timber —the sugar tree, bass, oak, hickory, ash, &c. It is estimated that;4"r 1 s
about one-fifth of these forests is occupied by pine; two-fifths with sugar,
oak, bass, hickory, &c., and two-fifths with tamarack, cedar, alder, black
ash, white maple, and aspen.
The lumbering business will doubtless take the lead, on and along theise,
rivers for many years; but whenever the pine shall be e.;austed," or
lumber cease to bear remunerative prices, the more aauble'atiids:ifi Uve(,""
called into requisition, for agricultural purposes, and sustain a more do
population than any country of prairie and openings can do.  In fact, as
before remarked, the two pursuits are already thriving to some extent,
side by side in immediate proximity; many men finding it quite as profitable to raise grain, grasses and potatoes, with which to furnllish those felling
the pine forests, as to manufacture boards.  Did time and space permnit,
this position could be verified by facts in detail, by citing numerous instances of farms that have been opened in tlhe heart of the lumbering districts, on the Menomonee, Peshitigo, Oconto, Wolf, Wisconsin, Chippewa and St. Croix Rivers, all of which lhave been attended with abundant
811ecess.
Much has been said about the " sand barrens " of Wisconsin.  They
lie betweenthe upper Fox and the Wisconsin, near Fort Winnebago,
arnd stretching off north-westerly, parallel with the Mississippi and some
vwvellty miles from  it, as far as the St. Croix.  The district is generally
about twenty miles in width, and some one hundred miles in length, and
seems composed of what the geologists call drift, being the debris of sand
rock, decomposed by the action of the elements in former ages, and carTied down from  the north-easterly regions by currents of water.  This
kind of land has been supposed entirely worthless for all purposes of
agriculture.  Of that part north-west of the river'Wisconsin, little is
known or proved as to its soils.  It may be as poor as the geologists
would have us believe.  But it is to be remembered, that the portion of
it lying between the Wisconsin and the Fox rivers, constitutes a part o.
the famous'"Indian Land" district, which has been sought with so
much avidity, during the past season, by ex perienced farmers from the.
older States.
I have, thus far, been commenting, in the main, on that portion of'
northern Wisconsin watered by the several rivers before mentioned, and.
lying below (south) of the <"Region of the Lakes."  The great  water
22




330
shed" merits a separate consideration.  As before remarled, it is about
50 miles in width, and some 150 miles in length, and will, at some future
day, assume an importance in the geographical and physical features of
the State now but little suspected.  It is dotted over with thousands of
/l-akes, from  twenty rods to as many miles in diameter,-water clear,
shores bold, filled with fine fish, abounding with water-fowl, and match-'less in picturesque scenery and beautiful locations.  Most of them have
inlet and outlet of fine streams, while others have neitlher.
Let not the reader be startled with visions of eternal snows and rigors
of climate; for, if correctly considered, the temperature of the Lake:Region will be judged more mild than that of the next hundred miles,south of it.
A  mistaken notion seems to have prevailed with regard to climate,.w-hich has been too generally referred to latitude, and confounded witll
it; just as though the same parallels east and west necessarily always
had the same degree of cold or heat.  This error is now being' dissipated,
and climate is known to be governed by many other causes than mere
latitude.  Topogeraphy-geological features-go far to modify the temperature and affect the seasons  among all which, it is found that bodies
of water, especially small lakes, have an influence in softening, to an extraordinary degree, a climate otherwise rigorous.  Such is known to be
exactly the effect in the Lake Region under consideration, and eminently
so in the autumnal season.
The natives, with the sagacity of their race, made these little seas
their resting places, havincg their villages both for summer and winter
on their borders, rwhile a large district south of them  has only been
used for hunting  grounds.  The early traveler, whether penetrating
from Lake Superior, or from the lower Wisconsin and Mississippi, has
always found inhabitants in the Lake RIegion, and been surprised to find
there fields of corn, beans, potatoes, &c., which, to use the words
of one of them, were "better indeed than are usually grown with all
the aid of cultivation in the valley of the Ohio."-.Atwood's Geological
Report, p. 57.
Northern Wisconsin, then, as considered with regard to soil, climate,
health, accessibility and markets, may be set down, in general terms, as
bidding fair to become a farming country, not only "self sustaining,"
but producing a large surplusage for exportation.  Those portions just




331
being opened, will be the first to be settled; but the last district named,
the "Region of the Lakes," will finally become the favorite.
The whole is a timbered country, prairies and openings being so few
and far between, as to form exceptions to the general rule. The class of
settlers, therefore, who seek the great West to find farms "already
cleared to hand," will not be likely to locate in Northern Wisconsin, till
they have essayed the prairies, and there made the discovery, that the
bounties of Providence are nearly equally distributed over the great west;
and that, what is to be had without toil, is seldom worth the possession.
Our immigration will come, as it has. in fact thus far, from the more
Northern of the older States, the character of which, needs no eulogy
from me.
Nor has so desirable a region escaped attention. The Indian title is all
extinguished; the United States surveys are progressing over it with
great rapidity.  Men of enterprise and forecast are becoming sensible of
its future destined greatness; explorations of it are being made; the eyes
of capitalists are scanning it closely, evidenced in the fact that already
three or four most important railways are proposed through it, to wit:
one from Milwaukee via Portage City to La Crosse; one from Madison
(a continuation of the Chicago and Beloit Railroad,) up the valley of
the Wisconsin, to Ontonagon of Lake Superior; one from Fond du Lac,
(a continuation of the R. R. U. V. Railroad,) up the valley of the Wolf,
to Lake Superior; and one from Green Bay west to St. Paul. These
roads are eminently practicable, and if constructed, would, no doubt, be
remunerative on the capital invested. Indeed, from the zeal and confidence manifested by the several projectors, there is good reason to pre.
sume it not utopian to look for their early completion.
You inquire for the "prominent points in Northern Wisconsin."
But few are known as yet. Green Bay, Muckwau, Waupacca, Stevens'
Point, Plover, and La Crosse, are in its southern border; though none
of them, except Green Bay and Stevens' Point, are within the boundaries I have named for this part of Wisconsin. Settlements north of
town 24, exists as follows: on the tributaries of Green Bay, at Oconto,
Peshitigo and Menomonee rivers; on the Wolf River at Lake Shawauno;
on the Wisconsin, are the Little Bull Falls village, in town 28; Big
Bull Falls, (otherwise called Wausau, the seat of justice for Marathon
Co.,) in town 29; besides several mill locations higher up, as at Pine




332
River and Virgin Falls, in town 31. I cannot give the locations with
accuracy on the Black River, the Chippewa and the St. Croix, though it
is known, several fine villages are thriving on those streams.
But it is hardly probable the prominent points, in futuro, are yet
reached in this vast region; and when they shall be, they will rise in
that most interesting country, the "Lake Region," and take position
on the banks of the "Lake of the Desert," Lake Flambeaux," Lake
Courtoreilles," and "Long Lake."
You demand to know its present wants!
What it needs first is, to be made known. 2d. To have thoroughfares
opened through it. And third, and most essentially, it wants a just and
liberal policy maintained towards it on the part of both the State and
National Governments.
The State Agricultural Society can do much towards the first of these
objects; and I trust you will not be discouraged by the feeble effort of
this present paper, from soliciting treatises in future from more competent pens.
In regard to thoroughfares, I will observe, the people of Green Bay
are about to petition Congress for a donation of the Public Lands, for
the purpose of aiding in the construction of a railway from that town to
St. Paul. Their efforts should be received with favor and helped forward by every well wisher of the North.
The proposition of the Chicago Railway Company, should be entertained in a spirit of liberality by the people of this State. Lake Superior is bound to find connexion with New York, sooner or later, via
Chicago.
A just and liberal policy from the State and zNational Governments.
A part of this, so far as relates to the National Government, has
been hinted at in the proposed grant of Public Lands to aid in the construction of railroads. The numberless other modes in which such ques-.
tions may be raised between us and that Government, can hardly be
anticipated. There is one question, however, which being already forced
upon us, I beg leave to notice in this connection.
Our exertions have, hitherto, been earnestly directed towards the
extinguishment of the Indian title, and the clearing of our territory of
those tribes. To our petitions the General Government made prompt
response, apparently in good faith.  The treaty of 1848 with the,




333
Menominee Indians, which was early ratified by the Senate, gave us the
last Indian reservation; and with it an earnest that the northern part
of Wisconsin would be speedly opened to the wants of settlers, and
that the tribe making the cession would long before this time have left
our borders. This just expectation has, however, been defeated. It is
a question, pertinent to the citizen, and one which demands the profound
attention of the Legislative and Executive Departments of the State,
why has the law of the land-the Treaty of 1848, not been complied
with, and the Menomonee Indians removed to Crow Wing River?  And
further, by what authority, and in pursuance of what and whose policy
is it now attempted to recede twelve townships of the most valuable
part of that cession back to that tribe, and to locate and re-establish
them at Lake Shawauno?  It is respectfully submitted for the consideration of the law makers and the Executive Authority of the State,
whether, on the ratification of the treaty with the Menominee Indians of
October, 1848, by the Senate of the United States, the jurisdiction of
Wisconsin did not immediately become complete over all the country
described in that cession? And if so, what authority, short of that of
this State, can undertake to locate an Indian tribe within its borders?
Such, however, has been attempted by the Agents of the Indian Department; a tract of twelve townships of the best land in the State has
been attempted to be set off near Lake Shawauno, on the Wolf river, as a
home for the Menominee Indians, in violation of the rights of many of
our citizens-of solemn treaty stipulation-of the jurisdiction of the State
of Wisconsin-besides being all a fraud on the poor Indians themselves,
who it is manifest can have no permanent resting place there; our settlements, having already, since. the ratification of the treaty, preceded the
pretended reservation!
Northern Wisconsin is deeply injured by this proceeding, and wishes
her Government to protect itself from insult, andits citizens, whether many
or few in number, from" this wrong attempted to be inflicted on them in
the name of the United States Indian Department.
In the foregoing, allusion is had to the policy of the National Government. I now beg leave to speak of some acts and doings of our local
State Government.
It is the plain duty of every Government, to protect the weak as well as
the strong; indeed, the strong being able to protect themselves, Govern



334
ments are instituted, in this republican country at least, for the express
purpose of protecting the weak. When they forget this, and lend their
omnipotence to aid the more powerful part of the body politic, to wrong
and oppress the weaker, they become nuisances, a curse instead of a
blessing, and forfeit all claim to the respect of mankind.
I beg leave to look back a little in our history. On the admission of
Illinois into the Union, her politicians plead to have her northern boundary
placed at 42' 30' N. It was objected to this, that the Ordinance of 1787,
for the government of the Territory N. W. of the River Ohio, providedthat her Northern boundary should be a line E. and W., drawn through
the southerly bend of Lake Michigan. The objection was overruled, and
she was admitted, with her northern boundary as she desired. The friends
of Wisconsin, (for she had few inhabitants at that time within her borders) saw a violation of her rights, murmured their disapprobation, and
the matter passed on, with a loss to Wisconsin of nearly eight thousand
square miles, from off her southern border.
Next came the admission of Michigan, with her contest with Ohio
about boundary, which all but involved the two States in bloodshed and
civil war. Wisconsin was still nearly unable to be heard in the great councils of the nation; though one magnanimous voice proclaimed her rights.*
But she had no representation, much less any votes. To appease the
unrighteous thirst for dominion on the part of Ohio, her boundaries, as
established by the Ordinance of 1787, were again violated; and as a
compensation to Michigan for the robbery on her by the former State,
one-fifth part of the balance of our Territory was sliced off on the N. E.
and handed over to Michigan. To this outrage we submitted with impatience, and justly complained of the high handed robbery, as a ruthless
disregard of its sacred obligations on the part of Congress. But submit we were compelled to, being without the power of resistance. We
comforted ourselves, however, as well as we could with the reflection,
that though we had lost our rights, our honor remained, and that on
attaining our majority, we would take good care to make ourselves heard
and respected in the National Councils.
At length the time came for our own admission to the great confederacy, which was done with our boundaries including what the rapacity of
our older and stronger sisters had left us; our fair proportions, though
The late Hon. John Quincy Adams.




335
curtailed at both extremities, were yet regarded such as might still enable
us to command a respectable rank in the great republican family.
Well, we regarded the question of boundary, which had given us so
much trouble and alarm, as finally put forever at rest; and we went on
in earnest, to settle up and improve our fair domain, with a view to future
greatness as well as immediate convenience.  But in the short space of
four years, before we have fairly composed our minds and become quiet
of our apprehensions from without, a new project of dismemberment rises
up from within; so strange and startling is the proposition, that but few
of our citizens can believe it real, but are disposed to regard it as some
poor hoax, got up by grave legislators in a leisure moment, during a
dearth of legitimate business, or while awaiting perhaps the action of the
Executive on Bills which their greater industry had presented for his consideration. But I regret to say no such charitable excuse can be plead
for our Solons.  Their proposition to violate the integrity of our boundaries stands on record, in the form of a grave legislative act, entitled,
"Joint Resolution in relation to the erection of the Territory of Superior."
Then follows the Resolve, that the assent of Wisconsin " is hereby given"
to the dismemberment of the State!  and that fully one half of it may be
set off into a distinct Territorial Government, to wit: all north of Town
30, and west of Range 10 N. of the Meridian.
The question has been asked, " where did this scheme originate?"Though difficult to trace its paternity, it is easy to say where it did not
come from, and that is, it did not originate with the people.
But the assent of Wisconsin "is given," that the best half of the State
may be " set off." Now it is generally supposed that boundaries constitute a part-a most essential part of our Constitution.  Has our Constitution been changed-amended?  If so, when, where, and how? and if
not, by what authority has the Legislature undertaken to give the "assent"
of the people of this State to a sundering of it in the midst?
As for the people of Northern Wisconsin, they regard the proposition
with disapprobation, and concern; its consummation would be their ruin.
They are told that the interest of the northern and southern portion of
the State are "so diverse!"  Indeed! and suppose they should be so,
what State in this Union, of respectable dimensions, but has diverse
interests?  The argument is too insignificant to merit pursuit.  The
whole scheme is liable to a construction, not greatly to the honor of the




U336
originators for magnanimity of feeling, or for that just state pride which
ought to swell the bosom of every man worthy of a seat in our Legislative Halls.
Among. the present wants of Northern Wisconsin, this project certainiy is not one, nor can it be regarded otherwise than as antagonistical
to that just and liberal policy towards us, which I have spoken of, and
which, as pioneers of the wilderness, in the van of civilization, we have
a right to expect and demand.
I am, Sir, with great respect,
Your obedient servant,
ALBERT  G. ELLIS.
To ALBERT C. INGHAM, Esq.
Sec. of the Wis. State Agr. Society.




337
FAUNA AND FLORA OF WISCONSIN.
Theffollowing Catalogues, prepared at the request of ALBERT C. INGRAM,
Esq., the Secretary of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, include the
Animals, the Fossils in the rocks, and the Plants, heretofore observed in that
State. They are very far from being complete lists of our Fauna and Flora,
only such species having been included as have been actually observed by me,
or were communicated to me by competent persons. A few species are added
on the authority of naturalists who have formerly visited this country. They
embrace 62 Mammals, 287 Birds, 19 Reptiles, 14 Fishes, 90 Mollusks, 92
Fossils, and 949 Plants.                            I. A. LAPHAM.
A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE ANIMIALS OF
WISCONSIN,
PREPARED FOR THE WISCONSIN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
BY I. A. LAPHAM, OF MILWAUKEE, 1852.
MAMMALIA.
ORDER CARNIVORA.
DIDELPHUS, Linn.
Virgihiana, Pennant.  Oppossum.  Green County.  (Dr. Hoy.)
VEsPERTILIO, Linn. The Bat.
*Noveboraeensis, Linn. New York Bat. Milwaukee.
pruinosus, Say.  Hoary Bat. Racine. f
*%ubulatus, Say. Little Brown Bat.  Racine.
*noctivagans, Le Conte. Silver Haired Bat. Racine.
t The species marked Racine were observed near that place, and communicated to
me by Dr. P. R. Hoy.
* The specimens of the species marked thus (S) are preserved in the Collection of the
Nat. Hist. Association, at Madison.




CONDYLURA, Illiger.
*cristata, Linn.  Star-nose Mole. Milwaukee.
SCALOPS, Cuvier.
aquaticus, De Kay, (Sorex aquaticus, Linn.)  Common Shrew Mole.
Racine.
SOREX, Linn.
Dekayi, Backman. Dekay'a Shrew. Racine.
Forsteri, Richardson. Forster's Shrew. Racine.
brevicaudus, Say. Short-tailed Shrew. Milwaukee.
Richardsonii Backman. North West Territory.  (Mr. De Kay,)
Cooperi Bachman.  North West Territory. (Mr. De Kay.)
URSUs, Linn. The Bear.
*Americanus, Pallas. Black Bear. Milwaukee.
PROCYON, Storr.
*lotor, Linn. Raccoon. Milwaukee.
MELES, Brisson.
Labradoria, Sabine. Badger. Milwaukee.
GULO, Storr.
fluscus, Linn. Wolverine. North West Territory.  (Mr. Say.)"
MEPHITIS, Cuvier.
Americana, Desmarest. Skunk. Milwaukee.
MUSTELA, Cuvier.
Canadensis, Linn. Fisher. Milwaukee and Watertown.
*martes, Linn. Marten. North West Territory.  (Mr. Say.)
pusilla, Dekay. Little Weasel. Racine.
PUTORIUS, Cuvier.
*Noveboracensis. Ermine Weasle, North West Territory.  (Mr. Say.)
*vison, Linn.  Mink. Milwaukee.
LUTRA, Ray.
*Canadensis, Sabine. Otter. Milwaukee.
CANIS, Linn. The Dog.
familiaris, Linn. Indian Dog.
t In Long's Second Expedition.




339
Lupus. The Wolf.
occidentalis, Richardson.  Common Wolf.  Milwaukee.
*latrans (Canis latrans, Say.) Prairie Wolf. Racine.
VULPES. The Fox.
*fulvus, Desm. Red Fox.  Milwaukee.
Virginianus, Dekay. Grey Fox. Racine.
FELIS, Linn.
concolor, Linn.  Panther.  Northern Wisconsin.  (Dr. Hoy.)
LYNcus, Gray. Lynx.
borealis, Temminck.  Lynx. Milwaukee.
*rufus Temrn. Wild Cat. Milwaukee.
ORDER RODENTIA.
SCIvRUs, Linn. The Squirrel.
*leucotis, Gappar.  Grey Squirrel, Milwaukee.
*vulpinus, Gmelin. Fox Squirrel.  Milwaukee.
*niger, Say. Black Squirrel. Milwaukee.
*Iludsonicus, Harlan.  Red Squirrel.  Milwaukee.
*striatus, Linn.  Striped Squirrel.  Milwaukee.
PTEROMYS, Illiger.
*volucella, Earlan.  Flying Squirrel.  Milwaukee.
sabrinus, Richardson. Winnebago County. (Dr. Hoy.)
SPERMOPHILUS, F. Cuvier.
*tridecimlineatus, Mitchell.  Gopher.  Milwaukee.
granamurus, Say. Line-tailed Squirrel. N. W. Territory. (Mr. Say.)
Parryi, Richardson. Racine.
AuRCTomYS, Linn.
morax, Gmel. Woodchuck. Racine.
MERIONES, Illiger.
*Americanus, Barton.  Deer Mouse.  Milwaukee.
CASTOR, Linn.
fiber, Linn. Beaver.t
f The last Beaver killed, in the southern part of Wisconsin, was in 1819, on Sugar
Creek, Walworth county, a very large one. (S. Juneau, Esq.)




340
FiBER, hIllger.
*zibethicus, Linn.  Muskrat.  Milwaukee.
HYSTRIX, Linn.
*Hudsonius, Brisson. Porcupine.  Lake of the Hills, Sauk Co.
Mus, Linn.
decumanus, Pallas, Brown Rat (introduced.) Racine.
rattus, Linn. Black Rat (introduced.)  Racine.
*musculus, Linn. Mouse. Milwaukee.
leucopus, Richardson. Jumping Mouse. Racine.
ArgvicOLA,  Lacepede.
riparius, Ord. Marsh Meadow Mouse. Racine.
hirsutus, Emmons. Beaver Field Mouse.  Racine.
xanthognathus, Leach. Yellow Cheeked Meadow Mouse. Racine.
GEnoMYs, Richardson.
bursarius, Say.  Pouched Rat. N. W. Territory.  (Mr. Say.)
LEPus, Linn.
*nanus, Schreber. American Grey Rabbit. Racine.
*Americanus, Erxleben. Rabbit. Milwaukee.
ORDER RUMTNANTIA.
BIsow. Smith.
Americanus, Gmelin. Buffalo.t
ANTILOPE, Smith.
Americana, Ord. Antilope.  N. W. Territory. (Mr. Say.)
CERvus, Brisson.
*Virginianus, Linn. Deer. Milwaukee.
alces, Linn. Moose. N. W. Territory. (Mr. Schooleraft.)
ELAPLIUS.
Canadensis, Ray. Elk. N. W. Territory. (Mr. Say.)
BANGIFER.
tarandus, Linn. Rein-deer. Borders of L. Superior. (Mr. Shooleraft.)
t Last seen east of Mississippi in 1832.




341
THE BIRDS OF WISCONSIN
Having been carefully studied by Dr. Hoy, of Racine, I have obtained
his permission to insert here his "Notes," published in the 6th volume
of the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, instead of the catalogue prepared by me. There are some additions
and corrections made by Dr. Hoy, and I have added the common names
of each species.                                               I. A. L.
NOTES ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF WISCONSIN.
BY P. R. IIOY, M. D., OF RACINE, WISCONSIN.
With few exceptions, the facts contained in the following brief Notes,
were obtained from  personal observations made within fifteen miles of
Racine, Wisconsin, lat. 42~ 49' N.; long. 870 40' W.  This city is situated on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the extreme southern
point of the heavy timbered district, where the great prairies approach
near the lake from the west, and is a remarkably favorable position for
ornithological investigation.  It would appear that this is a grand point,
a kind of rendezvous, that birds make during their migrations.  Here,
within the last seven years, I have noticed 287 species of birds, about
one-twentieth of all known to naturalists, many of which, considered
rare in other sections, are found here in the greatest abundance.  It will
be seen that a striking peculiarity of the ornithological fauna of this
section is, that southern birds go further north in summer, while northern species go further south in winter than they do east of the great
Lakes.
[* Indicates those known to nest within the State.]
VULTURINiE, (1 species.)
*CATHARTES AURA, Linn. Turkey Buzzard.
Found occasionally as far north as Lake Winnebago, lat. 44~. More numerous
near the Mississippi River.
FALCONIDiE, (19 species.)
*AQUILA CHRYSETOS, Linn.  Golden Eagle.
I have a fine specimen, shot near Racine, Dec. 1853.
It is a fact worthy of note that this noble eagle, in the absence of rocky cliffs for
its eyrie, does occasionally nest on trees, One instance occurred between Racine
and Milwaukee, in 1851. The nest was fixed in the triple forks of a large oak.




342
iiALITUS WASHINGTONII, Aud.  Washington Eagle.
I procured, in 1850, a living bird that had been slightly wounded, which answered to Audubon's description of this dolbtful species. I kept it in an ample cage
upwards of two years, but before its death it underwent changes in plumage which
led me to believe that, had it lived, it would have proved to be the white-headed
species. I put several species of hawks and owls into the same apartment, several
of which the eagle killed and devoured without ceremony. When a fowl was introduced, he pounced upon it, and without attempting to kill, proceeded to pluck
it with the greatest unconcern, notwithstanding its piteous screams and struggles.
It is my opinion that the Bird of Washington will prove to be only an unusually
marked large and fine imlmature white-headed eagle. My specimen, a female, measured 7~ feet inll alar extent.
*HALETuss LEucocrEPHALs S, Linn.  Bald Eagle.
Numerous throughout the state. I have seenu one of these fine birds pounce upon
and capture a fish in the lake, The eagle did not disappear wholly under the water,
which led me to suspect that the fish was in some way disabled.
PAmNDION HALImTUS, Linn.  American Fish Hawk.
Not uncommon.,FALCO PEREGRINUS, Grnel.  Duck Hawk.
This noble falcon is frequently met with, although not so numerous as many other
hawks. A pair nested for several years within ten miles of this city; constructing
their nest on the top of a large red beech tree.
I have seen one of these daring hawks make a swoop into a flock of Blue-winged
Teal, killing two on the spot.
FxALCO COLUMBARIUS, Linn.  Pigeon Hawk.
This active little falcon is numerous, especially in spring and fall, during the migration of the smaller birds. A few nest with us, nIany more in the pine forests of
the northern part of the State. Those that nest in this vicinity, regularly morning
and eveniiing, visit the lake shore, in quest of bank swallows, which they seize with
great dexterity awhile on the wing.
YALO A.SALON, Gmel.  The Merlin.
I have met with three individuals of this small species, Nov. 15th, 1849, Dec. 25th,
1850, and Dec. 12thl, 1852.
*FALco SPARVERIus, Linn.  Sparrow Hawk.
Coommon.
*ASTU'R ATRICAPILLUS, Wilson.. American Goshawk.
This daring and powerful hawk is to be found at all seasons; the old birds only
remain during winter, the young iretiring further south. The young are so different
in their plumage friom the old birds, that few would suspect their identity; they are
more bold and daring, much more destructive to the poultry yards than the more
sly and cautious old ones-a peculiarity not, however, confined to this species.
*AsTUR COOPERII, Bonap.  Cooper's Hawk.
Not uncommon. They destroy many quails, and young grouse, which, together
with poultry, constitute their principal fare. They construct their nests on the topof
large trees, in the most secluded situations, and leave us at the approach of winter.
MASTUR FUscus, Gmel. Slate colored Hawk.
Common. Nest here about the middle of April.




