J O U PT  At L
OF lIIL
PORTLAND SOCIETY
OF
NATURAL HISTORY.
Vol. 1. - - No. 1.
STEITTIEN BERR~~~ -Y,'  PRNTR
$TPiENB lI,PITR
~~' lgfJ.








JO U RNAL
OF THIE
PORTLAND SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY,
ART. I.- Observations on the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Jflc'ine
including a Catalogue of all the species of terrestrial and fluviatile Jiolluscca known to inhabit the State, By EDWARD S.
MORSE.
TWENTY-ONE years ago, Dr. J. W. Mighels, then of Polrtland,
presented to the Boston Society of Natural History a catalogue
of the shells of Maine, which was accepted and published by them
in the fourth volume of their Journal. Since that time the number
of species of terrestrial and fluviatile MIollusca detected in the
State has been nearly doubled. To make these additions known,
I commenced the preparation of a simple catalogue.  Such catalogues, however brief, are of value in the study of geographical
distribution, which is rapidly becoming an element of vast importance in the study of Zoology. At the same time their value is
greatly enhanced by observations concerning the relative scarcity
or abundance, habits, etc., of each species. While making these
brief notes, I was led to examine the subject still more closely.
This paper, the result of that investigation, is offered as a first
contribution to a more intimate knowledge of our native species.
In the preparation of these pages I have received great assistance
from W. G. Binney, Esq., of Burlington, New Jersey, to whom I
feel under grateful obligations for aid, without which it would
have been impossible to present certain species in the light recently
thrown upon them by the labors of certain European writers. He
JOURNAL P. s. N. H.          1                 XARCH, 1S64.




2                  Observations on the Terrestrial
has freely sent me all the works at his disposal, furnishing any de<sired intelligence on the subject, and by frequent correspondence
has decided many perplexing questions concerning synonymy.
Having most unfortunately parted with my own collections, the
results of diligent labor for several years, I have depended greatly
on the valuable collections of Adjutant John M. Gould and Mr.
Charles B. Fuller, of Portland, who placed all their material
entirely at my disposal; to these gentlemen I wish to tender my
sincere thanks.  I am  also indebted to the Rev. E. C. Bolles,
of Portland, for valuable assistance in numerous microscopical
examinations.  My thanks are due to Temple Prime, Esq., of New
York city, George W. Tryon, Jr., of Philadelphia, and A. E. VTerrill,
of the Museum of Comparative Zol1ogy at Cambridge, for numerous
acts of kindness.
Through the generosity and kindness of W. G. Binney, I have
had the pleasure of examining Albers' systematic arrangement
of the Helicide.*
I have adopted the sub-generic names of Albers, as far as it
could be done without open violation of the natural characters of
the animal. In many cases, however, I have made alterations in
his arrangement, proposing at the same time not only new genera,
but also several sub-families.t
Nothing can be more artificial than a classification of mollusea
based on the shell alone, or even on any single organ or portion
of the animal.  Now, true classification is not artificial; it is the
revelation of a natural order. All minor peculiarities play their
part only in the grand whole, and therefore we have no right to
cull out special points here and there for the arbitrary establishment
of convenient groupings.  In the following synoptical table I have
grouped the species together under certain generic, sub-family,
*Der Heliceen. Leipsic, 1860, 2d Ed. by Yon Martens.
i To write out the synonymy of the species here presented would require a special
study, and all the conchological works of this country and of Europe at one's command, in
order to do it properly. I have had neither this opportunity nor desire, and have concluded
to leave this part of the work to other hands. So long as the name of the original describer
of a species attends the shell, no confusion need be caused. The species " Labyrinthica,
Say", will always be known, whether it be Helix, Mesodon, Anchistoma, or Strobila;. an&l,
for this reason I have retained the name of the original describer of the species.




Pulmonifera of MIqcine.                  3
and family distinctions; basing these groups on the differences or
resemblances seen in the structural peculiarities of all the principal
parts of the animal, such as the characters of the lingual membrane,
form of the buccal plate, contour of the entire animal, and everything I could lay hold of in my limited sphere of observation to
guide me in this arrangement. I have been continually on my
guard not to lean too much on a single feature, but to consider
impartially all parts together. As yet, this can only be done
imperfectly, and it will require long and pains-taking research
before the end is attained. In fact, the interpretation of the natural
subdivisions which I believe to exist in these animals, demands
a deeper and more philosophical mode of study, a complete
embryological history of all the species, an exhaustive histology
and a thorough anatomy of the soft parts; and then whatever
may be revealed by such work, will, I believe, be as characteristically stamped on the shell as on the habits and economy of the
aninal. Finally, the definitions of Professor Agassiz regarding
genera, namely, details of structure; and of families, namely,
form, will be the long hidden keys to unlock and make plain the
relations of this group.
In a paper now in preparation, on the classification of the
Pulmonifera, I shall point out fully my reasons for the following
arrangement. Considerations regarding all the forms of this
order, and not merely those confined to the State, govern the
groupings given in this table.
In the Helicidte, (as restricted here to those animals which
sustain a globose or planospiral shell) we have noticed thus far
three principal types of lingual dentition.
(1.) In those larger forms of Helices which we include under
the sub-family Helicine, we have in the lingual membrane about
one hundred rows of plates, with about seventy-five plates in a
row. The laterals and uncini are scarcely distinguishable one
from the other; in fact they may be said to blend together. The
centrals and laterals are unidentate and similar in form; the
uncini either unidentate, bidentate, or irregularly notched. The
buccal plate is solid, arcuate, its frontal portion strongly marked
with longitudinal ribs which crenulate the cutting edge.




4               Observations on the Terrestrial
(2.)  In another group which we designate as Ilelicellina, we
have the viscera protected by a thin, glabrous shell; the lingual
membrane is nearly as broad as long, having about sixty-eight
rows of plates, averaging about forty-two plates in a row; the
laterals and uncini are quite distinct; the central plate broad,
long, tridentate; the laterals, three to five, bidentate, identical
with central, in form  of denticles; the uncini unidentate, the
denticle being aculeate and re-curved. The buccal plate is thin
and crescent shaped, with a middle beak-like projection, lateral
terminations pointed.
(3.)  In a still smaller group, for which we propose thle subfamily name of Vallonine, we have the lingual membrane composed
of eighty or ninety rows of plates, averaging twenty-six plates in
a row. The laterals and uncini are generally distilict.  The
central plate is square, tridentate; the laterals four to five, square,
bidentate; uncini broad, short, and minutely serrated. The buccal
plate is slightly arcuate, rarely produced centrally; its fi'ont surface
marked with delicate perpendicular or diverging strim, faintly
notching the cutting edge; the lateral terminations of plate being
rounded or blunt.
These three types of lingual dentition are accompanied with
like peculiarities in the character of the shell, the external appearanuce of the animal, and the general size of the species.
Vitrininme I restrict to Vitrina, owing to the value I place on
-the external characters of the animal. Punctinm I hold good on
the extraordinary character of the lingual dentition and buccal
plate peculiar to the species on which this sub-family is based.
The other groups we have not considered sufficiently to offer any
opinions as to their relative value or position. Taking the number
of plates in a row from five different species in each group from
Pupine upwarcl, and averaging this number for each group, we
have the following result:
LimacidaC including Philomycenidc,   94
Heliciine,                            73
Helicellin%                           42
Vallonin,                             26
Pupinve,                              24




Pzlzonmfera of ciqinze.                  5
SYNOPSIS OF THE FLUVIATILE AND TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF
TIIHE STATE OF MAINE.
NOTE. All names in Italics are proposed for the first time. Those families
marked thus * have not been examined by the author.
LIMACIDZE.             Pseudo2yctlinca exigua, Stimps.
ARIONINX.          "                minuscula, Binn.
Arion fuscus, Miill.            Striatura milium, Morse.
LIMACIN T.               "   ferlrea, M/Iorse.
Limax agrestis, Muiill.        Conulus chersina, Say.
"'  flavus, Linn.                     VALLONINAE.
" campestris, Binney.        Vallonia minuta, Say.
Patula striatella, Anthony.
PHILOMYCENIDLE.     Plqzanogycr asteriscus, Morse.
TEBElV7VNNOPHORIlNA. 0E XStrobila labyrinthica, Say.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis,     felicodiscus lineata, Say.
Pallifera dorsalis, Binney.              PUNCTINE.
Punctum minutissimun, Lea.
HELICIDiE.
IIELICIN.E.?
3Mesodon albolabris, Say.                SUCCININ3E.
"    Sayii, Binney.         Succinea Totteniana, Lea.
"    thyroides, Say.       Succeinea avara, Say.
Triodopsis dentifera, Binney.      "    ovalis, Gould.
Stenotrema monodon, Rackett.
Pomatia aspersa, Maill.                  PUPADZE.
Tachea hortensis, Mill.  Zua lubricoides, Stimpson.
Anguisp2ira alternata, Say.               PUPIN
VITR:ININE.          ZoSgenetes harpa, Say.
Vitrina limpida, Gould.        Pupilla badia, Adams.
IIELICELLINX. E.       Leucochila contracta, Say.
Macrocyclis concava, Say.                 corticaria, Say.
I-yalina cellaria,  -iill.                pentodon, Say.
"   indentata, Say.               VERTIGININ.E.
arborea, Say.          Isthmia ovata, Say.
" electrina, Gould.            "   Gouldi, Binney.
" Bin2eyCana, Morse.          c"  simplex, Gould.
it  multidentata, Binney.      "   milium, Gould.




6               Observations on the Terrestrial
* AURICULIDE.                   * VIVIPARIDzE.
AURICULIN-E.         j    Melantho decisa, Say.
Carychium exiguum, Say.
Alexia myosotis, Drap.              * AMNICOLIDIE.
MELAMPINAxz.          Amnicola decisa, Hald.
Melampus bidentatus, Say.          "    porata, Say.
-  0 "    limosa, Say.
LIMNAEID3E.
PLANORBINEE.               * VALVATIDME.
Planorbis lentus, Say.         Valvata tricarinata, Say.
Planorbella campanulatus, Say.    "   sincera, Say.
Helisoma trivolvis, Say.       Lyogyrus pupoidea, Gould.
"    bicarinatus, Say.
Menetus exacutus, Say.                *  NIONIDE.
Gvraulus deflectus, Say.
parvus, Say.              Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea.
parvus, Say.
"    hirsutus, Gould.          "    marginata, Say.
d clilatatus, Gould.           "    implicata, Say.
Planorbula armigera, Say.      Strophitus undulatus, Say.
4"   sculptilis, Ag.
PHYSINZE.            Alasmodonta marginatus, Say.
Nauta elongata, Say.
Physa anillaria, Say.  Margaritana arcuata, Barnes.
Physa ancillaria, Say.
"  heterostropha, Say.  Lampsilis ochracea, Say.
a  gyrina, Say.                  "    radiata, Lam.
Unio complanatus, Lea.
LIMNAEINAE.
Radix ampla, Mighels.              * CORBICULADA.
"  columella, Say.
Sphmrium sulcatum, Lam.
Limnophysa elodes, Say.          he    striatum, Lam.
"  des.diosa, Say.  "    striatinum, Lam.
"c    desidiosa, Say.
Say.    partumeium, Say.
caperata, Say.        r"   tenue, Prime.
C"    catascopium, Say.
c"   securis, Prime.
"     humllis, Say.
humilis, Sa    truncatum, Linsley.
ANCYLINA.           Pisidium Virginicum, BourguiAncylus parallelus, Hald.         "    Adamsii, Prime. [gnat.
"   tardus, Say.              cc"   cquilaterale, Prime.
"   fluviatilis, Say.          "    compressum, Prime.
"   ovalis, Morse.             "    variabile, Prime.
"   borealis, Morse.          c"   abditum, Hald.




