SMIT-HSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS I N'I' l E A R C T I C S E A S. BY ELISHA KENT IKANE,. ID.4 U.S. A" lADE DURING THE SECOND GRINNELL EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF SIR JOIIN FRANKLI'N. IN 1853,, 1854, AND 1855, AT VAN RENSSELAER HARBOR, AND OTH-IER POINTS ON THE WESrlT COAST OF GREENLAND. RI;,;1l) UYJX-C) AtF NID D-ISCI:S'El),D 7?+T C(_~!i A. iI _t It',S A, 8 C.,(' C1"'., X-\SSIITAXT U. S CO.AST 1,:-TIZVI!:, [ACCEPTE'r~D FOt~ rUBLICATIO.X~ ~XY~ 1 855.] <5 G[ t1 1 C' I t'ti) I m~~ ~~ CON T ENT S. PA(I E ]NTROnUCTORRY LIETTER... V PART I.- TEMPERATURES. Inltroductory nlote.... -.. 1 General account and development of index corrections..... 2 Record of atmospheric telmperatures....... 7 Investigation of the cdiurnal variation.. 25 Investigation of the annual variation...... 28 influence of windc and snow on the temperature...... 33 Analysis of the recurrence of maxima of cold during winter... 35 Tabulation of hourly corrections for periodic variations..... 38 Decrease of temperature with elevation....... 50 Surface temperature of sea water........ 50 PART II. -WINDS. Introduction.......... 55 Record of the observations of the wind 57 MIethod of reduction.......... 74!Discussion of the resulting clirection of the wind..... 76 Average force of tile winds....... 77 Discussion of thle mean velocity of the same...... 78 Discussion of the quantity andc frecquency of the winds... 9 Duration of the winds...... 81 Rotation of tle same........ 81 Note nn -a:le,....... 81 ]'PxAT: III.-ATM\OSPHERIC PRESSUIlE. Introduction......... 85 Comparison of the aneroid and mercurial barometecrs... 86 Record of hourly observations of the atmospheric pressure. 89 Discussion of tlhe diurnal variation... 107 Discussion of the annual variation........ tOS Irregular oscillations, diurnal change, monthly anld annual extremes... 109 State of the barometer cduring gales..... 110 State of the barometer durinlg rain..... 110 Dependcence of atmospheric pressure on the dlirection of the wind. 111 Comp,%risoni of the relative depencelnce of pressure andc temperature on the winc d. 111 INTRODUCTORY L E T T E R. WASHIINCTON, 1Miay 17t, 185.5. PROFESSOR JOSEPH IHENRY, LL.D., Secreta.ry of the Smithsonian Institution: DEAR SIR' The records of the meteoroloTical observations mande under the direction of Dr. Kane, in the second expedition to the Arctic regions, were placed in my hands by his late lamented father, Juclde Kane, in December last. Dr. Kane had. selected Assistant Charles A. Schott, of the Coast Survey, for the reduction of a considerable portion of the observations xnade in that expedition; and 1, therefore, placed these in Mir. Schott's possession for reduction and discussion. The work has been faithfully performed, and I recomlmendcl it for publication in the " Smitlhlsonian Contributions to Knowmledgc." It is proper to statte that the instruments were furnished in part by the Smithsonian Institution, and that the computations have been made at its expense. Very respectfully, yours, A.D. DBACHtE. PAtT Io T E Mi P E R A T U R E S. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. THE vessel of the exploring expedition entered the winter quarters at Van Rensselaer Harbor, on the eastern trend of the coast of Greenland from Smitll's Strait, on the 8th of September, 1553.1 From the first of that month, she had not changed her position a mile, and the record and discussion of the observations for temperature will therefore commence, in the present paper, with September Ist, and be continued to January the 24th 1855. This is the last day of entry in the original log-book in my possession. The temperatures after that date, and extending to the last of April, 1855, have been taken from Appendix No. XII. of the second volume of the narrative of the expedition. The bay, surrounded by cliffs, is open towards the north and west, and the harbor is in latitude 78~ 37', and in longitude 700 53"2 west of Greenwich. By the 28th of September, 1853, the erection of the meteorological observatory on the floe had been completed. It wras a wooden structure, placed 140 yards from the ship, on the open ice-field, latticed and pierced with auger-holes on all sides, so as to allow the air to pass freely and was firmly cemented to tile ice at the base by freezing. To guard against the fine and almost impalpable drift which insinuates itself everywhere, and which would interfere with the observation of minute and sudden chances of temperature, a series of screens were placed at right angles to each other, so as to surround the inner chamber. The thermometers were suspended within the central charnbers; a pane of glass permitted the light of the lanterns to reach them from a distance, and a lens and eyeglass were so fixed as to allow observing the instruments without going inside the screens. One of thema three-feet spirit standard, by Tagliabue, of New York, graduated to 700 minuswas of sufficiently extended scale to be read, by rapid inrspection% to tenths of a degree. It was not desired absolutely to neutralize the influence of the winds, but to make the exposure to them so uniform as to give comparable results for every quarter of the compass.3 The expedition was well supplied with thermometers. Thirty-six mercurial thermometers svere received from the Nationazl Obserxvatory at %iashington, D. C. Their correctional near the freezing point were determined at the ob3servcztory, and See Narrative of the Expedition, Vol. II. p. 394. " The result of a new reduction of the moon culminations. s See Narrative, ~ol. I. p. 117. 2 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. again by Mr. Sonntao, by means of Mir. Tagliabue's standard. Besides these, there were four maximum and four minimum thermnometers, and two dozen spirit thermometers of various sizes, including two standards witlh a register 36 inches in length.' By one of these, and a mercurial standard of the same length, most of the temperatures of the air were noted. Dr. Kane remarks:' Id The temperature on the foes was always somewhat higher than at the island, the difference being due, as I suppose, to the heat conducted by the sea-water, which was at a temperature of +290, the suspended instruments being affected by radiation." This was on the 17th of January, 1854. On another page, he says:3 a Upon the ice-floes, commencing with a surface temperature of -30~, I found, at two feet deep, a temperature of -8~, and at four feet +2~, and at eight feet +26~." This was in midwinter, on the largest floe in the open way off Cape Stafford. This subject will again be referred to. Compatrison of Tlhermometers.-The different readings of the instruments, particularly at temperatures below -40~, made their frequent comparison, in order to obtain corrective elements, a matter of great importance. Appendix No. XI. of the second volume of the narrative, contains a full exposition of the unreliable indications of tie instruments at very low temperatures, and to this elppendix the reader may be referred for further details. Whether these anomalies be due to irregularities in the diameter of the tubes, or to unequal contraction of colored fluids of different specific gravity, it is admissible to suppose that the errors for a number of instruments, compared at the same temperature, may be as frequently in excess as in defect, provided they keep within a certain -limit, beyond which the indications become useless. The mean reading of all thermometers compared at a certain temperature has, therefore, been talken for the true temperature, and, by comparing each result with this mean, a series of corrections has been obtained for each instrument. The same view was taken by Dr. Kane. Fromn the comparisons of February 5tlh, 6tlh, and 9th, 1854, I was led to suspect that some or all of the spirit thermometers, designated in the original log-book Nos.:, 2, 3, 45 5, were probably identical with those in the table of Appendix No. XI. in Vol. II. of the narrative, there named C, B, No. 4, A, No. 12, respectively. The numerous comparisons given in that appendix, and to which a few more have been added, made it unnecessary to use the observations from the above numbers in the first set of comparisons between the temperatures — 68~ and — 20~. In the following table, arranged according to temperatures, S denotes the 36 inch spirit standard, upon which instrument the tem peratures determined by the expedition mainly further account. d See Narrative, Vol. I. p. 154. 3 Narrative, Vol. I. p. 267. 4 An extract from this appendix will be found at the end of this article. RECOR D AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 3 COMCPARISON OF THERMOMETE;R REALDING;S BETWEEVEN THEI TEMPERATURES - 680O AND — 200, IMADE IN 1854. ~Therm. Feb. Feb. Feb. Jan. Feb. Mi[arch Feb.:March Feb. March Feb. {arch Feb. March March March No. 5th-r. 5th. 4th. I 20th. 5th. 14th. 6th, 3d. 6th. 12th. 9th. 3d. 9th. 3d. 3d. 16th. 112 -80. — 77.9 -78.2 -73.0 -71.0 -64.4 -57.8 -58.0 -57.3 -56.2 -58.0 -54.5 -54.0 -47.5 -46.7 -44.1 1 — 75.5.......... -75.0 -72 -'~ 5'7 s -53.5 -55.0 -53.0 -53.5 -53.5 -53. 0 -45 7-74.0o-66.5-~~o -63.0 - 35-'~ -58.7 -5'.5 -'.5 -'.5 -'.-. 5 -:3'.~ 2 — 72.0 - 69.0...................... 8 -70.5 - 67.5.................. 9 - S~~: 6s.4........................... 41.4 C -4.6 1 -62.5 -63.0 0'57.0 -54.0... -45.0... -.i 1... -4L 7 0 -43.0 — 40.5 1 -40.2 0-.-38.8 60.3 - 58.3 -57.8 -54.8s-53.0 -50.2 -46.6-45.5 -463 -43.8 — 44.81 -45.0 -44.8 -~41.2-40.8 -39.1 _o. i...... -44.8. A - 56.2 o-3.0 -'50.0 47.2 -44.5 - L 9 Z.0 - ~ S -43.0 — 42.9 -42.5 -40.0 39.7- 37.6 B -- 56.4 55.5 i-56.0 1-52. 5 51.0 -46.7 43.6 -42.0 -43.0 -41.0 -42.0 -42.0 -42.0 -39.9 -39.0 -37.2 Mkeans -68.0 - 64. 9 -64.2 - 96157.0 1 53.4 - 48.8 -48.4 - 48.3 — 47.2 )-47.0 -46.8 1-46.6 -42. 5 -42.0 -40.22 Therm. March Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. No. 16th. 25th. 25th. 26th. 7th. 14th. 24th. 18th. 23d. 20th. 19th. 12th. 15th. 19th. 18th. 17th. 12 - 43.7 -46.2.-41.0 -37.7 - 35.0 - 35.8 1-33.8 - 33.2 -31.7 -27~2.9 -27~2..0 -25z57 -25.0 -23.3,s -22.7 1 -21.7 4 -42.9 i-43.3 —40.6 -37.0 — 34.2 -35.4 -3 3.3 -32.6 -31.2 -27.5 -27.0 -25.0 —24.3 -23.5 -21.9 -21.7 2...* * 3.,.,................ 8......32.9.................. -:;41.{ 38 33.0. 32.0.. -30'. - ---.0 -~o.0 3 i —K 2,0 C -38.2 -35.6 32.8 -2-9.5-'29.8 -'29.0_-28. -27.3- -24-23.6 -22.2 -22.0 -.21 0 -20.0 -19.6 S() 38.7 — 36.6 -36.6 -34.0 -31.8 -31.7 31.0 -- 30.2 - 29.0 2 —265.9 —294.5 2 —22.6 -22.1 - 20.0 - 2194 S(2).... ~~~,.,,..... -31.8.. -o30...-22.6............ Itl K4 -1. 36.1! —~36.3 - 33.8 -. 311.3 - 31.2 30.4 -29 -2S 2 6 1 25,2 —2-3' 9-22,0 1 —21.5 S-1.9.5 -1i9.1 A -37.7 1 —34.s-35.2 j-32. 9 i-30.2 - 29.7 — 29.5 -29.0 — 28.0 — 24.7 -24.2 — 21.6 — 21.6 — 20.8 — 19.7. —19.3 B -37.2 — 36.0 -34.8 32.2 -29.8 -29.2 — 29.0 -28.5 -27.5 — 24.3 — 23.5 — 22.2 — 22.0 —21.3 — 20.2 —19.6 Means — 39.7 — 38.8! —357.4 34.5 132.0 31.8 31.0 30.5 229.2 -25.8 925.0 23.0 22.8 22.0 -20.71520,2 From the preceding comnparisons, the following corrections have been deduced:Readings Correction. R eadings Corcin.Readings of Corrections Corrections Readings of Corrections Corrections of S. of S. 8 and M. to S. to M. 8 and M. to S. to M. 6 —00 -70.,5 — 500 — 30.1 40 10.2 - 10.5 -3030 00.1. - 00.6 -r1 1 -7.0 — 49 — 2.9 — 39 -1.1 -1.3 — 29 — 0. I -o.7 -58 _ -64 -448 2.6 -38 - 0 1.2 -2_08 0.0 _~.6 It -. -47 2.4 — 70.9 -1. 1 -27 10.0. —.56 -5.4 -46 -2.3 -36 -0.7' -1.0 -26z 0.0 -0.6 — 4~.8 ~-45 1 -2. h -35i -0., ~-.0. 8 -25 — 0. 1 -0.7 — 554 -4.44 -44 1' -2.0 -34 ~ 0.5 -0.7 -24 -0.3 -1.0 -5~53 -4.o -43 1 -1.7 -33 - 0.3 -0.7 23 -o0.4 -1.0 — 52 — 3.7 -1 —42 -i.4 - 32 -0.2z - 0.7 - 22 - 0.6 1. -5 1 — 3.4 — 41 - 1.3 313 0.0 — 0.6 — 21 — 0.7 - 1.2............. 20 ~ 0.8 -1.2a The corrections between temperatures of -.20 and -40' for the two standards are simall, and hardlv exceed P0 at the lower limit. but bevond this point. for the,~ — r __ peaurs..... ices s bevdintecrrcint tesi — 60~ ~7o.5Tecl~ — 50 __o.1 ~4o t sit — so.2 er — 1~. te30o — 0o.1 — 0~.6 ]e — 59, — 7. — 49 — 2.9ece — 39ste — 1. — 1. — 29e — 0. — 0.7os o tese — 58um nt — 6.4, — 48ps — 2.6 pll — 38 — 1. — 1.2a — 28acio 0.0 - -0.6d — 57 — 5.9all — 47 — 2ho.4 — 3 — 0.9 — 1.1m — 2 7 0.0enurs — 0.6i ap — 5 — 5.4e — 46 — 2.3ion — 3( — 0. — 1.0in — 26er 0.0h — 0.6gte prauer — 55in — 4. — 45 — 2.1 — 3 -- 0. — 0. 8-2-0.-0. 4 RECOIRD AND DISCU SSION OF TEMPERATURES. In order to test his thermometers? Dr. Inane provided himself with chemically pure mercury, and noted the temperatures at which it became solid. The following notes have been extracted from the log:Nov. 25, 1853. The mercury was exposed upon the floe at the meteorological observatory, and remained liquid with the spirit standard at —42~.0. Dec. 8, 1853. At two o'clock, the mercury exposed was found frozen at —40~.5 of the spirit standard, the mercurial standard being at — 39~.8. Dec. 14, 1853. The mercury froze around the edges of the saucer containing it; at -41~.0, and X at 40~.0. Jan. 16, 1854. Mercury in bulb ceased to record at — 43~.5; observed frozen at — 38~.0. Jan. 29, 1854. The mercury in the standard instrument, after registering -43'.0, descended in the bulb; at another time it registered, after being frozen, — 44~.0, and then became stationary. Nov. 29, 1854. Mercury congealed at -43~.0 of spirit standard, and resumed its fluidity at - 38~.0. If we refer the readings of the spirit standard to those of the mercurial standard by adding +0~.3, we obtain the following observed temperatures for the freezing point of mercury: — -400.2 -390.8 -40~.7 — 400.0 -38~.0 and -42~.7 Mean, -40~.2 Similar differences in the freezing point of nzerculy have been noticed by other observers; Parry, for instance, saw the mercury liquid at — 43~. The above mean being so near to what is generally assumed ( —40~) as the point of congelation, I thought it best to apply no correction to the readings of the mercurial standard, and to diminish that of the spirit standards for temperatures lower than -40~, by the apparent difference, at that temperature, between the indications of the mercurial and all other thermoneters compared with it, or by the constant 1~.5; thus the maximum correction to the spirit standard becomes — 6~.0 at — 60~. Thus applying the proper corrections to the spirit standard S, according to observations of February 4, 1854, spirit of naphtha became solid at -570, oil of sassafras at — 46~, bisulphuret of carbon at —26~; oil of wintergreen clouded at —400, and remained liquid at the maximnurm temperature of that day, viz: — 63~; the ethers likewise remained unchanged. On the following day, aqua ammonia F. F. froze solid from two hours exposure at a temperature of —520, chloric ether became solid, and, after four hours of exposure, chloroform was covered with a granular follicle at 66~. TABLE OF CORRECTIONS TO SPIRIT STANDARD S, OF TEMPERATURES BETWEEN — 60~ AND —40~. Scale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. -60~ — 6~.0 — 54~ 2~.9 49~ 1~.4 — 44~ 0 ~.5 59 5.5 -53 — 2.5 -48 1.1 43 — 0.2 ~58 — 4.9 52 — 2.2 — 47 -0.9 42 — 57 -4.4 -51 1.9 — 46 — 0.8 — 41 0.2 — 56 -— 3.9 50. -45 1-0.6 3 -- 3.3 RECORD ANTD DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 5 CORRECTIONS TO S, FOR TEMPERATURES BETWEEN —40~ AND -— 20~. Scale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. -40~ -0. 3 -34~ -0.2 -29~ - -0~.6 -24~ 40~.7 -39 _-0.2 - 33 -0.4 - 28 -0.6 -23 40.6 38 -0.2 -32 -0.5 -27 -0.6 -22 -0.4 — 37 -0.2 -31 0.6 — 26 0.6 - 21 -0.5 — 36 0.3 — 30 0.5 — 25 0.6 -20 J0.5 -35 0.2 For temperatures between -200 and +15~, the followinyg table of corrections has been constructed. The third column contains the number of comparisons. Scale. Corrections. Comparisons. Scale. Corrections. Comparisons.l Scale. Corrections. Comparisons. 200 _-0~.5 24 +_ _o.. 70 0.2~ 0 -15 -0.5 - 24 +2 0.4... o o.3 19 10 -0.6 25 3 -0.3... +12 o. 2... - 5 0.5 17 44 0.2... +4 0.1... 0 - _ 0.1 5 24 7 -15 0.0 6 In the absence of direct comparisons for temperatures of +160 and upwards, I have adopted Mr. Sonntag's corrections, as found by comparing the daily means for M/ay, June, and July, in the log-book, with the corresponding means in Appendix XII. of Vol. II. of the narrative. They have, however, all been diminished by 0c.7, the correction, according to his table, applicable at +150.0, for which temnperature I have found that no correction was required. The last set of corrections to the spirit standard becomes thenSdale. Corrections. Scale. Corrections. _ 15~.0 00.0 30o.0 o 07 M 18.0 -0.1 35.0 -0.5 Ao20.0 -0.3 -. 40.0 -0.4 +1l 5. 0 — 0.5 +45.0 — 0.4 In the following abstract of the hourly record of the atmospheric temperatures from September 1st, 1853, to January 24th, 1855, observed at Van Rensselaer Harbor, the corrected figures have been inserted in accordance with the previous investigation; foot notes contain any additional information that may be required. These temperatures refer to the level of the sea. The observations wvere made by the officers and men on duty, and are referred to mean local time. Occasional short interpolations were effected by means of-the known diurnal variation, and the gradual change in the absolute temperature; in all cases, accordingly, the means given are corrected for any such omission in the record. The hourly series in my possession terminates with January 24th, 1855; the daily means up to April 30th, 1855, have been extracted from the second volume of the narrative. Before these numbers were set down, the difference in the system of corrections, as adopted by Mr. Sonntag, and in the present paper was applied. That the temperature was lower in winter in exposed positions at the astronomical observatory, and in the outer bay or channel, than at the meteorological observatory on the floe in the harbor, there can be no doubt; butowing to non 6 RlECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. compared instruments, the exact amount cannot be ascertained. November 23d, 1853, on the floe outside, the temperature was 10~ lower, and again, December 20th, 1853, it was 62~ lower than inside. On the 19th of January, 1854, the spirit standard on the floe inside indicated -50~, and at the astronomical observatory the temperature was —58~. To the local difference, in winter, of the temperature of the air incumbent on land, and on ice-floes resting on a sea with a temperature not far from its freezingpoint, I have already alluded. During the first winter, the temperatures were observed on the floe, but, during the second, on board the brig; the mean difference, for the five coldest months in the two years, amounts to 1~.5, and for the absolute minima it is but 0~.9 —the first being the colder in either case. This result,'togoether with the statement (p. 405, Vol. II. of the Narrative) that local radiations were guarded against as far as possible, leaves no doubt that the recorded temperatures during the coldest months of the first season are not sensibly affected by any local radiation; at the same time, it must be admitted that, in winter, the ice-covered sea is, nevertheless, a source of heat which, propagated through this cover, is expended by radiation into the colder atmnosphere. Occasional omissions in the hourly record have been supplied by interpolation; these values are always indicated by being inclosed between brackets. The process of interpolation will be found illustrated by an example at the end of the record. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF T EMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF THE Aum IN SHADE OBSERVED AT'V'AN RENSSELAER HARBOR, In September, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 37l, Long. 70~ 53t W. of Greenwich. Expressed. in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. On deck the brig Advance and at meteorological observatory on floe.' Hour. 1 st. 2d. 3d. 4tht. 5th. I6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. lb. +28.6 -28.6 -28.1 q28.1 +28.3 +27.6 +30.6 +20.6 +18.9 +15.6 +15.1 +13.7 +17.6 +11.8 ~-12.0 +- -8.5 2 30.1 28.6 27.6 28.1 28.1 27.1 31.1 19.6 19.1 15.1 15.1 13.0 15.8 11.8 13.2 9.1 3 30.1 28.6 27.6 28.1 28.1 27.1 31.1 19.6 18.9 14.6 15.1 12.3 14.6 12.3 13.7 9.4 4 29.6 28.6 28.9 28.1 27.8 27.1 31.6 19.3 18.6 14.3 14.6 12.3 13.9 12.3 13.4 9.9 5 29.6 28.6 28.6 28.3 27.6 27.6 31.1 18.1 18.6 14.i 15.1 12.3 13.7 12.3 13.2 10.4 6 1 29.6 28.6 28.6 i 28.3 27.8 27.8 30.6 18.6 19.6 19.1 15.6 14.6 14.2 12.4 13.2 10.9 7 29.6 28.3 28.6 28.3 27.6 28.1 30.8 20.1 21.1 17.1 16.1 16.6 17.8 13.2 13.0 11.8 8 29.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 27.8 28.1 31.6 19.6 22.1 21.6 16.6 20.6* 21.6 13.2 13.7 13.2 9 30.3 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.1 28.1 31.6 19.8 19.9 17.6 17.6 26.1 23.6 14.7 14.2 13.9 10 30.3 29.6 28.6 28.6 28.1 28.6 31.6 19.6 19.4 18.4 19.4 25.1 21.6 15.3 14.2 14.6 11 30.3 29.6 28.6 29.6 27.6 29.1 31.6 19.6 19.4 19.2 17.3 20.1 17.6 15.8 14.6 16.1 Noon 28.6 30.1 28.6 29.6 28.1 29.6 31.6 20.6 19.3 18.7 17.2 20.1 16.6 14.9 14.6 15.1 13 30.6 30.6 28.6 28.6 28.1 30.6 29.3 21.1 19.6 18.6 17.6 20.1 14.8 14.6 17.3 18.1 14 30.6 30.3 28.1 28.1 28.1 30.6 26.6 21.1 19.6 18.6 17.6 20.6 13.9 14.3 16.1 20.8* 15 30.6 30.3 28.1 28.6 28.1 30.6 24.6 21.1 19.1 17.6 18.1 20.6 15.6 15.1 16.4 19.6 16 30.6 30.1 27.6 28.6 28.1 29.3 25.1 21.6 19.1 17.1 17.1 19.6 14.6 15.3 16.6! 15.6 17 30.1 28.1 27.6 28.6 28.1 29.8 24.3 21.6 19.6 16.6 17.1 20.6 14.2 16.1 14.6 15.1 18 29.6 27.6 28.1 28.1 27.6 28.6 23.6 21.1 18.6 16.6 17.6 19.6 14.6 16.1 13.0 15.1 19 30.1 27.6 28.6 28.3 27. 6 (2s8.) 23.1 21.1 19.1 16.1 17.6 19.8 13.2 14.2 12.3 15.6 20 29.6 27.6 28.6 28.3 27.6 27.6 221. 21.1 18.6 15.6 16.6 19.9 12.2 14.2 11.5 15.6 21 29.6 27.6 28.6 28.1 27.6 28.6 21.8 20.8 18.6 15.9 16.2 19.5 12.2 13.2 10.7 15.6 22 29.1 27.6 28.6 28.1 27'1 2S.6 21. 6 20.4 18.5 15.8 15.1 19.3 13.7 12.6 11.1 14.6 23 29.1 27.6 27.6 28.6 27.1 29.1 21.3 19.4 17.6 15.5 13.9 18.8 1 2.7 12.0 10.9 13.7 Midn't — 29.1 t-27.6 -27.6 -t28.6 -27.1 -29.6 +20.8 -t-18.8 -16.3 +15.0 +-13.9 -18.3 +12.7 +t11.3 +-10.2 -13.7 Means +29179 +28.71 +28.28 +28.451 27.80 s 262 +27.46 +20.18 19.14 +16.85 +16.38 +18.48 1+15.54 +13.71 +13.49 o14.00 -— I + I-our. 17th. istih. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 2-lth. 25th. 26th. 27th. 2Sth. 29t'h. 3001l. /Means. r o o o o o o o o o o o o o o:l. +14.6 q-8.0 q-6.7 q-5.0 + 5.2 q-4.5 +19.6 +18.6 +18.6 +17.1 +11.8 + 8.9 q-9.3 q-9.8... +16.38 2 14.6 8.2 6.0 4.0 5.2 4.0 17.6 17.1 17.6 15.6 11.8 9.4 9.2 9.7... 16.08 3 12.7 7.5 6.0 3.7 5.0 4.0 17.6 17.1 17.6 13.7 11.6 9.3 9.0 9.8... 15.86 4 11.8 6.2 5.0 3.7 4.0 4.2 18.1 16.6 16.1 12.7 11.3 8.4 8.6 9.3... 15.54 5 11.2 6.2 4.5 4.0 3.7 5.0 18.1 18.3 17.1 8.9 10.4 9.0 7.7 4.7... 15.27 6 11.2 6.2 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.2 18.6 19.3 19.1 9.4 11.3. 8.6 8.0 5.0... 15.95 7 11.8 8.0 7.0 7.5 8.2 11.8 18.6 19.8 19.1 9.6 11.3 8.6 7.6 4.0... 16.70 8 15.6 12.3 7.0 11.4 10.6 13.7 18.9 19.8 19.1 16.6 11.3 8.9 7.8 3.7... 18.06 9 (15.2) 15.6 9.0 10.9 10.1 16.6 19.6 19.6 20.6 16.6 11.8 8.6 8.2 5.1... 18.63 10 (14.8) 17.6 10.0 11.4 14.2 19.1 19.6 18.6 21.6 19.6 13.2 9.3 8.9 6.1... 19.23 11 (14.4) 18.6 11.0 10.9 14.6 18.6 23.1 18.6 21.6 15. 6 13.2 9.8 9.1 9.3... 19.15 Noon (14.o) 12.7 11.0 14.1 13.7 17.3 23.6 18.8 23.6 13.2 12.7 10.3 9.3 9.5... 18.90 13 13.7 12.7 10.5 11.1 13.7 17.8 23.1 17.1 23.3 12.2 12.3 10.5 9.8 9.3... 18.84 14 12.7 12.3 11.7 11.1 14.6 18.1 23.1 19.6 23.3 10.0 11.8 10.5 10.0 9.0... 18.76 1 5 11.8 11.3 11.1 14.8 11.8 19.1 23.8 14.9 23.3 9.6 11.2 10.6 11.0 10.7... 18.64 16 12.7 11.3 12.0 14.6 11.6 19.1 23.1 14.6 21.8 9.6 10.4 10.4 10.0 10.3... 18.25 17 13.0 9.9 11.1 13.7 11.4 18.6 21.6 14.1 21.6 9.4 8.5 10.3 10.1 7.2... 17.75 18 13.2 8.0 10.4 12.7 10.9 17.6 20.6 12.7 21.6 11.8 7.5 10.2 10.1 3.3. 17.20 19 10.4 7.2 9.9 11.4 8.9 17.6 20.6 10.9 20.8 12.3 7.0 10.2 10.2 0.8... 16.85 20 9.9 7.0 8.4 9.4 8.0 17.4 22.6 10.9 20.6 12.3 7.0 10.0 10.0 - 0.3... 16.35 21 9.0 (7.0) 7.0 8.4 6.7 17.1 19.8 12.5 20.6 12.3 6.5 9.8 10.1 - 0.3... 16.04 22 9.0 7.0 7.0 9.9 6.7 18.6 19.3 14.6 21.1 8.7 6.2 9.8 10.1 -- 0.3... 15.98 23 9.9 6.0 6.0 9.7 6.5 18.6 18.8 16.6 20.1 8.7 9.4 9.7 10.1 - 0.7... 15.81 M idn'l9.9 q- 5.5 q-6.0 q-5.0 q-4.7 -t19.6 -t18.8 -!18.3-{-19.3 -]-12.5 q- 8.9 q-9,0 q-9.7 1- 0.7... q$-15.57' The observations upon the floe commence Sept. 28th. From Aug. 18th to Sept. 27th, inclusive, mercurial thermometer lNo. 6 was used; its scale correction, determined by two standards, is, — 0~.2 and. —0~.7 (at -~39~), mean — 0~.4. On and after Sept. 27th, the spirit standard S was used. eo creto a e apid rf t tmeaue dc t tmeaue Ae i a -0 n 15 none, at q-10e, q-O~0.3, and at -t-5~ and 0%, q-O~.4' deduced from 27 comlparisons. 0, Value deduced from temperature 80 feet above deck. and ending with noon; on and after September 11, 1853, civil reckoning was adopted. 8 ~~PIECOR~D AND DISOUSSION OF TEMvPERAB~TURES. In October, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 37t~, Long. 70~ 53' WB. of G;reenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. ALt meteorological observatory on -floe.2 Ilou ~_ rf I P _j 31._14ULl~tn. dh.,,, Stl i lh Ll~th Illh )_12t. I 19h -1_)~~~~_I Ih~~~~~~~. O 10 t. +1.0 t1.7 $1.9 1.1 -22;f.6 t.0 -.3:t52-~2. 1. 132 2 -i~~~o +0.5 ~~~~ 1.5 -ti3.5 -C-11.8 +14.7 -f-13.4 -t~11.9 jS- 6.3 -t1.7 — 5.5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8.2 $-12.4 -~~~~~13.3 +12.6~~~~~ +4.9~ Ho3 $-__ +03 d+1. 4th. +35th4. 7th. fl.. -1 -5 -05 23 33 1.8 t 4~~~ -th2 1. -21$1. 1. -1, 1. 1. $1. 0. 5 $12 th1. 13. ~.6/i ~ ~lo +0.5 t+~.0 + 2.7 +16.9 -1 +16.2 +40.3 ]- o.,f o. I-. ~-. r-3. o1. 1. 1.~+ 11 $-6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~+.0[ —54.3 l+ 5.2 1+12.7 +1162 1..2 3 —1.2 I-t~61 -[-6. -. -1..1 +48~46e+. No -6.0_ 0.0, + 7.1 -1+1.1 +-175. +13.I1.0 /+ l l.3 + 10. 5 /+ 2 0.3 [ —4.5 /+12.2 /+-12.2 -1+1.2 I+1.6~/+.4 It 13(-g.17 +2.4 q-1.5'i+-14.8 t+14.9 /+/3.6 J 13.2 1+/08.3!10.3 [ —0.5 J —G.5 t+12.2 /+12.6 /+xa.6 [+~o.a /+s.s -2. +3. 2~ /4-3. 0 i-83+15.5 Jq14.5 J+13.6 Jf 10.4 /10.3 j-I0.3 /-1. 5 [ —. 5 lSl-2.0) +12.8 J+13.7 [-]10.5 J -2.2 1 -2.9" +5. t.1 J+ 33 J+lb.5 H-14.8 J14.3 /.1 /-9~.8 J~ 7.7 J —O.b — 27. J+/2.0 /+-13.3 J+14.1 /+10.7 S /+.O -3 +.5c +5,1 /%' 3,3 I-[15.5 H-14.3 1+14.6 91.8 03 I-P 8 7.1 1 —0,5 / —7,3 1+12,4 H-131. 1-14.6 1.~ -. 18 ~~~~~1.8 — 0.5 +10.3 +1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [117. I+~13. 1. 1. -82t.,5 —. ~] ~1. $1. l,3 -. 2 -15 -.~ 5. l+ 4.3_ +16.0 1+~53.4 /+~3.s to1.m l+ 0.3 i+.4 t-0.6 1 —7.0 1+13.8 /+13.3 +14.8 /+~13.0~l +~.o -5,1 +4.7 —.9 /q-1. 5,2. q~-lgg/1,3 -+-1,2 /'10,3 i- 9,8 l-t- 6,g — 5,5 1+ $13,1 He96 —14,8 [ —13,* 1,7 [~i 22 — l~~~~~~~o — 0.4 $-12.~~~~~~~~~~4 111.3 ~1. /+1. t, t 2 f 9 -3 0 1. P 8 13.3 i b98 - 2 -6.1 +-04.7 /+6.3 $1+1.2 1+136. +16. 8. 9.4 l +210.s — 6.1 — 5. 1.7 -0.811. I+ 1g. 7 Midn't t-1.2 0.0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~-t-15.5 +1. -3 f14.1 r+~4$-. t 30 -. -11t127$1.8 1+~43.6 -t74 +s5.3 rw.~ ~ —. 7 ]q-usjtls 7,76 -1+1.04 [+17.52 /+17.0 8~-.35 1 9.61 i 6.42 I-19 0.80 [17 I+14.1 +14.06 +16.6~[ +2.8 ] I4.7 +45.7 +8. 1+4. [+.5 114.7 72I- 8, 5 - 4. 6,2 [-2, tq-12,60 +4,5 [+4, t+2,-8 ~ — o515 1.7 1.5 1 1.5 + la.6: I-'1 -33~ +35. 8 [ 8.3 + 1 5.3 /+~4 -6.0 -1+1.7 72.2 I+0. 8.a -. +- 0.~ / -3 -,27.5 /+o~> —0. - 3.3~ +1,3-91'-[-1 6,6 +2.5 [141.0 2. - 8,4 I+. 8,7 i -t~7 [ — 1, I. +-11.3 +481~. /-+-3,3 [] 18 -4 -3,2' + 1,. -25 q-10.1 +118,6+2 8 l+04, $-1. 8,.~5. /-8, 1 —33 ] —3,39 [+11,2 -1+4, 1-[-13,4 1 —2, 11 f2.0 (+ 2 7)+Ir;o 61 i.5 — 12,1 113, 2 tq- 87 [q- 3.3 [C2.2 —3,6 [ +15,9 1+14, -- 1+.14,~16 +2.41 1 -1.8) — 0.5 +10.3 +17. 8. +1 193. -+12.4 I' L0.7 /-4 -.2 I -t3.3 J — 4 3.5! +. -181.3 [-14.1 I —14.6[ +-1.80 1, -10.3 +1. -. -06 -~89 -.3 /+]s.s [t42-06-1. -28-1. -14-1. -l 18 ~~-1. 5 + 1+.7 I- xT. 0 l+~8 —3.6 [+~3.0 t — [.0. l- 79. /- 2,8 / —15, —4. [ -2. +-11.1 -+14.3 -+14.7 G~ 1,0 19 -1.5 — 11.5!+13.1 t+16.0 /+13.4 -1+1.0 1- L0.8 l+9. 7 -.3 H- 2.4 | -- 5.6 ] -4. +-87-10.6 /+1.4.6 [C13.6 0. 20 -.? $ —~.0 +1+.9 1+~.8 -1+~.4 1+~2.9 [ — LO.O l+.2 +~ 5.8 / —5.5 [ + 9.G 1+14.0 / —-17. -0 -15.2 +-1.0 ] -1. — 0, 4 /+12. 4 t [+15 -.3 9,30. I-['.i d5 -. 7,2 H - 1.9 /-6. — 55.3 / + 9.8 /+x3.s -1+.8 +3C.8 2 -. 1. - 022 —. /+12.4 1+-14.2 /'. 77 —83-6. -61-f. -75 -04-1. -10 Midn't-0, t-+-1. 3.3 /+1.8 /-[05 -13.6 1+~4.4 i- 8.5 l+7, 6.2 l+2_. 5!-. + ~06.8 t+~3.6 [+6. 8-1.7 + 41.9 i~C. ~~Ieans +1.47 + 5.92 +13.01 — 3.15/ — 8.951 18.471 11.48 6-5.09 t 8.UGI tl, 621 9.881 14.55 -— 17.135 14.03 -19.831 +1.82~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~s I~s. i Observations by spirit s2'0 [+ 4'8 JA- Supplid from ojservation on deck, nd re+ 30 I' ]'qOct,~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I [-t-11'7 cllteupe iloo h sncold yclclto, rz hehrzn tn13'4 u wsls se nth 5 on ccont f ill an coud obtrctig te ie14.1 ttEOOlrLD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF THE ~kII~ IN SHADE OBSERVED AT WAN ~,ENSSI~LAEi~ ~Ai~BOR, In November, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 37~, Long. 70~ 53~ W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of ~'ahrenheiffs scale. _At meteorological observatory on floe.'......... I __ ~_ ~r ~'~. ~. ~o~. ~,~. ~. ~.1~,~ ~.~,~ ~ -r o o o o l o o o, o _~0.~ _~.0 _~.~ 13, I-~.~ I-~0.~ _~0.~ I-~.~ 20 43 11,, 22.0 14.3 10.5 [ 18.0 I 20.7 [ 10.8 27.0 10.0 16.7 [ 16.5 ] 23.5 [ 25.0 21 11,~ m~ m.s 14.5 I lo.5 [ is.1 I ~o.s [ lo.7 m.o [ 9.6 16.7 [ ~7.5 m.o [ ~G.G 5 20, [ 20.4 I 15.2 / 10.3 [ 24.0 I 22.4 [ 10.3 I 19.8 I 8.4 14.7 I 18.2 I 24.7 I 27.2 6 ~.~ 20 I 20.41 17.0/ lo.o/ 23.51 re.s[ 30.2 [26.9/ 7.211o.7 119.ol25.ol27.5 ~l ~l.ol ~8,2 9.8 / re.s/ m.o/ lo.4 I 26.51 7.o 6.51:,8.Ol:a.61 ~8., 8 20o2, I 19.8l ]7.7 ]0.0 / 20.5 / 21.3I 12..8 t e6.8 I 7.5 5.5 I 18.3 I 2].3 I 27.4 9:2 20,l 19.51 17.2l 10.1 / 21.4/ 19.0/ 14.6 } 25.5/ 8.6 10 [ ]8.2/ 24.~Zl 26.6 4.2 xl ~ 20 4.3 0 / 20.0 I 18.0 / 10.2 / 19.3/ 16.4/ lv.o I 2,8.8 / lo.g 18.6 / 24.3 / ~6.8:~ ls.s/ 24.41 96.9 t ]9.8 I as.2 / 10.5 i 18,s 16.0 i 17.0 ] 95,5/ 17.0 Noon 21 ~ ~:~ ~o,~o.o,~o.~,~.o,~.~ ~:o ~.~ ~ ~, ~.~ ~o~, ~ ~.~,~., 19 I 19.0l 17.7/ 11.5 14.4~ 10.0 ] 21.8 i 22.2[ 19.6 iI 4.5 18.2[ 24.5[ 27.5 14 ~9 19 t 19.3 I 17.5 i 11.9 14.0I 9.7 I 24.0 ]16.5/22.5 8.7 19.1 I 25.0 i 27.0 15 ~o'.4 ~o 50 I 19.8 I ~4.7 t e,7.2, } 19.8 I 16.3 / 13.7 14.0 ] 9.7 I 19.0 I 16.5 } 23.0 11.0 16 13.'0 20 [ 19.4l 13.71 13.9 I']5.8I 9.71]_7.0 i 18.31 ]9.0l ll.5 19.5[ 25.81 28.0 17 15.5 206/ ].8.7 I ~3.51 ]_3.o1 x5.8/ 9.8l ~8.o I 7.5-/ 16.5l 11.o 2o.o127.5128.2 18 16.3 200 } 17.5 I 13.2 } 11.5 [ 16.7/ 9.5 I 19.5 [ 9.2 / 16.8 I 11.6' 20.5, 27.4, 28.0 x9 18.0 202I x7.51 ~4.81 12.1l 16.7/ 9.5[ 19.4 [ 8.6l 17.4 13.3 21.11 26.8[ 28.0 20 x8.7 20 t:17.5l:tg.~Zl 11'9/ 16'0[ 9-8119.5 I 9.2[ 17-6l 14'7 21'7t25'8128'4 21 19.2 21 z] 22.4125.6127.5 / 19.5 [ 15.5 [ 16.5 [ 14.8 10.1 { 17.1 [ 7.8 { 19.1 [ 12.8 22 20.0 21,4/19.3/13.4118.4/14.0I 10.4/ 17.6 I 7.8/ 18.4115.2 21.8 I 26.8 / 9,7.8 23 19.0 21, t 18.2/ 11.81 20.8l 18.01 ~,~ _~oo 10.4j / _~ _~ l_~ /_~o~/_~o~/_~o, ~1:~~ _ ~ _ _/ ~' 7'818'011(;'1'~2'9/ ~'2l 28'0 -~7.~ i-~.~ i-~.~ t-~.~/-~.~ -;:! l_=o t;:a j- 8 =s' —27.64 t ~~~i~,~. ~1~ ~~~[~s~l ~ ~l~t~t~l~l~l~t,~l~~~I~t~ 1___7 1. [ —28.5 [ —27.6 [ —33.0 — 35.0 1 —26.5 [ —36.8 1 —36.5 1 —39.5 1 —38.1 1 —22.0 [ —25.0 t —16.3 [ —1.5 [ —9.0 [ —22.65i [t 2 I 28.01 28.71 33.0 35.0l:27.01 36.]. I 36.01 39.71 38.01 20.5 I 28.31 ]_6.2/ —2.01 7.7 1 —22.66~ [1 3 I 27'6 I 27.6 I 31.5 I 35.0 I 28.5 t 35.2 / 36.2 / 39.5 / 37.5 I 20.0 / 28.5 ] 17.1 /-'b 0.5 [ 5.0 1 —22.27~ 4 { 28'0 I 30'5 [ 31'0 [ 35'0 [ 28'5 I 34'9 [ 35'0 [ 40'0 [ 35'7 [ 16'8 [ 25'5 ] 18'2 /-{-0.5 [ 4.5 1 —21.98i 1It 5 I 27.5 I 30.5 [ 33.2 I 34.0 / 29.6 / 35.5 / 37.5 / 40.6 / 37.1 I 24.1 I 24.0 / 20.0 I O.O't 4.8 / —22.56~ I! ~ I 7~1 ~o~1~1~o I ~o/ ~ 1 ~/~ 1 ~ I ~/~ ~ ~o~ o o ~ ~ ~_~a il 7 I 7, I ~ I'. I 34.9 [ 29. [ 36.7/ 37.51 40.0t 37.21 26.91 23.1[ 20.8 /4-0,~/ ~,~ / —~,~ [l 8 I 28.~[ 31.3l 32.81 34.01 29.3l 37.0} 36.8l 40.01 34.81 26.9 / 20.41 19.1 t-4-0.5/ s.8 l, ~ ~ ~.o ~ ~.~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~a.~ ~ ~o.~ ~ ~.~ ~ o~.~, ~.~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~.o~ ~.o ~+ ~.o, ~.~ /-~:~o~ [! 10 [ 26.4 I 32.6/ 33.0/ 31.6 [ 30.6 [ 36.5 / 36.5 } 39.0/ 32.0/ 29.5 / m.O/ 1~.0 I-b o.~ /.~.s....22.27,~ 11 [ 27.9 [ 32.1/ 33.0i 31.0 [ 31.5 [ 36.5 [ 37.0 [ 38.0 [ 30.5 [ 29.4 [ 21.5 [ 14.8 [ —3.0'] 5.0 — 22.36 i~Noon t 29.0 } 32,6 } 33.1 [ 33.0 [ 31.8 [ 36.5~ 36.0I 38.0 } 31.5 [ 29.6 } 21.0 [ 14.5 } —5.5 ] 5.0 — 22,27:'i] 13 [ 30.0 I 31.0/ 34.2I 33.2I 33.0/ 36.5 i 37.0 i 39.2l 31.7 / ~8.~/ ~O.O/ 14.0 [ —6.3 / 5.0 1 —22.52'~ 14 [ 29.5131.5/ 32.5 I 32.5i 33.0 I 37.5 I 38.0 I 38.3/ 28.0/26.4/21.7/12.5 / —10.2/ 3.5 [ —22.43:}] 15 / 29.5 / 31.0 ] 35.0 I 33-0 } 33-5 } 35.5 ] 38.2 / 37.5 / 27.6 / 27.4 / 21.7 / 12.0 / —12.5/ 4.0 1 —22.53:[~ ~6 ] ~6.8 [ m.o/ 35.1 I 33.8 I 35.7/ 32.7 I 38.~1 36.5 / ~7.5 / ~s.o /~.~ / 9.~ /-x4.~z / 4.8 1-~9,.3]!I] x7 1 ~4.5 I 33.1 I 35.31 33.01 35.0/ a.5 I 38.51 36.9t s8.5 / s6.s/ s0.9 I 5.7 /-].3.5 ] 5.0 [ —21.67:~ 18 1 26.6 [ 33.6 [ 35.5 I 30.b / 34.8 [ 31.5 [ 38.0 I 37.8 [ 25.7 [ 27.2 {,21.8 [ 5.4 1 —13.5 [ 5.8 [ —21.87 [] 19 / 25.5 / 33.0/ 35.2129.6/33.5/31.0/ oo7.0137.9 / 25.11 27.6/22.2/ 8.~ l —x4.5 / 6.o l —2z.01 [] 20 / 25.$l 33.2/ 34.0 [ 29.7I 34.0t 31.51 os.oI 37.2/ 124.1 / 25.2/ 23.~/ 7.0 / —17.0 ] 7.6 1 —22.17 21 [ 22.4[ 33.2[ 35.1128.4/38.2135.5/ 39.0138.0/23.5126.3122.5[ 6.5 / —21.5 / 8.5 [ —22.54 22 22.5 32.1 35.2 28.1 36.0 34.5 37.7 38.0 20.0 29.4 22.5 5.2 ~23.0 8.2 I:z3,/ 22.9] 32.2/ 35.2[ 28.0 / 36,1 [ 36.0 / 40.0[ 3SO/ 20.0/'29.5 [ 23.0 I 5.2 / —Ud.0 ] 10.5 122'59 [ —23.07 standard (M) are given. Corrected by 20~. No~r.s.~Nov. 5th. Thermometers were reacI at 2 o'clock P.M.without a light. Nov. 10th. At noon, the thermometers could no more be Nov. 22d. The darkness is now complete, being barely able to read a~ noonday; upper limb of sun below tt~e horizon 7~ 53q Nov. 23d. The thermometer was 10~ lower outside (or at — 48~) than in the harbor; at this temperatar% whiskey froze in the tent. 108 R ECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR IN SHADE OBSERYED AT VAN IRENSSELAE R }I3AtBOrt, In December, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 70~ 53' W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory on floe.' -lour. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. I 5th. 6th, 7th. Sth. I 9th. 10th. 1th. 12th. 13th. I 14th. 15th. 16th. 1h. -16.5 -29.5 -33.5 -25.0 8.5 -30.5 -264 -39.5 - 35.0 -26.0 -13.5 -30.0 -27.5 -39.0 42.5 — 39.5 2 20.5 33.4 31.5 26.5 9.5 29.5 26.0 39.5 34.0 25.5 13.5 28.5 2s.7 39.5 42.5 40.4 3 23.5 35.0 31I5 26-4 13-5 27-0 26.0 39.5 34.0 24.5 15.5 29.5 29.5 39.4 43.5 42.5 4 26.6 34.6 29.7 27.3 14.0 27.0 24.0 41.0 34.5 23.5 18.5 29.6 29.5 39.5 43.5 41.5 5 29.5 1 28.2 29.0 26'4 15.5 23.8 32'5 41 5 34.8 22.1 21.2 27.0 38.2 41.0 40.2 6 31.0 27.3 26.5 25.0 21.0 23.4 31.0 43.2 36.0 19.6 23.1 23.9 27.5 39.0 42.5 40.5 7 32. 5* 24.7? 26.5 23.0 17,0 26.1 31.6 41.9 33.0 19.0 23.0 24. 9 29.0 37.4 41. 0 40.4 8 31.7 25.2 24.5 22.2 20.5 29.2 32.0 42.5 31.5 17.8 20.5 25.4 30.5 39.4 41.5 42.0 9 28.0 24.5 25.5 26.4 24.0 31.5 37.0 41.5 34.6 15.0 20.0 26.0 30.0 40.0 42.5 42.5 10 32.0 2]o 0 25.5 23.6 26.5 32.0 38.3 42.5 34.0 15.0 23.8 25.8 31.5 39.8 42.9 42.7 11 1130.5 24.5 2,6.0 23.0 28.4 32.7 37.8 42.0 34.5 12.5 24.6 26.5 34.8 40.5 43.0 41.5 Noon 24.5 22.5 26.0 20.8 28.5 33.2 38.5 43.5 31.5 10.5 26.0 26.5 34.5 40.5 42.5 41.5 13 20.9 21.0 27.1 12.0 27.4 33.7 36.9 43.5 28.8 10.3 26.4 26.5 35.0 39.5 41.6 42.0 14 23.0 22.5 261 12.0 27.2 33.7 37.8 43.9 25.4 10.5 27.4 27.5 35.4: 38.5 416 39.5 15 23.1 24.5 26.2 12.5 28.2 34.5 40[8 43.9 26.8 10.0 27.9 27.0 34.0 37.5 41.4 40.5 134 22.2 26.0 27.7 14.5 27.2 33.0 42.0 44.0 26.3 9.5 27.9 25.5 35.2 40.0 39.4 40.5 17 23.Ot 25.5 29.5 18.0 32.5 33.0 38.5 44.0 24.5 10.5 30.5 25.3 37.0 42.6 39.5 34.5 is 23.0 26.0 30.5 18.5 33.5 33. 5 37.1 44.0 26.5 12.2 31.0 i 26.3 38.0 42.0 39.5 37.5 19 20.5 25.5 31.0 19.0 33.5 33.0 39.5 44.0 24.5 12.4 29,9. 28.3 39.5 41.5 40.5 41.5 20 29.5 28.5 32.5 165 31.5 32.5 41.0 44.0 24.0 11.0 28.5 28.6 38.5 41.8 39.0 41.0 21 23.0 26.8 31.0 10.9 32. 5 32.8 39.5 39.4 20.5 10.8 31.0 29.2 36.5 40.4 39.8 40. 2 22 23.5 26.8 28.5 1271 31.0 31.5 38.0 35.8 21.5 11.2 31.0 29.5 35.5 41.3 37.5 40.9 23 1'27.0 26.8 27.5 11.0 30 8 30.0 38.5 36.1 2168 13.0 29.5 28.2 37.0 41.0 37.5 41.0 Midn't -31.0 -30.4 -26.0 9.5 -29.5 -26.4 -40.0 35.0 23.5 13.2 28.5 -27.8 37.5 [41.5 [38.9 -42.2 Means,-25.69 26.90 28.370 [1925 -24.65 30.52 ]35.45 24.68 27.20 -33.30 [4-39.99 / 4101-40.69 Rour,. 17th. I Sth 19th. 20ot h. 21st. 222d. 23d. 24th. 5th. 26th. 27th. 2th. 9th 0t. 31 Mas O O o I o I o I o I o 1 o o 26I 34. 