= (A1203. Cr203), SiO3+ 2(3[MgO.Fe]),
SiO3'+ 1 HO; Chonikrite=2 A1203, SiO3 + 3(3
[MgO.CaO.FeO], SiO3) + 6HO110, are distinguished
from the other minerals of this section by their
inferior hardness=2.5-3.  The former gives
with fluxes the reactions of oxide of chromium,
~~ 67 and 68.
Brewsterite = (Sr 0. Ba 0 ), Si 03 + A12 0', 3 Si 03 —
5HO; characterized by its hydrochloric acid
solution giving a precipitate with sulphuric acid.
Stilbite= CaO. SiO3+ A1203.3Si03+ 5110O; Chabazite
= 3(CaO.NaO),2SiO3 + 3(Al203.2SiO3)+ 18HO0;
Prehnite= 2CaO.SiO3+Al203.SiO3+ 11HO.  Fuse
with intumescence to enamel-like masses. Prehnite yields but little water, losing by ignition
only 4.3 per cent.; the others lose from 15 to 20
per cent.




139               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Meerschaum, see below; Deweylite=2MgO.Si03+
3H1O. Distinguished by being much less fusible
than the preceding (fusibility=5); the former
absorbs water with great avidity, the latter not.
Section 2. Giving only traces or no water in a matrass.
Tachylyte= 3(FeO.CaO.NaO), 2Si03 +Al203, SiOS.
Fuses readily to a black shining glass. Hardness= 6.5; color black.
Scapolite-3(CaO.NaO), SiO3+ 3(A1203.SiO3). Color light.  Hardness=5-5.5.  Fuses with intu.
mescence to a white, vesicular glass.
Wbhlerite= Si03,NbO3,Zr203, CaO,NaO. Fusibility
=3, forming a yellowish enamel. The hydrochloric acid solution gives the same reaction as
eukolite.
Labradorite= (CaO.NaO), SiO3+ Al203.SiO3; j A.northite —3CaO, SiO 3+ 3(A120, Si03).  Fusibility
=-3-4, without intumescence, forming a colorless glass; hardness of the former=6, of the
latter — 6-7. Cleavage perfect.
Lime Garnet (some varieties)= 3CaO, SiO3+ A1203,
SiO3. Fusibility= 3; not cleavable.
Sphene, some varieties, see below. Gives titaniumreactions, ~ 111.
Division 5. Little affected by hydrochloric acid; give with fluxes
the manganese-reactions.
Carpholite= Si03,Al203,FeO,MnO,Fe'03,HO.  Occurs only in radiated and stellated tufts. Color
straw-yellow; silky. Yields water.
Manganese Garnet=3MnO.SiO+ A1203.SiO3. Color brownish-red; fuses without intumescence;
not cleavable.
Epidote (some varieties) = 3CaO, SiO3+2([A1203.
Mn203.Fe203J,SiO3).  Fusibility  2 —2.5, intumesces. Cleavable. Color cherry-red to reddishblack.
Rhodonite=3MnO,2SiO3.  Fusi.bility =3, without
intumescence. Color rose-red; cleavable.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  131
Division 6. Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions.
Scheelite= CaO,WO3. Fusibility=5.  Soluble in
hydrochloric acid, leaving a residue of tungstic
acid, which is soluble in ammonia, and which
gives with SPh the characteristic reaction of
tungstic acid; see Table II.
Lepidolite=KO, LiO, F, A1203, SiO3; Euphyllite=
SiO3, A1203, CaO, HO; Margarite = SiO3, A1203,
CaO, HO. Fusibility of lepidolite= 2; gives the
lithia-reaction, ~ 89. Fusibility of euphyllite=
4.5, of margarite=4. Color of euphyllite white
to colorless; of margarite grayish, reddish-white,
yellowish. All three possess perfect cleavage.
Petalite = 3 (Li O. NaO), 2 SiO3 + 4 (A1203, 3Si O3);
Spodumene = 3 (LiO. NaO), 2 SiO3 + 4 (A12 03,
2SiO3), do not possess as perfect a cleavage as
the preceding, and greater hardness; hardness
of petalite= 6-6.5, of spodumene —6.5 —7. Both
give the lithia-reaction, ~ 89. Spodumene fuses
with intumescence to a glassy globule; petalite
fuses to a white enamel.
Diallage = 3 (CaO.MgO), 2SiO3. Fusibility = 3.5;
characterized by its pearly metallic lustre; cleaves
easily in one direction.
Harmotome- BaO,SiO3+ Al203,2SiO3+ 5HO. Distinguished from the other minerals of this division by yielding water in a matrass. Occurs
usually in twin crystals.
Axinite= Si03,Al203,CaO,FeO,MnO,BO3; Tourmaline= SiO3, A1203, FeO, KO,NaO,LiO,BO3.  Give
the reaction of boracic acid, ~ 61. Axinite fuses
readily with intumescence to a dark-green glass.
Different varieties of tourmaline show different
fusibility. Hardness of axinite=6.5-, of tourmaline-  7-7.5.
Diopside (white augite) = 3CaO, 2SiO3 + 3MgO,
2SiO3; Augite = 3CaO, 2SiO3 + 3(MgO. FeO),




132              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
2SiO3. Hardness=6; diopside fuses to a whitish,
augite to a black glass. Color of augite black
or dark-green; of diopside pale-green or gray,
or colorless.
Tremolite = CaO.SiO3+ 3MgO.2Si03; Hornblende
=CaO.SiO3 +3(MgO.FeO), 2SiO3. Hlardness=
5.5; fusibility= 3-4. Tremolite fuses to a white
or light-colored glass, hornblende to a black oI
gray glass; the former is colorless or white, or
of light green, yellow, or gray color; hornblende
is green or black.
Sphene= 2(CaO,SiO3)+ CaO,3TiO2. Fusibility= 3.
Hardness= 5-5.5. Gives the titanium-reaction,
~ 111. Imperfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Orthoclase= KO.Si03+ Al20"3,3SiO3; Albite-NaO,
SiO3+ A1203,3SiO3. Hardness  6. Fuse without intumescence; fusibility of orthoclase=5, of
albite=4; the latter colors the flame yellow.
Not soluble in acids. With solution of cobalt
become blue on the edges, ~ 44.
Zoisite= 3CaO.SiO3+ 2(A1203,SiO3);Epidote= CaO,
SiO3+ 2([Al203. Fe203], SiO3). Hardness = 6.5.
Fusibility = 3-3.5; fuse with intumescence,
zoisite to a white or yellowish slag, epidote to a
black or dark-brown slag. Color of zoisite gray,
yellowish-gray, grayish-white; of epidote green.
Lime Garnet=3CaO,SiO3+ A1203,SiO3; Idocrase=
3CaO,SiO3 + (Fe203.Al203,SiO3; Pyrope=(MgO.
FeO. CaO),SiO3+ (A1203. Cr203), SiO3. Hardness
= 6.5-7.5. Fusibility of lime garnet and idocrase
=3,of pyrope=4.5. Idocrase possesses cleavage,
the others not. Pyrope gives with the fluxes the
chromium-reactions.
(See, also, emerald, euclase, iolite, biotite, and muscovite.)
Obsidian, Pitchstone, Pearlstone, and PumiceSi03,A1203,NaO,KO,lHO, are amorphous. Fusi



BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    133
bility= 3.5 —4,fuse with intumescence to porcelainlike masses, or white vesicular glasses. Lustre
of obsidian glassy, of pitchstone greasy, of pearlstone pearly; pumice is characterized by its porosity.
CLASS III. INFUSIBLE, OR FUSIBILITY ABOVE 5.
Divisiou 1. After ignition moistened with solution of cobalt and
again ignited, assume a bright-blue color.
With the hard, anhydrous minerals of this division,
the color is best seen by reducing the substance
to a fine powder and moistening this with the
solution of cobalt. The color appears only after
cooling.
Section 1 Giving much water in a matrass.
Alunite — SO3, A1203, KO, HO;110 Websterite=A1203,
SiO3 + 9110. Give a sulphur-reaction, ~ 107.
Websterite is readily soluble in hydrochloric
acid; alunite not visibly affected.
(See, also, ammonia alum, and potash alum.)
Plumbo-Resinite, see ~ 176.
Calamine, see ~ 214.
Wavellite = 4A1203, 3P05 + 18110; Gibbsite -
A1203, P05 + 8HO; Peganite = 2A1203,P05 + 6
HO; Fischerite=2A1203,PO5+2HO. Soluble to
a great extent in hydrate of potassa. Give the
reactions of phosphoric acid, ~~ 94 and 95. The
former two occur usually in globular concretions
of radiated structure, the latter two minutely
crystalline. Peganite loses on ignition 24 per
cent. of water, wavellite 27, fischerite 29, gibbsite, 35.
Diaspore = A1203, HO1; Clintonite = SiO3, A1203,
CaO, MgO, HO. Diaspore is but slightly soluble in hydrate of potassa; clintonite insoluble;
the former loses on ignition 114 per cent. of
water, the latter 4-. Hardness of diaspore=
6.5-7; of clintonite=4 —5
12




134              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
Allophane=-3 A1203, 2 SiO3+15 HO; Halloysite
=3 A1203, 4Si0 + 12HO; Ochran  A1203, SiO3
+61HO; Collyrite-3A1l03, Si03+15HO.  Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation
of gelatinous silica. Hardness of allophane=3,
of the others=l —2. Halloysite loses on ignition 16 per cent. of water, ochran 21, collyrite 33g.
Pholerite=A1203, Si03+ 2HO; Cimolite=A1203,
3Si03+3HO; Kaolin=3A1203, 4Si03+ 6HO and
2AI203,3SiO3+6HO; are all very soft and earthy,
and but little affected by acids; lose on ignition
from 12 to 16 per cent. of water. Nearly related
to these minerals are the various varieties of
common clay, some varieties of lithomarge (with
14 per cent. of water), and bole with 24-26 per
cent. of water; the clays become plastic with
water, the latter two not.
Section 2. Giving little or no water in a matrass.
Lazulite=P05, A1203, MgO, FeO, 110. Gives the
reaction of phosphoric acid, ~ 174' q Heated, loses
its blue color and becomes white. Not affected
by acids.
Willemite —3ZnO, SiO3. With solution of cobalt
(~ 44) becomes blue, and green in spots. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Myelin=2(A1203, Si03) + HO; Agalmatolite=SiO3,
A1203, KO, HO; Pyrophyllite=3MgO, 2SiO3+
9 (A1203, Si03) + 9H 0. Are very soft, hardness=
1-2. Pyrophyllite is foliated like talc; before
the Blp swells up and spreads out into fan-like
shapes, increasing to about 20 times its former
bulk. The others do not change before the Blp.
Myelin is partially decomposed by hydrochloric
acid; agalmatolite not affected.
Muscovite —KO, SiO3+4(Al203, SiO3). Cleavage
eminent in one direction; folia elastic. Does
not swell perceptibly before the Blp, fusible in