Pulnzonifera of JMaine.                      7
L I    A C I D A.
J RI O J'I"JE.
Arion fuscus, Mtiller.
Occurs rarely in gardens in the city of Portland.
Lingual membrane has 100-31-1-31, central tridentate, base thickened; laterals bidentate merging into uncini which are two or three cuspid.
L r2M C ITXE.
Limax campestris, Binney.
Common in woods.
Limax flavus, Linn.
Occurs rarely in Portland.
Limax agrestis, Mtiller.
Common in fields and by the road side near villages, and abundant in cellars and gardens in Portland.
Buccal plate (Fig. 1,) arcuate, ends blunt,
cutting edge not produced, exterior surface
marked with numerous slight longitudinal ribs
which project over the cutting edge.
Lingual membrane having over 100 rows,           Fig. 1.
32-1-32; central plate longer than wide, widening posteriorly; central denticle
long as plate, strongly shouldered at base; laterals unidentate, strongly shouldered at outer base; uncini bicuspid. (PI. 3, Fig. 2.)
PHILOMYCENID2E.
TE B EXJ'JO  PHO   R INXE.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bose.
Occurs rarely in the southern portions of the State.
Buccal plate (Fig. 3,) strongly arcuate, very wvide
longitudinally, middle of cutting edge bearing a perceptible beak, strongly striate, longitudinally and transvcrsely.
Lingual membrane having 115-56-1-56, central plate   Fig. 3.
long and narrow, widening posteriorly, having one denticle half the length
of plate; laterals long, narrow, unidentate, merging into bidentate uncini.
(PI. 3, Fiy. 4.)




8                 Observations on the Terrestrial
Pallifera.  NOV. GEN.
lluccal plate arcuate, rounded at sides; having seven prominent ribs, which
crenulate its cutting edge.
Lingual membrane has central plate tridentate, laterals bidentate, uncini
denticulated.
Pallifera dorsalis, Binney.
Not uncommon.
Buccal plate (Fig. 5,) stout, arcuate, rounded
at sides, having seven distinct longitudinal ribs
which deeply notch the cutting edge, central
one largest.
Fig. 5.
Lingual membrane has 118-29-1-29: central plate rather long and narrow, with
one long denticle flanked by two small denticles; first ten laterals bidentate, the
smaller outer denticle setting off at a slight angle from the base of larger denticle,
the remainder of the plates tridentate, those on the extreme border of membrane
being wide and short with one or two short denticles. (Pl. 3, Fig. 6.)
H E L I C ID D E.
HELICINIE.
Mesodon albolabris, Say.
Appears to be a common species throughout the State, though
not found in great numbers inland. On some of the islands in
Casco Bay they are met with in great abundance, the representatives of each island showing some peculiarities of growth or color.
Mr. C. B. Fuller has detected a beautiful form of this species on
one of the outer islands in Casco Bay in company with Tachea
hortensis. The shell is rather below the average size, quite stout,
and deep brown or claret in color, with a broad heavy white lip.
On another island not far from this, the species assumed a large
lighllt-yellow shell. Mr. Fuller has in his collection a specimen of
this species which has become singularly deformed by injuries
received before it had attained its complete growth.  The last
whorl instead of proceeding in its usual course, is turned completely
under the shell, is devoid of periostraca, and exhibits frequent
attempts at producing a lip.  The timidity of the species when
first kept in confinement, is exhibited by a quick withdrawal of
the tentacles on being touched. It loses its timidity after a while
and appears quite tame.




Pldmomznfera of AIaine.                        9
Buccal plate (Fiqy.7,) heavy, arcuate, not
tapering at sides, having ten conspicuous
ribs which crenulate the upper and lower
edges of plate; lines of accretion distinct.
Lingual membrane 123-44-1-44, central
plate long, widening posteriorly, having          Fiq. 7.
one denticle as long as plate; laterals having one long stout denticle merging
into bidentate uncini, smaller denticle nearly obsolete. (Pl. 3, Fig. 8.)
The whole membrane bears a strong resemblance to that of
Tebennophorus Carolinensis.
Mesodon Sayii, Binney.
This species has been found in several localities in the State.
J. M. Gould found this species in Aroostook Valley.  Mountain
sides appear to be its most congenial position. One specimen in
miy collection exhibited the singular process of two perfect lips
foriued about one fourth of an inch apart.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 9,) strongly arcuate, ta-,
pering at the sides, having from twelve to
thirteen longitudinal ribs which strongly notch
the cutting edge, and crenulate also the upper
edge.
Lingual membrane 123-42-1-42, central plate narrow at base of denticle which
is longer than plate; laterals long, narrow, and curving inw-ard, having one long
l)roacl denticle, merging into uncini which have two long denticles coalescing,
extreme uncini tridentate, obtuse. (Pl. 4, Fig. 10.)
Mesodon thyroides, Say.
Dr. C. T. Jackson catalogues this species in his Report on the
Geology of Maine, and as the shells collected by hiln were submitted to Dr. A. A. Gould for verification, there canll be no doubt
of the occurrence of this species in the State.
Triodopsis dentifera, Binney.
A few  specimens were discovered by Mr. John M. Gould at
Bethel, Maine, on the Androscoggin river; they were found high
up on a mountain slope, in young birch, in company with M. Sayii.
Pomatia aspersa, Muiller.
Dr. Binney mentions the occurrence of this species on the coast
of Maine, otherwise than this, I have never heard of its presence
in the State.




10               Observations on the Terrestrial
Tachea hortensis, Miiller.
This species has been found in abundance on several islands
from Casco Bay to Grand Menan.  Mr. Fuller found them on one
of the extreme outer islands in Casco Bay in great profusion; the
island is covered with a growth of wild dwarf pear, on the branches
of which he found great numbers clinging. If this species is
really identical with the Tachea hortensis of Europe, it seems a
little singular that here it should only be found on islands frequently
barren and far out from  the land, and that the supposed variety
hortensis only should occur, while in the old country they become
a nuisance in gardens.
W. Thomson, in the Annals and Mag. Nat. His. Second Series,
Vol. 7, gives the dentition of Tachea nemoralis thus: number of
rows in lingual membrane 135, number of plates in a row 100,
total 13,500.  We find the following in a full grown specimen of
Tachea hortensis fiom Maine: 116 rows, 65 plates in a row, total
7540.
A tracing which Mr. Binney sends me of the buccal plate of
the European T. nemoralis is nearly identical with the buccal plate
of this species, while that of the European hortensis is quite
different.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 11,) strongly arcuate, having
five longitudinal ribs which notch both edges of the
plate,central rib largest, distinctly striated transversely.
Lingual membrane, 116-32-1-32, central plate widenFig. 11.     ing posteriorly, having one large denticle not as long
as plate, first seven laterals unidentate, which gradually merge into irregularly
tridentate uncini. (Pl. 4, Fig. 12.)
The numbers on the cut indicate their position from the central: owing to the complicated form of each plate, the entire row is not drawn.
Stenotrema monodon, Rackett.
Found throughout the State, though not a common species.
Two or three specimens are generally found together. I have
frequently noticed them on trunks of trees four or five feet from
the ground. I have also found them in open pastures. In
confinement the animal remains within the shell, rarely moving
about. The minute hairy projections on the surface of this species




Publnonzifelea of lfaine.                   11
are always constant in all our specimens, though more conspicuous
in the young. These projections are colorless and spring from
translucent areas, slightly elevated from the surrounding surface,
and devoid of the coarse, irregular, and interrupted ruge which
mark the periostraca.  (Plate 2, Fig. 2.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 13,) saffron color, stout, regularly
arcuate, having six or seven longitudinal folds scalloping  
both edges of the plate.
Lingual membrane 100-28-1-28, central plate quite broad  Fig. 13.
having one large blunt denticle; first five or six laterals having one large denticle,
next twelve with an incipient outer denticle at the base of larger denticle; uncini
irregularly dentated. (Pl. 4, Fig. 14.)
Anguispira. Nov. GEN.
This name is proposed for alternata, as we cannot include it with
Patula or Euryomphalus if we take H. rotundata as the type.
Anguispira alternata, Say.
On some of the islands in Casco Bay this species occurs in the
greatest profusion, and though generally distributed throughout
the State they are not common. Occurs at Aroostook. Perfectly
colorless specimens were found in the hollow of a tree on one of
the islands in the bay. The periostraca is very much like that of
Patula striatella.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 15,) arcuate, stout, not wide, of the
same length throughout, lateral terminations truncate, strongly striati both longitudinal and transverse.
Lingual membrane 121-34-1-34, central plate wide, with one  Fig. 15.
large denticle shouldered at its base, barely indicating the trace of a smaller
denticle, laterals long, angular, having one long wide denticle with a minute
denticle at its outer base, uncini small and square, distinctly bidentate, one
denticle minute. (P1. 4, Fig. 16.)
In the lingual membrane of one old specimen which I examined
the denticles were worn completely away from the first ten rows
of plates.
V I T R I N I N A9.
Vitrina limpida, Gould.
Occurs in the neighborhood of Portland, and on several islands
in Casco Bay and vicinity. I met with several specimens at




12                Observations on the Terrestrial
Bethel, Maine; also found it on the St. John's river at the extreme
northern boundary of the State.
Lingual memnbrane 90-25-1-25. Central plate long, having one long central
denticle and two short denticles. Laterals seven, having one long and one short
denticle. Uncini bidentate, aculeate, extreme uncini tridentate. (Pl. 5, Fig. 17.)
Mr. WV. Thomson in Annals and MIag. lNat. His. second series,
Vol. 7, gives the following formula of Vitrina pellucida of England:
number of rows 160; number in a row 110; total 17,600.  By
the above it will be seen that Vitrina limpida stands thus: number
of rows 90; number in a row 51; total, 4,590.
H ELI C E L  IN E.
Macrocyclis concava, Say.
Found in several places in Oxford County, though very rare.
All the specimens were exceedingly dwarfed.  I kept one of this
species in confinement with several specimens of Hyalina cellaria;
these it soon devoured, even destroying the viscera far within the
shell; its long cylindrical body being well adapted to facilitate its
carnivorous propensities.
I am indebted to the Smithsonian Institution for the use of the
cut illustrating the dentition of this species.  I solicited the use
of it from  Prof. Henry in order to complete the dentition of our
Maine Helicelline.
Hyalina cellaria, IMuller.
Occurs rarely in cellars and gardens in the city of Portland.
One lady informed me that they troubled her a great deal by
crawling into the pains of milk.
Fig. 18.         Buccal plate, (Fig. 18,) (Fig. 19, young,) crescentic,
projecting in the centre, forming a well defined point,
slightly striate longitudinally in the centre.
Lingual membrane 38-17-1-17; central plate very
long and narrow, with three minute teeth occupying
Fig. 19.       nearly the centre of tile plate, i. e. midway between
anterior and posterior edges. First four laterals irregular in shape, apparently
bidentate, uncini long, single, aculeate denticles. (Pl. 5, Fig. 20.)
Hyalina indentata, Say.
Widely distributed throughout the State; more numerous in
the interior.




.Pulnzonifera of  MJfaine.                    13
Body when fully expanded nearly three times the length of the
shell's diameter; very slender; disk white; head, sides and back
bluish; tentacles dark blue.  Superior tentacles unusually long
and thick compared to the size of the body.  Very active and
bold in confinement.
The indented lines on the surface of the shell appear like deep
seams.  The lines of accretion are scarcely distinguishable, tllough
close minute revolving lines are apparent.  (Plate 2, _Fyig. 11.)
Buccal plate (Fig. 21,) slightly arcuate, partially
raised in middle of cutting edge, longitudinally
striate in centre of plate.                            Fig. 21.
Lingual membrane 53-39-1-39; central plate armed with a long and broad
denticle, with a smaller pointed denticle on each side; laterals three, long and
narrow, slilghtly curved, having one long broad denticle and one smaller outer
denticle; uncini thirty-six, having one long re-curved hook, gradually diminishing to minute plates. (PI. 5, Fig. 22.)
Hyalina electrina, Gould.
Common throughout the  State.  Appeared  to  be the most
common species in the northern parts of Maine.  Faint revolving
lines mark the surface of the shell; also slight folds in the periostraca which run obliquely across the incremental lines.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 23,) crescentic, wide through the centre,
the lateral terminations turning                  /I!
backward; the centre of cutting
edge produced into a large rounded beak having on either side one              Fig. 23.
or two smaller projections.
Lingual membrane 54-27-1-27. Central plate broad and long, having one long
slender denticle and on either side at its base a smaller denticle; laterals three,
bidentate, first two long and narrow, third smaller, uncini having one long clawshaped denticle. (Fig. 24.)
Hyalina Binneyana.  Nov. sp.  (Tig. 25.)
Body bluish, disk white, viscera bright orange color. Shell thin,
pellucid, nearly colorless; composed of nearly four whorls gradually enlarging; spire slightly elevated, aperture well rounded,
umbilicus showring all the volutions,  Diameter,.13 inch, axis.07
inch.