1h. — 41.5 — 39.5 — 21.5 -30.0 -35.0 — 34.8 — 28.7 — 13.5 — 19.0 — 26.5 — 14.5 -13.0 - 0.8 — 19.5 — 11.5 — 25.35 2 42.3 38.0 21s0 30.5 33.5 35.6 27.5 13.5 19.7 23.0 14.0 3.0 - 0.8 19.5 10.0 25.32 3 43.5 36.0 20.5 29.5 33.8 3630 21.5 14.8 19.5 27]5 3.05 I -13.5 - 0./8 20.5 10.0 925.6 4 4293 37.8 19.5 29.5 33.0 36.8 18.0 15.5 20.0 25.6 13[0 - r15.8 - 8 21.7 9.5 -425.53 5 43.4 36.6 18.8 27.7 34.8 3[.8 11.5 11.2 18.0 2352 12.2 -6.5 + 1.4 8.5 -24.64 20 42.5 32.58 19.8 31.6 31.0 37.5 11.9 11.4 19.4 23.2 13.9 [ 16.0 - 3.5 21.5 8.2 24. 83 7 42.0 31.9 17.5 34.2 38.0 11.1 10.98 20.8 22.5 MA J-.8 7 - 1.5 20/3 8.2 24-73 8 37.5 29.5 17.9 35.0 32.0 3 37.2 16.0 11.5 22.5 22.5 13.3 / 7.0 1- 2.4 21.0 6.9 -24. 99 9 39.0 28.5 16.4 31.0 32.0 37.3 14.0 11.6 23.30 21.6 12.5 Ol923.5 - 6.6 22.0 7.5 25.28 1 0 39.2 2'7.5 16-7. 32.4 316 37.5 12.3 12.2 22.2 21.0 12.5 I 8.5 -8.0 21.3 8.0 -25.6'.7 11 39.5 25.8 16.8 33.5 31.0 37.2 12.4 12.0 23.4 21.3 12.6 49.8 12.5 20.3 S.1 - 25-79 Noon 41.0 25.0 16.5 30.0 32.3 33.9 11.5 1243 23.6 21.5 12.0 39.10 14.5 17.5 -25.29 1 3 40.5 25.5 18.0 35.3 34.5 33.2 9.7 12.3 28.5 20.3 12.0 I 9.5 -16.3 17.1 6.5 -24.93 14 41.0 24. 5 2i. 7 34.3 37.8 32.0 10.3 12.2 28.7 20.4 11.8 J-I 1. 0 -16.8 16.7 7.3 -25-05 1 5 4;2.0 26.5 23.3 36.6 37.5 35.0 12.0 12.0 29',0 20.5 11.2 I 7.7 — 16.9 158 7.5 — 25-67 1 6 38.4 27.5 26.5 36.5 39.5 35.5 15.0 12.0 30.1 19.5 10.2 I 6.5 -17.2 16.5 7.6 -26.01~ 1 7 41.0 25.5 23. 6 36.2 39.9 39.0 14.8 10.2 29.0 19.2 9.1 4 —4.9 -13.6 14.2 7.5 — 26.01 1 8 41.5 25.2 24. 6 38.2 1'40.0 32. 8 14.0 10.1 29.5 1'19.0 SA4I- 4.2 -12.4 136 8.0 -26.20 1 9 41.5 25.4 28.2 40.0 39.4 36.5 12.1 10.1 29.1 19.0 7.5 2.5 15.1 13.5 8.0 -26-7a 20 41.5 25.0.30.1 40.2 37.0 34. 6 12.2 11.0 2.7.4 18.5 5.2 I 2.0 -i 6.4 12.5 7.8 -26.64 s 21 38.7 22.8 34. 0 33.6 28.6 31.0 13.0 13.0 26.0 18.5 1:4.6 1 1.1 180 12. 6 11.0 -54 22 38.7 22.0 34.9 i.30.8 9-8.5 31.0 12. 6 13.0 27.5 17.8 3.5 1 —.8 -20.2 12. 8 10.8 -25-09 23 38.5 23.0 35.0 32.5 35.0 30.2 12. 2 13.0 26.8 16- 5.8 2.2 -18.2 10.8 9.3 — 25.18 Q llid 7 r,37. --- 91) R --- Q(I K QC) Q 31 0 On n - I 0 il 19 A 00 r It 1 — A I C) I — 3I —39.9 -- — If 40.9" P~~lettns 1 —40.60 28.521 —28.75 1 —3.5 /-19-3.0 1 —249 -443 1.8 2. 6 z.5 1 —14.5 / 81+ 30 l-0.82 -1 —~9. [ —n.50 125.35~ 2 42.31aure 38.t 2.0 3 0. Ih 33-51ia 35.61ar 27.51; re3.5g [e 1940.[ ~a.0 — 44.0 oeited3. I —O S~ii ltndr C9.51 ]0. 1 —25.32 4t Ieprtr 4~.3/ n 37.1. I9.I3.01.8 In ]8.01 ]5r.~ t ~00,.1~301~. - orrea Iy mO.7/9sl-ss 65c [0h 4A.4 36.6 ~8. 8 27.7 h eprtr ttefe Ia 34.836 0.8;teprya krt fhyo, 8.5tesaehor [ —4. 64~ 7e e 14.13.11. ]n 3 4 2 3. 18011.1[ 108'0..[25 144 -— 8.7 [ —1. [ude 20,3g [e 8.2 — 2.7 TEMPERATURE Or THEIE inl N SHADE OBSERVEDD AT V'AN R~ENSSELAER ITARBOR, In January, 1854, in Lat. 780 371 LIong. 700 53/ W. of G~reenzwich.. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorolog~ical observatory on floe.' Hour. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th.' 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th'. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 1h. — 4.5 I 2.0 — 70 -11.6 - 8.0 — 4.5 -44.8 -12 6 -23.0 -30.0 -29.6 -36.0 -21.8 -25.0 -43.2 -38.0 2 -4.,5 I —2.0 — 4. 11.8 10.5 4, 7 4. s 16.7 23.5 30.0 34. 1 36.5 25.5 25.0 44. 5 39.5 3 -3.5 2.0 — 3 8 12.5 13.5 5.5 6.0 16.6 24. 5 29.2 36.2 36.5 25.7 26.1 43 8 43.2 4 — 3.5 j-~1.0 -3.0 13.0 14. 5 6.5 7.2 17.6G 26.0 30.2 37.0 36.0 23. 6 24.0 44.5 ~44.5 5 -3.5 2.4 4.1 11.1 15.7 8.8 6.4 15.5 27.0 31.9 36.0 35.2 23.5 25.0 41.9 ~44.5 6 — 2.1 i 3.0 — 3.6 10.4 14.0 9.2 6.8 17.0 26.8 32.8 36.2 35.3 23.7 2 2.5 4,3.2 45.0 7 — 2.0 I 0.9 -36 10.6 13.6 9.0 8.0 16.8 29.0 33.5 37.5 33.7 23.6 29.0 41.9 45.0 S -2.,0 1 0.9 - — 3.5 10.8 13.0 1 1.1 S. 0 19.5 29.2 32.8 37.4 32. 5 23.0 29.0 42.3 45.8 9 — 1.5 o1.4 - -C4.7 11.7 9.5 11.0 9.0 20.6 29. 7 32.2 39.5 35. 7 23.4 28. S 41.9 47.3 10 -2.1 i.0 io — 4.7 11.5 10.2 9.0 7 9,5 24. 5 29.2 31.9 39.5 30.0 23.09 29.0 45.2 4-7.3 11 -1.4 I —5.0 -— 4.4 11.5 10.0 8.8 9.5i 23.0 28.3 33.1 3S.7 28.0 23.5 30.5 45.2 48.5 N~oon -1.3 I 9.0 -— 3.2 12.0 8.2 7.5 4.9 18.5 28.5 29.4: 3S.0 32-8 22. 9 31.0 45.8 46.8 1 3 -0.5 i-11.5 -— 3.2 11.0 10.5 9.7 9.8 17.8 30.2 34.5 38.5 28.6 23.0 32. 8 47,~3 47.9 14 0.01-~ 9.7 - — 2.8 11.7 7. o 9.7 8.2 17.0 29.5 34.0 38.3 28.0 25.0 34. 5 45.1 48.1 1 5 +1.6 8.0 ~o -r-1.2 14. 0.9.0 12.0 8.5 23.8 28.1 35.0 35.5 26.1 27. 0 34. 7 43.2 48.5 1 - 1.2 8.5. +-1. 8 12.0 10.5 10.5 9.8 23.5 2S. 8 36.0 35.4 24.8 26j.8 34.5 42.4 50.4: 1 7 1.8 — 10 I c +1. 5 10.8 10.8 7.0 7.6' 24.9 31.0 36PO 35.2 25. 0* 29.5. 36.8 39.0 50.4 18 -1.5 — 9.5 +0.4 10.2 13.5 6.0 7.6 25.6 31.0 38.5 35.8 23. 0* 27.5 36.8 35.5 51.1 1 9 — 10 — 7. 2 -0.2 9-8 13.4 2.2 9.0 25.2 32.0 38.5 32. 8 24.1 29.0 38.4 34. 5 50.4 20 -2.0 — 7. 2 - 0.2 9.6 12.8 2.6 9.0 25.5 32.0 37.5 32.4 23.1 28.5 36.4 35.5 50.4 21 — 15 — 7.0 0.0 9.5 13.0 4.o 7.0 26.5 28.5 36.5 36.0 22.0 25.0 41.1 34.3 45.6 22 P.5 — 6.8 0.0 9.5 9.0 3.8 8.2 23.5 30.0 35.0 37.0 21 5 26.5 41.1 35.5 47.9 23 +0.5 6.5 0.0 9.0 8.8 5.6 8.2 23.5 34.2 34.0 37.8 21.5 26.5 41.0 36.3 49.7 M~idln't 1 ~2.0 -r1 5.0 -4.51 9.0 - 5.5 -6.0 ~-8.S -23.5 1 30.5 -28.0 - 37.6 -21.0 1 —23.5_ -41.0 /-36.4 j-48.5 Means -0. 78 + 4.9 +2.321 11.03 - 11.02 -7.28 — 7.6,91 20.81 7 -33-35 - ~F; 36.33 -29.04 I-25.12 -32.38 -41.18 -46. S55 Hour. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28~th. 29th. 30tb. 318t. 3Cfe ans. Ih- 48.9 -3 9.5 -48.1 - 52. 5 -44. 5 -26.,5 - 31.9 — 29.5 38.5 - 21.5 - 35.5 -28.5 -45.6, — 47.3 — 40. 5 -2727, f2 2 49.3 42.1 47.1 52.9 39.0 27.9 38.6 29.5 36.3 21.0 32.5 28.5 45.6 49.3 43.2 — 28.66 3 49.1 44.5 48.5 53.6 39.0 25.0 35.5 32.5 33.2 21.0 32.0 27.0 43.2 50.4 44.5 - 28.87 4 49.1 47.1 47.9 54.2 37.0 22.9 34.5 33.5 30.0 19.5 29.6 29.0 46.8 47.9 41.9 — 28.94 5 48.1 49.8 479.9 56.2 37.5 23.5 37.5 32.0 28.0 19.0 30.() 28.5 47.3 44. 5 43.9 -28.977 6 47.9 4s.7 47.9 56.9 37.5 23.5 37.5 33.0 27.5 19.0 30.8 26.4 42.4 47.2 44.7 -285.82 7 43.8 49.1 51.6 58.3 37.0 24.5 40.5 M.8 32.0 19.0 31.0 29.5 43.2 47.0 40.2 — 29.23.8 44.2 46.2 51.6 55.5 35.2 22. 5 38.5i 31.5 28.5 19.2 31.0 30.0 43.4 46.3 41.0 -28.92 9 42.5 48.5 51.2 56.6 34.5 24.5 37.2 33.7 32.0 19.5 33.8 29.2 42.0 51.6 37.2 — 29.38 10 40.3 46.8 52. 9 58.0 36.2 26.5 31.2 32.3 32. S 20.1 35.0 37.0 43.5 46.8 33.7 — 29.24 11 38.7 46.8 54.2 54. 9 38.0 31.4 31. 0 28.5 33.2 20.5 36.0 38.3 43.4 39.7 31.0 — 28.91 Noon 35.3 49.1 52. 9 53.4 36.0 36.0 30.5 34. 5 29.0 22.5 37.5 38.0 44. 5 41.9 28.7 — 28.55 1 3 34. 5 46.2 51.0 50.4 37.5 38.4 36.5 36.5 26.9 24. 7 35.5 40.5 45.0 46.1 31.5 — 29.31 14 30.7 43.8 52.2 51.6 37.5 40.5 36.5 36.5 23.0 26.5 35.5 41.8 46.4 47.3 32.5 -29.22 15 40.5 46.2 51.8 51.6) 37.7 40.6 32.0 37.5 23.0 28.5 34.0 44.5 44.5 47.4 37.0 1-30.05 1 6 43.2 45.6i 53.5 50.4 39.5 39.7 36.0 37.0 23.0 32. 5 31.0 45.6 43.2 46.0 39.6 — 30.31 1 7 45.6 44.5 51.6 45.0 39.0 40.5 30.5 36.0 23.5 33.5 29.7 46.3 46.8 36.0 40.2 - 29.65 1 8 413 41.9 49.1 45.6 35.5 39.5 30.6 3S.0 24.2 32.5 28.6 43.8 48.5 37.5 40.2 -29.27 1 9 41.9 44. 5 50.4 45.3 40.3 41.0 2S.0 3S.7 23.0 32. 5 2S. 0 47.3 48.5 1- 37.0 39.9 — 29.60 20 41.3 44.7 52.9 50.0 41.5 41.0 30.5 39.0 22.0 33.5 26.0 45.6 47.3 39.0 40.0 — 29.70 21 39.8 45.9 52.5 45.6 35.0 41.0 28.5 37.8 21.5 33.2 28.5 45.8 45.8 43.2 40.0 — 29.18 22 39.0 47.9 53.2 48.5 37.0 39.0 26.8 38.9 22.0 34.1 28.0 45.3 45.0 40.2 40 0 -29.23 23 36.8 48.5 53.5 48.5 31.0 44.6 29.5 39.4 22.0 32.6 28.2 46.5 46.8 40.5 43.2 — 29-70 Midn't — 40.7 — 48.4 1-52.2 147- 9 129.0 -40.0 1-30.4 1-39.3 — 22.5 -33.6 i-29.3 — 46.3 — 47.0 — 41.2 — 44.7 — 29.40 12 RECO'RD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATU R E,S. TE-IPERATURE oF THE AIR IN SIHADE OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAER AiRBort, In February, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37W, Long. 70~ 531 W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory on floe., HEi0 [our. t. 2d. 3 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. fou. -.~ -~ i.0 _ a. ~ _ ~. ~ _ ~.~ _ ~t.~ _~.~h. 1 1h~ 46.8 -41.0 — 56.0 -46.2 -52.9 51.3 -55.5 -245 - 49.1 -48.5 -30.0;-34.3 -28, -24.5 -31.7 2 47.9 41.0 56.2 46.8 56,9 51.6 54.2 27.2 45.1 43.2 29.7 33.5 30.5 20-1 31.5 3 44.5 43.7 56.9 49.1 58.0 53.2 41.9 29.2 43.2 43.2 29.2 32.7 30,6 21.0 29.2 4 44.5 39.0 52.2 52,2 60,2 54.2 31.7 23.5 45.6 44.5 31.0 32.3 32.5 22,0 29.7 5 44.5 42.0 53.4 56,0 62.1 56.9 26.5 31.5 45.8 45.6 31.5 30.8 34.5 26.2 30.0 6 39.5 42.8 51.2 60.4 65,0 49.1 27.0 31.7 46.5 43.4 31.2 23.5 34.6 28.3 30.0 7 38.5 42.9 47.4 61.9 66.0 46,8 23.2 31.71 45.8 37.8 31.5 22.5 34,5 30.4 29.5 8 38.8 45.1 44.3 62.9 65.0 46.1 22.0 31.1 44.8 34.0 31.5 21.0 35.0 31.6 28.5 9 47.1 42.5 50.4 62.9 66.4* 44.5 25.0 30.2 45.0 22.0 31.7 22.5 33.7 32.0 22.0 10 47.1 44.7 46.8 51.6 64.5 45.8 21.3 31.7 45.6 21.0 32.2 22.5 36.0 34.2 22.0 11 43.7 45,7 45.6 61.4 64.5 45.6 21.4 31.7 46.2 21.3 33.7 22.5 36.2 34.2 21.0 Noon 39.5 46.2 47.9 61.4 55.5 47,4 20,5 33.0 46.3 21.0 33.5 22.5 35.3 31.5 20.2 13 39.3 43.5 45.4 62.9 54.2 48.5 21.2 33.0 44.5 19.3 33.2 21.9 35.0 29.7 13.5 14 39.0 45.0 44.5 59.9 52.9 49.1 22.0 33.1 42.5 20.0 33.2 20.5 34.8 29.0 13.7 15 39.5 44.1 44.5 56.9 52.2 48.7 22.5 34.5 41.7 20.0 33.0 21.2 34,0 28.5 13.5 16 40.5 48.3 45.1 54.2 49.1 45,6 22.5 36.0 41.3 22.0 32.7 20.1 34.1 29.7 13.5 17 39.5 49.1 46.3 51.6 51.7 47.8 24.0 43.5 45.8 21.5 31.5 20.7 33,5 28.5 10.0 18 39.2 44.5 46.8 48.7 53.9 49.8 21.7 44.1 47.0 21.5 29.0 22.2 32,5 27.5 10,0 19 38.4 46.8 45.6 49.4 51.6 52.9 22.0 40.3 46.5 21.6 30.8 23.3 32,5 28.0 10.0 20 35.2 46.8 47.1 45.6 50.7 54.9 25.0 42.0 45.6 22.3 29.0 25.0 33,0 29.0 10.0 21 37.0 50.7 36.8 49.1 50.8 52.9 20,8 45.6 44.7 23.8 29.6 26.5 33.0 30.5 11.0 22 42.0 49.1 37.8 51.6 50.4 51.6 21.4 50.0 46.1 26.6 32.0 27.4 29,0 32.5 11.5 23 38.7 51.6 38.8 54.2 51.2 57.7 21.9 42.4 46.8 29.5 33.5 25.9 26.0 33.6 11.5 Midn't -38.0 -55.5 1-40.8 — 56.2 -51.6 -58.3 -22.4 -43.4 — 47.0 — 30.0 — 30.8 — 24.8 — 25.5 — 33.6 — 11.0 ~~~~-.-Z. 3;i -35 - Means -41.20 -45.48 i-46D9 -54.59 56.36 -50.55 -26.57 35.20 -45.35 -29.32 -31.46 -25.00 -32.71 -29.03 -19.35 Hour. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25t. 26th. 27th. 28th. Means. lhh 13.2 -11. 10 -22.0 -20.0 -262. 8 - 31.5 -22.0 — 27.7 — 33.8 -25.6 — 37.2 -338.0 -30.6... 1 —34.30 2 13.7 i 12.2 23.5 19.6 27.6 31.6 20.8 29.5 33.5 24]1 38[7 38.0 I 306...' -34.26 3 14.2 13.0 25.8 19.0 25.9 30.7 21.0 30.5 33.8 25.0 39.0 38.5 32.5I... -34.09 4 14'5 12.5 25.8 16.2 27.8 30.0 22.5 29.6 33.3 25.0 31.3 38.5 35,5... -33.49 5 14.5 12.5 25.8 16.0 27,5 29.2 23.0 29.5 32.4 26.0 30.1 38.2 34.6... -34.16[ 6 14.0 12.5 25.8 13.6 27.5 26.9 23.0 31./ 32.4 24. 5 32.[ 37.0 35.0... 33.59 7 13.4 15.0/24.6/17.4 23.5 26.7 23.5 32.5 32.5 23.0 32.8 35.3 38.0 -33.16 8 14.0 17.0 23.8 17.0 24.0i 27.2 22.5 32.0 34.0/ 25.0 30,0 35.8 35.7/... 32.85 9 14-8 14.4 22.0 18.6 24.0 [ 24.5 22.0 32.0 [ 33.5 29.4 30.5 35.2 34.7... 32. 62 10 15.5 15.3 21.0 1S.9 20.8 23.0 22.0 32.9 32.3 29.4 31.0 33.0 36.5 -32.09 11 14.5 14.7 18.9 20.0 24.0 25 [0 22.8 34.0 32.3 29.3 33.0 31.0 33.6... -32.42 Noon 15.0 14.5 18.8 21.0 20.8 25.2 22.5 32.4 33.5 30.5 31.5 29.3 3343.o -31-79 13 15.7 15.0 18.7 16.5 22.8 25.2 22.5 33.0 36.5 29.2 32.7 31.0 326... /-31.30 14 [ 16.2 17.0 17.0 16.5 25.2 25.4 24.0 34.0 31.4 33.0 32.0 31.4 34.0... -31.30 15 1 6.2 16.7 17.3 18.5 25.3 24.0 24.6 36.0 29.6 34.7 }35.2 32.1 35.7... -31.45 16 15.0 16.5 16,0 19.8 24.0 24.5 25.7 34.5 31.2 36.3 34.6 33.4 36.8... -31.54 17 15.7 15.9 17,0 [ 20.0 25.1 24.6 [ 25.8 32.5 28.2 35.8 34.0 34.9 36.0... 31.80 18 14.0 15.9 18.5.20.7 26.8 25.5 26.2 33.2 27.6 38.0 34. 3 32.0 35.6! 3.671 19 11.7 13.6 17,6| 20.8 29.5 25.6 26.4 33.0 27.0 38.8 33.0 32.6 36.2... -31.62 20 10.3 13.5 17.0 21.0 28.6 23.0 27.4 36.9 27.5 39.2 36.0 31.5 36.5 ]... 31.77 21 11.1 14.0 19.0 24.1 28.5 21.5 i 27.4 37.5 29.0 40.8 37.4 31.6 37.0... -32.20' 22 11.3 16.3 20.5 25.5 29.5 24.9 28.0 38.0 29.0 40.8 39.0 31.9 37.9 [... 33.27 23 11.5 1 8.0 21.o[4 9.(1 s.i 29.5 2!.7!R-O.2.o! 0!.~ I 40. 1!8q0 2s.o5! s.!.5 ---!. 2-. RaeanS - 13.~0 14.89 20.80 19.75 2s~o4 — 26.98 24.19~ja -- 31.1 31.04 3422.973 — 35.03 -I 3... Temlperatures noted by 2171 down to — 40~; lowrer temperatures by ~q. M 4inimum tem~perature observed this winter. Feb. 38. Thermometers read at 9 o'clock without the use of a lant~ern. Feb. 7th. Between the hours of 2 and 4 A.MIi., the temperature was elevated 22~.5. Wind fromu the south, and blowing a gale. Feb. 16th. By calculation, the upper limlb of the sun would graze the horizon at noon. Two days later, a maist prevented its visibility. On the 20th, at noon, his rays shrine on the cliffs, on the eastern side of the bay. t~EC~ilD AND DISOUSSION OF TE~P]~!~AT~t~R1~S~ 15 TEMERATURE Or THE _AIIt IN S]}IADF, OBSERVED AT'V'AN [~ENS$ELAEIL I-~ARI]011, In March, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37/, Long. 70~ 53t W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's sealm At meteorological observatory on floe,' o o o o o o o oI oI ot o o [i lb. —37.4 —35.2 —38.6 —41 -~-~ o ~1 — 47.0 —48.5 —40.5 —48.1 —47.1 —45.6 —47.6 —51.0 —50.4 —27.8 2 [ 36.0I 35.2 34.8 4223 4119 41]3 47.5 48.2 27.0 48.8 4t~.8 ] 48.3I 49.8I 49.9 51.6t 34'.0 It:~ 3 I 37.5 t 35.8 33.0 423 42.4 40.0146.7 47.6 26.0 49.4 4s.5 / 48.7 I 51,8 I 51.0 I 51.6 t 34-.0 tl ~] 4 I 37.5 I 35.5 33.4 42 44.6 44.5 [ 45.6 45.6 26.5 I 50.6 47.9 I 49.1 [ 50.4 [ 53.3 [ 48.3 [ 33,5 tt H 5 I 38.5 t 36.~ 33.5 45~ 46.8 44.5I 44.5[ 45.6 28.0 50.4 47.9 ] 49.8 I 49.1 I 54.2 [ 41.3 I 33,0 [[ t] 6 I 37.0 I 37.5 32.5 44 7 I 36.2 I 38.5 ] 32,.5 48.5 31.1 49.4 46.9 / 49-1 I 49'8 I 51-.8 [ 40-5 I 32'5 It 462 45'6 I 44'5 I 45'5 46.81 45.0I 4.9. 46 32.5t 49.0 46.8/ 48.4I 49.8I 51.0I 38.9t 31.5 11 I] 8 I 39.5 I 38.5 I 313.0 45 [ 46.8 { 44.5 [ 49. 30.5 47.9 46.8 I 48.4I 50.4 [ 49.1 [.38.4 ] 30.5 [{ ]] 9 t 4i'0 I 36-5 t 34.7 46 45~ t 45'4 I 41.0 [ 46. 39 30.0 47.6 46.3 / 47.9I 51.2 [ 47.9I 32.0I 30.0 H 11 10 I 40.7 I 37.1 I 32.7 45 I 45'8 / 40-61 46. I 3~.51 45.61 45.9 46.0 [ 47.4[ 30.5 I 30.0 ~ [1 19.1 [ 11 I 26.0 I 35.0 k 33.0 39 43~ 42 ] 44.0 [ 41.7 } 45. ] 32.0 44.7I 43.4 6.8 i 43,4 I 43.5 i 30.0 ~ 30.0 1i,~oo~, ~, 3~7f ~o ~,~, ~ l ~ ~,~o, ~ol!~l ~ 1 ~of ~oo ~o~I t] 13 ] 33.0 [ 36.3 [ 36.5 466 ] 43.2 [ 41.5 i 45. 44 I 27.3 I 42.5 I 45.6 5,0 I 43.7 I 40.8 [ 29.8 29.2, 14 [ m5 1 370[ 375 ~ 45 I ~93[ 4~91 44s 97[ 4~ I 4~0[ 2s7 2s5 II Ii 45~1 44.4/ 4~61 39 15 t 32.2 [ 37.4 I 38.2 46 ] 40.5 I 45.8 [ 45. 4~ [ 38.3 [ 44.5 I 43.5 39.7 [ 39.3 I 36.3 28.0 Ii H 16 I 305 [ 37.4 I 37.0 44 [ 45.41 46.s I 47 42 I 41.~ [ 46.31 45.9 s.~ I 4as f 4~.~ I ~ ao.~ ll ~0~ [ ~ I a~ 4~4 s.~ I 4~.~ [ 4~.~I ~.~ m.o iI I 45.6 ] 46.2 [ 47. 42 46.8 42.5/ 46.2I 46.5 8.1 ] 46.8 I 47.2 [ 37.0 I 32.5 I] ~8 46.8I 47. 42 t ~0.~ [ ~7.~ I ~s.o "19 45~ i5'6 I ~ 31.5 / 38.0 I 38.5 45 ] 47.9 } 46.8 47. 42 I 42'6 / 46'8 [ 46.8 7.4 [ 47.9 I 46.8 [ 35.5 33.5 ~: 20 [ 33.5 [ 38.0 [ 39.0 1 48.5 I 46.8 45. [ 44.5 ] 46.8 [ 47.3 48.2 [ 47.9 [ 34.0 35.0 [~ 46 42 [] 21 [ 33.5/ 36.0 ] 41.6 45 I 46.2 / 46.2 [ 43. 41 [ 45.8 I 46.2I 47.3 6.8 [ 49,5 [ 48.5 [ 30.5 40.0 I[ ~1 22!~.8 [ 33.2 [ 37.7 [ 42.4 440 41 s.7 / 50,0 [ 49.0I 30.0 42.0 146.8/45.6t43. [47.4147.0146.8 43 [47.9 — 47.9 — 45.7 -- 8.6 ~,~n'~ — ~ — ~o — ~ — ~ l —~ — ~ — ~ — ~ --— ~;t 4 0i /'-77'~; o i i 1 lb. t —45.0 — 47.0, o o o, 45.0 13.3[ 31.0I 44.5 I 39'51 35'5I 44'51 45.6[ 41.9 — 38'5~ 47.3 39.0 [ 22.0 — J. — 14.5 ] —28.5 / —40.5 / —40.3 / —36.8 [ —43.4 1 —45.~ / —41.5 — 38.7(i 3 / 43.2 46.8 41.9I 21.0 i 14.3/ m.5 I 43'9/ 39'5/ 36'6/ 44.5 [ 46.3/ 43.4 — 38.7]i ~ 4, 46.1 47.9 42.0, 20.5 14.6 [ 32.2I 45.1 I 40'8/ 34.21 44.6] 45.8 [ 42.1 — 39.0Cl ~ 5 [ ~ / [ 46.8 47.9 41..9I ~ZO.O [ ~:~ ] 14.4/ ~.7 I 46.g [ ~8.0I 34.0 [ 45.1. I 44.8t 41.9 — 38.9~i i] 6 ] 45.6 46.8 40.8 [ 19.8 14.6 / 33.2 ] 46.0] 37.2 [ 33.5 ] 43.9 [ 41.0 [ 41.0 —38.7(7 ~i~ ~45 ~0. ~,~ / 43.2 ~:~ol ~ ~ ~. ~4~, ~. ~0, ~ ~ 4~0~ ~4~ _.~ 41.9 ] 37.3 I 18.0 14.5 [ 34.0 ] 43.2 [ 34.5 [ 31.0 [ 42.5 [ 40.0 [ 39.2 —37.58i ~ 9 [ 40.0 39.7 [ 41.8 I 17.2 [ 13.0 [ 31.5 [ 41.0 ] 33.0 ] 29.5 / 42.5/ 39.0 [ 37.0 —36.271 ~o, 4~.~ 39.7, 3~.~ [ ~.~ t ~o~[ — 35.7C 15.8 [ 30,0 ] 40.5 [ 32.0/ 31.0 [ 39.0 ] 37.0 [ 34.0 ~ i 40.~ ~0.~ I 34.8/ ~.~ 14/ ~.~I 30.0/ 3~.0/ ~8.~/ ~0.~I ~.0~ ~7.0~ 3~.4-~4.~ ~]Noon I I 40.0 38.0 / 33.0 [ 16.2 ] ~ 13.5 [ 30.5 / 36'4 / 29.5 [ 31.5 [ 33.0 [ 36.5 } 33.2 — 33.9? ~ 13 / 38.5 36.8, 30.5 ] 15.0 ~] 14 ~:02 ] 14.1 ] 32.0 / 37.5 / 28.2 ] 31.2, 33.4 ] 35.0, 33.5 —33.59 38.5 [ 34.8 / ~0-5 / 15.0 14.5/ 32.5/ 37.5 [ 28.0/ 31.5 ] 30.8 [ 34.3 [ 32.0 —33.18 [I 15 ] 38.7 38.3 / 34.0 [ 14.5 [ 16 I 39.5 37.7 / 33.5 { 15.0. 16.5/ 31.5t 37.5/ 28.2/ 31.2/ 31.5/ 32.5 [ 30.2 — 34.91 17!]i / 16.0 / 28.3 / 37.0 ] 28.0 [ 31.2 / 28.3 / 34.5, 3~.0 — 33.82 t 39.5 41.0 / 31.5 ] 15.5 18.0/ 33.5 / 41.2 [ 28.5 [ 32.5 [ 35.5 [ 35.5 [ 30.3 — 35.59 ~, ~ ~, ~, ~o!] 19 t ~:~/~' ~' ~' ~' ~o, ~, ~, ~o~ -~ 139.7 4~.8 } 29.5/ 18.~ ~0.6[ 38.4/ 44.5] ~9.~/ 38.0I 34.5/ 39.9I 30.9 — 86.74 ~] 20 141.9 43.4 / ~z9'5 I 18.4 21 9[5[ 22.0/ 38.8/44.5/31.0/40.5/ 39.5/43.2/ 31.3 — 37.62 [ 45.1 43.3 [ 25.0/ 19.5 I 10.7 22.1 [ 39.0/ 43.2/ 34.0/ 43.2/ 41.0/ 43.3/ 31.5 — 37.75i 2~ I 45.8 42.8 [ 25.01 19.2 I 11.8| 2~.6| 40.0/ 4~.91 34.5/ 44.1/ 39.5/ 43.2[ 29.8 — 38.00 23 } 47.9 35.7 [ 24.5 [ 19.0 } 12.0 } 25.0 [ 41.8 [ 43.2/ 36.0/ 44.5 [ 40.3/ 41.5 [ 27.2 — 38.24! I-~o i-~.o _~ _~o ~o ~, ]_~ aa~ I-~1o ~o t —~4o 1-4~ ~_ -~7o:____ Temperatures above — 40~ noted by M' below —40% by S'. March 5th. The sun shows upon our observatory on the floe at 10 o'clock A.M. Noticed an effect on the exposed thermometers dm'ing sunshine. March 8th. Sun sunk below the hills at half-past two P.M. l~Iarch 9th. Between the hours of one and two A.M., the temperature rose from — 40~.5 to — 27~.0. At close of the watch, a fresh breeze from the eastward. March 22d. Temperature rises between six and seven A.M. 11~.1; wind S. E. l~ECOt~I) AND DISOUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF TIIE _AIi~ IN $ItAI)E OBSERVED AT'V'AN t>~ENSSELAER ~IARBOR, In April, 1854, in Lat. 78e 37~, Long. 70~ 53~ W. of Greenwich, Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory on floe.~ t Hour. I 1st. ] 2d. 3d. 4th. I 5th. I 6th. 7th. [ 8th. ] 9th. 10th. lllth. 12th. _ ]3th. 14th. 15th. 16~1. 1 20.0 I 19.8 12.1 (35.8) 36.4 12.0 I ]2.0 25.8 t 33.8 I 19.5 12.0 20.0 23. 3 [ 19.6120.5 (36.4) 37.2 11.6 ] 11.6 25.0 [ 33.0 [ 20.0 12.8 19.0 240 12.4 ~ 4, 19.0, 21.0 (36.3) 35.7 11.8, 11.0 25.0 [ 33.5 I 20.0 13.3 ]8.0 230 12.5 5 t 18.8 [ 21.6 (35.6) 26.7 11.0 t 10.3 23.7 I 30.5 I 17.5 W 12.0 20.0 20 12.0 6.5 H 6 [ 18.5/ 18.5 (35.2) 25.5 12.3 I 11.0 I 22.0 [ 28.0 ] 17.3 11.0 18.0 19~ 9.0 H? [ is.o] 2o.2 (a~) 19.s ll.5 I 9.51 2~.0 I 23.81 16.~ 10.01 }7.6 lS 7.5 It ~6:;t 9 / 17.2 [ 21.0 (30.3) 13.5 9.0 / 9.0 I 23.8 [ m.oI 10.3 3.8 [ 17.0 ]20 2.8 H~ /~.~ 1~o.~ ~~.~) ~.s ~o.o ~o.o I~s.o I~.o I ~.o 4.s i~s.o ~ s.~ (=6.7) 4.0 UNoon 11.6 11.0 I 5~3.0 I 18.0I 5~.3 3.2I 12.5 4-7:5 I] ] 15.5 20.5 11.5 ~/ l~ ~os ~; ~o ~o ~o~, ~o, ~o, ~o ~o, ~ ~ +~o, 4.6 l1 ~ 26 8.61 1~,6 ll,01 25.0I 16,81 2,5 ~.~/ 11.5 4.0 t ]5.o/ m. +7.~ tl ~ 15 I 14.7 / 21. i I 12.,5 12.2 I 27.0 I 14.0I 2.8 4.0 I 12.0 ~g 3.7 [t ]~ t ~5.5/ 22.3~ 24 -I-8.2 }] 9.0 25 0 9.8 ] 12.5 14.3 [ 28.0, 16.5 ] 3.0 [ 4.5 [ 16.0 3.0 17 1 17.5 t 23. 29] ~.o 5 2.5, ~/~o ~z~ ~ I ~o~ ~I ~/ ~, ~I ~ I ~o ~o ~o~. I 10.5 I ~8.0 I ~6.0 / 1~.6 / 4.61 7.5117.0 3 3.0 [~ 19 / 18'8/ 28. 33]0 13.7I 11.2 I 19.5 I 31.2/ 16.5/ 4.8 I 10.0 [ 20.0 ~ 2.7 a~o ~ ~s.s/ ~.~ 1.s 35 13.2 I mx.o I 2~.~ [ m.9 / ~6.2 / 5.5 I i0.0 I m.5 [] 21'~o [ 18.8 [ (29.)) 38 13.2 [ 10.4 } 24.0 [ 33..5 ] 18.5 [ 9.0 t 12.0 t 22.3 2.3 4~ 2.0 i, 22, 18.8, (3L'i)I 39:02 13.5, 13.0, 27.7, 36.5, 18.5, 9.0, 13.0, 23.3 1.0 23 12.5 ~' / 18.8 / (~ ~o I la.0 I ~7.0/ 34.0 / ]8.~ I:to.o I m4.51:z3.0 ~ 0.5 l_,o -- ~ [I i_,o ~=~ — 14.91 +0.68 -~-4.85 — ~.~i-~.~o -~ -— KT[ -~f-~f -~7~ I Hour. 17. 1S[h. 19th. 20th. 21sL 22d.. 23d. 24:th. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. I Means. ~ o o o o o o o o o o o lb. -- 7.0 5.0 9.0 4.) — 3 2 — 5.5 — 4.0 — 1.0 4.8... — 12.19 7~....' —~3.7 ~.a 3.3 3.] — 25 Z — 6.4 — 3.8 — 5.0 6.8....12.20 a I-v.~ -~.0 }a.o a.o ~.~ -37 -~0 -~.a -a.~ -8.0 +~.~ /... I-~.~ H 4 l — 6.8 — 12.0 ~ 2.7 1.0 0.) — 23 -- — ~.0 — 3.a —:z.0.4- 5.5 /... 1 —12.08~, ~ I-~o -~.~ },~ ~.o ~, -o~ -~o ~ -~-~ 4-~.~ I... I-~.~ ~ ~1 6 1~ 4.0 — 10.8 ~ 2.7 1.0 6.5 -{-24 — 8.0 3.2 — 1.5. -4- 4.4 I... / —10.57] v I-~a-so-~.~ s~ ~ o o -~o 37 -~o 4-4~1 ~ /-~ I1 s ~ I- 7.5 -- 8.0 -10.0 9.2 a.) 13 -4.0 4.0 -1.2 4- 4.9 t... / — 8.441t 9 l- 6.5 - 5.8 -- 7.8 7.0 + 3.) 48 -4.5 4.0 -~.5 J- s a I.o /- ~.7~ 10 l — 6.5 -- 5.0 5.0 3.5 4.3 6 0 — 5.0 — ].0 4.~ 2-c'5/:.. / —~.os] ~] Noon [ — 5.0 -- 3.5 ~4 5 3.0 3.4 5.3 -4-4 5 0 — 2.5 (}.0 _1_ 6.0 /.... 4.46" 14 [ — 1.0 -- 2.0 9.0 0.5 7.5 4.5 22 0.0 8.1 4.4 [-~ —10.9 [... ] — 3.20~] I- ~.a - a.o ~.o s.~ 4~ ~ a.o x.o ~:s.~ ~.~ I+~.o / -.. I- ~.ov~l }{ 16 I — 2.8 -- 3.5 2.5 3.0 5.) 4.5'2. 1.5 9.2 6.0 1+10'2 /'" 17 I — 3'3711 [ — 1.5 — 4.5 2.0 0.5 1.2 4.0 3. 2.0 -t-8.3 7.2 [-[- 8.8 /'",~ + ~: 1 — 3.49~ ~-,~-~ o~,, s,,~ ~ ~o ~~.o ~+7.o ~... ~-~ ~] 19 [ — 4.0 -- 7.0 2.0 0.8 7.3 — { —2.0 1. } 0 7.7 6.4 I-{- 4.0 [... [ — 5.76~1 20 1 — 5.8 -- 8.7 5.3 1.4 4. t -t-0.5 02. ] 7.1 5.2 I Jr- 3.0 / -" l — 6'731 I1 m I- s.5 -- 8.5 5.5 ~.0 6.~ — ~.5 — m.5 +6.0 ~i.o l+ a.o / -.. l — 8.o511 ~] g9, 1 —12.0 -- 0.5 6.8 3.5 5.3 — 5.0 ~] — 1.9 q-5.~ ] ~,a I+ s.1 /... I- 9.59[{ I-~a.~ -}~s ~v ~o 4.~ -v.o -~ o.o -o~ I+~-~1... /-~o.~: o o ~a 1+ o1 1 I + I 1.......... -- 7.89- 6.69- 5.25- 5.12 2.29 +0.89 3.05 — 2.64 — {-4.04 — 0.15 — t-.1.17....7.69 1 Temperatures noteel by mercurial standard. Sign -- supplied. For the interpolation on the 2cl ancl 3d, the parameter of the diurnal variation was found 1.6 ancl 1.9 of the mean value from six observations before and six observations after the interval. The change in the mean temperature during the same time amounted to 5~.3. April 12th. Sun rises at half-past 3 o'clock. On the 17th inst.~ the sun was up at 1 A.M. April 19th. The sun was refracted above the horizon at midnight. []EMI~EI~ATURE OF TIlIE _/IR IN ~IIADE OBSERVED AT ~TAN ~S~ENSSELAEI~:Al~B01~, In Mfay, 1854, ill Lat. 718~ 37l, Long. 70~ 531 W8. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenhzeit's scale. A.t meteorological observattory on floe.l 2 6.0 6.~~-5.8 1 -,.. 4 7 8 — 6.1. 015 42 4 3 6.4 I-C ~ ~ ~ ~~-5.0 -~. -— 5.i 4. 35. o 5 6 7 0 ~-3 4 ~5 B 1 2.8 l d- 5.2 2., 2.5 - C1.5+ 6.4.- 9 5. 1 q - 5. 9 q - 5.1 q - 3 1 - ~.5 -7. 3, 7 14.8 (-b?.O 2.2 2.2 +1. s 3.6 9.8; 11.7 G.5 9.3 6.1 4.7 +2.4 3.8 8.2 -q- 5. 13 16.0 ~ ~ ~~~-7.5 -— 4.0 +8.0 2. 5'~~~~3 8. 6'4 13. 7.3 -b~~~~~~. 7 O. 1~~1' I -- 7' 9. 1. 14'21 i 14:~ ~ ~.. -- 5.s - -.5.53 0 3... B 1. 7 1 15 16.3 7.0 +3.3 +4.- -4.8 — 3. 5 t l.~ t 171.... 25 1. 16 15.5 6.6 ~~~~~-3.2 -~~~-5.2 5. / 69 ]4 75 1. 03 1.0 1... 44 1. 17 13.21~ 5.3 ~-z~o -5.0 1 b4.3 (-C3.7 1.1 17. 11.3 99 4.3 0.5 [ —5 1.3 [5. I 5 21 10.5 00 5.5 1.5+o~z 2.8 1.4: 12} 1 0.6 /. 5.7 /. F..9 94 1. 12.45 - ~a.7 -— 1.O O.88 0, 8 -&0. O i 10. 511.45 18.43 2.4 It.4 — 5.3-3.1 I 6-. t 4~ 1. — 5.1 ~ ~ t-3. (+32[-0 12.5 +0. — ~3.. 3-2. I8 10.8 [-.9.0 3 9,5 17.6 —.4 — 2.5 1.}-1, 1.5 45 3. 14 ~4 3. 79Ioo 4 10.0 17.9 81 10.4 11. —4.6 /4. ll'2 I 7. 6'8/ 7'8t.9 29 295 1.9+05 5 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 19. /.. 22 1. 55i1. 10 2.013. 32 2. 19 1. +1 11..8 3.4 8.7 13.4 17. 184 154 2.8 3, 6 3~] 11. 7./ 6. / 29'3 1 —53 Noon 10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.1 /2 91 1. 211. 4 14 355 4). 3, 4 931C58 13 9.8 11.6 20.3 13.7 19.0 22.1 20.2 17.1 2~~~~~~ 4'73.9 3. -4'-2' /5. 360 2. /16 14 1 9.8 2.2 20.8 14, 3 1..5 22. 1 20.7 18. 25,5 32. 35.1 349 i 33.4 32.4 28. 1-t10.3 15 1.5 12. 197]i —.0 94 2,7 1. 7 64 3. 45 38 3o.3 17 2.~1&64 20 7.8 11.5 11.5 13.8 15.5 16,0 20. 24.0 31.3 31.4 29.6.1 1-t-1.5 t / -- -r ~- -1. I / Nleans~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~1 +10.05+3'8-`2 6 —25 -49 1.65 I~66 ]'2.(; /2.5 2.613.0-2 0-3.8(2.762,41134 tip to h e 5th, inclusi e, th e e m pera~ures n o ed b y(; fe h t, 5 ty } (; ni~y 2th Th sn i nw a~jurig pwe inth midleoftheda su~iien t sotenth snw n te urfcean blc12.(; /lynf inpon it sinlr quite fast-a tarpaulin sinkin~a about.w l q-].5 /n / 1y.7 May 6th.The herwmetr inicats a empratue alove he reezng pint f wterfor he frattimein te s3.3n RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF THE _~IR IN SHADE OBSEItYED AT -V'AN ~ENSSELAER }IAgBOrt, In June, 1554, in Lat. 78~ 37f, Long. 70~ 53~ W. of Greenwich. At meteorological observatory on floe.~ Expressed. in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. ] [ 15th. 16th. [ Hour. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. loth. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14tL i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CI 0 0 0 +228 ~26.2 +25.5 +21.1 -~-19.5 +21 +21. -~. -~.~ -{-.~ q-.66 1 -~:0 22.6 25.6 }h. +23 ~3 255 ~7.4 24,51 2~.Sl ls.s 25 I 24. sl 26.61 ~s.31 ~.~- ~,o ~2 I 25,5 25.o ~4~:235:283 (2s.1) ~,~.0 / 22.2:24 25,5 [ 25.4 I:25.5 I 26.9 {:22.7:24,5:2e[~ I:26,0 ~8.5 {:24.1 ~aa ~~.~ ~~.~ ~.~I~.a ~; ~Im ~.~ m~.~ ~.~ I~.~ ~] ~ I~,o ~.~ ~ 19, 31 4 (2.9.~) (~,5.:L)/ 24.5 24 2G, / 26.31 27.71 2~.51 2G.5 94 3oi~/ 29,8 28.1 22.61 24 345 30.9 25.5 / 22.9 ] 26.1 240 27, [ 27.4 I 31.4 ] 27.4 [ 23.5 25, 2314 / 27.4 29.3 11 25 31 9 27.4 26.4 } 23.5 I 25.5 29, [ 30.3 [ 31.9 [ 28.8 I 25.7 27, 28;7[27.8 31.9 2400 13 26 310 28.8 25.9 t 23.8 I 25.5 250 34, [ 29.4 / 35.4 ] 28.3 [ 26.0 28 35.5 29154 I 28.8 14 26 307 29.8 26,3 i 25.0 I 25.9 28 32. I 32.4 [ 33.5 I 27.4 / 26.4 28 3015 i 29.3 ~ ~ ~1o ~o.~ ~.~ ~.~ ~.~ ~ ~.~ I~.~ I~s.~/~.~ ~o ~ ll.] ~si ~ ~a ~o.~ ~.~ ~.~ 1~.~ ~ ~~ ~.~ ~.~~.~ ~.~ ~i ~.]t ~o.a 17 ~i 27 313 25.5/27.5126.4 29.3 27, / 26.91 28.3 I 29.61 27.4 28. 29 t 30.9 3415 26~ ~ ~o~ ~.~ ~.~ ~.~,~.~ ~ ~8,~. ~.~,~s.~,~s.~ ~,.~ ~ ~:~ ~o.~ ~.o 19 ~ 26 308 25.5/25.5/25.5 283 26, 127,4/29.3/27.4/25.5 28. 30 } 29.3 32.4 26.9 ~o ~o~ ~.~ ~.~, ~.~ I ~.~'~ ~,~, ~.~ ~ ~s.~, ~.~ ~ ~.~ ~.~ ~:~ ~ ~o.~ ~.~ 21,~ 25 298 24.5 [ 22.6 ] 27.4 26.9 25, { 25.9 1 27.4 / 26.4 [ 26.4 25, 27.4 / 30.3 32.9 24~ 22 293 26.4 24.5 / 22.6 } 27.4 22 24.5 } 24,5 / 27.0 } 25.4 } 23.6 25,~ 29 I 30.3 31.4 23 25.~ 23, 283 21.6 [ 22.6 i 23.5 26.4 24,5 / 23.6 / 26.5 [ 24.5 ] 23.6 19. 28[I ] 29.3 30.3 22~ 5 [.-[ —23.6 — ~-26.0 [ —]-24.5 — ~-23.6 6 — [-24.5 -} —29.3 -22.6 +~ +~4 Means. —[-24.60+29.60.-[-28~il, —t-25.12 -[-23.58..-[-.24.75.-t-27.10,-.{-26.76..-t-28.37,-t-27.27...t-25.01. —[ —25.41 -.t-28.55' —[-28.55 -]-SO.rS t ~,~ ~o~,~h,~l:~tl~/~o~]~,s~ ~ ~ ~t~l~,~l~6~h ~=~,, ~,ht~hl~OI lb. 1+31.9 -]-30.9 I-i-30.3 [+29.3 l-I-:Z9.0 +29.3. —{-29.3 t+29.1 /.-t-31.9 ].-{-32.4 29.1.-{-32.c +34.0 — [ —37.1....-~27.01 I 32'1 I ~z7'9 / 30'8/ SS'9/ 29'8/29,3 29.3 30.8 31.4 33,4 +28.3 32.8I 34.2I 37.4I... [-}-27.06~ 2 I 32.0 I 27.9 / 30.8 / 27.9 / 33.3 { 29,8 30.3 / 30.8 / 31.4 [ 33.4 I 26.9 32.8 I 33.8 [ 37.5I... t..q-27.23 ~ 3 I 35.01 30.0/ 30. S/:Z~;.~/ 2O.S/:Z8.S 30.3l 30.S/ m.9/ 33.41 23.4 32.,~1 34. hi 37.1I... I..t_27.56~ 4:' / 35.01 32.41 33.81 27.51 29.81 al.4 27.9/ 33.5/ 36.3/34.5131.4 31.'~ I 37,2] 36.6I... ]. —}-28.85~ 5 t 31.9 I 36,0 I 33.0 I S7.a I 3:t.~ I 34.S:ZS.6 I 33.6 / 3O.a I 34.6 / 33.9 32.9 I 38.0 I a9.SI... /-k29.50[t {; I 3S.01 38.31 3S.S/ S7.91 31.~1 3S.:t:23.5t 33.71 36.31 34.61 35.7 33,e1 3s.6/ a.~/... /+ao. as~l 7 [ 34.5 } 40,1 t 37.8 / 31.9 / 32.9 I 35,7 29,3 i 34,2} 38.6 / 40.7 / 39.4 34,1 / 39.1 / 43,6I,,. 1.-~-31.61~ 8 1 35.01 3:2.1t 38.61 s8.31:28.41 34.8 29.7137.5/ 36.6 [ 35.5 / 39.:t 34.5 [ 37.61 40.6/... 1-t-B0.83[l 9 / as.0l 34.4} 39.6/ 29.31 29.31 33.4 3o.3136.5/37.o/36.6/39.4 35.c1 37.61 4o.1/... /+31.o41i:to } 35.5 } 34.9 } 37.1/ 30.3/ 30.3 / 35.3 30.3 t 37.3 } 36.6 / 36.6 / 39.4 35.,5/37.2/ 39.6/... /._[_31.41[~ 11 / 3,1.~1 34.41 aS.Sl 30.3l a8.x/ 33.3 m.9l 39.61 36.61 38.61 39.1 a~.a/ a7.~/ as.c/... /4._gs.~_s[i ~oo= / 34.5 [ 34.5 / 35.0 I 30.9 I 37,6 / 36.0 32.4 [ 39.1 [ 35.5 / 38.6 / 39.1 37.c / 37.1 t 40.1/... [q —32.33~ 13 [ 33.7 [ 35.5 [ 35.5/ 30.3I 35.5 [ 32.4 32.9 I 38.6/ 35.0 [ 38.1 I (37. o) 36.0 [ 38.1 [ 40.1t... [ —{-32.21~ 14 ] 34.5 [ 35.0 / 35.5 / 28.3 [ 35.0 ] 31.9 32.9 1 38.1 / 35.0 [ 38.1 / 36.0 34.5 / 37.1 / 39.6/... 1_{_31.91 ~l 15 / ~5.01 34.5/ ~5.5l 28.3I 34.5[ 32.4 34.0/37.6/34.7136.6135.5 34. c1 37. Gl 39.11... l —I-re.60]{ 16 [ 34.8 [ 34.5 [ 35.0 [ 28.8 [ 35.0 [ 30.9 34.1 [ 37.6 ] 33.4 [ 37.1 [ 34.5 34.0 / 37.6 / 37.6!... t —~31.41~ 17 / 34.5 / 34.8 / 35.01 29.81 34.51 31.4 34.01 37.0132.9136.6l 35.5 aa.~/sa.x/3s.st... [4-~-.x9'd 18 / 34.5 [ 34.5 / 35.0 [ 29.5 / 33.5 / 31.4 34.5 [ 34.5 / 32.4 [ 35.0 / 35.5 34.5 / 38.1 [ 35.2[... [_{_30.79tl mo { 35.5[ 34.5[ 33.4{ 29.4[ 33.7[ 31.4 34.01 34.5[ 32.4[ 35.0[ 35.5 34.5[ 38.1[ 35.21... { —{-30.56[I 20 I 34'5 / 34.0 { 33.4 / 29.6 ] 33.2 / 30.9 29.3 / 34.5 [ 32.4 [ 34.9 [ 35.5 33.4 / 38.1 [ 34.5]... [-.[-29.91~, 21 [ 33.4] 33.4 ] 32.4[ 29.7/ 32.4129.3 30.3 1 34.3 / 32.2 / 34.7 ] 35.5 33.4 / 38.3 { 35.5[... [-+.29.48~ 32.9 22 [ 32.4l 324l 31.4l 23.S/ 31.6 1 29.5 3~.3/ 33.5 / 32.41 34.5 [ 34.5 / 38.m t 35.ot... l-+-38.57I~ 23 l+,~ ~, 1+-~;l+7i-~;/+-77~/+-~o/+~ o~ I+~ o;/+ —27~i+7~;1+~, ~ +~,o +~,~ +~,,; —T ~ —-~ ~~ ~ Temperatures noted by spirit stanclarcl S. R~ECORD AND DISCUSSIO'i\ OF TEMIPERATURES. 1 TEMIPERATURE OP THE AIR IN SHADE OBSERVED AT VAN RtENSSELAER HAREBOR, In July 1854, in Lat. 780" 37', Long. 700 53' W. of Greenwich.. Exp3ressed in degrees of Fahren beit's scatle. At magrnetical observatory on Fern Rock Islaznd.' I-our. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4h. 5t h. 6_ fth. 7th, Sth. 9th. 10h. 1.1th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16lh 1h. ~35. 0 I-+390.1 +36.0 +42.6 +39.5 +-430.0 +34.0 +36.0 +32.0.+34.0 +34.0 +34-3.0 +$35.0 +-34.0 +39.0 +(.33.9) 2 35.3 40.1 35.9 42.6 40.0 42.0 34.0 36.5 31.0 32.0 34.0 35.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 (31.3) 3 34.5 41.6 3'7.0 43.6 40.3 40.5 34.0 36.5 31.5 35.0 34.0 35.0 37.0 35.0 37.0 (34-5) 4 34. 5 41.1 36.5 i.44.6i 40.0 40.i5 34.0 35.0 34.0 36.0 34.5 38.0 37.5 35.0O 37.0 (31.7) 5 36i.5 45.6 36i.5 46.6 39.5 40.0 35.0 36.0 34.5 33.0 34.0 36.0 36i.0 35.0 38.5 +f34.0 6 36.0 46.1 37.5 47.6 39.5 40.0 35.0 36.5 35.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 36.0 36.0 38.0 36.2i, 7 36.0 45.6 39.5 43.6 40.0 42.0 35.5 36.0 35.0 34.0 35.5 37.0 36.5 36.8 37.0 36.0 8 36.5 45.1 39.0 44.6 40.0 42.0 86.0 36.0 86.0 3 15.0 37.0 37.o 37.0 38.0 36.6 35.5 9 36.5 1'49.6 39.0 48.6 41.0 41.0 38.0 37.0 37.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 38.0 39.8 37.o 36.0 10 37.2 49.6 38.5 48.6* 41.0 43.0 39.0 37.o 37-0 37.0 37.0 38.0 38.0 44.0 36.5 36.2 11 37.6 4s.4 38.5 48.1 42.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 39.0 39.0 37.5 39.0 38.0 45.0 36.0 36.7 Noon 38.3 48.4 38.0 466 42.0 42.0 37.0 40.0 89.0 39.0 37.5 40.0 38.0 47-0* 35.0 37.0 13 38.6 48.6j 36.5 48.6 39.0 41.0 37.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 38.0 41.0 40.0 48. 0* 37.0 37.0 14 40.6 38.1 39.5 44.6t 38.0 38.0 37.0 36.0 39.0 43.0.38.5 41.0 41.0 49. 0* 38.0 37.0 1 5 41.6i 39.6 37.5 42.6j 31').0 41.0 363.0 38.0 40.0 4o. o 37.0 41.0 42.0 48.0 37.0 36.0 1 1 41.6 36.Ot 36.5 46.6 42.0 40.0 35.0 37.0 37.0 40.0 38.0 4i.o 43.0 45.0 37.0 36.5 17 39.6 39.6 36.5 44.6 41.0 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.0 39.0 39.0 38.0 41.0 45.0 38.0 37.0 1 8 1'39.6 39.9 35.5 45.6B 39.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 36.0 38.0 37.0 37.0 38.0 44.0 39.0 34. s 1 9 42.6 37.5 35.5 43.9 42.0 34.5 36.0 36.0 35.0 37.0 36.0 37.0 37.5 43.0 39.5 33.9 20 42.6 38.5 36~.5 40.1 41.0 35.0 35.5 35.0 36.0 37.0 37.0 36.0 37.0 40.0 38.0 36.2 21 39.6 39.51 42.5 39.1 4i.o 33.0 35.0 35.0 37.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 38.7 36.0 36.4 22 39.6 35.0 37.6~ 37.6 41.0 35.0 34.0 35.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 34.0 36.0 37.5 34.2 35.8 23 41.6 35.9 38.6 39.6 42.0 34.0 33.0 31.0 34.0 34.0 32.0 34. 0 35.5 37.0 33.5 36.0 Midn't +40.6 +~36.5 +339.6 +~40.1 +t41.0 1+35.0 +3~4.0 +-33.0 +-32.0 I-3-35.0 +32.0 +$34.0 j+35.0 +$36.0 1+33.0 1+36.5 Means +38.42 — 41.87 +37-68 +44, 19 -t40.45 -t38.86 +-35.60 ++36..31 +35-71 t36.33 $-35.77 +37.21 +37-75 +4.9/-C.1 -35-75 Hour. 17th. 1801. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. I 2th. 25th. 26th. 27th. I28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. Means. 1h. (+-37.1) (3-35.7) (+35.9) +34.0 +35.0 +41.0 +39.0 +43.0 +-38.0 1+38.0 +38.5 +~35.0 +39.0 +330.0 j+31.0 — C36.65 2 (37.4) (35.6) (35.6) 35.2 36.0 40.0 40.0 43.0 39.0 37.0 38.0 36.5 37.3 33.0 30.0 367 3 (37.9) (35.4) (35.1) 36.0 35.5 39.5 40.0, 44. 5 39.0 36.0 36.8 38.0 36.0 34.0O 29.3 - -~36-77 4 (38.2) (35.3) (31. 7) 36.7 35.5 38.3 39.5 41. 0 39.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 35.0 34. 9 28.0 - -36-77 5 +9.0+3.2 r+33.5 40.5 35.0 38.5 40.0 41.0 37.0 1.35.0 38.0 40.5 35.0 35.0 29.0 1-36.993 6 40.0 33.0 34.0 48.0 35.0 38.5 40.5 41.5 35.5 35.0 38.0 41. 0 37.0 34.0 30.0 -— 37-59 7 41.0 37.0 34. 0 41. 0 36.0 39.5 41.0 41.0 37.0 36.0 38.0 41.5 36.0 35.5 30. 0 — 137-76 8 38.0 36.5 35.o 40.0 37.0 40.0 43.0 43.0 38.0 37.0 38.0 43.5 44.0 37-o 30.0 -'38.43 9 38.2 37.0 35.0 40.0 36.2 40.0 47.0 46.,0 393.0 39.0 39.0 45.0 44.0 37.0 30.0 — C39.42 1 0 37.7 37.0 36.5 39.2 36.0 40.0 51.0 47-o 40.0 40.5 38.0 45.0 44.0 38.0 31.0 — C39.63 11 38.0 36.5 37.0 38.7 35.5 41.0 51.0 46.0 41.o 41.5 38.0 45.0 37.0 38.0 34.0 — d40.00 N~oon 37.0 38.0 37.0 39.0 36.5 41. 0 50.0 42.0 41.0 45. 0 38.0 I46.0 33.0 36.0 37.0 1-40.04 13 36.0 36.0 37.0 38.5 37.0 40.0 48.0 39.0 42.0 44.0 37.0 47.0 34.0 36.0 36.0 1-39.83 14 37.0 38.0 37.5 39.0 37.0 40.0 48.0 4o.2 43.0 40.0 37.5 48.0 35.0 35.0 37.0 139.69 15 35.0 39.0 40.0 40.0 37.0 39.0 49.0 41.0 41.0O 39.0 38.0 46.0 34.0 38.0 37.o -C39.65 16 36.0 39.0 45.0 41.0 38.5 41.0 47.0 43.0 39.0 39.0 36.5 45.0 34.0 36.0 37.0 1-C39.65 17 36.0 39.0 42.0 41.0 39.0 38.0 46.0 39.0 38.0 40.0 36.,5 i.41.0 34.2 38.0 36.0 38.85 is 37.0 38.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 38.5 46.0 38.0 38.0 39.0 36.7 41.5 34.5 39.0 36.1 -— 38.51 19 371.0 38.8 39.0 39.0 39. 5 38.0 44.0 39.0 38.0 38.01 36.0 40. 8 34. 8 41.0 35.5 — C38.24 20 +336.5 37.5 37.5 39.0 40.0 37.0 42.0 39.0 37.0 38.0 35.5 40.5 34.0 38.0 35.0 — C37.67 21 (36.2) 37.4 38.0 39.0 40.0 37.0 41.0 39.0 41.0 36.0 35.0 41.0 34.0 35.0 34.0 — C37.24 22 (36.2) 37. 5 37.0 37.0 39.0 38.2 42' 0 40.0 40.5 36.0 35.7 41.5 33.0 35.0 34.0 — 636.67 23 (36.1~) 37.0 35.0 36.0 39.5 36.5 44.0 40.0 41.0 36.1l 35.8 42.0 39.0 36.0 33.0 1C36.83 Midn't (+36.0) 36.2 +5.0 136.0 1+39.0 +3,7.0 +-45.0 +339.8 1+40.0 +$35.8 1+36.0 +$41.0 1+37.0 1+-36.0 1+32.0 363.94 18 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR, IN SI~IADE OBSERVED AT ~rAN IiENSSELAEIt I-IARIIOIt, In August, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37~, Long. 70~ 53f W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenhcit's scale.'.. Hour. ]st.I 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. f 6th. [ 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. ]lth. [ 12th. 13th. lith. [ ]5th. 16th. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ] o o + 9.0 2 33.0 29.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 36.2 32.0 31.5 36.0 34. 33.0 31.0 31.0 32.2 25.2 3 32.0 29.1 36.0 33.0 32.0 37.0 31.0 32.0 38.0 33.5 34.5 32.0 31.0 28.0 31.2 24.7 4 33.0 29 0 37.0 34.0 33.1 35.0 30.0 32.0 41.0 33.0 35.0 31.0 31.0 28.0 32.2 26.2 5 33.5 31.0 35.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 33.0 32.0 35.0 33.0 34.0 29.0 30.5 28.0 30.7 28.2 34.0 34.0 33.0 37.0 37.0 34.1 35.0 33.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 29.0 30.0 29.0 31.2 30.2 37.0 35.0 32.0 38.0 35.0 34.8 37.0 33.0 36.0 35.0 33.0 29.0 31.0 30.0 31.2 32.2 8 41.0 36.0 32.0 39.01 35.0 34.7 43.0 39.0 37.0 35.0 32.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 31.7 36.2 9 45.0 38.0 34.0 40.0 37.0 34.7 41.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 33.0 32.0 31.0 30.0 31.7 35.2 10 49.0 39.0 35.0 39.5 36.0 35.5 44.0 41.0 39.0 37.0 37.0 33.0 31.0 34.0 32.2 36.2 11 42.0 41.0 35.0 39.0 37.0 36.1 36.0 41.0 40.0 37.5 42.0 32.0 31.0 34.0 33.2 37.2 Noon 41.0 43.0 35.2 39.0 37.0 36.5 33.0 40.0 41.0 39.0 38.0 31.0 31.0 33.0 34.2 38.2 13 37.0 40.0 37.0 38.5 39.0 37.0 35.0 41.0 39.0 40.0 38.0 31.0 31.0 34.0 33.2 37.2 i 14 36.0 39.0 35.0 38.5 40.0 37.0 35.0 42..0 38.0 41.0 37.0 33.0 31.0 36.0 35.2 37.2 15 37.0 40.0 31.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 36.0 41.0 37.0 40.0 37.0 33.0 31.0 33.0 35.2 37.7 16 37.5 37.0 33.0 39.0 39.5 35.0 35.0 41.0 37.0 39.0 36.0 33.0 31.0 32.0 33.2 37.2 17 36.0 35.0 35.0 39.0 ~ 37.0 35.0 33.0 40.0 37.0 38.3 37.0 32.0 31,0 31.0 34.2 37.2 i 18 35.0 34.0 35.0 38.5 37.0 34.8 34.0 39.0 36.0 38.0 38.0 32.0 31.0 31.5 34.2 38.2 i] 19 37.0 38.0 34.7 38.0I 36.5 35.0 35.0 36.0 35.5 37.0 38.0 32.0 31.0 32.0 33.2 33.2 i{ 20 35.0 37.0 34.5 35.0 36.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 34.0 36.0 39.0 32.0 31.0 32.0 33.2 41.2 21 35.0 36.5 32.0 33.0 36.0 35.0 35.0 34.0 35.0 38.0 37.0 32.0 31.0 32.5 32.2 35.2 22 31.7 34.8 33.0 34.0 36.0 34.0 35.0 34.0 34.0 38.0 36.0 31.0 31.'0 32.0 31.2 28.2 23 30.5 33.0 34.0 +34]5 37.0 34.0 32.0 34.0 33.0 39.0 35.