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  135
very thin laminae. Not affected by acids. Hardness= 2.5.
Disterrite (variety of clintonite), cleavable in one
direction.  Hardness=-4 —5.  Decomposed by
concentrated sulphuric acid.
Andalusite= 4A]203,3SiO3; Kyanite — 3Al20,2SiO3;
are but little affected by acids. Kyanite occurs
generally in bladed crystallizations; hardness6 —7. Hardness of andalusite= 7.5, but variety
chiastolite varies in hardness from 3 to 7.5.
Topaz= 2A12F3+ 5(Al203,SiO3); Lithia Tourmaline
=SiO3, B03, A1203, MnO, LiO, KO. Not affected
by acids. Not completely soluble in SPh, the
glass becomes opalescent on cooling.. Topaz on
being ignited remains transparent and does not
swell; tourmaline becomes white and swells.
Topaz is cleavable in one direction. Hardness
-8; tourmaline is not cleavable, hardness= 6.5.
Corundum (sapphire)=A1203; Chrysoberyl=BeO,
A1203. Not affected by acids. When pulverized,
slowly but completely soluble in SPh; the glass
does not opalesce on cooling.  Hardness of
chrysoberyl= 8.5, of corundum=9; color of the
former usually green, of the latter blue, red,
yellow, brown.
(Some varieties of Spinel and Leucite assume a
blue color with solution of cobalt.)
Division 2. Moistened with solution of cobalt and ignited, assume
a green color.
It is sufficient to heat to redness. The minerals of
this division give a coating of oxide of zinc on
charcoal, ~ 25.
Smithsonite, see ~ 213.
Zinc Bloom= (ZnO,CO2 + HO) + 2(ZnO,HO). Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid with effervescence; the solution gives with ammonia a white
precipitate, soluble in an excess of the reagent.
Yields water in a matrass.




136               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
Willemite=3ZnO,SiO2; Calamine, see ~ 214. Gela.
tinize with hydrochloric acid. Calamine yields
water, willemite not. With solution of cobalt
assume a green color only in spots.
(See also Blende and Goslarite.)
Division 3. After ignition have an alkaline reaction, and change
into blue the color of a moistened red litmnuspaper.
Brucite=MgO, 1O; Hydromagnesite=MgO,4HO
+3(MgO,CO2). Yield much water in a matrass,
unlike the other minerals of this division. Bru,
cite dissolves in hydrochloric acid without effervescence, hydromagnesite with effervescence; the
concentrated solutions are not precipitated by
sulphuric acid. Lancasterite is a mixture of
brucite and  hydromagnesite.  Nemalite is a
fibrous variety of brucite, of silky lustre.
Calcite= CaO. CO2; Arragonite=CaO. CO2. Dissolve readily and with effervescence in dilute
cold hydrochloric acid; the concentrated (but
not the dilute) solution gives a precipitate with
sulphuric acid.  Arragonite falls to powder
before the Blp, calcite not.
Dolomite = MgO. C02 + CaO. CO; Magnesite=
MgO. CO2. Do not, or but slightly, effervesce
with cold dilute hydrochloric acid, but dissolve
readily on application of heat. The concentrated
solution of the former gives a precipitate with
sulphuric acid, that of the latter not.
A similar behavior shows the Breunnerite=(MgO.
FeO. MnO), C02, which on ignition becomes
black and slightly magnetic; and some varieties
of Chalybite, see ~ 163, and Diallogite, see ~ 185.
Strontianite= SrO. CO2; Barytoealcite= BaO. CO+
CaO.CO2. Dissolve with effervescence in dilute
hydrochloric acid; the solution, even if largely
diluted with water, gives a precipitate with sul




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    137
phuric acid. Strontianite colors the flame red,
~ 34; barytocalcite yellowish-green, ~ 35.
(See also Yttrocerite.)
Division 4. Completely soluble, or nearly so, in hydrochloric or
nitric acid without gelatinizing or leaving a perceptible residue of silica.
Chalybite, see ~ 163; Breunnerite, see preceding
division; Diallogite, see ~ 185; Emerald Nickel,
see ~ 195. Dissolve in heated hydrochloric acid
with effervescence.
Limonite, see ~ 155; Gothite=Fe2O3,HO. Become
black and magneticin reduction flame. Dissolve in
hydrochloric acid without effervescence. Githite
occurs crystallized and cleaves distinctly in one
direction; loses 10 per cent. on ignition; limonite
loses 14~ per cent.
(See also Hematite which in some varieties is
without metallic lustre; readily distinguished by
red streak.)
Blende, see ~ 212; Marmatite=FeS+3ZnS; Greenockite= CdS. Dissolve in hydrochloric acid with
evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Give the
sulphur-reaction, ~ 107. Greenockite gives on
charcoal a coating of oxide of cadmium, ~ 24, the
others of oxide of zinc, ~ 25. Marmatite gives
after calcination with the fluxes the reactions
of iron.
Wad, see ~ 184; Zincite, see ~ 211.
Earthy Cobalt, see ~ 133.  Some varieties are
fusible.
Pitchblende = UO,U203; Zippeite = U203 + xHO.
Give with the fluxes the reactions of sesquioxide
of uranium [Table II].  Give with nitric acid a
yellow solution in which ammonia produces a
sulphur-yellow precipitate. Pitchblende is black,
zippeite yellow.
Chrome Ochre= Cr203.  Gives with fluxes the
12*




138               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
reactions of sesquioxide of chromium [Table II].
Forms with hydrate of potassa a green solution
Turquois=PO5, Al03, HO, CuO.  Color sky-blue
and green.  Gives the copper-reaction, ~ 74.
Yields much water in a matrass.
Apatite=3(3CaO. PO5) + Ca (C1, F). Gives the
phosphoric acid reaction, ~ 94. Fusibility=5.
Soluble in nitric acid. Gives the fluorine-reaction, ~ 76 (always?)
Monazite= PO5, CeO,LaO,ThO. Infusible. Gives
the phosphoric acid reaction, ~ 94. Soluble in
hydrochloric acid. Minute tabular crystals of
reddish-brown color.
Childrenite  PO5,A1203,FeO,MnO,lHO.  Gives the
phosphoric acid reaction, ~ 94. With the fluxes
gives the reaction of iron and manganese. In
hydrochloric acid soluble with difficulty. Yields
much water.
Polycrase= TiO2,NbO3,Zr203,Fe203, Ce203,U203, &c.
Decrepitates, but infusible. Color black. On
fusing the pulverized mineral with hydrate of
potassa, boiling the fused mass with hydrochloric
acid, filtering, and boiling the filtrate with tinfoil, the liquid assumes'a blue color on reaching
a certain degree of concentration; the color disappears on addition of water.
Fluocerite- CeF. Gives the reactions of fluorine,
~ 75, and of sesquioxide of cerium, Table II.
Yttrocerite  F,CaO,YO, Ce203,behaves similarly.
Division 5. With hydrochloric acid form a jelly, or are decomposed with. separation of silica without gelatinizing.
Section 1. Giving water in a matrass.
Dioptase = 3CuO,2Si03 + 3110; Chrysocolla, see
~ 149. Behave alike before the Blp; the former
gelatinizes with acids, the latter not.
Thorite — 3ThO,SiO3 + 3HO; Cerite- 3CeO,SiO 3+




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                  139
3HO. Gelatinize with hydrochloric acid. Color
of thorite orange-yellow or black, hardness=
4.5-5; of cerite, brown to red passing into
gray, hardness=5.5.
Chloropal=Fe203,2Si03+3O10.  Color yellowishgreen, amorphous, of an opal-like appearance.
Becomes magnetic by ignition; gelatinizes. Small
pieces when thrown into a concentrated solution
of hydrate of potassa lose the green color and
become dark-brown. Hlardness= 2-3.
ETisingerite=Fe203,Si03+ 3110; Xylotile- Fe203,
3Si03+ 3MgO,2SiO3+ 51HO.  Become magnetic
by ignition.  Readily decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Hisingerite is black, imperfectly
crystallized and cleavable in one direction; xylotile is light or dark brown, of fibrous, woody
structure.
Meerschaum=MgO,SiO3+ 2HO10. Gelatinizes with
hydrochloric acid; very light; absorbs water
with great avidity; gives the magnesia-reaction
with solution of cobalt, ~ 44.
Schiller-Spar = 3([MgO. FeO], SiO0) + 2(MgO, 2
HO); Chrysotile = 3MgO,2Si03 + MgO,3110.
Possess a metallic pearly lustre; the former is
massive, cleavable; the latter fibrous. By ignition schiller-spar becomes brown, chrysotile
white. Both are decomposed by hydrochloric
acid, or more readily by sulphuric acid, without
gelatinizing.
Serpentine = 2(3MgO,2SiO3) x 3(MgO,2110). Decomposed by concentrated hydrochloric acid
without gelatinizing. Usually massive and compact; hardness=3-4; loss by ignition 12-13
per cent. Of similar composition, and showing
a similar behavior, are the following minerals,
which, however, possess crystalline structure and
cleavage: Picrophyll, hardness= 2.5, loss by ig.