OTINEA PLUMBEA,   Grmel.  Mississippi Kite.
I saw a single specimen of this southern kite on Rock River, in this State, in July
1846. It is occasionally raet with on the Mississippi River.`-NAUCLERUS FURCATTUS, Linn.  Swallow  Tailed Hawk.
This kite was numerous within ten miles of Racine, where they nested iup to the
year 1848, since which tima they have abandoned this region. I have not seen one
since 1850. They nested. on tall elm trees about the 10th of June, and left us about
the 1st of September.
"BUTEO LAGoP us, WVilson.  RPough Legged Falcon.
Not numerous. I have repeatedly seen this buzzard soar to great heights, notwithstanding the testimiony of some ornlithologists to the cointrary. They are in the
habit, while in the pursuit of mice, frogs, &cC, of balancing thermselves over marshy
situations on the prairies. If not successful, they sail oft' to other more suitable
grounds, and r,.'new the same motion. When they espy the quarry, they dart directly upon it., in the malnner of the true falcon.  Where there are trees, they may
adopt a differeint miode of hun ting. M{ly obs.ervations apply to the prairies.
*BuTE o BOEJEATIS, Grmel.  Red tailed Hawk.
Common. They do not remain with us during severe winters. I have a fine
albino specimen of this species. Althougrh pure white, the irides were vellow. This
indLvidual was knowh to inhabit a particular district in Huron Co., Ohio, for ten
years, Although  I had offered a liberal reward for the capture of the "white hawk,"
it was several years before I succeeded in getting him.
*BUTEO YULGATPIS,  Willouliby. (?)  Common BuzzarId.
Not numerous. One of our winter residents. It is low probable this wTill prove
a new species, and will be Tamned Buteo IBairdii. (Hoy.)
*BuTEo  PE:NNSYLVxANCt s?'Wilson.  Broad wingoed Buzzalrd.
*BUTEO LIN:1'U-S,        W(me1i.  \inter Buzzard.
This noisy species is extremely numerous. The great number of hbawks, of this
and other species, that are often seen soaring in comlpany during fine weather, about
the 20th of Scptemaber, at which time they ar e nig rating south, is almost incr6dible.
CIRCUS Cr-NEus,  Lion.:Iarsh Harvier.
Common. They build theil nests entirely ofgrasfses (car'e,) placed r l;the ground
in the middle of swampy marshes. Ne;st about the 1st of June.
STRI GINAE, ( 4 species.)
SURNIA FrNnxl, Gm1e1.  HIawk-Owl.
A few visit us every winter. -
SURNIA NYCTEA,  Linn.  Snowy Owl.
Numerous on the prairies from November to 1March.
*ScoPs AsIo, Linn.  Screech Owl.
Common. In the month of June I caught four young onesjust as they were about
leaving the nest. They wvere a deep reddish brown, in all respects similar to the old
female which I shot at the time, and have preserved.




344
*SCoPs NEVIA, Grmel. Mottled Owl.
Common. I am not yet satisfied that the mottled and red owls are speciically
the same.
*BUBO VIRGINIANUS, Gmel. Great Horned Owl.
One of our most numerous species. I once put a remarkably large and fine owl
of this species into the same cage with the " Washington Eagle," previously mentioned, which soon resulted in a contest. The moment a bird was given to the owl,
the eagle demanded it in his usual peremptory manner, which was promptly resisted
with so much spirit and determination, that for a time I was in doubt as to the result;
but finally the eagle had to stand aside, and witness the owl devour the coveted
morsel. After several similar contests, it was mutually settled that possession gave
an undisputed right, the owl not being disposed to act on the offensive. I had a fine
red-shouldered hawk in the same aviary, which the owl killed and ate the second
night.
BUBO SUBARCTICUS, HIoy.  White-bellied Horned Owl.
This winter visitor I consider closely allied, yet distinct from the common horned
owl, and as such it is described in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. vi. page 211. I have
as yet examined but three specimens. The specimen in the collection of the Academy was known to carry off from one farm, in the space of a month, not less than
twenty-seven individuals of various kinds. of poultry, before it was shot.
SURNIUM  CINEREUM, Linn.  Great Grey Owl.
Not numerous. I have a fine male specimen, shot near Racine, Jan. 4, 1848. A
remarkable peculiarity of this specimen was, that the irides were brilliant blood-red.
I. saw one size carry off a duck on Lake Superior, near the mouth of Cerf river,
Sept. 1st, 1845.
*SYRNIUM NEBULOSUM, Linn.  Barred Owl.
Common in the heavy timbered districts.
*OTUS VULGARIS, Aud.  Long-eared Owl.
More numerous in the vicinity than any other owl. The young leave the nest
about the middle of June.
*OTus BRACIHYOTUS, Linn. Short-eared Owl.
Common on the prairies, where they nest on the ground, in the tall grass.  The
young are fully fledged by the second week in June.
*NYCTALE ACADICA, Gmel.  Acadian Owl.
Common.
NYCTALE TENGMALMI, Gmel.
I procured a single specimen near Racine, Nov. 30th, 1850.  Not uncommon on
the head waters of the Wisconsin river.
XYCTALE KIRTLANDII, Hoy. Kirtland's Owl.
A third species of this genus, found here, and described in the Proc. Acad. Nat,
Sci. vol. vi. page 210.
Only two specirnens have yet been obseryed.




345
STRIX FL&MMEA, Linn.  American Barn Owl.
A fine specimen of this handsome owl was obtained this spring by my friend the
Rev. A. C. Barry of this city. It was shot near this city, and is the only specimen
which has come under my observation.
CAPRIMULGIDE, (2 species.)
*ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS, Wilson.  Whip Poor Will.
Common. Arrives about the 1st of May, departs middle of September.
*CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS, Briss.  Night Hawk.
Numerous. They leave us by the 15th of September. On the 10th of this
month, 1850, for two hours before dark, these birds formed one continuous flock,
moving south. They reminded me, by their vast numbers, of passenger pigeons,
more than night hawks. Next day not one was to be seen.
HIRUNDINIDAE, (6 species.)
*PROGNE PURPUREA, Linn.  Purple Martin.
Common.
*HIRUNDO AMERICANA, Wilson.  Barn Swallow.
Numerous.
*HIRUNDO FULVA, Vieill.  Cliff Swallow.
A few nested, for the first time, at Racine in 1852. Numerous in many parts of
the State.
*HIRUNDO   BICOLOR, Vieill.  White-bellied Swallow.
Not a numerous species with us. Arrives from the 1st to the middle of April.
*COTYLE RIPARIA, Linn.  Bank Swallow.
This numerous species perforates the banks of the lake, wherever the soil is
sandy.
* CAETURA  PELASGIA, Temm.  Chimney Swallow.
Comnmon.
HALCYONIDIE, (1 species.)
CERYLE ALCYON, Linn.  King-fisher.
Common.
LANIAD7iE, (3 species.)
*LANIus BOREALIS, Vieill.  Northern Butcher Bird.
This large shrike is most numerous during fall and winter. A few, however,
spend the summer in the middle and northern parts of this State,  During winter
they subsist on field mice (arvicola) and small birds.
23




346
*LANIUS LUDOVICIANUs, Linn.?  -
I much doubt whether the north-western and southern loggerhead are the same.
Our bird is smaller than the southern, as described in the ornithological works, the
adult male measuring 814 to 1214; fenale 814 to 101.  The nest and eggs, too,
differ materially fromr Bachman's description, as quoted by Nuttall, of those of the
southern species.'t'he Wisconsin bird constructs a compact nest, placed on the
lower branches of a small tree. It is composed externally of small sticks and roots,
filled in with strips of bark and the lint of various species of plants, and is amply
lined with feathers, which almost conceal the six spotted eggs.
The male assists in incubation, which is completed in fourteen days.
Ionce shot a female just as the pair had commenced building.'1 he male went
on and completed the nest, even to the soft lining of feathers, then took his stand
on the topmost branch of the same tree, and continued watching almost constantly
for three days, apparently awaiting the return of his mate. At the end of that time
I missed him, and supposed he had abandoned the spot; but the second day afterwards he returned with a new bride, who appeared well satisfied with the waiting
nest, and commenced laying im mediately.
They return to a particular tree to nest every year.  This attachment is so great,
that when the nest is destroyed, even after they commence incubation, they not un-:frequently construct another on the same tree. iAice, young birds and lar0ge insects
compose their fare.
Numerous on the b)order of the prairies. Arrive 1st of April; depart in October..
LANIUS EXOUBITOROIDES, Swains. 
I shot a pair of birds of this species in March last (1853.)  The female is faintly
marked on the breast with pale brown undulating lines.  This is undoubtedly a
distinct species.
MUSCICAPID2E, (14 species.)
*TYRANNUS INTREPIDUS, Vieill.  King Bird.
Common.
*TYRANNUS CRINITUs,Linn.  Great Crested King Bird.
Not so common as the preceding.  Inhabits the dark swampy woods, where the
harsh squeak of this species is frequently Lheard.
*TYRANNULA FUSCA, Grmel.  Dusky Fly-catche-r.
This familiar pewee is met with everywhere.
*TYRANNuLA VIRENS, Linn.  Wood Pewee.
Common in the deep solitary woods.
TYRANNELA PuCEBE, Lath.  Phoebe Bird.
I shot two individuals of this species May 10th, 1848. Probably not very rare, but
impossible to distinguish it fiomn the T. fascea without carefully comparing the
two.
*TYRANNULA AcADIcA, Gmel.  Green-crested Fly-catcher.
The most numerous of the fly-catchers in Wisconsin.
TYRANNULA PUSILLA, Swains.  -
This species, so closely allied to the preceding, is not unfrequently met with about
the 10th af May, on its passage north.
the I  I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




347
TYRANN1US COOPERIT, Nutt.  Olive-sided King Bird.
I have occasionally met with this bird during the latter part of May.
*SEToPHAGA RUTICILLA, Linn. American Red Start.
Numerous. Arrive 5th of May; commence constructing their nests 1st ef June
*SETOPHAGA MITRATA, Bonap.  Hooded Warbler.
Not numerous near Racine, which may be considered the northern limit of this
bird's summer migration.
*SETOPIIAGA CANADENSIS, Linn.
This interesting species is not uncommon with us.
SETOPHAGA WVILSOMII, Bonap.
Common from the 10th to the 25th of May.
SETOPHAGA iMINUTA, Wilson.
Rarely met with. The only specimens I have, v ere shot 1st of June, 1850.
*CULICIVORA CERULEO, Linn.  Blue-grey Gnat-catcher.
Not uncommon. Arrives first of Mary.
VEREONINLE, (6 species.)
*YVIREO FLAVIFRONS, Vieill.  Yellow-throated Greenlet.
Not uncommon. First appe(arance fronm 10th to 15th of Miay.
*VIREo SOLITARIUS, Vieill.  Solitary Greenlet.
This is by no means a rare bird in NWisconsin; it fiequents the most secluded
thickets. Arrives about 15th of Nliay.
*VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS, Gmel.
I have noticed llnt few specimens of tlhis species. Not common.
*VIREo GILVUS, Vieill.  Warbling Greenlet.
This cheerful songster is rather common with us.
*VIREO  OLIVACEUS, Linn.  Red-eyed Greenlet.
By far the most abundant of tlle birds of this genus; its sprightly and melodious
song is heard almost constantly du ring the summer.
*ICTERIA VIRIDIS, Gmel.  Yellow-breasted Chat.
A few only are t; be found in the tangled thickets during the summer months.
MERULID_,  (10 species.)
MlIMUS POLYGLOTTUS) Lath.  Common Mocking Bird.
Occasionally a straggler of this charming songster finds its way as far rorth as
Wisconsin. I sawone between Racine and Kenosha, July 16th, 1851, and a second
near the State line, on Rock Riyer, July 26th, 1846.




*MIMUS RITuus, Linn.  Brown Thrush.
Very abundant.
*Mimus  EMLIVOX, Bonap.  Cat Bird.
Common.
*TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, Linn.  Robin.
Abundant. Arrives middle of March, leaves first of November.
*TURDuS MIUSTELINUS, Gmrel.  Wood Thrush.
Common. Wishilrg to add to my collection a pair of this species, together with
their nest and eggs, 1 shot the female, and was about to secure the nest, when the
mnale, which had been watching me in the vicinity, comn:menced singing; and, as I.approached the spot he glided off still farther from the nest, all the timle pourinog
forth the most mellow and plaintive strains I ever before heard uttered by this most
melodious of songsters. After I had been enticed to a considerable distance, he re-turned to the vicinity of the nest; three or four times I followed this bird in the same
manner before I succeeded in shooting him. This movement, and the effect of his
-tender song', so far enlisted my sympathies that I regretted exceedingly my cruelty
in destroying his nest and mate. It is common for birds to resort to various strata-:gems for the purpose of attracting intruders from their nests, but this is the only infstance wi th which I am acquainted where the charms of their music were employed
for this object.
TURDTUs SOLITXRIUS, Wilson. (?) Hermit Thrush.
Numerous during spring and fall.
Is our bird, which retires fulther north to brleed, the same that nests in the Southern States?
aTURDUS WILhsONII, Bonap.  Wilson's Thrush.
Common. Nests 1st of June.'SEIURUs NOVEBORACENSIS, Gnmel.  New York Water Thrush.
Abundant in spring and fall!. A few nest in dark and. gloomy swamps. Their
song is sweet., amixturebetween the Wlarbler's merry ditty, and the more mellow
strains of the Thrush.
*SEIuRu1   Au.ROC(APILLUS, AWilson.  Oven Bird.
CO6mmon.
ANT Ius LUDOvICIANUS, Lichst.  American Titlark.
Abundant on the prairics in sprin g and fall.
SYLVIADiE, (36 species.)
SYLVICOLA CORONATA, Wilson.  Myrtle Bird.
Numerous. The first w arbler t hat arrives in'the spring-Ist of April; they all go
north by the third of May; in the fall they linger with us until Novermber.
SYLVICOLA PETECIIA, Lath.  Red-poll Warbler.
Very numerous, especially in the fall, when thousands may be seen any day on
the prairies-running along the fences-fllttiig from stalk to stalk in the cornfield-all the time waaggrig their tails in the manner of the Titlark and AquticThrush, which they closely resemble in habits.




349
*SYLVICOLA JESTIVA, Gmel.  Summer Yellow  Bird.
Abundant.
SYLVICOLA MACULOSA, Lath. Spotted Warbler.
Numerous from the 5th to 27th of May.
SYLVICOLA FLAVICOLLIS, Wilson.
I shot a single individual of this species near Racine, June 20th, 1848.
*SYLvICoLA VIRENS. Lath.  Black-throated Green Warbler.
Common. A few nest \vith us. The old males arrive 5th of Mlay, young males
and females about the 10th of the same month.
*SYLVICOLA BL3LCKBURNIrE, Lath.  Blackburnian Warbler.
One of the most numerous warblers from the 5th to the 20th of Mlay. The old
males precede the females about a week. The filst arrivals of this species, as well
as all others, are in tho finest plumage. A few nest with us.
SYLVICOLA KIRTLANDII, Baird.  Kirtland's Warbler.
I met one single individual of this r-cently discovered species, at Racine, M[ay
20th, 1853.
*SYLVICOLA ICTEROCEPHALA, Lath.  Chestnut-sided Warbler.
This beautiful little warbler is extremely abundant. It prefers localities with a
dense under-brush, especially hazel, thinly covered with trees. In such situations it
is not uncommon to hear the songs of a dozen males at the samle time.'They construct a nest of blades of glass and thin strips of bark intermingled with caterpillars' web, fixed in a low bush, (generally hazel,) seldom more than two or.three feet
from the ground; the eggs, 4 or 5 in number, closely resemble those of S. restiva.
But one brood is raised in a season-nest from the 10th to the 15th of June. If the
nest be approached when the fe!nale is in it, she will drop to the ground and hobble
along with one wing dllagging, uttering at the same time a peeping note of distress.
I once caught a young bird of this species that had just left the nest; the parent
birds, in their alarnm for its safety, approached so near to me that I caught the male
in my hand. I let them both go, upon which, the joy of the old bird appearded to
be greater for the escape of the young fledgliing than for his own release.
SYLVICOLA CASTANEA, Wilson.
Arrives in large numbers about the 10th of,May; all gone north by the 05th.
SYLVICOLA STRIATA, Lath.  Black-poll Warbler.
Equally numerous with the precedin-g; the two species arrive and depart, in coumpany.
SYLVICOLA PINUS, Lath.  Pine Warbler.
Not a numerous species with us. Nest in the northern pine forests.
SYLVICOLA DISCOLOR, Vieill.  Prairie Warbler
A few are occasionally seen about the middle of May. Rare in Wisconsin,




350
SYrLVICOLA AMERICANA, Lath.  Yellow-throated Black Warbler.
Common.  The beautiful pensile nest of this bird has never, to my knowledge.
been discribed.  Audubon undoubtedly erred in attributing the nest described by
him to this species. That presented by me to the collection of the Academy, is
formed by interlacing and sewing together, with a few blades of grass, the pendant
lichen (Usnea barbata) which grew upon a dead herizontal branch of an oak,
fifty or sixty feet from the ground. A hole, just large enough for the bird to enter, is.
left in the angle immediately under the branch, which folrms a complete roof for the
nest; it is finished with a slhght lining of hair.  The whole forms a beautiful basket of moss, which is s, ad mn irably adapted to the purpose intended, so effectually
concealed, so light and airy, that it would be almost impossible to suggest an
improvement, and is certainly one of the most interesting specimens of ornithological architecture. The eggs, four or five in number. are white, with a band of light
brown spots near the greater end; they measure 5 by 7/1 lines in diameter. The
young leave the nest about the first week in July.
SYLVICOLA CANADENSIS, Liln.  Spottecl Canada Warbler.
Abundant from the 5th to 25th of Iay, and again from the 1st to 20th of October.
SYLVICOLA FORaMOSA, Bonap.  Kentucky Warbler.
Rare. Shot one near Racine, May 10th, 1851.
SYLvIcOLA CCERULEA, Wilson.  Blue-grey Warbler.
Not common. A few nest with us.
SYLVICOLA MARITIMN, Wilson.  Cape Mlay Warbler.
By no means a rare bird during the month of May. It frequents the vicinity of
streams and swamps that abound with tall willows, in the tops of which this interesting warbler is coin monly seen flitting about, busily searching for insects and their
larvae. It is probable that a few nest in this vicinity.
*TRICHAS MARYLANDICA, WYilso1n.  Yellow Thlroat.
Common.
TRIc-as AGILIS, Wilson.
Not uncommon. I shot a pair on the 29th of May; they had mated, and were
about to nest.
TRICHAS PHILIDELP1IIA, Wilson.  Mourning Warbler.
Rarely seen. Shot one May 10th, 1851.
*VERMIVORA PENNSYLVANICA, Swain.  Worm-eating' Warbler.
A few nest in this section. Rare.
*VERMIVORA CHRYSOPTERA, Linl.  Golden winged Warbler.
Not uncommon. Nests with us.
YERaMVORA RUBRICAPILLA, Wilson.  Nashville Warbler.
Common for two weeks in Mlay on their passage north; they return in October,
at which time the male is without the chestnut crown.
*'aERMIVORA CELATA, Say.  Orange-crowned Warbler.
Not an uncommon species. Frequent the most secluded swamps, where they nest,




351
VERMIVORA PEREGRINA, Wilson.  Tennessee Warbler.
Some seasons, about the middle of IMay, this plain bird is met with in great abundance. This was particularly the case May 14th, 15th andI 16th, 1849, when I could
have procured any desired number; thev literally thronged on the tops of the bush
oaks in an adjoining: grove. For the last two years I have not procured a single
specimen.
*MNIOTILTA VARIA, Vieill.  Varied Creeping Warbler.
Common.
MNIOTILTA BOREALIS, Nutt.?
I have met with specimens that answered to Nuttall's description, yet I am inclined
to consider it a variety of the preceding.
In order to give sorne idea of the abundance and g.reat variety of the warblers
which visit us, I append a list shot in the forenoon of May 5th, 1859, by Rev, A. C.
Barry and myself;
6 Sylvicola Americana,.          Sylvicola estiva,
1    "    pinus                4    "    canadensis.
1    "     striata,            1    "    petechia.
5    6     icterocephala,      4    "    maritima,
4    "     virens,             1    "             Setophagia canadensis,
6    "     Blackburnia,        2    "    Vernivora rubricapilla,
5    "     maculosa,  "    Trichas marylandica,
1    "     coronata,           3    "       niotilta varia.
47
All, except three, males in unusually fine plumage, the females not having yet
arrived.
We could have obtained many rrore of most of the species, had it been desirable.
"*TROGLODYTES -EDON, Vieill.  House Wren.
Common. First appearance 15th of April.
* TROGLODYTES HYEMALIS, Vieill.  Winter Wren.
Common. Nest in abundance on the shores of Lake Superior.'*TROGLODYTES BREVIROSTRIS Nutt-  Short-billed Wren.
A few nest in the vicinity of Racine. Not abundant.
*TROGLODYTES PALUSTRIS, Wilson.  Marsh Wren.
Abundant on all reedy flats.
TROGLODYTES LUDOVICIANUS, Bonap.  Mocking Wren.
I met a single wren of this species, July 5th, 1852. Undoubtedly nests sparingly
in the southern part of the State. Rare.
RtEGIULUS CALENDULA, Linn.  Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Abundant spring and fall.:REG.ULUS SATRAPA, Lichst.  Golden-crested Kinglet.
Abundant. Arrives 1st of April, and remains until May 10th.




352
SxALIA WILSONII, Swains.  Blue Bird.
The first arrival of this harbinger of spring at Racine, wasIn 1846,   -    -   March 25th.
" 1847,   -    -           20th.
"1848,   -    -         "  17th.
"1849,   -    -         "  11th.
"1850,    -    -           21st.
" 1851,   -    -            15th.
" 1852,   -    -           12th.
CERTHIADiE, (5 species.)
CO(ERTHIA AMERICANA, Bonap.  Brown Creeper.
Common throughout the year.
SITTTA CAROLINENSIS, Linn.  White-breasted Nuthatch,
Common, remains during the winter.
*SITTA CANADENSIS, Linn.  Red-bellied Nuthatch.
This species does not remain with us during winter.  A few nest near Racine a
greater number in the pine regions in the northern palt of the State.
*PARrs ATRICAPILLUS, Linn.  Black-cap Tit.
Abundant, remain during winter.
PARus HuDsoNICus, Lath.
A small party of this northern species visited Racine during the unusually cold
January of 1852.
AMPELIDzE, (2 species.)
BOMBYCILLA GARRULA, Vieill.  Black-throated Waxwing.
Arrives in large parties from the first to the last of November, and leaves by the
15th April. The first arrivals are all young birds, destitute of the yellow markings
on the wing, and with less of the wax-like appendages.  These young birds generally proceed further south to vinter, while the ol(i birds, in perfect plumage, arrive
later, and seldom, if ever, go further. I never have seen an individual entirely destitute of wax ornaments.  The only perceptible difference betweien the sexes is in
size, the females being slightly the larger. In fifty specimens accurately measured
the average was:
Females,   -       -           8 5-12 —144
Males,      -     -            8 2-12-13%
They are unsuspicious, permitting a near approach. Their fare consists of a variety of berries, but those of the mountain ash, (Py'u s Americana,) appear to be preferred to all others. They are frequently seen to eat snow as a substitute for drink;'*BOMBYCILLA AMERICANA, Swain.  Cedar Bird.
Common, does not remain during winter.
ALAUDINE, (2 species.)
*0TOCORIS ALPFrs'RIS, Linn.  Itorned Lark.
Abundant on the prairies. A few remain during the entire winter,




353
*QOTOoRIs RuFA, Aud.
Not an abundant species with us; becomes more numerous as you go we.:q
FRINGILLID1E, (33 species.)
PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS, Linn. White Snow Bird.
Abundant from November to April.
PLECTROPHANES LAPPONICA, Linn.  Lapland Snow Bird.
Met with in great abundance on the prairies, from the middle of October to the
middle of May. Before they leave us in the spring they are in full sorg and perfect plumage. They sing in concert like blackbirds, either while on the wing or
settled on lences.
PLECTROPHANES SMITHII, AUD.
Occasionally met with in considerable numbers on the prairies.
*ZONOTRICHIA ILIACA, Bonap.  Fox-colored Sparrow.
Common duriug October and April.
*ZONOTRICHIA MELODIA, Wilson.  Song Sparrow.
Common.
ZONOTRICHIA PENNSYLVANICA, Lath.  White-throated Sparrow.
Abundant during spring and fall.
*ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS, Gmel.  White-crowned Sparrow.
Met with in great abundance in company with the preceding. A few nest in the
vicinity.
ZONOTRICHIA GRAMINEA, Gmel. Bay-winged Sparrow.
Occasionally seen, but rare.
*ZONOTRICHIA PASSERINA, Wilson. Yellow-winged Bunting.
Not uncommon in the reedy slows on the prairies.
*ZONOTRICTXIA PUSILLA, Wilson.  Field Bunting.
Not an abundant species with us.
*ZoNoTRICHIA SOCIALIS, Wilson.  Chip Bird.
Common, arrive 1st of May.
ZONOTRICHIA PALLIDA, Swains.
Not unfrequently met with about the middle of May.
ZONOTRICHIA CANADENSIS, Lath.  Tree Bunting.
Very numerous autumn and spring, but few remain through the w'nter.
*ZONoTRICHIA SAVANNA, Bonap. Savanna Bunting.
Common on high prairies.