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 30.21 28.2 i Midn'ti —~-28.2 -~-32.5 — }-35.0 0 -4-39.0 -}-33.0 -4-33.0 +34.0 -4-33.0 -4-36.0 +34.0 +30.5 -~-31.0 +32.0 -}-29.2 -~-28.2........... Hour. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. Means. t i r 1' -- -------—. —----........ o o o -— "~ —- o ii I+ lb. —}-29.7 ~-28.2 +27.2 -}-33.~ -~-19.2 +28.2 25.2 -]-23.7 -}-26.2 (q-2s.2) (-k23. s)-{-23.2!+31.2 -~-30.2-~-29.22 +19.22 2 30.2 28.2 28.2 31. 8.2 25. 19.2 19. 24.2 26.2 (2s.~) (z4.2) 27.2 31.2 29.2 -~-29.53 ii 3 30.8 29.2 28.2 31 7 28.2 21.2 20.2 19.2 24.2 26.2 (27.9) (23.9) 27.2 31.7 28.2 ~-29.45' 4 31.2 32.2 29.2 32.2 28.2 22.7 20.2 19.2 25.2 26.2 (27.6) (24.1) 27,2 31.2 27.7 — 29.83:i 5 27.2 30.2 28.2 33.2 29.21 21.2 22.2 19.2 27.2 27.2.4_27.2 (23.6) 29.2 31.2 28.2 — 29.69 6 29.2 29.2 26.2 34.2 29.2 23.2 23.2 20.2 28.2 26.2 26.7 (2~.s) 30.2 30.2 29.2 — 30.31 7 29.2 30.2 29.2 33.2 30.2! 25.2 23.2 22.2 28.7 27.2, 26.2 (25.9) 30.2 29.2 30.2 — 30.95 8 30.2 30.2 28.2 32.2 31.2 27.2 23.2 25.2 29.7 i 27.2 26.2 (28.3)! 30.2 28.2 29.2 — 31.941 9 30.2 31.2 28.2 32.2 31.2 30.2 23.2 33.2 30.7'27.2 28.2 10 30.2 -{-31.2 30.2 29.2 31.2,i-33.04 32.2 29.2 31.7 30.7 31.2 23.2 32.2 31.2~ 26.7 29.2 33. 30.7 29.4 31.2 -33.89 11 i 30.5 33.2 30.2 32.2 30.7 ~ 32.2 25.2 31.2 31.2 26.2 30.2 34.2 31.7 30.2 32.2 -3404 l'qoon 33.2 33.7 33.2 34.2 29.2~ 32.2 28.2 31.2 31.2 26.2 31.2 31.2 31.7 31.2 32.2 ~-34.20 13 32.2 35.2 34.2 33.2 28.2 31.2 28.2 32.2 31.7 30.4 32.7 29.2 32.2 (3o.o) 32.7,34.24 14 32.2 35.2 33.2 33.2 29.2 30.2 27.2 32.2 31.7 31.2 30.2 28.2 34.2 (29.9) 32.7 —.34.25 15 34.2 35.2 33.7 32.2 26.2 29.2 26.2 30.2 31.2 30.7 29.2 29.2 33.2 (29.s) 32.7 — 33.84 16 33.2 35.2 ~ 33.7 31.2 27.2 28.2 26.2 28.2 30.7 31.2 29.2 30.2 33.2 (29.3) 30.0-~ -— 33.30 17 32.2 35.2! 34.2 30.7 28.2 26.2 (2,t.~) 31.2 29.2 31.7 30.2 29.2 34.2 (29.94 30.0~ -~-33.01 18 31.2 34.2' 33.2 30.2 29.2 25.2 23.2 31.2 29.2 30.2 29.2 29.7 32.2 (2s.9) (24,.4) -:-32.5~ 19 30.2 34.0 33.2 29.2 28.2 25.2 22.7 31.2 28.2 30.2 29.2 29.2 31.2 (28.9) (92.5).q-32.1 20 30.2 33.2 33.2 28.2 29.2 24.2 23.2 30.2 27.2 (29,9) 27.2 29.2 30.7 (2s.9) (2o.s) -~-31.75 21 29.7 32.2 33.7 27.7 29.2 25.2 22.2 30.2 28.2 (29.6) 26.2 31.2 29.2 29.0~ 22.2 — 31.45 22 29.7 32.2 32.2 27.7 29.2 24.2 22.2 30.2 28.2 (29.2) 25.2 31.2 29.2 29.0~ 21.2 — 30.80 23 30.2 31.7 33.2 28.2 28.2 23.2 21.7 27.2 27.2 (29.0) 25.2 31.2 29.2 29.0~ 21.2 ~-~-30.42 Midn't-q-30.2 I-~29.84 — ] —29.2 — ]-32.2 427.4 — {-27.2 +23.2 +20.2 +24.2 -4-26.2 (+28.6) I-4-25.2 +30.2.-4-29.2 -q-29.0~+20.2 oi+ o.............. as shade thermometer between these dates. Its scale is dividecl from 2 to 2 degrees. Correction by two standards, — 1~.1 and 0~.4; mean adopted, — 0~.8. Mr. Sonntag applied the same correction in the tables, p. 420 of the narrative, vol. it., after Sept. 1st. * Supplied from the dry bulb readings. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 19 TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR IN SHADE OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAER I-IARBOR, In September, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 70~ 53t W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. On. deck Of the brig Advance. Hour, lst. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th.l 7 th Sth. 9 th. loth. 11th. I 12th 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. In~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.2 4- 92 1.2 (3i8 o) 0+ +11i + 3+ lb. -21.2 WS o) +-4-16.2 + 7.2 3.2 + 7.7 +10.2 q-8.2 + 7.2 - 9.2 -9.2 1.5 — 3.8 q- 0.2 +1.2 3.2 2 19.2 016.5) 15.7 8.8 6.2 8.2 8.2 7.7 6.2 9.7 8.2 + 0.7 — 2.8 2.2 +11.2 3.7 3 18.2 +15.2 15.2 8.2 4.2 8.2 7.2 8.7 9.2 9.7 7.2 + 0.2 -2.8 3.2 +11.2 3.2 4 17.2 17.2 15.2 8.2 4.2 8.2 7.2 8.7 9.2 9.7 4.2 - 0.8 — 1.8 3.7 +11.2 5.2 5 17.2 19.2 15.2 10.2 6.2 9.2 8.2 9.2 11.2 10.2 5.2 + 2.2 -2.8 4.2 +12.2 7.2 6 17.7 19.2 15.2 13.2 8.2 10.2 8.2 9.2 12.2 10.2 5.2 + 3.2 -4.8 6.2 +11.2 7.2 7 17.2 20.2 16.2 1.3.2 8.5 14.2 9.2 1'/.2 ]4.7 1 12.2 8.2 _+ 5.2 +1.2 8.2 (+11.5) 7.2 8 21.2 20.2 18.2 16.2 8.7 17.2 8.7 13.2 13.7 15.2 15.2 + 9.2 +6.2 8.2 (+Il.s ) 9.2 9 21.2 21.2 17.2 17.2 10.2 18.2 9.2 15.2 14.2 21.2 17.2 1+10.2 +9.2 9.2 + 12.2 12.2 10 23.2 21.2 17.2 17.2 11.2 19.2 9.2 16.2 15.2 21.2 17.2 +12.2 +9.7 11.2 +12.2 13.2 11 27.2 22.2 17.2 18.2 15.2 21.2 12.2 17.2 16.2 22.2 18.2 +-12.2 +8.7 14.2 +14.2 12.2 Noon 22.2 24.2 19.2 24.2 16.2 22.2 15.2 15.2 19.2 22.2 19.2 +12.2 +9.2 13.2 +15.2 11.2 13 27.2 24.2 17.2 26.2 17.2 21.2 17.2 13.2 18.2 21.2 19.2 +11.2 +9.2 12.2 +16 2 11.2 14 26.2 23.2 18.2 27.2 15.2 20.2 16.2 13.2 19.2 21.2 16.2:+11.2 + 6.2 13.2 +16.2 12.2 15 26.2 22.2 17.7 25.2 12.2 19.7 14.2 13.7 18.2 20.2 14.7 q- 9.2 +6.2 13.2 +16.2 12.2 16 25.2 22.2 17.2 24.2 11.2 17.2 13.2 12.2 17.2 18.2 15.2 - 8.2 +7.2 12.2 +15.2 11.2 17 25.2 21.2 17.2 23.2 10.2 17.2 012.6) 12.2 17.2 17.2 11.2!q 7.2 -9.2 11.2 +12.2 12.2 18 25.2 21.2 1.7.2 20.2 10.2 15.2 (12.0) 11.2 17.2 13.2 7.7 + 4.2 -8.2 11.2 4- 9.2 11.2 19 21.2 20.2 16.2 19.2 10.2 14.2 (11.4) 11.2 17.2 11.2 6.7 + 3.2 q-7.2 11.2 + 7.2 10.2 20 21.2 19.2 13.2 17.2 9.7 11. (lo0s) 11.2 16.2 9.2 5.2 + 3.7 +8.2 11.2 +.5.2 9.2 21 20.2 20.2 13.2 9.2 9.2 11.2 10.2 11.4 15.2 8.2 5.2 I — 0.3 +8.7 12.2 - 0.8 8.2 22 19.2 17.2 9.2 6.2 8.7 11.2 9.2 10.2 15., 6.2 3.2 - 0.8 8.2 12.2 -. 2.8 7.2 23 19.2 17.2 8.2 4.2 8.2 10.2 7.2 8.2 10.7 7.2 2.2 - 1.8 +7-7 12.2 + 1.2 4.7 Midn't +19.2 +U162 q-8.2 i+ 5.2 + 5.2 +10.2 + 8.2 + 8.2 p+10.7 + 7.7 + 2.2 - 2.8 +3.2 +11.7 + 2.2 + 4.7 Means +21.60+19.95- +15.45 +15.39 + 9.57t+14.28 +-10.64+11.54 +14.20 +-13.91 +10.14 + 5.02 -4.78 + 9.49 +10.11 + 8.72 Hour. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. Means. lh. - 2.2 +1.2 q-1.2 — 6.8 +4.7 q-2.2 — 3.3 — 0.8 +-15.2 -412.2 +13.2 + 4.2 + 7.2 — 0.3... 4-6.07 2 q- 4.2 +2.2 +2.2 -6.8 4.2 + 4.2 — 2.3 - 2.8 14.2 15.2 12.2 10.2, 6.2 q- 0.2. - 6. 3 3 q- 4.2 +8.2 +2.2 -5.8 3.2 q- 3.2 — 1.8 q- 0.2 14.2 17.2 11.2 10.2 6.2 17.2... + 7.20 4 q- 3.2 +9.2 +1.2 -5.8 3.2 - 3.2 — 2.8 + 4.2 14.2 15.2 12.2 11.2 7.2 17.2. - 7.32 5 + 3.2 +8.2 +0.7 — 7.3 2.2 q- 1.2 — 0.8 + 1.2 13.2 15.2 11.2 11.2 7.2 16.2... + 7.57 6 + 5.2 +7.2 3-1.2 — 8.8 3.2 + 3.0 +1.2' 3.2 15.2 13.2 11.2 13.2 7.2 15.2 q- 8.08 7 +11.2 q-6.2 i0.8 -4.8 2.2 q- 3.0 q-1.2 + 7.2 15.2 13.2 11.2 11.2 8.7 15.2... q- 9.31 8 +13.2 +9.2 +3.2 — 1.8 1.7 + 7.0 +0.2 - 7.2 14.2 14.2 9.2 10.2 9.2 14.2 +... -10.78 9 +11.2 +6.2 +5.2 -1.8 2.2 q- 9.2 — 0.8 q- 7.2 11.2 15.2 12.2 11.2 11.2 15.2... +11.67 10 +13.2 +3.2 -7.2 -0.8 3.2.- +11.2 — 2.8 - 9.2 13.2 15.2 13.2 11.2 11.2 17.2. 12.38 11.+13.2 (+3.8) -7.2 +0.2 1.2 -13.2 -2.8 - 9.7 13.2 16.2 12.2 12.2 11.2 16.2 +13.19 Noon +13.2 (+4.4). —9.2 (+1.2) 9.2 +11.2 — 1.8 +11.2 13.2 1(6.2 10.2 13.2 10.2 16.2... +13.91 13 -4-14.2 (+5.o) +7.2 (+2.2) 5.2 +12.2 +0.2 +11.2 14.2 16.2 9.2 13.2 13.2 16.2... +14.06 14 +11.2 (q-.6) +6.2 (+3.2) 7.2 +10.2 — 4.8 +11.2 13.2 15.2 8.2 11.2 12.2 16.2 +13.38 15 iq- 7.2 +6.2 +2.2 +4.2 4.2 - 7.2 — 3.8 +12.2 13.2 15.2 7.2 10.2 12.7 16.2...:+12.52 16 + 7.2 +4.2 -1.2 -3.7 5.2 q-4.2 — 4.8 +11.2 12.2 15.2 6.2 11.2' 13.2 16.2 -11.78 17 + 6.2 — 2.3 — 0.8 +3.2 7.2 - 2.2 — 3.8 -11.2 11.2 12.2 6.2 11.2 13.2 17.2 +11.03 18 + 6.2 q-1.2 +3.7 +3.2 6.2 q- 3.2 — 2.8 +12.2 11.2 13.2 5.2 12.2' 12.2 17.2. +10.63 19 4- 0.2 -1.8 — 1.3 +3.2 7.2 2.8 -1.8 -13.2 10.2 13.2 512 10.2 11.2 17.2 + 9.37 -0 - 3.8 t-1.2 — 0.8 t-3,2 6 - [1 13.2 5.2 10.2; 11.2 17. 2... I —9.37 20 -- 3.8 +17.2 — 0.8 +-3.2 6.2 - 2.8 i — 1.8 -413.2 11.2 13.2 4.2 11.2 1 1.2 175.2... q$- 8.82 22 -- 2.8 +8.2 — 3.8 +-4.2 5.7 -- 2.8 ( —`1.4) +t15.2 13.2 13.2 6.2 11 2! 9.2 1..., 4- 7.65 midn't 1- 7.8 +8.2 — 8.8 +-3.2 +4.2 - ~ ( —l o) +-11.2 +-12.2 +-12.2 2.2 - 5.2 -4- 6.2 ~nt-13.2.. -5.93 Means +- 5.12 +t4. 99 +t1.51 -0.38 +4.60 / —1.88 -Is+ 8.64 113.08 +14.33 8.X74 t10.53 ~1~_~+ 9.78 —4.5. SepL. 30th. First part of the day, wind blowing in heavy squalls. %O. ~RECORD AND DISCUS~SION OF TEMPERATUIRES. TEMPERAtTURtE= F TH-E At~a XN SHA~r OBSEi~VED AT'VAN I~~ENiSSELAEi~ ~-IAIBO!~ in October, 185i4, in L;at. 78~ 37~, Long.'O 70~53t W. of G~reenwich. Expressed in deg~rees of Fahrenheit's scale. On deckr of the brig ~Advance. Hour. 3 d. th:.. 5t. 6th. 77. _ 8B~ th. 9 th/ Pf._ 10th~.llth. X~lth.,_ 13th._ ]4th._ 15lb. 16th. 2 1 14, 4, 2 1.7 21.2 18.2!-413.2 -— 0.8 I +7.2]88 2~'. -35 -~051-60~85 1. 3 15.2 9.2 16.2 22.2 17.2 +1 ~. 8 ] 3.2 18I -32 7.8 f. 65 I —3.5 / —0.5 j — 6.0 -4- 10.5 4 3. 9.2 16.2 22.2 1. 1. -. -.. 4 1 5 - 2 5 ~ 0 5 1- 6 8 ~ 4 9 7. 5 14.2.2; 182 21.2 17.2 +-13.a — ].s /+-3.2I 7.sl258 s 65-sl5$. - 65I-45 1. 8 13.2 0.2 192 22.2 19.2 +0.2 -38 1 +47 14.8 24.8 2G.5 t —40- l —.5 / —15. l+ lo.5 ~~~~~~16 1.2 107 212.2 9 t1. -. -. 1 2 1 +. 5. $ 5 5 11 14.2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 9.1 12 2. 02+14.71 —2.8 t+3.2I 7.8I 24.8 I35 +...,. Noon i 15.2 10.2 ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~217 2.5 9 t- 22 —. 08 2 3 12. -'5 /-F 70. 5 / —6.8 14- 11 14 13.2 12.2 23.2 23.219.2 +113.2 / — 4.8 I —[-.2I 7.8 [25.8I 26.5 -t-2.5 /'4-0.t — 6.5 I"-' 1.3 5 17 j 9.2 17.2 21. 17.2 1.2 + 9. ~ I-a -3./ 78 2. 40+a. -1.2 - xo.5 s l. 25.3 18 8. 16. 1C3. 16. 1~.2 + 4. -~-02 —.8 188 258 -,2.5 /-2.o / —~.5 1-]2.5 I+ ]. 9 S9 9. 1012 18 19.2 1. t. 12 -.8 2. 68 1. -. -35~35/-75 1. 20 9.2 Is~a 20.2 17 / 19.2 -4-102 -0.I — 3 6.8 [. + 4.7/ 14. -.81 -2. 4.8 I0 1. 21 9.2 15.2 21.2 1~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~8.5 j72~12 -08 -8. 38 2, 00 — 1.0 l —11.5 / —1g -.5 H ". 22 ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ 19 1.2 +10 0. 1. 2 - I — 4. -. 2.8 2.8 q00 -2.2 }.5+ 115.8 I8, Midn't/+ 6.2 3-14.2 +21.2 +~~~~ ~ ~ ~~10.5 +1. q- 1 +1. 8 -23 29 1 5 -.5 l —38.5 i-12.5 l-I- 8 -17. 1o~~~~~~~~~~~~~4h /~~ lO.7, I7h 21.229h,1 I 23a.2_Ma~ Hour, 17th, 1Sth I nr~19.~ 1+Sth 1o.2M a / —.s 3 Ih.. ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~14.8 I ]4. -4 -. 15(-62 -07 3F 40.5 14-34.5 / —9.5 q-~ 1. 5 14.0- 8S 6 13.5 7.9~ ~ ~ 2.0. 2 l+r. 13. 2 4 / - - 2. 1. 2. 7.3 1+4.2/ 13.8I 22. - 8/ 7 11.5 7.5 6.5 1~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~3.512.4 1.-3.3 l —4.5 2511. 3. 70 2, -18 1.5 I —'~ Ico /35 125 5 0'20 /05 1. 213 9 2.0 7. /4, 23'23, 8. 11 14, 5 8.5 10.0~ ~ 19.2. I'4 2 2.2 /. -5.8 t —0 3. 8 /(. 0011. 3 Noon 14~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~1. 8. I. 23.8 / 12.5 I, io 1 +3.3 } —.0 l —519.5 l —200 220 —81 15~~~~~~ ~ ~~ 19.2 I-4.2. 1. ] —. 8. I-+1. 5 2 4. ]. 134.8 1 23.8 180 —83 16 19.5 14. 9 3.5 19.0 18.5 9.5 13.0 3.0 12.5 I +20 4. 5 O-7.0 I —, 4.O 19.8 [ —4 1 8 1 8 5 1 7 4 5 1 1 5 1 8 51[. 12.0. 3 2 4 I 23. 0 I 33. 0 9 0 2. 23 2. - 9 2 19~~~~~ ~~ 20;5 1..7 1. 2 I+. 31.2/-2.1 —. 8 38 22./ 213. 5 / +4. 5 29.0 1 —1.5 l — 7, 2. 15'507 21 15.5 18.5. 2 I 20 1 7.2 }3. 230.7 l+. a4.5 / —.a I —.8 /0. 25.sl 2s.8/-1 I*.n. ) —15.44 11,811 — 7.18 — 7-8 I 1.59 /-193 +-12.7 - i —11 -.0 2 5 Jq-.12-Gj 1 —2 8 -a. 2L23 B1 18a foent 16. Ietabv 19e-ln.2 Fr 16 oprsn duc h reti $2.2. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TElMPERATURE S,, 21 TEMPERAT-URE OF THE AIR IN SHADE OBSERVED AT VAN RE NSSELAER IE B ARBOR, in -November, 1854, in Lat. 786 37~', Long. 70 i3' W. of Gireenwich. Expressed in degrrees of Fahrenheit's scale. On deckr of the brig Adv~ance. Hour. 1st. 2d. 3d, 4tb, 5th. 6th. 7th, St. 9h lt.1th. 12th, 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 1h. — 30.5 -37.7 -24.0............ 12.0 -20.5 -20.5 -28.5 -31.0 — 32.0 2 31.0 35.5 27.0...[...... 12.5 210 20.0 28.0 32.0 29.0B 3 29.0 35.5 26.5...2...8...,o.. 12.0 22 0 o 10 28 31.0 29Mo 4 30.0 35.5 26.5................ 13.0 22.6 21.0 30.0 32.0 28.0 5 31.0 36.5 26.0.................. 13.0 21.0 21.1 28.0 33.3 37.0 6 31.0 38.0 26.2................... 13.0 19.0 21.4 29.0 34,3 I 7,5 73 30.0 1 33.0 26.7...[...... 12.8 21.0 19.8 27.0 34.4 33.0 8 32.0 31.5 25.0.......... 1 9.3 21.5 23,9 25,5 35.3, 33,5 9 24.0 32.0 31.0...I......... 21.5 16.6 23.0 25.5 84.0 34,8 10 27.0'33.0 30.0...[........ 22.0 17.5 22.1 22.5 36.0 [5.0 11 19.0 31.0 27.0...I............ 19.0 16.5 25.5 25.5 35.5 35.0 Noon 18.5 31.0 23.5......I......... 20.5' 14.5 26,0 26,0 33.5 35 0 13 18 24.0 2640...I............... 22.0 14.6 24.0 27.0 37 0 36,0 14 [ 18.0 24 5 28.0...]...... 22.0 15.0 24.5 27.0 38.0 37.0 15 1 8.5 27.0 30.0............... 21.5 17.0 25.0 i27.0 38.5 37.0 [6 18.5 29.5 25.0............ 21.8 18.0 26.0 26.0 39.0 I37~5 17 23.0 30.5 30.0...[............... 22.0 158] 28.0 26.4 38.0 36,0 18 25.0 29.0 32.0...{......... 23.0 13.5 29.0 27.2 38.0 36,4 19 29.2 31.0 34.0[............... 21.5 15.5 24.3 28.7 39.0 38.0 20 31.0 30.5 35.5.............. 22.0 16.0 26.0 30.0 37.0 38,2 21 32.0 33.0 36.5...[............... 21.0 16.0 27.0 32.0 37M0 39.0 22 30.0 34.0 37.0............. 21.0 15.0 126.5 32'5 37'0 38.0 23 35.0 36.0 38.0...... 21.0 15.0 25.0 33.0 34.0I 40.0 Midn't]-36.0 -35.0 -39.0...... -20.0 26.0 -32.0 -33.0 40.0 Means -26.9732.26 — 29-'7i2 -28.35 -26.98 -2.61 -4.23 — 22.86 -21.48 -20.111-18-73 -17.57 23.94 28.01 -35]33 -35.50 Hour. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th. 26t~h. 27th. 28th. 29th 30t. Me s. eans 1 -38.5 — o31.0 5.5 o6.5 9.0 16.0 3.5 +7-0 0.0 5.7 -11.8 -18.0 -23.3 - 36.8 18-93 -19. 90 2 39.0 33.0 6.0-2 - 3.0 10.0 14.0 -2.0 +6.5 6.7 15.0 19.9 23.3 35.7 -19.09 -20.03 3 41.0 33.0 7.0 1- 2.- 12.0 14.3 — 3.0 2 3.0 1.5 6.7 17.5 21.5 21-7 35.1 — 19.36 -520.28 4 41.5 31.0 6.0 1- 2.0 13.0 14. 5 -3.5 +3-0 2.0 8.8 17.9 20.5 20.5 35.2 — 19-65 -20.54 5 41.0 (28.18) 10.3 - 2.0 15.8 12.0 2.0 0.0 3.5 1t0.4 19.3 24.4 20.5 35.7 -a20.55 m2135 6 4o,.0 (26.6) 10.6 -, 1.0 15.50 11.0 -2.0 +1.10 4.o 13. 5 22.9 24.4 21. 3.3 — 20-80 — 21.62 7 38.0 24.5 15.5 + 1.0 [5.0 12.0 -5.0 0.0 4.o 9.9 23.5 25.4 26.4 38.8 — 20.643-21.41 8 36.0 24.0 17.0 + 1.0 17.0 12.0 — 7.0 — 4.0 3.0 13.0.22.0 25.6 23.8 40.1 — 21.35 -22.05 9 36.0 25.0 t 18.0 0.0 17.5 11.5 -6.0 -1.5 5.0 11.8 21.5 25.6 24. 9 40.8 -21.20 — 21.90 10 35.0 24. 5 19.0 + 2.0 18.5 9.8 — 7.0 — 1.5 5.8 12.0 21.0 25.8 26.4 41.8 -21.36 -22.01 11 35.5 13.5 15.0 --- 0.3 19.0 9.5 -3.3 -11,5 6.3 12.0 19.8 24. 9 24.9 39.7 — 19-97 f 20, 77 Noon 34.0 5.0 1.5.1 1- 2.3 21.0 9.5 -4, 7 -11.0 6.8t 15.5 19.5 24.4~ 26.4 37.8! —19.63 -20.48 13 36.0 4.o0 15.0 --- 0.7 24. 0 D. -.0 -0.5 8.0 17.0 18.9 24. 4 30.4 43.2 -20.16 -20.98 1,4 34.0 3.5 17.5 - 1.0 24.0 8.8 2.0 -0. 5 7.5 17.0 19.5 25.8 31.5 39.7 /20.27 -21.09 5 32.0 3.5 19.0 - 1.5 23.0 -.0 -4.0 0.0 9.4 15.5 19.3 25.4 35.8 38.8 — 20.33 —21.14 1 6 125.0 4.o 21.4 i — 2.0 1 19.0 S. 0 +2.0 0.0 14. 3 15.5 19.4 25.5 41.9 39.7 — 20.378 —21.58 17 25.0 2.1 22.0 - 2.0 16.0 7.0 9,.0 -2.0 14.5 17.5 19.0 24.7 43.2 41.6 -21.10 -21.90 1 8 24.0 4.o 23.0 5- 4.0 216.0 7.6 +2.0 +1.0 14.5 17.0 19.3 27.7 43.7 42.1 -521.43-22.23 I9 25.5 4.5 15.0 - 5.0 16.0 7.4 +5.0 +1-0 11.4 16.5 19.5 28.4 45.6 45.6 -21.55 -22.39 20 26.0 5.0 160-7.0 19.0 6.0 +6.0 +1.0 9.9 11.4 19.7 29.1 47.9 39.7 — 21.56 - 22.433 21, 34.0 4.7 1E8.0 - 6.5 19.7 6.0 + 5-.o0 +0.5 11.4 11.4 19.2 26.9 047.3 39.3 22.287123.10 22 32.0 4.i 16.3 - 7.3 19.0 6.7 +5-0 0.0 9.1 10.9 19.5 23.3 43.2 37.8 -21.53 22.40 23 34.0 4.0 S.0 /- S. 20.5 7.0 +5.4 -.0 7.4 14-5 19.5 23.3 38.8 37.9 -21.55 — 22.42 Midn't. 34.0 — 4.0 6.0 I.0 I.0 -0.5 1 5.6 - 23.8 7401 Means 1 34 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~-. 04 — 14.51 54.0II 191. [2.50- 2.5/ -.6t $-.24~.9a /-127 40.44-2.6-3.319.8I[-olo 1 them~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. — 21.36dleofh — 22h.01 Ira 35ltcut.5 ]o 13t.5 — 3 o ra h yp tno.3 [o 24t.9 [pri 3 9. 71an ogete hrmmtronsoe ad Necra tnadon oad rkn [y 3 4.0 nih' 5al.0 — 4.7 291.0 6.8f[r 15.5e t 1942.5; i.4me!t 26.4it /t -378 22 RECOlRD AND- DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR IN SHADE OBSERVED AT V'AN RENSSELAER I~ARBOR, in December, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37l, Long. 70~ 53t W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. On deck of the brig Advance. Hour. Ist. 2d. 3d 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12tb. 13th. 10. 15h 6h o o o o. o o o o o o o o o lb. -35.7 — 22.4 — 35.7 -32.6 -40.8 -39.7 ( —4s.6) ( —43.2) (-44.8) (-41.7) (-26s) ( —52.8) ( —49.4) -46.3 -47.9 -37.2 2 34.7 30.4 34.7 33.8 41.9 38.8 (41.7) (42.6) (44.0) (41.s) (27.1) 51.6) — 50.4 43.2 47.2 37.3 3 43,2 29,5 35.7 32.6 41.9 40.8 — 34.8 (2.2o) — 43.2 -41.9 -27.4 — 50.4 50.4 45.0 48.0 39.7 4 43.2 28.0 34.3 32.6 39.9 41.9 38,8 (41.4) 41.9 42.5 28.4 46.8 52.9 47.0 48.8 50.7 5 41.9 26.9 32.6 36.2 39.2 42.5 40.8 -4f.8 (42.8) (42.0) 27.4 41.8 51.6 47.9 48.2 42.3 6 39.7 26.8 31.5 34.2 37.8 42.6 41.9 41.8 (43,6) (41.4) 29.5 40.0 45.0 47.3 48.0 41.8 I 5 43.7 34.8 29.0 35.8 44.4 42.8 41.4 41.2 44.5 40.8 25.9 31.9 37.8 46.1 51.6 45.6 8 44.5 35.7 27.3 36.8 38.2 43.2 41.6 43.2 43.8 38.7 25.6 31.5 38.2 46.1 49.4 45.0 9 43.2 29.5 22.4 35.8 37.2 41.9 38.8 45.9 42.7 41.1 29.1 32.5 39.0 49.1 47.9 49.3 10 41.9 29.5 20.5 34.8 37.3 39.0 40.8 44.6 42.8 41.3 29.5 31.0 38.8 49.5 47.9 50.4 11 40.8 30.0 23.3 37.5 35.8 38.8 39.3 43.2 40.8 40.0 32.0 27.9 37.8 51.2 48.6 46.8 Noon 39.3 31.5 20.0 35.8 33.1 43.7 40.5 43.2 39.0 39.7 35.1 26.9 35.0 52.4 47.9 46.0 13 43.2 35.7 15.5 35.8 32.6 44.7 40.8 42.3 38,3 39.7 37.8 28.4 35.7 53.3 46.8 46.8 14 43.2 33.8 17.0 36.8 32.6 45.6 42.5 41.3 41.9.37.5 39.1 28.7 37.8 52.9 46.4 47.5 15 36.8 41.3 18.7 37.2 31.5 45.0 43.4 40.3 (42,5) 37.3 40.8 28.7 37.2 50.0 47.3 47.6 16 32.5 41.9 18.5 37.8 30.5 44.4 44.2 34.8 (43.1) 37.6 48.4 30.8 37.8 50. 4 i 1I4 47.3 17 32.5 41.9 19.5 39.0 29.7 43.6 44.5 31.1 43.7 38.0 49.1 30.8 38.1 51.6 40.2 47.3 18 33,2 43.2 20.0 35.2 29.5 45.1 44.0 29.2 44.6 32.0 49.1 31.5 38.3 52.1 39.7 45.2 19 33.5 42.5 20.5 36,8 30.5 44.5 44.1 34.5 41.9 36.8 50.7 31.8 3, ]9 A. 51.6 44.5 45).6 20 29.0 38.5 19.5 38.6 31.5 44.5 — 46.2 37.8 43.2 37.1 53.2 37.8 39.3 48.2 -50.8 45.9 21 26.1 37.8 29.0 38.3 31.8 44.5 (45.6) 40.2 41.2 27.7 56.2 42.5 52.1 46.0 (48.1) 45.6 22 21.5 36.2 32.6 38.1 32.5 44.8 (45.0) 42.3 -41.3 -25.9 -56.4 — 46.3 46.5 42.5 (45.4) 45.1 23 i7.5 37.6 32.8 40.2 35.8 51.8 (44.4) 43.2 (11.4) (26 2) (55.2) (47.3) 40.3 41.3 (42.7) 39.7 Midn't — 16.7 — 35.7 — 32.8 — 39.7 — 38.0 — 55.5 ( —43.8) — 45.6 ( —41.5) ( —26.5) ( —54.O) (-4-8.4) -39.7 -43.2 ( —40.0) -38.8 Means — 35.731-34.42 —25.98-43.733-42.4014-40.604065 —42.44 —37.30-1-38.91 1-37.42 4203 48091-44-77 — ~2.4 -3,30 —38.1 i-3742 —42.03; —~48.09; —-46.45]4.7 Hour. 17th. I Sth. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 21th. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29tti. 30th. 31st. Means. 1h. -36.8 -38.1 - 8.9 — 19.7 -25.9 -19.7 - -47.2 (49-0) -54.4 — 47.9 -47.9 — 29.0 -34.8 -18.5 -43.2 -37.63 2 33.8 38.8 12.5 20.0 24.4 18.1 47.6 — 48.3 (5o.6) 47.9 48.2 28.5 34.2 19.7 44.5 -37.36 3 29.5 40.8 13.0 24.8 23.8 18.0 (48.1) 50.4 46.8 46.1 47.9 28.2 35.8 20.5 44.8 -37.58 4 25.4 39.7 12.2 25.0 22.9 18.8 48.7 54.4 46.6 46.3 47.9 29.0 - 38.3 21.5 43.2 -38.03 5 29.4 35.3 11.0 24.3 22.4 22.4 49.4 51.6 47.5 44.8 47.6 26.4 37.8 19.5 40.1 —37.24 6 31.8 39.7 17.0 24.0 23.3 26A4 48.3 49.1 41.9 40.8 48.1 24.6 38.1 16.8 37.1 -36.77 7 43.9 40.9 12.0 23.0 23.3 37.8 51.6 46.8 39.7 39.7 47.9 22.4 38.8 15.0 32.6 — 37.18 8 44.5 40,8 20.0 26.3 23.3 37.8 52.9 47.1 35.1 39.1 48.6 21.7 38.0 14.5 29.6 -37.04 9 42.6 24.1 22 2 23.0 22.9 41.8 52.9 47.3 33.1 38.3 45.6 21.4 37.3 14.0 26.3 -36.07 10 42.5 23.3 25.0 23.5 22.6 41.3 53.1 48.1 32.6 39.0 43.7 20.8 31.0 14.5 25.4 -35.68 11 42. 21.6 25.3 22.7 6 43.2 5.9 49.1 29.5 39.7 42.5 20.5 27.4 24.0 35.25 Noon 43.5 14.5 24.5 23.3 19.8 42.5 55.2 49.7 29.2 44.5 41.8 19.0 20.0 18.0 23.8 -34-79 13 46.2 14.0 23.3 34. 0 17.5 41.8 52.9 49.1 29.2 44.5 42.3 19.5 20.4 19.5 23.4 -35.32 14 47.1 9.8 24.0 35.3 13.8 43.5 54.6 50.4 30.5 43.5 43.2 17.0 22.6i 22.4 23.7 — 35.84 15 47.9 7.0 25.5 34.8 11.4 41.8 54.5 51.0 33.2 45.6 42.3 15.8 24.9 28.9 22.8 -35.90 16 47.4 7.4 26.6 35.5 13.0 42.3 51.8 51.6 35.2 47.9 40.8 14.5 26.4 38.1 21.4 —36.17 17 45.6 8.0 26.2 35.7 14.1 43.7 50.7 54.0 35.1 48.3 41.1 17.4 23.3 41.6 22.7 —36.39 18 48.1 8.5 27.5 35.9 15.9 43.7 49.7 54.8 36.6 47.9 46.8 15.5 23.6 40.8 23.3 -36.48 19 45.6 9.4 27.0 35.8 18.5 45.0 51.0 58.3 40.2 47.3 34.8 19.5 22.4 42.5 23.6 -37.09 20 42.5 10.4 27.5 36.0 18.5 45.6 49.6 57.3 41.3 46.8 32.6 20.0 21.0 45.6 22.7 -37.05 21 43.2 11.6- (27.4) 37.0 (23.0) 45.A (50.5) 56. 9 43.4 46.3 31.5 22.4 19.5 45. 6 22.4 — 38.03 22 45.9 — 12.7 ('27.2) 34.8 27.4 45.6 51.3 59.1 43.7 45.8 29.0 22.8I 17.5 45.6 24.4 -38.23 23 47.0 0L14) (27.1) 31.7 25.4 46.2 50.4 59.9 45.6 45.6 25.4 i32. 6 17. 5 46.8 26.4 — 37.95 Mi~~n'tl 44.5 - 26.0 - 26.9 -~ —21.9 4i - 539 -4. — 46.7 — 28s.5 1-36 — ~17.9 — 4.8 — 26.4 — 37.,84 Means — 41.55 — 21.58 — 21.66 — 28.88 -2069 — 37.4.5 — 51.03 — 52.22 -3.51 — 44.60 — 41.50 2.9 — 27.85 --— ~05 1 —29.08 -67 Dec. 19th. From 3h. to 20h., the readings were supplied from thermomueter A.;Dec. 20th. From lb. to 14h, the readings were supplied from thermomreter A. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 93 TEMPERATUItE OF TIIE AIIt IN SHADE OBSERVED AT'V'AN l:~ENSSELAEIt HARBOR, In January, 1855, in Lat. 78~ 37~', Long. 70~ 53~' W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit~s scale. On. deck of the brig Advance.....': o o o — 44.9 ].....',~. -25.a I-a5.6 L-3s.~/-39.~ I(-~.~)I~-~"~ I(-~.~) o I — 65.5* ] —55.8 1 —40.8 — 41.3 — 36.8 — 31.5 2 25.4t 43.7 I 37.8 I 39.4 1 —48.3 I (3~.6) [ (o~.~) 64.5 ] 55.5 I 42.8 43.2 45.6 37.3 I 35.1 ~] 3 25.7 I 42.3 / 37.1 / 40.4 ] 48.5 1 —34.8 1 —52.9 65.0 I 55.9l 43.2 42.5 ] 47.1 35.8 ] 34.1 4 26.4 ] 43.2'rl 37.3 ] 41.8 / 48.7 I 34.2 ] 54.8! 64.5 ] 55.9 ] 41.8 42.3 I 47.9 35.8 ] 34.8 5 26.9 ] 43.71[ 36.8 [ 43.7 ] 491 I 35.2 ] 51.6 63.7 ] 55.5 ] 39.8 40.8I 48.3 36.1 [ 35.1 ] 6 29.0/ 45.6t~ 37.1 / 44.81 48.31 38.1 I 50.0 62.9 / 57'6/ 39.0 39.0I 49.1 35.3 I 35.3 ] 7 so.~ I 47.9 t s7.a / 46.8 [ 47.9 I 4a.7 / 47.s es.1 / ~8.7 [ s9.2 s4.8 I 50.4 ss.8 / s5.8 11 8 22.7 / 47-6 / 36.8 [ 46.6 I 44.5 I 43.2 [ 50.4 58.3 ] 58.3/ 35.7 30.0 I 49.7 37.1 t 38.3 [! 9 34.1 / 48.8 / 36.3 [ 49.4I 42.3 / 43.2 [ 50.7 56.2I 56.0I 35.2 24.4I 47.9 30.5 ] 41.4 10 34.8 [ 47.1 [ 35.7 [ 49.6 ] 43.5 [ 45.0 [ 51.1 55.5 [ 56.9 ] 35.0 23.4 I 45.6 31.0 ] 39.7 11 36.3 / 47.3 / 35.7 / 51.3 t 423 / 49.9 / 50.9 55.8 I 57.5 / 34.8 21.5 [ 43.2 31.5 [ 39.3 H loon 37.1 t 42.5/ 36.8 / 49.6 / 41.8 / 54.6 [ 50.4 55.8 ] 57.7/ 35.1 18.5/ 41.8 30.51 36.7 13 37.5[ 43.2i[ 37.1[ 48.3[ 39.2[ 54.8[ 50.4 I 55.5[ 56.9] 34.8 21.5[ 41.8 30.0[ (35.5) 14 38.3I 43.5]'{ 37.8/ 48.1L 38.8[ 54.6/ 51.0 t 55.5[ 56.6L 35.1 27.3/ 41.8 29.5 ] (3i.4)I 15 38.8 ] 43.71! 38.0 ] 46.8/ 38.3 ] 55.5 [ 51.6 [ 54.8 ] 54.8 [ 35.7 32.9/ 41.1 31.8 ] (33.2)R 16 39.2/ 44.5f1 38.3/ 47.1I 37.8/ 56.1I 52.9 / 54.6/ 54.2/ 36.8 36.3/ 40.8 32.6 / (32.~) 17 38.8[ 44.5[ 39.2[ 45.6] 36.0[ 56.2[ 53.5 [ 54.2[ 51.6I 37.1 38.9[ 41.8 33.01 (3o.9) 18'38.1/ 46.5/ 39.71 45.0/ 35.7l 58.5/ 56.9 I 55.0/ 48.5/ 37.8 39.7/ 42.5 32.0 / (29-8)] 19 34.8 / 43"2f1 40.7 t 45.0 / 35.2 / 58.3 / 61.4 I 56.2 / 49.9 [ 38.8 41.0 / 40. s 31.5 / 28.7 ] 20 35.1] 41.3t[ 41.0/ 46.2[ 32.6[ 56.2[ 61.6 [ 53.5 [ 51.5[ 39.2 43.2[ 40.8 32.0[ 28.5 21 34.0/ 40.8| 40.8/ 48,1/ 3'~.,i / 56.9/ 64.4152.9/ 49.7/ 37.8 43.2/ 46.0 (31.9)/ 28.0 ] 22 34.8] 41.1[ 40.8/ 46.2[ 34.8 [ (ai.9) ] 64.3 [ 53.5[ 47.4/ 39.7 ira.s) [ 27.9 ] 23 44.5[ 34.8 — 19!3 40.1 39.2 [ 40.8/ 46.8/ 34.6 [ 52.9/ 64.4 t 53.8/ 43.2 [ 40.2 44.5/ 31.0 (31.7) { 37.7 Midnt__46.0 ]__39.0 1__39.7 /__47.0 1__34.2 [__51.0 1__65.3 [__55.1 [__40.0_[__40.8 ( —me) ( —351) __44.5 ]__27.8 o [ o lb. — 36.3 —26.4 —35. — 24.4...... — 36.13 —28.28 o[ i o......... o o — 23.3 —25.9 —18.~ 36.4 27.9 34.0122.41 -.. I -" I —36'27 —28'4o I 18.5 t 26.~ ~o. i xv.5 i ~3.5 27.4l 33.81 31.5 33. 121.4/... I... I —36'34 —28-44 4 t ~_9.5 i ~3.3 25. / 33.81 3'40 33.~... [ —36.44 I 2~.,i t... I -28.47 I (19.7) [ (23.7) (26.~i)I (33.2) 1 (33.0) (32.3)I 20.5/... ]...... [ —36.30 —28.41 [ (19.8) [ (2~.0) (27.,))[ (32.5) [ (33.9) (32:)) [ 20.5]... [ [... [ —36.49 —28.64 [ 20.0 ] 24.4 (27.~) ] (31.9)] (3i.9) (31.,5)] 20.0]... [ [... [ —36.77 —28.85 { 20.5 I 22.9 (as.,)) [ (m.2)I (35.8) (31')) I 19.5 /..- [ I -.. 1 —35.95 —27.98 ] 22.4 ] 21.4 30.5 I 36.8 30. [ 18.5 ]... [ ]... [ —35.72 —27.76 10 28.~ tI 3~.51 [... [ —35.35 —27.37 ] 21.5 I 21.9 28. 36.8 31. I 17.5 t..-I 11 I 23.3[ 22.4 28. 128.4136.8 32.5115.5I... I I'" 1 —34'55 —26'59 N(,on [ 23.8 ] 23.3 27. 37.6 33. / 27.91 I 13'5t... I I... 1 —33.96 —25.98 13 [ (92.8) / (23.o) (~'z.' [ (27. i) ] (38.2)... — 25.79 I —33.88 14 [ (2].8) [ (g2. s) 34. I 12.5 [... I (~8.,))) (ass) I ]].ol... I I'" I —34'03 —25-92 [ (269) [ 33. 15 ] (2o.7) I (22~) (2s.:l) (2~) ] (3~.~) 34.8 8.6... ]... ] —34.23 —26.09 16 ] (19.7)] (21.8) (25.'0 (25.9)[ (40.1)33. [ 7.4['" ]... ] —34.48 — 26.32 ~7 i:t8.o i m.~: 29. 25.4 I 40.8 8 ( —6.3) ]... ] —34.44 —26.32 -~8 I ]v.5 I 2~.0 34.... 29.0 24.9 [ 41.4 33.8 t ( —5.~)[... [ [... [ —34.77 —26.68 19 / 16.5 ] (2s.6) (~o.~) (2o.~)/ (4o.o) (3~'~) { ( —~'~)1'" I t'" 1 —34.33 —26.16 20 I 17.3 / (23.2) (3~.,i) (2s.3)/ (39.6) (m.~) ] ( —3.o) ]... I I --- / —34.75 —26.61 21 / 09.o) ] (23.s) (32.0 (25.5)/ (3s.?) 30.0 I ( —L9) / -.. I I'" 1 —35.08 —26.94 22 ] (20.7) ] 24.4 (33.0 (25.7) ] (37.8) 28. / ( —o.s) ]... [ ]... 1 —34.82 —26.72 23 [ (2~.4) ] 26.7 (3tO (~6.o)[ (3s.8) 27.2l(+o.3)I... ].... ]... [ —35.61 —27.55 / / [ Midn' ( —e,4.1) — 25.4 ( —a~.:9 ( —262) ( —35.~, 26.9 I(+~)r "/ I "' oal { l ~. ~27.23 Lowes~ temperature observed ~his win~er. ~ Readings supplied from ~hermome~er C. $ Blowing h~rd between 10h. and 12h. on Jan. 13th. refer the diurnM variation and the means to the middle of the month. 24 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. The following is an example (of a somewhat extreme case) of the method of interpolation adopted in the preceding abstract. Required, tile hourly temperatures between, 1854, April 2d, 20h', and April 3d, 13h'. The monthly means of each hour (omitting the observations on the 2d and 3d) were first conpjred with their monthly mean, when the mean diurnal variation (for the 15th of the month) became known. In like manner, the variation for the preceding month was obtained; and then, by a simple interpolation, the mean diurnal variation for the time between the 2d and 3d was found. Let v1 v2 v3 v4 — — v2 equal the hourly values of the diurnal variation, t equal the mean temperature, and T resulting or interpolated temperatures; then T= t+ vF, where p a factor depending principally on the transparency of the atmosphere. To find the hourly values of t and p for the above interval, we select a convenient number of consecutive observations before andafter the interval, which, in the present case, gives the equationsApril 2, 15h. -21.2 = t +3.7 p April 3, 13h. — 26.9 = t +3.4 p 16 -22.3 = t + 3.2 p 14 — 26.5 = t +4.0 p 17 -23.0 = t +2.8 p 15 -24.0 = t +3.7 p -8 — 25.0 - t +2.1 p 16 -25.8 = t +3.2 p 19 -28.0 = t +1.1 p 17 — 29.0 = t +2.8 p 20 — 27.0 = t +0 2p 18: — 30.4 = t + 2.1 p Mean 24.4 = t +2.2 p — 27.1 = t +3.2p And from comparison t -29.1 } ifor 17-h p = 3.038 for 15h. With each equation p 2.14 2 a 3.03 Hence, hourly variation in t — 0~.35, and in p — 0~.04. The above sets of equations were then corrected for this hourly change of t and p, when the following corrected results were obtained:t --— 27.9 t =- 33.2 = 1.60 p 1.90 These values? when substituted in the equations, leave the following residuals: — In first set -0.1 -0.1 q-0.2 -0.3 -1.3 -1.5 Prob. error of each -+-0~.6 In second set -1.1 -1.5 +2.0 +1.5 -0.5 -0.3 " " +1.0 The true hourly variation in t becomes -0~.24 it " p "' — 0.01. The following table contains the interpolated values of t and p, and the resulting hourly temperatures for the interval. 1854 t t P T 1854 t v P T April 2, 21h. -28~.7 — 0~.7 1~.65 -29~.9 April 3, 5h. -30~.6 =2~.9 10.75 -35~.6 22 — 29.0 -1.6 1.66 — 31.7 6 — 30.9 2.4 1.77 -35.2 23 — 29.2 — 2.1 1.68 — 32.8 7 — 31.1 1.6.79 — 33.9 24 — 29.5 — 2.8 1.69 — 34.2 8 — 31.3 — 0.7 1.80 _32.6 April 3, 1 — 29.7 -3.4 1.70 -35.5 9 — 31.6 -{-0.7 1.82 — 30.3 2 — 29.9 — 3.4 1.72 — 35.8 10 — 31.8 — 1.5 1.83 — 29.1 3 — 30.2 — 3.6 1.73 — 36.4 11 — 32.0 +-2.4 1.85 — 27.6 4 — 30.4 — 3.4 1.74 -— 36.3 12 -32.3 — 3.0 1.86 -26.7 Which values in the last column will be found in their proper place in the preceding abstract. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 25 aDizrznal Vacriionz.-Before giving the table of the diurnal change of the atmospheric temperatures, it will be proper to remark that, astronomically, tlhe upper limb of the sun ceases to be visible at noon on Oct. 25th, and reappears at noon Feb. 16th; between April 19th and Aug. 24th, the lower limb will continue above the horizon without setting. On account of the considerable annual variation of the temperature, the figures in the last vertical column of each month in the preceding abstracts, headed "Cmean," require a small correction for the effect of the annual change during twenty-four hours; they will then represent the diurnal variation for the middle of each month. Thus, for September, 1853, the effect of the annual change during twent -four hours is 0~.50 decreasing, hence the maxiinun corrections applied are -0c.25 and +0~ 25 for lh- and 24h respectively; and for the intermediate hours an aliquot part of this is applied, according to thle interval from noon, where the correction is zero. Tlhe following table presents thle summary of the diarnal variation for each month of the year; for the first five mnonths, the figures are the mean from two sets. The highest and lowest values, for better distinction, are placed between parentheses. | EAN DIURNAL VARIATION OF TIIEr TEMPERATURE FOR TlE MIDDLE OF EACII MONTH OF TIIE YEAR. Hour. | Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. KMarch. | April. MIay. Julle. July. August. ~~~~~o' ooo oooi o I o! o -o —o1 (+10.92) — 3. 76 -21.51 -31.54 -28.041(-34.36) -38.56 -11.77 (+ 9.31) (+27.21) +36.67 (+28.99) 2 10.97 3.79 21.54 31.391 28.49 34.32 38.40I 11.82 9.62 27.25 36.761 29.33 3 11.28 3.74 21.46f 31.65! 28.62 34.14 38.611 (12.26) 10.26 27.40 36.79 29.27 4 11.21 3.58 21.421(31.82) 28.67 33.54 (38.86) 11.77 10.78 27.71 36.78 29.67 5 11.23 3.47 22.00 30.97 28.66 34.20 38.81 10. 96 12.05 28.98 36.'941 2955 a 6 11.85 3.47 (22.35) 30.83 28-71 33.62 38.60 10.33 12.91 29] 61 37.60 30517 7 12.87 3.29 22.13 30.97 (29.02) 33.19 37.91 9.32 13.64 30.46 37 76 30,83 8 14.32 3.32 22'27 31.04 28.43 32.87 37.52 8.28 14.56 31..69 38.43 31.84 9 15-07 3.00 22.06 30.691 28.56 32.63 36.23 6.64 14.45 30.89 39.42 32.96 10 15.75 (2.72) 22.18 30]68 28.29 32.10 35.68 6.00 15.11 31.08 39.63 33.83 11 16.15 2.81 21.68 30.52/ 27.75 32.42 {34.51 5.07 15.38 31.43 40.00 3400 Nooln 16.40 2.97 (21.37) (30.04) (27.26) 31.79 33.97 4.46 15.89 32.18 (40.04) 34:20 13 (16.47) 3.03 21.73 30012 27355 31.30 33.60 4.05 16.09 (32'31) 39.83j 34.26 14 16.12 3.18 21.72 3044 2757 (31.29) (33.20) 3.27 16.31 32.17 39.69 (34.29) 15 15.65 3.08 21.77 30-77 28.08 31.44 33.86 (3.17) 16.38 31.85 39.65 33.90 16 6 15.11 3.18 21.86 31.08 28.32 31.52 34.97 3.51 (16.65) 31.52 39.65 33.38 17 14.51 3.43 21.69 31.18 28.00 31-78 35.67 3.67 16.04 31.31 38.85 33.11 is 14.07 3.79 21.93t 31.32 28.00 31.64 36.32 4.57 15.17 7 31.08 38.50 32.62 19 13.28 4.28 22.061 3153 27.87 31.58 36.85 6.01 14.29 30.66 3823 32.25 20 12.78 4.36 22.14:(31.81) 28.18 31.73 37.75 7.01 13.41 30.41 37.66 31.91 21 12.46 4.34 (22.64) 31.74 28.09 32.15 37.90 8.37 12.56 29.75 37.22 31.63 -92 12.07 4.38 22.30 31.62 28.01 33.22 38.17 9.94 11.43 29.30 (36.65)1 31.00 r23 11.36 4/ 34 22.54 31.513(28.66) 33.25 38.42 10.71 10.37 28.38 36.81 30.63 lMidn't -+11.05 (-4-39)1 -22.37 -31.35 28)34 33.53 38.61 11.87 + 9.90 -27-98 -36.921 +30-07 nean __14 I _ _ _I _ ___I _ __'-Mean +13.45 -3.57-21.95 311 28.22 32.65 -3679-7.70 +13.45 +30.12 +38.19 +31.82 Ampli- 5.55 1.67 *1.00 *1.65 *1.55 3.07 5.66 9.09 7.34 5.10 3.37 5.30 tude. 11' - The amplitude for November, December, anld January, was derived from a graphical represenltation of the 1 |ourly values through which a cu ve was throwwn with a firee h;and in order to eliminate the effect of th]e a cci|deltal variations, whic]~, during these months, approach in magnitude to the range of the diurlnal variation -t elf | According to the preceding table, tlle epoch of the diurnsl maximyum temperlature occurs in the months of October and November (when the dliurnal amplitude is a minimum) about one hour before noon, and in April and May (when the diurnal 4 26 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. amplitude is a naximum) about three hours after noon, the whole mean range (obtained graphically) being four hours during the year. In the months of November, December, and January, there are two minima, one at about 6 A. M. (whether this represents the primary or secondary minimum cannot well be decided from these observations alone), and the other at about 9 P. M. During the remaining months of the year, there is but one minimum during twenty-four hours, which occurs at I A. M. At about 7i in the morning, and a little before 8 in the afternoon, the temperature equals the mean temperature of the day, excepting the months of Novermlber, December, and January. The greatest deviations from these hours are +_l} hours. For the remaining three months, the means are reached at 92 in the morning, and also between 4 and 10 in the afternoon; the latter (as well as another hour at about 4 A. M.) being very irregular. For three months of the year, the diurnal variation is exhibited graphically. +_ +s -t2 1- 7. o 1/1 i I I7 I ~al' in Jo.ly 1- - - Nn1u1.. lllI._ i pi _j - 1-7 D,,,,-,....I a, ~ z4 5 t ~ 8 9)11 dJ Z14 O~ _l 1~'7 l -Jb 20jL 11 X The diagram shows the maximum diurnal variation in the month of April, the secondary minimum variation in the month of July, and the diurnal variation in the month of November when nearest to its absolute minihnum. + indicates a h higher } temperature than the mean of the day. T he month of November exhibits considerable anomalies. In July the sun never set, and in November he never rose above the horizon. In the following diagram, Ip ave exhibited the annual march of the diurnal amplitude for each moaath. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 27 E W. _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X o > S t S I. I A,~~ SuN BELOW THE HORIZON. SUN ABOVE THE HORIZON. The absolute maximum value of the amplitude wras observed in April (90.09), and the absolute minimum in November (1~.00); the diurnal variation never disappearing altogether although the sun remained for 23 months below the horizon. Ad secondary minimum was reached in July (3~.37), somewhat later than the mniddle of the time the sun made his circuit round tle points of the compass without setting.' The mean amplitude of the diurnal variation during the whole year is 40.20-the maximum rising 4'.9 above, and the minimum falling 3".2 below. The daily range of the effect of the thermal wave propagated northward during the long arctic darkness, may be set down to 1~.6 on the average. For the purpose of comzparing with similar results at other stations, I add a table of the mean daily variation during the year. Each figure is simply the mean of the twelve values corresponding to the same hour, and was taken from the preceding table. No attention was paid to the small anomalies noticed in three winter months, which cannot sensibly affect the means. Tile second column contains tlhe mnean values, and the third the same after the general mean has been subtracted from each of them: and, consequently shows the mean variation proper, + indicatng a higher value than the mean. The fourth column exhibits the hourly low er differences of the variation. MEAN DIURNAL VARIATION FOR THE YEAR, DERIVED FROM ITS MONTHLY VALUES. Hou.. Mfean Diurnal Its hourly Ho Mean Diurnal Its hourly ter mperature. variation. difference. or temperature. variation. difference. 1 _4~.70 -1~.79 -0~.05 13 _1.~04 -10.87 -0~.03 2 4.65 1.74 -0.03 14 -1.01 -+ 1.90 -{ A 22 3 — 4.62 -1.71 -0.16 15 -1.23 -{- 1.68 0- O. 28 4 -4.46 — 1.55 -0.27 16 — 1.51 +-1.40 -{0.29 5 — 4.19 — 1.28 — 0.38 17 — 1.80 q-a1.11 +0.38 6 -3.81 -0.90 — 0.45- 18 — 2.18 -+0.73 -{0.44 7 -3.36 -0.45 -0.62 19 — 2.62 +0.29,0.45 8 ~2.74 +O. 17 _0.57 20 -3.07 - 0.16 +0.40 9 _2.17 q-o. 74 _0.32 21 _-3.47 _0.56 -+-0.46 10 _1. 85 - 1.06 _0.37 22 ~3.93 — 1.02 — 0. 39 11 — 1.48 +-1.43 _0.38 23 -4.32. 1.41 4-0.23 Noon -1.10 L- 1.61 -0.0 Midn't 4. 55 — 1.64 +-0.15 1 A more completr understandicg ob s te drnal variations a with hygr. maetric obs-ervations, 28 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMIPERATURES. Accordingly tle mean is reached at 7h..7 A. M1. and 7h..6 P. 73 tfile maximuin at 2 P. M., and the minimum at 1 A. M. The mean range equals 3~.697 a quantitv necessarily smaller than the mean amplitude for the whole year as given ab)ove. Maximum mean hourly difference or change 0~.62 between 7h. and 8h$ A. A107 and 0~.45 between the same hours P. M. We now return to the last vertical columns of the general mnonthly abstracts, and examine the Observed doturs of Mean Draily Tegnperahr-TH e.