14               Observations on the Terrestrial
Periostraca slightly wrinkled by lines of accretion; numerous
short rugv also run obliquely across the incremental lines. (Plate
2, Fig. 9.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 26,) crescentic, produced in the middle of cutting edge, forming a large rounded beak, on each side of
which are two smaller projections.
Lingual membrane 60-23-1-23, central
plate nearly square, tridentate, central denticle long, slender; laterals three, (Fig. 27,
Fig. 26.           a,) outer posterior portion somewhat pointed, bidentate, larger denticle occupying nearly the centre of plate, smaller
denticle close to the outer edge of plate. Third lateral irregular in shape and
smaller than first and second laterals. Uncini having long claw-shaped denticles, anterior portions abruptly bent inward. (Pl. 6, Fig. 27.)
This species is nearest allied to H. electrina; it differs from that
species in the following particulars; it is nearly one third smaller
than H1. electrina, its color is quite different being nearly white
with a greenish tinge.  The buccal plate is much longer and has
a posterior expansion which we do not observe in H. electrina;
the lateral terminations of buccal plate are somewhat rounded,
while in H. electrina the same portions are pointed. By comparing
the figures of the dentition of the two species several important
differences will be noticed; the lateral plates are broader and
shorter than in II. electrina, the uncini are abruptly bent inward
at their anterior portions and the number of plates stands thus:
60-23-1-23, so that we have a less number of plates in a row, but
a greater number of rows than we obtain in H. electrina. It
might often be mistaken for the young of H. indentata which it
resembles very much in form  and color.  Has been met with in
several portions of the southern parts of the State. The umbilicated variety of H. indentata may prove to be this species.  We
take the liberty of naming this species after W. G. Binney, Esq.
Hyalina arborea, Say.
Found everywhere in abundance.
The incremental strive on the shell are barely visible, there are
also minute close-set revolving lines. The whole surface of the
shell appears to be marked with minute dots which do not




Pulrmoniferac of 1Maine.                       15
appear to be raised but are rather within the substance of the
periostraca.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 28,) crescentic, tapering to a
point at each side, roundly projecting in the centre
of cutting edge, and correspondingly depressed on
posterior edge.                                          Fig. 28.
Lingual membrane 82-21-1-21, central plate broad and square, widening
posteriorly, tridentate, central denticle longer than plate, laterals four, long,
narrow, projecting at outer posterior corner, having one long and one short
denticle, uncini simple, long, recurved spines, those nearest laterals having on
their outer side a small denticle. (PI. 6, Fig. 29.)
Hyalina multidentata, Binney.  (2Pg. 30.)
A  few  specimens only have been found in Cumberlanc  andcl
Oxford Counties.
Animal white with a blueish tinge, back mottled with black,
eyes scarcely visible,
The periostraca exhibits no traces of longitudinal lines; the
lines of accretion are very faint; equidistant furrows radiate from
the suture as in H. indentata.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 31,) crescentic, sides turning
slightly back, cutting edge nearly straight, faintly
notched.
Lingual membrane 68-15-1-15, central plate broad,      Fig. 31.
flaring out posteriorly, tridentate, central denticle longer than plate, side denticles
very small; laterals two, similar in shape having one long and one short denticle;
uncini, long recurved hooks, first of the uncini more like a modified lateral.
(Pl. 6, Fig. 32.)
The peculiarities of the shell may form the type of a sub-genus,
though I prefer placing it at present with Hyalina.
Pseudohyalina.  Nov. GEN.
We unite under a distinct generic title the two following species.
They are closely connected with Hyalina by the aculeate uncini,
though the differences seen in the shell, peculiarities in the dentition and buccal plate, I consider to warrant their separation.
In Hyalina the laterals comprise one-sixth or one-seventh of the
whole number of plates in a row, while in Pseudohyalina the
laterals comprise about one-third the number. In Hyalina the
shell is smooth  and polished; in this the shells are either ribbed




16               Observations on the Terrestrial
or striated.  In HIyalina, the buccal plate is crescentic with a
central projection, in this the plate is more like those species we
include under ValloninTe. In short this genus is related to HIyalina
in the characters of the lingual dentition, and to ValloninT in thle
character of the shell and buccal plate.
Pseudohyalina exigua, Stirnpson.
Occurring all over the State, and in favorable positions found
in  abundance; generally preferring low, wet ground, though
sometimes living in situations comparatively dry.
The body is quite narrow  and long, greenish white, marked
with black along the back.  The tentacles coarsely blotched with
black.  The cost e are more numerous on the shell of this species
than in P. asteriscns, and are also more solid and not so prjecting;
they run moreover not parallel with the lines of accretion but
obliquely across them; the surface of the shell is reticulated by
numerous longitudinal lines somewhat waved and nearly as prominent as the costre, which extend to the apex, which is thus
distinguished from  the granulated apex of P. asteriscus.  The
space between these longitudinal lines, is marked with minute
transverse rugte extending from  one line to the other, though
frequlently terminating midway between them; these run obliquely
across the cost  andcl parallel with the line of aperture.  The whole
surface of the shell presents a most beautiful appearance when
highly magnified.  (Plcate 2, F'ifg. 8.)
Lingual membrane, 69-16-1-16, central plate long, having one long slender
denticle and two small ones; laterals longer than wide, outer posterior angle
projecting, bidentate, larger denticle the length of plate; uncini aculeate, those
nearest the laterals having a small denticle on their outer sides. (Pl. 7, Fig. 33.)
Pseudohyalina minuscula, Binney.
A  few  specimens only have been found in the vicinity of
Portland.  It would seem that this is its extreme eastern limit.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 34,) nearly straight, rounded
at ends, faintly striate longitudinally, slightly raised
Fig. 34.       in centre of cutting edge.
Lingual membrane 53-12-1-12, central plate nearly square, wider at posterior
portion, tridentate, laterals bidentate, uncini, nearly straight sharp spines.
(PI. 7, Fig. 35.)




Pubnonifera of Afaine.                      17
Not being able to get a living specimen of this species to procure the parts
above described, I resorted to a specimen received from Cincinnati, Ohio, ten
years ago, and by soaking it in water for nearly three hours, the dried remains
within the shell were so softened, that with a little diligence and patience I
managed to extract the entire lingual membrane and buccal plate. Mention is
made of this, that others desirous of securing the dentition of any species of
which they have no living example, can, by pursuing the above course obtain
satisfactory results from the exsiccated animal.
Striatura.  Nov. GEN.
Based upon peculiarities of dentition as seen in the enormous
central plate and the channelled buccal lamina.
At first sight these might be regarded as specific peculiarities,
considering the size of central plate as one of degree only, but
we find the buccal plate modified in such a manner as to conform
perfectly to this difference in structure.
The two following species are united under the above name
after a careful consideration of these features. I became acquainted
with the dentition of S. milium  before
I had discovered the species herein described as S. ferrea, and had made up my
mind as to the value of these differences.
When therefore I discovered the latter
species, I noticed in the appearance of
the shell alone its strong specific weight. 
But still the close similitude it bore to
the shell of S. milium  lent it a new
interest; and on examining the lingual
membrane and buccal plate its generic
affinities with S. miliumrn  were rendered
complete.
Striatura ferrea, Nov. sr.
(Fig's 36, 37, 38.)
Animal dark blue, foot rapidly narrowing to an acute point behind.  Shell very
small, translucent, with a steel grey tinge,
not shining: having three volutions, the
outer whorl rapidly enlarging, aperture         (Fig's 36,-7, 38.)
JOURNTAL r. S. N. H.           2                    xiwHa, 1864.




18               Observations on the Terrestrial 
well rounded, very large, spire slightly elevated.  Suture distinct,
and deeply channeled near the apex. Umbilicus small, though
abrupt, and exhibiting all the volutions. Diameter.10 inch, axis.05 inch. Periostraca minutely marked with fine revolving lines,
and lines of increase, which reticulate the whole surface.  (Plate
2, Fig. 10.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 39,) slightly
bent, tapering at sides; deeply
channeled and indented in middle
of cutting edge.
Lingual membrane 39-20-1-20,
Fig. 39.               central plate enormous, equal in
size to two laterals, nearly twice as broad as long, outer posterior corners
projecting outward and backward, central denticle longer than plate, very thick,
smaller denticle on each side at base of central denticle, laterals two, bidentate,
first lateral small, broader than long, very irregular in shape, having at its
posterior portion a slight transverse projection, denticles small; central lateral
longer than broad, with one long and one short denticle, uncini aculeate. (Plate
7, Fig. 40.)
It resembles the young of Hyalina indentata very much, and
for a long time I have mistaken it for the young of that shell.
Rev. E. C. Bolles frequently called my attention to it, as he could
not with propriety refer it to H. indentata. On subjecting a
specimen to the microscope, its specific value was at once apparent
in the marking of the periostraca, which in H. indentata is perfectly
smooth, exhibiting only the faintest revolving lines; H. ferrea
lacks also the impressed radiating lines so characteristic of II.
indentata. The apex is marked with distinct revolving lines, the
open umbilicus is constant, and it is not half as large as an adult
indentata; finally the dead color alone is sufficient to distinguish
it from the latter shell.  Found in damp localities.
Striatura milium, Morse. (Fig. 41.)
Appears to be generally  distributed
throughout the State, and occurs also in
several places in Massachusetts.' Though
met with in almost every place, where
the smaller species of pulmonates are               Fig. 41.
sought, but one or two specimens are ever found at a time; this




Pulmonifera of iMaine.                       19
scarcity of individuals appears more marked, when specimens of
other species are frequently met with in abundance. This species
occurs in nearly all positions even in growths composed almost
exclusively of pine, spruce and hemlock.
The animal is white, the head and tentacles faintly marked with
dark spots.
The surface of the shell is raised in numerous costal folds,
frequently anastomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface
and render the folds so crenulated that in certain lights the shell
appears as if ornamented with strings of beads. This peculiar
character disappears at the base of shell, and is replaced by
revolving lines and regular lines of accretion.  (Plate 2, Fig. 7.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 42,) a long narrow slightly curved
lamina, middle of cutting edge indented as in S. ferrea.
Lingual membrane 68-17-1-17, central plate twice as   Fig. 42.
broad as long, equal in size to two laterals, tridentate, central denticle very
thick, nearly twice as long as plate, side denticles stout; laterals two, similar in
shape, bidentate, denticles small, uncini long claw shaped, first five uncini having
a small denticle on the outer side of long one. (Pl. 7, Fig. 43.)
Conulus chersina, Say.
Occurring from the northern to the southern confines of the
State.  At Fort Kent on the extreme northern boundary I found
very large specimens of this species.
The inferior tentacles are quite long and  slender.  A  few
indistinct lines of growth are visible on the shell, and also
numerous revolving lines which are more distinct at the base of
shell; near the suture the periostraca is marked with very short
minute wrinkles which are scarcely visible even when magnified
four hundred diameters.  (Plate 2, Fig. 4.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 44,) a broad wide crescentic
lamina, with the cutting edge raised in the centre,
forming a rounded beak.
Lingual membrane 80-18-1-18, central plate nearly     Fig. 44.
square, tridentate, central denticle long, slender; side denticles very small,
laterals seven, merging into uncini, bidentate similar in form to central; uncini
bicuspid. (Pl. 7, Fifg. 45.)