354
*ZoNOToRICTIA LINCOLNII, Aud.  Blue Striped Bunting.
Not uncommon spring and fall. A few remain during summer, and nest with us.
*NIPI3EA HYEMALIS, Linn.  Snow Bird.
Common spring and autumn. Do not remain. through the winter. Nest on Lake
Superior.
*AmMODROMUS PALUSTRIS, Wilson.  Swamp Finch.
Common.
ALIAIRIA MINOR, Aud.  Lesser Red-poll.
Abundant every winter.
LIsARIA BOREALIS, Temrnm.  Mealy Red-poll.
The only time I ever met with this bird was in December, 1850.
*;C1RYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, Linn.  Yellow Bird.
Coxmmon,
*CmrYSOMITRIS PIAUS, Wilson.  Pine Finch.
Abundant.
*CHONrDESTEs  GRAMMACEA, Say.
Common. Frequently met with in the roads, expanding  and closing their fanlike tails at every hop. One of the most agreeable sining birds. Their song is a
singular combination of the Thrush, Finch, and Tohe-Bunting. They build their
nest in the open field or high prairie, under the protection of a weed or small shrub;
it is constructed externally of fine grass placed in a slight excavation in the ground,
and finished with a lining of hair. Tile eggs, four, are bluish-white, marked with
straggling hair streaks and serpentine lines of dark-brown, closely resembling those
of the orchard Oriole, but less pointed.
OEusPIza  AMERICANA, Gmel. Black-throated Bunting.
Not uncommon.
*SPIZA CYANEA, Wilson.  Indigo Bird.
Common.
*PxpiLO ERYTIROPHTHALMA, Wilson.  Ground Robin.
Abundant.
*CARPODACUS PURPUREUS, Gmel. Crested Purple Finch.
Common during spring and fall. A few nest with us, many more on the shores
of Lake Superior.
CoRYT sIus ENUCLEATOR, Wilson.  Pine Bull Finch.
Numerous during severe winters.
*LoxXsA CURVIROSTRA, Linn. American Cross-bill.
Abundant in the pine forests. Large flocks occasionally visit our vicinity during
fall and winter, feeding on the seed of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus.)




355
LoxIA LEUCOPTERA, Gnrel.  White Winged Crossbill.
Occasionally visit us —not common.'*PITYLUS CARDINALIS, Linn.  Cardinal Grosbeak.
A few stragglers nest with us-rare.
*COCOBORJUS LUDOVICIANUS, Wilson.  Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Common. Arrive 1st of May.
COCOBORUS VESPERTINUS, Cooper.  Evening Grosbeak.
Not an uncommon bird. During winter and spring they frequent ttoe maple
woods, feeding on the seed of the sugar maple (Acer sacchariezzun,) in quest of
which they spend much time on the ground. I have noticed this bird as late as the
15th of May. In all probability they nest within the State. Unsuspicious. easily
approached. ThSir song lacks the melody of our other species of Grosbeaks.
*PYRANGA RUBRA, Wilson.  Black-winged Red Bird.
Common.
STURNIDtE, (10 species.)'*STURNELLA LUDOVICIANA, Linn.  Meadow Lark.
Common, but does remain during winter.
*STURNELLA NEGLECTA, Aud.
A few visit the Lake shore in early winter,. we have a specimen examined by Prof
Baird and pronounced to be undoubtedly this species; it was shot on the24thof
December, when the preceding were all gone.
E*YPIANTES BALTIMORE, Linn.  Golden Oriole.
Abundant.
YPHANTES SPURIUS, Gmel.  Orchard Oriole.
Common.
*DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORA, Linn.  Bob o'linli, or Rice Bird.
Abundant.
MOLOTHRUS PECORIS, Wilson.  Cow Bunting.
Common. I found the egg of this bird, in one instance, in the nest of the Redwinged Blackbird.
*AGELAIUS XANTHOCEPHALUS, Bonap.  Yellow-headed Troopial.
A few nest within fifteen miles of Racine, in an extensive imarshl. Seldom visit
the lake shore.
*'AGELAIUS Prn(ENICEUS, Linn.  Red-winged Blackbird.
Abundant every where.
*SCOLECOPIAGUS FERRUGINEUS, Lath.  Rusty Blackbird.
Common fall and spring. Arrive 15th of March. A few remain during summer.




356
*QUISCALUS VmERSICOLoR, Vieill.  Common Crow Blackbird,
Cmmon.
CORVIDAl, (5 species.)
*CVYANocoRAx CRISTATUS, Linn. Blue Jay.
Common through the year.
CYANOCORAX CANADENSIS, Linn. Canada Jay.
Occasionally, during severe winters, visit the vicinity of Racine.
PrcA MELANOLEUCA, Aud.  Magpie.
Occasionally a straggler visits us. Two were shot in Caledonia, ten miles fronm
Racine. December, 1848. A gentlleman of this city obtained one at Ballies Harbor,
on Lake Alichigan, November 15, 1849.
*CoRvus AMERICANUS, Aud.  Common Crow.
A singular fact in relation to the Crow is, that it never takes up its quarters within fifteen or twenty miles of Lake; I ichigan, within this State..At Racine it may
be considered one of the rarest birds.
*CoRvus CORAx, Linn.  Raven.
More numerous than the preceding. Remain through the winter.
TROCHILDAE, (1 species.)
*TRocUmLU  COLUBRIS, Linn.  Humming Bird.
Common.
P[CIDfE, (9 species.)
*PICUS PILEATUS, Linn.  Crested Woodpeclker.
Comrmon in heavy timber districts.
DENDROCOPUS CANADENSIS, Gmel.
*Occasionally met with during winter-rare.
*DENDROcOPUs ViLLosus, Linn.
Abundant through the year.
*DENDROCOPUS PUBESCENS, Linn.  Downey Woodpecker.
Common-remain during winter.
*DENDRocoPUS VARIUS, Linn.  Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.
Common. Leave us 1st of November, arrive 15th April. This Woodpecker visits
the orchards during September and October, to feed upon the inner bark of the
peach and cherry, girdling the stems so effectually as not unfrequently to kill the
trees. I have watched them while thus engaged in my own garden, and have carefully examined, under a microscope, the contents of the stomachs of numerous
sp.ecimens.




357
*MELANERPES ERYTHIROCEPHALUS, Linn.  Red-headed Woodpecker.
Common, migratory.
APTERNUS AROTICUS, Swains.  Arctic Woodpecker.
I have specimens of this Woodpecker shot near Racine in the month of November.
*COLAPTES AURATUS, Linn.  Golden-winged Woodpecker.
Comnmon.
"CENTURUS CAROLINUS, Linn.  Red-bellied Woodpeclker.
Not an abundant species with us. They remain during winter.
CUCULIDA,! (2 species.)
-*Cocczvus AmERICANUS, Linn.  Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Not so numerous as the following.
*Coocyzus ERYT-ROPHTIIALMUS, Wilson.  Black-billed Cuckoo.O
Abundant.
PISTTACIDIE, (1 species.)
C ONURUS CAROLINENSIS, Linn.  Paraket.
Formerly Parakets Wver ecommon on the Mississippi, within this State, latterly they
are seldom met with.
COLUMBIDA, (2 species.)
*ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIA, Linn.  Wild Pigeon.
Abundant.
*ECTOPISTES CAROLINENSIS, Linn.  Turtle Dove.
Common. Remain during winter.
PAVONIDiE, (I species.)
*MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO, Linn. Wild Turkey.
Formerly Turkeys were common in this section, but now none are to be found.The last noticed near Racine was in November, 1846. Abundant in the south-western countries.
TETRAONIDAE, (6 species.)
*ORTYX VIRGINIANA, Linn.  Quail.
Within a few years this Partridge has become remarkably numerous.
*BONASA UMBELLUS, Linn. Partridge.
Common in all the timber districts.




358
*TETRAO  CANADENSIS Linn.  Spruce Grouse.
Common on the head waters of Wolf River and vicinity of Lake Superior.
*TETRAO CurIDo, Linn. Prairie Hen.
Greatly abundant. Two sportsmen, with one dog, generally bag from fifty to
eighty in a day. We challenge the world for finer sporting Prounds than the prairies of Wisconsin furnish during August, September and October.
*TETRAO PHASIANELLIIS. Linn.  Sharp-tailed Grouse.
Formerly quite common near Racine-now seldom met with. Abundant in all
the north-western counties.
*LAGOPUS SALICETr,  Swains.  Willow Grouse.
In December, 1846, two specimens vwere caught in a trap ten miles fiom Racine.
Nest in the tangle of evergreenl swamps of the north-western parts of the State.Not numerous,
RALLIDE, (6 species.)
e GALLINULA GALEATA, Lich.  Florida Gallinule.
Abundant as far north as Lake Winnebago, latitude 44~o
*FULICA AMERICANA, Gruel. American Coot.
Common in all large marshes.
*RALLUS ELEGANS,  Aud.  Meadow Hen.
Abundant, nest in the prairie slews.
*R-ALLUS VIRGINIANUS, Linn.  Mud lien.
Common.
*ORTYGOMETRA CAROLINA, Linn.  Sora Rail.
Greatly abundant spring anld fall; a few remain during summer to nest.
*ORTYGOMET A NOvEWDORACENSIS, Lath.  New York Rail.
By no means uncommon.  The young of this and the preceding three species of
Rail, are fully fledged by the 15th of August.
GRUIDAE, ( l species.)
Gaus AMEIRCANA, Forster.  American Crane.
A few white sand-hill cranes are occasionally seen in the western part of the State.
near the Mississippi, but never approach the Lake shores, where the following species is common. It would appear that the white is a more southern species than the
brown.
*GiRU  CANADENSIS, Ternmm.  Brown Sand-hill Crane.
Found on all our large prairies.  Althlough we have seen large flights of these
birds, we never saw, or heard of, a white individual within one hundred miles of'
Lake Michigan. A pair has nested regularly for fifteen years in a swamp nine miles.
from Racine, (we have noticed them olurselves regularly for the last seven years,)
and they still continue in color unchanged. The locality of this nest is in a few tussocks of grass, in the midst of an almost impenetrable swamp, the nest is composed
of coarse grass, built up in a conical form eighteen inches or two feet high, so sittiated that when the parent bird sits upon, or rather astride of this pyramidal nest, her
feet hang down on either side into the water.  The old nest is regularly repaired
every spring,




359
TANTALUS LOCULATOR, Linn.
There is a fine specimen of this southern bird in the museum of the Wisconsin
State Historical Society, at Madison, which was shot near Milwaukee, Septo 1852.
*ARDEA HEnoDIAS, Linn,  Great Blue Heron.
A common species.
*ARDEA VIRESCENS, Linn.  Green Heron.
Not uncommon in the wooded swamps of the timbered districts, never met with
in the prairie marshes.
*BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS, Swains.  American Bittern,
Abundant in the marshes and slews of the prairies. The young are fully fledged
by the 20th July. WBe have witnessed thebittern emit his peculiar call, "pump-aun
gah;" the head is drawn up to the breast, the neck being much dilated, when the
first syllable pumnp is uttered( in a heavy low tone, the second syllable au is emitted
with a partial extension of the neck, and the final gah is accompanied with a violent
darting forward of the head to the full extent of his long neck. This ludicrous performance is repeated three or four times in succession.
*ARDEOLA EXILIS, Bonap.  Small Bittern.
Abundant on the reedy marshes, never found in the dark, shaded, woody smamps.
EGRETTA LEUCE, Jardins.  Great White Heron.
A single individual shot near Racine, June, 1851.
* EGRETTA CANDIDISSIMA, Gmel.  White-crested Heron.
Not an uncommon species along the borders of small lakes. Nest in communities, on trees in Tarnarack swamps.
EGRETTA CArRULEA, Jard.  Blue Heron.
Shot one August 28th, 1843, on Root River.
CIHARADRIADIE. (6 species.)
CIARADRIUS MARMORATUJS, Wagler.  Golden Plover.
Visit us in great numbers spring and fall.
CHARiADmus IELODIUS, Ord.  Piping Plover.
Occasionally met with in the fall, not numerous.
*CHIIAADRIU  VOCIFERUS, Linan.  Kill-deer Plover.
Common, a'rrive from 18th to 25th of March,
CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS, Bonap.  American Ring Plover.
A few only met in May and October. Rare.
CIIARxDRIU  HELVETICUS, Linn.  Whistling PGlover.
Not abundant, April, May and September.
STREPSILAS INTERtPRES, Linn,  Turnstone.
Common, spring and autumn.




360
SCOLOPACIDE3, (27 species.)
TPriGA ALPINUS, Linn.  Black-breasted Sand Piper.
Only met with sparingly, April and October.
TRvNGA SIINzII, Brehm.  Schintz's Sand Piper.
A rare species with us, spring and fall.
RLGA PECTORALIS, Bonap.  Pectoral Sand Pilpe:.
We have only noticed this species in autumn.
TinGA RIrFESCENS, Vieill.  Roughl-breasted Sand Piper.
Quite common from September 15th to October 10th. Never met in the epring.
TINGA MARIT[MA, Brunnich.  Parple Sand Piper.
Greatly abundant from 15th of April to 20th of May.
Tr-NGA MINUTA, (?) Leistel.
Not common. A few found on the borders of small lakes.
TRExGA PUSILLA, WilS.  Wilson's Sand Piper.
Common. Nest in the reedy marshes.
rBvnAm CINEREA, Wils.  Red-breasted Sand Piper.
We have only met this bird in October. Rare.
2ILmNGAk SEMIPALMATA, Wils.  Semipalmated Sand Piper.
Shot several October 1st, 1850. Rare.
TRIsGA DOUGLASII, Swains.  Long-legged Sand Piper.
Shot two April 10th, 1848. Rare.
~ sxLm:mTs  ARPENARIA, Illiger,  Sanderling.
Common on the Lake Shore spring and fall.
T'tyAN'S SEMIPALMATUS, Lath.  Willet.
We have met this species as late as the 10th of June. Not numerous.
Ta7'NUS VOCIFERTUS, Wils. Varied Tatler.
Abundant. Nest in all large marshes,`To'TANus FLAVIPES, Lath.  Yellow Legs.
Common.
~ToTANUs SOUITARIUS, Wilson.  Solitary Tatler.
uNot uncommon.
ToAuSrr  MACULARIUs  Wilson.  Spotted Sand Lark.
Common.




361
*TO'TANUS BaRTP.AMIUS, Wilson.  Grey Plover.
Abundant. Nest on the high rolling prairies.
LIMOSA FEDOA, Linn.  The Marlin.
Not an unconmmon bird. We saw a pair on a marshy slew near Wisconsin river,
June 15th, 1848, where they were probably nesting.
LIMosA HuDSONxICA, Lath.  Ring-tailed Marlin.
We shot a single bird of this well marked species November 1st, 1850.
MACRORHTAMPUS GRISEUS, Leach. Dowitchee.
Found sparingly spring and fall.
*ScoLo, ptxv ILSONIr, Temm.  Comimnon American Snipe.
Common, nest abundantly with us.' RUSTICOL.A MINOR, Vieill. American Woodcock.
The first woodcock noticed in this section was in 1847, since which time they have
been rapidly on the increase;
RECURvIROSTRA AMEeRIcANA, Linn,  American Avoset.
We saw a pair on a marsh n: ar Fox river, July 26th, 1846, where they had probably nested; we also met with a small party on thre Des Plaine, May, 1847.
HIMANTOPrUS NlGRICOLLIs, Vieill.  The Lawyer.
Met a small flock of these singular birds near Racine, April, 1847.
~NI-~MENIUS LON-GIROSTPILS, Wilson.  Long;billed Curlew,
Common on large thinly settled prairies. We found them nesting in abundance
on Sun Prairie, Columbia County; also within six miles of Ceresco.:*NUMENIUS HUDSONICUs, Lath.  Jack Curlew.
Common spring and fall. We found a few nesting near Fox Lake, June 15, 1848.
NUMENIUS BOREALIS, Lath.  Esquimaux Curlew.
Met with in company with the preceding in early spring and fall. Rare.
PINNATIPEDES, (2 species.)
PHxALAROPUS FULICIARIUS, Bolnap.  Red Phalarope.
Met with a small flock first of November, 1847. Rare.
*LoBIPEs   WILsONII, Jardin.
Not an abundant species. Prof. S. F. Baird shot one near Racine, July 15, 1853.
Nests sparingly in marshes.
ANATIDIE, (29 species.):'*ANSER CANADENSI8, Linn. Wild Goose.
Greatly abundant spring and fall, and not a few remain during the summer to nest.
24




362
ANSER HYPERBOREUS, Gmel.  Snow Goose.
This species is seen late in the fall in large flocks, numbering sometimes not lesB
than two hundred.
ANSER ALBIFRONS, Bechst.  White-fionted Goose.
Met in large numbers spring and fall.
ANSER LEucoPSIS, Bechst.
In December, 1850, there was a single barnacle goose kept about the harbor for
two weeks.
ANSER BERNICLA, Linn. Brant.
Occasionally met on the lake shore. Rare.
ANSER HUTCHINSII, Rich.  Hutchinson's Goose.
Large flocks of this species occasionally visit us in the fall; rarely seen in the spring.
CYGNUS AMERICANUS, Sharpless   American Swan.
Visit us regularly spring aud fall.
CYGNUS BUCCINATOR, Rich.  -
This larger swan is freq uently seen, and occasionally shot in our vicinity.
*ANAS CLYPEATA, Linn.  Shoveller.
Not uncommon. A few nest in the prairie siews.
*ANAs BosCHAs, Linn.  Mallard.
Common.
*ANAS OBSCURUS, Gmel.  Black Duck.
Numerous in the interior-seldom visit the lake.
ANAS STREPERA, Linn.  Grey Duck.
Shot 2d March, 1848, the only specimens we ever met with.
DAFILA ACUTA, Linn.  Pin-tail Duck.
Common only early in spring and late in the fall.
M3IARECA AMERICANA, Gmel.  American Widgeon.
Abundant.
*QUERQUEDULA DISCORS, Linn.  Blue-winged Teal.
Very abundant. Nest in all the large slews.
*QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS, Steph. Green-winged Teal,
Common.
*DENRONESSA. SPONSA, Linn.  Wood Duck.
Common.




FULIGULA RUBIDA, Wilson. Ruddy Duck.
MIet occasionally fall and spring. Not abundant.
FULIGULA VALISNERIA, Wilson0.  Canvass Back,
Rarely met. March and October.
FULIGULA FERINA, Linn.  Red Head.
Not uncommon.
*FULIGULA MARILA, Lann.  Broad Bill
Common.
*FULIGULA RUFITORQUES, Bonap.  Bastard Broad Bill.
Common. Nests on the borders of grassy lakes.
CLANGULA VULGARIS, Fleming.  Whistler.
Common on the lalke in wintelr and early spring.
CLANGTULA ALBEOLA, Linn.  Bufile-headed Duck.
Common.
CLANGULA HISTRIONIC A, Linn.  Harlequin Duck.
One shot in Racine harbor December 15th, 1851. Rare.
HARELDA GLACIALIS, Linn.  Old-wife.
Common on the Lake dutring winter and early spring.
MIERGUS MERGANSER, Linn.  Buff-breasted Sheldrake.
Common; remain during win tar.
*MIERGUS SERRATOR, Linn.  Red-breasted Sheldrake.
Common. A few nest -with us.
*MERGUS CUCCULkTUS, Linn.  Hooded Sheldrake.
Abundant. Nest on the reedy fiats.
PELECANIDIE, (2 species.)
PHALACROCORAx DILOPHUS, Swaiin.  Double Crested Cormorant.
Occasionally visit our rivers and small 1lakes  Rare.
PELECANUS ONOCIROTALUS, Linn.  Pelican.
About the 10th of March the pelicans arrive, and after spending a few days in the
small lakes, go further north.
LARIDAE, (11 species.)
STERNA CAYANA, Lath, Cayenne Tern,
Rarely visits us,




364
*STERNA NIGRA, Linn. Black Tern.
Abundant about lakelets and marshes.  Never found on Larke Michigan.
*STERNA ANGLICA, MIontague.  Mlarsh Tern.
We have but seldom. met the marsh tern in this vicinity..*STERNA HIIRUNDO, Linn.  Comminon Tern.
Abundant. Nest on a small rocky island in the northern part of Lake Michigan
LARUS FRANKLINIT, Rich. -
Visit us only in severe winters. Rare.
LARUS BONAPARTII, Rich.  Bonaparte's Gull]
Associate with the common Tern fall and spring, in great numbers.
LARus TRIDACTvLUS, Linn.  Three-toed Gull.
Met on the lake, Nov., 1853.
LARUS SABINI, Sabine.
Saw two in company with the preceding.
LARUs GLAUCUS, B unnich,  -
Another rare wiinter visitor.
*LARUI AGENTATUS, Brunnich.  Winter Gull.
The commlon Gull of the lakes. Nest on a rocky island in company with the
commono  Tern.
LARUS ZONORIYNCHIus, Rich.  Common Anmerican Gull.
A rare species waith us. Mr. Samuel Sircomb has a specimen shot at M-ilwaukee.
COLYMBID2E, (6 species.)
*COLYMBUS GLAC[ALIs, Linn.  Great Loon or Diver.
Common.
COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, Lilln.  Red-throated Loon.
Not uncommon during winter.
PODICEPS  tUBRICOLLIS, Lath.  Red-necked Grebe.
Only found in winter  Rare.
PODICEPS CORNUTUS, Linn,  Horned Grebe.
Common spring and fall.
*PODIOEPS CAROLIxN:ENSIS.  Dipper.
Common. N"est in marshes.
*PODICEPS CRISTATUS, Lath.  Crested Grebe.
A common species; nests on the margin of small lakes,




REPTILES.
ORDER TESTUDINAT A.
CHELONURA, Fleming.
*serpentina, Say.  Snapping Turtle.
EMYS, Brongniart.
*picta, Gmelin.  Painted Tortoise.  Mlilwaukee.
CISTUDA, Flerming.
Blandingii, Holbrook.  Blanding's Tortoise. Prairies of Wiseonsin8
(Holbrook.)
ORDER OPHIDIA.
CROTALUS, Linn.
*durissus, Linn.  Banded Rattle Snake.  Grant Co.
CROTALOPHORUS, Gray.
tergeminus, Holb.  Miassasauga. Racine.
EUTAINIA, Baird & Girard.
*sirtalis, B. & G. (coluber sirtalis, Linn.  Tropidonotus tania, De Kay.)
Striped Snake.  Milwaukee,
radix, B. & G. Racine.
NERODIA, Baird & Girard.
*sipedon, B. & G. Watersnake.  Milwaiukee.
SCOTOPHIS, Baird & Girard.
vulpinus, B. & G. Racine.
OPHIBOLUS, Baird & Girard.
eximius, B. & G. (Coluber eximius, De Kay.) Milk Snake. Milwaukee.
BASCANION, Baird & Girard.
*eonstrictor, B. & G. Black Snake.  M[ilwaukee.
CHLOROSOMA, Wagl.
*vernalis, B. & G.  (Coluber vernalis, De Kay.) Green Snake. Racine.
DIADoPHIS, Baird & Girard.
punctatus, B. & G. (Coluber punctatus, Linn.)  Ring-neclked Snake.
Mlilwaukeoe
STORERIA, Baird & Girard.
Dekayi, B. & G.  (Tropidonotus Dekayi, Holb.)  Racine.
occipito-maculata, B. & G. Racine.