140                ELDERHORST' S MANUAL OF
nition 102- per cent.; Picrosmine, hardness=2.7,
loss by ignition 9 per cent.; Marmolite, hardness
-2.5-3, loss by ignition 15.7 per cent.; Kaemmererite, hardness=1.5-2, loss by ignition 13
per cent.
(See also Chlorite and Ripidolite which are with
difficulty decomposed by concentrated hydrochloric acid.)
Antigorite-=3(MgO.FeO),2SiO3+MgO,HO; Monradite= 4(3[MgO.FeO],2Sio3) + 3HO1; Neolite=
3MgO,2Si03+H0.  Decomposable by concentrated hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing.
Loss by ignition 4-6 per cent. Antigorite oc.
curs in foliated masses, hardness=2.5; monradite, hardness=6; neolite in silky fibres or massive, hardness=1.
(See, also, some varieties of Clintonite, hardness4-5.)
Section 2. Giving only traces or no water in a matrass.
Gadolinite = SiO3,YO,FeO,CeO,Be203; Gehlenite2(3CaO,SiO3) +- 2(Al203.Fe203),SiO3., Gelatinize
with hydrochloric acid. Gadolinite swells before
the Blp into cauliflower-like masses, and sometimes exhibits a vivid glow; thin splinters fusible on the edges; color black to blackish-green;
hardness —6.5 —7. Gehlenite is also fusible in
very thin splinters; color gray to grayish-white;
hardness —= 5.5-6.
Chrysolite = 3MgO, SiO3; Chondrodite= 2(3MgO,
SiO3) +MgF. Gelatinize with hydrochloric acid.
Color of the former green, of the latter mostly
white, yellow, or brown. Chondrodite gives the
fluorine-reaction, ~ 76.
Boltonite (a variety of pyroxene) = SiO3,MgO,FeO,
A1203. Cleavage distinct in one direction. Color
yellow.  (See also Clintonite.)
Leucite = 3KO, 2Si03 + 3(Al203,2SiO3).  Decom



BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                 141
posed by hydrochloric acid, the silica separating
as a fine powder; some varieties become blue
with solution of cobalt; occurs usually in trapezohedrons. Color grayish or white.
Division 6. Not belonging to either of the preceding divisions.
The remaining minerals which cannot be classed
under any of the preceding divisions, may be
divided according to their hardness in two sections.
Section 1. Hardness below 7.
Biotite (hexagonal mica)=-(Al203.Fe203), SiO3+3
(MgO,KO),SiO3; Muscovite (oblique mica)=
KO,SiO3 + 4(Al203,SiO3); Talc=6MgO,5SiO3+
2HO. Give little or no water in a matrass; talc
loses at most 5 per cent. Cleavage eminent in
one direction. Hardness of biotite=-2.5-3, of
muscovite=2-2.5, of talc-1-1.5. Biotite is
decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid, the
others not. The laminae of biotite and muscovite are elastic, of talc not. Soapstone or steatite
is a massive, usually compact variety of talc;
very greasy to the feel, or' like soap (see also
Pyrophyllite).
Chlorite = 2(MgO,Al203) + 3(2[MgO. Fe], Si03) +
6HO1; Ripidolite = (MgO. FeO), SiO3 + (A1203.
Fe203),SiO3+4(MgO,HI-O.  Loses by ignition 12
per cent. of water.  Cleavage eminent in one
direction, laminse not elastic (chlorite often massive granular). Hardness of chlorite=2-2.5, of
ripidolite=l —2. Decomposed by concentrated
hydrochloric acid with continued boiling, more
readily by sulphuric acid. Ripidolite fuses with
difficulty (=5.5) to a grayish-yellow enamel,
chlorite becomes black and slightly magnetic.
A similar behavior shows the Chloritoid; hardness= 5.5-6.
Bronzite (hypersthene) = 3MgO, 2Si08 + 3(CaO.




142              ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
FeO), 2Si0O3; Anthophyllite=FeO,SiO3+ 3MgO,
2SiO3. Cleavage of bronzite very perfect in one
direction; anthophyllite cleaves in two directions.
The former is of clove-brown or pinchbeck-brown
color, with a pearly-metallic lustre; the lustre
of anthophyllite is much less perfect. Hardness=-5-5.5.
Wolframite=WO3, is soluble in hydrate of potassa;
the solution gives with nitric acid a yellow precipitate which on boiling becomes lemon-yellow.
Occurs in soft, earthy, yellow masses.
Scheelite=CaO,WO3. Fusibility_=5; hardness=
4.5-5. The pulverized mineral, on being boiled
with nitric acid, leaves a lemon-yellow residue
of tungstic acid. Gives the reactions of tungstic
acid [Table II].
Cassiterite, see ~ 209.
Anatase, Rutile, and Brookite=TiO2.  Give the
reactions of titanic acid [Table II]. On fusing
the pulverized minerals with hydrate of potassa,
dissolving the fused mass in hydrochloric acid
and boiling the solution with metallic tin, it assumes a violet color, which turns to red on addition of water. Color of anatase, various shades
of brown passing into indigo-blue; of rutile
mostly brownish-red or red, sometimes yellowish
or black; of brookite, hair-brown, yellowish or
reddish (variety arkansite is iron-black). Hardness of anatase=5.5-6; of rutile=6 —6.5; of
brookite = 5.5-6.
Aeschynite and Pyrochlore=NbO3,TiO2,Zr'O3,Cel
03,CaO, &c. Treated like the preceding with
potassa, &c., the solution on reaching a certain
degree of concentration assumes a fne blue color,
which, on addition of water, does not change to
red, but gradually disappears. Aeschynite swells




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   143
before the Blp and turns yellow; pyrochlore does
not swell and becomes grayish.
Opal=SiO3+xxHO.  Before the Blp yields water
and becomes opaque; fuses with carbonate of
soda to a clear bead, with effervescence. Infusible. Boiled with hydrate of potassa, it dissolves
completely or to a great extent; the solution
gives a gelatinous precipitate with chloride of
ammonium. Hardness= 6-6. 5.
Xenotime=3YO,PO5. Color, various shades of
brownor flesh-red. Hardness=-4-5. Gives the
phosphoric acid reaction, ~ 94. Infusible. With
salt of phosphorus dissolves with great difficulty
to a colorless glass.
[See also Childrenite and Orthoclase.]
Section 2. Hardness=7, or above.
[See Cassiterite, Rutile, and Opal of the preceding
section whose hardness sometimes approaches 7.]
Quartz=Si03. The various varieties of quartz, as
rock-crystal, amethyst, hornstone, flint, chalcedony, &c., are infusible and unalterable before
the Blp, and fuse with carbonate of soda to a
transparent bead, with  effervescence.  Hard.
ness — 7.
Iolite=-2 (3[MgO.FeO], 2SiO3) + 5(A1203, SiO3);
Staurotide= 2(A1203. Fe203), SiO3.  Hardness=
7-7.5. Do not fuse to a transparent glass with
carbonate of soda. Fusibility of iolite=5 —5.5;
color blue, grayish.  Staurotide is infusible;
color brownish-red, brown; crystals often cruciform.
Beryl = 3BeO, 2SiO3 - A1203, 2SiO3; Euclase = 2
(3BeO, SiO3)+ 2A1203, Si0O3; Phenacite= 3BeO,
SiO3; Zircon=Zr203,SiO3. Hardness= 7.5. Beryl
and euclase turn milk-white with strong heat
and become rounded on the edges; beryl crystallizes in hexagonal prisms, and possesses pretty




!44              ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
distinct basal cleavage, color usually pale-green
or emerald-green; euclase crystallizes in clino.
rhombic prisms and possesses distinct cleavage
in two directions at right angles to each other;
color pale mountain-green passing into blue and
white. Phenacite and zircon do no change before the blow-pipe, excepting that zircon becomes
colorless; color red, yellow, or colorless, zircon
sometimes brown or gray; phenacite is a little
harder (=8) than zircon.
Ouvarovite  (lime-chrome-garnet) = 3CaO, SiO3 +
Cr203,SiO3.   Infusible.   Hardness - 7.5 -8.
Gives with fluxes the chromium reactions
[Table II].
Spinel = MgO, A1203;  Pleonaste = (MgO. FeO),
A1203; Gahnite=-(ZnO.MgO),SiO3. Hardness=
7.5-8. Occur almost exclusively in octahedral
crystals. Spinel and pleonaste, when pulverized,
are soluble in salt of phosphorus; color of spinel
red, blue, brownish; ofpleonaste black. Gahnite
is almost insoluble in salt of phosphorus and
borax; color dark-green or black. Kreittonite
is a black spinel containing zinc and iron,
slightly magnetic before ignition.
Diamond= C. Characterized byits hardness, which
surpasses that of corundum.




TABLES.
X                 (146)




146                ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
TABLE I.-BEHAVIOR OF THE ALKALINE
BEFORE THE
On Ch alone, and in the   With Carbonate of Soda
forceps.                   on Ch.
The Hydrate fuses, boils,
intumesces, and is finally
absorbed by the Ch. The
Carbonate fuses readily to   Fuses with Sd to a homo1. [BARYTA. a transparent glass, which, geneous mass, which is abBaO.      on cooling, becomes enamel- sorbed by the Ch.
white. In the forceps it
colors the outer flame yellowish-green.
The Hydrate behaves like
hydrate of Baryta.  The   Caustic Strontiais insoluCarbonate  fuses only  at ble. The Carbonate. mixed
the edges, and sw-lls out with its own volume of Sd,
in arborescent ramiications fuses into a limpid glass,
2. STRONTIA. which emit a brilliant light, which becomes enamel-white
SrO.     and, when heated with the on cooling. At a greater
RFI, impart to it a reddish heat the mass enters into
tinge; shows after cooling ebullition, and caustic Stronalkaline rea ction. In the tia is formed, which is abforceps, colors the  outer sorbed by the Ch.
flame purple.
Caustic Lime suffers no
alteration. The Carbonate
loses carbonic acid, becomes  Insoluble. The Sd passes
3. LIME.   whiter and more luminous, into the Ch, and leaves the
CaO.     and shows after cooling al- Lime unaltered on its surkaline reaction. In the for- face.
ceps it colors the outer flame
pale-red.
Undergoes no alterations.
4. MAGNESIA. The  Carbonate  becomes    It behaves like Lime.
MgO.    caustic and luminous.
Forms an infusible com5. ALUMINA.          Not changed.        pound, with slight intumesA120O. cence. The excess of Sd is
absorbed by the Ch.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                       147
EARTHS AND THE EARTHS PROPER
BLOW-PIPE.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.         With SPh on Platinum Wire.
The Carbonate dissolves with effervescence to a limpid glass which,
when in a certain state of saturation,      As with Borax.
may be made opaque by flaming;
when still more saturated, it becomes opaque on cooling, even without flaming.
Presents the same phenomena as   Presents the same phenomena as
Baryta.                           Baryta.
Readily dissolved to a limpid glass,   Soluble in large quantities to a
which becomes opaque by flaming. limpid glass which, when sufficient
The Carbonate dissolves with effer- Lime is present, becomes opaque
vescence. On a large addition of by flaming. When saturated, the
Lime the glass crystallizes on cooling, glass becomes enamel-white on coolbut does not become enamel-white.  ing.
Readily soluble to a limpid glass,
It behaves like Lime, but does not which becomes opaque by flaming.
crystallize so well.               When saturated, it becomes, on cooling, enamel-white.
Dissolves slowly to a limpid glass,
which remains so on cooling, and    Soluble to a limpid glass, which
which cannot be made cloudy by remains clear under all circumflaming. A large quantity of Alu- stances. If too much Alumina is
mina makes the glass cloudy; on added, the undissolved portion becooling, it then assumes a crystalline comes translucent.
surface.