20             Observations on the Terrestrial
The strong resemblance between Conulus chersina and Conulus
fulva of Europe has been often remarked by American writers,
yet we are not aware that these species have ever been united by
any of them. The European writers Chemnitz, Pfeiffer, Reeve,
Forbes and Hanley unite the two. With the unaided eye it
would be difficult to point out the distinctions between the two
species which become apparent when magnified. _Fig. 46 represents an enlarged view of Conulus chersina and Fig. 47 of Conulus
fulva.
In C. chersina the shell is much more inflated,
the spire is more elevated, the whorls are more
bulging, and the body whorl is not so angular
as in C. fulva; the base also of C. chersina
is more convex than that of C. fulva, the form
Fig. 46.     of the apertures of the two species are quite
unlike as will be seen by reference to the figures. In the specimens
>-f-9 —.    of Conulus fulva which I examined there
appeared to be a minute umbilicus which is
wanting in C. chersina. The exterior surfaces
of the two species under a high magnifying
FPig. 47.    power show marked differences. Magnified
four hundred diameters the incremental lines in C. fulva are seen
very strongly marked near the suture only; in C. chersina these
lines are close set and equidistant; in C. fulva they are finer and
are interspersed between larger waves of the periostraca, they are
slightly irregular also. In the same region in C. chersina we find
minute short longitudinal rugme which we failed to notice in C.
fulva. In the umbilical region in C. chersina the periostraca
appears to be waved, a similar structure is more conspicuous in
C. fulva. The chief peculiarity in C. chersina which we have not
seen mentioned before in relation to this species, is the close set
revolving lines, (Plate 2, Fig. 4,) which are so delicate they can
hardly be discerned even when highly magnified. These lines
are more conspicuous in the umbilical region. I have found no
trace of this peculiar feature in C. fulva.
Thomson, in the paper above referred to, gives the dentition of
Conulus fulva thus: 70 rows of plates, with 45 plates in a row,




Pulmonifera of Maine.                      21
total 3,150. Conulus chersina stands thus: 80 rows of plates 37
plates in a row, total 2,960; thus we have the palatal membrane
longer and narrower in C. chersina.
VALLONIN NE.
Patula striatella, Anthony.
Abundant everywhere throughout the State; I have frequently
met with specimens perfectly white. I have received from Rev.
E. C. Bolles of Portland a distinct variety of this species collected
by him at Waterville, Maine; they were rather above the average
size, the whorls bulging, the usual semi-carination being entirely
obsolete, the suture very deeply impressed.  In one specimen the
last whorl is completely separated from the shell and turns rapidly
downward in its revolution. The regular folds or ribs which
characterize this species are quite prominent and sharp; between
these ribs the periostraca is marked with irregular ruge, which
run not only parallel with the ribs but across in every direction,
and appear to be governed by no order of arrangment, appearing
more like cracks caused by a change in the condition of the periostraca; very fine revolving lines are also observable. (P1. 2,
Fig. 6.)
Buccal plate (Fig. 48,) arcuate, pointed at sides. I_
marked with diverging striae, cutting edge unevenly notched or jagged.
Lingual membrane 100-16-1-16, central plate       Fig. 48
largest, square tridentate, laterals nearly square, bidentate, uncini with two
minute denticles. (P1. 8, Fiy. 49.)
Vallonia minuta, Say. (Figs. 54, 55.)
Found everywhere in abundance throughout the State.  In
gardens in the City of Portland.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 56,) wide, narrow, straight,
lateral portions slightly bent, longitudinally
striate, cutting edge minutely notched.
Fig. 56.
Lingual membrane, 73-11-1-11, central plate narrow, notched at outer posterior
angles, having three minute denticles; laterals, three, lozenge shaped, bidentate,
outer posterior angle indented; uncini broad, short, denticulated, (Pl. 8, Fig
57.)




22             Observations on the Terrestrial
This is one of the first species described by Say. He was
probably unacqurnted at that time with the Vallonia pulchella
of Europe, as he makes no remarks on the resemblance of his
species with the European form. Stimpson, Kirtland and Dekay
retain the specific name of minuta for this shell, while Binney,
Gould, W. G. Binney, Adams, Mighels, and all the European
writers unite it with V. pulchella. Dr. Binney expressed his
opinion that this species was not identical with V. pulchella, as
he could not perceive how an introduced species could have
penetrated regions so remote from the coast. (Binney's Mon.,
Vol. II. p. 176.) W. G. Binney has in his possession notes of Mr.
Say never published, in which he (Say) acknowledged an identity
between the two species. When we consider how widely and
abundantly this species is distributed throughout North America,
no less abundant in the far west than on the Atlantic coast, we
certainly have reason for believing this species indigenous.
The occurrence of the supposed variety, V. costata in this country
has been cited as an evidence of the identity of V. minuta with
V. pulchella. I cannot see that the occurrence of this ribbed
variety in the United States proves any identity between the two
species, for it seems probable that two species so intimately resembling each other would be liable to exhibit similar modifications; examples are common wherein closely related forms present
similar phenomena of variation; among the Helicidam for instance,
we have the difference in the coloring both of the animal and
shell, the presence or absence, or the variability in the arrangement of teeth within the aperture of the shell, the closed or open
umbilicus; or, among the Unionidae we have in close resembling
species an identical mode of variation, either in the inflation or
contraction of the shell, in the elongation or truncation of the
anterior region, or, in the presence or absence of radiating lines
of coloring. Vallonia costata however, I believe to be a distinct
species.
In the following comparisons numerous specimens from various
localities in Europe, and from Ohio, New York, Massachusetts,
and Maine, have been examined and the differences pointed out
have been verified in every specimen examined.




Pulmonifera of 2Maine.                 23
Fig. 54.                         Fig. 58.
Fig. 55.                         Fig. 59.
Figures 54 and 55 represent a specimen of Vallonia minuta
from Portland, Maine, Figures 58 and 59 represent a specimen
of Vallonia pulchella from Tuscany. The principal points of
difference will be seen in the more depressed form of V. minuta
as compared with V. pulchella, the whorls are not as large, the
labrum as it joins the labium near the umbilicus is more directly
under the body whorl than in V. pulchella; the upper part of the
aperture is not so arching as in the European shell, and the entire
aperture, modified by these differences, is not so completely circular as in V. pulchella, while the lower portion of the last whorl
in the European shell is slightly flattened; in V. minuta the
outline forms a perfect curve. The principal points of difference
between the two species is seen in the angle formed by the
dotted lines in Figures 55 and 59, one of which passes through the
axis of the shell, and the. other parallel with the plane of the
aperture; the line perpendicular to the axis of the shell in relation to the plane of the aperture, forms a greater angle in V.
pulchella. This we consider a very marked and important distinction between the two species. V. minuta is generally more
translucent; the periostraca of the two shells when highly magnified exhibit slight differences also.
W. Thomson of England gives the dentition of V. pulchella
thus, number of rows 65, number of plates in a row 30, total,
1950. We find V. minuta to stand thus, number of rows 73,
number of plates in a row 23, total, 1679.




24              Observations on the Terrestrial
The following outline represents the buccal plate of V. pulchella,,,Z~iZ    (Fig. 60, from Moquin Tandon,) this differs con(Fig. 60.) siderably from V. minuta, for in the last named species
we have a broad narrow plate with the cutting edge not elevated
or produced in the centre as in V. pulchella, but straight and
finely notched by the perpendicular strive.
The three following species differ so greatly from each other
in the shell, lingual dentition, buccal plate, and proportion and
form of the extended animal, that I consider it a less violation of
their natural characters to separate them under distinct generic
names, than to unite them under one common title. In Helicodiscus (nov. gen.) we have a peculiar structure of the shell, buccal
plate, dentition, and form of the head. In Planogyra (nov. gen.)
we have again certain differences in the shell, buccal plate and
dentition, which make it distinct from all other genera herein
described. The habits of the species forming this genus are
nearly aquatic. In Strobila (nov. gen.) we see such profound
differences in the shell combined with other peculiarities, that we
are forced to place this species also under a distinct generic title.
Planogyra asteriscus, Morse. (Fig. 50.)
This species first discovered at Bethel, Maine, has since been
found at Gorham, Maine, and on the Kennebec River, also at
Salem, Mass., on the Hudson River,
N. Y., and at Gaspe, Canada East.
I. A. Lapham  has it also from the
northern shores of Lake Superior; it
seems by this to be widely distribu(Fig. 50.)       ted; it must however be regarded as
a species of rare occurrence. In the only two places where I
have found them, the ground was very wet and boggy; they
occurred abundantly however, and the intermixture of coniferous
trees appear to produce no disturbance to their
perpetuation and increase. The animal is very
translucent, body bluish white, head, neck and
tentacles mottled with bluish black in streaks and
F\   dots; disk yellowish white.  (Fig. 51.)  The shell
Fig. 51.




Ptulmonifera of M2aine.                    25
is banded with twenty to twenty-five thin, sharp, prominent laminto, inclined slightly backward and parallel with the lines of
accretion; these laminxe present a waved appearance on their
outer edges, probably produced artificially as they are very elastic.
Between these ribs are distinctly seen the incremental lines;
revolving with the whorls are also interrupted lines, these are
intercostal only. (Pl. 2,'ig. 5.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 52,) slightly arcuate,
rounded at sides, irregularly wrinkled longitudinally; cutting edge produced in the middle to
a rounded beak.                                   Fig. 52.
Lingual membrane 77-13-1-13, central plate long, quite narrow, outer posterior
angles projecting, having three small denticles. Laterals nearly lozenge shaped,
outer posterior angle with two projections; having one large denticle, one
smaller outer denticle, and at the inner base of large denticle a minute projection.  Uncini broad and short, with one or two minute denticles. (Pl. 8,
Fig. 53.)
The remarks of Dr. Gould, quoted by W. G. Binney, in his
"supplement," in connection with this species, were not intended
for this shell. Several years ago I sent a description with specimens of Punctum minutissimum to the Boston Society of Natural
History, under the supposition that it was new, having never seen
Lea's description, and Dr. Gould's remarks were in reference to
those specimens.
Helicodiscus lineata, Say. (Fig. 61.)
Everywhere in company with the smaller species, though nowhere abundant.
Animal nearly white or rather translucent, mottled with small
white blotches, body long and narrow, upper   <
posterior portion of foot conspicuously furrowed. In motion the shell lies perfectly
flat on the extreme  posterior portion  of                ~
body, the superior tentacles standing nearly
perpendicularly, and the head with inferior
tentacles thrust out some way beyond the            Fig. 61.
base of larger tentacles; eyes scarcely visible. From fourteen to
fifteen ribs ornament the shell of this species, between which are




26               Observations on the Terrestrial
seen still finer revolving ribs; incremental strioe irregular and
extending over the ribs are also present.  (Plate 2, PFig. 3.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 62,) curved, tapering laterally from the centre, stria radiating from centre
Fig. 62.         of cutting edge, which is slightly projecting.
Lingual membrane, 77-12-1-12. Lateral plate long, narrow, with a projection
at its outer posterior angles, tridentate, denticles minute, laterals nearly square,
outer posterior side thickened and produced, having one long denticle occupying
the centre of plate, with a smaller denticle occupying each side, at its base,
uncini denticulated, those nearest laterals having three or four rounded denticles. (PI. 8, Fig. 63.)
Strobila labyrinthica.  (Fig. 64.)
Occurs throughout the state, in some places in abundance.
White specimens of this species have been observed.  Animal
quite small compared to the size of the shell,
superior tentacles thick, bulbous, head broad,
eyes very large.  The  upper portion of the
whorls of the shell is deeply ribbed, (Plate 2,.Fig. 12, a,) while the lower portion or base of
the shell is very lightly ribbed and marked with
Fig. 64.     arborescent rugee.  (Plate 2, Fig. 12. b.)
The shell of this species has always been described as having
one revolving tooth within the aperture, and sometimes a second
one terminating farther within the aperture.  I have always found
this second one constant, and also a third one but slightly raised
between these two.
At the base of the shell and far within the aperture are two
more revolving ribs, running about a
third of one volution. These are plain-,i~~,:~   ~       ly visible through the substance of the
shell.  A heavy columellar tooth or rib
extends from  a slight distance within
the aperture, nearly one volution back.
This columellar tooth thickens the subFig. 65.         stance of the  shell in the umbilical
region and causes a distinct fold without the shell. (Fig. 65.)
A most singular feature is revealed in the structure of the