366
ORDER AAIPIIIBIA.
RANA, Linneus.
*palustris, Le Conte. Marsh Frog.  Milwaukee.
*sylvatica, Le Conte.  Wood Frog.  Milwaukee.
halcinda, Kalmn.  Shad Frog.  Milwaukee.
SALAMANDRA, Brongniart.
*subviolacea, Barton, Violet Salamandelr.
MENOBRANCHUS, Harlan.
*lateralis, Say.  Banded Proteus.  Milfwaulkee River.
FISHES.
ORDER SPINE-PLAYED.
PERCA, Linneus.
flavescens, Mlitchell. Yellow Perch.  Milwauklee.
POMOTIS, Cuvier.
vuigaris, Cuv, Sunfish.  Milwaukee.
CORVINA, Cuvier.
oscula, Lesueur.  Sheephead.  Milwaukee..ORDER ABDOMIINAL.
PIMELODUS, Cuvier.
catus, Linn.  Cat-fish. Milwaukee.
CATOSTOMUS, Lesueur.
aureolus, Les. Mullet. Milwaukee.
LEUcIscus, Klein.
atronasus, Mitchell.  Minnow.  MIilwaukee.
Esox, Cuvier.
estor, Lesueur.  Muskallonge.  Milwaukee.
reticulatus, Lesueur. Pickerel. Milwaukee.
SALMO, Linneus.
fontinalis, Miitchell. Brook Trout.  Northern Wisconsin.
amethystus, Mitchell.  Lake Trout.  Milwaukee.
CORREGONUS, Cuvier.
albus, Lesueur.  White Fish.  Milwaukee.




367
AMIA, Linn.
amia calva.  Dog Fish.  M3ilwaukee.
LEPISOSTEUS, Lacepede.
osseus, Linn.  Gar Fish.  Rock River.
CARTILAGINOUS.
ACIPENSER, Linn.
rubicundus, Lesueur.  Sturgeon.  Milwaukee.  L. Winnebago.
MOLLUSCA.
ORDER GASTERIOPODA.
ANCYLUS, Muller.
rivularis, Say. Milwaukee and Rock Rivers.
diaphanus, Hald. Milwaukee River.
VITRINIA, Draparnaud.
pellucida, Drap.  N. V. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
HELIX, Linn.
albolabris, Say. Milwaukee. Menasha. Two Rivers. Sheboygan.
alternata, Say. Milwaukee. Two Rivers. Sheboygan.
arborea, Say. Milwaukee.  Madison.  Two Rivers.  Sheboygan.
chersina, Say.  N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
concava, Say. N. W. Territory, (Binney.)
fraterna, Say. Manitowoc.
hirsuta, Say.  Mlilwaukec.  Sheboygan.
labyrinthica, Say. Milwaukee.  Two Rivers.  Sheboygan.
lineata, Say.  Milwaukee. Two Rivers.  Sheboygan.
ligera, Say.  N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
monodon, Racket.  Milwaukee. Manitowoc. Sheboygan.
multilineata, Say. Milwaukee. Madison.
perspectiva, Say. Milwaukee. Madison. Two Rivers.
profunda, Say. Milwaukee.  Manitowoc.  Sheboygan.
porcina, Say. N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
PUPA, Lamarck.
armifera, Say. MIilwaulkee.
corticaria, Say. Milwaukee.
ovata, Say. [P. Modesta, Immatine.]  Milwaukee.
SUCCINEA, Draparnaud.
obliqua, Say. Milwaukee. Two Rivers.
avara, Say. N., W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)




u8G
BULIMUS, Bruguie-es.
lubricus, Brug.  Milwaukee.  Madison.  Sheboygan.
harpa, Pfeiffer.  (Helix harpa, Say.)  N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say,)
PLANORBIS, Lamarck.
armigerus, Say. Milwaukee River. Mluskego Lake.
bicarinatus, Say. Milwaukee lyiver.  Four Lakes.  Sheboygan.
campanulatus, Say. Milwaukee River, Rock, Fourth, and Muskego Lales.
Sheboygano
corpulentus, Say. N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
deflectus, Say.  hMilwaukee and Twin Rivers.  Rock, Fourth and Muskego Lakes.
exacutus, Say. M;'lwaukee River.
parvus, Say.'Milwaukee and Manitowoc Rivers.  Muskego Lake.
trivolvis, Say. Milwaukee and Twin Rivers. AMuskego Lake.
LIMNEA, Lamarck.
caperata, Say.  (L. umbilicata Adams.)  Milwaukee and Manitowoc
Rivers.  Muskego Lake.
catascopinn, Say.  N. VW. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
columella, Say.  (L. Macrostoma, Say.)  Milwaukee.
emarginata, Say. Four Lakes.
fragilis, Linn.  (L. Elodes, Say.)  Milwaukee, Manitowoc and She.
boyg'an Rivers. Rock, Muskego and the Four Lakes.
gracilis, Say. Milwaukee River.
jugularis, Say.  (L. stagnalis, Kirtland.)   Milwaukee, Sheboygan and'I'win Rivers. Muskego, Rock, Horricon and Fourth Lakes.
megasoma, Say.  N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
umbrosa, Say.  N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
PHYSA, Draparnaud.
heterostropha, Say.  Milwaukee, Sheboygan and Twin Rivers.  Rock L.
elongata, Say.  hMilwaukee and Manitowoc Rivers.
PALUDINA, Lamarck.
decisa, Say.  MAilwaukee, Sheboygan and Rock Rivers.
isogona, Say. Rock River.
subglobosa, Say.  N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
AMNICOLA, Gould & Haldeman.
limosa, Say. N. W. Territory, (Mr. Say.)
lustrica, Say. Four Lakes.
MELANIA, Lamarck.
depygis, Say.  MIilwaukee and Sheboygan Rivers.
elevata, Say.  Milwaukee and Manitowoc Rivers.
VALYATA, Muller.
tricarinata, Say. Milwaukee River.  Rock and Four Lakes.
sincera, Say.  Milwaukee River. Four Lakes.




369
OIDER  ACEPHALA.
UJNIO, Bruguieres,
bullatus, Raf.*  [U. pustulosus, Lea.]  Roeek River. \Wisconsin River at
Prairie du Sac.
carcdiunm, Raf.   [U. ventricosus, Barnas.]   Mississippi at Prairie  du
Chien.  Wisconsin River, (_Mr. Barnes.)
cariosus, Say.  Silver Lake.  Fourth  Lake.
clava, La i.  [U. mytiloies, Raf.]   Rock River.  Wisconsin at Prairie
du Sac.
dilatus, Raf. [U. gibbosus, Bar.] Manitowoc, Rock and W isconsin Rivers.
fasciolaris, Raf.  [U. phaseolus, Hildreth, U. muneonatus Bar.]   Wisconsin Rive, (Mr. Barnes.)
fasciatus, Raf.  [U. crassus, U. ellipticus, and U. carinatus,  Barnes.]  At
Prairie du Chien, (Mr. Say.)  NWisconsin  and Neenab Rivers, (Mr. Barnes.)  Rock Rielr.
luteolus, Lam.  [U. siliquoideus, and U. inflatus, Bar.]  Milwaukee and
Rock Rivers. Pike Croeek.  Wisconsin River, (Mr. Barnes.)
metanervus, Raf. [U. nodosus, Bar.] Wisconsin River at Prairie du Sac.
nervosus, Raf.  [U. zigzag, and U. 6donaciformis, Lea.]'Wisconsin
River at Prairie dclu Sac.
olivarius, Raf.  [U. ellipsis, Lea.]  Wisconsin River at Prairie du Sac.
parvus, Barnes.  Neenah (LFox) River, (Mr. Barnes.)
prasinus, Conrad. [U. Schoolcraftensis, Lea.] Neenalh River, (Mr. Lea.)
radiatus, Lam.   Wisconsin Riiver.  (Mr. Barnes.)
iectus, Lam. [U. prelongois, Barnes.] Rock River. Wisconsin River at
Praitrie du Sac.  Neenabh River, (M1r. Barnes.)
reflexus,  Raf. [U.  cornulus Bar.]  Neenah Rivetr, (Mr. Barnes.)
subrostratts, Raf. [U. iris, Lea.]  Milwaukee and Root Rivers.
trig'onus, Leae,  n1ilwaukee, Sheboygan and Rock Riivers.
truncatus,  Raf.  [U. elegans, Lea.]   Wisconsin River at Prairie dul Sac.
tubereulatus, Raf.  [U. verrucosos, Bar.] Wisiconsin River, (NMi. Barnes)
Rock River.
undatus, Bar.  Neenalh River, (Mr. Barnes,) Wisconsin at Pr. du Sac.
verrucosus, Raf. [U. tuberculatus, Bar.] Neenah River, (Mr. Barnes) Wis.
River at Prairie diu Sac.
i'IErAPTERA, Raflnesque, Agassiz.
alata, Conrad, [Unio alatus, Say.] Milwaukee, Rock, Neenah, Wisconsin
and Sheboygan Rivers.
fragilis, Con.  [U. fragilis, Say. U. gracilis, Bar.] Sheboygan and Rock
Rivers. Wisconsin River at Prairie du Sac.
PLECTOMERUS, Conrad.
(Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., vol. VI, p. 260.)
plicatus, Con. [Unio plicatus Bar.]  Rock River.  Wisconsin River at
Prairie dcl  Saco
"I follow IMr. T. A. Conrad's Synopsis of the Family of Naiades, recently published,
(Proc. of the Acad. of Nat. Seiences, vol. VI, p. 243,) for reasons there given, which
appear to be conclusive.




370
COMPLANARIA, Swainson.
complanata, Con.  [Alasmodonta complanata, Bar.]  Wisconsin and
Neenah lRivers, (Mr. Barnes.) Slheboygan and Rock Rivers.
costata Con. [Alas costata tlaf. A. rugosa Bar.] Wisconsin and Neenal1
Rivers, (Mr. Barnes.) Builwaukee and Pock Rivers.
compressa, Con. [Symphynota compressa Lea.] Milwaukee River.
ALASMODOINTA, Say.
marginata, Say.  Milwaukee, Sheboygan and Rock Rivers.
leptodon Raf.  [Unio planus, Bar. U. tenuissima, Lea.]  Wisconsin
River, (Mr. Barnes.)
STROPHITES, Rafinesque.
calceolus, Con.  [Unio ealceolus, Lea.] Milwaukee, Root and Rock
Rivers. Rock Lake.
edentulus, Con.  [Alas edentula, Say.  Anodonta edentula, Deo Kay.]
Milwaukee and Rock Rivers.
ANODONTA, Bruguielres.
cataracta, Say.  [A. fluviatilis, Lea.]  Milwaukee River. Fourth Lake.
declivis, Con.  [A. plana, Lea.]  Alilwaukee River.
ferussaciana, Lea.  Milwaukee, Sheboygan and Rock Rivers.  Pike
Creek.  Oconomowoc and Silver Lakes.
imbecilis, Say.  [A. incerta, Lea.]  Milwaukee River.
CYCLAS, Lamnarek.
simeilis, Say.  Common.
PAL EONTOLOGY OF WISCONSIN,
Being 1an enumeration of the Fossil Organic Remnains discovered in the rocks
of that State.  By I. A. LAPHAM.
This list of fossils will be of use in making a geological survey of the State.
As an instance of the importance of the careful study of these interesting relics
of a " former world,"_ I may mention that this list shows conclusively that the
mocks of this State belong to the Silurian period, and are therefore much older
than the Coal Formation.  We hence infer, with confidence, that no coal beds
of workable value, will ever be found in Wisconsin; and all the money heretofore expended, or that will hereafter be expended by ignorant persons, in search
of this valuable product, is only a useless waste of capital.
PLANT-,E.
SCOLITHUS, Hall, Paleont. of N. Y., vol. I. p. 2.
linearis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. I. p. 2.  One mile north of Lyons, Sauk
Co, also near Madison.




371
PAL.EOPIHYUS, Hall, Pal. of N. Y., I. p. 7.
tubularis, Hall. Janesville.
PHYTOPSIs, Hall, Pal. of N. Y., I. p. 38.
tubulosumn, Hall. Mineral Point.
BUTHOTREPHIS, Hall, Pal, N. Y., I. p. 8.
succulens, Hall, Pal. T. Y., I. p. 62.  Mineral Point.
ZOOPIHYTA.
STREPELASMA, Hall, Pal. of N. Y., I. p. 17.
expansa, Hall.  Doty's Island, Lake WVinnebago.
corniculum, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 69. BlueMoundcs, Beetown, Exeter,
Beloit, Emerald Grove.
parvula, Hall, Pal, N. Y., I. p. 71.  Mineral Point, Fairwater, Doty's I.
STICTOPORA, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 73.
ramosa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 51.  Mineral Point.
C Hi  TETES.
lycoperdon, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p, 64 (Favosites lycoperdon, Say.) Beetown, Mineral Point, Beloit.
RE CEPTACULITES.
a species resembling R. Neptuni, DeFrance.  (Coscinopora sulcata. 
Owen.)   Mineral Point, Blue Mounds, Wyota, Emerald Grove,
Whitewater, Fort Atkinson, Watertown.
GRAPTOLITHUS.
Hallianus, Prout, Am. Jour. of Science, Vol. XI., p. 187. Osceola AMills,
St. Oroix River.
DIPLOPHYLLUM, Hall. Pal. N. Y., II. p. 115.
cmspitosum, Hall.  Milwaukee.
FAVOSITES.
Kiagarensis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 125. Milwaukee.
favosa, Goldfus. (F. striata, Say.) Milwaukee, Bailey's Harbor, Door Co.
CATENIPORA. The Chain Coral.
agglomerata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II p. 129. Milwaukee.
gracilis, Hall, Fost. & Wh. Report, p. 212. Eastern shore of Green Bay.
HELIOLITES, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 130.
pyriformis, Hall. Milwaukee:
macrostylus, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p, 135. Milwaukee.
STROMATOPORA, Goldfus.
concentrica, Goldfus, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 136,  Milwaukee.




372
CRITNOIDEA.
SCiIZOCRINUS, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 81.
nodosus, Hall.  Mineral Point, Beetown, Blue Mounds, Doty's Island.
EUCALYPTOCRINUS.
decorus, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 207, (Itypauthocrinities, Philips.) Racine,
CARYOCRINUS, Say.
ornatus, Say.  Hall, Pal. N. Y. II., p. 216.  Milwaukee, Racine.
B11ACIIOPODA.
LINGULA.
prima, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 3. Falls of the St. Croix.
anitiqua, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 3.  Falls of the St. Croix.
obtusa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 98.  Hazel Grcen, Little Butte des Morts.
LEPTENA.
alternata, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 102.  Mineral Point, Hazel
Green, Sturgeon Bay.
deltoidea, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. I., p. 106.  Blue Miounds, Mineral Point
Newark and Beloit, Rock Co..
sewicea, Sowerby, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 110.  Platte Mounds, Mineral
Point, Blue Mounds, Doty's Island,
filitexta, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 111.  }Mineral Point.
planumbona, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 112.  Mineral Point.
deflecta, Conrad.  HIall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 113.  MIineral Point.
recta, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 113.  Patch Grove.
planoconvexa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 114.
depressa, Delman.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 2.57.  Milwaukee.
subplana, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., II.p. 259.  Milwalukee.
ORTIIIS.
testudinaria, Delman. Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 117. Mineral Point, Platte
Mounds, Blue Mounds, Beloit, Sturgeon Bay.
subequata, Conrad.  Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. I. p. 333.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I.
p. 118. Mineral Point.
bella-rugosa, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 118.  Mineral Point.
disparilis, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 119.  Mineral Point.'perveta, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 120.  Mineral Point.
tricenaria, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 121.  Mineral Point, Blue
Mlounds, Exeter, Newark, Rock Co.
pectinella, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N.Y., I. p. 123.  Mineral Point.
occidentalis.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 127.  Sturgeon Bay.
hybrida, Sowerby.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 253.  Milwaukee.




SPIRIFER.
lynx, Von Buch.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 133.  Mineral Point, Doty's
Island, Sturgeon Bay.
Niagarensis, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y.; II. p. 264.  Milwaukee.
ATRYPA.
increbescens.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 146.  {Mineral Point, Newark.
reticularis, Darlman.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 72.  (Anomia reticularis,
Linn.)  Milwaukee.
nitida, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 268.  Milwaukee.
obtusieplicata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 279.  Milwaukee.
PENTAMERUS.
Oblongus, Mlurchison.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., IT. p. 79.  Milwaukee, Blue
Mounds, Bailey's Harbor, Door Co., Sturgeon Bay.
occidentalis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 341.  On the peninsula between
Green Bay and Lakie Michigan.  Mr. Hall.
ACEPHIAL A.
NUCOULA.
levata, Hall, Pall. N. Y., I. p. 150.  Platte ~Mounds, Hazel Green.
TELLINOmYA, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 151.
nasuta, Hall. iMineral Point.
ADMBOYc HIA, Hall, Pal. Nr. Y., I. p. 163.
Amygdalina, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 165. Mineral Point, Beetown, Beloit.
MO'DIOLOPSIS.
curta, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 297.  M3ineral Point.
ovatus, Hall, Pal. N, Y., II. p. 101.  Milwaukee.
PYRENOMIEUS, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 87.
cuneatus, Hall.  Milwaukee.
GASTEROPODA.
MACLUREA, Laseuer.
magna, Laseuer, Jour.. Acad. Nat. Se., vol. I., p. 313, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 26, pl. 5, fig. 1. Newark, Rock county.
PLEUROTOMARIA.
Umbilicata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 43. Beloit, Fairwater, Doty's Island,
lenticularis, Conrad. Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 172. Mineral Point, Exeter,
Newark, Doty's Island, West side of Green Bay.
subconica, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 174. Mineral Point, Newark, Rock Co.




MURCIISONIA.
tricarinata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 178.  Mineral Point.
bellicincta, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 179.  Beetown, Blue Mounds, Exeter,
Emerald Grove.
major, Hall, in Foster & Whitney's Report, p. 209.  Western Shore of'
Green Bay.
gracilis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 181.  Mlineral Point, Exeter, Newark,.
Doty's Island.
SUBuLITES, Conrad.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 182.
elongata, Conrad.  Hall. Mineral Point, Beloit, Patch Grove.
BELLEROPHON.
bilobatus, Sowerby. Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 184.  Mineral Point, Doty's
Island.
BUCANIA.
expansa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 186. Newalk, Rock Co.
CYRTOLITES.
compressus, Conrad, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 188. Mineral Point.
CYCLONEMA, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 87.
bilix (Pleurotomaria? bilix, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 305.) Near Prairie
du Chienm.
PJATYOSTOMA, Conrad. Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 286.
Ningarensis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 287. Milwaukee.
hemispherica, Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 288.
CElPIIALOPODA.
ORTHOCERAS.
mnulticameratum, Conrad. Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 45. Beetown, Mineral
Point.
bilineatum, Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1. p. 199.  Hazel Green.
anellum, Conrad. Pro. Ac. Nat. Sc. I., p. 334-Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p.
202. Hazel Green, Mineral Point.
undulatum, Hisinger. (0. annulatum, Sowerby.) Hall, Pal. N. Y., I.
p. 293. Milwaukee,.
LITUITES.
undatus, Conrad, in Hall, Pal. N. Y. I. p. 52. Beloit.
convolvulans?  Hisinger.  Iall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 53. Newark, Rock
County.
GoNIOCERAS, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 54.
anceps, Hall.  Mineral Point.
CYRTOCERAS.
macrostonurt, Hall, Pal, N. Y., I. p. 194, Hazel Green,




375
ONCOCEROS. Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 196.
constricturn, Hall.  Newark, Beloit, Fairwater.
CRIUSTACEA.
ASAPHUS, Brongniart.
Barrandi, Hall, in Fost. & Whitney's Report, p. 212.  Near Platteville.
extans, Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 228.' Patch Grove, Mineral Point.
CYTIIERINA.
fabulites, Conracl. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I., p. 332. Beloit, Mineral
Point'
ILLENIUS.
crassicauda, Dalman.  Hall, Pal. N. Y. I. p. 229.  MIineral Point, Hazel
Green,
ISOTELUS, De Kay.
gigas, De Kay.  Hall, Pal. N. Y, I. p. 231.  Mineral Point.
CERAURUS, Green.
pleurexanthemus, Green.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 242.  Beloit,'lineral
Point, Patch Grove.
insignis, Beyrich.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., IT, p. 300.
PHACOPS.
Dalmani, Portlock.  (P. callicephalus.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., I. p. 247.)
Patch Grove.
BUMIASTIs.
barriensis, AMurchison.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 302. Burlington Racine,
Co.; Mlilwaukee; Hartford, Washington Co.
CALYtIENE, Brongniart.
Blumenbchii, Brongniart.  Hall, Pal. N. Y., II. p. 307.  Milwaukee.
Racine.
PLANTS OF WISCONSIN.
The vicinity of the "' Great Lakes," Superior and Michigan; the elevated
plateau between Lake Superior and the Mississippi River; the " pineries;'"
the heavily timbered land; the "oak openings," and the prairies, may
each be considered as distinct botanical districts, within the State, affording plants peculiar to themselves, and giving great richness and variety
to our flora.
Mr. THOMAS NUTTALL was the first botanist, so'far as I can learn, who
visited Wisconsin. He passed Green Bay, by the Portage of the Neenah




(Fox) and Wisconsin rivers, to Prairie du Clhien, and thence down the
Mississippi, as early as about the year 1813.  In his very valuable
"'Genera of Nortlh American Plants," published in 1818, he makes
fiequent reference to localities in this State, and has described thirteen
new species first discovered by him in these regions.
The next notice of our plants was published in 1821, in Sillman's
Journal,'' by Prof. D. B. DoUGLAss    and Dr. Jo-N TORREY; being "a
notice of the plants collected by Prof. Douglass, in an expedition under
Governor CASS, duringl the summer of 1820, around the Great Lakes
and upper waters of the }Mississippi."  One hundred and ten plants
are enumerated, many of them friom within the limits of this State; and
three are indicated as new species.
In 1823,  ajor LoNcG, withll a party of scientific gentlemen, under the
direction of the Secretary of War, traversed the North West Territory
(as Wisconsin was then called); but unfortunately the botanist was
detained, and did not join the Expedition. We have, consequently, only
an account of a few plants gathered by the late lamented THOMAS SAY,
naturalist to the Expedition; these were examined by LEWIS DE SCIIWEINITZ, an accomplished botanist of Pennsylvania, and a list of them
published in the Narrative of the Expedition.
The next and last published notice of our plants is in Schooleraft's
"Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca
Lake, the actual source of that river, in 1832."  This Expedition was
accompanied by the late Dr. DOUGLAss HOUGHTON, Vhose premature
death in Lake Superior, while performing his arduous duties of State
Geologist of Michigan, is sincerely regretted, not only by all who knew
him, but by all the friends of science.  The list of plants collected by
him in this Expedition, numbers two hundred and forty-seven, of which
eight were new and undescribed.
Numerous prepared specimens of Wisconsin plants, have, within the
last few years, been distributed among the botanists of our own and
other countries; and the critical notices kindly returned by them, have
been of much assistance in making this enumeration.  It embraces one
hundred and thirty-six of the natural orders or families, four hundred
and fifty-nine genera, and nine hundred and forty-nine species-all found
within thirty miles of the city of Milwaulkee, unless other localities are
mentioned.'Vol. IV. p 56.