148               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
TABLE I. - CON.
On Ch alone, and in the   With Carbonate of Soda
forceps.                 on Ch.
6. GTUJECIINA.      Not changed.              Insoluble.
BeO.
7. YTTROt.      Not changed.             Insoluble.
YO.
8. ZIRCONIA.   Infusible, but emitting a      Insoluble.
Zr203.    very glaring light.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                      149
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum  Wire.       With SPh on Platinum Wire.
Soluble in large quantities to a
limpid glass, which becomes opaque
by flaming. When Glucina is pre-            As with Borax.
sent in excess, it becomes enamelwhite on cooling.
Like Glucina.                     Like Glucina.
Like Glucina.          | Dissolves more slowly than with
Borax.
18*




150                ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
TABLE II. — BEHAVIOR OF THE METAL.
Metallic Oxides in
Alphabetical Order.    On Charcoal alone.   With Carbonate of Soda..phabetical order.
OF1: It is displaced without change, and deposited
upon another part of the   On Oh very readily 
1. ANTIMONIOUS   h       It is reduced and duced in OF1 and RF1.
AcID        volatilized. A   t of an- The metal fumes and
SbO3.      tinoni   acid is deposit- coats the Ch with antitimonious acid is deposit- monious acid.
ed on the Ch, and a greenish-blue color imparted to
the flame.
On Ch reduced, with
2. ARSENOUS                              emission  of  arsenical
AcID.        Volatile below red heat.  fumes, which are characAsO3.                                terized by a strong garlic
odor.
OFl: On platinum foil
it fuses readily to a darkbrown mass, which, on
cooling, becomes pale yel3. TEROXIDE OF   On Oh in OF1 and RF1Easily reduced to meBISM UTH.    reduced to metallic bis- tallic bismuth.
BiO3.       muth, which, with long
blowing, vaporizes, coating
the Ch with yellow oxide.
The Ct, when touched with
the RF1, disappears without coloring the flame.
OFI: On platinum foil
unchanged.                 OF1: Insoluble.
4.  OF  RFl: On Oh it disap-   RFl: On Ch readily re4. OXIDE OF   pears in a short time, and   RF1: On Ch readily reCADMIUM.    deposits all over the Ch dised; the  metal vaporCdO.        a dark-yello  or reddish  izes and deposits a darkCdO.        a dark-yellow or reddish-          a.
brown powder;  the coo 1 yellow or reddish-brown
brown powder; the color Ct   th Ch
can only be clearly discerned after cooling.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                       151
LIC OXIDES BEFORE THE BLOW-PIPE.
With Bx on Platinum  Wire.       With SPh on Platinum Wire.
OH: Dissolves with effervescence
to      a limpid glass, which,  while hot,
OFI: Dissolves in large quantities..         ish
is slightly yellowish
to a limpid glass, whic, while hot,        O       
1RF: On Ch the saturated bead
appears yellowish, but after cooling, becomes at first cloudy, but aftercolorless,                       wards clear again, owing to the volaRFl: The glass, when treated only tilization of the reduced antimony.
for a short time in the OF1, becomes Treated with tin, the glass becomes,
Treated with tin, the glass becomes,
on Ch grayish and cloudy from par- after cooling, gray, even if but very
ticles of reduced antimony..WAtith.tides of reduced antimony. With  little antimonious acid is present.
tin it becomes gray or black.      With strong blowing it becomes clear
again.
0                                 0
OFI: A small quantity is easily    OFI: Readily dissolved to a limdissolved to a clear yellow glass, pid yellow glass, which, on cooling,
which, on cooling, becomes colorless. becomes colorless. When a greater
On a large addition of oxide, the quantity of oxide is present, the
glass, while hot, is yellowish-red, glass may be made enamel-white by
becomes yellow on cooling, and when flaming, and on a still larger addicold is opalescent.               tion it becomes by itself enamelRFI: On Ch the glass becomes at white on cooling.
first gray and cloudy, the oxide is   RFI: On Ch, particularly when
reduced to metal with effervescence, tin  is added, the glass remains
and the bead becomes clear again. colorless and limpid while hot, but
An addition of tin accelerates the becomes, on cooling, dark-gray and
process.                           opaque.
OFl: Soluble in large quantity to    OFl: Soluble in large quantity to
a limpid yellowish glass, becoming a limpid glass which, while hot, is
almost colorless on cooling. When  yellowish, but colorless when cold;
highly saturated, it may be made when saturated, it becomes enamelenamel-white by flaming, and when  white on cooling.
still more oxide is present, it be-   RFl: On Ch the oxide becomes
comes by itself enamel-white on  slowly and imperfectly reduced. The
cooling.                           reduced metal deposits a very feeble
RFI: Placed on Ch, it enters into  Ct of dark-yellow color. The color
ebullition; the oxide is reduced; the is only clearly seen when the mass
reduced metal vaporizes immediate- is cold. An addition of tin facilily and deposits a dark-yellow Ct.   tates the reduction.




152                ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
TABLE:I. - CON.
Metallic Oxides in
Alphabetical Oxider.s in  On Charcoal alone.    With Carbonate of Soda.
Alphabetical Order.
Insoluble. The Sd passes
5. SESQUIOXIDE                            into the Ch; the sesquiSOF CERIUMIE                           oxide is reduced to protOF CERIUM...    Not changed,       oxide, which remains on
the Ch as a light-gray
powder.
OF1: On platinum wire
soluble to a dark yellowish-brown glass, which on
cooling becomes opaque
and yellow.
6. SESQUIOXIDE         Not chaned.         RF1: The glass becomes
OF CHROMIUM.                             opaque and green on coolCr2O3.                              ing. On Ch it cannot be
reduced to metal; the Sd
passes into the Ch, and the
oxide remains behind as a
green powder.
OFI: Not changed.       OFI: On platinum wire
RFI: It is reduced to a very small quantity is
7. OXIDE OF   metal, but does not fuse: dissolved to a transparent
COBALT.    the mass is attracted by mass of a pale-reddish
CoO.       the magnet, and assumes color, which on cooling
metallic lustre by fric- becomes gray.
tion.                 - a RFl: On Oh reduced to
a gray magnetic powder.
OFI: Fuses to a black   OFI: On platinum wire
globule, which becomes soluble to a limpid glass
reduced when it is in con- of green color; on cooltact with the Ch.      ing it becomes opaque and
8. OXIDE OF      RFI: Reduced to metal white.
COPPER.      at a temperature below    RFI: On Ch easily reCuO.       the melting-point of cop- duced to metal, which,
per. When the heat is when the temperature is
increased a globule of me- sufficiently high, fuses to
tallic copper is obtained. one or more globules.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                     153
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.       With SPh on Platinum Wire.
OFi: Soluble to a limpid glass of
dark-yellow  or red color, which   OF1: As with Bx, but on cooling
changes on cooling to yellow. When colorless.
highly saturated with oxide the glass   RFI: Perfectly colorless, hot and
becomes on cooling enamel-white.  cold. Becomes never opaque on
RFI: The yellow glass becomes   oling, however large the amount
colorless. A highly saturated bead ofoxide.
becomes on cooling enamel-white
and crystalline.
OFI: Dissolves but slowly, but
colors intensively. If little of the
oxide is present, the glass, while hot,
is yellow; when cold, yellowishgreen; with more oxide it is dark-   OFI: Soluble to a limpid glass,
red while hot, becomes yellow on which, while hot, appears reddish;
cooling, and when perfectly cold has when cold it has a fine green color.
a fine yellowish-green color.      RFl: As in OF1.
RF1: The glass is green, hot and
cold. The intensity of the color depends on the amount of oxide present. Tin causes no change.
OFl: Colors veryintensively. The
glass appears pure smalt-blue, hot   OFl: As with Bx, but for the same
and cold. An excess of oxide im- quantity of oxide the color is not
parts to the bead a deep bluish-black quite so deep.
color.                             RF1: As in OF1.
RFl: As in OF1.
OFI: A small addition of oxide
makes the glass appear green while
hot, but blue when cold. A large   OF1: As with Bx, but for the
quantity imparts to it a very deep- same amount of oxide the coloration
green color while hot, becoming is not so deep.
greenish-blue when cold.           RFl: A glass containing a large
RFl: A glass containing a certain quantity of oxide becomes darkquantity of oxide becomes colorless, green, which in the moment of rebut on cooling becomes opaque and frigeration  changes  suddenly  to
red (suboxide). On Ch the copper brownish-red and opaque. A glass
may be precipitated in the metallic containing but little oxide, when
state, the bead becoming in conse- treated on Ch with tin, appears colorquence colorless. A glass contain- less while hot, but becomes browning protoxide, when treated on Ch ish-red and opaque on cooling.
with tin, becomes on cooling brownish-red and opaque.




154               ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
TABLE II.  CON.
Metallic Ozides in
Metallic Oxides in    On Charcoal alone.    With Carbonate of Soda.
Alphabetical Order.
When heated to igni-   Does not dissolve in the
9. TEROXIDE OF tion it becomes reduced Sd, but is easily reduced,
GOLD.      to metal in OF1 and RF1. in both flames. The metal
AuOS.       The metal fuses easily to fuses readily to a globule.
a globule.             The Sd passes into the Ch.
OFl: Insoluble.
RF1: On Ch it is reduced; the mass, when
10. SESQUIOXIDE   OFl: Not changed.    placed in a mortar, pulOF IRON.       RF1: Becomes black verized, and repeatedly
Fe203.      and magnetic.          washed with water to remove the adherent Ch
particles, yields a gray
metallic powder which is
attracted by the magnet.
OFi: Does not dissolve
11. BINOXIDE OF   At a red heat becomes in the Sd, but becomes
IRIDIUM..   reduced;  the  reduced reduced; the metal canIr02.      metal is infusible.     not be fused to a globule.
RFI: As in OF1.
Minium, when heated on
platinum foil, blackens;
on increasing the temperature it changes into
yellow oxide, which final-   OF1: On platinum wire
ly fuses to a yellow glass. readily dissolved to a limOn Ch in OF1 and RF1 pid glass which, on coolalmost  instantaneously ing, becomes yellowish
12. OXIDE OF  reduced to metal which, and opaque.
LEAD.       with continued blowing,   RFI: On Ch reduced to
PbO.       vaporizes, and covers the metal which, with conCh with yellow  oxide, tinued  blowing, covers
surrounded by a faint the Ch with oxide.
white ring of carbonate.
The Ct, when touched
with the RF1, disappears,
imparting to the flame an
azure-blue tinge.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                       155
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.        With SPh on Platinum Wire.
As with Carbonate of Soda.        As with Carbonate of Soda.
OFI: When at a certain point of
saturation the glass, while hot, apOFI: A  small amount of oxide pears yellowish-red, and becomes on
causes the glass to look yellow while cooling at first yellow, then greenhot, colorless when cold. When ish, and finallycolorless. On avery
more of the oxide is present the large addition of oxide it appears,
glass, while hot, appears red, and while hot, deep-red, becoming, on
yellow  when cold. A still larger cooling, brownish-red, then of a dirtyquantity makes the glass dark-red green color, and finally brownish-red.
while hot, and dark-yellow  when   RF1: A glass containing but little
cold.                             of the oxide suffers no visible change.
RFl: The glass becomes bottle- When more of the oxide is present it
RFi: The glass becomes  ottle-       w
green. Treated on Ch with tin it is red while hot, and on cooling bebecomes, at first, bottle-green, but comes at first yellow, then greenish,
afterwards pure vitriol-green,    and finally reddish. Treated with
tin on Ch the glass on cooling becomes at first green, and finally
colorless.
As with Carbonate of Soda.        As with Carbonate of Soda.
OFI: Easily soluble to a limpid    OFI: As with Bx. But to obtain
yellow glass which on cooling becomes colorless. If much oxide is a glass which appears yellow while
present it may be made cloudy by hot, a large addition of the oxide is
present it may be made cloudy by
faming. A still larger addition of required.
oxide causes the bead to become   RF1: On Ch the glass becomes
enamel-yellow on cooling.         grayish and cloudy. This phenomenon is better observed when tin is
RFl: The glass diffuses itself over
the Ch and becomes cloudy. With added; but the glass can never be
continued blowing the oxide is re- made uiteopaque. If much of the
duced to metal, with effervescence, oxide is present, the Oh becomes
and the glass becomes clear again.