Pulimonifera of Jaine.                   27
parietal laminte.  With an ordinary magnifying power, small
swellings are seen at close intervals along these laminae, which
when magnified four hundred diameters are seen to be surmounted
with from five to ten sharp spines pointing toward the aperture:
(Fig. 66.)  These swellings
appear to coincide in number
and position with the raised Add
ribs without the shell, though
they are not formed at the.
same time; for as these laminae
approach the aperture they
become attenuated and dis-                Fig. 66.
appear. The surface upon which these lamine rest is granulated,
and not smooth as is generally the case with the interior of shells.
It is difficult to imagine the use of these spiny projections, unless
they may act in some way as points of resistance to the animal
for the support of a very heavy shell.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 67,) slightly arcuate, cutting edge  -
straight, minutely notched.
Lingual membrane, 78-13-1-13, central plate large, square,    Fig. 67.
tridentate, central denticle long as plate; Laterals square, outer posterior margin raised into a tooth-like projection, bidentate; uncini broad, short, denticulated. (PI. 8, Fig. 68.)
P U NCTIN E.
Punctum. Nov. GEN.
From the peculiar conformation of the buccal plate, divided
into sixteen distinct pieces, and the character of the lingual dentition corresponding closely with Carychium exiguum and not
unlike Alexia myosotis. I am not only inclined to propose a new
genus for this species, but to raise it also to the importance of a
sub-family, trusting that a more extended examination of its
habits and structure will sustain me in this step.
Punctum minutissimum, Lea. (Fig. 69.)
Abundant throughout the southern portions of the State. Their
extreme minuteness renders them  difficult of detection; in one




28               Observations on the Terrestrial
locality where they were numerous, I counted eighty-three specimens on a single small leaf. Dense hard wood growths appear
to be their favorite position. They prefer the rotten bark of
beech trees, and frequently are found in the large forms of fungi,
such as Polyporus and Boletus.  The periostraca is raised in
coarse ridges running parallel with the incremental striae; these
ridges become more prominent as they approach the umbilical
region; they frequently coalesce at, or near the suture; the faintest perceptible revolving lines are also present, which become
more prominent near the umbilicus, and seem to be arranged in
pairs.  (Plate 2, Fig. 1.)
The buccal plate, (Fig. 70,) is
made up of sixteen long slender
corneous laming, recurved at their
cutting edges, these plates partially
Fig. 70.              lapping over each other.
Palatal membrane, 54-13-1-13. Plates long and narrow, becoming narrower
as they approach the sides of the membrane. Plates transparent, denticles
light horn color, central plate largest with one small rounded denticle, laterals
with two equally short rounded denticles, those on the verge of the membrane
having three minute denticles, laterals and uncini not distinguishable. (P1. 8,
Fig. 71.)
This species described by Lea over twenty years ago, has until
recently eluded detection; it has an extended distribution in this
country, having been found in Ohio, New York, Massachusetts,
and in nearly every portion of Maine. It is very common in the
vicinity of Cambridge, Mass. Its extreme minuteness has proba~r,f  _     bly oftentimes caused it to be overlooked.  The
similarity between  this species and pygm.ea
of Europe is very close, and it seems singular
FiB. 69.    that it has never been referred to that species.
Figure 69 represents a specimen of Punctum  minutissimum from
Bethel, Maine, and figure 72 a specimen of P.
pygmvea, from   Florence, Italy.  Our shell
never attains the size of P. pygmyea and the
suture is nearer the centre of the body whorl.
Fig. 72.     The spire is more elevated and the whorls revolve more closely in our shell. The two shells highly magnified
exhibit faint revolving lines, which in P. pygmaea are more dis



Pulmonifera of M2taine.                     29
tract and not so closely arranged. The striae are very marked
and prominent in both species; in P. pygmaea however they are
wider apart and more regularly disposed.
I can see no resemblance between this shell and S. labyrinthica
which Lea mentions, though it resembles somewhat the young of
the latter species viewed from the apex. A magnified view bears
more resemblance to Helix solitaria. Since writing the above I
have had an opportunity of examining Moquin Tandon, and find
the jaw of P. pygmsea as figured by him generically distinct.
SUCCININAE.
Succinea Totteniana, Lea.
Abundant in all parts of the State, in fields and in woods: have
met with it in numbers in the middle of roads, and on railway
tracks in the early part of the day. In a visit to Aroostook we
met with this species at all the landings on Penobscot Iliver, and
at all places on the route to Fort Kent, where we found it in
abundance.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 73,) strongly arcuate, maroon
color, cutting edge having three folds. Attached \
to the convex margin is a large quadrangular piece
extending posteriorly, allowing a greater support for
the attachment of muscles which move the plate.
Lingual membrane, 100-33-1-33. Plates long, narrow, sides parallel, central plate tridentate, middle
denticle long, slender, laterals bidentate, similar in
shape to central, uncini tridentate, denticles short.  Fig. 73.
(Pl. 9, Fig. 74.)
Succinea avara, Say.
Not a common species, but when met with, generally found
in plenty.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 75,) broad, narrow, strongly
arcuate, having one central projection on its cutting
edge, and a slight depression on its inferior edge.
Lingual membrane having thirty-nine plates in a row,
central plate broad, square, having one long and two
short denticles, laterals seven, longer than broad, angular,  Fig. 75.




30                Observations on the Terrestrial
bidentate, inner side of larger denticle shouldered, uncini denticulated. (P1. 9,
Fig. 76.) The entire character of dentition in this species resembles that of
the Valloninve.
Succinea ovalis, Gould.
Generally diffused throughout the State, though not common.
Found on "lily pads" in ponds, and on bits of wood along their
margin.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 77,) similar in shape to that of S.
Totteniana, the folds on the cutting edge are much smaller.
Lingual membrane 80-40-1-40. Plates all long and slender, lateral plates inclined outward, notched at their posterior edges, central plate tridentate, denticles very small,
laterals bidentate, one large and one small denticle, uncini
tridentate, extreme uncini unidentate. (Pl. 9. Fig. 78.)
Fig. 77.
heart pulsates eighty times per minute.
P U P A D E.
Zua lubricoidea, Stimpson.  (Fig. 79.)
Common to the State.  Found oftener near the coast.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 81,) slightly arcuate,
tapering to a point laterally, the cutting
edge produced in the centre to an obtuse
Fig. 81             beak; longitudinal striv conspicuous.
Lingual membrane 90-21-1-21, central plate long, very narrow, with a minute central tooth, with traces of a denticle at each side of its base. Laterals
square, bidentate, first denticle wide and strong, as long as plate, second denticle short, obtuse; first seven uncini tridentate, inner denticle prominent; the
rest short wide plates, denticulated, two extreme uncini plain. (Pl. 10, Fig. 82.)
The American species has been unhesitatingly referred to Zua
lubrica, by all European and American writers, with the exception
of Wm. Stimpson, who mentions it in his Synonymy of New
England shells under a different specific title, that of Bulimus
lubricoides, deeming it impossible that an introduced species could
have spread so generally over this continent. An attentive examination and comparison of many specimens from several different localities in Europe, and from Ohio, New York, Massachusetts,




Pulmonifera of Mcaine.                 31
many places in Maine, and also from  Anticosti, has not as yet
brought to light any satisfactory characters by which to distinguish this species from its European representative. I offer a
few differences which seemed to hold good in a majority of cases,
with the hope that it may stimulate others to continue these investigations, believing that with extensive suites of individuals from
both continents, certain marked and constant characters will
be discovered between the two species, which will plainly
indicate their non-identity, laying aside all geographical considerations.
The two figures here given, represent the apertures
of an American and  an
European specimen. The
majority of American specimens examined, resembled
figure 79, and the majority
of European specimens examined, resembled figure        Fig. 80.        Fig. 79.
80. Our specimens in nearly all cases were larger, possessing one
more whorl; the color of the foreign specimens was different
and darker than ours; the European specimens were more solid
and opaque, while ours were lighter in texture and more translucent; the form of the aperture as seen by the figures is broader
in the American specimen, from  the bulging out of the lower
portion of the labrum, and by the labrum curving out more at
the suture. The columella which is quite parallel with the axis
in the American shell, is slightly oblique in the European species.
Mr. W. Thomson in a paper on the dentition of British Pulmonifera, (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, second series,
Vol. 7,) gives a drawing of the central and first lateral plate of
Zua lubrica, with the number of rows, and the number of plates
in a row composing the palatal membrane, thus, 80 rows, 40 in a
row, total 3200. An American specimen examined had 90 rows,
with 43 in a row, total 3870. Figure 83 represents a fac simile
of his drawing of central and lateral plate of Zua lubrica. Figure 84 represents the same plates of Zua lubricoidea.  We do




32              Observations on the Terrestrial
not however give  these
characters as distinguishing
features between the two
species, believing  that a
faithful examination of the
Fig. 84.         Fig. 83.     soft parts will reveal certain specific differences which may then be recognized in the
shells.
PUPINAE.
Zoogenetes. sov. G]:N.
Based upon its ovoviviparous character, the crenulated disk, the
prominent labial palpi, and the turreted, costulated, nearly corneous shell. The species harpa on which this genus is based, is
placed in the sub-genus Acanthinula of Beck by Albers. The two
European species H. lamellata and H. aculeata included in Acanthinula, are both much smaller than Z. harpa. A. lamellata bears
no resemblance to harpa, and though aculeata is more like harpa,
yet the enlarged outline of the head of aculeata, as given by
Moquin Tandon, a fac-simile of which is here presented, is quite
dissimilar to the same portion in Z. harjpa. Moquin
Tandon does not even show the labial palpi in his
drawing, though he thus speaks of the palpi and
tentacles. "Tentacula inferiora et palpi laciales sat macYna."
In Z. harpa the inferior tentacles are nearly obsolete, and as no
mention is made of the borders of the disk being crenulated,
and of the ovoviviparous character, I must regard Zo6genetes
as a distinct genus from Acanthinula.
Zoogenites harpa, Say. (Plate 1, Fig. 1, 2, 3.)
This singular species is very common in the vicinity of Portland. I have also found a few specimens at Bethel, on the Androscoggin River, at Waterville, on the Kennebec River, and at
Berlin Falls, N. H. It is a very hardy species, as will be seen by
the following data furnished me by John M. Gould, Esq.




Pulmonifera of Mlaine.                      33
"Ground frozen and snow, April 5th, 1858. Found Bulimus harpa in their
usual abundant quantities. They appeared to be in their winter quarters,
having the epiphragm formed, some being glued to leaves; they were but just
below the surface, or secreted in acorn cups or nut shells, and I should
think from this that they were more hardy than Bulimus lubricus, of which I
found only two specimens, and these were at greater depths and attached to
roots of weeds."
It is equally proof against heat, for I have found it during
severe droughts, adhering to the underside of leaves which were
dried to a crisp, while all other species had sought shelter deep
in the damp mould.
The following is a description of mine, which is already published in Binney's "Supplement" to his father's work.
" Animal small compared to the size of the shell, body and head slate color;
superior tentacles darker, short, thick, bulbous; eyes large, distinct; foot but
two thirds length of shell, whitish.
" In motion they are exceedingly graceful, at times poising their beautiful
shell high above their body, and twirling it around, not unlike the Physa, again
hugging their pretty harp close to their body, the shell when in this last position continually oscillates as if the animal could not balance it; it rarely ever
moves in a straight line, but is always turning and whisking about, and this is
done at times very quickly and abruptly."
This description I drew fiom the species in its place of abode,
without the aid of any magnifying power. The foot is quite as lon,
as the shell, and not two thirds the length as stated in the above
description.  The shell is very light and elastic; the costulations,
or ribs are thin, colorless laminte, slightly inclined backward;
the incremental lines are coarse and irregular; no longitudinal
lines were visible, even when highllly magnified; the body, disk,
and mantle, are marked with white dots, the edge of the mantle
is of the same color as the head and tentacles. The disk is
rounded posteriorly, broad and truncated anteriorly, the lateral
borders of which are deeply crenulated.  The head is separate
from the disk as in the Pupadle, bearing two minutely crenulated
lappets, which hang down on either side of the mouth like a visor,
reminding one of the oblique folds on the head of Glandlina truncata, which we believe to be homologous to them.  A longitudinal
furrow  extends from  the mouth  downward.  The body is so
translucent that when extended the ganglionic centres can be
plainly seen.
JOURNAL P. S. N. s.             3                  MARCH, 1864.