RANUN CULACEIE.  THE CtROWFOOT FAMILY.
ATRAGENE, Linn.
Americana, Sims. Head of Lake St. Croix. Dr. Parry.
CLEMATIS, Linn. Virgin's Bower.
Virginiana, Linn.  Common Virgin's Bower.
PULSATILLA, TOUrn. Pasque-flower.
patens, Mill.  Anemone patens, Linn.
ANEMONE, Linn. Wind-flower.
nemorosa, Linn.  Low Wind-flower.
Virginiana, Linn. Tall Anemone.
multifida, DC. Shore of Lake Superior. Dr. Z. Pitcher.
Pennsylvanica, Linn.
HEPATICA, Dillenius.  Liver-leaf.
triloba, Chaix. Round-leaved Hepatica.
acutiloba, DC.  Sharped-leaved Hepatica.
TEIALICTRUM, Linn.  Meadow Rue.
anemonoides, Michx.
diocum, Linn.
Cornuti, Linn. Meadow Rue.
RlANUNcULUS, Linn. Crowfoot.
aquatilis, Linn. White-Water Crowfoot.
Purshii, Richards. Yellow-Water Crowfoot.
rhomboideus, Goldie.
abortivus, Linn. Small-flowered Crowfoot.
recurvatus, Poir.
Pennsylvanicus, Linn. Bristly Crowfoot.
fascicularis, Muhl.
repens, Linn. Creeping Crowfoot.
Marylandicus, Poir. Hairy Crowfoot.
acris, Linn. Buttercups.
ISOPYRUM, Linn.. Enemion, Raf.
biternaturn, Torrey & Gray.
CALTHA, Linn. Marsh Marigold.
palustris, Linn. Cowslip.
COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread.
trifolia, Salisb.
AQUILEGIA, Linn.  Columbine.
Canadensis, Linn, Wild Columbine.
25




378
DELPHINIUM, Linn. Larkspur.
azureum, Michx. Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton,
IYDRASTIs, Linn. Orange-root.
Canaclensis, Linn.
ACTAEA, Linn. Cohosh.
rubra, Bigel.:Red Cohosh.
alba, Bigel. White Cohosh.
AMENISPERMACEIIE. TmHE MOONSEED FAMILYO
MENISPERMUM, Linn. Moonseed.
Canadense, Linn.
BERBERIDACE 1E.  TnE BRARERRY FAMILY,
LEONTICE, Linn.  Caulophyllum, Michx.
thalietroides, Linn. Blue COohash.
JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twin:leaf.
diphylla, Pers.
PODOPHYLLUM, Linn.  May Apple.
peltatum, Linn.
CABOMBACEizE.  THE WATER-SIIELD FAMILY.
BRASENIA, Sebreber. Hydropeltis, Michx.
peltata, Pursh. Water-shield.
NELU`,iMBIACE2E.  Ti:E NNELUMBO FAMIJY.
NELUMBIUM, Juss. Sacred Bean.
luteum, Willd. Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
NYMPfPH~ ACiH. THiE WATER-LILY FAMILY.
NYmMrH EA, Tourn.
odorata, Ait.  White Water-Lily.
NUPrHAR, Smith.
advena, Ait. Yellow Water-Lily.
SARRACENIACE2E.  TEm PITCHER PLANT FAMILY.
SARRACENIA, LUnn.
purpurea, Lina.  Side-Saddle Flower,




379
PAPAVERACEIZE.  T-IE POPPY FAMILY.
SANGUINARIA. Dill.  Bloodroot.
Canadensis, Linn.
FUMARIACEzE.  rTIE FUMIITORY FAMIILY.
DICENTRA, Bork.
cucullaria, DC.  Breeciles Flower.
Canadensis, DC.  Sqluirrel Corn.
CORYDALTS, Linn.
aurea, Willd. Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
glauca, Pursh.  Blule Mounds.
CRUCIFER2E.
NASTURTIUM, R. Brown.
palustre, DC.
natans, DC.
CARDAMINE,  Linn.
rhomboidea, DC.  Spring Cress.
hirsuta, Linn.
pratensis, Linn.
DENTARIA, Linn.  Toothwort.
laciniata, Muhl.
APRABIs, Linn.
petrsea, Lam.  Slore of Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
lyratta, Linn.
hirsuta, Scop.
levigata, DC.
Canadensis, Linn. Sicklepod.
TUrRITIS, Dill.  Tower Mustard.
glabra, Linn.  Shore of Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
stricta, Graham.  Lake Superior, Dr. A. Gray.
brachycarpa, Torr. & Gray.  Shore of Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
ERYSIMUM, Linn.  Treacle Mustard.
cheiranthoides, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
SISYMIBRIUM, Linn.  Hedge Mustard.
canescens, Nutt.
SINAPIs, Tourn.  Mustard.
arvensis, Linn,
nigra, Linn.




380
DRABA, Linn. Whitlow Grass.
Caroliniana, Walt. Near Waukesha, Mr. G. W. Cornwall.
CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax.
sativa, Crantz.
LExPIIUM, Linn. Pepperwort.
Virginicurn, Linn.
CAPSELLA, Vent.  Shepherd's Purse.
Bursa-pastoris, Mlench.
-CAKILE, Touln. Sea-Rocket.
Americana, Nutt.
CAPPARIDACEiE.  THE CAPER FAMILY..POLANSIA, Raf.
graveolens, Raf. Near Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
VIOLACEI,.  THE VIOLET FAMILY.
VIOLA, Linn. Violet.
blanda, Willd.
sagittata, Ait. Marquette County, Mr. John Townley.
cucullata, Ait. Blue Violet.
pedata, Linn.
Muhlenbergii, Torrey.
pubescens, Ait. Yellow Violet.
CISTACEIE.  THE ROCK-ROSE FAMIILY.
HELIANTHEMUM, Trum. Rock Rose.
Canadense, Michx.
lluDsoIAx, Linn.
tomentosa, Nutt. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
LECHEA, Linn. Pinweed.
minor, Lam. Upper TMississippi, Dr. Houghton.
DROSERACEME. THE SUNDEW FAMILY.
DROSERA, Linn.  Sundew.
rotundifolia, Linn.
longifolia, Linn. L. Sup. to Upper Miss., Dr. Houghton.
linearis, Goldie. La Pointe, L. Superior, Dr. Houghton.




381
PARNASSIA, Tourn.
Carollniana, Michx.
palustris, Linn. South shore of L. Superior, Dr. Z. Pitchel:
HYPERICACE-A. TfHE ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
HYPERICUM, Linn. St. John's-Wort.
pyramidatum, Ait. Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
Canadensis, Linn. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
prolificum, Linn. Marquette Co., Mr. J. Townley.
ELODEA, Adans.
Virginica, Nutt.
CARYOPHYLLACE E-. THE PINK FAMILY.
~ 1. Silenece.
SAPONARIA, Linn. Soapwort.
Vaccaria, Linn. Cow-herb.
SILENE, Linn. Catchfly.
stellata, Ait. Starry Campion.
antirrhina, Linn.
noctiflora, Linn.
LYCHNIS, Tourn. Cockle.
githago, Lamin.
~ 2. Alsinece.
ARENARIA, Linn. Sandwort.
stricta, Michx.
serpyllifolia, Linn.  Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
lateriflora, Linn.
STELLARIA, Linn. Chickweed.
media, Smith.
longifolia, Muhl. Stichwort.
CERASTIUM, Linn.
vulgatum, Linn. Beloit, Mr. T. MIcEl Henry.
viscosum, Linn.  Mouse-Ear.
~ 3. llecebrece.
SPERGULA, Linn. Spurrey.
arvensis, Linn.  Wauwatosa, Mr. M. Spears.
ANYCHIA, Michx.
dichotoma, Michx. Blue Mounds, I A. Lapham.




~4. JMoll-uginece.
MOLLUGO, Lian.
verticilatta, Linn. Calrpet Weed.
PORTULACACEzE.  THE PURSLAIN FAMILYr..PORTULACA, Tourn.
oleracea, Linn. Purslain.
TALINUM, Adans.
teretifolium, Pursh. Falls of the St. Croix, Dr. Houghton.
CLAYTONIA, Linn. Spring Beauty.
Virginica, Linn.
MALVACEE.  THE MALLOW FAMILY.
MALVA, Linn.  MALLOW.
triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. Upper
Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
rotundifolia, Linn.  Dwarf Mallow.
TILIACE /E. THE LINDEN FAMILr.
TILIA, Linn.
Americana, Linn. Basswood.
LINACE E. THE FLAX FAMILY.
LINUM, LINN.
rigidum, Pursh.
GERANIA CEi.,GERANIUM, Linn.  Cranesbill.
maculatum, Linn.
Carolinianunm, Linn.
Robertianum, Linn. L. Superior to Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
OXALIDACE. THE WOOD SORREL FAMILY.
OXALIS, Linn.
violacea, Linn. Rock Prairie and near Beloit.
stricta, Linn.
BALSAMINACEIE.  THE BALSAM FAMILY.
IMPATIENS, Linn.  Jewel Weed.
pallida, Nutt.
fulva Nutt.




383
LIMNANTHACE E.,
FLMRKEA, Wilid. False Mermaid.
proserpinacoides, Willd.
ZANTHOXYLACEJE. ThE PRICILY AsII FAMILY.
ZANTIIOXYLUM, Linllll.
Americanurm, Mill. PRICKLY ASII.
PTELEA, Linn.
trifoliata, Linn.
ANACARDIACEZE. TLE SUMIAC1I FAMILY.
RHUS, Linn. Sumach.
typhina, Linn.
glabra, Linn.
venenata, D C. Poison Sumach.
Toxicodendron, Linn. Poison Oak.
ACERACEALE. TIE MAPLE FAMILLY.
ACER, Linlll. Maple.
spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.
saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple.
rubrum, Linn. Red Maple.
NEGUNDO, Moench.. Box Maple.
aceroides, Moench. Rock River and Sugar River, I. A. L.
CELASTRACEIE.  THE SPINDLE-TR:EE FAMILY.
STAPIIYLEA, Linn. Bladder-Nut.
trifolia, Linn. Beloit. Mr. T. MIcE1l Henry.
CELASTRUS, Linn. Bittersweet.
scandens, Linn.
EuoNYMus, Tourn. Spindle-Tree.
atropurpureus, Jacq. Here called Wahoo.
RAMNACEME.  THE BUCKITHORN FAMIILY.
RHAMNUS, Linn. Buckthorn.
alnifolius, L'Her.
CEANOTIHUS, Linn. New Jersey Tea.
Americanus, Linn.
ovalis, Bigel. Beloit, Mr. T. MeEl Henry.




384
VITACEIE. THE VINE FAMILY.
VITIS, Linn.  Grape Vine.
mstivalis, Michx. Summer Grape.
ripari, Michx. Frost Grape.
AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginia Creeper.
quinquefolia, Michx.
POLYGALACE~I.  THE MILKWORT FAMILY.
POLYGALA, Tourn. Milkwort.
incarnata, Linn. Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
sanguinea, Linn. P. purpurea, Nutt.
crusiata, Linn.
verticiliata, Linn.
Senega, Linn. Seneca Snake-Root.
polygama, Walt. Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
paucifolia, Willd.
LEGUMINOSAE. THE PEA FAMILY.
VICIA, Tourn. Vetch.
Cracca, Linn..Tufted Vetch.
Americana, Muhl.
Caroliniana, Waltr. Marquette Co., Mr. J. Townly.
LATHYRUS, Linn.
xmaritimus, Bigel.
venosus, Muhl.
oehroleucus, Hook.
palustris, Linn.
APIos, Boerh.
tuberosa, Moench. Indian Potato.
AMPHICARPIEA, Ell.
monoica, Nut. Wild Bean.
DESMODIUM, D C. Tick Trefoil.
nudiflorum, DC. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
acuminatum, DC.
Canadense, DC.
LESPEDEZA, Michx. Bush Clover.
violacea, Pers. var. divergens, Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry. Var..
capitata, Michx.          [sessiliflora Waukesha, I. A. Lapham,
ASTRAGALUS, Linn. Milk Vetch.
Canadensis, Linn.




385
PaAcA, Linn. Bladder Vetch.
neglecta, Torr. & Gray.
TEPIIROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.
Virginiana, Pers.
AMORPHA, Linn.
fructicosa, Linn. Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
canescens, Nutt. Lead Plant.
DALEA, Linn.
laxiflora, Pursh. Near Prairie du Chien, Mr. Nuttall.
PETALOSTEMON, Michx.
violaceum, Michx.
candidum, Michx.
villosumn, Nutt. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
TRIFOLIUM, Linn.  Clover.
pratense, Linn. Red Clover.
repens, Linn. White Clover.
LuPINIs, Tourn. Lupine.
perennis, Linn. Wild Lupine.
BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo.
australis, R. Brown. B. caerulea, Nutt. On the Neenah River, Dr.
leucantha, Torr. & Gray. B. alba, Hooker.          [Houghton.
leucophaea, Nutt.
CASSIA, LINN. Senna.
Chameecrista, Linn. Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
GLEDITSCHIA, Linn. Honey Locust.
triacanthus, Linn. Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
ROSACE1E. THE ROSE FAMILY.
~ 1. Anygdaleow.
PRsNus. Tourn. Plum.
American, Marsh. Yellow Plum.
CERASUS, Tourn.  Cherry.
pumilla, Michx. Sand Cherry. Lakes Michigan and Superior, Dr.
Pennsylvanica, Loisel. Bird Cherry.                [Houghton.
Virginiana, DC. Choke Cherry.
serotina, D C. Wild Black Cherry.




386
2~. Rosacece.
S'mm, Linn. Meadowsweet.
opulifolia, Linn.  Nine-Bark.
salicifolia, Linn.  Meadowsweet.
tomentosa, Linn.  Hardhack. Upper Wisconsin River.  I. A. L.
AG:oNIA, Tourn.  Agrimony.
Eupatoria, Linn.
6L:as, Linn.  Avens.
Virginianum, Linn.  White Avens.
-macrophyllum, Willd.  Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
strictunm, Ait.,ivale, Linn.  Water or Purple Avens.
triflorum, Pursh.
WC AVO.T'EINTIA, Wdilld.
fragaroides, Tratt. Dividing ridge between the St. Croix and Bois
[Brule Rivers, Dr. Parry.
%' isr   LLA, Linn.
JNorvegica, Linn.
Canadensis, Linn. Fivefinger.
paradoxa, Nutt.  Near St. Croix River, Dr. Parry.
arguta, Pursh.
anserina, Linn. Silver-Leaf.
fruticosa, Linn.
tridentata, Ait.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
{JMA. Rv, Linn.  Marsh Fivefinger.
palustre, Linn.'uFafizRxA, Tourn.  Strawberry.
Virginiana, Ehrh.
vesca, Linn.
itru-,ss Linn.  Bramble.
itrutkanus, Mocino. Head of Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
odoratus, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
eanadensis, Linn. Low Blackberry. Marquette Co., Mr. J. Townley.
-tri-forus, Richards.
strigosus, Michx. Red Raspberry.
oceidentalis, Linn. Black Raspberry.,illosus, Ait.  Blackberry.
hispidus, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
Rosa, Tourn.  Rose.
lucida, Ehrh. Wild Rose.
blanda, Ait. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.




38*T
~ 3. Pomear.
CRATAI  US, Linn.
coccinea, Linn. White Thorn.
punctata, Jacq.
Pnzus, Linn. Apple.
coronaria, Linn. Crab-Apple.
arbutafolia, Linn.  Choke Berry.
Americana DC. Mountain Ash.  Brookfield, Waukesha Co., Mr.
[G. H. Cornwall.
AMELANCIIER, Medic. June-Berry.
Canadensis, Torr. & Gray.
MIELAST OMA CE2E.
RnE2xIA, Linn. Deer Grass.
Virginica, Linn. Mauvaise River, C. Whttlesey.
LYTHRACE-ZE.  TIiE LOOSE~STRIFE PFAMILY.
LYTI-IRUM, Linn. Loosestrife.
alatum, Pursh..DECODON, Gmuel.
verticillatum, Ell. Fish Trap Rapids, Upper St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
ONAGRACE $]. THE EVENING PRInM.osE FAMILrY.
~ 1. Onagracece.
EPILOBI UM, Linn.
angustifolium, Linn. Willow Herb.
coloratum, Muhl.
palustre, Linn.
ENOTHERA, Linn. Evening Primrose.
biennis, Linn.
rhombipetala, Nutt. Near the St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
chrysantha, Michx. Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
GAURA, Linn.
biennis, Linn. Beloit.
LUDwIGIA, Linn.
palustris, Ell. Water Purslain.
CIRmCEA, Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade.
Lutetiana, Linn.
alpina, Linn.




388
~ 2. Haloragee.
MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water Milfoil.
spicatum, Linn.
verticillatum, Linn.
HIPPURIS, Linn. M' lares-Tail.
vulgaris, Linn.
CACTACEXE.  THE CACTUS FAMIILY.
OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickley Pear.
vulgaris, Mill. Falls of the St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
GROSSULACEAE. THE GOOSEBERRY FAMILY.
RI3ES, Linn.
Cynosbati, Linn. Prickly Gooseberry.
hirtellum, Michx. Smooth Gooseberry.
rotundifolium, Michx. Swamp Gooseberry.
floridum, Linn. Wild Black Currant.
rubrurn, Linn. Wild Red Currant.
CUCURBITACEBE.  TIIE CUCUMBER FAMILY.
ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray.
lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Cucumber.
CRASSULACE E. THIE HOUsE-LEEK FAMILY.
PENTI-OIRUM, Gronov.
sedoides, Linn. Stonecrop.
SAXIFRAGACEiE.  THE SAXIFRAGAE FAMILY.
SAXIFRAGA, Linn. Saxifrage.
Aizoon, Jacq. Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
Virginiensis, Micllx. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
Pennsylvanica, Linn.
HEUCHERA, Linn. Alum Root.
Americana, Linn.
MITELLA, Tourn. Mitrewort.
diphylla, Linn. Currant Leaf.
nuda, Linn.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tour. Golden Saxifrage.
American'um, Schw. Lake Superior to Up. Mississippi, Dr. Houghton,




389
HAMAMELACEAE. THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.
HAMAMELIS, Linn. Witch Hazel.
Virginica, Linn.
UMBELLIERzL.
HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn.
Americana, Linn. Falls of the St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
SANICULA, Tourn.
Marylandica, Linn. Sanicle.
ERYNGIUM, Tourn.
aquaticum, Linn. Rattlesnake-Master.
POLYT ENIA, D C.
Nuttallii, DC.
IHERACLEUM, Linn. Cow Parsnip.
lanatum, Michx.
PASTINACA, Tourn.
sativa, Linn. Wild Parsnip. Poisonous.
ARCHANGELICA, Hoffnm.
atropurpurea, Hoflnh.
CONIOSELIN~U, Fischer.
Canadense, Torr. & Gray.
ZIZIA, Koch. Alexanders.
cordata, Koch.
aurea, Koch.
integerrima, D C.
BUPLEURUM, Tourn.
rotundifolium, Linn. Introduced.
CICUTA, Linn.
maculata, Linn.
bulbifera, Linn.
SIUM, Linn. Water Parsnip.
latifolium, Linn.
CRYPTOTANIA, D C.
Canadense, DC. Honewort.




390
QSMORIIIZA, Raf.  Sweet Cicely.
longistylis, DC.
brevistylis, D C. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
CONIUM, Linn. Poison Hemlock.
maculattum, Linn. Green Bay.
IERIGENIA, Nutt.
bulbosa, Nlutt.
ARALIACEiE.  THE SPI:KENARD FAMI ILTY
ARALIA, Linn.
racemosa, Linn. Spilenard.
nudicaulis, Linn. Wild Sarsaparilla.
hispida, MIiehx. Upper Wisconsin River, I. A. L.
PANAX, Linn.
quinquefolium, Linn.  Ginseng.
trifoliuml, Linn.  Ground-Nut.
CORN lACIELE. THE DOsWOOD FAMILr.
CORNUs, Tourn.
alternifolia, Linn. Yellow-Twigged. Dogwood.
cirecinata, L'Her.  L. Superior to Upper Miss., Dr. Houghton.l
sericea, Linn.
stolonifera, Michx. Red-Twigged Dogwood.
paniculata, L'Her.
Canadensis, Linn. Pudding Berry.
CAPRIFOLIACE2E.  TUlE HONEYSUCKLE FAMSILY.
LINNr A, Gronov. Twvin-Flower.
borealis, Gronov.
SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill.
occidentalis, R. Brown. Wolf-Berry.
racemosus, Mvlichx. Snowberry.
LoNICERA, Linn. Honeysuckle.
sempervirens, Ai#. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
flava, Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle.
parviflora, Lam.
hirsuta, Eaton. L. Superior to Upper Miss., Dr. Houghton,
ciliata, Muhl.
cwerulea, Linn.
oblongifolia, Muhl.




391
DIERVILLA, Tourn.
trifida, ocench.
TRIOSTEUM, Linn.  Horse- Gentian.
perfoliatum, Linn.
SAMBucus, Linn. Elder.
Canadensis, Linn.
pubens, Mlichx.  Lake Maria, Marquette Co., I. A. L.
YIBURNUM, Linn.
Lentago, Linn.
dentaturn, Linn. Arrowwood.
acerifolium, Linn.
Opulus, Linn. V. oxycoccus, Pursh.  High Cranberry.
RtU:B1ACEAE.  Thim MADDER FAMILY.
~1. Ste1latce.
GALIUM, Linn.
Aparine, Linn.  Goose-Grass.
asprellumn, Michx.
trifidum, Linn.
trifiorum, Miclhx.
lanceolatum, Torr.  Wild Liquorice.
boreale, Linn.
~ 2. Cinchonece.
CEPHALANTHtUS, Linn.  Button Bush.
occidentalis, Linn.
MITCHELLA, Linn.  Partridge-Berry.
repens, Linn.
HEDYOTIS, Linn.
ciliolata, Torr.
longifolia, Hook.  St. Louis River, Dr. Houghton.
VALERIANAOCEA.  THE VALERLEIAN FAMILY.
YALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian.
edulis, Nutt. V. ciliata, Torr. & Gray,
FEDIA, Gertn.
Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gray.




392
COMPOSIT_/E.
Y ENoNIA, Schreb.
Noveboracensis, Willd.  Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
fasciculata, Michx.  Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
LIATRIS, Schreb.
eylindracea, Miehx.
seariosa, Willd.
spicata, Willd.
iKIm  I A, Linn.
eupatorioides, Linn.
EU-TPATORIUM, Tourn.
_purpureum, Linn.
perfoliatum, Linn.  Thoroughwort.
ageratoides, Linn.
ADESOCAULON, Hook.
bicolor, Hook.  Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
STaER, Linn. Starwort.
nmaerophyllus, Linn.
sericeus, Vent.
eoncolor, Linn.  Neenah River, Dr. Houghton.
]evis, Linn.
azureus, Lindl.
Shortii, Boott.
cordifolius, Linn.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
sagittifolius, Willd.
nmultiflorus, Ait.:miser, Linn.
tenuifoius, Linn.  Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
praealtus, Poir.
carneus, Nees.
laxifolius, Nees.
puniceus, Linn.
prenanthoides, Muhl.
oblongifolius, Nutt.  Upper Mississippi, Torr. & Gray.
Nov~e-Angliae, Linn.
ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray.
ERImEmoi, Linn.  Fleabane.
Canadense, Linn.
bellidifolium, Muhl. Roberts's Plantain.
Philadelphicum, Linn.
glabellum, Nutt.  St, Croix RiYer, Dr. Houghton.
strigosum, Muhl.




393
DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass.
linariifolius, Hook. Beloit, Mr. T. McE1 Henry.
umbellatus, Torr. & Gray.
SOLIDAGO, Linn. Golden Rod.
bicolor, Linn.  Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
latifolia, Linn.
stricta, Ait.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
speciosa, Nutt.
Virga-aurea, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houg'liton.
rigida, Linn.
Ohioensis, Riddell.
Riddellii, Frank.
neglecta, Torr. & Gray.
patula, Muhl.
arguta, Ait.
altissima, Linn.
ulmifolia, Mulhl.
nemoralis, Ait.
Canadensis, Linn.
lanceolata, Linn.
CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt.
villosa, Nutt.  Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
INERLA, Linn.  Elecampane.
heleniurn, Linn. Introduced.
POLYMNIA, Linn.
Canadensis, Linn.
SILPHIIUMB, Linn.
ternatum, Linn.  Waukesla, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
laciniatum, Linn.  Compass Plant.
terebinthinaceum, Linn.  Prairie Dock.
trifoliatum, Linn.  Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
integrifolium, Michx.
perfoliatum, Linn.  Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
PARTIHENIUIM, Linn.
integrifolium, Linn.
AMBROSIA, Tourn.
trifida, Linn.
artemisiaefolia, Linn.
XANTHIUM, Tourn.
strumarium, Linn.
HELIOPSIS, Pers. Oxeye.
ltevis, Pers.
26




394
ECHINACEA,  Icench.
angustifolia, DO.  Beloit,[Mr. T. McE1 Henry.
RUDBECIIA, Linn.
laciniata, Linn.
hirta, Linn.
LEPACHYS, Raf.
pinnata, Tori'. & Gray.
HELIANTIiUS, Linn.  Sunflower.
rigidus, Pers.
occidentalis, Riddell.
giganteus, Linn.
decapetalus, Linn.
strumosus, Linn.
CoimEOPSIS, Linn.
trichospermna, Mlicsx.
palmata, Nutt.
lanceolata, Linn.  Two -Rivers,''anitowoc Co.
BIDENS, Linn.  Beg'oa -TIeoks.
frondosa, Linn.
cernua, Linn.
chlrysanthemoides, 1Miehx.
Beckii, Torr.  St. Croix River, [Dr. Houghton.
ZHELENIUM, Linn.
autumnale, Linn.
MARUTA, Cass. AMay-Weed.
Cot-ula, D C.
ACnILLEA, Linn. Yarrow.
Millefolium, Linn.
TANACETUM, Linn. Tansey.
Huronensis, Nntt.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
ARTEMISIA, Linn.  Wornmwood.
Canadensis, Micehx.
Ludoviciana, Nutt.
biennis, Willd.
GNAPHALIUM, Linn.
decurrens, Ives.  Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
polycephalum, Michx.
uliginosum, Linn.  Elkhorn, Walworth Co,




395
ANTENNARIA, Grtn11.
dioica, Gaertn.
plantaginifolia, Hook.
ERECHTHITES, Raf.  Fireweed.
hieracifolia, Raf.  Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
CACALIA, Linn.  Indian Plantain.
suaveolens, Linn.
reniformis, Muhl.
atriplicifolia, Linn.
tuberosa, NuUtt.
SENECIO, Linn.
vulgaris,inn.
aureus, Linn.  Raguwort.
tomentosus, Michx.  Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
CERSIUAI, Tourn.
lanceolatum, Scop. Thistle, introduced.
Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray.  Two R.ivers, ilManitowoc Co.
Virginianurn, Michx.
muticum, Miclx.
pumilum, Spreng.
arvense, Scop.  Canada Thistle, introduced,
LAPPA, Tourn.
major, Gwertn.  Burdock.
CYNTHIA, D on.
Virginica, Don.
HIERACIUM, Tourn.  Hawkweed.
Canadense, Michx.
scabrumn, Miehx.
Gronovii, Linn.
longipilumn, Torrey.  Blue Mounds,
NABALUS, Cass.
albus, Hook.
racemosus, Hook.
TROXI-mON, Nutt.
cuspidatum, Pursh.
TARAXACUM, Haller.
Dens-leonis, Desf. Dandelion,
LACTUCA, Tourn.
elongata, Muhl,




SoNcTI uS, Linn.  Sowi-Thistle.
oler'aceus, Linm.
LOBELIACE2E.  TiHE LOBELLA FA~MILY.
LOBELLA, Linn.
caldinalis, FLian.  Cadinal Flower.
siphilitica, Linn.  3iue Lobelia.
linflata, Linn.  Indian Tobacco.
spicata, Lain.
Kalmii, Linn.
CAMIPANIULACE; /E.  TiE BELL-FLOW\ER TAMILY.
CAMPANUIA, Tourn.
rotundifolia, Linn.  I-Tair-Bell.
alparinoides, Pursh.
American a, Linn.
SPECUIARIA, Heist.
p rfoliata, A. DC. Marqullette Co., Mr. J. Town nliy.
ERICACEAE3.  T:Ei HE!EAThI FAAIL~Y.
~ 1. VFCcczCi2iece.
GAYLLu SACIA, II.    KB.  cK.  HIuckleberrv.
resincs.a, Tort. & 1Gray. Ba ack Huckleberry.
Vx7ACCIENIYUMI, Linn.
macro. calrpon, Ait.  Cranberry.
Pennsylvanicum-, Lain.  Blue HIlekiebelrv.
Canadense, Kalm.  Blueberry.  Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
CIIOGENES, SaliSb.
hispidula, Torr. &t Gray.
~2.'Erici2ece.
AROTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans.
Uva-urlsi, Spreng.  Bear-Berry.
GAtULTIIERTA, Kah1tn.
procumbens, Linn.  Winter-Green.
EsPIGiA, Linn.
repens, Linn.  Mayflower.  Lemlonwier River.
ANDROME DA, Linn.
polifolia, Linn.
calyculta, Linn.