-The following table contains the hours of the day when the temperature equals its mean daily value, made out for each month of the year. Also shows their difference, or thle "critical interval.' These values are derived directly from the general abstracts of observed temperatures, and, for the first five months, are mean values derived from two sets of observations in the first and second years. i lonth. orning hour. Evening hour. Critical Month. Morning Evening Critical Mot.Mrin or vei~hu.interval. hour. hour. interval. September. 7.4 18.4 1111.0 April. 8.4 20.7 12.3 October. Uncetain, 17.1 11.1 May... 6.9 20.2 13.3 November.. probably one Uncertain, one June.. 6.7 20.7 14.0 December near 3h. the near 15h., the 12.0 July.... 7.6 19.1 11.5 January... J other near 9h. other near 21h. August... 7.9 19.8 11.9 February.. 8.9 21.4 12.5 March o.. 1 8.5 19.1 10.6 Means.. 7.2 19.2 12.0 ITl the followinng table, I have exhibited the greatest absolute changes of temperature observed between any two successive hours between the highest and lowest of' any day of 24 consecutive hours, any month, and for the whole year. Mionth. |Hourly. Daily. Monthly. onth. Hourly. Daily. Monthly. September... 70.0 150.6 32~.3 Junle.... 8~.0 15~.0 24~.2 October.... 8.0 24.1 41.0 July 8.0 14.6 23.0 November... 10,8 25.0 42.8 August.. 8.0 20.8 29.8 Deeember... 19.4 30.4 60.5 September... 16.0 24.0 36.0 January.... 8.1 21.8 69.8 October.... 11.0 25.0 61.0 February... 12.3 37.8 56.4 November... 11.0 32.0 54.9 March.... 13.5 24.1 56.7 December.. 16.7 41.1 52.9 April 0.... P0.0 33.1 56.7 January.... 18.9 35.6 81.6 May..... 7.8 17.8 46.5 Means.... 11.4 25.7 48.6 The following values are the absolute maximum and minima observed - Minimum in winter, 1853-54... -66~.4, observed on Feb. 5th Maximum in summer, 1854.+51.0, " July 23d Minimum in winter, 1854-55..... -65.5, ( Jan. 8th Absolute maximum difference, 117~.4 Fazhr. l~eaq7> Moebnthzi T'enzeratxgres an~d Aqgquad Fiaw~~~ztto —n. the following recapitulntLon of the mean monthly temperatures? the values have been taken directly from the general abstracts. The means for the mnonths of February, March? and Aprils of 1855, have been added by means of the table given in Vol. II. of the Narrative, p. 425, corrected from ten coilpari~sons of monthly means between -14~ and -34~g so as to refer the qulantities to the same systern of corrections as vlsed in the present RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMWPERATURES. 29 paper. This correction, from consistent separate values, is +0~.99. On account of the occasional omissions of observations in the hourly abstract, the daily means in the Narrative for these three months are probably not reliable, the calculator, as has been found on other occasions, having paid no attention to such omissions in taking his mean; the monthly means may, nevertheless, be nearly correct. MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES AT VAN:LENSSELAER HARBOR. (Degrees of Fahlrenheit's scale.) 1853 September., + -17~.16 1854 July.. +-38~.19 October. +- 1.62 August. +31.82 November... 22.39 September. + 9.74 December -25.46 October.. 8.78 1854 January..29.21 November..21.52 February... 32.65 December o. -36.79:March...36.79 1855 January.-2.7.23 April..... 7.69 February. -20.22 May... +- 13.45 March. -32.98 June... +30.12 April -13.01 Tf we unite the temperatures for the same months in one mean, we obtair 1the foilowing mean temperatures for each month of the year:1853-54 September.. +-13.~45 1854-55 March.. 34~.88 October.- 3.58 April. -10.35 November -21. 95 1854 Miay... +- 13.45 December. -31.12 June.. + 30.12 1854-55 January... 28.22 July o +38.19 February. -26. 4.3 August... +31.82 These values when IHALF MONTHLY MEANS. thrown into acurve, pre-' J i' I J sent a great regularity during the summer months; not so, however, during the winter months, when the direct effect of\ i - the sun is very feeble, and - the winds probably be- come the main source of - the variability of temperature. To exhibit this difference in the varia- / tion of the summer and I winter temperatures, I \. have graphically presented the half monthly means, when the steadi-._. hess of the summer curve becomes very striking. f O, " ~ ~,' ~ 3' o g, ~ ~ ~ ~ O ede.J r/ e C3 cGo O 30 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. It must be considered a fortunate circumstance that the observations extend over tqvo winters, and thus give us a more exact mean temperature for that season. The warmest month is July, and the coldest is March; the temperature of December, however, does not differ much from it, and December actually was the coldest month in the second winter. The highest mean monthly temperature seems to fall almost exactly to the middle of July, and the lowest would probably occur in February, if we had a longer series of observations extending over several winters. From the observations on hand, we find the December temperature only 3H~ higher than the March temperature. The range of the mean temperature for thie warmest and coldest month is 73~.07. The temperatures for the meteorological seasons-December, January, and February being regarded as winter-become (as follows:Winter....28~.59) Spring. e.. 10.59 Mean temperature for the Summer - o a *-+ 33.38 whole year, — 2~.46. Autumn -... 4.03 The mean annual temperature is reached in the middle of spring (April), aiid again in the middle of autumn (October). The difference in the winter and sumruer temperature is 61~.97. The seasons of the second year compare with the corresponding ones of the first as follows: - Autumn in the second year colder by... 5~.65 Winter " " warmer by... 1.03 First two months of spring colder by.. 0.76 The lowest mean monthly temperature of the first winter (March, -3360.79) was precisely the same as that of the second winter (December — 36~.79), both months falling in the year 1854. For the purpose of continuing the discussion of the atmospheric temperatures,'t becomes necessary to express the annual variation analytically. On account of the great range of this variation, I have first applied a small correction to the preceding monthly means, in order to refer them to the middle of months of average length of 30d..4 in common, and 30d..5 in leap years. Thus, the mean temperature of January, 1854, refers to (noon) 15d..5, when it ought to refer to 15d..2; difference, 0d..3. The fifteenth part of the difference of the January half monthly means is — 1~.40; hence the correction +0~.40. For convenience of reference, the number of days for which a correction is to be applied to refer the means of the true to an average month are here inserted. Commencing with January, these numbers for the several months in their proper order become — Od0..3 +0.6 +1.5 +1.5 +1.4 -[-1.3 -[- 1.2 +0.7 - +0.6 %0.5 + 04 + 0d..3 -0.2 +002 +0.8 + 0. 8 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 o +0.82 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 The first line is for a common year, the second for a leap year. The maximum correction applied was +1~.34 (to the mean of March). To the following monthly IrECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 31 means, referring to months of an average length, I have added the probable uncertainty obtained by comparison with the daily means. January.. 28~.26 1~.5 July.. +38~.18 t 0~.3 February. -.. 26.53:t 1.4 August... +31.59: 0.4 March.... 33.54 t 1.3 September.. -13.15 ~ 0.6 April -.9.48 ~k 1.2 October -.. 4.13 *1.1 Mlay... +14.78 i 1.2 November.. -21.96 i 0.9 June... +30.76 i: 0.5 December... 31.00 i 0.9 Annual mean from 12 average months....... 2 20:k 0.3 For the purpose of interpolation, and for the representation of the annual variation, a function involving terms of the sine or cosine of multiples of an angle is usually adopted. In the present case, I prefer a form of discussion which makes the law of the change of the monthly temperatures analogous to that of a falling body. This method was adopted by Mr. J. Wiessner, and applied to the discussion of the Washington observations. (See p. 322 of the Annual Report of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1857.) The annual variation may thus be represented by a parabolic wave. The diurnal variation has previously been represented by others by parabolic arcs. Whatever form of expression we may adopt, the winter curve is so irregular, owing to the short number of observations, that no continuous law can be deduced; the temperatures during this season will, therefore, be treated separately. If the observations were continued for several years, it is probable that the lowest temperature would fall in February, near the time of sunrise; as it is, we have a slight increase of temperature during January and February. A uniformly retarded lnotion is represented by 8 ct- gt', and the condition for the turning point is o = c - gt, corresponding to the middle of July, or the third month, commencing with the middle of April as zero. For t = 3, c = 3g, and, putting for convenience g2, we find c = 6; hence, if t = number of months after the middle of April, the arguments for the several months become0 1 2 3 2 1 0 -1 - 2 -3 -2 — 1 0 the temperature in April being the same as in June, etc. Substituting these numbers successively in the forrula 8 = 6t - 2P we find the values (R) 0, 5, 8, 9, 8..... for the months of April, May, June-....... Each month furnishes an equation of the form T= tr + RNp, where t-,, =the mean temperature and p a factor depending on the amplitude of the annual variation. tn and p, when found for spring, sunmer and autumln are found to vary, and hence an interpolation is made for each month. We have next to introduce a second term to allow for a shifting of the epoch. Let x be the quantity addition to the arguments O 1 2 3 2, etc.> for the change in the epoch and expressed in parts of a month, we have for0 + x s = 6 (o + x) —(O +X)" or s = + 6x + x 6 (1 + x) —(1 + x)" 5 + 4x - + x 6 (2 + x)-(2 + x), etc. 8 + 2x, etc. omitting terms containing the second power of x. Puttingpx = q, we obtain, in place of the first expression for the temperature — T = t e + R p + Q, 32 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. For the day or summer period we thus obtain the equations: — May +14~1.78 = t{ + 5p + 4 qI Whlence ti- — 15~.73, p = 5.918, and q June +30.76 - t~ + 8p +- 2 q + 0.12 as resulting from the normal equations. July +-38.18 = t +3 9p I T -15~.73 +- 5.918 R +- 0.12 Q _t 0~.7 August -t+ 31.59 = t + 8p- 2q September +13.15 - tn + 5p- 4 q For the spring months:March -33~.54 = tm —5p + 4 q April - 9.48 =te 6q- T= —9~.S + 4.832 R- 0.05 Q May +14.78 =-tin+5p +4q For the autumn months:September +13~.15 = t J + 5p —4 q) October -- 4.13 t -t 6q T- — 4.91 + 3.510 R - 0.13 Q November -21.96 = t - 5p- 4 q "he above 3 values for tn, p, and q are represented by the formula:-,% -— 15.73 -- 0.71n + 0.96n2 Where n =numberofmonthsfrom the midp -+ 5.918 -0.220n- 0.1942n dle of July. For March n= -2; for q + 0.12 — 0.01n -- 0.022n Nov. +-2. The following table contains their computed values for each month (under discussion). Month. tm P q Obs. - comp. Month. |tm | | temperatures. March. — 13~.31 4.082 (-0.750) +0.06 If we now compare the corm- -0.~20 April.. - 9.18 4.832 (-0.750) -0.05 puted and observed tempera- -0.14 May.... -13.31 5.582 +-t0.06 tures for each month, we yet -0.20 June.... — 15.48 5.944 +0.11 find a constant correction to -1.67 july.. -15.73 5.918; +0.12 tm of +0~.14. Applying it to +0.51 August.... -14.06 5.504 -+0.09 the tabular quantities, the for- +-1.66 September.. -10.47 4.701 (-1.191) -+0.02 mulae represent the observa- +0.06 October.. -4.91 3.510 (-1.191) -0.11 tions as follows:- -0.02 November... 10.47 2.319 +-0.02 -+0.04 Correct. to tabular tm + 0.14 These differences between the observed and computed values are very nearly within the probable uncertainty as given in a preceding table. For the winter season, the most simple interpolation seems to be the best that can be adopted. We find for December 1st the temperature — 26~.5, the mean of the temperatures for November 15th and December 15th, and for March Ist, in like manner; the mean temperature —30~.0. The following tablel was usedl for interpolation:Ma1ealn temperature Dec. Ist.... r26~.5 "r Jan. 15th..... 28.2 a - 1~.7 " March 1st.... 30.0 1.8 1 For the purpose of a readly comparison and uniformity of method, the following expression of the annual variation of the temperature at Van Rensselaer H-arbor is here inserted; it compares directly with similar expressions for otller sta~tions given by Ka~mtz. and inserted in the article (Sir John If~erschel's) IRECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 33 Infltuence of Winds on Temperatuzre.- To ascertain the temperature of the winds, the following method was employed. By means of the preceding formula, expressing the temperature, a set of tables was formed-partly by direct computation, partly by interpolation between these computed values-of the daily mean temperature throughout the year, and the same was set down opposite the respective hours of the day when the mean temperature is reached. Next, by means of the known diurnal variation, interpolated from its mean monthly value, for each day, these tables wsere completed by inserting the temperature for every hour of the day to the nearest whole degree. They were then compared, hour for hour, with the -- for dexcess abstract of observed temperature, and the difference +for efect placed in the column for the respective wind as observed at the same hour. For this latter purpose, an hourly abstract of the wind was prepared. The abstract of differences contains eight columns for each of the principal directions, and an additional one for calms. By this process, the effect of the annual and diurnal variation is at once elimlinated, and the remaining differences can safely be left to their own coinpensation. The results for the months from September to January (both inclusive, have been combined for the two years. The following table exhibits the results of this somewhat lengthy process. The first column contains the magnetic directions of the winds including a line for the calins; the second, the sum of the differences as explained above; the third, the number of times the wind blew from each of the eight directions during the seventeen months of registered hourly temperatures and winds; the sum total, or En, equals 11534, and the number by which it falls short of 12264, indicates the number of hours observations were wanting; the last figure in the column gives the number of hours during which the atmosphere was calm. The fourth column shows the values ofF A,or the quantity by which each wind affected the temperature, the sign + corresponding to an effect of raising the temperature above its mean. "' Meteorology," Vol. XIV. 8tlh edition of the Encyclopwdia Britannica. The value o = O corresponds to January 1st and T is expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. T-= -2~.20 +35~.39.sin (o -251~ 43') +6~.72 sin (2 0 -69~ 47') -3~.20 sin(3 o +17~ 5'). The formula leaves the following differences (O.-C.) between the observed and computed monthly means:In January.....-0~.2 In July...... -.1~.2 February... +-3.4 August.. -1.5 March.... -4.9 September. 2.4 April.....Ok. -.-2.7 October.. - 1.4 May.o...-0.3 November e v-1.3 June.. o -.2. 5 December.... o -1.9 And a probable error of any single determination of ~ 1~.6. The warmest day is accordingly July 8th, and the coldest March lst. The mean termperature of the year is attained April 29th and October 12th. The meatl dilltnnl variation for the whole year, as derived fromn its monthly values, is represented by thae formulast = +1~.85 sin (o +64~ 55') +0~.08 sin (2 0 +97~) + 0~.03 sin (3 0 +128~), with a probable error for any single hour of i 0~.03, the angle 0 counting from noon. 34 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. MIag. direction Z n Iag. direction A of wind. n of wind. n~~~~~~~~~~ NI. + 34 323 +01. S. W. + 2729 955 + 2~.9 N. E. q- 138 92 +1.5 W. + 509 313 +1.6 E. +- 220 159 +-1.4 N. W. +- 99 744 +0.1 S.E. +2879 1182 +2.4 C. -22923 6655 3.4 S. + 2346 1111 +2.1 These results are necessarily imperfect, on account of the impossibility of obtaining a correct mean temnperature from so short a series of observations, yet their ratio may be depended upon. We notice that all winds tend to elevate the temperature, and the calms to lower the same. The frequency of the calms is greater than that of all the winds combined. The difference in the temperature of the waarmest and coldest wind is 2~.8; N. E.P E., and W. (magnetic) winds show a mean value; S. E., S., and S. WV. winds are from 00.6 to 10.4 above, and N. and N. W. winds 1~.4 below, this mean temperature. The region included by the indicated.2 Of the rise of temperature duringr certain grales, the explanatory foot-notes ill lhe tenmpertlture abstract lnay be referred to; the more remarkiablle eases are the fbllowing ones: — Gale of November 28, 1853, from the S. E. (a little snow falling). d' December 10, " " S. E. (not snowing).; December 28, " " S. E. and S. W. (no snow). " February 7, 1854, " S. (no snow). o ngay 7-8, " " Std " " _November 20, " " S.. ".' December 18, " " S. E. " "' January 29, 1855, " S. E. " "' February 13 —14, 1855, "' S. E. " The leader nlay also be referred to pp. Xl77, 30, 39, 4()7 and SP5, of the 2d vole oft the Narrative. ~Effect of Snow (asnd Rcstn) on the tte~npetratqxte.-If we combine ill like manner the differences of observed and mean temperature of aill hours during which snowa f~ells we find a g~reat regularity ine the monthly values exp~ressing the elevation of temperature during the hcurs of the fall of snow, due to the conversion of latent into sensible heat. The following table exhibits in the first column the algebraic See my discussion of Dr. KCane's magnetical observations, il Vol. X. of the Smithsonian Coontribu~ tions to Knowledge, 1858. The magnetic declination is found 108~ west. The bearing of this investigation on an open (partially so) polar sea, caln only be fglly made out after the construction of a hygrometric and baroletric wind-card. The direction of the warmer winds mpoilts towards the Sofitzbergen Seal anl the relative colder w in a direction from the mortheria n0st IWatt of contitlelNtvl 2 SeWica. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 35 suin of the above differences for the hours during which snow fell, the second column the number of hours, and the last column the rise of temperature above the mean. In 17 months, it snowed during 680 hours, and rained during 60 hours. This small quantity of rain fell in the month of July; snow also fell during 10 hours in this (warmest) month. 2 Jannary... -1403~ 74 +-19~.0 July... + 50~ 70 -+- 0~.7 February... 250 16 — 15.6 August.... 54 26 -+ 2.1 March. 130 14 9.3 2 September 419 111 + 3.8 April.... 176 21 8.4 2 October 623 80 _ 7.8 May... 534 136 - 4.0 2 November...1323 79 16.7 June.... 48 36 1.3 2 December... 819 77 -10.6 On the average, during the whole year, the sensible heat was increased during the fall of snow by 7~.7. The bearing of this source of chanfge of the temperature on the alternation of relativre cold and warmn periods during the winter season, will be further illustrated in the following analyses of these undulations. Reculrrennce of Maxiacxtsc of Cold ducring Winter.-An alternate variation froom comparatively warmer to colder extremes, taking weeks to perform their cycles, has before been noticed in the arctic regions of America. These returns of maxima of cold, their causes, periods, and amplitudes, now deserve our particular attention. Dr. Kane, from various notes in his log-book, seems to be inclined to consider the phases of the moon as intimately connected with the subject; on page 55, Vol. Io of the Narrative, he remarks: "L There is a seeming connection between the increasing cold and the increasing moonlight." Unlder date Nov. 28th, 1854, he entered the following remark in the log: 1" The moon first appeared above the hills to S. and S. E. The depression of the temperature, and the general transparency of the atmosphere, is again noted as material for discussion." Dec. 1st, 1854, he says"With the cessation of wind, the absence of cirri, and the increased brightness of the moon, the atmosphere grows sensibly colder. * * This immediate influence of the moon is a matter of frequent observation. The full moon season, with cloudless nights is always in correspondence with the lowest mean temperatures of our meteorological record." Tile following discussion has been made in accordance with these notes. To eliminate as much as possible disturbing influences, particularly those produced by the winds and precipitations, the average of the mean daily temperature of a number of consecutive days has been taken, and it was found, after trials with 3, 57 6 andm 7 dalys that the period of 6 days answered beste that is. brought out in the plainest manners flee march of the temperature during the winter season, the general features of the curves being thle same for any of the above periods, The epoch of flue 6 day period was so selected that the highest and lowest tenlperatlures should, as near as may be, fall ltowtlr~s the nliddle of a period. These average values were nlex;t compared with tile mneana tenzperatut~re deduced ~from the half monthly means in order to exhibit~ the deviation of the observed average values 36 RECO:RD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. above or below tle mean temperature, + indicating warmlder} than tile mean. -- ~~colder TThese differences are herewith presented graphically by full lines; the phases of the moon are marked opposite the corresponding dates, the new moons being given at the top, the full moons at the bottom, of each diagram. The investigation commences witl Nov. 3d, and ends with April 13th, for the winter 1853-54, and includes the time between Oct. 19th and April 16th of the second winter. Between these intervals, the mean half monthlly temperatures are below -10~. Temperatures observed after Jan. 24th9 1855, have been taken fromn the abstract in Vol. I1. of the Narrative (corrected for index error). They are probably subject to small corrections, and hence have been dotted in tlhe diagram. The wavy line above the zero line indicates the number of hours during which snow fell in the corresponding 6 day period; the numbers in the vertical column answering also for the hour scale. The wavy line below, or on the negative side of the temperatures, indicates the number of clear days in each 6 day period, and in order to use the side figures also for this day-scale, the number of clear days was doubled, 12 being the maximum indication of 6 clear days. 4, r -'r 1Fg I I'3E,~ I // osqt I 21"I 12-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P~ i5_ i-430' zs 4 +i73te'l r9' e- Cq O -1 C. Q1 Cq 0 r 4 I- co M 0 t9a o N c W oo q co "O C Oe I — i GI co-I " C q CfO 1 - q GqI-.. Ci q I - r Co X I I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I - H em cq a rcC Ci sAC c/ >, r e/ c/ I 1 k I.. i;;! o av'~b~ [88 5 e..o O1L o0':' ".oOlo ~0 -~D*0~o ~~ ~Oqo3eoO]o JI~ t~ RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 37 L I I I +I I - I; I. I I I. I. I.I.. 27(g Fig 5W 21, 6 | / i e;4''.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..~':",si' 5| Wir.e - 55 -50cq 00 cM Ms I n r za r- "l o M Xn r__ r- 0 C > C' co aq> I C q S S I Ir Cq aq I -I C;1 1 1 H Cq I I Hi I q I 0z I I c I I Cq 0 I- I I C.0 I I q 0 o I I r- k-b I -H C v 1 CO co 0di I sC -. c ov C co AG t d CD C0 co Gq Cq H Cl q G\ Cq C- r- CQi C1 Cq CQ < > CD; Z; O b These diagrams fully bear out the observer's remarks, vriz: that the lowest temperatures are reached about the time of full moon. Setting aside some small de viations in the regularity of the curves (of temperature) there is not a single exception to the correspondence of relative maxirta of cold near the epochl of the full moon, and of relative ulinimna of cold near the time of new moon. The period 13etween any two consecutive mnaxima of cold from fivre intervals is 25d-.2 + P-.9, and the same between the linima of cold from four intervals 2:d.5 + 2d.4, for the filrst winter, anld 28'-.8 + Id. 5 (from five interv~als), and 28"-.8 + 3d-.3 (from five intervals), for tlle second wrinter, respectively. Combining these four values with the application of weights according to the respective probable errors;, the resulting period for the recurrence of cold becomes 27'-.7 + lP.O. The synlodic period of the moon is 29d..5; sornewhat longer than the period just deduced, but by no means incompatible therewith. d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,. If we nowr follow the curve indicating the duration of the fall of snow, we fild, in the two winters9 maxia near the period of new moon, thus accounting in conforaity withthe previous investiyation7 for the rise in the temperature; thle average elevation above the rrlean temperature for the Six winter montls, during thl housof, sn ow fealle bingna acordn toldn the taben13e The superior masimumi of Dec a27t to cone 1t (firstwinr we it snowe ing 4 ous is particu first winter, a~~~~ld 28'':.8 l~ (r fv necza, an 8~8-;". fonfv iTherv) lowr wavy lie ind icater rnaxecirn n th Comoutlngt oerent fof vatmosphere nerthe aplctime of fullht moon7in beter mred in ethe first tan inrrs the seconl sinter Tlero abov e specialncse of Dc.l 29 30,-is 27din it ereTin as codicpiring to a tel moonis 9"~5; smewat onge thn te peiodjus dleuce, bt byno e"! pnteratuowires, arexm reachdbu the teime of full moon. Sth acuting aide somesaldihl oon:it andB ofe reaio ive mgaionim ofodner the time of new moon. The period intervalsgfrte seceaond wier rsetively Cmbinin thesprae four vale si wine othsdrn tvero for h eurrec of no Eld, beinacomesn t7'. +h tale,.0. The syndsperiod of them av erag elevtio abov th an, itempeiratu r o h winter) h i mnonth during hus prilarly instructive. 38 R ECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATTURES. vation of temperature by the nearly total obscurity of the atrosphere during the six days in question. The mean amplitude of the wave in the winter 1853-54 is 190.4, and in the winter 1854-55, 20~.1, or 19~.8 front an average during these two winters. It has been remarked by an eminent astronomer that, if the moon emits any sensible heat, it is probably expended and becomes apparent bv a tendency to disappearance of clouds under the full moon. Supposing this to be a fact, it would seem that the powerful radiating force of the earth's surface, called into activity under a clear sky, produces, as a secondary effect, the phenomenon of greatest cold at the time of full moon. The process is going on gradually, and, when combined with the tendency of a fall of Snow about the period of new moon, would favor the production of the caloric waves observed during the winter season. These waves could not be explained either in range, duration, or regularity, by the effect of various winds and calms, since their total effect could only amount in maxima to 6Y~ according to the previous investigation. a maximum cold will be produced, as stated by Dir. Kane, by a concurrence of the time of full moon with a perfect calin and a great transparency of the atmosphere, during the mniddle of the winter season. The opposite effect requires, for its full development, a concurrence of the time of new moon with a continued fall of snow, a generally obscured atmosphere, and winds from a direction between N. N. E. and E. S. E. (true). Enough has been shown to make these alternations of relative cold and warnm periods in winter an interesting and instructive subject for further study, specially with a view of tracing out and confirming the apparent connection of the concurrence of the two principal lunar phases, with a tendency to obscurity and transparency of the atmosphere. In accordance with Prof. Dove's investigations of the return of cold about the 1lth of May, the mean daily temperature on May 13th (1854) of +2~.8 was 9~.3 lower than the computed (by preceding formula) temperature.' Hourly Ceorrectdois fojn Periodic Variations.-The following table for reducing the mean of observations taken at any hour of the cay to the true mean temperature of the day, has a similar arrangement, and was prepared for the same use, as those given for other stations in the Smithsonian Xiscellacneous Collections of Meteorological and PHysical Taebs, by Prof. A. Guyot (2d edition, Washington, 1858). The figures necessarily present some anomalies, since they are derived directly from fa series of hourly observations extending over seventeen months; they present, therefore, only the differences between the hourly and the true means. 1 While thlis paper was going throughz the press, r received the MaRrch slumber (1859) of the l~ovx~onz, ~Edcinburgh, ctnd iDtebl?>n Philoso3hicaZ nMagazine, containing J. Pa2rk Harrison's article oll the "Lulzna Influence on Temperature as connected with Serenity of the Sky." He states that, from 20 years of observations at Greenwich, the mean temperature is above the average at the period of the new moon (also at first quarter andl before last quarter), it is below the average before and after full moon (also between new nmoon and first quzarter, and at andl after last quarter). RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPELA TUI~ES. 39 ARCTIC MAMERICA-VATN RENSSELAER ITARBOR, Lat. 780 3O', LO11g. 700 53' W. Of Greenwich. Corrections to be applied to any hourly or set of hourly observations to obtain the mean temperature of the day. Degrees of Fahrenheit..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ EIo0rs. Ian. Feb. March. April. MIay. June. Jllly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. ~ o,, I~ olu o, i o o o o o o A. 3I. +0.07* 4-1.65 +1.97 +4.50 +4.45 +3.11 +1.54 +2.60 2.22 -0.12 -0.68 +0.37 +1.81 2 +0.31 1+l.61 +1.79 +4.51 +4.11 +3.06 +1.45 2.29 +2.20 -0.07 0.61 +0.22 +1-74 3 + 0.44 1 +1.44 +-1.98 +4.92 +3.45 1+2.89 +1.42 +2.37 +-11.92 — 0.15 _ —0.68 +/-0.48 +11.71 4 +-0.48 -+0.84 +-2.21 -4.39 +-2.90 +2.56 +1.42 +1.99 +2.02 -0.22 -0.70 +-0.66 +1.55 5 + —0.47 +1.51 +2.14 +3.55 +1.60 +1.27 +1.26 +2.13 +2.03 -0.30 0.00 -0.18 +1.29 6 +-0.49 +0.94 +1.91 +2.88 +0.71 +0.62 +t-0.60 +1.51 +1.44 I-0.27 +0.27 -0.33 +0.90 7 +o.82 +0.51 +1.20 +1.83 — 0.05 -0.24 +0.43 +0.87 +0.45 -0.42 +0.07 -0.17 +0.44 8 +0.23 10.20 +0.79 +0.75 — 0.99 -1.49 — 0.24 — 0.12 — 0.97 — 0.36 +0.23 -0.11 — 0.17 9 +0.35 -0.03 -0.52 — 0.93 1 —0.91 — 0.71 1 —1.23 -1.22 1-1.70 -0.66 +0.04 -0.45 -0.66 10 /+0.09 -0.56 — 1.09 — 1.61 — 1.60 — 0.92 — 1.44 -2.07 — 2.35 — 0.91 +0.18 — 0.45 — 1.07 11 -0.47 — 0.23 -2.27 2.58 — 1.90 -1.29 -1.81 2.72 -2.22 0.79 — 0.39 -0.60 — 1.44 Noon -0.95 -0.86 -2.82 3.23 -2.44 — 2.06 -1.85 -2.38 2.96 -0.62 -0.58 -1.08 — 1.83 1 P. Bi.l-O.67 i —1.35 -3.20 -3.67 — 2.67 -2.21 -1.64 -2.42 -3.00 0.53 — 0.20 — 1.00 -1.88 2 -0.65 -1.35 3.61 -4.49 -2.91 -2.09 1.50 — 2.43 — 2.62 -0.35 -0.20 -0.68 — 1.91 3 -0.15 -1.20 -2.97 4.62 — 3.01 -1.79 -1.46 -2.02 2.13 -0.44 — 0.12 — 0.34 — 1.69 4 0.10*-1.11 - 1.88-4.32 -3.30 -1.48 -1.46-1.48, -1.57 -0.30 -0.01 - 0.04 -1.42 5 -0.24 -0.85 — 1.20 4.20 -2.72 — 1.29 -0.66 -1.19'1-0.94 -0.03'1 —0.17 +0.07 1 —1.12 6 -0.24 -0.98 -0.57 — 3.33 -1.89 — 1.17 1 —0.32 -0.68 — 0.47 +0.36 1+0.09 -+0.22 — 0.75 7 -0.34 — 1.03 — 0.05 -1.93 -1.04 — 0.67 -0.05 -0.29 +0.34 +0.87 1+0.25 1+0.78 -0.26 8 — 0.07 -0.88 +0.s3 — 0.96 -0.18 1 —0.44 +o0.52 +0.07 +0.86 +0.98 1+0.35 1+0.72 +0.15 9 -0.16 — 0.45 +0.96 +-0.36 +-0.65 -+0.21 +0.95 +0.37 +1.20 +-0.98 1+0.86 /+0.61 +0.55 10 -0.24 1+-0.62 +1-.21 +1.90 +-1.76 [+0.64 +-1.52 +1.02 +1.63 +1.06 1+-0.54 -+0.53 +1.02 11 +0.40 +-0.66 +-1.45 +-2.64 +2.80 -+1.55 [+-1.36 4+1.40 +2.37 +1.04 1+0.79 1+0.44 +1.41 Mldn't +0.08 + —0.94 +-1.62 +3.76 +3.24 +1.94 +1.25 +1.98 +2.70 +1.11 +0.65 +0.27 +1.63 6, 6 +0.12 -0.02 +0.67 -0.22-0.59 1 —0.27 +-0.14 +-0.44 + —0.48 +-o0.04 +0.18 1-0.05 +-0.08 7, 7 +10.24 -0.26 -+0.57 -0.05 -0.54 /-0.45 +-0.19 -+0.29 +-0.40 1+-0.22 +-0.16 1+0.31 +-0.09 8, 8 1+-0.08 1-0.34 -+0.81 -0.11 -0.58 1 —0.96 +0.14 1-0.02 — 0.05 1+0.31 1+-0.29 1+0.30 — 0.01 92 9 1+010 1-0.24 +0.22 -0.28 — 0.13 — 0.25 -0.14 [-0.42 — 0:25 +-0.16 [+0.45 /+0.08 — 0.06 10, 10 -007 +i 030.03 +0.06 0.15 0.08 1-0.14 +0.04 -0.52-0-36 1+007 +0.36 +0.04 -0.02 7, 2, 9 0.00 1-0.43 -0.48 -0.77 -0.77 -0.71 -0.04 -0.40 -0.32 -+0.07 1+0.24 1-0.08 -0.31 6, 2, 10 1-0.13 +0.07 — 0.16 -+0.10 — 0.15 1 —0.28 +0.21 +0-03 +0.15 +0.15 +0.20 -0-16 0.00 7, 2, 9, 91-0.04 — 0.43 -0.12 -0.-49 -0.41 -0.48 +0.21 1-0.20 0.06 + 0.30 1 +4 0.140 1+0.09 -0.09 3 9, 9' 9-0. 12 -006 |0.14.007 +0 /05 -+0.15 — 0.o8 -0.12 -0.18 |007 +o.o03 -0.08 -0.02 ~~~_o4~ " The tabular qlalltities for I A. M. anc 4 P. M., in January, are mean values of the cirectly observed values for these hours combined with those of the preceding and following hours. The hous 7. 2 P.., nd 9 P., 2 +P are those of the Mannheim Meteorological Society, adopted at the military posts of the United States and by the Smithsonian Institution; the hours 3 and 9 A. MI. and 3 and 9 P. M., are those proposed by the Royal Society. Of the bi-hourly series, the observations at 10 A. M. and 10 P. M., will give a very close approximation; the sum of the squares of the tabular montlly values is a maximum, and the temperature at these hours does not change as rapidly as at other hours. Of the three-hour series, the hours 79 2, and twice 9 are most convenient, but less accurate than the hours 6, 2, 10. The 11ours 3 and 9 A. N[. alld P2. M., have the least sum of the squares of the rnon~in'ly values, tnese nours are most suitable for cases laving a sufficient number of observers, or for fully organized expeditions. Nio~ar Rczdicl,0?,on. —Aftere tile rettlrn of light in the spring of r85i4, a thermometere was exposed to the direct action of the sun. On and after April 10th, the statical measure by means of a black bulb thermometer was adopted. In connection with these observations, the estimated amount of solar light was also noted. From a 40 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. note, Oct. 19th, 1854, it appears that the numbers expressive of the quantity of solar light have the following signification: — I Entirely clear. 2 Slightly obscured. 3 Clouded. 4 Misty and dark. 5 Excessive obscurity. The sign 0, which occasionally occurs, probably indicates either no observation, or snowy or rainy atmosphere. There are a few apparent anomalies in the following tables, the temperature indicated by the black bulb being somewhat lower than that indicated by the shade thermometer with an overcast sky. These may arise from a slightly erroneous index error, or occasional observing errors, or different localities of exposure. The following record of the observations of the temperature by the black bulb thermometer ex osed to the solar rays, contains the corrected readings, which rent ders them directly comparable with the readings of the preceding general record, and has been inserted for the use of those who may desire to further investigate the subject. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 41 READINGS OF THE BLACK( BUL-B THEREIMOMETER, AND CORRESPONDING NitOTES ON TI-IE SOLAR LiGtHT, OBSERVED AT'V]AN RENSSELAER1 H-~ARBOR, In April, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 70~ 531 W. of Greenwich. Expressed il degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory. Hour. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. ~~~~~o o o i o o o o o o o o 1h..................................~ I ~~ ~~ I ~~....~ 2............................... 3...............,....,.....-10.0 S. 0.- S. 0 01.... 4!i!~~~~~~~~~~~+ 4.....,... -o-lo.o... /- 4 1 io+ 5. 7.0 1-17.0.... 1 5.0 0 0 o -10.0 + t 9.0) 4.0 +3 2.0 +- 5.0... 2.0 6. 6 01-10.0...,,.-4.5 +$ 7.01$+ 5.0 - 2.0 +110.0. 0.0 $-12.0 $-14.01... 3.0 7 _.o + 5.0o- _... 16.0 4.0.. 2.0:: 8.0-: S.:0:+ 7.0o+ 8.0 7:o 8 - i4.0 o o- 2.0 +O, /. 2.0 12.0[ 4.0- 5.01 + 4.0 -t12.0? +t+16.0 7.6 8.0 9 1 — 2.0o 6.0o+1.0o+ 6.2'" [ — 4.5 12,o 6.o0+10.01+ 5.5 + s.0o+20.0o+22.0 13.0 15.0 10 +t 0.5,5.10+ 1.0 6.0... - 6.0 12.0 8.0[+11.0/+14.0 +14.0[-17.0 +13, 5 13.0 15.0 11 1.0 t -r-.0+ 2.0 12.0/4.6.01.1. 9.0[ $15.0] 8.0[1 6.01+-11.51. 9.01. 4.0.124.0 16.0 19.5 Noon + + 2.0 + 4.3 I00 t+6.0 +o10.0?... /+14.0/+ 24.01 +25.0 +18. 0 11 7'0 21.0 27.0 13 +$- 1. t+ 1.L.+ 5.012I0....10.0/ 25.0 26.0.1. 8,0/+12.0-1-t-1 6,0 —26,0 +27.0 20.0 23.0 14 + — 0,6 2. o. 7.0 X00 0+5.0[+ 6.0 25.0 24.0 -+18.o/+'15.0-t-25.0/ —18.0 o30.0 23.0 24.0 15 - 1.5 + 3.5 + 8.0 9.0 o4.5 I+ 3.0 20.0 22.01+10.0/+18.01+22.0/+17.0/ +33.0 30.0/20.0 1 6 i- 2.0 +- 5.0 +- 7.0 8.01 +5-0 + 3.3 20.5 20.0-!