34             Observations on the Terrestrial
An anatomical examination of individuals of this species, collected on the 12th of September, revealed the fact that it was
ovoviviparous; but owing to the minuteness of the object, the constant difficulty in dissecting these animals whose organs are so
interwoven, together with the extreme tenuity of its tissues, and
my inexperience in operating, I am unable to present more than
a general sketch of its anatomy. What is given however, I verifled by the dissection of numerous individuals, and its ovoviviparous character is placed beyond doubt.
The ovary, which in those species of terrestrial mollusks examined by Dr. Leidy, were semi-elliptic and slightly curved, in
this species is a globular, mulberry shaped mass, intimately adhering to the summit of the oviduct, (Plate 1, Fig. 4,) each spherical lobe of the ovary, being composed of minute cells. The
oviduct being distended with the embryos did not present that
sacculated appearance described by Dr. Leidy in other species.
The surface of the oviduct was marked by numerous minute and
irregular black lines.
Of more than twenty specimens examined, all contained embryos in various stages of development, none contained more
than four embryos, while many contained but two. The eggs
appeared to be nearly all of the same size; in the one nearest the
ovary the embryo was very active, and by means of cilia moved
back and forth in its envelope; it seemed to be composed of a disk
surmounted by a mass of aggregated cells, no trace of a shell
being visible. In the next embryo the shell (composed of nearly
one whorl) was completely formed, showing the lines of accretion
distinctly, the mass of larger cells being enclosed by the shell,
and showing through in the region of the pulmonary cavity.
In this embryo I found the sub-cesophageal ganglia, with the auditory vesicles, (Plate 1, Fig. 8,) confirming what has hitherto'
been stated regarding the embryological development of the Pneumobranchiata, that these are first formed of the internal organs;
they differ greatly in form from the same ganglia in the adult. (PI.
1, Fig. 5.) I found no traces of commissures or branches in this.
The otoconites (PI. 1, Fig. 9,) were generally oval in shape, numbering from fourteen to seventeen in each capsule. A most siny




Pulmzonifera of Mcaine.                35
gular spectacle is revealed in watching the tremulous movements
of these otoconites, continually crowding toward a common center, not one being displaced, though, when the agitation finally
ceases, they become scattered along the walls of their enclosure.
In the third embryo, the ocular dots were distinctly visible, the
mantle protruded over the edge of the shell which had attained
the growth of one whorl and a half. In this the lingual membrane
was formed, though the whole mass of the animal seemed to be
nothing but cells of various sizes; the lingual membrane contained only twenty.seven rows of plates, each row having nine
plates. (PatCe 1t iPg. 12.)
In the most matured embryo, the shell had attained the growth
of two volutions; the superior tentacles were conspicuous, and the
crenulations of the disk distinctly marked. The lingual membrane in this had seventy rows of plates, with nineteen plates in
a row.  (Plate 1, Fig. 11.)
These embryos seemed to fill the upper portion of the parent
shell completely, and when born were as large as the aperture of
the adult shell. Several of these embryos were placed in a watch
glass filled with water to faciliate examinations; after being in
this condition, submerged for nearly thirty hours, I found them to
be still alive, as their hearts could be easily seen pulsating about
forty times per minute, and the body when irritated with the
point of a needle speedily contracted.
The general anatomy of this species appears to differ in no
respect from allied species described by Leidy. The ganglionic
masses, (Plate 1, Fig. 5,) differ somewhat in their respective
sizes from  those figured by Leidy, in Binney's Monograph, Vol.
1. The auditory capsules were quite large, and the otoconites
vibrated a long while after the ganglia had been removed from
the animal. The supra-cesophageal and sub-oesophageal ganglia,
appeared to be connected by a single commissure on each side.
The glottidium, or buccal body is an oval shaped solid muscular
organ, forming the anterior portion of a very long oesophagus.
The buccal plate is a wide, arcuated lamina, transversely and longitudinally,striate, corneous in texture, and inserted just within the upper lip, its cutting




36                Observations on the Terrestrial
edge is slightly indented at short intervals, the middle of this edge is roundly
projecting. (PI. 1, Fig. 13.)
The lingual membrane, (Pl. 1, Fig. 10,) is usually long, having one hundred
and twenty rows of plates, each row being composed of thirty-five plates,
17-1-17, central plate nearly square, tridentate, central denticle shorter than
plate, and slender, side denticles minute, laterals six, bidentate, merging into
denticulated uncini.
Leucochila pentodon, Say.
In all parts of the State, but not common. Found in very wet
places.
* Sr    Buccal plate, (Fig. 85,) lightly arcuate, of the same'?!' ThU~\  length throughout, sides blunt, irregularly wrinkled.I.     longitudinally, cutting edge straight, minutely notched.
Fig. 85.        Lingual membrane, 64-10-1-10, central plate very
narrow, notched at outer posterior corners, having three minute denticles,
laterals square, notched at outer posterior corner, having one long stout denticle, and one smaller, uncini denticulated, inner denticle prominent. (PI. 10,
Fig. 86.)
Leucochila contracta, Say.
Found abundantly in a grove of beech at Bethel, Maine,  and
has been met with in several places throughout the southern
portions of the State. Rare.
Leucochila corticaria, Say.
OceIrs rarely at Bethel, Maine, and abundantly at Gorhanm,
Maine, where I found them  on the upright trunk of a dead beech,
in the intelrstices of the bark, from its base to a distance of twenty
feet from the ground, in company with I. Gouldii. In confinement
they are quite active, and afford every facility for observation.
Body as long as the shell; head, back, and tentacles, smoky or
claret colored, possterior portion bluish; disk white, tail unevenly
rounded, body coarsely granulated by the largeness of the mucous
glands; superior tentaeles long and slender-, eyes at the tip, very
large and conspicuous; inferior tentacles short and obtuse.!il'i        Buccal plate, (Fig. 87,) slightly arcuate, tapering at
/i///i;i /!11  the sides, cutting edge very slightly elevated in the
Fig 87.        centre, and longitudinally striate in the middle of plate.




Pulmoniferct of 2tiaime.                    37
A portion of the lingual membrane had about twenty rows of plates, with
12-1-12, central plate long and narrow, with three minute denticles; laterals
nearly square, their outer posterior edges indented, having one long inner denticle the length of plate, and smaller outer denticle. Uncini as in all these
species, gradually differing from laterals, marked with four or five minute
denticles, inner one prominent. (PI. 10, Fig. 88.)
Pupilla badia, Adams. (Fig. 89.) page 38.
Found under stones and in the grass in open fields, and along
the road sides near the sea, in the vicinity of Portland. It has
never been found inland in this State.
Near Fort Preble in Portland Harbor, over twelve hundred
specimens of this species were collected in an hour, the situation
was within a rod of high water mark.
Occurs at Anticosti, and the Mingan Islands Gulf of St.
Lawrence. (Verrill.)
Coarse interrupted wrinkles mark the periostraca; apex granulated; in most adult specimens the periostraca is entirely effaced
from the apex.  This species is ovoviviparous, having been found
with fully developed young in November.  Three or four embryos
only were detected in each specimen.
The allied European species is also ovoviviparous.  (Moqouin
Tandon.)
Buccal plate, (Fig. 91,) slightly curved, cutting
edge waved.
Lingual membrane, 90-14-1-14, central plate
longer than broad, tridentate; laterals bidentate,  Fig. 91.
also slightly shouldered on the inner side at the base of larger denticle; uncini
denticulated, inner denticle largest. (Pl. 10, Fig. 92.)
Though I have examined hundreds of specimens of this species
collected in the vicinity of Portland, Maine, I have never been
able to find a trace of the parietal tooth which Adams mentions
in his description of P. badia, and which is represented in the
drawings of this species; specimens of this species collected by
Mr. A. E. Verrill], from  Anticosti and the Mingan Islands, were
also devoid of this tooth.
Pfeiffer, Forbes and Hanley consider this species identical with
the Pupilla muscorum of Europe.  The differences will be seen at




38                Observations on the Terrestrial
once between the two species by comparing the following figures.
)             \ Figure 89 is Pupilla badia from Port/,  ) land, Maine; Figure 90 represents a
specimen of P. muscorum  from  Europe. P. muscorum having the same
number of whorls, is a much smaller
shell than P. badia, the labrum is also
Fig. 89.     Fig. 90.   thicker, and behind the labrum  the
thickening appears like a light colored band, which we do not
observe in Pupilla badia.
VERTIGI NINAzE.
Isthmia ovata, Say.
Occurs under chips and stones in open fields, close by pools
of water; have also found it in drier situations. MIore common
near the coast.
qk/   _/       Buccal plate, (Fig. 93,) corneous, strongly arcuate, cutting
edge projecting in the centre, sides square and parallel with
Fig. 93.    a transverse line of the body. Plate wrinkled longitudinally.
Lingual membrane 90-14-1-14, central plate large, square, with rounded
corners, furnished with three short denticles, and also on the posterior edge
two elevations; laterals long and narrowing posteriorly, tridentate, inner denticle
slightly larger; uncini broad and short, with four small denticles, or rather
notched. (Pl. 10, Fig. 94.)
Isthmia Gouldii, Binney.
Found generally in company with smaller species of Pulmonates. Body light bluish, blotched with black, tentacles black,
rather long, swelling at tip, a black line from tentacles extending
along the back. The shell is carried high on the back. In motion
they are exceedingly lively.
Buccal plate, (Fig. 95,) slightly arcuate, rounded
at sides, of the same length throughout, longitudinally lined, and transversely striated.
Fig. 95.         Lingual membrane, 75-11-1-11, central plate
square, notched at the outer posterior corners, having three small rounded denticles, laterals square, bidentate, uncini mimntely notched. (P1. 10, Fig. 96.)




Pulmonifera of irfaine.                    39
Isthmia milium, Gould.
Mr. C. B. Fuller has met with this species in an open field near
the coast.
Isthmia simplex, Gould.
This species is generally distributed throughout the southern
portions of the State, though by no means common.
A U RI CU L I D  E.
A URIC ULINAE.
Carychium exiguum, Say. (Fig. 97.)
Occurring throughout the State, more abundant in the interior;
generally preferring low wet ground.
Lingual membrane having numerous rows of plates, each
row having one central flanked on each side by sixteen laterals;
central plate long, narrow, having one minute pointed denticle;
first four laterals armed with one short rounded denticle, next
six laterals bidentate, the rest which probably comprise the
uncini, broad simple recurved plates. Plates translucent, denticles light horn color. (PI. 10, Fig. 99.)
This dentition has a strange similarity to that of
Punctum  minutissimum, in the form  and arrange-   Fig. 97.
ment of plates and the light horn color of the denticles.
Though the resemblance between this species and the Carychium  minimum of Europe is very close, and has
often been remarked upon, they have never been
united, either by American or (to my knowledge) 
European writers.  The Carychium  minimum  as
will be seen by Figure 98, is more inflated than
our species, and the aperture is more oblique also;
the parietal tooth is quite prominent in C. minimum  as compared with our species; the palatal
tooth in C. exiguum  is nearer the base of the
shell, and the columellar tooth is a slight fold only  Fig. 98.
within the aperture.




40               Observations on the Terrestrial
Alexia myosotis, Drap.
Found in the interstices of a sea wall in Portland Harbor, at
low tide.
Lingual membrane having fifty-one plates in a row, central plate wide, narrowing anteriorly, having one short rounded denticle, laterals comprising half
the number of plates in a row, merging into uncini, laterals having one short
denticle, uncini bidentate. (Pl. 10, Fig. 100.)
MELAMPI NIE.
Melampus bidentatus, Say.
Mr. Fuller has found a few  dead specimens of this species
several miles west of Portland.  MZr. A. E. Verrill states that he
found this species at Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
LI MI N J    ID IE.
PLANORBINFE.
Planorbis lentus, Say.
Not common.
Helisoma bicarinatus, Say.
Abundant in all parts of the State.
Helisoma trivolvis, Say.
Found by A. E. Verrill at Norway, Maine; it has also been
found in one or two other places in the State.
Planorbella campanulatus, Say.
Found in abundance in certain localities; not nearly as common
as the preceding species.
Planorbula armigerus, Say.
Generally diffused throughout the State, though not a common
species.




Pulmonifera of Maine.                 41
Gyraulus hirsutus, Gould.
Quite rare; I collected specimens at Eagle Lakes, in the northern part of the State.
Gyraulus deflectus, Say.
Occurs at Norway Pond, very rare.
Gyraulus parvus, Say.
Profusely distributed throughout the State, occurring in almost
every muddy brook, ditch, and puddle.
Gyraulus dilatatus, Gould.
A few specimens only have been found in Harrison, Maine.
Menetus exacutus, Say.
Nearly as rare as the preceding species.
L I M N~ E I N E.
Limnophysa desidiosa, Say.
Abundant in every small body of water.
The young of this species were plainly seen eating their way
out of the ovarian envelope, the mouth seemed to occupy the
whole space between the eyes which were wide apart. The
lingual membrane of the young just issued from the egg, is long
and narrow, composed of thirty-eight rows of plates, each row
made up of one minute central plate, flanked by four laterals on
a side.
A specimen of this species tightly corked in a vial of water
showed signs of uneasiness after three hours had elapsed; at the
expiration of seven hours the animal was greatly exserted from
the shell, showing slight motion though apparently insensible to
touch.
Limnophysa elodes, Say.
Of rare occurrence in the State.