IALLMIA, Linn.  Laurel.
glauca, Ait,  Lake Superior, Prof. Dougl-s.
LEDuM, Linn.  Labrador Tea.
latifolium, Ait.  Dells of the Wisiconsin Rizer;
0 3. Py oiece.
PYROLA, Linn.
rotundifolia, Linn.
asarifolia, mT'ichx.
elliptica, Nutt.  Shiln-Leaf.
secunda Linn.
MBOONESES, Salisb.  Pyroln, Linn.
uniflora.  Mauvaise River, Dr., HIouThton.
CHIMAPHILA, Pursh.
umbellata, Nutt.  Prince's Pine.
~ 4. konotropboepe.
H3lyPOPITTS, Dill.
lanuginosa, N'utt. Lake Superior, D. Parry.
tMONOTRop PA, Gronov.  Indian Pipe.
uniflora, Linn.
AQUIFOLIACEE.  ToE HTOLLY FAMILY.
PRINOS, Linnlllo   inte-Belrry.
verticillatus, Linn.
NEMIOPATrrIES,' RPaf.  Lemonwier River.
Canadensis, DC.
PLANTAGINACEAE.  TiEI PLAINTAIN FxAMILY.
PLANTAGO, Linn.  Plantain.
major, Linn.
cordata, Lam.
PR IMUTLACEKE.  Thi  PRIPROSE FAXMILY.
PRIMULA, Linn.  Primrose.
farinosa, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. r1-oughton.
Mistassinica, Michx.  Dells of the Wisconsin, Mr. B. F. MIills.
DODECATIIEON, Linn.
Meadia, Linn.  Shooting  Star.




vv39
TRIENTALIS, Linn.
Americana, Pursh.
LYSIMACIiiA, Linn.  Loosestrife.
stricta, Ait. Malrquette Co., Mr. John Tow nley.
quadiifblia, Linn.
ciliata, Linn.
lanceolata, Walt.  L. hybrida, Michx.  Brookfield, TMr. M3. Spears.
angustifolia, Lam.  L. revoluta, Nutt.
NAUMBURGIA, Moench.
thyrsiflora, Reich.
LENTIBULACE-zE.  TIIE BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
UTRICULARIA, Linn.
purpurea, W ialt.  Lac Chetac, Dr. Houglhton.
vulgaris, Linn.
mlinor, Linn.
intermedia, Hayne. Brookfield, Mr. M. Spears..cornuta, Michx. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
OROBANCIHACE~lE.  THiE 3Rooi  RArPE FAMILY.
EPIPHEGUS, 1TUt[. Beechl Drops.
Virginiana, Bart.
CONOPIIOLIS, Wallr.  Orobanche, Linn.
Americana, Wallr.
APHYLLON, Mitchell.
uniflorum, Tot. &. Gr. Marquettee Co., MIr. J. Townley.
ACANTHACEZE.  THE ACANTHUS FAMIILY.
DIIPTERACANTI-IUS, Nees. tluellia, Line.
hybridus, Nees. Beloit, Mr. T. McEl Henry.
SCROPHULAR1IACE-!E.   TIHE FIGWOIT FAMnILY.
VERBASCUM, Linn.  Mullen.
Thapsus, Linn.  Introduced.
LINARIA, Tourn. Toad Flax.
vulgaris, Mill. Waukesha, Mr. G. HI. Cornwall..$CROPHULARIA, Linn. Figwort.
nodosa, Linn. S. lMarylandica.




399
CoLLLNsIA, Nutt.
verna, Nutt.
parviflora, Dougl.  South shore of Lake Superior, Dr. Z. Pitcher.
CHELONE, Tourn. Snake Head.
glabra, Linn.
PENTSTEMON, Mitchell.
pubescens, Solander.
MIIMULUS, Linn.  Monkey Flower.
ringens, Linn.
Jamesii, Torr. & Gray.
GRATIOLA, Linn.
virginiana, Linn. Wisconsin River, Grant Co.
SYNTHY-RIS, Benth.
Houghtoniana, Benth.
VERONICA, Linn. Speedwell.
Virginica, Linn.  Leptandra, Nutt.
Angalis, Lintn.
scutellata, Linn.
peregrina, Linn.
GERARDIA, Linn.
purpurea, Linn.
tenuifolia, Vahl.
setacea, Waltr.
pedicularia, Linn.  Wisconsin River, Prof. Douglass.  Neenah River, Dr.
grandiflora, Benth.                                     [Houghton.
CASTILLEJA, Mutis. Painted Cup.
coccinea, Spreng.
sessiliflora, Pursh.  Euchroma grandiflora, Nutt.
PEDIOULARIS, Tourn.  Lousewort.
Canadensis, Linn.
lanceolata, Michx.
MIELAMPYRUM, Tourn.  Cow Wheat.
pratense, Linn. M. Americanumrn, Miclx.
VERBENACE1.E. THE VERVAIN FAMILY.
VERBENA, Linn. Vervain.
hastata, Linn.
urticifolia, Linn.
angustifolia, Linn.
bracteosa, Michx.
stricta, Vent, Uppar Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.




400
PHIRYMA, Linn.  Lopseed.
leptostachya, Linn.
LABIATFE. THIE MINT FAMILY.
MIENTHA, Linn.  Mint.
Canadensis, Linn.  M. borealis, Michx.
Lycopus, Linn.
Virginicus, Linn.  Bugle Weed.
sinuatus, Ell. L. Europeus, Ph.
MICROMERIA, Benth.
glabella, Benth. Hedeoma glabra, Nutt.  Lake Michigan to Lale Supe['rior and Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
BLEPImLLA, Raf.
ciliata, Raf.
MONARDXA, Linn.  Horse Mint.
fistulosa, Linn.
punctata, Linn.
NEPETA, Linn.  Catnip.
cataria, Linn.
LOPANTHUS, Benth.
anisatus, Benth.  Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
nepetoides, Benth.
scrophulariTfolius, Benth.
PYVCNANTIIEmUm, Mfichx. Mountain Mint.
lanceolatum, Pursh.
PRUNELLA, Linn. Heal-All.
vulgaris, Linn.
SCUTELLARIA, Linn.  Scullcap.
parvula, Michx.
galericulata, Linn.
lateriflora, Linn.  Mad Dog Scullcap.
cordifolia, Mull.
PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth.  Dracocephalum, Linn.
Virginiana, Benth.  Dragon-Head.
LEONURUS, Linn. Motherwort.
Cardiaca, Linn.




401
GALEOPSIS, Linn.
tetrahit, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
STACIYS, Linn. Horse Nettle.
aspera,, Michx.
TETTIRIUM, Linn.  Gerrmander.
Canadense, Linn.
BORAGINACEIE.  THE BORAGE FA.MILY.
ONosMODIuAT, Miichx.
Virginianum, DC.  0. hispidum, 3ix.
LTIIOSPERIlIM,    Tourn.  Gromwell.
officinale, Linn.
hirtum, Lehlm.  Marquette Co., Mr. John Townley.
caneseens, Lehm. Batschia canescens, Mx.
PENTALOPHUS, DC. Batschia, Nutt.
longiflorus, DC.  Beloit, 1Mr. T. McEl Henry.
MERTENSTA, Roth. Pulmonaria, Linn. Lungwort.
Virglnica, DC.  Beloit, Mr. MIcEl Henry.
MIyostis, Linn.
Stricta, Linn.  lvarpuette Co., Mr. J. Townley.
ECnINOSPERMUIXI, Swartz.
Lappula, Lehim.
CYNOGLossumr, Tourn. Hound's-Tongue.
officinalis, Linn.
Virginicum, Limni.
MIorisoni, DC.
HYDROPHYLLACE'.E. THE NVATER-LEAF FAWIILY.
HYDROPHYLLUEM, Linn.  Water-Leaf.
Virginicum, Linn.
appendiculatum, Michx.  Beloit, VMr. T. McEl Henry.
POLEMONIACE4E.
POLEMOKIUM, Tourn.
reptans, Linn. Jacob's Ladder.
PIILox, Linn.
glaberrima, Linn.  P. revoluta, Eaton.
pilosa, Linn.
divaricata, Linn.




402
CONVOLVULACEm.
CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown.  Convolvulus, Linn.
sepium, R. Brown.
spithanmea, Pursh.
CUSCUTA, TourI1.
Gronovii, Willd.  C. Americana, Pursh.
SOLANACEE.   TE  INIGHTSHIADE FAMILY.
DATURA, Linn. Jamestown Weed.
Stramoni urn, Linn. Introduced.
NICANDRA, Adans.
physaloides, Gcrtn.
PHYSALIS, Linn. Ground Cherry.
viscosa, Linn.
SOLANUM, Linn.
nigrum, Linn. Night Shade.
GE NTIANACEIE.  THE GENTIAN FAMILY.
GENTIANA, Linn.
quinqueflora, Lam.
crinita, FrTl.
detonsa, Fries.
rubricaulis, Keating. Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
saponaria, Linn.
HALENIA, Borkh. Swertia, Linn.
deflexa, Griesb. Mauvaise and Bois Brule Rivers, Dr. Houghton.
MIENANTHES, Tourn. Buckbea1.
trifoliata, Linn.
APOCYNACEAE.  THE DOGBANE FAMILY.
APOmYNURvI, Tourn.
androsrmifolium, Linn.
hypericifolium, Ait.
ASCLEPIADACE..   THE MILrKWEED FAMILY.
ASCLEPIAS, Linn.
Cornuti, Decaisne. A. Syriaca, Linn.
phytolaccoides, Pursh.




403
(ASCOLEPIAS.)
variegata, Linn.
obtusifolia, Michx.
rubra, Linn.  Waukesha, Mr. G. H-I. Cornwall.
incarnata, Linn.
verticillata, Linn. Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
tuberosa, Linn. Butterfly Weed.
lanuginosa, Nutt. Eagle Prairie, I. A. Lapham.
ACERATES, Eli.
viridiflora, Ell.
longifolia, Ell. Marquette Co., Mr. J. Towiley.
OLEACEEF. TrE OLIVE FAMILY.?FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash.
Americana, Linn. White Ash.
sambucifolia, Lam.  Black Ash.
ARISTOLOCHIACEIAE.  TIIE BIMTI-IWORT FAMILY.
ASARUM, Tourn.
Canadense, Linn. Colt's Foot.
CHENOPODIACEE. TE-i  GOOSEFOOT FMMILY.:SALSOLA, Linn. Saltwort.
kali, Linn.  Lake Shore, Milwaukee.
CHENOPODIUM, Linnllll.
album, Linn. Pigweed.
hybridum, Linn   Goosefoot.
BLITUM, TOU1n.
capitatum, Linn. Indian Strawberry.
AMBRINA, Spach.
Botrys, Moquin. Brookfield, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
AONIDA, Mitchell. Water Hemp.
cannabina, Linn. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
AMA.RANTHACEiE.  T-rIE AMARANTH FAMILY.
AMARANTHUS, Linn.
altissimus, Riddell.
hybridus, Linn.  Red Root.
hypocondriacus, Linn.  Prince's Feather.
tamariscinus, INutt.




404
NYOTAGINACE./E. TaEu NYCTAGO FAMIILY.
AuLLIONIA, Linn.
albida, Wallr. St Croix River, Dr. Houghton.
niyctaginea, Michx.  St. Croix River, D)r. Houghton.
OXYBAPHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Tort. St. Croix, Dr. PariTy.
POLYGONACE/E.  TIIE BUCKJIWHEAT FAMILY.
POLYGONUM, Linn.
Pennsylvanicum,- Linn.
Persicaria, Linn.
Hydlopiper, Linn. P. punctaturn, Ell.
hydropiperoides, AMichx.
amphibium, Linn.
aviculare, Linn. Knot-Grass.
articulatum, Linn. Lakes Michigan and Superior, Dr. Houghton.
Virginianum, Linn.
saogittatum, Linn.
Convolvulus, Liun.
cilinode, Michx. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
dumetorium, Linn. P. scandens, L.
RuAIEx, Linn.  Dock.
Britannica, Linn.
crispus, Linn.  Curled Dock.
Acetosella, Linn.  Sorrel.
hydrolapathuin, Hudson.  St. Croix. Dr. Parry.
THYMIELEACEJE.  THE MIEzEREUM FAIMILY.
DIRcA, Linn. Leatherwood.
palustris, Linn.
ELAEAGNACEA.   THE OLEASTER FAMILY.
SHEPHERDIA, Nutt.
Canadensis, Nutt.
SANTALACEAE.  THE SANDAL WOOD FAMILY.
COMANDRA, Nutt.
umbellata, Nutt.
ULMACE-.E.  THE ELM FAMILY.
ULMUS, Linn. Elm.
Americana, Linn. White Elm.
fulva, AMichx.  Slippery Elm.




405
CELTIS, Tourn.
occidentalis, Linn.  Hack Berry.
SAURURACEKM.  TI.E LIZARD'S TAIL FAMILY.
SAURURUS, Linn. Lizard's Tail.
cernuus, Linn. Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
CALLITRICHACEK.
CALLITRICHE, Linn.
verna, Linn.
EUPHORBIACMEE.  THE SPURGE FAMILY.
EUPHORBIA, Linn.
corollata, Linn.
maculata, Linn.
hypericifolia, Linn. St. Croix, D1, Parry.
EMPETRACEIE.  THE CROWBERRY FA.ILY.
EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowberry.
nigrum, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
JUGLANDACELE.  TI-E WALNUT FAMILY.
JUGLANS, Linn. Walnut.
cinerea, Linn. Butternut or White-Walnut.
nigra, Linn. Black-Walnut.
CARYA. NUtt.  Hickory.
alba, NTutt.  Shag-Bark Hickory.
glabra, Torl'. C. porcina, Nutt. Pignut Hickory.
CUPULIFERP E.  TrIE OAt: FAMILY.
QUERCUS, Linn.  Oak.
alba, Linn. White Oak.
obtusilpba, Michx.  Q. stellata, Willd. Post Oak.  Upper Mississippi,
macrocarpa, Michx.  Burr Oak.                       [Dr. Houghton.
bicolor, Willd.  Swamp White Oak.
Prinos, Linn. Swamp Chestnut Oak.  Near Janesville, I. A. L.
rubra, Linn. Red Oak.
palustris, Linn. Pin Oak.
FAGUS, Tourn. Beech.
ferruginea, Ait.




406
CORYLUS, Tourn.  Hazel-Nut.
Americana, Walt.
rostrata, Ait.
CARPINUS, Linn.  tIornbeam.
Americana, [Michx.
OsTRYA, Micheli.  Iron Wood.
Virginica, Willd.
[MYRICACET-E.  T-IE SWEET GALE FAMILY.
MYRICA, Linn.  Sweet Gale.
Gale, Linn.  Lakle Superior, Dr. Houghton.
COMTONIA, Solander.  Sweet Fern.
asplenifolia, Ait.  Dells of Wisconsin River.
BETULACE_ AE.  TiiE BIRCII FAMILY.
BETULA, Tourn.  Birch.
papyracea, Ait.  Canoe Birch.
pumila, Linn.  B. glandulosa, Mx. Low Birch.
ALNUS, Tourn.  Alder.
incarna, Willd.  A. glanca, Mx.  St. Croix River, Dr. Houghton.
serrulata, Willd.
SALICACEI:E. THE WILLOW  FAMILY.
SALIX, Tourn. Willow.
candida, Willd.
tristis, Ait.
humilis, Marsharll.  S. AM1uhlenbergiana, Barr.
discolor, luhli.
eriocephala, Michx.  S. prinoides, Ph.  Mauvaise River, Dr. Houghton.
sericea, Marshall.  S. Gr;sea, Willd.
rostrata, PRichardson.
lucida, Muhl.
longifolia, M uhl.  Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
pedicellaris, Pursh.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
POPULUS, Tourn.  Poplar.
tremnuloides, Michx.  Quaking Aspen.
grandidentata, Michx.
canldicans, Ait. Balm of Gilead.
PLATANACE/IE.  THE  PLANE-TREE FAMILY,
PLATANUS, Linn.  Sycamore, Buttonwood.
occidentalis, Linn,




407
URTICACEIE.  THE NETTLE FAMILY.
HIUMULUS, Linn. Hop.
Lupulus, Linn.
URTICA, Tourn.  Nettle.
dioica, Linn.
Canadensis, Linn.
PILEA, Lindl. Adike, Raf.
pumila, Linn.
PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitory.
Pennsylvanica, Muhl.
CONIFER2E. TrEi PINE FAM,IILY,
Plnus, Tourn. Pine.
Banlksiana, Lambert. Dells of the Wisconsin.
resinosa, Ait. Red Pine.
mitis, Michx. Yellow Pine.  Dane County, I. A. L.
Strobus, Linn.  White Pine.
ABIES, Tourn.  Spruce.
balsamea, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Manitowoc, I. A. L.
Canadensis, Michx.  Hemlock.  Manitowoc, I. A. L.
nigra, Poir. Black Spruce.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghlton. Upper
[Mississippi, Prof. Douglass.
alba, Michx.  White Spruce.  Upper St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
LARIX, Tourn.  Larch.
Am ericana, Michx. Tamarack.
THUJA, Tourn.
occidentalis, Linn. White Cedar.
JUNTIPERUS, Linn.  Juniper.
commnunis, Linn.
Virlginiana, Linn.  Red Cedar.
TAXUS, Tourn. Yew.
Canadensts, Willd.
ARACEE.-  TIHE A UM FAMILY.
ARuMI, Linn. Indian Turnip.
triphyllum, Linn.
CALLA, Linn. Water Arum.
palustris, Linn,




408
SYPFLOCAlPUs, Salisb.  Skunk Cabbage.
fcetidus, Salisb.
AcoRUS, Linn.  Sweet Flag.
calamus, Linn.
LE-MNACEr2E.  TIUz DuJCE\ED FA3MILY.
LEIMNA, Linn. Duckweed.
minor, Linn.
trisulca, Linn.
TYPHACEL.  The Cat Tail Family.
TYPHA, Tourn.  Cat-Tail.
latifolia, Liun.
SPARGANIUM, Tourn.
ramosurn, Hudson.
natans, Linn.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
~NAIDACEAi.  THE PONDWEED FAMiILY.
POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pondweedi.
amlplifoliuis, Tuckerman.
perfoliatus, Linn.
comnpressus, Linn. P. zosterifolius, Sehum.
pauciflorus, Purs   P. P.' gamineus, \lx.
pectinatus, Linn.
heterophyllns, Schreber.
ALISMACKELE.  THE WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.
~ 1. Jencaginece.
TRIGLOCHIN, Linn.
elatum, iNutt.
SCHEUCIZERIA, Linn.
palustris, Liun.
~ 2. Alismece.
ALISMA, Linn.  Water Plantain.
Plantago, Linn.
EcHINODORus, Richard.
subulatus, Engleman.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
SAGITTARIA, Linn.
sagittifolia, Linn. Arrow-Leaf.




409
HYDRO GIARDIACEAE.  TUE FROG's-BIT FAMILY.
UDORA, Nutt. Water Weed.
Canadensis, Nutt.
VALLISNERIA, Mitchelli. Tape Grass.
spiralis, Linn.
ORCHIDACE_/E.  THE ORCmIS FAMILY.
MICROSTYLIs, Nutt.
monophyllas, Lindl.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
ophioglossoides, Nutt.
LIPARIs, Richards.
liliifolia, Richards.
Loeselii, Richards.  Waukesha, Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
CORALLORHIZA, Haller.
multiflora, Nutt.  Waukesha. Mr. G. H. Cornwall.
APLECTRUM, Nutt, Putty Root.
hyernale, Nutt.
Oaczis, Linn.
spectabilis, Linn.
PLATANTHERA, Richards.
orbicelata, Lindl.
Hookeri, Lindl.
bracteata, Torr.
dilatata, Lindl.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
hyperborea, Lindl.
leucophma, N utt.
psycodes, Gray.  0. fimbriata Pursh.
ARETHUSA, Gronov.
bulbosa, Linn.  Lemonwier River.
POGONIA, Juss.
ophioglossoides, Nutt.  Waukesha, Mr. G. H, Cornwall.
CALOPOGON, R. Brown.
pulchellus, R. Br.
SPIRANTIES, Richards.  lady's Tresses.
gracilis, Bigelow.
cernua, Richards
GOODYERA. R. Brown.
pubescens, R. Brown,
27




410
CYPRIPEDIUm, Linn. Lady's Slipper.
pubescens, Willd. Yellow Lady's Slipper.
parviflorum, Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper.
candidum, Muhl. White Lady's Slipper.
spectabile, Swartz. Moccason Flower.
acaule, Ait. Purple Lady's Slipper.
AMARYLLIDACEAE. THE AMARYLLIS FAMILY,
HYPoxIS, Linn.  Star Grass.
erecta, Linn.
HiEMODORACE. E.  THE BLOODWORT FAMILY.
ALETRIS, Linn.  Star Grass.
farinosa, Linn. Marquette Co., Mr. J. Townley.
IRIDACEiE. T:HE IRIS FAMILY.
IRIS, Linn.
versicolor, Linn. Blue Flag.
lacustris, Nutt.
SISYRINCHIUM, Linn.  Blue-eyed Grass.
Bermudianum, Lins.
DIOSCORACEJE.  THE YAM FAMILY.
DIOSCOREA, Plumier.
villosa, Linn.
SMILACEAEl.'HE GREEN BRIEaR FlAMILY,
~ 1. Smilacece.
SMILAX, Tourn.
rotundifolia, Linn. Green Brier.
herbacea, Linn.
lasioneuron, Hook.
~ 2. Trilliacece.
TRILLIUM, Linn.
cernuum, Lina. T. pendulum, Muhl.
grandiflorum, Salisb.
nivale, Riddell.
recurvatum, Beck.
sessile, Linn.
MEDPOLA, Gronov.
Yirginica, Linn,




411
LILIACEE,  TiHE LILY RFMILY.
~ 1. Asparager.
ASPARAGUS, Linn.
officinale, Linn. Introduced.
POLYGONATUM, Tourn.  Solomon's Seal.
pubescens, Pursh.
SMILACINA, Desf.
racemosa, Desf.
steliata, Desf.
trifolia, Desf.
bifolia, Ker.
CLINTONIA, Raf.
borealis, Raf.
~ 2. Asphodele.
ScILLA, Linn.
esculenta, Ker.  Beloit, DroS,  P. Lathrop.
ALLIuM, Linn.  Garlic.
Canadense, Kalm.
cernuum, Roth.
tricoccum, Ait, Leek.
~ 3. [Tulipacece.
4LIUM, Linn.  Lily.
Philadelphicum, Linn. Orange Lily.
Canadense, Linn. Nodding Lily.
ERYTHRONIUM, Linn.  Dog's Tooth Violet.
Americanum, Smith.
albidum, Nutt.
MELANTHACELE.  THE COLCHlcuM FAMILY.
~ 1. Uvularieve.
UVULARIA, Linn.  Bellwort.
grandiflora, Smith.
sessilifolia, Linn.  Marquette Co., Mr. John Townley.
STREPTOPUS, MiChx.
roseus, Michx.
~ 2. iiMelanthiee,
ZYGADENUS, Michx.
glaucus, Nut;..