- 9.0/+15.01+20.0 +15.0/+28.0 21.0 14.0 1 7 -.o — -.0.. /+5.o... 16.o 8.o? /,115.o1.17.01,14.2,.122..0 14.0 9.5 18 ~ —5 -1..0, —,9..9 1 4.5... 14.0 6.0 — 2.0/+ 8.0+ 7.0 1~4,0 + 9.0 13.0 2.0 19 410.0 -1o8.0- 3.6 +4.0... + 5.o 4.0I- 3.0-+. 3.01.1. 4.01+11.0 + 8.0 6.54 —3.0 20 9.0 -20.5... +2.0... o/. + 4.0i- 4.0/- 4.81- 3.0-t- 9.0 -] 2.0 3.0... 21......... -1.5/... /... /... t... - 5.21 —4.0 - 3.2... I+ 1.8... 22...............I ~~ I ~~ ~~ - 4.51 - 3.0... 0.0... Midn't,.................. ~ 0~ 1 ~ —13.9... I ~~...........~ Ho-Ur. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. I 4th. 15th. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 23............................. 2i~,............... 1.................. 3 -........... 4....... 5 3 3 I I I.~ 1I. a z r r e 6 3 4 1. ~~~ 4 % 3 g:1: 1 - / 7 3 4 1..... 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 3 4 ~ ~' 1 9 4 1 1 4 114 a ~~1 1 2 2 1 [0 4 1 1 4 114 1.../ I 2 1 1I1 4- 2 1 4 4: 2... I~ 1 Z 1 2 1 Noon 1:4 2 1 4 11 2 1 2 2 1 13 4 2 1 4 14 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 14 4 2 1 4 4 2 1 1I 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 4: 2 1 4 4 4t 1 1 1 1. 2 1 f 1 6 4 2 2 4 4 114 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 4 1 2 4 4 114 1 1 ] a 1 1 3 1 1 18 4 4 3 4 4 114 1 1 1 1... 1 3 2 1 1 9 4 1 3... 4 114~ 1 1 1 2. 1 4 1 1 20 4~ 1 4... 4 114 1 1 1 3...I1 4 1 1 21......... 4.........~ I ~~ 3.....~.......~~ 22............... 3. ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~-.....I 2 i3....":.. I.. 3k Corrected frolu 100 to 10.0. i~ In the original, it has the sign —. $ Changeel from 5 toe 15. ~ Correctedl reading, the original being 9~. HI The original has 0; the column for clouads indicates 47 as above. l%~. —The observations are made with mercurial thermnomyeter No. 1; by comparison with the observatory standard at j-420, its correction was — 0~.1. It was not thought necessary to apply this small correction. 42 RECORD AND D ISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. READINGS OF THE BLACK BUL1THERMOMETER, AND CORRESPONDING OTES ON THE SOLAR I!HT, OBSEaVED AT VAN RENSSELAER HARBOR, In April and May, 1854, in Lat. 780 37l, Long. 700 531 W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory. Hour. 25th. I 26th. 27th. 4tth. 29th. 30th. 8th. 9th. 1o.....o............... *-6.5 + 2. 1.... 2. 4. 3.5. 9.8+14.0 3 + 3.0-t 1.0 - 3.8 3.0lTP 5+ 7' ~1-0- 9.0'51.0 4.5 5.0'-+ 0.5[+ 7.5 9.7 17.0 4 4.0 4.0 + 4.2 3.0 7.0 S. 12.0... 2.01 — 4.0 6.5 1.0 10.5 11.3 20.0 5 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.3 8.0 8.3 14.5..., 17110 — 2.0 7.0 6.0 10.0 16.0 22.0 6 7.5 7.0 5.6 5.5 10.0 S.0 24.... 18.0~ 2.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 18.0 26.5 7 S.10 12.0 5.9 6.0 12.0 13.0 21.5.. 21.0~ 1.5 8.0 14.0 13.0 20.0 26.0 8 11.0 16.0 6.8 8s5 13.0 1410 29.0/.. 19.0 1.0 9.0 14.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 9 6.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 26.0. 16.0 10.0 10.0 26.0 18.0 lO0 8.0 25.0 12.0 16.0 16.0 25.0 28.0o/.. 20.0 -10 0 10.51 14.5 21.0 19.0 17.o 1 1 10.0 26.0 15.0 17.0 16.0 23.0 28.0... 27.0 — 16.0 11.0 20.1 18.0 23.0 28.0 Noon 12.0 30.0 18.0 20.0 16.0 22.0 19.0... 32.0o -18.0 11.2 20.0o 20.0o 26.o0 30.0 1 3 12.5 32.0 23.0 22.0 18.0.20.0 22.0... i. 30.0I+-19.0 11.5 17.5 16.0 27.0 28.0 14 12.0 2s.0 24.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 29.0... 27.01 -16.4 13.0 16.0 13.0 30.0 29.0 15 /5.0 26.0 22.5 22.0 20.0 20.0 24- ~0... 22.0 — 13.0 11.5 12.4 13.0 29.0 30.0 16 18.0 25.0 22.0 14.0 18.0 22.5 20.0~/-F 21.0 9.2 12.0 11.0 15.~ 28.0 32-~0 17 13.0 22.0 23.0 13.0 15.0 22.0 17.0.. 18.0/- 9.0 13.0 7.0 13.0 25.0 30.01 s8 S.0 20.0 20.0 12.0 15.0 11.0 14.0... 14.5 -4-7.5 12.0 6.0 14.3 24.0 26.0 ]9 7/0 18.0 17.0 8.0 13.0 9.0-+10.0 + 6.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 13.0 22.0 o27.0 20 /+ 7.5 15.0 12.0 8.0 11.0 8.0.0.0 2.0 + 6.0 4.0 14.0 21.5 24.0 21 + 8.0 + 8.0 6.0 10.0 5.01,, 5.01 1.51 - 1.0 3.81 11.5 16.0 13.0 22... 00,. 4.0 + 9.0o 1.... 3.0 11.0 14.0 12.5 23... /... /... /... /q-.8/+10.0 8.0 10.2 Midn't.................0+1. Hour. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9tl:. ill. I... I 1 1 1 1 1 1.,, I 1 1 4 3 3 2 1 2...,. I 1 1 1 1 1 1... 1 4 3 3 2 3 1 1 4 2 4 2 4%on 1 4 2 3 1 5 1 4 1 3 2 1 6 1 4 1 4 3 1 7 1 4 2 3 3 1 8 1 1 i1 4 1 3 3 9 1 1, 1 4 2 2 3 1 10 I 1 1. 1 1 1 2 1.,I 1 4: 1 4 4 3 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 3..,. I 1 3 1 4: 3 1. Noon i wa nt I n 1 3.i.. I nl1 3 1 4 Z 1 13 1 O 1 1 1 th1 su1 s..osr 1 1 3 1part4 2 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 2 f4 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 2 2 1 Z 16C 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 I 1 3 2 1 1 1 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1. 19 1 1 I I1 I I 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 21... I 1 1 1 1 4: 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 22. 1 1 I I 2 i... 1 2 3 3 4 2 I I RECORD AN~D DISCUSSION OF TJEMPSERATURES. 43 READMIGS OF THE BLACKT B-ULB THIERMO1METER, AND CORRESPONDING NOTES ON THE SOLAR LIGHT, OBSERVED AAT VAN RENSSELAER HARBOR, In M~ay, 1854, in Lat. 78'" 371, Long. 700 531 W. of G~reenwich. Expressed. in degrees of Fa~hrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory. Houor. 10th. I 1th. 12th. 13th. 14th. I15th. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 200il. 21slt. 22d. 23Zd. 24th. 1 h. +14. 0 +50 + 5.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 +o 9.0 +15.0 +14. 0. +1 0.0 +1 3.0 12.0.+11.0 +1 9.0 +1 7. 2 15.0 7.6 4.0 7.0 7.0 10.0 20.5 13.0.. 12.0 16.5 13.5 12.0170 18.0 3 18.0/ 7.7 2.0 10. 8 12.0 9.0 23.0 15.0[... 13.0 23.2 14.8 16.0 22.0 26.0 4 20.0 8.0 5.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 20.0 15.0..., 14.0 27.0 6. 22.0 20.0 26.0 5 23.0 6.2 8.0 14.0( 17.0 13.0 IS.00 16.0..., 20.0 30.2 17,0 28.0 21. 0 36.0 6 23.2, 7.0 9.6 14.5 18.5 18.0 20.0/ 16.5... 30.0 38.0 20.0 30.01 24.0 21.0 7 22.81 9.0 11.0 16.0 22.2i 20.0 21.0 18.0..., 36.0 36.0 28.0 40.0 28.0 28.0 8 23.0 11.5 13.2 16. 8 23. 8; 24 0 22.0 19.51, 39.0 35.0 30.0 34.0 32.0 38.0 9 23.0 13.5 15.( 18.0 29.0. 17.0 30.3 21.0 31.0 27.0 28.0 27. 5 27.0 32.1 1 0 20.0 17,5 20.0 20.0 31.5' 20 0 28.0 24.0 34.'O 29.5 30.0 34. 0 34. 0 32.0 11 15.0 20.0 26.0 27.0 31.01, 22.'5 34.0 31.0..., 33.0 30.0 30.0 39.0 31.5 35.0 Noon 11.5 25.0 32.0 24.0 30.2 24.0 40.0 40.01, 38.6 30.5 30.0 48.0 34. 0 31.0 13 13.01 26.0 34.0 22.0 32.0 25.5 36.0 36.0., 43.1. 32.,0 30.0 40.0 31.0 32.5 14 11.5 28.0 38.0 24.,0 31.0 26.0 29.0i 23.0..., 46.0 38.0 29.0 44.0 29.0 35.0 15 13.2 24.0 34. 0 24.0 31.5 28.5 27.0 23.55... 40.0 36.0 31.0 43.0 24. 0 39.4 16 13.1 18.0 20.0 22.0 29.0 29.0 23.0 25.0...1 30. 7 37.0 27.0 35.0; 23.0 34.0 17 1.2.0 14.0 21. 0 21.0 29.0 27.0 24. 5 24.01... 29.0 33.0 24.0 31.5 25.0 39.0 18 11.0 13.5 17.0 17.0 30.41 25.0 23.5 17.5...1 23.0 32.0 23.0 29.5 28.0 29.0 19 9.0 12.3 12.0 14.5 25.0 22.0 22.01+-13,,O.. 20.0 31.2 19.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 20 10.0 10.0 8.3 10.0 14.5 18.0 20.0.... 17.0 29.0 17.5 24.0 27.0 28.0 21 10.0 9.0 10.5 8.0 18.0 12.0 17.0... +10.0 15.0 20.0 16.2 21.0 18.0 + -23.0 22 10.4 8.0 11.0 7.0 12.0 11.0 16.01... 9.0 12.0O 17. 5 11.0 19.5 16.0.. 23 + 9.0 7.0 13.0 3.0 14.0 10.5 14.51,, 8.0 9.0 17,00 11.0 18.01 18.0.. Midn't + 8.0 + 9.0 + 2.0 - 8.0+ 8.0 +12.0 + 9.0 + 8.0 +13.4 +-10.0 +14.0O +16.0.. Hour. 10th. 11th.1 12tb. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20thi. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 1h. 1 *4 i 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 *4 1 1 2 *4 2 1 2 2 1 *f4 1 1 1 2. 2 2 ~4 1 *k4 1 1 2... 2 2 5 2 4 1 1 2. 2 1 2 2 6 2 4 1 1 2...,I 1 2 3 7 3 4 1 1 2... I 1 2 2 f 8 3 3 1 2 1 2... I11 2 9 3 3 1 1 1 2 1, 2.. 2 10 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 *4 2 1 1 11 —,4 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 Noon ~Y4 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 13 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 4 1 14 4c 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 4 1 15 4a 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1. 2 1 4 1 16 4 3 1 1 1 1I 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 3 1. 17 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1. 1 2 1 18 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 19 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 *4 4 1 1` 2 1 1 1 20 4 3 4: 1 1 1 1 *4 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 41 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 *4 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 912 4 - 4. I I 1 1 - 4 - 3 1. 1 2. I.. 44 ~3~RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. READINGS OF THE BLtACKB BIL11THERCMOMETER, AND COR~RESPONDINGN pOTES ON THE S ~OLARCLIGIHT, OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAER IHARmBOR, Inl May and June, 1854, in Lat. 780 371, Long. 700 531 W. of Greenwich. E~xpressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory. tlour. 25th.' 28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. } st. 2. I. 4t. 0 ~ 6h. 7t th. 9th. 10th. 1h.... +-37.0... +-t31.0 +30.0 +25.0 +-32.0 +r30.0 27.0+282.0 +6120.0 +f23.0 +25.0 +t 2 6.0 +26.0. 2.. 3.0.. 31.0 35.0 28.0 31.0 34. 5 9,8.0 25. 0 19.5 23.5 23.0 26.0,32.0 3... 36.0/... 31.0 33.0 25.0 32.0 38.7 28.0 26.2 21.0 28.0 33.0 26.0 33.0 4 20,5 37.5),, 32.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 42.0 28.0 28.0 22.0 34,0 35.0 26,0 38.0 5' ]...... ] 32.0 30.0 32.0 38.0...... [ 32.0 24.0 38.3 36.0 27.5 36.0 6..-.. /... i 36.0 32.0 26.4 40.01... i... 2 1.6 24.0 29.1 37.3 28.3 37.0 7 1.,, i ~......,. 1 40. 0 36.0 29.0 50. —... I. 31.3 30.0 30.0 38.0 29,2 38.0 s,...O 5.0+46.0 45.0 37.0 34.0 I.... 29.5 32.0 32.5 39.5 31.7 38.0 / 28.0/ 42.0 44.0 42.0 35.0 39.0 42.0 44.0 35.0 35.1 34.0 34.0 40.0 33.2 35.0 I0 31.01 41.01... 44.0 3 60 37 0 38.5 38.01 36.0 38.0 35.0 38.0 40.0 34.0 41.0 11 27.o 43.o0... 140.0 37.01 38.0 38.0 42.0 37.0 34.0 32.0 40.0 44.0 35.0 40.0 Noon 33.0 40.0/... 43.0 36.0 42.0 37.0 40.0 38.0 34.0 33.0 34.0 42.0 36.0 41.0 13 32.0 41.0 40.0 43.5 42;0 38.0 34.0 37.0 33.7 36.0 36.0 34.0 42,0 35.0 41.3 14 33.0 42.0 42.0 421 0 410 39.0 34.5 37.0 34.5 36.0 36.0 434.0 38.0 4235 42.0 5 34.0 41,3 38.0 39.4 40.0 37.5 34~.5 36.0 35.0 36.2 36'.0 44.0 34.0 46.0 44. 1 6 i32.0 41.0 42.0 39.0 40.0 39.0 34.0 33.0 34.0 37.2 31.5 35.0 34.0 36.0 43.5, 7 31.01.. 40.0 36.0 39.0 38.0 34.0 32.5 31.0 35.0 32.0 35.0 34.50 3.0 44.0 is 30.01... 40.0 35.0 39.0 38.0 34. 0 31.71 30.0 30.0 28.2 35.0 34.0 35.5 45.0 19 30.51... 1 39.0 34.5[ 36.0 38.0 34.5 845 29.0 29.0 30.0 38.0 31.01 34.0 32.0 20 30.6~... 38.0 31.0 37.0 35.0 34.0 31.5 30.0 28.0 26.0 37.0 {30.0 28.0 31.0 21 30.0... 31.0 30.0 37.0 34.0 33.0 28.0 30.0 26.0 28.0 36.0 [.., 0 1 34,0 29 22 29.01... 1 30.5 26[0 34,0 34,20 32.0 28.0 29.0 29.0 27.0 30.0. 30., 5 28.0 23 25.0,.. 14o30.0 27o0 32.0 28.0 30.0 28.0 29.0 28.0 25.0 31.0... 30.0 28.0 Mcl it *-26.0... +25.0 +29.0 - 27. 5 +29.0 3, 3 28.0 31 28.0,0240.0 2,23.0 +24.0 +28.0 +27.0 Ho ur. 25th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. Ist. 2d. 32,4h 5th. 6th 7th. Sth. M. 10th. Ih h.. ~ 4.... 4 4 2 1 2., 4 4 4 1 4 1 2 40.6 1... 4 2 2 2.0.0/ 4 43 4 0... 4 30 3 4... 4.1 28.0]...... 4 26.0/ 37.0. 2s0 34.0 I4 4300... 1 1 2. 4 2 1 0.. 7 4 5....0.0/...01...0........... 9...... 6 2...... 0. /.0.0/.... 0.. 0 o....... 0 s. 7 3 ~, 2 ~~ 3...0...... I~~~~~~~~~ 2.0/... []3.02.03.0 2.00.0. ~ +'tl~~ 8.0/ 4 28.02 2......3 28.01 or 4 t4.4 39t2 03h 1... 1 4 11, 4 4 *4~, 3 - 1 3 3 1 II 4 2 2 3 4 2 Noon 4g 4 *44 3 1 3 4~ 1 49 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 44 4 4 3 2 3 *4 1 1 4 3 1 1.... 2 14 4 4 3 3 2 3 *4 1 1 4... I... 3 2 1 5 4 4: 4 3 2r 3 *4 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 1 6 4: 4 *x4 3 1. 3 *c4 1... 1. 4.... 2 2 2 17 4:... *4Jk 3 1 3 *4 1... 1 4 2, b 2 2 1 8 4... *4 *4 1 2 *4 1.... 1 4.... 2 1. 2 1 9 4... *4 *4~ 1 1 3 1......... 1,,I,,I ~~i 20 4... I 4 4q 1 1 3 *4................., I,, 1 1 21 4.... 4 4 1 1 3 3.......... 22 4 I... 1 4 3 1 1 2 3......:..... 23 4 4 3 1 1 a 3.............. AVAm't ~ 7+ A 4 I. I I ~~t~ Zerow in the originar,~ ~' ~~No obsesvations on the 26th and 29th,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I M 2 6h h fe o h ige eprtr vy ap~1~ne nteso n crneigtefre veysft n teltersog~ n Irzs May~~ ~ ~ ~ 37h h smi etn at h P~trrsn ho~~tecalsi h c ot n omn ag 14iseer ie 16y'ih c otdeaigrpdy RECORD AND DI SCUSSION OF TEM PERATURES. 45 READINGS OF THE BLACK BULB THERMbOMETER, AND CORRESPONDING NOTES ON TH-E SOLAR LI;icm, OBSERVED AT VrAN I:ENSSELAER- HARBOR, In June, 1854, in Lat. 780 37l, Long. 700 531 W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory. Hoar. 119h. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. i 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th...... +azs.o~~ +o....../ lbh. +280 0+23.5 +25.0 +28.0 +40.0 +41.0 +33.0 +38.0+333.0 +34.0 31.0 +31.0 +31.5 +31.0o +34.0 2 27.o0 25.0 25.0 30.0 43.5 29.0 34.0 36.0 33.0 36.0 31.5 31.0 31.15 340 33.0 3 27.0 25.0 24.0 30.0 48.0 28.0 34.0 36.0 33.5 36.0 33.0 31.0 31.5 33.0 33.0 4 1 30.0 25.0 24.0 29.5 35.0 28.01 40.5 42]0 33.5 37.0 33.6 30.0 31.5 37.3 34.0 5 32.1 28.0 29.0 34.0..., 1 36.0 40.4 39.0 40.0 38.0 33.6 38.1 28.0 38.0 39.0 6 32. 2 29.7 29.0 34. S[... [ 34.5[ 40.1 38.8 42.1 34.3 34.0 35.7 29.5 39.7 40.0 7 32.0 30.6 29.81 33.4?26.7 34.3 40.0 38.5 46.0 32.0 34.6 36.2 30.0 40.0 41.3 8 36.0 37.0 30.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 38.0 38/01 49.0 34.0 34.8 38.7 33.1 42.3 42.0 9 38.0 40.0 30.0 39.0 38.0 38.0 40.0 44.0 or 0. 0 34.0 34. 0 44.33 34.0 40 2 43.0 1 30 41.0 41.0 32/0 40.0 40/ 0 44.0 42.0 45.0 53.0 34.0 34.0 37.2 34.0 42,J 45.0 40.0 40.5 33.0 45.0 46.0. 48.0 39.0 486.0 54.0 34.0 35.0 38.0 35.0 44.2 45.0 Noon 40.5 4110 33.0 48.0 45.0 44.0 42.0 49.0 50.0 40.0 52.0 38.2 37.0 46.2 45.0 ] 40.0 41.0 32.5 48.0 48.0 43.0 41.0 49.01 44.0 40.0 54.0 44.0 36.0 45.0 43.0 14 41.0 41.5 33.0 48.7 47.0 38.0 38.0 46.0 49.0 34.0 52.0 37.0 40.0 44.0 40.0 1 5 41. 0 41.0 34. 0 49.0 45.01 39.0 39.0 45.5 49.0 29.0 52.0 37.0 43.0 42.0 40.0 1o /40.0 41.0 33.0 48.0 45.01 39.0 39.5 4.0 44.0 29.0 5/.0 37.5 46.0 412.08 37.5 17 40.0 41.0 33.0 46.0 46.0 39.0 4040 38.0 43.0 30.0 56.0 35.0 46.0 41.0 34.0 138 40.5 41.0 33.0 44.0 49.01 39.0 40.0 38.0 42.0 31.0 42.0 35.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 /49 38.01 31.0 33.0 41.0] 41.0 36.0 417 38.0 42.0 30.9 38.0 34.0 38.0 38.0 35.0 20 36.0 32.0 29.0 38.0 40.0 35.0 46.0 39.0 38.0 31.0 36.2 33.0 36.0 38.0 35.0 21 35.01*32.0 29.0 38.0 41.0 34.0 449.0 38.0 39.0 31.0 33.5 33.0 31.0 37.0 34.50 22 34.0/ 26.0 29.0 48.0 40.0 32.0 40.0 34.05 40.0 32.0?31.4 33.0 32.0 36.0 33.5 23 32.0 25.0 30.0 36.0 34.0 33,0 38.0.0 34.0 34.0 30.2 32.0[+32.0 33.0 35.03 M~lidn't +~33.0 +-28.0 +31.0 +31.0, +40.0 +33.0 +38.0 +t34.0 +34.0 1929.7 +32.0 +32.04 +35.0 +34.0l Hour. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th. h. 4 41. 3 1 1 1 2 1 42 1 4 4 4 2 3 2 4 4 2 1 1 3 2 1. 4: 1 4 4 40 2 3 3... 3 311 3 4 2 1 4 1. 4 4 4 2 3 4 3 6.0} 3 42 1 1. 1 0 4. 1 4 4 4 3... 2. 5 4: 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 4 4 4...,, 2 6 41 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4: 4 4, 2 7 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 ~ 44 4:... 2 8 4a 2 2 1 1 2..., 1 3 1 4 4 4~, 2 9 2 2 3 1 1 2..., 2 1 1., 4 1P 1 10 2 2 3 1 1 2..., 2 1 1...... 1 I 3 1 91 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 9 1. 3 2 Noon 2 4: 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1...,, 1 3 2 13 2 4 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4, 14 2 2 14 2 4 3 1 1 1 2'1 2 1 4 1 4: 4 3 1 15 2 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 4: 2 2 16 2 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 3 4: 2 2 2 17 1 4 38. 1 1 2 1 43 1 4 4 43 1. 3 2 18 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 4 4 1 3 19 4 1 1 2 1 4 1. 4 4 4 2 3 20 I...... 4 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 4 4. 2 3 3 21...... 4 1 1, 3 1 4 1 4: 4 4 2 3 3 22 4 / 1 3 1 4 } 4 4 4 2 3 3 A: I,,I: I I.. 4 Midn~~t i,,, i,,2 i 4., / 2 / 1 }. 4.2 3 i~~~~~~~~~~~~-C~etdfoa3 o30 46 RECOR D AND DISCUSSION OF TEM PERATURES. READINTGS OF THE BLACK BUL;B THERM~OMETER, AND CORRESPONDINGT NOTES ON THI~E SOLAP. LIGHT, OBSERVED AT VAN 1RENSSELAER H-ARBOR, In June and July, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 700 53' W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At meteorological observatory and Fern Rock Island. Hour. 26th. 27th. I 28th. 29th. 30th. Ist. 2d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. 10th. 11th. Ih, 37.0 0 0 0 0P37, O-38.O 38. ~ 0 50. 0 +44.0+45.0 +0+0.0+40.0 1h. +37 ~0 +36.5 +37.0 +38.0 +38.5.+36.0 +40.0 +50.+44.0 +45.0 +34.0 +37.0 +32.0 +36.0 2 37.0 28.0 35.5 38.2 38.8 38.0 40.0 48.5 49.0[ 45.0[ 34.0 37.0 31 01 44.0 41.0 3 37.5 29.0 37.0 38.5 38.0 38.0 41.0 47.0 40.0 43.01 35.0 37.0 32.0 49.0] 41.5 4 39.0 -47.0 37.0 40.0 39.0 3804 48.0 48.0 43.0 34.0 36.0 36.0 44.0 49.5 5 39.0 37.0 35.0 45.2 40.0 39.01. 53.0 45.0 44.0 34.0t o... 36.0 39.0 50.0 6 39.0 39.0 35.1 45.2 46.0 39.5... 66.0 47.0 41.0 35.0/... ] 37.0 40.0 49.0 7 39.0 38.0 35.1 45.0 48.0 38:0... 56.0 50.01 45.0 36.0[... 138.0i 46.0 52.0 8 40.0 41.0 36.2 45.0 51.0 38.0... 67.01 53.0 44.0 36.5{... 1 38.5 44.0{ 5].0 9 39.5 43.0 38.0 46.0 50.0 40.0... 61.0 60.0 46.5 37.0 38.0 38.0! 44.0 49.0 10 39. 5 44.001 39.0 46.0 52.01 41.0... 54.0 64.0?39.0 38.0 38.0 38.0{ 45.0 49.0 11 39.0 44.5 41.0 4S.0 53.0 43.0... 52.0 54.0?39.0 39.0 3S.0 40.0 43.0 47.0 Noon 44.0 46.0 41.5 49.0 53.0 43.0 /49.0 49.0 40.0 37.5 39.0 41.0 43.0 46.0 1 3 54 0 49.0 44.0 51.0 53.0 48.0 [ 49.0 48.0 40.0 37.0?37.0 43.0 43.0 44.0 14:' 53.0..., 1 41.0 50.0 63.0 47.5... 58.0 61.0 38.0 37.0 37.0 42.0 41.0 45.5 15 47.0 53.0 3810 45.0 48.0 49.5... 57.0 53.0 40.0 36.0] 36.0 41.0 42.0 51.0 16 45.0 56.0 37.5 46.0 44.0 57.5..1 51.0 61.0 40.0 —-34.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 47.0 17 45.0 51.0 37.3 42.0 43.0 54.0 51.0 70-0 35.0...... 40.0 43.0 46.0 1 8 43.0 49.0 37.2 39.0 39.0 54.0 I.. 56.0 62.0 35.0 +-53.0 44.0 44.0 41.0I 19 41.0 50.0 34.5 39.5 37.5 46.0. 59.0 57.0 36.01..... [ 42.0 42.0 40.0 20 40.0 49.0 34.5 38.0 35.5?45.0... 54'0 57.0- -35.0...... 42.0 42.0 39.0 21 41.0 49.0 34.0 38.5 35.0 40.5... 51.0 50.0[... 4..41.0 38.0/+38.0 22 41.0 39.0 34.0 38.0 35.5 40.0 47.0 53.0o...... 40.0 40.0... 23 38.0 37.0 33.0 39.0 36.0 43.0 ] 46.0l 49.0/... ].. ].-.. 38.0] 41.0... midn't +-38.0 +37.0 +33.0 +38.0 +36.0 +37.0 49.0 +43.0 +37.0 +42.0 Hour. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 1st. 2d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. Ih. 2 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 4 2?O?O?O 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4~ 4: 3?O?O?O 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4: 4; 2?O?O?O 1 2 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 1?O?O 3 1 1 5 2 4a 2 2. 3 3 1 4 3?O?O?O 1 1 6 26 4: 2 2, 4: 4 1 4: 3?O?o?o I 1 7 2 4 2 2, 3 5 4 4 4 4?O 3 1 1 8 2 4 2 2. 3 5 1 4 4 4?O 2 1 1 9 1 4 1 1 3 4~ 1. 3 2 4 4; 3 1 2 10 1 4 I B 2 2 4 1 2 3 4 4 3 1 1 11 3 4 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 4 4 4 2 1 2 Noon 2 41 2 1, 2 2 3 1 2 4 4 4 4: 2 1 1 13 3 4 4: 4: 4 2 3 1 1 4: 4?O 3 1 1 14 3... 4 4 46; 9 1 3 2 1 4 4?O 3 1 1 15 2 4: 4 3 4 1 5 I 1 4: 4?O 2 1 1 16 2 4 4,, 3 2 5 2 1 4, 4:?O 2 1, 1 17 2 4 4:... 3 2 I Ia 1 I 4 4... 1,,,I 2 18 2 4: 4:... 3 2 1 1 1..., 4 2... 1 3 19 2 4 2 4 3 3 1 1, 1 4 1, 1 3 20 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 1 1 1..., 4:?O 1 4 21 3 3 3 4: 2 2 2 4?i I I 1 4: 3 2 22 3 2 2 4~ 2 2 2 4?I 1 1 1 4 2?O 23 2 3 2 4 2 1 1 4?I I I 1 3 1?O Midn't 4 I 3 2 4 2 1 I 4?I I I 1 3 1?O 18 4rb~y37.,$Hges eprtr bev 1ue 6t Tewree o rk mrui telzmt N 1 upi i pae cm rsn 17hteosraoysadrisine ro s1.,o t orcio -00 hc a enapid 18l "sTeie h attodyhscaie eakby h ae tem rmtehlscmnne 19nn etraadtewr ete a asdlre ol ntesufc fteiei h acvrn it o tedpho eea nh * roaly 37~.0d~t. T ihe stteampefrature oblsenrvaed. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMP ERATURES. 47 REAI)INGS OF THE ]BLACK BULB TI-iERMOMITET, AND CORRESPONDING ]NOTES ON THE SOLAR LIiIIIT, OBSERVED AT VAN R~ENSSELAER HARBOR, In July, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 371, Long. 700 531 W. of Greenwich, Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. At Fern Rock Island and on board the brig. Hour. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 22d. 2. 2ith. 25th.! 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. - o' —7'- ~-q —' o o — ~ —'-';~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —' —-- ooo —0-q —~ 1h. +34.0O +77.0+36.01+38.0. +40.5 ++55.0 +-45.0O +42.0. +36.0 +f37.5 +-37.00-+39.0 2 34.0 38.0 37.5 36.5... 40.0 53.0 43.0 44.0... 37.5 39.0 37.0 40.0 3 34.0 38.0 35.0 36.0/.... 40.5 51.0 43.0 44'01'" [ 36.2 39.0l... I 36.0 41.01 4 37.0 38.0 35.5 38.0l... / 41.3 53.0 43.0 45.01... I 35.0 39.0l... I 38.0 42.01 5 37.0 37.5 36.0 38.0!q-35.6 42.0 54.0 43.5 46.0,q38.0 41.0?36.5[... 41.0... 6 39.0 40.0 35.5 39.0 38.2 41.0 57.0 45.0 46.5 39.0 39.0?37.0/... / 46.2... 7 40.0 40.0 36.6 38.5 39.5 41.0 64.0/ 45.0 47.0 42.0 43.3?37.8]... / 51.O... [ 40.0.41.0 39.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 63.0 44.0 47.5 42.0 44.0 41.01.... 58.~... 9 39.0 41.0'41.0 38.5 39.5 49.0 64.0[ 48.0 40.0 35.0 47.0 48.0[... ] 58.0 46.0 10 39.0 41.0 48.5! 38.0 39.8 57.0 65.0 49.0 39.0 37.0 46.0 48.01... 1 60.0 48.0 11 39.0 41.0 47. 5 37.0 40.0 59.0 63.0 55.0 39.0 39.0 45.0 49.0/... ] 61.0 53.0 Noon 38.0 41.0 49.0 35.5 39.5 59.0 60.0 56.0 39.0\ 44.0, 44.0 50.01.... 59.0 59.0 13 38.0 42.0 60.5 38.0 38.0 60.0 60.0 57.0 58.0i 45.0 42.0 52.0 +-44.0 57.0 59.0 14 39.0 43.0 52.0 36.0 37.0 59.0 60.0 56.6 59.0 45.3 41.0 54.0 47.0 54.0 59.0 15 41.0 42.0 52.0 36.0 35.0 58.0 62.0 55.01 57.0 44.5 39.0 54.0 46.0 49.0 54.0 16 / 41.0 43.0 51.0 35.01+35.0 57.5 62.0 56.01 57.0 44.0 37.0'+50.0 46.0 42.0 42.0 17 /40.0]..... 570]6.15.01 a9l.~l380. 44.5} 43.0/ 40.01 17 40.01.,, 1 50.0.34.o.. 57.0 61.0 55.0 41.0O?41. 0 38.0... 4. 4. 1 8 39.01......[ 36.0[... 56.0 60.0 55.0 39.0[ 43.0 38.0[... [ 43.0 46.0 39.0 n9 9 39.0 38.5... /36.0... 55.5 59.0 50.0 38.5 43.0 38.0l... / 44.0 46.0 38.0 20 -37.0 +37.0 36.0... 56.0 58.0 46.0 38.0 42,0 37.01... / 43.0 47.0 42.0 21...... Z 0 38.0.../ 55.0 57.5 40.0 39.0 38.5 37.6 3.8.0 47.0 41.0 22..... 38.7 36.0[... 56.0 58.0 41.4 38.0 37.0 37.91... [ 37.0 43.0 41.0 23 1.... 38.5 35.0..... 57.0 59.0I 41.5 37.5 37.0 38.3... 44.01 41.0 39.0 Midn't... — 37.0 +34.0 57.0-q58.01+43.0 +36.0 +37801+38.2 +42.0 +42.0 +36.0 Hour. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 16th. 22d. 23d. 24th. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. 1h.... 4 1 4......... 4 I q?O 4 3......,~ 2 1 2..., 4 1 4......... ~, 4?O 4 3..., I,, 2 1 3 4... Q,, 4,,,, 3?O 4 4 3......,, 3 1 4 4.... 4...... 3 2 4 3 3 1 5 4 4 1,,14 3...,... 3 2 *4q 3...,, 2 6 4 4 4 3...,I,. 3 2 *4 2 4..., 1 7 4- 4: 3 4 4, 4: 3 2 *c4 2 4...,, I 8 4 2 3 4: 4, 3 1 3 2 *4-S 1 4..., I.. 9 4: 2 3 4 4 2 1 3 4: 4: 2 *4 1 1 1 10 4 2 3 4 4 1 1 2 4: 4 1 *4 1 1 1 11 4 2 3 4: 4 1'I 2 4: 4, 2 *4: 3 1 1 Noon 4. 3 4: 4 1 2 3 4 1;4 3 1 13 3 42 2 4~ 4 1 1 4 1 3 4 *4 2 1 1 14- 4 4 1 4 4: 1 1 4 2 2 4 *4 2 1 1 1 5 4 4 2 4 3 1 1 4 2 1 4 *4 2 1 3 16 4..., 3 4 2 1 1 4 1 2 4 2 2 1 4 17 4... 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 2 4 2 2 1 4 is 4..., 4 4 *4-q 1 1 4: 4?O 4 2 1 1 4 19 4 4 4 4 *4 1 2 4 4?O 4 3 1 1 4 20 4 4 4 4 -x4q 1 3 4 43?O 4 4 1 1 2 21??t I~t 4~ 4 *C4 1 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 1 3 22?O..., 4: 4 *4-4 1 2 4- 3 3 4: 4: 2 1 4 23?O 4, 14 4 *4 1 2 4 2 4~ 4: 4 2 1 4 Zeros in the original. J' These and other zeros are inserted by C~., Riley, who had been on watch fr~om 8 to 12 since the 5th inst. July 17th, etc. No observations on the 17th, l8th, 19th, 20th, and 21st, of the black bulb temperatures. July 28th. The two sun th~ermomueters were taken from the island. At noon, July 29th, these thermom~eters were suspended on board the brig, 8 feet from deck. July 31st. Messrs. Sonntag, Ohlsen, and Stevenson returned. They founcl the sound perfectly open to the southwarcl of the north cape of B3edevilled Reach, and open leads extending to within 6 miles of th~e brig. 48 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURESR READINGS OF THE BLACK( BULB THIERMOMETER, AND CORRESPONDING~ NOTES ON THE SOLAR LIG;HT, OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAZER ~IARBOR~, In August, 1854, in Lat.78~ 3778, Long'. 70~ 531 W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. On board the brig. I-our. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th.5th. S 6th. S 7th. I th.9t h 10th. I 11th 12th. 3th 16b. 7th ]11. +35.0 +31.0 +35.0 +~38.0 +45.0 +-42.0+39.0 +39.0 +36.0 +43.0+33.0 +32.0 +37.0-33.00 2 35.0 31.5 35.5 "37.0 43.0 42.0 39.0 42.0 37.0 41.0 3640 32.5 3010 32.5 3.35.0 31.0 35.0]... 1 36.0 39.0 40.0O 37.0 43.0 36.0 41.0 37.0 44.0 31.0 35.0 4 36.0 31.0 36.01... J 37.0 43.0 40.5 35.0 47.0 36.3] 42.0 38.0 50.0 31.0 39.0 J 36.6 33.0 37.01+39.0 44.0 37.0 39.0 35.0 48.0 38.01 38.0 39.0 32.0 32.0 39. 6 37.0 38.0 35.0 40.0 49.0 36.0 47.0 35.5 56.0 39.0 43.0 42.0 33.0 34.0 40.0 7 42.0 43.0 34.01 45.6 50.0 36.5 50.51 39.0 52.0} 41.0. 46.0} 46.0 31.0 38.0 41.0 8 50.0 39.0 36.0 45.0/ 49.0 40.0 63.01 51.0 53.0 41.0 47.0 41.0'29.0 40.0 42.0 9 63.0 39.0 39.0. I 49.0 48.0 64.0 50.5 55.0 45.0] 47.0 36-01... / 42.0 33.6 10 69.0 43.0 39.01... 1 49.5 49.5 66.0 49.0 51.01 49.0 50.01 40.0..1. 44.0 34.51 11 66.0 45. 0 39.0... 48.0 49.0 62.0 47.0 52.0 52.0 51.0 40.01... [ 44.0 36.0 Noon 41.0 48.0 39,0[ 39.0 49.0 51.0 60.0 46.0 52.5 53.0 55.0 38.01.. 47.0 34.0 13 49.0 43.0 39.0 41.0 53.0 52.0 59.0 47.0l 50.0 52.01 55.01 37.0[-..i 42.0 35.0 14 40.0 44. 0 39.01. 52.0 55.0 59.0 47.0 49.0o 51.0 51.0 47.0..., 44. 0 3'7.01 1 5 39.0 43.0 39.0,, 49.0 56.0 56.0 46.0 48.0 53.0 51. 0 48.0..., 55.0 39.0 l1 I 39.0 41.0 39.01... 41.0 55.0 530 45.0 48.0 49.0 49.0 46.0/... 55.0 38.0 17 39.0 414.0o/... 44.0 53.0 39.0 45.0 46.0 48.0 48.0 43.01.. 54.0 41.0 I8 4i. o 39.o0 /.. 43.0 44.0 48.0 39.0 42.0 45.5 42.0 47-o 43.0... 52.0 44.0 1 9 40. 0 51.0..... 45.01..01 42.0 39.01 430 46.0 46.o 4o. o... 49.0 43.01 20 34.0 49.o...... 45.0... 57.0 38.0 42.0 49.0 45.0 33.0... 56.0 42.0 21 37.0 39.0 35.0[... 49.0 45.0 49.0 38.3 42.0 39.0 42.0 33.0. 42.0 33.0 22 32.0 35.0] 35.0. 49. 0 45.0 41.0 36.0 41.0 39.0 42..5 34.0...... 33.0 23 31.0 33.5 36.0... 47.0 44.0 39481 36.0 39.0 39.0 42.0 34.05 30.0]... 3 2.0 Midn9t [28.5 +33.0..37.0 461.o1 449.0 642.0 30i.00 4+370139545 5013032.0 Hour. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. 6th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. 10th. 11th. 1 2th. 13th. 16th. 17th. 1h. 4 3 4 4 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 38.04 49 1 450... 1 2 4 9. 01 J 1 2 1 3 4 3 4. 4 1 4. 3 1 1 1. 1 4 I 49 3 45 49 1 4 2. 0 [ 3 42.0 1 I... 1 5 4 3 4: 3 1 4; 3 1 1 1 2 6 4 3 4 3. 0 2 [3 4 2 2 7 3 2 4; 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 4: 2 1 8 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 4: 1 1 9 [ 4 4 4 1.1 1 3 1 2 1 3... 1. 10 1 4 4 4. 1 36. 1 3 1 41 1 2 34 1 1. 11 1 3 4: 4: 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 *4 1 1 Noon 1 2 4 4: 1 1 1 4 J 1 1 1 *4~ 2 2 13 2 2 4: 4 1 1 1 3 1..., 1 2 4 1 14 4 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 1..., I I... 4 1 15 4 2 4 4 1 I a 1 1, 1 II, 1 4 1 16 4 3 4 4 Z 1 1 1 1,, ZI,, 4 1 17 4 3 4 4li 1 1 2... 1.I,,, I *4~3 1 2 is 4~ 2 4 4 1 1 2... I 1I, 1 2 *4 1 3 19 4 1 4 4~4 1 1 2..., I I... 3 4 1 3 20 4Q 2 4, 4: 1 1 1.... I I 3 *41 1 3 21 4 3 2 4: 1 1 1.... 1 1, 3 *4-q 2 3 22 4 4.., 1 4 1 1 1 1,, 2..., 4 4..., 3 23 4 4..., 4 1 1 1..., 1 2, 2 2 3, Midu't 4 4 1,,, 1 1 1 Z 1 I,,. 1 ~~~~~~~~~~3 2.0,,I12, /jheoignl h + Iteos Mugsa 4t,~ +2s.5 +3. +37. +511,,bnl ub 2.0 ola lig Augst15h, t 1 nd 2,,, 4 ak.ol +4~1.o +3~. +360.0 ola +37.o]+~. i+4o. k uut1t.Teyugiehasamn RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. 49 READBING;S OF THE BL;ACK BULB THERMLOMETER, AND CORRESPONDING N C\OTES ON THE SOLAR LIGHTT OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAE R HARBOR, In August and September, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 70~ 53t W. of Greenwich. Expressed in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. On board the brig. Hour. 18th. 21st. 23d. 24th. 28th. 29th. 31st. 1st. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 10th. 11th. 1 h. +f41. 0... +23.0 f-19.01.......................... 2..... 21.0... I.......... I........ ~~... 3 0......... 29.0.............................. 4 36.0...... 31,0............... 5 40. o..... 23.0 +b39.0 +1 S. 180 +. - 6.0... +t11.5 ~ ~ 6 41.01...... 23.0... 39.0[... 18[5... 9.0... 11.0 +13.0 7 t 39.0 -36.0.. 27.0... 38.0,-34.0 18.0... 9.5... l+10. O/ 16.0... [+11.0 8 [ 40.01 37.0 24.0 31.0... 9.0 32.0 23.0... 11.0... Ii.o 1'7.0.. 16.0 9 40.0 37.0 24. 0 379.0... 38.0 34.0m 23.0 J19.0 16.0 +20.01 13.0 18.0 45.0 20.0 10 41.0 38.0 42'0 3J6.0 41.0 37.0 35.0 31.01 21.0 18.0 21.0 17.0 29.0 57.0 2:3.0 11 42.0 31.5 41.0 34.0 42.0,? 30.0 34.0 28.0 21.0 25.0 24.0 31.0 31.0 23.0 Noon 4S.0 41. 0 46.0 37.0 40.0/ 35.0 30.0 33.0 20.0 28.0 29.0 19.0 33.0t 26.0 13 43.0 38.0 43.0... 38.01 30.0... 31.0 22.0 33.0[ 30.0[ —-15.0 31.0/ 22.0 14 48.0t 36.0 43.0 3S.0;... 31.0/... [ 32.0 17.0 30/ 29.0... 31.0 31.0 15 53.01 38.0 42,0... 39.0. 32.0... 27.5 13.0 29.0:28.0... 30.0 17. 1 6 52.0 +f41.0 41.01... 45.0-. 31.0...I 26.51(d11.5 +-~26.0o1+27..0 +~ -f27.0 +~27.0 17 49.0...... 733.0 36.0.. 30.0 24.0 25.00 1i 47.0... 39.0... 39.0+x.s/ [ 22.0. 21.0...q.......... 19 39.0... 37.0... 37.0..... 19.0 19.Oi............... 20 38.5... 35.0 o 33.0.. 20.0 +17.0....... 21 /3.0..... 23.0 20.0............. 22 ]...... 31.0 9... 2..0... 21.0 1910......... 23... 27i.0....... +20.0 +18 0 O................... Mlidi,,'t I. I. +. ~-27. O I.. 1. I3.0...!......!... H-our. 13th. 21st. 23d. 21th. 28th. 29th. 31st. 1st. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8 th. 10th. 11th. Ih. / 3 1 7 0.......................... 2 1... I.....+...... I......... 3 1... /... 3.0......... 4, 1 1 1 I... I 1 3 ~~~ I ~~~ ~2. O...... 15? O-1 I......1~ t ~ ~D 1 ~~ ~ 6 I -.?O I x I.... Hour 2 18t... d 29th 1 1?O 7 8 1 Z 1 I... I 1 3 1 1 i... I 1 J?O I 1 9 1... -3E 2 1 47 2 1 ~13 1... I 10 2... * 2. 4 2 1 3 1... 1. /. 11 2 T I 1 4 2 1 1......... I... ~Noon 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 1... I 13 1 1, 1 1 4. 2... I 1... I 14~ 1 1 1 3t 1 3 2 I I...~~ 1 3 1 1 15 1 1 1 2 47 2... I I... 1 3 1. 1 1~ /.i. 1 1 2 17 1 4 2 I 1 1 2... 3 1 1 is 2 2 1 I ~1 2. 3 1 1 8 1 2 *,... / 1 2... 3 1... 20 1 t2 I. [ 1 2... 1 I. 21 1 / 2 I...... /... / ~ / 1...... 22 4 I 2 3... 1 1 [ I ~ 23 4 I...?2... 3................. idn't 4 2 I -... / 3 I....... 310,~ ~ ~ ~ /2"..., 1; soalgt I,... 3/ 1 [ 19us /0h 1 lzc / ul *[ 2, *,5P. 5,4" 1 oa ih,4, August~~~~~ ~~ }2d /lc.-.at1, 1 1 A /. 350 /60'";!oa lg 3, / 1. Auut2~h B aclton /h ].we /im * Ih su *utgae h oio t h oten~~r~i Bliclnt 45h Blc u7 t5,7. *. 280.....5 8.5."............... August 22d lakbubat1, 11t, 12 A M, 35~h, 3 ~ 2 5 ~; solar ligh, 3d, 1t. o bevtna 50 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF TEMPERATURES. READINGS OF THE BLACK BULB THERMOMETER AND CORRESPONDING NOTES ON THE SOLAR LIGHTContinued and completed. Sept. 12. At 6h, 77, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12J 1, 2, 3, 4, 5h.: 3. B. +6, 12, 18, 21, 23, 21, 19, 18, 16, 14, 13, 8~ S. L. 3, 1, 1, 1, i, l, 1, 1, 2 Sept. 13. Samie hours: B. B. +2~, 7, 20, 33, 31, 31, 33, 34, 28,.., 19, 16~ S. L. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, I1, 1, 1, 1, 1 Sept. 14 and 15. No. observations. Sept. 16. At8A. M., 1, 2, 3 P.M.: B. B. +13~ 1, 16, 17, 14~; S. L. 1, 1, 1, 1 Sept. 17. At 1, 2, 4, 5 P. M.: B. B. +-19~, 16, 13, 9~; S.L. 1, 1, Sept. 18. No observations. Sept. 19. At 11 and 12 A. M.: ]B. B. +11~, 13~; S. L. 1, I Sept. 20. At 11 A. MI. and 3 and 4 P. M.; B. B. + 9~, 45, 50; S.L. 1, 3, 3 Sept. 21. At 9, 10, 12 A. M.: B3. B. +8~, 11, 18~; S. L. 1, 1 Sept. 22. At 12, 1, 2 P.M.: B. B. +-20~, 16, 12~; S. L. 1, 2, 3 Sept. 23. At 10, 11, 12 A. MI.: B. B. +2~, 6.5, 5~; S. L. 3, 1, 1 Sept. 24, 25, 26. No observations. Sept. 27. At 10, 11, 12 A. M.: B. B. +13~, 13, 10~; S.L. 1, 1, 2 Sept. 28. At 11 A.M.: 3. B. +13~; S. L. 2 Sept. 29, 30, Oct. I, to 14. No observations of the black bulb thermometer. Oct. 15. At 11 and 12 A. M.: B. B. — 3 ~,-4~; S. L. 1, 1 The black bulb readings were discontinued on Oct. 18. Decrease of Temjnperature with Elevation.-Readings of the temperature at the level of the sea, and at eighty feet elevation on the mast of the brig, were taken during the months of August, September, and October, 1853. These observrations were made with the same thermomneter at the upper and lower position. The following are the mean differences obtained from twelve observations (bi-hourly) a day for the months August, September, and October, in the two positions: -0~.14, -0~.67, and -0~.30, the minus sign indicating'S colder above." We have, therefore, for an elevation of eighty feet, an average change of -0~.37 of temperature during these three months; or the elevation corresponding to a decrease of tem.perature of 1~ Fahr. becomes 210 feet. S:urface Temperature of Sea Water. — The following table contains the mean monthly values, from hourly observations, of the temperature of the surface water in Van Rensselaer Harbor. On the 19th of October, 1854, an order was given to:mmerge the thermometer four feet below the surface. On the previous day, the water alongside gave at the surface 32~; at three feet deep, 30~.5. After Novenber 27th, the readings remaining constant at +290, the observations were dias continued. 1853 September... 29~.1 1854 May. 28~.9 October... 28.8 June. 30.3 November... 28.7 July... 32.3 December... 28.7 August... 31.8 1854 January... 28.7 September... 31.3 February... 28.7 October... 30.9 Marcl.... 28.7 November... 29.0 April... 