42             Observations on the Terrestrial
Limnophysa humilis, Say.
Southern parts of the State. Very abundant near Portland.
Limnophysa caperata, Say.
Limnophysa catascopium, Say.
Very abundant in the vicinity of the mouth of the Androscoggin River, in company with Physa ancillaria.
Radix columella, Say.
Very common in the southern portions of the State, rare in
the interior.
Radix ampla, Mighels.
Found a few dead specimens of this species in Mud Lake, at
the northern part of the State, the original place of discovery.
I was led at one time to believe this a variety of L. catascopium,
Say, through its resemblance to L. decollata, Mighels, which I
believe to be a variety of L. catascopium.
Radix decollata, Mighels.
Having had specimens of this species from Dr. Mighels' original
collection, and having compared them carefully with modified
L. catascopium from that region, I see no reason to differ from
the opinion expressed by Haldeman in his "Monograph of the
Limnaeida," in which he considers it a variety of L. catascopium.
r'he shortened spire and solid character of the shell is peculiar to
many specimens of L. catascopiumr from  that vicinity. This
peculiar decollate fobrm has not been found elsewhere in the State.
PHYS INAE.
Physa heterostropha Say.
A very common species in all our brooks; cold springs appear
to be a favorite resort for this species. There appears to be no
constant character in the digitations of the mantle margin; in




Pulmonifera of ilaine.                  43
some it is divided into thick lobes, in others it assumes the appearance of long lashes. The body varies in color from a light
olive green or yellow, to a dusky olive. Buccal plate thin, colorless, triangular, longitudinally striate, cutting edge minutely
notched. I enclosed a specimen of this species in a small vial
filled with water and corked tight, for the purpose of seeing how
long the animal could exist without access to the air; for some
time it continued very active in its attempts to procure air, and
in whatever position I changed the vial, it assumed a perpendicular position in crawling; after the lapse of several hours it became
sluggish, and at the expiration of seventeen hours all parts of the
animal protruded from the shell, though it showed slight contraction on being placed in alcohol.
Physa ancillaria, Say.
Generally diffused throughout the State, though not so common
as the preceding species.
MIighels mentions its occurrence in the northern parts of the
State. This species is extremely variable in its appearance, and
I have noticed in the State nearly all its varieties figured by
Ilaldeman in his Monograph of the Limnaeidm.
Physa gyrina, Say.
Dr. Mighels mentions the occurrence of this species in the
State. I have never seen it, neither can I see sufficient grounds
for separating the form described as such from P. heterostropha.
Physa fragilis, Mfighels.
We have every reason to believe this shell to be a variety of
P. ancillaria. The circumstances attending its discovery lead to
this belief. The shell was found in a mill stream charged with
wood dust from a neighboring saw mill. In the waters above
the mill, P. ancillaria occurred in abundance, with no trace of P.
fragilis. This mill was afterward destroyed, and nearly synchronous with this event was the entire obliteration of P. fragilis and
the recurrence of the normal form P. ancillaria; nothing ap



44              Observations on the Terrestrial
proaching this abnormal form has elsewhere been observed in
the State.
Nauta elongata, Say.
Occurs in the vicinity of Portland, Maine. I found one specimen of this species at Bethel, Maine, the only time I have ever
noticed it inland. The animal agrees with Say's description in
having a white ring surrounding the base of tentacles, a feature
which Dr. Gould says he failed to notice in Massachusetts specimens.
AN C Y L I NE.
Ancylus parallelus, Hald.
Occurs in several places in Cumberland County. The animal
is white throughout, the tentacles are short, blunt, cylindrical and
wide apart, head wide, and obtuse: Buccal plate is a thin corneous
horse-shoe shaped lamina. The body is capable of turning almost completely round in its shell. The heart is on the right side
of the animal, about midway between the two extremities of the
body, and pulsates forty-eight times per minute.
Ancylus rivularis, Say.
Quite rare.
Ancylus tardus, Say.
Catalogued by Mighels.
Ancylus ovalis. NOV. SP. (_Figs. 101, 102.)
I propose this, and the following species with some reluctance,
as the specific characters of nearly all the species
= S   of this genus are but faintly marked, and the danger of multiplying false species is but too ap(J,:~-:~ -:~'parent; still believing these to be new, I present
>\-,g ~ them.
Shell very small, depressed, irregularly ovate,
(Figs. 101,102.) apex nearly central, round, smooth and blunt,




Pulnmonifera of Mdine.                  45
slightly inclined to the left; slopes irregular, caused by different
periods of repose and growth; posterior slope in most specimens
straight, anterior slope convex, lateral slopes steep; shell widening
anteriorly; lines of accretion extremely fine, visible within but
requiring a magnifier to discern them  without, being greatly
obscured by fine grains of sand agglutinated to the surface.
Periostraca pale yellow, the surface when magnified exhibits about
fifty-five delicate ribs, which radiate from the apex to the periphery
of the shell. Length.12 inch, breadth.10 inch, height.06 inch. This
species was discovered by John MI. Gould, in the Androscoggin
River, at Bethel, Me., in 1854. 1 have since found it in the above
locality clinging to the under side of stones near the shore, in
positions where it could in no way reach the surface of the water.
Ancylus borealis. Nov. sp. (Figs. 103, 104.)
Shell elliptical, solid, light yellow, apex elevated, rounded, very
obtuse, nearer the posterior margin of the shell;
lateral slopes steep, anterior slope slightly
convex, near the apex; posterior slope straight.
Fine regularly interrupted radiating lines mark
the surface of the shell from the apex to the  
borders: incremental lines irregular. Length...14 inch, breadth.09 inch, height.06 inch.
This species resembles A. tardus in its general (Figs. 103, 104.)
form. It is much smaller however, and has a strong heavy shell.
Discovered by John ni. Gould at Patten, in the northern part of
the State.
V I VIPARID L.
Melantho decisa, Say.
Abundant throughout the State, though the shell never attains
that size and perfection which characterize the same species in
the western states. Heterostrophed specimens are frequently
met with in embryo.
The lingual membrane examined in one specimen of this species
presented the singular anoinaly of eight laterals thus, 4-1-4, the
constant formula being 3-1-3.




46             Observations on the Terrestrial
AM N I'C O L ID A.
Amnicola limosa, Say.
Very common. The animal agrees precisely with Say's description, except that he does not mention a white line running
along each tentacle.
Amnicola porata, Say.
Not so common as the preceding.
Amnicola decisa, Hald.
A species agreeing precisely with Haldeman's figure and de.,
scription, occurs in the vicinity of Portland.
VAL VATIDAXi
Valvata tricarinata, Say.
Very large specimens of this species were found in abundance
at Bowdoinham; also dredged in Mud Lake, in the northern part
of the State.
Valvata sincera, Say.
Dredged in Mud Lake, N. Lat. 470. Have it also in abundance
from Lawler's Lake, seven miles from St. John, N. B., through
the kindness of Mr. Verrill. Among the specimens in this lot
are many in which the whorls are entirely separated from each
other, giving the shell a most singular appearance.
Lyogyrus pupoidea, Gould.
Occurs rarely in the southern portions of the State. Amnicola
lustrica, Say, is probably the immature form of this species. I
have specimens answering perfectly to Say's description of Amnicola lustrica, which has an orbicular operculum, and I can detect
no difference between these and the young of V. pupoidea. Say
in his description of A. lustrica, expresses the opinion that it
might be referable to Valvata, He was led to this opinion by
the circular aperture.




Pulmonfera of Mlaine.                 47
U N I O N I D.Y
Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea.
Common in quiet muddy ponds, and artificial bodies of water.
Anodonta marginata, Say.
ZNot common.
Anodonta implicata, Say.
Strophitus undulatus, Say.
Strophitus sculptilis, Ag.
Alasmodonta marginatus, Say.
Margaritana arcuata, Barnes.
Found in great numbers in several rocky muddy brooks near
Portland. Have rarely found it in the interior.
Lampsilis ochracea, Say.
A few specimens of this species has been found in the Penobscot River.
Lampsilis radiata, Say.
Common throughout the State; inhabiting large ponds. Some
forms resemble closely the Lampsilis siliquoidea.
Unio complanatus, Lea.
A very common species in all bodies of water. Extremely
variable in its external characters, almost every pond in the State
exhibiting some form of this species peculiar to its waters.
C ORB I CU L I D Eo 
Sphaerium  sulcatum, Lam,
Iallowell, Maine, (Prime,)




48              Observations on the Terrestrial
Sphzerium striatinum, Lam.
Sphaerium striatinum, Lam. var., acuminata, Prime.
Eagle Lakes, N. Lat. 470~.
Sphwrium partumeium, Say.
Common.
Sphaerium tenue, Prime.
Androscoggin, Maine. (Prime.)
Sphaerium securis, Prime.
Little Androscoggin River.
Sphaerium  truncatum, Linsley.
Maine.  (Primle.)
Pisidium  Virginicum, Bourguignat.
Pisidium Adamsii, Prime.
Pisidium aequilaterale, Prime.
Autgusta, Maine.  (Prime.)
Pisidium  compressum, Prime.
Augusta, Maine.  (Prime.)
Pisidium variabile, Prime.
Common in all ditches.
Pisidium abditum, Haldeman.
With all its varieties, common.
A few species of fresh water Polyzoa have been observed'in
the State, but not having the means for their proper ildentification
I cannot present them.




-Pulmomifera of bailte.                49
From the foregoing catalogue, it will be seen that thus far,
forty-nine species of terrestrial, and fifty-five species of fluviatile
mollusca have been detected in the State; as a consequence however of its geological formation which is made up chiefly of azoic
rocks, covered with extensive tracts of coniferous trees, the land
mollusks do not occur in that profusion which characterizes the
faunas of many other States; for it is well known that the presence
of coniferous trees, exerts a retarding influence on the growth and
increase of the land pulmonates; and, on the contrary, that hard
wood growths and calcareous soils are most congenial to their existence and perpetuation. The meagerness of the soil, and the
general prevalence of' pine forests, must therefore in a measure
account for the absence of several species occurring farther west,
and are certainly the cause of that scarcity of individuals which
truly characterizes the molluscan fauna throughout this State. It
is believed that when our unexplored districts at the north are
carefully investigated many forms new, either to the State or to
science, will be revealed.
It is interesting to compare the increase made from time to
time, in the species enumerated in the few catalogues of Maine
shells, which have been published, with the number catalogued
in this paper.
Land. Fresh water. Total.
1836. Jackson's Report Geology of Maine,  3        11      14
1841. Mighels' first catalogue,            16      34      50
1842. Mighels' second catalogue,           22      35      57
1864. This catalogue,                      49      55     104
We give below a table showing the number of land and fresh
water species of Mollusks in England, Scotland and Ireland for
comparison with those of Maine. It will be seen that while the
land species outnumber the fresh water species in Britain, it is quite
the reverse in Maine. In Britain also we have several genera of
land mollusks which do not occur in Maine, such as Cyclostoma,
JOURNAL Pr S- N ILr           4                MRcaH, 1864.