156                ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
TABLE II.- CONlMetalbic Oxirdes   |  On Charcoal alone.    With Carbonate of Soda.
Alphabetical Order.
OFI: On platinum wire
OFI: Insoluble. When      foil a  very  small
quantity dissolves to a
the temperature is suffi- quantity dissolves to a
13. SESQUIOXIDE ciently high, both  the transparent green mass,
which on cooling becomes
OF MANGANESE. sesquioxide and the per- opaque and bluish-green.
Mn203.      oxide are converted into   RFp1: On C it cannot be
a reddish-brown powder
a reddish-brown powder reduced to metal; the Sd
(MRF   The same. passes into the Ch and
leaves the protoxide behind.
HIeated in a matrass
14. PROTOXIDE                             to redness, it is reduced
OF MERCURY.    Instantly reduced and  and vaporized. The vaiHgO.       volatilized.            pors condense in the neck
of the matrass and form
a metallic coating.
OFl: Fuses, becomes
brown, vaporizes, and deposits on the Oh a yellow    OF1: On platinum wire
Ct, which nearest to the
assay is crystalline. On cence to a limpid glass,
cooling the Ct becomes whiich on cooling becomes
i5. ~-M[OLYBDI 0                         milk-white.
15. MOLYBDIC   white, and the crystals milk-white.
ACID        colorless.                 RFl: Fuses with efferMoO3.         RF1: The greater partvescence. Thefusedmass
of the assay is absorbed is absorbed by the Ch,
by the Ch, and may be and part of the acid is
reduced to metal at a suf-reduced to metal which
ficiently high  tempera- may be obtained as a
ture; the metal is in the steel-gray powder.
shape of a gray powder.
OFI: Not changed.       OFI: Insoluble.
RFI: On Ch reduced to   RF   Easily reduced
16. OXIDE OF  metal; the spongy mass to metal, in the shape
NICKEL,      cannot be fused to- a glo- of bright, white scales,
NiO        bule, but assumes metal- of bright, white scales,
NiO.       bule, but assumes metal- which are attracted by
lic lustre by friction; it is
attracted by the magnet.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                      157
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.       With SPh on Platinum Wire.
OFI: Colors very intensively.-    OF1: A considerable addition of
The glass, while hot, is violet, on manganese must be made to produce
cooling it assumes a reddish tinge. a colored glass; it then appears,
When much manganese is added, while  hot, brownish-violet, and
the glass becomes quite black and reddish-violet when cold, but never
opaque; but the color can be seen opaque. If the glass contains so
when the glass, while soft, is flat- small a quantity of manganese that
tened with the forceps.          it appears colorless, an addition of
RFl: The glass becomes colorless. nitre will produce the characteristic
If the color was very dark, the coloration.
phenomenon is best observed 6n Ch   RFI: Becomes very soon colorwith addition of tin.            less.
OFI: Easily soluble to a limpid
OF1: Dissolved in large quantities glass; if but little of the acid is
to a limpid glass which, while hot, present it is yellowish-green while
appears yellow, but colorless on hot, but when cold almost colorless.
cooling. A very large amount of On Ch the glass becomes very dark,
acid causes the glass to appear dark- and on cooling assumes a beautiful
yellow while hot, and opaline when green color.
cold.                              RFI: The glass assumes a very
RFI: A highly saturated bead dark, dirty-green color which, on
becomes brown, and opaque when cooling, becomes beautiful brightstill more acid is present.      green. The same on Ch; tin deepens
the color a little.
OFI: A small quantity colors the
bead violet while hot; when cold,   OF1: Soluble to a reddish glass
pale reddish-brown.  More oxide which, on cooling, becomes yellow.
makes the coloration deeper.     A larger addition causes the glass
RFI: The glass becomes gray and to appear brownish-red while hot,
cloudy, or even opaque. With con- and reddish-yellow when cold.
tinued blowing the minute particles   RFI: On  platinum   wire  not
of reduced metal collect together changed. On Ch with tin it becomes,
and the glass becomes colorless. at first, gray and opaque; with
This takes more readily place on continued blowing the nickel beCh, especially when tin is added. comes reduced, and the glass clear
The nickel then unites with the tin again and colorless.
to a globule.
14




158                ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
TABLE II.- CON.
Meitallic Oxider in    On, Charcoal alone.    With Carbonate of Soda.
Al2habetical Order.
OFI: Converted into
osmic acid which, with17. BINOXIIE OF out depositing a Ct, vol17. BINOXE o atilizes with its peculiar   Easily reduced to an
OSMIUM.       atilizes with its peculiar infusible metallic pow0B02.    pungent odor.           der.
ORF1: Easily reduced to
a dark-brown and infusible metallic powder.
18. PROTOXIDE       Reduced at a red-heat;   Insoluble.  The  Sd
OF PALLADIUM. but the metallic particles passes into the Oh, and
PdO.        are infusible.          leaves the Palladium behind.
19. BINOXIDE OF
PLATINUM.          Like Palladium.         Like Palladium.
PtO2.
20. PROTOXIDE       Easily reduced to me-   Instantly reduced. The
a tor* 1      1       1    tieSd passes into the Oh
OF SILVER.    tallic silver, which unites Sd passes into the Ch,
AgO.        to one or more globules.  and the metal unites to
one or more globules.
OF1: Fuses, and is reduced with effervescence.
The reduced metal be-   Soluble, on platinumcomes instantly  vapor- wire, to a limpid and
21. TELLUROUS  ized and covers the Ch colorless glass, which on
ACID.       with tellurous acid; the cooling becomes white.
TeO2.       Ct usually' has a red or   On Ch reduced and
dark-yellow edge.       volatilized, depositing a
RF1: As in OF1; the Ct of tellurous acid.
outer flame appears of a
bluish-green color.
OF1: The  protoxide
burns, like tinder, to binoxide. The binoxide becomes very luminous and   OF1: On platinum-wire
22. BINOXIDE OF appears, while hot, yel- it forms with Sd, with
TIN.       lowish, but assumes on effervescence, an infusiSn02.       cooling  a  dirty-white ble compound.
color.                    RFl: On Ch reduced
RFl: With a powerful to metallic tin.
and continued flame it
maybe reduced to metal.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                      159
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.        With SPh on Platinum Wire.
OF1 and RFI: Reduced, but not
dissolved; the  metallic  particles          As with Bx.
cannot be fused to a globule.
Like Palladium.                   Like Palladium.
OF1: In part dissolved, and in
part reduced. On cooling, the glass   OF1: Imparts to the bead a yellowish color. When much of the
becomes opalescent or milk-white, oxide is present, the glass, whe
according to the amount of oxide cold, is present, th      e  glass, when
cold, is opalescent, and appears yelpresent.                          lowish at daylight, reddish at canRFI: The glass at first becomes dle-light.
gray, but afterwards limpid and   RFI: As with Bx.
colorless.
OFI: Soluble to a limpid and
colorless glass which, on Ch, becomes gray from reduced metal.             As with Borax.
RF1: On Ch becomes at first gray,
afterwards colorless.  The Ch becomes coated with tellurous acid.
OFI: A very small quantity dissolves slowly to a limpid and colorless glass, which remains so on   OFI: As with Borax.
cooling.                            RFI: The glass, containing oxide,
RFI: From  a highly saturated  suffers no change.
glass a part of the oxide may be
reduced on Ch.




160                ELDERHORST' S MANUAL OF
TABLE II.-CONMetallic Oxides in 
Alphabetical Order.    On Clarcoal alone.    With Carbonate of Soda.
OFI: on Ch it dissolves,
O F 1:  Assumes, on with  effervescence,  to
23. TITANIC       heating, a yellow color, a  dark- yellow   glass,
ACID.       and becomes white again which, on cooling, crysTiO2.      on cooling.  Suffers no tallizes. When cold it is
other change.           grayish-white.
RFI: As in OF1.         RFI: As in OF1; cannot be reduced to metal.
OF1: On platinum wire
it dissolves to a limpid
and deep-yellow  glass,
which, on cooling, beOF1: Not changed; at comes  crystalline  and
24. TUNGSTIC      a very high temperature opaque, and of white or
ACID.       converted into oxide.    yellowish color.
W03           RF1: Blackens, being   RF1: With very little
converted into oxide, but Sd on Ch it is reduced to
does not fuse.          metal; with more Sd it
forms a yellow compound
of metallic lustre which
passes into the Ch
OFl: Insoluble. With
OF1:  Infusible; but a certain amount of Sd
assumes a dirty yellow- the mass becomes yel25. SSUIOXIDE   ish-green color.     lowish-brown, and with
OF URANIUM.       RFI: Blackens, owing more passes into the Ch.
U203.      to the formation of prot-   RF1: As in OF1; no
oxide.                  reduction to metal takes
place.
Fusible.  Where it is
in contact with the Ch
26. VANADIC       it becomes reduced and   Unites  to  a fusible
ACID.       passes into the Ch. The mass which is absorbed
VO.       rest assumes the lustre by the Ch.
and color of graphite.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                       161
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.        With SPh on Platinum  Wire.
OFI: Easily soluble to a limpid    OFI: Easily dissolved to a limpid
glass which, when containing a large glass which, when containing a large
quantity, appears yellow while hot, quantity, appears yellow while hot,
but becomes colorless on cooling. but becomes colorless on cooling.
When containing a very large quan-   RFI: Appears yellow while hot,
tity it is enamel-white when cold.   but, on cooling, reddens and finally
RFI: When containing but little assumes a violet color. If iron is
titanic acid the glass becomes yel- present the glass, on cooling, below; when more, dark-yellow  to comes brownish-red; with tin on
brown. A saturated glass becomes Ch the glass becomes violet, unless
enamel-blue by flaming.            the amount of iron be very considerable.
OFl: Easily dissolved to a limpid
and colorless bead, which when
highly  saturated, appears yellow
OFI: Like titanic acid.          while hot.
RF1: A glass, containing but little    RF1: With little blowing the glass
tungstic acid, is not changed. When  appears, while hot, of a dirty green
more, it becomes yellow and, on cool- color, blue on cooling; with strong
ing, yellowish-brown.  On Ch the blowing it becomes, on cooling, blusame reaction is produced with a ish-green.  On Ch with tin, deep
less saturated bead. Tin deepens green. If iron is present the glass,
the colors.                        on cooling, becomes brownish-red;
with tin on Ch the glass becomes
blue or, if the amount of iron is
considerable, green.
OFI: Behaves like sesquioxide of
iron. When highly saturated the   OF1: Dissolves to a limpid yellow
glass may be made enamel-yellow  glass which, on cooling, becomes
by flaming.                        yellowish-green.
RF1: Behaves like sesquioxide of   RFl: The glass assumes a dirty
iron. The green bead, when at a green  color which, on  cooling,
certain point of saturation, may be changes to a fine green. With tin
made black by flaming. On Ch with on Ch the color deepens.
tin it becomes dark-yellow.
OFI: Dissolved to t limpid glass
which, when the quantity of vanadic    OFI: Soluble to a limpid glass
acid is small, appears colorless, when  which, if sufficient vanadic acid is
larrer yellow, and which, on cooling, present, appears dark-yellow while
becomes greenish.                  hot, and bpcomes light-yellow  on
RFI: The glass, while hot, appears cooling.
brownish, and assumes a fine green    RFI: As with Borax.
color on cooling.
1,*                        L