28.8 December The index error of thermometer is not known; it must be small. For a preliminary project of the isothermal lines of Baffin's Bay and adjacent islands constructed for each month of the year, the render is referred to.ppendix No~. X;III. of the 2d Vol. of the NaTrraztive. AP PIE NST DI X. (See note -on preceding page 2.) Extract from Alppendix No. XI. 2d volulme of the Narrative, p. 405, on the Determinatzion of Tempferatures. SIR EDWARD PARRY, and more recent Arctic voyagers, have shown that there is a difference, amounting sometimes to two degrees, between the temperatures adjacent to, and at a distance from, the vessel. This was abundantly confirmed by our experience. During the intense cold of our winters, the instruments became very impressible to artificial elevation of temperature. The approach of the observer, the use of the lantern, the neighborhood of articles taken from a heated apartment, &c. &c., were at once perceptible in our records. Except in naval expeditions, Arctic temperatures, whether Asiatic or American, have been recorded with a limited number of instruments. The results of these must be received with extreme caution; for the differences which alcoholic thermometers exhibit, at temelratures below the freezing point of mercury, are so varying as to require a large number of comparisons, and upon many instruments} to determine their proper correction. It was not uncommon for thermometers which had given us correct and agreeing temperatures as low as — 40~, to show at -60~ differences of from fifteen to twenty degrees. Such, too, was the case with the well-constructed instruments of Sir James Ross at Leopold Harbor. T-o give an example of this, I may refer to the record of six thermometers suspended near eacll other, as above described) and observed for purposes of Comparison avt noon February 5th, 1854. -1O, — 63%7 -54~, -53~, -50~, and -50~. All of these, at temnperatures above -401, agreed withinn ~10.s, and were selected as the most consistent of nearly thirty spirit thermometers. At 9 A. M. of the same day, eleven similar thermometers gave, under like circumstanees, a mean of 68~, the extreme readings being — 560.4 and -80~. For the purpose of obtaining the most probable temperature from. these conflicting records, my first impulse was to rejfflt the lowest (coldest) extremes, and talce the mean of those which accorded best; but upon advising with our astronomer, Mr. Sonntag, I determined to take the mean of all without rejecting any, the view which he took Wing simply that those instruments which indicated the extremes in the low scale had never, in temperatures above -40~0, shown any anomaly which deprived them of an equal claim to confidence with the rest, and that there was no reason, a priori, to tonsider the results whiclh thi-y gave as less probable than those shown by the others& I In a word, I adopted the views of Professor Airy, as published in the 95th number of the Amterican Astronomical Journal. The causes which had produced the errors were mostly unknown, and the quantity to which these errors might amount was entirely so. Our therrmometers were made with great care by Tagliabue9 of:New York. But, independently of other mechanical sourcs of error, I am oboligeda to say that I do not regard thse contraetion of @olarec a~lcolzol, at very~ low ternpera~tlres, as sufficiently investiga~ted8 to enable us to arrive at the causes or the quantity of error. In most of the spirit thermometers, the uniform thickness of the tube was tested before leavw [ng New York; and the freezing of carefully distilled mereury, which I had taken with me for the purpose, gave excellent determinations of absolute temperature. But it may not be uninteresting to state that the freezing point of this metal varied between-~38~.5 and -h1~45, and that its rate;of contraction as a solid was so uniform that, in our long arid excel 52 RECORD AND DISCUSSIO N OE' TEMPER~ATURES. lent 36 inch standards, it descended after freezing as low as —44~. This result is in accordance with that obtained by Sir Edward Belcher, whose experiments go even further than my own, the mercury having been observed by him to descend as low as 46~ below zero. I may mention the fact, as in some degree confirming the propriety of not excluding an eccentric result from the computation of means, that two or more instruments may agree well together and still differ considerably from the most probable temperatures. This was the case with two long spirit thermometers, which never, even at the lowest temperatures, showed differences amounting to one degree, but which, at -68~, varied 7~.7 from the mean of eleven others. The cause was in this instance easily explained. The two instruments were fac-similes of each other; any errors of division of the scale, or from the unequal contraction of the fluid, which was the same in both, and the same in quantity, and probably taken from the same preparation of spirits, were of course common to both. The error induced by the coloring matter of the fluid adhering in small particles to the sides of the tube became very marked at low temperatures. Our routine of daily observation was as follows: Two 36 inch register spirit thermometers were noted hourly, as well as a varying number of instruments of smaller size. For purposes of comparison, the long spirit thermometers and from five to twelve of the others, in selected groups, were generally read at the same time. The difference between the mean of these-observations and the reading of any one instrument, gave the correction which was applied to that instrument in order to get the true or most probable temperature. 8 * * * PART I. DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF THE DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WINDS -THE observations of the direction and force of the wind at Van Rensselaer Harbor, North Greenland, extend over the same period as the other meteorological observations, viz: from September 1st, 1853, to May lst, 1855. With few exceptions, these observations were made hourly, and their record available for discussion, extends to January 24th, 1855. Those taken after this date will be found recorded (three times a day) in Appendix No. XII. of the second volume of the Narrative of thile Expedition. NTo self-registering anemometric instrument was used. The direction of the wind is given uncorrected for magnetic variation of the needle, and was noted in reference to eight principal points of the compass. The course of the wind thus given refers to the lower or surface stratum of the atmosphere. The force of the wind has been estimated as near as possible according to a scale extending from I to 10; the former number indicating light airs, the latter a hurricane. Zero denotes a calm air. These figures, expressive of the relative force of the wind, are placed in front of the letters indicating the direction, as given by its initial letter, and their relation to the velocity and pressure of the wind is shown in the following table, used in the United States Coast Survey.1 DENOMINATION Estimated Pressure in Velocity in DENOMINATION Estimated Pressure in Velocity in No. of force. pounds per mi WIND. No. of force. pounds per miles per square foot. hour..e square foot. hour. Calm..... O 0.000 O 0 Fresh gale... 6 7.9 40 Light air... 1 0.005 1 Strong gale.. 7 12.0 50 Gentle breeze.. 2 0.08 4 Storm.... 8 18.0 60 Moderate breeze. 3 0.9 13 Tempest... 9 31.0 80 Fresh breeze.. 4 2.6 23 Hurricane. 1. 10 49.0 100 Strong breeze. 5.1 32 The relation of the tabular numbers of pressure and velocity is according to Snmeaton's table, and is, practically the same as that following from D. Bernoulli's formula.2 It may be questioned whether the upper limit (No. 10) of the above table has been reachedi among the few observations mlarked 10 in this lattitude; —------------- 1 The scale of winds adopted by the Smlithsonian Institutiona does not lnaterially differ from it; see directions on the blank forms furnished to observers. The Coast Survey table will be found p. 277 of the Superintendent's Annual Report of 1856. a See art. Meteorology, in Encyclopeedia Britannica, 8th edition~ 56 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. and, since the force of the wind depends altogether on an estimation, I prefer, in the small number of cases in which the forces 9 and 10 occur, to adopt the numbers 70 and 80 as the corresponding velocity in miles per hour.' In the following hourly abstract of the anemometriC observations, the direction is indicated by the initial letter or letters of the compass point, and the force by a number preceding it, according to the scale given above. Any intermediate directions, dividing the compass into 16 points, have been placed alternately in the column of the preceding and following principal direction; thus two successive entries in the log-book of N. N. E., will be found noted in the abstract as N. E. and N. In this manner the mean directions have in all cases been preserved. These intermediate directions are of comparatively rare occurrence. In a few instances, particularly during the first ten days (of September), there is some doubt as to the true meaning of a blank in the log, all other meteorological observations being duly recorded, whether this indicates a calm or an omission of observation. In these cases, I lave likewise left a blank in the record, if not otherwise guided by the abstract given in Appendix No. XII. of the Narrative. The first vertical column in the abstract contains the hour of mean local time. Horizontal dashes ( —-) in the body of the abstract indicate "~no observation," and two inverted commas ( c) signify the same force and direction as for the hour immediately preceding. The fall of snow (and rain) is also noted. Mr. Sonntag's views on this subject agree with mine; he thinks the forces rather ofer-esticated. produced by the greater sensation of cold. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. 57 ]DIRECTION AND FORCE or THE WIND OBSERVED AT VAN ~ENSSELAER I-IARBOR, In September, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 37l, Long. 70~ 531 W. of Greenwich.' The directions are magnetic. ~ariation of compass 108~ W. [ I 1st. 7th.;tt. ] 12th. th. [ 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 10th. 11th. 13 14th. 15th..... _ — ~'!1 —-— 3 ~.w.,,,v.~. 3,~. ~'_'w. s-Y~.2 r. & 1 ~t " "'o I" ",,,, ~.,w.,, " sw "w " " " I" " " " " "~ "~ I sZwZ3 ~.E.I " " " I " " i ~w~w~,,,~, ~w~,~,,, i ~,1~ ~ 3~.~ "', ",' s.w. " I,,,, 2 ~. " [ "', i, -,, " " " o I " " ~ "I o " j~.w. ~.w.~,,,,,,,, ~.w. 1. ~.f " " " " I "~ " 4 ~. w.,,,,,, s:,w. s,.,w, 4,o, " I "'~ / ll.. " " " S;W. S.W. " [4 ",,,, [,,* 3F,. Noo~ " " " " " " " " ] "~ 2 E. ]3'"~ I 3E~,,,, " " I " l~,~. I4N;,W. ~,?.', " ~.,W. "* I ~E"~ " " I ",,,,,,,,', s.w. l~.. " I " " " i o ls.~ ~w. ~,w.,,,,~,, ~;,wt ~w. "f " " "I~.~ ~,,~.,,,,~ 0 ~~ " / " " " I ",, 4m,,,, " " " / " "' " /~-mw. ",, ~.f.,,,,,,,,,,, ", " /" ~o~..~,,,, s:,w.,,,, i~s.w',o,,,, /~..,, 2 " "* " " " I 3W 3W. " [ " " "~ ~'~l~'w' ~'w' "/",,: "/" 1~. ~w. " I o! ~.1;~ o ~.w. ~: ~:~. ~,~.?'l~ I; " 1S. [ 4S.i " 2S.W. 3 [ " ] " 1W. " " I 3S.l " 3S.W. " [ 3S E I " I " ". " I2S.i " 4S.W. [ i 2S[F,[ [ " " 5 12S~ 1,N. J 1N.E. ] 1~ " 12S'W' ls, w. I 2s.W.[ " I 1w. 2 ~' t~'~" ]'f [ ii 1 $;W. ~ S;~V. 3~, ~ S W ]", " [J " I I " I " ~"~' " I ",, lW I -"- I " ms.w.fl I1S. W, J2S, W, ~' ~'~"?:: I~ ~:,~"1 i~ ~,~'1 " " ]3 S.W. S.E.] " 2 " "/~s.w. " [ ~sl ~,i I~.w.,I " ] ~. I{ w. " "f /~s.w. " I ~.~ " I~.~.~ xs.f/ ~w. I I S.W./ " 1S[ N. 12 N.W. " " " "f { " " / " " 13~.W.I~S.F,.[t " " "f I" " / " ",, o,, ~ ~ ~ ~,I "~ o o ~:~.,,,, [ ~ ~,,w.~ ~,/,,~,,,,,~ i "'"~ "'" " " " ~ 1 "Io~ " S.W. 3 S. E. i "* " / " 31 "$,W] S,; E.,, "' / "~ 1N~~.~. " / " " " " --- "~ " / ",,,,,, s,:~.,, ~.w.l,,,,,, ~.,,[,,' This longitude resulted fi'om the discussion of the moon culminations. Light snow falling. f Light snow falling occasionally. At 17h., light splculse of snow falling, having been preceded for three hours by a misty atmosphere. $ Very light snow falling. 8 58 RECORD AND DISCUSSIONOFFOI~CEOFWIND.. ~ DIRECTION AND ~0RCE 0F THE WIND OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAEI~ t-IAttBOI~, In October, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 70~ 53' W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W. I 1 1 t Hour., IB lsL 3d. t: 5th. 6th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. I. 2d. 7th. 9th. 10th...... o' —~-I —; —i~~ I-T~-W( ITT~.~.I 3 N. w. ] 5~_E. FJ 3-~ —~.E.I ~ s'"Nv. ~' ~'1" 14~.w. 16s.~. 3w.,',~ 2s;~., 2s.w.t " o I ~' ~,s. l~s.E.I "I " lw.,, t ~,~,, ~ ~:~j as. 3,,s. /3$.E.[5~.W.I 4s.~ ~s. /'' l SS.~. ~s.E. s~ is. I as. I~S.~.l " I " S~E 3S.W. "]IS.E.] 7 j / "/ "I" /':k "I" I" I" ~ ~. " "I "I ", " / " " t " s: "; ~,,, I / 9 "' 3; ~o,?. ~s:~.,, ~' ", I~N.w.I " " I " 12N2W:I " 1 ~. ", I2N. W.I "' 1~ S,g,g I " / ~N / " /' ~S. " /3S.~.l ~N. I 0 Noo~ l'~. lS,;~. "$ I " I " " I "' l " I " ] aS. I~N.W.I " a~' "* I 0 I 13 / " / " / ~. / 2S. 3S. / 2S. llmW. I ~s.v,. 2S.E. S~ 14 "* / " / / " / 1N. / "'' 28. E.;S.W.~[ " I 1N. I " " " 1 S'"'" /" [' ss. " " " 3,,~. /" I~N.w.I "/ "/" ~7' "'' I 4s. /~N.w/ " 2S:E.~S,, ",, 3s,;s. 2 S. 2 E. " ~,~. ]1 2S.E. S ~ " }~ ~,y. /~s ~/ "'[ ",,',~s~*/ ~s. /~s:~i} " /~s.E. ",, s~ as.~./ "* / " ~o S.E. "/~:~:l' ~ o,,,,~.~ "/ ",1.'~ " " " 21 ~~ I --- " / 4S' I ~. 2S.E./4N.W./4N.W.} 0 1S.E. " 2S,:E./' 22 1,,S. [ " / " " I " I " ~s:~.1 0 I~mW.I,,,, 3s,;~. 4s.~. Midn't " "'',, [ " " " " " " I _ Hour. lth. 19th. 20th. 21sL 22d.. _ 23d, -_. 1i. ]$th.16tll. 2ith 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 3 15. lb. ~ 1' —'~ 1 S'-'~-W. S' —~'~'.$ i ~ / — ~'"'-'-'~. ]'O O "I" 1 2s I " I " i I" s.w. ~,,, 3 ],' ],, I " t 4s. xs. s8. 0 ] "$ ~' " ~s[w. I 3si / " t " " " 4 t 1S' I" I" aS. " I " i 67 I 3S I " t " ] 2$'r"l "$ I " /" /" / " " ~ i ~o "* I "iss:,w. " o ss. -— [ ss. / s " I " I'" I " " I " I "* I " [ " " ~s. as.~.~ss.w.t " t " [ " [ " " [ 11 I " /1S.E.$/ " I1S, w. zs.,, o lS.t~. 3s.w.I " /" /" /" " ~ ~,, ",,,~,,,,,, ~,,~' "1" o',, ~.w.t, 15 ",, -,,-,, 3s.~.[,, ~ " / ~'/ " t " " 16...... 2s't~'t S'W'l " / "/"I " 2S.t~. i7 " I" I " I"!3a~.~ ~,,W. 4, is " " " [" I " [" s. i,, ~s.~. " / s.w./ ~ s.E./" " ~ " 3.,,,, 0 / " " I ",, "$,, ~o ~. w ~ s.'~!,,, 8. W. " 0.~: 23,,.... / " i " 0 /l S,.W.'.......$'-', "' ", " " I /:: / ~ ~' Dark and threatening. Very light snow falling; wind squally and varying..At 3 o'clock P.M. clouds dispersing. Snowing. ~ Snowing slightly. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. 59 DIRECTION AND FortE OF THE WIND OBSERVED AT VAN R~ENSSELAER HARBOR, In November, 1853, in Lat. 780 327, Long. 700 53f W. of Greenwich. ~~~~~~~Vaiain Novecmber,08 W The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108' W. Hour. 1st. 2d. 3d. 401. 5th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 1h. 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 2 N. W.h 1 S E I S. E. 3 E. 3 S. E. 0 0 0 2 Is re tr'b 1 S. W~T. Cc (( r4f- cc ( I (7 1 S. E. 9th 3 tr rr r cc Cc I C1 3 N. W.* 2 S. EA E. 12 h. 4~ (( (6 cc 6. 1 N. W.* 2 S. E. 3 S. E. 5 c c I W v. C * 0- 2 S. 2 S. E. rr c c 1S. W.. 6 Ii c cc I C( L II C* i 1- 1 S. 1 S. E. 1 5. E. I S. W. 7 CC 94 44 44 cc 44 1 S. E.* rc sc (( 2 S. E., 2 SI';. W. 0 8 rr e r c C C' 2 S. E. cc 0 cc 5 S. 64 cc tr 9 39 16 9 0 t 1 E. 0 3 S. E. I N. W. 6 S. I... I9 I S. E. 10 It 44 1 44 44 0 1 c " 2 S. E. 5 S. I S. " 4 0 11 4 9 4 Cc 4 E. 4 S. 0 rr 5 S. E. I S. E. re ts Noon 91 4 4 1 19 19 0 4 1 S. E. 3 S. E. 4 S. Wi. 44 cc 1 S. E. 13 cc Ic (b cc 1 Wa~r, cc cc cc c. 2 S. E.: 1 S. c 14 4 4 6 9 4 4 4 C 4 I S. E. 0 1 4C 15 49 4 4 CC 9 44 2 N. E. 9 1 4 1 S. cc I S. E. 16 cc re CC 61 1 S. IV 1 c 1 N. E. I cc I I r c t 17 4 I.1 4I 1 Wr. 94 Cc cc 2 S. E. " j 1 S. E.* -2 S.W.V I S. E. I S. E. I S. E. 18 cc r It C s cc 41. cc 3 S. E. 49 2 S. E. I S. WC. 0 Cc 0 19 CC c c c ri c 2 N. E. 44 2 S. E. 2 S. E. 19 t r ri 20 IC cc cc 64 c r c I c' 3 S. E. 94 cc c 2 S. E. I S. E. 21 4c Ic 41 cc 0 1 S. WV. 13 N. W7~. 44 1.. 1 S. E. I S E.0 1 22 cc c c c 1 44 c c CC cI 2 S. E. 2 S. E. I S. E. 41 Ir 23 0 f ccb ( 4 N. W. C 3 S. E. cc 3 S. E. 3 S. E. 0 cC M~idn't 4 C ( c c I CC 3 N~. 46 2 S. E. 1 E. 4 S. E. 4 S. E.' cc 1 S. E. Hour. 16th. 17th. I Sth. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 2 4d 2th. 25th. 26 th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 1h. 0 0 0 0 0 2 N. E. 0 0 0 0 0 1 S. 0 0* I S.W.*.~' 2 44 4 C C 19 44 rr 1 S. E. 19 re cc 4 N. 0 2 S. 44* 2 S. E.* 3 44 44 CC S. 44 c 44 CC I S. E. 44 1 N. I S. I S. 4 4!-jCC 4 99 4 I 9 9 t 0 0 1 0 44 1 2 S. cc CC* I S. E.*k 5 11 1 S. E. 2 S. r 2 S. 6 I r e r 0 S. E. 0 1 S. W.* 0* 6'L 1 2 S. E. I S. 4 1 Cc 1 C r I r 4 r C 2 S. W.*'4*c; 7 1 S. W;. I S. E.'L c 1 t 1 S. rr r 1 S. E. 2 S. E. 0 1 S. E. 1 S. W.* II N. W.* 8 2 S. E. 2 S. 14 4C 1 I 2 S. E. I S. E. sc O 0 64* 0 9 0 0 0 4 9 0 4 I 9 (C ( S. I S. 3 S. Ej I1 S.*j I S. E. 1 0 I I I 9 4 4 I S. 94 9 9 5 S E. r IC' 2 N. W.* 4',*f 11 I C 4C 1 E. 4 4 0 I 4"' 6 S. E. 0 2 S. E. "9 I* Noon 44 1 S. E. 0 4 cc CI Ii 66 4 5 S. E. 11 3 S. EI~. II N. W=. I S. E,. 13 4 I (4 t 1 Cr r IC i' 4 S. E. I S. E. (( I 0 44* 14: (~ r r CC* 4 1 (( c c c 3 S. E. 2 S. 49 tr "I 3 S. E.*X 15 44* 94 cc (r I 14 Cc cc t cc 2 S. E. 44 2 S. 2 S. E. 61 4 S. W.*' 16 4 6 X,- II 14 CC 4 6 C 4 (I 1 4 S. IZ S. E. 19 I S. W.*' 17 I1 S. E.*- I S. E. 49 4 2 S. IC cc re rl 4C 1 S. E. I S. E. 0 2 S. I S. E.*k is 3 S. E. 2 S. E. II 44 rr cc cr Cc C' 1 S. E. 0 1 E. 49 1 S. I E.*c 19 2 S. E. I S. E. 49 rr 0 cc cc tC cc 2 S. E. 14 9C cr 0 2 N. W.*~ 20 4 S. E. 2 S. E. 99 cc 1 S. 44 (( II cc 3 S. E. I N. 0 tr CC 2 S. W.*~ 21 0 5 S. E. "I cc 44 0 c c i 6 S.W.IV 2 S. re cc CC I N. W. 22 " S. K " {c C 3 S. E. 4 Ii cc r c 1 S. I S. 44* c c 23 I) S. E. 41 L4 1 S. E. CC rr r r 5 S.WM. 4C ( CC 4* O M 7dn't 41 r6 44 0 C c c c 4 S. W. 0 2 S. E. I4* 1 S.IW. 44 ~~L Atr'cok.M. hemnd vhc hdbenprvoul ro heSdst nfrmdu..Th 3" I "eristnlyrs 20 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s~.1, a d b.... ga e u ~ xr o d n r e p r t r f- 5.4 s:i,wth n c m a e ih t e r c r ftl 4 hi s., h gae mniumOf-Li08~shwsa hageof36.4 Tisefec i de o heS.E.widan i smeims uc, or e" oie. s'L "h wIn Is "o /h',adtetmeauecniusrsn;b.nI ft-a tatie t aiu f-~00 tt t~mprtue tedek osesowtawd n bcmevrywe so fl feey Ti ~ in i ep lih," I "aetl ano saifat~lyacun o ti evain ftmprtre swehv hditcntatyfiOl ti lnpe wtot uhefet"W l suffer 1-nuch fro~~~~~~~~ heat," ~~O ]LRECORDtS AND DISCUISSIO N OF FORCE OF WGCIND. 6 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ a o ~ N O R E O H ~ N s ~ v D A ~ A E 8EA i R ~ rR ~ R In December, 1853, in Lat. 78~ 3'7', Long. 70~ 53' W. of Gtreenwich. T'he directions are magnetic. VTariation of compass 108~ WB.' 5 1 1 W. I ~ I "3C 2V ~ O s r r I " c I E 7 1 " I h' (6 15N, VVX.W. I I b 1 1N ~E 10 4 ~. S 1 E J 7V 6 "' t 1 S%.1 2 r.' I 14 o ~ "'I 1S C 1.E I "L 2w.s E'.E. 2S l.E 15 1.'L I O "' 1 3 o V I'L ) t " 1 C I C. E l.E. 16 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~" I C 6 12S V. i2s.i h. E.E.,, o / ~)2S,I ( I 6 6. E Ih. 1 So,, N,1S. W.~ SI SV,. 1 2S, O O O~.E.E.E2~~~~~ /5 / oE L I L.1 Ct I L t Lj- ( 15S l1 L 3~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ / "L I N S L S E E VJCI S S L,3 4 f IC i C' O 1 o 2 S.Eo O'I I 1 ~ o 7S oE ~ 8S o 2S L ISJ 5 O'C I " 0~ 1 EI " I i2 S.E.;S. V. 4. E. 2 V, ~' I4 V.J 3 V.'kI tr i' "T 6 1 I L 1 I C~ E. I. E I "~ 3.. BS. MT, 2, I " L'k 9S.W.Z- Mr 2S, NVV.~" 7 L I I N Vr 2S N V c r 1 V 1S rk # 8V."- 3S. 1S NM.~ " " I L 2N V# 1S t 1,E,E ~ I~( vx ZSJ-i7T"T V~ iSV. L 9' I " L 1. Vwfl 5w?,,2S,,E O'A-'/IV~ Z. 1S 10 CC I' ) rrA~' N.T/.~fI C I " CC i S.E.~ E I'C 2E~j- C3C 5S. VI'(C ( 11 I II I " I L''A- (L I 6L I O I (L 1 II I (( 11 S. E~~~~~~~~~~~ J~I (L 1 2 S. PVI ~~ N011I' I L L~ r~~ ( ( t r 5E.1 O~ I 3S.k' 1 ZS rs 1 s. B, 1 N. V...' C 1 5S. L ( ( N 2, i " " I " 1 " I " i " f L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' "IS. E 21. o I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" s S r r VT 1 E' "2 r r I r r I I t r Ia 7. 2~~ lI t (4 1 r.E.E rk cj 23 1 L I' I' I L 2,1V, I t C( I L 6S. o rj~ Cj MintI I L1 S L S C r-X- Snoing. " LC Temer~zttre risig, andwind blwing havily; ery da~k and loudy' L' Temperture at non Dec. tl-r, -— 30.5; win S. E. ad generaly calm. T mperatnr at noon ec. 9th, -310.6;wind S. E or cal/ Tlprtr it o onDc 0h -0.;wn. E n ev lw h oncino h ieo e prtr ihtew is embarrassi s.r,.W Dec. 12th. Calm, with s~~~~l~stlls at i,,Sval. De. 4 L t A.,oeratan loig evyfomS W nd~V 2 o4.M. hiky vrcst ndsrogbree iomte:. De. 8. Th t eny-or lors hae ee haacerze b teony eay al o wn epeiece i S ih' SriS ne h clsue f urwite hpbr. Th wndroe o o.8,blwig n quls ro te..,an, ftr A ~,, blw rguargae No " ) Tempratue roe f~ow -60, at idnghtto — 1605 a 5 A IM. diferece narly23" 61!~ECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. DIEECTION AND ~0t~CE OF THE WIND 0BSEEYED AT ~AN ~]~N$SELA]~R ~IAt~BOE~ In January, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37~, Long'. 70~ 53~ W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. ~ariation of compass 108~ W. Itour. I 1st. 2d. I 3d. [ 4tl:.;h, 7th. 8th. 9th. th. 1Ith. 12th. 13th. 14th. l~th. lb. [ 0'a' [ 0 ] 0~ [ 2 1N.~' ~ 3 [1S.E.~] "' ] "* [ "~' " " I ~ " I.E.:' I i. "~ I " "~ I "~ " " " 3 ~ "',' loS. "~ I " "~ t I " " " " ~ ~.E. ":' s l'2s r,~l ",,~ f2s. r,.:', "', ~,;E. " I 9 l~.i/. I " t~s.~.*l~s.~. " " " ",111 ~ j~wl ~w/~~,",, ~, ",, ~w 1%on]2S.W.] 2W. ]2S.~.~1 " " 1 V. " " 13 ~ o 4S.W./1 s.E.*/ " " " " i ~4 t "! " /4s.~. / " " " " _~5 i 12s. w./ is.* / 1~ " "' " " 16 / " 13s. w./ ~s.~ / ",, " o ~7 ] - I o ]~s.~.~ o,, ",, ~s ~ [~s.~.~,, ~ ",,,, ",, x9 i " t " /" / ",, " x~.~. / t / 21 " N. [ " 0 " " 20 2 ~ " i | 0 * 10 -. -. " - 22 " 1 N.W. " " ~ " " ~ ~ " /~w./,,~ ~,, o,,,,,, ~xs~ 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21s~. 23d. 24Lb. 2'Sth. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. 31st. 22d.........., [ ~. ~. r —t —/~ ~ —-:-~.i',,,~. lot I -i?..E.I,, I 1S.E.t ~,, ~ 3 I" " [ " ]2N-W. I2S. E.] " I1S.E.] " I' IlS.~.l 2s. IIN. W./ 2s. ] " 4 I" "I " I ~r' ['" I " I " [ " I " llS, W.l" I1s. w./ ~s.~ I ~' 5 I" I ~.W. / " 12~.~. 0 I 18. [2S. 1~./ " [3S.W.I 0 I 0 11s. I~./ 0 6 ]" / " [ 1E. / " t 1W' I " I 12S. W. I3S. E.I, [ 1N. t {{ I 7 J" I " / " I x m I " I " 11s. w./ " 11s. w.Ils.W.j' I' I "I 8 ~" I } " I " I " I " I " / " I " I o I" /~vw/ "11 ",, /2s.r,.I ~N. tls. w.I " t o / " t " i~w- I" ] ()'IlS. r-.{{,, t1..i:: i,,. o /,,.,,, o,,, n! ~s. I ~-I " I "~! 0 I " I " I " t ",, ~oon', ~.~. /2s.r,./lm / "!l~.W.l " I~swI " I " I" I "I "~I r,. ~3 " " " /l~.w.l " I o Ils. r,./ " t "'tlS. r'.l " I" I " [ o I ~5' " / ~w. [ o /':'l ~. / " I "' IlS'~'t " I o ]', t ",, ~,,.,, l~w. /~.]~.l " t2mw./ " I o I " I " t " / " / " [ 17 " I ~.,[2S.E.I;S~r,]", 0,",", 0, 1E., 18., ", ", xs - ~. ~.~1 ~s. /1s.w.I o I " [ " I " t " I o t " / " / "11 ~9,, i ~w: 2s. " I " [ " 12s.~.1 " I " I o /2s.w./ "~,,'i,, / / i / ~ " I " I " I~s.E.} " / " /" / ~s. / " ~.~. lS]i~. ~ 2 ~ ~.. " I1N. W.l;''1 " I1W. /2s.w./" /2s.~./ "{l m ~ ~s. ~.r,. ~,i " { " / " / " o / o {,, {,, } o {,, t o }~r. 11 I ~3 ~sw.,, [2s.r./ "[ "I"I "1:~ ~ "' I / /" / I~' " ~I Snowing. January 2d. From 8 to 12 P. M.~ slight snow and light variable winds. January 7[h. From 4 ~o 8 A.M., heavy bank of clouds to S. E. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. D~~o~ AN. ro~G~ o~ T~. W~ND O~S~W= A~ VAN r<~NSS~LA~ ~_A~O~, In February, 1854, in Lat. ~/S~ 37I Long. 70~ 53t W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W. ~ ~:.,~. ______,,.. v,,. _..... _ ~.... _ v.... __. _____' Y'. ~'-.~" ~"'~ __~_Z __~' ~. ~. l o I o ~.~.! ~w. I~.~.1 o ~.~. i i~.~. o ~. l~.~. ~.~. ~.w. ~ " I " / " 1 o I " "* 1 " [ I " 1 " I " 3s I ss " I ~E 3 o 1 " I " / " I o 13s.]~.1 " I I 2E. I " 3s.i~. I 4s: ls.]~. I ~s.'/~. 4 " I " / " / " I " I~-S.~:.I " I " I l~. I " ~s.~.l 5s. ~s.~.l is.'~ ~] 5 " I " I /1 S. W.]l BI. W. ll N.W. 2 E. I 0 0 1 S.B. 0 6 S. 0 01' " 6,~ I - / - / 0 I /,, I,, I,, I,, I 2S E I,, I 3S 1 S I lB 1 0 8 ~ I ~ / liN' / " I " / 1BI I 8S I " I 1 S I 2S W I ~ I " 3S I " i 9 " I " [ o' I 0 i ~' /2s.'w.I 5s[ I 3s.v,. 13s.~. 13s[w[l 2s.l~. I 3S.~. o' I 0 i~ I " I "1 I "'t i't " "I ~ " I " t " / " t " / " I ss~ /~s~ " I " I 0 I~S ]~ " I o ~Toon iN.Wl " i " I " I is. / " I io's.'/3sl]~[I " I~s.W.I 2s.E, /';' " I "!i 13 0 t " / " t " I 0 / IS. I 7s.F~. / " I 0 I " Ils.]~. / 2S.': I 1E. Ii [ ~4 " I " I " 1 " I " I o I~s.~./~s.~,.I " I " I o /4s.w. " I o / ~ xs. I " / " / " / " I " I ss. I " I " 15s. W.l " /2s.w. " I " It / ~6 " I " / " / " I " / lS 1 4s /]s~ /,, I~swl " l~sw " I " I~ / ~.7 0 I / ~ I ~s. /:~S.E.t 2S2 / ~-~.'1:~S.~. I "-'~.'1 2S.~:. /'':~S.~,. I lS. W.~ ] ~s " I " t " / " / " / " I~s.w./" / ~s. I " /5s.~. /ss.w. ss.~.}~s.w.~ I:i9 " I " / " / " / 2s. / " 13s, w.l ls.~:. I~S.w.I s~:. / 6s.~. /4s.w. ~s.m I ls.w.~, I ~o " I " / " / ~s. / ~s. / " I ss. I ~. I " I~s.~./ss.~./ " ~s. li " I 21 " I " t " / 0 I " I 0 I 2S.E. / 0 I 0 I " / 2S.E. / 2S.W. " /I 0 I 22 ~, I, I, ~,, / 2S /,, / 1 S E /,, I,, I, I 3S E / 1 S W 3S l} ~' I ~'~ ~ / "/ "/" /~'t " /~'~'/ "I"I" I"/" ~-I" ~o~. ~ ~,~ l~,~ ~1 ~,~. ~o~ ~. ~ ~ ~,~ ~ ~ ~t~ ~~ 2 [ " 1 7s. j "t ] " ] ~s. [ " t o J~_s.~. I'i ] " ]4s.~. ]~_s.~. " [ " 3 /~s.w.t/ ~s. I o I ~s. t o I~r.]~.l " I " I' I " {ss.~. / o " t " "l o t 1 o / ~s I " / o I " /~sF~/ " I o I ~s / " I " I " " 1 " s / " l~s'~v{ "I " I ~r, ~E I';'1 I " "' I I " I " I ~s]~ " /~s wi~ 6 / " IlS[W[/ 128. E./ / " /gs.'B. 0' / " / 1S. / " I " 1S.W./1SJW[ [1 /'J' 7 / " /~s.w.l ~s. / o / ~s. /~w./~s-]~./ " I ~w. / " l~s.~./ o ~s.w.l " s / " / " I ~s. / " / o / ~w. /4s.~.t " I o / " /~s.~. /~s.~. ~s.w./ " [i 9 / ~. ~s.w./ o,, ~ / ~w. t~.w.~ " / " / ~s. / o / o ~.w./ o " lo / 2F, / " t ]-s / " / " / "t t,, / " / " / " / " / " 0 / l~ 1t 11 t 18' "' / " / / " / " " I 1S / " / " / " I " / " " / 18'E ~oo~ /~s.'{v./1s.~. / o / " / " /~s.i~.l " / " I " / o I " / ":2s,~,I';'[i 13;4 S W / 0 I ~ I ~,' " /1 S ]~ ~ / - / ~ t 2 S I - /,~; 0 / 0 11 14 I 3S'W'I " /" (" [" /;'[ " /" [" t 1S' t" I': " {" ~ ~6 I " /:~s.w./ row. / o I " / o I " / ms. I " / ms. / ~w. / " t " I " x7 /ss.w./ 1s. / o / " [ " / " / 1S.E. / o [ 2s. / o / o / " I ls. l~. / " ~s I ~s w l o I " I " I " I " I o I " I ~s ~,, I " I ~ I " I " /~%~'i/!! li~~'/Zw/ iil';'i[::~ I ill~~z I~:=~~"'~:':~'1 i! /!! /'i:: 1 1 2!i ss~ };f'|~s.~.f/~s.'w.'| o' / / I ~S.'/ / ~s. / o' t ss.r.! I o I ~1 ~s / s~.l /ss.~.f/ o / "/ " / " / o / I ~s. /1s.]~. /': I " f " " [ ~s. l~'/" /~'w'l~'w-t" /':, I" ~'~/ ~'* ~'~'*[" /" /" /" ~'~ ~+ Between the hours of 2 and 4 A.M., the temloera~ure was elevated 22~.5. The wind then set in from the E d, haulecl to S d, ancl 1, These warm changes are very trying to the health, and curious in blew a gale (No. 10). Temperature rose as high as ~20.5 at noon. their relation to the winds. f Snowing. February 15th and 16th. Strong wind between 24h. and lb., blowing a heavy gale (No. 10)., RECORD DISCUSSION OF FORCEOF WIND. 63 AND ~. ~ s. ~ ~. ~,Y" ~' -7-f-Y-I~-'~ i.,,, 3si ~ " / " I ",, " ow ~ ~ " "I" fis.~.~ oS " " " " " " I " / " ",' t,,,,,,;E. " " " I " / " io " ~ ~,w.,,,,,, " " "l "f~ ~Jo is. " " " " " "/ " I3s' is.,, " i. "', " is. } " t "' ~ i3 i4,,',' i " " o I " [ 2s. H i5 2s. i~. " is. " " "I " t o s.r.. o " i,oW./ " " "/ " /iwl 16 17:' " " " / " /2S-1~'~ " 18:' " " "[ "' "~ 2S. 19 1,,s. " " " " 1 S.W. " "":~ " " " / 0 3 S.E. 20 ~i ":' " " " / " I 4s. " 22'~ 1 E. " " " ~ " " " 23 " o' " " " / " I " " I I I / [ I ~ l ~~ I ~ I..... _I l__~iI'' 27th 28th. 29th. 30th. 3 t. Hour. 16th. t7th. ] 8th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. _ I w.,-v-.-;-, o 2s. " I "I o I " i i4soE. i~.w.'~'l 2s. [, I ~s. " -I"I"t" /"/",,~ /o,,, 1~7.,, ~. "I" [ "I" { "~ s,:~. i~.w.~/ is. /" I s.m,' 2s::i is. ~' I", "I ", o,~'"~ I O~ F1s ]" r ~ "IS. "'i'"~ / 2s' / " / s..,, 2s. ii~. " I "I " / " 1'"~ i 1 w., / i s: I " ] i s~' " " I " / " / " I "~ " 2s. " I "/ " {is.v'.l " "~ /" / " I siv'. " " i "' "i "' ~''w i. "~ I" /ii~wl " " " io j is. ~s. 1 "/ " tis.~'./~s. ~'"~ I'o /:''I " i,,s. " " ~Jo ~ ",~s.w.,,,,~.w., o,,, I,,.,, i~w~,,,,,,' m3 il'i,' t o ]is.~.,'"~,", o, W.~ ~ ~ t~ i4 " 3w~/ " / " I " I " f " }~SE,,,,~,,,,,, / o I:::::,,,,,,,, " "[ ~s [ "t " / " I "~ /~.w.}" / " / s,:~.. ~s. ",, ~~s 19 " I "} " I " "~' /N'W' t" / " ] 2oS' } 20 " " " ~ ~:,w / "/ ~. I ","," /" ~w~,~ w~" ~,?. ~:! 22 f "/ o 1 "d i N:W:~," /is. {" 4,?.: ~S.~ "' loS' / "/ " ~s. t o /" ~ [ " s.~.~.' ~s. is'r" ~ o l"/"[:,~ i~.w. ~,, ~,, ~ o Midn't "~/ ~ Snow. March 9~h. Between [he hom's I and 2 A. M.~ the ~empera~ure rose 13~.5. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. ~)IRECTION AND FOROE OF THE WIND OBS]~RVED AT VAN I~ENSSELAER HARBOR, In April, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37l, Long. 70~ 531W. of Greenwich. Variation of compass 108~ W. The directions are magnetic. 2,? ~ 2s " I " 1,,s. ~s. ~ 14s. w.~ IS..,,~ ~r "J"J~. o,, " V' ~'~:j~.w., ~ ~,~"; I "* s.~~. ~s. I o I o 12s. w.[ ~s.~,, ~' {! ~.w. ~. t,,,,~. ~ ~:'~'~" s. i3s:E,, ".wlf ~s.~,.,, " " [ 3 S~ E~ N S. 1~:~.{ I s;,w.', t is. I o o 14s.~..I,,,, ]~s ]~1 " " " 3s,:w.l 4s.~,. ~t " ~' l~'~'l'~ ~,.w. ~'~"'" ~' ~',~~ ":3. " I 3S~E~ ~ 09 ~'~'1 S. " ~ lS. ] " 1,,S.' " " l~)].on ": 1,?:" 0 [" 1S~t li.~.! F.: 1S'SW" " "'" " " I',?' 1 " "" L S. [ 0 " " " 2S.W. " 1 3. " t s:wl,' "'?' I: s.w.I: s~w. o,,,,~~:/~~H " "~': V.' ~:w ~~ /',?' I ~,?',, ~' ~:~:/~.%.~ /~'~,,~'~t ~w'~ l " M 5 ~,: ~" I / "~ t w. ~.~,,,, ~?. ~ ~.: ~:~: ~o~.w. " ~. E~ [ " 3 3. ] I I I I I 1 r. I i 16th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 2ith. 25th. 26th. 27th. 21tth. 29t L. 30th. 17th. 18th. 19th. -F- WZ. — FZ/ -5 —I~s —?-~.l~ —E-~-t ~,.. ~ Z/ ~-2~.~.,. ~ " I " t " I ". s. e w ~ I " I~s. w l o I' ~~~' /:i o I " I " tl~.W.l lS.~.1 " I "! " " I ~s I " I " I~wl o "~ I " [ " I " " I,,,, "~ "~" S.W~ ~ " 0 " 0.W. 1S. o I 0 " / " / " I " I " I " I o I " " 12 S~ W.'~ S,., W. /(s ~' W.;)/ " I " I " I 0 I " I " " "/ " I. I o t " I " I " w.,, I ~o " " / I " / 1~ i " I " I " I " I " 1l'o I " /,N I " " I " l 11N ~ " I " ] " I" " t / " I " I " / " " 1 I " I " ~ w. ~ ~ ~:~ 13 1 N.%V.] i " I " ] 1 S. tl N.W.] " I " I " "'~ I " I 14 "' " [ 1N W [ " I " [ " t ~T W. " " [ I t o I " [ " / " ~s. I " I " " I 16 1 S W. W. " " " " I t " I " [ " t " " I I " I 1 7 " I / " I " I S,: E. 18 " " " " / " / " " "' ~ ~ s,: ~. " " "1 "/ o,,,,,,,, ~,,s. 20 "* " I " ] " " " " " 21 " "* " I:' / -— 1S. "lS.E. " " I!!E. 22 " 1,?. "* "I "t " " " ~ "* "I "1 " " " ~:~' " gg Mid:a't o " 1 S.W.* "[ " "~ " "'" "I ~ No observations, on account of the confusion attendant upon the returning party. This entry seems to be doubtful. The temperafur% beyond a great diurnal variation, is but slightly affected, and the barometer not Snow. at all. Since there is no mention made in the notes of any sudden squall, I prefer to omit the entry altogether. April 1st. Wind continues blowing from the S'd and S. W'd, increasing to a gale. April 15th. About 9 P.M., the wind shifted to S. W., blowing a gale, with heavy snow drift. I~ECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. 65 DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND OBSERVED AT VAN' EINSSELAEi H-IARBOR, In May, 1854, in Lat. 780 37l, Long. W0~ 531 W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W. Hour. Ist. 2d. 3d.. 4th. 5th I 6th I 7th. Sth. 9th. loth. I1th. 12th. 13th. l4th. 15th, 1h. 2 N. W. I NI. W.* 0L 4 S. E.- 1 N. W.7-.* 1 S. E. 1 S. WT. I S. 2 S. W. II N. I N. Wr,* Il N. W. 0 1O S.W.T 2 4 4 4 * - 4 6 - 46* 4 4 4 2. 14 S. W.. I CC 6 r r 3 4 4 44* 4 3 S. E. 64* 6 C 2 S. W. 1 ( 3 S. W.. I Ii r C C 4 3 S. WV. 44 * C 4 3 S. E. 3 S. h 2 S. Wt. 5 1 S. E. I L!.* c 4 5 S. E. 5 S. 0 ( 1 S.. IW. S. 6..... * 1 S. E. _ c cc 6___ S. ___'.......c __' 8 S. E. 7 1 S. E. 46 4c 44* 44 9 4 S. S. 4 1 S. W. I 1 66 C ( 8 1L c I * 1 S. E. 3 S. 3 S. 6:'t- 4 9 I 9 2 S. 44* 3 S. E. 4 4 r I S. i L 1 S. I S.W~. 11 2 S. 44'6 1 N. W. 10 44 2 N. 5T.. * 1 S. E. r~k C 2 S. 4 S. 1 N. WV. 2 N. 4i;* 1 S. 44 hI 16 11 I. W. IV.! N. W.* C 4 r 1 N. WV. 44* c 4 S. 66 C4 3 N.* I N.* I N. N, VV. cc st cc N~oon sc 44* s 66 64* c 3 S. 3 S. 64 4t* 6C 4 4 4 6 13 44 2 N. W.*'I 2 N. W. 44* 6 S. sr CC 2 N.*C I S. W. 0 r( 66 44`14 44 44* 9 4 cc* 4c 44 2 S. 44 6Cj* c ( c I 66 15 0 3 N. W.* 4'I sr r r I S. 94 cc* 2 S. W. I r (I 6 16 1 N. W~. 4c* 4 3 N. Wi. 7C r S. 0 1 N.* L C 17 Ic ] N. WV. 4 4 1 N. W;. cI c CC r r 4 r C -,X- L 18 9 L 0 I S. E. C C 4 S. I N. Wi. 4 C-X- I S. W.. C C C C 19 o CC 6 C C 2 S. E. 2 S. 44* CcX- rC Ci C CC C -20 4 r * 0 I S. ~E. 4 S. 44*CCC 2' S. W.. C I C c 21 0rt C ( C C 3 S. 2 S. 2 S. WV. O r I S. W. C 22 64* 0 C 2 S. E.* 2 S. 3 S. 4 S. W. I N.*;t I S. WV. cc I W. r 2 S. 23 44* Ii rr r C. 3 S. I S. I 4 — ~ - 1 S, M /swidn't'"4 } 4 I N.-W. "~ / 5 S. 2 S. 3 S. W.,,, I S. W.,, Hour. 16th. 17th. I8th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d. 24th. 2"th. 26th. 27th. 2Sth. 29th. 30th. 31st. 1h 1 S. "E. I S. 0* 2 S. E. 3"S. I/. I S. W3. I5 S.. ".,,,'0 2 2 S. E. "' t " 4 S. E. 1, S. W. " 4 S. W;sy. 2s.,, 4 " * 0 cg 6 (cc I 3 1 S. E. 96 44 1 S. E. (( e 3 S. W. 94 C 4 C * r * 44* 1 * C c CC 4 1 E. "]N.~V. 2 S. E. cc 2 S. W1;. " gc c rr t 44 I tC " 5 o o ~''S. W. I I WI I W.*,,c* I N.Wi.*~ " 6 2 E. 44* 1 S. E. 2 Si W. 2 S. W/. 44* r C * C X t * ~ ( 7 1 E. 0 1 N. W.| 0 3 S.W. 2 S. ". " | "," "~ [ 8 / 6 " I4 " 4 2 S.W. IS. E. " s 9 I N. / "! S. W.! " 3 S. Ws. I S. " N. " C N. " I 10 0 44 I N.* 0 1 N. W. 4 S. WV. 4 4 r N. c 64* C 46* c i r 1 1 4 2 N. WV. Cc 6 I L IL I 0 C C c C i 4 * - 9 2 N. 46 Noon 4 C 44* cc rC L 3 S. W. I N. CL'f 2 N. 44* 4 4 C I N. I N. 14 2 N. "W. o" 2s N. /4 s w.I N. W. " I cc 15 L C I'- S. W.' 4 S. WV. 3 N. 0 44 4 44 r cc C C ( II 16 C C r 4 C 1 C I N. WT;. c IZ N. Ce C 4 * C. r C C 17 1 N. W. Il N. W~. C9 C I sL L C I N. r t ~ r C C Ir 1 S 0 C " 3 S. W., t 2 N. 2 N. W. ( rit rf~ r ( r (c 20 4C Cid 2 S..W. I2 S. W. 3 S. W.'" " 1 S. W. 1,/.cc* 44 21 Cc 0 1 S. WT. cc 1 3 S. W.~i 4 S.WV. 0 0 44 * C c"f- (( C e d 1 22 44 cc 3 S.WV. 1 C.2 S. w.1 6 6 N., c 1 ( ( j- I 6 CI ( fbi [ rr 6.M.3S V.V. L )( 66 6 I I II ~I~idn't L'' CI (( "' 2S. T;Y. 3 S. T. 6L 66 66 I sr ~ Ir 66 r CC i C ->:- Snowing.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ria 7h n t. Stogbezeadgl Eoutz Sd esd tno fte8h ItEeORI) AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. 66 DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND OBSERVED AT VAN 7[~ENSSELAEI~ I~IAttBOIt, 1.. In June, 1854, in Lat. ~S~ 37', Long. ~0~ 531W. of Greenwich. 1 Tile directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W. 1!~ t! /~.t~.,1 ~d.! ~. ~,~. ~. ~h. ~. ~n. ~0,h. ~,~. ~t~. ~h. k..}~,~.I ~d. _7__a___7__~_i_~.~_,_a___ol~~.t }aw.t " ] " 3N.W./ I 4w.i,, ~'i — o —x —- ~~,~-~:,7 —h w. z" I "J'~ I'~'l "1:: [~,:w.l " 4 I "I "I o /,, I" 1 I 3 1'{ / I "I "~ I~w.,~.w., -—, ~ — I" f~.w.I" E'17~ 1~.~.~ w. I o,,, u 6 I 0 12s. w./ "/" [12~.w./ " I " I "" I "I" ~w./,, ~o I " I " I " t " I "I " ~1 { 2N { ~,,,,~.w.~,,.,,,~.w.~ o: l~W. ",o l~.W.t ~1 1:: }~:,w.1 I " I " ~oonl,o~.t:: 0 I~N.W./ "I" /aN.W./ " " ~a I I"'o " I~ N. w./2 N.w.l 5 N. 1~ ~. W.I " " N6W'] " N' ].4 I " t " )aN.w./ " / o I " lw' " " )'bwl o li t,,.,,~,.w.),,,~,w,,,ov. ~, ~,w ~. i! I~ I:: 1 ~ l,,I,,),,,,,i,,io~. w. ~:'w'/:: " ~.,w.I I"l"~ ~,,,,,,,,,,,,~ w,,~( 18 ~~!,, { " I " I " { " [ 4N {1N.W.'x' " " ~'.} ~i~:/~,,,,,~N,.,w. ~w..w. 19 I " I " /3N.W.t / Z ~W. ~o / "/ ~ 1 "I "/ "/ i2N,:w~ st fOv. fOv. ~ 2N. " N.W. 1 S. ~ 1 I ~ /~,',w'/::1' ~,, ~Z- ~,.w.,~.w. __,~w.! =a I "' I " / " /,, N.%./ t~N'w' ~.w.,~.w.,. ~.w.l~ " / ~.w.l t=' I I 1! I, I t I I I 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. 20th. 21st. - 22d. 23d. 2-1th. 25th. 26th.' 27th. 2Sth. 29th. 30th., Hour.'~ I " 17 s'w'l " I " I " 13s. w.*/~s.w.* ISS wt laN.~.I " I " I " } " 12s. w.~l~S.W-~11 w. " I~N.~.I " I " 4 I ",~s'w'l " I " I " I o /,,~ 1~ w. "I~N.~.I "t ~i "lms~w.:l [ " 13 S. W[I " ~ " [ " I " / 0~ 14 W.~- " I 0 } " ]! r I" I'" I " / " / " I "-~ " t "I " t " I " "(" I " /,,~- {~,,,,,,,, ~v. " ~_o " /~NWl " / " I " I " I " I " 1~ I " IZS. w.1 " / "' t ZW'l " 1 " } ** " / " I " I ~oo~ I " I " I " / " I o'/ " I " /,,,, ~N.W.,, / " I " t " N~W. ~4 t " / " / " " " " I " / " I " / ~ I " I " I /....I"/"/ " " / " I " I " i w. " " " / " t " I " ~ / t " / " I " " " " / " / " t " ~ /'"~ I t " / " / I " / o 1 ~ " / " / " I ~ " 18 19 11S.W.'x'/1 S. W./ "/ { "~ [2 N.W./ V. 3,?. "/" t" ] " {;wW ~o o* / " / " / I " /'"~' / " / " / " I ~N.., o,,,''! ~N.,w.~ w. " t o'/ " /'~ Snow. EEC0~D AND DISCUSSION OF FOItCE OF WIND. 67 DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND OBSERVED AT'VAN I-~ENSSELAEIt tIARBOl~ In July, 1854, in Lat. 7S~ 37t, Long. 70~ 53~ W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W. I Hour. 1 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. -~. - % T ~- -%~-W —-~- T ~~f; 1~] %- -5-~s-].~'.... * "'........... 0 1 W] " 1 S B * -!-,'~,,,, ~ 1N~,,,,,, o,, "'J " ~,,'-x-,, 3s~'~ o'',,,, " I " " o I " 1 "~',, ~s'~ " ~w,,~ " I'w {1NV I lW I " I " I "~ -,, o,, "tl o I'" I" I "I" s,, ~N " -'~' " "t I " I o I o I " I " I " s~. " " " " " " "~ "t [ " t " I " I " I " I " ~Jo~,,,,,,,,,, "~ ", I " 1 " I ~N t " I " I " ssv.. o,,,,,, "~ " / " / " I " / " I " t " 14 " " is,' s.?o -,,,, 2N'W',,~- "/ " llS~ I N i" / "/" ~6,,,~,,,, 3N]w],,~ " / " / ~'i4.'" ~ / " / " t " i7,, ",,,,;, iw'~,,~ "/ " [ " t'i s~ /" / "/ ", 2w~,,~ " / " / " liNW/ " [ - / " 18 " " so,' " " " ii row.,'~ " i " / " I i~.'/ " / " I " ~i,,,' - o,,,,,, L~ / o I iN / " / I " 22,,,,,, ~,,,,,, o / " I " / " / " / " Midn't " " " " " " " " " " " " " Itour. _ 16tl~. _ 17th. 18ih 19th " " " I " I " I "/ " I" I" "~ l~Ntl " 16SWl " I a~ I "',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~- ~N.'~,. ~ N.w. ~s:w:,, g ~ I o liW. I I / I I I ~ I o'12s]V~.l 4w. Iiw. 1 I " I "~ I" / " I" I" I " I " I~Sw/ o'/ ~w " 8 I " " I " /sNwIiN~t "/ " I" /" liS E I ";''1 " "' t " I ~'1 "~ I" / " /" /'"x- t is'/ " I " I " I o lO i I ",,,,,.,, I lS* l,, i,,,,,.,,. / I~T' /,, I,, /,, i,, i o "/"/" /"/",,1" I l~oon I " " / " / - / ~'-x- / - / - f - I,-x- / "''/2N' ~V / 6'S'/ - /'2N W i3 I " i~. [ [ / o~ / i } [ [ =1~. }il~.W.16s. W.] oil. I aW. "i i~ I o ~s..~.::::::: 3~.E. low 18 [,, " 19 } " " 20 [ " " 21 [ " 4 S. 22 [ " 3 S. 23 [ "* 2 S. Midn't [ "* 0 * f SNOW. P~in. July 28. Theforce of thewinct was not noteclon this clay; estimated force 2. July 28th. The bergs outside are nowin motion. P~ECORD AND ~ISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. ~ In August, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37', Long. 70~ 53' W. of Greenwich. i Tile directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 1.08~ Br. I I }! 2 I I' II~wl o I " I "' /is ~: I " I " I " 1 " I " I " taw 4 [" I" /1N~VI " I" I" I' /1N'YT'I " ~" /" I 18 W I 0 I " / 0'} 5 I~w.l " I;~'1 " [~s.B.l', I' I t'l "I "I"': t'l~.~.] " I "~ i }] 6 I " I " I " J2N EI 1N t " i' t " I " ] " I " ] " t 0 I 1S E ] "~ ] il~Wl " "' I IlS E I l~'1 " I' I " I " / " / " / " / ~ [';'t "~ t 8 ];''1 " o'] l S~I o / I " I' ] " " i ] " [ " ] ~' i 3N[ ] o ] "~ ~ lO I,, [,~ / ~, I,, I,, I,, t, I,, /,, /,, I,, / - I 1N' [ 1~ [,,* ~- I" I"I " r" I" /I' I'~ I" /" /" I I~' "'~ ] I:~/~l ~] ~oon ] " / ~' / " ] " ] " [ " I' { " I " [ " I " I " I 1i',T' "* /3~"W [ H ].4 I " / " / " / " / " / " /' /:aS I "/ " /'~W / " 12NW/ ~W' /X~W[t'~ 16 I. /,, I. /. I. 1. / ~ /,,' /. / 1S " [ ~ IIN W / 4W' /. I1 ~ I,, I,, I,, I,, I,, [,, [, IoI,, l~,'1o I,, I~i,'1~,~ 1,, 1 i 18 I " / " [ " / " / " I " I' / " / " / " [ 1s / " I 1N7 [4~'W'/ " [1:~'~9 J " / " I " I " I " I " /' I ]-s / " "' J / " I o' I~'w'/ " [t'[] ~:~ / " I " I " / " 1 " / " f' t " / " / " I " / lS~ / " 13fw'[ " il:i 23 I " ] " [ " / " / " / " {' I " / "/ " I " / "' [ " 14fW'/ ";i~a~'t/ "I"t"I" t"I"!' I"t "I" [ "I" "* I [ $'/ "',-o, o V 7-'T 7-'7 i 1S.E. S.E.. [i ~ [" I " ] 2w I " li',T' ~1 " I" I 0 / " I " "I " I" I S~I " I 3S [1 9 I —-[~m I~mW. llS. b,. " I 0 I"l " I o I " "I lS. / " I si~1/ls.v,./~s.