50              Observations on the Terrestrial
Clausilia, Balea, Azeca and Testacella, while in Maine we have
only one form not found in Britain, namely, Tebennophorus.
Square Jliles.  Land. Fresh water. Total.
England,           50,922       77       48       125
Scotland,          31,324       46       30        76
Ireland,           32,513       60       39        99
IMaine,            31,766       49       55       104




Pulmzonifera'C of Ictine.               51
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
A very few facts worthy of remark have been noted relative to
the geographical distribution of the terrestrial and fluviatile mollusca of Maine. Though thle area of the State is nearly as large
as the other five New England States together, embracing an
extent of 31,766 square miles of surface, we find as a general
thing an equable distribution of species in all its parts; though
the occurrence of some species is more frequent in certain regions
of the State than in others. The Limnveidse appear to be confined
almost exclusively to the southern portions of the State. Among
the species occurring from one extremity of the State to the other,
we have Hyalina arborea, H. electrima, Conulus chersina, Striatura
milium, Patula striatella, Mesodon albolabris, Succinea Totteniana, S. avara, Vitrina limpida, Isthmia Gouldii, Helisoma bicarinatus, Planorbella campanulatus, Menetus exacutus, Gyraulus parvus, and Unio complanatus. Of those more common near the
coast we find Strobila labyrinthica, Anguispira alternata, MI.
albolabris, Vallonia minuta, Tachea bortensis, Zua lubricoidea,
Succ. ovalis, S. Totteniana, ZoSgenetes harpa, Leucochila pento-.
don, Pupilla badia, Isthmia Gouldii, I. ovata and I. milium. Of
the ones more common to the western and central portions of
the State, though many occur on the coast, are Triodopsis
dentifera, Mesodon Sayii, Helicodiscus lineata, Hyalina multidentata, H. indentata, Planogyra asteriscus, Pseudohyalina exigua,
Punctum  minutissimum, Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Pallifera
dorsalis, Limax campestris, Isthmia simplex, Leucochila contracta,
L. corticaria, and Carychium  exiguum, Triodopsis clentifera, MIacrocyclis concava, H. multidentata, P. asteriscus, L. corticaria.
L. contracta and Gyraulus clilatatus are confined to a few places
many miles from the coast, while Tachea hortensis, Hyalina cellaria,
Pseudohyalina minuscula, Isthmia miliun, Pupilla badia and the




52                Obseructions on the Terrestrial
European Limaces are found only directly on the coast. All thile
species of land pulmonates of the State with the exception of T,
hortensis, P. minuscula, H, cellaria, P. badia,, Isthmia milium and
the European Limaces occur at Bethel on the Androscoggin river
seventy miles inland from  Portland; and, with the exception of
T. dentifera, 31. concava, ITo multidentata, P. asteriscus, L. contracta
and L. corticaria are also found in the immediate vicinity of Portland.  Margaritana arcuata I bave noticed to be more common in
brooks near the coast. Anodontas reach their highest state of development in mill ponds and canals; Lanmpsilis radiata is generally
found in ponds, and Strophitus undulata and Unio complanatus
are found in nearly all bodies, of water.
The following we quote from the Second Annual Report upon the Natural
History and Geology of the State of Maine; 1862, page 132; it is contained inr
the report of Marine Zoology by C. B. Fuller. " On the Brown Cow and Eagle
Islands (Casco' Bay) which are nearly destitute of vegetation, I found the
following land shells in abundance, Helix nemoralis, Helix albolabris and Succinea
obliquae On Eagle Island, a short distance from the above, Helix alternate
occurs in great numbers. Almost every island in the bay has a mollusk peculiar
to itself, and coincident with its soil or flora. Eagle Island bearing spruce and
fir produced Helix alternata, while one of the Goose Islands with a hard woodl
growth produced Helix albolabris abundntly,"




Pulmonzifera of M3~aine.               53
The following species of terrestrial and fiuviatile mollusca
accredited to New England by Stimpson, shells of N. E. 1851,
have not as yet been detected in this St&te.
GAS TEROPODA.
Triodopsis tridentata, Say.
I'    palliata, Say.
Stenotrema hirsuta, Say.
Omphalina inornata, Say.
Omphalina fuliginosa, Griffeth.
Ventridens suppressa, Say.
Leucochila fallax, Say.
I"    armifera, Say.
Limnasa appressa, Say.
Bulimnea megasoma, Say.
Acella gracilis, Say.
Ancylus fuscus, Adams.
Melania depygis, Say.
Amnicola pallida, Hald.




54              Observations on the Terrestrial
ACEPHALA.
Eurynea praelonga, Barnes.
4"   nasuta, Say.
Lampsilis cariosa, Say.
ventricosa, Barnes.
"    siliquoidea, Barnes.
Metaptera alata, Say.
"'    gracilis, Barnes.
Complanaria rugosa, Barnes.
alasmodontina, Barnes.
Anodonta Benedictensis, Lea.
"     Housatonica, Lea.'      ~cylindracea, Lea.
In a catalogue of the species of Corbiculadcla contained in the
collection of Temple Prime, 1863, we find the follo-wing Nrew
England species, which have not as yet been found in this State.
Sphaerium rhomboideum, Say.
S. occidentale, Prime.
S. Vermontanum, Prime.
Pisidium ferrugineum, Prime.
P. ventrucosum, Prime.
By the above list it will be seen that while there are only
fourteen species of gasteropods not found in Maine, there are




Pulmonzifera of 2Jlainze.              55
nearly the same number of Unionidle absent-showing not only
a more general distribution of the former class, but exhibiting
also the continual reduction of species of Unionidoe as one goes
East from the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia we shall undoubtedly observe a still less number
of species in this family. The Alelanidae so numerous in the
West, have not a single representative in all the lakes and rivers
of Maine, and only one species is found in New England.




56             Observations on the Terrestrial
ABUNDANCE OR SCARCITY OF SPECIES VARIABLE.
Having recently revisited old collecting grounds of 1856, I was
struck with the difference in the proportion of individuals of
certain species existing now, and at that time; some which were
rarely to be met with in that year, are now common, while others
which were then met with in abundance are now rare; and I believe
it to be a well established fact with collectors that certain species
become rare or disappear in certain places where they were at one
time common, and suddenly appear in places which had hitherto.
been well searched without affording a single example of the new
tenant. I am informed that certain species of Unionidoe which
were at one time common on the Ohio river are not now to be
met with, while other species not known to have inhabited that
river by our earlier zoologists are now to be frequently found.
This may in part be owing to a careless search in which certain
species are probably overlooked; but that species do appear, or
disappear, or become more or less common in certain areas, there
is abundant proof. A partial solution of this question regarding
the terrestrial pulmonates may be found in the fact that a severe
and long continued drought may so reduce the number of individuals that the few surviving ones may absolutely elude detection,
while on the other hand, a favorable season of humidity and
warmth may so affect the species that its former numerical
proportion of individuals be at once regained. In connection
with this subject it is interesting to compare the changes which
have taken place in this State, in the greater or less abundance of
individuals of certain species, with their condition twenty years
ago. In the fourth volume of the Boston Journal of Natural
History, (1843) will be found a catalogue of the shells of Maine
by Dr. J. W. Mlighels in which he remarks on the greater or less




Pulmonifera of XM2aine.              57
abundance of each species, and as he had several earnest coadjutors
collecting for him in various parts of the State, and was himself
an indefatigable collector, we must believe that his observations
were in the main correct. It will be seen by the following, that
several species common to the State twenty years ago, are not
now so common, while others which were then rare are now
exceedingly abundant. Those species on which no remarks are
made remain the same. The quotations are from Mighels' paper
above referred to.
r  " Solitary in all parts of the State, and on
islands in Casco Bay."
ME.OSLoADOBIS    Found in the greatest abundance on many
islands, and have met with them in numbers in the interior.
ANGUISPIRA     Abundant."
ALTERNATA.   Abundant on several islands only.
HYALINA    i "Appears to be rare."
INDENTATA.  2 Not rare.
IHYALINA    ~ "Rare."
ELECTRINA.  | Quite common.
CONULUSI  More abundant than his would appear to
CHERSINA.   indicate.
STROBILA.       "Found sparingly."
LABYRINTHICA. eCommon.
PUPAS and   i Were noted as found sparingly by Dr. Mighels,
VERTIGOS.    we find many of them common.
GENIs now abundant in the vicinity of Portland,
HZOAPGEETEAS - but could not have been thus abundant years
ago, as Mlighels had not found it at that time.




58            CObservactions on the Terrestrial
SIJCCINEA    sM igrhels mentions only one habitat, but it is
AVARA.      now abundant in many places.
ITELTISOMA    "Not aware that it is abundant anywhere."
BICARINATUS.   Very common and abundant.
PLANORBELLA  c"Abounds in all parts of the State."
CA3MPANULATUS. Do not meet with it thus frequently.
LIYINOPHYSA  ji "Rare."
DESIDIOSA.    Extremely abundant everywhere.
I  The discoverer asserts that this species was
very abundant in second Eagle Lake N. Lat.
470: he also found Physa ancillaria, " summer
of 1842." In the summer of 1859 Mr. John M.
Gould and myself made a careful survey of
r   this lake by closely examining its shores, and
by dredging in various parts of the lake, and
met with no specimen of Physa ancillaria, and
but six or seven dead specimens of Radix
ampla, though we found an abundance of Amnicole, Valvatoe and Planorbes.
ANCYLrUS     "' Found in plenty."
URIVULA~Rl~IS.   tAncylus is one of our scarcest shells.




Pulmonifera of ]Ifaine.                 59
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST
of all the publications especially referring to the mollusca of this
State.
Year.
1836. A list of shells in Jackson's Report on Geology of Maine.
1841. J. W. Mighels M. D. Catalogue of the Marine, Terrestrial
and Fluviatile shells of the State of Maine-on double sheet,
published by the author.
1842. J. TW. Mighels M. D. and Prof. C. B. Adams-Description
of twenty-four species of the shells of New England, with
a plate. Bos. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 37.
1843. J. W. Mighels M. D. Catalogue of the Marine, Fluviatile
and Terrestrial shells of the State of Maine and adjacent
ocean. Bos. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. IV, p. 308.
1843. J. W. Mighels, M. D. Descriptions of six species of shells
regarded as new, with a plate. Bos. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. IV.
1844. J. W. Mighels, M. D. Description of a supposed new
species of Pupa. Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. His. Vol. I, p. 187.
1854. J. W. Chickering, Jr. List of Marine, Fresh-water and
Land shells found in the immediate vicinity of Portland, Me.,
double sheet published by the author.
1857. Edward S. Morse. Description of a new species of Helix.
Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat His. Vol. VI.
1859. Edward S. Morse. Description of a new species of Helix.
Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. His. Vol. VII, p. 28.




60              Observations on the Terrestrial
1862. Edward S. Morse, on the occurrence of Helix multidentata
beneath Indian deposits. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. His.
Vol I, p. 98.
1862. C. B. Fuller, Report on Marine Zoology in Report on the
Agriculture and Geology of Maine for 1862, p. 129.
1864. Edward S. Morse, Synopsis of the Fluviatile and Terrestrial Mollusca of the State of Maine, double sheet, published
by the author.




_Pulmonifera of Maine,                       61
The following cuts were omitted in their appropriate pIacesFig. 25, p. 13Fig.30, pr 15.




62             Obser'vation s on the Te:restrial
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I. Zoogenetes harpa-Say.
Fig. 1-represents natural attitude of this species.
Fig. 2-the shell of the same.
Fig. 3-represents a ventral view of this species.
Fig. 4-the oviduct with the closely adhering ovary at its summit,
the oviduct being filled with four embryos in various
stages of development.
Fig. 5 —Ganglionic centres, surrounding the cesophagus, of an
adult.
Fig. 6-a young one just excluded by the parent.
Fig. 7-an embryo.
Fig. 8-the sub-wsophageal gangli containing the auditory vescicles, embryonic.
Fig. 9-Otoconites; embryonic.
Fig. 10-a row of plates from the lingual membrane of an adult.
Fig. 11-the same from an advanced embryo.
Fig. 12 —the same from a less advanced embryo.
Fig. 13-the buccal plate.
Fig. 14-the shell of an embryo..Vote. All the above views are more or less magnified.




Pulmomnifera of Jfaiine.                 63
PLATE II.
fgnif.ented views of the exterior strfaces,ovf the shells of the
following species,
Fig. 1-Punctum minutissimum, Lea.
a. section of same.
Fig. 2 -Stenotrema monodon, Rackett.
Fig. 3 —Telicodiscus lineata, Say.
Fig. 4 —Conulus chersina, Say.
Fig. 5-Planogyra asteriscus, AMorse.
Figi. 6-Patula striatella, Anthony.
Fig. 7-Striatura milium, Morse.
Fig. 8 —Pseudohyalina exigua, Stimpson,
Fig. 9-Hyalina Binneyana, Morse.
Fig. 10 —Striatura ferrea, Morse.
Fig. 11 —Hyalina indentata, Say.
Fig. 12-Strobila labyrinthica. Say.
a. upper portion of whorl,
b. lower portion of whorl.








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