162               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
TABLE II.- CON
ifetallic Oxides in
On  C harcoal alone.    With Carbonate of Soda.
OF1: When heated becomes yellow and, on cool-   OF1: Insoluble.
ing, white again. It fuses   RFl: On Ch it becomes
not, but becomes very lu- reduced.  The metal vaminous.                 porizes and coats the Ch
ZINC.         RFI: Isslowlyreduced; with oxide. With a powZaO.       the  reduced metal be- erful flame the charactercomes rapidly re-oxidized istic zinc-flame is someand the oxide deposited times produced.
on another place of the
Ch.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                      163
TINUED.
With Bx on Platinum Wire.       With SPh on Platinum Wire.
OFI: Dissolves readily, and in
large quantity, to a limpid glass,
which appears yellowish while hot;
on cooling it is colorless. When
much of the oxide is present, the
glass may be made enamel-white
by flaming; and on a still larger         As with Borax.
addition it becomes enamel-white on
cooling.
RF1: The saturated glass becomes
at first gray and cloudy, and finally
transparent again. On Ch the oxide
becomes reduced, the metal vaporizes
and coats the Ch with oxide.




164                ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
TABLE III.-THE METALLIC OXIDES ARRANGED
THEY IMPART
WITH BORAX IN OXYDATION FLAME PRODUCE:
a.- Colorless Beads.
Silica, Alumina, Binoxide of Tin,
Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia,,when  highly saturated
Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria   opaque (white) by amHOT    Oxide of Lanthanium, Oxide of Sil-  opaque (hite) by fa
AND  ImGlucinaRYttria, Zirconia, Th      ing.
AND    %,ver, Tantalic Acid, Niobic Acid, TelCOLD.  lurous Acid.
Titanic Acid, Tungstic Acid,Molybdic Acid, Oxides of Zinc, Cadmium,  when feebly saturated.
[ Lead, Bismuth, and Antimony.
b.- Yellow Beads.
[  Titanic Acid, Tungstic Acid, Ox-  when highly saturated;
ides of Zinc, and Cadmium.         on cooling colorless, and
cloudy by flaming.
Oxides of Lead, Bismuth, and  when highly saturated;
HOT.  Antimony.                            on cooling colorless.
Sesquioxides of Cerium, Iron, and  when feebly saturated;
Uranium.                           on cooling colorless.
Sesquioxide of Chromium, when fully saturated; when cold,
I yellowish-green.
Vanadic Acid; when cold, pale-green.
c.-Red to Brown Beads.
( Sesquioxide of Cerium; on cooling yellow, enamel-like by
Iflaming.
[ Sesquioxide of Iron; on cooling, yellow..
EH]OT. 1 Sesquioxide of Uranium; on cooling yellow, enamel-yellow by
flaming.
Sesquioxide of Chromium; on cooling yellowish-green.
I Sesquioxide of Iron, containing Manganese; on cooling yel.
t lowish-red.
Oxide of Nickel (reddish-brown to brown); violet while hot.
COLD.    Sesquioxide of Manganese (violet-red); violet while hot.
Oxide of Nickel, containing Cobalt; violet while hot.
d.- Violet Beads (amethyst-colored).
Oxide of Nickel; on cooling, reddish-brown to brown.
HOT.      Sesquioxide of Manganese; on cooling, violet-red.
Oxide of Nickel, containing Cobalt; on cooling, brownish.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                     165
WITH REFERENCE TO THE COLORS WHICH
TO THE FLUXES.
WITH BORAX IN REDUCTION FLAME PRODUCE:
a.- Colorless Beads.
( Silica, Alumina, Binoxide of Tin.
Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia,
Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria, Ox-  when highly saturated
ides of Lanthanium and Cerium, Tan-  cloudy by flaming.
HOT   talic Acid. 
AND      Sesquioxide of Manganese; sometimes, on cooling, pale roseCOLD.  colored.
Niobic Acid; when feebly saturated.
Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium,  with strong blowing;
Lead, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel, Tel-  with  feeble  blowing
lurous Acid.                        gray.
HOT.     Oxide of Copper; when highly saturated on cooling opaque
and red.
b.-Yellow to Brown Beads.
Titanic Acid (yellow to brown); when highly saturated enamelblue by flaming.
HOT. X  Tungstic Acid (yellow to dark-yellow); when cold brownish.
I  Molybdic Acid (brown to opaque).
Y Vanadic Acid (brownish); green when cold.
c.-Blue Beads.
HOT..  Oxide of Cobalt; retains its color on cooling.
d.-Green Beads.
HOT  r  Sesquioxide of Iron (yellowish-green); especially when cold.
Sesquioxide of Uranium (yellowish-green); when highly satu.
rated black by flaming.
COLD.    Sesquioxide of Chromium (light to dark emerald-green).
HOT. -  Vanadic Acid; brownish while hot.




166               ELDERHORST'S MANUAL OF
TABLE III.-CONWITH BORAX IN OXYDATION FLAME PRODUCE:
e.-Blue Beads.
HOT..  Oxide of Cobalt; retains its color on cooling.
COLD.    Oxide of Copper (when highly saturated greenish-blue); green
while hot.
f. —Green Beads.
Oxide of Copper; when cold blue or greenish-blue.
] on cooling the color
I  changes, according to
HOT.      Sesquioxide of Iron, containing Co-  the  proportion  in
balt or copper.                      which the various oxOxide of Copper, containing Iron or  ides are present, to
Nickel.                              light-green, blue, or
J yellow.
5  Sesquioxide of Chromium, yellowish-green; yellow to red
COLD.  while hot.
Vanadic Acid, greenish; yellow while hot.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                   167
TINUED.
WITH BORAX IN REDUCTION FLAME PRODUCE:
e. —Gray and Cloudy Beads.
f Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium,) with  feeble  blowing;
COLD. Lead, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel, with  strong  blowing
Tellurous Acid.                  colorless.
Niobic Acid; when highly saturated.
f.-Red and Opaque Beads.
COLD..  Oxide of Copper, when highly saturated; colorless while hot,




168                ELDERHORST S MANUAL OF
TABLE III. —CONWITH SALT OF PHOSPHORUS IN OXYDATION FLAME PRODUCE:
a.- Colorless Beads.
Silicic Acid; soluble only in minute quantity.
Alumina, Binoxide of Tin; soluble with difficulty.
Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia,  when highly saturated
AND   Glucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria, Ox-  become   opaque   by
COLD.  ide of Lanthanium, Tellurous Acid.   flaming.
Acids of Tantalium, Niobium, Titan-  if not too highly satuium, Tungsten, Antimony; Oxides of rated.
Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Bismuth.        rated.
b.- Yellow Beads.
Acids of Tantalium, Niobium, Titan-)
ium, Tungsten, Antimony; Oxides of w     e n it u
Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Bismuth.     } colorless on cooling.
HOT.    Oxide of Silver, yellowish; when cold opalescent.
Sesquioxide of Iron.              when feebly saturated;
"      " Cerium.              on cooling colorless.
t"     " Uranium; when cold yellowish-green.
Vanadic Acid, deep-yellow; when cold of a lighter shade.
COLD. ~ Oxide of Nickel; while hot reddish.
c.-Red Beads.
(  Sesquioxide of Iron.              when highly saturated;
HOT.I  ":Cerium.             when cold yellow.
Oxide of Nickel, reddish; when cold yellow.
Sesquioxide of Chromium, reddish; when cold emerald-green.
d.- Violet Beads.
Sesquioxide of Manganese, brownish-violet; on cooling pale
HOT.  reddish-violet.
Oxide of Didymium; when cold of a lighter shade.
e.-Blue Beads.
HOT. - Oxide of Cobalt; when cold of the same color.
COLD. ~ Oxide of Copper; green while hot.
-f.-Green Beads.
on  cooling the color
Sesquioxide of Iron, containing Co-I changes, according to
baIt or Copper.                 or the proportion in which
Oxide of Copper, containing Iron or the various oxides are
HOT.   Nkel.                                present, to light-green,
J blue, or yellow.
Oxide of Copper; when cold blue or greenish blue.
Molybdic Acid, yellowish-green; when cold of a lighter shade.
D.    Sesquioxide of Uranium, yellowish-green; while hot yellow.
Sesquioxide of Chromium, emerald-green'  while hot reddish.




BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS.                    169
TINUED.
WITH SALT OF PHOSPHORUS IN REDUCTION FLAME PRODUCE:
a.- Colorless Beads.
Silica, but slightly soluble.
Alumina, Binoxide of Tin, soluble with difficulty.
Baryta, Strontia, Lime, Magnesia,ighlysaturatedbeGlucina, Yttria, Zirconia, Thoria, Ox- come opaque by flaming.
HOT   ide of Lanthanium.                 come opaque by flaming.
ide of Lanthanium.
AND     Oxides of Didymium, Cerium, Manganese.
COLD.   Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium,
Lead, Bismuth.
Tantalic Acid, Antimonious Acid, with continued blowing.
Tellurous Acid.
Oxide of Nickel, on Ch.
b.-Yellow to Red Beads.
Sesquioxide of Iron; on cooling greenish, then reddish.
T''itanic Acid, yellow; on cooling violet.
Vanadic Acid, brownish; when cold emerald-green.
HOT.    Titanic Acid containing Iron.  yellow;   when   cold
Tungstic "     ""              J blood-red.
deep-yellow.
c.- Violet Beads.
Niobic Acid, when highly saturated; while hot of a pale dirtyCOLD.  blue color.
Titanic Acid; yellow while hot.
d.-Blue Beads,
Oxide of Cobalt; of the same color when hot.
COLD.   Tungstic Acid; while hot brownish.
Niobic Acid, when very highly saturated; while hot of a dirtyblue color.
e.-Green Beads.
Sesquioxide of Uranium; while hot less bright.
COLD.    Molybdic Acid; while hot of a dirty-green color.
Yanadic Acid; while hot brownish.
Sesquioxide of Chromium; while hot reddish.
f.-Gray and Cloudy Beads.
Oxides of Silver, Zinc, Cadmium,) takes quickest place on
COLD.  Lead, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel; Ch; with continued blowTellurous Acid.                   ing colorless.
g. —Red and Opaque Beads.
COLD. I  Oxide of Copper, when highly saturated, or with Tin on Ch.
15








INDEX.
ACICULAR BISMUTH, 116.  Antimony, test for, when in comrn.
Acids, volatile, tests for, 26.              bination, 40.
Acmite, 124.                        o" res of, 63.
Actinolite, 110.                     "      sulphides of, test for,
Aeschynite, 142.                             28.
Agalmatolite, 134.                   "      sulphides of, test for,
Aikinite, 116.                               when in combinaAlbite, 132.                                 tion, 40.
Allanite, 117, 123.                  "      oxide of, test, 27.
Allophane, 134.                  Apatite, 127, 138.
Allochroite, 124.                Apophyllite, 129.
Almandine, 110, 124.             Apparatus, list of, 21, 24.
Altaite, 114.                    Araeoxene, 119.
Alumina, tests for, 37, 146.     Arfvedsonite, 124.
Alunite, 133.                    Argentiferous sulphide of copAmalgam, 86, 117.                  per, 92.
Amalgams, test for, 27, 29.      Arkansite, 118.
Amblygonite, 127.                Arragonite, 136.
Ammonia, test for, 27, 40.       Arsenates, test for, 34.
"     salts of, test for, 27.   Arsenic, metallic, tests for, 27,
Ammonia-alum, 126.                          29, 30, 34.
Analcime, 129.                       "     ores of, 64.
Anatase, 142.                        "    sulphides of, test for,
Andalusite, 135.                            28.
Anglarite, 123.                      "    test for, when in comAnglesite, 82, 120.                         bination, 41.
Anhydrite, 126.                      "    test for, in.arsenates
Annabergite, 89, 122.                       and arsenites, 41.
Anthophyllite, 142.              Arsenical pyrites, 78, 113.
Anthracite, 95.                   "        copper, 71.
Antigorite, 140.                 Arseniosiderite, 122.
Antimonial copper, 115.          Arsenolite, 65, 119.
".     silver, 89.           Arsenous acid, tests for, 27, 41,
Antimonious acid, tests for, 27,    150.
150.                           Asphaltum, 96.
Antimony, metallic, tests for, 29,  Atakamite, 72. 121.
30, 34.                        Augite, 131.
(171)




172                         INDEX.
Axinite, 131.                    Bromic silver, 90.
Azurite, 73, 121.                Bromyrite, 90.
Bronzite, 141.
BARIUM, salts of, test for, 33.   Brookite, 142.
Baryta, tests for, 146.          Brown coal, 96.
Barytes, 126.                    Brown hematite, 76.
Barytocalcite, 136.              Brucite, 136.
Berthierite, 64, 115.
Beryl, 143.                      CACOXENE, 123.
Berzelianite, 113.               Cadmium, metallic, test for, 30.
Beudantite, 122.                     "    test for small quanti.
Biotite, 141.                                ties of, 44.
Bituminous coal, 95.                 "    alloys of, test for, 27.
Bismuth, metallic,tests for,29,30.   "    oxide of, tests for, 150.
t"   oxide of, change by   Calamine, 94, 133, 136.
heat, 29.        Calcination of assays, 34.
t"      "  tests for, 150.    Calcite, 136.
"    test for, when in cor-  Calcium, salts of, test for, 33.
bination, 43.        Calomel, 86, 119.
"     ores of, 65.            Capillary pyrites, 88.
Bismuth ochre, 67.               Carbonic acid, test for, 26.
Bismuthine, 66, 116.             Carpholite, 130.
Bismutite, 66, 125.              Cassiterite, 92, 142.
Black manganese, 85.             Celestine, 126.
Blende, 93, 118, 136, 137.       Cerasine, 81, 120.
Blow-pipe lamp, 21.              Cerite, 138.
Blue malachite, 73.              Cerium, oxide of, tests for, 152.
Bog manganese, 85.               Cerusite, 81, 120.
Boltonite, 140.                  Chabazite, 129.
Bone-ash, 24.                    Chalcolite, 121.
Boracic acid, as reagent, 22.    Chalcophyllite, 121.
"    tests for, 34, 43.   Chalcopyrite, 69.
Boracite, 127.                   Chalybite, 78, 137.
Borax, 125.                      Childrenite, 138, 143.
"   as reagent, 23.            Chiolite, 126.
Botryogen, 122.                  Chloantite, 113.
Boulangerite, 81, 114.           Chlorine, test for, 44.
Bournonite, 80, 114.             Chlorite, 140, 141.
Braunite, 85, 117.               Chloropal, 139.
Breithauptite, 115.              Chlo o-bromide of silver, 90.
Breunnerite, 136, 137.           Chondrodite, 140.
Brewsterite, 129.                Chonikrite, 129.
Brittle silver ore, 91.          Chrome ochre, 137.
Brochantite, 121.                Chromic iron, 67, 118.
Bromine, test for, 44.           Chromium, ores of, 67.




INDEX.                          173
Chromium, oxide of, tests for,  Coquimbite, 122.
45, 152.                       Corneous lead, 81.
Chrysoberyl, 135.                Corundum, 135.
Chrysocolla, 74, 138.            Covelline, 121.
Chrysolite, 140.                 Crocidolite, 124.
Chrysotile, 139.                 Crocoisite, 83, 119.
Cryolite, 126.                   Cronstedtite, 123.
Cimolite, 134.                   Cryolite, 126.
Cinnabar, 87, 115, 119.          Cuban, 116.
"    test for, 28.          Cupellation, process of, 58.
Clausthalite, 113.               Cuproplumbite, 116.
Clintonite, 133, 140.            Cyanogen, test for, 27.
Cobalt, test for, in arsenides, 45.  Cyanosite, 74, 121.
i"     "   in sulphides, 45.
t      it"  when in combi-  DATHOLITE, 127.
nation  with   Dark-red silver ore, 91.
metals, 45.    Deweylite, 130.
nitrate of, asreagent, 122.  Diallage, 131.
"   oxide of, tests for, 152.   Diallogite, 85, 136.
"   ores of, 67.              Diamond, 144.
Cobalt bloom, 68.                Diaspore, 133.
Cobalt pyrites, 68.              Dioptase, 138.
Cobaltine, 68, 113.              Diopside, 131.
Collyrite, 134.                  Discrasite, 89, 115.
Columbite, 118.                  Disterrite, 135.
Common coal, 95.                 Dolomite, 136.
Common salt, 125.                Domeykite, 71, 133.
Copiapite, 122.                  Dufrenite, 123.
Copper, test for, in sulphides, 47.  Dufrenoysite, 81, 113.
"'      "  when in combination  with   EARTHY  COBALT, 69, 137.
other metals,  Ehlite, 121.
46, 47.       Electrum, 113.
cc"         "  when in combi-  Embolite, 89.
nation  with   Emerald nickel, 88, 137.
tin, 60.      Epidote, 130.
"   ores of, 69.              Epsomite, 125.
"   oxide of, tests for, 152.   Erinite, 121.
it"      "  as reagent, 22.  Erubescite, 70.
"   salts of, tests for, 33, 47.  Erythrine, 68, 122.
Copper glance, 70, 116.          Eucairite, 114.
"   nickel, 87, 113.          Euchroite, 121.
"   pyrites, 69, 116.        Euclase, 143.
"   vitriol, 73.             Eudialite, 128.
Copperas, 79.                    Eukolite, 128.
15 *




1'T4                         INDEX.
Eulytine, 124.                   Graphite, 118.
Euphyllite, 131.                 Gray antimony, 63, 109.
Examination in a closed glass      "  copper, 70.
tube, 26.          "  ore of manganese, 84.
"  ~    in an open glass   Green earth, 124.
tube, 28.          "   vitriol, 79, 122.
e"     on charcoal, 29.   Greenockite, 137.
in the forceps, 32.  Grunauite, 116.
with borax and   Gypsum, 126.
salt of phosphorus, 34.      HALLOYSITE, 134.
with carbonate of  Hardness, scale of, 62.
soda, 35.        Harmotome, 131.
"'   with solution of   Hauerite, 115, 127.
cobalt, 37.      Hausmannite, 85, 117.
Hauyne, 128.
FISCHERITE, 133.                  Hedenbergite, 124.
Flaming, process of, 35.          Hedyphane, 119.
Fluocerite, 138.                  Helvin, 127.
Fluor, 126.                       Hematite, 76, 117, 118, 123, 187.
Fluor spar, as reagent, 23.       Heteromorphite, 81.
Fluorine, tests for, 48.          Hessite, 114.
Fossil fuel, 95.                  Hisingerite, 124, 139.
Franklinite, 86, 118.             Horn quicksilver, 86.
Fusibility, scale of, 109.        Horn silver, 89, 119.
Hornblende, 124, 132.
GADOLINITE, 140.                  Hureaulite, 122.
Gahnite, 144.                     Hydroboracite, 126.
Galena, 80, 115.                  Hydromagnesite, 136.
Gay-Lussite, 126.                 Hypersthene, 141.
Gehlenite, 140.
Geocronite, 81, 115.              IDOCRASE, 132.
Gersdorffite, 88, 113.            Ilmenite, 718.
Gibbsite, 133.                    Iodic silver, 90.
Glaserite, 125.                   Iodine, test for, 50.
Glauberite, 126.                  Iodyrite, 90, 119.
Glaiiber salt, 125.               Iolite, 143.
Glucina, tests for, 148.          Iridium, ores of, 75.
Gold, test for, when in combi-       "    oxide of, tests for, 154.
nation, 49.              Iridosmine, 75, 118.
"   ores of, 74.                Iron, metallic, as reagent, 24.
"   oxide of, tests for, 15.4.    "  test for, when in combinaGoslarite, 126, 136.                              tion, 50, 51.
Gcethite, 137.                      "      "    in sulphides and
Graphic tellurium, 75.                            arsenides, 50.