~ l! ~-o /" I " I " /,o a~x' ~{ "I" I " I " [ " "/ " [" I sv,[~s~[ " II n /:' I " I': I 1~ 1~ I "/" I " I " I " "/': I" I s'V,'lss'~'/ 2s!t la / 0 t3N w I2NWllS E " I" l " I " I " I " " I " I " / sv, I 1 ", t I I, ]lS.V-/:as'.w. —' /' / I s.v,./3s.'.l o 11 [ la':Wll ~v,.~ 22 I" I 0 I " I,,-x- 0 I" I "* / " 13N W IlS W "/ " I" I " I " I " [23 IlS. E. t42,T.W.I 1N.* " I 0 [ " { " I12,T~Wi/2SZWZ "/ " /" / " /4S.V,./ " i" ~ ia~'tl "/ ~ I "I~ "I" I"}" I1sv'}~ "/" 6s ~ ~ "/ I 4s I" a _., *Snow. RECORD AND.DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. 69 DIRECTION AND FOaCE OF THE WIND OBSERVED AT'VAN I~ENSSELAEI~ I-IAItBOtt, In September, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37~, Long. 70~ 53~ W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W.. 4 " I "~ I "~ I " I " " I " " I " I "~ t 6 I " " I I " I 2 I'~ I " / " " I " " / " I "~ " " [ "'~ / " 2 N, E.* "~ " "'o " /~sW.I~N.E.~11 "~ " " / "I ~.~ I1 ~oon I ]' " I " I " ~3: I / " " " /3s I 14 [ " " / " " " I " " /2slW' o gg gg m5 { " " / " " I " " t ms. w'l " m 16 I ", xs. "/ " " " " "/ "'I t 17',i I " /ls.r-I,, _.. I " I " l, " / ~. I "'1 " " " I " s. " [ 0 19,, 1 / o I " / " " 2o I ] " I " t 3s. / " " 2~ I " I" I" l~,,s. ~,s. I~s,:w. ~:~ I " / " t " ] ~3! " I I " [ " 2s. / is. / " 30th. Hour. 16th. 17th. ]8th. 19th. 20th. 21st. 22d. 23d' 24th. 25th. 26th. 2 28th 29th ~' ~' ~~~ 3s. 3s. t~o s. w. " 12s. r-I " I " I mW. 13~.w.] o I~S.r~.I,,~ llS. W. " 1S. 4S. I 9S..[[ " t " I " I " I o I o I ",,~ ~s.w.,' " I ~s. I ss.w.~,, [ ~w' at,,,,,,, ~.w " "~ o'l I " I 2s. "I " 19s. w.~ s.w.I ss. I I1 ~. iss. w./ "~ tas-w. las:w:/ " I ~s },, o 13s.~./ms.~./ "/" Iss.~.l " /ms.w.I "* 148.*[4 32 98 12s. r-]ss.~./ 1 llS.~.l I " I " s.w.I "' /.~s.w. II 3s i s,.,W.,,,, - s.w. 14 s. w.~/7 s.w.~,,:to " I o I~.S ~:1 " t " I " t " I iv, I ",,;' t~s.w./~s.W.l~s.w.~[ - [I 1~ " I " I':'/ " [ ~w /~sr~l " [ o'I ~,s.w.~las. w. " I "~ I " It " " l" l" t I 13 "I" I" I" /" 13s':~'1 " i"'" lS..~i " I~s.w.~/6s.w.~ ~4 " " / o I o I " / ~'1 " I s.w. " " "/" /" I.w.i "I?Wi ow. ~7,, " /~s:~/ "I" I" I" I ~& "* 3s. / siw[ ~s.w./!~ 18': " / "'/ " } " / " I "! "~ "~ " / " /3s.w.[l ~9 ~'~' i " / o I "~ " } " l~swl ~ s.~ " 20 ~ ~sr,/ " / " / " I " "* ~ ~ts.w./ 4s. ~ ~s. S.* " " S..E. [ " / 3 S. E. I~ I''1 ~ " " I " I " ~ " [ "* s.*,,~,,~ s. I ~s /,' 23 "*:2 S. E.~ " " ~" ~" I" ~" I "I ~s.~ ~,,sl ~s. /~s.i~.f,, I Midn't / / " -" " "* "* " ~ilOW. Sept. 30th. From 12 to 2 A. M.~ heavy drift and wind squall. 70 ~ FtRECORD AND DISCUSSION OF FORCE OF WIND. ]DIRECTION AND FOtCE OF THE WIND OBSERVED AT VAN RENSSELAERP IIARBOR, In October, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37l, Long. 70~ 531 W. of Greenwich. The directions are magnetic. Variation of compass 108~ W. Hour. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. Sth. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. Mth. 15th. 1h. 2 S. 2 S. W.. 6 S. W7~. 3 N. E. 0 2 N. E. 2 N. W. 0* 3 S. W;. 0 W. 0 2 WV. 4 W;F. 9 S. E. 2'L 5 S.WV3. S. 2 NT. E. th S. W. 8 S. 3 0 6 S.WVV. 0 3 S. W. 9 2 N. W.*jx- 2 N. CC CC Icc 7 S. 8Wh. 9h 3 N. W. 4 C4 1. S. WV. C4 (( cc 64 I 1NT. 44 44 CC CC cC Cr ct 6 S. 5 2 S. W. 14 S.Wn7. 11 cc 2 S. 2 W.* 0 I O C 2'W. CC 0 cc 2 S. W.*~k 2 N. W;. 4 S. W.t7 6 I S. W. 3 S. W. I1 S. W~. 44 1 S.Wm.!2 N. W.* k ( Cc 3 S. Wj. 4i re (( c c X- 4 c 4 S. 7 I S. I N. 0 CC I S. 4 4 -X 3 S.WV. 2 S.* I1 S. 49 L' 1S.W-t. 3 S.WT. IT N. W.*.- 4 S.WV 8 4 4 C4' 4 S. WV. 0 gg* 9 I S.*k 7 S. 44 C 1 2 S. W. 44 4 S. 9 CC 3 Wr. 44 3 S. W;. 46 O*k 4 S. Wi. 44 3 S. Wr. 44 cc CI 3 S.WVF. 2 W.*. 3 S.W.;V 10 44 4 S. W. 2 S. WV. 0 44* 5 S.WV. C4 1 S. W. 44 Ct C 4 S. WV. 44*- 3 S. 11 cc 5 S. 46 a S. Wv. C4 CC CC CC 0 (( cc I S. E. " 3 N. W. I S. N~oon o cc 2 S. 2 S. W. 99 L" 5 S. 46 IC cc C C L L 13 49 2 S. 0 CC 1 S. 66 4 S. I S.W~7. 44 cC CC 0 cc 44 2 S. W.. 14 LL 3 S. W.~ 2 S. W. 44 0 CC 4; S. WT. 11 CC C C C C 2 N. WV. 2 S. 15 cc 3 S. 3 S. Wr. 0 CC CC 3 S. WI. 44 44* 9 4 3 S. W. 2 S. 3 S. W.. 16 99 4 c c* cc 94 C 1 S. Wr. 44 4 f CC C C 2 S. WV. I S. 2 S. W.. 17 49 2 S.Wg7. ]1 S.W. II N. WV. 99 CC rr 2 S. C ic 6 L c 3 S. WT. 44 64 is 49 3 S. W. 11 0 O C c C4 1 S. 49 I c I C I S. WV. 1 S. W7. 44 cC 19 cc I S. W. 0 1 N. W.V CC 99 2 S. WT. 44 cc I C I W. 49 0 (( 3 S. W.. 20 44 94 49 c c 49 C 2 S. 2 S.* CC C cC 4 4 9 C c C 21 99 5 S.W.7, 3 S. W. 12 N~. Wv. 99 2 N. W~. 13 S.W.* X- c It ( 2 WT. 0* 2 N. WV. 49 5 S. VV 22 cc Gj S. W. cc 0 L C 1 S.W.* I S. CC CC 44 gg 2 WT. 96 c 23 4 S. WV. 6 S. 4 S. WV. 2 S. WN. 3 N.W.* f~3 N. W.* 44* - CC C 1 3 Wr. C4 CC 3 S. 6 S. M~idn't 3 S.WT;. 44 0/46 /1.501 4/1.50{ 45 11.50/ 4/1.52/ 4/1.52/4 1/.423S 4S.9 /1.383] Z2ct /~.40 / 52/~.38 /55 /1.a7 / 53 /~.371 52/~.37 154 {~.37 5z /~.36 /1 s~.321 53 II.ao 52 t~.25 } 55 /~.23/ 54 1.420 54.3 11.350i 23d /1,141 56 /1.14/54 ~.141 52 X.X4/ 50 x.x41 54/~.x4/~a tx.14/s4/~.11/53 I~1.x6 52 I~,161 57 ~,~7} 55 [~.x68 54,6 I1.098I 24th }1.10} 58 }1.10 56 11.10 /55 /1.10 /56 }X.09 } 5 ~.OS } 7 /1.06 I56 /~.06 t. 1.05 /' ~03/'"].00/ 1.../~ 1 55.6 }~.039] 25th }.90}56 }.90}i56 ].90}55 ].90]57 / 90155 [.90}53 / 92154 /.92}56 ].92[57 ].92[5.9215.926 55.5].854[ 2 6th /~.00 1 s7 ~.00[ 57 /01 ~t.00/ /~.001 54 /~.00/ ~4 I.9915 [i.99 56 11-00/54 /~.001 a }~.00/ }2.9s~ 1 5.2 1.9101 27th ]1.05 }54 /1.05 /56 /1.05 [57 1]..07 /55 tl.07 57 /1.07} 56 11.07 }56 }1.07 55 11.07 ]57 ]1.10] 56 }1.10] 54 /1.042 55.3 /.970[ 28th /1.08!55 11.101 57 /1.10 /54 /1.10 / 54 /1.10 / 56 t~.10 / 4 }1.10/ 52 ~.10 / 3 }~.10 /2 ~1.10/ 5a /.101 2 /1.092 54.9 ]1.034 29th /1.15 ]59 ]1.15 58 /1.14 57 /1.12 /59 }1.12 / 58 /1.12j/~7/1.1s /6 1gt.15 I 7 I1.15 /9 ~ 1.1s t8 ~1.15 /8 s 1.1,53 s7.s/j1.o7s 30th [.6]57 ]1.25 56 ]1.25 ]53 ]1.25 ]56 ]1.25 56 ]1.24] 57 [1.20 [,.. ]1.20 ]... [1.18 ]... /1.18 ]... I1.18 ]... [1.215 55.4 1.4 13 98 IsREC ORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 1-Io0URLY ABSTRACT OF THE READINGS OF THE BAROMETER AND ATTACHED THERMOMETER AT VAN RENSSELAER HARBOR) Ill June, 1854, in Lat. ]8~ 37', Long. 70~ 53' W. of Greenwich. Mercurial Barometer in house on deck. 29 inches R. Readings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. l)y Y. Ih. lb h. 11. 41. 5h. 6h. 7h-. 8ho. 11h. Noon. Inch. I u ll Inch. 0Inch 0 Inch. 0 nch. 0Inch. 0Inch. 0In ch. 0Inch. 0 Ich. 0Inch, Inch. Ist.98147 }9S 48.97 48.95 46.95}47.9,5}46.95 47.95 48.95149.95149.90151.90 52 }.8853 24 /.82 54.s2 52.82 55.82 56.84 57.55 57.55 54.5 50.S5 52 S.s5 54.s5 58.s5 56 - S4 57 3 1.25 54/1.25 54 1.2553 1.2554 I-.........................94154i.95 53.97 56.97 58.98 57 4th 1 621.0062.92 631.01 1.00162.1.0 06 1.00 60 1.00160.93151 5th 1.00 50 1.00152 } 1.00147 1.00}47 11.004 1.0048.98 50 9.95 46.94 56 6th'7815 0.75/46.75 46.73 47.80 54.78154 ].80 54.80 55'80154.76 54.73 50.72 53.72 53 7th.69 1(45)..6944.69 } 46.69 t 48 -68 49.68 J 0.67 52.65 53.62 53.62[ 53.63 60.63 /73 /56/56 8th.65 56.56146.59} 52.71]53.70 53.73i60 771 68.79156 [.80}53'80 50.81 54.83 46 9th.85/52'86 48.87150 -S'7 52'87 52 IS7 53.87{53 0'S6/53.86}55.83{51. 83 54 -80 63.8064 l Oth.60/53.60 54 I.59 5 2.59 48.60} 47.60 54.GO0 57.60 58.61 5S.62 57.6~5 54.68 54 6 54 11th.70 52.70 54. 70 [7.70 52.70 50.71 53.71 53.G5 53.65 54.69 50.69 54 /70 52 12th.68 56.68 t 56 [.68 54.67 54'66 54.67 [(54)1.67/(54)/.66 l(54)1.62[ 54 6 54 64 56.64 54.63 58 13th [.64I 56 I -64/58 /64 56 [.64l 58 /.67 54.68 51.GS 53.68 55.63 54.63 54.64 56 I.64 56.64 54 14th.5s 56.5S 54 /.5 53.58 53.5/~ 54.5s 55.l 8 56.57s.55 70.....56... -.57t....60 1....60/.. 1sth [.66!60 1.65 60.65160.66 60/.70/56.70/55.70/54.7O 53.67/56.67/58.70/54 -70 54/.70 561 16thll.6i3 56.62 58.61 58.611. 58.60 56.GO0 55 1.601 56 1.58~ 1 56.50 58.49 58.50 53.51 52.53 54 17th.60 i 5.62 54.63 56.65 54.68 49/.70 53.70 /54.71 55.72 56.72 58.76 56.79 54.78 56 18th /.90 6.97 54.99 / 53.99 52.90 o56 o 5/.oo o/.94 o/59.92 57.93 58.9.41 58.94 /8.94 55 19th.95 56.95 58.95 60.95/60.96 58.97 57.97 58.97 59.97 58.98 60 1.02 58 1.03 58 1.03160 2oth.9t62.96 64.92 64.90 63.90 5.90 59.86 59 us4 155.SO 56.7v 56.8 56.77 5S v7 56 21st.71 56i.73j 58.73 5S 86 58.80 58 SO.8 58.80 57.79 56 -SO 56.78 56.78 56.90 55.90 54 *=A22d.87 58.57 58.83 58.80 58.8/ 63.80 44 S.5 47.8! 45 S.85 ] 42 1.84 39 S/ 40 -86/40.85 37 *23d [.85 34.83 36.82 38 [.8[1 38.76 34.77 34.77 34.77 34.75 32.75 34.75l 34.75/ 34.75 36 24th.75i56.78 56.77 56.77/56.73/65.74/65.7666 /.8558.77 56.77/59.77 60.76 58 }.75156 25th.8~, 57.80/5.o i 56.80 56.560/.85 61.85 61 S.7 5, S? 57.ss 58.8/ 59.88 59.87 58 26th.75 158.75 64.75 60.74 60.72 lo.72 56.72 57.72 56}.70 58.70 57.70 57.70 54.72 58 M7th.76 60'76 58.76 57'76 55.78 56.78/54.78 55 78 54.78 54'7S 54.'78 56.79 53.80 52 28til.57s 58 /.7 56.57 56.57 55.56 55.56 55.56 56.5/7 57.59 58.59 58.62 56.6254.63 54 I 9th.73 /55.73/ 56 74 55.74 57.75 42.75 42.76 44.76 46.78 45.78 48 /78 52.78 52 /S0 51 30th.84 8 8 58.84 52.85 51 -S5 58.84 58.85 58 8 58.85 55.85 55.87 54.89 53.930 50 Means 1.785 54.6 7543.783 5428GS6542 7654. 0.7S 5 53.7.787 /54.61.'78S 54.0.77253S71 3..779 5..786!54.4.781 5 3.9 B aa32 2971 29.717 29.715 29-718 29-720 29-718 29.'719 29-721 29-705 29-704 29-712 29-71S 29-714, Day. 1411. 15h.11. }6 i7h. 18h. 1911. 2011 2111. 22h. 23h. M ]d n't. ] leaas. B. 320. Inch' Inch. 0Inch. 0Inch. 0Inch' Inch' Inch' Inch' Inch. 1 Inch. 0Inch' Inch. 0 Inch. Ist.87 55.86 57.86 56.85 55.85 56.83 57.8-9 57.84 56.84 58.82 56. 82 54.897 52.0.834 2d.84155 /.84154.84152.83154.84156.85156.85,55.88 54.88153.90,54.90t.848 54.6.778 I].98 56'99 55.99 56 1.00 57 1.00 57 1.00 55 1.o0 53 1.00 52 1.00 o53 1.00 54 1.00 53 1.047 54.6.977 4th'95 50.94I 50.95 53 1.00 69 1.00 6 00 64 3.001 64 1.00 63 1.00 64 I.00 65 /.00 65.982 61.3.894 5th /.93 50.92151.91 53.90 52.91 52.88..87.87.87.. 7.88.941 49.8.882 6th.72 45.73 50.73 50.73 52.73 53.73.73 74...78.78....75....753 50.6.693 Ut.591 52. 60l59I.55 57 -55/57 5.66.6 6.664 65.65.634 54.1.5.. 8th.87 53.87 52 i 8s7 53.87 53.8'7 53 -S7. 65...' 1.86.80.78....787 53.0.722 9th.75 64.74 56.74 55.74 54.73 53.85 / 83.81 S2.82.85....822 54.2.754 10th.66 54.66 52.67 2.67 52.67 52 /.72 56.73 57.64 52.65 52.64 52.65 52 / 53..575 11th /-70 54 /.70 53 I.70 52.69/56.69 55 /. 56 6.68 55 /.67 56.67 54.65 56.64/54 / S6 53.7.620 12th.62 52.63 55.63 56.63 57 /.3 54.61. 57.62. 56I.64 54.65 48.6s4 48.64154.644 54.3.576 13th.64154.64154.641.54.64/53 i.64 53.60 54.61 54'62154'62156 1'59156 ].59154.637 54.6.568 14th.60l... /.60....60.,.61,./.6o0 t..60./...60/./.o1.61.....61....61....62' 590 5S...511'It /.ral s4 "I.A a A Q 1.,tas A.,/s /t.sA/ss/.s/s8 L.A Pr {.54/ 5 LI A.4.s 5a {.a P6 /0 L |0.480 I ]17th. /'79I 58 /.79{ 56 t.79 1 54. 79/54; / 79 54 / 79 56.79 56 /.80[ 58 /'78 56 /.79 56 / 79l 56 /74 /'(;2 69 I ]8h.941 56 ].941581.95157 }.94 56/.94/ 6 /.94}i46 }.94 44/.C9945 /.94]~ 9 }.94 6o /.94/(;.40/ |., ~691 1t.90 sa I.90[s~.90 4s ].90[ 4.90 54/.905 [.9:2 54 }.93 151 }.94[ 0].94 49 /.345 } 851 53.,9/i.79a [ II ~a.S8l s4 /.84} ~.84t 42 /.ss 41.83 4o.89 }34 }.87 36 I.86 ]38.86 ]34 } 88 32 /.88 ] 2 / 850 43.9 /.so~ I'i23cl r.751 45.75 44 /.75 [44 [.75 [ [.75 53 /.74/, t1.74 57 ].74} 56 [.741 54 /.76} 54 [.78 /52 ~ 766 42.2.730 24th [.75[ 54 [.75 [ 52.75 52.176 } 50 [.177 54 83 56 / 831 56 / 841 56 I.841 55 I.83} S6 / 88 56 / 781 56'.8.707] [ gth [.87[ 55.87{ 55 [.87/ 56 [.88[ 57.86[ 57 [.83 56 [.841 53, 863 54 I.83 [55 ].86 4[ 8 55 [ 851 56.8 ].777] 2 6th ].71 ] 6].71 I54 [.71 [54 {.71 ] 3[.71 ]52 }.70 / 8] 6 58 /.701 58 |.70 /58 I.69 58 |.69 /58 | 713 57.1 }.637 }} 7t 1.8)152/ 80 5 [.791 53 [.7i554 /.73 54 /.70158 }.70 58 [.69] 56 ].67]5}.66 56 }.65}58 } 751 55.1/.81 29th.80[ 50 / 80/52 /.80] 52 ].80I 54 / 80t 53.0j5 /.80 57 /.80[ 57 t.80156 [.80' 57 [.80157 / 778 52.0 [76 30th~ ~.9 3 5 9 5 9 2.465 [.O4 t 8.447.4.445 ].94 43 [.94: 43 l815. 13.~~~~ ~ ~ /t3"2.1 974 2.1 979 2.0 9'822 9.70 2.1 973 2.1 ~76 2. AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 99 RECORD.... -, - ~,. _ -- i - ~.....................-..... }tOURLY ABSTgACT OF TtIE READINGS OF THE ]~AROMETER AND ATTACHED THERMOMETER AT -VAN RENSSELAER }IARZBOR~ In July, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37/, Long. 70~ 53/ W. of Greenwich.'29 inches d-. Readings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. 54Iercurial Barometer on deck. Day. lh. 211. [ 311. [ 411. 5h. [ 6h. 7h' I 8h' I 911. 1011. I 11h. Soon. [ 13h. I [ 1st [.94 43.94[43 {.94[44 {.94 42.94 44 I.94 46.94 46 ].95{45 I.95 48.97!48 I.97/48.97 50.94 52 g 24.94 43.94[44[,94 42].95 44.93 48{.93[48.91 49{.90{49[.90 50[.90 50[.90{51.90]52[.90 53 [] 34.89 43.86[ 42 [.85 43 [.84 42.84 43 ].85[44.85 46 [.84[46 [.83146 {.83 48 [.82[49.82[51 [.84 52 4th.9047.90[48 [.8947 [.8848.9048I.90156 I.9056 I.9056 {.90155.90156I,9157 ].9053 I.9055 5th [.83 52.82152 I.81147 I.80,47.SO 49 {.80152 [.78 50 [.78 51 ].78[51.75151 [.78 60.80[46 [.80[46 {.79 49.77 46 [.77 45 H 6th.77 52.78I 51 [.75{ 57 ].78 57 [.79[45.79 45.79! 49 1.81145 [.811441.81{44.81144 [.8045 [] 7th ].82[45 [.78 49 [.78 48 ].78]47 {.8140.8-~,41 [.82} 41 [.8242.8240 ].8241.8244 [~ 8th {.83 42.84 43 [.84144 [.841 44 I.84 44 I.831 45 I.83 4,5 I.83 45 ~].83 47 [.83145 [.$3 41.83 41t.83 42 [.78 44 [.78144 [.78145 ].7S 49 [.77 52 9th.7839.? 40 {.78] 38 [.7938 ].79140 ].7840.7842 H ]ot~.~1~41m.70t41/.70 40.?ola~J.?o,44.70 a5 1.70 471.cs 45{.(;s{49{.G?1a'31.~5 ~0 {.Vl 41 llth {.64 a4.64 45.G5 4~].Cs{4~1.c5 4~1.C~{4~ IiC~14~/.c~Iq~I.C~~q~I.C~I~O{'~~I~~I'~C{~V 1-66142 12th.6447 [.65t49 ].6547 [.6547 [.(35[45.6543 [.65}46 [i ].64{46 [.6447 ].64]46 /.6446 t.64147 [.64148 lath.67 46 [.70]48 }.70 47 ].71 47 [.73[45 [.73[46 [.75]47 [.65l 42 [.65 43 ].65I 43 [.67 44 [.67[45 [.67/45 14th.78 43 [.78[44 [.79 44 {.80 47 [.79[49 ].79[ 51 [.79] 51 { {.81140 [.81141 [.78 40 {.78 41 [.78[40 [.78141 [.66[ 43 [.66 44 [.65 44 ].65 44 [.621 43 [.63{41.63]43 [.63[44 [.631 45 ].63 42 [.63[ 42.63]43 [.64[ 41 [ 15th ] 16th [...,...... I......... ].50 40,.50142.52{41..52{42 1.52{42 {.53142 [.53143 {.53'42 I.54[42 ]................. 72 46 {.73I 45.75[44 ~n{.-./........................ I i[.78I42 [.78 41 [.77I 41.77[ 41 [.77142 { I1 ]8t~ [... 1... 19th /... /......................80 42 /'80142.81 [44 [.82145 /.82/ 46 I.82 47 I.85 / 49 [.90[ 50 [.90[ 50 { 20tk ]...... 1.00} 43 [1.00144 11.01] 46 [1.01 48 Ix.o~/48 1.03] 50 ll.o~[.~ [I [.98 45.99 43 1.00 40 1.00 41 1.00 40 ]l.00141 224.81t42 [.81[43 [.81{ 45 [.81 47 [.81{49.81154 [.81{55 ] [.~v ~ /.781 43 {.781 44 1.791 44 791 43 ].79144 24th.87[42 [.87142 {.87 46 [.87148 [.89[ 50 [.8 ]50 [.89[ l~ (.87 44 [.86 43 [.86150 [.86I 48 861 50 ].86152 ii 25th.80 45 [.78] 44 [.78144: 75{45 {.75[45.75[48 [.75 [48.76i 49 [.77] 50 ].79{ 51 [.78[52 I'78153 ~] t.80 45 ~ l.... { 82 42 /.83[42 83I 40 85 42 90[43 90 43 90 44!j 26th.85 42 [.85141 [.84 42 82140 ].82140. [ [.85 43.90 46 [.90 46 [.88 47 [.84148 [.82 49 ~ 27th [.90i 42.92 45 [.92141 /.93 40 92i40 [.91139.91 38 {.90137 ] 28th.52, 41 /.5o 42 /.46 42 43 41.45 42 ].54 42 29t& /.9045.9043 [.9042 [.9041 9038.9039.9040 /.90f47.9047 I.90147 I.9047 I.90[47 /.8746 i].48i42 {.50[43.53 44 [.54]45 {.55 45 1.55145 [.58 46 { i 30th /.67} 38.651 36 /.64 36 /.63 34 6336.6 38.65 40.65]42 66136 6535 63136...... I........... _ [..v ____.._ ----' —7 — ] -~ea 43.6.778 44.0,~ I ~.782 46.7.....~ ~9 i46.1.787 47.5.790 48.3.7~1 ~49.7 ns [.-~ [43~ ].77s ~42.8!.772 [ [[. 11.6444 [.(32[49 [.61[50 {.62[52 [.621541 h'............ ~~.94[ 54.95 56 {.95I 59 [.95]46.95{ 47 [.96[46 ].96 46 [.9t' 44.94[ 45,94}44.941 44.948 47.1.898 i1 1st.90[ 51 [.90 49 I.90[ 52 {.90[46.90 46 [.90] 47.90 46 ].91 47.91 45.90146.90 45.912 47.7.860 i 26 34.84 52.84 59 i.84]62.84[57 [.84i 56 [.851 58 I.851 57 ].871 56 {.87[ 52 ].89155 [.90[ 49.850 50.3.792 { 4th.9160 [.93 {34 }.93[59}.92/57 f.915(; ].91157.91[57 [.91159.8959.85162 [.8360.89955.5.827{ [1 5th.76 (33 {.76}(35 ].77167I.78158 ].78l 61 {.78162 i.7S/ 63 [.77158 I.77 (~0 t.77158 t.77t 54.785 55.1.714 { 6th.80[46 }.80146 [.80!45/'80t 43 }.80/ 43 }.8042 [.80{ 42 ].80/ 42 [.80[40 {.80]48 /.80]40.78946.8.740 i 7th.8044 (.80{44 {.8043 /.80142 /.80{44[.8144 {.81[42 [.81 [42 ].83141 [.83{45 {.83148.81343.1.774 l 8th.82i44 {.82l 44 l.82 44 [.82{ 43 [.81 44 {.81 44 [.81144 [.80144 [.80141 {.80/40 [.80/ 39.822 43.3.783 I 9th.7751 ].77[ 51 ].77] 50 [.77[51.7751 [.7651 ].76[ 52 [.75152 ].75[50.74[46 [.71144.77046.0.724{ i { loth {.65i 51 [.65t56 ].64160 [.64[57 }.64[ 57 [.63155 ].62]53 [.61151 /.61[52 t.61]49 }.56]45.66148.6.608].630! ~th ].56 ~0 ].59} ~;2 /'~;4/ 5~ ].64J 57.~;4 58 [.~;4] 58.641 56 /.65 [ 49 [.65 [ 48 [.65/ 45 [.65] 44 12th /.65 46 /'65146 ['65i 47 /.65 [46 [.(;5t45 [.65145 I.65/44 {.65 {43 ].68141 {.65]43 t.65[43 /.648.603 [~ 13th [.75~49 {.75/50 1.75{50 1... |... {.... /... 1.77{45 1.771 45 [... 1... /... /... /... /... 1... }... /.725.680~ 15th ].64i41 ].64[ 40 [.64140 ].65142 [.65141 [.65{43 /.65142 ].65142 /.65[4.'3 [.~i5141 [.65141 [.642.605 16th [.5441 }.55[42 [.(;344 [.60]42 [.6043 {.63}42 /.65141 [.66141 [.67142 ].68[ 42 [.69142!.580.545 17th [.77 49 [.77[46 1.77 45 [.77}45 [.77 45 [.77144 j.76143 |... [...... 1... [... 1.., |.......706 /.751 /.787 18th J.77 42 [.77141 /.79! 42 |.81|43 /.82, 45 1.83144 /.84[44 1.84143 I.84143 /.84142 /.83 42.749 i 19th [.90147 [.92[51 /.93'i 50 ~.94}49 [.94 48 [.94 47 [.93]47 ~.94~45.961 44 t.94~43 [.92 43 ].877.831 I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 20th 11.o3 i ~3 ho~/54 {1.oz 5o hoz/sd h.og 5~ h.oo[ 5o ~1 oo / 05 h.oo 1o4 1.ool 53/~,oo / 51 /x.oo ol /1.007.953 ] [ gist ].81 44 [.82144 ].82{ 45 1.82148 {.82[ 47 [.82]49 182[50 1.82145 I.82[46 [.82/47 [.80t47 [.885.842 ] ~] 224 ].811 56 ['.81155 [.80 53 [.80{52 [.80] 53!.80{ 53.80152 /.90 [44 [.95144 [.95/43 1.95I 43 /.823.773 [ 234 ].79 57 /.78 [ 56 /.771 55 /.77 155 /.751 53 /.75} 52.75 ] 51 /.73 150 ].731 52 ~.72} 51 {.73 51 [.768.709 ] ] 24th /.85148 |.85148 1.80147 /.80149 [.80149 t.8o|46 |.76]44 [.78144 [.78143 |.78 42 [.840.791 ]]!.85148 ] 25th {.78 53 1.78{53.78, 61 1.78152 {.77t50 1.77{49 ].77{47 {.78{47.75{44 {.73!44 /.72 43!.769.716 I 26th [.90[ 43.9044 {.92{49 /.90{44 / -92/49 [.92{47 I.92146 [.93144.93144 l'93]441-9344 [.882.842 27th [.80i 52 [.80i 53.80 55 1'801 49 /'7(;i 48 [.73I 47 [.69147.(40}44 /.58 43 1'50t44 /.809.764 l 1'65 }45 i] 28th /.(34 47 /.66 { 46.70147 /.72 47 /.75 46 /.78 I 45 }.81 /44 /.90 44.90 ] 43 /.90 43/.90 / 42 }.607.596 { ~t,~ 1.8~t45 1.8~ 45.80 45/s l 4 /so4~1.78 44 {.75/~/.7~l44 [.7~z! 41 /.7'z 4:3 1.~;9! 39.844.8o4 / 30th [.(32 60 {.63'164.63 60[.63157 {.63152 [.(33 49 [.63 149 |.(3:314:9 [.63 46 [.6;3 41 [.63 4[ ].632.584 [.721 [ g ~ (1 ~ 5[ 0 4~9 ~8 49 21 4 8 iS4 88 46 7~ ~88145 9 784 45, /~/1445 M7 17, o7 I 7;-;L77 — 71W _77V_1__7-17 o 783 46.5 -----— i 29-7~~3 — 20.730-29Y/36-29.7 —~32~ — 29~34734 -2fL740 — 29.......................!!!7- i! ~................... ~......~.i ~ -.....~.......... 100 ~ ECRECORD AND- DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. HOURLY ABSTRACT OF TH-E REA~EDINGS OF THIE BAROMETER AdND ATTACHED THER~MOMETERt AT VAN RENSSELAER HAR.BOR, In August, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37', Long. 70~ 53' W. of Greenwich. Mercurial Barometer on deck. 29 inches -. Readings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. Day. l h. 2h. 3h. 4h. 5h. h 7h. S. 911. 1oh. 11h. Noon. 13h--— j —-~~ Inc~'1nc jo-Inc m Inch.l o Inch. ~ I. o Inch. o h. o Ic. ~. Inch. o Inch. Inch. o Ich. o I Ist.75 42.75 42.74 42.73 42.74 41 t.72 40.70 45.70/46.67 48.65 52.63150 1.3 51.64 52 2d.54 37'54138.54 37.54 38.54137.56 39.56142.57 43I.58t43.58143.60 45.60i47.60145 3d.60 40.62 41.62 42.65 43.66i 42,.68 42.69 42.69 40.70 39.70 40.71 41.71 } 42.75 42 4th I.80 39 [SO 39.80138.80 37.80{37.80 38.80 40.82 43.82 45.83 44.83 44.85 43.86}44 5th.90] 40.90 41.90 39.90 38.90 39'90 40'90 41.90 42'90 44t.90146.9049 i.90 51.90 50 6th.85 41.85 40'83 39 8S3 37.83 38.83 37.83 41 -83 42.83 45.S2 I47.82 52.82 52 I.82 54 7th.81] 39 [.81} 37 ].80}135 }.80[ 33 [.80] 36 [.80138 SO.040 ].80 42 SO.047 ].80}49 ].801 51 [.80 53 }.80]57B Sth.85140.85/40'8641.'87 40.87140.88[42.89 44.91 45'92 47.95149.95 49.96 49.96 47 9th 1.08 45 1.08 43 1.08 41 1.08 41 1.08 39 1.08 40 1.08 41 1.08 43 1.09 44/1.09 45 1.09( 45 1l.09 45 /1.07] 43 loth.98 39.97140.96141.96140.95141.95140.95139.95140.95141.95}44 ].95145.95 47.94 48 11th.93 41.95140'95 38.95138.94 39.94 37.94 38.94 39.94 39.94i40.94 46.94}45.92[43 12th.82 40.82 39.82 37.82 37 S82 36.82 37.82 38.81 3S.80 39.79 40.78 41.78 42.77 4 13th 177 38.76 41.75136.74[ 36.74 36.73 36.73 36 [.70 35.66 85.65 35[.64{ 36.63 36,62 36 14th.38 36'37 34.35 341.34]35.33 35.32 36.31 35.31] 35.31 35.30 35.30 36'30 36'30 35 15th.45 34.46133.50]33.51133.64}34.65}35 -66 36 -67 37.68 38.69139.71}38.72t38,72}39 16th.76 28.76 29.76 28.76 28.76 29.76 31.76i 35.76 36 [.75 38.75 40.75 41.74 43.74 50 17th.65 33.65 32.64 33.64 34.65 36.66 36.67 37.67 36.67 37.70 37.72 39.70140.70 41 I8th.74 34.74 32.74 32'74 31.74 35.74 36 /.74 38. 74 38'74 39.73 38.73 39 ].73 40.72 41 19th j 70O 39.71 31.70 32'70 32.69 32.69 32.69/32.69 33'69132.69134.68{36.68{37 1.67 35 20th.63 36.63 37.63 36 ].63] 36.64 34.64 35.64135.64135.64 35.65]36 1.65/35.65 35.65 36 21st.70 32.70 32.70 33.70 32.70 34.70 33.70 34.70 36.70 36.70 37.70 36.70 36.70] 36 22d.72 30.72 29.72 25.'72 262.74 27.75 28.75 30.75 31.76 32.76 32.78',32.75 34.77 32 234.65 30.65 28.64 27.64125 t.63|26/.60 24|.59125.58124.56130.55 31.57134.57{38.57/39 24th.61 28.61{ 27.611 28 t.60 28.73 24.73 25.73/ 28 /.73 37.74 36.74 37.74 35.74 38.74: 36 25th.74129.75 29.75130.75131.75 28.75129}.76130.76 31.76 32.75}32.75133.74e 34.74}33 26th.60 30.60/29.60129.60128.59126.58125.57 24.57127.65 27.65 30,65130.65/30.66130 *27th.........................65 30.65 31.65 30 65 30.83..84...84... 5......... 28th......................,.....,.68 33.68 34.68 35.67 33.67 36 ~35~~~~-~.-74[- [4.-2 7233[.71-234~-.71 334~113 29th.7 25. 1 6 1 29.71 30.71 29.'13 7 2i.i 3.7.3 7 3.Z3 7 2.70 33 30th.52 33.50 33.47 32.444 32.42 32.41 31.3 1.34 30.30 31.29 31.29 32.93.. 31st.30 30.32 2S.33 27.34 28'.36- 28.37 30.38 32.39 31.39 32.39 33.38 33 - 433 3 Means /.705 35.2-706 34.65704 34.1-704 33.9.712 34.0.712 34.4.712 135.6.711 36F 5 717 j735~ 7173.51-7181339.4.717:40.1'-717 40.5 B.at 320 29.687 29.690 29-689 29.689 29.697 29.696 29.694 129.690 29.694 29.690 29.6S9 29.687 29.685 17h. h. 19h. 20h. 21h- 22h. 23h. Alidn't. 31eans. 30 Inch. 1 Inch. Inch. 0Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inci~yh. 0 Inch. 0.I Inch. c Inch. Inch. 1 nh nh nh 1st.64 53.63 52 I'61151.60 50.59 48 5747 5 47'55145'55144'55142'55139.644 46.3.597 2d.60 45.60145.60 45.61 41 60 2 6 49.0 45.61 49.61 4 61 45.61143.583 43.4.544 3d.78 42.80 41.80 40.80 41.80 42.80 42.80 41.80 42.80 41.80 40.80 3S.732 41.1.698 4th.87 43.88 42'89147'88/45.88 45.8.894 43'90 41.90141.904 0.9 0 40 1.7.815 5th.90 51.90 (50).90/(50).90/50.9048 90 48.90 47.9 0 47{.87[45.85 44.95 43 [95 45.1 S51 6th.82 59 S.2 60.82 54,83}55.83 54.83 52.82 50.81 50.81149.81145.80[46.825 47.4.775 7th.82 54'83 59.85 62.84[54.841 54.84 5.85 53'.85 51.85 47.851 39.85141.820 46.8.772 Sth.96 48.96 48/.90/ 49.97 44.97 50.98 51 1.01 /5 1.0(/2 51 1.02 1 1.0 52 1.07 43.946 46.3.8'39 9th!1.06 42 1.042 1.04/45 11.02/461 4.00 44.98/44.98 43.98i42.98 41.98141 1.047 42.911.009 loth.94 47.94/ 49.94152!.94]50 /.95 { 53.95154.98137.95139.95 40.95{41.952 44.0.910 11th.92 43.91 45.91144.90 43.90 40.88 41.87 42.84/42.84[ 43.84 42.8 42.911 41.2.S77 12th.77 47.77 50.77 51 I.77 49 77i 48.77 47.77 46.77144.78 43.771 42.77 41.790 42.3.753 13th.583 36 5 36..54 36 3 543.541 35.51I 35.49 34.47 34.45 34.41 35.39 34.609 35.7.590 14th 3~ 57 )~.5.30{ 36 ~.30] 36.311 36'33 35. 34 35'3 34.37 36.38 34.40 35.40I1 35.40 3 5.337 35.2.319 15th.72 39.73 39].74 39.75 39.761 38 i.77/ 3 7.77 35.79[ 35.79 34.7 34 79 34.686 36.2.666 16th.73149.72 48.72[ 49.7 1 6 8{.067 46'!67 45.67 41.67 39.65 34.65 31.723 {39.0.695 17thi / 0,1 Al 704'9 "70! 39'73134!.73i3!- I' I.73, 32,'' 19.73 35 r.4 36.74 34 1 /74 32 /.695 135.9.6 75 18th I 14{.72 48.72[ 46. 7214 ] 7 45 { 7/ 3f.7 4 I.7/3 I.03.70'5i7033 [.726 139.01.698 19th!t.65{34.64I 34 I.434.64138 /i.63 39 {.623 8.613.6 7 I.6t7.33.4132.64 1347.47 20sth.66{ 37[.5 18{. 670 37.68[ 38; i.694: Z. 0 33.70 32, 0 3.70[ ol. 31{.70/ 31 [ 61 4.9.643 21st [ ~~~~~~.70}35.7 35 7}36.4 6{.3:5.3'3{. 2 33.'72 3.72{ 33.il33.70131 [.707 {34.21.692 {z.76 34[.75{ 34 {.751i 34.75 33 {.75.'532 {7i/3.75{ 32 {.72{31 [.70 131 {6 i3.05{29 /.73'7 {30.8[.730 23dt {.571 0.56141 {.5j6140 ](.57S) (41)1.58E, 42.}2t34.325.65{25.65{ 25.65ti 26 {.65}26.604!31.11.59'7 24th2t' 4.74' 37/.74 38.74{:37.731 36 [ 3.74' 4 [ 4.53 7i 3 7 2.9'/ 2.2 28,0 Zt {.433 {.74 35 {.74{3.74 34 {.70' ~ 32 6 32.63 3f2.63 33.670 32 7OI1.8.'71g 26h 6732{.0{ 31I. 4{ 1i.0 833.(~2:. 4 3...]......21 {30.1[.617 2~~~~~~th ~~~....:9 322o73/.70'32.84.70'C27th.86}I...{.85[.S Ic...85[. }.8.......8....4e.......6 3.783 30.8{.1777 2Sth. 37.tis.Gi8.6'7 j 36.671 31.fjG 34 34.(j7 3tj / i8iii ]ii 3. 675 {34.2{.660O 29th.70 /34 17,o34 t.70{ 34.70 35 {.70: i4 },rO 34 /.09 I34 }.68/:33 I.8{33.67 32 6 13.7oo 32.1.691 30th I...{..{...334[.53.332{332[/. 31st.40 34.42 34.43 33 i 45[32 i..I..j../.,:::: 2j3:.5.03 3 2.2 25.1.50 6. O 24.50124.50 23 ].410 ]29.8.407 Means.717) 41.. —~71 41.5F.715 i41.,5'.717 140.8:.716 4L0:.7'15 ]39.8[.71, 39.0{.713,38.0;.713 37.5i.-~3 t36_4.707 35.4[:7-' -'-~.7-i B,~~~~ ~ ~ 2-301968 2 -~261 )2.68~1.964 1~(.'j 2,85 - 9C88i29..0 -29.-6992 { 29.689 968 Ba 22................... { 29.684 2.8 RECOR D AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 101 110URLY ABSTRACT OF THE REAbDINGS or, THE r;AROiMETER ANiD ATTACHED THERMOMIETER AT VAN REENSSELAER HARBOR, In September, 1854, in Lat. 78~ 37/, Long. 70~ 53/ W. of Greenwich. Mercurial Barometer on deck. 29 inches -. Readings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. Day. lh. 2h. 3h. 4h. 5h. 6h. 7h. 8h. 9h. Joh. 11h. Noon. 13h. ""'~ 1'h:12"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9.13:`5s" 10. Igg ~~11h. ( oon. 13h._ inch. 0 Inch. o Inch. Inch. o [Inch.0 Ionch.c o /Inch. o Inch. o /Inch.~ 0Inch. o IInch. I Iinch. o Inch. o 1st.51 23.51120 /51 20 /51120.53120 ~53 21.52 20.51 27 ~51 27.51 32 ~51134.51 25 ~51122 2d.... I I 34120 /34J 20 I34122 I33 23 /33 25 I33 25 I33 25 I33 26 /33/27 t33 28 I33 28 3d.33 1 34 i;9.34 20.34 18.34 1 s.34 x9.34 19.34;201.34'21.39 21.43;23.47/23.48119 *34th.53 10.56 8.56 9.56 9 ~57 9 [59 13 1.02 ]7 1~04 20 I.05 23 1.06 24 1.09130 1.12/32 1.15128 4th 1.10 9 1.16 10 1.16 9 1.16 9 1.12 9 1.11 Io 1109 12 1.07 12 11~06 14 1.06 19 1.05120/1.05122 1.01/20 6lt /.91 10.92 11 ~93 11 /92 11 ~921 g2.92 13 ~92 19 I ~92 21.93 22.92]23 /93123.9429 / ~95 23 7th.94: 14.94 1 3.93 1 2.92 1 2.91 1 2.90 1~2.89 182.8 12 ~88 13 ~88 14/.86 19.85[ 21.83 21 8th.84 1 0.86 1 0.86 1 1.87 11.88 1 1.88 1 12.88 14.87 14.87 19.86 1 8.86 1 7.85 1 6.85 1 7 9th.92 10.92 10.92 11.92 1.93 (12].94 [(13).94 [(14).94 (15).94 1 6.94 17.95 17.95 128.95 1 *a0th.75 13 177 12.76 12.75 12.77 12.77 14.77 15.77 16.80 23.80 26.80 25.78 25.5 271 *11th.............75 1 0.74 8.75 9./75 9.72 11.72 1/2.0 4.70 185.74 18.75 23.76 22 12th.86 46.87 46.88 45.~1 43.89 41.89 41.90 42.90 45.90 49.90 49.92 47.95 45.97 41 13th.92 34.92 34.92 33.92 33.90 3 3.90 3 /7.90 35.90 47.90 45.90 45.90 46.90 5 4.90 35 ~*14th.75 42.74 3 9.72 37.70 38.70 38.70 40.69 48.68 52.67 49.4 145 6~0 41 1.60 42.57 42 15th.48 47.47 45.45 44.45 42.44 43.44 45...0 43 48.43 49.43 49.43 43.43 40 l~h~.55 53.53 5.45 47 / 6.63 64.70 64.78 60.80 54 1 6th ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4606 45 45.47145 ].9046 6/.9074] 17th.62 49.62 49.62 5 0.6i4 48.65 46.65 45.65 45.65 5 8.69 5i7.72 5 7.86 5 7.86 5 6.85 5 6 18th.68 5 6.69 54.85 61.80 60.78 54.78 5 1.78 48.'77 46.75 43.80 42.80 5 6.80 5 8 SO0 49 19th.85 152.85 47.86 46.86 45.86 42.85 41.84 415.82 58.75 56.75 54.75 56.75 5 4.75 5 20th.73 54.73 48.72 46.73 45.75 44.75 43.80 59.80 64.80 66.80 62.82 56 21st.85 53.84 54.83 54.81 55.80 56.-0 55.78.74 67 ~43/ 21st ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ 843 56.7 643 42 68.70664 3 66 60 I 22d.25 55.22 48.21 47.19 48.17 50.13 51.10 56.10 64.10 58.10 50.10 50.10 67.12 6 23d.33 53.33 55.34 56.37 53.37 53.37 50.37 50.37 53.37 54.37 53.35 54.31 49.31 57 24th.20 51.20 49.20 48.20 48.20 48.20 52.20 58.20 64:.25 79.27 68.27 69.31 67.28 67 25th.22 53.22 54.21 56.20 56.20 5,5.20 579.20 59.20 64:.29 65.18 61.18 62.18 63.19 644 26th.35 59.37 57.40.5 5.40 53.42 54.45 55.49 63.53 65.54 64.54 65.56665.55 65.53 55 2'7th.70 56.73 56 [75 56.77 54.80 55.80 54.80 56.83 63.84 68.86 62.86 62.86 0.86 560 18th.83 50.83 52.83 52.83 54.83 4/8.3 47.85161.85 64.85 60.83 57.79 55.75 54.71 44 29th.69 6;4.69 57.69 56.69 56.70 56.70 53.75 71.75 73.71 69.64 61.69 63.72 65.74 64 *30th.85 48.85 50.83 44.83 42.83 42.84 43.s4 50.86 53.90 54[.90 52.90 65.90 55.89 55 Means.657137.5.659 36.3.661 35.9.659 135.4.660 35.07.660 35.5.675 38.9.675 45 ].684 44.3 6583 43.4.692 44.5.694 44.6[.690142. B. at 32' 29.634 2 9. 638 29.6421 29.641 29.643 29.642 29.647 29.63 961 2.43 29.647 29.651. 29.654 Day. 14h. 15h. 6h 17h. 18h. 19h. 20h. 21h. 22h. 23h. Midn't. MPveans. B3. 320. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~.01 66-i- }o.80 62 / ~ 8 / I ~'~ I ~' ] ~" [Ic~o~c.J nl. 0 c.] Ic.0Inch. 0Inch 0Inch. 0Inch. 0Inch.1 Inch. 0Inch. 0Inch. 0 nch.' nh nh nh 1st.51 23.51 25.50 25.45 25.45 26.45 7 o 27.45 26.43 26.42 24.40 23.40 23.485 24.3.495 22 /.33 26.33 24.33 23.33 22.33 23.331 024.33 24.33 23.33 23.33 22.33 21.335 23.6.348 3d.49 20.49 19.49 21.49 21.49 20.49120.49 19.50 17.50 17.52 11.53 11.429 18.9.454/ *4th 11I291.18 27 1.21 27 1.21 26i 1.22 22 1.22 i 21.23 22 1.20 18 1.20 15 1.20 11I 1.20, 13 1.006 19.3 11.031 5th 1.00 1~20.99 15.97 5 13.94 12.94 12.93 12.91 11.90 14.90 13.90 1/13.90 12 1.023 13.4 11.063 6th.95 22.95 22.95 22.96 20.96 21.96 23.97 24.97 22.96 20.96 17.95 14.940 19.0.9 5 7th.80 22.78 IS.77 17.................75 10.75 10.75 9.75 10.834 14.0.8728th.85 16.85 17.85 o 15.85 1.8015 1.85 13.87 13.90 16.90 14.90 1.90 1.867 14.0.9051 9th.95 20.95 20.95 20.94 20.94 20.94 19.92 19 -85 17.85 17.87 16.87 14.925 16.0.959 *10th.75 26.75 25.76 24.75 20.74 1(18)(.73 1(16)1.72 (14),70[ 12.70 11.............753 17.4.783 *1th.7~6 22.77 21.79 25.79 13.79 10.81 39.84 44 688 49.88 51.86 58.86 57.774 23.3.787 12th.95 42.81 39.80 41.80) 46.80 49.83 4 5.84 48.90 46.90 44. 91 43.92 42.882 44.4.839 13th.90 38.90 40.90 44.90 46.90 46.90 45.87 46.85 48.83 46.79 52.79 49.888 42.1.851 *A14th.57 41.52 48.52 50.52 50.52 51.56 55.56 56.54: 58.54 57.54 55.54: 50.6246.8.564i 15th.43 40.43 37.43 38.43 39.43 48.42 47.43 47.45 58.45 60.45 59.46 56.440 46.5.393 1 6th.80 47.82, 62 -87 67 Aq 6 74 -861 75 -SI 72.72 6q -65 64.65 64.62 62.62 57.657 58.0.579 17th.85 ~.85 51.81 5`2 ts ~ 8/5[.831 48 [83/ 647.85 61.85I 64 /8.85 / 0.8 315/.79 / 5 5 /.75[.71 44 29sth [.83 0 [7.831 52] 69 53 [.69[ 56.70 6 [4 ~70 53 [ ~5 I 7 /8 ~5[ 3.71 [8 695 ] 1 56~.69 / 3/ 71 68~ 5.74 6 [ [9t ~ 69I.5i 2 64 I7 ~69[.5 6 7 C. 5 7 7 7 4 7 6 8 4 7 21st~~~ ~.5 aa/55i4 I5 /5.56 5 i 5 7.15 4 2.05 3 6.84;.3 84.5 x~t e.51, 5a I 50 1,2.50 1 2 5 3 5. 4 7 5 2. 5 7 6 6. G 6 ~:. 2 3 4. 28th,71 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~43.76 [4,7 3.7 5.2.4~1 74 I7 i.40 235 I7.71 40 234 I.74857.9 29t~~~~~i ~.7456 7 3 7 71 25 /0.7 0 45 5 ~o.45 s7 2 /s 5.25 8 7.25 776.6451 26lt.33 261.33 2 7. 015 9 4.30 5 9 S.7 8. 0 5 9 ~. 0 5 9 3t. s 5238. 1 Ri~~~~~~eans ~~~~~~~.330 s31.814..8 14.3a23.337 22[.G.3f3 164~9 24.1/64.3359 23.6[.6 134818 4.7.774. 68 1C B. at 32" 29.654 29.647 29.649 29.644 29,G45 29.~49 29.5,2 1. I ~531 11 /964 2.6 4`29 18. 102 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. In October, 1554, in Lat. 78~ 37t, Long. 70~ 53f W. of Greenwich. Mercurial Barometer in cabin. 29 inches 4-. t{eadings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. [ t I 1 l ~h lb. 2h. U — ~[ Inch. ] o- Inch. ] o inch.-~-~-I Inch. [~1 Inch. 1~{ Inch. [ —— ~-~l Inch. —~-~-{ Inch. [-~~ —I Inch. I~{Instt. I~l rncn.~] rneh.~ linch. [~ I 1st [.90I 51 I'90/ 50 I'00149 I.90148 [ -901 45 ]'901 50 I.90l 55 I.90[ 55 I.95 [ 57 [.90I 56.95 59 [.95 53 [.931 54 ] ~2d I'931 49 [,93[ 47 [.92[ 46 I.92[ 46 I.92[ 45 /'92144 [.92145 [.92[ 48 [.93[ 63 [.93t 57 I.92 50 [.92[ 50 t'93i 52 34 11.00/ 44 i1.00/ 44 ll.00 1 44 }l.00[ 43 ]1.00I 54 11.03 1 56 [1.03I 56 11.031 58 II.00 1 58 tl.001 54 11.03 51 /1.021 55 11.02i 53 ] 4th [.95{ 51 {.95I 48 I.95[ 48 {.95 147 ].95146 [.95] 45 /.95[44 [.95{ 57 /1.00 { 57 [1.00[ 55 {1.00 55 [1.00[ 54 {1.00[ 56 [~ 5th 11.15/40 /1.15/46 [1,15/ 50 11.15 [4911.15[ 49 /1.1514911.15 [ 54 I1.1s / 59 11,15 / 59 /1.15/58 11,14 s7 /1.111 59 II.lOl 58 I] 6th [.86} 65 }.83} 61 ].79] 58 I.76/ 58 ].73/ 58 I'701 56 ].65/ 58 [.64/ 62 I.63} 66 [.60[ 63 }.581 64 [.57/ 63 I'54l 63 ith }.50/ 59 /.50{ 59 t'50/ 59 I.50} 56 / -501 55 {.501 55 /.50{ 65 [.501 64 t.441 60 /'44l 59 I.421 59 /.38} 63 I'38/ 65 }1 8tk {.20[ 64 [.20{ 60 [.20{ 58 [.18[ 52 {.15 [ 57 {.15[ 58 {.17{ 59 {.15/ 65 [.15 { 67 [.15[ 66 [.15 { 65 {.151 63 [.15] 56 }] 9th /.30 / 58 ].30/ 58 ~.32/ 58 I.33 / 59 [.34/ 49 [.35 [ 52 /.35 / 51 I.35 [ 58 l.37 I 62 [.40 [ 64 [.421 55 t.43 1 53 /.45 / 54 loth /.58 / 47 /.58 / 48 /.58 / 48 /.58 [ 47 ~.60 / 46 /.601 45 /.64/45 /.65 / 46.65 /54/.65 /50/.65 /53/.65 /56/.68 /53f] 11th ].72/ 45 I'701 43 [.70{43 ].70/ 46 [.05] 47 [.65/ 48 ].05] 49 /.05[49.65/51[.65/50.54[55].53[53[.48[55] 12th [,23]49 ].23 48 }.23[ 45 t.23144[.23} 37 /.23} 37 [.21}43 }.21/ 57 {.22}56I.22]54}.20 55}.20]58].20]54] 13th [.06/43.05 41 / /.03/40 /.03239 /.03t 38 I.031 37 /.02/37 /.02/36 [.10148 ].10149 I.15154[.16l53/.17/52 a 14th /,15l 52 /.17 49 [.19147 [.15]45 ].17145 [.16147].15148 [.15149 ].151 56 [.14/ 58 [.13[57/.10156/,09[58 15th [.00[ 57 [.04 51 {.10[46 [.14144t.20143 [.25[ 51[.30159 I.31/ 62 t.35[ 60 [.41[ 61 I.50[ 61[.54/62i.55{ 65 ] 16th /.84[ 55.86 49 [.85 / 51 ~ /.88 [ 48 /.901 56 t.90[ 48 ~.92l 51 /.95 [ 52 /.97 ] 58 {.971 58 {1.00 / 56 ~1.00 [5211.00 / 55 ] 17th /.92/ 52 /.8950 ~.85148 ~.87147 /.87145 /.87145 /.87[50/.87t48 (.86/47[.85]49 {.84150 [.84I54/.90155 [[ 18tt /.60/ 50 [.571 47 [.55{45 [.54[ 46 [.50/44l.50144[.50[45 /.50[ 50 {.48/ 50[.48/49 [.48/ 50 /.48159/.481 57 ] 190 /'74/ 52 /'76152 [.80/ 50 I'80/48 /'82/ fi01'83/ 52 /'82/ 52 /'81/ 57 [.S0/ 531'S0153 51~.84/ 50 i /.80/ 52 ].82{ 20tl /.74/50/.741 48 /.71/47/.69146/.67[45 /.651461.62~ 45/.62~ 51 1.60/52/.591 50 ~.571 52/.57152/.55153 21st [.55[ 52,[... ](50)l.56{48 {.56{50[.57/45 {.57142[.58[ 39 [.60{43 [.60/ 52{.65{ 53 [.66148 [.64[ 49 [.63[ 50 4~22d |...t... |... I... /.761 45 /.79| 46 [.84/ 45 }.841 44 /.83l 47 /.84/49 /.84| 49 [.84[ 48 ].84/ 48 1.861 50 ].86/ 49!] ~39 /... ],.. / -,, 1... ll.o~/5~/1.0~1 ~0/1.00/51 ll.051 5~/1,051 5~}1.05l 53 ]].04} 53 lmo~[ 53/1,05] 5~/m.041 49 /1.041 49 I 24th [1.00246 [1.00]45 ].96[46 ].95147[.96145 [.96244.97144!.97!47 ].97~47.97149 /.97[ 51/1.00t 52 /1.00[ 52 ] 25th [1.05,48 /1.05t 48 /1.05/ 47 /1.05!44/1,05|44 11.05/ 44 11.05/ 37 /1.05/42 [1.05| 55 11.04/ 53 t1.01/49 11.01/ 52 /1.07/ 50 [il 27th /1.09148 11.05[46 11.05[45 [1.05!48/1.05[ 56 [1.05]44 1.05[43~1.05[ 52 [1.05[49 1.05148 i1.0514611.05146 11.05! 50 ] 28th [.95 46 |.94[ 48 ~.95144 {.95140[.99137 [.99[ 36.96~40 |.94| 45 ~.95|46 {.94[ 48 /.93148{.93/45 [.90144 29th [.85 46 [.85144 ].85{43 /.85143 I.85144 /.8514[ I.851 421.85146 /'84/47 I.85!441.831461.83145 I.84146 ] i 30th [.95 52 ~.97I 52 i.97/ 51 /.97[ 48 I.98l 46 t.991 46 I.99| 45 |.99| 48 /.99/ 46 [1.03[ 44 /1.07t 46 /X.061 44 /1.06/ 43 N 31st 11.04/ 32 1.03/ 25 11.03l 21 11.001 31 /1.12[ 42 /1.12/ 41 11.151 45 11.1.2/44 [1.10/ 37 11.09} 33 11.08[ 34/1.07/ 35 ]1.00t 44.va8 ]~0.71.737149:01.79614s.~1.730147.~1.730 [46.61.790 ]46.m1.v3714;z761.5-~15~.a[.v40 {53.6'.v4~]5~.6].v43 [s2.d.v4~ 5g.71.74~/sa.m~l Day. 14h. 15h. 16h. 17h. 18h. 19h. 2Oh. 21h. 22h. 23h. Midn't. I~Ieans......... 1 t t I t I i i; IInch'l o [Inch. [ o [Ill0h. t o [Inch.[ o Jilloil. o linch ] o linch.