412
TOFIELDIA, Hudson.
glutinosa, Willd.
JUNCACE A. THE RuSHm FAMILY.
LUZULA, DC. Woodrush.
pilosa, Willd.
campestris, Linn.
JuNcus, Linn.  Rush.
effusus, Liin.
Balticus, Willd.
scirpoides, Lamz. T. polycephalus, Mx.
acuminatus, Miclx.:tenuis, Willd.
conradi, Tuckerman.. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
PONTEDERIACEzE.  THE PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.
PONTEDERIA, Linn. Pickerel-Weed.
cordata, Linn.
COMMELYNACE ~.  TIE S:PIDE~RWORT FAMILY.
TRAPDESOANTIA, Linl.  Spiderwort.
Virginica, Linn.
CYPERACE-E.  Tit, SEDIGE FAMILY.
(JYPrERUS, Linn.
diandrus, Torr.
infesxus, Mull. Bass Lake, Dane Co., I. A. Lapham.
schweinitzii, Torr.  St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
strigosus, Linn.
filiculmis, Vahl. Upper Mississippi, Dr. HIoughton.
DULICHIUM, Rtichard.
spathaceum, Pers.
ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown.
obtusa, Schultz.
palustris, R. Brown.
tenuis, Schultz.
acicularis, R. Brown.
ScIRPus, Linn.
pungens, Vahl.  S. triqueter, Mx.
lacustris, Linn. Bulrush.
fluviatilis, Gray. S. maratimus, var. Torr.
atrovirens, Muhl.
lineatus, Michx.
Eriophorum, Michx.




413
ERIOPHORUpM, Linn.  Cotton Grass.
alpinum, Linn.  Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
vaginatum, Linn.
Virginicum, Linn.
polystachyum, Linn.
angustifolium, Richard.
SCLERIA, Linn.
triglomerata, Mx. Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
CAREX, Linn, Ledge.
aurea, Nutt.
anceps, Willd.
blanda, Dewey.
bromoides, Schk.
Buxbaumii, Wahl.
bullata, Schk.
chordorrhiza, Ehrh.
comosa, Boott.
Deweyana, Schw.
eburnea, Boott.
festucacea, Schk.
gracilis, Ehrh.  C. disperma, Dewey.
granularis, Muhl.
gracillima, Schw.
grisea, Wahl.  Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
hystriciana, Willd.
intermedia, Good.
irrigua, Smith.
intumescens, Rudge.
laxiflora, Lam.
lanuginosa. Michx.  C. Pellita, Muhl.
lacustris, Willd.
lupulina, Muhl.
longirostris, Torr.  Blue Mounds, I. A. Lapham.
miliacea, Muhl. Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
mirabilis, Dew.
oligosperum, Michx.
plantaginea, Lam.
polytrichoides, Muhl.
panicea, Linn.  C. Meadii, Dew.
Pennsylvanica, Lam.
pubescens, Muhl. Brookfield, Mr. M. Spears.
rosea, Schk.
rigida, Good. C. saxatalis. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
siccata, Dewey.  Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
stipata, Muhl.
sparganoides, Nuhl.
stellulata, Good.




414
(CAREX.)
straminea, Schk.
stricta, Lam.  C. acuta, Muhl  C. angustata, Boott.
teretiuscula, Good.
tenera, Dew.
vulpinoidea, Michx.  C. multiflora, Muhl.
GRAMINEiE.  THE GRAss FAMILY.
LEERSIA, Solander.  White Grass.
oryzoides, Swartz. Cut Grass.
Virginica, Willd.  White Grass.
ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice.
aquatica, Linn.
ALOPECURUS, Linn.  Fox-Tail Grass.
aristulatus, Mx.
PuLur., Linn.  Timothy.
pratense Linn.
AGROSTIS, Linn.  Bent-Grass.
scabra, Willd.  Thin Grass.  A. Michauxii, Trin.
vulgaris, With.  Redtop.
CINNA, Linn.
arundinacea, Linn.
MUtHLENBERGIA, Schreber.
glomerata, Trin. Polypogon racemosa, Nutt.
Mexicana, Trin.  Agrostis lateriflora, Mx.
Willdenovii, Trin.  Agrostis tenuiflora, Willd.
IBRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv.
aristatum, Beauv.  Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb.
CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans.
Canadensis, Beauv.
OsYrzopsIs, Michx.  Mountain Rice.
asperifolia, Michx.
melanocarpa, Muhl.  Piptatherum nigrum, Torlr.
STIPA, Linn.
avenacea, Linn.
ARISTIDA, Linn.
tuberculosa, Nutt. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.




415
SPARTINA, Schreb. Cord Grass.
cynosuroides, Willd.
BOUTELOUa, Lagasca.  Atheropogon, Muhl.
racemosa, Lag.  A. apludoides, Michx.
papillosa, Gray.  Cassville, Dr. Houghton.
KMDLERIA, Pers.
cristata, Pers.  K. nitida, Nutt.'REBOULEA, Kunth.
obtusata, Kc3leria truncata Torr.
MELICA, Linn.  Melic-Grass.
speciosa, Muhl. Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
GLYCERIA, R. Brown.
Canadensis, Trin.  Poa Canadensis.
nervata, Trin. Poa nervata, Willd.
fluitans, R. Brown.
aquatica, Smith.
PoA, Linn.  Meadow Grass.
compressa, Linn. Blue Grass. Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop. Introduced.
debilis, Torr.
nemoralis, Linn.
serotina, Ehrh.
trivialis, Linn.
pratensis, Linn.
ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.
megastachya, Link.  Poa eragrostis, Linn.
FESTUCA, Linn.
nutans, Willd.
ovina, Linn.  Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.
BRoMus, Linn.  Brome Grass.
ciliatus, Linn.
purgans, Linn.
secalinus, Linn.  Chess.
PHRAGhITES, Trin. Reed.
communis, Trin.
TIuTICUM, Linn. Wheat.
repens, Linn. Couch-Grass.
dasystachyum, Gray.  Two Rivers.
caniuum, Linn.  Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.




416
ELYMUS, Linn. Lime-Grass.
Virginicus, Linn.
Canadensis, Linn.
glaucifolius, Muhl.
striatus, Willd.
hystrix, Linn. Bottle-Brush Grass.
HORDEUM, Linn.  Barley.
jubatum, Linn. Squirrel-Tail Grass.
AIRA, Linn.  Hair-Grass.
c~espitosa, Linn.
DANTHONIA, DC. Wild-Oat Grass.
spicata, Beauv.
AVENA, Linn.  Oat.
striata, Michx.  Trisetum purpurascens, Torr.
HOLCUS, Linn.  Velvet Grass.
lanatus, Linn.  Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
HIIEROCHLoA, Grmelin.  Seneca Grass.
borealis, Roem. & Sch.
MILIUM,.Linn.  Millet-Grass.
effusum, Linn.
PANICUM, Linn. Panic Grass.
capillare, Linn.
virgatum, Linn.
latifolium, Linn.
clandestinum, Linn.
dichotomum, Linn.
pubescons, Lam.
crus-galli, Linn.  Barn-Yard Grass.
longisetum, Torr.  Neenah River, Prof. Douglass.
xanthophysum, Gray.  Beloit. Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
depauperatum, Muhl.  Beloit, Dr. S. P. Lathrop.
SETARIA, Beauv.
glauca, Beauv.
CENCHRUS, Linn. Burr-Grass.
tribuloides, Linn. Upper Mississippi, Dr. Houghton.
ANDROPOGON, Linn.  Beard-Grass.
furcatus, Muhl.
scoparius, Michx.




417
SORGHUM, Pers.
nutans.  Andropogon nutans, Linn.
EQUISETACEi.  THIE HORSE-TAIL FAMILY,
EQUISETUM, Linn. Horse-Tail.
arvense, Linn.
eburnum, Schreb. Lake Superior, Dr. Torrey.
sylvaticum, Linn.
limosum, Linn.
hyemale, Linn. Scouring Rush.
lhevigatum, Braun.
variegatum, Schleicher.
scirpoides, Michx.
FILICES.  THE FERN FAMILY.
POLYPODIUM, Linn.
vulgare, Linn. Blue Mounds, I. A. Lapham.
phegopteris, Linn. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
dryopteris, Linn. Dells of the Wisconsin.
STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd.  Ostrich Fern.
Germanica, Willd.
ALLOSORUS, Bernhardi.
gracilis, Presl.  Dells of the Wisconsin.
AsPIDIUM.
fragrens, Sw. Falls of the St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
ADIANTUM, Linn. Maiden Hai'.
pedatum, Linn.
PTERIS, Linn. Brake.
aquilina, Linn.
atropurpurea, Linn.
CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip Fern.
vestita, Willd. Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Asplenum, Linn.
rhizophyllus, Link. Walking Leaf.
ASPLENIUM, Linn. Spleenwort.
trichomanes, Linn. Dells of the Wisconsin.
thelypteroides, Michx.
Filix-femiaa, R. Brown. Aspidium asplenoides,
CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Bladder Fern.
bulbifera, Bernh.




418
WOODSIA, R. Brown.
ilvensis, R. Brown. Blue Mounds, I. A. Lapham.
DRYOPTERIS, Adans. Aspidium, Linn. Wood Fern.
thelypteris, Gray.
dilatata, Gray. Falls of the St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
cristata, Gray.
Goldiana, Gray.
ONOCLEA, Linn. Sensitive Fern.
sensibilis, Linn.
OSMUNDA, Linn. Flowering Fern.
spectabilis, Willd.
Claytoniana, Linn. 0. interrupta, Mx.
cinnamomea, Linn.
BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz.
lunarioides, Sw. B. fumarioides, Willd.
Virginicumn, Sw.
LYCOPODIACEAE.  THE CLUB Moss FAMILY.
LYCOPODIUM, Linn.  Club Moss.
lucidulum, Michx.
annotinum, Linn. Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton.
dendroideum, Michx. Lake Superior to Upper Mississippi, Dr.
clavatum, Linn.                                  [Houghton.
complanatum, Linn.
SELAGINELLA, Beauv.
rupestris, Spring. Lye. rupestre, Linn. Blue Mounds.
apus, Spring. L. apodum, Linn.
CHARACEIE. THE CEHARA FAMILY.
CEHARA, Linn.
vulgaris, Willd. Feather-Beds.
MIUSCI. MOSSES.
FUNARIA, Schreber.
hygrometrica, Hedwig. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
DICRANUM, HEDWIG.
scoparium, Hedwig.
LEUCOBRYUM, Hampe.
vulgare, Hampe. St. Croix, Dr. Parry.




419
ATRICHUM, Beauv.
angustatum, Beauv. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
BARTRATMIA, Hedw.
pomiformis, Hedw. Montreal River, Dr. Parry.
MINUM,
afline, Blandon. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
BaRYUM, Linn.
roseum, Schreber. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
HYPNUM, Linn. Feather Mfoss.
populum, Hcedw. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
Schreberi, Willd. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
tamariscinum, Hedw. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
CLIMACIUM, Weber & Mohr. Tree Moss.
dendroides, W. & M. Lake Superior, Dr. Parry.
HEPATICZE.     LIVERWORTS.
RICCIA, Mitehell.
natans, Linn.
MARCIHANTIA, Linn.
polymorpha, Linn.
LICHENES.
CLADONTIA, Hoffm. Reindeer Moss.
rangiferina, Hoffm. Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
UMBILICARIA, Hoffm. Tripe de Roche.
Muhlenbergii, Ach. Falls of St. Croix, Dr. Parry.
WOODS OF WISCOiNSIN.
RACINE, November 25, 1852.
DEAR SIR:-Your letter, inviting me to prepare a paper for the State
Agricultural Society, upon the " Woods of Wisconsin," and making suggestions as to the manner in which the subject should be considered,
came duly to hand.
In reply, I cannot but say, that were I to consult my other engagements, I should find it impossible to comply with your request; yet in




420
view of the importance of the subject you suggest, and believing also,
as I do, that the State has a claim upon every citizen to contribute his
part, so far as able, to the fund of information on any subjects immediately important to that class whose prosperity is of vital importance to
the welfare of all. In view of these considerations, I will endeavor, in a
brief manner, to comply with your request, so far as possible, in the
short time given.
It will not be my purpose, in this communication, to give a botanical
description, but merely brief notes on the principal qualities and value of
the woods, and the fitness of the various trees for the purposes of ornament.  I ta]ke great pleasure in tendering my thanks, to a much esteemed
friend, and accomplished botanist, I. A. Lapham, Esq., of Milwaukee,
for his Catalogue of the Flora of Wisconsin,* which embraces a more
complete list of our Forest Trees, than can elsewhere be found.
TREES INDIGENOUS TO WISCONSIN.
OAKS.
This family bears transplanting rather poorly, unless quite small.
They are readily raised from seed, which should be kept in a cool, dry
place, till March or April, when they must be planted, two inches deep,
in rich vegetable mould.
WHITE OAx —Qaerus Alba.
This noble tree is the largest and most important of the American oaks.
The excellent properties of the wood render it eminently valuable for
a great variety of uses. Wherever strength and durability is required,
the White Oak stands in the first rank. It is employed in making wagons,
coaches and sleds; staves and hoops of the best quality for barrels and
casks, are obtained from this tree; it is extensively used in architecture,
ship-building, &c., and vast quantities are used for fencing. The bark
is employed in tanning.  The domestic consumption of this tree is so
great that it is of the first importance to preserve the young trees wherever it is practicable, and to make young plantations where the tree is not
found. The White Oak is a graceful ornamental tree, and worthy of
particular attention as sueh-found abundantly in most of the timbered
districts.
*See ante, page 337.




421
PBURR OAK —Q. i7facrocarpa.
This is perhaps the most ornamental of our oaks. Nothing can exceed
the graceful beauty of these trees, when not crowded or cramped in their
growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. Who has
not admired these trees in our extensive Burr Oak openings?  Its large
leaves are a dark-green above, and a bright silvery-white beneath, which
gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind.
The wood is tough, close-grained, and more durable than the White
Oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and dryino-; did the tree grow to the same size, it would be preferred for most
uses. Abundant, and richly worthy of cultivation both for utility and
ornament.
SwXAtP WrITE OAX- Q. Bjicoor.
Another valulable and ornamental oak, rather larger than the Burr
Oak.  The wood is close-grained, durable, splits freely, and is well worthy of cultivation. Not quite so common as the Burr Oak. Valuable
for fuel.
POST OAK —Q. Obtusilobc0.
A scraggy, small tree, found sparingly in this State.  The timber is
durable, and makes good fuel. Not worthy of cultivation.
SwAtrMP' CHE:STNUT OAK- Q. Prinos.
This species of Chestnut Oak is a large, graceful tree, wood rather
open-grained, yet valuable for most purposes to which the oaks are
applied; makes the best fuel of any of this family. A rare tree, found
by Mr. Lapham, growing near Janesville. Worthy of cultivation.
RED OA-C. bPbubra.
The Red Oak is a well known, common and rather large tree. The
wood is coarse-grained, and the least durable of the oaks, nearly worthless for fuel, and scarcely worthy of cultivation, even for ornament.
PIN OAK-Q. Paluzstgri;s.
One of the most common trees, in many sections of the State. The
wood is of little value, even for fuel. The tree is quite ornamental, and
should be sparingly cultivated for this purpose.




422
MAPLES.
A family of beautiful trees, which bear transplanting well; even those
of from six to eight inches in diameter, can, without difficulty, be successfully transplanted.  Grows in almost any well-drained soil, free from
stagnant water.  The seed should be planted in the fall, as soon as ripe;
they require but a slight covering.
SUGARI.1 APLE —A cer S&cchaci'rinmtm.
This well-known and noble tree is found growing abundantly in many
sections of the State.  The wood is close-grained and susceptible of a
beautiful polish, which renders it valuable for many kinds of furniture,
more especially the varieties knowln as Bird's-eye and Curled Miaples.The wood lacks thie durability of the oak; consequently, is not valuable
for purposes where it will be exposed to the weather.  For fuel, it ranks
next to Hickory.  The sugar manufactured from this tree affords no inconsiderable resource for the comfort and even wealth of many sections
of the northern States, especially those newly settled, where it would be
difficult and expensive to procure their supply from a distance. As an ornamental tree, it stands almost at the head of the catalogue.  The foliage
is beautiful, compact, and free from the attacks of insects. It puts forth its
yellow blossoms early, and in the autumn the leaves change in color, and
show the most beautiful tints of red and yellow long before they fall.Worthy of especial attention for fuel and ornament —swell adapted for
street planting..
RED  IMAPLE-A. R rts.
Another fine maple, of more rapid growth than the foregoing species.
With wood rather lighter, but quite as valuable for cabinet-work-for
fuel not quite so valuable.  The young trees bear transplanting even better than other maples.  Though highly ornamental, this tree hardly
equals the first named species.  It puts forth, in early spring,, its scarlet
blossoms before a leaf has yet appeared. Well adapted for street planting.
MOUNTAIN  TAPLE-A. S picaturzin.
A small, branching tree, or rather shrub, found growing in clumps. —
Not worthy of much attention.




423
Box   APLEg — Negundo Aceroides.
This tree is frequently called Box Elder.  It is of a rapid growth;
quite ornamental.  The wood is not used in the arts, but is good fuel.Should be cultivated; grows on Sugar and Rock rivers.
ELMS.
These are tall, fine trees, more remarkable for ornament than for the
value of their wood. They grow to the greatest perfection in deep, moist
soils, but will flourish to a considerable extent in almost any productive
grounds.  They endure transplanting admirably.  The seed should be
sown immediately after ripening, which is in June.
WuFriTE ELAI —  fimus Awereicana.
This large and graceful tree stands confessedly at the head of the list
of ornamental deciduous trees. Its wide-spreading branches and long
pendulous branchlets form a beautiful and conspicuous head.  It grows
rapidly; is free from disease and the destructive attacks of insects; will
thrive on most soils; and for planting along streets, in public grounds or
lawns, is unsurpassed by any American tree. The wood is but little used
in the arts; makes good firewood; should be planted along all the roads
and streets, near every dwelling and on all public grounds.
SirIP:PEY ELMl —- U. FteiVC.
This smaller and less ornamental species is also common.  The wood,
however, is much more valuable than the White Elm, being durable and
splitting readily.  It makes excellent rails, and is much used for the
frame work of buildings. Valuable for fuel; should be cultivated.
CHERRY.
A valuable class of trees, which flourish best in a deep, moist, sandy
soil.'They all bear transplanting well. The seed should be planted
immediately when ripe, which is the case with all stony seeds.
WILD BLACK CtERRY- ceras-'s Serotiina.
This large and beautiful species of Cherry is one of the most valuable
of American trees. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a brilliant, reddish color, not liable to warp, or shrink and swell with atmospheric changes; extensively employed by cabinet makers for every spe



424
cies of furniture; is next in value to mahogany.  It is exceedingly durable; hence is valuable for fencing, building, &c. Richly deserving of a
place in the lawn or timber plantation.
BIBD CHERRY-C. Pe6NImsylvanwaicx.
A small northern species, common in the State, but scarcely worthy
of cultivation, unless for ornament.
CHOKE CiHERRY- 6  VIrinZtiCaaC.
This diminutive tree is of little value, not worth the trouble of cultivation.
WILD PLUIM-Prunu8 A)?2ereicana6t.
The common'Wild Plum, when in full bloom, is one of the most ornamental of small flowering trees, and as such, should not be neglected.
The fruit is rather agreeable, but not to be compared to fine cultivated
varieties, which may be engrafted on the wild stock to the very best advantage. It is best to select small trees, and work theni on the roots.
The grafts should be inserted about the middle of April.
HAcx BEunRY-Ce7tis Occidenitalis.
An ornamental tree of medium size; wood hard, close-grained, and elastic; makes the best of hoops, whip-stalks, and thills for carriages. The
Indians formerly made great use of the Hackberry wood for their bows.
A tree worthy of a limited share of attention.
AMERmICAN LINDEN, O:R BASS XWOOD —jT'iCa A2rCtctCCa..
One of the finest ornamental trees for public grounds, parks, &c., but
will not thrive where the roots are exposed to bruises; for this reason,
it is not adapted to planting along the streets of populous towns. The
wood is light and tough; susceptible of being bent to almost any curve;
durable if kept from the weather; takes paint well and is considerably
used in the medicinal arts; for fuel, nearly worthless. This tree will
flourish in almost any moderately rich, damp soil; bears transplanting
well; can be propagated readily from layers. The seed should be sown
in autumn.
WHITE THORN —Cratcegts Uoccinea.
DOTTED THoRN- C.PunctatU.
These two species of Thorn are found everywhere on the rich bottom
lands. When in bloom they are beautiful, and should be cultivated for




425
ornament.  The wood is remarkably compact and hard, and were it not
for the small size of the tree, would be valuable.
CRAB APPLE —Pyt68s CUoro?1carica.
This common small tree is attractive when covered with its highly
fragrant rose-colored blossoms. Wood hard, fine compact grain, but
the tree is too small for the wood to be of much practical value. Well
worthy of a place in extensive grounds.
Ml[OUNTvIN Asu-i-P. Am4)ericana,.
This popular ornament to our yards, is found growing in the northern
part of the State, and as far south as 430 lat. The wood is useless.
A*sn —Fraxt  i su?b8.
This genus comprises several tall, straight trees, with valuable wood
and handsome foliage. It mostly grows in rich, damp soil. It bears
transplanting well. The seed may be planted either in the fall or spring.
WnITIE Asa-F raximus Aeu~imtzcra.
A large, interesting tree, which combines utility with beauty in an
eminent degree. The wood possesses strength, suppleness and elasticity,
which renders it valuable for a great variety of uses. It is extensively
employed in carriage manufacturing; for various agricultural implements; is esteemed superior to any other wood for oars; excellent for
fuel.  The White Ash grows rapidly, and in open ground forms one of
the most lovely trees that is to be found. The foliage is clean and handsome, and in the autumn turns from its bright green to a violet purple
hue, which adds materially to the beauty of our autumnal sylvan scenery.
It is richly deserving our special care and protection, and will amply
repay all labor and expense bestowed on its cultivation.
BLKCIO  ASTi-P. Salm'iUCjo.
Another tall, graceful and well known species of Ash. The wood is
used for making baskets, hoops, &c.; when thoroughly dry, affords a
good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy
situations, where more useful trees will not thrive.
WALNUT.
The Walnut Family includes the Hickories with the Walnuts proper.
The latter bear transplanting well, while the former require great care,
28




426
A rich, deep, sandy loom is required to develope the trees in all their
luxuriant grandeur. The nuts may either be planted in the autumn or
kept in a dry place until spring, when they should be planted three
inches deep, in a light vegetable mould.
BLACeK WALN TT —J /1ac  n is 2irs.
This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands, claims special attention
for its valuable timber.  It is among the most durable and beautiful of
American woods; susceptible of a fine polish; not liable to shrink and
swell by heat and moisture.  It is extensively employed by the cabinetmakers, for every variety of furniture.  Walnut forks are frequently
found, which for richness and beauty, rival the far-famed Mahogany.
This tree, in favorable situations, grows. rapidly; is highly ornamental,.
and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts.
B UTT' ETR UT —-e. (inerCea.
This species of Walnut is not as valuable as the above; yet for its.
beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion
of attention.  The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it
otherwise might be applied.  When grown near streams, or on moist
side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts.  It
grows rapidly.
SHELL-B]&RX 1-1ICxoRY-C- arya Alba.
This, the largest and finest of American Hickories, grows abundantly
throughout the State. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest
strength and tenacity of any other of our indigenous trees, and is used
for a variety of purposes; but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by
worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the Shell-bark Hickory stands
unrivalled. The tree is ornamental, and produces every alternate year'
an ample crop of the best of nuts.' It does not bear transplanting well,
and the young trees should be preserved in their original situation
wherever practicable.
PIG~NUT HICKORY —C. Glabra,
This species possesses all the good and bad qualities of the Shell-bark.
The nuts, however, are smaller, and not quite so pleasant.  It should be
preserved and cultivated in common with the Shell-bark.