INDEX.                          175
Iron, oxide of, tests for, 154.  Liroconite, 121.
t      it"  change by heat,    Lithia, test for, 33.
29.                "       "   in silicates, 52.
"  ores of, 76.                Lithia-tourmaline, 135.
Iron garnet, 110, 124.
Iron pyrites, 79, 116.           MAGNESIA, tests for, 37, 146.
Magnesite, 136.
JAMESONITE, 81, 114.             Magnetic iron ore, 77.
"    pyrites, 77.
KAOLIN, 134.                     Magnetite, 77, 117, 118.
Kerargyrite, 89.                 Malachite, 72, 121.
Kermesite, d4.                   Manganblende, 115, 127.
Kilbrikenite, 115.               Manganese, test for, when in
Kreittonite, 144.                               combination, 53.
Kyanite, 135.                          "      ores of, 84.
t"    oxide of, tests for,
LABRADORITE, 130.                               156.
Lanarkite, 120.                  Manganese-garnet, 130.
Lapis lazuli, 128.               Manganite, 117.
Laumontite, 128.                 Marcasite, 77, 116.
Lavendulan, 69.                  Margarite, 131.
Lazulite, 134.                   Marmatite, 137.
Lead, metallic, as reagent, 24.    Mascagnine, 119.
I"    "     tests for, 30, 34.  Matlockite, 120.
"  test for, when in combina-  Meerschaum, 130, 139.
tion, 50, 51.            Meionite, 128.
"  oxide of, change by heat,  Melaconite, 121.
30.            Melanochroite, 119.
"    tests for, 154.    Mellilite, 128.
"  ores of, 79.                Mendipite, 120.
"  phosphate of, test for, 51.  Mercury, metallic, tests for, 27,
Leadhillite, 82, 120.                        29.
Lead vitriol, 82.                    "     chlorides of, test for,
Lepidolite, 124, 131.                        26.
Leucite, 135, 140.                   "     salts of, tests for, 27, 53.
Libethenite, 121, 122.               "     sulphide of, tests for,
Lievrite, 117, 123.                          27, 53.
Light-red silver ore, 91.            "     ores of, 86.
Lime, tests for, 146.                "     oxide of, tests for, 156.
Lime-garnet, 130, 132.               "     test for, in amalgams,
Lime-chrome-garnet, 144.                     53.
Lime-iron-garnet, 124.           Mesolite, 128.
Limonite, 76, 118, 124, 137.     Meteoric iron, 76.
Linnmeite, 68, 116,              Miargyrite, 115.
Linarite, 120.                   Millerite, 88, 116.




176                        INDEX.
Mimetine, 119.                  Nosean, 127.
Minium, 79, 119.
Mispickel, 78.                  OBSIDIAN, 132.
Molybdenite, 118.               Ochran, 134.
Molybdenum,  compounds  of,  Okenite, 129.
test for, 34.                 Olivenite, 73, 121.
Molybdic acid, tests for, 34, 156.  Onofrite, 113.
Molybdine, 124.                 Opal, 143.
Monazite, 138.                  Orpiment, 65, 119.
Monradite, 140.                 Orthoclase, 110, 132, 143.
Muscovite, 134, 141.            Osmium, oxide of, tests for, 158.
Myelin, 134.                    Osmium-iridium, 75.
Mysorin, 121.                   Ouvarovite, 144.
Oxygen, test for,.26.
NAGYAGITE, 114.
Native antimony, 114.           PALLADIUM, oxide of, tests
"   arsenic, 64, 113.           for, 158.
"   bismuth, 65, 117.         Pearlstone, 132.
copper, 69, 112.         Pectolite, 129.
gold, 74, 112.           Peganite, 133.
"   iron, 112.                Perofskite, 118.
"   lead, 112.                Peroxide of Nitrogen, test for, 26.
"   mercury, 86, 112.         Petalite, 131.
"   palladium, 112.           Pharmacolite, 126.
"   platinum, 75, 112.        Phenacite, 143.
"   silver, 89, 112.          Philippsite, 127.
"   sulphur, 118.             Pholerite, 134.
"   tellurium, 114.           Phosphate of lead, 82.
Natrolite, 127.                 Phosphocalcite, 73, 121.
Natron,.125.                   Phosphoric acid, tests for, 34, 54.
Naumannite, 113.                Phosphorus, salt of, as reagent,
Neolite, 140.                     23.
Nepheline, 128.                 Pitchblende, 118, 137.
Nickel, nitrate of, as reagent, 23.  Pitchstone, 132.
"   test for, when in combi-  Pitticite, 122.
nation, 54.            Plagionite, 81, 115.
"   ores of, 87.             Platinum, ores of, 75
"   oxide of, tests for, 156.    "    oxide of, tests for; 158.
Nickel glance, 88.              Plattnerite, 117.
Nickel green, 89.               Pleonaste, 144.
Nickeliferous gray antimony, 88.  Plumbic ochre, 80.
Nitratine, 125.                 Plumbo resinite, 83, 133.
Nitre, 125.                     Plumosite, 114.
Nitric acid, test for, 54.      Polybasite, 92, 113.
Nitrous acid,'   26.           Polycrase, 138.




INDEX.                          171
Polyhalite, 126.                 Scapolite, 130.
Polytelite, 115.                  Scheeletine, 120.
Potash alum, 125.                 Scheelite, 131, 142.
Potassa, tests for, 33, 55.      Schillerspar, 139.
"    bisulphate of, as re-  Scolecite, 127.
agent, 23.            Scorodite, 79, 122.
oxalate of, as reagent,  Selbite, 119.
36.                   Selenide of mercury, 113.
Potassium, cyanide of, as reagent,  Selenides, tests for, 28, 29.
36.                            Selenium, tests for, 28, 29, 31,
Prehnite, 129.                      34, 56.
Proustite, 91, 119.               Selenquecksilberblei, 113.
Psilomelane, 85, 117.             Serpentine, 139.
Pumice, 132.                      Silicates, behavior of, with salt
Purple copper, 70, 116.             of phosphorus, 56.
Pyrargyrite, 91.                  Silicic acid, tests for, 35, 56.
Pyrochlore, 142.                  Silver, metallic, test for, 31.
Pyrolusite, 84, 117.                 "   test for, when in combiPyromeline, 122.                           nation, 57, 58.
Pyromorphite, 82.                    "   chloride of, as reagent, 24.
Pyrope, 132.                         "   ores of, 89.
Pyrophyllite, 134                    "   oxide of, tests for, 158.
Pyrosclerite, 129.                Silver glance, 90, 115.
Pyrosmalite, 123.                Skopolite, 127.
Pyrrhotine, 77.                   Smaltine, 67, 113.
Smithsonite, 94, 135.
QUARTZ, 143.                     Soda, test for, 32.
"  carbonate 6f, as reagent, 24.
REAGENTS, list of, 21, 24.        Sodalite, 127.
Realgar, 64, 119.                 Spathic iron, 78, 122.
Red antimony, 64, 119.            Specular iron, 76.
Red copper, 72, 117, 121.         Sphene, 130.
Red lead ore, 83.                 Spinel, 116, 144.
Red zinc ore, 93.                 Spodumene, 131.
Rhodonite, 117, 124, 130.         Staurotide, 143.
Ripidolite, 140, 141.             Steinmannite, 115.
Ruby silver, 91, 119.             Stephanite, 91, 115.
Iutil, 118, 142.                  Sternbergite, 116.
Stibnite, 63, 114.
SAL-AMMONIAC, 119.                Stilbite, 129.
Salt of phosphorus, as reagent, 23.  Stromeyerite, 92, 116.
Samarskite, 117.                  Strontia, tests for, 146.
Sassolin, 127.                       "     salts of, test for, 33, 36.
Scale of fusibility, 110.         Strontianite, 136.
Scale of hardness 63.             Sulphides, tests for, 28, 58.
M




178                         INDEX.
Sulphides, distinction of, from   Triphiline, 123.
sulphates, 58.                 Triplite, 122.
Sulphur, tests for, 28, 29, 58.  Trona, 125.
Sulphuretted hydrogen, test for,  Tungstic  acid, tests for, 36,
26.                              160.
Sulphurous acid, test for, 26.   Turquois, 138.
Supports, 22.                    Tyrolite, 74, 121.
Sylvanite, 75, 114.
UJLLMANNITE, 88, 115.
TACHYLYTE, 130.                  Uranite, 127.
Tagilite, 121.                   Uranium, test for, in presence of
Talc, 141.                                   iron, 59, 60.
Tantalite, 118.                     "      oxide of, tests for, 160.
Tellurides, test for, 29.
Telluric bismuth, 65.            VALENTINITE, 119.
Tellurium, tests for, 27, 29, 31,  Vanadic acid, tests for, 160.
75.          Vanadinite, 120.
5 " "    when in com-  Vauquelinite, 83, 120
bination, 59.  Vivianite, 79, 123.
"    ores of, 114.
Tellurous acid, tests for, 27, 34,  WAD, 85, 137.
158.                           Wagnerite, 127.
Tennantite, 71, 113.             Water of crystallization and hyTenorite, 121.                     dration, tests for, 26.
Tephroite, 127.                  Wavellite, 133.
Test-paper, 24.                  Websterite, 133.
Tetradymite, 65, 114.            White arsenic, 64
Tetrahedrite, 70, 115.             "   iron pyrites, 77.
Thenardite, 125.                   "   lead ore, 81.
Thomsonite, 128.                 Whitherite, 126.
Thorite, 138.                    Willemite, 134, 136
Tin, metallic, as reagent, 31.   Wittichite, 116.."    "    tests for, 31, 59.    Wcehlerite, 130.
"  ores of, 92.                Wolfram, 117.
"  oxide of, change by heat, 29.  Wolframite, 142.
"     "   tests for, 37, 152.   Wolfsbergite, 115.
Tin ore, 92.                     Wollastonite, 128.
Tin pyrites, 93, 116.            Wulfenite, 84, 120.
Titanic acid, tests for, 36, 160.
Titanic acid, tests for, when in   XANTHOCONE, 119.
combination, 60.               Xenotime, 143.
Titaniferous iron, 78, 118.      Xylotile, 124, 139.
Topaz, 135.
Tourmaline, 124, 131.            YELLOW  LEAD  ORE 84.
Tremolite, 132.                  Yttria, tests for, 148.




INDEX                            179
Yttro-cerite, 137.                Zinc, oxide  of, tests  for, 37,
Yttro-tantalite, 118.               162.
Zinc bloom, 135.
ZINC, metallic, test for, 31,     Zincite, 93, 137.
test for, when in combi-  Zinkenite, 81, 114.
nation, 61.            Zippeite, 137.
ores of, 93.               Zircon, 143.
6"  oxide  of,  change  by   Zirconia, tests for, 148.
heat, 28.                Zoisite, 132.?HZ END