[ o [Inch. o linch. o linch. [ o Inch. o Illth. o Inch. 1st [.93I 55 I'931 60 I'93/ 57 ].93/ 52 ].93J 53 ].93I 55 /.931 56 }.90I 57 1.93 56 [.93153 I.93j 5().920 53.7.853 ~24 ].95'48'.951 47 /.951 47 I.95t 55 /.991 59 11.02150 /1.041 60 /1.04 55 /1.04 50 /1.04 49!1.04 4!5.959 50.3.900 3d 11.00]50 ].99150 [.99[50 [.99[59 ].99[ 61 ].98161 ].98[ 59 [.98[57 [.98[55 [.97[53.9715':~.999 53.2.932 4th {1.00{56 11.00157 {1.00155 {1.08{ 52 {1.08I 60!l.10 64 /1.15/64 1.15 62 /1.15 59 11.14 59 1.14 5' 1.025 54.5l.955 5th [1.10[ 59 [1710I 59 /1.091 5S /1.09[ 62 /1.06t 64 [1.04{ 6g 11.00t 59.961 59 [.951 62 I.95 [ 66.90[ 65 1.087 57.0[1.011 6th [.52t 62 I.52[ 68 [.54{ 67 [.54[ 64 {.54[ 67.53[ 66 /.53[ 68.52[ 62 [.52[ 63 [.51{62.51{ 6'~.611 62.7[.519 7th I.o6164 I'34164 I'34/ 65 ].33] 67 [.30} 67.31167 [.28166 {.28163 I'28164 [.27164.27t 6,.39262.2[.303 8th ].15 [ 58 [.15 { 59 [.20t 60 [.22[ 64 [.23[ 63 [.27I 63 I'271 64 I'271 62 [.27[ 63 [.27 [ 64 I.27[ 611.197 61.3 ].110 9th [.46{ 55 [.51{ 52 {.51] 51 [.52{ 52 [.55[ 60 [.57I 59 [.58[ 52 [.57[ 52 I.57[ 49 [.59 [49 [.58/ 5,.447 54.7[.378 loth /'68/46 /.67/43 /'69/44 I.69149 /'751 55 t.75156 /.761 57 I.75148 /.75{ 49 {.75 147 /.7414~g 49.0.d~o I.6]d llth [.44[44 [.40]42 [.40]49 [.40I52 [.40[ 55 [.38[ 60 [.35[ 58 I.35158 I.33{ 63 I.33[57 [.31[,5,~.515 51.11.455 12th /.15{52 /'13146 /'131 48 ].13/53 /.12156 I.12{56 /.10[ 52 [.10149 [.101 50 I.10{46!.08{4:.171 49.61.115 18th ].17 ] 51 [.20} 48 /.201 53 I.25 / 62 t.27[ 65 I.29 1 62 t.31[ 60 I.32{ 52 /.301 55 I.30 [ 55 I.30[ 5:~.161 49.2 ].107 x4th [.06/ 54 }.06/ 55~ ].051 55 1 -~5t 59 i -~5/59 ].05[ 60 ].04159 /.021 59 I.00] 59 /'~9/56 }.0025!.100 54.1 ].034 15th [.60159 /.65161 I.66159 [.70160 /.75161 /.77161 /.77[ 62 [.79161 t.80159 [.83159 /.8315: /.417 16th }1.00251 /1.00/ 51 }1.01} 50 [1.00{ 50 }1.00] 55 ]1.00/ 58 }1.00} 54 }1.00[ 52 }.99} 52 }.98[ 52.493 57.6 }.96} 51~.958 52.8t.893 17th /'90/ 55 I.81[ 44 ].80t 43 ].80/ 53 [.80[ 58 I.75 I 58 I.73[ 56 [.691 53 [.67[ 51 [.64[ 50 ].63[ 5,0.813 50.5 ].755 18th /'50/ 49 /'501 45 i.54[ 43 I.60/51 ].621 55 [.65154 [.651 52 ].67[ 53 [.68] 53 [.701 53 [.72[ 5:~.562 49.9[.505 19th [.84151 I.82{ 48 I.82[ 50 [.80{51 /.801 52 [.82[ 56 /.80{ 52 [.79{ 52 /.78[ 53 t.75[ 53 I.76/ 5:.801 51.8/.7:39 21st {.63[ 51 i.67{ 42 {.68143 I.68144 {.71/ 47 [.74[ 50 /.741 52 [.751 52 [.75{ 53 [.75f 53 {.77l 5~.650 4S.3].597 ~ a [.8~/~ I.86/~3 /.9~ / 48 ].95 / 51 /.97[ 52 /.98[ 53 ].98/ 54 ].99[ 55 [.99[ 56 [.99 [ 56 t.99] 5.882 50.1 /.825 23d 1.04[ 51 11.05/ 52 tl.05/ 53 /1.05{ 50 {1.05{ 50 11.05/ 50 /1.04} 51 [1.03] 52 {1.02{ 51 {1.00147 1.033 51.3{.973 {1.00/4'i 24th 1.01[ 53 ]1.03/ 52',1.03[ 50 [1.00[ 52 /1.02[ 57 1.04/ 60 ]1.04[ 56 [1.05[ 51 [1.05[ 52 [1.05[ 55!1.06[ 5 1.002 50.3[.943 25th [1.07/ 58 {1.1124,3 1.12{ 47 [1.16] 56 ]1.17t 58 1.20[ 64 tl.20163 [1.201 56 [1.20[ 56 /1.21] 55 1.21l 54 1.101 51.0 ]1,041 26th [1.12{ 47 [1.10 / 45 1.09 [ 49 [1.10 [ 50 {1.10[ 52 {1.10 [ 55 [1.09 [ 54 [1.10 [ 56 [1.10] 53 11.10 [ 50 /1.10[ 5 1.124 4S.5 ]1.070 27th [1.05 / 4~ /~.0~ / 48/~.0~ / ~0 Ix.04/~/~.0~/~!~.o~147 }1.02} 46 }1.02[ 46/1.02[ 45 }1.02] 481.02] 481.04247.8 /.991 28th t.88[ 43 ].88[ 47 /.88 [ 47 ~.88] 47 [.86] 47 [.86 [ 46 [.86 [ 46 [.85 [ 46 /.85 [ 4(;.85 [ 45.911 44.6 [.868 29th.84/ 44 ].84] 46 }.84] 46 }.84} 46 /.84} 48 }.84/45 }.84245 [.85245 /.85}45 }.86144.86} 49.845 45.0}.801 30th 1.07[41]1.08[ 42 11.08145 /108/46 /110/48 ]1 11/ 44 /1 11/ 41 ]111~43 /111/43 11 11 /43 /1 11/ 43 1.045 45.411.00C.90] 44 5','' i....... [' 31st ]1.00] 0 1100244 100246 100140[100/ 42 100/43 [100142 [1 00[ 39 [100/41 [100 47 100[ 46 1.040 39.3 1.011 ] / ]-,-I............ t4....[-[.... --..... t [..... [........ i i i - lVIeans.741 51.9:..740 90.4'.747 50.9.755 93..~63 55.8'.768 96.2:.766 59..764,,3.6.761 93.6.799153.2.797 747 51.51 ___, 52.o. ~~B. at~~d2~[ 29.079 [29.652 [ 29~688688129~~689/....;-~9.698-729.-6995-/ 29~~693 ~~9.-~~94! 9,9.686 29.691'29.694 29.694 i RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 103 HqOURLY ABSTRACn T OF TH-E READINGSN~ OF TH-E BAROMETER AND AaTTACI-ED THERiMOMETEP. AT VAN R~ENSSELAER JCARBOR, In Naovember, 1854, in Lat. 780 37', Long. 700 531 W. of Greenwich. Maercurial Barometer in cabin. 29 inches R-. Readings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. Day. P.1 2h. 3h.~ 41-. 5h. 6h.~ 7h. 8h. I h. 101h. aih. Noon. 13h. inch.} o Jinch. o Inch.I o linch. 5 linch. O linch.} o Inch.I o linch. o Inch. o J inch.I o Iinch.I o linch.J o Inlch. o ist 1.00 45 1.00 45 1.00 45 1.00 45 1.00 43 1.00 42 1.01 43 1.01 45 1.01 46 1.01 47 1.02 44 1.02 40 1.03 44 2d 1.04 43 1.02, 43 1.02 43 1.00 44.98 44.95 42.92 41'92 47.89 47.87 4G.83 45.81 43.80 45 3d.80 42.80 40.82 40.83 41.84 38.87 38.87 39.87 40.90 49.91 48.90 41.92 42.92 41 *t4th 5thi 6th 1th 9th 10th lith.90 60.94 58.90 56.89 51.78 46.75 47.70 47.70 52.'70 52.65 52.62 53.61 52.60'15 12th.60/58.60, 57.60155.60 55.60/53.62 55.65158.65159.73/59.74 60.74 57.74]59.75 56 13th.80 58.80 6o.80 54.80.o54.80 54.80 54.80 59.80 58 /.71 62.71 61.74 55.74 53.75 50 14th.70 54.70 54.70 53.73 53.75 54.75 54.76 56.78 58.84 57.84:54.84 51.84 50.79 51 15th 1.02154[.99 56 1.03151 1.03/53 1.02/56 1.02/56 1.02}55 1.02151.94 53.99 50 1.00/49 1.00/47 1.00[50 I6th.95 61.95 62.95 52.95 54.95 57.95 56'961 59.99 58 1.00 58 1.05 57.99 51.99 53 1.00 58 17th 1.00 57 11.00 5 6 1.10 49 1.10[48 1.10 50 1.10 51 1.10 52 1.10 53 1.10 58 1.09 5 7 1.09 54 1.09 53 1.00 58 / th 1.00 38/1.001 36 1.11 33/1.11 32 /... i... I... / 1.21 41 1.25 42 1.341 51/1.35 51/1.34 48/1.35 48 1.33 5 6 19th 1.20 62 1.17 60 1.15 43 1.08 41 1.09 40 il.05 35 1.00 48 1.00 50 1.00 53 1.00 54 1.00 52 1.00 56 1.00 58 20th 1.08 48 1.09 45 1.10 42 1.10 40 1.12 46 1.12 45 1.25 55 1.25 58 1.35 60 1.33I 56 1.33 51 {1.33 52 1.34 61 21st 1.43 46 1.43 43 1.42 42 1.41 41 1.37 39 1.35 35 1.31 42 1.31 49 1.31 43 1.29 48 1.23 47/1.18/48 1.15 52 22d.76149.65 43.64 41.63 41.60140.59140.55142.60143.56145.55 53.53149.53 53.53 60 23d.55{46.57145.60144.60|43.60 42.60 40.60/41.60149.551 51.59 52.64{47.64 52.67 56 24th.67 I 52.64 50.64 48.64 47.60 45.60 44.60 51.60 58.61 60.61 57.59 54.59 55.1i9 [t 25th.70 47.69 44].73 49.75 48.75 47/.75 47.71 45.801 s6.81 63.846 6 0.85 61.87 62 th'851 52.8S 52.89}45.89 48.87 146 ].87i44.87[41.88 46.89 60.90 61.90 56.90 53.80 52 27thi.87 56.87 56.83 45.80 44.77 44.74 40.74 49.74 56.73 58.68 52.66 51.65 54.62 54 28th.20 50.17[48.13 46.12145.10/42.05 40.05 45.05 48.05 56.09 51.09 54.10 57.10 57 29th.50 47.51 45.53 44.58 43.58 42.5 9 37.65 40.67 41.70 52.73 53.72 52.7.5 52.76 50 30th.90 53.951 52.94 61.95 49.95 46.935 45.98 49.92 51.95 55jy.96i 53.97 51.97 52.97 53,,Means 49 5I.2.844'50. 1.1. 0.852 52 4.11-7.842 54.- Means.49 51.2 0.85346.6.82 46.1.842 44I5.6.8. 36 144. 6.841 47.7 1.848 50.8.8555'54.3.s6 0 53.6.853 5./211 1A4 61 B. at 321 29.789 29.7S6 29.805 29.805 29-797 29-793 29-790 29-790 29.'787 29-793 29.'793 29-790 29-774 Day. 14h. 15h. 1611. 171). 1 Sh. 19h. 20h.~ 21h. 22h.- 23h. midn' t. Mea~ens. B. 320. Inh Inuch. 0 Inch. 0 Inrch.1 0 Incih. 0 Inch.! 0 Inch. 0 I~nchi. Inch 0 InIch. 0 Incrh. 0 I~nch. 0 Inch. Ist 1.03 46 1.05 51 1.05 51 /1.05 52 11.06 53 )1.06 50 11.07 48 1 05 47 1.05 46 1.06 45 1.06 45 1.029 46.2.981. 2d.8 46.0 48.80 4S.80 49.80 48.80 45.80, 46.80 45 SO0 43.80 44.80 i 44.869 45.8.823 3 d.92 44.92 4 47.92 47.93 49.90 49.89 52.85 51.85 60.85 5 1.71 50.70 1 45.862 44.7.819 *4th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th.60 57.48 57.41 1 7.55 5 6.52 57.53 5 5.5 5 56.55 5 5.55 55.56 5.56 57.650 54.3.582 12th.75 5 8.75 G60.75 61.76. 5 9.76 5 S.76 5 7.7655.7 5 5.76 54.76 5 6.76 5 9.707 57.2.631 13th.73 54.71_ 5 9.'71 5 9.71l 5 9.71 5 7.'72 5 8.70 5 6.70 541.70 5 5.70 5 6.70 5 7.743 56.5.669 14th.77 5 0.75 43 -715 52.84 54.961 55.97 51.98 51.99 53 1.00 52 1.00 46 1.00 52.834 52.4 77 15th 1.00 5 1.97 51.96j 52.95. 5. 5 10. 5 9 9 6 4 98 2 94 18t'S1 1.351 54 1.40 5 1.401 56 1371 554.95 1 5 1.00 51 1.005 12 52.967 53.9552.9 5 6.94 57.988 2.7.924 Day. 14h.35 15h.39 i 1.4 6h. 17. 9 6 18h. I I 1. 6 1. 20h. 1h.1 " 1 22h1 1.I5 A.4. ac;A 3-I 5. -. A 21st 1.12 521.11 51 1.09 52 1.5 I1.0(; 53 1.06!7.9 50 1.7'48 I.5 / 4 1.05 46 I.0~l 45 1.0~ 45 I1.0~2 46.9 ].9sin 23d 1.835 685 0 46 1.855 S 1.4 0 48.84 01481 125 7 5 1 2.Gj 8.800 2C~~th.81 5~~4 7. 6 9 9 1.80148 1.0 45 1.80 4~ 1.01 53 I9.80}4 1.014.80 44.89 452.8/.7823 aat 1C3 8.2/4/-9!47.9~1 7/.03,4~/.~014 t.8~I~/.8~ i 1/s /0.s~/~/5.71[~0/7.70 4~ /5.3.so ~..3 28tl-L.17 5.20 5.25 1.26 7.3058.3060.3 59.3 56.0 5$ 5.46 44.7 o$ 52 9 *4th.15 8 4 8 6.815 5 2.15 916.35 9 4.45 9 8.5 00.9 30h.85 9 410 010 510 41018I.0 5.05 9 4.95.05 915.2.0 iI asm 1835. s8(54 87;,.(88'63.s05,1831581S3 5.1835.1845.i~5 5.183/05 85/5. 6mat20 I972 2.7 9'31 2.0 9s6 2.0 9s2 2.9 9sl 2.9 974 a.s 7t h -BWr m r W s Q sc r s ~ ~ a sm ~ -- -- ~ - ~ - - - -- - ~ ~ ~ - P ~ - -4~a r ~ lI A 104 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. I-HOURLY ABSTRACT OF THE READINGS OF TtE BAROMETER AND ATTACHED TItERMOMETER AT VAN RENSSELAER IHARBOR In December, 1854, in Lat. 780 37f, Long. 70~ 531 W. of Greenwich. Mercurial Barometer in cabin. 29 inches +. Readings in English inches and degrees of Fahrenheit. Day. 1h. 21-. 3h. 4nh. 5h. 6h. 7. 8h. gh. 1011. 1111. Noon. 13h. Inch 0 Inch. 0~IInch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch' Inch. I~/Ineh. Inch. 0 In0 In}~ cInen.~ 0 Inch. [Inch' ~ linch. 0 Ist 1.02 50.95}48.90140.90139.90137.91131.90133.90137. -90 50.97 60.85 44 }.85143.79140 2d.71 36.71135 {.70135.70134.70/34.70133.70137.69}42.77 52.80 60.82 49.84 43.87 43 3d.68 48.70 44.70 44.69142.68 40.68 39'69/48.70 58'70 56.70 54.70 53.70 51.71 55 4th.85 45.85 44.85/44.85 42.85 { 39.86 35'86 43.86 51.89 52.89 53.88 48.88 50.90 50 5th.99 30.99 28 1.00t26 1.05125 1.12/25 1.12 24 1.11 40 1.12 47 1.14 46 1.15 46 1.16 45 1.15 50 1.12 47 6th 1.15 36 1.14 32 1.15 36 1.13 39 1.10 43 1207 44 1.05 45 1.02 46.96 48.90 44.88 46.80 50.75 /4 7th..............40 42.40 41.40 43.40 48.41 51.41 49.41 49.40 50.40 49.39 4 5.3 4 Sth............... 45... 48.70 5 9.70 5 9.75 6 0.77 519.82 60.83 55.85 53 9t........44..... 75 42.72 48.6 59.65 55.60 43. 48.50 5 1th.............35 44.390 744.41043.45 42.49 48.96 48.52 48.53 42.54 49.53 49.55 48 ~~l~th.00 4U.00 43 ".94(48 ".96 49 58 ",98 57 ".99 57.80 50 12th... 48.45 48.43 49.41 50.40 51.36 51.36 52.35 52.35 52.36 50.40 54 13th - 5, 4.50 50.47i 52.43 53.39 57.35 58.35.59.35 57.37 58.40 56.45 58.47 5 14th - 70 -' 70 53.70 54.70 5 6.70 60.70 6i2.71 64.75 6j5..78 60.80 55.80 47.83 50.83 5 I i 5 a.84 56.83 5 7.81 /.76 5/6.72 52.70 49 7 0.6;7 52.65 541.62 54.58 49.54 49.54 5 16t~h.71 50.71 5.76 49.78 48.80 46.80 46.80 45.80 48.81 50.81 50.81 51.81 50.85 50 17th 1.00 52 1.02 49 1.02 45 1.03 46 1.00 46.99 45.9'7 53.96 53.96 48.96 49.95 50.93 51.88 55 I8th.45 42.45 40.45 40.45 37.44 36.44 3.45 57.47 56.48 51.50 52.57 55 6257.68 60 19th.80 46.80 45.80 44.80 44.80 43.80 43.82 48.83 52.85 57.85 57.85 58.86 61.87 63 *20th.73 46.73 44.73 41.70 40.68 39.63 43.57 48.55 53.50 58.46 54.41 51.36 52.32 55 21st.21 45.23l 44.24 43.30 41.35 39.41 38.47 52.47 54.50 65.55 60O.57 60.58 59.59 60 22d 7644:76 45.76 45.77 46.77 44:.78 42.7i8 55.81 60.85 62.85 58.88 57..85 57.85 59 23d.86 45 8645.....87 43 s71 42.85 42.82 4~2.80 60.80 46.80 41 S 40.80 40.83 4 24th...... ]80 2.80 32.80 31.80 31.83 30.85 32.85 36.85 4'0.7 45.87 42.88 41.91 37 25th 1.05 4.j...... 11.00 46.98 39.97 37.95 35.961 35.95 46.95 54.92 55.92 57.92 59.92 60 26th 1.02 48 1.02 45 11.02 444 1.02 40 1.02 37 11.02 35 1.02 34 1.02 48 1.02 49 1.03 43 1.05 41 1.07 4;1 1.05 44 27th.93 45.91( 42.87 40.85 38.83 39.80 45.'79 50.75 5S.73 54.70 48.65 46 6344.6 48 28th2.41 40.41 39.4039.40 37.47 39.52 44.56 48.57 0.5 59 53 j59 54.58 54.58 55 29th.5 3.56 1 50.56 47.56 51.56 53.56 54;.57 55.58 54.58 56.61 54.65 52.64 57.65 59 30th.97 45 1.02 44 1.05 43 11.07 43 11.07 42 /1.05 40 1.,03 48 11.05 50 11.05) 51 1.03 53 11.01 55 11.00.57 /1.00 56 31st.82 61.82. 60 82 54.7 52.92 50.98 51 1.00 51 1.15.358 1.05 59 1.11 59 1.14 6.66 Mv~eans 72460.724 44-7 -71,5 43.51-716,42.8 ).717,4..71'7 42.6 j.717 47.4.715 1151.4.722,5. 2, 23. 725 M S.722 151.3.724 152.1 B. at 32 29.674 29.681 29.675 29.67 29.680 29.680 29.667 29.655 29.656 29.662 29.666 29.662 29.662 29.674 29.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~81~ ~'9.75 6067 Dawy. 14h. 15h. 16h. 17h. 1811. 19h. 2011. 2111. 2211. 23h. Mnidn't.'Afeaus. BI. 320. Inch. 0 Inach. " Inch' 0 I~nch. 0 Inch ( Inch. 0 I~nch. 0 I~nch 0 I~nch 0 Inch. 0 I~nch. O Inch. 0 Inch. Ist.79 40.80 47.80 48.76 44.75 43.731... 1.721....70 52.701... -7o7 42.711... S.29 43.7.789 2d.87 48.89 55.89 54.89 52.90 51.86 48.83 45.81 46.78 45.75 50.75 49.789 44.4.746 3d.74 55.81 57.81 53.83 53.85 53.85 54.85 55.84 52.84 46 S4 4S.85 48.756 50.2.698 4th.91 51.93 50.95 49.95 55.95 66.97 59.97 57.96 49.96i 45.96 42.97 29.906 47.4.855 MI-, 1.12 52 11.11 54 1.,10 52'1.21 51 [1.21 52 1.221 57 1.,21 56 11.21 49 (1.21 45 11.20 42 j1.19 38 11.134~ 42.8 1.096 6'th.73 58.71 55.70 54.65 53.64 54.60 53.57 49.50 45.48 41.44 52.45 53.815 47.1.765 7th.40 46.40 4~29.41 48.42 52.42 53.42 52.45 50 [425 47.9.374.87~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'83 505 Sth.88 51.88 50. 47.9 9 5.91 4 45 50.92 51 4.799 503 741 9th. 54.... 34 50.31 46.26 45.25 46.17 47.12 48.512 47.9.460 *10~th.04 58.0 2.10.') 14 59.16 5S JS 56.22 65.22 52.25 49.............074 52.0.012 11th.58 51.60 54.60 52.63 51.64~ 53.64- 53.64 51.64 47.64 49.......... I....532 48.1.480 12th.40 51.542 t 7.47 48.49 53.50 56.50 54 49.49 50..'4 50.3.388 13h.49 59, 5 5. 59.59 59.6 1.63 60O.47 64.54 50.59' E4.487 55.7.415 13th ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.56/48 1.505 8 5660 61 14th.85 51.89 50.90 54.92 55.93 53.92 53.91 52.91 52.91 51.88 50.86 49.816 54.0.749 15th.53 52.53 53.56 51.56 51.58 52.60 53.64 53..52 52.3.589 16th -S7 53.90 55.91 54.91 53.91 54,.94 45.95 48.97 50 51.99 52 1.00 57.858 50.0.801 ~10th {7 2.56;.3 21.45 7 8.714.7.7.754 1...... fl 9 57 11th.s 3 9 9 6 8 5.76 6 8 8.3 544.5 ~~20th.29 6~~~~ ~ ~~~1 45if~.42.' 49/42 8 [1.59i 0 148i j'52 f 5 2.48515.~ 21t 62~1.~4 62.G 4 69 62.7 1 75~5.5 0[1..i..1.548.45 [48.43t49 [.541 50..8 22d.8~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~2. 6 8 4.0/~ 9 5 1 [8 5. 3 6 51.836[8. 52'8 [6.8 52.836 52,7'0 23d.87 52.80 45,80 58.80 9.80 54.SO 8.80 55.80 4.80 44.80 40.8 [.40[ 50 i 13th 16 "'' 6 / 7.50! 4 9 [5 5.50/ 57.0 [5..471 50.54 4 2 I4.6 431' 530 28tl-r.59 57.60 60.fiO 62.. 3 9 /57.6 3.O6 5t 58 i.351 59 [5 56 5 5.55.4 20,8 14th ].70l ~t' 1.70 5j3 I.70/ 54.015 56.701 60 [716.871 6O.55 9 3.4 [0.75/4 6G5 5. 15th- [.84 56.83I 57.8157 [.76I 56 [8. 72 52 I8 6'704 t8 2.2~.7015 [.671552.5 16than [.7 if42.717 5 0.;.741[ 5 ~r. 415,G.5154 t'5 5,175132.T.76/4(9, [.78{48.61724.(.3 j5. ~1 ~ ~ ~ 2.~9 2,7 th ]168.09 5298 {1.902 4.92 /1.4 {1.70314 11.00t4 LUECOR ~D AND~ DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERICLlg $~ ]P ~ ] ~I PRESSURE. I 0 5,0 HOURLY A~BSTRACT OF TH'E JR~EADIN`@S OF THEB r, oVETER AN.D ATTACHED THERMOMEnlTER AT VTAN RENSSELAER ITARBOR, In January, 1855, in Lat. ~80 3V1, Long. W0 53'W~. of Greenwich. M8iercuriall Barometer in cabin. 2.9 inclhes Rt eadlings in English inchles atad degrees of Fabrenh-eit. Day. I lh. 2h~ 317. 4h. 51~~~~~~~~~~ Gh. 71~~~~~. Sh 9h. Joh. 11 Noon. 13h. Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inzch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch, 0 Inch. O Inch 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Ist 1.45 55 1.45 53 1.45 51 1.45 50 1.45 49 1.45 49 1.45 48 1.45 57 1.45 60 1.45 62 1.45 65 1.45 63 1.45 62 2d 1.19 45 1.12 41 1.10 39 1.12 39 1.13 40 1.15 42 1.16 53 1.15 58 1.1.5 57 1.14 67 1.13 59 1.15 58 1.15 58 3 d 1.25 46 1.24 43 1..22 40 1.21 38 1.20 39 1.19 42 1.19 45 1.16 47 1.15 49 1.15 5 6 1.15 58 1.14 59 1.14 58 4th..92 48.91 45. 89 43.89 42..7 41.85 42. 85 56.85 58.79 57.78 57.7.8 55.7.5 58.75 59 5ta-i...... I 74 40 1.7~7 39.79:3 1.79 3 7.8,0 3 7 S.3 3 9.86 44.88 5 2.89 5 0.90 5 3.93 543.95 5 8 6th............,,, 1.05 3 8 1.05 3 5 1.09 3 3 1.17 3 2 1.19 3 6 1.22 47 1.28 5 1 1.30 5 0 1.32 5 2 1.43 5 4 1.43 5 5 ~7th i............,, 1.45 20 1.1-44 30 1.441... 11.45..1.45..,. r1.49... 1.531... (1.54~... 1.54j... 1.54... 1.54... 8th 1.441... 1.443 4 6 1.40... 1.138..,. 11.34... 1.31.... 11.27..., 1.,22... LIS...., 1.16..., 1.14..,. 1..32..., 11.09.. 90tr1.75 511.75 50 -7S1 43.75 42.75 41.74 41.74 40.8~0 46.7?S 4~2.76 41,'75 44;.74 46.74 48 1 Oth~.80 46.......8 0.7S...,.79 3 2i.80 3 21.80 4 61.80 5 0 sl,.80....80... o.. SO...,,.80 49 11th 1.00... 1L,00....981,.9 IQ,... 11.01 37 1.06 40 1.08 44 1.08 50 1.09... 1.10..., 1,12... 1.13... 11.14... 12th 1.20 I, 1 20..., 1.14..., 1.12.... 11.10..., 1. 09..,. 1.08..., 1.06..,. 11.04,.9931,,.96., 94...92 42 13th.65,.65,.61.,) 611,.61 45.60 45.54 46.54 46.61., 62],.63. 1.63,.63 48 14-th.9s1.,.97,,I 5,,.961,.96 42.95 42.94 43.95 44.96. 1 95 ~.931. 91 ~.90 49 15th.701,.72..'70/,.681,,.67 41.66 40.66 40.66 42.69,,.701,.72..741,.75 53 16th.) 90),.91., 90,) 901,.90 37 S,9 38 SS8 40 -,6 45.85,.85 S,.6., 86....... 17th.901. 90 - S9.91,,.891,.89 4;1.89 42.90 49.91 50.931,.941,.95.9 G....... 18th.90.91 I ~1.. 1.23... 1.22............. 11.19 49 1.17 50 1.15... 1.14... 1.14..., 11.15... 19th 1.33..., 12.34... 11.30..., 11.321......,......,... 11.36 46 1.37 48 1.40... 1.,40...~ 11.40... i1.4o... *-20th 1.7.7. 1. 9... 17.70...........................,, 1. 11... 1.82..,. /1.84..,. 11.85...... *21~st 2.02... 2.02... 2.202. 2.02......................,. 1.9S... 1.96... 1.94..,. 11.94..... *C22d 1.5..1 2.. 170 1,9.......................,,, 1.66... 1.66...~ 1.66G... 11.65..... *t23d I -58..., 11,58..., 1.55..., 1.52...................... 1.52... ~ 1.511... 1.,50..., 1.51..., 1.52... *24th 1.33... 1.L35... 1.24... 1.25... 11.19... 1.,18... L,1S 48 1.18 50 1.18... 1.17... 1.17..., 11,17....16.. 25 th...., I ~....I......~.........,,................................. 26th................I~~ I.,. I,, I,, I..................................................... 28th..................~.., I,, I,, I~...................,.........,................. 29th......~~.,....... ~.. I, I............,....,.....,, i.........,....-.............. 30th................................................................. 31st......~................................................. Means.1-1346.1.1644. 81.159 43.411.155i42.8)1.152 42.4.11.155jl42.912.153 45.511.155i4S.01 161. 48.811.157)49.01.157 49.91620..6459 B. at 32' 30-125 30.123 30.119 30.117 30.115 30.117 30-108 30.103 30-107 3 0 10 02 30-100 30.103 30.104 30-101 30.099 30.095 30-093 30.091 30.093 30.084 30.079 30.083 30.078 30.076 30.079 30.080 Day. 1411. 1511. 1 6h. 17h. 1811. 1,32h. 2011. 2111. 22h. 2311- alidn't. Meetzus B. 32.0 Inch. Inch. 0 Inch 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch. 0 Inch 0 Inchi. 0 Inch 0 Inch 0 O nch. 0 Inch. Ist 1.45 63 1.41 63 1.38 61 1.35 60 1.32 5 9 1.28 5 7 1.25 54 1.20 50 1.23 50 1.20 4S 1.18 48 1.3'79 55.7 11.306 2d 1.16 5 9 1.19 60 1.20 61 1.20 61 1.21 60 1.22 5 8 1.23 5 7 1.24 5 5 1.24 54 1.24~ 54 1.25 48 1.176 53.0 1.109 3d 1.10 5 7 1.09.59 1.07 61 1.06 a 5 1.05 64 1.05 64 1.04 63 1.04: 62 12.03 5 9 1.00 53.94~ 5 1 1.119 53.2 1.051 4th.75 60.75 6 1.75 60.74 58.74 5 8.75 5 6.7.5 5 3.75 4S.75 5 2. 75 50. 76 5 0.797 52.S,732 5th.95 60O.95 61.86 62.9S 60.99 5 S 1.05 5 5 1.12 52 1.23 50 1.26 45 1.29 46 1.32 48.953 49.3.89S ftli 1.44 6 7 1.46 5 6 1.46 5 7 11.47 5 8 1.50... 1.45 51 1.47 50 1.48 4~8......,, 1.48 38 1.45 31 1.335 46.3 1.2S6 7tti 1.54... 1.53 1. 153... )1.53... /1.53... 1.52..., 1.,50... 1.47 48 1.47 5 0 1.471 50 1.45 50 1.495 38.4 1.468 Sthi 1.051... 11.00)..98....97 5 1.95 5 5. 90 -,9.88 5 6.85....82 50.84 4o.80 50 1.105 49.9 1.046 9th,76 49.77 50.79 50. 80....80... 80 50.80 52.80 50.80 50.801,.80 46. 773 46.7,'724 10th.80 50.80 52.80 51.80 52.80 5 1.80 50.80 48... 98 50. 98 -, 99...,.825 46.5,777 11th 1.16... 11.18... 1.,19... 1.201... 11.20.,.. 11. 2 3.. 11.24... )1.20 4S 1.20 46 1.20... 1.20 49 1.124 46.6 1.076 12th.90 43 S.6 42 S2 8244.71 45.70 46.69 48.69 46.80 48.70 48.65 49.65...,.917 45.61.8'72 13th.65 50.67 51.70 49. 73 49.77 5 0 ) 79 48.83 5 1.87- 5o.931 44.91 40. 92 40.695 46.8.647 14th.90 50.91 50.93 49.94 49.94 50.95 48.95 4~7,,).................. ~~ I,,.922 45.71.876~ 15th.75 54.77 52.79 50.80 49. 81 5 0.83 5 1.83 49. i,,, 753 46.3.706 16th...... I., I,, I,,....................~~.85 50.85 51.84 5'i.'86 5-2.87 5-0....... I 868 46.0. 22 17th,,... i,,,...................................... 1.20 5 0 1.20 46 1.193 5 6 1.16 5 0 1.017 48.5.964 A C) 1- I I,, I,, I,, I,, 161., -1 A I,, I -, I -11,.,, I,,, ( o A 1. 7 7 1 1 O8k 106 RE CORD A-ND DISCUSSIONSS %CB O F ATMOSPH $P ~r -,, IC PRESSURE.~, E N-OTES TO PRIECEDING ABSTPIACTS. September, 1853. During the whole month, tbe readings were takien from tlhe aneroid barometer. They were converted by means of a table to the correspondingr readings of the mercurial barom~eter. 11tb. TJlhe diates before the 11th, were chasnged -from nautical into civil reclieoning. 14th. At 3 P. M.1~. the aneroid barometer was removed from the cabin to the deck; a chaznge of six feet of greater elevation. 19th. At 9 AB. M.2, the barometer was brought frora deckr to cabin (six feet lower). During the hours 7i and 8 Af. M.1l. it bec~ame colder than the scale could register. 14th-19th. A_ b corrltectionl of +0.006~ inch? has b1?en applied t~ f tthe barometer.P readings, ton refer theilPl to the level of th~e cabin. October, 1853. 24th. From this day, the readings of the mercurial barometer are given. The positioll wasZ in Trouse on deck. 25th. Readings at 1, 2, 0, and 4 P. Mi., supplied from the aneroidl ii ~l~n Jan~uary, 1854. 23d. The star prefixed to the hours between 9 A. M.I and midnight, indicates that the decimals belong to 28 inches. 24th Lzndl 25th. The star indicates 28 inches as above. February, 1854. 18th and 19th. The star in the place of th~e units indicates that the decimals belongs to 28 inches. juney 1854. 22d and 23d1. The deckr house was removed; the mercuriall barometer, however, remainled oil deck. July, 1854. 31st. Between I A. MI. and 2 P. Mf., the readings of the aneroidl appear to have been inadvertently inserted in the column for tlhe mercurial barometer. In the abstract thze readings were accordingly exchanged. August, 1854. 27lth. The readings of th~e two barometers between the hours 5 A. MII. and 12 P. M.. appear to have beeii accidentally exchanged, as indicated by the temperature readings. After 9 A. Mi. the aneroid was read, and its indications were changed to those of thze mercurial ba~rometer. September, 1854. 4th. The suddcen rise of the barometer between 6 and'I A. MlZ. is indicated by both instruments. There is apparently no cause for this singular clhange, so far as is shown by the remaining meteorological observations at ~these hours. 10th and Iltb. Bar~ometer not readt during four hours, on account of the Earliness. 14th. The readings at 7 and 8 P>. M. were ebanged. from 29.65 to 29.56; a correction eonfirmedl by the aneroidl readlings. 30th~. The barometer stand removed to the most forward rstanchion of tile cabij.'1. Hreight above tile wNster-line, one foot six inches. October. 1854. 2d. The original recoyd lins the, ro-gilim- 20, 2o 4 Ptoc, for flit limirs I c P ATtc RECOIRD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURPE. 107 January, 1855. 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d, and 241th. The temperature readings for these days have becn taken from page 422 of the second volume of thle Narrative. 25th, 26th, 27th, 28tb, 29th, 30th, and 31st. The barometer and temperature readings have been taken from the same page of the Narrative. The last horizontal column of the reduced barometer readings is derived fromr the preceding column by subtracting 0.024 inch, so as to allow for the introduction of the means of the last seven days. February, March, and April, 1855. For these months the original record could not be found. Tlhe daily and monthly means of the atmospheric pressure (ancd corresponding temperature), will be found in Appendix No. XII. of the second volume of the Narrative. Dizllrnel $7ccxiatiox of thte Atxmos~7~per' Pressutsre.-The following table exhibits the diurnal chaange of the baroretric pressure, for each month of the year and for tble whole year, as made out from the preceding abstract. For the months between September and January (inclusive), the mean from the two sets is given. ABSTRACT OF TEE MEAN HEHouRLY READINGS OF THE (REDUCED) BAROMETERt AT THE LEVEL OF TIIE SEA, FROM OBSERVATIONS AT VAN RENSSELAER HARBOR, BETWEEN SEPT. 1853 AND JAN. 1855. Atmospheric Pressure in English inches. Sept. i Oct. Nov. Dec. Janl. Feb. |LTIarch. April. Alay. June. 3uly. Ang. I-3-54. 1853-54. a1853-51. 1853-5& 185 —55. 181541. 18 1854. 1854. 185t. 1_51. 1S,5L. I1l 29.642 29.751 29.751 29.749 2-l 29. — 637 29.784 29.9-68 2.-99.939 29-716 29.750 29.;7 29.763 2.646.753.756.754. 782.636.789.971.939.717.746.;90.765 3.c652.752.767.753.778.632.792.973.941 15.715 43 6S9.766 4.6 50.753.766.757.775.632.798.975.936.718.741 G89.766 5.652.748.757.756.775.646.800.978.934.720.734.697.766 6.650.751.756.756.777.647.798 9 9.97771.97330.718696.766 7.653.750.754.750.772.651.798.979.932.719.737.694.766 8.649. 741.749 74 66.647.793.977.935.721.736.690.762 9.654.744.747.740.768.646.798.979.941 -.705.733.694.762 10.656.746.749.743.766.655.802.981.942.704.734 690.764 11.657.750.750.745.764.653.796.978.940.712.739.689.764 Noion.657.746.748.743.765.648.798.978.933I71.73 18I.68 763 13.656.750.742.735.765.644.794.970.931.714.725.1 5.759 14.656.747.741.735.76'6.648.794.969.934.714.723.684.759 15.652.7. 747.42.738.766.661.803.973.934/M.7724.6.761 16.655.750.748.739.767.662.800.97G.935.711.730.681.763 17.655 1.754.747.748.770.671.802.976.935.709.736.685.765 s18.660 |.753.755.753.772.671.803.980.931.708.733.684.767 19.659 1.755.753.750.774.674.805.983.935.712.735.685.768 20.660| 7.7 52.754.777.669.S10.987.935.710.734.GS5.769 21. 76.5.752.856.s55.52 7S2 8 G. -.985.939.71 740.68S.770 I22.658.754.7g).7567.787.666.803.984.941.713.742.690.771 23.654|.750.75G.755.785.669 |794.981.943.715 39 1.G2.769 Mid1't 29.651 129.749 29.755 29.760 29.784 29.666 29.791 29.980 29.947 29.716 29.734 29.689 2A 9.7 668 M~eans 29.653 a29-750 294753 29.748 29ja77iis 29.654 29-793 29.977 29.937 129-714 29-736 129.6S9 229-765 OW11:1g to tle smTall an plitudl e, tle comparatively short period of observation, and the magnitude of the occasional disturbancesthe law of the diurnal variation -is app;Xrently suleject to considerrable flucturteion~s, and it has, tllerefore, only been attempted to exFpress tlae figrures in tlle last verticrzl column, or thle mrean vnriattion? analy tically. Using Bessel's formula% the variation can be expressed by the formnula:Inches. Inch. Inh. 29.765 + 0.0034 s in (0 + 290~) + 0.0022 siz (2 0 + 204 ~); the terms containing 3 0, etc., becoming too small to have any real value~ The angle 0 counrts fiojm neon, and -is expressed in legvree;s at tl'e rate of 15~ a-n lhulro 108 IRECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. The annexed diagram exhibits the observed (by dots) and the computed (by a -ine line) diurnal variation. Its principal feature is the afternoon inflection, with a DIURNAL VARIATIOX. Inches. I I I I I - I1 - 29.776......................774 ~772.7770'768.766 I.762/.762.758 29.75G 2 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 7 8 9 11 1 a.~~ maximum pressure at about 10 P. M. The principal minimnumn is reached at 1 P. AI. The 10 P. M. maximum is in strict conformity with the general law deduced from observations in the northern hemisphere. The I P. M. minimum seems to occur about three hours earlier than indicated by more southern stations. Kaemntz takes as amplitude of the diurnal variation, the difference between the mean of the maxima and tile mean of the minima. Other meteorologists take the nmaximum difference. According to this latter view, we have the diurnal amplitude 29,7701 - 29.7604 = 0.0097 inches. The diurnal fluctuation here considered is the change in the gross pressure of the atmosphere, there beingc no means on hand for separating the pressure of dry air from the pressure of aqueous vapor.' In connection with this subject, it may be stated that the latitude of Van Rensselaer Harbor is about 14~ higher north than the latitude (64~) in which the mean height of the barometer is a minimum (at the level of the sea). Annual Flucthtationz of t/e Atmnosphleric Pressure. —The following is an abstract of the monthly means of the barometer readings (reduced to 32~). The values for February, Mdarch, and April, 1&557 were taken from the second volume of the Narrative. Year. Jan. Feb. 3Iarch. April. May. Jue. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. N6v. Dec. 853............ 29.662 29.815 29.713 29.821 18542 29 6 29.7 292.977 29.937 29-714 29.736 29.689 29.645 29.686 29.792 29.675 1855 30.089 30.032 29.693 29.820............ Means 29-773 9.S43 29-745 __9'" _,:3 _2'" _'" 29.6.. 2.. _'.7.._ __Ieu Ml&lY9.773 2984 "D74 2.s 2.3 add 14 /2i3 79.68 30. 86' ( jiU "D2. 75J -t.7 i8| According to the resulting valises, the heigh't of the barorneter is above the mean In tile tnonths of January, February, LATarcll7 April, and Mak~ya and descends below the mean in the remaining summer and autumn months. The mnaximunz pressure Altionl, a long su n ervations were male, yet, owing to the peculiar delicacy whichz such observations require in a Iatitude of stlch low temperntnre, they provedl, ola close exaulirration, toocj uncertain to be relied Ql1 ill their resnlts, RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 109 was observed in May, the minimum in Septernber. The range between these two months is 0.284 inch. ANNUAL VARIATION. Inches. IncheI _ I I I J JI I l I I 1 I I 30.000.. 29.960.920.880.840 29.800.760 th of t a a d n.720.680.640 29.600 a) C P, c 0 a) C Accordhig to the above diagram, in which the dots indicate the mean monthly readings, the law of the annual fluctuatiou does not, perhaps, as plainly appear as we might expect from a longer-continued series of observations. In the month of January, for instances we have a difference in the height of the barometer in the two years (1854 and 1855) of not less than 0.631 inch. The general law that the height of the barometer is less in summer than in winter is here prominently brought out. In the following expression, I have attempted to exhibit the course of the annual variation:inches. Inch. Inch. B= 29.770 + 0.079 sin (0 + 4~) + 0.044 sin (2 0 + 194~), the angle 0 counting from January 1st, and is expressed in degrees at the rate of 30~ a month. The computed annual range is 29.875 - 29.668 -=- 0.207 inch. If we add 0.005 as correction to the constant 29.770, to refer it to the level of the Sea, we fied the mean barometric height, in the latitude 78~ 37' N., 29.775 inches. Irregular Oscillattions of tlhe Pressure; Monttlhy and Annual Extregnes.-The irregular changes in the atmospheric pressure are, like those of the temperatures;, much greater in winter than in summer, of which an instance has already been given (see the means for the months of January and February of 1854 and 1855). If we deduce the average difference, irrespective of sign, in the barometric height between any two consecutive days, we obtain the following table of mean diurnal changes as made out from 17 months of observations: —Inch. Inch. January..... 0.17 August..... 0.10 February.. 0.26 September...0.1 Marchl.. 0.17 October..... 0. 15 April..... 0.12 November... 0.17 May..... 0.14 December.... 0.26 June..... 0.10 July..... 0.09 Mean.. 0.15 110 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. In the months of December, January, and February, the variability between successive diurnal means is a maximurnm, and in the months of June, July, and August, it reaches a Ininimum value; the ratio of the highest and lowest being as 22 to1. The following table contains the maxima and minima of atmospheric pressure as observed in each -onth, and the extreme ranges for each month of the year:AIAXIMA. MIrNIMA. ONTH. [RnANGE. 1853. 1S51. 1855. 1853. 1854. 18 55. Inches. September.... 30.06 30.25... 29.07 29.01... 1.11 October.... 30.50 30.16... 29.11 29.00... 1.28 November.. 30.26 30.41... 29.05 29.01... 1.30 December... 30.50 30.37... 29.01 28.89... 1.48 January.... 29.92 30. 97... 28.86 (29.30) 1.36 February...... 30.45...... 28.84... 1.61 March..... 30.49...... 29.18... 1.31 April....... 30.37...... 29.28... 1.09 May..... 30.49...... 29.19... 1.30 Junie...... 30.19...... 29.41... 0.78 July. v... 29.97...... 29.40... 0.57 August...... 30.05...... 29.22... 0.83 Mean range of monthly extremes 1.17 inch; the maxirnma rise, on the average, to 30.31 inches, and the minima fall to 29.14 inches. As in the preceding table of the diurnal fluctuation, the greatest monthly range takes place in December, January, and February (1.48 inch), and the least ill June, July, and August (0.73 inch). The ratio of highest and lowest values is as 24: 1. Between the extremes, both tables show a regular progression. The absolute highest reading was 30.97 inches; it occurred in the morning of January 22st, 1855. The absolute lowest reading was 28.8: inches, and occurred near noon of February 19th, 1854. Extreme range observed 2.13 inches. Of the gales noted in my discussion of the winds at Van Rensselaer Halrborl only the following ones were accompanied by a notable amount of change of atmospheric pressure:Before the setting in of the gale of December 28tli 1853, the barometer fell O.35 inch in nine hours, or at a rate of 0.04 inch an hour. For three days preceding the gale of October 15th, 1854, the barometer was very low, and reached its lowest point at the hour when the gale was at its height; after this time, it rose 0.77 inch in eighteen hours, or at a rate of 0.04 inch an houlr. Before the gale of Decemt)er l8th1 1854 the barometer fell 0.36 inch in five hours, or 0.07 inch ani hour; and before the setting in of the gale of January 13th, 1855, it fell 0.26 inch in eleven hours. Starte of the Bar~Iomeefr dusting thte Fate, of Snots (or nil?). —To ascertain whether there is any changre in the barometric pressure causedl ly the fall of snow, I have tabulated the readings during the hours of precipitation, and compared them with an equal nlumber of readings, half iin~mediately p~receding, half immnedliately:fllow1 See record and results of my discussion of the observations of windlls at Vah nensselaer Harbor, in Yol. XI. of the Smithsonian'Contributions to Khlnowvledge. RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 111 ing, each fall of snow. If snow fell for less than three consecutive hours, I have taken no notice of it in this investigation. The mean result from 563 hours of comparison, gave only a difference of 0.006 inch, by which quantity the barometer is lower during the fall of snow than otherwise. 1'cwgiablty of Atbo-sjeric Pressure with the Dilrection of tlhe Wind.-The connection of the atrnospleric weight with the direction of the wind requires, in order to find its average effect, a great number of observations, particularly on account of the irregular oscillations of the barometer in the winter months. The following results are derived fronm a comnparison of the barometric readings at the hours 6 A. M., noon, 6 P. M., and midnight, for each day, witl the respective mean monthly, reading during 17 nlontlhls of observations. These difference were then arranged according to the directions of tile wind. The result is as follows (+ indicating f above tem n):} t below MlIagnetic direction. Inch. N.... -0.022 N. E.... +0.072 On account of the comparatively small number of observations for E.....-0.100 these directions, they may be comlbined: E. N. E. — 0.044 in. S. E... 0.000 S. +0.038 S. W. +0.045 W....-0.031 N. W....0.031 From 1050 comparisons of calms and barometric readings, the latter were found 0.005 inch above their mean value. It is only during S. and S. W. (mafnetic) winds that the barometer rises above the mean value; during all other winds it is depressed. -Relation of the Atbnos 7leric P)-essure to ect.cah Wind and to the Taieperature of the samne.-To show this dependence, it is best to put the relation of the atmospheric pressure,.as well as that of the temperature, to the winds, in an analytical form. In my discussion of the observed temperatures at Van Rensselaer Harbor, a table was made out showing the dependence of the temperature on the direction of the wind. If we deduct the mean elevation of temperature by the winds from each separately, we obtain the followingr table of the effect of' each wind on the temnperature (+ indicating an elevation f temprature) depression Magnetic direction. Magnetic direction. N.. -1~0.4 S. +-OO.6 N.E.... 0.0 S.W.... +0.4 E. 0.1 I W... 0.1 S. E....... i.9,V.......1.4 Cou~f.nting L3 frownY t.he Mnorth (or belongingr to a, (magnetic) north wind) round by E. to 30~;, we obtains by using Bessel's formula% T= +1~.02 sin (0 + 286~); or, for the true directions, T= + 1~.02 saig (0 + 34~); and similarqly, from the barometric relation to the win(ds B -= + 0.018 in. &ia (0 + 354~). 112 RECORD AND DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. A comparison of the angular constants in these two expressions does not show a correspondence of the wind of maximum temperature with a minimurn pressure; on the contrary, there is a much nearer correspondence of the wind of maximum temperature with maximum pressure. According to the first formula, the hottest rind is from the direction N. E. (f E. (true); and, by the second foreula, thle maxiinum atmospheric pressure is from the direction E. (true) nearly.