BED BEECHr-T hctgqus TerI,1?.ciyn ea.
A common tree, with brilliant, shining, light-green leaves, and long
flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for
this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, closegrained, and compact. It is much used far plane-stocks, tool handles,
&c., and as an  article of fuel, nearly equal' to maple.  The young
trees do not bear transplanting well; those only of a few feet high
can be removed with success.  It is readily grown from seed, which had
better be planted in the spring.
WATER 3BEEJtc —C0'T,,s ins Amceiccaat.
A small tree, called Hornbeam by many. The wood is exceedingly
hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless.
IToRN WOOD —Ostrya TC rg'vica..
This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably
slow growth.  The wool possesses valuable properties, being heavy and
strong, as the name would indicate; yet, from its small size, it is of but.
little use.
POPLAR.
The Poplars are trees of rapid growth.  The wood is soft and white,.
and is not very useful. They thrive on almost any arable soil, and are:
readily propagated from cuttings.
BALSAM POPLAR-POPUuI8 Candicans.
This tree is of medium size, and is known by several names: Wild
Balm of Gilead, Cotton Wood, &c.  It grows in moist, sandy soil, on
river bottoms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts.  It grows more rapidly than any'other of
our trees; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine
inches in diameter; and makes a beautiful shade tree-the most ornamental of poplars. The wood is soft, spongy, and nearly useless.
QUATING AsPEN-P. ~Trenmuloides.
A well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental, but scarcely wor —
thy of cultivation.




428
LARGE ASPEN-P. Grandcidentata.
The largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of sixty
or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet.  The wood is
soft, easily split, and used for fiames for buildings. It is the most dura-:ble of all our poplars, and well worthy of our attention.
SYCAMORE, Or BUTTONWOOD —Platanu 8 OcCidenWai8.
This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is only found growing,on the rich alluvial river bottoms.  The tree is readily known, even at a
considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches.  The foliage is
large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known.-'The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on
-these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish.As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit.
CANOE BIriCr-r BetIza PcyraCeaC.
A rather elegant and interestingl tree.  It grows abundantly in nearly
every part of the State. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible
of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but
little used in the mechanical arts.  For fuel, it is justly prized, is to a
considerable degree ornamental, and bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark
of this tree.
KEINTUCKY COFFEE TXE -- G?/22MocbCdU',tS CCMctncden8s.
This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich
alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green
County. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue; is exceedingly
durable, and well worthy of cultivation. It is readily grown from the
seed, which should be immersed in boiling water for a few minutes, to
insure a rapid germinaton.
JUNE BEmITZ-AmeClanchier UcmadeinCZS s.
A small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in
early spring, at which time it is in full bloom.  The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white
blossoms.




429
EVERGREENS.
The Cone-bearing Evergreens-Conifere-are peculiarly interesting,
as well for the invaluable qualities of their wood, as for their beauty, and
the shelter and protection they afford, especially during winter, when all
other trees are stripped of their green mantle.  The seeds should not be
taken out of the cones until they are to be planted, in April or May. A
warm, sandy soil, which has a large proportion of decayed leaves, well
incorporated into it, is the most suitable for raising seedling Evergreens.
WHITE PINE-Pi2m'us8 S'tr0 os8.
The largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines.  The wood is
soft, free from resin, and works easily.  It is extensively employed in
the mechanical arts for a great variety of uses. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the State.  This species is readily known
by the leaves being in fives.  It is highly ornamental, but in common
with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting.  Only small plants should
be moved.
NORWAY, OR RED PINE —P. lesinosa.
YELLOW PINE-P. J/iTiS.
Two large trees, but little inferior in size to the White Pine. The wood
contains more resin, and is consequently more durable.  The leaves of
both of these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly
manufactured from these two, together with the White Pine, and yet the
extensive pineries of the State are scarcely lessened.
SIIRUB PINE-P. BaznksianSZ a.
A  small, low tree; only worthy of notice here for the ornamental
shade it produces.  It is found in the northern sections of the State.
BALSAxM FI-R-Abies Bal;,samzeca.
This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores
of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood
is of but little value. The Balsam of Fir, or Canadian Balsam, is obtained
from this tree.
DOUBLE SPRUCE-A Nigra.1 c
This grows in the same localities with the Balsam Fir, and assumes the
same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light, and
possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the




430
best materials for yards and top-masts for shipping.  It is extensively
cultivated for ornament.
-HEM[rLO K-A. Cagcic-ensgi8.
The Hemzzlock is the largest of the genus.  It is gracefully ornamental, but the wood is of little value. The bark is extensively employed in
tanning.
Ti %r.AMxCx —~a)4n _lAmgericana.
This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the State. It is not quite an Evergreen, it drops its leaves in winter,
but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable, and valuable for a variety of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and
can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees
would not thrive.
WHITEw CE.DArG —  (p&es8,  ThJyoicdes. (?)
AuBoimuvIvT/15-   zuLa. Occidentali8.
These two trees are indiscriminately called White or Flat Cedar.
They grow abundantly in many parts of the State, the latter in the
northern section.  The wood is well known as being exceedingly durable,
furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the Red cedar.
Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees.
A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear
transplanting better than most Evergreens.  They will grow on most
soils, if sufficiently damp.
RED CEDA1L-JIp2,CZ  8 t'r7gi'b', aGa.
This is the well-known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts
that "last forever."  The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color,
and fine grained; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses.  It should
be extensively cultivated.
There are many shrubs and vines indigeneous to the State that are
worthy of notice for ornamental purposes, but it is not our purpose to
speak of them here.
TREES NOT FOUND IN WISCONSIN.
There are many trees that have not yet been found growing,in the'State, the introduction and culture of which, we would especially recommnend. Among these are:




431
ucur:mm  Tr.mr,E. —— Jzagnoiia Acwtminata.
One of the largest and most beautiful of American trees.  The wood
is soft, light, and valuable for many purposes; but principally on account
of its ornamental grandeur, we would recommend its introduction and
cultivation.
TULIP TLIP — L'Krodnede42on Tulip; era.
This grand and noble forest tree is found in great profusion in Michigan, Indiana, and most of the adjoining States, where it is called White
Wood or Poplar. The wood is of a yellowish color, easily worked, and
sufficiently close-grained to admit of a good polish-strong enough for
most uses, even where a considerable degree of strength is required. It
is used extensively in the mechanical arts for a great variety of purposes,
and grows rapidly.  It is a beautiful tree, especially when covered with
its large, tulip-like blossoms.  It flourishes best in a rich alluvial soil.
CflEsT-UT —C astatnea V&escea.
A well-known, large and valuable tree, of remarkably rapid growth.
It flourishes best in light, sandy, or gravelly soils.  The wood is one of
the most durable, capable of resisting a succession of heat and moisture
for a considerable length of time; a valuable quality, which renders it
especially suitable for fencing.  In favorable situations, this tree produces an abundant crop of delicious nuts.
There are many other trees worthy of introduction, but to the three
species mentioned, we would more especially call the attention of arboriculturists.  Should either of these be known to grow within the State,
we should be glad to be informed of the locality.
Locus'T —obiniqa Pseu-cc:cacia.
One word in relation to the Locust, so much cultivated as an ornamental tree.  Its rapid growth and durable wood, is all it has to recommend it. It is the last tree to put forth in the spring, and the first to
shed its leaves in the autumn; which wither and fall without displaying
any of those dying beauties so charming in many of our indigenous
forest trees. The Locust is liable to the attack of the " borer;" an insect
which is extensively destroying it in the Eastern States. The branches
are so fragile, that the tree is frequently blown literally to pieces by the
wind; to obviate which, to a considerable degree, we should "shorten
in" all long and slender limbs. We cannot recommend its extensive




432
cultivation, when so many better and more profitable trees can easily be
obtained.
RAISING  FOREST TREES FROM  SEED.
In preparing seed-beds, a well drained, light, rich, sandy loam is best
for nearly all trees.  Dig' deep, at least eighteen inches, and prepare as
carefully as you would for a bed of choice vegetables.  Plant in rows,
three or four inches apart one way, and two feet the other.  It is of
great advantage to cover the surface of the ground, after planting, with
decayed leaves, in imitation of nature. By this mulching, the ground
will be kept moist, and thus facilitate the germination of the seed.  The
seedlings should be transplanted in the nursery, when one or two years
old; six or eight inches by three feet is the proper distance in the nursery.  It may, perhaps, be as well to plant the seed in the nursery at
once, and save the first transplantinog.
PLANTrING.-In a timber plantation, the proper distance that trees
should be planted from each other, must vary with the species and size of
the young tree.  The medium  distance for treessof four or five years'
growth, is four feet each way. It must be remembered, that many more
must be planted than can grow to any great size.. The object is to plant
the trees so close that they will mutually afford protection to each other
from the sun and storm.  They must be thinned out from time to time,
to give room for the most valuable, as they advance in size.
TIME FOR T&RANSPLANTING.-All deciduous trees-those that shed their
leaves in autumn —may be removed any time when the leaves are offEarly spring is generally to be preferred.  Evergreens are more successfully transplanted, when the new shoots are just springling, which, in this
climate, is about the first of June.  Choose a damp, cloudy day, if possible; otherwise cover the roots from *the sun with straw, moss, or matting.  This precaution is indispensable when moving Evergreens, for if
the fine rootlets ever become dry, the tree will surely perish.
PREPARATIONS FOR PLA.NTING.-Diog the holes before you procure the
trees, in order to avoid unnecessary delays, for the sooner the trees are
planted after they are dug up the better. Dig the holes for large trees six
feet in diameter, and eighteen inches deep-smaller ones in proportion.
Deposit the surface soil by itself, and if the sub-soil be poor, procure
enough of good to replace it, so as not to be under the necessity of using




433
this worthless soil dug from the bottom of the pit. Have ready good
substantial stakes, sufficiently stout to effectually prevent the trees from
motion. Do all this before you start for your trees, and not leave it to
be done when your "poor trees, like so many fish out of water, are
panting and suffering for a return to their native element."
SELECTING AND DIGGING up.-Procure trees of low and rather stalky
growth, from open grounds, if possible. Avoid those of tall and slender
form growing in deep and shady woods. Be sure the trees are healthy,
young and growing.  Having selected your tree, dig a trench two or
three feet from the body all around it, deep enough to cut off every root;
then dig under until it is easily loosened and turned out of its bed. Be
careful and preserve every small root within the circle, for upon the preservation of the rootlets principally depends your success. Lay the trees
upon a long wagon; protect the trunks and roots from being bruised and
barked; cover the roots if the sun shines, or if there is a drying wind at
the time.
TRIMMING AND SETTING OUT. —Cut off all the bruised and broken roots;
next, cut off not less than one-half the top by shortening some, and cutting other limbs entirely away, as the shape of the tree may require. Set
your trees no deeper than they originally grew, unless the soil be light
and sandy, when you may set them three or four inches deeper. Having
adjusted the roots in their natural position, drive your stakes before the
roots are covered, that you may avoid injuring them; then fill up with
finely pulverized surface soil, gently pressing it in every cavity. After
the roots are lightly covered, pour in one or two pails-full of water;
then finish by filling and treading it firmly.
MuLcHING. —Take half a bundle of straw to each tree; if the tree is
of a large size, spread it evenly about the roots, then cover slightly with
soil, leaving it a little " dishing;" this will prevent the evaporation of
moisture, and keep the soil light and porous, permitting the water to
penetrate freely.  Old tan-bark or rotted chips will answer quite as well
for this purpose as straw. You must not water your trees -too often.
Once a week, even during a protracted drought, is enough; daily watering is positively injurious. Do not consider the work completed until the
trees are secured from motion, by firmly fastening them to the stakes;
for be assured, if they are permitted to move about with every wind,
they will perish. Transplanting trees in winter, with a ball of frozen




434
earth attached to the roots, is the most successful method of removing
large trees.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.,
It is truly lamentable to see how much time and money is expended in:planting trees, which for the want of information as to the what, how,
and when, have already perished, or are in a most unfavorable state of
decline, manifest by the sickly foilage, denuded trunks, or already dry
and withered stems. And how could it be otherwise, since the trees
have been kidnapped —forcibly taken from their damp and shady forest
homes-the roots sadly mutilated, and then their long and slender trunks
cut in two in the middle, and one end, (but little matter which) rudely
thrust into a "post-hole" in the ground, and there subjected to the
scorching rays of a midsummer sun; and then, as if to add insult to
injury, they are asked to live, grow, and reward the perpetrator of all
these outrages against vegetable life, by a luxuriant, healthy shade, and
lovely ornament! It has been truly said, that "judicious planting, and
the skilful culture of plantations, combine national and private interest
in an eminent degree; for, besides the real or intrinsic value of the timber or ostensible crop, with other produce of woods, available for the
arts and comforts of life, judicious forest-tree planting improves the general climate of the neighborhood, the staple of the soil as regards the
gradual accumulation of vegetable matter; affords shelter to live stock;
promotes the growth of pasture and of corn crops; beautifies the landscape, and thus greatly and permanently increases the value of the fee
simple of the estate and adjoining lands."  There is no country to which
these remarks would apply with more truth than to this. How naked and
cheerless those dwellings situated on the broad prairies, without a single
tree to enliven the scene, and speak of shady comforts; but we hope to
see a different picture when the farmers turn their attention more to the
comforts and luxuries of Home. Finally, we say, plant trees young and
old, and recollect, "What is worth doing at all, is worth doing well."
Yours very faithfully,
P. R. HOY.
To ALBERT C. INGHAM, Esq.,
Sec. of the Wis. State Aygr. Society.




435
LAYING OUT GROUNDS, FLORICULTURE, &c.
MIILwAUKEE, December 10, 1852.
DEAR SIR —It is with great pleasure that I comply with the request with which you honored me, to furnish a few ideas on the above
subjects, for the use of the State Agricultural Society. Deeming these
to be highly subsidiary to the great objects which the Society has in
view, I only wish the task had fallen into more competent hands. How-ever, I trust my attempt may at least have the effect of stimulating
others, who have the capability to espouse the cause, and treat it more
thoroughly and scientifically, on a future occasion.
LAYING OUT GaouNDs. —Under this head may be comprehended all
the operations requisite to the production of a finished residence, embracing the site for building, the embellishment of the grounds, and the
judicious disposition of the fields, garden, orchard, &c. After the land
is selected, the next important point is to choose the most eligible site
for building.  The mansion and offices demand peculiar attention, as
they ought to form  the centre of attraction, and present the principal feature of the homestead, for there are assembled all those scenes of
usefulness, convenience, or elegance, which form the constituents of a
country residence. In selecting the situation, a variety of circumstances,
both of a local and general character, must be taken into consideration.
Proximity, or otherwise, to the boundary line, or public road, the suitableness of the grounds contiguous for garden scenery, and trees, if any,
and their capability of aiding in the general effect, belong to the former;
to the latter, the prospect from the house, the view of the house from a
distance, shelter, facility for drainage, &c. A pleasant aspect for the prineipal rooms is always desirable, and in the absence of any local objection,
perhaps that of the south, or south-east, would be the best. A southwest aspect is objectionable from the constant dazzling rays of the sun
throughout the greater part of the day in summer, and a west aspect
from the prevailing icy winds of winter. A north aspect for the front
part of the house would at all seasons be too gloomy, although the view
from the windows in that direction might be the most pleasant, as all
vegetation looks the most luxuriant on the sunny side. A mere square,
or oblong house, can, therefore, have only one really good aspect, and it
naturally becomes a question as to what style of architecture would best




436
secure a variety of aspects, consistent with the irregularity of offices,
and other necessary appendages to a country mansion. The spirit of the
Gothic style, more than any other, admits of this irregularity; and hence,
the prevalence of that style in modern country residences.  Among the
advantages of this irregular style, one is, that it readily admits of additions in almost any direction, without compromising the character of the
tout ensen6ble. When, however, a rigid adherence to the principles lof
good taste is aimed at, this style may not be always in keeping with the
character of the neighboring grounds or surrounding country.  Perhaps
the more regular style of the Roman, or the simple style of the Grecian,
would be more in place.  In this case, the offices and erections for farming purposes might better form a distinct and distant feature in the landscape, or otherwise be concealed by trees, shrubbery, or walls behind
the house.
THE LAwN.-Whatever may be the style of the house, it is almost
indispensable to a good residence to have a greater or less breadth of
lawn extending in different directions from the principal front.  This may
be comprehended in one, or a series of terraces, or on a level, according
to the position of the house and taste of the owner.  Thanks to modern
taste, antd modern grardening, it is no longer considered necessary to have
a square, or quadranlj)ular hedged-in, or walled-in depository of plants
*to be called a garden.  The whole lawn, or a portion of it, may be made
available for a flower-grarden, and will afford scope for a display of taste
either of the most simple or the most elaborate-but this part of the subject I shlall resume in its proper place.
At this juncture, it is to be presumed that the woodman has spared
many trees, either single specimens, or groups, or both-for that reckless demolition of every tree and shrub round many settlements is lamentable to behold, and cannot be too highly reprobated.  Well may they be
called clearings; to-day, the noble denizens of the forest proudly wave
their heads in stately grandeur, impressing the beholder with the power
and majesty of nature; but to-morrow, alas, reveals another scene! The
ruthless age has robbed fair nature of her ornaments, and left instead a
wilderness of ghostly stumps, guarded on every side-as if in very
mockery of their stability-with bristling lines of zig-zag fences. Here,
amidst this desolate array of stumps and rails, a family of young children have to be reared, and what else can be expected but that the minds
of the latter will be as destitute of ideality and refinement as the aspect




43T
of the former is of comeliness.  After a few years have elapsed, an embryo orchard shoots up to relieve the general monotony, distinguished
by a number of green lines, so formally and abrubtly defined that it looks
like a thing per se, having no connection or harmony in itself, or with
anything else in nature.
Few States in the Union can compare with Wisconsin in the capability
of furnishing materials for creating beautiful landscapes; nor need we go
out of it to seek for the choicest models.  The world-renowned parks of
"Old England" do not afford better opportunities than our own oak
openings-with their graceful and flowing outlines, and their gently undulating sweeps, the noble vistas —here contracted, there extended-in
this direction, radiant with some gleaming lakelet half concealed; in another, reflecting sombre shadows from some lazy stream; and as a whole,
producing such harmony of coloring, so rich a distribution of light and
shade as cannot fail to delight, but never cloy, the most artistic eye. —
When a dwelling is located amidst the oak openings, the occupant can
have no difficulty in laying out his grounds, for the scenery around will.
be suggestive of the character of all his out-door embellishments, and
his aim will be to make them tend to the idea of connectedness and consistencv with that.  In such situations, to make startling contrasts is
attended with no small amount of expense, and a demand of no commonplace skill.  In this State, nature is so lavish of the materials for verdant
decoration that little or no expense need be incurred in furnishing, but
rather in thinning out, and only subduing a reasonable portion of the
land foi usefulness or convenience, without impairing any of the natural
or local beauties.  When it is desired to give a park-like appearance to a
whole farm, where the land is well timbered, nothing can be more easy.
The square, or quadrangular form, may generally be the most convenient
for fencing off the various fields, but it is not necessary that they should
assume that form.  By a little management, the fences at a certain point
may be so concealed by clumps of trees left standing as to take away any
formality, and obscure the real boundary of a field.  The size of the
fields, and the distance and distribution of the clumps, will of course depend on the extent of the farm, and the purposes to which it is devoted.
The clumps of trees should consist of irregular, detached masses, or occasionally single trees, when they possess individual beauty to recommend
them, and can maintain the idea of connectedness. Under this arrangement, a farm would partake of the character of a forest scene subjected




438
to the plow; and if extensive, and really forest-like, resemble those
woody districts in Germany where "cultivation smiles in the glades and
recesses of eternal forests."
FENCEs.-Of all kinds of fences, the common rail or zig-zag fence.
presents to the eye of strangers the most uncouth appearance, as well as
that of a prodigal waste of the "raw material."  Perhaps they may be,
in many instances, the most economical, as regards cheapness of construction, strength and durability; but where facilities exist for sawing
timber, these qualities might be made to combine -with a more agreeable
form, and a tithe of the amount of material. The improved state of the
manufacture of iron, affords new and desirable accommodations in the
way of light, cheap and durable fences, desiderata of no small importance in districts where wood is not abundant.
PLANTING. —When a necessity exists for planting young trees, either
near or remote from the house, as a general rule, a selection from those
found in the neigborhood would be best; as they will not only better
harmonize with those around, but grow and thrive with more certainty
than others, transferred from  a different soil and climate. As to the
best kinds for planting on the rich, black soil of our prairies, I have had
no opportunity of forming an opinion; but I should expect that most of
the soft-wooded, rapid-growing kinds would succeed. As fencing must
be a comparatively expensive undertaking on extensive prairie lands, it
would be well for settlers thereon to provide themselves at the outset,
with seeds of such plants or shrubs as will most rapidly or permanently
afford them live fences or hedges. Of these may be mentioned the
Osage Orange, Locust, Buckthorn, Hawthorn, Beech, &c. It is affirmed
by those who have had experience, that the Osage Orange will form a
hedge fence in five years from the time of sowing, capable of resisting
all sorts of cattle, and at the same time so compact as to produce a complete barrier, even to rabbits and other small vermin. That this rapid
growing tree will survive the winters of this latitude, has been proved
beyond a doubt within the State, and in several instances. One fine,
thrifty tree may be seen in this city, in the garden of Lewis Potter, Esq.,
which has stood the test of over ten winters.
THE VEGETABLF,  GARDEN.-This necessary appendage to a family
mansion, should, when circumstances permit, be formed convenient to
the rear of the building, out of the view from the principal rooms, and




439
the front approach. A very convenient locality would be such as to
have easy access to the domestic offices for culinary purposes, and to the
stables and farm buildings for manure.
THE ORCHARD.-The situation of the orchard-all other circumstances
being suitable-might be near the garden; and where a gardener or
overseer is kept, his house, together with the fruit house, and other
receptacles for the winter storage of roots and vegetables, might be very
properly placed between them.
THEE ROAD, oR APPRoacI. —When of any material length, the approach
should be formed so as to reveal gradually any natural or artificial
beauties the place affords, and each turn should be produced by some
gentle variation of the surface, a clump of shrubs or single trees.  The
first or most distant view of the house, should be as favorable as
possible; and the nearest or close view, to comprehend the front entrance
or porch, together with the most refined creations of ornament in its
vicinity, at a glance.
WnALKs.-These are often necessary accompaniments to home scenes
that cannot otherwise be seen except at certain seasons and conditions of
the surface. Walks should always bear some degree of analogy to the
scenes they pass through. Their course should be dictated by the range
of attractions to be seen, and their turnings by some local or accidental
beauty, being careful that there should be a sufficient reason for such
arrangement.
THE FLOWER GARDEN. — There are perhaps few departments of outdoor pastime surrounded by more delightful and refining associations,
than the cultivation of a tasteful and elegant flower garden. It is a
field equally open and inviting to the humblest cottager and his wealthier
neighbor, as well a source of agreeable recreation to. the son of toil
as to the heir of luxury. The flower garden is a never failing concomitant of a refined civilization; and the entire absence of flowers around a
dwelling, bespeaks either abject penury or a rude ignorance of the sweets
of life. In the gloomy retreats of forest life, what can be more refreshing
and delightful than the companionship of flowers? Though all else
around be new, in these we can recognize the sweet companions of our
youth; the silent, yet eloquent souvenirs of our early home and fatherland. If parents desire to cultivate in children their powers of forethought and patience, let them give them a flower garden. The impres



440
sions received there will'be as lasting as life itself; and the maxims
employed to make them successful florists, will not be lost on their
character and moral bearing in after years. It is rarely that a parent is,
found fond of his plants and negligent of his child; or gentle towards
his flowers, and rough towards his own kind.  Hence, we might expect
that the cultivation of flowers will favor the amenities of domestic life,
and that a wide spread taste and interest in Floriculture, will be a remedy
for idleness and other demoralizing habits.
The flower garden, as I suggested before, might be consistently formed
on the lawn or terrace, in front of the house. The usual way is to cut out
certain figures in the turf, each figure or set of figures, to bear, in size,
a just proportion to the extent of the lawn, and the magnitude of the
house. In order to be effective, they should be symmetrical and have
one general character of outline, whether of straight, curved, or composite
lines; nor should their size differ so much as to give the idea of large
and small ones mixed together.  The figures, or system  of figures,
however detached, should always be formed to harmonize with some
obvious design, and show decidedly their connection with a general
centre. Sharp angles or projecting points, should be avoided, as such
parts cannot be properly covered with plants, and must always have a
bad effect.  Neither should the surface of the beds be much raised above
the level of the turf, for in such case they look blotchy, and the plants
in them too much subjected to the influence of drought for their health
and vigor.  In planting the beds each may containflowers only, or flowers and shrubs mixed; but a better effect is produced by each having
only one kind of flowers, or one kind of shrubs, so as to form masses, or
shades of color to harmonize'with those of the other beds. Of all
plants or shrubs, capable in themselves of forming an interesting and
varied flower garden, the rose, perhaps, stands alone. It is to be found
of nearly every shade of color, and by a judicious selection of kinds,
a continued succession of bloom may be had from June till December.
A very effective method would be, to have each bed filled with roses of
one color, containing a mixture of summer and autumn blooming kinds,
so that no bed would be without a perpetual display of flowers. A very
rieat method of keeping roses dwarfish and compact, is, to peg down the
branches to the ground: this will, at the same time, expose a greater
surface of the plants to the light, and induce an increase of foliage and
bloom.